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1 2 :■:.
,JJ
REPORT AND TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION
FOR
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE,
AND ART.
[PRINCETOWN, JULY, 1905.]
VOL. XXXVIL
I VOL. VII, SECOND SERIES.]
PLYMOUTH :
W. BRENDOK AND SON, Ltd., PRINTERS.
1905.
All righti regerved.
[ 4 1
TheJCouncil and the Editor desire it to be understood that
they are not answerable for any statements, observations, or
opinions appearing in any paper printed by the Society ; the
authors only are responsible.
The Transactions of the Society are not published, nor
are they on sale. They are printed for Members only.
[ 6 ]
CONTENTS.
Page
List of Officers . . ... 9
Pisces of Meeting . . ... 10
Rules . ... 11
Bje-laws and Standing Orders . . 15
Report of the Council . . . ... 21
Proceedings at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting . . 28
Balance Sheet . . . . . 28, 29
Selected Minutes of Council appointing Committees . . 80
Obituary Notices . . . . ... 82
President's Address . ... 42
Twenty-fourth Report of the Committee on Scientific Memoranda.
J. Brooking-llowe . . ... 64
Twenty - fourth ReiK)rt of the Barrow Committee. R. Hansford
Worth, c.E. . . . . ... 87
Twenty-third Report (Third Series) of the Committee on the Climate
of Devon. R. Hansford Worth, c.E. • . . . 96
Twenty-second Re{>ort of tlie Committee on Devonshire Folk-lore.
P. F. S. Amery . ... Ill
Twentieth Report of the Committee on Devonshire Verbal Pro-
vincialisms. F. T. £1 worthy, f.8.a. . . . . 122
Tenth Report of the Dartmoor Exploration Committee. Rev. S.
Baring-Gould, m.a. . . . . . . 141
First Report of the Church Plate Committee. T. Cann Hughes,
M.A., F.R.A., and Harbottle Reed . ... 146
The Pack-horse on Dartmoor. Robert Burnard, f.s.a. . . 168
Lydford Town. Mrs. G. H. Radford. . . . . 176
Sidelights on the Work and Times of a Great West-country Prelate in
the Twelfth Century. Rev. Oswald J. Reichel, B. c. L. as M. A. , F. s. a . 1 88
A few Stories illustrative of Devonshire Wit and Humour. II.
J. D. Prickman . . ... 200
Tlie Lady of the Isle : Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Albemarle
and Devon. Mrs. Rose -Troup . . ... 206
History of the Exon ** Domesday." Rev. T. W. Whale, m.a. . . 246
6 CONTENTS.
Page
Kaleghana. Part YII. Three State Doouments relating to the Arrest
and Execution of Sir W. Ralegh in 1618. T. N. Brushfield,
A«I/«y f (BsA* • • • • • • • ^o4
Neighbours of North Wyke. Part V. Ash and South Zeal in South
Tawton. Miss Ethel Lega-Weekes . . . 325
The Rude Stone Monuments of Ezmoor and its Borders. Part I.
Rev. J. F. Chanter, m.a., and R. Hansford Worth . 375
Totnes: Its Mayors and Mayoralties. Part V. Edward Windeatt . 398
The Earlier Sections of *' Testa Nevil " relating to Devon. Rev. Oswald
J. Reichel, b.c.l. ft M.A., f.s.a. . . ... 410
Dartmoor: A Note on Graves. T. A. Falcon, M.A., k.b.a. 457
The Manors of Bicton and Kingsteignton. Rev. J. B. Pearson, d.d. . 462
Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt and Princetown. J. Brooking-Rowe . . 465
An Index to Articles on Dartmoor and its Borders contained in the
** Transactions," Vols. I to XXX. Arthur B. Prowse, m.d., f.k.c.s. 482
List of Members . ... 569
Index . ... 585
[ t ]
PLATES.
Rkpoht or Baikbow Committbx—
Plate I. Doe Tor. Henrooit • . • •
,, II. Urn found in Barrow ob Westerland Beacon, Marldon
„ III. Fox Tor Newtake ....
„ IV. Chapman Oroap. Roe Barrow . •
Rbpobt op Dabtmoor Bxplobatiov CoMiHTrBS—
Hut Circle Settlement near Wedlake Farm, Petertovy
Tojbuap. 87
It
ft
91
n
141
Rbport or Church Platb Commutes—
Plat« I. Stoke BiTera. Trentiahoe, St. Peter's
„ II. Swymbridge. I^oxhore
„ III. Arlington
„ lY. Stoke Rivers.
Ltdfobd Town—
Pennies of iBthelred II strock at Lydford
Seal of the Boroagh of Lydford .
Nbiohboubs or Nobth Wybb—
South Zeal ....
The "Ozenham Arms," South Zeal
South Zeal, looking towards Sticklepath
South Zeal, looking towards Ramsleigh
Well, in the Manor of Ash, South Tawton
Well, the old Northmore Homestead
Stovb Momumbnts or Bxmoob akd Bobdbbs—
Plate I. Photograph of Menhir on Haddock's Down
Photograph of Menhir (Longstone) at Chapman Barrows
II. Pig. 1. Sketch of Mtohir, Haddock's Down
Pig. 2. Sketch of Longstone, Chapman Barrows.
Pig. S. Plan of Stones arranged in Triangle on Challacombe
Common. VI, 8.B., long. 8' 68' 4^", lai. 61' \V \b\".
III. Plan of Stones arranged as Quadrilateral in Longstone
Allotment, Chapman Barrows. VI, S.B., long, 8' 51' 46^,
lat.bVlVib^ . . . . . .
IV. Fig. 1. Plan of Stones arranged as combined Quadrilateral
and Triangle, near Woodbarrow Arms. VII, S.W.,
long. 8* bV 16^", laU 61' IV llj" . ...
Fig. 2. Plan of possible Circle on Fnrzehill Common, near
Hoaroak. VII, S.W., long. 8* 48' 11 J", lot. 61* 10' 84".
V. Plan of Stones arranged as Paiallelograa and Triangle, on
Furzehlll Common, over Hoaroak Water. VII, N.W.,
long. 8* 48' IftJ", lot. 51* 11' 18J*.
Bttwun pp, 168 and 168
*•
II
It
II
I*
It
It
ft
II
II
•
. To fact
p.
182
.
•
It
II
It
1*
ti
II
It
188
826
886
848
848
888
888
.
•
II
884
8
•
It
884
•
•
if
890
tl
II
891
892
II
8 PLATES.
Stohti MoiruMBirrB or Bxmoor and Bordsbs (continued)—
Plate VI. Fig. 1. Plan of Gircle sarrounding retnains of Cairn, Cherfton
Ridge, above Alae Barrow. VII, N.W., Umg, 8* AV 4fi^,
(at 61* 8' 2*.
Fig. 2. Plan and Section of Barrow on Wbitefleld Down,
showing shallow trench and circle of stones. XI, S.W.,
long, 8' 49' 7", lot 61* V 21".
„ VII. Fig. 1. Plan of doable Stone Row, Benjamy, Ruckham
Gombe. VII, S. W., long. 8' 49* ISJ", lot. 51' IV 31" . . To >bce p. 898
Fig. 2. Plan of Stone Row (possibly double), on Winaway.
VII, 8.W., Umg. 8' 49' 88 J", lat. bV IC 4^".
„VIII. Plan'of remains of double Row, with associated Barrow and
its retaining Gircle, near Setta Barrow. XI, N.W.,
• Umg. V iS^ n^.'loL 6V V 9^" . . . „ 894
„ IX. tig. 1. Plan of Stone Rows, Brendon Common, Cheriton
Ridge. VII, N.W., long. 8* 47' 24", lat. 51* 11' 1}" . . ,,396
Fig. 2. Plan of Stone Rows, Brendon Common, near
• Farley Water. VII, S.W., Umg. 8* 48' 87", lat. 61* IV 80*.
„ X. Fig. 1. Plan of Stones and associated Barrow, Bray Com-
mon, Uttle Melcombe. XI, N.W., Umg. 8* 49' 46",
fa«. 51* 8' 2" . . ,,898
Fig. 2. Plan of Stonra and associated Barrow, Five Barrows.
XI, 8.W.. Umg. 8" 48' 65", to/. 61* 7' IJ".
„ XL Map riiowing Stones and Barrows in the neighbourhood of
Broekenborrow Lane. VI, S.B. Between Umgitvdet
8' 64' 0" and 8* 56' 0", and UUitudei 6V 9' 80^ and
bVlVV . . ... ,,897
RBnRSHOKS TO Dartmoob and its Bordsrs—
Jsap ...,, 408
[ 9 ]
OFFICERS
1905-«.
BASIL H. THOMSON, Esq.
Major READE, Deputy Governor H.M. Couviot Prisou.
S. R. DYER, Esq., m.d., Priuciuil Medical Officer H.M. Convict Prison.
A. E. BARRINGTON, Esq.. Tor R&yal
ELLERY a. BENNETT, Esq., Archerion.
T. H. HARVEY. Esq., j.p., Tor GaU.
ROBERT BURNARD, Esq., j.p., f.s.a., Huccahy House.
Sir ALFRED W. CROFT, k.c.i.e., m.a., j.p., Jiumleigh, Bere Alston,
fkon. tfrnrril Srrasurrr.
P. F. S. AMERY, Esq., j.p., c.c, Druids Ashburton,
J. BROOKING-ROWE. Esq., f.s.a., f.l.s., CasUe Barbican, PlympUm.
MAXWELL ADAMS, Esq., IVolborough House, NewUm Abbot,
1l(on. l,or«l Srtisttrrr.
T. H. HARVEY, Esq., j.p., Tor GaU, Princetown.
Ikon, floral iSmrrtarp.
ROBERT BURNARD, Esq., j.p., f.s.a., Huecdby House, Princetown.
3l|on. flnOCtor.
ROBERT C. TUCKER, Esq., j.p., c.a.. The Ifall, AsJiburton.
ADAMS, MAXWELL.
AL80P. R.
AMBBY, J. S.
AMSRT, P. F. 8.
ANDREW. SIDNEY.
BABING-OOULD, Rrv. S.
BINGHAM. Rev. W. P. H.
BLACKLER. T. A.
BOND, F. BLIGH.
BRUSH FIELD, T. N.
BURNARD. R.
CAVE. W.
CHANTER. Ret. J. F.
CHAPMAN, Rby. C.
CHOPE. R. PEARSB.
CLBMENT8, Rbv. H. G. J.
CLIFFORD, LORD
COLERIDGE, LORD.
CROPT. Sir A. W.
DAYIES. W.
DELL, A. P.
DOB. O. M.
DUNCAN. A. G.
DUNSFORD.G L.
BDMOND8. Rbv.Cbavcbllok.
ELLIOT. B. A. S.
ELWORTHT. F. T.
EVANS, H. M.
Gounril.
FALCON, T. A.
GIFFARD, HARDINGE F.
GRANVILLE. Hcv. Prcb.
ROGKR.
HAL8BURY, LORD.
HAMILTON, A. H. A.
HAM LING, J. G.
HARPLEY, Rev. W.
HARRIS, Rev. 8. G.
HARVEY. T. H.
HINB, JAMES.
HUDLE8T0N, W. H.
HUGHES, T. CANN.
HUNT, A. R.
JORDAN. W. F. C.
JORDAN, W. R. H.
KING. C. R. B.
LAKE, W. C.
LEE. MiSB C.
LBTHBRIDGE, Sib ROPER.
LOWE. HARFORD J.
MORSHEAD, J. Y. A.
NECK, J. S.
OLDHAM. Rev. D'OYLY W.
PEARSON, Rev. J. B.
POLLOCK. Silt F.
PRICKMAN. J. D.
PROWSE. ARTHUR B.
RADFORD. Mrs. G. H.
REED. HARBOTTLE.
REIGUEL, Rkv. O. J.
RISK. Rkv. J. E.
ROBERTS. C. B.
ROBINSON, C. E.
ROWK, J. BROOKING.
SAUNDERS, MifiS H.
SHAPLAND, A. E.
SOMERVAIL, A.
SPRAGUE, F. 8.
STBBBING, Rev. T. R. R.
THOMSON, BASIL H.
THORNTON, Rev. W. H.
TROUP, Mrs.
TUCKER. R. C.
VINO B NT, 8iR EDGAR.
WAINWRIGHT, T.
WEEKE8, Miss LEG A.
WHALE, Rev. T. W.
WHITE-THOMSON, Sir R. T.
WHITLEY. H. MICUELL.
WINDBATT, E.
WINDEATT. G. E.
WOODHOUSE, H. U. 8
WORTH, R. HANSFORD.
WYKES-FINCH, Rbv. W.
[ 10 ]
PLACES OF MEETING
OF
THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION.
Place of Meeting.
1862.
EXBTKR
1863.
Plymouth
1864.
Torquay
1865.
Tiverton
1866.
Tavistock .
1867.
Barnstaple .
1868.
HONITON
1869.
Dartmouth .
1870.
Devonport .
1871.
BlDETORD
1872.
Exeter
1873.
SiDMOUTH
1874.
Tbionmouth .
1876.
TORRINOTON .
1876.
AiSHRURTON .
1877.
KiNOSBRIDOE .
1878.
Paiontok
1879.
Ilfraoombe .
1880.
TOTNES
1881.
Dawlish
1882.
Crbditon
1883.
EXMOUTH
1884.
Newton Abbot .
1885.
Sbaton
1886.
St. Maryohubch .
1887.
Plympton
1888.
Exeter
1889.
Tavistock .
1890.
Barnstaple .
1891.
Tiverton
1892.
Plymouth
1898.
Torquay
1894.
South Molton
1895.
Okehampton .
1896.
ASHBURTON .
1897.
KlNQBBRIDOE .
1898.
HONITON
1899.
TORRINGTON .
1900.
Totnbs
1901.
EXBTER
1902.
BiDEFORD
1903.
SiDMOUTH
1904.
Teionmouth .
1905.
Princetown .
President.
Sir John Bowring, LL.D., F.R.s.
C. Spence Bate, E^., F.B.8., f.l.s.
E. Vivian, Esq., M.A.
C. G. B. Daubeny, m.d., ll.d., f.r.s.
feasor of Botany, Oxford.
Earl Russell, K.o., K.o.c, f.r.s., etc.
W. Peugelly, Esq., F.R,8., F.o.s.
J. D. Coleridge, Esq., Q.C., M.A., m.p.
G. P. Bidder, Esq., c.e.
J. A. Froude, Esq., m.a.
Rev. Canon C. Kingsley, m.a., f.l.8., f.
Rt. Rev. Lord Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Te
Right Hon. S. Cave, m.a., m.p.
Earl of Devon.
R. J. King, Esq., m.a.
Rev. Treasurer Hawker, M.A.
Yen. Archdeacon Earle, m.a.
Sir Samuel White Baker, m.a., F.R.S., f.
Sir R. P. Collier, m.a.
H. W. Dyke Acland, m.a., m.d., ll.d..
Rev. Professor Chapman, m.a.
J. Brooking- Ro we, Esq., F.8.A., F.L.S.
Very Rev. C. Merivale, d.d., d.cl.
Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, m.a.
R. F. Weymouth, Esq., m.a.j D.Ltr.
Sir J. B. Phear, M.A., f.g.s.
Rev. W. H. Dalliuger, ll.d., f.r.8., f.l.i
Very Rev. Dean Cowie, d.d. [f.l.«
W. H. Hudleston, Esq., m.a., f.r.8., :
Lord Clinton, m.a.
R. N. Worth, Esq., F.o.s.
A. H. A. Hamilton, Esq., M.A., J.P., c.(
T. N. Brushfield, m.d., f.8.a.
Sir Fred. Pollock, Bart, m.a.
The Right Hon. Earl of Halsbury.
Rev. S. Baring-Gould, m.a.
J. Hine, Esq., F.R.I.B.A.
Lord Coleridge, m.a.
Rev. Chancellor Edmonds, B.D.
Lord Clifford, m.a.
Sir Roper Lethbridge, k.c.i.e., m.a., d.i
Rev. W. Harpley, M.A., f.cp.s.
Sir Edgar Vincent, k.g.m.o., m.p.
Sir Alfred W. Croft, k.c.i.e., m.a.
Basil H. Thomson, Esq.
[ 11 ]
RULES.
1. The Association shall be styled the Devonshire Association
for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art.
2. The objects of the Association are — ^o give a stronger
impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific inquiry in
Devonshire ; and to promote the intercourse of those who cultivate
Science, Literature, or Art, in different parts of the county.
3. The Association shall consist of Members, Honorary Members,
And Corresponding Members.
i. Every candidate for membership, on being nominated by a
member to whom he ia personally known, shall be admitted by
the General Secretary, subject to the confirmation of the General
Meeting of the Members.
5. Persons of eminence in Literature, Science, or Art, connected
with the West of England, but not resident in Devonshire,
may, at a General Meeting of the Members, be elected Honorary
Members of the Association; and persons not resident in the
county, who feel an interest in the Association, may be elected
Corresponding Members.
6. Every Member shall pay an Annual Contribution of Half
a Guinea or a Life Composition Fee of Seven and a Half Guineas.
But Members of Ten Years' standing and more, whose Contribu-
tions are not in arrears, may compound by a Single Payment of
Five Guineas.
7. Ladies only shall be admitted as Associates to an Annual
Meeting, and shall pay the sum of Five Shillings each.
8. Every Member shall be entitled gratuitously to a lady's ticket.
9. The Association shall meet annually, at such a time in July
or August and at such place as shall be decided on at the previous
Annual Meeting.
10. A President, two or more Vice-Presidents, a General
Treasurer, and one or more General Secretaries, shall be elected
at each Annual Meeting.
11. The President shall not be eligible for re-election.
12 RULES.
12. Each Annual Meeting shall appoint a local Treasurer and
Secretary, who, with power to add to their number any Members
of the Association, shall be a local Committee to assist in making
such local arrangements as may be desirable.
13. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, the affairs of the
Association shall be managed by a Council, which shall consist
exclusively of the following Members of the Association, excepting
Honorary Members, and Corresponding Members : —
(a) Those who fill, or have filled, or are elected to fill, the offices
of President, General and Local Treasurers, General and Local Secre-
taries, and Secretaries, of Committees appointed by the Council
{b) Authors of papers which have been printed in exienso in
the Transactions of the Association.
14. The Council shall hold a Meeting at Exeter in the month
of January or February in each year, on such day as the General
Secretary shall appoint, for the due management of the affairs of
the Association, and the performing the duties of their office.
15. The General Secretary, or any four members of the Council,
may call extraordinary meetings of their body, to be held at
Exeter, for any purpose requiring their present determination, by
notice under his or their hand or hands, addressed to every other
member of the Council, at least ten clear days previously, specifying
the purpose for which such extraordinary meeting is convened.
No matter not so specified, and not incident thereto, shall be
determined at any extraordinary meeting.
16. The General Treasurer and Secretary shall enter on their
res|>ective offices at the meeting at which they are elected ; but
the President, Vice-Presidents, and Local Officers, not until the
Annual Meeting next following.
17. With the exception of the Ex-Presidents only, every
Councillor who has not attended any Meeting, or adjourned
Meeting, of the Council during the period between the close
of any Annual General Meeting of the Members and the close
of the next but two such Annual General Meetings, shall have
forfeited his place as a Councillor, but it shall be competent for
him to recover it by a fresh qualification.
18. The Council shall have power to fill any Official vacancy
which may occur in the intervals of the Annual Meetings.
19. The Annual Contributions shall be payable in advance, and
shall be due in each year on the first day of January ; and no
person shall have the privileges of a member until the Subscription
for the current year or a Life Composition has been paid.
RTTLBB. 13
• - ■
20. The Treasorer shall Teicdv^ all sams of money due to the
Association ; he shall pay all accounts dae by the Association after
they shall have been examined and approved ; and he shall report
to each meeting of the Council the balance he has in hand, and
the names of such members as shall be in arrear, with the sums
due respectively by each.
21. Whenever a Member shall have been three months in arrear
in the payment of his Annual Contributions, the Treasurer shall
apply to him for the same.
22. Whenever, at an Annual Meeting, a Member shall be two
years in arrear in the payment of his Annual Contributions, the
Council may, at its discretion, erase his name from the list of
members.
23. The General Secretary shall, at least one month before each
Annual Meeting, inform each member by circular of the place and
date of the Meeting.
24. Members who do not, on or before the first day of
January, give notice, in writing or personally, to the General
Secretary of their intention to withdraw from the Association,
shall be regarded as members for the ensuing year.
25. The Association shall, within a period not exceeding six
months after each Annual Meeting, publish its Transactions, in-
cluding the Kules, a Financial Statement, a List of the Members,
the Eeport of the Coimcil, the President's Address, and such
Papers, in abstract or in extenso, read at the Annual Meeting, as
shall be decided by the Council
26. The Association shall have the right at its discretion of
printing in extenso in its Transactions all papers read at the Annual
Meeting. The copyright of a paper read before any meeting of
the Ais^iation, and the illustrations of the same which have been
provided at his expense, shall remain the property of the Author ;
but he shall not be at liberty to print it, or allow it to be printed
elsewhere, either in extenso or in abstract amounting to as much as
one-half of the length of the paper, until after the publication of
the volume of Transactions in which the paper is printed.
27. The authors of papers printed in the Transactions shall,
within seven days after the Transactions are published, receive
twenty-five private copies free of expense, and shall be allowed to
have any further number printed at their own expense. All
arrangements as to such extra copies to be made by the authors
with the printers to the Association.
14 RULES;
28. If proofs of papers to be published in the Transactions
be sent to authors for correction, and are retained by them
beyond four days for each sheet of proof, to be reckoned from the
day marked thereon by the printers, but not including the time
needful for transmission; by post, such proofs shall be assumed to
require no further correction.
29. Should the extra charges for small type, and types other
than those known as Koman or Italic, and for the author's correc"
tions of the press, in any paper published in the Transactions,
amount to a greater sum than in the proportion of ten shUIings
per sheet, such excess shall be borne by the author hims^f, and
not by the Association ; and should any paper exceed four sheets,
the cost beyond the cost of the four sheets shall be borne by the
author of the paper.
30. Every Member* shall, within a period not exceeding six
months after each Annual Meeting, receive gratuitously a copy of
the Transactions.
31. The Accounts of the Association shall be audited annually,
by Auditors appointed at each Annual Meeting, but who shall hot
be ex officio Members of the Council
32. No rule shall be altered, amended, or added, except at an
Annual General Meeting of Members, and then only provided
that notice of the proposed change has been given to the General
Secretary, and by him communicated to all the Members at least
one month before the Annual General Meeting.
[ 15 ]
BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.
1. In the interests of the Association it is desirahle that the
PreBidenfs Address in each year be printed previous to its
delivery.
2. In the event of there being at an Annual Meeting more
Papers than can be disposed of in one day, the leading of the
resodue shall be continued the day following.
3. The pagination of the Transactions shall be in Arabic
numerals exclusively, and carried on consecutively, from the
b^^inning to the end of each volume ; and the Transactions of
each year shall form a distinct and separate volume.
4. The General Secretary shall bring to each Annual Meeting
of the Members a report of the number of copies in stock of each
' Part ' of the Transactions, with the price per copy of each ' Part '
specified ; and such report shall be printed in the Transactions
next after the Treasurei^s financial statement.
5. The General Secretary shall prepare and bring to each
Annual Meeting brief Obituary Notices of Members deceased
daring the previous year, and such notices shall be printed in the
Transactions.
6. An amount not less than eighty per cent of all Compositions
received from existing Life Members of the Association shall be
applied in the purchase of National Stock, or such other security
as the Council may deem equally satisfactory, in the names of
three Trustees, to be elected by the Council
7. At each of its Ordinary Meetings the Council shall deposit at
interest, in such bank as they shall decide on, and in the names of
the General Treasurer and General Secretary of the Association, all
uninvested Compositions received from existing Life-Members, all
uninvested prepaid Annual Subscriptions, and any part, or the
whole, of the balance derived from other sources which may be in
the Treasurer's hands after providing for all accounts passed for
payment at the said Meeting.
8. The General Secretary, on learning at any time between the
Meetings of the Council that the General Treasurer has a balance
in hand of not less than Forty Pounds after paying all Accounts
which the Council have ordered to be paid, shall direct that so
much of Uie said balance as will leave Twenty Pounds in the
\
16 BTE-LAWS ilND STANDING ORDERS.
Treasurer's hand be deposited at interest at the Capital and Counties
Bank, Ashburton.
9. The Greneral Secretary shall be authorized to spend any sum
not exceeding Ten Pounds per annum in employing a clerk for
such work as he finds necessary.
10. Every candidate, admitted to Membership under Bule 4, shall
forthwith receive intimation that he has been admitted a Mem.ber,
subject to confirmation at the next General Meeting of Members ;
and the fact of the newly admitted Member's name appearing in
the next issue of the printed list of Members, will be a sufficient
intimation to him that his election has been confirmed. Pending
the issue of the Volume of Transactions containing the Kules c^
the Association, the General Secretary shall furnish the newly
admitted ^lember with such extracts from the Rules as shall be
deemed necessary.
11. The reading of any Eeport or Paper shall not exceed twenty
minutes, or such part of twenty minutes as shall be decided by the
Council as soon as the Programme of Keports and Papers shall
have been settled, and in any discussion which may arise no speaker
shall be allowed to speak more than ten minutes.
12. Papers to be read to the Annual Meetings of the Association
must strictly relate to Devonshire, and, as well as all Beports
intended to be printed in the Transactions of the Association, and
prepared by Committees appointed by the Council, must, together
with all drawings intended to be used in illustrating them in the
said Transactions, reach the General Secretary's residence not later
than the 24th day of June in each year. The General Secretary
shall, not later than the 7th of the following July, return to the
Authors all such Papers or drawings as he may decide to be unsuit-
able to be printed or to serve as illustrations in the said Transac-
tions, and shall send the residue, together with the said Eeporta of
Committees, to the Association's Printers, who shall return the
same so tliat they may reach the General Secretary's residence not
later than on the 14th day of the said July, together with a state-
ment of the number of pages each of them would occupy if printed
in the said Transactions, as well as an estimate of the extra cost of
the printing of such Tables, of any kind, as may form part of any
of the said Papers and Eeports ; and the General Secretary shall
lay the whole, as well as an estimate of the probable number of
Annual Members of the Association for the year commencing on
that day, before the first Council Meeting on the first day of the
next ensuing Annual Meeting, when the Council shall select not a
greater number of the Papers thus laid before them than will, with
the other documents to be printed in the said Transactions, make
as many sheets of printed matter as can be paid for with the aum
BTS-LAWS AND STANDING OBDERS. 17
f 60 per cent, of the subscriptions for the year of the said
»robable number of Annual Members, and any part or the whole
f such balance, not derived from Compositions of existing Life
fembers, or from prepaid Annual Subscriptions, as may be lying
t interest, as well as that which may be in the Treasurer's hands ;
bis sum shall be exclusive of the extra cost of the printing of
tich aforesaid Tables, which have been approved and accepted by
fie Council, provided the aggregate of the said extra cost do not
Kceed six per cent, of the said subscriptions ; exclusive also of the
rinters' charge for corrections of the press ; and also exclusive of
be cost of printing an Index, a list of Errata, and such Kesolu-
Lons passed at the next Winter Meeting of the Council, as may be
.irectod to be so printed at the said Winter Meeting; and the
lumber of Papers selected by the Council shall not be greater than
vill, with the Eeports of Committees, make a Total of 40 Reports
md Papers.
13. Papers communicated by Members for Non-Members, and
accepted by the Council, shall be placed in the Programme below
those furnished by Members themselves.
14. Papers which have been accepted by the Council cannot be
withdrawn without the consent of the Council.
15. The Council will do their best so to arrange Papers for
reading as to suit the convenience of the Authors ; but the place of
a Paper cannot be altered after the Programme has been settled by
the Council
16. Papers which have already been printed in extenso cannot be
accepted unless they form part of the literature of a question on
which the Council has requested a Member or Committee to
prepare a report.
17. Every meeting of the Council shall be convened by Circular,
sent by the General Secretary to each Member of the Council not
less than ten days before the Meeting is held.
18. All Papers read to the Association which the Council shall
decide to print in extenso in the Transactions, shall be sent to the
printers, together with all drawings required in illustrating them,
on the day next following the close of the Annual Meeting at which
they were read.
19. All Papers read to the Association which the Council shall
decide not to print in extensp in the Transactions, shall be returned
to the Authors not later than the day next following the close of
the Annual Meeting At which they were read; and abstracts of such
Papers to be printed in the Transactions shall not exceed such
length as the General Secretary shall suggest in each case, and
VOL. XXXVII. B
i
18 BYE-LAWS AND STANDING OBDEBS.
• • ■
must be sent to the Greneral Secretary on or before the seventh
day after the close of the Annual Meeting.
20. The Author of every Paper which the Council at any Annual
Meeting shall decide to print in the Transactions shall be expected
to pay for all such illustrations as in his judgment the said Paper
may require.
21. The printers shall do their utmost to print the Papers in the
Transactions in the order in which they were read, and shall return
every Manuscript to the author as soon as it is in type, but not
before. They shall be returned vitacty provided they are written
on loose sheets and on one side of the paper only.
22. Excepting mere verbal alterations, no Paper which has been
read to the As^^ociation shall be added to without the written
approval and consent of the General Secretary ; and no additions
shall be made except in the form of notes or postscripts,
or both.
23. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, all Meetings of
the Council shall be held at Exeter, unless some other place shall
have been decided on at the previous Council Meeting.
24. When the number of copies on hand of any Part of the
Transactions is reduced to twenty, the price per copy shall be
increased 25 per cent. ; and when the number has been reduced to
ten copies, the price shall be increased 50 per cent, on the original
price.
25. After deducting the amount received by the sale of
Transactions from last year's valuation, and adding the value of
Transactions for the current year, a deduction of 10 per cent'
shall be every year made from the balance, and this balance, less
10 per cent., shall be returned as the estimated value of the
Transactions in stock for the current year.
26. The Association's Printers, but no other person, may reprint
any Committee's Heport printed in the Transactions of the Associa-
tion, for any person, whether a Member of the said Committee, or
of the Association, or neither, on receiving, in each case, a written
permission to do so from the Honorary Secretary of the Association,
but not otherwise; that the said printers shall pay to the said
Secretary, for the Association, sixpence for every fifty Copies of
each half-sheet of eight pages of which the said Eeport consists ;
that any number of copies less than lifty, or between two exact
multiples of fifty, shall be regarded as fifty ; and any number of
pages less than eight, or between two exact multiples of eight,
shall be regarded as eight ; that each copy of such Reprints shall
have on its first page the words " Eeprinted from the Transactions
BTB-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS. 19
of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science,
Literature, and Art for with the consent of the Council of
the Association," followed by the date of the year in which the
said Keport was printed in the said Transactions, but that, witli the
exception of printer's errors and changes in the pagination which
may be necessary or desirable, the said Keprint shidl be in every
other respect an exact copy of the said Keport as printed in the
said Transactions without addition, or abridgment, or modification
of any kind.
27. The Bye-Laws and Standing Orders shall be printed after
the ' Eules ' in the Transactions.
28. All resolutions appointing Committees for special service for
the Association shall be printed in the Transactions next before
the President's Address.
29. Members and Ladies holding Ladies' Tickets intending to
dine at the Association Dinner shall be requested to send their
names to the Honorary Local Secretary ; no other person shall be
admitted to the dinner, and no names shall be received after the
Monday next before the dinner.
B 2
[ 21 ]
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
[PresenUd to the General Meeting held at Prineetoun 18 July, 1905.
The Council begs to submit its Beport. At the meeting held
at Teignmouth in July, 1904, some important alterations
were made in the Sules and Bye-laws. Subscriptions are
now payable on the 1st January instead of on the Ist July
in each year; no person can enjoy the privileges of a Member
unless lus or her subscription for the current year has been
paid ; and the time for the publication of the Transactions
has been extended from three to six months after the
conclusion of the Annual Meeting. The extension of time
for the issue of the yearly volume has been found desirable
owing to the number of plates, now often included, requiring
extra time for their production and the sorting and binding
in, and the preparation of the Index, which is now pub-
lished with the volume. Every effort, however, will be made
to get the yearly volume out as soon as possible after the
close of the meeting, and it is hoped that the usual time will
not in any year be much exceeded.
Bye-law No. 10 was amended so that candidates for mem-
bership are now informed of their provisional admission at
once, and the inclusion of their names in the next issue of
the list of Members is a sufficient intimation that their elec-
tion has been confirmed by the General Meeting of Members.
The object of this change in procedure is to enable the
Treasurer to collect the subscriptions of newly elected Mem-
bers before, instead of after, the Annual Meeting.
The Dinner Committee was also empowered to substitute
another form of evening entertainment for the Association
Dinner, should it be considered advisable in consultation
with the local Committee.
The Winter Meeting of the Council was held in Exeter
on 15 February, 1905, at which the usual routine business
was transacted. It was also decided to accept the invitation
from Princetown to hold the Annual Meeting in 1905 in
that town, and that it should be considered a Dartmoor
meeting, and the local Committee stated that additional
[ 21 ]
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
[Presented to the General Meeting held at Prineetaicn 18 July, 1905.
Thb Ck)uncil begs to submit its Beport. At the meeting held
at Teigmuouth in July, 1904, some important alterations
were made in the Sules and Bye-laws. Subscriptions are
now payable on the 1st January instead of on the Ist July
in each year; no person can enjoy the privileges of a Member
unless his or her subscription for the current year has been
paid ; and the time for the publication of the Transactions
has been extended from three to six months after the
conclusion of the Annual Meeting. The extension of time
for the issue of the yearly volume has been found desirable
owing to the number of plates, now often included, requiring
extra time for their production and the sorting and binding
in, and the preparation of the Index, which is now pub-
lished with the volume. Every effort, however, will be made
to get the yearly volume out as soon as possible after the
close of the meeting, and it is hoped that the usual time will
not in any year be much exceeded.
Bye-law No. 10 was amended so that candidates for mem-
bership are now informed of their provisional admission at
once, and the inclusion of their names in the next issue of
the List of Members is a sufficient intimation that their elec-
tion has been confirmed by the Greneral Meeting of Members.
The object of this change in procedure is to enable the
Treasurer to collect the subscriptions of newly elected Mem-
bers before, instead of after, the Annual Meeting.
The Dinner Committee was also empowered to substitute
another form of evening entertainment for the Association
Dinner, should it be considered advisable in consultation
with the local Committee.
The Winter Meeting of the Council was held in Exeter
on 15 February, 1905, at which the usual routine business
was transacted. It was also decided to accept the invitation
from Frincetown to hold the Annual Meeting in 1905 in
that town, and that it should be considered a Dartmoor
meeting, and the local Committee stated that additional
24 PBOGBEDINGS AT THK ANNUAL MKBTIN6.
Balance Sheet were received and adopted. These are printed
(pp. 21, 22, 28, 29). About fifty new members were elected
On the conclusion of the business, by the kind invitation
of Mrs. Basil Thomson, the members and associates were
received at a garden party at her house.
In the evening at 8.30, in the Recreation Room, the Eev.
William Harpley, in the absence of the President, introduced
the new President, Mr. Basil H. Thomson, who delivered his
address, the subject being "The Decay of the Law of Custom"
(see pp. 42-63). On the proposal of the Rev. S. Baring-
Gould, supported by Sir Alfred W. Croft, a warm vote of
thanks was accorded by acclamation to Mr. Basil Thomson
for his valuable and interesting address.
The reading of the Reports and accepted papers commenced
on Wednesday, the President in the chair. The following is
the complete list : —
Tireoty-fourth Report of the Scientific Memoranda Committee.
Twenty-fourth Report of the Barrow Committee.
Twenty-third Report (Third Series) of the Committee on the Climate of
Devon.
Twenty-second Report of the Committee on Devonshire Folk-lore.
Twentieth Report on Devonshire Verbal Provincialisms.
Tenth Report of the Dartmoor Exploration Committee.
First Report of the Church Plate Committee.
Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt and Princetown . J, Brooking-Rotce,
The Pack-horse on Dartmoor . . Robert Burtiard, F.S.A.
Lydford Town Mrs. G. H. Radford,
Sidelights on the Work and Times of a i i> n ^u r i>^-^j,.i « o *
^t West-countiy Prelate in the ^'^'r^/: ^^"^^^ ^^•^•'
Twelfth Century . . . . ) m.a., F.8.A.
An Index to Articles on Dartmoor and j
its Borders contained in the ** Trans- J Arthur B. Prowse, M.D., F.R.c.8.
actions," Vols. I to XXX . . )
A few Stories illustrative of Devonshire i r r» n_- ?
Wit and Humour. II . . ^[J- D, rnckman.
The Lady of the Isle : Isabella de Forti- \
bus. Countess of Albemarle and > Mrs. Rose- Trotip.
Devon )
History of the Exon "Domesday" . Rev. T. W. Whale, m.a.
Raleghana. Part VII . . . . T. N. BmshJUld, m.d., F.8.A.
Neighbours of North Wyke : Ash and ) ir-_ r»ii. i r _ rrr .i...
South Zeal in South *awton . . ) ^"» ^^^^ ^^- '^^«'-
The Rude Stone Monuments of Exmoor I Rev. J. F. Chanter , m.a.
and its Borders. Part I . ) 72. Hansford Worth,
^""'"Part V'.^*^;"" ^"^^ Mayoralties. | ^^^^ n^.^d^
The Earlier Sections of ** Testa Nevil" ( Rev. OswaldJ, Reichel, B.C.L.,
relating to Devon . . . .} m.a., f.s.a.
Dartmoor: A Note on Graves . . T, A, Falcon, m.a., .R.aA.
The Manors of Bicton and Kingsteignton Rev, J. B, Pearson, d.d.
PROCEKDIKGS AT THE ANNUAL MSETING. 25
The readiog of the Beports and papers, with a short ad-
journment for lunch, lasted until 4.30. Afterwards Mrs. T. H.
Harvey gave an At Home at Tor Oate, a large number of
members and associates accepting the kind invitation.
In the evening Mr. Cecil J. Sharp, Principal of the Hamp-
stead Conservatoire of Music, gave an illustrated lecture on
"The Musical Value of Devonshire Folk Airs." The Eev. S.
Baring-Gould, Miss Goodfellow, Miss Groser, Mr. Cooper,
*and the Eev. K. A Lake assisted in the illustrative songs,
the former giving a short explanatory introduction to each
song. They were all admirably rendered. Mr. Sharp, in his
lecture, asked what was the difference between an ordinary
song and a folk-song. The principal distinction was that
folk-song was evolved, whereas an ordinary song was com-
posed; the one was communal and the other individual.
The folk-song took its form by a process of gradual perfect-
ing from generation to generation, in its passing through
which it tended to discard all its less admirable features
until final beauty was attained. Its value lay but to a very
slight extent in the words, and this was especially the case
with ballads lately collected, because the words sung to-day
by old folk in even the most secluded villages were often but
imperfect reminiscences of the doggerel version given in some
broadside or cheap song-book. The day was a hundred years
too late for pure versions of the words of the English folk-
song to be found on any country-side. All they could hope
to do was to reconstruct from fragments by dint of analogy
and comparison. The tunes fortunately were more intuitive
and sub-conscious, and consequently more persistent. In
them lay the major part of the value of the folk-song.
Moreover, whereas the words were often more or less universal
in character, the tunes were more national or local, as the
case may be, in character and flavour. He believed, for
instance, that he could distinguish between a Somerset folk-
song and a Devonshire one. The Devonshire song was
sweeter and more polished, but if it was less rugged it was also
less strong. The sweetness and polish of the Devonshire
folk-song were probably due to the Celtic element in the blood
of the people who evolved it. Many of the Devonshire folk-
songs were cast in scales which became obsolete about the
year 1600. Yet even to-day those old musical modes seemed
to suit the tastes and capacities of country-folk better than did
the more modern styles of composition. To cry out there-
fore against the introduction of Gregorian in villages was to
ignore the facts of the musical experience both of the past
26 PROCEKDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETIK6.
and of the present. The lecturer made an appeal for the
teachnig of folk-songs in the public elementary schools, and
for national action in the preservation of the vanishing
residue of England's priceless heritage of national folk-song
before it became too late. Folk-song was an essential basis
for national music, and where its iutiuence was not felt, the
music, even of English modern composers, was not English,
but German. This was in the interest neither of national
self-esteem nor of musical art.
It was decided that there should be no annual dinner
this year, and the social gathering, with Mr. Sharp's lecture
and the musical performance, took its place.
On Thursday the reading of the papers was resumed. On
this being finished, the business of the Annual Meeting was
concluded. Sir Roper Lethbridge moved that the best thanks
of the Association be given to Mr. Basil H. Thomson, the
Governor, and the officers of His Majesty's Convict Prison
at Princetown, for the commodious rooms provided for the
use of the members during the meeting. He said that this
meeting had been one of the most successful, if not the most
successful meeting, they had had in the history of the
Association. The attendance had been remarkably full, and
the fact that that day they had on the platform the Presi-
dent, the President-elect, and no fewer than six ex-Presidents
showed what a very great interest had been taken in the
proceedings. The Rev. J. F. Chanter, in seconding, expressed
his hope that this meeting would be the cause of opening up
Dartmoor to many who had hitherto been strangers to it.
The resolution was carried with acclamation, and the Presi-
dent in acknowledging it expressed the pleasure it had given
his colleagues and himself in entertaining the Association.
Dr. Brushfield proposed a vote of thanks to tlie Local Recep-
tion Committee, the Honorary Local Treasurer, Mr. T. H.
Harvey, the Honorary Local Secretary, Mr. Robert Bumard,
and the ladies who had so kindly assisted in making the
excellent arrangements for the seating and comfort of those
attending. This was seconded by the Rev. O. J. Reichel, who
suggested that the resolution should be altered so as to include
Mr. Cecil J. Sharp, the Rev. S. Baring-Gould, and those who
had given so much assistance on the occasion of the folk-
song lecture, and with this addition the resolution was passed
unanimously. Thanks were also given to the Trustees of
the Wesleyan Chapel for the use of the School Buildings,
and to the Great Western Railway Company for special
train arrangements. In the afternoon parties were formed
PROCBBDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 27
to inspect various objects of interest on the moors near
Princetown : Fice's Well, Merivale Bridge and the avenues,
menhir and kistvaen near, North Hessary Tor, Harter Tor,
the stone rows there, and Clacywell Pool were visited.
In the evening Mr. R Hansford Worth gave a popular
lecture, free to cJl comers, on "The Story of Dartmoor."
The President was in the chair, and there was a crowded
attendance.
On Friday a large number of members and friends accepted
the kind invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bumard to a
luncheon at Sheepstor, and a visit after to the Drizzlecombe
Valley and the great menhir, and the stone rows, circles, and
kistvaen there. The weather was beautiful, and a very
pleasant and instructive day was spent. Two votes of thanks
were accorded to Mr. and Mrs. Burnard by acclamation.
After lunch, before leaving for Drizzlecombe, Mr. P. F. S.
Amery gave a very animated and entertaining description of
the bull-ring in which the party met, and of bull-baiting,
and details of the cruel sport so long a favourite amusement
of our forefather.
At the special request of the Local Committee, the Council
arranged a second popular lecture, which was given to a large
audience in the Eecreation Boom by Dr. Brushfield, on "The
life and Times of Sir Walter Ralegh from 1603 to his
death in 1618."
Thus ended a very successful meeting. There was an
unusually large attendance of members, and the whole of
the proceedings from first to last went ofiF satisfactorily with-
out hitch or trouble.
Maxwell Adams,
J. Brooking-Rowe,
Dated 3 Auguai^ 1905. Hon, Secretaries.
[ 28 ]
Treasurer's Report of Receipts and Hxpendittt/re
Becetpt0.
By Subscriptions : —
Arrears before 1904 (20)
Due Ist July, 1904 (884) .
For year 1905 (244)
„ Life Compositions at 7^ guineas (2)
,, Lady Associates at 55. (5) .
,» Dividends— Consols £800 Stock
India 3 per cent. £850 Stock
It
„ Authors' excess (under Rule 29)
,, Discount on Accounts
,, Balance due to Treasurer 5th July, 1905
£ s, d, £ s, 4/.
10 10
0
. 201 12
0
. 128 7
8
—
840
9
8
15 15
0
1 5
0
17
0
0
7 2
8
9 17
8
17
0
4
■ •
•
7
7
0
• •
•
4
0
9
385 17
4
• •
•
86
15
5
£422 12 9
[Signed)
P. F. S. AMERY, Hon, Treasurer.
[ 29 ]
Jw the year ending Ist JtUy, 1905.
Cnimliilitre.
ToMenn. Brendon and Son, Ltd., Printing, etc. : —
Vol. XXXVI, "Transactions," 664 pp., 600 copies 117 6 0
Extra on sniaU type and tables
Corrections
Plates, plans, and tables
CoTers, and doing up
Addressing, packing, and postage
Authors' Reprints, 25 each .
Carriage of " Wills," Part VI
£ s. d. £ s. d.
I, General Secretaries' Expenses : —
Postages and Printing
Clerical Assistance and Expenses
Printing and Stationery
„ General Treasurer's Expenses : —
Postages and Stationery
Printing forms and notices .
„ Record Society, "Devon Wills," Part VI
„ Expenses at Teignmouth
,, Bank Charges
„ Balance due to Treasurer, Ist July, 1904
25 10
6
17 18
0
9 16
6
22 10
0
— 193 1
0
19 2
6
13 5
0
0 9
6
- - 32 1 7
0
■^^ Om X 1
225 18
0
6 5 7
7 12 0
0 16*6
14 13 1
2 0 0
1 12 6
- 3 12 6
. 13 13 0
1 2 0
4 9 2
268 7 9
. 159 5 0
£422 12 9
Examined toith Vouchers, etc,, and found to be correct, with a balance
of £36 16«. 5d, due to the Treasurer^ this Uth day of July, 1906.
(Signed)
ROBERT C. TUCKER,
Auditor.
SELECTED MINUTES OF COUNCIL APPOINTING
COMMITTEES.
Passed at the Meeting at Priiieetoum, 18 July, 1906.
6. That Dr. Brushtield, Sir Roper Lethbridge, Rev. W.
Harpley, Sir A. Croft, and Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe be a Com-
mittee for the purpose of considering at what place the Associa-
tion shall hold its Meeting in 1907, who shall be invited to
be the Officers during the year beginning with that Meeting,
and who shall be invited to fill any official vacancy or vacancies
which may occur before the Annual Meeting in 1906 ; that Mr.
J. Brooking-Rowe be the Secretary ; and that they be requested
to report to the next Winter Meeting of the Council, and, if
necessary, to the first Meeting of the Council to be held in
July, 1906.
7. Th^ Mr. J. S. Amery, Dr. Brushfield, Mr. Robert
Burnard, Mr. E. A. S. Elliot, Mr. H. Montagu Evans, Rev. W.
Harpley, Mr. C. E. Robinson, Mr. J. -Brooking-Rowe, Mr. A.
Somervail, and Mr. H. B. S. Woodhouse be a Committee
for the purpose of noting the discovery or occurrence of such
facts in any department of scientific inquiry, and connected
with Devonshire, as it may be desirable to place on permanent
record, but which may not be of sufficient importance in themselves
to form the subjects of separate papers; and that Mr. J. Brooking-
Rowe be the Secretary.
8. That Mr. P. F. S. Amery, Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. R.
Pearse Chope, Mr. G. M. Doe, Rev. W. Harpley, Mr. J. S. Neck,
Mrs. Radford, Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe, Mrs. Troup, and Mr.
H. B. S. Woodhouse be a Committee for the purpose of collecting
notes on Devonshire Folk-lore ; and that Mr. P. F. S. Amery be
the Secretary.
9. That Mr. J. S. Amery, Dr. Brushfield, Mr. F. T. Elworthy,
Miss Helen Saunders, and Mrs. Troup be a Committee for the
purpose of noting and recording the existing use of any Verbal
Provincialisms in Devonshire, in either written or spoken
language; and that Mr. F. T. Elworthy be the Secretary.
10. That Mr. P. F. S. Amery, Rev. S. Baring- Gould, Dr.
Brushfield, Mr. Burnard, Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe, Rev. J. F. Chanter,
RESOLUTIONS APPOINTING COMMITTEES. 31
and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee to collect and record
facts relating to Barrows in Devonshire, and to take steps, where
possible, for their investigation ; and that Mr. R. Hansford Worth
be the Secretary.
11. That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. A. H. Dymond, Rev. W.
Harpley, and Mr. R. C. Tucker be a Committee for the pur-
pose of making arrangements for an Association Dinner or any
other form of evening entertainment as they may think best in
consultation with the local Committee ; and that Mr. R. C. Tucker
be the Secretary.
12. That Mr. P. F. S. Amery, Sir Alfred W. Croft, Mr. James
fiamlyn, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee to collect
and tabulate trustworthy and comparable observations on the
Climate of Devon ; and that Mr. R. Hansford Worth be the
Secretary.
13. That Sir Roper Lethbridge, Dr. Brushfield, Mr. R.
Pearse Chope, Rev. Chancellor Edmonds, b.d., The Right Rev.
the Dean of Exeter (Alfred Earle, d.d.). Rev. Preb. Granville,
Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe, and Mr. E. Windeatt be a Committee for
the purpose of investigating and reporting on any Manuscripts,
Records, or Ancient Documents existing in, or relating to, Devon-
shire, with the nature of their contents, their locality, and whether
in public or private hands; and that Mr, J. Brooking-Rowe be
the Secretary.
14. That the Rev. I. K. Anderson, Mr. R. Barnard, Rev. S.
Baring-Gould, Mr. J. D. Pode, Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe, Mr. Basil
Thomson, and Mr. R Hansford Worth be a Committee for the
purpose of exploring Dartmoor and the Camps in Devon ; and
that the Rev. S. Baring-Gould be the Secretary.
15. That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Dr. Brushfield,
Rev. Professor Chapman, Sir Alfred W. Croft, Rev. 0. J. Reichel,
Mrs. Troup, Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe, Dr. Arthur B. Prowse, Mr,
William Davies, Miss H. Saunders, and Mr. W. A. Francken be
a Committee to consider the matter of preparing, according to
the best methods, an Index to the First Series (Vols. I-XXX) of
the Transactions ; that Mr. J. S. Amery be the Secretary ; and
that this Committee have power to add to their number.
16. That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Dr. Brush-
field, Rev. Chancellor Edmonds, Mr. T. Cann Hughes, Sir Roper
Lethbridge, Rev. O. J. Reichel, Mr. Harbottle Reed, ^Ir. J.
Brooking-Rowe, Mr. George E. Windeatt, and Rev. J. F. Chanter
be a Committee, with power to add to their number, to prepare
a detailed account of the Church Plate of the Diocese of Exeter ;
and that Mr. T. Cann Hughes and Mr. Harbottle Reed be the
joint Secretaries.
[ 32 1
0hitmx^ fiotittfi.
Caroline Beard Averill. Miss Caroline Beard Averill
joined the Association in July, 1904, and died in August
of the same year.
John Moysey de Ludbrook Bartlet. The Eev. J. M.
de Ludbrook Bartlet was elected a member in 1877, and was
for many years a constant attendant at our annual meetinga
He was for some time incumbent of Marazion and chaplain
of St. Michael's Mount. He died 1 March, 1905, at the
age of 84, and was buried at Ermington.
Lewis Bearne. Lewis Bearne was born in 1821, and
died in September, 1904. For more than fifty years he was
a prominent man in the public life of Newton, and held
every office in connexion with it. He was a member of the
old Local Board, Chairman of the succeeding authority, the
Urban District Council, and Vice-Chairman (at his own
request) of the Council on the amalgamation of Highweek
and Wolborough. He was a county councillor, a justice of
the peace, churchwarden, feoffee of the Wolborough Chari-
ties, and chairman of the Newton Gas Company. Courteous
and affable, he was greatly respected by all who knew him,
or who were in any way brought into relations with him. He
became a member in 1884, when the Association held its
meeting at Newton.
Alexander Callander. lieutenant-General Callander
became a member at the Totnes meeting in 1900. He was
born in Stirlingshire in 1829 ; he was the third son of
Mr. Eandal W. M. Callander, and grandson of Colonel and
Lady Elizabeth Callander, of Craigforth and Ardkinglas, N.B.
He entered the 58th Native Infantry as second lieutenant
in 1848, became lieutenant in February, 1855, and captain
in the Bengal Staff Corps six years later. He was adjutant
of the Nusseree Battalion for four and a half years, and
OBITUARY NOTICES. 33
brigade-major at Multan for five and a half years, and
DXa.G. also. In 1878 lieutenant-Colonel Callander married
Minna, only daughter of the late W. H. Swinton, H.K.I.C.S.,
of Warsash House, Hants. During the Afghan campaigns
of 1879-80, he acted as ex-commissariat ofidcer at Bareilly.
Eight years of his service was spent as Commandant of
forts on the Afghan frontier, and for four years he was
stationed at Fort Kangra, which was recently totally de-
stroyed by the great earthquake. He became lieutenant-
colonel in February, 1874, and colonel in February, 1879 ;
he returned to Europe in 1886, and was placed on the
unemployed supernumerary list in March, 1887. He was
promoted major-general in January, 1889, and lieutenant-
general in December, 1892. The deceased ofBcer was a
talented linguist, and passed as interpreter in Persian
and Urdu. lieutenant-General Callander had been in f£dl-
ing health for some time. After two successive paralytic
strokes he died at Vineyard, Dartington, Totnes, on 16 June,
1905.
Frederick Binley Dickinson. The Rev. Frederick Binley
•Dickinson was bom at Macclesfield, Cheshire, 27 December,
1832. His father, a doctor in that town, was a very good
antiquary and numismatist. He matriculated at Oxford,
and was Hulmeian Exhibitioner at Brasenose, and was
second in Moderations in 1863. He took his degrees of BA.
and M.A. in 1855 and 1858. He was ordained deacon by
the Bishop of Worcester in 1857, and priest the following
year by the Bishop of Exeter. He was curate at Dawlish
1857-8, Tavistock 1858-61, St. Martin's-in-the-Fields
1861-5, and morning reader at Westminster Abbey
1864-5, curate of lillmgton, Warwick, 1865-9, and after-
noon lecturer at Leamington 1867-8. From 1869 to 1871
he was in charge of Hulme Walfield, Cheshire, and curate of
Great Chart in 1872, and vicar of Ashford in the same year.
At Ashford he remained until 1887. About twenty years
before his death he came to reside at Ottery St. Mary,
where he spent the rest of his life. He very soon became a
most useful personage in the place, and interested himself
greatly in the welfare of the town and neighbourhood. He
was a justice of the peace for the county. Chairman of the
Ottery St. Mary Bural District Council, a governor of the
King's Grammar School, and a manager of the National
Schools, Secretary of the Cottage Hospital and of the
Eennaway Habitation of the Primrose League, and Chairman
VOL. xxxvn. c
34 OBITUARY NOTICES.
of the Ottery School Board up to the time of its dissolution.
Mr. Dickinson was a member of the church choir, and always
ready to assist the clergy of the parish in their work by
taking various services, preaching, and visiting. The fine
parish church was a continual source of delight to him. He
studied it and its history with great interest and intelli-
gence, and in 1897 he gave a lecture upon it at the Church
Institute. This lecture was afterwards printed, and it is a
clearly written and valuable contribution to the church's
story. He also published a handbook to the church for the
use of visitors. His loss to the Association is serious. He
took much interest in our work, and attended some recent
meetings ; we had hopes of assistance and of contribu-
tions from him in the future. On Christmas Day, 1903, he
was seized with the first of a series of alarming heart
attacks, and on the evening of Sunday, December 18th,
1904, after a few seconds of unconsciousness, he passed
peacefully away.
John Reynolds Gulson. John Reynolds Gulson was
born 13 April, 1833 ; B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1856,
from Harrow; member of the Western Circuit; student of
the Inner Temple, 20 April, 1855; called to the Bar
26 January, 1858. He was the eldest son of Edward Gulson,
of Exmouth, Devon, Poor Law Inspector. He married,
April, 1872, Frances Pemberton D., daughter of J. 0.
McWilliam, M.D., R.N., c.b., f.r.s., etc. Mr. Gulson became
a member in 1874, at the first meeting of the Society at
Teignmouth. He died on 7 June, 1905, deeply regretted
by a large circle of friends.
George Harvey. George Harvey, of 2 Grove Road,
Willesden Green, London, was elected in 1901, and died in
1905.
William Henry Kitson. William Henry Kitson, who
died on 25 August, 1904, at the age of 71, will be
greatly missed at Torquay. He took an active interest in
everything connected with the place of his residence, more
especially in relation to philanthropic work and the Con-
servative cause. He was President of the Torbay Hospital,
and a generous benefactor to its funds. He was Chairman
of the Torquay Gas Company and a justice of the peace.
He was one of our oldest members, having joined in 1865.
OBITUARY NOTICES. 35
.The Earl of Morley. Albert Edmund Parker, third
Earl of Morley, and Viscount Boringdon, was born in 1843.
His father was the second earl, his mother the daughter of
Montagu Edmund Parker, of Whiteway, Devon, widow of
William Coryton, of Pentillie Castle. He was educated at
Eton and Balliol, and took a first class in Literce Humaniores,
In 1880 Lord Morley became Under-Secretary for War in
Mr. Gladstone's Government. He filled this oflBce for five
years, and in 1886 he became First Commissioner of Works.
In 1889 he was appointed to the permanent and important
ofiBce of Chairman of Committees and Deputy- Speaker of
the House of Lords. Lord Morley was the first Vice-Chair-
man of the Devon County Council, and was elected Chairman
on the death of Lord Clinton. In 1876 he married Mar-
garet, daughter of the late Robert S. Holford, of Weston Birt,
CO. Gloucester, and Dorchester House, Park Lane. He
became a member of our Association in 1885, and on the
occasion of its meeting at Plympton received the members
at a garden party at Saltram. He died, aftei: a long and
painful illness, on 26 February, 1905.
John Morris. John Morris was born at Southmolton in
1823, where his father was a builder. He was articled to a
solicitor, and in 1841 went to London, and soon after his
qualifying he became a member of the firm of Ashurst &
Son. The work of Mr. Morris was closely identified with
the progress of the city of London and the rise and growth
of great joint-stock companies. He was largely concerned in
the introduction of the telephone, Mr. Morris subscribing,
with eleven others, £1000 each to start the undertaking.
At the time of his death he was one of London's oldest
solicitors and head of the firm of Ashurst, Morris, Crisp,
& Co. He died in March, 1905, having been elected a
member only last year.
C. A. Nanktvell. Dr. C. A. Nankivell, of Torquay, was
elected a life member in 1881, and died in 1904.
John Budd Phear. Sir John Budd Phear was bom in
1825, and was the eldest son of the Rev. John Phear,
Sector of Earl Stonham, and Catherine Wreford, daughter of
Samuel Budd, of North Tawton. His father's brother was
the Kev. S. G. Phear, late Master of Emmanuel College,
Cambridge. He was educated at Pembroke College, Cam-
bridge, and graduated sixth wrangler in 1847. Afterwards
c 2
36 OBITUAKY NOTICES.
he was elected to a Fellowship at Clare, where he became
mathematical lecturer and assistant tutor. In 1854 he
was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple, and ten years
later he was appointed Judge of the High Court of Judi-
cature, Calcutta, where he remained until 1876. In 1865 he
married Emily, the daughter of Mr. J. Bolton, of Burnley
House, Stockwell, by whom he had three children, a son and
two daughters. In 1877 he was knighted, and appointed
Chief Justice of Ceylon. On the news of the death of Sir
J. B. Phear reaching Ceylon, the Chief Justice, the Hon.
Sir Charles Peter Layard, announcing it to the Court, ex-
pressed the great regret with which the intelligence had
been received. He said that, —
Unfortunately for his contemporaries and for the Colony at large,
he did not continue very long as chief magistrate of this island.
During the short time he presided on the Bench he won the
respect and regard of his colleagues and of the whole body of the
legal profession, by whom he was much beloved. His sterling
ability and unflagging industry were his most remarkable
characteristics', and his kindliness to the younger members of the
Bar will ever be remembered by those who had the good fortune to
come into direct contact with him. He earnestly endeavoured to
eradicate from our procedure fictitious causes of action, and the
subsequent overruling of his dicta on that point I, for one, how-
ever regretted. Though he has passed away, his lucid and clear
expositions of the law have left an indelible mark in the adminis-
tration of justice in this Colony.
In acknowledging the remarks of the Chief Justice, Mr. P.
Eamanathan, the leader of the Bar, said that his lordship
had accurately described the qualities of the late Sir J. B.
Phear, who was one of the most distinguished judges that
ever graced the Bench of the Supreme Court, —
One of the first services he rendered to the profession was the
institution of a weekly publication of authorized reports of cases
decided on appeal by the Supreme Court. He found that the
Judiciary of the island went without authorized law reports, and
that it was not unusual in those days for judges to hear eases
elaborately argued, only to find later on that the very points
involved in them had been argued before and determined by earlier
judges. The minor magistrates also had no opportunity of be-
coming familiar in proper time with the decision of the Appellate
Court. Sir John corresponded with the Government, and brought
about the publication of the " Supreme Court Circular."
Another service earned for him speedily the gratitude of the
whole island. At the time he assumed office the Supreme Court
had gone greatly into arrears. Cases sent up in appeal lay un^
OBITUABY NOTICES. 37
disposed of for eighteen months, much to the inconvenience of
auitors. Sir John Phear addressed himself to the task of render^
ing speedj justice in appeal He introduced the routine of
appellate judges sitting almost every day in the week. By
assiduous work he cleared off all arrears in the course of eighteen
znonthsy which contributed not a little to the peace of the country
and to the elasticity of trade in the island.
Another service, the highest and best in the estimation of the
!£ar, was his training of the Bar and his demonstrating to it the
tniUi that the so-called **• uncertainty of the law " is nothing more
than the uncertainty of ill-trained judges as to the true facts of the
case and the proper principles of law applicable to it Sir John
severely condemned inaccurate statements of facts, and was ever
on his guard against the colouring given to a case by inconclusive
arguments. He would accept facts and legal principles only. He
trained the members of the Bar to be not only accurate in regard
to the facts of the case, but also guarded in the expression of
opinions. He had a way all his own of manifesting errors of
thought and faults in reasoning. Above all, he made the Bar
argue cases upon first principles of law. Before his advent legal
principles were of little avail in the determination of a case unless
supported by a judgment of a competent court here or in
England. After Sir John's arrival, if in arguing a case an
advocate cited a decided case without going into first principles,
his lordship would say, " I do not want authorities ; let us solve
Qns case even as a mathematician would solve a problem, by
applying the axioms and propositions we have learned in our
books.^ Advocates were thus encouraged to look up the first
principles of law applicable to the case and to carefully apply
them. Sir John Phear would often help them in the art of
applying principles to facts. If they passed on to authorities too
speedily, he would say, " We do not want authorities just yet ;
they are only of corroborative value. Let us solve the question by
the proper application of first principles, and then look into
authorities to discover whether our conclusions on first principles
are corroborated by them." In this way first principles became
paramount. Before his time legal principles had become so
elastic and uncertain by pronouncements from the Bench that it
was difiicult to advise clients. During Sir John Phear's time
these difficulties disappeared. Lawyers were able at the outset
almost to prophesy what would be the result of a case in appeal.
Training such as this one can never forget, nor cease to be grateful
for.
Soon after his return to England he came into Devonshire
to live, taking up his abode at Marpool Hall, Exmouth. He
very speedily joined the Association, and took a very keen in-
terest in its doings. His contributions to the "Transactions'*
38 OBITUARY NOTICES.
were frequent, and in 1886 he was President. So recently as
1904, at the meeting at Teignmouth, he read a paper on
**The Hide Examined." Sir John was an ardent Liberal
He made th^ee attempts to enter the House of Commons,
each unsuccessful. In 1885 he stood for the Honiton
Division, in 1886 for the Tavistock Division, and in 1893 for
the Tiverton Division. He was a D.L. and J.P. for the
County of Devon, a Chairman of Quarter Sessions, and for
some time Chairman of the Standing Joint Committee. He
was the author of " Elementary Mechanics " (1850), " Elemen-
tary Hydrostatics" (1852), "Eights of Water" (1860), "The
Aryan Village in India and Ceylon " (1880), " International
Trade," " Notes on Money," and other pamphlets. He died
on 7 April, 1905, at his residence, Marpool Hall, in his
eighty- first year, after a short illness, greatly regretted by all
who knew him.
Isaac Roberts. The astronomical investigations of Dr.
Isaac Eoberts, sc.D., f.r.s., f.r.a.s., f.g.s., have largely added
to our knowledge of the stars, clusters, nebulae, and the struc-
ture of the universe. His geological work was also of much
value. Up to 1870 he resided at Liverpool, and on leaving
that city he was presented with an address from the mayor,
the principals and professors of the University College, the
representatives and members of the scientific and literary
societies, and the leading citizens. The hon. degree of
Doctor of Science was conferred on him by the University
of Dublin in 1892. In 1895 he was awarded the Gold
Medal of the Eoyal Astronomical Society, on the Council
of which he served for several years. From 1890 to the
time of his death the work of Dr. Eoberts was continued at
his observatory at Starfield, Crowborough, Sussex. Dr.
Eoberts was a life member, elected in 1877. He died at
Crowborough in July, 1904.
John William Walters Eydkr. J. W. W. Eyder was
elected a member of the Association in 1869. He died
on 13 November, 1904, having two months before com-
pleted his ninety-fifth year. For over seventy years he was
a conspicuous figure in the public life of Plymouth Dock,
and of the same place from 1837 under its new name of
Devonport. He took much interest in the Association and
its work, and until recent years frequently attended the
annual meetings.
OBITUAKY NOTICES. 39
Thomas Augustus Sommers Scott. Thomas Augustus
Sommers Scott, the eldest son of the Rev. Thomas Scott,
Bector of Itchingfield, Sussex, was bom at Ilfracombe
4 September, 1845. He was for some time a clerk in the
Admiralty, Somerset House, but left this occupation, and
studying for the law, was admitted a solicitor in September
1883, and became a member of the firm of Down, Scott, &
-Oo\m, at Dorking. In 1889 he left Dorking to reside at
Ilfracombe, and as he still retained his interest in, and was
the head of the firm, he opened a branch ofiBce of Down,
Scott, & Down in the town, his new place of abode. He
MsLS a good lawyer and a successful practitioner, and his
Success in the High Court in an interesting local lawsuit,
■Starkey v. Swiss, will be always remembered in Ilfracombe.
At a meeting of the members of the Transvaal Gold
IdLining Estates held soon after Mr. Scott's death, the
Chairman referred to the loss sustained by his death, he
being one of the London committee, and said that during all
the eight years covered by his tenure of office he was absent
from only one meeting ; his legal training and business
capacity were of great help to the directors in their delibera-
tions, and in the conduct of that part of the company's
business that fell to be transacted in London ; and that his
colleagues had lost a valued colleague and the members a
capable and conscientious representative. In 1903 Mr.
Scott was elected a member of the Ilfracombe Urban
District Council, being jJlaced at the head of the poll with
the largest number of votes ever before given to a candidate,
and he proved a very useful member. He became a member
of the Association in 1876. He had gone to London on
business in June, 1904, and while there was stricken with
paralysis and died on the eighth of the same month.
Smith, E. Mr. E. Smith, f.c.s., of Hillside, Bradninch,
became a member in 1874, and died in 1904.
Edward John Tattersill. Edward John Tattersill was
bom in Plymouth 3 August, 1856. He was apprenticed to
the firm of Brown, Wills, and Nicholson, wholesale grocers
of the town. He left their employ at the age of 20 for
Bristol, where, with the experience gained in a larger ware-
house, his business education was completed. He returned
to Devonshire and became a partner in an old-established
business at Newton Abbot. Here he remained until 1884,
when he joined his brother-in-law at Torrington, acquiring
40 OBITUARY NOTICES.
the business which had been carried on for manj jears
by J. S. Farleigh. Afterwards Messrs. Tattersill & Snow
extended their business to Bideford, but soon the partnership
was dissolved, Mr. Snow remaining at Torrington and Mr.
Tattersill taking up his abode at Bideford, where his abilities
as a business man had full and successful play. Both at
Torrington and Bideford he entered into the public life of
the towns. While at the former place he was a member
of the Town Council, of the School Board, and of the Board
of Conservators. In 1894 he was elected a member of the
Bideford Town Council. He was a justice of the peace for the
county and borough, a member of the Long Bridge Trust, a
governor of the Grammar School, a guardian of the poor,
a member of the Borough Education Committee, and a
patron of Bideford Hospital, besides being on the committees
of other charitable and philanthropic institutions of the
town and neighbourhood. In the Free Library and all
matters connected with educatioii he took much interest.
He was Mayor for three successive years, in 1891-2, 1892-3,
and 1893-4, and he discharged the duties of the office in
a most satisfactory way. He had the honour of being
invited to the Coronation of the King, and received the
Coronation medals. He welcomed the Devonshire Associa-
tion at its meeting in 1902 in a way which will be always
remembered with pleasure by those members who were
present. In the autumn of 1904 Mr. Tattersill became
seriously ill, and, although there was some occasional im-
provement, there was never any restoration to health ; and,
to the great regret of his townsmen and of all who knew
him, he died on 10 May, 1905. He was interred in East-
the- Water Cemetery on the Saturday following.
Henry A. Willey. Mr. H. A. Willey, of Exeter, joined
the Association in 1901. He was well known in commercial
life as the head of the firm of Willey & Co., gas and light-
ing engineers, of Exeter. He was a man of remarkable
character, says the writer of a short sketch of his life which
appeared shortly after his death. His great business
capacity, his large-mindedness and public spirit, his un-
bounded generosity in the cause of eiducation and charity,
his constant efforts to promote the spiritual, moral, and
material well-being of the people, especially those in the
humbler walks of life, were prominent traits, while his zeal
and enthusiasm made him a man whose influence it would
be difficult to estimate. Although weighed down by ill-
OBITUARY NOTICES. 41
health and the pressure of a vast business, he was always
engaged in some cause which had for its object the pro-
motion of public interests, and he espoused no cause with-
out rendering it substantial financial aid. He died 21
September, 1904, at the early age of 41.
William Henry Turner. William Henry Turner, of the
Barton, Bideford, was born 4 December, 1856, and died
3 June, 1905, was a justice of the peace for the borough,
a well-known agriculturist, and a successful farmer. He
took an active part in public matters, and was Chairman of
the Bideford Bural District Council and Yice-Chairman of
the Board of Guardians. He was elected a member of the
Association in 1902.
ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT,
BASIL H. THOMSON, Esq.
Ladies and Gentlemen, — The subject which I have
chosen for my address this evening is the Decay of the Law
of Custom, and the profound influence which it must have
upon the destiny of the human race. With the brilliant
little expedition to Lhasa twelve months i^o the last
romance of exploration evaporated, and there now remains
on this earth no race which has not seen Europeans face to
face. There are no longer any blanks in the maps of the
habitable parts of the globe, no comer where a novelist may
create for his readers an imaginary kingdom, no island in
temperate seas not set down in the charts; even
the latest conception of Utopia has had to be placed on the
shores of the Lake of Lucerne. In the sense that no race
now exists which is not in some way under the influence of
Western civilization, the present year may be said to be a
fresh starting-point in the history of mankind. Whither-
soever we turn, the laws of custom, which have governed
the coloured races for countless generations, are breaking
down; the old isolation which kept their blood pure is
vanishing before railway and steamship communication,
before the importation of alien coloured labour to work
plantations in tropical colonies; and ethnologists of the
future, having no pure race left to examine, will have to
fall back upon hearsay evidence in studying the history
of human institutions.
All this has happened before in the world's history, but
over a more limited area. To the Koman conquests, the
Boman system of slave-holding, and still more to the Roman
roads, we owe the fact that there is not in Western Europe a
single race of unmixed blood, for even the Basques, if they
are indeed the last survivors of the old Iberian stock, have
intermarried with the French and Spanish people about
MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 43
them. An ethnologist living in the eighth century, watching
the wave upon wave of destructive immigration that sub-
merged England, might well have doubted whether so extra-
ordinary a mixture of races could ever develop patriotism
and pride of race, and yet it did not take many centuries to
evolve in us a sense of nationality, not to speak of insular
prejudice superadded. Nationality and patriotism are in
fact purely artificial and geographical sentiments, and the
blood tie on which is supposed to be founded the friend-
ship between England and the United States, which have
been peopled by immigrants from every European country,
is to the ethnographer a little absurd. We feel none of
the bitter hate of our Saxon forefathers for their Norman
conquerors : the path of our advance through the centuries
is strewn with the corpses of dead patriotisms and dead
race-hatreds.
The mixture of races in Europe, you may suggest, was
merely the mingling of peoples descended from a common
Aryan stock, but if that were so, what has become of the
hosts of Asiatic and African slaves scattered through Europe
during the Eoman Empire, of the Africans introduced
into Southern Portugal by Prince Henry the Navigator, of
the Jews that swarmed in every medieval city, of the Moors
in Southern Spain? Did none of these intermarry with
Europeans and leave a half-caste Semitic progeny behind
them? How otherwise can you account for the extra-
ordinary diversity in skull measurement, in proportion, and
in colour in the population of every European country ?
The modern study of ethnography has been obscured and
retarded by the assumption, first enunciated by Max Miiller,
that afiBnity in language, in religion, and in custom neces-
sarily implies afl5nity in blood, whereas history is full of
examples of a conquering race imposing its language and
religion upon a subject people; and since human minds are
much the same, whatever the colour of the skin, their ideas
are always prone to crystallize into customs that are
coincident.
If we except the inhabitants of a few remote islands,
there has probably never been an unmixed race since the
Palaeolithic Age. Long before the dawn of history, king-
doms rose and fell. Broken tribes, fleeing from their con-
querors, put to sea and founded colonies in distant countries.
Troy was na exception to the rule of the old world, that at
the sack of every city the men were slain and the women
were reserved to be the wives of their conquerors, and it was
44 MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
doubtless to provide against contamination from this cause
that Saul was commanded to slay 'Vboth man and woman,
infant and suckling ** of the Amalekites, the ancestors of the
Bedawin Arabs of the Sinai desert.
The present population of the globe is estimated at about
fifteen hundred millions, of which seven hundred millions
are nominally progressive and eight hundred millions are
stagnant under the law of custom. It is a little difficult to
choose terms that even approach scientific accuracy in these
generalizations, for if we use the word "civilized" the
London "hooligan" and the "Bowery tough" are apt to
occur to us; if the words "stagnant" and "progressive,"
how are the Parsee gentleman and the Sussex farm labourer
to be classed ? Nor can the terms " white " and " coloured"
be u^sed, for there are Chinese many shades whiter than the
Portuguese. But as long as we know what we mean, the
scientific accuracy of our terms is of no importance, and so
for convenience I will call all races of European descent
" civilized," and all races living under the law of custom
" uncivilized." The problem that will be solved within the
next few centuries is — What part is to be taken in the
world's affairs by these eight hundred millions of uncivilized
men who happen for the moment to be politically inferior to
seven hundred millions of civilized men ?
For centuries they have been sleeping. Under the law of
custom, which no man dares to disobey, progress was impos-
sible. The law of custom was the law of our own forefathers,
until the infusion of new blood and new customs shook them
out of the groove and set them choosing between the old and
the new, and then to making new laws to meet new needs.
This happened so long ago that if it were not for a few
ceremonial survivals we might well doubt whether our fore-
fathers were ever so held in bondage. To illustrate the law
of custom I may be permitted to relate a common incident
of travel in the South Seas. We are bowling along the
south coast of New Guinea in a native canoe with a fair
wind behind us. Suddenly as we round a point the natives
lower the sail and begin laboriously to paddle the canoe
across the bay. It is obvious that a malignant demon haunts
this bay — that goes without saying in New Guinea — but
these men are Christians, and profess no longer to believe
in the power of demons. The reason they give is this:
"Our fathers always lowered the sail and paddled here,
but do not be impatient; at yonder point they always
hoisted the sail again, and we shall do the same." With
MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 45
this precept — to do as your father did before you — an
isolated race will remain absolutely stationary. There is,
in all the history of travel, I believe, only one instance in
which the absolute stagnation of a race has been proved,
and that is the case of the Solomon Islands, the first of
the Pacific Island groups to be discovered, and the last to
be influenced by Europeans. As the story is unique it is
worth recalling here.
In 1568 a Spanish expedition under Alvaro de Men-
dafia set sail from Peru in quest of the southern continent.
Missing all the great island groups, MendafLa discovered the
Solomon Islands, which he so named, not because he found
any gold there, but because he hoped thereby to inflame the
cupidity of the Council of the Indies into fitting out a fresh
expedition. Fortimately, the treasurer, or, as we should call
him, purser, one Gomez Catoira, was an observant and
copious writer, and he has left us a full account of the cus-
toms of the natives, and about forty words of their language
350 years ago. And now comes the strange part of the
story. Expedition after expedition set sail for the Solomon
IsUmds; group after group was discovered; but the
Solomons were lost, and at last geographers, having shifted
them to every vacant space left in the charts, treated them
as fabulous and expunged them altogether. They were re-
discovered by Bougainville exactly two centuries later, but it
was not until late in the nineteenth century that any
attempt was made at studying the language and customs of
the natives. It was then found that in everything, down to
the pettiest detail in their dress, their daily life, and their
language they were exactly the same as when Catoira saw
them three and a half centuries ago, and so no doubt they
would have remained imtil the last trump, had not Euro-
peans come among them.
If, as there is good reason for believing, the modern Eskimo
are the lineal descendants of the cave men who hunted the
reindeer and the urus in Derbyshire in Pleistocene times,
the identity of their habits is to be ascribed to the same
cause — the want of a stimulus from without through contact
with other races.
It must occur to every student of history that among the
races in bondage to the law of custom there have been rare
souls, bom before their time, from whom the eternal " Thou
shalt not" of the law of custom provoked the question
" Why ? " Some there were, of course, but they met the fate
ordained for men bom before their time — in civilized states
46 MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
the hemlock, the cross, and the stake; in uncivilized, the
club or the spear. It will never be Jcnown whether the real
complaint which the Athenians had against Socrates was
that an imceasiug flow of wisdom and argument is more than
any erring man can stand, but the published grounds for his
condemnation were : first, that he denied the gods recognized
by the State; and second, that he corrupted the young.
This, as William Mariner tells us, is word for word what men
whispered under their breath when Finau, the King of Vavau,
in the Friendly Islands, dared to scoff at the law of tabu in
1810, and he came to a bad end. In fact, reformers in
primitive races never lived long: if they were low-bom they
were clubbed, and that was the end of them and their
reforms ; if they were chiefs and something happened to
them either by disease or accident — and among warlike races
something happens to everybody — men saw therein the finger
of an offended deity, and obedience to the existing order of
things become stronger than before.
The law of custom is always interwoven with religion, and
is enforced by fear of earthly punishment for disobedience.
This fear is strongest among patriarchal peoples whose re-
ligion is founded upon the worship of ancestors. I know
that I am treading upon dangerous ground when I suggest
that the worship of ancestors has had far more to do with the
origin of primitive faiths than Professor Max Mtiller and his
followers will allow. It is the most natural form of religion
for a patriarchal society. The father ruled the family. Each
member of it turned to him for the ordering of his daily life.
No scheme entered the head of the young man that did not
turn upon the consent of the head of the family. Suddenly
the father died. How were his sons to rid themselves of
the idea of his controlling influence ? It had guided them
ever since they were born. When living he had been wont
to threaten them with punishment for disobedience, and now
that he was dead, when they did the things of which he used
to disapprove, punishment was sure to follow: the crops
failed ; a hurricane unroofed the huts ; a murrain destroyed
the cattle. If they won a victory over their enemies it was
he that had strengthened their arms. Generations came
and went ; the tribe waxed in numbers and split into septs ;
the human origin of the spirit to which they oflfered sacrifice
became misty; he was now the tutelary god of the tribe.
His tomb, to which they had been accustomed to bring their
propitiatory offerings, and which, at least among the Neo-
lithic peoples, was intended to resemble the house in which
MB. BASIL THOMSOl^'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 47
he had lived, had a temple attached to it, and, finally, priests
to interpret his will To depart, therefore, from the customs
of the ancestor is to insult the tribal god, and it became the
business of each member of the tribe to see that the impiety
of a fellow-tribesman brought no judgment down upon his
bead. As one might expect, wherever ancestor-worship is
strongest, there the law of custom is most rigid. Among
the island races of the Pacific a man was only free from its
tyranny when he died. As in the German's ideal of a well-
governed city, everything was forbidden. Hedged about by
the talm, he could scarce move hand or foot without circum-
spection. If he erred, even unwittingly, the spirits of
disease were there to rack his body. In Tonga he performed
almost daily the Moe-moe, an act of penance to atone for
possible breaches of the tabu^ and in the civil war of 1810 it
was the practice to open the bodies of the slain to discover
from the state of the liver whether the dead warrior had led
a good or an eVil life. .
As we are sitting in the heart of Dartmoor among Neolithic
monuments that are still puzzling antiquarians, I may be
permitted to digress for a moment on the subject of the
temples devoted to ancestor-worship. In the island of
Vitilevu, in Fiji, connected with the tombs of dead chiefs,
there are stone enclosures, or alignments, which were in use
as open-air temples as lately as forty years ago. They were
called Nanga, or Longa, which means bed, that is, '' Bed of
the Ancestors," and thither once a year flocked all the people
for the double purpose of presenting the first-fruits to im-
plore a good crop for the coming season and of initiating the
youths who had attained manhood during the year. No one
who has lived for years among ancestor-worshippers can
see the care bestowed upon their dead by the hut-circle
dweUers of Dartmoor and the builders of the long barrows
in other parts of England, and dispossess his mind of the
conviction that these were people who had the same religious
ideas. There have been many fanciful explanations of the
alignments of Merivale which most of us will examine
during the next few days, but I confess that, with every
predisposition towards scientific caution, I can never look
upon the kistvaens and the lines of stones to which they are
attached without recalling the Nanga and the annual cele-
bration of the Mbaki rites.
In order to iUustrate the law of custom in decay, I pro-
pose to take one of the island races of the Pacific, because,
by the isolation of the race through many centuries, no
48 MR. BASIL TUOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
foreign ideas, filtered through neighbouring tribes, had cor-
rupted it before the white men came and its ruin was made
thereby the more sudden and complete. What is true of the
Melanesians is true with slight modifications of everj primi-
tive society in Asia, Africa, and America which is being
forcibly dragged into the vortex of what we call progress.
In Fiji there was a limited form of polygamy, that is to
say, the chiefs married as many wives as they pleased, the
minor chiefs two or three at most, the common men one,
and as, under this arrangement, there were not women
enough to go round, the base-born had to go without. It is
a curious fact that in Australasia the more primitive the
race the more complicated and elaborate were the marriage
laws, which seem, speaking generally, to have been designed
to' prevent the marriage of near kin. In Australia and
Melanesia the people were divided into marriage classes, and
a man was limited in his choice of a wife to women of the
marriage class assigned to him. But among the Melanesian
tribes of Vitilevu, in Fiji, there is a curious variation of the
system which may possibly contain a physiological truth as
yet unknown to us. A man is born the husband of his
mother's brother's daughter, but the daughters of his mother's
sister and of his father's brother are regarded as being in
exactly the same relationship to him as bis own sisters, and
even ordinary social intercourse with them is forbidden.
First cousins who are the children of a brother and sister
are marriageable ; first cousins who are the children of two
brothers or of two sisters are absolutely forbidden to marry.
In Europe we make no distinction between the consanguinity
of first cousins. Marriage between them is looked upon
generally with disfavour, but that is all. But the strange
part of the Fijian system is this. A man did not, of course,
marry all the cousins who were his natural wives, and not
unfrequently he refused to marry any of them. But the
logic of the system was inexorable: his children and their
children were none the less regarded as brothers and
sisters and were forbidden to marry, though their con-
sanguinity was really remote. Ten years ago, when
customary law had already begun to break down, a mar-
riage census was taken in 112 villages, in order to ascer-
tain how many first cousins actually did marry, and what
was the result upon their offspring. It was found that
30 per cent. — a little under one-third — of the married
couples were first cousins, and, what was more surprising,
they had larger and healthier families than the couples who
MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 49
had no bond of consanguinity. In these villages there were
a few couples of the wrong kind of first cousins, who had
been emboldened by the inroad of foreign ideas to marry in
defiance of the tribal law. Of the children of these
marriages, astonishing as it may seem, not one was left alive.
These rather startling facts may, no doubt, to some extent
be explained away by assuming that greater care would be
bestowed upon children whose parents had married in accord-
ance with the wishes of their relations, than upon those
whose parents had estranged all their friends by their
marriage ; but there remains a residuum which seems to me
to deserve investigation, especially as a similar custom is
found in India, as is shown in Mr. Denzil Ibbetson's census
of the Punjab. Some years ago I wrote to " The Times *' in-
viting people who knew of first-cousin marriages among
their acquaintances to take note of the sex of the parents of
the first cousins, for in the few cases with which I was
personally acquainted the offspring of what the Fijians would
regard as proper marriages were strong and healthy, and
those of one improper cousin-marriage were the reverse; but
the only result of my letter was to inundate me with appeals
from people in whose families a cousin-marriage was im-
minent that I should furnish them with arguments with
which to frighten the young couple into breaking off the
match. This was not at all what I had intended, and as
the S^istrar-General was of opinion that such questions in
the census paper might be considered too inquisitorial, the
matter rests there. Nevertheless, it is just possible that the
Fijians have hit upon an obscure truth in consanguinity,
and that the children of a brother and sister respectively are
not so nearly related as the children of two brothers or of
two sisters.
The missionaries made a clean sweep of polygamy, and
beyond the dislocation of such property laws as depended
upon it I do not think that the vitality of the race suffered
from the abolition. But their interference with another cus-
tom was not so happy. The Fijian mother, like the Japanese,
nursed her child for two and even three years, because there
were no milk-yielding animals in the countr}', and it had
been found by experience that infants do not thrive on roast
pork and roast yam. To provide for this custom the mother
went back to her people and the father to the mhtire, which
was a sort of bachelor village club-house for the unmarried
men* But to the missionaries the club-house savoured of
heathen customs, and they set to themselves the task of
VOL. XXXVIL D
50 MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
inculcating their ideal of English family life. The mbure
disappeared ; women who had reared families of four or five
healthy children now bore families of ten or twelve, of which
perhaps two survived infancy. The birth-rate suddenly
sprang to the highest in the world except Hungary ; but the
death-rate outstripped it, and it is not surprising that the
race decreased by several hundreds annually.
And with this went the question of clothes. I have never
been able to understand the intimate connexion which
exists in some minds between clothing and Christianity.
In the Early Victorian mind it was not the mere covering
of the body which conveyed an impression of moral stability:
the body must be clothed in the garments of the English
middle class of that period — in fact in the ugliest vesture
ever conceived by the mind of man — or the soul was lost.
If we may judge from some of the American religious works
of fiction, the idea still survives in an altered form in the
Western States of America, where it is enough to label a
character as the villain of the story if the novelist attires
him in evening dress. In Tonga, where both sexes wore a
picturesque robe of native cloth from the waist downward,
the women were forced into unsightly petticoats and the
men into trousers and seedy frock coats, the effort at moral
respectability being a little marred by the impossibility of
purchasing boots and stockings of adequate proportions.
But if we grant that the missionaries were justified in
adopting some livery to distinguish their converts from
the heathen, they must stand condemned upon the hats.
Nature had covered the heads of Polynesians with a mop
of curly hair which the fiercest sun could not penetrate.
Yet the early missionaries actually invite applause for
industry in teaching the women to plait for themselves
straw bonnets to displace the flowers with which they
used to deck their heathen tresses.
It is fair to say in their defence that the natives certainly
regarded clothing as in some way cutting them off from
their heathen practices, for in every case of reversion to
heathenism their first act has been to discard their shirts.
Some of you may still remember the last little heathen out-
break in Vanualevu, eleven years ago, when the natives of
an inland village, unable any longer to endure the exactions
of their chief, notified their rebellion to the world by dis-
carding their clothes and killing and eating a native police-
man. The adoption of clothing altogether unsuited to their
climate and their habits has had much to do with the mortality
MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 51
from chest diseases ; but this subject calls up to me so many
painful memories of fine, dignified old chiefs degraded in
their dressing-rooms to a caricature of the minstrels of the
Egyptian Hall, that I will not pursue it further.
In one respect the law of custom was doomed from the
first. It rests upon the authority of the elders, who are
the repositories of the ancient law. The first to come into
contact with foreigners are the young men, as sailors and
labourers in the employment of white men. They return to
their villages with their heads full of new ideas of liberty
and with contempt for the old superstitions.
Take for example the belief in witchcraft, which dies hard
— so hard that it is still to be found in Europe. Its com-
monest form throughout the world is the belief that if the
wizard can procure something that belongs to his enemy,
such as the clippings of his hair or the remnants of his food,
he can weave a spell which will afflict him with a fatal dis-
ease. Now mark the influence which this belief has upon
customary law. If you would be safe from witchcraft you
must bury all refuse where none of your secret enemies can
find it. In Fiji the heathen villages were kept scrupulously
clean; but the people had scarcely abandoned their old
beliefs when weeds sprang up in the village square, kitchen
refuse and every kind of abomination were left lying near
the houses, and the villages, which were formerly perched on
breezy hill-tops for purposes of defence, were moved down to
the swampy ground near the water to save the daily labour
of water-carrying. In fact, so admirably was the old law of
custom framed to secure sanitation through the superstitious
fear of a people naturally prone to insanitary habits, that
one almost suspects the cunning hand of some prehistoric
medical officer of health with a taste for legislation.
The blessings of the Pax Britannica are enormous; but
they are the gifts of civilization least appreciated by semi-
savage tribes, whose life, formerly full of excitement, is now
intolerably dull. The evils of war are manifest enough ; but
I am not sure that they are not outweighed by its good in-
fluence upon the vitality of a race, in fostering the virtues
of courage, self-sacrifice, energy, industry, and alertness. The
mortality by war at a time when every tribe was at feud
with its neighbour fell in Fiji far short of the mortality caused
by immorality and insanitary habits, just as in France the
annual mortality from epidemics far exceeds the carnage
of L^ny and Waterloo put together.
It may be argued that the law of custom has been swept
D 2
52 MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
away by conquering races many times in the world's history —
that of the Neolithic people of the long barrows by the people
of the Bronze Age ; that of the British by the Romans ;
that of the Bomano-British by the Saxons; that of the
Saxons by the Normans ; but there was this difference : in
all these cases the new customs were forced upon the weaker
people by the strong hand of its conquerors, and as it had
obeyed its own laws through fear of the Unseen, so it
adopted the entire body of new laws through fear of its new
masters. It was a rough, but in the end a wholesome
schooling. We go another way to work: we do not, as
a rule, come to native races with the authority of conquerors;
we saunter into their country and annex it ; we break down
their customs, but do not force them to adopt ours; we
teach them the precepts of Christianity, and in the same
breath assure them that instead of physical punishment by
disease, which they used to fear, their disobedience will be
visited by eternal punishment after death — a contingency
too remote to have any terrors for them ; and then we leave
them like a ship with a broken tiller, free to go whitherso-
ever the wind of fancy drives them, and it is not surprising
that they prefer the easy vices of civilization to the more
diflBcult virtues. In civilizing a native race the suavitti' in
modo is probably a more dangerous process than the fortiter
in re.
The fabric of every complete social system has been built
up gradually. You may raze it to the foundations and erect
another in its place, but if you pull out a stone here' and
there the whole comes tumbling to the ground before you
have time to make your alterations. Take for example the
civilized conception of the law of property. Through long
ages of crowded competition we Europeans have arrived at
the principle that a man's property is his own to enjoy, and
that to steal it from him is not only a private injury, but an
ofifence against the community ; and inasmuch as the public
estimation in which he is held depends upon the amount of
property which he possesses, most of us spend our lives in
working to obtain something more than will cover the neces-
sities of life. If we respect ourselves, we neither borrow nor
lend, and our pride forbids us to accept gifts of money from
any person unrelated to us. Among semi-civilized people
private property exists, of course, but the line of definition
is not so sharp. A Fijian by his own industry has harvested
an unusual crop of yams. In theory they are inalienably
his : in practice every man in the tribe who happens to want
MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 53
yams has a lien upon them, to say nothing of the communal
levies for the entertainment of strangers, and he will be
fortunate if he is left with one-tenth for the support of his
family. In his heart he may feel sore, but the shame of
being known as a churlish man will constrain him to conceal
his real feelings. In theory these were loans, and he was
free to visit each of the borrowers in turn and ask for an
equivalent, so that as long as none was richer or more indus-
trious than his neighbour the system worked out to a balance.
It had, moreover, the advantj^e that there were no poor, for
when a man was too old or too lazy to work he asked his
neighbours for what he wanted and got it, without much loss
of social consideration. The reluctance to refuse a loan has
carious consequences. It is still possible for a European
loafer to live entirely upon the natives. He has only to take
care to be near a house when the dinner is being taken from
the pots to be sure of an invitation to share the meal ; and I
have often thought that if an entire procession of the unem-
ployed could be transported bodily to the islands, this part
of the law of custom would have a short life. There is
an old story — I do not vouch for its accuracy — that a tribe
which was at war in the early days of settlement ran short
of gunpowder for its muskets. The case being desperate, it
sent an envoy to its adversary to borrow ammunition, and
obtained enough to continue the contest. To illustrate the
evil case of the native who has grasped the European con-
ception of property, let me cite the case of Tauyasa. Tauyasa
was a man of no birth, but in common with every member of
his tribe he had land on the fertile alluvium of the Rewa
River. He preferred the society of white men to that of his
own people, and when a little gone in liquor with his inti-
mates, he was wont to declare, *' God made a mistake when
He made me a Fijian. Here (tapping his chest) black man ;
here (touching his forehead) white man ! " And so he set
himself to acquire all that the white man had. All that he
cared for was that the bananas in his plantation should have
fifteen "hands" to the bunch. He wore trousers, put a
wooden floor and glazed windows in his house, gave his wife
a harmonium and a sewing machine, and rode a horse. All
these his plantation was made to produce, for he paid Indian
coolies to work for him, and to the swarm of his fellow-
tribesmen, even to his chief himself, when they tried to
borrow from him, he turned a deaf ear. He even dared to
refuse a subscription to the mission funds, and though none
was so regular at church-going as he when business did not
54 MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
stand in the way, I regret to say that if the monthly
steamer happened to be sailing he desecrated the Sabbath
by loading bananas on his cutter for shipment to New
Zealand. For all these things he earned the envy and
hatred of his fellows. His imported hens were stolen ; his
tether-ropes were cut in the night, and his cows damaged
the cane-fields ; his own people shunned him, and only the
lower class of white men — ships' firemen and the like —
would consort with him. So Tauyasa began to worry ; and
the more he worried, the bitterer were the taunts of his
people, which a kind friend took care to repeat to him.
Now, when a Melanesian begins to worry his days are
numbered. A day came when the cutter's sails were
stripped and the bananas hung uncut upon their stems,
for Tauyasa would ship no more bananas, having taken to
his mat, and announced that he would die on Thursday
week. On the day he had appointed, after the manner of
Melanesians, Tauyasa died as he had said. - Then it was
found how many brothers Tauyasa had, and how many
brothers his father and mother had, for he had great posses-
sions, and he had left no will. At evening it was all settled
between them ; only Tauyasa's wife got nothing, because she
was a bad woman and belonged to another tribe. And on
the Sunday the native teacher took the pulpit. It was a
powerful sermon — all about the wicked and hell and such
things. They were all great sinners ; they broke the com-
mandments every day; but for all there present there was
forgiveness. There were some, however, who could never be
forgiven. " Who shipped bananas on the Sabbath ? " he
roared. " Who shipped bananas on the Sabbath ? " Then in
the hush he whispered hoarsely, " Tauyasa." *' Where is
Tauyasa now ? " he shouted again. And twisting his clenched
fist slowly before him, he hissed, " Sa mcyngimongi tiko e na
mhtka wanga " (" He is squirming in the everlasting fire ").
So you see that the period of transition is for a native a
little bleak.
The case of Tauyasa raises a very deep and important
question — whether the uncivilized races are really inferior in
energy and capacity to Europeans. Professor Flinders Petrie
has expressed the view that the average man cannot receive
much more knowledge than his immediate ancestors, and
that " the growth of the mind can in the average man be but
by fractional increments in each generation." In support of
this view he declares that the Egyptian peasant who has
been taught to read and write is, in every case that he has
MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 65
met with, " half-witted, silly, and incapable of taking care of
himself," while the Copt, whose ancestors have been scribes
for generations, can be educated without sustaining any
mental injury. The opinion of such an authority is entitled
to great respect, but I venture from my own experience to
think that there are more exceptions than will prove any
such rule. Any schoolmaster in New Zealand will tell you
that Maori children, when they can be got to work, are
quite equal to their white schoolfellows; Fijian boys edu-
cated in Sydney have proved to be rather above than below
the average ; Tongan boys who have never left their island
have been known to solve problems in higher mathematics ;
Booker Washington and Dubois and a host of negroes trained
by them are men of the highest attainments ; the Australian
aborigines, and even the Andaman Islanders, have shown an
avenge aptitude as soon as they have overcome the difficulty
of a common language with their teacher ; and New Guinea
children do very well in the mission schools. The Masai
are the most backward of all the East African tribes, yet
Mr. Hollis, the Government Secretary of Uganda, employs
two Masai boys to develop his photographs. Personally
I doubt whether there is any race of marked mental inferi-
ority, though, as in our own country, there are thick-witted
individuals, and these may be more common in one race
than in another. Certainly there is no race that suffers
mental injury from teaching. What they all have is a lack
of application, and any injury they sustain arises from the
confinement necessary for study. It is character rather than
intellect that achieves things in this world, and character is
modified by education, by climate, and pressure of circum-
stances. Fifteen years have elapsed since Tauyasa's funeral
sermon was delivered, and he has already a number of pros-
perous imitators, who are defying the law of custom, to their
material profit, if not to their entire peace of mind ; for even
Fijians have begun to understand that the riches of the white
man may be dearly purchased, and that in anxiety about
many things happiness and contentment are not often found.
But, though all peoples are teachable, there are racial
idiosyncrasies which we are only beginning to discover.
Why, for instance, should the Hausas and the Sudanese
have a natural aptitude for European military discipline,
while the Waganda find it irksome ? Why do the Masai,
whose social development is Palaeolithic in its simplicity,
make trustworthy policemen and prison warders, while the
Somalis have been found utterly worthless in both capacities?
56 MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
Why are the Maoris and the Solomon Islandei*s natural
artists in wood-carving, while the tribes most nearly allied
to them are almost destitute of artistic skill ? Do not these
natural aptitudes in themselves suggest what these races
may become when we have struck oft* their fetters of custom
and forced them to compete with us ?
It is the fashion to assert that native races b^n to
decline as soon as white men come into contact with them.
This arises from our evil modern habit of making false
generalizations. As Mr. Wells has pointed out, an English
capitalist has a preference for his own class as against the
working man, whom he regards as a loafing and grasping
person ; but no sooner is his patriotic instinct stirred than
the working man becomes an Englishman like himself, and
as such, he holds him superior to every sort of European.
It is a great rest to the mind to generalize, and this is why
you will find many sane persons who will assure you that
the seventh sons of seventh sons have supernatural powers
of insight ; that all Irishmen have vivid imaginations and
all Englishmen slow wits; that all curly-haired people are
good-natured, and all red-haired people hot-tempered; all
hunchbacks sharp of tongue, and all Frenchmen addicted to
eating frogs. The fact that some isolated races suddenly
torn up by the roots from their ancient habits begin by
decreasing very rapidly is so dramatic, that we eagerly seize
upon the generalization that weaker races are doomed to
wither away at the coming of the all-conquering white man,
forgetting the steady increase of the Bantu races in South
Africa, and of the Indians and of the Chinese, up to and
even beyond the limit which their countries can support.
The main cause of the sudden decrease of a race is the
introduction of new diseases, which assume a more virulent
aspect when they strike root in a virgin soil, and we are
now beginning to learn that this cause is only temporary.
For a time races seem to sicken and pine like an individual,
and there are numberless instances in the history of travel
which show that the first contact between healthy persons
of continental and island races engenders diseases in the
latter. The islanders of St. Kilda sufler from a sort of
influenza, which they call the " strangers' cold *' or " boat
cough," after the arrival of a vessel from Scotland. The
crew of the brig " Chatham," wrecked on Penrhyn Island in
1853, were the first Europeans to come into contact with
the natives. Soon after their arrival an epidemic, attended
with high fever and headache, caused many deaths among
MB. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 57
the natives, and the whites themselves, though quite healthy
at the time of their shipwreck, caught the disease from the
natives. It is the belief throughout the Pacific islands that
coughs, influenza, and dysentery were unknown before they
were introduced by Europeans, and as early as 1777 Captain
Cook found the natives of Niu^ quite unapproachable owing
to their custom of killing every stranger landing on their
shores for fear of disease. Any of their own people who
returned to the island after a voyage to foreign lands were
immediately killed, and for years after they began to venture
out to passing ships they would not bring the things they
received by barter into their villages, but hung them up in
the bush for weeks in quarantine. It was the instinct
towards a perfect measure of quarantine by summarily
dispatching all visitors that prompted murders like those
of Mr. Gordon, Bishop Patteson, and Commodore Good-
enough, which seemed so pui*poseless at the time. Every
island race has been decimated by an introduced disease
until the virus has become attenuated. The history of
measles in the Pacific is instructive. Introduced into Fiji
in 1875, it swept away 40,000, or nearly one-third of the
native population ; but in its subsequent appearances in the
eighties and nineties it was but little more destructive than
it is in Europe. Leprosy throughout the world appears to
have obeyed the same law. Introduced into Western
Europe during the ferment of the Crusades, its progress was
so devastating that in the fourteenth century the number
of leper houses was computed at 19,000, and a whole body
of sanitary law sprang into existence to cope with it. But
in six or seven generations it had run its course, and the
people became immune, until now it survives in no European
country except Russia and Norway. In the Pacific this rule
of immunity has a very curious illustration. In island
groups such as Fiji and Tonga, which have a leper god in
their mythology, leprosy is either stationary or decreasing ;
whereas in others, such as Hawaii and New Caledonia, it
has made the most alarming progress, although pathologists
are still disagreed as to how it is communicated. The leper
god was, of course, a leper ancestor, and the fact that the
disease was of such long standing in the group that there
had been time to canonize one of its patients explains the
fact that the people have become comparatively immune.
Among the Maoris, who probably brought the disease with
them from their old home, leprosy under a proper system of
segregation is now said to have been stamped out.
58 MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
Speaking generally, one may say that continental native
ratces, such as the Asiatic and African, which have been
intercommunicating for centuries, suffer less from the intro-
duction of new diseases than isolated races such as the
Australian. Polynesian, and Melanesian, for the decrease of
the American Indians is to be attributed rather to an entire
change of habit from nomad hunters to settled agricul-
turists— in other words, to the decay of custom. The
nomad pastoral tribes in Africa, such as the Masai, are
decreasing from the same cause. And yet, if we except a few
insignificant island races, such as the Andaman Islanders, it
is doubtful whether the world will see any more races
extinguished like the lost Tasmanians. In the decrease of
a race from disease and apathy there appears to be a
stopping -place. It may come when the race has been
reduced to half its number, as in the case of the Maoris, or
to a mere handful, like the blacks of New South Wales;
but there comes a time when the decay is arrested, and then
perhaps fusion with another race sets in. The type may be
lost, but the blood remains.
It is against the attacks of new diseases that the law of
custom is most helpless. The primitive theory of disease
and death is so widespread that we may accept it as the belief
of mankind before the law of custom gave place to scientific
inquiry. This was the primitive argument. The natural
state of man is to be healthy, and everything contrary to
nature must be the act of some hostile agency. When he
felt ill a man knew that an evil spirit had entered into him,
and since evil spirits do not move unless some person con-
jures them, his first thought on waking with a headache is,
** Some enemy hath done this." Out of this springs all the
complicated ritual of witchcraft, Fetish and Juju, which, as
I have already said, by frightening natives into destroying
all offal and refuse, achieves the right thing for the wrong
reason. The ** evil spirit " theory of disease is not, after all,
so very far removed from the bacillus theory. In both
some malignant agency has entered into the body which
must be expelled before the patient can recover. It is in
the methods adopted for making the body an uncomfortable
lodging for it that the systems diverge. In Melanesia the
native doctor, generally an old woman whose medical skill
is a family heirloom, begins by kneading and pounding the
stomach of the sick person, until she judges that she has
driven the evil spirit into one of the limbs. There she pur-
sues it closely from joint to joint until she has it safely
MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 59
imprisoned in the fingers or the toes. She must now exercise
the greatest vigilance, for the spirit is most cunning in
doubling back. With a deft twist of the fingers she must
flick it out, and blow gently after it. If the patient fails to
mend it is evident that she has overlooked one of the torment-
ing spirits, and the whole process must begin over again.
The Chinese dentist, we are told, is more material, since at
the close of his operation he produces for the patient's in-
spection a live m«^got which was the cause of all the trouble.
Then there are tlie medicines. Modern experimental re-
search has established to our satisfaction that certain drugs
have certain specific effects upon the human body ; but the
pharmacopoeia carries no conviction to the great majority of
mankind The older theory on which our ancestors depended
when they were ill is that a single drug is a specific in all
kinds of diseases, and that no one need be ill if he can get
the right kind of drug. In the Pacific every practitioner
has a drug whose secret has been handed down in his or her
family for generations; and when you are ill, the proper
course is to call in every practitioner within your reach, and
swallow the nostrums of each until you find the right one.
Some of these remedies had appropriate limitations of diet.
With one the patient is forbidden to eat anything that
comes from the sea; with another, anything grown under
the earth; with another, any thing that is red, which rules out
shell-fish and certain fruits; and as the draughts are generally
weak decoctions of herbs quite harmless to the system, no
mischief is done, while the practitioner whose medicine had
been tried and found wanting can always fall back upon
his prohibition, and affirm that the patient would have re-
covered if he had faithfully observed the dietary. As long
as the vendors of patent medicines warranted to cure all
diseases from phthisis to housemaid's knee can amass fortunes
from the readers of their advertisements, we civilized races
cannot afford to cast a stone at native practitioners. In all
ages the real essential seems to be faith in the remedy,
whether in the verse of the Koran swallowed by the Moslem,
in the charm prescribed by the medieval quack, in the
negation of pain preached by the Christian scientists. Man-
kind survives its remedies as well as its epidemics ; England
has a population of nearly forty millions, even though less
than a century ago, as we learn from Creevy's memoirs,
blood-letting was regarded as the proper treatment for
advanced stages of consumption.
It is, I think, safe to assume that in the centuries to come
60 MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
there will be remnants even of the smallest races now living
on the earth, and that the proportions between peoples of
European descent and the races which we now call un-
civilized will not have greatly altered, though the political
and social ideas which underlie what we call Western civiliza-
tion will have permeated the whole of mankind. Cheap and
rapid means of transit will have swept away the distinctions
of dress, of custom, and to some extent of language, which
underlie the feeling of nationality, and the world will have
to settle for itself the vital question whether the coloured
peoples are to remain hewers of wood and drawers of water
for the white race, or whether all trace of nationality is
to be lost in free competition. In constructing his impos-
sible Utopian world of Anglo-Saxons, called "Looking
Backward," Bellamy foresaw this diflSculty, and met it, if
my memory serves, by condemning the whole of the yellow
races to execution. I do not take into account the fan-
tastic suggestions of those who talk of the " Yellow Peril,"
and believe that the political supremacy of the Europeans
will be wrested from them by the Mongolians, b^^ause
I do not believe in it. But still less do I believe that a
white skin is to be for ever a sort of patent of nobility in
the world-state of the future. In respect of the Japanese
it may even cease to be a patent of nobility in our day, and
the patronizing applause which the European newspapers
now bestow upon Marshal Oyama and Admiral Togo may
give place to the respect with which the achievements of
European leaders of even the second rank are referred to.
But history teaches us that there can be no middle course.
Either race antipathy and race contempt must disappear, or
one breed of men must continue to dominate the others.
The psychology of race antipathy has never, I think, been
dispassionately studied. It is felt most strongly in the
United States and the West Indies, a little less strongly in
the other British tropical colonies ; in England it is sporadic,
and generally confined to the educated classes. In France,
Spain, Portugal, and Italy it seems almost not to exist.
From this one might argue that it is peculiar to races of
Teutonic descent, were it not for the fact that Germans in
tropical countries do not seem to feel it. It is, moreover,
a sentiment of modern growth. In the fifteenth and six-
teenth centuries Englishmen did not regard coloured people
as their inferiors in virtue of the colour of their skins. It
appears, in fact, to date from the times of slavery in the
West Indian colonies, and yet the Somans, the Spanish, and
MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 61
the Portuguese, who were the greatest slave-holders in
history, have never held marriage with coloured people
in contempt. The only race-hatred in the Middle Ages
was anti-Semitic, and this was due to the exclusiveness of
the Jews themselves. The colour-line, as it is called, is
drawn more decidedly by men than by women, and deep-
seated as it is in America just now, it may be nothing more
than a passing phase of sentiment, a subconscious instinct
of self-preservation in a race which feels that its old pre-
dominance is threatened by equality with its former servants.
If you analyse the sentiment it comes to this. You may
tolerate the coloured man in almost every relation but one.
You may talk with him, eat with him, live with him on
terms of equality ; but your gorge rises at the idea of having
him as a member of your family by marriage. In the
ordinary social relations you do not take him quite seriously;
if he is a dusky potentate you yield him a sort of jesting
deference ; but in that one matter of blood alliance with him
you will always keep him at arm's length. That is the view
of the Englishman who has not lived in a black man's
country, and upon that is built the extraordinary race-hatred
of the Southern States of America, where a white man will
not consent to ride in the same tramcar with a negro, though
the white man be a cotton operative and the negro a univer-
sity professor.
If this antipathy to intermarriage were a primitive instinct
with the white races, the future of mankind would be lurid
indeed, for it is impossible to believe that one half of
humanity can be kept inferior to the other without deluging
the world with blood; but it is not a primitive instinct.
Early in the sixteenth century Sieur Paulmier de Gonne-
ville, of Normandy, gave liis heiress in marriage to Essomeric,
the son of a Brazilian chief, and no one thought that she
was hardly treated. It may not be a pleasant subject to
dwell upon, but it is a fact that women of Anglo-Saxon
blood do, even in these days, marry Chinese, Arabs, Kaffirs,
and even negroes, despite the active opposition of the
whole of their relations. History is filled with romantic
instances of the marriage of European men with native
women, to cite no more than de Bethencourt and the
Guapche princess, Cort(5s with his Mexican interpreter,
Captain John Smith with Pocahontas. '
It is the fashion to describe the half-caste offspring of all
such mixed marriages as having all the vices of both races
and none of the virtues. In so far as this accusation is true
62 MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
it is amply accounted for by the social ostracism in which
these people are condemned to live. Disowned by their
fathers, freed by their parentage from the restraints under
which their mothers* people are held in check, it could
scarcely be otherwise. But a rather wide acquaintance
with half-castes of many races has convinced me that in
intellectual aptitude and in physical endowment half-castes
are quite the equals of the white race whenever they have
the same education and opportunities, and that there is no
physical deterioration in the marriages of half-castes inter se.
At the dawn of this twentieth century we see the future
of mankind through a glass darkly, but if we study the state
of the coloured people who have already been emancipated
from the law of custom we may almost see it face to face.
There are two schools among the educated negroes of the
Southern States ; the one led by Dubois, who believes that
social equality with the white race is to be won by educa-
tion and self-assertion, and the other headed by Booker
Washington, who thinks that negroes must first acquire
wealth and the power which wealth gives before they can
hope to live down the race-hatred under which they groan.
It is not difficult to decide between these two. Education
by itself will achieve very little in a world which seems
destined for many centuries to worship the golden calf, but
with wealth first culture is bound to follow. Race pre-
judice does not die so hard as one would think. The
Portuguese of the sixteenth century were ready enough to
court a petty Bantu chieftain into whose power they fell
as Emperor of Monomotapa, and the English beach-comber
of the forties, to whom all natives were niggers with an
expletive prefix when he landed, might very soon be found
acting as body-servant to a Fijian chief, who spoke of him
contemptuously as " my white man.'* In tropical countries
the line of caste will soon cease to be the colour of the
skin. There, as in temperate zones, wealth will create a
new aristocracy recruited from men of every shade of colour.
In the great cities in Europe and America we may find men
of Hindu and Chinese and Arab origin controlling indus-
tries with their wealth just as Europeans now control the
commerce of India and China, but with this difference, that
they will wear the dress and speak the language \vhich will
gradually have become common to the whole commercial
world. In that distant day one may even find the work
of a Solomon Islafid sculptor in the Luxembourg Gallery,
and of a Bushman artist in the Salon. And just as the
MR. BASIL THOMSON'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 63
aristocracy of every land will be composed of every shade
of colour, 80 will the masses of the men who work with
their hands. In one country the majority of labourers
will be black or brown; in another white; but white
men will work cheek by jowl with black, and will feel
no degradation. There will be the same feverish pursuit
of wealth, but all races will participate in it instead of
a favoured few. The world will then be neither so
pleasant nor so picturesque a place to live in, and by the
man of that age this twentieth century will be cherished
tenderly as an age of romance, of awakening, and of high
adventure. I think that the historians of that day will
speak of the reign of Elizabeth and the reign of Edward VII
as the beginning and the end of one period, and date the
new starting-point in the history of mankind from the decay
of the law of custom.
TWENTY-FOUKTH KEPOKT OF THE SCIENTIFIC
MEMORANDA COMMITTEE.
Twenty-fourth Keport of the Committee^cormsting of Mt.
John S, Amen/, Dr, T, N. Brushfield, Mr. Robert Bumard,
Mr, E. A, S, ElUut, Mr, H, Montagu Evans, Rev, William
Harpley, Mr, t\ E. Rohiusoii, Mr. J. Brookiiig-Rowe, Mr.
A. Soinervaily and Mr, H, B, S. Woodhoiise — for the purpose
of noting the discover}/ or occurrence of such facets in any
department of scientific inquiry , and connected with Devon'
shire, as it may he desirable to place on permanent record,
but tvhich may not be of sujicioit importance to form the
subjects of separate pajKrs,
Edited by J. BuookixoRovve, Secretary of the Committee.
(Read at Princetown, 10 July, 1906.)
This Keport includes Memoranda of facts discovered, or
observed, or noted by Members of the Committee and their
friends and correspondents.
The Memoranda are arranged as usual under heads, and
the communications in this Keport are as follows : —
I. Seismology.
II. Meteorology.
III. Electrical Phenomena.
IV. Sinkage of Land.
V. Mineralogy.
VI. Ealegh Notes.
VII. Treasure Trove.
VIII. Tottery, Ancient.
IX. Stone Implements.
X. Ornithology.
I. SEISMOLOGY.
Our old friend and member, Dr. W. C. Lake, wrote to the
local papers with reference to an earthquake shock which he
experienced : —
ON SCIENTinC MEMORANDA. 65
On Monday, 6 June, 1904, about 4 p.m., I experienced in
nj house at Teignmouth a severe vibratory movement^ accom-
[)anied by a double sharp and loud sound, which some of my
Family likened to that of an explosion. The door of the room was
)pen, but the windows shook violently. This was experienced all
)ver the town, both in the high and low districts, the windows of
;he rooms shaking, and the doors so much so as to give the
impression that some one was trying to force his or her way through
;hem. Not only those indoors felt this, but people walking on the
Den both heard the sound and experienced the same sensation.
In some parts of the town it caused no little alarm and even
sonstemation, and was by every one spoken of as something
mtirely different from the results of the firing of guns.
In confirmation of Dr. Lake's statement, Mr. A. R Northey,
jf liswomey, Torquay, wrote : —
I was much interested in the letter from Dr. Lake, of Teign-
mouth, in which he states that a shock (apparently a slight earth-
quake shock) was noticed on Monday, the 6th, in the afternoon.
I can corroborate the statement. I was not at home at
the time, but several of my family were in the house, and they
noticed a sudden thud, as of a door banging, or some one falling,
uid the windows rattled. In our case two shocks were felt, one
it 2.45 p.m. and the other at 3.30. I think you may rely on the
observation of the hours being correct. I, of course, at first
surmised that a heavy gun had been fired, but that was certainly
not the case. Several of our neighbours tell me that they heard
the sound and noticed the shock.
There were no other accounts of this earthquake else-
where as far as we know.
II. MBTKOROLOGY.
METEORS.
A meteor was observed by several on the night of
11 February, 1905. Mr. A. H. Swinton noticed it at
Totnes, and the Be v. J. C. B. Sanders at Manaton. It lighted
up the sky like a lightning flash.
We have accounts of several severe storms which have
occurred recently. The first was that of 14 January, 1904.
In the early part of that day the wind was blowing over
Plymouth at the rate of 58 miles an hour. That force was
registered on the Smeaton Tower about 4.30 a.m. At 8.15
the previous evening the wind was travelling at 53 miles
an hour. It averaged 44 miles between 2.15 and 6.30 yester-
day morning, 58 miles being the maximum. Meteorologists
VOL. xxxvn. E
66 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
regard a wind travelling at 58 miles an hour as a strong gale;
66 miles an hour, a whole gale ; 78 miles an hour, a storm ; and
91 miles an hour, a hurricane; so that yesterday Plymouth
experienced a "strong gale/' That is a mild term compared with
the estimate of the man in the street, experiencing all the dis-
comforts of strong winds and heavy showers. In the more
exposed places it was almost impossible to hold up an umbrella,
and in the proximity of hoardings walking was absolutely
dangerous at times. Huge posters were torn from hoardings, and,
after a wild flight in the air, tumbled down in thoroughfares,
to the danger of passers-by. During the twenty-four hours ending
at nine o'clock yesterday morning, '32 inches of rain was registered
on Plymouth Hoe, but that did not constitute a record for 1904,
for *34 inches of rain was registered on January 4th. Heavy seas
washed ashore at Stonehouse a large quantity of baulks of timber
removed from the old battleship "Agamemnon."
The hailstones at Revelstoke were very large, and many windows
were cracked and broken. A large barge, lying out in the creek,
had her sails blown to ribbons.
On 14 July, 1904, the excessive heat of the previous days
culminated in a thunderstorm, which was experienced with more or
less severity in a large part of the West of England early on Tues-
day morning. Sheet lightning was very prevalent for an hour or
two before midnight in and around £xeter, but lessened consider-
ably towards dawn. At about half-past three, however, there was a
sudden recurrence of lightning, which included forked, as well as
sheet, of a very vivid character. There was also very heavy and
prolonged thunder, rain descended in torrents, and a stiff breeze
sprang up. The storm continued with occasional lapses until
about eight o'clock. The weather remained very dull and close until
the afternoon, when the sky cleared. In one district the rain
prevented the usual postal arrangements being carried out, and
newspapers and letters were consequently late.
While the storm was at its height, a roan in the employ of
Mr. F. Woolway, of Rackham Farm, Exminster, was driving
thirty bullocks, when lightning struck one of the animals and
killed it instantly. The current also came in contact with a tree
close by, ripped off the bark, and turned the timber black.
A fire took place at midnight on Monday at Penslade, which
lies off the main turnpike road from " The Lamb " to Wellington,
and is within the parish of Uffculme, resulting in the destruction
of a quaint old detached dwelling-house, in the occupation of a
retired elderly person, named Broom, and her niece.
The terrific storm which burst over the Three Towns reached
its height about one o'clock, when several peals of thunder were
almost deafening. P.O. Spry, who was on duty at Morice Town,
Devonport, reported that one flash of lightning was so vivid that it
ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 67
took away his sight for a time. A few minutes later he heard
screaming, and, on running to Herhert Street, found a man and
woman, who lived at No. 11, in the street in their night attire.
They told the constable their house was on fire. Inside the house
he found that a penny-in-the-slot gas-meter, fixed on a bracket in
the passage, was on fire. The heat had melted the gas-piping,
from the open end of which was a roaring flame. Removing the
meter, P.O. Spry turned off the gas from the main pipe, and then
with water extinguished the fire which had broken out in the
ceOing. Mr. H. Paddy, the tenant of the house, stated that he
first heard a noise, and on going to the top of the stairs saw that
the gas-main was on fire. The constable afterwards discovered that
the chimney had been knocked away and fallen through the roof
and ceiling of the kitchen. The adjoining house— No. 10 Herbert
Street — was also damaged by the storm. Mr. W. Moses and his
wife were in bed when the chimney fell and crashed through the
roof and ceiling, but without touching the bed. Although un-
injured, they were much startled by the shock, and experienced
some difficulty in finding their way through the debris. Consider-
able damage was done to the backyards of both houses as the
result of* the chimneys falling. It is believed that in each case
hghtning was the cause of the damage.
Steel plates of two ploughs lying alongside a rick of straw
belonging to Mr. G. Whiddon, of Upcot Barton, Thorverton, were
struck by lightning during the storm, with the result that the rick,
valued at £40, was totally destroyed by fire.
At Brixham at nine o'clock many bright flashes of lightning
appeared in the south for upwards of half an hour before the first
peal of thunder was heard. The storm was at its height about
half-past ten, when peals of thunder broke in quick succession
directly overhead, causing the windows of the houses to rattle.
Rain fell in torrents for upwards of an hour.
The storm broke over Honiton in the small hours of the
morning, and lasted intermittently until about half-past eight.
Heavy rain fell at intervals. The loud and prolonged thunder-
claps and the vivid lightning recalled the memorable storm of
July, 1901.
At Uffculme at 8.30 a.ra. an exceptional flash of lightning
Dccurred. This struck the gable of the Baptist Chapel, smashing
to fragments the ornamental dome, standing some 3 ft. 6 in. high,
>ver the front entrance. Marks of the electric current were seen
for from 10 feet to 12 feet on the facade.
In South and West Devon, those living nearest the coast felt
the worst effects. The lightning was not only vivid, but very
continuous, and some of the thunder peals were exceedingly heavy.
rhe storm, which lasted some time, was accompanied by a very
vrelcome fall of rain, though hardly to the extent that many would
[lave welcomed.
B 2
68 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEK
During the height of the storm a charwoman named Duke,
residing at No. 32 Ashford Road, Plymouth, and aged about
fifty-five, was going across Mutley Plain, when she coUai>8ed.
Despite the terrific rain, several young people ran to her assistance,
and medical gentlemen were communicated with. All possible
attention was paid to Mrs. Duke, but before the arrival of a doctor
death had taken place. It is believed that death was due to
syncope.
A few days after, 19 July, there was another severe storm
and some accidents.
A horse at Tiverton Sawmills was struck by lightning and
lost the use of the right foreleg. It was one of the severest
thunderstorms in Tavistock for a great number of years. Thunder
was heard continuously throughout the day, and about 9.30 p.m.
the storm reached its height. Heavy showers of rain fell, long and
severe were the crashes of thunder, and the lightning was so
frequent as to appear almost continuous, forked and sheet being
of the most vivid description. Over Ash water and Broad wood-
widger a very loud clap of thunder burst about noon. Then the
sky cleared and tlie sun shone as brightly as ever. In the evening
a severe thunderstorm broke over the district. Sheet lightning
was almost continuous, and forked lightning very vivid. At times
the distant Dartmoor hills could be distinctly seen. A heavy
downpour of rain was heartily welcomed. Around Hal will Junc-
tion the storm was terrific. About seven o'clock in the evening
rumbles of thunder and flashes of lightning pointed to a storm on
the Cornish coast. Three hours later it reached Halwill, and
lasted until midnight. Forked and sheet lightning with heavy
peals of thunder continuously followed in rapid succession with
torrents of rain. At Black Torrington the storm lasted over three
hours. The lightning was almost continuous, and more vivid than
any experienced for a considerable time. The heavy rain was
welcomed for the gardens. Mr. John Smerdon, of Gages, Ash-
burton, had a valuable young horse killed by lightning.
During the storm at Dawlish the fire-bells were set ringing,
and the fire brigade responded to a false alarm.
At Halwill the storm was terrific, and lasted for several hours.
The lightning was very vivid, and there was a heavy fall of rain.
During the height of the storm Miss Maud Jollow, of Stowford,
was returning to her home when she was struck by a flash of
lightning, and rendered unconscious. After a considerable time
she managed to reach the chapel cottage in a dazed condition.
Bovey Tracey and neighbourhood were visited with a severe
thunderstorm. At the Moorland Hotel, Ilsington, slates were
stripped from the roof of the stables, and the rafters caught on
fire. The coachman, who occupied rooms over the stables, with
his wife had just sat down to dinner when the lightning struck
ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 69
the bailding, knocking them from their seats, and breaking a con-
siderable quantity of china. A glass case containing stuffed birds,
standing on a side-table, was shattered. Neither the coachman
nor his wife was hurt in any way, and assistance being obtained the
fire in the roof was soon got under. J. Stoneman, another employ^,
who was standing at the front of the hotel when the storm broke,
was also struck by lightning, leaving a mark across his forehead.
At Chulmleigh, Holsworthy, and Southmolton the thunder-
storm continued for nearly three hours, from nine o'clock to close
on midnight The lightning was intensely vivid and prolonged,
while the crashing of the thunder made many of the houses
vibrate. The streets were flooded with water, and considerable
damage was done in some places.
The storm raged at Mariansleigh with great violence, and
damaged the ancient parish church in several places. The light-
ning struck the west end of the nave roof in two places where it
joins the tower, destroying several square feet of slates and wood-
work. The current entered the interior of the church at another
place by removing a small portion of the stonework of the north-
east window of the aisle, and making an aperture about two inches
in diameter in the casement. It struck the walls in three places,
forming holes between one and two feet in circumference to the
depth of several inches, and then apparently ran along the floor of
the aisle to its west end, where it tore up about half a dozen of
the variegated tiles, throwing portions of them about the seats,
and as far as the north-west window. Fortunately, not more
damage was done to the old church, which stands in an exposed
position 630 feet above sea level.
A large tree at Sidcott was struck by lightning and split from
top to bottom.
Mr. Channon, of Wishford Farm, Broadclyst, had three lambs
killed by lightning.
A heavy south-easterly gale broke over Plymouth and the
south-west coast generally, and lasted without abatement through-
out the day. The force of the gale caused a considerable sea in
the Sound, communication between the ships in the harbour and
the shore being carried on with difficulty. The weather here was
very sultry. During the morning thunder was heard. Between
one and two o'clock more thunder was heard, and a rather heavy
shower of rain felL Soon, however, the weather cleared. Towards
evening clouds again gathered, and about nine o'clock a heavy
thunderstorm broke over the district. Vivid flashes of lightning
and several peals of thunder were accompanied by a downpour of
rain, which did not last long enough to cause anything in the
nature of floods. In the Octagon, however, a quantity of water
accumulated, but on the rain ceasing it quickly drained away.
The storm passed off in a westerly direction, but almost continuous
flashes illuminated the horizon until midnight.
70 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
Teignmouth had the tail-end of the storm iu the evening, and
heavy showers fell.
Starcross was visited with quite half a gale (the squalls were
much stronger) from east to south-east, making the voyage across
the river to Exmouth very unpleasant, whilst on the roads it blew
clouds of blinding dust. The heat, notwithstanding, was oppres-
sive. During the day rumbles of distant thunder were heard, and
just before eight o'clock in the evening the thunder came nearer,
and remarkably heavy claps broke over the place. Lightning was
most frequent, and at times almost blinding. The variety of its
colours was remarkable. A few heavy showers of rain fell, and
the wind changed to south. At 9.53 the flashes of lightning were
still continuing, but the rain was slight.
In March last (1905) the weather, which had been very
blustering and rough during the early part of the month,
reached its climax on the 15th and 16th.
The gale raged with great fury, and caused considerable damage.
The wind blew with the strength of a hurricane, accompanied by
a heavy thunderstorm. The flashes of lightning were most vivid,
and the crashes of thunder at times almost deafening. Torrents of
rain, with hail and sleet, descended, and the weather generally
was of the wildest description. Huge seas broke over the Plymouth
breakwater, covering the lighthouse. It is a long time since seas of
such force were witnessed in the Sound. It is estimated that on
the south and west coasts the velocity of the wind was within
one or two points of the utmost strength it is possible for it
to attain. At Edinburgh, indeed, the wind gauge at the Royal
Observatory registered a velocity of 90 miles an hour. During
the gusts it was believed that 100 miles' velocity was actually
experienced. According to the reading of the anemometer
kept by the Cork Harbour Commissioners at Roche's Point, the
velocity of the wind there at 2 a.m. was at the rate of 74 miles an
hour. It is said that this is the greatest velocity ever recorded by
the instrument since it was placed at Roche's Point, being greater
than on the occasion of the great gale of 8 and 9 October,
1896, when the Daunts Rock lightship "Puffin" foundered at her
moorings off* the harbour with all hands.
Other gales, of course, have been of longer duration, and,
therefore, possibly more disastrous. During the great storm of
21 and 22 December, 1894, the anemometer at Fleetwood re-
corded a velocity of 107 miles within an hour, and more than
100 miles per hour during four hours consecutively. For fully
twenty-three hours the wind at that spot blew with the velocity of
77 miles per hour, and for eleven hours at the rate of 85 miles per
hour. Such was the strength of the wind during that gale that
salt spray from the sea was carried as far inland as Harrogate and
Birmingham.
ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 71
The readings of the harometer this week were remarkable.
The mercnrj subsided rapidly with the approach of the storm
to below 29'0 inches over the whole kingdom, and to below 280
inches in the north of Ireland — 27*92 inches at Malin Head. At
Exeter the reading on Taesday afternoon at three o'clock was
29'326y and on Wednesday morning at nine o'clock 26*864.
Barometer readings below 28*0 inches at sea level are extremely
rare in any part of the world, but this year has already given
two to the British Isles : the reading at Malin Head, and 27*99
inches at Blacksod Point during the gale of 16 and 17 January.
These readings are not unprecedented, however, as the honour of
holding the record belongs to Scotland, where, at Ochtertyre,
on 6 January, 1887, the barometer, corrected to 32* F. and re-
duced to sea level, descended to the astonishing level of 27*33
inches. This is supposed to be the absolutely lowest reading of
which there is authentic record. Readings below 29*0 inches are
very uncommon in the south-east of England.
The " Western Morning News " stated : —
Considerable alarm was occasioned in the vicinity of Kinter-
bury Street, Plymouth, when it became known that a chimney-
stack had been struck by lightning, and that more than one person
had narrowly escaped death. It appears that about 12.30 the in-
habitants of 32 Kinterbury Street were awakened by a noise as
of the wrenching of the roof. The top floor of the premises
was occupied by a widow named Paddy, who fortunately was not
sleeping in the room immediately below the chimneys. Without
the least warning the roof was burst open, and in an instant bricks,
mortar, and other debris came crashing through. The fall was
accompanied by a grinding noise, which aroused the whole house-
hold, and fears were almost immediately entertained for the safety
of those sleeping in the upper portion of the building. The room
on the second floor was occupied by a shoemaker named Joseph
Grossing. About 12.30, to use his own words, he heard a
rambling noise, and pulled the bedclothes well up over his head.
Without any warning there came a great crash, and in an instant
the chimney-stack came through the ceiling. He was to a large
extent buried in the debris of bricks and mortar, and it was only
with the greatest difficulty that he managed to get out of the
room. The whole of the rafters had been bent like matchwood,
and he wondered how he escaped death. Mr. Styles, who lives
in the same house, informed our representative that about 12.30
he heard a rumbling sound, and left his room for the purpose
of warning Mr. Crossing, who was sleeping at the top of the house.
He found him almost wedged in with rafters and bricks, and it was
only after the greatest possible difficulty that Crossing managed to
effect an escape. One of our representatives in the evening
inspected the wrecked rooms. The top room, which fortunately
72 TWENTY-FOURTH RKPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
was unoccupied at the time of the occurrence, presents a sorry
spectacle. In the roof there is a large hole, while the greater
portion of the ceiling of the top room has been carried literally
away. Had any one been sleeping there it must have meant
instantaneous death. The ceiling of the room which was occupied
has been considerably torn, and the weight of the slates, bricks,
mortar, etc, which came through is estimated at several hundred-
weight In addition to this, a round table came through from
Mrs. Paddy's room on to Crossing's, fortunately without inflicting
serious injury. Crossing's legs were badly bruised, and the furni-
ture in his room considerably damaged.
Vessels reported gigantic seas in the Channel. The Spanish
steamer "Pagassari," Captain Blasco, 2021 tons register, bound
from Leith to Barry, put in for coal. She experienced a fearfully
rough passage, having taken six days to come to Plymouth,
whereas in the ordinary course the voyage would not have occu-
pied more than three. The steamer was continually swept with
tremendous seas, and at times could make no headway before the
violence of the storm. She, however, escaped without sustaining
any damage. On her homeward voyage from Pensacola she had
a man washed overboard, but the crew declared that the weather
experienced then was nothing to that encountered in Uie Channel
during the last few days. The schooner " My Lady " arrived from
Lisbon. That port was left on the 4th inst, and all on bocurd
declared that never had they experienced a gale of such terrific
force. The seas were mountainous, and practically from the time
Lisbon was left until she anchored in the Soimd she was swept
with huge waves. Her worst experience was off the Eddystone,
about eleven o'clock on Tuesday night, when the schooner was at
times almost buried in the seas, while blinding rain-squalls added
to the danger of the situation. She brought a cargo of salt
and cork for Mr. J. W. Westcott, Plymouth, and was on Wednes-
day afternoon safely berthed in Sutton Harbour. Several trawlers
dragged their anchors in the Cattewater, some sustaining alight
damage. The steam trawler V Condor," lying in Sutton Harbour,
on Wednesday morning was carried by the tide against the steps
of the Western Pier, which were damaged. As the tug "Mildred"
was towing the steam trawler " Penguin " out of the Cattewater,
for Millbay Docks, on Wednesday morning, the ropes parted and
fouled the tug's propeller. The "Penguin" dropped her anchor,
which fortunately held, or she would have been swept ashore.
Several tugs in the vicinity went to her assistance, and she
was taken in tow by the "Trevarno."
All day Wednesday, the 15th, the weather showed little im-
provement, and shortly after five o'clock in the evening another
fierce hailstorm, accompanied by vivid flashes of lightning and
loud peals of thunder, was experienced. Just at the time the New
Zealand Shipping Company's liner "Kaikoura" arrived to land
ON SaENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 73
passengers from New Zealand. In a few seconds the decks
of the ship, and the tender which put off to meet her, were
white with hailstones. The liner experienced terrific weather
from the Bay of Biscay to Plymouth. Captain Clifford described
the seas as " tremendous." She passed a number of vessels ho ve-
to on account of the violence of the storm.
The Newport steamer " Thomas Coats/' belonging to Beynon &
Co., of Newport and Cardiff, was badly damaged in the Bristol
Channel Shortly after the vessel left Newport she encountered
the full force of the gale, and heavy seas swept her decks. The
bridge was carried away, and the hatches were stove in. The
captain, Greorge McKeer, was on the bridge at the time, and as a
result of the fall, when the bridge collapsed, his right thigh was
fractured, and his left thigh badly bruised. Although the crew
knew that he was injured, and was suffering great pain, they were
unable to give him any assistance, as all their attention was needed
to look after the ship, and Captain McKeer had to be left un-
attended for a considerable time. The second mate had also been
badly shaken by the fall of the bridge, but under the orders of the
mate the crew worked like Trojans, and succeeded eventually in
getting the ship before the wind. Oil was freely used to break
the force of the waves, and pumps were also set to work, and kept
going untU the vessel eventually reached Barry Roads. She was
subsequently towed to Newport, and Captain McKeer removed to
the hospital.
At Totnes very rough weather was experienced. The wind
was very violent, and several trees were uprooted, while old house
property suffered. Heavy peals of thunder and strong lightning
accompanied the downpour of hail and rain. The River Dart was
in heavy flood.
Torrents of rain fell at Dartmouth, accompanied by a furious
gale and a heavy thunderstorm. The steep roads were much
damaged. All steamers arriving report terrific weather in the
Channel. The steam yacht "Cubona," on her way from South-
ampton to the Mediterranean, got as far as the Scilly Isles, but
found the weather so bad that her captain decided to run to Dart-
mouth for shelter.
Not for some years has such a storm been experienced at
Broadhempston and Staverton. There were thunder and lightning,
wind, rain, and hail at intervals from about Tuesday midnight
until midday on Wednesday. The peals of thunder at times were
very loud, and the lightning vivid, some of the hailstones being as
large as marbles. The weather has been very rough and stormy
here during the past week, interfering much with outdoor work,
and there is a good deal of water about.
A heavy south and south-westerly gale prevailed at Dawlish,
accompanied by thunder and lightning, and showers of tropical
heaviness.
74 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTBE
At Honiton the lightning flashes were Tery viyid, and the
thunder deafening. Much damage was done in the neighbour-
hood. Trees were uprooted, bams and outhouses blown oyer,
roofs partially dismantled. The front of one house was blown in.
The River Otter in several places has overflowed its banks.
The parish church of Luppitt was struck by lightning, and
much damage caused. The flagstaff attached to the parapet of the
staircase turret, which is at the south-east angle of the tower, was
splintered, there being no lightning conductor, and the top of the
turret wrecked, a rent being made in its south wall for some 13 feet
down from the coping. The falling masonry decapitated the
south-east gargoyle of the tower and injured, to some extent^ the
slated roof of the nave and south porch. A portion of the electric
discharge, passing from south to north by means of the lead-
covered roof of the tower, found its way to earth by the iron rain-
water pipe, which it shattered in its course. The height of the
parapet of the tower from the ground is about 57 feet, the turret
being about 3^ feet higher. The injuries have been repaired, and
a lightning conductor added.
At Exmouth the sea in the estuary was very rough, and fre-
quently washed over the promenade with great force. A chimney
of a house in the Maer Road was blown over, and fell through the
roof. Considerable damage was caused. A large flagstaff on the
promenade was nearly blown out of the ground, while a hoarding
on the Marsh collapsed. Some premises in the town were flooded
by surface water, and several windows were blown in.
At Honiton there was a strong gale from the north-west.
Rain fell in torrents. There was frequent thunder and Tivid
lightning. During the height of the gale a shed in the path fields
at the head of the town, belonging to Messrs. Matthews Bros.,
was blown down, and a window of The Firs was driven right
into a room. Slates and tiles were blown off various houses, and
plastering also suffered. In the country districts small saplings
and shrubs were uprooted, while the telegraph wires between
Honiton and Stockland were damaged. The River Otter was
much swollen, and in places overflowed the surrounding land.
Yesterday heavy rain and hail storms frequently occurred.
At Southleigh a terrible hailstorm, accompanied by heavy
thunder and severe lightning, burst over the parish. The hail-
stones in some instances were as big as the eggs of thrushes or
pigeons. Such a storm has not been experienced here for over
twenty years. The hailstones were in some places a foot deep.
Great damage was done to the roads, and two landslips completely
filled Mr. Edmond's carriage drive in Wiscombe Park.
At Tiverton a farmer named John Hale had a marvellous
escape. He was working in his garden, when lightning struck the
knife he was holding. He escaped injury.
ON SCIENTinC MEMORANDA. 75
nL ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA.
There was a supposed leakage of electric current at Ply-
mouth on Thursday, 17 November, 1904 In the " Western
Morning News " of the following day a full account is given
as follows : —
Some nngular scenes resulting from a leakage of electric current
were witnessed in Cornwall Street, Plymouth. One of the cables
supplying the shops on the south side of the street with electricity
passes under the pavement^ and in its course crosses, at a short
distance below the surface. East Street and Bank Street at their
junction with Cornwall Street Shortly after noon a horse and
cart were turning the comer of Bank Street, when the animal
suddenly sprang forward, as if struck sharply and unexpectedly
by a whip. With promptitude the driver checked the horse and
kept it under control. Its strange behaviour, however, puzzled
the spectators, until it was seen that other horses passing the same
spot were similarly affected, and then the discovery was made that
they were the victims of an electric shock, caused by a leakage of
current, presumably from the cable which passes under the road at
that point A laige crowd quickly collected, and watched with
interest and amusement, mingled with alarm, the strange antics of
the horses as they crossed the electric zone and received a shock.
In the middle of the day there was a good deal of traffic in Cornwall
Street, and vehicles were passing in both directions. Only those,
however, turning into or out of Bank Street were affected by the
current. Those passing straight up or down Cornwall Street,
though only a few feet away, experienced no shock. Apparently
the electric zone was confined to a small and well-defined area, but
it extended right across Bank Street, and within its limits the
ground appeared to be surcharged with electricity. It was curious
to observe the difference in the behaviour of the horses under the
impulse of the electric shock. Heavy draught horses quivered
violently, a distinct tremor passing over their bodies, but they
made no attempt to bolt. Hacks and cobs seemed to feel the
shock more acutely. However slow or fast their pace before,
most of them on coming in contact with the electric current made
an instantaneous leap forward, and some would have bolted if the
drivers had not kept them under control. One or two, instead of
rushing forward, pranced, and curvetted over the ground until
they were well clear of the electrified area. To the large number
of boys who mingled with the crowd the strange and unaccustomed
sight afforded intense amusement, and they watched the passing of
the horses over the electrified ground with high glee. With the
presence of a large crowd in a narrow thoroughfare, however, there
was a considerable element of danger. More than once a collision
76 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
with the adjacent shops was narrowly averted, and the crowd had
several times to scatter to avoid being run over. All the time
people were walking freely over the ground, their boots apparently
acting as a non-conductor, giving them immunity from shock. On
the other hand, dogs were affected equally with the horses, and
a few which incautiously ventured over the danger zone received
the full force of the shock.
Two or three policemen, who soon arrived on the spot, contented
themselves for a time in keeping back the crowd and warning the
drivers to be cautious as they passed. After a while an inspector
arrived, and, seeing the danger of a serious accident, at once
stopped all vehicular traffic between the two thoroughfares. No
sooner was this done, however, than similar scenes began to
be enacted at the end of East Street, a few yards farther up
Cornwall Street. Seemingly the electric current was travelling up
the road, following the course of the cable, and a section of the
roadway extending across the whole width of East Street was
electrified in precisely the same way as in Bank Street. Horses
crossing this new danger zone were affected in the same way as in
Bank Street, except that the current seemed to be weaker and the
shock less severe. Apparently, too, the electricity was unequally
distributed in the affected area, since some of the horses passed
over without exhibiting any symptom of shock, while others leapt
forward and pranced about as if they had felt it severely. When
an omnibus passed it was curious to observe that one of the horses
distinctly felt the shock, while the other exhibited no sign of it.
It was noticed, too, that the horses which trod on the double row
of granite setts which crosses the road received a more violent
shock than those which stepped only on the wood pavement, the
granite apparently acting as a better conductor than the wood to
the electric current. The excitement at East Street comer was,
however, soon checked by the arrival of the market inspector, who
promptly stopped the vehicular traffic over the electrically charged
ground.
Meanwhile the borough electrical engineer (Mr. O'Kell) was
communicated with, and shortly afterwards workmen arrived and
dug up the pavement at the comer of Bank Street to locate the
leak. In the course of the aftemoon the mysterious leakage of
current ceased as suddenly as it began, and traffic was resumed
without further interruption.
The cable was a low-pressure, armoured one, protected by
successive coverings of lead, insulating material, and steel. It lay
in the earth, but this triple protection was ample. Horses were
much more sensitive to electricity than human beings, and would
far more readily detect its presence ; but even if the full pressure
of current on the cable escaped, Mr. 0*Kell declared, there was no
possibility of danger to life.
ON SCIENTinC MEMORANDA. 77
From " Western Morning News," 26 November, 1904 : —
The origin of these shocks remains an unsolved mystery.
Reporting on the subject to the Electrical Committee, the borough
electrical engineer declared that all the electric cables in the street
had been carefully examined, and no defect or trace of any leakage
of current could be discovered, nor was any registered by the
apparatus which exists for the purpose. All that he suggested
was that possibly a house cable had got in contact with a gas
or water main, and so during the period of contact have electrified
the ground in the immediate vicinity. This, however, is pure con-
jecture, and would seem to be discounted by the fact that the
electric shocks were felt not directly over the gas or water mains,
but along the course of the electric cable. Apparently the occur-
rence, for the present at least, must be added to the list of
unexplained phenomena.
This is a matter which should be cleared up, and it is suggested
that the town authorities should be asked to direct a further
inquiry into the matter. J. B. R.
IV. SINKAGB OF LAND.
A very curious sinkage of land took place in the early part
of February, 1905. A field on the Savile estate at Barley,
St. Thomas, Exeter, is occupied by Mr. Ellis, landlord of the
" Coach maker's Arms," John Street, Exeter, as accommoda-
tion land for sheep. The centre of this field, over an area of
about an acre, sank to a depth of about twenty feet, leaving the
adjoining land in the form of a jagged cliff, which will have
to be fenced before any cattle can be placed in the field.
Here and there large cracks are to be seen, but the grassy
surface has not been disturbed. Another strange thing also
happened. At the bottom of the field a quantity of land
rolled itself up and formed a hedge from four to six feet high
for a distance of about seventy yards. J. B. E.
V, MINERALOGY.
In 1899, at the Torrington meeting, I described and ex-
hibited garnets in Dartmoor granite found in, and only in,
what is locally known as " blue " granite at a depth of about
100 ft, and in the interior of the solid masses, never in the
seams or beds. These were discovered at Swell Tor near
Princetown. I have since that time found garnets in the
wall of the bridge over the Burrator dam, and on inquiring
ascertained that they too had been quarried at a depth of 90
to 100 !t. and in "blue" granite, of which indeed the wall
78 TWENTY-FOURTH BEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
and the dam itself are constructed, but they are very inferior
to the Swell Tor garnets. The dam lies at a point slightly
to the westward of south of Swell Tor, and at a direct
distance of about four miles. The same line continued cuts
the Kiver Plym about half-way between Cadaford and
Shaugh bridges, but I have carefully explored the bed of
that river and the rocks abutting on it without finding any
trace of the " blue" vein. Similarly I have examined all the
rocks exposed on the same line between Swell Tor and the
dam, that is, to the north, but only at one place discovered
** blue " granite, and that at the west end of Peak or Peek
Hill. This hill deserves special notice. Rising steeply from
the valley, now occupied by the Burrator lake or reservoir,
it exhibits at about three-fourths of its height a broad, flat
terrace, which runs round its south and west sides, and
separates its main bulk from its rounded cap.
On the north side, at a level with the terrace, there is a
disused quarry showing rotten and disintegrating nonde-
script granite and loose soil. At the same level on the other
side, and for probably half the distance downwards to its
base, the hill is composed of "grey" granite, as shown by
Lowery Tor, which projects at a little below the terrace.
The lower half of the hill consists of " blue " granite, and a
quarry recently begun some distance up has exposed garnets
among the broken masses lying about similar in character,
but inferior in colour, form, size, and number to those found
at Swell Tor. The cap of Peek Hill is strangely different,
being formed entirely of an indurated foliated rock contain-
ing much iron and common uncrystallized brown garnet
schist. The rock exhibits layers of green, brown, black, and
pure white, and is so hard that it is nearly impossible to
break it transversely excepting in its natural joints. At Ug-
borough Beacon, near Brent, an allied stone is quarried at
the foot of the hill, while grey granite overlies it, occupying
the upper part. In this allied stone is red, green, and lilac,
amorphous granular garnet, and I have exactly similar speci-
mens from a quarry at Victoria, near Eoche, in Cornwall,
which would be also at a low level with granite above it.
To north of Swell Tor the " blue " granite vein descends,
and I have not yet found it reappearing.
H. Montagu Evans.
ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 79
VI. RALEGH NOTES.
THB SEALS OF SIR WALTER RALBOH.
In 1904 there were put up for sale in London three silver
seals, all made for Sir Walter Ealegh for use in his various
offices. These afterwards passed into the hands of Messrs.
Crichton Brothers, of Bond Street, who, finding they were
wanted for the British Museum, devised a scheme whereby
they should eventually be presented to that institution. They
prepared a number of electrotype copies of the seals to be
sold at a guinea the set, the purchasers of the electrotypes
to be considered as the donors of the originals to tl^e
Museum. Messrs. Crichton's ingenious device met with only
limited success, about two hundred sets only having been
sold, but they decided, nevertheless, that the seals should go to
the British Museum. The gift having been accepted by the
trustees, they are now on exhibition in the Medieval Eoom.
Apart from their personal and historical interest, they possess
artistic qualities of no mean order, though the Elizabethan
age was far from being the best period of English seal
engraving. The largest, about three inches in diameter, is
also the most interesting historically, being lialegh's seal as
Governor of Virginia, the first English colony, though its
Gk)vemor never set foot in it. It bears the date 1584, and
has the five fusils in bend with a martlet borne by Ealegh,
with crest and supporters ; around is the legend, in capitals,
PROPRLA INSIGNIA WALTERI RALEGH MILITIS DOMINI ET
GUBEBNATORis VIRGINL£. The sccond seal is for the offices
of Warden of the Stannaries of Cornwall and Devon,
Governor of the island of Jersey, and Captain of the Queen's
Guard. It shows a mounted knight in plate armour with
plumed helmet, sword, and shield riding to the left on a
galloping horse caparisoned and plumed. On the shield
and caparison are Balegh's arms, five lozenges in bend. In
two concentric circles are the legends: (1) sigill: dni-
WALTERI RALEGH: MILITIS: GARDIAN: STANNAR: CORNUB.:
ET DEVON. (2) CAPITAN: GARD: REG: ET: GVBERNATOR
INSULJS: DE: JERSEY. A charter in the British Museum,
dated 1594, has appended to it a second seal of Balegh's, for
the same offices, though without a legend. The third seal
would appear to have been intended for unofficial use; it
bears only the sixteen quarterings of Balegh, with three
crests, supporters, and the motto "Amore et virtute," and
80 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
has no inscription. The first two seals have folding handles
at the back, pierced and engraved with ornamental details.
Does Dr. Brushfield know that Sir Walter Ealegh was a
lawyer ? I do not know how far this is new, but the " Law
Journal " has recently stated that he was called to the Bar,
and admitted a member of the Middle Temple in 1575. The
minutes of his admission state: *' Walter Rawley late of
Lyon's Inne gent, son of Walter Raivley of Birdleigh Devon
Esq, fine SOs." J. B. E.
VII. TREASURE TROVE.
The curious and interesting case of treasure trove atCrediton
church in 1898 will no doubt be remembered. In November,
1903, some coins were found at East Panson, and a paragraph
appearing in the papers noting the fact, and rumour floating
about that large quantities of gold and silver coin of the date
1588 had been discovered, the attention of the authorities
was drawn to it, and an inquest was held by our esteemed
member, Mr. J. D. Prickman, the coroner for the district, by
the instructions of the Home Office, at Chapman's Well, on
3 December. From the evidence it appeared that several
gold and silver coins were discovered in a hedge on East
Panson Farm, owned by, and in the occupation of, Mr. Lisle.
Mr. W. H. Cornish, silversmith, of Okehampton, tested the
coins, and said the silver coins appeared to be Bavarian,
bearing the image of Ludovic XVI, and bearing date 1741.
The supposed gold coins were found to be imitation quarter-
guineas, and worthless. Several witnesses stated that they
had not known of any other coins having been found on the
farm. The jury found that the coins were hidden, but
recommended that the Crown should divide them between
Wm. Barriball, who found them, and the owners of the land
where they were found. J. B. E.
VIII. POTTERY.
JAR FOUND AT MODBURT.
In the course of taking down last month — June — in con-
sequence of its being unsafe, a wall of the old house of the
Swetes at Modbury, called Traine, the jar which I show was
found. It had apparently formed a part of the wall, which
was of stone and earth, and my brother thinks that it was
put into the wall with the rubbish used for filling up the
crevices. The wall was 2 ft. 6 in. in thickness, and it was
ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 81
one of the oldest walls of the mansion, no lime being used in.
its construction. Afterwards lime was mixed with the earth
in building other walls. The jar contained nothing but
earth. There were a few broken pieces of pottery near the
jar, apparently of the same ware, but very fragmentary.
They were not preserved, and are now probably broken
to atoms, having been thrown down with the rest of the
debris. There is a gateway at Traine with the Swete
arms and the date 1472. Elizabeth D. Andrews.
MINIATURB JAR FOUND AT BUCKFAST ABBBT, JUNE, 1904.
In constructing a drain under the foundation of the west
gateway the workmen unearthed a small vase, 2} inches high,
1^ inch at its largest point. Formed of coarse granite clay,
with mica sand showing. The inside appears to have been
made waterproof.
FRAGMENT OF POTTERY FOUND AT HOLNE CHASE CASTLE.
This appears to be the bottom of an earthen jar.
P. F. S. Amery.
IX. STONE IMPLEMENTS.
PERFORATED PEBBLE FROM THE WEST DART.
In 1903 Mr. Lee, caretaker of the Devonport Leat, found
a perforated broken elvan pebble close to the leat, and above
a nest of hut circles lying between the West Dart and the
leat. (See sheet 99 S.W.)
It is broken across the perforation, which is a hole drilled
from both sides with a diameter in centre of f inch.
The pebble was evidently ovoid, one side rather flatter
than the other. The length of the fragment is 4^ inches,
breadth 3^ inches, and with a thickness of | inch.
BOBERT BURNARD.
STONE HAMMER NEAR OROOKERN TOR.
In February last a labourer named Banshall, while raising
stone for road-metal, discovered a well-formed axe-hammer,
which was buried 18 inches from the surface under a flat
slab of granite, 10 yards from the north side of the main
road from Two Bridges to Moreton Hampstead, where
it' passes the ruined house known as " Parson's Cottage.*'
The material appears to be a close-grained felsite, which has
been carefully finished, the two faces being ground hollow,
as in the specimen found at Bardwell, in Suffolk [" Ancient
VOL. XXXVII. F
82 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
Stone Implements," by Sir John Evans, fig. 125, p. 192], which
it very closely resembles. It is 7^ inches long, 2f inches
wide, and IJ inch thick. The shaft-hole tapers slightly to-
wards the middle, and is rather large — If inch in diameter.
The hammer end is rather flatter than in the Bardwell
specimen, and the cutting end projects in the middle, and is
slightly rounded. It weighs 1 lb. 9 oz.
The implement was presented to the Plymouth Municipal
Museum by H.RH. the Prince of Wales, who rewarded the
finder very liberally. Basil H. Thomson.
X. ORNITHOLOGY.
DEVONSHIRE SPARROWS.
Devonshire sparrows (Passer domesticus) are not dis-
tinguishable from those in other parts of the world in
structure or habits, but their relative powers of mischief
are conditioned by the proportion of grain to other seed
foods for birds grown in the county, and proportion of
grain per acre as compared with other counties; or, in
other words, by the comparative extent of this bird's
opportunities for mischief. In the United States no doubt
remains that the sparrow is an unmitigated pest; while
in Devonshire the evil is comparatively only local, just as in
Kent the starling is a serious enemy to cherry growers ;
while in Devonshire, where that industry is of less im-
portance, it is a bird harmless to man, and, by its destruction
of grubs, etc., is of great service to him, though I fear
its enormous ihcrease in the west during the last sixty years
means a very hard struggle for existence to other birds.
My objects in bringing forward the subject are to urge on
your consideration : —
1. That the abnormal growth of towns fosters pari passu
the increase of sparrows, which appear to migrate from the
towns to the surrounding country in autumn. If this be so,
the injury to agriculture due to the depopulation of the
country districts is increased by the formation of huge
nurseries for town-bred sparrows, which, living free from
danger or want, and producing three or four broods a year,
sally forth in formidable armies for their annucd outing just
as the grain ripens; and, wasting as much as they eat,
decimate the yield of the farms.
2. That Devonshire, as an English county, is taking an
important share in this, which is becoming a serious agricul-
tural evil.
ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 83
3. That sparrows harass and drive out purely insectivorous
species.
4 That organized means for keeping down the number of
these birds were once general, and, I believe, enjoined by law ;
but with slight exception these wise precautions have long
fallen into disuse, and are not now recognized, so far as I am
aware, in this county.
5. That the result of a study of the economic value of
bird life points to the general conclusion that no species of
bird in a civilized country can without injury to man be
allowed to exist in abnormal numbers. Eooks are a striking
instance, useful as they are up to a certain limit.
6. That the extent to which game preserving is now
carried exceeds the limit common knowledge should lay
down, and is hostile to the interests of farme'rs and gardeners :
first, by the destruction of the numerous birds which would
preserve the balance of nature ; second, by directly fostering
the undue increase of such grain-eating species as wood-
pigeons and pheasants, and that within protected areas. I
have personally received reliable evidence of the mischief
done by the latter, while the former is by its increase becoming
a serious menace.
7. An annual reduction of sparrows is absolutely necessary
to save the severe loss farmers sustain from their numbers.
To exterminate them is neither desirable nor possible ; both
old and young eat enormous numbers of destructive insects
and noxious weeds, and while unfledged in the nests the
young are fed by their parents on caterpillars and larvae;
but I venture to suggest systematic netting from October to
February, and active steps by town councils to decimate
town-bred birds, carefully deferring, however, interference
with the nests until the young are fledged. The expense
would be recouped by the sale of such well-fed birds for
^^^- H. Montagu Evans.
BIRD PROTECTION.
I am anxious to draw wider attention to the present state
of the law as afifecting Devonshire, and have made the
following precis of the Acts and Orders from 1880 to 1904,
as it is a tedious and difficult matter to see their effect from
a perusal of them : —
1. All wild birds are protected from being shot or snared
from 1 March to 1 August, excepting those on farms and
private estates; the sale or possession of any wild bird in
the flesh, alive or dead, wherever taken, is forbidden after
F 2
84
TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
15 March; and the following species are protected under
heavy penalty all the year round, most of them with their
eggs also.
Gold-crested Wren.
Wren.
Chough.
Hawfinch.
Goldfinch.
Girl Bunting.
Reed Bunting.
Snow Bunting.
All three Woodpeckers.
Kingfisher.
Hoopoe.
All three Owls.
Buzzard.
Honey Buzzard.
Kestrel.
Oyster-Catcher.
All the Gulls.
Guillemot.
The eggs of most of the rarer remaining birds are pro-
tected also.
The shag and cormorant in the Axe, Exe, and Dart fishery
districts are now deprived of any protection. On farms and
private estates the following are protected as stated against
them : —
))
19
Nightingale . 1 Feb. to 1 Sept.
Nuthatch . „
Chough . All year.
Goldfinch
Snow Bunting
Sky-lark . 1 Feb. to 1 Sept.
Woodlark . 1 Mar. to 1 Aug.
Nightjar . 1 Feb. to 1 Sept.
All three Woodpeckers All year.
Kingfisher . „
Bee-eater . 1 Mar. to 1 Aug.
Hoopoe . All year.
Cuckoo . 1 Mar. to 1 Aug.
All three Owls All year.
Buzzard
Honey Buzzard
Hobby . 1 Feb. to 1 Sept.
Merlin . „
Kestrel . All year.
Qannet . 1 Feb. to 1 Sept.
n
))
All Wild
Ducks . 1 Mar. to 1 Aug.
Ringed Plover 1 Mar. to 1 Aug.
Lapwing . 1 Feb. to 1 Sept.
Oyster-Catcher All year.
Woodcock . 1 Mar. to 1 Aug.
Snipe . . „
Sanderling . 1 Feb. to 1 Sept.
Dunlin
Com. Sandpiper
Curlew
Any of the Terns
in passing .
All the Gulls excepting
Lesser Black-backed All year.
Razorbill . 1 Feb. to 1 Sept.
Guillemot . All year.
Puffin . . 1 Feb. to 1 Sept.
Grebes . . „
Storm Petrel. 1 Mar. to 1 Aug.
Manx Shearwater
))
)>
)»
ii
The jay, magpie, and sparrowhawk remain entirely un-
protected on farms and private estates, and are all cruelly
persecuted for the protection of game, though all three are
useful in the interest of farm and garden beyond the cost of
their depredations.
Within the following areas no eggs can be taken or de-
ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. 85
stroyed, viz. Lundy and neighbouring islets, and the parishes
of Stokenham, Slap ton, and Blackawton.
Since April, 1904, all traps for birds are forbidden on
pole, tree, mound, or pile of stones, and any person per-
mitting or ordering their use is liable to heavy penalties;
but I am sorry to learn that the Act (4 Edward VII,
c. IV) is already being evaded, by using an adhesive
compound named "snarglu," which is advertized for sale
among shooting requisites. H. Montagu Evans.
GROUSE ON DARTMOOR.
A question which some correspondents of the local Press
would wish to have answered is, why no grouse is to be
found on the moor. This is an old story. We do not know
of any attempts to naturalize the bird on Dartmoor, but
Mr. Knight many years ago tried the experiment on Exmoor,
and failed. There is no reason why Lagopus scoticus should
not do well on Dartmoor, but some protection must be
afforded it. Swaling must be done at proper times and under
proper conditions, and the Duchy should take care that there
is some return for the payment for the licences it issues. A
fair sum should be charged, and two or three keepers em-
ployed, whose duty should be, not to destroy every other
animal on the moor, but to protect the game from marauders.
There are too many poachers in the villages around the
moor, and too many lurchers about. This is a matter which
deserves consideration, and which would bring a return to
the Duchy revenues, and be of benefit to the sportsman and
naturalist.
Mr. Arthur C. Bird, of Sidmouth, wrote to the "Western
Morning News " as follows : —
Some time ago this question was mooted in your columns, com-
paring the absence of grouse on Dartmoor with their presence in
large numbers on the Yorkshire, Irish, and Scotch moors. In my
opinion, all is in their favour on Dartmoor, viz. whortleberry
heather, furze, etc. Yesterday, when tramping the moor with a
friend, to visit a worthy member of the Devon Association, who
was camping at Watern Oak, near Fur Tor, I said to my friend,
Why are there no grouse on Dartmoor, as everything ought to be
in their favour ? His reply 'was : Everything is in their favour
bar one thing, and that is the habit of swaling (burning the
heather and furze) in March, April, and May, which gives you
roasted grouse eggs. I venture to state that this is the crux. Stop
the annual early swaling, put down the grouse, and Dartmoor
would be a profitable grouse moor, second to none in Great
Britain.
86 REPORT ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA.
In answer to this, Mr. J. S. Wesley, of Exeter, wrote : —
I have read Mr. Bird's letter in which he attrihutes the non-
existence of red grouse on Dartmoor to the "swaling'' of the
heather. Now can this he the true explanation in face of the
fact that there are hlack game, curlews, golden and green plover,
snipes, redshanks, and ringed ousels, all of which hreed in or close
hy the heather ? Lord Walsingham tried to get grouse to hreed
on tracts of heather in Norfolk, where the heather was not fired,
but they all left. The grouse is a somewhat fanciful and local
bird. It exists nowhere except in Scotland, Ireland, England,
and Wales. Probably latitude is the determining factor.
Upon which our friend and member and ornithological
authority. Dr. E. A. Savage Elliot, comments : —
In answer to your correspondent J. S. Wesley, I would point
out that fifty odd miles of latitude is hardly a reasonable explana-
tion for the non-existence of a species ; nor can "swaling" account
for the absence of red grouse on the moor. The natural food of
the grouse exists in abundance on Dartmoor, as I have found
from actual experience of having sent from Cumberland samples
of what grouse feed on there. The red grouse is essentially a
local species, and varies so much in plumage in each district that
one is inclined to the idea that inbreeding has evolved distinct
classes, as it were, impossible to define even as sub-species. With-
out wishing to be accused of Ihe-majestSy I am of opinion the
Duchy authorities are greatly to blame in not trying to introduce
red grouse on such a splendid shooting ground as Dartmoor, and
adding to the food of the people. Grouse imported from Ireland,
where the climate assimilates so closely to that of Devon, would, I
feel sure, become acclimatized and thrive. Several details, how-
ever, if this plan were taken up, would have to be attended to, in
which I should be most happy to assist, as I have long advocated
the establishment of red grouse on Dartmoor.
And Mr. Bird closes the correspondence : —
Possibly Mr. Wesley is right in thinking that latitude is the
determining factor. I have known Dartmoor since 1880, having
hunted, fished, and walked it. My experience is that black game,
snipe, plover, curlews, etc., are the exception on " the Moor
proper," whilst one comes across them on the borders of Dartmoor
and small moors that are not swaled, such as Galford Down,
Broadbury Moor, and up Ashbury and Hols worthy way, as well as
near Holne and Buckfastleigh and Ghagford. At all these places
in dry weather swaling would be dangerous to surrounding
property. I take it that it is only in these places that the eggs
are safely hatched. I am, however, open to conviction, as mine is
only hypothesis. J. B. R.
HENROOST
l^iW-^Joxi vT,
RtronT ui Dinsov CoHninit-ro/nw
rSi)
TWENTY-FOURTH KEl^ORT OF THE BARROW
COMMITTEE.
Twenty-fourth Report of the Committee — consisting of Mr,
P, F, S. Amery, Rev, S, Baring-Gould^ Dr, Brushfield, Mr,
JR. Burnard, Mr, J, Brooking-Rowe, and Mr, R, Hansford
Worth — appointed to collect and record facts relating to
Barrows in Devonshire, and to take steps^ where possible, for
their investigation.
Edited by R. Hansford Worth, Hon. Secretary.
(Read at Princetown, 19 Jaly, 1905.)
Tour Committee is pleased to be able to present a Report
which shows that the field of its operations is by no means
exhausted, and that there are not wanting those willing to
cultivate that field, among whom we must welcome a new
worker in the Rev. J. Frederick Chanter, of Parracombe.
The contents of the present Report have reference to : —
(1) The record of a barrow opening in the parish of
Marldon, South Devon, in the year 1882.
(2) The examination of a rifled kistvaen on Doe Tor,
Dartmoor, during the present year.
(3) The opening of a cairn on Hare Tor, Dartmoor, in the
present year ; this is more fully recorded in the Dart-
moor Exploration Committee s Report.
(4) The discovery and examination by Mr. R. Bumard
of three kistvaens in the O Brook and Swincombe
valleys, Dartmoor.
(5) The record of a barrow opening, in 1885, at Chapman
Barrows in North Devon, on the borders of Exmoor.
(6) The opening of other barrows of the Chapman group
during the present year by the Rev. J. F. Chanter.
(7) The opening of "Roe Barrow," Parracombe, by the
Rev. J. F. Chanter.
(8) Examination of a barrow near Horns Cross (CVII. S.E.).
88 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE BARROW COMMITTEE.
WESTERLAND BEACON, MARLDON.
Westerland Beacon lies on the border of Paignton and
Marldon parishes. As nearly as may be measured on the
one inch to a mile Ordnance Survey, its summit lies
3' 36' 30" W. long, and SO'* 26' 45" N. lat. The hill, which
rises to over 600 feet above mean sea level, easily dominates
the neighbourliood. Its commanding situation has in the
past given it a value for signalling purposes, and a portion of
its summit was formerly the property of the Admiralty.
More recently, at the Jubilee of Her Majesty the late Queen,
a bonfire was built on this hill, and it resumed its station as
a beacon.
The Jubilee bonfire was built on the levelled top of a
barrow which occupies the summit of the hill, now the
property of Mr. Mudge, of Blj^don, who purchased from
the next owner after the Admiralty. As long ago as 21
September, 1882, Mr. Mudge's sons opened the barrow and
discovered an interment. The Committee is indebted to Mr.
W. Mudge, jun., for having brought this and its result to
their notice.
The barrow now has an extreme diameter of 43 feet and a
height of 4 feet. In 1882 its dimensions appear to have
been much the same, but it then had a saucer-shaped de-
pression in the top, which has since been levelled up.
There is evidence that at some date prior to 1882 the
barrow was larger, but was subsequently robbed of its earth
for agricultural purposes, leaving a more stony core. It is
said that when the earth was removed a circle of stones
surrounding the barrow was disclosed, but these were taken
away for hedging.
The exploration in 1882 was conducted by means of a
trench cut in from the north side. This trench, carried to
and slightly past the centre, yielded no result; but on
widening it to the eastward a mound of. burnt clay was
discovered, under which was a heap of stones, rudely cham-
bered. The chamber was found filled with earth, and con-
tained also a small inverted urn. Charcoal was found in
considerable quantity. The urn is now in the possession of
Mr. Mudge, and thanks to his kindness, the writer has been
able to prepare a drawing and take measurements of it. Its
extreme height cannot be precisely stated, since the rim has
been destroyed by the downward pressure of the earth. It
now stands 41 25 inches, and can hardly have been more
than 4'5 inches high when perfect. Its least diameter is at
VBS FOUND IN BARROW ON ffESTSltLAND BEACUy, HARLDON.
TWENTY-FOUBTH REPORT OF THE BARROW COMMITTEE. 89
the base, and is 3'66 inches; its greater diameter, 505 inches,
occurs at a height of 3 inches, where an angle is formed,
and the material of the urn thickened for the purpose. Its
diameter at the mouth was probably 4*25 inches. The thick-
ness of the material is 0*25 inch, except where increased as
above described. The clay is fairly fine, but slightly tem-
pered with sand. Externally the colour is brown, with a
distinct tinge of red ; internally, and especially in the lower
half, the clay is blackened, and the dark colour extends
through one-half the thickness of the material. The orna-
mentation is all in dotted or interrupted line.
The late Dr. T. H. Tracey Mudge made a note that the
urn when discovered " contained the incinerated remains of a
child of about five or six years of age (judging by some of
the teeth which remain intact).'' The burnt bones are still
with the urn, and correspond entirely with this description.
In the fields around the barrow flint chips and flakes have
frequently been picked up, and some are yet to be found,
as evidenced on 13 May last, when the writer visited the
locality.
All things considered, it appears possible that there is
another and undiscovered interment in this barrow. In its
original dimensions it must have been a large mound to be
devoted exclusively to the burial of a young child. It may
be that the search made long ago, which was evidenced by
the depression in the top of the tumulus, reached and de-
stroyed the main interment; but no suggestion of this appears
to have been found in 1882, and fragments of pottery do
usually remain, and should be discovered in such cases.
A brief reference to this barrow has already appeared in
the Twenty-first Report of the Committee, but no details
were then given.
DOE TOR.
A kistvaen on the slope of Doe Tor, lying toward Sharp
Tor, is the only known instance in the watershed of the Lyd.
This grsLve is not shown on the Ordnance Map, but will
appear in the next edition. Its position is long. 4** 3' 35" W.,
and lat. 50* 38' 40" N. A reference was made to it in the
Twenty-first Report. Since then (in May of the present year)
it has been reopened, examined, and in part restored.
Prior to May the two end-stones were alone visible, of
which the southern is 2 ft. 10 in. long, and stood 1 ft.
10 in. above the surface of the ground ; and the northern
is 2 ft. long, and stood 1 ft. 7 in. above the surface. The
90 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE BARROW COMMITTEE.
length of the kistvaen, as indicated by these stones, was
2 ft. 7 in., with the addition of several inches at floor
level, owing to the inclination of the stones. Excavation
disclosed the fact that a portion of the eastern side was still
in place, although buried ; and subsequently the other part
of this slab was found lying to the eastward, and was
returned to its proper position, fitting the buried portion
exactly. Thus the kistvaen now presents one side as well as
both ends above ground.
The cover-stone, or it may be the other side-stone, was
also found lying hard by to the eastward. It is nearly square,
and measures 3 ft. 2 in. by 3 ft. 2 in.
The kist stands in a mound of 16 feet diameter, the
direction of the remaining side (of the other no trace can be
found, if the stone mentioned above is a coverer) is twenty
degrees west of true north. The direction of the centre line
drawn through the two end-stones is thirty-one degrees west
of north.
The kist had obviously been ransacked long ago, and the
excavation yielded no result beyond one minute fragment of
charcoal, the discovery of the remains of a side-stone, and
the ascertained fact that the original depth of the kistvaen
was 3 feet.
There were present at the examination the Eev. S. Baring-
Gould, the Eev. Irvine K. Anderson, Captain H. Fargus, and
the writer.
HARE TOR.
A cairn was opened in the spring of this year at Hare Tor.
It lies between the summits of Hare Tor and Sharp Tor, and
about one-third of the distance toward the latter, in long.
4** 2' 2^" W., and lat. SO** 38' 32" N. A full account will
be found in the Keport of the Dartmoor Exploration Com-
mittee; meanwhile the result may be summarized as nil.
Geologically the cairn is of some interest, as it largely con-
sists of stones of altered sedimentary rock, of which there is
a small inlier resting on the granite at this point. The Bev.
S. Baring-Gould and the Eev. Irvine K. Anderson were re-
sponsible for the work at this cairn, and the writer examined
it, in company with the latter gentleman, when the excava-
tion had just been completed.
KISTVAENS IN THE VALLEY OF THE 0 BROOK AND
SWINCOMBE.
Last year Mr. E. Burnard discovered three kistvaens in
the Dart watershed, all of which had previously been rifled.
PLATE III.
FOX TOR NEWTAKE
NORTHERN
SOUTHERN
TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE BARROW COMMITTEE. 91
Although these kists are not now shown on the Ordnance
Survey, they will appear in the next edition.
The first is situate within the limits of Hexworthy mine
set, on the slope of Skir Hill, near the Hensroost workings.
Its exact location is long. 3° 54' SJ" W., and lat. 50** 31' 13^'' N.
The kist stands within a circle, now incomplete. The
dimensions of the kist are : Present length, 2 feet 6 inches ;
probable original length, 3 feet ; width, 1 foot 10 inches.
The direction of length runs fifty-three degrees west of
north. The tops of the side and end stones are all approxi-
mately at ground level.
The second kist is in Fox Tor Newtake, north of the ruins
of Fox Tor farm. Where the newtake wall crosses Wheal
Emma Leat there is a footbridge. Measuring south-easterly
from this footbridge a distance of 530 feet along the newtake
wall, and then taking a south-westerly offset 169 feet into
the newtake, the position of this kist will be found; or,
otherwise stated, it lies in long. 3** 56' 5" W., and lat.
50' 31' 25-- N.
The south-eastern end and the north-eastern and south-
western sides appear above ground. The present width is
1 foot 7^ inches. It has probably been more. The prob-
able original length was 3 feet. The depth before excava-
tion was 1 foot 8 inches. Direction of length, sixty-eight
d^rees west of north.
Mr. Bumard writes : " Explored the south end and west
side, with no results. Could do no more, as the north end-
stone (large) was wedged in bottom, and I could not move it
with the tools I had with me." It thus appears that the
north-west end-stone had slipped in, and aa the cover-stone
(4 feet 2 inches by 4 feet 6 inches) is lying on the east side,
it is obvious that all the slabs of this kistvaen are now
accounted for.
The third kistvaen is also in Fox Tor Newtake, south by a
little west of the last named, and distant from it 630 feet or
thereabouts. It lies in long. 3' 56' 6^" W., and lat.
50" 31' ISJ" N.
Two sides and the north-west end remain. The south-
western side has been thrown across the kist, and leans on
the north-eastern side. The original width was probably
2 feet 3 inches, and the length 2 feet 10 inches ; but the side-
stone which is still in place is 5 feet in length. The direc-
tion of length is fifty-three degrees west of north.
Mr. Burnard reports: **Ki8t nearest Fox Tor House. —
Dug this partly out to-day (12 June, 1905), bub finding a
92 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE BARROW COMMITTEE.
broken beer bottle right down on the * calm * at base of
north-east side-stone, gave it up. Some one has been digging
there during the past few years."
CHAPMAN BARROWS (DEVON VI. S.E.).
At the invitation of the Rev. J. Frederick Chanter, M.A.,
your Committee's Secretary has this year visited Parracombe,
on the borders of Exmoor; and elsewhere in this volume will
be found some of the results of this visit, in the form of a
joint paper on the rude stone monuments of that locality.
Associated with these stone remains are numerous bar-
rows, and it has been thought better, even at the risk of
some repetition, to place any description of these in this
Committee's Eeport.
Seven members of the group known as " Chapman Bar-
rows " range approximately in a straight line, the direction
of which, as drawn through the extremes, is thirty minutes
south of east.
Of these the next to westernmost lies in a field known as
"Mr. Jones' Allotment," near the ** Two-gates" giving
entrance to Longstone Allotment from the north. Exact
position, long. 3" 52' 6 J" W., lat. oV 10' 30 J" N.
Having heard rumours that this barrow had been opened
by Thomas Antell, of the parish of Parracombe, we (that is to
say, the Rev. J. F. Chanter, Captain Fargus, and the writer)
called on Antell and obtained from him a statement of the
circumstances of such opening.
It appears that in the year 1885 Thomas Antell, by the
direction of the farmer holding this field, removed stones for
hedging purposes from the barrow in question. He found
within the margin, and covered by the mound, a circle of
stones set on edge, and within this a cairn. Somewhere near
the centre of the barrow a flat thin stone was found, which
covered the mouth of a " steyn " or urn. The steyn did not
long survive its discovery, and when broken it proved to
contain bones. The cover-stone is described as about 2 feet
square, and the urn itself as about 2 feet in height and 1 foot
6 inches in diameter. In dimensions, shape, and material it
appears to have closely resembled an inverted vessel found
by the late Mr. Doe in a barrow on Berry Down,^ Berry-
narbor ; but whether like that it was ornamented, or whether
or no it had lifting lugs, cannot now be ascertained.^
The traditional " Crock of Gold " of Dartmoor has for its
1 Fifth Report, Vol. XV, p. 108 ; illustrated also in Twenty-first Report.
PLATE IV.
<^
-^
o
•0
1
i
I
I
o
ft
a
<
X
<
X
o
gm
o
ft
<
o
ft
«0
oj
01
u
u
-J
<
o
«0
o-
«0-
v:ii-^
n^roRT OF Barrow CoMMiTrER.-To /aoe p. ^^.
TWENTY-FOURTH REPOET OF THE BARROW COMMITTEE. 93
counterpart the " Steyn of Money *' of Exmoor, and prior to
the find the farmer had jokingly informed Antell that they
would share the proceeds were the steyn found. Of urn or
contents no trace now remains. Thomas Antell insists that
the bones were bones of sheep, and explains that he knows
the animal well enough to recognize it living or dead. His
theory is that the "people who were working on the barrows"
took some mutton with them for their refreshment, and
overlooked this pot, whereby it got covered up, and so
remained until he discovered it. Hence this find of potted
mutton — surely the earliest recorded.
We think there is no reason to attribute undue weight to
his views on the matter. The "ribs" which he describes
may well have been man's ; and the writer has found else-
where the same indisposition to admit having disturbed
human remains. Otherwise his account of the find is clear,
and, allowance being made for a natural absence of minor
detail, is to our minds entirely dependable.
EXAMINATION OF ONE OF THE CHAPMAN GROUP BY THE
REV. J. F. CHANTER.
Another barrow, associated with but not forming one of
the line above referred to, and situate between that row of
mounds and the Longstone, in long. S** 61' 35^" W., lat.
51" 10' 211" N., has been opened by the Rev. J. F. Chanter
during the present year.
The section now given will help to explain the construc-
tion of this barrow. Its total diameter from north to south is
100 feet, and from east to west 113 feet. The natural slope
of the ground is from north to south. The extreme height of
the barrow is 9 feet. It is thus a good specimen of the larger
mounds, and has little trace of any previous disturbance.
Probably when originally constructed it was not much over
90 feet in diameter, but its slopes have been flattened by
time and the tread of animals.
The opening was accomplished by means of a trench about
6 feet in width driven in from the east side. At 15
feet from the present margin a low stone wall, 4 feet wide
at the base and not quite 2 feet high, was met. This
probably continues all around the circumference. At 50
feet from the margin a small heap of burnt clay was reached.
It was 1 foot in height, and continued in the line of trench
for 3 feet. Over this the iron from the soil of the
barrow had aggregated as on an impervious stratum, and
94 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE BARROW COMMITTEE.
encased it in a hard layer of oxide much resembling bog
iron. Following this heap some stones were reached, and
within a small cairn two cover-stones, one measuring 1 foot
11 inches by 1 foot 6 inches, the other 1 foot lOJ inches by
1 foot lOJ inches. These cover-stones protected a pit sunk
in the subsoil (which is clay). The pit measured 1 foot
10 inches by 1 foot 6 inches, and was 10 inches deep. It
was filled to the top with charcoal, bone ash, and recogniz-
able fragments of bones. These bones included some human
teeth, both single and double, and from these, and especially
their worn-down crowns, it would appear that the interment
was that of an adult, probably well past middle age. The
centre of the interment pit was 58 feet from the eastern,
and 62 feet from the southern margin of the barrow.
Excavation was continued until the whole of the small
cairn surrounding the burial had been removed, but no
further discoveries resulted.
. From the section it will be seen that the barrow consisted
of three distinct strata : a cairn of small size in the centre ;
over this, and confined within the buried wall, a mound of
material derived from the surface turf of the adjacent moor
(the individual turfs can still be recognized) ; and over this
again a layer evidently derived from excavation immediately
below the turf. Charcoal, largely that of furze bushes, was
extremely plentiful in the turf mound, and there was a
quantity of a beautiful blue compound, which owes its origin
to the interaction of iron, from the soil, and decomposing
vegetable matter.
Before leaving the Chapman group it may be well to
direct attention to the " Longstone " above referred to. This
menhir is obviously associated with the sepulchral mounds,
and may, as the original " Chapman '* (or Capmaen), have
given its name to the assemblage. In addition to this
menhir, there is a very curious quadrilateral formed of
smaller stones, and of both full descriptions will be found
elsewhere in the present volume.
Hard by the quadrilateral is a small barrow, one of many
in the vicinity. The present specimen is 9 feet in diameter
and 1 foot 9 inches in height. It was opened by the Eev.
J. F. Chanter, and yielded an urn-shaped pit in the sub-
soil, about 12 inches deep and 6 inches in diameter at the
top. From this a fair quantity of small grains of charcoal
was obtained. Another similar barrow gave a like, but
smaller pit (5 inches deep and 4 inches in diameter),
and in neither was there a cover-stone. Some eight more
TWBNTY-POURTH RKPORT OF THE BARROW COMMITTEE. 95
little mounds were exanuDed. No pits were found, but in
some cases charcoal; in other instances the result was nil.
It has always to be remembered that heaps of " spits " or
turfs abandoned in wet seasons may simulate minor sepul-
chral mounds.
ROE BARROW, PARRACOMBE COMMON.
This barrow, situate long. 3' 51' 49" W., lat. 5V 10' 58^ N.,
has also been opened by the Eev. J. F. Chanter, who
reports: —
Opened on Saturday, 20 May, 1905. A trench 4 feet wide was
cut right through. The cup-shaped top showed signs of previous
opening, which was borne out by the material from the centre
right down to the bottom being more mixed with earth than the
remainder of the cairn. The mound proved to consist almost
entirely of stones, vrith about 10 inches of earth and sod over.
No trace of any flint was found, but all round the centre on the
ground level there were large quantities of charcoal. Indications
were met of a small chamber with a cover-stone 26 in. by 11 in.,
which seemed to have been broken down on one side, probably at
a previous opening. Some pieces of ruddle were found in the
centre, and a little above ground leveL
R Hansford Worth.
BARROW NEAR HORNS CROSS (CVII. S.E.).
This barrow lies south of Combestone Tor, close to a
trackway which leaves the high road opposite that tor.
There is a pillaged cairn south of the high road, and
about 100 feet distant from it opposite Combestone, and
counting from this in a southerly direction the barrow in
question is number five (two only are marked on the
Ordnance Map).
On 6 July, 1905, the Eev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. John
Amery, Mr. R. Bumard, Mrs. Burnard, and others, examined
No. 5. This cairn was found to be 16 feet in diameter,
the height above ground level at centre being 2^ feet.
A trench was driven through from north to south, and the
cairn proved to be so built that the stones slanted upwards.
In the centre was a hole sunk in the "calm," having a
diameter of 15 inches and a depth of 17 inches.
This hole contained a considerable quantity of charcoal
and burnt bones, but no other relics.
E. Burnard.
TWENTY-THIRD EEPOET (THIRD SERIES) OF
THE COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.
Twenty-third Report of the Committee — consisthig of Mr,
P. F, S. Amery, Sir Alfred Croft, Mr, James Hamlyn,
and Mr, R, Hansfoi'd Worth — appointed to collect and
tabulate trustworthy and comparable Observations on the
Climate of Devon.
Edited by R. Hansford Worth, Hon. Secretary.
(Read at Princetown, 19 July, 1905.)
Your Committee presents Its Report for the year 1904
The past year has been one of average conditions both of
rainfall and temperature.
A new rainfall station at Huccaby on the West Dart, with
an elevation of 900 O.D., appears for the first time ; Mr. R.
Barnard is the observer.
The Observations are taken daily at 9 a.m., local time, with
the exception of the rainfalls at Blackingstone, Laployd,
Cowsic, and Siward's Cross, where either weekly or monthly
gauges are used, and Devil's Tor, which is read irregularly,
and only appears in the yearly return.
A new gauge at Mardon on the Torquay watershed is also
entered ; this, which is a daily record, will presently replace
one of the monthly gauges in the district.
Devil's Tor gauge is read at such long intervals that its
records must be regarded with some suspicion ; only four
readings were taken in the year. It does, however, un-
doubtedly indicate that the rainfall is much less here than
at Princetown or Cowsic, and very possibly the central high-
lands of Dartmoor receive considerably less rain than the
southern and western borders, and the first heights of from
1200 to 1400 feet O.D.
The best thanks of the Committee and of the Association
are due to the Observers, whose assistance renders possible
the preparation of this Report.
RSPOBT ON THE CLIBIATE OF DEVON.
97
The names of the Observers or the Authority, and of the
Stations, with the height above ordnance-datum, are as
follows : —
STATIOV.
KLBtATIOX (feet). 0B8BBWH OR AUTHORITT.
AbbotskerswelKCourt Grange) 150 ... Mrs. Marcus Hare.
... P. F. S. Amery, j.p.
... Thomas Wainwright.
... Sir Alfred W. Croft, m.a., k.c.i.e.
... James Hamlyn, j.p.
... T. Turner, j.p., p.r.met.8oc.
584
25
124
250
202
AshbuTton (Druid)
Barnstaple (Athenaeum^
Bere Alston (Rumleigh)
BnckCaystleigh (Boesel) .
Cnllompton
Devonport Watershed : —
Cowsic Valley . 1362
Devil's Tor (near Bear-
down Man) . 1785
Exeter (Devon and Exeter
Institution) . . .155
Holne (Vicarage) . 650
Hnccaby . 900
llfiracombe . . . 20
Kingsbrid^e (Westcombe) . 100
Newton Abbot (Teignbridge) 27
Plymouth (The Hoe Obser-
vatory) . . .116
Plymouth Watershed : —
Head Weir (Plymouth
Reservoir) . . 720
Siward's Cross . 1200
Princetown (H.M. Prison) 1369
Boborough Reservoir . . 548
Bousdon (The Observatory) 616
Salcombe (St. Briavels) . 110
Sidmouth (Sidmount) . .186
Sonth Brent (Great Aish) . 600
Castle Hill School (South-
molton)
Tavistock (Statsford, Whit-
church) . . 594
Teignmouth (Bitton) . . 70
Teignmouth (The Den) . 20
Torquay (Livermead House) 30
Torquay (Cary Green) . .12
Torquay Watershed : —
Blackingstone
Kennick
Laployd
Mardon
Tottiford .
Torrington, Great (Enfield) . 336
Totnes (Berry Pomeroy) . 185
Woolacombe (N. Devon) . 60
}
H. Francis, m.i.c.e.
... John E. Coombes, Librarian.
... The Rev. John Gill, m.a.
... R. Bumard, f.s.a.
... M. W. Tattam.
... T. W. Latham.
... F. H. Plumptree, j.p.
... H. Victor Prigg, a.m.i.c.e.,
F.R.Mrr.8oc
}
Frank Howarth, a.m.i.c.b.
... W. Marriott, f.r.met.Soc.
fAasT. Sec. Roy.Met.Soc.)
... Frank Howarth, a.m.i.c.£.
... Lady Peek.
... W. Prowse.
... Miss Constance M. Radford.
... Miss C. M. Kinswell.
363 ... W. H. Reeve.
... E. E. Glyde, f.r.mbt.Soc.
... W. C. Lake, m.d.
... G. Rossi ter.
... Edwin Smith.
... Frederick March, F.R.MET.SOC.
S. C. Chapman, a.h.i.c.e.
... George M. Doe.
... Charles Barran, j.p.
... Basil Fanshaw.
VOL. XXXVU.
TWBHTT-THISD BKPORT (THIBD BEEIES) OF THS
JANUARY. 1904.
COMMITTBK ON THE CUMATE OF DEVON.
100 TWENTlf-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE
MARCH, 1904.
COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.
FEBRUARY, 1904.
102 TWEHTT-THIRD BEPORT (THIRP SEBIES) OF TBK
MAY, 1904.
COUHITTEE OH THE CLDUTB OF DEVON.
JUNE, 1904.
104 TWEHTY-THIRD BBPOBT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE
JULY, 1904.
COMMITTM ON THE CUMATE OP DEVON.
AUGUST, 1904.
106 TWEMTY-THIHD REPOKT (THIBD SSBIES) OF THE
SEPTEMBER, 1904.
Abbotekerawell
3.^4
i^
Bere Alston
a.41
BuckfutUigb
3-75
Cullompton
CowMoVulley
2.7*
4.70
Exeter
a.04
Holne
358
Haccby .
IlAMombe .
361
KingBbridfte
3-41
Newton Abbot
Z.49
Plymouth .
3.0Z
Piymouth
Watenhed
Heftd Weir
4.40
awBtd'eCrosi
Teo
Prinoelown.
5-93
Eoboroiigh
0. Devon
3-3*
BoQidon .
3.10
1.6S
1.76
aonth Brent
4-89
CastleHiUSohoo
(Seuthmelton
T«virtock
303
336
Tei^mouth
(Bitten
1.70
Teignmouth
(The Den
1.60
Torqu«y
(Uvennead
1.83
Torqjwy
(CiryGreen
Torquay Wtrahd
Bfiofiingstone
1.81
! 1.46
Keomck .
1 3'47
Laployd .
U.06
Uudon .
3.37
Tottifoni
1. 19
Toirinstan
3. So
Totnes
(BenyPomeroy
2.76
WoolMombe
1 a.9'
■95
1-05
,91
30
30
'3
:4
13
13
13
■1
d,g.
ii'-i
S70
SS-1
S»-4
5'.7
.'70
1.14
>3
9 SM j
1.03
■:°4
30
30
1;
S9-3
S8.S
1.43
'."
'3
'■95
30
I'i
50.0
'.6i
■s,
1.79
30
3°
30
30
I
8
57-4
■ SI
6
"!»"
I.OI
30
ij: 56.1
.84
»
10
.66
It
10
.90
11
1.
58.8
.82
II
14
59.5
1
14
\\
•94
■35
6
>3
58.8
deg. deg. .
49.1 64.5
47.8 62.0
47.1 63.9
46.3 64.4
49.9 &^.2
54-9 S8.o
55-5 370
55-3 37-8
I 58-a 47-1 :
' 57.0 42.2
46.4 33.
48.5 M' m 4*-
I 64.8
i 70.2
. 66.3
' 69.0 1
■ 65-7
4*-3
41.4
... 34-0 (
53.6 63.3 58.0 46-6 <
16S.6
18&34
187.4s
COHKirrEE OK THE CLIMATE OF DBTOK. 107
OCTOBER, 1904.
TWENTT-THIKD BEPOBT (THIED BERIEB) OF THK
COMMITTER ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.
DECEMBER, 1904.
ins.
iu».
sken^eU
3-93
■99
rtoQ.
4-71
1.05
3-5*
.48
t?ton
4-73
.78
S^
S-93
1.41
^'v^Usy .
m
■S4
J.SS
.69
6.04
by : :
5-75
1.03
>iube.
3.42
■SI
>ridge
m Abbot .
4-43
305
:%
ath .
4-39
1.09
nth
itenhed
rHead
6.60
1.15
ird'sCroM
7. IS
town
(S. Devon
8.93
I.2Z
5-69
I.2I
3-42
■55
lbs .
3.66
■ 56
.,h. {
305
■SO
Brent
6.48
1.40
HillSchoo
athniolton)
3.61
■S3
ock
5.91
.83
nonth
1
(BtttOD
2.75
.61
oonth
(The Dsn)
3.S>
-53
Lirermnd)
3.0a
.71
STirGreeii)
IT Wtnihd.
*ingBt4>n«.
3.74
1.6?
3. II
nick .
3-98
lojd . .
338
don .
3-97 -82
ihrd
3-83 .78
pon
3-65 -59
fPomeroy)
3-49 -76
itmht
.36 1
39-9 48-9
37-9 47^9
39-1 49.7
37.3 48.0
43-0 49-7
417 So^4
48.1
52.17
48.35
55- »
5*
52- 5
5S-6
5S-9
SS-9
30.0 51.0
3i:8 56-4 ai 38-86
110 RRPORT OF THE COMMITTEK OS THE CLIMATE OF DKVOS.
SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR 1904.
TWENTY-SECOND EEPOET OF THE COMMITTEE
ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORK
Twenty-second Report of the Ccnnmittee — coTtsistiiig of
Mr. P, F. S, Amery (Secretary), Mr. R. Pearse Chape,
Bev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. G. M. Doe, Rev. W. Harpley,
Mr. J. S. Neck, Mrs. Radford, Mr, J. Brooking 'Rov)e,
Mrs. F. Rose- Troup, and Mr. IT. B. S. Woodhouse.
Edited by P. F. S. Ambry, Honorary Secretary.
(Read at Frincetown, 19 July, 1905.)
Tour Committee present the following scraps of folk-lore
received by the Secretary since the last Report in 1904.
The bits of matter gleaned are deemed worth recording. It
is hoped more notes of rural life and customs, such as those
mentioned from Lustleigh, will be forthcoming, as every year
lessens the chances of our getting them.
The thanks of the Committee are tendered to all who
have contributed.
W. Harplef, Chairman.
P. F. S. Amery, Secretary.
Dr. Brushfield sends some references to Devonshire folk-
lore collected from various sources which should be recorded
in our reports.
1. Sir " Judas " Stukeley, time James I. — " The secret
practices of Sir * Judas' (Stukeley) of the time of James
the First, which I have discovered, throw light on the
old tradition which still exists in the neighbourhood of
Afieton, once the residence of this wretched man. The
country people have long entertained a notion that a hidden
treasure lies at the bottom of a well in his grounds, guarded
by some supernatural power : a tradition no doubt originating
in this man's history, and as obscure allusion to the gold
which Stukeley received for his bribe, or the other gold
112 TWENTY-SECOND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
which he clipped, and might have there concealed. This
is a striking instance of the many historical facts which,
though entirely unknown or forgotten, may be often dis-
covered to be hid, or disguised, in popular traditions.'*
(J. Disraeli, " Curiosities of Literature," III (1858), p. 124.)
2. From part iii., Dedicatory Letter to Dr. Wilhelm Grimm,
p. V, possibly one of the celebrated Brothers Grimm, whose
" Fairy Tales " Cruikshank illustrated : —
"In Devonshire the pixies or pucksies are still re-
membered and described as 'little people and merry
dancers'; but I can collect no other anecdotes respecting
their pranks than the two following : —
" (a) About seventy years ago a clergyman named Tanner
held two benefices between Crediton and South Molton, ad-
joining each other. The farmers of both parishes attended
the tithe-audit annually at his residence ; and in going to
the glebe-house the distant parishioners had to pass an
extensive moor, intersected by numerous tracks or sheep-
walks. Although they reached their destination in safety
in the morning, yet on their return they invariably found
themselves * pixy-laid/ and were compelled to pass a night
of bewildered wandering upon the moor. Such recreation
at Christmas was not very agreeable, and it was determined
that a deputation from the parishioners should proceed to
Exeter, and consult an old woman celebrated for her skill in
charming away the toothach. Her instructions against
pixy spells proved effectual. She directed the waylaid
travellers, on reaching the verge of the moor, to strip them-
selves and sit down on their clothes for five-and-thirty
minutes or more, according to the state of the weather; and
so soon as they discovered the cloud which the pixies had
thrown around them to be dissipated, they might then safely
proceed. By following this valuable prescription, Mr.
Tanner's parishioners invariably reached their homes without
further interruption from pixy spells, or inconvenience from
their hospitable pastor's cockagee cider.
"(6) Another legend of Devonian elves as told of the
family of Sukespic or Sokespitch, respecting whom, if you
are curious to inquire into their history, I can refer you to
Lysons' * Magna Britannia,' Vol. VI, pt. ii. p. 118. This
family resided near Topsham ; and a barrel of ale in their
cellar had for very many years continued to run freely
without being exhausted. It was considered as a valuable
heirloom, and was respected accordingly until a curious
ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORE. 113
maidservant took out the bung, to ascertain the cause of
this extraordinary power. On looking into the cask, she
found it full of cobwebs; but the pixies, it is supposed,
were offended, and on turning the cock as usual, no more ale
flowed out.
" Captain Sainthill of the royal navy, who is now in his
eighty-eighth year, informs me that when he was a boy, the
common reply at Topsham to the inquiry how any affair
went on, when it was intended to say that it was proceeding
prosperously, was, * It is going on like Sokespitch's cann.'
" T. Crofton Croker.
"London, 12 November, 1827.*'
Vide "Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of
Ireland."
From Rev. S. Baring-Gould, M.A., " A Devonshire Proverb,"
quoted by Swift in his fourteenth letter to Stella : —
Walk fast in snow,
In frost walk slow,
And still as you go
Tread on your toe :
When frost and snow are both together
Sit by the fire and spare shoe-leather.
On the authority of Mr. Tribes, Upton Pyne, a cure for
a cough is to " stand over a newly dug grave."
Contributed by Mr. J. E. Moon : —
I was talking on 26 August, 1904, with an octogenarian
labourer of this parish (Brixton), and asked him how the
wheat harvest had turned out. His reply was, " Well, sir,
about as good as I ever knawed." '* In what way?" I asked.
"Whey the grain be good enough, us knaws, but, to my
thinking, us have had no wheat like it for years where the
straw have stood up so slipper J' " What do you call slipper?"
" Whey some folks calls it peart, they that has had schuling,
but us old folk have always termed it slipper, and us knaws
it manes stanning up hearty and straight and thick like."
From Mr. W. H. Bogers : —
Notes from Morchard Bishop District. — If a cross be
made accidentally while drawing with a stick on the gravel,
or with two bits of stick or otherwise, it must not be
disturbed, and can only be cancelled by putting another
VOL. XXXVII. H
114 TWENTY-SECOND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
cross "backsyvore" upon it. A pair of scissors is usefol
in an emergency.
When a person dies, a bottle is put on the window-sill of
the room where the corpse lies " to catch the angels' tears,"
and remains there for forty days and forty nights before
removal.
At the end of hay harvest the last load is driven out of
the field and back again by a woman. If this is successfully
accomplished without grazing the gate-post, she will be
"missus" of the hayfield for the ensuing year.
It was formerly the custom for the last sheaf of com to
be presented to the rector for the harvest festival. The
** sheafers " gathered round it in the field and sang the first
verse of " 0 God, our help in ages past."
Parsley is a plant of evil omen, and if introduced into a
garden will cause a death in the establishment before -the
year is out. Where parsley will not grow, however, it is a
sign that the devil has not left the place. A regular case
of " between the devil and the deep sea."
The Eev. J. Gill, of Holne, was informed by an elderly
woman, a native of Ashburton, but now the wife of a retired
woodman, that years ago, when tea was sixpence an oimce
and cofiee threepence an ounce, her mother used to drink
" organs tea."
lAdy Rosalind Northcote of Pynes, in her "Book of Herbs"
(p. 75), says that " in Devonshire and the West pennyroyal
is called organs, and was used much for tea."
A middle-£^ed woman, born and always lived in Ash-
burton, says when she was a girl they had " organs broth,"
which appears to have been the same as organs tea.
These herb teas were mostly medicinal : when cold they
took peppermint tea; if feverish, balm tea; and for a pick-up,
organs tea.
Mr. G. M. Doe forwards following gleanings of folk-lore
from Great Torrington : —
1. The case of Cure for Fits, reported in Twenty-first
Report (1904), from Luffincott, has been inquired into.
Mr. J. Spettigue, of Peek, Tetcott, Holsworthy, informs
Mr. Doe the report was correct. The man, named John
Ham, had heard of the cure and accordingly tried it, though
it has had little effect on his fits.
2. Good Friday. — A belief prevails in this district that
hives of bees should only be shifted on " Good-a-Friday."
ON DEVONSHIRB FOLK-LORE. 115
In order, too, to have your parsley all the year round it
it should be sown on this day.
3. If you buy brushes in May,
You sweep one of the family away.
From inquiries which I have made, I find that in consequence
of this belief very few brushes are sold by tradesmen here
(Great Tonington) in the month of May; and even when
they are so sold, the buyers, though paying for them at the
time, do not take the brushes away till May is past. (See
also as to this the Sixteenth Eeport of the Committee,
VoL XXXI of "Transactions," p. 114.)
4. Cqre for Warts. — The following charm was used to
cure a wart on the hand of a boy by an old man of this town
in my presence. He selected a "straw-mot" a few inches
long, having a " knot " on it, and " struck " the wart three
times with it, holding the hand of the patient downward
during the process. The " straw-mot " was then buried by
the operator, who assured me that as it rotted in the ground
the wart would gradually disappear.
Arwther Cure for Warts, — " Steal a piece of bacon, rub the
wart with it, and bury it ; and when it goes bad the wart
goes away."
5. Smelling a Coffin. — ^A woman of this town, who is
credited by many with, and implicitly believes herself to be
possessed of abnormal powers, on hearing from a relative that
«he had not received a letter for a long time from another
relative who was living abroad, said that she knew he was
dead, because on the previous night she had "smelt his coffin."
6. Medicinal Well. — A lady friend of mine, for whose
accuracy I can vouch, tells me that she remembers when a
girl being taken by an aunt to a well on Great Torrington
Commons, which is still in existence, in order to have her
eyes, which were weak, bathed in the water. A silk thread
having seven knots was then tied on a bramble or bush
growing near the well.
7. At a recent fox-hunt here, reynard, being hard pressed,
ran through a part of the town, and was killed in one of the
outlying streets. I was informed that this was often believed
to be an omen of a fire or death in the town. Strange to say,
a fire did occur at a place of business the same morning, and
an old man who lived in the town died very suddenly.
George M. Dob.
H 2
116 TWENTY-SECOND REPORT OF THE GOHMITTBE
Mr. T. S. Amery, a native of Lustleigh, sends some particu-
lars of farm life in the middle of the last century.
1. Oxen were mostly used for the plough. They were
generally shod with iron shoes somewhat resembling the
letter Q, which were called Ques, and the process of shoeing
Queing. The plough was guided and oxen driven by a man
and a boy, who kept up a constant drone, very slow and
monotonous, in which the names of the oxen came in. As a
specimen thus : —
Young a-n-d Ten-der,
Good-luck a-n-d Speed-well,
All-to-gether a-gam.
This was varied to suit the names of the oxen, which were
four in a team.
Note by Editor. Moore, in his ^^ History of Devonshire**^
( Vol. /, p. 4^6 )y in a foot-note refers thus to the drawl : —
" The tone or tune with which the driving of oxen is accom-
panied is merUioned h, agricuitural writers as remarkabU and
as resembling the chanting of a cathedral service; nor is it
improbable tJiat it might originate in the JRoman service, to
which the people of this country were formerly much atta/Jied.
The ploughboy is the counter-tenor through the day, and ths
ploughman at intervals chants the hoarser notes. This is
supposed to animate the team ; and it is certain that nowhere
is so much cheerfulness observed in plou>ghing as in Devonshire.
The team is said to stop when the chanting ceases."
•
2. Farm Labourers' Condition in respect to wages half a
century ago is then described.
The payment of the weekly wages to my grandfather's
men, four of whom lived in his cottages and worked on oflf
farms, was one shilling a day, paid fortnightly.
They had also the following perquisites, viz, : —
a. A cottage and small garden rent free.
b. Fifty poles of ground in a field in which to till potatoes.
c. Fuel for the gathering, which included hedge wood and
gorse or furze for fire lighting.
d. Bun for a pig in a grass field.
e. A bushel of barley and peck of wheat fortnightly.
/. A pound of butter a fortnight and can of scalded milk
daily if fetched.
g. A quart or three pints of cider daily.
h. Poultry allowed to run in the grass fields.
The fortnightly corn was taken from the granary by the
ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORE. 117
miller, ground at the mill, and each man's allowance of meal
left at his house.
The other labourers, who did not live in the cottages, were
paid nine shillings per week, the same allowance of cider,
but no other privileges.
All these men were well fed at their master's house for one
month during harvest, which they looked forward to with
pleasure. All corn was then cut by hand — wheat with
reaping-hooks, barley and oats with scythes. It was also
thrashed and winnowed by hand.
I consider the men who lived in their masters' cottages
were better off than the others, as the privileges were worth
more than three shillings a week. They all seemed contented
and happy. I knew a labourer who recently died over eighty
years of age, and had worked on one farm the whole of his
life — his wage was, I believe, as above described — who when
past work had saved enough to provide for his failing years
independent of parochial aid.
The farm labourer of the present day, with his cash wages
of fifteen or eighteen shillings weekly, cheap necessaries and
humble luxuries, much free entertainment and excitement at
hand, with a good free education for his children, hardly
realizes his privil^es over those of his grandfathers.
T. S. Amery.
Mr. W. R H. Jordan, of Teignmouth, sends the following
inquiry respecting the Apple-tree Charm : —
•*I have read with much interest Mr. H. C. Adams'
account of the apple-tree charms (in Vol. Ill, p. 156, of
'Devon Notes and Queries'). I remember in my younger
days (a long time ago) being told of the custom of firing
at the apple trees on the night of Twelfth Day being carried
out in several country places in Devonshire ; and I especially
remember an old gentleman, wlio had resided for many years
at Bovey Tracey, informing me that when it was done there
a song was sung, a part of which I remember : —
Bear and blow,
Apples enow,
H(at8 full, caps full, bushels full, etc."
W. E. H. J.
On reference to the former Reports of the Committee,
I find the first bit of "Folk-lore" recorded in the first Report
presented by the Secretary, the late Mr. R. J. King, in 1876,
referred to the subject of Blessiiig Apple TreeSy and was
contributed by Miss Pinchard, of Torquay.
118 TWENTY-SECOND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
More recently the subject has been discussed in " Devon
Notes and Queries," as mentioned by Mr. Jordan. As the
custom appears once to have been very general, and its
record in our reports of value, the following has been
extracted from the pages of that publication, to the Editors
of which our thanks are due.
In " Devon Notes and Queries," Vol. II, p. 113, the follow-
ing appears : —
" Dr. Aston, late British Consul at Seoul, writes : ' There
is a custom in Japan, in places where there are fruit trees,
for two men to go to the orchard on the last day of the year.
One of the men climbs up a tree, while the other stands at
the bottom with axe in hand. The latter, addressing the
tree, asks whether it will bear fruit well or not in the
coming year ; otherwise it will be cut down. Then the man
up in the tree replies, " I will bear well." The efifect of this
little drama is said to be very satisfactory.' The * Illustrated
London News ' mentioned in its last Christmas number (1901)
a somewhat like custom in Devon. In this case, however,
the means adopted was bribery instead of intimidation. On
Christmas Day the owner of the orchard and his people
place a cake on the fork of an apple tree and pour wine on
it while the women chant a chorus : * Bear bams full, sacks
full, bags full.' Does this custom still exist, and can further
details be given ? Henry Gibbon."
At p. 206, Vol. II, the following replies are found: —
"The custom alluded to by your correspondent is that
known as * wassailing' or * blessing the apple trees,' one
of the best-known and most frequently described of all
Devonshire folk customs. Rev. S. Baring-Gould says it has
' now completely gone out ' (' Book of the West,* I, p. 89),
and I have never met anybody who had seen it performed,
but it was apparently practised in the neighbourhood of
Torquay a few years before 1876 (* Trans. Devon Assoc.,'
VIII, p. 49). The earliest allusion is probably in Herrick's
* Hesperides ' (1647-8) :—
Wassail the trees that they may bear
You, many a plum, and many a pear ;
For more or less fruits will they bring,
As you do give them wassailing.
" In the vocabulary of the Exmoor dialect, given in the
'Gentleman's Magazine' for 1746 (XVI, p. 405), wassailing is
defined as a * drinking on twelfth-day eve, throwing toast to
the apple trees in order to have a fruitful year; which seems
ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORE. 119
to be a relick of a heathen sacrifice to Pomona.' In the
same magazine for 1791 (LXI, p. 403) is the following de-
scription of the custom as practised in the South Hams : —
"*0n the eve of the Epiphany, the farmer, attended by his
workmen, with a large pitcher of cider, goes to the orchard,
and there, encircling one of the best bearing trees, they
drink the following toast three several times: —
Here's to thee, old apple tree,
Whence thou majst bud, and whence thou majst blow [bloom],
And whence thou mayst bear apples enow !
Hats full ! Caps full !
Bushel — bushel — sacks full !
And my pockets full too I Huzza !
" ' This done, they return to the house, the doors of which
they are sure to find bolted by the females, who, be the
weather what it may, are inexorable to all entreaties to
open them until some one has guessed at what is on the spit,
which is generally some nice little thing, difficult to be hit
on, and is the reward of him who first names it.'
" This account has been copied again and again, but many
of the subsequent writers have been able to add various
features of interest. For example, Lysons, in 1822 (* Magna
Britannia,' VI, p. cccliv), speaks of the ceremony as being
performed in some places on Christmas Eve and in others on
Twelfth-day Eve, and gives the interesting information that
* the potation consists of cyder, in which is put roasted apples
or toast : when all have drank, the remainder of the contents
of the bowl are sprinkled over the apple tree.' Mrs. Bray,
in 1832 ('Borders of the Tamar and Tavy,' 1879 edition,
I, p. 290), was apparently the first to mention * placing bits
of toast on the branches.' A writer in * Notes and Queries '
for 1851 (1st Series, IV, p. 309) speaks of a preliminary
feasting, at which hot wheat-flour cakes were dipped in the
cider and eaten ; later in the evening a cake was deposited
on a fork of the tree and cider was thrown over it, the men
firing off muskets, fowling-pieces, pistols, etc. ; the women,
girls, and boys shouting and screaming to the trees, with all
the excitement of young Indians, the following rhyme : —
Bear blue [bloom], apples and pears enoug' ;
Bam fulls, bag fulls, sack fulls.
Hurrah I hurrah ! hurrah !
"Miss Pinchard, in 1876 ('Trans. Devon Assoc.,' VIII, p. 49),
says that a little boy was hoisted up into the tree, and seated
on a branch. He was to represent a tom-tit and sit there
120 TWENTY-SECOND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
crying, *Tit, tit: more to eat*; on which some of the bread
and cheese and cider was handed up to him. This interesting
addition connects the custom more closely with that practised
in Japan, as indicated by your correspondent. The boy is
obviously the personification of the spirit of the apple tree,
and the libations and offerings are intended to propitiate the
spirit in order to obtain a good crop in the coming year.
The firing of guns may possibly be intended to frighten
away the evil spirits of blight and disease ; but, as this seems
to be a recent addition to the custom, its object is more likely
to emphasize the shouting. It is not clear that the barring
of the doors, described in the * Gentleman's Magazine' for
1791, has any special significance. A. Pearse Chope."
" The firing at apple trees on Old Christmas Day, 5 Janu-
ary, was very usual in the neighbourhood of Ashburton
during the fifties, when I remember the salvos of fire-arms
from the various orchards on that night. How far the actual
wassailing was observed I do not know, but all the old men
spoke of it as having been usual in their younger days.
The last occasion in which I took part was on 5 January,
1887, when a party of young men proceeded to our orchard
and vigorously saluted the trees with volleys from shotted
guns, accompanied by cider drinking, shouting the old
charm : —
Here's to tbee, old apple tree, eto.
as given by Mr. Pearse Chope, and the libation of cider at
the roots of the best-bearing trees.
" It has been suggested that the shock and smoke of the
gun-firing tend to detach insects, the evil spirits of orchards,
from their hiding-places in the moss and bark, which either
fall to the ground or become a more easy prey to small birds.
The use of shot also is supposed to tear the bark in places
and quicken the fruiting similar to the effect of beating a
walnut tree. P. F. S. Amery."
In a more recent volume there appears the notice of which
Mr. Jordan writes, and which is the latest record of the
subject : —
" In the 'Devon Notes and Queries,* Vol. Ill, p. 156, there
is an interesting account of the old custom of apple-tree
charms, and it seems that it is done in different ways at
different places. I never saw it done in Devonshire, but in
my early days I lived in Somersetshire, in the parish of
Wiveliscombe, about four miles over the border from Devon-
ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORE. 121
shire, and the custom was regularly kept up there and I
believe it is still, and I have often seen it, and the ceremonj
was as follows : On the evening of Twelfth Day a number
of people formed a circle round one of the apple trees;
some had gims, some old tea-kettles or any tin tray or other
thing that would make a loud noise when struck with a
poker or fire-shoveL Then the leader of the party sang a
song, of which I can only remember one verse, which was : —
There was an old man,
And he had an old cow,
And how to keep her he didn't know how ;
So he built up a barn
To keep this cow warm.
And a little more cider would do us no harm.
Harm, my boys, harm I
Harm, my boys, harm !
' A little more cider would do us no harm !
" The guns were fired and tea-kettles and trays banged, and
then all stooped down and raising themselves up three times
shouted, *Now, now, now; hats full, caps full, three bushel bags
full, and a little heap under the stairs ; please God send a good
crop,' and then 'Now, now, now' again, and more gun-firing
and kettle-banging, after which the cider was passed round
and another verse was sung with the same ceremony. There
were several verses which I cannot recollect, and I have been
unable to obtain them. Before I went into Somersetshire I
lived within a mile of Totnes, but I never heard of such a
custom in that neighbourhood. I believe that it was kept
up in the neighbourhood of Crediton, but I never heard
what the particular formula was, nor do I know if it is still
kept up. H. C. Adams."
TWENTIETH REPOKT OF
THE COMMITTEE ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL
PROVINCIALISMS.
Twentieth Report of the Committee — consisting of Mr, J. S.
Amery, Dr. Brushfidd^ Mr, F, T, Elworthy (Secretary),
Miss Helen SaunderSy and Mrs. F. JRose- Troup — for the
puiyose of noting and recording the existing tise of any
Verbal Provincialisms in Devonshire^ in either written or
spoken language, not included in the lists pvhlished in the
Transactions of the Association,
Edited by F. T. Elworthy, f.s.a.
(Read at Princetown, 19 July, 1905.)
In the forefront of this Report must be recorded the loss
sustained by the Committee since its last issue through the
removal of two of its oldest members ; and although obituaries
of Mr. Firth and Mr. Karkeek appear in their proper places,
yet it is fitting that a special notice of deep r^ret should
appear in the Report of this Committee, in whose work they
took so lively an interest.
It is now three years since sufficient verbal provincialisms
came into the hands of the editor to enable your Committee
to make a report; but the considerable number that have
been furnished recently is evidence that the subject maintains
its interest, that it is by no means exhausted, and as the
Committee venture to hope, that new vitality and fresh
activity may coincide with the accession of new members to
the Association.
In 1902 attention was directed to a source of valuable
material not previously exploited. A number of obsolete
and obsolescent words from the domestic documents of past
centuries were produced and recorded from " The Diary of
an Exeter Citizen," printed in the volume of the previous
year, by the industry of Dr. Brushfield. All were of much
interest, but many of the technical trade names of various
fabrics and materials well known in Devonshire in the
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 123
seventeenth century were, and still remain, unexplained.
It is, however, very desirable that these should all be
recorded in our "Transactions," so that they may not be
wholly lost, and further in the hope that their being so kept
in evidence may some day lead to their complete explanation.
From time to time, as opportunity may arise, this valuable
kind of local and provincial words will be carefully examined
and preserved. In addition to many new and interesting
contributions from individual members, much material has
now been gleaned from the Parish Register of Kilmington,
edited by Mr. Robert Cornish and privately printed by
Messrs. William Pollard & Co., Exeter, 1900. So far only
forty-seven pages out of ninety-nine have been dealt with,
but it is doubtful if so many unrecorded quaint and obsolete
words will be found in the remainder, inasmuch as very
many of those now extracted will have been frequently
repeated.
The examination of similar parish and churchwardens'
accounts by all who have them at command is very earnestly
recommended. Not only will a great number of technical
and obsolete words be preserved, but a closer study of these
records will throw a strong light upon the domestic history,
the manners, customs, and religion of the period to which
they severally relate. The information to be gathered from
such local sources is not only of the utmost value, but in
some particulars is the only kind remaining, for the con-
temporary literature very seldom deals with matters quite
common in parochial accounts.
The Morebath churchwardens' accounts recently published
in the " Devon Notes and Queries " are particularly recom-
mended for study by the members.
CONTRIBUTIONS.
The full address of each contributor is given below,
corresponding to his or her initials at the end of each
provincialism, and it must be fully understood that re-
sponsibility only extends to statements preceding the initials;
all subsequent remarks are simply editorial.
CONTRIBUTORS.
T. N. B. = Dr. Brushfield, Budleigh Salterton.
A. C. = Sir Alfred W. Croft, Bere Alston.
R. C. = Robert Cornish, Axminster.
R. L. = Sir Roper Lethbridge, The Manor House,
Exbourne, Devon.
124 TWENTIETH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
G. D. M. = Rev. G. D. Melhuish, Rectory, Ash water, Devon,
W. E. M. = W. E. Mugford, 70 Oxford Road, Exeter.
A. P. =The late Rev. Alfred Puddicombe, Buckland
Monachorum.
H. S. « Miss H. Saunders, 92 East Street, South Molton.
H. B. S. W. = H. B. S. Woodhouse, 4 St. Lawrence Road,
Plymouth.
" Bawdrye. Kilmington Parish Register, 1556.
p. 7:—
* Itm payd for a bell bawdrye . . . xvj'*
Itm payd for a bell rope . . . xvj* '
p. 12 :—
* Payd for a bell baudryc . . . xvj^ '
" R. C."
This is the well-known baldric, the technical name for the
leather gear, etc., by which the clapper was hung inside the
bell. Later, p. 17, we read "for strappes for the bell
wheles," so that haxodrye might here mean more than merely
the clapper gear. The cost would imply this. The word
occurs very frequently in this register.
Baldric seems to come from old French.
Cotgrave has : " Baudrier = to dress, to curry,
Baudrier=a hide, skin," ete.,
and hence its meaning of a leathern strap or girdle. It also de-
veloped into several technical uses, of which the above is one.
Palsgrave (1530) has: "Baldrike, for a ladyes necke =
carcan" i.e. the jewelled oraament worn by ladies and
noblemen.
*• Then )?ay schewed hym )je schelde, )>at was of schyr goule),
Wi}> )>e pentangel de-paynt of pure golde hwej ;
He brayde3 hit by J>e baude-ryk, aboute ]fe hals Kestes."
" Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight," 1320, 1. 620.
Here it signifies the strap by which the knight carried
his shield.
Ducange has Baldrellus and Baldringus. See also "N.K D.,"
S.V. Baldric.
Francis, " Etymologicum Anglicanum," 1743, has: "Baw-
drick, Lexicographis Anglis exponitur Monile Faeminarum, a
Jewell that women weare, tanquam sit a batvdinc, stuprum," etc.
" ' Bed ' is, I think, a usual term in Exeter for the fore-
quarter of mutton or lamb minus the shoulder, but in the
last two or three years I have heard the name * target' given
to this joint. * Breast ' and ' brisket ' hardly seem suitable
names, as each of them refers to only one portion of the
ON DBYONSHIRB VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 125
joint, and leaves out of sight the ' neck ' or ' ribs ' portion. —
27 February, 1903. W. E. M."
There appear to be different trade or technical names for
this joint, according to the several animeds dealt with. The
batchers call it breast of mutton or veal, brisket of beef, but
in Somerset, scuffin or scuwin of lamb.
'' BsKTN =s beacon. Kilmington Parish Register, 1562-3,
p. 17 :—
' payd to the tethingman of Shute for makyng
of the bekyn . . . . ij" '
" R C."
This reminds us of the Armada time, when every high
point near the sea had its beacon. The word is still so
pronounced. We have " Bikkin Lane " and " Bikkin Farm "
leading to the beacon, where now* stands the Wellington
monument Culmstock " Bikkin " and Sampford *' Bikkin "
are well-known points on the Blackdown Hills, in or close
to Devon.
"Belong to = should, ought to. 'That pipe belongs to be
stra^ht' was said of a bent pipe by a gardener of Bere
Alston, age 35; and again, 'He belongs to come back
to-morrow,' meaning 'is due to come back.' — 1904. A. C."
This curious use of helcmg seems to be peculiar to, or close
to Cornwall See " Eng. Dial. Diet."
"Billkrs. This name is always given by a labourer,
native of Bere Alston, age over 60, to the cow-parsnip
{HeracUum sphovdylium). In "Trans. Dev. Assoc," Vol.
XXI, p. 87, the name is said to be applied to * any reed or
rush-like plant,' but my informant made it clear that in this
neighbourhood the name is confined to the larger umbellifers.
-.1904. A.C."
See Seventh Eeport, 1884, s.v. Bullers.
"BuDDAVEN. 'Dear hliddaven* a term of endearment =
probably ' blood of him. —1904. R. L."
Blood is always pronounced blid. In the west the phrase
is generally blid o* un. The word blood to represent a person
is used everywhere, from Land's End to John o' Groats.
" Bob. When noticing a lobster without claws, 20 March,
1902, a fisherman of this place (Budleigh Salterton) said to
me, ' We calls 'em bobs.'— 1905. T. N. B."
This is presumably the large spiny langouste or clawless
lobster.
126 TWENTIETH REPORT OF THE COICMITTES
" BORDCLOTHE = tablecloth. Kilmington Parish Register,
1560, p. 15:—
* payd for a bordclothe . . . ij* viij** '
" R. C."
The cost of this immediately following an entry of
" xviij* for bread and Wyne " shows that a new " fair linen
cloth " for the " holy table " of a very superior quality was
provided. We read on the previous page relating to the
year 1559 —
" Payd for takyng downe of the aulter . . j^ "
a line full of history, and followed by the next is a pregnant
comment on the times —
" Paid agayne for brede and wyne . . vij** "
just seven times the cost of removing the altar. The
" agayne " too may be taken as the churchwardens' protest
concerning the very frequent cost of the laine — another
glimpse into the manners and customs of the period which
followed, and perhaps led to the beating out of the chalice
into a "decent cuppe" of the Elizabethan pattern to hold
from a pint to a quart.
At this period the above was evidently the usual name.
Frequent legacies of hoorde-clothe appear in wills.
" Promp. Parv.," 1440 : Bordeclothe = inappa, gatcsape,
" Catholicum Anglicanum," 1 483 : Burdecloth = discus,
gausipe, viappa, mantile, manitergium^ Tnensaley mapptda.
Palsgrave, 1530 : Bordeclothe = 7i«/?pe (whence napery),
" Also eschewe withouten stryfe
To foule the bordeclothe with thi knyfe ;
With mete ne here thy knyfe to mowthe,
Whether thou be sett be strong or couthe,
Ne with tho borde clothe thi tethe thou wype,
Ne thy nyen that rennen rede, as may betyde."
" Boke of Curtasye," 1430, 1. 109.
To-day among old-fashioned peasantry boardcloth is still the
usual word in North Devon and Somerset
"Braun. Labourer, aged 65, at Beaworthy, Braun in
wheat is black, dark wheat; same as smut. It does not
come to much. — 1905. G. D. M."
" Butts. Kilmington Parish Register, 1563, p. 18 : —
* payd to the makyng of the butts . . viij** '
" ii. C."
At this period great attention was still given to archery,
notwithstanding the use of fire-arms such as matchlock, arque-
bus, culverin, etc. The above entry, of course, means targets.
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 127
but nearly every parish had its butts or archery ground.
Many field names keep the evidence of this alive, as Shire-
butts, No. 951 on the Tithe Map of Wellington; Eobin Hood
Butts, on Brown Down, near Honiton.
" Chains. He [see Lattkn] was talking of a man who was
a great runper with hounds in the days of John Arscotfc of
Tetcott (the hero of the Tetcott hunting song). *Yes,
Dockett could run. He was very s.trong over the chains,
and he used often to be in at the death of the fox : and
when he ran well the gentlemen used to make a scute for
him, and praps he'd get several shillings sometimes.'
" Chains is the common word for loins down here. Is
chine of pork the same ?
"Scute is, I am told, taken from scutura, as soldiers used
to receive money on their shields when going to war. — 1905.
" G. D. M."
Chine is pronounced chain in Devon, and is the old English
word for the backbone or line of the spinal marrow, from
old French eschine, modern French 4chin£,
" Promp. Parv." : Chyne of bestys = spinu,
Cotgrave: Eschine = the chine, backbone, ridge of the
back, etc.
" Clavell. Kilmington Parish Eegister, 1563, p. 18 : —
* payd to John hayman and Roger loveryng
for hewyng of the Clavell . . xxij**
paid to Rychard chate for the Clavell . v' iiij*
paid to Koart newton for Caryeng the
Clavell . ... iiij'*
" E. C."
A beam of wood, to support the chimney-breast. The
opening of an old-fashioned chimney corner is spanned by
a davd, oft^n called the clavel-piece.
The above entries prove the size and the cost of the oak
beam, doubtless for the Church House. The entire page
relates to building, expenses. It is of much interest to find
the word used in Tudor times. Cf. "The Holmen Clavel
Inn," on Brown Down.
See "W. S. W. B."; "Eng. Dial. Diet."
" CoALSHiNERS = calciners. A mason, aged about 50,
speaking of the Gawton arsenic mine being closed down,
said that all the men had been discharged from the works
'except five or six coalshiners.' This, though hardly a
provincialism, is a good instance (like the name Pennycome-
128 TWENTISTH RKPORT OF THK OOlIMimK
quick) of the transformation of a foreign or ill-nnderstood
word into elements more easily comprehended. — 1904. A. C.**
" CoKTNSTOLB. Eilmington Pariah Begister, 1564^ p. 22: —
* Item paid to Roger Louerying for makyng
of a Cokynstole y* he dyd w^ oUier
thyngs for the parryshe • . . xvi* *
" R C."
The ducking or cucking stool was less common in Devon
than elsewhere, though there was one at Colyton in 1590
(Davidson, " Newenham Abbey," p. 66), and its use has been
misunderstood. It was not originally in the Middle Ages
used for the punishment of scolds, but for that of the ^e*
wives, who were the brewers, and after the " Assize of Ale,"
if pronounced bad, the alewife was " coked." Women were
also " ducked " for using false weights or measures. It was
in later days that it was applied to scolds, and from the first
was the peculiar method of punishment appertaining to
manorial and court leets. Much interesting information on
this subject may be found in Chambers's "Book of Days,"
but more valuable still in the " Promp. Parv.," p. 107.
The very next entry in the above r^^ter is : —
" Itm layde out for our ales . . ij* iiij^ "
nearly twice as much as it cost to make the cokynstole and
other things. The latter, however, were for sale on account
of the parish.
See " Hudibras," Pt. II, can. ii. 1. 740.
" Crackety (for a wren. I have generally heard it called
cvddyy or tiddly'tope). R L."
Crackety is the usual name in North Devon about Bishop's
Nympton. In West Somerset it is always cuddley.
See " W. S. W. B."
'' Creases = ridge tiles. Entry in an account book of the
churchwardens of South Molton, 1697 : —
* 4 creases . . . .010*
"A builder informed me that it was an old-fashioned word
not used in the present day. — 25 April, 1904. H. S."
Ttiis builder is not up to date. Crease is still the name
understood by all artisans, and applies to every kind of roof-
ridge. " Shall us use they there stone-crease what come off
th' old 'ouse ? " was said to me by a mason.
The word is never now used in the plural as above, and
must have been quite exceptional in the churchwardens'
accounts of South Molton.
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 129
Kilmington Parish Eegister, 1568-9.
p. 26 :—
•* Itm payde for a dussine of cres . . ij» "
p. 30 :—
•* payd for a dosen of creasse . . . ij" "
Dr. Murray, " N*. E. D.," says this is the same as crest.
See also " W. S. W. B."; " Eng. Dial Diet.'*; HaUiwell, etc.
It is, however, suggested that the word may be of much
older origin, and allied to crease as in a fold of paper.
" DoUGH-FiGS = figs, pronounced daw, A North Devon
girl said the cause of her illness was 'eating dawfigs/
—1902. H. S."
Turkey figs are always so called to distinguish them from
figs, the invariable name for pudding raisins. Figgy-pudden
is ordinary plum-pudding made with raisins, etc.
" Drooping willow = laburnum : in common use about
Bere Alston.— 1904. A. C."
Laburnum is known by at least fifteen other popular names.
See Britten, " Diet, of Eng. Plant Names," s.v. Cytisus.
"Dricks. a short time ago a man who had just felled
a large tree on the glebe here, being asked by me whether
any good timber would be obtainable from it, replied, * Oh,
no, sir ; it be all dricks,* and proceeded to show me that all
the inner part of the butt was affected by a dry rot of
a mottled appearance. On my asking a neighbouring farmer
if he could tell me what dricks meant, he immediately
replied 'rotten wood.'— 29 August, 1902. A. P.'*
" Eleming-board = elm wood. AsHiNG-BOARD = ash tree.
m
From tradesmen's bills found in the muniment room, South
Molton. 1743 :—
' 50 foot of Eleming Board . . .060'
' 12 foot of Ashing Board for the Bellos .016'
' 34 foot of Ellming Board used about the
little bell weal . . .043'
" H. S."
The ing is but the tradesman's spelling of the regular
adjective inflexion en, as in wooden, ashen faggot, leathern
girdle, ie. leatheren. See " W. S. W. B.," s.v. En, p 232.
" Fewe. Kilmington Parish Eegister, 1556, p. 8 : —
*Payd to John touchyng for wrytten of y®
bocke of y® fewe of the corne . . vij^ '
« R C."
VOL. xxxvn. I
130 TWENTIETH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEB
This is f(M, the first element of feudal, and is still the
common word in Scotland for fee^ meaning tenure at a
rental. " To let on feu " may be seen everywhere.
The above entry relates to the rent or produce due for
com grown on the parish land. See "N. K D.," s.v. Fee, Feu.
We read later in the roister of sums received for
"settynge of the grounde" on which the fefwe had to be
collected.
''Several exceptional Sites, at a reasonable Feu-duty,
available." — Advertisement in "Times" Engineering Supple-
ment, 21 June, 1905.
" Frethyn = wreathing = fencing with wattle. Kilmington
Parish Register, 1567, p. 28 :—
'payd John newton at fordhays for frethyn
aboute the prystes gardyn . . . vj<**
"K.C."
See " W. S. W. B.," s.v. Vreathing.
This is a real old English word used in the exact sense of
the early fourteenth century.
** He ys frij?ed with floreynes, and o))er fees menye
Loke l>ow plocke }>er no plaunte, for peryl of )>y sowle,"
" Piers Plowman," C. text, Pt. VIII, 1. 228.
A frithed f elde = excipmm (" Cath. Aug.").
Anglo-Saxon /n^A = peace, protection; hence frith-geard, a
fenced or peace enclosure, an asylum, a sanctuary. See
*' K E. D.," S.V. Frith 4.
" Glamming. [See Braun for speaker.]
" * That is fastening something to hang from a horse's or
bullock's neck to keep him from running away. I mind
once when I lived to X a young chap fastened a plug of
wood for a glam by a rope round a horse's neck, and the
horse set off, and as he went he stepped on the plug and
went head over heels.* — 1905. G. D. M."
" Gripling = a sucker coming up from the root of a tree.
Used by a gardener of Bere Alston, aged 35. Also used of a
fruit tree springing up from the seed of fallen fruit, by a
market gardener, aged 70, a native of the same place. — 1905.
" A. C."
A wild seedling apple tree is called a grihUe throughout
the West.
See Thirteenth Report, 1893.
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIAUSMS. 131
" Helving. [For flpeaker see Braun.]
" * Helving is what bullocks do. It is not when a cow is
roaring for his [sic] calf, but when they see blood and get
excited and mad, then they helvy and roar.' — 1905. G. D. M."
This is really belve (see" W. S. W. B." and "Eng. Dial. Diet"),
and the above pronunciation must be considered as more or
less personal by the speaker. The change of b into p, /, and
V is, however, quite common in all languages, and occasionally
into an aspirate. Gf. Spanish hijo » filius = fils = figlio.
'* HuLDER. [For speaker see Braun.]
" * Hulder is the roar in the air after a great noise.*
*' * Do you mean after thunder ? '
'* * Yes, after thunder ; or you mind when that great ex-
plosion was down to Hayle, we heard the hulder of it then
all. the way up here.'— 1905. G. D. M."
A deafening noise, a din. See " Eng. Dial. Diet."
" KiLLAl (pronounced kill-eye) = kiln ; in common use
about Here Alston. A C."
The kill-eye is the opening at the bottom of the kiln
where the lime is " a-drawd out." Possibly the word for a
part is used to denote the whole, as is often the case.
"Latten. The following words were spoken by an old
man of nearly 80, since dead. Speaking of an old beggar
who used to tramp about when he was a boy, he said, * He
used to carry a little latten cup.' I tried to get at what a
latten cup might be, and rather gathered that it was a little
tin mug.— 1905. G. D. M."
Originally this word meant a bright yellow metal, brass,
and in this sense it is used in the following : —
"By his fete >at als latoun was semand"
(Hampole, "Pricke of Conscience," 1340, 1. 4371).
" Jjan mi3te men many homes here! of latoun y-mad & bras "
(" Sir Ferumbras," 1340, 1. 2647). (A Westcountry poem.)
" He hadde a cros of latoun f ul of stones,
And in a glas he hadde pigges bones."
Chaucer, 1345, Prologue, 1. 699.
Later it was used for metal simply, and then tin plate, i.e.
sheet iron plated with tin, as at present called tin everywhere.
The word is old French — laton, leton.
Palsgrave, 1514: Latyn me tall = laton.
Cotgrave, 1611 : Leton ; m. latten (metal).
Fer-blanc, ichite Inttin,
See-W.&W. B."; "N. RD."
I 2
132 TWENTIETH REPORT OF THE COMMirrEE
"Leery. [See Braun for speaker.] Empty belly, or
sometimes empty cart. — 1905. G. D. M."
See Leery, Eleventh Eeport.
"Little Fitter = the smallest pig in a litter; any poor
little, small thing. In Kent I think they call the little
Peter pig the St. Antony, the smallest and weakest, iu
contrast with the tithe pig, the fattest and biggest. R L."
The "Tantony pig" is known everywhere. See "Eng.
Dial. Diet.," s.v. Tantony.
" Lug, Lygge. Kilmington Parish Register, 1566, 1577.
p. 26 :—
*Itm payde to John tochyne for nayles for
the Water luges . . . . vj** '
p. 43 :—
'Item for mendyng of the fumys and the
f urnys lygge . . ' . . xiij<* '
" E. C."
This is a pail with a handle, now known as a lade-pail.
The term lug in this sense is now North Country, and it
is interesting to find it in the West three hundred years ago.
To-day it is unknown in Somerset or Devon.
" NissLEDRAFT. I have heard another word for the 'Little
Pitter ' (q.v.). I suppose nestledraf t, which I am told is pure
Devonshire for the smallest, weakest member of a family or
litter.— 20 December, 1904. E. L."
This is always nestletripe in Somerset. See "W. S. W. B.";
" Eng. Dial. Diet./' s.v. Nestle.
" NiSTLETHRiSH. The smallest pig of a litter. This phrase
was used by a gardener who, on the use of the word being
questioned, appealed to a labourer, aged 60, standing by:
* Harry, what do 'ee call the littlest pig of a litter?' *Aw,
you mane the nistlethrish,' was the reply. — 1904. A. C."
Another variant.
"The Old. Kilmington Parish Eegister, 1559, p. 14: —
* Eecevyd of the olde Grendfelds bequeste vj® viij** *
« E. C."
This shows the present idiom to be of long standing. It is
almost invariable to hear ihe before old, young, big, or little
when speaking of a person by name, never simply " Old Mr.
So-and-so.'*
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 133
Exmoor Scolding," without exception,
"Whan tha young Launder Vursdon" (1. 192).
"Tha Old Hugh Hosegood" (11. 133, 134).
eealso"W. S. W. B./'p. 746.
PiNNiCK = a puny weakling. The phrase, * a proper little
lick,' quoted from Teignmouth in Vol. XT, p. 139, and
. XXIII, p. 1.34, was also used by a labourer's wife, age
lit 35, in the extreme west of the county on the banks of
Tamar.— 1904 A. C."
ee Third Eeport, 1879 ; Twelfth, 1891.
Pitch = sit down. * Won't you pitch ? * a very common
ression in Bere Alston. — 1904. A. C."
ee "Eng. Dial. Diet.," s.v. Pitch 9.
Pitcher is a branch of an apple tree of the thickness
i man's wrist, more or less. It is stuck into the ground
ly deep, much as you put in a geranium cutting, and
jenerally grows. The branch chosen must be what is
ed in this district * seedy,' i.e. having a number of small
»b8 on it which sprout out and bud if in the air, and throw
rootlets if underground. A woman (about 40), speaking
I farmer who was leaving his farm : * Yes, and instead of
ting in young apple trees to fill up the orchard, he put in
It of pitchers.'— 1905. G. D. M."
stakes of willow, poplar, elder, and other wood which take
b readily are always known as pitches or pitchers.
)ee « W. S. W. B."
Plowe = team of horses. Kilmington Parish Eegister,
13, p. 19 :—
'paid to Shaves mayd to warne Willin barlye
to com w** his plowe . . . i** '
" R. C."
rhe editor of the above register writes "(wagon)*' after
we; this it never meant; no wheeled vehicles are once
Qtioned. There certainly were no wagons at Kilmington
Queen Elizabeth's time ; everything was carried on pack-
"ses. On the same page as the above is an entry: "paid
a horse to carye sand." A team of more than one horse
itill a plough,
^ee Fifth Eeport. 1882.
•PORTYS. Kilmington Parish Eegister, 1557, p. 10: —
*Payd to Thomas Craudon for fetchynge of
a portys . ... viij**'
" E. C."
I
134 TWENTIETH REPOBT OF THE COMMITTEE
This is a breviary, sometimes written pai^tasse^ porteux,
"Promp. Parv.," 1440: Poortos, booke. Portiforium,
h^eviaHxtm.
" Proverb. ' Green CandlemaSj barren Ridmas * (or Red-
mas). A proverb known to all the old people about. Is
Redmas Whitsunday — red being the colour for the season —
or has it to do with 'rede' = counsel — 'the spirit of counsel' ?
*To rede up/ in the old churchwardens' books, means to clean
up. I find liedmas or Rudmas in the churchwardens' book, but
without any hint to show what time is meant. — 1905. G.D.M,"
Rede means counsel, advice. If Redmas is Whitsuntide^
then certainly it never ought to be written other than
Whitsuntide.
" Retaliate. Mr. Hugh Squiers, of South Molton, in his
will dated 24 February, 1709, said : —
" ' And in regard that the 2 daughters of the Honourable
Collonell Phillip Howard were good perticular friends of
my late wifes, and did (as I believe) bestowe some particular
love token on my late wife, (for fear least my late wife may
have omitted to Retaliate the said kindness) I doe hereby
order my Executors to present to them and pay them £20,
I say twenty pounds between them or the survivors of them
at or within six months after my death.' — H. S."
This is a rare use of the word, but nevertheless is strictly
accurate and good English.
"RooiNG or Rueing. A man at Tavistock had a sieve
containing oats which he was moving in a circular direction,
and when asked what he was doing, said he was ' rooing,' to
separate the lighter oats thus brought to the surface. Cole's
'Dictionary,' 1717, gives 'Rue, Rev as = to sift'; and Grose's
*Prov. Glossary' gives 'Rue, to sift — West' ; while the sup-
plement to the same has * Rie = to turn corn in a sieve, bringing
the capes or broken ears into an eddy — North.' Does the
western word rue signify the action of sifting in general as
commonly understood, or does it bear the particular meaning
Grose gives to the northern word rie? — 1904. H. B. S. W."
The man was most likely reiving (see " W. S. W. B."), our
Westcountry word for Grose's rie. To rue and to reive are
such similar operations that very possibly the Tavistock man
used the wrong word. In these latter days, if the man were
under middle age, one would be sure this was so.
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 135
Scute. See Chains.
Common word for " tip," present of money.
See "Skute," Thirteenth Eeport, 1893; ''Eng. Dial. Diet."
rhis is allied to the word scot "in paying scot and lot,"
old voter's franchise.
* Sere or Cere. [See Braun for speaker.]
"Have you ever heard barley-aires (?ailes) called sere
re) ? ' * Yes, they call them cere sometimes.' — 1905.
G. D. M."
•Shendel, Shendell, Shyndell. Kilmington Parish
jister, 1568, p. 30 :—
* pay** for v horsses to fetche shyndells at
Seaton . . . . . ij" vj^
pay** for ij thousand of shendells . . x" '
** E. C."
There are many payments for these roofing materials,
i all are spelt as above. A great deal of money was
tnt on "shyndels," from the numerous entries within a
r years. Usually these are flat slabs of cleft wood, but
*e small flat stones or slates must be meant, which were
tened with wood " shendelpenes '•' or "pinnys."
* Promp. Parv.," 1440 : Schyngyl or chyngyl, hyllynge of
^ys, Scindula,
3o Devon preserved the Latin form, changed to g elsewhere.
* Shippbn. [For speaker see Braun.] 'You mean they up-
bt posts you tie up cows to in a shippen.' — 1905. G. D. M."
This is sometimes said, originally to have meant sheep-iycn,
b only by those who are deceived by similarity of sound,
requent cause of mistakes. See Ninth Report, 1886, p. 80.
rhe word is true old English. Anglo-Saxon, sicypen, a
11, a shed. German, schuppen,
' The smyler with the knyf under his cloke,
The schipne brennyng with the blake smoke.'
Chaucer, "Knightes Tale," 1. 1141.
3ee " W. S. W. B." ; " Eng. Dial. Diet."
* Shut = to weld. Kilmington Parish Eegister, 1567,
27:—
* payd Eobard delyn for nayles and shutten
a spyle . ... iiij** '
" E. C."
136 TWENTIETH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
This is still the regular word for to weld iron; used every-
where.
" Shuttyng a erde," i.e. welding a rod.
See " W. S. W. B.," p. 668; "Eng. Dial. Diet./' 8.v. Shut 4;
" Churchwardens* Accounts," Som. Eec. Soc, p. 68.
" Thicky rod's to short, mus* shut on vower or vive inches
to un."
" Slat- AXE. A kind of mattock with two ends, one for
digging, the other for cutting through roots, the two edges
being at right angles ; the only term in use for this tool in
the neighbourhood of Bere Alston. A local builder, asked
what the ironmongery's name for the tool was, said he knew
of none, and had not met with the tool in the trade-lists, but
that another local name for it was * visgy.* — 1904. A. C."
In North Devon this is generally called a two-bill; the
heavier tool of the same shape is the hisgy, from old French.
Cotgrave : Bcsague, f., a double-tongued mattock.
" Slocket = entice away, a variant of 'slock,* VoL XVII,
p. 108. The phrase * slocketing away our girl ' was used by
a lady living near Bere Alston, very familiar with local
speech.— 1904. A. C."
See Eighth Eeport, 1885.
" Sparres. Kilmington Parish Eegister, 1558, p. 12 : —
* Payde to John tredwyne for sparres . . iiij^
Itm the sayde John hath gevyn one burden
of sparres, & water bovyt a nother
Payde to the thatcher for iij dayes worke
and halfe aboute the prests house meate
drynke & w^es commeth to . . xxij*
Payd for a hundred of Eeade . . iiij" '
" R C."
Cleft sticks, generally of hazel, used for thatching, still so-
called.
In the Seventh Eeport, 1884, these at Torrington are called
spears (" rhymes with ' fear * "), but in South and East Devon
they are always spars to-day as they were in Tudor times.
See *• W. S. W. B." ; " Eng. Dial. Diet."
" Spyle = spill, i.e. spindle. Kilmington Parish Segister,
1567, p. 27:—
'payd Kobard delyn for nayles and shutten
a spyle . . . . . . iiij**
payd John tochyn for shutten a spyle and
makyn of kese * " R. C."
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 137
This meant welding a broken iron rod or spindle, evidently
that on which the bell worked.
See "W. S. W. B.," 8.v. Spill; "Eng. Dial. Diet."; Thirteenth
Keport, 1893.
•' Stsen or Stean = an earthenware vessel In a catalogue
of a sale that was held at South Molton on 21 March, 1903,
several were entered as steens. I have heard them called
stains. H. S."
" Steeping. [For speaker see Braun.] 'Steeping is tying
a horse's forefoot to his neck to keep him from going fast.'
''(1) Steeping in this district is usually applied to the hedge
plants that are layered down when a hedge is being renewed
and made up. Most of the wood is cut off for fuel, but a
few uprights are left at intervals of 3 to 6 feet to be thus
layer^ down as steepers.
"(2) Yesterday I saw a goat with a bit of wood tied in front
of it to prevent its breaking. I asked a young man what he
called it, and he said it was a ' galeas.' I asked him to spell
the word, and he tried two or three different ways; *ga-le-as'
gives the result as far as sound goes. — 1905. G. D. M."
"Stiche of rede. Kilmington Parish Register, 1572,
p. 35 : —
'paid againe for iij stiche of rede . . xxij**'
" K. C."
The entry immediately above is for "two hundred of
reede xj" viij^," Le. at 120 sheaves (per 100), rather over Jd.
per sheaf — consequently 3 stiche for Is. lOd. must mean
many more than 3 bundles, as glossed by the editor. The
price much higher than 1558. It is probable that this
meant (the same number of slieaves as a ditch of corn) 30.
If this is so the stitch in the Tudor period was the same as
to-day, viz. 10.
See"W. S. W. B."
" Stiddle. [See Braun for speaker.] * You mean they up-
right posts you tie up cows to in a shippen. They calls 'em
"stiddles" now, but they used to be called "zole trees"
generally years back.' — 1905. G. D. M."
Our common word staddk is pronounced stiddle in Cumber-
land, etc See " Eng. Dial. Diet."
This is Cornish. See Jago, " Cornish Glossary."
138 TWENTIETH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
" Tablyn = boarding, i.e. . feeding. Kiluiington Parish
Register, 1567, p. 28:—
* payd to Eobard delyn for tablyn of thre
of mighell shaves [Michael Shave's]
chyldren iij wekes . . . v'
payd to Eobard delyn for tablyn of iij of
mighell shaves chyldren fortnyght . iij' iiij*' '
" E. C."
As regards food, table and hoard mean the same, though
the former was perhaps the more usual in the sixteenth
century. In the "Promp. Parv.," 1440, we read "Table,
tahella, mensa** and also "Boorde, tabula, mensa,*' "Table,
mete boord that ys borne a-wey whan mete ys doon."
See also Halliwell.
Target. See Bed.
" Thurle. [See Braun for speaker.] * They call a bullock
thurle when its coat is staring, and it looks lean and hungry.'
—1905. G. D. M.''
See Thurrall, Eighth Eeport; Thurdle, Tenth Eeport,
1887.
The word means gaunt, thin.
" Thy buzzom Chucks were pretty vittee avore tha meul'st
thyzel therle and thy Vlesh oil wangery, and thy skin oil
vlagged with nort bet Agging and Veaking, and Tiltishness "
(" Exmoor Scolding," 1. 72).
" Tiffles = ra veilings, bits of thread. A charwoman of
middle age, native of George Nympton, was brushing a
carpet when she said, *Xow I must pick up the tiftles.*
Later in the day she said ' ti-fles.'— 20 April, 1904. H. S."
Usually called tiffling. See " W. S. W. B." ; " Eng. Dial.
Diet.," S.V. Tifle 3.
" ToADROCKY. [For speaker see Braun.]
"* There is some.toadrocky every year over by Mr. Jones's
pond.'
" * It is the same as frogs' spawn, isn't it ? '
" * Oh, you call it that ! Well, I never heard that sound
for it before.'— 1905. G. D. M."
Frogs and toads are so much alike as to be constantly
confounded. This has been so ever since the days of Pliny.
Biifo meant both frog and toad ; so also did raiia by some
classical writers. Frogs* spawn is very commonly called
ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIAUSMS. 139
toads' spawn. " Promp. Parv." has " Frogge, or frugge, tode,
hufor
" Tye Pit. [See Braun for speaker.]
"A tye pit is any sort of a well, whether it has a pump or
no.— 1905. G. D. M."
Pit is the usual name for a well ; tie is an old name for
rope, and it has sometimes been used for a chain, hence tye
pit must originally have meant only a well with rope and
bucket, though it appears to have been afterwards used to
denote any kind of well.
" VisGY. See Slat-axe. — A. C."
This is peculiar to Cornwall and the border. See Jago,
"Cornish Glossary." The above is merely bisgy in a new
guise. The change of j? or 6 into f or v (and vice versa) is
quite natural A farmer used to come to my house who
always (being drawn out) said, "Tis a vewtipul bew here sure
'nough" (beautiful view).
See " W. S. W. B.," s.v. Bisgy.
" Want = a mole. An old inhabitant of South Molton, in
speaking of a friend, said, 'Her husband used to wantey (kill
wants) to all the farms round.'— 21 October, 1902. H. S."
"Caret, talpis et caeteris venemosis" (Higden, " Polychroni-
con De Hibemia," Vol. I, p. 339).
")jere lakke]? also roo and wontes and o>ere venemous
bestes" (translation of the above by John of Trevisa, a
Devon man, 1387).
" Wantying. a woman, a charwoman of George Nympton,
informed my niece that her 'husband had gone out wantying.'
—October, 1902. H. S."
Mole-catching.
"Winding or Twisting = warped. A carpenter of middle
age was repairing a door which could not easily be closed.
On being asked the cause, he replied, * The wood is winding,
perhaps you would call it twisting.' I asked him to explain.
He said, * It is not true,' meaning it was out of a direct line,
being warped.— March, 1904. H. S."
This technical use of " wind " is applied only to a plane
surface, as of a flat board, door, etc. "No wonder thick door
*ont shut vitty, he winds up dree-quarters of an inch."
140 ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
" Yeth = hearth. A North Devon servant girl on return-
ing from her evening out, said she had heard her mother
say, * There isn't a bit of vire in the yeth.' She meant the
grate.— 1902. H. S."
«ii Heifer, heat, heath, hearth, all change h into y almost
without exception. Moreover heath and hearth are identical
in sound as above.
Kilmington Parish Eegister, 1565, p. 23 : —
" payd to a boy to bear in shendells to make
a heath . . . . . j*^ "
See " W. S. W. B.," s.v. Yetli 2.
"ZEME = 8eam. Kilmington Parish Eegister, 1564, p. 22: —
* Itm paid to Meister poole for iiij zemes of
shendell . ... viij*^'
" R. C."
Although this is spelt seame in other items, the above
entry clearly proves the pronunciation to have been the
same in the Tudor period as at present. " Promp. Parv." :
" Seem of corne, qiiarteriwn.** A quarter was evidently not
8 bushels, as at present, but, as the Latin implies, only 4.
This perfectly accords with its value to-day, viz. a horse-load,
whence mmpter, a packhorse. The weight, too, exactly cor-
responds to a " pack " of wool = 240 lbs.
See " W. S. W. B." ; " Eng. Dial. Diet.," s.v. Seam.
" ZoLE-TREES. See Stiddle."
'-^
NpfTB.— The tcAle of this plan ii approzimately Ti^m »nd not j^n
TENTH REPORT OF THE DARTMOOR
EXPLORATION COMMITTEE.
Tenth Report of the Committee — consisting of Rev, L K,
Anderson, Mr. R, Burnard, Rev, S, Baring-Gould^ Mr.
J. D. Pode, Mr. J, Brookxiig-Rowe^ Mr, Basil H, Thomson,
and Mr. R, Hansford Worth — for the pmyose of ex-
ploring Dartmoor,
Edited by the Rev. g. Barikg-Gould, Secretary.
(Read at Princetowii, 19 Jaly, 1905.)
REPORT OF THE EXPLORATION OF HUT CIRCLES, ETC., NEAR
WEDLAKE FARM, PETERTA\^'.
A TIRY small but interesting collection of hut circles,
fifteen in number, connected with the summit of Whittor by
a reeve running southward from the latter to Petertavy
Brook. These hut circles were conspicuously absent from
all the Ordnance maps, but are now to be incorporated at the
next issue. They lie KN.E. by E. of Wedlake Farm, 2U0
yards distant, and about 150 yards from Petertavy Brook on
its right-hand bank. At about 300 yards from this brook,
and parallel to it, lies an unfinished reeve (joining the reeve
to Whittor), about 500 yards of which is distinctly visible,
terminating at a mass of rock (see plan u^W). For the
greater part of its length it is but a row of stones ; nearer
the great reeve it is banked with earth. A small, but pro-
bably ancient, stream (originating at a spring) passes through
the settlement.
Hut circles C and B are surrounded by an enclosure of
stones, 300 feet long from N.W. to S.E. The remaining hut
circles are more or less enclosed by rows of stones, and
a distinct bank remains on the east side of another small
stream running into Petertavy Brook, nearer Wedlake. This
bank (if ancient) seems to have had an intended connexion
with the last-named enclosure. The whole of the settlement
is in a marshy condition, though fairly drained by these two
small streams (see large plan, -zrins)'
142 TENTH REPORT OF THE
HUT CIRCLE A.
A very fine hut circle, 32 feet in diameter externally and
21 feet internally. The entrance was probably to the north
of west.
Charcoal, in large coarse pieces, was found somewhat
abundantly ; also a piece of spar with fine facet point, and
some flint flakes.
HUT CIRCLE B.
External diameter, 24 feet; internal diameter, 15 feet.
There seemed a possible entrance on west side.
A raised circular platform, about 2 feet high, we pulled to
pieces and examined, but with no result. Some charcoal
was found at X X.
HUT CIRCLE C.
External diameter, 15 feet; internal diameter, 8 feet
Probable entrance at the south.
Found a red-stained spar crystal and a piece of iron(?)
ore.
HUT CIHCLE D.
A fine, noble-looking circle, with large stones. Probable
entrance on south side towards the stream. A wall to the
stream joins there a wall from hut circle K ; they probably
formed a dam to the stream for some purpose.
A black, burnt-looking, clay-like material 3 feet below sur-
face formed a thick floor all over this circle, regarding which
Professor Worthington wrote : —
My colleague. Dr. A. Ogg, has kindly analysed this deposit^
and reports that "it proves to be very rich oxide of iron.
I think it would be worth while to search near the huts, prefer-
ably in hollows, to see if the same deposit is general at about the
same depth. What its archaeological significance may be, if it
should be found only in the huts, I do not know. There is no tin
in it, or the merest trace."
HUT CIRCLE E.
A good circle. External diameter, 25 feet; internal
diameter, 17 feet. Doorway on south side paved with stones.
Found some pieces of pottery, some of which were lipped.
The floor was covered with the before-mentioned bumt-
clay-looking stuff. A small horseshoe of iron was found on
the " calm," 30 inches below the surface.
A striking feature of most of the hut circles in this settle-
ment was, that though the first sight of the tops of the
encircling stones on the surface, before excavation, was not
DARTMOOR EXPLORATION COMMITTEE. 143
particularly emphatic, on digging, the stones were all con-
tiguous underground, and at their bases formed a continuous
mall of well-laid stones. The unusual depth of the huts,
coupled with the last remark, may be due to the watery
character of the situation. In nearly every case the digging
was about 3 feet below the original surface, before we felt
that the excavation was satisfactory.
HUT CIRCLE F.
External diameter, 28 feet ; internal diameter, 18 feet.
There was no sign of an entrance. A heap of stones in
the centre probably represented a paved floor. Here we
found some pieces of pottery, some charcoal, and some of
tlie bumt-clay-looking stufiF.
HUT CIRCLE G.
External diameter, 32 feet; internal diameter, 18 feeU
Floor paved in parts. There was no sign of an entrance.
The floor was covered with about 9 inches of the burnt-clay-
looking stuff.
Some charcoal and burnt stones and a flint were found in
this circle.
HUT CIRCLE H.
This was not circular by any means. It had a raised-stone
portioiL There was no entrance observable. The greatest
length, external, was from KE. to S. W., 22 feet ; internal, in
the same direction, 14 feet.
From N. to S., external, 21 feet ; internally, 10 feet.
Here we found some flintp, one of which was worked, and
about 2^ inches long; some small pieces of pottery, two
cooking (or sling) stones, and some charcoal.
HUT CIRCLE J.
A small circle, connected on its north side with circle K
by a stone and earth wall running more or less parallel with
the stream.
External diameter, 18 feet ; internal diameter, 10 feet.
A small portion of a circle on the south side. In each of
these we found the ground covered with the burnt-clay-
looking stuff.
HUT CIRCLE K.
External diameter, 24 feet; internal diameter, 14 feet.
Connected to D by a wall across the stream N.E., and on the
south side, to the W. of probable entrance, by a wall to J.
Here we found only a piece of flint.
144 TENTH REPORT OF THE
HUT CIRCLE L.
A good hut circle, with a heap of stones in the middle.
External diameter, 24 feet; internal diameter, 15 feet.
Probable entrance at the south.
Here we found a large piece of unworked flint; also a
lump which the workmen thought was copper ore.
HUT CIRCLE M.
A well-made hut circle. External diameter, 28 feet;
internal diameter, 16 feet The entrance was at the north,
and two evident stone steps there led to the floor.
We found a little charcoal. The floor was a thick, hard
mass of the black and bumt-clay-looking stufiF.
HUT CIRCLE N.
Outside diameter, 30 feet. The inside was oval rather
than circular; greater diameter, 20 feet; smaller diameter,
16 feet.
This hut circle was well paved all over, but under the
paving was some of the black burnt-clay-looking stuflF.
Here we found nothing but a stone, the shape of which
seemed to point to its use as a hammer or pounder.
HUT CIRCLES P AND Q.
A fine small circle 12 feet in diameter. The entrance
seemed well indicated on the north side. We found specks
of charcoal and traces of fire. One stone seemed much
burnt. A few stones on the east side we thought repre-
sented the remains of a wall, but the thick furze concealed
its identity. We burned this furze down to the ground, and
disclosed a perfect and large hut circle (Q), the external
diameter of which was 45 feet, and its internal diameter
30 feet. The entrance was to the south-east.
Two well-paved portions jutted from each side of the
entrance into the circle. In the centre of the hut we found
some pieces of pottery and some charcoal. We also found
three flints, three cooking stones, and one small (sling) stone.
About 700 yards N.E. of this settlement, and 50 yards
from the cart-track which crosses Petertavy Brook, was a
heap of stones about 20 feet in diameter (marked Z on large
plan), which had the appearance of a cairn previously rifled.
It stood about 4 feet high in the centre.
We removed every loose stone down to the "calm," and
DAKTMOOR EXPLORATION COMMITTEE. 145
found in the very centre a stone 30 inches square, which
raised our hopes of a find, especially as about 5 feet from it
we had found about a pint of wood charcoal.
The stone was about 1 foot in thickness, but we were dis-
appointed on raising it.
Due south of this cairn was a small heap of stones (marked
Y on large plan) surrounding a natural small piece of rock.
We removed every stone, and then dug down 30 inches. We
found only a flint.
Following the cart-track westward 400 feet was another
irregular and larger heap of stones (marked X on large plan),
close to the track. We proceeded as before, and found a
flint and a small quantity of charcoal Both X and T were
probably the remains of some primitive habitation, but could
not be described as hut circles.
On commencing operations at the " Wedlake " settlement,
the diggers called the hut circles ** rings," but soon changed
the term " rings " to " pits," as they had to dig so deep to get
to the " calm." So, in spite of its limited area, it took four
practised diggers eight days to completa It was thoroughly
explored. This settlement was evidently connected with the
settlement and camp at Whittor, and also with the more
extensive collection of hut circles on the other side of the
Petertavy Brook, which figures on Sheet XCVIII, 14 Ord-
nance 7^inr Survey, and which apparently has never been
thoroughly explored. It would probably repay our Com-
mittee, and would complete this portion of Dartmoor explor-
ation, if this lai^e settlement were exhaustively taken in
hand.
Hexworthy Circle.
Trial pits and trenches were sunk in this circle last
summer, and charcoal was found strewn on the floor of
" calm," thus confirming the results obtained in other stone
circles on Dartmoor.
Irvine K. Anderson.
Egbert Burnard.
S. Baring Gould.
J. D. Pgde.
J. Brooking Eowe.
Basil H. Thomson.
E. Hansford Worth.
vol. xxxvil k
FIRST REPORT OF THE CHURCH PLATE
COMMITTEE.
First Report of the Committee — consisting of Mr, Maxwdl
AdamSy Mr, J, S. Amery^ Dr, Briishfield, Rev. Chancellor
Edm/ytvdSy Mr. T, Cann Htighes (Secretary), Sir Roper
LethbridgCy Rev, 0, J. Reichel^ Mr, Harhottle Reed
(Secretary), Mr, J. Brooking Rowe^ Mr, George E,
Windeatty and the Rev, J, F, Chanter,
(Read at Princetown, 19 July, 1905.)
INTRODUCTORY.
A Committee was appointed in 1900 to prepare a detailed
account of the Church plate in the Rural Deanery of Totnes,
and at the Teignmouth meeting in 1904 the scope of the
Committee was extended to the whole diocese, dealing with
the rural deaneries in turn. The deaneries of Totnes and
Tavistock are partially completed, and in North Devon one
member of the Committee, Rev. J. F. Chanter, has been good
enough to make the returns for that of Sherwell in the Arch-
deaconry of Barnstaple, which being completed, now forms
the first part of your Committee's report.
DEVONSHIRE GOLDSMITHS.
Any investigation of the Church plate of Devonshire must
of necessity involve some account and list of the goldsmiths
and plate-workers of the county, for a large proportion of it
is of local production and workmanship, and often bears no
date-letter by which its date can be accurately fixed ; and
we are consequently thrown back on the maker's mark as
the only clue by which, apart from its style, a fairly exact
period for it can be given.
In very early days all goldsmiths were required to bring
their wares to London to be marked ; but in 1397 there was
an enactment establishing an assay of touch in various cities
CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEB. 147
and boroughs, under the superintendence of their mayors,
with the aid of the Masters of the Mint where there was
one, and in 1423 some provincial assay towns were set up,
though there was no Devonshire one among the number.
Exeter, however, had a Guild of Goldsmiths established in it
from very ancient times and used its own marks, though the
origin of its right to stamp plate is unknown, and the name
of the Mint, which still survives, probably marks the position
of the guild in the city from its first establishment, and was
the quarter occupied by the plate- workers in the last century.
The London Goldsmiths' Company still, however, exercised
some control over the provincial ones, and this right was
confirmed by their charter of 1462, which gave them powers
of inspection and r^ulation not merely in London, but in
all parts of the kingdom, and periodical progresses were
made by their wardens throughout the country for this pur-
pose. In its accounts for 1517 is the following entry : —
Agreed that the wardens shall ride at Seynt lamys Feyre to
8ach places and towns in the West part of England that they shall
think most necessary.
The earliest Exeter marks that are known, are of the
sixteenth century, and from the latter half of that century
till the middle of the nineteenth there are many examples
of both domestic and Church plate which bear the Exeter
mark. In its earliest form it was a large Boman capital
letter X, but it has many variations : generally it is crowned,
though not always; sometimes two X's interlaced; sometimes
surrounded with a plain, at other times with a dotted circle ;
sometimes with pellets, niuUets, or quatrefoils in the side
angles of the X; in later examples these are generally
wanting. There are probably also many other local town
marks, but the only other instances that are on record at
present are Plymouth and Barnstaple; all these are before
the year 1700. With the year 1701 we come to more certain
ground. By an Act of Parliament (12 & 13 Will. Ill, c. IV)
Exeter was legally established as an assay town, and the
Act was put into force almost immediately. The Exeter
goldsmiths held a meeting, according to the Act, on 7 August,
1701, and elected William Ekins and Daniel Slade as their
first wardens. Edward Richards was appointed Assay Master,
and all goldsmiths of Devon and the adjoining counties were
notified and ordered to enter their marks, the distinguishing
mark of Exeter being a castle of three towers on a shield
party per pale, being the arms of the city of Exeter. From
K 2
148 FIBST REPORT OF THE
this period a fairly continuous list of Devonshire goldsmiths
can be compiled, though the first page of the Company's
record book, which contained twenty-three names, is now
missing. Many of these, however, have been recovered from
other sources.
The following list of Devonshire goldsmiths does not in
any way claim to be perfect, exhaustive, or in all cases
correct, but merely an attempt and basis for a later and
more perfect one. In it I have included all goldsmiths who
entered or registered a mark with the Exeter Goldsmiths'
Company up to the time of its closing, whether resident in
the county or not, and also all names I have come across
in parochial registers, public records, deeds, wills, etc., of
persons designated as goldsmiths residing in the county of
Devon ; but it is, I am sure, capable of large additions,
particularly before the year 1700. Some of the names given
were probably not working goldsmiths, but only retailers of
plate.^but I /ave thought ft Lt to include thei. and I have
given, as far as I am able, the place of their residence ; also the
earliest and latest dates that I have met with for each gold-
smith. In some cases the latter is that of the death. In the
names for the eighteenth century the earliest date is generally
that in which the goldsmith entered his name and registered
a mark. These are mainly based on the list of English
goldsmiths, by . Mr. R C. Hope, published several years j^o
in the " Reliquary," with additions and alterations. I have
given a later date than usual to T. Matthew, or Mathev, the
Exeter goldsmith. Cripps, in his standard work on "Old
English Plate" (6th edition), gives 1566 to 1585. The date
1608 is from a dated chalice at St. Peter's, Barnstaple. I have
omitted D. Co ton, circ, 1575, given by Cripps; this mark
is said to occur on a chalice at Stoke Eivers. Having several
times personally examined this piece, I am perfectly certain
the mark is I , not D ; the second mark is CoToN, the o's
being small capitals, the other letters large capitals.
I should have liked to have added to this list the dis-
tinguishing mark of each goldsmith, but this would have
involved over a hundred illustrations. The earliest makers'
marks were some device ; later the first two letters of the
surname were added, later c^ain the two first letters of the
surname only. After 1720 we find the initials of the Christian
and surnames. These became obligatory by the Act of Parlia-
ment of 1739, and have been in use up to the present time.
The Exeter hall carried on an extensive business, though
a great deal of the plate assayed there came from outside
CHUBCH PLATE COMMITTEE.
149
the county, Bristol especially ; and in 1848 it stamped more
plate than any other provincial office in England, with the
exception of Sheffield. But in 1885 the Bristol workers,
finding it more convenient to send their produce elsewhere,
and the local workers having to a great extent died out, its
operations dwindled to almost nothing. It was closed from
want of work, and probably will never be reopened.
Thus a chapter in what may be called one of the oldest
industries of the county has ended, as has also the production
of the raw material, silver mining being an industry of
North Devon as early as 1290 and carried on till 1875 at
Combemartin; but in the roll of the workers of the metal
will be found the names of many who have been the fore-
most citizens of their towns.
Name. Town or Residence.
Earliest
Date.
liatest
Date.
Adams, Edward .
Exeter .
—
1830
Adams, John
• •
1782
—
Adams, William .
• •
1711
—
Anthony, Edward
Exeter .
1655
Arno, Peter
Barnstaple
1716
1728
Ashe, Mary
T^unceston
1703
—
Audry, John
Exeter .
1701
Babbage, Benjamin
Totnes .
—
Babbage, John
Exeter .
1725
1741
Balle, J. . .
1781
1795
Beer, Thomas
Plymouth
1770
1773
Bently
Exeter .
16th cent.
Bennet, Sampson
—
1721
1743
Birdlake, Richard
Plymouth
1710
Bishop, Francis .
—
1720
1773
Blackford, Samuel
1706
1728
Blake, Thomas .
1724
1759
Boutell, John
1726
1743
Briant, William .
Exeter .
1701
—
Brimley, A. .
1716
Brimley, John
—
. 1715
1717
Broadhurst, Edward
Plymouth
1773
Browne, Benjamin
—
. 1708
1716
Browne, John
Plymouth
1773
Browne, Nicholas
Exeter .
. 1701
1703
Browne, William
. 1753
1753
Burden, John
. 1719
1729
Byne, Thomas
. 1855
Came, George
. Plymouth
—
1830
Catkill, Robert .
. Exeter .
. 1705
Gaunter, William George
. 1875
150
nRST BEFORT OF THE
Name.
Town or Residence.
Earliest
Date.
Latest
Date.
Clarke, Thomas .
• «
1725
Coffin, Thomas .
. Exeter .
1757
1773
Coffin, William .
. Exeter .
1773
1786
Coleman, Daniel .
• ^^^ * 4
1738
1758
Coles, Joseph
I « • a
1713
1730
Collier, Joseph .
1 • • 1
1713
1720
Colyne, Thomas .
. Exeter .
U74
Coton, J.
. Exeter .
. 1575
Cotten, John
. Barnstaple
1601
Cotyn, or Cotton, Willian
1 . Exeter .
1512
1560
Courtail, Lewis .
1 • "~~" • 1
. 1756
1757
Davy, John
. Barnstaple
. 1544
1581
Dock, Andrew Wortheda;
jr . — . .
1721
Drake, William .
. Exeter .
1701
1707
Easton, C, or Eston
. Exeter .
. 1576
1581
Easton, G., or Eston
. Exeter .
. 1582
1590
Edes, John
. Exeter .
. 1596
Ekins, William .
. Exeter .
. 1701
1712
Elliot, Peter
. Dartmouth
. 1703
1730
Elston, John
. Exeter .
. 1701
1728
Elston, John, jun.
. Exeter .
. 1725
1729
Elston, Philip .
. Exeter .
. 1707
1748
Eustace, John
9 9 •
—
1776
Eveleigh, William
. Dartmouth
1773
Eveleigh, —
. Totnes .
1652
Evens, Nicholas .
. Totnes .
1830
1853
Ezekiel, Abraham
. Exeter .
1757
Ferris, George
. Exeter .
. 1810
1838
Ferris, George, jun.
. Exeter .
. 1830
1859
Ferris, Richard .
. Exeter .
. 1797
1810
Freeman, Eichard (i.)
. Exeter (?)
. 1705
1709
Freeman, Richard (ii.)
. Exeter {()
. 1767
1769
Foote, Thomas .
. Exeter .
. 1701
1708
Fowler, John
. Exeter .
— .
1830
F J
. Exeter .
. 1660(c4rc
'.)-
Geen, J. T.
. Barnstaple
. 1842
1853
Gidley, J.
. Plymouth
—
1856
Gillard, Samuel .
. Barnstaple
—
1830
Clyde, Samuel .
• • .
. 1740
1753
Hall, William .
. Plymouth
1830
Harvey, William .
. Plymouth
1773
Hawkins, David .
. Plymouth
. 1769
1773
Hayshaw, Thomas
. Bridgwater
. 1705
—
CHtntCH PLATE COMHirrEE.
He&d, Joseph
Horwood
HatchiDs, Adam .
Jacobs, Alexander
Jenkins, James .
Jenkins, Richard
Jenkins, William
Jones, John
Jonee, Darid
Jouett, Peter
Eaynes, Thomas
Keen, H.
I, , J
Lake, Henry
Lake, John Elett
Mallet, John
, John
Marshall, James
Maryew, Jane
Malhew, T.
Matthews, Robert
Maynard, W. '
Master)
Melun Micon
Mortimer, John
Moy, J.
Moaton, Henry
Nathan, Benjamin Symone
Osborne
Osnient, John
Q or Besid«DC«.
Earliest
D.te.
Latest
DaU.
—
1855
Exeter .
1784
1834
Barnstaple
1370
Truro .
1704
Plymouth
1708
1773
Exeter .
16th cent.
1590
— ■
1714
1722
Dartmouth
_
1830
Plymouth
1778
Exeter .
1765
1806
Exeter .
1806
1830
Exeter .
1570
1590
1762
1781
—
1706
Exeter (t)
1767
1769
Plymouth
-
1856
_
1641
_
Exeter .
1868
1886
Exeter .
1875
1739
1743
Exeter .
1701
1728
Exeter .
1830
1716
1722
BamsUpie
1632
Devonport
1830
—
Barnstaple
1811
1856
Dartmouth
1705
1720
1725
_
1722
_
Exeter .
1565
1608
Barnstaple
1632
Exeter .
_
1886
—
1720
1727
Exeter .
1701
1715
Exeter .
1638
— .
1721
—
Plymouth
-
1773
Exeter .
1638
1663
Exeter .
1835
1855
152
FIBST REFOBT OF THE
Name. Town or Residenoe.
Earliest
Date.
Latest
Date.
Palmer, Robert (ARaay Master)
Exeter .
. 1708
1726
Parkin, Isaac
Exeter .
. 1835
1856
Peard, George or John .
Barnstaple
. 1597
1632
Peard, John
Barnstaple
. 1655
1680
Pearse, Joseph
•
. 1748
Pelet, Moses
^^^ •
. 1730
—
Peke, John
^"^* •
. 1710
—
Plint, Richard
Truro
. 1705
1729
Pope, W. ...
Plymouth
—
1856
Punchard, Richard
Totnes .
. 1655
Quycke, Peter
Barnstaple
1573
Radclifife, Jasper .
Exeter .
. 1627
1675
Raynes, Thomas .
—
, —
1770
Reed, John
— ,
. 171B
1720
Reynolds, Thomas
Exeter .
1705
1709
Richards, Edward (Assay Master)
Exeter .
1701
1727
Rickards, S. . . .
Exeter .
1856
Ross, James Croad
1869
Rowe, — ...
Plymouth
1699
Rowe, Benjamin .
Falmouth
—
1830
Salter, Thomas .
• «
1883
Sampson, Thomas
Exeter .
1706
1725
Sams, Richard
^^^* • f
1757
1773
Sandford, Frederick
Plymouth
1830
Seldon, John
Barnstaple
1652
1668
Servante, Henry, jun.
Barnstaple
. 1698
1704
Skinner, Matthew (Assay Master)
Exeter .
. 1757
1773
Slade, Daniel
Exeter .
1701
1708
Smith, John
Barnstaple
1706
1708
Sobey, William Rawlings
—
1835
1851
Spicer, Edward .
Exeter .
1701
1706
Stevens, James .
1721
—
Stone, John
Exeter .
1841
—
Stone, Thomas Hart
Exeter .
1861
Strong, Edward .
1715
—
Strong, James
Exeter .
1705
1726
Strong, Thomas .
Plymouth
1766
1773
Suger, John
, ;
1712
Sweet, Edward .
Dunster .
1704
1710
Symons, Pentecost
Plymouth
1706
1720
Symons, Roger Berriman .
Plymouth
. 1765
1773
Thome, Thomas .
Plymouth
1773
Tingcombe, John
Plymouth
—
1773
Tolcher, — . . .
Plymouth
1711
Torkington, John
• •
1727
—
^
55 "I
tf 8 &
ri
1 1
B FuTi OuHnrrn.— TD;tiMp. it%
3£ §i
E3 S3
II
I
IT or Cbubch Plite Coiatimt.—Tojt
BllMHI or Cbukh Pliti CoMMHTlt— r»/)ll£« J>ta(i //.
PL.T! CoMiiitT.i-ro/oltoui flaH "
^
PLATE IV.
STOKE RIVBRS.
Pewter Flagon x J.
See page 166.
Rbfoet or Church Platb ConMimB. —To >lioe p. 158L
CHUBCH PLATE COMMITTEE
15;5
Name. Town or Residence.
Earliest
Date.
liatest
Date.
Trehane, Sampson
. Exeter .
—
1830
Tripe, Anthony .
• •
1712
1725
Trowbridge, Francis
^^^ •
1730
1756
Trowbridge, George
. Exeter .
1710
1741
Turner, G.
. Exeter .
1812
1834
Tjthe, Jacob
. I^unceston
1703
Vavasour, Richard
. Totnes .
1704
Webber, John
•
1724
—^
Welch, Thomas .
. Exeter .
1830
—
Welch, William .
Plymouth
1766
1773
Wentingworth, John
Exeter .
1327
Wilcocks, Richard
Plymouth
1704
Williams, James
•
1857
1869
Williams, James
•
1717
——
Williams, Josiah
^^^* •
1869
Williams, Zachariah
•
1705
1720
Wilmott, Samuel
•
1723
Worth, Andrew .
•
1714
1721
Yeds, B. ...
Exeter .
16th cent. 17th cent
J. Frederick Chanter.
THE CHURCH PLATE OF
THE RURAL DEANERY OF SHERWELL,
ABCHDSAOONRT OF BARNSTAPLE.
The rural deanery of Sherwell, of which a detailed account
is here given, while perhaps not the most interesting, happens
to be the first completed, and will be found to be very
representative of that in any part of the county, and indeed
throughout England, showing an extremely small portion of
pre-Reformation plate, while the rest is mainly of four periods
which everywhere are especially rich in the provision of
Church plate.
(L) 2^ JElizabethan Period, and particularly the years
1570-80. — The final restoration of the chalice to the laity at
this period involved the necessity of a larger chalice than
the medieval ones, in which the bowl had gradually de-
creased in size. This led to the wholesale destruction of the
mediaeval chalices, their silver being needed for the new
ones. With these there is or was always a cover, which was
generally used as a paten. If, later, a larger paten was
required, it seems to be often a secular plate altered for the
purpose by a stand being fitted to it; this later addition
is sometimes of very rough local work.
154 FIKST REPORT OF THE
(ii.) The Restoration Period, — The destruction and spolia-
tion of the civil wars, when so much was melted down for
minting, left large gaps in the Church plate. This the sup-
porters of the Church in many cases filled by dedicating
secular cups and plate — thank-offerings in some cases when
the Kinc; came to his own again.
(iii.) Queen Anne Period^ which marks the period of a
Church revival and also the incorporation into companies of
the provincial goldsmiths and plate-workers, and declined
with the loss of many of the most earnest clergy by the non-
juror movement and the accession to power of the latitudin-
arian party in early Georgian days.
(iv.) The Victorian Age^ when nearly every cathedral and
church in England was restored and refitted, marking, alas !
the loss of many Elizabethan cups which are mentioned in
the Terriers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, new
and poor imitations of mediaeval work being in many cases
substituted for fine examples of Exeter work of the sixteenth
century.
Into these four groups almost all the Sherwell deanery
plate may be divided, and, as may be expected in the west, a
large proportion of it bears Exeter marks, and is the work of
Devonshire goldsmiths, though several of these Exeter marks
are not recorded in Cripps* standard work on plate.
The description given is the result of a personal examina-
tion of every piece in the deanery, as I find returns made
are very unreliable.
In the description of the chalices the following expressions
are used : —
(L) Elizabethan Pattern. — A . cone-shaped chalice with a
band of floral ornament running round it ; stem with small
rounded boss or knop in centre, and around foot ornamented
with indented pattern or dotted ornamentation. These all
have covers, and date from 1570 to 1600.
(ii.) Wine-glass Patteim. — Bowl more the shape of a wine
glass, with an inclination to a lip at the top ; knop or boss on
stem is sometimes wanting on these examples. Date from
1590 to 1640.
(iii.) Bahister Stem Pattern, — Conical bowl; stem like a
baluster, and plain round foot. Date from 1600 to 1710.
(iv.) Georgian Pattern. — Various patterns of the Georgian
and early Victorian period.
(v.) Modem Imitation Mediaeval, — Copied or adapted from
mediteval or foreign patterns. These are all of the last fifty
years of the nineteenth century.
CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 155
This classification is to a certain extent based on that
of Archdeacon Lea, in his work on " Worcestershire Church
Plate" (edition 1884), and the dates, etc., on Cripps' "Old
English Plate " (6th edition).
DETAILED LIST OF PLATE.
ARLINGTON.
Chalice, — Wine-glass pattern, bowl straight sides with
slight lip, stem plain, circular, with plain boss or knop;
height 6 J in.; bowl 3^ in. diameter, 3 J in. deep. Marks:
one only, that of maker — W. M., with mullet under in shield.
Similar mark is noted by Cripps on a piece with London
mark of 1658. Inscription: "Deo et ecclesiae de Arlington
Grascoigne Canham A.M. Eector D.D. 10th Januarii Anno
Doffi 1661."
Cover. — ^Very plain and flat ; same mark as on chalice ; on
foot, in a scroll, shield, with arms, a cannon on a carriage.
Crest, arm with a cannon ball. Punning heraldry on its
donor Canham. Same arms and crest are on a seal attached
to the will of Gascoigne Canham, proved 5 August, 1667.
Paten. — ^Plain plate on a stand which is a later addition.
Diameter, 7 in. ; on the rim a coat of arms has been erased.
Three marks : (i.) maker's, E. S., with heart below in shield
(as on Bodmin flagon, 1619); (ii) leopard's head crowned, (iiL)
date-letter, 1628 (London).
Inscription IHS in pricked letters.
Alms Dish. — A very fine piece. A standing mazer or tazza,
parcel-gilt bowl is punched all over with bosses in rings ;
the centre one of these has the arms of Chichester impaled
with Palmer (Giles Chichester of Arlington married
Catherine Palmer 1699). Round the inside edge of bowl,
which is gilt, is the inscription in relief, " Bendictus Deus in
donis suis et Sanctis in omnibus." The lettering is very
similar to that on the Narford mazer, which is of the same
date. Sound the foot is a mixed ornamentation of grotesque
figures, human heads looking at each other with animal fore-
quarters, back to back with fleur-de-lis between. The base of
stem is repouss^ work with conventional foliage. Height,
5 in.; bowl, 9 in. diameter; foot, 6^ in. diameter (see
illustration).
Marks: (i.) maker's, a cup in shield; (ii.) leopard's
head crowned; (iii.) date-letter, 1532 (London). Similar
marks are found on a tazza at Rochester Cathedral.
Flagons. — (L) plated, (ii.) pewter.
156 FIRST REPORT OF THE
BERRYNABBOR.
Chalice, — A fair example of the Elizabethan style, with
usual floral band round centre of bowl. The boss on stem
is somewhat unusual shape, being spherical, with perfectly
flat top and bottom. Height, 7 in.; bowl, 4 J in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) a flower or plant in irregular shield ; (il) T in
shield; (iii.) MATHEV, letters interlinked in oblong — the
marks of T. Matthew, an Exeter goldsmith, 1570-1600.
There are several others by this maker in the deanery ; it is
of the date probably 1576 circ.
Chalice Cover of the same style.
Marks: (i.) lion rampant; (iL) fleur-de-lis. Both these
marks are found in Exeter work of this period, and is prob-
ably by same maker as chalice.
Paten, — A plain plate, 1\ in. diameter. Stand a later
addition of very rough workmanship.
Marks : (i.) lion rampant; (ii.) I V W, V and W interlinked
with crown on top and small fleur-de-lis below, all in shield.
This is a hitherto unrecorded mark ; most probably an
Exeter one, as the V and W interlinked form X*s, which
with crown is a regular Exeter mark ; the lion rampant is
also found with other Exeter marks. There are very similar
marks on Martinhoe paten, (iii.) Lion rampant repeated
as (i.).
It is probably a secular plate, given and adapted for a
paten.
BRENDON.
Chalice. — Plain wine-glass style, on slender baluster
stem. Height, 7i in. ; bowl, 3J in. diameter, 3i in. deep.
Marks: (i.) maker's, I G, with rosette under in a shield,
with cusp in centre of top ; (ii.) lion passant ; (iii.) leopard's
head crowned ; (iv.) date-letter 1614 (London). A tall, slender,
graceful cup for its dimensions.
Chalice Cover, — An older Elizabethan one: diameter, 4^ in.;
height, 1 J in. Usual shape, with dotted ornamentation and
quatrefoil on button. No marks.
Paten, plain on stand, 7^ in. diameter, 2 in. high.
Marks: (i.) maker's (Bl in black letter with crown over
(J. Elston) ; (ii.) Britannia ; (iii.) lion's head erased ;
(iv.) Exeter City Arms; (v.) date-letter, 1717 (Exeter).
CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 157
BRATTON FLEMING.
This parish has a very representative and good collection
— the best in the deanery — though no single piece to vie
with Arlington mazer.
Chalices. — 1. Wine-glass pattern, curved side with lip;
stem has boss in centre, and foot round, with cable-pattern
border. Height, 9 in.; bowl, 4 in. diameter; 5 in. deep; foot,
3f in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) maker's, M.6., linked with ornament below on
shield, and similar to that on Chelmorton paten, 1607;
(iL) lion passant; (iii.) leopard's head crowned; (iv.) date-
letter, 1591 (London).
2. Modern imitation mediaeval, with hexagonal foot
Height, 8^ in.; bowl, 4^ in. diameter. Stem with jewelled
boss.
Marks: (i.) maker's, J. B.; (ii.) leopard's head; (iii.) lion
passant ; (iv.) Queen's head ; (v.) date-letter, 1875 (London).
Patens, — 1. An early piece, to which a foot has been
added at a later date ; round top there is a leaf-pattern of
Elizabethan pattern, which appears to be a later addition.
Under these is an inscription, which is partly hidden by
added foot; all that is visible is a heart with marks of a
wound on it, and " E . . . itt x F." Diameter, 6^ in. Inscrip-
tion on top : "Deo x Dedicatum." Lettering of this is about
1670 style.
Marks : (i.) I. F. in shield, with engrailed top ; (ii.) in
dotted circle letter X with four pellets in angles (Exeter?);
(iii.) same as (ii). The foot has a separate mark, I P in
shield, probably L Peard, Barnstaple, died 1680.
2. Plain, with foot, 5 in. diameter ; foot 2\ in. diameter ; in
centre a monogram or pattern.
(i.) P CT, with crown over in shield. D is reversed ; (ii.) harp
crowned and W in black-letter cap. in same shield. This
would probably be Irish, and might possibly have some
connexion with the Dillons of Chimwell, an Irish family
who by marriage with a Fleming heiress inherited manor of
Bratton ; or the marks may be date-letter, 1675 (Dublin), and
mark of Paul Lowland, Warden of Dublin Guild that year.
3. Modern mediaeval pattern, 6 in. diameter.
Marks: (i.) maker's, J. B.; (ii.) leopard's head; (iii.) lion
passant; (iv.) Queen's head; (v.) date-letter, 1875. Inscrip-
158 FIRST REPORT OF THE
tion : " To the glory of God and in the name of our Lord
Jesus Christ. Presented to St. Peter's Church of Bratton
Fleming in grateful remembrance of the Eev. H. S. Pinder,
M.A., thirty-six years' faithful service in the above parish,
1876."
Flagon. — Tankard shape. 10 in. high, 4 in. diameter at
lid. Inscription: "Mense dedicata mysticae Brattoniae
Flein: Parochia p. John Wauchop, Rector ib." Arms,
wheatsheaf between two mullets.
Marks : (i.) date-letter, 1701 (Exeter) ; (ii.) castle ; (iii.)
lion's head crowned; (iv.) Britannia; (v.) maker's. El. in
black letter with crown over (J. Elston, sen.).
Candlesticks, — Four very handsome ones. Fluted Corinthian
columns, rising from high square pediments. Height, 15 in.
Have on sides of pediments: (i.) Arms of Caius Coll.,
Cambridge ; (ii.) argent on a bend dexter, between three
martlets three escallops, perhaps those of the Rev. Barthole-
mew Wortley, Rector, who was the donor. They are the
property of the rector for the time being, not of the Church,
though occasionally used on the altar.
There are no marks whatever, save that the weight is
marked on each piece, that of No. iii., 45 oz. 10 dwt, and
socket 2 oz. 15 dwt.
Alms Dish, — Pewter, 12| in. diameter. Inscription :
^*WC. TC Wardens 1684."
CHALLACOMBE.
All here is modern. The Elizabethan chalice with cover, by
Matthew, of Exeter, was got rid of in 1850 ; it is mentioned
in Terrier.
Clialice, — Modern mediaeval pattern, with six-lobed foot.
Height, 1\ in.; bowl, 4 J in. diameter, 2 J in. deep; foot, 5 in.
A good design in silver-gilt.
Marks : (i.) maker's, E. B. W. J. (Edward, John, and W.
Barnard) ; (ii) lion passant ; (iii.) leopard's head ; (iv.) Queen's
head ; (v.) date-letter, 1850 (London).
Paten, — Modem mediaeval silver-gilt, 5^ in. diameter.
Marks as on chalice.
Flagon, — Modern mediaeval. Height, 8J in.
Marks : (i.) maker's, J. B. in oblong ; (ii.), (iiL), and (iv.) as
above; (v.) date-letter, 1872.
Alms Dish. — Plain, 6 J in. diameter. Marks as on flagon.
Cruet, — Silver and glass. Date-letter, 1877.
CHUKCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 159
COMBEMARTIN.
Chalice — Bowl, straight side with lip, mounted on circular
stem with round boss, foot of three decrettsing circles.
Height, 9 in. ; bowl, 4J in. diameter, 5 J in. deep ; foot, 4J in.
diameter. A type somewhat irregular, though bowl is a
common Restoration shape; it is silver-gilt. Inscription:
" The guift of Thomas Ivatt of Combemartin July 1. Anno
Dom. 1634." (T. Ivatt's wife was Judith, daughter of Gabriel
Newman, goldsmith, of London, and widow of W. Hancock,
lord of manor of Combemartin. She was buried 29 March,
1634, aud it was probably given as a memorial of her.)
Arms shield mantled ; on a cross five fleurs-de-lis. Crest on
a helmet : a gauntleted hand holding a fleur-de-lis.
Marks: (i.) maker's, R. C. in heart-shaped shield;
<ii.) leopard's head crowned; (iii.) lion passant; (iv.) date-
letter, 1634 (London).
Paten, — Plain, on stand. Diameter, 5f in. ; height, 1\ in.
On the bottom of the foot are the same arms as on the chalice.
Marks same as on chalice.
Flagon, — A massive tankard-shaped one. Height, 12 in. ;
diameter at lid, 4J in. ; at foot, 7 in.
Inscription: " 1748. The gift to the church of Combemartyn
by Mrs. Elizabeth Horwood. Relict of the Rev. Mr. Richard
Horwood, late Rector of the said parish." Arms in mantled
shield. Az. a chevron erminois between three bitterns
(Horwood of Blakewell, Marwood). Above the arms is a
curious figure with nimbus holding two children.
Marks : (i.) date-letter, 1750 (London) ; (ii.) maker's,
I. B., in oblong (as on Llangedwyn flagon, 1753) ; (iii.)
leopard's head crowned ; (iv.) lion passant.
There are also a pewter flagon and two pewter dishes;
one has the mark of J. Webber, Barum.
COUNTISBURY AND LYNMOUTH.
Chalices, — 1. (At Countisbury.) Peculiar shape. Conical
bowl standing on a vase.
Marks : (i.) maker's, C. F. in oval ; (ii.) lion passant ; (iii.)
leopard's head; (iv.) date-letter, 1831 (London); (v.) King's
head.
2. Modem mediaeval pattern. 7^ in. high ; bowl, 3J in.
diameter.
160 FIBST REPORT OF THE
Marks : (i.) anchor (Birmingham) ; (ii.) makers', T. T. and
Co., in oblong; (iii.) date -letter, 1870; (iv.) lion; (v.)
Sovereign's head.
3. Modern mediaeval pattern. Hexagonal foot, 6^ in. high ;
bowl 3J. in.
Marks: (i.) date-letter, 1882 (London); (ii.) makers',
S. & P. F. W., in shield; (iii.) lion passant; (iv.) leopard's
head.
4. Similar in all respects to 3.
Pat&iis, — 1. (At Countisbury.) Plain ; 8 in. diameter.
Marks: (i.) maker's illegible; (ii.) Britannia; (iii) lion's
head erased ; (iv.) date-letter, 1708.
2. Modem mediaeval. 5J in. diameter.
Marks as on chalice 2.
Flagons. — 1. Tankard-shaped. Height, 11 in. Inscription:
"Presented to Countisbury Church by Rev. James John
Scott, A.D. 1836."
Marks : (i.) maker's, C. F., in oval (Charles Fix) ; (ii) lion
passant ; (iii.) leopard's head ; (iv.) date-letter, 1836 (London);
(v.) King's head,
2. Modem mediaeval. Height, 8J in. to lid, lOJ in. to top
of lid. Marks as on chalice 2.
Alms Dish. — Plain plate.
Marks: (i.) maker's illegible; (ii.) lion passant; (iii) leopard's
head ; (iv.) date-letter, 1822 (London) ; (v.) King's head. .
Spoon. — A good specimen, 7J in. long. Bowl oval, 3 in.
by 2 in. Stem ornamented ; top of stem is figure currying
child on arm, and on each side figure of two small children.
Probably Dutch manufacture.
Marks: (i.) date-letter, S; (ii.) lion rampant, head crowned;
(iii.) XXX with crown on top ; (iv.) female draped figure in
long oval.
Wine Strainer of Sheffield plate.
EAST DOWNS.
Here is nothing but a chalice and paten of Georgian
pattern in Sheffield plate. A silver chalice, 11 oz. 7 dwt., is
mentioned in the Terrier of 1726, but there is nothing to
account for its disappearance.
CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 161
GOODLEIGH.
Chalice, — Georgian style. Height, 8J in. ; bowl and foot,
3 J in. diameter. Plain, with no ornamentation except cable
border round bottom of stem. Inscription: "The gift of
Henry Bearis, Esq., to the parish of Goodleigh." Arms, with
mantling : azure three helmets. Crest, a pheon.
Marks : (i.) maker's, J. S. in oblong, with indent between
letters ; (ii.) lion passant ; (iii.) leopard's head crowned ;
(iv.) date-letter, 1774 (London).
Paten. — Plain, with cable border, on stand. Diameter,
4^ in.; height, IJ in.
Marks as on chalice. Crest engraved, a pheon (Bevis).
Flagon, — Tankard-shaped. Height, lOJ in.; diameter at
lid, 4 in.; at base, 6 J in.
Inscription, arms, and marks as on chalice.
Alvis Dish. — This is described in the Terrier of 1727 as a
plate for the bread. It is a small shallow bowl or saucer
with punched ornamentation and two leaves for handles ; is
very similar to the Bredgar paten. Diameter, 7J in.
Marks : (i.) maker's, P. D., with lion passant over and rose
in shield; (ii.) leopard's head crowned; (iii.) (i.) repeated;
(iv.) date-letter, 1664 (London); (v.) on the leaves lion
passant.
HIGH BRAY.
Chalice. — Wine-glass shape, quite plain. Height, 7i in. ;
bowl, 4J in. diameter, 4f in. deep. Stem with boss. Foot,
4i in. diameter. Inscription : " High Bray Parish Church,
1.767."
Marks : (i.) makers', T. W., C. W., in circle (Thomas Whip-
ham .and Charles Wright, ent. 1757); (ii.) lion passant;
(iii) leopard's head crowned; (iv.) date-letter, 1767 (London).
Chalice Cover. — Plain, paten shape, with foot; 5 in. diameter.
If in. high. Same inscription and marks as chalice.
Paten. — Plain, with foot. Diameter, 8 in. ; height, 2\ in.
Marks and inscription as on chalice.
Flagon. — Modem mediaeval pattern, of glass and electro-
plate. (Two pewter flagons have disappeared since 1884. H. E.)
Canon Edmonds quotes from the Churchwardens' Accounts
for 5 April, 1768 :- ^ 3, d.
Received for the old Communion plate . 04 0 6
Kecd. for to [«tc] Har metal flagons . . 00 4 4
Pd. for The New Communion Plate . . 13 17 6
Pd. for to New Hard metal Flagons . . 00 16 0
VOL. XXXVII. L
162 FIRST REPORT OF THE
KBNTISBURY.
Chalice, — Elizabethan style. By same maker as Berry-
narbor, but style somewhat different, as it is more conical.
Height, 7 in. ; bowl, 4 in. diameter, 3J in. deep, and floral
band with fleur-de-lis round centre. Stem with round boss.
Foot, 4 in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) a flower in irregular shield ; (ii.) T in shield,
MATHEV interlinked in oblong. Date from other examples
may be fixed as 1572-6.
Chalice Cover, — Almost spherical shape, with small foot
and floral baud, and punched ornamentation.
Marks as on chalice.
Paten. — Plain, on stand. Diameter, 8^ in. ; height, 2J in.
Inscription : " Ex. dono Eliz. uxoris Michaelis Brighouse
Armigeri. Anno Dom. 1685."
Arms mantled, impaled Dexter, on a fess between three
lions rampant three crescents (Brighouse). Sinister arg. on
a fess five lozenges (Avenel, as used by Eichards).
Elizabeth Brighouse died 1685. She was daughter of
William Eichards and Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Nor-
gate, Windsor Herald. William Eichards was eldest son of
Eev. Eichard Eichards, rector 1598-163J.
LANDKEY.
Chalice, — Elizabethan pattern. By same maker as Kentis-
bury and Berrynarbor, but shape somewhat varied; has
slight lip. Height, 7 J in. ; bowl, 4^ in. diameter, 4 in. deep.
Knop on stem has dotted ornament. Usual floral band
round centre of bowl.
Marks: (i.) flower or bud in irregular shield; (ii.) T in
shield ; (iii.) MATHEV interlinked letters in oblong. "
Chalice Cover, — Spherical, with foot. Ornamentation of
small circles and floral band ; 4| in. diameter, 1^ in.\^igh.
Marks as on chalice. \
Paten, — Plain, on stand. Gadroon border round top dud
foot. Diameter, 7 in. ; height, 2 J in.
Marks: (i.) maker's, EL in black letter, with crown on toy
in shield (J. Elston) ; (ii.) Britannia ; (iii.) lion^s head erased ;
(iv.) castle ; (v.) date-letter, 1715 (Exeter).
Flagon, — Tankard-shaped, with ornamental cover. Height,
10 in., 7 in. to lid; diameter at lid, 3 in. ; at base, 5^ in.
Inscription : " All come of thee, and thine own have we
given thee."
CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 163
Marks : (i.) maker's, J. or P. Y. S., in black letter, with two
email crowns over in shield (perhaps that of Pentecost
Symons); (iL) Britannia; (iii.) lion's head erased; (iv.) castle;
(v.) date-letter, 1716 (Exeter).
LOXHORE.
Chalice, — Elizabethan style. The most graceful and
elegant example of this style in the deanery. Height, 5 J in. ;
bowl, 3^ in. diameter, depth, 3f in.; tapering in to size of the
stem, which had rounded boss in centre. Has double band
of ornamentation round bowl, usual floral one in centre, and
a smaller one of different style of lines and dots round base
of bowl. Foot also ornamented in same manner and the
boss on stem.
Marks : Only one, P. Q. in angular-pointed shield (possibly
Peter Quick, of Barnstaple, died 1573) (see illustration).
Chalice Cover. — Different style from usual one; more
conical, and no distinct foot ; has dotted ornamentation.
Marks : None.
Paten. — Plain, with foot. Diameter, 7f in. Inscription :
*' Loxhore, 1739."
Marks : (i.) makers*, A. P., E. E., in lozenge ; (ii.) leopard's
head crowned; (iii.) lion passant; (iv.) date-letter, 1721
(London).
LYNTON.
Here there is a quantity of plate, but all eighteenth and
nineteenth century; the best piece is the early eighteenth-
century flagon.
Chalices. — 1. Georgian pattern. Stem, with boss in centre.
Height, 7| in. Inscription : " I. K., 1742/'
Marks : (i.) leopard's head crowned ; (ii.) lion passant ; (iii)
castle; (iv.) date-letter, 1724 (Exeter). It has no maker's
mark.
2. Modern mediaeval pattern. Hexagonal foot, silver-gilt.
Height, 7i in. ; bowl, 4 in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) makers', R. M., E. H.; (ii.) crown; (iii.) lion pas-
sant ; (iv.) Queen's head ; (v.) date-letter, 1870 (ShefiBeld).
3. Duplicate of 2.
Patens. — 1. Plain, with stem; height, 5f in. Inscription:
" I. K., 1742."
L 2
164 FIRST REPORT OF THE
Marks: (i.) maker's, P. R in oval (Philip Elston, ent.
1723); (ii.) leopard's head; (iii.) lion passant; (iv.) castle:
(v.) date-letter, 1732 (Exeter).
2. Modern mediaeval pattern; 6 in. diameter, silver-gilt,
with Agnus Dei in centre.
Marks as on chalices 2 and 3.
3. Duplicate of 2, but London mark, 1871. Same
maker.
Flagons. — 1. Tankard-shaped. Height, 13^ in. Inscription :
"Johannes Knight; Ecclesise Lyntoniensis D.D.D. 1725."
Marks : (i.) maker's, J. B. with label over (perhaps John
Boutell); (ii.) leopard's head crowned; (iii.) lion passant;
(iv.) castle; (v.) date-letter, 1724 (Exeter).
2. Pair large cruets, silver -gilt and glass; modern
mediaeval shape.
Marks as on chalice 2.
Ahns Dish, — Plain plate, with gadroon edge, 7^ in. dia-
meter. Inscription : " Ecclesiae Lyntoniensis D.D.D. Mat-
thaeus Mundy, A.M., 1837. Matthew Mundy, Perpetual
curate. Eichard Knight, John Crick, Churchwardens."
Marks: (i.) maker's, E. E., E. B., in four-lobed shield
(Eebecca Ernest and Edward Barnard) ; (ii.) leopard's head
crowned ; (iii.) lion passant; (iv.) date-letter, 1818 (London);
(v.) King's head.
Box for Breads. — Silver-gilt, plain ; 3 J in. square.
Marks as on chalices 2 and 3.
Spoon. — Inscription: "Ecclesiae Lyntoniensis D.D.D. Mat-
thoei Mundy, 1837."
Marks: (i.) maker's, H. M. N.; (ii.) King's head;'(iii.) castle;
(iv.) lion passant ; (v.) date-letter, 1836 (Exeter).
MARTINHOB.
Chalice. — Plain, wine-glass shape. Stem, with knop in
centre. Height, 7 in. ; bowl, 3 J in. diameter. Inscription
pricked : " For the parish of Marty n How, 1640."
Marks: None.
Chalice Cover. — Plain. Inscription pricked : " T. D."
Marks: None.
CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 165
Paten. — Plain, plate on foot ; the latter is a later addition
of very rough workmanship. Diameter, 7i in.; height, IJ in.;
diameter of bottom of foot, 2\ in. Inscription on base of
foot : " Martinhew ; I. H. L. [H. and L. liliked.] R B. 1684."
Marks : (i.) lion rampant (lion is similar to Scotch one) in
shield, with angle on top; (ii.) |W with cinquefoil on top
and ornament below in shield (the W is two V's interlinked,
forming an X in centre) ; (iii.) lion rampant, as (i.).
Flagon. — Modern medicTval shape. Electro-plated.
PARRACOMBE.
Chalice, — Baluster stem, pattern plain. Height, 6 in.;
conical bowl, 3^ in. diameter, 2J in. deep; plain foot.
Inscription : " E. G., F. P." pricked very faintly.
Marks: (i.) P. D. in shield, with bar, a bar above, and
ornament below; (ii.) leopard's head crowned; (iii) lion
passant; (iv.) date-letter, 1661 (London).
Chalice Cover, — Plain, paten shape ; 4 J in. diameter,
\\ in. high; foot. If in. diameter.
Marks: (i.) I P in irregular shield; (ii.) a castle with
BAR above, VM below, I one side, P the other, all in shield;
(iii.) same as (i.), the marks of John Peard, Barnstaple, died
1680.
Paten. — Plain, on stand. Diameter, 6 in.; height, 2 in.
Marks: (i.) maker's, Mo. in shield (John Mortimer, of
Exeter); (ii.) Britannia; (iii.) lion's head erased; (iv.) castle;
(v.) date-letter, 1719 (Exeter).
Flagon. — Modern, electro-plated.
SHERWELL.
Chalice. — Georgian style, on high, slender stem, with boss.
Height, 9 J in. ; bowl, with slight lip, 4^ in. diameter,
4i in. deep ; foot, 5 in. diameter.
Inscription : " Given by Anne Boyce."
She was Anne Ward, of Coxleigh. Married tirst, 16
September, 1708, Amias Chichester; second, 28 February,
1709, Kev. Christopher Boyce, Eector of Sherwell 1698-1744.
Marks : (i.) maker's, J. E , with label of three points over,
on shield (John Elston, jun., of Exeter) ; (ii.) leopard's head
crowned; (iii.) lion passant; (iv.) castle; (v.) date-letter,
1724 (Exeter).
166 FIRST REPORT OF THE
Paten, — Plain, on stand. Diameter, 7| in. ; height, 2| in.
Marks as on chalice, but date-letter, 1725 (Exeter).
Alms Dish, — Plain plate, 11 in. diameter.
Inscription : " Susanna Davy " ; arms, Arg. a chevron be-
tween three bulls ; crest on helmet, leopard's head crowned
and gorged.
Marks : (i.) maker's, W. G., with ornament under in heart ;
(ii) leopard's head crowned ; (iii.) lion passant ; (iv.) date-
letter, 1671 (London).
Flagon, — Appears more like a cofiFee-pot or hot-water jug,
with round belly. Height, llj in., 9^ in. to lid; 3 in. diameter
lid, 4J in. base. Has arms of Chichester with, on a shield of
pretence, arg. on a fesse embattled three plates.
Marks : (i.) maker's, T. M., with cross under (Thomas
Mason) ; (ii.) lion passant ; (iii.) leopard's head crowned ;
(iv.) date-letter, 1724 (London).
STOKE RIVERS.
Chalice, — Elizabethan style, but approaching more to the
Edwardian style. Height, 6^ in. ; bowl, 4 in. diameter,
4^ in. deep, IJ in. diameter at bottom. Eound it are three
bands of dotted ornamentation. Stem swells out in an
angular knop in centre. Foot, 4J in. diameter, convex shape.
Marks: (i.) I in shield. This mark is incorrectly noted
in Cripps as D ; (ii.) CoToN in oblong (see illustration).
Chalice Cover. — Usual Elizabethan type, IJ in. high,
dotted ornamentation, and on foot six-petalled flower.
Paten. — Plain plate on high stand ; 5 J in. diameter, 2^ in.
high ; very rough workmanship.
Marks: None.
Flagon, — Pewter, of rather peculiar and good shape. A
conical tankard 15 j in. high, 7 in. diameter at bottom, 3J in.
at lid (see illustration).
Alms Dish, — Pewter basin (8 in. diameter, 2\ in. high).
SWYMBRIDGE.
Chalices, — 1. A fine specimen of Elizabethan style. Height,
8 in. ; bowl, 4yV in. diameter, 4J in. deep. Round centre
floral band with leaf pattern and elaborately interlinked
bands ending in fleur-de-lis design ; also ornamentation round
base ; stem with bold knop ; foot with leaf ornamentation,
fillets, and fleur-de-lis.
CHURCH PLATE COMMITTBE. 167
Marks : (i.) T in square shield ; (ii.) M ATBLEV interlinked
in oblong ; (iii.) a rose and crown (see illustration).
2. A smaller and plainer chalice by same maker ; bowl
more conical than 1. Height, 6| in. ; bowl, 3^ in. diameter,
3 in. deep. Only ornamentation is a dotted band round bowl
and bottom edge of foot.
Marks same as 1.
Chalice Covers. — To 1 chalice, usual shape. Height, IJ in.,
with leaf and dotted ornamentation. Inscription : " 1576 " on
bottom of foot.
Marks same as on chalice.
2. To 2 chalice, usual shape, with slight dotted ornamenta-
tion.
Marks same as chalices.
Paten. — Plain on foot ; 7f in. diameter, 2| in. high ; foot,
3 J in. diameter.
Marks: (i.) maker's, EL in black letter (J. Elston); (ii.)
Britannia ; (iii.) lion's head erased ; (iv.) castle ; (v.) date-
letter, 1717 (Exeter). Inscription : " H. Gill, Warden, 1718."
Flagon. — An old pewter tankard, electro-plated.
At Traveller's Eest Chapel. — Set of electro-plated chalice,
paten, and alms dish, presented to Eev. J. Russell, P.G.C,
by Freemasons of Devon.
TRENTISHOK.
Chalice. — Elizabethan style, rather rough workmanship.
Floral band in usual style is round the rim instead of middle
of bowl ; rim has a band to strengthen it — an addition of
late last century. Knop on stem is an angular expansion.
Foot has floral band and interlacing as on bowl. Height,
7 in. ; bowl, 3 J in. diameter, 4 J in. deep; foot, 4 in. diameter
(see illustration).
Marks : Apparently only one ; that, so faint as to be
scarcely observable, seems to be a cup in a shield.
Chalice Cover. — Almost cone-shaped, with scarcely any
foot. It has two bands of dotted ornamentation.
Alms Dish. — Modem, electro-plated.
J. Fbederigk Chanter.
THE PACK-HORSE ON DARTMOOR.
BT ROBERT BURNARD, F.S.A., HON. F.S.A. SCOT.
(Read at Princetowo, 19 July, 1905.)
Wayfaring across Dartmoor was very different in the
middle of the eighteenth century from what it is to-day,
for the broad macadamized roads which now traverse the
moor from east to west were not made until about 1792.
This date is recorded on a tablet of stone inserted on the
north side of the bridge at Dartmeet.
Although Dartmoor as a district must have been almost
an unknown region to most folk, it was crossed by wayfarers
bound east or west, for the direct track from Exeter to
Truro ran across it, via Chagford and Tavistock.
As far as the moor is concerned, this trackway was but a
rough horsepath, which probably followed an even more
ancient footpath.
The roads of West Devon in the middle of the eighteenth
century are described^ as mere gullies, worn by torrents in
the rocks, similar to steps in staircases, with fragments of
rocks lying loose in the hollows. It is stated, with little if
any latitude, that this part of the county did not possess
a single carriage with wheels, nor, fortunately for the necks
of the travellers, any horses but those which were natives of
the county.
Donn's Map of Devon (London, 1765), shows the then
existing road, passing from Exeter by Dunsford and Upcot
to Chagford, and thence across the moor to Tavistock.
In the same Atlas is a map displaying a considerable slice
of the Forest of Dartmoor, and giving this road more in
detail. We learn from this that the highway was carried
over the Teign by Clifford Bridge, and thence by Wooston
and Cranbrook Farms to Upcot and Chagford.
Leaving this moorland town, the track went by Way
1 Marshall's "Rural Economy of the West of Enghrnd," London, 1796.
THE PACK-HORSE ON DARTMOOR. 169
across Chagford Common and joined the present road at the
western foot of Merripit Hill, leaving Lower Merripit on
the left and Higher Merripit on the right. Hartland is
indicated on the right, and the road is shown crossing
the East Dart, but no bridge is indicated, an omission on the
part of the surveyor, for this structure was then in existence.
This is also the case with the passage over the Cherrybrook.
The road then skirts the foot of Crockern Tor, and proceeds
to Twobridges, crossing the West Dart by one bridge and the
Cowsic by another. It then climbs the hill and proceeds in
a straight line for Merivale Bridge, passing by Moortown, to
Tavistock.
Donn also shows a road leading from Moretonhampstead
by Wormhill, Beetor Cross, and Barrowmoor Bridge, past
Newhouse, and joining the trackway to Chagford near the
foot of Merripit Hill.
The horse-paths are still visible in places, and appear as
shallow trenches, with low banks on either hand.
When pack-horses were used on the Moreton track. New-
house, or, as it is now called, the Warren House Inn, was on
the right-hand side of the road proceeding firom Postbridge
towards Moreton, and it is so shown on Donn's map. This
old building was burnt down some years ago. and was rebuilt
where it now stands in 1845 by J. Wills on the other side of
the present road, which here occupies the site of the ancient
pack-horse way. Donn locates a potato market at about
the site of the "Saracen's Head," Twobridges. Evidently
an open-air market, for no building apparently existed on
the spot in 1765.
The neighbourhood of Chagford and Moretonhampstead
is still noted for the quality of its potatoes, and in the
eighteenth century these districts almost monopolized the
local production of these tubers. Pfick-horses carried them
in large quantities to the market at Twobridges, where they
were sold to dealers, who came from Plymouth, Tavistock,
and districts south and west of Dartmoor. Marshall refers
to this monopoly as existing about 1770 to 1775, and states
that it was gradually broken down when it was discovered
that potatoes could be profitably grown on the west side
of Dartmoor as well as on the east.
In many of the southern and western districts the cultiva-
tion was severely handicapped, for leases of only a century
since forbade the growth of potatoes beyond what was
absolutely necessary for the use of the tenant and his
family.
170 THE PACK-HORSE ON DARTMOOR.
Landlords and tenants on the eastern side of the moor
were more enlightened, and as a consequence they enjoyed
for many years a lucrative monopoly.
" Britannia Depicted, or Ogilby Improved " (London, 1720),
contains a chart of the main road from Exeter to Truro, and
the section from Chagford to Tavistock gives details of cross-
roads branching from same, mileage, particulars of bridges,
prominent stones, hills, and places contiguous to the road.
It also shows what portion of road was in enclosed
country, and it is interesting to note the fact that three miles
out of Chagford there were no enclosures from that point
(excepting a small piece between Higher and Lower Merri-
pits, Postbridge) until the moor is left under Cocks Tor —
a distance of nearly thirteen miles. At the nineteenth mile
from Exeter and the fourth from Chagford an upright stone,
called the Heath Stone, is depicted standing near the track-
way, and to the north-west of same.
It can still be recognized — somewhat mutilated — and
is interesting, for it formed one of the ancient bondstones of
the Forest of Dartmoor.
The headwaters of the Wallabrook, which were passed
close to the present Stats Bridge, are described as " a rill,"
and were forded, for no bridge is mentioned.
At the western foot of Merripit Hill another standing
stone is shown, and is labelled, '*A stone called Merripit
turn about Brook." There is still a block of granite which
has evidently been "placed" at the spot indicated, and
although it is not of the "pillar" character, it is probably
the selfsame stone which is so peculiarly named by the
ancient surveyor. The old pack-horse bridge at Postbridge
is described as "Post-Stone Bridge — 3 arches," and herein
we probably have the origin of the name of this moorland
hamlet.
Certain writers have seen in this erection an ancient
British bridge, but its antiquity does not probably date
further back than late mediaeval times.
Some of the slabs resting on the piers still show the
shallow and wide jumper holes which were made in removing
them from their parent blocks of stone, which the writer
believes he has located on the summit of Bellaford Tor,
for these correspond with the very large, thin slabs which
form the roadway of the bridge and possess similar holes.
The bridge imposts are so large (they weigh over six tons
each) that they could hardly be obtained except from some
tor, and Bellaford is a handy and probable location.
THE PACK-HORSE ON DARTMOOR. 171
Proceeding west, the Cherrybrook was crossed by a stone
bridge, probably a "clapper," and most likely on the site
of the present erection, and the track proceeds to the foot of
"a Eocky Hill call'd Crockern Tor," and thence to Twobridges.
A stone bridge is mentioned crossing the West Dart, but
none over the Cowsic, although, like Donn, Ogilby depicts
the track as crossing the two rivers. That there were two
bridges at some time is indicated in the name, which is at
least as old as 1765.
From this point the track ran straight to Bundle Stone
(a menhir now non-existent), crossing the Blackabrook
by a ford, and over the Walkham by a stone bridge of
two arches, and thence to ' the enclosed country on the
summit of Pork Hill.
The named cross-roads leading from the main trackway
between Chagford and Tavistock are numerous, and many of
these still exist.
The by-track to Plymouth left the main road a little west
of Twobridges, and closely followed the present road to
Princetown, crossing the Blackabrook at Okery over a
clapper bridge, which is still standing.
There were other roads, not noticed by either Ogilby
or Donn, for these dealt with the main routes.
One, leading from Ashburton to Tavistock, passed by
Holne and the Forest Inn, Hexworthy, across the moor
to where Princetown now stands, and thence to Merivale
Bridge. From Yellowmead to Merivale Bridge the site
of the trackway is still marked by some stone guide-posts
bearing on their faces the letters A and T, and so placed
that the direction of each place is indicated.
Lydford was reached across the moor to Brousentor, and
thence by a ford and stepping-stones over the Tavy, just
above Coffin Wood.
The Lichway crossed the same river a little above this
point at Willsworthy Steps. The name and tradition indi-
cate, that this ancient pathway was the route traversed by
mourners carrying their dead to the parish church at Lyd-
ford prior to 1260, when Bishop Bronescombe transferred
certain tenements lying in the neighbourhood of Postbridge
to Widecombe.
The Lichway may be traced from a point in Beardown
Newtake to the headwaters of the Cowsic, thence by a ford
over the Walkham to White Barrow ; beyond this point it
gets confused with turf tracks, but apparently headed away
by Baggator and Brousentor for Willsworthy Steps.
172 THB PACK-HORSE ON DARTMOOR.
These stepping-stones, eighteen in number, are quite im-
portant, one being 10 feet long, and when properly main-
tained for use must have formed an easy passage over the
river when not in flood. In heavy weather a long detour
would have to be incurred, for it is very doubtful whether a
Hill or a Harford Bridge existed, and if this was the case,
Lydford could only be reached much lower down the river.
There were other bridle and foot paths crossing between
the more direct roads from east to west, but for the moment
we are more interested in the main horse-road leading from
Chagford to Tavistock.
Over this the wayfarer could only proceed on foot or on
horseback, and the eighteen miles traversed between these
points was over a bleak and inhospitable moor. There was
no place of public refreshment on the route unless deviations
were made, or rest obtained at farmhouses, and these were
few and far between. With the exception of Newhouse
(now Warren House Inn), the two Merripits, and Hartland,
the dreary wastes adjacent to the trackway were devoid of
habitations until the neighbourhood of Tavistock was
reached, so that a journey undertaken in mid-winter must
have been arduous and even dangerous in thick or snowy
weather. In deep snow the track was easily lost, and a
stranger would run the risk of losing his way and perishing
of cold.
It is quite probable that the story "Salting un in" is
based on actual experience. The writer has known at least
one winter experience where, even with good roads, but snow-
covered, a body has been kept for such a length of time that
the use of some homely salt would have been advantageous.
The corpse must be carried by hand irrespective of distance
or diflBculties. On no account would a cart or carriage be
used as a hearse, for it " looked like getting rid of the lost
one too quickly and easily."
Merchandise and farm produce were moved from pla^e to
place on pack-horses, and Youatt, in his book on the horse,
states that the Devon variety was bred from the larger kind
of Dartmoor and Exmoor animals. Welsh mares and a
thoroughbred were also employed.
Writing about 1831, Youatt mentions that there were still
some farms in secluded parts of Devon on which wheeled
vehicles were unknown. Hay, corn, straw, fuel, stone, dung,
and lime were carried on horseback ; and in harvest, sledges
drawn by oxen and horses were employed. He speaks of the
THE PACK-HORSE ON DARTMOOR. 173
Dartmoor ponies as being much in request, being sure-footed
and hardy, and admirably calculated to scramble over the
rough roads and dreary wilds of that mountainous district.
They were existing on the moor, as they do to-day, in
a state of nature, and with all the activity appertaining to
such a condition. He relates that Captain Cotgrave, a
former governor of the prison at Princetown, had a great
desire to possess one of them of somewhat superior figure to
its fellows, and having several men to assist him, they
separated it from the herd and drove it on some rocks by
the side of a tor. A man followed on horseback, while the
captain stood below watching the chase. The little animal,
being driven into a comer, leaped completely over the man
and horse and escaped.
Pack-horses were improved by cross-breeding, and were
trained to walk, when loaded, with long strides, this gait
giving the most ease and ridding the ground the fastest.
The largest and strongest horses carried a burden of about
400 lb. on a journey, but mill-horses are quoted by Lawson,
in the " Modern Farrier," as capable of carrying thirteen
measures, which at a moderate computation amount to
910 lb. These were doubtless specially bred horses, and
presumably such a weight would only be carried for short
distances.
A team of pack-horses was six, but a smart man could
manage seven.
The height most affected was fifteen hands — long, low,
and lusty animals, not taken into work until they were six
or seven years old.
The furniture of the pack-horse varied according to the
material carried.
Some goods were carried in long narrow bags, two or three
of which were thrown across the wooden pack-saddle.
Light articles of burden, such as hay, corn, straw, etc.,
were loaded between " crooks '* formed of willow poles, seven
or eight feet long, and bent bow shape, with one end much
longer than the other. These were joined in pairs, with
slight cross-bars eighteen inches to two feet long. Each
horse was furnished with two pairs of these crooks slung to-
gether, so that the shorter and stronger ends lay easily and
firmly against the pack-saddle ; the longer and lighter ends
rising some fifteen or more inches above the back of the
horse, and standing four or five feet from each other. Within
and between these " crooks " the load was piled and bound
fast together.
174 THE PACK-HORSE ON DARTMOOR.
Heavy articles, such as cordwood and large stones, were
carried between " short crooks " of wood having four natural
bends or knees ; both ends being nearly of the same length,
and in use the points stood nearly level with the ridge of
pack-saddle.
Loose material, such as dung, sand, etc., was carried in
"pots" or strong coarse panniers slung together like the
*' crooks," one on each side. The bottom of these pots had a
falling door for discharging the loads.
In 1790 to 1795 a day's work for a grass-fed pack-horse,
locally employed, was estimated at sixpence, with a stout
lad as attendant receiving a like amount, whilst stable-fed
horses were assessed at a value of one shilling per diem, and
an adult attendant at the same sum.
When on travel many pack-horses and attendants would
journey together, passing in single file through the narrow
gullies dignified by the name of roads. These lanes, before
the actual moor was reached, were on either hand, and often
covered with coppice, and these Vancouver^ describes as the
exploration of a laliyrinth rather than that of passing
through a much-frequented country.
This first impression was, however, at once removed on the
wayfarer meeting with or being overtaken by a string of
pack-horses.
The rapidity with which these animals descended the hills
when not loaded, and the utter impossibility of passing
loaded ones, required that the utmost caution should be used
in keeping out of the way of the one, and exertion in keep-
ing ahead of the other.
A cross-way fork in the road or a gateway was eagerly
looked for as a retiring spot for the traveller until the
pursuing squadron or heavily loaded brigade had safely
passed by.
* "General View of the Agriculture of the CouDty of Devon," London,
1818.
LYDFOED TOWN.
BY MRS. G. H. RADFORD.
(Read at Princetown, 19 Jnlj, 1905.)
To write of Lydford town one must go back into the past.
There is a Lydford Church Town now, and the parish of
Lydford, in which we are meeting, is said to be the largest in
England, containing as it still does 50,681 acres,^ the greater
part moorland, but with houses thirty-five and forty miles
apart. Princetown, which, like a gigantic parasite, has
drained much of the life from its mother Lydford, Dart-
meet and Postbridge with their daughter churches, all are in
Lydford parish, and owe allegiance to its ancient Church,
which stands beside the old Castle of evil reputation.
But when did Lydford begin — when was the town founded?
Lydford was probably an ancient British town like
Exeter. The earliest dry fact to be produced in this con-
nexion is that Lydford Church is dedicated to a British
saint, St. Petroc, who died in 564. St. Petroc, one of the early
missionaries from Ireland, lived mostly in Cornwall, but he
and a band of faithful followers journeyed through Devon as
far as Exeter ; and ten churches in Devon and Cornwall still
bear the saint's name, probably marking the line followed in
this missionary excursion. They found a settlement at Lydford
— perhaps beehive huts — they stayed to preach the Gospel,
and found a little church in the name of their leader, and
from that day to this the Cross of Christ has been upheld in
Lydford. It is a proud thought for us that Christianity in
the West goes back so far in unbroken line. There was no
need of a St. Augustine in Devonshire ; when he landed in
heathen Kent, the West was already Christian. When
Athelstan, in 962, fixed the Tamar as the boundary of his
kingdom and the Saxons reached Lydford, they found this
^ Census of 1871 gives Lydford 56,331 acres.
176 LYDFORD TOWN.
church (then probably built of wood) existing and dedicated
to St. Petroc.
"The name Petroc is really Peterkin, the Celtic diminutive of
Peter, and it is probable that Peter Tavy is another of his founda-
tions, as well as certain other churches now regarded as dedicated
to the great apostle.
" The Saxons, who were saturated with Latin ideas, when they
obtained supremacy re-dedicated the churches to saints of the
Roman calendar, if they were able to obtain from Italy some
scraps of bone that it was pretended had belonged to one of the
saints of the Latin calendar. But there is no evidence that the
British Christians did other than call their churches after the names
of the Founders."^
The position of this Church is to be noted. It was built
on high ground to be well seen, but from its position it could
be easily defended.
"Lydford stands on a tongue of land, bounded and defended
towards the south by the deep, and in ancient days impassable
gorge of the Lyd ; and on the north by the ravine of a tributary
of the Lyd, which falls into that river a little below the celebrated
bridge,^ and which in its course divides the parishes of Lydford
and Bridestowe. Both to the northward and southward there-
fore, and on the angle to the west, the natural strength of the
position in days of primitive warfare was very great ; and all that
was needed was to guard the approach from the higher ground to
the east. This was done by the construction of a line of earth-
works from one valley or ravine to the other. The line of defence
is still marked, not merely by the earthworks noted, but by a lane
which runs in their rear, and which extends from the northern
valley directly to Southgate."^
From here the way can be traced down the hill to the
river, where just below the present rectory lies the ford;
the stones placed at the edge of the river are still distinctly
visible. On the farther bank an old road, a hollow way,
now cut through by the railway, led up to the moor at the
bottom of Blackdown, and so on to Tavistock.
The next fact with regard to Lydford in chronological order
is that Ethelred II, the Unready (978-1016), established
1 "A Book of Dartmoor,*' by Rev. S. Baring Gould, p. 129.
* There was a bridge here in 1478, when William of Worcester passed
through Lydford, and speaks of its river, '*the deepest in all England,
under the bridge and narrow. . . . The river of the nighest of bridges by
the castle of Lydyford.**
' "Lydford and its Castle," by R. N. Worth, F.o.s., "Trans. Devon.
Assoc, Vol. XL
LYDFORD TOWN. 177
a mint there, a sure proof of the importance of the place,
Exeter, Totnes, and perhaps Barnstaple being the only other
Devonshire mints. It is needless to remark that silver pennies
were the only coins known at this date, and when we read
of the enormous sums paid by this king to the Danes, it is
not surprising that he had to establish fresh mints to provide
enough of the small silver coins, each one struck separately
by hand, to furnish the tax. Enormous numbers of these
Anglo-Saxon pennies have been found in Sweden, Norway,
and Denmark. In the Eoyal Museum, at Stockholm, there
were in 1846, not counting duplicates, 2,254 coins of Ethel-
red II, as against 144 in the British Museum ; all those at
Stockholm having been found in Sweden. This makes the
Danegeld a very real thing, these pirates having carried so
much booty back to their own land.
Of the pennies of Ethelred II, 44 exist at Stockholm that
were struck at Lydford, and the variations in the name of
the place are very interesting — Lyda, Lydan, Lydanf , Lydafor,
Lydfo, Lydaford, Lyoa, Lydanford, Lynefor, Lydanfoi, Lydafo,
Lydafori.
The mint masters' names, Goda, Bruna, Godric, Godwine,
Elf Stan, Ethered, Etheryd, Ethelstan.^
These names have great local interest, the latest idea
among our leading numismatists being, that the mint master
was a local man to whom the King entrusted the silver to be
coined. He was not the actual workman, but the respon-
sible person who had to answer to the King for the work-
manship and weight of the coins. And so we may consider
that the men whose names appear on the Lydford pennies
actually lived there. In confirmation of this, Bruna, a name
that occurs more frequently than any other on Ethelred's
Lydford coins, is only found on Exeter pennies, and only one
such is known ; the name does not occur on any other coins
of Ethelred.
In England these coins are rare. Three are in the British
Museum — Goda, Ethelstan, Ethered; and in private hands
nine are known — Goda, Bruna, Ethered, Godric, Bruna,
Godric, Bruna, Godwine, Elfstan, the two last formerly in
the possession of Mr. Gill, of Tavistock. Of these two are
reproduced :
(1) Obverse : aedklred rex anglo ; small bust in circle.
Eeverse : bruna on lydanford ; short cross.^
1 ** Aiiglo-Sachsiska Mynt," Ist edit, 1846 ; **af. Bror Emil Hildebrand,"
2nd edit. 1861. ^ Probably struck early in Ethelred's reign.
VOL. XXXVII. M
178 LYDFORD TOWN.
(2) Same legend on obverse, but larger bust. Eeverse :
AKLFSTAN M-0 LYDA ; long cross voided.
The mint continued at Lydford during the reigns of Cnut
(1017-35) and Harold I (1035-40), and one penny has lately
been added to the Stockholm Museum of Edward Confessor.
But before describing these coins, an event that occurred at
Lydford in Ethelred's reign must be mentioned.
In 997, the Danes, who all through this miserable king's
reign were increasing in boldness, sailed up the Tamar,
having coasted round the Land's End (Penwaeth steori);
then (probably following up the Tavy from where it falls
into the Tamar) came to Tavistock, destroyed " OrdulPs
minster," burning it to the ground, '* burning and slaying
everything they met." ^ A short land journey brought them
to Lydford. Perhaps they had heard a report of its riches,
or were familiar with its name on coins. At all events, they
arrived there, and went no further, carrying back with them
"to their ships incalculable plunder." It even seems possible
that the reception they met with at Lydford was not to the
robbers* liking, and therefore they went no further.
In the "Saxon Chronicle" the name is spelt Hlidaforda
or Hlydanforda, a variation of Lydford which did not
last long. All the coins of Ethelred begin with an L,
and have variations of Lydauford. But in Cnut's reign
some pennies have " Lhyd," and one has " Hlydaf." Very
curiously, all the pennies in which the H occurs are pro-
duced by OTie mint-master, Saewine. The following is a
complete list of Cnut's Lydford pennies at Stockholm (9),
according to the latest catalogue, 1881 : — iElfwine on Lyda ;
Bruna on Lyda (perhaps this may be the Bruna who appears
under Ethelred); Godric on Lyda (this name occurs on
Ethelred's coins); Wilinc on Lyda; Saewine onn Lydaf;
Saewine o Lyd ; Saewine o Lhyd ; Saewine on Lhyda ;
Saewine on Hlydaf. None are known in England. In the
Devonshire Association's " Transactions " for 1880, p. 84, is
a description of a penny of Cnut's found at Tavistock,
ascribed on the authority of Mr. H. S. Gill to Lydford, the
moneyer's name being Wynsige on Luden. I am informed
by Mr. H. R Grueber, chief of the Coin Department in the
British Museum, that the penny in question was minted at
London, not Lydford. Wynsige is found on other London
pennies of this reign, and in none of the variations given
above of the name Lydford does it occur as Lu.
1 «<
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.''
LYDFORD TOWN. 179
Of Harold I, only two are known — -Mfric on Lydaf,
-^Ifwine on Lyda, and of Edward Confessor one — -^Ifric on
Lydafo. In these it will be noticed that the H does not
appear ; neither does it in " Domesday Book.*' The Lydford
mint lasted for at least seventy years.
The town was not annihilated by the Danes ; in fact, it may
have been after their raid that the great earthworks were
made which, as Mr. Worth so clearly points out, guarded the
approach from the higher ground to the east, the one weak
spot in its natural defences. The beginning of Lydford was
probably a British hill fort to protect the inhabitants, occu-
pying the very place where, long after, the Normans built
their castle. The church, too, has but succeeded the tiny
mission church built by St. Petroc or his disciples.
Lydford was prosperous in Saxon times, and the town
attained such importance as to be taxed equally with
Barnstaple and Totnes. We have no records of its pros-
perity— " the city that has no history is happy " — nothing
from early in the Confessor's reign, when, so far as is
known, coins ceased to be minted at Lydford, until 1080,
when " Domesday Book " was compiled. But it is stated in
that bold, bare account made for a cruel king, that Lydford
had twenty-eight burgesses within the borough and forty-one
without, and that forty houses have been wasted since the
King came into England. From the Exeter "Domesday": —
" LIDEFORDA.
** The King has a borough called Lideforda which King Edward
held on the day on which he was alive and dead. There the King
has twenty-eight burgesses within the borough and forty-one with-
out, and these render yearly three pounds by weight to the King ;
and forty houses have been laid waste there since King William
has had England ; and the above-mentioned burgesses have land fur
two ploughs outside the city. And if an expedition goes by land or
sea it (the borough) renders as much service as Totnes or Barn-
staple renders."
On this passage Mr. Worth remarks : —
" So far as service therefore, and we may fairly presume also in
general capability, Lydford, before the Conquest, was considered
equal to either of the other boroughs in the county. Between that
event and the compilation of * Domesday ' its fortunes had suffered
some reverse. While forty -eight houses had been laid waste in
Exeter 'since the King came into England,' Lydford, with its
smaller population, had lost forty, against twenty-three only at
Barnstaple, while Totnes, the one remaining Devonshire borough
of that day, appears to have sustained no loss whatever.
X 2
180 LYDFORD TOWN.
" What is very noticeable here, is that nearly two-thirds of the
burgesses of Lydford are extra-mural ; and this seems to point to
the conclusion that even in these early times Lydford must have
possessed something of that wide jurisdiction which clung to it in
later days, as the head of the Forest of Dartmoor, then as the
prison of the Stannaries, and in virtue of which it still claims to
be the moorland * church town.* Be this as it may, ere the forty
houses were laid waste Lydford must have been the most populous
town in Devon, Exeter alone excepted; for there appears very
good reason for concluding, from the increased geld of Totnes, that
unlike its companions, it had become more prosperous since * the
day that King Edward was alive and dead.'
" History is silent as to the cause of the devastation of Lydford^
but there seems every reason to believe that it was connected in
some way with the Conquest, and probably arose from the resist-
ance which the sturdy little Burgh oflTered to the Norman arms.
Exeter resisted, but gave way in time and was spared. William
may have deemed it desirable to make an example of Lydford,
though more merciful to it than he was afterwards to the northern
counties. The Norman Conquest was not completed at Hastings."^
The author of the "Saxon Conquest of Devonshire"^
suggests "that an employment which the British in the
country part of Devon who survived the Saxon conquest
may have followed was that of working the mines of tin and
other metals. In this art they would probably have inherited
much acquired skill. The stories tibout the Crockern Tor
parliaments seem to favour this." It seems very likely that
the Lydford men dwelling outside the borough did their best
to extract tin and other metals from the moor by " stream-
ing." The moor still bears the scars made by the "old men"
in their search for tin. Perhaps it was these very miners
who by their fierce resistance to the Normans brought about
the destruction of so many of the Lydford houses.
1189-90. In the first year of Richard I, the men of
Lydford are returned as owing £5. 15s. 7d. of gift to the
King. Needless to remark, this was a very large sum in days
when a sheep was worth a halfpenny and other things were
in proportion ; probably the money had to be raised from tin.
In 1221 a market appears to have been established at
Lydford ; the sheriff takes credit in his account for that
year for £4. 3s. expended at Lydford to make a market
there, as it andently iised to be. Pipe Eoll 6® Henry III.
And a writ, dated 4 May, 1227, commands William
Briwere to permit the market to be held at the King'a
1 ** Lydford and its Castle," "Trans. Devon. Assoc.," Vol XI, p. 286.
2 J. B. Davidson, *' Trans. Devon. Assoc.," Vol. IX, p. 200.
LYDFORD TOWN. 181
Manor of Lydford, which used anciently to be held there.
Close Roll ll** Henry III, m. 7.
King John had on 31 July, 1216, granted to William
Briwere the custody of the Castle of Lydford with all its
appurtenances (which apparently included Dartmoor; see
Close Roll, 3*> Hen. Ill, m. 9). Close Koll 18** John, m. 6.
This is the earliest reference to Lydford Castle, the precise
date of its erection being unknown.
William Briwere, baron and judge, was a man of note in
the reigns of Henry II, liichard I, John, and Henry III ;
sheriff of Devon during the latter part of Henry II's reign ;
he was Justice Itinerant in 1189. A personal friend of
Coeur de Lion's, he left England in 1193 to assist the
King, then in captivity, at his interview with the Emperor
Henry VI. During the reign of John, Briwere held a
prominent place among the King's councillors, and accord-
ing to Roger of Wendover was one of the King's evil
advisers ; his name appears among the signatures of Magna
Carta, "but his heart was not in the work." Perhaps it
was in reward for his support that the King, shortly before
his death (in October, 1216), granted him Lydford Castle
and the Royal Forest of Dartmoor. He received many
other grants from the King and from his successor,
Henry III, with whom he had great influence, not always
for good. For instance, when in January, 1223, Henry was
asked by the Archbishop Stephen Langton and the Lords
to confirm Magna Carta, Briwere answered for the King:
" The liberties you ask for ought not to be observed, for they
were extorted by force." The indignant Archbishop rebuked
him. " William," he said, " if you loved the King you would
not disturb the peace of the Kingdom." The King saw that
the Archbishop was angry, and at once yielded to his demand.
(Roger of Wendover, IV, 84.) William Briwere died in
1226, and was buried in the Abbey of Dunkeswell that he
had founded. (Diet, of Nat. Biog.)
On 12 July, 1237, the King (Henry III) granted to God
and the Church of St. Petroc (Sancti Patrochi) at Lydford,
and the chaplain ministering in the same church, whosoever
for the time being shall be chaplain there, for his mainten-
ance, the tithe of the herbage of moor of Dartmoor.
Herbert, the son of Matthew, is ordered to cause the said
parson of the said church to have the same tithes. Herbert
FitzMatthew held the Manor of Lydford (or Dartmoor, in
other words) at this time. " Ad voluntatum Domini Regis."
Patent Roll 21'' Henry III, m. 6.
182 LTDFORD TOWN.
The Borough of Lydford sent two members to the Parlia-
ment summoned to meet at Lincoln 20 January, 1300-1,
29" Edward I, Johannes le Porter and Galfridus Pomeray.
The other Devonshire towns which sent members were
Exeter city, Barnstaple, Honiton, Okehamptou, Totnes.
This is apparently the only time Lydford sent representa-
tives to Parliament. The names given by Browne Willis
and referred to by Lysons really appear under Launceston,
Cornwall. Johannes de Lideford and Walterus Goodman.^
By charter dated 10 October, 1239, the King granted to
his brother Richard, Earl of Poitou and Cornwall, **our
Manor of Lydford, with the castle of the same place, and
all its appurtenances, together with the Forest of Dartmoor
and all the appurtenances of the same Forest to hold as
freely and quietly as we held it on the day we gave it him,
rendering yearly at the exchequer £10 for all service,
custom and demand."
" The efifect of this grant," says Mr. Stuart Moore, " which
severed the Forest of Dartmoor from the Crown, would
appear to be to make the Forest a Chase in law . . . and
in many important records Dartmoor is called only a Chase,
notably as ia the ^rant to the Duke of Cornwall under
which it is now held." ^ The rent of assize of the Borough
of Lydford, of which the earliest entry extant occurs in
1313, is still, I believe, paid to the Duchy.
On 18 November, 1267, the King granted to Eichard,
Earl of Cornwall, who was then also King of the Eomans,
a market on Wednesdays at his Manor of Lydford, and a
fair of three days on the eve, day, and morrow of St. Petroc,
3, 4, and 5 June.* This fair was a source of profit to the
lord; in 1300 it was worth 6s., money paid in toll apparently.
The fair continued to modem times, and rent was paid for
it to the Duchy down to the middle of the last century.
It is evident that the Borough of Lydford was prosperous
at this period, and it was possibly then that the Borough
Seal was made. It has been assigned to the thirteenth
century by Mr. St. John Hope, Secretary of the Society
of Antiquaries, who has written on Municipal Seals. This
seal was found in part of the ruins of Lydford Castle, pre-
sumably when the Duchy Courts were moved to Princetown.
'i Blue Book: ** Parliaments of England, 1212-1702."
• Dartmoor Preservation Association's Publications, Vol. I. There was
also a water-mill, which still exists. lu 1350-1 the mill was remaining in
the lord's hands, the miller being dead of the pestilence. So the Black
Death was felt at Lydford.
* *' Kalendar of Tavistock Abbey," quoted by William of Worcester.
VBHN1E3 OF ATHELBED II STRUCK AT LTDFOBD.
BEAL OF THE DOROUOH OF LTDFORD.
dTowb.— To/iiBp. 18J.
LYDFORD TOWN. 183
The present whereabouts of the seal is not known, but
Mr. Brooking Eowe possesses an impression from it which
formerly belonged to the late James Davidson, and has very
kindly allowed it to be reproduced. The impression was
labelled when it came into Mr. Brooking Rowe's possession :
" Impression of a lead seal found in part of the ruins of
Lydford Castle Devon. The Seal is in the possession of
Albany Savile, Esq., of Oakland, the proprietor of the
Manor." Mr. Albany Savile was M.P. for Okehampton,
1807 to 1826 ; died 1831. Mr. St. John Hope is of opinion
that the seal was probably silver, not lead ; its workman-
ship was rough, and when the impression was made the seal
was much worn. It needs a trained eye to decipher the
inscription, which Mr. Hope reads: —
" Sigillum Comvne Bvrgi de Lideforde."
The Common Seal of the Borough of Lideforde.
This seal was used to some purpose in the 24th and 25th
of Queen Elizabeth (1582 and 1583), when it was aflBxed to
a certificate of the Mayor and Burgesses of Lydford, pro-
duced in the Court of Chancery in the case of Gooding v.
Spurwell and others, with the result that the plaintiff
escaped payment of costs, which he had been wrongfully
ordered to pay. ("Choyce Cases in Chancery," London,
1652.)
The Mayor of Lydford paid the Duchy of Cornwall for
the dues of his office £1. 13s. lOd. yearly ; this is taken by
Sir John Doddridge^ from the accounts rendered in 1602
(44** Elizabeth). There are not many references to this
mayor. The earliest discovered so far is on 22 March,
1344r-5, when an elaborate "extent" was taken of the Black
Prince's manors, some of which, though granted to him 17
March, 1336-7, when he was created the first Duke of
Cornwall, only came into his possession on the death of
Margaret, wife of Hugh de Audley, Earl of Gloucester, in
1342. In the Inquisition- taken after her death, it is stated
that she held the Castle and Borough of Lydford with the
advowson of the Church of Lydford and the Chase of Dart-
moor in the Duchy of Cornwall for life; and the said
Castle, Borough, and Chase, etc., are worth yearly in all their
issues £45. 12s. 6d. On 21 July, 1342, the King issued
^ **The Dutchy of Cornwall, collected out of the Records in the Tower of
London," etc., by Sir John Doddridge, 1680.
2 16 Edward III, No. 36.
184 LYDFORD TOWN.
a writ to the SherifiF of Devon, commanding him to give
seizin to the Prince of the Castle and Manor of Lydford
and the Chase of Dartmoor. The "extent" already men-
tioned was taken 22 March, 1344-5, and states that a
mayor, coroner, bailiflfs (or reeves) and sergeants are elected
at the Court of the Lord there. When a burgess dies his
heirs give to the Lord by name of relief 15d. Rents of the
burgesses amount to 33s. lid.
It will be observed that the Mayor of Lydford was an
institution in 1344, and it is quite possible that under the
name of Portreeve it dated from Saxon times. The word is
used^ in 1701 (24 March), when James Sleaman deposed
that eighteen years since (1683) he was Portreeve of Lyd-
ford, and by virtue of the said office collected the King's
rents in the Borough of Lydford ; he owns to being illiter-
ate, unable to read. At the same time, John Powell, aged
seventy, stated that he had been twice Portreeve of Lyd-
ford ; as such he collected the King's rents, and paid the
rector the £3 given by the Duchy (representing the tithe of
the herbage of Dartmoor, given by Henry III). None of
these people speak of the present Portreeve or Mayor, indeed
in 1716 it is stated of Lydford,^ "'tis not so much as a
Corporation, has no Mayor." William Browne saw the
Mayor when he "journeyed" to Lydford from Tavistock in
James I's reign, some time between 1612 and 1625.
I kissed the Mayor's hand of the Town,
Who, though he wears no scarlet gown,
Honours the rose and thistle.
A piece of coral to the mace,
Which there I saw to serve in place,
Would make a good child's whistle.
Besides its Mayor, Lydford had a Coroner. This is a most
interesting fact, and is another instance of the high import-
ance of Lydford in early days.
"The exact date of the origin of the office of coroner has not
been, and probably cannot be ascertained. The development of
coroners may have been contemporary with that of the itinerant
justices. Both offices perhaps were tentatively employed under
Henry I, fell into abeyance under Stephen, and were firmly
established under Henry 11."^
» •'Exchequer Depositions," 13° Will. Ill, Devon, No. 1.
2 "Magna Britannia" (1716), vol. "Devon,' p. 466.
' "Select Coroner's Rolls," ed. by Professor Gross, Selden Society's
Publications.
LYDFORD TOWN. 185
It is probable that the Coroner of Lydford was a fran-
chise coroner.
" The jurisdiction of a franchise coroner is confined to the par-
ticular precinct over which he is appointed, and depends upon the
terms of the grant in each particular liberty. The Crown may
claim by prescription the right to appoint a franchise coroner, but
no subject can claim it otherwise than by grant from the Crown.
The two principal franchise coroners in England are the coroners
for the Admiralty of England and the coroner for the Queen's
household."
This coroner is mentioned in 1344 as a regular official
elected at the court of the lord. He is referred to in an
interesting document in the Record Office (Eentals and
Surveys, Portfolio ^), '* Forest of Dartmore," etc. : ** And if
a man dye by misffortune or be slayne within the said
Forrest mores and waste, the Crowner of Lydeforde shall
crowne and sytte upon hym, for the said Forrest mores and
wast is out of every Tything." From internal evidence
this document is assigned to 1542, or thereabouts.
This statement as to the coroner of Lydford was copied
by Hooker, a/ /as Vowell, in his *' Synopsis Chorographica "
(1599) MS. in the British Museum, and again copied from
him by Westcote, in his "View of Devonshire, 1630," and
Risdon's " Devon/' r. 1640.
In 1689 the coroner appears again in evidence given in
an action brought in the Court of Exchequer by the Rector
of Lydford, David Birchincha, to recover tithes.^
Walter Williams, of the parish of Lydford, aged seventy,
saith there hath been an ancient custom in the said Forest
of Dartmoor and parish of Lydford, that when any strange
corpse is found dead upon the said Forest, that then they have
been accustomed and used to make choice of six men out of
the Borough of Lydford and six others out of the Forest of
Dartmoor, the eldest man of the borough being always
coroner, to inquire upon oath how such person came to his
death, and this deponent was one of such a jury about forty
years since, and the body was buried in the churchyard at
Lydford at the equal charges of the inhabitants of the
Borough and Forest.
Here for the first time we learn that the oldest man of
the borough was always coroner.
This is confirmed by the evidence of Roger Cake, taken
^ Exchequer, Devon, 1* William and Mary.
186 LYDFORD TOWN.
with that of others at Lydford from 28 March to 10 April,
13** William III, 1701.^ Cake, who was seventy years old
and upwards, states that : —
Being the eldest man born and living within the parish of Lyd-
ford he is by virtue of an ancient custom corroner (sic) during life
of the Borough Manor and whole p.ish of Lydford. According
to the custom of the s*d p.ish of Lydford if any person be found
dead in any part of the s'd Dartmoor the Coroner's Inquest from
the Borough and P.ish of Lydford must pass upon the persons soe
found dead. And that if the Parish or Relacions to whom the
persons soe found dead be not known, the person found dead as
aforesaid is to be taken care of and buried at the charge of the
said parish of Lydford.
The custom of choosing the oldest man to be coroner
probably arose from the desire of having the most honour-
able man to fill the post. In mediaeval England the coroner
was a far more important official than he is now, and exer-
cised many more functions. The early coroners were always
knights : the Warden of the Stannaries was the coroner of
the stannaries in Cornwall, and even now the Lord Chief
Justice bears the title of Chief Coroner.
In the " Churchwardens* Accounts of Widecombe in the
Moor" (edited by Eobert Dymond, f.s.a.), under the year
1747, occurs the following : —
The account of our Disbursements concerning John Weeks,
a man that was Drowned in West Dart and found to ye charges
of our P'ish. Paid four men to watch by him ye first night after
he was found Dead Is. and 6d. each man, 6s. And for three men
ye second night 4/6. And for two men two days each, at 1/- per
man each day, 4/-. Paid the Coroner (of Lydford) his flee, 13/4.
Paid John Elliott for himself and his horse to go to Lidford to
acquaint him of how he came to his end, 2/6, John Potter, for
carrying out ye Bier and for his grave 2s. Expended at his
Burial], 6s. And to William Norrish the younger, for wood ye
watchmen cut down and burnt in ye time of their watching
Is. 6d.
Lysons, in his "Magna Britannia, Devon,"^ published in
1822, says that :—
Until about the latter end of the previous century^ a separate
coroner had, "from time immemorial been chosen for this parish **
1 " Exchequer Depositions," 13* Will. Ill, Devon, No. 1.
« Vol. II, p. 813.
' Probably when the Stannary Courts were remoTcd to Princetown.
LYDFORD TOWN. 187
(Lydford) "and it was the invariable and very extraordinary
custom to elect the oldest man whatever were his rank and station
in life. Confirmed by the testimony of persons living . who
remember the fact, as communicated by the present curate." The
curate referred to is the Kev. Geo. Freeman, of Lamerton, writing
19 Dec, 1820.1
The coroner of Lydford lasted then much longer than its
mayor, and the extinction of such an interesting old office is
much to be regretted.
^ Lysous' MS. Collections in British Museum.
SIDELIGHTS OX THE WORK AND TIMES OF A
GREAT WEST-COUNTRY PRELATE IN THE
TWELFTH CENTURY.
BY REV. OSWALD J. REICHBL, B.C.L. & M.A., F.S.A.
(Read at Prlnce^own, 19 July, 1906.)
I.
In recently looking up materials for a history of the third
Lateran Council held at Rome in the year 1179, I found
that more than five-sevenths of the matter collected by
Mansi in his great collection was contained in a document
called the Appendix to the Council. This Appendix consists
of fifty parts, of which only the first has anything to do with
the Council. The other forty-nine contain papal Decretals
arranged under various headings, which for the most part
correspond with headings in the well-known collection of
Decretals made by direction of Pope Gregory IX in 1234.
A preface to the Appendix states that it was transcribed by
one Bartholomew Laurens, commonly called Poin, with
immense labour and trouble from an original document
extremely difficult to decipher.
On examining this Appendix more carefully I observed
that of the 554 Decretals which it contains, no fewer than
264 were addressed to English prelates, and I also found
that with 130 exceptions all of the 654 are included in
Gregory IX's collection. Of the 130 excluded Decretals
77 are addressed to English bishops.
Looking to the popes whose Decretals are included, I
found an odd one or two of popes Leo III (795-81G),
Paschal II (1099-1118), Honorius II (1124-30), and
Innocent II (1130-43), i.e. of a date anterior to 1144; but
the bulk of them belonged to popes Eugenius III (1145-53),
Adrian IV, the only English pope (1154-9), Alexander III
(1159-81), Lucius III (1181-5), Urban III (1185-7),
WEST-COUNTRY PRELATE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. 189
Gregory VIII (1187-8), Clement III (1188-91), and Coeles-
tine III (1191-8). With Coelestine they stopped.
Evidently, therefore, the Appendix is some collection
supplementary to Gratian's Decretum (a.d. 1144) and
antecedent to Gregory IX's collection (a.d. 1234). The
limits over which it extends are the years 1144-91, so
that its compilation dates approximately from 1194.
Here, then, are two facts, a collection of Decretals nearly
one-half of which are addressed to English prelates, and
a collection made about the year 1194. To these a third
fact must be added. The two last of the fifty parts have no
headings, and consist of a very miscellaneous assortment of
Decretals. Seemingly they had been added as an after-
thought, and the collection was a copy of a previous
collection with additions. Working upon these data the
inference lies close to hand, that in this Appendix we have one
of the collections made to supplement Gratian's Decretum,
of which at least four are known. The question then is,
which of the four it can be. It cannot be the first compila-
tion made by Bernard, Bishop of Pavia, or Mansi, who states
that he had compared it with Bernard's compilation, would
have noted the identity. But it seems highly probable that
it is the so-called third compilation, the second in point of
time, made by two Englishmen, Gilbert and Alan. This
will explain the large number of English Decretals it
contains, and also the miscellaneous additional matter at the
end. But whether it is the original compilation of Gilbert
and Alan which the Canonists of Bologna refused to accept
as authoritative, or the revision of the same made by John
of Wales to which the title of the third compilation is
usually accorded, I am not prepared to say.
Going a step further, it should be noted that of the 264
Decretals it contains addressed to English prelates, three
prelates stand out prominently from the rest for the large
number addressed to them. To the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, either St. Thomas or his successor Eichard, forty-one
Decretals are addressed; the same number to the Bishop
of Exeter, Bartholomew; and to Eoger, Bishop of Worcester,
thirty-nine ; whereas only twenty-four are addressed to the
Archbishop of York, who was himself a papal legate, and
only sixteen to the Bishop of Winchester. It is therefore
very evident that next to the Archbishop of Canterbury,
who was the Pope's standing legate in this country, Bartholo-
mew of Exeter and lioger of Worcester were the two
prelates who enjoyed the highest confidence of Alexander III.
190 SIDELIGHTS ON THE WORK AND TIMES OF A GREAT
To* illustrate the points to which this confidence extended,
I propose to refer to some of these Decretala But, before
doing so, it will be as well to remember that Bishop
Bartholomew, to whom so many Decretals are addressed,
was the son of a poor citizen wlio owed his exaltation to
his own merits, and that he is called Iscanus because he was
born at Isca or Exeter. Appointed to the see on the
vacancy in 1159, he held it till 1183. His episcopate was
therefore contemporary with the pontificate of Alexander III,
only he outlived the Pope. The other bishop who is grouped
with him, Koger, was Bishop of Worcester from 1164-80.
He was therefore also a contemporary of Alexander III, but
for a shorter time, and he predeceased the Pope.
In the early days of their episcopates, both the Bishop
of Exeter and the Bishop of Worcester had been warm
supporters of King Henry II in his struggle with St. Thomas
of Canterbury and Pope Alexander III, but both of them
entirely came round and became the strongest supporters
of the Pope against the King. As both of them were men
of ability, and had nothing to gain but everything to lose
by the line they took, we may take it that experience had
convinced them on which side lay the merits of the stru^le.
What opinion Alexander III had formed of them may be
best gleaned from one of his own Decretals addressed to the
Bishop of Chichester (Mansi, XXII, 399; Decretals of
Gregory IX, Lib. I, Tit. xx. c. 2): —
On the question of your election and that of others who have
been chosen in certain English Churches being discussed before
us and our brethren, and various objections being raised to several
of you, two objections were raised against yourself that you had a
mole in the eye and were the son of a canon. Having regard to
your prudence and honesty and being minded that you should
enjoy the prerogative of our favour and affection we have given
in command to our venerable brother the archbishop of Canterbury,
legate of the apostolic see that in respect to your being said to be
the son of a canon, he should not hesitate to proceed with your
promotion ; but in respect of the eye-defect we have commanded
the said archbishop to take such steps as he may think best after
taking advice with his suffragans and specially with our venerable
brethren the bishops of Exeter and Worcester.
It was therefore no doubt because of his great r^ard for
the bishops of Exeter and Worcester that Alexander III
addressed to them so large a number of his Decretals. For
the effect of a Decretal was to constitute the prelate to
WEST-COUNTRY PRELATE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. 191
whom it was addressed a special commissioner {jud^x) of the
Pope in the cause committed to him ; and although the
Decretal usually contained a direction as to how the cause
was to be dealt with, yet only a prelate of discretion and
judgment could be trusted to deal with any important
question.
n.
Foremost among the matters with which the Bishop of
Exeter was called upon to deal was the difficult question
of married people, one of whom wished to enter a monastery,
or, as it was called, to enter upon religion, when the other
was unwilling to follow his or her example. This was the
medieval way of obtaining a divorce. On this subject two
Decretals were addressed to Bishop Bartholomew (Mansi,
XXII, 283; Decret., Lib. Ill, Tit. xxxn. c. 4, and Mansi,
p. 284), but only one of these appears in the Decretals of
Gregory IX.
On the subject of procedure in ordinary cases four
Decretals were addressed to him (Mansi, XXII, 308, 309,
311 ; Decret., Lib. II, Tit. XX. c. 18), only one of which
is in the Decretals; and in appeal cases also four (Mansi,
p. 303, 312, 316, 319), only two of which are in the
Decretals (Lib. II, Tit. xxviiL c. 1 and 27). On ques-
tions involving the validity of marriage seven (Mansi,
p. 325, 326, 388, 409, 410, 444), only two of which are
in the Decretals (Lib. IV, Tit. L c. 15 and c. 2). One of
them (Mansi, p. 311) runs: —
It has come to our ears that Hugo de Kalcga [perhaps Kail or
Calleway] and M. his wife are so near akin that they can on no
account lawfully live together. Wherefore seeing that such a
matter requires great discretion, we enjoin upon you good brother
that if any have come forward who can and will lawfully impeach
their union, you call both parties before you and carefully and
searchingly inquire how long they have lived together and ascertain
whether at the time they were married the accusers kept silence
knowing that they ought [not] to be married. If it is shown that
at the time of the marriage they knew of it [the near kinship]
and said nothing, it would be a serious matter to allow them
afterwards to be heard about it. For it would be better to leave
those united who have been united in defiance of human regula-
tions than in defiance of divine regulations to put asunder any
who have been lawfully united. If however the marriage has
been only recently entered upon and it appears that knowledge
of it did not reach the accusers at the time it was contracted, try
the cause, taking care to investigate the report of the neighbour-
192 SIDELIGHTS ON THE WORK AND TIMES OF A GREAT
hood and of those living near and endeavour to settle it in
canonical course.
In connexion with the offence of laying violent hands on
clergy, five cases were referred to him alone and one to
him in conjunction with the Bishop of Bath (Mansi, XXII,
332; Decret., Lib. V, Tit. xxxix. c. 1). In one of them
he was commanded not to spare Templars if guilty of the
offence (Mansi, XXII, 333; Decret., Lib. V, Tit. xxxix.
c. -8) ; in another he was told how to deal with scholars
(Mansi, XXII, 334; Decret., Lib. V, Tit. xii. c. 6); in
another how to deal with a great man's guestmaster (Mansi,
XXII, 334; Decret., Lib. V, Tit. xxxix. c. 3); in another
how to deal with monks (Mansi, XXII, 334; Decret.,
Lib. V, Tit. XXXIX. c. 2); in yet another how to deal with
officials (Mansi, XXII, 335; Decret., Lib. V, Tit. xxxix.
c. 3) should they respectively be guilty of laying violent
hands on clergy.
On the marriage of the clergy the Pope writes (Mansi,
XXII, 351) to tell him that "we have been informed that
in your diocese certain subdeacons have presumed to enter
upon matrimony and live with their wives like laymen."
Whereupon he advises him, although " such action is contrary
to the regulations of the holy canons," to tolerate it, '* pro-
vided only that they do not approach to minister at the
altar nor hold ecclesiastical benefices."
As to clergy succeeding one another in a benefice by
hereditary right, there are two Decretals addressed to Bishop
Bartholomew by the same pope. One of them, a.d. 1172-4,
runs (Mansi, XXII, 354 ; Decret., Lib. I, Tit. xvii. c. 6) : —
R. the bearer of these presents, has informed us that on being
presented to the Church of Salesby^ by the lord of the estate,
you refused to commit to him the cure of souls ... on the
ground that he was the son of a priest. Fpr this, as is meet, we
commend your discretion in the Lord and value your precaution
as being wise and timely. All the same seeing that we sympathize
with the hardship and difficulties which R. has gone thro*
in coming to us when in deep mental distress — for it were un-
seemly that after being ordained subdeacon he should be bound
to forego all prospect of au ecclesiastical benefice — we admonish
you discreet brother by apostolic writ that within 40 days after
^ Salesby is in Lincolnshire. From the Decretal on page 196 it seems that
the see of Lincoln was at the time vacant, Geoffrey, 1172 to 1182, being only
elect, and that Bartholomew was guardian of it during the vacancy of the
see of Canterbury after the assassination of St. Thomas. Richard succeeded
in 1174.
WEST-COUNTRY PRELATE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. 193
receiving this letter, ignoring gainsaying and appeal you seek
to find some honest presbyter with the assent of the same R.
to serve the Church, upon the understanding that the before-
named R. by our and your authority shall retain a moiety of all
the endowments of the aforesaid Church whilst serving the same
in his order of subdeacon. For a presbyter cannot alone perform
the solemn service of the mass and other offices without the
suffrages of an assistant.
The other, which is very short (Mansi, XXII, 448; Decret.,
Lib. I, Tit. xvn. c. 10), simply forbids God's property
being held by hereditary right.
Ou the subject of the presumption and selfishness of
archdeacons, Alexander III addresses him iu another Decretal
(Mansi, XXII, 364; Decret., Lib. V, Tit. XXXL c. 3):—
It has come to our ears that some of your archdeacons make
no scruple of their own authority to institute themselves to vacant
Churches in their archdeaconries. Now we feeling that such
action is monstrous and an excess of presumption, and not being
minded to leave it uncorrected enjoin upon you good brother
that if there are any archdeacons in your bishopric who in this
manner have entered upon churches and hold them, you compel
them by ecclesiastical constraint regardless of gainsaying and
appeal to give them up, and look to it that you punish the afore-
said archdeacons with due punishment for this so great presump-
tion.
On the subject of lawful or unlawful agreements there
are two Decretals of Alexander III addressed to Bishop
Bartholomew. The locality of the first one is sufficiently
plain, not so that of the second.
The first one (Mansi, XXII, 375 ; Decret., Lib. V, Tit. iv.
c. 4) runs : —
We have received the complaint of master W. setting forth
that after he had taken over the Church of Calverleigh [written
Ferleia and in Gregory's Decretals Chephalai with variants (^apla,
Cepha, Capelai, Fereleia, Ferelegia] from G. the parson of the
same Church to hold for a seven years* term by a yearly rent
(censits), the latter had presumed to take it from him before ho
had held it one year, notwithstanding that the same G. had
engaged and pledged his word not to molest or interfere with him
till the appointed date. Accordingly we command you by apostolic
writ that if the facts are found to be as stated you straightly compel
him barring appeal to restore the said Church to the aforesaid
W. and to allow him to hold the same peaceably up to the date
fixed between them.
The second is addressed to the bishops of Exeter and
VOL. XXXVII. N
194 SmKUGHTS ox THE WORK JlSD TDCSS OF A GREAT
Worcester jointly, and although it mentions the chapel of
Linton, it is by no means certain that this is not an error,
the variants are so nameroos (Mansi, XXII, 375 ; Decret.,
Lib. I, Tit- XXXT. c. 4), It runs : —
Some time ago Simon a clerk proctor of the prior and monks of
Acra [t Castleacre] and P., a clerk having appeared before us in the
matter of a dispute pending between the said monks and the afore-
said P., and his brother about the Church of Ha [Decret, S. alias
Wet] and the chapel of L [Decret, L. ali€u Vel], agreed between
themselves without our intervention, that the proctor of the prior
and monks should pay to P. four marks of silver to cover the
expenses he had incurred and that P. should withdraw from the
suit altogether. But when they brought this agreement to our
knowledge and prayed that it might be confirmed by apostolic
authority, we ruled that it was altogether inadmissible, because
it seemed to contain a kind of illicit compact We, however,
advised the aforesaid P. that both he and his brother should leave
the monks in possession and withdraw from the suit He fell
in with our advice and withdrawing from the suit placed in our
hands the authentic instruments which he held concerning the
same Ghttrch and ChapeL These we handed to the prior and
monks admonishing them, inasmuch as the aforesaid P. had fallen
in with our advice, to lend an ear to our kindly-meant prayers
and to endeavour to provide the same P. and his brother with
a benefice more profitable to him than the illicit compact would
have been. But now seeing that the aforesaid prior and brethren
are as we hear not minded to fall in with our monitions, we
sympathizing with paternal affection with the troubles of the said
clerks, enjoin upon you by authority of these presents, that you
admonish the prior and monks to bestow and assign to P. and
his brother a decent and competent benefice. Should they refuse
so to do, and it be made out to your satisfaction that the aforesaid
clerks have been as they say wrongfully and without judicial
f>rocess done out of the before named Church of B. [Decret.,
Sintonia] and chapel of Linton [Decret, Lintona] by the violence
of laymen, cause the same to l)e restored to them, notwithstanding
the letters of confirmation which the aforesaid prior and monks
are known to have obtained from us.
Dealing with church property there are two Decretals of
Alexander III addressed to the Bishop of Exeter. One of
these refers to Ufculm (Mansi, XXII, 380; Decret., Lib. Ill,
Tit. XXI. c. 3), and is very interesting. It runs : —
We learn from a communication made by the bearer of
these presents that Alexander sometime priest of the Church
called Ufculm (Offetolon) [Decret writes it Offitona, Oflfic, Osse-
col^s, Opecolon] to meet his necessities pledged a certain silver
WEST-COUNTRY PRELATE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. 195
cup and half of a breviary belonging to that Church, and being
anticipated by death failed to redeem them. Wherefore seeing
that it is unseemly that the Church should thus lose its property,
we enjoin upon you good brother, that if this statement tallies
with the facts you carefully admonish and compel his son Walter
who is said to have the right of succession to his patrimony, to
recover the property pledged and to restore the same to the
Church.
The other (Mansi, XXII, 380; Decret., Lib. Ill, Tit.
XLViL c. 4) requires those who hold parochial churches
to contribute to the repair and upkeep of their churches
out of church revenues.
As to the reconciliation of persons excommunicated, the
following Decretal (Mansi, XXII, 384) is addressed to him : —
It has been explained to us by a formal communication on
your behalf that occasionally men excommunicated for some very
good cause repair to the apostolic see and saying nothing about
the cause upon making their confession have obtained the benefit
of absolution. Whereupon seeing that you were minded to consult
us as to whether an absolution holds good when it has been
obtained by concealing the excesses for which they were ex-
communicated or specifying wrong ones we give this as our reply,
that if what you say is found to be a fact, you ought to compel
them by ecclesiastical censure to come back to the apostolic see
bringing a letter from you setting forth the facts of the case ; but
if it is not proved and you only suspect that they have not told
the truth, you ought to compel them to clear themselves upon
oath in your presence.
A most interesting Decretal addressed to Bishop Bartholo-
mew by Alexander III is one referring to the murderers of
St. Thomas of Canterbury^ and the treatment they ought
to receive in penance (Mansi, XXII, 391; Decret., Lib. V,
Tit. XII. c. 6). After a somewhat lengthy preamble it runs: —
Now albeit we doubt not but that you discreet brother have
thought over and arrived at an accurate answer to the questions
which you have resolved to submit to us for solution, we are
nevertheless compelled in the exercise of the task we have under-
taken to answer you thereancnt as God enables us. Full well you
know, being a wise and discreet man with a large experience in
such matters, that in dealing with the excesses of individuals, not
only the nature of the offence, but the quantity of it, the age, the
* Bishop Stubbs's "Life,** p. 77 : I could not find that St. Thomas was
called Becket by any writer of his own age. The subject of surnames at
that date is unsettled, as I think for the most part the surnames themselves
were, except in the case of families of note.
N 2
196 SIDELIGHTS ON THE WORK AND TIMES OF A GREAT
knowledge, the sex and the condition of the ofifender must be
taken into account. Wherefore penance must in each case be
awarded according to circumstances.
He then proceeds to distinguish the degrees of guilt be-
tween " those who confess that they came in favour of lay-
ing hands with intent to kill on that holy and reverend
prelate Thomas sometime archbishop of Canterbury";
** those who came not intending to strike but only to assist
the assassins if perchance they were met by violence";
those who "incensed the King against the archbishop
whence perchance the murder resulted " ; those *' who in
ignorance of the murderous plot kept guard over the
assassins* clothes " ; and those wlio not being parties to the
murder "seized the opportunity of his death to enrich
themselves by pillage," and to each class he prescribes a
separate treatment.
For the unpleasant duty of conveying to the elect of
Lincoln that he had exceeded his powers, the Bishop of
Exeter was again selected (Mansi, XXII, 399 ; Decret., Lib.
C, Tit. VI. c. 9), as the following Decretal indicates : —
You as a wise and prudent man know that our dear sou
G[eoflfrey] called the elect of Lincoln [a.d. 1172-82. See
Massingberd, W. O., " Lincoln Cathedral Charters," p. 29] has no
power of granting honours or prebends since his election has not
yet been confirmed. For this reason we enjoin upon you good
brother straightly to command the said elect not to presume to
bestow an archdeaconry on any one, or if he has bestowed it,
quash the bestowal by our authority barring cavil and appeal.
III.
From the two or three Decretals which have been quoted
in their entirety, it will be seen what was the nature of the
duties devolving on a papal delegate when an appeal bad
been made to the Pope. A Decretal, it will be noticed, con-
sisted of three parts: (1) a general statement of the case as
presented by the complainant or plaintiff; (2) a statement
of the law of the Church applying to the case as presented ;
and (3) a direction to the commissioners or judges appointed
as papal legates to hold an inquiry into the facts, and to
apply the law according to the facts put in evidence.
Although it has been very much the habit to inveigh
against appeals to Eome in medieval times, it is very easy
to prove to any thoughtful person the great advantage
WEST-COUNTRY PRELATE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. 197
which such appeals were to suitors in all proper ecclesijisti-
cal causes.
The-Conqueror, it is well known, commanded by royal
authority (Lingard, I, ch. vin.) "that no bishop nor arch-
deacon do hereafter hold plea in the Hundred according to
the laws episcopal [i.e. the Canon Law] nor bring those
causes before the secular courts which concern the govern-
ment of souls. . . . This also I absolutely forbid that any
sheriff, reeve or minister of the King do in any ways con-
cern himself with the laws which belong to the bishop.'*
In accordance with this order an ecclesiastical suit would
naturally begin before the archdeacon or the bishop, would
be carried on appeal to the archbishop, and from the arch-
bishop on appeal to the pope. The bishops of those days
being mostly sportsmen or warriors, and both themselves
and their officials being men generally devoid of knowledge
or learning,^ the one thing that secured to the suitor even
a semblance of justice was fear of being called to account
by the Pope.^ The power of appeal was therefore a useful
corrective of probable injustice, but at the same time it was
a dilatory and expensive proceeding, for before a decision
could be reached in the bishop's court on the main issue,
a number of preliminary points had to be decided ; and the
proceedings might be delayed at every step by these pre-
paratory decisions being disputed and appealed from. Thus
objection might be taken by the moving party to the defence
proposed as being not admissible, even if it were true ; to the
witnesses as not being competent witnesses, whatever their
evidence might be; and if decisions on such points were
^ As to bishops, Can. 10 of fourth Lateran Council, a.d. 1215 (in Decrat.,
Lib. I, Tit. XXXI. c. 15) runs: "As it frequently happens that bishops be-
cause of their manifold occupations, bodily ailments, warlike occupations
and other causes, not to mention their defective knowledge, are not capable
themselves of ministering to the people the word of God." As to otliers,
Can. 7 of Council of Tours in 1163 (Decret., Lib. V, Tit. iv. c. 2) : "Seeing
that in many parts certain deans or archpresbyters are wont to be appointea
in consideration of an annual sum of money to discharge the duties of
bisho^ts or archbishops and to settle ecclesiastical causes, which practice
without doubt gives occasion for the oppression of priests and the {)crver8ion
of justice, we entirely forbid it for the future.*'
* Alexander III could call to account, witness Decret., Lib. V, Tit. xxxi.
c. 1 : *Mt has come to our ears and filled us with amazement and we have
reason to feel angry with you, that you levy an annual tallage ujwn presby-
ters in your jurisdiction as though they were slaves and mercenaries, forbid-
ding them to say the daily office unless they pay what you like to ask, and
treating them with so much contempt and hauteur as to render them ol>ject8
of derision to laymen. Such conduct if it is correctly rejwrted ought to be
visited with severe punishment, since it is your duty to cherish the same
presbyters as brothers and sons with the greatest kindness and charity."
198 SIDEUGHTS ON THE WORK AND TIMES OF A GREAT
taken to the Pope on appeal, enormous expense and delay
would be incurred before ever the main issue had come into
judgment.
Accordingly this method of appealing to the Pope seems
to have been hardly ever practised, and was superseded by a
method of direct appeal which incurred the hostility of
bishops' officials, but was very beneficial to suitors. In the
method of direct appeal a brief statement of the case was
eitlier made by word of mouth to the Pope or communicated
to him in writing by an agent, together with a petition that
certain prelates suggested, or prelates whom the Pope should
himself think suitable, might be appointed as papal delegates
to hear and decide the case. The advantages of this mode
of proceeding were numerous. (1) It ensured the case being
heard by a competent judge, or at least by one whom the
complainant thought competent, if the prelate suggested in
the petition were appointed. (2) At the outset a direction
{forma littei'arum) was given by the Pope, the highest
authority as to the law of the Church governing the case,
without waiting for the ignorance of the lower officials to be
exposed and set right on appeal. (3) Instead of a com-
plaint having to travel to York or Canterbury, or even in
the last resort to Rome, with witnesses to prove his facts,
papal delegates could and did hold an inquiry and examine
witnesses on the spot. (4) The decision was given once and
for all and finally, thus doing away with the necessity of
further appeal. (5) The decision, when given, could be
enforced any- and everywhere.
Under such circumstances it is not to be wondered at
that the practice of appealing directly to the Pope met with
universal favour from litigants, and with equal disfavour
from the officials who thereby lost court fees, and even from
bishops, who sustained loss themselves by their officials
paying less money to hold office. Accordingly we find
Pope Urban III (1185-7) thus addressing the suffragans of
Canterbury (Mansi, XXII, 451 ; Decret, Lib. I, Tit. xxx.
c. 1) :—
Knowing as ye do that Baldwin our venerable brother, arch-
bishop of Canterbury (1185-93) is over you not only by right as
metropolitan, but also as legate of the apostolic see it seems
strange that some of you as we hear presume to assert that the
same archbishop ought not to hear any cause from your bishoprics
either by right of his legateship or as metropolitan, except it
comes before him on appeal. For if indeed as metropolitan lie
ought not to hear a cause from your bishoprics unless it comes
WEST-COUNTRY PRELATE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. 199
before him on appeal, nevertheless by virtue of his legateship he
can and ought to hear all causes which come to his audience
either on appeal or on [first] complaint as being the person who
in your province is known to represent us. We, therefore, enjoin
upon you and command you to leave to his judgment those causes
which are brought before the same archbishop from your bishoprics
and not to attempt to hinder or let any clerk or layman of your
jurisdiction from transferring if he is so minded his cause to the
before named archbishop.
At times, no doubt, discontented officials succeeded by
means of royal intervention in preventing such appeals;
but the barons inserted in the Great Charter, which King
John was compelled to sign, the words " Let the English
Chui'ch be free," whereby, until the legislation of Henry VIII,
the privilege of direct appeal to the Pope without hindrance
from the King was secured.
Considering the high esteem in which Bishop Bartholomew
was held by his contemporaries and the Pope, it may strike
us as strange that his signature is not found among those
appended to the Acts of the third Lateran Council in 1179.
The explanation will be found in a passage of Roger de
Hoveden, quoted by Severinus Binius, in Mansi, XXII, 242;
and with this passage I will conclude.
After Christmas [a.d. 1178], he says, there came from Ireland
to England the archbishops Laurence of Dublin and Catholicus of
Tuani and five or six bishops on their way to the Council at Rome.
Similarly from the Kingdom of Scotland very many bishops and
abbots passed through England, and all of them as well those from
Ireland as from Scotland and other islands in passing through
England made oath, in return for leave to pass through, that they
were not compassing harm either to the King or to his Kingdom.
From England, however, only four bishops set out for Rome, viz.
Hugo bishop of Durham, John bishop of Norwich, Robert bishop
of Hereford and Reginald bishop of Bath, also very many abbots,
it having been constantly asserted by the English bishops that not
more than four bishops from England need attend a general council
of the lord pope at Rome.
Evidently in the twelfth century attendance at a general
council was not looked upon as an honour and a privilege,
but as a burden to be avoided when possible.
A FEW STORIES ILLUSTEATIVE OF DEVONSHIRE
WIT AND HUMOUR.
BY J. D. PRICKMAN.
(Read at Prineetown, 19 July, 1905.)
In continuation of a former paper on this subject ^ I venture
to chronicle the following stories, most of which are founded
on facts. The first one shall be the story told me about five
years ago by a very old man, who told it, as near as I could
put it down afterwards, as follows : —
"Ees, zir, ees, I be gitten old, nigh eighty year old, and
bin varming all me live. I ha' seed strange things vanning.
I mmd when I waz a gurt larripin* boy, Mr. S , ov ,
fay ther to he auver there ; now he zold a thouzand bushel of
whayt vor 19s. a bushel. Fay ther, you knaw, he wazent a
very beg varmer, but he 'ad zold 'ees little lot ov 20 bushel
for £16, an' I mind it az ef 'twas yesday. Fayther an' me, us
meet Mr. S ridin' home vram T market — he'd a
thrashed 2000 bushels of whayt just afore — and wen he waz
cumin' alung he seed fayther an' me, an* 'e waz purty jovial
like, an' 'e zingest out to fayther, * Varmer, I ha' zold a 1000
au'm vor 19s. a bushel,' an' fayther an' me zeed un shake the
bag he had got the munny een. Fayther said tu'n, * Why didn'
*e zell tuther 1000 then, Mr. S ?' an' the ol' man luked zo
cunnin' down auver hees nawse — 1 sem I zee'n now — an' then
'e titched the tap au'n way 'ees vingur an' 'e zed, * I smuU
guineas vor they, varmer.' WuU then, 'e always, when 'e waz
axed why 'e didn' zell tother bushels, wid zay, * I smull
guineas vor they,' an' zo it got a zort ov a zayin that the ol'
genelmin always smuUed guineas. Ees, an' a smuUed um a
lung way off, vor the price of whayt insted of gwain up
contineed to drap-drapitee-drap-drap, an' then voks zort ov
drawed it out tu'n, an' zum ov 'em zed tu'n, to pule 'ees leg
like, *Du 'ee smull guineas now, Mr. S V But whayt keept
drappin' an' drappin', an' at las' 'e had tu zell they 1000
1 "Trans.," Vol. XXX, 1898, Honiton Meeting, p. 316.
DEVONSHIRE WIT AND HUMOUR. 201
bushels vor 7s. a bushel, an' there waz a brave Jiaulk ov it
aul up an' down the parish. Fayther an' 'e wadden the best
au vriends at the best au times. Fayther liked a beet ov
shooten, and 'e liked a beet ov shooten, an* tu ov a trade kin
niver agree. It made it wiss tu wen 'e zold 'ees vust 1000
bushels for 19s., an' then zort ov crawed auver fayther ; so wen
fayther yerd tuU au 'ees ha'ing tu zell tuther 1000 bushels
for 7s. 'e up an' tuld me. I waz a gurt larripin' boy then, and
'e up an' told me tu go auver an' see'n, an' tu tuU'n * fayther
waz crule zorry tu yer 'e 'ad 'ad tu zell 'ees whayt vor 7s. a
bushel.' Now fayther 'e always 'ad a gude zort au zetter dug
an' liked shutein — but, law, shutein in they days waz not like
tiz now. Fayther, tho* *e waz onny a smal rentin' varmer, had
a bravish rin, an' 'e always keeped a gude zort o' dug, zo wen
fayther zend me auver, az I hev zed, tu tull Mr. S- 'ow
zorry 'e waz about the bushels of whayt, 'e zed tu ine, *Now
boy, wen yu ha' told'n that, you tell'n — but git pritty far out
au the ray eh au'n wen yu git tu this pairt — that fayther zed
'e shuden brayd eny zetters from 'e, vor,' he says, * thee nauze
couldeii be zo gude arter all.' Law, I knawed twaz a beet
ov a May game, zo I went auver an' stood 'xactly as fayther
told me. I tould'n 'ow zorry fayther waz about the bushels
ov whayt, an' 'e got crule tedyus ; but wen I told'n about the
zetters, law, 'e waz zo maggity that what 'e zed I widden like
vor 'e tu put down, but law bless 'e, 'e drawed vore tu me
way 'ees stick tu knack me down, an' eef 'e had a 'at me 'e wid a
knacked me down sure 'nough, dayd as a dore nayl. I waz a
larripin' boy, an' I knawed fayther told me tu du it vor a beet
ov a May game, zo I got out ov 'ees way — but law, I mind it
az if 'twaz yesday. 'Twaz diflf'rent times varming then tu wat
'tiz now; way whayt down to 3s. an' wool tu 5d., varmers ken
hardly live."
Then a good story illustrative of the old-world places :
It was in the parish of W , when an old woman who
kept a grocer's shop was called upon by a traveller, who
opened conversation with her by saying, " Good news from
the front, isn't it, madam ? " The old woman, startled, looked
down over and said, " What d'e mean ? " On the traveller
saying, '* Good news from the seat of war," the old woman
was still more confused, and again queried, "What do 'ee
mean ? " " Oh ! " said he, ** don't you know we are at war
with the Boers?" The old woman's reply was, "Aw, be us?
Butiful day vor't, idden it ? "
What price currants ! ! !
202 A FEW STORIES ILLUSTRATIVE OF
An old gardener, too, from I said to a lady of the
parish, " Law bless me, ma'am, idden it queer about the
sawjers nowadays ? Squire's son 'as been tellin' me that in
Afrikay they niver went out without a * teddy scoop,' but
wat they wanted to do way that I dawn't knaw. Now a
shovel might be some good. But law, 'e zed, it made volks
luke the closer. I cudden make eny sense out au't, an'
cudden tell what it all ment. 'Tis bravish times us live in —
I^r bless us."
The British reverse at Tugela was graphically described by
an old countryman :
" Lord a massy, zur, they marched mun down, and when
they was there — the place was all full of Boers — they send
for some bosses to get back the guns and they shet mun all."
Then it was at an inquest at L , when the doctor's
groom, who was a somewhat pompous individual, was asked
by one of the inquiring villagers how the death had occurred,
was heard to say, '* Well, you see, my Guv'nor an' the
Crownder they do say as 'ow 'e broke the main artillery of
'is 'art ! "
Then there is a doctor's story :
An old countryman was suffering severely from gout in
his feet, and he was explaining to his companion what a
trouble he had had, how he had used lotions and taken
medicine, and done all sorts of things, when the old man
friend, in pure innocence, said, **Have 'ee tried washing *em?"
Then two old men were discussing the death of a mutual
friend :
** Wat did a die of ? " says one.
" Aw, 'e died on a Tuesday, 'e did," was the reply.
" Naw, I mayne wat did a die aw ? "
" Aw ! Wull, naw, I can't 'xactly tell 'e, but 'twaz nithing
sayryus ! ! ! "
Then there was the good hunting story told of old L-
the Dartmoor hunting man and huntsman to the celebrated
Mr. Trelawney. A fox had been run to ground, and old
L was down on his knees trying to draw him, and in
his efforts kept sitting back on his spurs. Then ensued the
following conversation :
" Who is that drawin' earth 'pon me head ? "
" There's nobody drawing earth on your head, Mr. L ."
DEVONSHIRE WIT AND HUMOUK. 203
L again speaks : " Who's that prickin* me with a fuz
bush ? "
"There's nobody pricking you with a furze bush, Mr.
L ;'
Mr. L : " There is somebody prickin* me with a fuz
bush," then putting his hand back, he discovered the facts,
and exclaimed, " Law bless me, if I ha'ut a been sittin' *pon
me spurs ! "
Then the man who carried through business rather rapidly
was described as follows by a countryman : " Law bless me
'art, 'e du zit the job all tu a blaze to wance ! "
" Ah I " said an old woman, " matrimony and long winters
'uU tame men and blackburds ! "
Yet another :
*' Quiet piofs often eat up the noisy pig's meat," said by an
old lady of Petrockstow.
And another :
" Old chicken make very good broth."
Then there was another rather good story illustrative of
quaint humour :
Question. — Is So-and-so a pretty good sort of man ?
Answer, — Law, I dawn't knaw ; pritty middlin' like. He's
churchwarden, yu knaw.
Question, — A pretty generous man ?
Answer. — Well, ees, pritty ginrous, vor evry Mundy
momin' 'e 'ath three eggs boiled an' 'e geeth the brawth tu
the poor.
Yet another :
Question. — How far does he live from you ?
Answer. — Aw, middlin' close, middlin' close.
Question, — Well, how close ?
Answer, — Law, law bless 'e, *e*s zo close that if yu waz tu
cum out tu the dorestep an* vail down twice you'd be there.
An old man's explanation, given at a petty sessional meet-
ing, of how lying, stealing, and swearing were justified :
"'Tis right to be lying in bed when you'm tired. 'Tis
right to steal away from bad company ; and 'tis right to swear
to speak the truth."
Then old S , a Dartmoor celebrity, describes a Dart-
moor mist as " A brave searching rain."
204 A FEW STORIES ILLUSTRATIVE OF
The story of the groom who suggested the christening of a
terrier pup is possibly worth recording :
** Sir, ain't it time our little pup was a christened ? ** " Well,
have you thought of a name for her ? " "I have, as you may
say, and I ha'nt, as you may say." " Well, what is it ? "
" Well, you see, sir, us have a got one called ' Gin * ; if us was
to call this one * G-er,' us could make one word, * Ginger,' to
call 'em both." Could carefulness and economy be carried
further ?
Yet another story of a Convalescent Home :
" J—: — , take those flowers up to the Nursing Home in the
morning." " Yes, sur, up in Eoad?" "Yes, yes!" "Up
to the * Conversation ' Home, sir ? " " Ah, well, yes, yes ! "
The old man at 0 meant all right, too, who, speaking
of some dreadful things that had happened in the district,
said, " Why, sur, us do seem to have — have a kind of a sort
of — eh-demi — epic of 'em."
Distinctly humorous, too, is the church dignitary's
remark, when a bachelor vicar is being rather chaffed at a
luncheon on his celibate state, and on "not having a little
duck of his own," and on being asked his opinion, "Not
altogether a quack remedy."
A curious story is told of old Bishop P when be
was at B as a guest of the rector, who was one of
the old school. The Bishop was taken to look over the town,
and, intending to impress the clergyman with the responsi-
bility of his position, said, as he looked out over the bay, " A
great number of souls here." The old clergyman replied,
" Oh, no, my lord, soles cannot cross the bar, nothing but
dabs come in over."
The Bishop thought he couldn't carry the case any further.
Yet another at the parish of S :
" Do you have * Matins ' here ? " asked the church digni-
tary of old Mrs. the caretaker. " Oh, no, sur, no call
for that, sur ; there'm some butiful new tiles laid three years
ago come Christmas ! ! "
And yet another :
In a great dispute as to whether a trustee house in a
village should be had by the Church or Dissenting Body,
" My lord," said an excited rector, " we must take the bull by
the horns." " Yes," is the witty reply, " indeed it may come
to that, for I've already got the cottage by the 'ear ! "
DEVONSHIRE WIT AND HUMOUR. 205
And another :
The reply of the old man at S (though he says 'tis a
libel), who was asked by a High Church dignitary if he was
"one of the officials/' said, "Lord, I can't tell what I be.
First parson I had called me Sextant ; the next he called me
Beetle ; the next he called me Virgin ; and now you call me
* Fishall.* Lord a massy, I don't know what I be ! "
Possibly worth recording is the following :
Application to a churchman was made for a subscription
to an organ. A list of subscribers was asked for, and where
the organ was to be put. The list of subscribers was sent,
and a letter saying the organ was to be placed in a Bible
Christian Chapel, "But, honoured sir, please remember in
heaven there are no sexes ! ! ! "
An old washerwoman of S married a daffy old man,
and on being reproached by the vicar of the parish, was
heard to say, " Wull, I ha* got a lot of washin* tu du, an' got
tu take it round, an' if I hadden married 'e I should ha' 'ad
tu keep a dunkey."
The story of a half-witted man who called in at the door
of a lawyer's office "What do 'ee sell here ? " " Fools, d
fools ! " is the angry reply, and as the man is being kicked
out he says, " Perty good sale, I should think, only one left ! "
which would seem to indicate he was more " E " than " F."
Then the gardener's little story :
They had been growing sweet-peas in the garden, Tom
Thumbs and Sweet Marguerites, and there was a discussion as
to which was the better sort. The gardener said, "Aw, I
likes they there Tom Thumbs for flavour, but they Margarites
be the best, they're zo much more profligate ! ! "
There had been much buttering of all the officials of a
public body at one of the annual meetings. One of the
replies by one who understood the value was, "There have
been many compliments, but compliments are like Devon-
shire cream — the more 'tis spread, the thinner it gets."
Then, too, the town councillor who said, after talking a
considerable time, that he should soon conclude his remarks
with a few preliminary observations, is distinctly comic.
THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
ISABELLA DE FORTIBUS,
COUNTESS OF ALBEMARLE AND DEVON.
BT MRS. ROSE-TROUP.
(Read at Princetown, 19 jQly« 1005.)
Looking back to the turbulent times of the Plantagenets
we catch occasional glimpses, amid the mists of wars and
tumults, either through the cold pages of history or the
more attractive ones of legends, of a figure of great beauty,
of enormous wealth, strong of character, of unbending will,
whose existence was anything but placid. Born of a noble
family, married at an early age to a man of great estate but
much her senior, obtaining on his death control of vast
properties in the north, and on the failure of the male line
of her own house inheriting enormous estates in the southern
counties, she became one of the greatest heiresses of an age
when the possessions of a single person were immense.
Isabella de Eedvers, better known by her name after
marriage, Isabella de Fortibus, was Countess of Albemarle,
Countess of Devon, and Lady of the Isle of Wight — this
last title sounds more resonant in its Latin form, Domina
Insulae — and lived in the thirteenth century. In order to
appreciate her position and possessions it is necessary to
glance back at the history of her ancestors, concerning
whom a vast amount of misconception has arisen among
early writers, which has not been wholly dispelled by the
correcting statements of more accurate modern students.
Among the companions of William the Conqueror at
Hastings was a "Sire de Eiviers," who has been identified
by some with Richard de liedvers, Rivers, or de Ripariis, as
he is variously styled, the first of the family known in Eng-
land. It is suggested that he was the son of a William de
Redvers, who held land in Montebourg, in Normandy, at
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 207
which place our first Richard founded an abbey, wherein he
was buried.^
In the time of Domesday we find that Mosterton, in
Dorset, was held by Richard de Redvers. Our Richard de
Redvers (styled I to distinguish him from two descendants
of the same Christian name) was one of the five barons who
upheld Henry I in his claim to the throne against his elder
brother Robert, Duke of Normandy.* For his faithfulness
he was rewarded with great possessions. Pole^ says King
Henry " gave hym Tiverton, & then Plymton, & made hym
Erie of Devonshire, givinge unto hym the third penny
of y*^ county, amountinge unto xviij li. yeerly.^ He alsoe
gave unto hym thile of Weight."
His wife was Adeliza, daughter of William Peverel, of
Notingham, as appears from a letter of hers, written between
1142 and 1155,* in which she refers to her gift of Ouelaium
(Wooley, in Chaddleworth, Co. Berks ; not Walley, Co.
Somerset, as stated by Planch^) to her husband's foundation
of Montebourg. She survived him many years, he dying
in 1107, and she at some time between 1142 and 1165.
They had three sons and one daughter — Baldwin de Redvers
(I of that name), William de Vernon the elder, Robert de
Sancte Marie Ecclesiae, and Hadwisia, the wife of William
de Roumara, Earl of Lincoln.
Baldwin de Redvers I, the eldest son, inherited his father's
chief possessions, becoming second Earl of Devon. He
espoused the cause of the Empress Maud, and fortified the
Castle of Exeter against King Stephen in June, 1136,
placing in it a garrison of valiant youths, the flower of all
England, " who, when the King invested the castle, mounted
the walls in shining armour and treated him and his army
with scorn and defiance."^ Baldwin is described by the
writer of the "Gesta Stephani"® as "virum et dignitate et
genere magnificum." His wife was with him in the castle,
* Planche, in *' Earls of Devon," Collectanea Arcbseologica, Vol. I, p. 266,
biingH forward evidence in support of the theory that this Richard de
Redvers married a daughter, Albreda ? of Osmund de Centiiville (i.e. Coten-
ville), Viscount de Vernon, by a niece of Gunnora, wife of Richard I, Duke*
of Normandy.
« "Collections," p. 6.
' Baldwin de Insula, Earl of Devon, received £9. 10s. out of the issues of
the County of Devon, **for his annual fee as his father and predecessors.
Earls of Devon, have been accustomed to receive." 20 May, 1261, Close
Rolls.
* Calendar of Documents, France, p. 314.
' Jenkins, p. 25.
« p. 22.
208 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
and when the garrison was reduced to great straits she
appealed to the King. " Not suffering this hard repulse of
her people, with her feet bare, her locks flowing over her
shoulders, weeping plentiful floods of tears, she went to the
King to supplicate for her people. But though he received
her humbly and kindly both for the pity he had for her
miserable and afflicted sex as well as for the kindred and
friends of a noble woman who laboured with her there in
the siege, having heard what she tearfully in her misery
besought about delivering up the castle, inflexibly steeling
himself even so far at length, without effect, sent lier back
to her people."!
Her entreaties proving unavailing, the defence continued
with unusual brilliance until the end of three months,
when the garrison was compelled to surrender for lack of
water. Baldwin fled to the Isle of Wight, where he was
again besieged in Carisbrooke Castle, which was captured by
the King. Baldwin was exiled and took up his residence at
the Court of Anjou, where he intrigued for the cause of the
Empress, until 1139, when he landed at Wareham and
fortified Corfe Castle, again withstanding a siege, but on
the approach of the Empress with her forces Stephen with-
drew. He was also at the siege of Winchester. On the
accession of Henry II, in 1154, he was restored to his
honours and possessions, which he did not long enjoy, as
he died on 4 June in the same year. He was buried beside
his wife Adeliza, at his own foundation — the Abbey of
Quarre, in the Isle of Wight.
His children were Richard de lledvers (II), Henry de
Eedvers, who died young and was buried at Quarre, William
Ceu m/^^f^ ^® Vernon the younger, Hadewisia, and perhaps Matilda,
r^f^^^^ married to Ralph Avenell.^
p y^ f^ Richard de Redvers II, third Earl of Devon, married
j#/i/^^, /. Hawisia or Dyonissa, daughter of Richard, Earl of Corn-
' 1 "Gesta Stcphani," p. 27.
^ In connexion with the Avenells it may not be amiss to note that in
1248-9 Amicia, Countess of Devon, had the custody of the heir of Ralph de
AveneU (Close Roll, 33 Hen. Ill), and that Baldwin de Redvers V in 1257
had the lands of the late William Avenell, in Honiton, they being an
escheat of the King, as lands of the Normans (Close Roll, 42 Hen. Ill) ; and
also we learn from the luq. p.m. on William Avenel (37 Hen. Ill) that
Esselegh, Southampton, was the King's escheat as Norman's lands, because
"William de Vernon, lord of the Isle . . . gave it to one Hawisia in free
marriage with William Avenel and she gave it to her sou Nicholas
Avenel, a Norman " ; and elsewhere it is stated that this Nicholas had a
brother living in Normandy. See Planche's '* Elarls of Devon," 279, where
he doubts the connexion between the two families of Avenell.
THE LABY OF THE ISLE. 209
walL^ He died at Mantes, in France, in 1162, his widow
surviving until 1175, if not later. He left two sons, who
both succeeded to the earldom — Baldwin and Richard.
Baldwin de Redvers II, fourth Earl of Devon, was a minor
at the time of his father's death, and is said to have married
Avicia, daughter of Eaoul de Dol, in Berri,^ and died with-
out issue in 1175. His widow married in 1189, at Salisbury
Cathedral, Andrew de Chevanni. Richard de Redvers III
succeeded his brother, becoming fifth Earl of Devon, and
married Emma, daughter of Robert de Ponte Arche, and
died without issue in 1184.^
On the death of this last representative of the elder
branch of the family, the title and estates passed to his
uncle, William de Redvers, known as William de Vernon,
from an estate of that name in France belonging to th^
family. He became the sixth Earl of Devon. As the direct
ancestor of our heroine and of the present Earls of Devon,
he deserves more than a passing notice.
At the second coronation of Richard Coeur de lion at
Winchester, in 1194, after his return from captivity in
Germany, William de Vernon was one of the four nobles
who supported a silken canopy over the King. But under
King John he was in disgrace, being accused of favouring
the pretensions of the Dauphin. About this period, it is
said, he was forced to yield up his castles to the King and to
give up his infant grandson as a hostage. We are also told
that William de Vernon was obliged to pay a fine of 500
marks to be reinstated in his castle of Plympton and other
estates, and to obtain permission to govern his tenants in
the Isle of Wiglit.* There is reason to believe that this fine
was due because of the following circumstances : Despairing
^ Planch^ quotes Baldwin IFs charter to Twjnham as containing refer-
ence to ** Dionissia comitissa matre mea" {** Lords of the Isle of Wight," p. 218),
and Richard de Redvers II's charter to St. James's Priory, £xeter« where
reference is made to ''uxoris mei Dyonissiie.'' Oliver gives in the latter
place Dionisie, but I cannot find any reference to her in Dugdale's "Mon«
Ang." under Twvnham. It looks as if Richard, at all events, lef^a widow
Hawisia, since Hawisia de Redvers occurs on the Pipe Rolls, temp. Hen. II,
as holding lands formerly held by Richard and afterwards held by Baldwin,
and we find William de Vernon exchanging Honiton for Edbricnton, with
Hawisia de Redvers for the Urm of her li/e^ in 1211, as if she had a right of
dower therein (Fines, John, 69).
« " Peerage," G. E. C.
^ To him has been assigned as wife Margaret, daughter of John, Lord
Biset, by his wife Alice, daughter of Thomas Basset; but as Lord Biset
was Chief Forester of England as late as 1250, she must have married another
Richard de Ripariis, as the name Redvers and Rivers have both been so
latinized. * Worsley's " Isle of Wight"
VOL. XXXVII. 0
210 THE IJU)T OF THE ISLE.
of having heirs male he made a convention, copied in a
charter on the Charter Boll, 1 John (1200),^ with Hubert de
Burgh, the King's chamberlain and Earl of Kent, on the
marriage of the latter with William's younger daughter. By
this, it appears, be had assigned to his elder daughter ^ the
caput of his honour in Devonshire, with the Castle of
Plympton, as hers by right of primogeniture, and with a
reasonable portion belonging to her of his inheritance."
This was Mary, who married Sir Bobert Courtenay ; and we
find, from the Inq. p.m. on her son John de Courtenay,
2 Edw. I, that Cruk', in Somerset, was one of the estates so
assigned to her.^ To Joanna, his younger daughter, he
assigned 'Hhe entire Island of Wight and Christchurch,
com. Hants," with a reasonable portion belonging to her of
his inheritance, but with this proviso, "Si vero contingat
ipsum comitem heredem masculum de uxore su^, tunc
remanebit eidem Huberto Ix libratas terre," etc. This con-
tingency actually occurred, his son Baldwin being bom
after the date of the convention,^ and upon obtaining re-
entry to his estates he would undoubtedly be obliged to pay
a fine.
In support of the theory that his fidelity to King John
was called in question, we may mention that in 1204
Plympton Castle was in the custody of Eichard Peverell.*
We are told that William de Vernon, like most of his
family, resided chiefly at Carisbrooke Castle, and that he
caused to be erected at Quarre a monument to his father
and himself at the cost of £300. He married Mabel,
daughter of Bobert de Beaumont, Earl of Mellent and
Worcester, and sister of Peter, who succeeded to those titles.
From the latter she received as dowry, or as some say, by
favour of Henry II, inherited on his death without issue, all
his lands in England.
William de Vernon died at an advanced age, having had
by Mabel, his wife, a son and two daughters. The elder
daughter, Mary, married Sir Bobert Courtenay, knight,
through whom eventually most of the de Bedvers estates and
titles passed to the Courtenay family ; the younger, Joanna,
* Stopleton's ** Liber de Antiquis Legibus,*' p. Iv.
« Cal. Gen., 212.
' Stapleton asfumes that the convention was made in 1200, but from his
own account it would seem that the convention was made at some period
prior to the charter recltingit
^ Close Roll, 6 John. This fact has kindly been brought to my notice
by Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe.
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 211
as we have seen, married the great Hubert de Burgh, Earl
of Kent, but dying without issue, her inheritance reverted
to her father.
Baldwin de Bed vers III, dying in his father's lifetime,
never held the title of Earl of Devon. He was evidently
much younger than his two sisters, to judge from the
above-quoted convention, and he died at an early age on
1 September, 1216, leaving one son by his wife Margaret,
daughter of Warin FitzGrerold. Through this heiress came
further honours and estates to the de Bedvers family.
Warin FitzGerold was hereditary chamberlain to the
King and his wife Alice de Courcy, daughter of William de
Courcy by Gundreda de Warren, was one of the heiresses of
the de Courcy estates. She was living as late as 2 September,
1216, while her husband, who was at the conference at
Bunnimede on 15 June, 1215, on the side of the King, but
whose name is among those barons who swore to obey the
mandate of the twenty-five barons chosen as conservators of
Magna Charta,^ survived her.
But their heiress, Margaret, was not allowed long to mourn
for her husband, Baldwin de Bedvers, for between the date
of his death, 1 September, 1216, and 19 October following, a
period of about seven weeks, she was given in marriage by
King John to his favourite Falcasius, or Faulk de Breaute,
according to her own statement afterwards, *^ as in the time
of warfare she had been made captive and espoused without
consent."*
Matthew Paris, writing of her death, says she was : —
Quondam uxor Falcasii cruentissimi proditoris, copulabantur
tamen eidem ignobili nobilis, pia impio, turpi speciosa, invita
et coacta, tradente eam Johanna tiranus, qui nullum genus ab-
horruit facinoris perpetrandi. De qua copula quidam ait satis
eleganter.
Lex connectit eos. Amor, et Concordia Lecti.
Sed quails Lex ? Amor quails ? Concordia qualis ?
Lex exlex ; Amor exosus ; Concordia dlscors.
Which verses Westcote (p. 227) translates for us : —
Join'd by law, by love, by concord in bed ;
What law ? what love ? or concord may be said ?
Lawless law ; hateful love ;
Concord discord did prove.
This Faulk de Breaute, a mercenary leader of Norman
origin but spurious birth, was in high favour, as has been
^ Stapleton, liii.
^ See Stapleton, liv. and lix.
o 2
212 .THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
said, with King John, and at the battle of Lincoln, 20 June,
1217, having forced his way into the besieged castle, was
amply rewarded by Henry II, and obtained not only all that
his reluctant wife brought in dower, but the custody of the
castles and the person of her infant son, and held as of her
right the estates that came to her on the death of her parents.
During the turbulence of the barons he took an active
part and committed extraordinary excesses. He beheaded
a deacon who apostatized, plundered the town of St. Albans,
murdered a servant of the abbey, extorted money from the
Abbot, burnt the houses and destroyed the parks of many
noblemen, destroyed St. Paul's Church in Bedford, and did
other outrageous things; such crimes they were that they
haunted his dreams, for W;e are told in detail by Matthew
Paris of a vision of the night which he repeated to his wife
Margaret, concerning a large stone from the abbey of
St. Albans falling upon him, which terrified him so much
that she induced him to seek pardon from that blessed
martyr and to undergo penance for his many misdeeds
against him. When all this was over he told the astonished
Abbot, "This my wife made me do because of a certain
dream, but if you demand restitution of what I have taken
from you, I will not listen to you."
But his reformation was also short-lived, for a fresh breach
of law and order in 1224 caused his banishment. " Eventually,
his outrageous conduct in ordering his knights, lodged in the
castle of Bedford, to seize upon the King's Justices in Eyre,
who in their session at Dunstaple had amerced him for divers
spoliation (sixteen actions of novel desseisin were then given
against him, it is said), which resulted in the capture and
imprisonment of Henry de Braybroc in the castle of Bedford,
which the garrison refused to surrender to the King unless
they had an order to that effect from their lord, caused such
indignation in that monarch's breast that not only was the
castle besieged, but the Archbishop and all the Bishops with
lighted candles excommunicated the said Falcasius and all
who were in the castle." ^ The castle withstood the siege
from 20 June to 14 August, but meanwhile, leaving his
brother William in charge of the place, Faulk fled to Wales.
Hearing of the fall of Bedford Castle ^ he, under the conduct
^ StajUeton, Ivii.
' Cleaveland in his **Courtenay Family" translates thus some con-
temporary verses on this event: —
**This furious Fulk within one month has lost,
By omen ill, what an whole age hath cost."
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 213
of Alexander, Bishop of Coventry, returned immediately to
Bedford and besought the King's mercy because of his
former great services. He was delivered into the custody
of Eustace, Bishop of London, and having signed "letters
patent " on the morrow of St. Bartholomew (25 August) re-
linquishing to the King all his estates, silver, etc., he was
sentenced to abjure England for ever. In the same month
William, Earl Warren, was instructed by the King's com-
mand to take the said Faulk to the seashore and there
putting him on board ship to leave him to the wind and
sails. Thus with only five attendants having crossed to
Normandy, as soon as he landed he was captured by the
servants of the King of France and brought before him, who
by reason of his having taken the Cross, dismissed him,
when he straightway set out on a journey to Rome in com-
pany with Robert Passelewe, his clerk. In England the
Legate Otho had in vain interceded for his restoration to
royal favour, wherefore having dispatched his affairs at the
Court of Rome, he hastened to return to England, but falling
sick on his journey, he ended his flagitious life at St. Ciriac,
in Languedoc, in the course of the following year.^ Mean-
while, according to Matthew Paris,^ Margaret de Redvers,
his wife, on the very day he abjured the realm, presented
herself before the King and Archbishop and "said that
she had never given consent in that degree that she should
be joined in matrimony with him ; wherefore, as in the time
of warfare she had been made captive and espoused with-
out consent, she demanded a divorce to be made. Day w£is
given to her by the Archbishop in order to have further
time for deliberation as to what he ought to do ; whilst the
King granted to her all her lands and possessions throughout
England and placed her under the custody of William, Earl
Warren."
We find her before the death of her husband styled
" Margaret, who was the wife of Faulk de Breaut^," which
confirms this story. It would seem that de Breautd brought
some action against her in some foreign court, but could not
proceed with it in England, as we gather from the Patent
Rolls ^ and the Papal Correspondence, because he possessed
no property in this country that could be given as security
in an English court.
As late as 1232, according to the Patent Rolls,* Margaret
» Stepleton. lix. ' *'Chron. Maj.," Vol. Ill, p. 87.
' 16 Hen. Ill, m. 6 d. * 16 Hen. Ill, m. 9.
214 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
de Eedvers with others was held responsible for a certain
debt of Faulk de Breaut^.
The history of Faulk de Breaut^ is not altogether un-
connected with our story, for among the estates granted in
dower to Margaret by her first husband Baldwin de Eedvers
was South Lambeth, in which place it seems her second
husband erected a residence which was styled **le Sale
Faukes," which corrupted through Foxhall to Vauxhall is a
familiar name to-day, especially to those Devonians travelling
to London by the South Western Eailway.
Margaret de Eedvers, as she continued to be called,
survived her unworthy husband many years, dying on
28 September, 1252, and was buried in the church of the
Grey Friars, in London.^ She left other children, presumably
by Faulk de Breaut^, though beyond reference to them in
the charter of Clerkenwell Abbey* we know nothing of
them. Her uncle's grandson, Eobert de Insula, or de Lisle,
and Eugement, claimed the FitzGerold estates, and his
frandson Eobert, son of Warin de Insula, after the death of
sabella de Fortibus, was successful in establishing his title
to them. Warin de Insula had been made custodian of
certain of her lands immediately after her decease.*
After this digression let us return to the de Eedvers
pedigree and Isabella's immediate ancestors.
Baldwin de Eedvers IV, on the death of his grandfather,
William de Vernon, in 1217, inherited the estates and titles,
becoming seventh Earl of Devon. At this time he was a
minor, but by 1239 he was evidently of age (Fines,
23 Hen. Ill, m. 6).
At first he was in the wardship of his stepfather, Faulk
de Breaut^, but on the latter's disgrace in 1224 he was
obliged to relinquish, with everything else he possessed, the
custody of Baldwin and his estates. It is said that the
wardship was then given to Eichard, Earl of Cornwall, who
sold his marriage to Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester.
On the Patent EoU and among the Fines for 1226 it is
recorded that Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, paid a
fine of 2000 marks for the marriage of his eldest daughter
to Baldwin, son of Baldwin de Eiveres, son of William de
^ Matthew Paris gives 2 October for the date of her death, but from the
Fines we learn that orders were ffiven on 29 September to take over her
lands, as she was then already dead.
' See Stapleton, p. Ixviii.
' Abbrev. Plac, 311. There was a Thomas de Breaut^ who held some of
the Oxfordshire lands who must have been the brother of Faulk.
THE LADT OF THE ISLE. 215
Biveres, Earl of Devon, and for having 200 librates of land
in his custody ; while in 1227 ^ the lands of the same Baldwin
were granted to Savarico de Malo Leone, with the exception
of those already granted to the Earl of Gloucester.*
Gilbert de Clare's eldest daughter was Amicia, and her
mother was Isabella, daughter of William Marshall, Earl of
Pembroke, who after the death of her first husband, the
Earl of Gloucester, married Bichard, Earl of Cornwall,
brother of King Henry. The marriage of Baldwin and
Amicia, according to the Annals of Tewkesbury (f. 176), took
place in January, 1226.
At Christmas time, 1240, Baldwin lY was knighted and
invested with the earldom at Winchester. We find but
few and insignificant references to this Baldwin, for his
career was a short one.^ Matthew Paris, writing of his
death on 15 February, 1244-5, describes him as " juvenis et
elegantissimus," and under his reversed shield in the margin
is ** Die Sancti Valentini obiit Baldewinus comes Devonise
miles juvenis et elegans," while elsewhere he says "in
annis suae juventutis adhuc pubescentibus, cujus mors etiam
inimicus, si quod habueret, extitit lamentabilis." *
He left three children, Baldwin, Isabella, and Margaret,
the latter becoming a nun at Laycock Abbey. His wife
Amicia survived for a long time, dying at a ripe age,
just before 21 January, 1284.^ But we will refer more
particularly to her life further on.
Baldwin de Eedvers V, who succeeded to his father's
honours and estates, becoming eighth Earl of Devon, had
even a briefer career than his father. Bom on the Eve of
the Circumcision, 1235, he was but ten years old at the time
of his father's death. In 1248 it appears that he was in his
mother's custody,^ and in the following year the King
committed to her the lands of the late Earl, during the
» Pat. Roll, 12 Hen. Ill, ra. 5.
* The grant to Gilbert de Clare contained the clause " Et si contigoit
predictam filiam ipsius comiti mori infra quinqueninm a festo Apostolonim
Simonis et Jnde anno regni nostri undecimo [Le. five years from the date of
the grant, 1226] concessimns ei quod teneat predictas ducentas libratas terre
per predictum finem usque ad predictum terminum."
' On the Liberate Rolls are instructions for* the payment of 100 1. " to be
taken to the Earl of Devon for the livery of his knights, soldiers and sailors
from Poitou, for the keeping of our peace/' 28 June, 1242 (F. Devon, Issues
of Exchequer, p. 28).
* f. 406.
' G. £. C. in his " Peerage " says she married Robert Gynesin 1 248, but gives
no authority therefor, and my search for him has so far been unavailing.
« Close Rolls, 83 Hen. III.
21$ THS IaADY of the ISLE.
minority of the heir.^ As late as 1255 he is mentioned as
the King's ward.*
On 29 July, 1257, he received seisin of his inheritance,
and it is stated that on the same day he was married. His
wife was Margaret, daughter of Thomas, Com te of Savoy,
and widow of Hermann, Comte de Ribourg. If it is true,
as Stapleton states,^ she was married to her first husband
in 1218, she must have been just about old enough to be
the grandmother of Baldwin de Kedvers ; indeed, his grand-
father could have been but a child at the date of her first
marriage.
Concerning this marriage Matthew Paris writes to the
effect that the Queen obtained it for her kinswoman (for
she wus aunt of Eleanor of Provence, Henry Ill's queen),
and thereby the enormous possessions and inheritances of
this Englishman passed to a foreigner, a Savoyard, the
English people supinely sitting by and permitting it.*
On 13 October, 1260, Baldwin was knighted at the wed-
ding of the Princess Beatrix and John, Duke of Brittany.
In 1262, about the middle of July,^ he accompanied the
King to France, and there died at Paris,® not without
suspicion of poison administered at a great feast given by
Baldwin's own brother-in-law, Peter of Savoy.^
The writ de Diem Clausit Extremum to the Sheriff of
Devon is dated 13 September, 1262, while the King was
still in France. By his wife, Margaret of Savoy, Baldwin
had one sou, John, who died in France, an infant, before his
father ; ® thereupon all the vast possessions and titles, failing
heirs male, passed to Baldwin's sister, Isabella de Fortibus,
Countess of Albemarle.
Baldwin's widow, Margaret, survived him many years,
and married, prior to 12 June, 1269, Robert Aguillon, a
^ Originalia Rolls, 84 Hen. III. ^ Inq. p.m., Hen. III.
» xxxii, note. * f. 196.
* Fines, 46 Hen. Ill, m. 7.
* Close Roll, 46-7 Hen. III.
^ "Annales de Dunstaple," f. 50. "Existante rege in i)artibus trans-
marines, mortui sunt ibidem Baldwinus comes de Insula, lugelaramus de
Perci et alii de familia regis, usque ad sexaginta. Rex. vero febro quartana
laborabat fere usque ad roortepa, et tunc mortuus est Ricardu de Clara comes
de Glovemie, per maleficium, ad mensam Petri de Sabaudia, avunculse
regine, et W. de Bellocampo similter mortuus est." Writing from St.
Germain's, 80 September, 1262, to his brother. King Henry says that he is
*'80 depressed and broken down by fever that he could scarcely get out
of his bed" (Seely's ** Greatest of the Plantagenets," p. 52).
* Dugdale asserts that this child was ten vears old, which would make
him born, at least, in 1252, five years prior to his father's marriage.
THE LADY OF THE ISlE. 217
member of the Privy Council.^ She had several disputes
with her sister-in-law, Isabella, in connexion with certain
of the various estates which she had in dower from Baldwin
de Kedvers. She had dower rights in the following:
Manors of Newnhara, Oxon ; Pyshoo, in Sawbridgeworth,
Herts ; Faukeshall, alias South Lambetli, Surrey ; Christ-
church, Hants (including Freshwater and Wroxhall, in the
Isle of Wight); and to these Stapleton (p. xxxiii) adds
"knight's fees in the counties of Oxford, Berkshire,
Northampton, Bedford, Hertford, Cambridge, Norfolk,
Suffolk, Kent, and Essex ; and the advowsons of the churches
of Honiton, Buckland, and Walkhampton, in Devonshire."
There must be some mistake here, as at all events the
advowsons mentioned were held by Isabella de Fortibus
and Amicia, Countess of Devon, nor are they mentioned in
the Inq. p.m. on Margaret de Kedvers, which also gives us
the information that she was dead on 13 May, 1292.*
The inheritance of Baldwin V was enormous, including
knight's fees, castles, and manors in eight different counties
from Yorkshire to Devonshire. In the latter county he held
at least twelve manors ; in Southampton, including the Isle of
Wight, ten ; in Wiltshire, seven. His castles were Christ-
church and Carisbrooke, in Hampshire, and Plympton, in
Devon. Beside all these vast possessions Isabella de
Fortibus had right of dower in her husband's great property ;
no wonder that she was looked upon as one of the greatest
heiresses of the age.
Isabella de Fortibus, using the name by which she was
best known, was, according to the Chronicler of Tewkes-
bury,* born in 1236, about 3 July (the Translation of St.
Thomas the Martyr), though in the inquisitions taken early
in 1263, after her brother's death, her age is given as twenty-
four and more, and six months later (after her birthday) as
twenty-five and more, indicating 1238 as the year of her birth,
which is confirmed by her age mentioned in the inquisition
on her sister-in-law's death in 1292, where it is given as
fifty-four.* Let us assume that the earlier date is correct,
and that twenty-four or twenty-five was then looked upon as
^ We find a curious entry in the Abbrev. RoUs, p. 178, that a charter of
Baldwin de Redyers, Earl of Devon, son of Richard de Red vers, granting
land to Christchurch Twynam, had been in the custody of the bailiff of
Robert de Aguylon, Robert de Booking, who ''casually broke the seal."
2 Stapleton, p. Ixxvi. » f. 33 b.
* In the inquisition on her mother's death in 1284 she is said to be
** triginta annos et amplius."
218 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
the limit of a young lady's age, as until recently no lady was
supposed to be more than twenty-eight.
Her early years were presumably passed with her mother,
who must have been much at Court ; for Amicia, Countess
of Devon and Lady of the Isle, was not only stepdaughter
of Richard, King of the Bomans, brother of Henry III, but
her uncle, William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, had married
Eleanor, the King's sister, and this lady had for her second
husband Simon de Montfort, the great Earl of Leicester.
That Amicia was on friendly terms in later years with her
royal aunt by marriage is evident from the entries in the
Countess of Leicester's Household Roll of Expenses.^ We
find Amicia spending Easter, 1265, with the Lady Eleanor,
evidently accompanied by a suite, familia sua^ requiring as
many as eighteen horses, and the details of the materials
supplied for the Easter feast are given.
A further evidence of her favour at Court is found some
years later (1282), when an order is sent to the Constable of
Winchester Castle to permit Amicia, Countess of Devon, " to
have lodgings (receptdculum) with her free household in the
Queen's great chamber adjoining the chapel towards the hall
and in the adjoining houses, provided that the castle be not
less safely kept by reason of this." * Throughout the different
rolls we find entries of gifts to her of oaks, wood for firing,
bucks, does, etc., from the royal forests.
She had obtained the custody of her son and his lands, for
which she gave £300 yearly. This was paid into the Queen s
wardrobe, as the King had granted this annuity to his
consort.
In these circumstances, there can be little doubt that
Isabella was brought up amid the gaieties of Court life, and
was a playmate of the little prince, Edward, who was but a
few years her junior. It is probable that the intimacy of
their early years was used to influence her when he after-
wards desired her to make him her heir.
Among the other festivities of a lavish Court she would
have been present as a child at the marriage of her step-
grandfather, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, to Cinchia, the
Queen's sister, when at the wedding feast thirty thousand
dishes were used, and also she would have been a prominent
figure at the festivities given in honour of the marriage of
inward and Eleanor of Castile, even at the grand entertain-
ment of the Secretary of State, John Mansel, when his
^ *' Manners and Household Expenses," Roxbarghe Club, Vol. LVII.
3 Close Rolls, 10 Ed. I, m. 6.
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 219
house at Tothill could not hold half the company^ so that
they were accommodated in tents and green booths set up
round the mansion, and on which occasion seven hundred
dishes of meat were served up at dinner.^ And, though
occurring much later, reference may be made to it here, she
must have been highly placed at the coronation of Edward I»
when her son-in-law, Edward, Earl of Lancaster, her cousins,
the Earls of Gloucester and of Pembroke, with Earl Warren,
took part in the picturesque but expensive ceremony, with
one hundred of their knights, who each rode up to the King,
and " when they were lighted off their horses they let them
go wherever they would, and they that could take them had
them still at their liking."^ Isabella would also have followed
in that solemn and impressive procession of the funeral of
the cMre reine of famous memory.
But to return to Isabella's own history. About the year
1248,' when at the most she was but fifteen years old, she
was married to William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle, who
must have been many years her senior. His wife Christian,
daughter of Allan, Earl of Galloway, had died in 1246, leav-
ing him childless.^
Isabella's second son was born in 1253, and presumably
her eldest son, named John, was born in the previous year.
Her children must have arrived in rapid succession if it is
correct that she had seven altogether. The names of but
five have come down to us, the youngest being born January,
1259.
In 1260 the Earl of Albemarle, called to France by a
" sute of law,'*^ perhaps in connexion with his estate at Fors,
in Poitou, from whence he derived his name of de Forz or
de Fortibus, was taken ill and died at Amiens, sometime
prior to 12 June, that being the date of the writ which men-
^ From Piers LaDgtoft, quoted by Strickland, "Queens of England," II,
149. Her sister-in-law, Margaret, with aliU fanninU transmarinis, aooom-
panied the same John Mansel when he left the Tower for Witsand in 1263
(*' Annals of DunsUple," f. 50 b.)
^ From Cotton. MS. , quoted by Strickland.
^ Matth. Paris says the vear after the death of his first wife, which wis
before 10 September, 1246, ne married again, while the Chronicler of Tewkes-
bury says 1248 about 31 December.
* One is puzzled to find mention in the Fines (30 Hen. Ill, m. 5) of Dovor-
goyl, formerly the wife of William de Fortibus, apparently recently dead on
29 July, 1246, as it seems incredible that she snould be identical with
Christian. O. £. C, in his *' Peerage," gives it as an alternative name for
Christian, but its occurrence here is evidently an error of the scribe. Chris-
tian, wife of William de Fortibus and Devorgoyl, who afterwards married
John de Balliol, were sisters and coheiresses. See Plac. Quo. War., p. 545,
andCal. Gen., p. 414. ' Dugdale.
220 THE LADT OF THE ISLE.
tions that " viam universe carnis est ingressus," leaving three
surviving children, Thomas, William, and Avelina, and per-
haps another daughter, Amicia,^ though she, like her brother
John, may have predeceased him, for it appears from the
Chronicles of Meaux Abbey that the heart of the Earl of
Albemarle was buried in the choir of that church, **juxta
filiam suam."
Isabella de Fortibus was granted the personal custody
of her little ones, as we learn from a letter of hers, dated
11 August, 1260, wherein, as regards her sons Thomas and
William, she promises on her corporal oath, on penalty of
the loss of all property given her in dower, to faithfully keep
them and bring them up, and not to alienate anything by
marriage or otherwise, but "to restore them unless they
shall have been prevented by death meanwhile, at his (the
King's) pleasure and command."* For their maintenance
"Kenyngton extra Lambeth" was assigned to her,^ and
Pocklington, in Yorkshire.*
As she was granted a life interest in many estates as of
dower, she was doubtless in a position to maintain them
according to their rank.
Paris, in his " Flores Historise,"^ states that Richard, Earl
of Gloucester, was granted the custody of the heir of William
de Fortibus during the fifteen years of his minority, but that
this wardship was taken from him and given to Edmund, the
King's son.
On 13 November, 1262,* the Sheriflf of York was instructed
to give to Edward, the King's son, the custody of the lands
and heir of William, late Earl of Albemarle, of the castle
and honour of Skipton, in Craven, which had been granted to
Alexander, Seneschal of Scotland, for £1500, to be paid at
terms which he had not kept.
^ Some writers assert that this Amicia married Ingelram de Percy ; but no
good authority is given for this. Ingram de Percy, with others, had the
custody and marriage of the three daughters of cmother WiUiam de Fortibus,
who died in the same year with our Earl of Albemarle, and who had married
Matilda de Kyme. Ingram de Percy died in 1261-2, leaving a son aged
twenty-six ana a widow, whose marriage as '* the eldest daughter and one of
the heirs of William de Fortibus, who was the wife of Ingi-am de Percy," was
granted to Queen Eleanor on 10 October, 1262 (Pat. Rolls, 46 Hen. Ill, p. 2,
m. 2). In the Memoranda Rolls and elsewhere mention is made, in the
claims to the Cokerraouth estates, of a daughter of the Earl of Albemarle,
named Amicia, as well as the sou John, but no reference is made to her
marriage, nor is she, moreover, mentioned as one of the heirs to be sustained
out of the income of the estate of Pocklington (Plac. Quo. War., 220).
» Close Roll, 44 Hen. Ill, m. 8 d. » Close Roll, iU supra.
* Plac. Quo. War., p. 220. » II, 450.
• Close Rolls, 47 Hen. III.
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 221
It is probable that Thomas and William did not long sur-
vive their father and that Avelina very soon became the
heiress of all his estates. She was bom at Brustwyk, Yorks,
on the Feast of St. Fabian and St. Sebastian, a year and a
half before her father's death, viz. on 1 January, 1258-9, and
was, according to the Prior, nursed at the Priory of Tweyt,
but most of her early years were spent at Carisbrooke Castle
with her grandmother and mother, as we learn from her
** proof of age." " The high honours which she possessed,
her distinguished beauty and immense wealth, together with
her future great expectations as presumptive heiress of her
mother's family, induced Henry III to consider her a fit
match for his second son, Edmund, Earl of Lancaster." ^
This Edmund was styled " Crouchback," it is suggested
not because of any deformity, but because as a crusader he
wore a cross upon his coat between his shoulders; but no
reason is given why this nickname was bestowed upon him
rather than upon his brother Edward or any other crusader.
According to the Patent Bolls, ^ on 20 November, 1268,
the King granted the marriage of Isabella de Fortibus to
this son Edmund. One wonders whether the scribe acci-
dentally inserted Isabella for Avelina. The Prince was
nearly ten years the junior of our heroine, and certainly
the child Avelina was a more suitable bride for himself.
We have not discovered any evidence that he availed him-
self of the right to dispose of Isabella's marriage.
Shortly after this date was executed a document which
strikes us of the present day as most extraordinary. From
this we gather that Isabella de Fortibus had purchased of
Edward, the King's son, the moiety of the marriage of her
daughter Avelina; the other moiety, we learn from the
Patent Rolls,* was in the possession of the child's grand-
mother, Amicia, Countess of Devon. Both moieties were
purchased, for £1000 each, by the Queen for her son Edmund.
The document in the Charter EoUs (an abstract of which is
given in the appendix) states that Edward, the King's son,
William de Valence, who was half-brother of the King, and
others, bound themselves not only for the payment of the
Queen's debt, but for its other provisos, viz, that if the
Queen resold the marriage at a higher price Isabella should
share the profits, that Edmund should marry the heiress
between Easter and Pentecost, 1269, and "Moreover we
undertake for the said Edmund that if it should happen
1 Brayley's ** Westminster Abbey," p. 273.
« 63 Hen. Ill, m. 27. * 68 Hen. Ill, m. 72.
222 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
(which God forbid) that his courage shall fail so that he
should abandon her and take another wife, he will truly pay
to the said Countess £4000 sterling within the year when he
shall have left her."
But from other evidence we discover that Edmund did not
fail to perform his portion of the contract, and the great
event of little Avelina's life, the solemnization of her
nuptials, took place in Westminster Abbey on 8 April, 1269,
when she was scarcely more than ten years of age.
On the occasion of his son's marriage the Abbey must
have been particularly resplendent, for the King would have
made all arrangements on his usual lavish scale, as the
guests included not only the King, Queen, and Royal Family,
but most of the great people of the realm. The bride would
have been sumptuously arrayed, as befitted her state and the
occasion; a flowing robe, stiff with embroidery, powdered
with her father's arms, a cross patonn^e vaire (as on her
monument), with rich jewels, would have weighed down her
childish form when, with great pomp and circumstance, she
passed up the aisle, and was led to the altar by the King's
son. The brilliancy of the scene would have been enhanced
by the rich ornaments of the sanctuary and the gorgeous
robes of the wedding guests.
Not long after the ceremony she was parted from her
bridegroom, for the heir to the throne, with his wife Eleanor,
sailed from Portsmouth in May, 1270, for Bordeaux, on his
way to the Holy Land, and it is said Edmund accom-
panied his brother. But two years later the Earl of Lan-
caster returned home shortly before his father's death.
During his absence his bride may have formed one of the
royal household, or may have had an establishment of her
own in his palace of the Savoy, ^ but in either event Isabella
was no doubt constantly with her child.
The little lady's life was not of long duration. On the
Vigil of St. Martin— 10 November, 1274— died " that most
noble lady, the wife of the Lord Edmund." ^
As befitted the wife of a King's son, her funeral would be
another occasion of pomp and display, and we can readily
fancy the mournful scene as the Countess, noted for her
beauty and wealth, cut off in her early youth, was borne
through the spacious aisles of the Abbey to her last resting-
^ Queen Eleanor purchased this palace from Peter of Savoy for her son
Edmund.
' The writ de Diem Clausi Extremum is entered under 7 November, and
states that she died on the Vigil of St. Martin last past, but it is evident that
the scribe wrote " ut supra ** without having put in a later date.
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 223
place in the Islip Chapel, not far distant from the high altar,
where some twenty years later her husband was laid by her
side.^
Above her silent form was erected a glorious monument,
which, still bearing evidence of its former splendour, at this
day marks the spot where she lies. We can scarcely picture
the elaborate brilliance of it when it was in its pristine
beauty, a mass of images and of delicate tracery, resplendent
with gold and colours. To-day even in its wreck we can
but marvel at its graceful design. The Countess's figure,
with hands clasped in prayer, is displayed at full length upon
a raised tomb. '* Her head rests upon two small cushions,
supported on each side by an angel, draped. ' She wears a
long hood, reaching to the shoulders, and a close coif ; the
latter is joined near the temples to a barbe or wimple, which
covers the lower part of her chin, and extends over her neck.
Her garments consist of a loose robe and a flowing mantle,
which reach to her feet," and these rest upon two talbot
whelps couchant.2 But for a detailed description of the
elaborate carvings, shields, decorations, etc., we must refer
those interested to Bray ley's description in his "Westminster
Abbey " and Stodhart's marvellous drawings.
And so was laid to rest the last of the children of the
widowed Countess of Albemarle. The pageantry of the
funeral procession and the superb monument could have
been but little consolation to the bereaved lady, who was her-
self scarce forty years of age. It strikes one, remembering
the tendencies of the age, that it was passing strange that
Isabella de Fortibus remained "in pure widowhood" from the
age of twenty-five to the end of her life, though one of the
wealthiest women of her day.
About this period, while still overwhelmed with sorrow at
her loss, and not contemplating remarriage and other heirs,
Edward, the King, brought all his influence to bear upon her
to yield to him the lordship of the Isle of Wight, which he
coveted, as will be seen when we touch upon the final scenes
of her life. It is asserted that the King attempted to obtain
this lordship from Avelina, but she possessed no right to it
during her mother's lifetime.
^ Wykes in his Chronicle, commenting upon the death of the Countess,
remarks, *' Whose death and also the deprivation of so many lordships did
not a little griaye the soul of her husband, because one does not lose without
sorrow what one possesses with love." But Edmund was speedily consoled,
marrying Blanche of Navarre in the followiug year. Through their children
the Lancastrians traced their claim to the throne.
2 Brayley*s ** Westminster Abbey.*'
224 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
We may fairly assume that under these sad circumstances
Isabella, always generous with her alms, was more than ever
profuse in her gifts to religious foundations. All her family
were famous for th^ir establishment and endowment of
religious houses. Montebourg, in Normandy, Quarre, Caris-
brooke, Christchurch Twynham, Braemore, lAycock, Clerken-
well, Bolton, Buckland, and St. James's, Exeter, were among
the abbeys and priories that owed either their foundation
or some of their largest benefactions to the de Redvers
family.
Yet, with all her devoutness, Isabella did not hesitate
to assert her rights even against abbots and monks, some-
times vi et armis. The Abbot and Convent of Quarre
accused her of withholding lands of theirs, and during the
dispute Adam de Stretton was proved^ in 1279, to have
mutilated the seal of one of her charters to them ; and later,
1282-3, although the King had granted them his protection,
Isabella continued to peraecute them. They accused her
of wounding and maltreating their men and taking away
their horses and goods. ^
On another occasion, in 1268-9, she had a serious dispute
with the Prior of Braemore, who claimed that the manor
of Lymington had been given, with his body, to the priory
by Baldwin de Redvers, her brother, and that Isabella de
Fortibus had herself confirmed the grant. From the evidence
it appears that the Countess maintained that she gave her
charter after the battle of Lewes and before that of Evesham
(between 14 May, 1264, and 4 August, 1265), when she
was in a state of great uncertainty and distress of mind;
and it was therefore the gift of a person under duresse.
The Prior alleged in answer that, notwithstanding the civil
war, the country was tolerably quiet; the courts were open,
and justice held its course ; the exchequer business went on
as usual, and altogether the civil administration of the
kingdom was not much disturbed. So far from there being
any duresse in the matter, the Countess came of her own
free will and accord, and with her own hand put the charter
upon the altar of St. Michael as her offering to the blessed
Archangel. As for attachment to the royal cause, neither
she nor the Prior had sided with the disturbers of the king-
dom's peace. The Countess replied that so far from all being
quiet when the charter was given, the King was actually at
that time in the hands of Simon de Montfort and Edward
1 Pat Roll, 11 Ed. I, m. 6d.
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 225
his son was in the barons' prison, while the depredators and
disturbers of the King's peace rode through all England with
horse and arms. She denied that the Prior was loyal to the
King, asserting that he was an adherent of the Earl of
Leicester, whilst she, refusing to join the barons, was sold
to Simon de Montfort the younger for five hundred marks,
and he followed her from place to place, desiring to take her
and to abduct her seditiously. Out of her great fear she had
fled out of Englcmd even into Wales, and there remained
continuously until after the battle of Evesham and until
peace was proclaimed throughout the kingdom of England.^
She obtained judgment in her favour, but afterwards we find
that, on the petition of the Prior, the King desired the
Bishop of Winchester to grant to the priory of Braemore
the advowson of Breeding, in the Isle of Wight, because
of the great losses they had sustained through the Lady
Isabella de Fortibus.^
Again, when a vacancy occurred by the death of the Prior
of Chris tchurch Twynham, she took over certain lands
pertaining to that establishment, and when a prior was
elected without her approbation, she summoned him to her
court.'
Her firmness in upholding her rights brought her into
frequent Contact with the law. She had a serious dispute
with her mother in 1268 as to the custody of Holderness,
which place belonged to the Albemarles. The case required
a double panel of jurors and a warning to the men of both
countesses before it was decided, evidently in Isabella's
favour.* On another occasion she had a diflSculty with her
royal son-in-law concerning a certain wood at Swyndon,
of which we find frequent mention; and here, too, afifedrs
waxed so warm in the turbulent north that certain persons
placed themselves in the roads and passes of the wood to
impede the jurors of the inquisition that was being made,
** and wounded the bailiffs and men of the said countess, so
that they could not appear at the day fixed." ^ She claimed
Kavesby, Northampton, successfully against her cousin's
widow, Matilda, Countess of Gloucester, it having been
granted to William de Fortibus in free marriage with Isabella
by Richard, Earl of Gloucester.^
^ Abbrev. Plac, p. 172 ; Curia Regis R., 182. See also Wilk's ** History
of Hampshire," II, p. 205.
* Worsley. • Worsley.
* Close Roll, 52-4 Hen. III.
» Pat Roll, 12 Ed. I, m. 12 d. • Inq. p.m. Isabella de Fortibus.
VOL. XXXVII. P
226 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
Her sister-in-law, Margaret, widow of Baldwin de Eedvers,
complained in 1266 that Isabella had deforced her of several
knight's fees and advowsons, and also that during the late com-
motions she had carried off goods and chattels from Margaret's
manors to the value of more than 1000 marks.^
Beside this, we have complaints on her part that her park
at Brustwyk had been broken and deer taken, while the
over-zealousness of her servants also brought her name
before the justices; they would take possession of ships
driven into her harbours, and on one occasion attached
a vessel because they had found on board " a german with
swords and armour."^
In 1279 we find her called upon to prove her rights to the
" suit of the hundred of Lambeth and view of frankpledge
in the Courts of Mitcham and free-warren in her lands
of Adington," all of which places had been granted in dower
to her brother's widow. In the following year she shows
warranty for claiming wreck of sea, return of the King's
briefs, plea of wrongful distress and free gallows, as well as
fines for breach of assize of bread and beer in the manor
of Christchurch, Hants, which was also of the dower of the
same Margaret.*
We stumble across her name under curious circumstances
on the Memoranda Rolls* in 1273, when it appears that her
groom of the chambers, passing through West Cheap, lost
the great seal of the Countess. So on the Eve of St. James
(24 July), about the third hour, this Robert Ragolf appeared
before the Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer, and told
them of his misfortune. Thereupon they caused a pro-
clamation to be made in the Exchequer, in the Great Hall
and in the Chancery, that if any Christian or Jew had found
it and had made any writing thereof, it shall be of no
moment or value.
Isabella de Fortibus had more than one seal, but pre-
sumably this one would have been the one of which there is
an illustration in Worsley's " Isle of Wight," as attached to
her charter to Richard de Affeton. On it were engraved the
arms used by some of the de Redverses — a lion rampant,
quartering her husband's, a cross patonn^e vaire, and on the
reverse an armed crusader charging.*
^ Stapleton. ^ Close Rolls, 49 Hen. IIL
• Stapleton. * Q. R. Mem. Roll, Trin. 1 Ed. I.
* For particnlani concerning seals of the de Red vers family reference should
be made to the Journals of the Archseological Society, Vol. XI, p. 219 et seq.^
Vol XL, p. 170; Planch^'s ** Earls of Devon"; and Worsley's *' Isle
of Wight"
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 227
As her ancestor, Warin FitzGerold, was hereditary King's
chamberlain, the title bad passed to his daughter Margaret,
wife of Baldwin de Eedvers III, who exercised it by deputy.
On her death in 1252 the office passed to her grandson,
Baldwin Y, and on his death to Isabella. As a rule, she
appointed a deputy to act for her, but on 19 April, 1292 —
perhaps because it was the first occasion after the accession of
Edward I — she appeared in propria persona at the Exchequer
and presented ** William de Cocton to do her office in the
Great Exchequer for her as long as the Countess shall please,
and Adam de Stratton, clerk, to do her office at the Ex-
chequer of Eeceipt." ^
As King's chamberlain she held certain fees, and because
she was an official of the Exchequer, leave wa^ refused to
her mother to transfer a suit brought in that court to the
Common Bench.^
But the dispute of greatest interest to Devonians relates
to the erection of Countess Weir. From the evidences col-
lected by Hoker in his history of "The Haven of Exe,"
extracts from which, with comments, were published by
Mr. de la Garde,^ we learn that about 1284 Isabella,
"whether jealous of the rising independence of the com-
monalty of Exeter, or ... in revenge for some affront, or
to secure to her town of Topsham the monopoly of the
commerce, is not ascertained," caused to be erected in " aqua
de Exe" a certain **gurges [weir] voc, uno h^ddge de stakes et
spinis** opposite her manor of Exminster, thus preventing
boats, as well as salmon and other fish, from ascending to
the city, even to the bridge, as heretofore, to the detriment of
the citizens and of the surrounding country. From later
evidence it would appear that she had left, or perhaps made
in deference to this protest of the citizens, an aperture thirty
feet wide to enable boats to ascend, but in after years her
heir, Hugh de Courtenay, caused this to be filled up with
" maeremris lapidibus et alijs stuffiurriy* effectually preventing
all navigation. But it is worthy of note that Isabella was
not the first of her race to have a dispute about a weir near
Exeter, for we find in the Close Roll of 44 Hen. Ill (1259-60)
that Adam de Stratton was attorney for Baldwin, Earl of
Devon, in a plaint against the King, concerning a weir in
Exeter, and also concerning a fair set up to the detriment of
the city of Exeter.
Here, as we have touched Devon soil, we may digress to
1 L. T. R. Mem. Roll, 1 & 2 Ed. I, roll 7 d.
2 '*Mon. Vest." ' '* Archfleologia," XXVIIL
p 2
228 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
notice the legends that have come down to us associated with
the name of our heroine. The Rev. S. Baring-Gould, under
" Tiverton,"^ writes :—
At Hensleigb, a hamlet to the west of the town, is a spot
called " The Seven Crosses." The origin of this name is, accord-
ing to the accepted tradition, as follows : One day the Countess of
Devon was taking her walk abroad in the direction of Hensleigh,
when she met a tailor descending the hill, laden with a large
maund or basket. As she passed she heard a cry from the
hamper. She stayed her steps and inquired what he was carrying.
" Only seven puppies that I be going to drown in the Exe," was the
reply. " I want a dog," said the Countess, ** open the hamper." The
tailor tried to excuse himself, but in vain. The Countess insisted,
and on the lid being raised, seven little babies were revealed.
"Alas, my lady !" said the tailor. ** My wife gave birth to all seven
at once, and I am poor, poor as a church mouse. What other
could 1 do than rid myself of them? They are all boys." The
Countess saw that they were lovely and vigorous babes, and she
made the tailor take them back to his wife, and charged herself
with the cost of their bringing up and education. When they
were sufficiently old she had them all sent to Buckfast Abbey, to be
reared for the priesthood, and in due time they were ordained and
became — that is, four of them — rectors of Tiverton (for Tiverton
had four together), and the three others their curates. As they
were all of a birth, they loved each other, and never disagreed,
and that was — so it is averred — the only instance within a historic
period that the rectors of the four portions of Tiverton have
agreed, and have got on smoothly with each other and with their
curates. As the seven hung together in life, in death they were
not parted. All died in one day, and were buried on the spot
where the Countess of Devon saved their lives, and there above
their heads seven crosses were reared, but not one of them remaina
to the present day.
Another legend asserts that a dispute arose concerning the
boundaries of the parishes of Honiton, Gittisham, and
Sidbury, which was referred to their lady, the Countess of
Devon. Biding forth on her white ambling palfrey, sur-
rounded by her retinue, and accompanied by the official
representatives of each parish and a crowd of ordinary
'people, she ascended the steep hill to the wide, wild common,
upon which all agreed that the boundaries met. Landmarks
were pointed out by the trembling fingers of the oldest
inhabitant, the matter was thoroughly discussed, and then
advancing towards a marshy spot, and rising in her saddle,
the Countess took a signet ring from her finger, and throwing
it into the water, exclaimed, " Let the bounds Ineet where
^ "Book of Devon," p. 101.
THE LADY OF THE. ISLE. 229
this falls." To this day the spot is called " Eing-in-the-
Mire," and marks the meeting-point of the three parishes.^
A curious document containing the details of the revenue
and expenses of her manor of Honiton is still preserved in
the Public Record Office. It is for the year from Michael*
mas, 1286 ; in it her steward accounts for the sale of honey,
wax, bark, grain, fleeces, beasts (some of which died of the
murrain), sheep, horses, seven geese, thirty-five hens, cheeses,
etc. For expenses are repairs of mills, tenements, etc., and
he gives a list of the stock remaining on the manor. The
receipts were £78. 15s. 6d., and expenses £64. 14s. 2Jd., **80
there remains to the Countess £14. Is. 3Jd." While from
the borough of Honiton she received 3s. 6Jd. out of
£11. 14s. 8^d. Among the items are the expenses of Kobert
de Dynmok and John de Elirkeby from the Island to
Honiton, with their expenses in viewing the accounts of the
said manors (Honiton and Hemiok), "this year lOsA^d." This
indicates that the Countess's head-quarters were in the Isle of
Wight, where she chiefly resided, we are told, in Carisbrooke
Castle. From thence she evidently sent out her officers to
superintend the management of her distant estates.
She is described as residing in the castle in great state
and entertaining profusely. In the early years of her tenure,
about 1266, she was unfortunate in her guests, as she was
commanded in that year to give up her castle to John
de Insula "because she had received the King's enemies
there." In all probability these enemies were some of her
relatives, the de Montforts or their followers, as the Earl of
Leicester's rebellion ended in his death at the battle of
Evesham on 4 August, 1265, and the flight of his adherents.
As we have already seen, Isabella's mother, through her
kinship with the Countess of Leicester's first husband, was
on intimate terms with that lady; not long before the
above-mentioned date (14-16 May, 1265), on the Household
Roll occurs the name of Humphry, servant of the Countess
of the Isle,2 as at Odiham Castle, bringing letters from his
mistress and awaiting their reply.
^ The present owner of this spot, Richard Marker, Esq., now lord of the
manor of Honiton, kindly took me to Ring-in-the-Mire, and pointed out the
boundary lines of the parishes in this vicinity and the supposed route of the
ancient pack-horse ti'ackway.
^ Presumably this was Amicia, though it may have been Isabella ; there
were then three ladies who took titles from the Isle of Wight ; both Amicia
and Isabella are styled " Domina Insulse," while both Amicia and her
daughter-in-law, Margaret, were called ^'Comitissa Insuls." (On 30 May
following, letters were also sent to the Countess of the Isle and to the
Countess of Lincoln ; the latter was the wife of Eleanor's brother-in-law,
Walter Marshall.)
230 THS LADY OF THK ISIK,
It is po68ible that an entnr oo the Cloae Bolls (50 Hctl III,
12 Jane, 1265 1 may refer to a suspicion that Isabella was
actively assisting de Hontfort, for therein she is pnnniaed
that she shall not be annoyed for not doing service in the
King's army at Eenilworth. Howerer, it is probable, jodg*
ing from her statements in her action against Uie Prior of
Breamore ^see nnff, p. 224), that she was able to prove her
innocence of the charge of harbooring the King's enemies.
Although we have been unable to discover any reference to
the restitution of Cari&brooke to Isabella, yet we may pre-
sume it was not long out of her possession.
We have still to deal with a very important episode in
the life of Isabella de Fortibus, the last scene of all, that
upon her death-bed. But in order to understand this clearly
we must refer to an earlier event closely connected there-
with.
For many years, it is evident, King Edward coveted the
rich and powerful lordship she possessed in the Isle of Wight,
and tried, we may be permitted to say in de\iou» ways, to
wrest it from her. Numerous documents connected with
these attempts are scattered through the rolls and records,
so numerous that their very multiplicity lends some colour to
the charges made by early writers that the transaction was
carried out by dishonest means.
The earlier of these attempts was made in 1276, not long
after the death of her last surviving child, and when there can
be little doubt that she was overwhelmed with grief, perhaps
enfeebled or even seriously ill, and unable to maintain her
usual strenuous interest in her estates. If we may be
allowed to draw an inference from the events described
below, we would suggest that under some such condition of
mind and body her protege, Adam de Stratton, her deputy at
this period in the chamberlainship, in order to please his
royal master, concocted a certain form of s^reement; two
drafts of this, in a more or less mutilated state, remain in
the Treasury of the Receipt of the Exchequer, where he was
an oflScial, while two others filed with a copy of certain
letters patent, which is probably genuine, are attached to the
Close Roll of the same period.
A suspicion that a certain de Stratton forged the docu-
ments by which the King obtained the Isle of Wight was
held by so early a writer as he who compiled the " Book of
Ford Abbey."
Let us see what was the position of affairs.
Adam de Stratton, who may have taken his very name
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 231
from one of the manors of Isabella de Fortibus, probably
that in Wiltshire, which she afterwards transferred to him,
owed his rise to power to his generous mistress. As early
as 1259 he acted as attorney for Baldwin, eighth Earl of
Devon ; in 1266 he was Isabella's deputy in the Exchequer;
in 1272 she personally presented him to act for her as
chamberlain, and four years later, the memorable year 1276,
she granted to him for life the chamberlainship of the
Exchequer,^ an ofiBce he held for years, with the exception of
a period when, having been charged with malpractices, it was
taken from him but speedily restored (1278-9).* The career
of this man is a story in itself, his rise to power and his
fall therefrom being due to his unjust extortions and adept
forgeries; for before his final disgrace, in 1291-2, it was
proved that he had been most ingenious in his counterfeiting
of documents, a fact that must be borne in mind.
On 1 May, 1276, Isabella de Fortibus granted to Adam de
Stratton her lands and tenements at Stratton, Wilts,* and in
the November following, having received them from the
King as part of her inheritance in the previous August, she
transferred to him her manor of Sevenhampton, with the
hamlets of Worth and Crickdale.*
Among the documents of the Treasury of the Keceipt of
the Exchequer are still preserved two drafts of an agreement,
bearing date 14 January, 1276 (the same year as the above
transactions), which appear to be the originals from which
were enlarged a series of documents now found attached to
the Close Eoll and bearing the same date. The latter docu-
ments consist of the following, to which I have attached
Koman numerals to distinguish the different membranes : —
I Acknowledgment by the Countess.
Enrolment of Agreement between the King and Isabella,
Countess of Albemarle, relating to the transfer of
all her estates, dated the Morrow of St. Hilary,
4 Ed. I.
J J , Enrolment of Letters Patent of the King granting to
■ Amicia de Redveriis, Countess of T)evon, the manor
of Buckland, etc. Date omitted.
Enrolment of Letters Patent of the King concerning
treaty of Isabella, Countess of Albemarle, to make
him her heir. Date omitted.
» Q. R. Mem. Roll Mich. Com., 4 & 5 Ed. I, m. 2 d.
- Q. R. Mem. Roll Com., 7 Ed. I, roU 2.
• Cal. Anc. Deeds, A. 4813, Treas. Rec. of Exc.
* Ibid., A. 4830-4820, etc. These estates had been granted to W^arin
FitzGerold in connexion with the chamberlainship.
232 THE LADT OF THE ISLE.
III ( Draft of preceding agreement, with alterations and
( additions.
IV Enrolment of Agreement between the King and Isabella,
Countess of Albemarle, giving him all her inherit-
ance.
(All these aa given in the Calendar of the Close Rolls, with
the drafts from the Calendar of Ancient Deeds, are printed
in the appendix to this paper in extenso.)
It is of interest to compare the writings of the different
schedules. I and III are in the same hand, II in another
hand, and IV in a third, while II is endorsed in the same
writing as that of the body of the Roll.
Apparently among these there is one genuine document,
ie. the letters patent granting Buckland, etc., to Amicia,
Countess of Devon, which she gave to her foundation there,
the grant being confirmed by Isabella.^ The editor of the
Calendar of the Close Rolls remarks : " It is not clear from
the position of the schedules which agreement this refers
to. The schedule containing the record of the acknowledge-
ment is at present sewed in front of the other three."*
This circumstance suggests the theory that Isabella came
into the Chancery when at Odiham and acknowledged
the agreement Tnade with her mother, and that this grant and
its acknowledgment were filed with the (presumed) forged
documents to give them the appearance of genuineness.^
These agreements with the King are worth careful examina-
tion, bearing in mind that at this period Isabella de Fortibus
was one of the richest women of her day. They purport to
make the King her heir, or to give him her entire inherit-
ance, beginning with the Isle of Wight, and including all
that she then held, what she might inherit (her mother and
sister-in-law held rights of dower, and certain lands were in
dispute in lawsuits), and even what she might purchase,
with the sole exception of Sevenhampton, Harewood, Why te-
church (or Whitlechurch), and Craft (or its substitute,
Tiverton), and the services of two knight's fees held respec-
tively by Henry Trenchard and Richard de Affeton.^
^ It may be mentioned in passing that in the foundation charter and
elsewhere Oolam^ton, Walkhampton, and Bickleigh are all styled manors,
not hamlets. This latter would nave been an incorrect description of them
ftt that period. ^ p. 348, note.
' It may be worth mentioning that the King was at Odiham on the
following dates : 30 August, 2 September, 1274 ; 6-10 August, 1275 ; 5 May,
1280 ; 15 September, 1281 ; and 10-12 August, 1293.
• Richard de Affinton, Tho. Biseyt, and Henricus Tranchard were
adherents of Simon de Montfort, whose lands were forfeited in the reign
of Henry III.
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 233
In exchange the King was to give her manors of equal value
to hers and 20,000 marks, and she was to have a thousand
pounds' worth of land until the exchange was efiFected. It
is expressly stated that " the dowers, escheats, and knight's
fees were not to be extended, or exchange made for them."
So that about £14,000 or less covered these, her castles, her
advowsons, and all her other possessions, excluding four
manors and two knight's fees, except manors exchanged.
A few months later she granted this very Sevenhampton
to Adam de Stratton, and the manor of Tiverton was hers
by right of inheritance from her brother, and was at this time
held in dower by her mother.
It must be noted that among the documents csdendared
by Bishop Stapleton as existing in his day (1324) was a
"writing " of this date by which Isabella de Fortibus remitted
8000 marks of a debt of 20,000 marks due to her from the
King,^ which may be connected with this very transaction.
However, the agreement reputed to have been made in
1276 was never carried into effect, perhaps because the
King could not raise the necessary funds, or because of some
flaw, as we find Isabella in full enjoyment of her heritage,
including the much-coveted lordship of the Isle of Wight,
until the day of her death. •
But this was not the only occasion upon which she was
solicited t.o give up her rights and possessions. If we are
to believe the story contained in the EoUs of Parliament
and in the Eed Book of the Exchequer, she discussed the
disposal of the Isle of Wight with the King about the year
1283, for according to Richard de Aston, in 1293 she had
already spoken of it "per decem annos et amplius," while
Gilbert de Knoville asserts that it was first mooted between
them at the marriage of the Countess of Bar at Bristol;
this would be sometime between 20 and 30 August, 1293. It
is also said that she talked over the sale of these lands with
her cousin, the Earl Marshal. On more than one occasion,
so it was averred, she had called attention to the fact that
her heir was so remote in blood that she could have married
him had she so wished, and had he been of age.
But the picture given us in the depositions of certain
witnesses, even if we doubt their accuracy upon some points,
is at least graphic. According to them, events happened on
this wise : —
Sometime late in the autumn of 1293, probably shortly
after 20 October, when the King arrived at Westminster
* Palgrave*8 "Kalendars, etc.," p. 45.
234 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
from Caversham, Isabella de Fortibus passed through London
on her way to Canterbury, and spoke with King Edward
about matters of business. Whatever this business may
have been, the King assured her there was no haste; it
could wait until her return from her journey. Whereupon
she set forth upon her last Canterbury pilgrimage.
She may have had some particular veneration for the
blessed martyr, or the fact that her birthday fell, it is said,
on the anniversary of the translation of St. Thomas may
have influenced her. Perhaps she was already in ill-health,
and sought miraculous restoration at that shrine, or else bad
a vow to perform in consequence of some blessed inter-
position of the saint; but, at all events, we may surmise
that there was some excellent reason why she undertook a
pilgrimage at this season of the year. We see her, a woman
past her prime, prematurely bowed down with sorrow and
the cares of this world, setting out from Lambeth, pursuing
her journey along the ancient pilgrims' way, not then so
well trodden as it soon would be, via Rochester and Ospringe,
through the undulating fields of Kent, now dripping and
sodden under the grey November skies, cheerless and melan-
choly, unlike the gay brilliance of the summer mouths, when
such pilgrimages were most • popular. She stopped fre-
quently at a Guesten House, or Maison Dieu, or at the
residence of some friend among the county magnates, for
the days were short and the roads heavy and dangerous, so
her progress would have been slow. At last we picture her
before the glorious shrine of the martyr in Canterbury
Cathedral, which had been completed some seventy years
before, and which was already adorned with priceless gems,
gifts of princely pilgrims, perhaps among them some jewel
of her own worthy of such a shrine.
But having paid her vows and done her devotions, she
soon set out upon her return journey. She had advanced as
far as "Sutton without Dartford," where perhaps she had
stopped at one of her husband's estates — " Derteford town "
being one of his possessions — when she was taken seriously
ill. So grave was her condition that her confessor. Friar
William de Gaynesburgho, was summoned hastily to her
bedside, and continued with her when, soon after, she
journeyed by slow stages to her mansion at Stockwell, by
Lambeth, some dozen miles distant. Here she evidently
had a relapse, and was '* sick even unto death," a fact that
was speedily notified to the King, who sent off post-haste
the actors in the last dramatic scene.
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 235
On Monday, 9 November, being two days before the
Feast of St. Martin, a concourse of great men arrived at
her house. There was Anthony Bek, Bishop of Durham,
Patriarch of Jerusalem, and, above all, be it remembered,
the King's Secretary ; Walter de Langton, then the Treasurer
of the Wardrobe, afterwards Bishop of Coventry, who had
risen from a clerkship in the King's Chancery, and who in
later years was in disgrace, especially during the reign of
Edward II, and whose "private character was not beyond
reproach";^ and Gilbert de Knoville, justice itinerant, after-
wards one of the justices trailbaston for ten counties, Devon
being one; each of these accompanied by his suite of
attendants.
Meanwhile the dying Countess, lying upon her bed sore
stricken, was interviewed by the Bishop of Durham.
"You remember, my lady, your conversation with the
King about the Isle of Wight ? Do you still hold to your
purpose of giving it to him?" asked Bek. To which she
feebly assented.
" I suppose you are quite ready to sign a charter conveying
it to him?" he urged. She indicated her willingness to do so.
Whereupon the Bishop hastened out into the garden where
Walter de Langton was seated awaiting his pleasura
"Sit down quickly and write out a charter," hurriedly
exclaimed the Bishop ; " put into formal language, clerk
that you are, that the Countess concedes to the King all
the Isle of Wight, with the manors of Christchurch and
Vauxhall."
The King's treasurer quickly accomplished his task; his
was indeed the pen of a ready writer, for the document
which now fills one and a half closely printed pages was
engrossed and many of the "ensuing events took place
between his arrival at the first hour and the beginning of
the third hour following.
Armed with the charter the Bishop hastened back to the
death-chamber, where, under his instructions, had hurriedly
assembled many people : Friar William, her confessor,
Geoffry de Heccham, her chaplain, Gilbert de Knoville,
Roger de Gardino, Richard de Aston, her steward, Agnes
de Monceals, a young lady of her household, and Joanna
de Marroys ; while clustering around the door were
Richard de Waldegrave, Jordan de Kyngeston, Robert de
Glamorgan, John de Heynou, John de Grymestede, Philip
de Tangele, and many others; surely a multitude to swarm
1 Tout's " Edward the First," p. 88.
236 THE LADT OF THE ISLE.
into her chamber. According to Walter de Langton's own
story, he remained in the garden until the Bishop brought
back the duly executed charter; but his signature is
attached to it with the others.
" Is your ladyship ready to sign the charter now ? "
demanded I3ek.
" Yes," said the Countess, rousing herself. " Run, Agnes,
and fetch my great seal," she added to Agnes de Monceals,
who quickly returned with a duplicate, we presume, of the
one tlie careless Bagolf had lost years ago. Laboriously
the feeble lady signed and sealed the document, and then,
as was the custom, handing it with the Bishop's own gloves
to Anthony Bek she gave him seisin of the estates on behalf
of the King, saying as she did so that it was of her own act
and deed.
Faint and exhausted she lay back among her pillows,
while the company gradually melted away from her presence.
hut soon Friar William returned and reminded her that she
ought to make her will, a duty one would have thought she
wouhi have long since performed.
"Ah, no," she murmured weakly; **I am sufiFering far too
much pain and am too weary for that just now."
So tlie hours wore on until again Friar William urged her
to make her will, probably bringing with him a document
ready engrossed in due form leaving legacies to religious
establishments. Now she assented, signed the will, and with
her trembling fingers indicated that the executors should be
the Abbot of Quarre, the Prior of Braemore, the Prior of
Christchurch Twynham, and Gilbert de Knoville. Exhausted
by this exertion, she slept until the watchers, noticing a
change come over her pallid features, hastily summoned her
confessor, who, fully vested for the purpose, communicated
her and administered the viaticum, as with a peaceful sigh
she breathed her last. Between the hours of midnight and
dawn, medium iwctem ct auroram, she fell asleep, thus
ending her troubled life on the anniversary of the death
of her daughter, Aveliua.
Such then is the picture presented to us by witnesses
giving evidence twenty-two years after the event.
Within the course of the next few days her body was
borne, with due pomp and ceremony, to her beloved Brae-
more, and there laid to rest. At this day we can iSnd no
trace of her grave among the scant ruins of the monastic
buildings. Solemn requiems would have been said in the
other foundations of the de Redvers family, and we know
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 237
that at Quarre, at all events, she was kept iu remembrance,
for on the anniversary of her death one hundred poor persons
received a loaf of bread, a bottle of beer, and a dish from
the kitchen.^
But to return to the course of events after Isabella had
closed her eyes for the last time during the night of 9-10
November. The King's servants hastened to inform him of
her death, and he took prompt steps to secure the portion of
her inheritance which he had obtained. By 15 November he
had already appointed the officers to take over the Isle of
Wight, Christchurch, and Honiton, " quitclaimed to the King
by Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Albemarle,"* and his
messengers hastened off to notify the sheriffs ere her body
was interred.
And now certain of our witnesses appear on the rolls as
recipients of favours. To Gilbert de Knoville is granted on
28 December following the fee-simple of Honiton at the
instance of the Bishop of Durham and Walter de Langton,
while the advowson of the church there was added when de
Knoville was about to go beyond seas on the King's affairs in
August, 1297.
Agnes de Monceals, daughter of Eobert de Monceals,^ had
obtained from her mistress in 1282 a life interest in the
manors of Craft and Cruk,* but this, through her having
taken possession without the King's licence, was taken from
her on 9 September, just before the Countess's death. These
were now, on 27 November, restored to her.^
On 6 December Koger de Gardino* rendered homage for
lands he had received from the Countess,^ and if we looked
further we should surely find other witnesses rewarded for
their services, whatever they may have been.^
1 Cot MS. Tib. D. VI. quoted in '* Vict Hist Hampabire."
2 Pat RoHs, 1 Ed. I, 1292-1301, p. 41.
' "Walcrand de Monceau, or Monceals, was an adherent of tbe Earl of
Leicester, and Isabella was in some way related to the Monceau family, I
1)elieve. This Agnes de Monceals was probably a lady of good family who was
brought up in the household of the Countess.
^ It is strange to find that the manor of Cruk was in the hands of the
Courtenays in 1274 as part of their inheritance from Mary, daughter of
WilDam de Vernon (Inq. p.m. J. de Courtenay, Cal. Gen., p. 212).
* Pat Roll, Ed. I, 1293.
• Roger de Gardino had also from Isabella the bedelry of the hundred of
Christchurch Twynham, which on his death was granted to Matthew de
Grymested in 1300. Perhaps he was of the family of the witness John de
Grymestede.
"^ Close Roll, 1293.
^ A curious entry on the Patent Rolls. 11 June, 1294, is of interest in con-
nexion with our heroine. Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, then had granted to
238 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
But at an early date some suspicion arose that the trans-
actions of 9 November, 1293, did not bear the stamp of
authenticity. Even Walter de Langton later on repudiated
the charge that he had told the Archbishop a different story
from that of his deposition. Reviewing the circumstances
and documents, we are not surprised that some suspicion
arose.
Gilbert de Knoville, in his deposition, asserts that the
6000 marks due from the King under the charter was paid
on the Feast of St. Martin following Isabella's death to the
"Mercatorii de Spina," ^ for the use of her executors, of which
he was one.
Among the documents is an acquittance for this amount,
purporting to be signed by Isabella de Fortibus on "the
Wednesday before the feast of St. Martin." As St. Martin's
Day in that year fell upon a Wednesday, this, if taken liter-
ally, would mean 4 November — that is, the Countess would
have received the money five days before the charter was
executed, a most unusual proceeding. If, on the other hand,
St. Martin's Day itself was intended, then we are confronted
by the fact that the Countess had been dead at least twenty-
four hours, and therefore could not have signed it on that
day. But it has been suggested that she signed the formal
receipt with the other documents just before her death,
handing it to the executor present, who filled in the date
when the money was actually paid over on St, Martin's Day.
At all events, Hugh de Courtenay's lawyers, keenly as they
must have scrutinized it, did not discover any flaw in the
document, or they would have ui-ged it as invalidating the
claim.
But what strikes us as most suspicious about the whole
transaction is the very small sum paid for the vast property
transferred. In this coimexion attention should be called to
the fact that among the documents preserved is a charter
quit-claiming to the King, in much briefer form, Isabella's
manor of Honiton, bearing date that same Monday before
St. Martin's Day, and witnessed by many of the same com-
pany, and although no sum is mentioned as paid for this
estate, the £4000 would be a much more suitable amount
him '*John Bundy, a bondman, with the lands and tenements which he holds
in villeinage with the manor of Brumore, his goods and issue (sequdoE). This
bondman came to the King's hands by the death of Isabella de Fortibus,
sometime Countess of Albemarle, tenant in chief." This was granted by the
information of W. de Langton.
^ The merchants of Speen, near Newbury, large woollen manufacturers,
who acted as bankers.
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 239
for this transfer. A theory advanced, which has its up-
holders, is that what the Countess believed she was sign-
ing, and even what the witnesses saw her sign, was this quit-
claim for Honiton, and that the other document relating to
the Isle of Wight was either concocted afterwards or that
her signature to it was obtained through misrepresent-
ation.
Years passed, and the King remained in undisputed pos-
session of these estates until Hugh de Courtenay, the
Countess of Devon's heir, who had been the King's ward,
attained his majority. Finding himself deprived of so vast
a portion of his heritage, and hearing rumours concerning
the way in which it had been obtained, he made several
fruitless efforts to regain these manors. At length he
succeeded in bringing his claims before Parliament in 1315,
during the reign of Edward II. The matter was thoroughly
thrashed out, and the charters and acquittance, supported by
the evidence of surviving witnesses, as we have it preserved
to us on the Rolls of Parliament, in the Eed Book, and in
Chapter House Liber A,i were brought forward. Astounded
by this carefully prepared case, Courtenay demanded a post-
ponement that he might seek further evidence in support of
his claims, and he was granted until the next Parliament.
But, as far as we can judge, he failed to find anything fresh,
for the case did not come on again during his lifetime.
Seven years aften his death his son, another Hugh de
Courtenay, revived the claim, but was also unsuccessful.^
So the vast estates transferred to the King under such
dramatic circumstances remained (and some even still remain
to this day) the property of the Crown. Of them all, Honi-
ton alone returned to the heir of the Countess, when and
how we have not been able to discover. Perhaps, lying
remote, it was granted as a sop to the persistent claimant, or
it may have been purchased by him. As early as 1314-15
" Sir Hugh de Courtenay, knt.," presented to the living,^ and
from the fact that it passed to the younger branch of the
Courtenays it is evident it was not among the entailed
estates.
Well has it been said by Mr. Bound that the house of
^ Chapter House Liber A, f. 237, contains the Countess's acquittance for
the 6000 m., her charter and the quit-claim of Honiton agreeing with those
documents in the Red Book.
'It was with some difficulty that the elder Hugh established his right to
the earldom of Devon ; it was not until 1385 that he was called to rarlia-
ment by that title. ' Epis. Reg. Ezon.
240 THE LADY OF THE I8LE.
Courtenay has had reason at more than one period to adopt
its strange, pathetic motto, ** Ubi lapsus ? quid feci ? "^
I do not claim that the foregoing paper contains a vast
amount of hitherto unpublished information, but I have
collected the story of Isabella de Fortibus from many sources.
Where my statements differ from those of Planch^, Stapleton,
Hall, and Bound — and to each of these writers I am greatly
indebted — I have based my assertions on original documents,
of which I have carefully studied an immense number.
To the liev. T. B. Panther I owe much for his suggestion
that I should take up this subject, as well as for his help and
sympathetic interest in my work. To Miss E. M. Walford I
owe another debt of gratitude for her indefatigable assist-
ance. To Mr. E. Salisbury, of the Public Eecord Office,
I am indebted for his ever-ready help and suggestions.
To Mr. Brooking-Rowe, the Eev. Prebendary Hiugeston-
Eandolph, and others who have aided me, I also tender my
thanks.
APPENDIX.
Copy of the Agreenienfs of 1276 as contained in the Calendar of
Close Rolls,
(4 Edw. I., in. 7 d.— Schedules.)
Enrolment of agreement between the King and Isabelia,
Countess of Albemarle, that the Countess shall give to the King as
securely as may be done, all the lands that she has of her inherit-
ance, as well the Isle of Wight as all other lands and rents, with
advowsons of churches and religious houses, knight's fees, dowers
when they happen, and all other appurtenances falling to her by
right of inheritance, or whatsoever tenements she held in fee on
the day when this agreement was made; except the manors of
Sevenhampton, Wytlecherch, Harewode and Craft, so that the
lands shall be extended by two men on her behalf and two on
the king's, and that lands of the king to the same value shall
^ It is perhaps worth noting that the acquittance given by John de Estone,
quoted in the Red Book, is in no way connected with the story of the transfer
of the Isle of Wight, nor docs it appear filed in sequence with the above-
quoted documents. It relates to his claims as one of the heirs of Avelina de
Fortibus to certain of the Albemarle estates. The various claims to her
inheritance foi-m a story by themselves. There are several letters in Norman-
French written by Isabella de Fortibus, and others concerning her, in the
Ancient Correspondence, as well as petitions from her in Ancient Petitions
preserved at the Public Record Office, but they do not seem to be of sufficient
interest to quote here.
THE LADT OF THS ISLE. 241
be extended by the same men. If the said men do not agree in
making the extents then a third shall be elected by the king and
by her, who shall determine the matter in dispute. When the
lands have been thus extended, the Countess shall enfeoff the
king of all her lands aforesaid, except the four manors above
named. All lands that shall fall to the Countess hereafter, as
well those that Thomas de Breaut^ holds as others, shall remain
to the king. The king shall enfeoff the countess of his lands
thus extended to the value of her lands and advowsons held
on the day when this agreement was made, to hold for her life.
He shall also give to her 20,000 marks, for the gift and con-
firmation of the lands aforesaid. The dowers, escheats, and fees
ought not to be extended, nor exchange made with her for them.
The king shall warrant to her the lands thus extended to the value
of her lands which shall be committed to her in exchange and he
shall not permit her to be disseised thereof until exchange have
been made to her to the value. The king grants this for himself
and his heirs. Done at Winchester, on the morrow of St. Hilary,
in the 4th year of the king's reign.
Enrolment of letters patent of the king granting to Amicia
de Redveriis, countess of Devon, the manor of Boklaund, with the
hamlets of Columtun, Walamton, and Bykele, to have and to hold
according to the tenor of the charters that she has of the gift
of Isabella de Fortibus, countess of Albemarle, her daughter,
with provisional confirmation of any grant thereof to men of
religion that she may make for the construction of a new house
of religious on condition that such house shall after her death be
held of the king in chief, and he promises to confirm the house
when constructed or ordained in frank almoin. (Date omitted.)
Enrolment of other letters of the king witnessing that whereas
treaty had been made between the king and Isabella Countess
of Albemarle, to make the king her heir, the king granted to
her the manors of Sevenhampton, Harewood, Wliitlechurch, and
Craft or Tyberton, which are of the said inheritance, with power
to give sell or assign them whenever or to whomsoever she wish,
provided that the services due to the king therefrom shall remain
to him fully, and the King promises to grant and confer the gifts
of the said manors to be made by her. (Date omitted.)
Draught of the preceding agreement, with alterations and
additions.
Enrolment of agreement between the king and Isabella Countess
of Albemarle and Devon, whereby she agrees to give the king
all her inheritance, as well the Isle of Wight as other lands and
rents with the advowsons of churches and religious houses,
knight's fees &c, falling to her in inheritance or whatever tene-
VOL. xxxvn. Q
242 THE LADT OF THE ISLE.
ments she held m fee on the day (when the agreement was made),
whether of her inheritance or of her purchase, by whatsoever
name they may be called ; to have and to hold to him and his
heirs, except the manors of Sevehampton, Whytechyrch, Hare-
wode and Tyverton, and the service of Henry Trenchard of one
knight's fee, and the service of Richard de Afifeton of one knight's
fee, which shall remain to the Countess to hold of the king and
his heirs by the services therefor duo and accustomed and in form
following, that is to say, that the countess shall make good seisin
of the aforesaid lands to the king as she now holds them except
the four manors and two knight's fees aforesaid and the king
shall hold the inheritance as his own until some reasonable time
be provided between them, and afterwards he shall demise them
to the countess, excepting the knight's fees for her life by final
concord to be made between them in court. It is provided that
all tenements that are held in dower shall remain to the king
when they fall in, and in like manner there shall remain to the
king by the fine aforesaid the said knight's fees, with the
homages, services &c. Moreover the king may make his com-
modity whenever he wish by sale or otherwise of the crop
(vestura) of all the woods that were in the countess's hands of
the inheritance aforesaid. The countess shall have power to do
her will of the said four manors, giving or assigning them to
whomsoever she will, saving to the king his services. If the
countess recover the manor of Navesby, which she claims as
her right, then she shall give it to the king, to hold to him
and his heirs in exchange and for the value of the manor of
Tyverton and unless it be worth as much as the manor of
Tiverton the Countess shall make up the value to the King
from her other lands. If she do not recover the manor of
Navesby and she recover the manor of Craft which she claims,
then she shall give the latter manor to the King for the manor
of Tyverton, in form aforesaid. If she do not recover either
of the said manors, or be remiss in sueing for them or die, then
she or her assigns or heirs shall make the King reasonable ex-
change therefor from her other lands remaining to her into whose
hands soever they may have come for the manor of Tyverton.
All her lands that may hereafter fall to the Countess, as well
those that Thomas de Bryante holds as others whencesoevcr
coming, shall remain to the King by the fine aforesaid. The
King shall assign to her 1000 1. of land, to have until the fine
shall be made and levied, and this assignment shall be made
before she shall put the King in seisin of her inheritance. The
King shall give to her for her inheritance 20,000 marks, whereof
he shall pay her a moiety when he receives seisin of her inherit-
ance and the other moiety when the fine shall be made and
levied. After the levying of the fine and after she shall have
her seisin of the said inheritance the King shall have again the
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 243
said 10001. yearly of land and the King and countess grant that
they and their heirs shall fulfil, hold and observe all and singular
the premises in any case whatever arising.
Note. — Let it be transcribed and a transcript given to Henry
Trenchard.
The Countess came into Chancery at Oldham, and acknowledged
the agreement aforesaid and for faithful observance thereof she
bound all her lands under pain of forfeiture of the same.^
The dowers, escheats and knight's fees aforesaid ought not to be
extended or exchange made for them.
Calendar of Anoibnt Deeds. IY.
Deeds from the Treasury of the Receipt of the Eocchequer,
A. 6273. Wilts. Indenture between the king and Isabella,
Countess of Albemarle, relative apparently to certain lands
and tenements granted by the said countess to the king in
exchange, except four manors, viz. Sevehampton, Whitle . . .
& . . . Winchester, the morrow of. . . . (Much injured.)
A. 7122. Isle of Wight, &c. Memorandum of an agreement
between the jcing and Isabella, countess of Albemarle; viz.
the said countess to give to the king all her lands of inherit-
ance, as well the Isle of Wight, as all her other lands, rents,
tenements, with the advowsons of churches and religious
houses, knight's fees, &c. except the manor of Sevehampton,
Whitlechirch, Harewode, and Craft ; which lands &c. are
to be extended by four suitable men, two to be chosen by
each of the said parties, who are also to extend certain of
the king's lands and tenements equal in value to the said
lands &c. of the said countess &c. after which the said
countess is to enfeoff the king of all her said lands &c.
except, the said manors; and all the lands <&c. which may
from this time come to the said countess, as well those which
Thomas de Breautt^ holds as others, are to remain to the
kiDg in fee, who is to enfeoff the said countess for her life
of his lands and tenements extended as above and to give to
her 20,000 marks for the grant of the said lauds, to be paid
in the manner specified &c. Winchester, the morrow of
St. HUary, 4 Edw. (I.).
Copy or draft.
^ It is not clear from the position of the schedules which agreement this
refers to. The schedule containing the record of the acknowledgment is at
present sewed in front of the other three.
Q2
244 THE LADY OF THE ISLE.
Charter Roll,
(53 Hen. Ill, m, 10. n. 5.)
Isabella The King, to all, &c. We have inspected the
de Fortibus letters patent of Edward our firstborn son, William
Countess of de Valence, &c. <&c., which the}' made to Isabella
Albemarle. de Fortibus Countess of Albemarle, as follows
(here given in Norman-French); Edward, eldest
son of the King of England, William de Valence, &c Einow ye
that we have undertaken for Eleanor Queen of England that she
will loyally pay to the said Isabella £1000 sterling for the lease
which she made to the said Queen for the moiety of the marriage
of Avelina her daughter, heir of William de Fortibus, formerly
Earl of Albemarle^' the which moiety she bought of us, at the
two terms underwritten, to wit, in one month from Easter, 1269,
at the new Temple of London £500, and on the morrow of All
Saints next coming in the same place £500.
Moreover we have undertaken for the said Queen that if Sir
Edmund her son should die before the said Avelina be of the age
to hold lands, the said Avelina ought to be married by the friends
of the said Edmund and by the advice and consent of the said
Countess and her friends. And if the said Queen shall cause her
to be married otherwise, we will be bound to the said Countess in
£1000 sterling. And in case the said marriage shall be sold for
more than £2000 the said Queen shall pay the third part of the
moiety of the surplus to the said Countess within the year that
the said sale shall be made. On the other hand if the said Sir
Edmund should leave the said Avelina at any time after that
he shall have married her, let the said Avelina be married
in the form above-written and not otherwise. And if the said
money (£1000) shall not be paid at the said terms or if the Queen
shall make default in the covenants, we will be severally bound to
pay the said debt, and to do this we bind ourselves, our goods,
lands, rents and possessions, wheresoever they may be to be dis-
trained by the King^s sheriffs and by the bailiffs of the said
Countess, &c. &c. (Undated.)
We have inspected also the letters patent which the said
Edward, William, &c. &c., made to the said Isabella in these
words (also in Norman-French) : —
Edward, eldest son of the King of England, William de Valence,
&c. &c. Know ye that whereas Queen Eleanor has bought of the
Lady Isabella de Fortibus the moiety of the marriage of Avelina
her daughter, to the use of Edmund her son so that he marry her
between Easter and Pentecost, 1269; we undertake for the said
Sir Edmund that he will marry the said Avelina, and will do and
perform the said espousals well and loyally according to the
THE LADY OF THE ISLE. 245
statutes of Holy Church. Moreover, we undertake for the said
Edmund that if it should happen (which God forhid) that his
courage shall fail so that after the marriage he shall ahaudon her
and take another wife, he will truly pay to the said Countess
X4000 sterling within the year when he shall have left her in
manner aforesaid, and if he shall not do it, we hind ourselves
severally according to our portions underwritten to pay the said
sum to the said Countess within the three months next following
the year aforesaid, viz. we, the said Edward, 2000 marks, Wm.
de Valence, 1000 marks, Philippe Basset, 1000 m., Alan la Susche,
500 m., Roht. Aguilon, 500 m., John de' Curtena, 500 m., Matthew
de Columbers, 300 m. and Rauf de Gorges, 200 m.
Given at London 6 April, 1269.
We, willing to ratify and confirm the said covenants and obliga-
tions^ do grant and confirm them as the letters aforesaid reasonable
witness.
Witness the King at Windlesham 7 May.
HISTOEY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
BY BEV. T. W. WHALE, M.A.
(Read at Priucetown, 19 July, 1005.)
When the Commissioners for Public Records applied to the
Dean and Chapter of Exeter for permission to print the Exon
" Domesday," they obtained a gracious reply. The Chapter
Clerk, Ralph Barnes, Esq., as he tells us in a fly-leaf to the
present book, "made a transcript of it for their use, and
corrected the proof impressions by the original." On 20
September, 1811, J. Caley, Esq., Secretary to the Com-
missioners for Public Records, inspected the book in Mr.
Barnes' presence. It was then bound in two volumes ; and
fortunately Mr. Barnes has inserted the following note,
enabling me to reproduce these volumes as they then existed.
Domesday Second Volume.
This book belongs to the Dean and Chapter of Exeter. It
contains from folio 246 to folio 520 — being 274 leaves.
The first volume contains 12 folios, and 246 folios.
Total (of the two books) 582 leaves. Leaf 221 in the first
volume has been cut out, the rest is perfect — dated 1810.
One leaf cut out, and no doubt stolen. R. Barnes, 1810.
There are also the following notes : —
This book was taken forth. May 1669, of the lybrary of the
Dean and Chapter of Exeter, and by them lent unto the Lord
Bishop of Sarum. J. Wright.
Jan. 22, 1756. This book was exhibited at the Antiquary
Society in London, and afterwards perused by Philip Lord Hard-
wick, Chancellor of Great Britain.
This book was bound (in one volume) 29 May, 1816.
At the end of the book is an account signed "C. Lyttleton,
Dean, 1750." Inter alia we find ''the numeral letters are of
the fourteenth or fifteenth century." '*A transcript from
Domesday for the Counties of . . . from these rotuli, and
not from the Domesday volume."
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY." 247
Adverting to the two volumes at the date A.D. 1810, and
anticipating a reference to the subjoined tables, the books
are supposed to have been bound in the thirteenth or four-
teenth century. The first volume was numbered in the upper
right-hand corner of each folio consecutively (there are a few
errors of detail hereafter noted) with quaint figures, 4 being
specially so : first from 1 to 12, and then, starting afresh, from
1 to 246.
The second volume was similarly numbered from 247 to 520.
The general plan was to include in the first volume all that
had reference to Somerset, beginning with its geld list ; then,
Alured de Hispania's holdings in Devon and Somerset;
GoBcelm de Essicestra's (13) in a doubtful county.
The lands of the Frank knights in Devon and Somerset,
called Frank thegns in the latter (17-24) ; the lands of
Nicholas, the chief crossbow bearer, in Devon, and of Gode-
bald in Somerset ; of Earl Hugh in the two counties ; and so
of Odo, son of Gamelin; so of Torstin, son of Rof; so of
William de Faleise, in these and in Cornwall. The King's
demesne of the two counties, and of Cornwall. The third
part of the Bishop of Coutances' Devon lands. All the
terrse occupatae lands, except the first part of Devon, which
seems strangely inconsistent.
The lands of the King's Serjeants, and of Anglo-thegns for
Devon and Somerset; some late inserted entries, 204-6;
Walscin de Duaco's lauds in the two counties ; stray lists of
hundreds, 237-9 ; and the first geld list for Wiltshire,
240-5, written on smaller parchment sheets with very small
close writing, and without a heading to explain its contents.
At the feet of 10, 37, 43, 61, 66, 94, 123, 190, 196,
219, old numbers, is a mysterious mark ^w , which the
Exchequer printed copy takes for ^^r^ seemingly intended
to call attention to the portions of the first volume which
ati'ected Devon and Cornwall; the ink is not that of the
original survey : probably sixteenth-century insertions.
A remarkable recovery has been made of the lost folio 221
(see page 139, " Cathedral Libraries," by Beriah Botfield) : —
Mr. Barnes had the mortification of observing that at folio 221
a single leaf had been abstracted, which he recorded in 1810.
Subsequently to this period Mr. Trevelyan called to see the
Domesday, and upon the book being opened produced from his
pocket a leaf which exactly supplied the hiatus in the record.
248 HISTORY OF THE EXON " D0MS8DAT.''
This leaf, it appears, came into the possession of Mr. Trevelyan by
descent from his ancestor Dean Willoughby, who, in the time of
Henry YII, was Dean of Exeter; and doubtless he it was who
abstracted this identical leaf, either from curiosity, or a less venial
motive.
The Rev. E. T. Foweraker kindly referred me to this ex-
tract. Dean Willoughby died 23 November, 1508.
At the foot of folio 398, 4e., old number 13, land of
Qoscelm of Exeter, is an entry in small writing and pale ink :
" Eduuardus tenet 3 hidas terree."
At the foot of folio 456, old number 17, in a small hand, is
"Osbernus, Giraldus, R Paganellus, Guillielmus de Ou, and
Ansger de monteacuto, in deuenescira."
Opposite Sanforta, folio 142 (probably a mistake for Sau-
forta), is a ^/^, the meaning of which I have failed to
discover. The word Summerseta was no doubt spelt with
two m's, but the mark of contraction over one was some-
times overlooked. In two cases we find " Summersetae-syra."
We also find ** Cornu-galliae."
The second volume commences with entries referring to
Dorset, Wilts, and Cornwall, and contains a second and a
third geld list for Wilts, without headings, and differing
somewhat from that in the first volume. Then it contains
entries exclusively relating to Devon and Cornwall : with the
strange exception that the holdings of the Abbot of Glaston-
bury, who had only one manor (Uplyme) in Devon, are
entered here : ^ also the few holdings of Baldwin the Sheriff,
and of Ealph Pomeroy, in Somerset, with their Devon entries.
Earl Hugh's Devon part, folio 286, has been stitched on to
the Somerset part, folio 287, and placed in Vol. I. At folio
316 we find "hue scripsit Eicardus," and at folio 317 in the
margin, **probatio." And again, in the margin of folio 414,
"usque hue scripsit E."
At the foot of 512b is a mark to show that 5.d. ought to
have been entered here, and not as it is, after 4.z.
Through all the folios of the Earl of Mortain in Devon and
Cornwall, folio 210b-folio 264b, there is a marginal mark .F.
against each manor, which needs explanation, and is not
found in the Somerset part.
Great difficulties have been raised, because the three geld
lists for Wilts differ somewhat from each other. But in the
^ Except the part in book 2.ni. containing also the Bishop of Winchester's
Tftonton.
HISTORY OF THE EXON ''DOMESDAY." 249
first place they hardly formed part of the original book.
Next there were distinct geld inquests in the reign of William
the First, and these may represent different ones. Lastly,
it should be noted that we find three lists of hundreds of
Devon, which also differ from each other as belonging to
different years.
The first step which Mr. Caley and Mr. Barnes took was
to release the books from their bindings. The next, to re-
arrange the folios with the help of the Exchequer "Domesday."
Then, to number afresh the folios consecutively from the
beginning, at the middle of the top of each folio, placing
near it in pencil a number greater by twelve than the old
number, so as to reckon the first twelve; and then not to
b^in again with 1, but with 13, and so onwards.
At the foot of certain folios are letters evidently inserted
in 1811, which excited curiosity. Jotting them down in
their order, the next remark was that they followed alpha-
betically; taking up the clue I had the satisfaction to discover
that they were placed at the foot of the first folio of the
several little parchment books which constitute the divisions
of the great book. A glance at Table III will explain my
meaning; folios 1-6, in olden numbers 240-5, contain the
first book .a. made up of three sheets of parchment, and
forming the first geld list for Wiltshire — and so on in order.
Thus, then, the original MS. was made up of 103 of these
little books. In case of the larger honours the maximum
extent of each book was four sheets. But in several books
there is an odd half-sheet, wide enough to turn back c^inst
other sheets, and, of course, peculiarly liable to be displaced
or lost. There are backs of these half-sheets at the modem
folios, 116, 182, 196, 202, 245, 246, 262, 356, 367, 371, 481.
The back of the half-sheet at 367 has writing on it.
A further glance at Table I will show that for the most
part the old numbers in each hook are consecutive ; but 92 is
wanting in the book 3.g., and had been falsely placed at the
hack of 512, which already bore its proper number 158.
But surely 92 ought to have been on folio 532 ; and 512b is
a mistake for 532b. This half-sheet gives a list of chief
holders, the king, the queen, the earls, the bishops, the abbots,
the churches in alms; and the geld inquest for the four
counties, significantly omitting Wiltshire. Again, in the
book 3.r. 472 was omitted, and had got into the book 4.h. In
the book 4.d. 499 is out of order. In the book 4.e. 13 seems
seriously wrong, but requires careful investigation. In
Table III, folio 397, Goscelm holds in Devon, Wolestanecota;
250 HISTORY OF THE KXON "DOMESDAY."
then it passes to Cornwall, 397b, with a separate heading as
usual. Next, 398, is under another separate heading, "Terra
Goscelmi de Essicestra," Herstanahaia, a single entry. Either
this Goscelm is a different man from the preceding, or this
holding is in another county. In this way the Exchequer
" Domesday," on entering Baldwin's lands in Somerset, gives
as a heading (xx), "Balduinus de Execestre," folio 1, Somerset.
Eeferring next to Table I, Herstanahaia is found (old num-
ber 13) among the entries not in the county of Devon. Very
likely from the earliest times the little parchment books
were kept in two separate lots, i. and ii.; but at any rate,
.when they were separately bound, if Herstanahaia had
been in Broad Clist, as is supposed, within ten miles of
Exeter, it could hardly have been put among the out-county
manors.
Let us now see how the Exchequer book enters this manor.
Under the heading .xxv. " Terra Groscelmi " it is entered at
the end, " Goscelmus de Execestre tenet de rege herstanhaia " ;
thus diflFering from the Exon, and from itself. The Exon
enters it under a separate holding, after one in Cornwall.
The Exchequer uses " tenet de rege " only for the first manor
in each honour.
Lastly, the name Herstanahaia is not to be found in Devon
but it is found as Hurstenehaye in the parish of Broad
Windsor, Dorset, three messuages and lands in the hamlet of
Childhay (Hutchins, "Dorset," I, 366) (Oliver, "Monasticon,"
355) belonging to Ford Abbey. May we not claim in this
case the greater accuracy of the Exon book, from local
knowledge ? I suspect the geld allowance to Gosselin the
Canon was for Clist St. Mary, folio 309. In the Exchequer
a discrepancy arises in the numbers attached to the lands of
Walter and Goscelm. At page 1 we have for xxv Walterius ;
at page xxvi this is "Terra Goscelmi," and no rubricated
heading "Walterius." There is no rubricated heading xl at
folio xxxiii ; perhaps the discrepancy should be traced to the
land of Goscelm de Execestre, which ought to have been
rubricated. At any rate the accuracy of the Exchequer is
impugned.
In 4h. Tetbald*s entries are much displaced.
In 4.Z. the English thegn lands are displaced.
So in 5.e. the blank 246 has got wrong.
In 2.n. the old number 341 hew two modern numbers, 176,
177 ; but in 2.r. the old number 102 has iw modern one.
These displacements did not escape the notice of the six-
teenth-century scribe, who entered numerous identifications
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY." 251
in the margin. For example, in 4.(i, at the foot of 484b, he
writes, " go on to 499."
The blank leaves at the beginning or end of books deserve
special attention, and lead to a suspicion that the number of
separate books was even greater than was allowed in 1811.
For example, folio 10, blank, makes me think that the second
geld list for Wiltshire was distinct from the notice of
St. Edward (Shaftesbury), in Dorset, though perhaps the
numbering of the three sheets of .b. forbids this. On the
other hand, it seems strange that the Bishop of Winchester's
Taunton, 2.m., should have been in the same book with part
of the Abbot of Glastonbury's land in Vol. I.
Again, there is an odd half-sheet and two blanks to .f. ; an
odd half-sheet and no blank to .g. Why should not one of
the blanks have belonged to .g., and then there would have
been no half-sheet ? Without seeing the book in the unbound
state it is difficult to decide such questions.
The history of the "mansiones de comitatu" of .x. can
easily be traced in the Pipe Eolls of Henry II.
It should be noted that Devonshire is spelt Deuenee-scira,
i.e. Deuenae-scira ; thus writing Deuena for Devon.
I think we may safely assume that the Exon Domesday,
before being bound up in the fourteenth century, existed only
as a number of separate parchment books. At the end of the
present volume is a thick parchment sheet. On the inside,
in the large sixteenth-century writing, is a reference to the
possessions of the Dean and Chapter in Devon and Cornwall
It has the appearance of having been used to enclose all, or
a part of, the parchment sheets.
A half-sheet of 4.i. is certainly lost, for the survey of
Dochorda is cut short in the middle of a sentence. Happily
the lands of William Hostiarius 4.x. are not lost, as Mr. Caley
supposed (preface, xii) : but the lands of Robert the Bastard :
Richard, son of Torulf: Hervie de Helion: and Alured de
Brito are hopelessly gone : all these must have been lost
before the binding in the two volumes. On the other hand,
they must have formed part of the Rolls of 1080-3, for there
are references to them all in the terrse occupatse, and in the
geld list of 1084.
We next notice tlie vexed question of the defacement of
certain lines and folios. In 2.d.,Morceta, three lines are defaced
by a broad band of a reddish ink- like substance of oak galls
and vitriol, seemingly deliberately laid on with a paint-brush.
In 3.f., legea, a word is defaced before " animalia." In 4.n.,
folio 430, is a large smear of the same substance, apparently
252 HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
from carelessness. In 4.g., 403b and 404, arc wide bands of
the same material extending; only a little distance from the
inside of the folio ; from Harescoma to In Oteri, and from
Madescama to Alforda. And again in 404b, 405, 405b. This
seems wilfully done, but hardly meant for obliteration. The
material used, I should think, penetrated through other folios
on either side. In 4.y., 487b, Bolehorda, there are five thick
black lines across the page ; 488, Wirlbesliga, 6 J thick black
lines; 488b, Torra, four thick black lines; and others. These
seem to have been wilfully done for obliteration, by some
person who regarded the entries as duplicates, probably the
writer of names in the margin. It is remarkable that there
are still great difficulties about the identification of some of
these manors. In many of the obliterations Mr. Barnes
seemingly has overlined letters, etc., to assist in deciphering.
The scribes of the Exon " Domesday ,"contrary to the practice
of the Pipe Roll writers, did not hesitate to erase mistakes.
Thus, folio 267, between the words "comes recepit tantundem"
— " de hue," two and a half lines are erased. At folio 286,
Estaforda, one line ; next to it, Landeshers, one line. At folio
297, Ghent, one line. At 298b, Hagintona, one line. At folio
310, after Mauessart, two lines. There are noteworthy corre-
sponding erasures of half a line at folio 331b, Waleforda, and
334, Ho, between the words "Alebric" and "e& die" in each
case. At folio 331b, after Houelanda, two lines. At 336b, after
Bolewis, two lines. At Oteri, 338b, Oteri — word erased — then
change of writing. At 340 " quae vocatur " — word erased —
"heppasteba" "saisuit" — word erased — "cum." At folio 345b,
Baentona, "1 hida terrcequam" — half a line erased — "tenue-
runt." At folio 372, Strengestuna, "dim virga terras" — half a
line erased — "quam tenuit." At folio 419,Odetreu — after "pro
iii virgis " " has possunt arare " repeated, one in pale ink. At
folio 4o9b, "villani dim. virgam" — erasure — " Ibi." At folio
460, Ainechesdona, "quae vocatur"— erasure — " Anechesdona."
At folio 469, Colum, "Ibi habet F "—erasure— " 4 villanos."
Boleham, folio 476, is in pale ink. At folio 505b, two lines
erased after " Wera V." At folio 508, Machert, " ab ecclesia "
erased after " non poterat."
The Saxon scribes of the Exon often omit the amount of
hidage paid by the villeins. In these cases we may perhaps
assume that it is the difference between the whole hidage
and that in demesne.
In the oft-repeated words " banc (or has) possunt arare "
"banc" and "has" refer to the hidage in the singular or
plural. In one case, folio 367, Bradeforda, we find "banc
HISTORY OF THE BXON "DOMESDAY."
253
fertinum." So in folio 346b, Chenuestan, "has" (3 fertinos).
So in Nieutona, folio 389b, ** banc." In Oplomia, folio 394,
" has." In Lidefort, folio 335, "earn," etc. These are mistakes
of the Association copy, making fertinus feminine.
In Poteforda, folio 399, we find "banc terrain possunt arare."
On the other hand, in Bradeforda, folio 367, is "hunc fertinum
et dimidium potest 1 carruca arare."
It is not easy to explain the use of "inde" in tbe £xon. If
it means ** out of this manor," then additions to the manor
since T.E.E. may be included. But if it means " out of this
hidage," as it does in the geld list, how can the items of
hidage be greater than the T.RE. total, as in some cases they
are? However, some changes had been already made in
hidage. Carmes and Mogescome were quit of the King's
geld T.RE. for one virgate ; in 1086 they had to pay for two
virgates, folio 299.
In the book 4.f., William Capra's, folios 399-402, old num-
bers 495-8, the scribe began with folio 399, 495; passed
over folio 400, 496 ; went on to folios 401, 402 • and then
went back and filled in folio 400, 496.
In Heuetreua, folio 343b, is the expression "ii carrucatse
terrse"; and in Citremetona, folio 484, "v carrucatas in
dominio " : " carrucata terra " seems an equivalent for land
divided into plough lands for geld, hides of geld, 120 acres of
geld, hidata terra.
FIRST VOLUME. A.D. 1810.
Table I.
(Geld List) Isti sunt hundreti de Sumerseta
Terra Edwardi Vicecomitis in Sumerseta
Blank . ...
Terra Willelmi de Ou in Sumerseta
Blank . ...
Terra Rogerii de Corcella in Sumerseta
(2nd part) . ...
Blank . ...
Terra Rotberti filii Qeroldi in Sumerseta
Terra Alueredi Ispaniensis in Deunsesira
Terra Aluredi de Hispania in Summerseta
Blank . ...
Terra Goscelmi de Essicestra
Blank . ...
Folios.
New
Numbers.
76-82
437
437b
438-9
439b-440b
430-5
436
436b
371
371b-375
375b
398
398b
Old
Numbers.
1-8
9-12
}
}
}
1-6
7
8
9-12
13
Books.
.r.
4.0.
4.r.
3.Z.
part
of 4.e.
254
HISTORY OF THB EXON "DOMESDAY."
Folio*.
New
Old
Books.
Namben.
Namben.
TerrsB quae datee sunt Sanctis in elemosiua
inSummerseta
19e-8
14-6
2.W.
Terra Francorum milituni in Deuenesira
456-462b
<
Terra Francorum tegnorum in Sumerseta
-17-24
4.t.
(1st part) . ...
462b-3
1
-/
Terra Osmundi Episcopi in Summerseta
Terra quae fuit Uluuardi Witse in Sum-
154
25
2.i.
merseta . ...
116
26
2.a.
Blank . ...
116b
Blank . ...
193
27
2.t.
Terra AbbatisstB eancti Edwardi in Somer-
193b
seia. . . . •
Terra Nicolai Arbalestarii in Deuenesira
468-473
)
Terra Godebaldi in Sumerseta
473b
V 28-34
4.W.
Consummatum est (blank)
474, 474b
J
Terra Comitis Hugonis in Deuenej^cira .
286
)
Terra Comitis Hugonis in Summerseta .
286b, 287
>35-6
3.1.
Bl«mk . ...
287b
)
Terra Comitis Eustacliii in Summersets .
Blank . ...
282-3
283, 284, 285
1 37-40
3.h.
Terra Sancti Petri Adeliniensis ABcclesisB
in Sumerseta.
191
|41-2
2.8.
Blank . ...
192, 192b
Terra Odonis filii Gamelini in Deuenesira
376-9
>
Terra Odonis filii Gamelini in Sumerseta
380
►43-8
4.a
Blank . ...
380b-381b
J
Terra Sancti Petri de Bada in Sumerseta
Blank . ...
185-7
187b
1 49-51
2.g.
Terra Episcopi Constantiensis in Sumer-
seta (4tli part)
Blank . ...
151-2
1
152b, 153
V52-4
2.h.
Episcopus Baiocensis in Sumerseta .
Terra Torstini filii Rofi in Deuenesira .
153b
J
382
■
Terra Turstini filii Rofi in Sumerseta
382b-4
Blank . ...
385, 385b
55-60
4.b.
Terra Willelmi filii Widonis in Sumerseta
386
Consummatum est (blank)
386b, 387
1
Terra Willelmi de Falesia in Deuensira .
366-8
\
Terra Willelmi de Faleisia in Sumerseta
369-9b
V61-5
3.y.
Consummatum est (blank)
370, 370b
J
Terra Comitis de Moritonio in Cornu-
gallie . ...
255-65
66-76
3.f.
Terra Comitis de Moritonio in Sumerseta
265-74
76-85
275-81
86-91
3g-
(See 532b for 92)
28lb
93
Terra Rogerii de Corcella in Sumerseta I
(1st part) . ...
Blank . ...
422-9
94-101
4.m.
^ 102
2.r.
Terra Sancti Petri Michilinensis SBCclesioe
188-9
V 103-5
Blank ...
190
J
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
255
Terra Abbatis Qlastingbeberiensis in
Sumerseta (2nd part) .
Terra Episcopi Wintouiensis in Sumerseta
Blank
Domiuicatiis regis ad regnum pertinens
in Deuenescira
Dominicatus regis in Sumerseta
Blank
Terra Episcopi Constantiensis in Sumer
seta (2na part)
(3rd part)
Terra Episcopi Constantiensis in Deuene-
sira
Terra Episcopi Constantiensis in Sum
mersetse-syra .
Blank
Terras regis dominicas in Comugallic
Terras regis (juas tenuit Godwin Comes
Et filii ejus in Sumerseta
Terras occupatas in Deuenasscira (2nd part)
Terras occupatas in Comugallie
Terras occupatas in Sumerseta
Blank .
Terra Rogerii Arundelli in Sumerseta
JDlank
Terra Gisleberti filii Turaldi in Sumerseta
Blank
Terra Osbemi Gifardi in Summerseta
Terra Walt«rii Gifardi in Summerseta
Terra Alveredi de Merleberga in Sumerset
Terra Radulfi deMortuomari in Sumerseta
Blank
Terra Arnulfi de Hesding in Sumerseta
Blank .
Terra Matbei de Moritonio in Summerseta
Blank
Mansiones de Comitatu
Terra Walscini de Duaco in Sumerseta
(2nd part)
Terra Editdae Reginas in Summerseta
Blank
Terras servientium Regis in Deuenesira
Terras servi(en)tium Regis in Sumerseta
Terras Willelmi de Moione in Deuenescira
Terras Willelmi de Moione in Sumerseta
(1st part) , . . .
Folios.
New
Number!.
169-73
173b-74
175, 176b
83-8
88b-90
91
92
139-46
147-50
133-6
136b-7
137b-8
99-102
103-6
503-6
507-8
508-10
511-8
519-25
525b
441-5
445b
446
446b
447
447
447b
447b
448
448b, 449
449b
450
451
107
353-5
113-15
115b
475-6
477-80
356
356-63
Old
Numbers.
106-12
5 113-20
\ 121-2
123-30
131-4
136-40
V 141-8
1 149-66
157-64
165-71
172-6
Books.
y 177-80
181-2
183
2.n.
.8.
.t.
2.f.
2.e.
.w.
6.b.
5.C.
5.d.
4.p.
4.g.
4.r.
.z.
184-6 3.U.
1187-9 j .z.
190-5 ; 4.x.
196-203
3.W.
256
HISTORY OF THE KXON "DOMESDAY."
Terra Walterii de Clay ilia in Doi'seta
Blank . . . .
Radulf de mortus mari, Milo Crispin,
Rotbert filius Giroldi — mansiones in
Wiltesira, Dorseta, and Summereeta
Durandus de Cloestra, Gislebert, Comes
deMoritonio — mansionesin Wiltesira,
Dorseta, Deueuesira, and Comubia
List of King^s demesne, etc.
List of Abbey lands
Terra Anglorum Tegnorum in Deuenesira
(2nd part)
Terra Anglorum Tegnorum in Summer
setaj-syra
Blank
Terra Serlonis de Burceio in Sumerseta
Blank
Terra Willelmi de Moione in Sumerseta
(2nd part)
Blank
Terra Valscini de Duaco in Deuenesira
Terra Valscini de Duaco in Sumerseta
(Ist part)
Terra fraucorum militum in Sumerseta
(2nd part)
Consummatum eat (blank)
Blank
Terra Qisonis Episcopi in Summerseta
Blank
Isti sunt hundreti de Sumerseta
Church of Glastonbury manors in Wilte
scira, and Dorseta
Church of Glastonbury manors in Deuene
sira
Church of Glastonbury manors in Somer
Mansiones de St. Petroco in Cornugallie
Blank
(No heading, 1st geld list of Wiltshire)
Blank
Folios.
New
Nambers.
62
630
530b
531
532
532b
489-90
491
492-3
494-4b
452-4
454b-6b
364-5
365b
345-9
350-2
464-7
467b
155
156-60
160b
526-527b
627b
627b
528
628b
529
1-3
4-6
Old
Numben.
204
205
Books.
.n.
5.f.
}
206
92
208, 207
209
210-2
213-6
I 217-8
219-26
5.fb.
}
}
}
227-30
231-6
}
237-39
246
240-5
4.Z.
4.8.
3.x.
3.t.
4.U.
2.k.
5.e.
.a.
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
257
Table II.
SECOND VOLUME. A.D. 1810.
Dominica tus Re^is in Dorse ta
Terrae Reginse Mathildis in Dorseta
TerrsB quas tenebant Milites de Regina in
Dorseta
Blank .
Terrse Boloniensis Comitissa} in Dorseta
Blank
Terra Sancti Petri Cerneliensis oBcclesiae
in Dorseta
Terra Sancti Petri Abbodesberiensis
secclesisB in Dorseta .
Terrse Abbatis Adiliniensis in Dorseta
Blank .
Terra Abbatis Tauestochensis, Gaufridi
nomine, in Dorseta
Blank .
Terra Sancti Petri Mideltonensis in Dorseta
Blank
Terra Willelmi de Moione in Wiltesira
Terra Willelmi de Moione in Dorseta
Terra Rogerii Arundelli de Dorseta
Blank
Terra Serlonis de Burceio de Dorseta
Blank
[Svd geld list of Wiltshire]
Terra uxoris filii Gripi in Dorseta .
[2nd geld list of Wiltshire]
Blank
(Partly erased.^ In Sancto Edwardo
in King's aemesne, 66 houses stand
ing, 38 destroyed ; in Abbess* part,
111 houses standing, 42 destroyed
iDorseta
(Geld list), Dorseta
Isti sunt illi hundreti qui habentur in
Deuenescira .
Isti sunt hundreti de Cornu-galliae .
1st Somerseta
(after 64,303 comes 83,306 blank)
Isti sunt illi hundreti qui habentur in
Cornucallia . . . .
Blank . . . .
[74 is 83 in Mr. Barnes' headinc]
Terra Sancti Petri Essecestrensis aecciesisQ
in Deuenescira
FollM.
New
Nambera.
25-8
29-30
31-2
32b
33
33b-36b
36-8
39-40
41
41b
42
42b
43-6
45b-46b
47
47-9
60-2
&2b
63
53b
13-16
64-7
58-61
7-9
10
11
12
17-24
63
63b
63b, 64
72-3
73b- 74b
Old
Numbers.
247-50
►251-7
258-60
261-8
269-71
272-^
27^9
280-3
284-7
288-93
294-301
1
302-3
304-5
305b-6
Books.
.e.
.f.
•g-
.h.
.1.
.k.
.1.
.1.
.m.
.b.
.d.
part
of .0.
.q.
part
of .0.
117-20 307-10 2.b.
VOL. XXXVII.
R
258
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
Isti sunt hundreti de Deuenesir
Blank . ...
Terra Episcopi Constantiensis in Deuene-
scira (Ist part)
Terra Abbatis Glastingheberiensis in
Deuenesira . ...
Terra Abbatis Glastingheberiensis in
Sumei-seta (1st part)
Terra Abbatis Horthonensis in Deuenescira
TerrsB secclesiarum qua) dat® sunt Sanctis
in elemosina . ...
Terrae Abbatis Tauestochensis eecclesise in
Deuenesira (176, 177 for only one folio)
TerroB Abbatis Tauestochensis secclesias
in Comugallia
Terne Abbatis Bulfestrensis secclesiae in
Deuenescira . ...
Terra Comitis de Moritonio in Deuenescira
Terra Comitisde Mori tonioinComu-galliae
(1st part) . ...
(2nd part) . ...
Terra Comitis de Moritonio in Deuenescira
Blank . ...
Terra Comitis de Moritonio in Comugallia
(4th part) . ...
(3rd part) . . . .
^lank . ...
Terra Episcopi Exoniensis in Comu-galliae
Terra Balduini Vicecomitis in Deuenesira
Terra Balduini in Summerseta
Dominicatus Regis in Deuenesira .
Blank
Terra Episcopi Exoniensis in Comu-galliae
(2nd part)
Terra Sancti Petrochi de Comugallia
Sancti Achebranni
Terra Sancti Probi de Comugallia .
Terra Sancti Carentochi
Terra Sancti Stephani in Comugallia
Terra Sancti Pierani in Comugallia
Terra Sanctae Berrionae Virginis
Sancti Nietis terra .
Blank .
Terra Sancti Michael is in Comugallia
Consummatum est (blank)^
Folios.
New
Nomben.
65-70
71
121-4
125-32
161
161-8
184
194-5
176, 177
178-80
180b, 181
182, 183
210-17
224-33
234-41
220-3
218-19
223b
247-54
242-5
246
199
288-95
296-303
304-11
312-15
315-15b
93-8
98b
200-1
202-5
205b
206
206
206b
206b
207
207
207b-8
208b
209, 209b
Old
Numbera.
Booki.
311-17
317b
318-21
322-9
[330-7
338
339-40
341-6
346-7
348-56
356-65
366-73
37^-7
378-9
}
380-7
388-92
}■'
2.C.
2.d.
2.L
2.p.
2.U.
2.D.
2.0.
2.Z.
3.b.
3.C
}
3.a.
393
394-401
402-9
410-17
' 418-21
422-7
428-9
3.e.
3.d.
2.x.
3.k.
3.1.
3.m.
3.r.
.u.
part
of 2.x.
430-7 I 2.y.
HISTORY OF THE BXON "DOMESDAY."
259
Terra Mahillis Reginoe in Deuenesira
Blank . ...
Terra Mahillis Reginaa in Cornugallia .
Terrse Occupatae in Deuenescira (Ist part)
Terra luhelli in Deuenesira (Ist part)
Terra luhelli in Deuenesira (3rd part) .
Terra luhelli in Cornubia .
Terra luhelli in Deuenesira (2nd part) .
Terra Ranulfi de Pomaria in Deuenesira
(1st part) . ...
Terra Tetoaldi filii Bernerii in Deuenesira
(2nd part) . ...
Terra Ranulfi de Pomaria in Deuenesira
(2nd pjirt) . ...
Terra Radulfi de Pomeria in Summerseta
Blank . ...
Terra Radulfi de Pomeria in Deuenesira
(1st part) . ...
Terra Goscelmi et Walterii in Deuenesira
Terra Walterii in Deuenesira
Terra Goscelmi in Cornugallia
Terra Rotberti de Albamarla in Deuenesira
Terra Tetbaldi filii Bernerii in Deuenesira
(3rd part) . ...
Terra Willelmi Caprae in Deuenesira
(1st part) . ...
Terra Anglorum tegnorum in Deuenesira
Folios.
Terra Tetbaldi filii Bernerii
Terra Rualdi Adobati in Deuenesira
(A leaf lost before binding)
poillei
Terra Willelmi de roilleio in Deuenesira
Blank . ...
Terra Willelmi Caprae in Deuenesira
(2nd part) . . . .
Blank . ...
New
Ntunbers.
108-11
111b
112
495-602
316-23
332-4
334b
324-31
336-42
408
343
344
344b
388-91
392
393
394-7
397b
419-21
409-10
399-402
481
482-6
486b-6
486b-7
488
407
411-14
416-18
418b
403-6
406b
Old
NuinlMrs.
}
438-42
Books.
•y-
443-60 6.a.
461-8 3.0.
}
469-61 3.g.
462-9 ■ 3.p.
470,471 '
/ 473-8
472
\470,471;j3^
part
of4.h.
[479-80
}
481-4
486
499
486-9
490-2
493-4
495-8
600
}
607-12
601
602
603-6
613-16
617-20
3.8.
4.C.
4.d.
}
part
of 4.e.
4.1.
part
of4.h.
4.f.
4.y.
part
of4.h.
4i.
4.k.
4.g.
K 2
260
HISTORY OF THE BXON "DOMESDAY."
Table III.
EXON "DOMESDAY'* AS RE- ARRANGED. A.D. 1816.
[No heading, 1st geld list of Wiltshire] .
Blank . ...
[2nd geld list of Wiltshire] .
Blank . . . .
(Partly erased.) In Sancto Edwardo :
66 houses standing, 38 destroyed —
King's demesne ; 1 1 1 houses standing,
42 destroyed — Abbess' part [Dorset]
Blank .
rSrd geld list of Wiltshire] .
[Geld list] Dorseta
Blank
Dominicatus Regis in Dorseta
Terra Reginse Mathildis in Dorseta
TerraB auas tenebant Milites de Regina
in Dorseta
Blank
Terrae Boloniensis ComitissaB in Dorseta
Blank .
Terra Sancti Petri Cemeliensis aecclesise
in Dorseta
Terra Sancti Petri Abbodesberiensis
aecclesiae in Dorseta
Terra Abbatis Adiliuiensis in Dorseta
Blank
Terra Abbatis Tauestochensis, Gaufridi
nomine, in Dorseta
Blank
Terra Sancti Petri Mideltonensis in
Dorseta
Blank
Terra Willelmi de Moione in Wiltesira
Terra Willelmi de Moione in Dorseta
Terra Rogerii Arundelli de Dorseta
Blank
Terra Serlonis de Burceio de Dorseta
Blank
Terra uxoris Hugonis filii Gripi in
Dorseta
Terra Walterii de Clayilla in Dorseta
Isti sunt illi hundreti qui habentur in
Deuenescira .
Isti sunt hundreti de Comu-gallisQ .
Ist Somei-seta
(Ai^^^OS comes 83,306 blank)
Foliot.
New
Numben.
1-3
4-6
7-9
10
11
12
13-16
17-24
24b
25-8
29-30
31-2
32b
33
33b-35b
36-8
39-40
41
41b
42
42b
43-^
45b-46b
47
47-9
60-2
52b
53
63b
54-7
58-61
62
63
63b
63b, 64
Old
Numbers.
1 240-5
> 288-93
}
276-9
294-801
247-60
251-7
258-60
y 261-6
Books.
0
1 269-71
272-5
280-3
284-7
204
}
302,303
.a.
.b.
.c.
.d.
.e.
.f.
•g-
.h.
.1.
.k.
.1.
.m.
.n.
part
of .0.
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY.*'
261
Isti sunt hundreti de Deuenesir
Blank . ...
iBti sunt ill! hundreti qui habentur in
Comucallia . ...
Blank . ...
[74 is 83 in Mr. Barnes' heading]
Isti sunt hundreti de Sumerseta
(The old numbers 1-8 are written in
ancient character)
Dominicatus R^s ad regnum pertinens
in Deuenescira
Dominicatus Regis in Sumerseta
Blank . ...
Dominicatus Regis in Deuenesira .
Blank . ...
Terrae Regis Dominic« in Cornugallia .
Terrae Reffis ^uas tenuit Godwinus Comes.
Et filii ejus in Sumerseta
Mansiones de Comitatu
Terra Mahillis Reginse in Deuenesira
Blank . ...
Terra Mathildis Reginae in CornugaUia .
Terra Editdsc Regina; in Summerseta
Blank ...
Terra quae fuit Uluuardi Witae in Sumer-
OClA . ...
Terra Sancti Petri Essecestrensis aecclesiae
in Deuenescira
Terra Episcopi Constantiensis in Deuene-
Bcira . . ...
Blank ...
Terra Episcopi Constantiensis in Sum-
mersetae-syra . ...
Blank . ...
Episcopus Baiocensis in Sumerseta (pale
writing) . ...
Terra Osmundi Episcopi in Summerseta
Consummatum est (blank)
Terra Oisonis Episcopi in Summerseta .
Blank . ...
Terra Abbatis Qlastingheberiensis in
Deuenesira . . .
Terra Abbatis Qlastingheberiensis in
Sumerseta . ...
Folios.
New
Nomben.
65-70
71
72,73
73b-74b
76-82
83-8
88b-90
91
92, 92b
93-8
98b
99-102
103-6
107
108-11
111b
112
113-16
115b
116
117-20
121-4
125-32
133-6
136b-7
137b-8
139-46
147-50
151-2
152b, 153
163b
154
155, 155b
156-60
160b
161
161-8
Old
Nambore.
311-17
317b
304-5
305b, 306
1-8
Books.
}
.q.
part
of .0.
.r.
307-10
318-21
322-9
135-8
138b-9
139b-40
i
123-30
131-4
52-4
}
25
231-6
[330-7
2.b.
2.C.
2.d.
2.e.
|2.e
2.f.
2.g.
2.h.
2.i.
2.k.
2.1.
262
HISTORY OF THE BXON "DOMESDAY."
Terra Episcopi Wintoniensis in Sumerseta
Terrae Abbatis Tauestochensis secclesia)
in Beuenesira
(176, 177 for only one folio, 341)
TernB Abbatis Tauestochenfiis secclesise
in Comugallia
TerrsB Abbatis Bulfestrensis secclesias in
Deuenescira . ...
Terra Abbatis Horthonensis in Deuene-
scira . ...
Terra Sancti Petri de Bada in Sumerseta
Blank . ...
Blank . ...
Terra Sancti Petri Michilinensis cecclesise
Blank . ...
Terra Sancti Petri Adeliniensis in Sumer-
seta . ...
Blank . ...
Blank . . . .
Terra Abbatissas Sancti Edwardi in
Somerseta . ...
Terrse secclesiarum quae datse sunt Sanctis
in elemosina . ...
Terrse quae datae sunt Sanctis in elemosina
in Summerseta
Terra Episcopi Exoniensis in Comu-galliae
Terra Sancti Petrochi de Comugallia
Sancti Achebranni
Terra Sancti Probi de Comugallia .
Terra Sancti Carentochi
Terrae Sancti Stepbani in Comugallia .
Terrae Sancti Pierani in Comugallia
Terra Sanctae Berrionae Virginis
Sancti Nietis terra . . ' .
Blank . ...
Terra Sancti Michaelis in Comugallia
Blank . ...
Consummatum est . . .
Terra Comitis de Moritonio in Deuene-
scira . ...
Blank . ...
Terrae Comitis de Moritonio in Comu-
galliae . ...
Folios.
New
Numbers.
] 69-73
173b-4
175, 175b
176, 177
178, 180
180b, 181
182, 183
184
185-7
187b
188, 189
190, 190b
191
192, 192b
193
193b
194, 195
196-8
199
200, 201
202-5
205b
206
206
206b
206b
207
207
207b, 208
208b
209
209b
210-17
218-19
220-3
223b
224-33
234-41
Old
NumberB.
Books.
106-12
2.m.
341-5
2.n.
346-7
338
I 49-51
p02
j 103-5
}«,
42
}
27
339, 340
14-16
393
428, 429
2.0.
2.p.
2.q.
l2.r
2.8.
2.t.
2.U.
}
2.W.
2.x.
> 430-7
2.y.
348-55
378-9
374-7
356-65
366-73
2.Z.
|3.a.
3.b.
3.C.
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
263
Blank . ...
(At top of 247, Coraubia^
(At top of 255, Cornugallia)
(281 is a narrow leaf)
Terrse Comitis de Moritonio in Sumerseta
Blank . ....
(See 632b for 92, a half-sheet misplaced)
Terra Comitis Eustachii in Summer^eta .
Blank . . .
Terra Comitis Hugonis in Deuenescira .
Terra Comitis Hugonis in Summerseta .
Blank . ...
Terra Belduini Vicecomitis in Deuenesira
Terra Balduini in Summerseta
Folio 316 : h. scripsit Ricardus
Folio 317 : probatio — in margin
Terra luhelli in Deuenesira
Terra luhelli in Cornubia .
(See 408 for 472)
Terra Ranulfi de Pomaria in Deuenesira
Terra Radulfi de Pomeria in Sumerseta .
Blank . ...
Terra Valscini de Duaco in Deuenesira .
Terra Walscini de Duaco in Sumerseta .
(Barnes, 355, 970)
Terra Willelmi de Moione in Deuenescira
Terra Willelmi de Moione in Sumerseta.
Blank . . • •
Terra Willelmi de Falesia in Deuenesira
Terra Willelmi de Faleisia in Summerseta
Consummatum est (blank)
Terra Alueredi Ispaniensis in Deuensesira
Terra Aluredi de Hispania in Summerseta
Blank . ...
Terra Odonis filii Gamelini in Deuenesira
Terra Odonis filii Gamelini in Summerseta
Blank . ' . . .
Terra Torstini filii Rofi in Deuenesira .
Terra Turstini filii Rofi in Sumerseta .
Blank . ...
Terra Willelmi filii Widonis in Summer-
seia . ...
Consummatum est (blank)
Folios.
New
Numbers
242-5
246
247-54
255-65
265-74
275-81
281b
282-3
283b, 284
285
286
286b, 287
287b
288-95
296-303
304-11
312-15
316-315b
316-23
324-31
332-4
334b
335-42
343
344
344b
346-9
350-2
363-5
356
366-63
364-5
366b
366-8
369, 369b
370-370b
371
371b-5
375b
376-9
380
380b-381b
382
382b-4
385, 385b
386
386b-387b
Old
Numbers.
}
}
388-92
380-7
66-85
86-91
93
}
37-40
1 35,
36
394-401
402-9
410-17
}
}
418-21
461-8
462-9
459-61
480
470, 471
473-8
I479,
}219-26
184-6
1 196-203
I 217-18
61-6
9-12
8
43-8
Books.
3.d.
3.e.
3.f.
}3.g.
3.h.
3.1.
3k.
3.L
3.m.
3.n.
3.0.
3.p.
3.q.
U.r.
3.S.
3.t.
3.u«
3.W.
3.x.
3.y
}3.z
4.a.
56-60
4.b.
BISTOBT or THE EXOM "DOMESDAT.
Terra OoRceltni et Walterii in Deuenesim
. Terra Goscelmi in Comu);allia
Tena Qoscelmi de Ewicestra
BUnk .
Terra WiUelmi Capne in Beuenesira
(In margin o{414 — "uM)^ne hue Bcripait K*^
Terra Roaldi Adobati in Deueneaira
(A leaf lost before binding)
Foillei
Terra Willelmi de Poilleio in Deuenesira
Blank .
TerraRotberti deAlbanurla in Deuenesira
Terra Kogerii de Corcella in Sumerseta
Blank .
Terra Hotberti filii Qeroldi in Sammerseta
Terra Edwardi Vicecomitis in Sumeraeta
Blank .
Terra Willebni de Ou in Sumeraeta
Blank .
Terra in Sumeneta
Term Qialeberti filii Turatdi in Snineneta
BUnk .
Terra in Sumnierseta
% in Sumeraeta
TerraRadulfideMortuomariinSuraerseta
Blank . . ■ .
Terra Amulfi de Heading in Sumerseta
Conaummatum eat (blank)
Terra Mathei de Moritonio in Summerseta
Blank .
Teme Francomm militum in Deneneaira
TeTTK Francorum tegnorum in Summer-
fil3-I6
490-2
409, 410
411-14
437
437b
43B,439
439b-40b
441-5
44Sb
446
446b
448b, 449 '
449b ■ J
462-4
454b-165b
4B6-462b
)..d.
4.k.
4.L
4.m.
464-7
467b
468-73
473b
47-1, 474b
- 227-30
■ 2&-34
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
265
Folios.
TerrsB servientium regis in Deuenesira .
Terra servi(en)tium regis in Summerseta
Terra Anglorum tegnorum in Deuenesira
Terrse Anglorum tegnorum in Summer-
sete-syra . ...
Consummatum est (blank)
Terrse Occupatse in Deunaescira
Terras Occupatse in Comugallia
Terrse Occupatse in Sumerseta
Blank
Isti sunt hundreti de Sumerseta
Church of Glastonbury manors in Wilte
scira, and Dorseta
Church of Qlastonbury manors in Deuene
sira
Church of Glastonbury manors in Somer
seta
St. Petroc's manors in Comugallie .
Small folio (blank)
Blank .
Badulf de mortuo mari, Milo Crispin and
Rotbert filius Giroldi — mansiones in
Wiltesira, Dorseta, and Summerseta
Durandus de Cloestra, Gislebert, Comes
de Moritonio — mansiones in Wilte-
sira, &c.
Headings — King's demesne, &c.
Abbey lands
New
Numben.
476, 476
477-80
481
482-5
486b, 486
486b-487b
488
489, 490
491
492, 493
494, 494b
495-602
503-506
507, 508
508-10
511-18
519-25
625b
526-527b
527b
627b
628
628b
529
630
530b
631
532
632b
Old
Nombera.
}
}
190-5
500
507-12
501
208,207
209
210, 211
212
443-50
}
157-64
i 165-71
149-56
237-9
Books.
4.x.
4.y.
-4.Z.
5.a.
6.b.
5.C
5.d.
5.e.
}
206
92
5.f.
5.fb.
Exchequer Modifications.
The Exchequer "Domesday" in dealing with the Exon
transcript made such changes as the Exchequer clerks — who
were Saxons — thought fit.
The three divisions of the King's demesne are arranged
under one heading — Terra Eegis.
Terras S^^ Petri Essecestrensis -.lEcclesiae becomes Terra
Episcopi de Exonia.
2^66 HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
Terra3 iEcclesiarum quae datae sunt Sanctis in elemosina
are arranged under the separate churches.
The lands of William de Moion, William Chievre, William
de Faleise, William de Poillei, William de Ow are taken
consecutively. So of Walter de Dowai, Walter de Clavile ;
and of Robert de Albemarle, Robert Bastard; of Raiph de
Limesi, Ralph de Pagenel, Ralph de Felgheres, Ralph de
Pomerei.
Terra Hervei de Helion is lost from the Exon.
Terra Francorum militum is rubricated under the head-
ings— William de Ow, Richard fil. Gisleberti Comitis, Roger
de Busli, Ralph de Limesi, Ralph Pagenel, Ralph de Felgheres,
Ansger, Aiulf, Osbern de Salceid, Girold the Chaplain, Girard.
Morin is entered among the King's servants.
Terra Nicolai Arbalestarii is rubricated under Godebold,
Nicolaus Balistarius, Fulcher, Haimeric.
The lands of Walter de Clavile and of Goscelm are taken
separately.
On entering the lands of Walter, the Exchequer clerks
began with the book 4.d., instead of 4c. ; went on to 4.en
and then fell back on 4.c. ; entering Fereordin at the end of
4.C., instead of at the beginning.
Surely this is a very striking proof of the use of these
books by the Exchequer clerks.
Floher's Sotrebroc, folio 459, is omitted.
The holdings in Exeter, Barnstaple, and Lidford are, as a
rule, placed at the beginning of honours in the Exchequer ;
at the end in the Exon. In these the Exchequer uses
"habet," though (xii, 2) it has "tenet de rege in Execestre";
and (xxxb) at the end of Pomerie "tenet in Execestre"; but
(xxx, 2) " habet," like the Exon, in Willecrosta.
The general rule of the Exchequer is to write "tenet de
rege " for the first entry in each fief, and then only " tenet."
On the other hand, the E^on uniformly writes " habet " for
tenants in capite. Clearly, then, habet = tenet de rege.
Exon. Exchequek.
Nemus silva
Ea die qua Edwardus rex fuit
vivus et mortuus T.R.E.
quando A recepit olim
quadragenaria quarantena
reddidit gilduni geldabat
reddidit gildum cum supradicta adquietabat se de geldo, xiv, 2.
mansione cum predicto manerio
combustio arsura
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY." 267
EXOX. EXCHEQUER.
AExministra Axeministre
f. 85, ecclesia istius villsB II, 1, ecclesia ejusdem manerii
f. 86b, sacerdotes istius villaB 11, I, clerici ejusdem villaB
f. 399b, adjacet xxi, 2, addita est
f. 404, &c., honor xxii, 2, terra
f. 406b, Et Ulfus xxiii, 1, Eddulfus
f. 335b, occupavit xxix, 1, invasit
pascua pastura.
f. 298, mansurge xiv, 2, domus
The Exchequer does not register hidage in demesne and
villa in 1086, as the Exon does, showing changes in manors
since 1080. It is difficult to see how the Exchequer, in not
giving exemptions for demesne, could have served the purpose
of future levies of hidage ; perhaps the inquisitio geldi was
in use for this purpose at the Exchequer.
Beginning with Tauuetone I, nineteen rubricated manors
are as in the Exon, except that Ermentone and Auetone, as
exchanges, come after them, and not in their order of hundreds.
The Exchequer writes (II, 1), "fuerunt in dominio Kegis Ed-
wardi, et pertinuerunt ad regem." Is this a fair rendering of
"dominicatus regis ad regnum pertinens " ? The greater part
of these being hidated must at some time have been under-
tenanted ; but Sulfretone, Alseministre, and Alsemude were
always in tlie hand of the King. In the manor of Sut
Moltone is li virgate of land; as though the manor had
always been in the hand of the King, but a portion of it
under-tenanted.
Wachetone, Sudtone, and Tanbretone, folio 86b, ii, 1, ren-
dered a farm of one night, etc., but the Exchequer does not
enter this.
In the next section of the King's demesne the Hundred
EoU of Edward I, under the head Tauetone, describes these as
"de antiquo dominico pertinente ad coronam." The Exchequer
arranges consecutively, (a) the lands which Queen Edith held,
(/3) Ghida's, the mother of Herald, (y) Earl Herald's, (S) Earl
L(^win*8. In Edeslege, folio IV, is a copyist's error, Tiuetone
instead of Tauetone.
I think "Dominicatus regis ad regnum pertinens" contains
the " firma de Deuenescira " of the Pipe Eolls of Henry II,
while " Dominicatus regis " includes the " firma maneriorum
comitatus." The Exon shows that Baldwin accounted to the
King for the latter, and paid £375 a year (see xxxii, 529),
taking the value of lands added to them since T.E.E., as
included in the manors, and not paid to the King; except
268 HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
Clistona, where the villeius have 7^ hides, not 6^ as in
Association copy, page 76 ; Ordulf s land, for which Keginald
paid £24 ; and Listona, Chentona, Nort Moltona, Wenfort —
Queen Edith's land, for which Gotselm paid £108.
Uluredintone, folio 98, had been taken away from the
Abbey of Tavistock by the Commissioners, but had not paid
to the Exchequer.
The farm of the former amounted to £273. 3s. 4d., including
£12 which Coluin paid for the service of the Queen in
£ssecestra,and 20s. in Barnstaple for the Bishop of Coutances.
In the time of Henry II it was £312. 7s., and Tauuetona had
been alienated.
The third section contains the lands of Queen Matilda,
which, as the Exchequer notes, Brictric had held before.
In Niwetone, part of the manor of Crediton — IV, 2 — the
Exon tells us that Bishop Osbern " disraisnauit testimonio
f rancigenarum esse suam " = the Exchequer wording, " dira-
tiocinavit coram baronibus esse suam." The Bishop disputed
the title before the Commissioners of 1080, containing the first
germs of the pedes finium. Domnus, folio 483, xxxvii, 2,
makes a successful claim against the Bishop, in short, had
bought it of him.
Bishop Osbern succeeded Leuric (known as Leofric) in
Crediton, Stouretona, St. Mary Church, Taletona, Selcoma,
Bretricestan, Peintona, Essebretona, Chenistetona, Nimetona,
Branchescoma, Didesham. Probably the Bishop's other
manors were given him by King William, or perhaps the
Saxon scribe neglected to enter the names of the antecessor.
We see that the Exchequer does not tell us what manors had
been held by Bishop Leuric.
Haustona and Botintona are noted by both as exchanges
with Ordulf lands of the Earl of Mortain.
Sideberia, folio 118b, v, 1, had been held in parage by two
(King's) thanes, Aluin and Godwin, under the Bishop. Now
it is the Bishop's demesne. The terrae occupatse entry, folio
506, is evidently inserted on revision. There is a serious
discrepancy between the Exon and Exchequer. Possibly the
Exon only registered three hides for Aluin, and omitted two
hides for Godwin as still holding in parage.
The Exchequer arranges the Bishop of Coutances' honour
in this way. First, the Exeter and Barnstaple holdings ; next
the five demesne manors ; then the " 73 lands " which Drogo
holds of the Bishop. But only seventy-two are rubricated ;
Bocheland and Come, after insertions, are not rubricated,
thus making seventy-four. Seemingly Bocheland is in the
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY." 269
same handwriting as the seventy-two, but Come not so. Then
it takes in succession the lands of the wife of Englebald;
inserts Sutecombe after Meleford, Cheletone before Teigne.
In the added land to Boui, folio 135, v, 2, the Exon writes
"una ex his bochelandis" with "raansio" over "bochelandis."
The fifteen thanes render to Boui £3. 2s. 6d. " de censu," i.e.
socage rent. Terrae occupatae, folio 504b, notes that they
held pariter, they render " ad firmam Boui," " they were so
free that," etc. "Bochelanda," then, was a manor of perpetual
inheritance, though it paid "chief rent" to another manor.
Pillanda, folio 127b; Piltona, folio 125b; Pedicheswella,
folio 127b, are in the Exchequer — ^Welland, vi, 2 ; Wiltone,
vi, 1 ; Wedicheswelle, vi, 2. The Saxon scribe of the Ex-
chequer mistook the Norman letter P for the Saxon J>, i.e.
W; hence the confusion. I almost think that Depdona,
folio 367b, xxiii, 1, is a like mistake for Dewdona.
Again, in the Abbot of Tavistock's manors there is great
irregularity in entering the name of the tenant in capite T.R.E.
Both Exchequer and Exon tell us that the Abbot did not
then hold Eaddon, Deuenaberia, and Wille, but that Abbot
Sistric held Hundetora and Plemestocha (the Exon adds
Beruitona). On the other hand, although the Commissioners
of 1080 acknowledge that Abbot Sistric, who died in 1082,
was seised of Olwritona, yet the Abbey was disseised of it by
them, because the English testified that it did not belong to
the Abbey T.K.E.
The Excheqtier makes a serious copyist's error in Liege,
viii, 2, " terra est * i ' caruca " — the Exon rightly has " x " —
overlooked by the revisers.
The Exchequer for the manors of the Abbot of Buckfast
in no case registers the tenant in capite T.R.E. The Exon
shows that Abbot Alwin then held Petrocestoua, Aissa,
Hetfelt, Notona, Chereforda, Brenta, Brenta. Why omitted
for the other manors ?
The Exchequer does not register hidage in demesne. In
Liteham, ix, 1, "In dominio est una virgata terrae" is a
copyist's mistake. The Exon rightly has "J. virga et 1
carruca in dominio." Surely "virgata terrae" of the Ex-
chequer should be "carruca.'
Binge, folio 194b, ix, 2, the Exon tells us. Queen Matilda
gave in alms to her priest Sawin ; not so the Exchequer.
The hidage items of Northam, folio 194, ix, 2, are 1 virgate
short. This very likely represents Ashridge, a detached part.
The Association copy gives for Rourige, ix, 2, three plough
lands instead of twelve.
270 HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
It should be noted that the T.RE. tenants of the churches
in alms (except Otri) are not the clergy, showing that the
lands had been given to the churches by the Conqueror.
In Earl Hugh's land, Estaforda, folio 286, x, 1, gelded for
six shillings, but was worth only ten shillings a year — very
strange !
In Earl of Mortain's land the Exchequer begins with
Exeter, and then gives the four demesne lands ; next, eight
manors from Estocheleia to Potiforda, as in the Exon ; then,
eighteen manors held with the land of Edmer ; but the Ex-
chequer, X, 2, says seventeen. Buchesurda, at the head of
them, as the Exon writes, folio 211, was held of the honour
of Edmerator. However, Terr. Occ, folio 497b, has "in^M^^e
addita " ; hence the explanation, viz. that Buchesurda ought
not to have been included. Mark the complete divergence
in the order of entries. The Exon takes them in the order
of hundreds among others ; the Exchequer takes them con-
secutively, picking out one by one the Edmer added manors,
with the exception of placing Doneuoldehamma at the end.
The Exchequer next takes from the Exon in their order
eight manors which Edmer himself held T.RE. Then follow
on the same plan eight manors held by Ordulf T.E.E. Next,
in like manner, seven manors added to the lands of Ordulf,
with pariter in the margin. Lastly, from Estocheleia, folio
212, the Exchequer picks out in their order from the Exon
the manors not already included.
In Sotebroca, folio 215b, x, 1, the ploughs and plough lands
are got wrong. Seemingly the iiii plough lands of the Ex-
chequer should be viii, and the ploughs of the villani should
be iiii, not viii.
In Bratona, folio 213, xi, 1, probably in "valent xxi solidos
• •
vu
et i deharios," the vii over i should be as a correction, xii ;
then it agrees with the Exchequer.
In Clist, folio 213b, xi, 2, the Association copy has geld
for 3 hides ; it should be 4.
The Commissioners decided that the Earl of Mortain held
1 hide of Motberia, folio 221, xi, 2, unlawfully; but apparently
it was retained by the Earl, for we find Earl Richard holding
it at the time of " Testa de Nevill," 916.
In Motbilie, xii, 1, the Exchequer has geld for 1 hide — it
should be 4 ; an error of the Association copy.
Baldwin's honour is of much the same order in Exon and
Exchequer. But the holdings of the Canons of St. Mary —
viz. Clist, folio 301b; Pontimore, folio 307b; Polesleuga, folio
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY." 271
307b ; and Clist, folio 309 — follow consecutively in the Ex-
chequer ; and next to the last, folio 307, Fierseham, held by
the monks of St. Michael. Under Aiscireuuilla, folio 298,
xiv, 2, mansurae in burgo = domus.
Oveltone, xiv, 1, for Dueltona, folio 295, is certainly a
copyist's error of the Exchequer. The " M " of Mameorda
seems a mistake for " W," folio 296b ; if so, the Exchequer
copied the Exon mistake.
The Exon writes " Balduin," till a change of scribe comes
at Calueleia, folio 294b; then "Bauduin," till we come to
Ghent, folio 297 ; " Baldwin " to Clist, folio 301b ; lastly,
" Bauduin " to the end.
In CoUabera, folio 314b, the Exon notes "ibi habet Morinus
nichilura " ; the Exchequer omits this.
In Blacheuuilla, folio 299, the Exon has " defendebat se "
over "reddidit gildum" as a correction. Note that the
King's manor of Brantona, from which it was taken, also has
" defendit se."
In Ratdona, folio 316, xviii, 1, the Exon interlines over
" C solidos *' " et V " ; this is ignored by the Exchequer.
In luheirs honour, folio 321b to folio 322b, the Exon tells
us that the manors of Torlestan, Bachedona, Coletona, Heuis,
Walenitona, Porlamuta, Edetona, Alwinestona, and Sura
"sunt vastata3 per irlandinos homines." The Exchequer
omits this, as not concerning hidage. So in Foletona, folio
325b, " banc dedit luhellus Sanctse Marise pro anima reginae."
In Bachemora, folio 331, the villeins' ploughs are two; in
Exchequer only one.
In the Exchequer the initial "E" of the Exon in the name
of a jnanor is sometimes dropped. Thus Escaga becomes
Scaga, Eslapaford becomes Slapeford.
In Odeforda, folio 333b, the Association copy after the
words "in dominio" omits "et villani 1 virgam et 1 carrucam."
In terrse occupatse, folio 496, "luhel and Alured have
1 hide in Bradeoda which rendered to the King's Liston."
(See Association " Transactions," XXXV, 667.)
Terrae occupatae, folio 496b, folio 399, "William and his
brother added Esastapla to Brauordina." This is not found
in the text of Exon or Exchequer.
In Selingeforda, folio 399b, "1 virga minus," "minus" is
suspicious, for, omitting it, the total hidage tallies with the
items.
In folio 368b Loscumma is part of Dertrintona, included
in its hidage.
In folio 366b, xxiii, 1, Cercilla, "pro. 1 virga" is suspicious.
272 fflSTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY."
The items with " inde " amount to 3 virgates, and the value
is large for 1.
Folio 397, Eluperiga, the spelling is doubtful ; the villein
" cum 1 burgensi " is difficult to explain, perhaps dependent
on Stanborough. The Exon says it was waste when Walter
got it, and that it is now worth five shillings a year, whereas
the Exchequer has twenty shillings. Then in the next manor,
Lega, the Exon writes "has tenet Walterius pro 1 man-
sione." In the Exchequer copy the Association writes "1
virgata," which should be "dimidia virgata." This thane land
is not to be found in Terrae Occupatae, because the two thanes
held of Bristric, and not in capite of the King. Possibly the
above " has " may refer to the lands of these two thanes, but
grammatically it points to "mansiones," and includes Rlu-
perige, which would therefore be merged in Lega. So in
Chochintona and Depdona, folio 367b, we have " has tenet
pro 1 mansione."
"D" in Disa, 394b, xxvi, 2, may easily be mistaken for "A";
if so. Exchequer copy is at fault.
The entry Bera, folio 395b, xxv, 2, is at fault. In the Exon
" it gelded for iii . . . " the items showing only 2 virgates.
Exchequer says " it gelded for 2 virgates."
In Leuestona, folio 460, the Exon has "reddunt ... ad
firmam Willelmo." The Exchequer wrote " valet," but cor-
rected it to " reddens." This serves to show the distinction
between " valet " and " reddit."
The Exchequer, xxvii, 2, adds Witelie to Wide. Witeleia
is not found in the text of the Exon, folio 421b, but in Terrse
Occupati^e, folio 505, where no plough lands and hidage are
given. It looks as though the original rolls were sen,t with
the Exon transcript and consulted.
In Mereuda, folio 420, the hidage was 1 virgate, out of
which the knights had J virgate, and the villeins J hide.
How can this be ? Surely \ hide should be \ virgate.
The Oghauuillae entry, folio 339, xxix, 2, diflfers. The Ex-
chequer has William as the under-tenant. The Exon gives
2 virgates to William Pitavensis, and 1 to Robert, and notes
that Ralph has there villeins, etc. ; Ralph looks like a mistake
for Robert.
Bolewis, folio 336b, xxix, 1, is almost certainly Molewis ;
if so, the Exchequer copied the mistake of the Exon.
There was but one Pech, folio 412, xxxi, 1, and Teme
Occupatae, folio 496, shows that it was added to Tamerlanda;
and so Radecliva was added to Chiempabera.
Alured Brito's lands, xxxii, 2, are not in the Exon, but
HISTORY OF THE EXQN "DOMESDAY." 273
Terrie Occupatae contains Laurochebera, Bacetesberia, Morleia,
and house in Exeter. Either, then, the book containing this
was lost before the books were bound, or we may regard
Terrae Occupatae as an altogether separate document, con-
taining, in fact, the legal notes of the Commissioners.
Molacota, folio 469, xxxv, 2, "et alia terra jacet vastata ad
pasturam,'* — as though pasture was regarded as waste of the
manor, common of pasture, not included in "possunt arare."
Coma, folio 133, folio 502; vacua = vastata jacet.
Ludaforda, folio 472, xxxv, 2— "L" both in Exon and Ex-
chequer ; but it should have been I or Y written very like L.
At Fulcer's Lega, folio 473, page 1128, the Association
copy is at fault: "1 virga 1 ferding 1*' should read "2 virgae,
1 ferding minus." How could Nicholaus' Lega, folio 473, only
60 acres, worth 3s. a year, pay Is. 6d. hidage ?
At Citremetona, folio 484, xxxvii, 2, the Exchequer
*' Curememtone " is seemingly a copyist's error. Exon has
three ploughs in demesne, Exchequer has five: as though
the "5 carrucatas in dominio et 3 carrucas" should have
read " 5 carrucas in dominio."
Explanations.
Names of tenants at the time of the Survey, given more
fully in the Exon than in the Exchequer.
Folio. Folio.
121 Coritona, Drogo fil. Malgeri. 306b Witestan, Bernard sine napa.
126b Bera, Bristric fil. Cammi 307b Bredeford, Euima, Baldwin's
(T.R.E.). wife.
135 Teigna, Gaufrid de Trailei. 307b Brenford, Vitalis de Colin-
176 Taiiestocha, Ralph de Tilio. tona.
194b Birige, Brisfert, uncle of 308bOtrit,Dodopresbiter(T.R.E.).
Sauuin. 312 Hainoc, Roger fil. Pagani.
210 Ghiderleia, Goduuin presbi- 319b Hindefort, Ralph dePomeria.
ter. 336 Aissecoma, Aluric piga
210bFredelestoc, Rob* fil. Ivonis. (T.R.E.).
210bBochelanda, Ansger Brito. 336b P^umera, Roger fil. Pagani.
211bFriseham, Aluered pincerna. 339 Oghauuillse, William Pita-
21 2b Totesconia, William ae Lestra. vensis.
213bDonice6tona, Mauger de Car- 367 Uluurintona, Hugh de Dal.
treo. 376 Eatatforda, Ralph Vitalis.
216 S<^« Mar*« Cherche, Ric^ fil 388 Fedauen, Walter Borgimdi-
Torolui. ensis.
218 Hoi escoma, Ralph dePomaria. 390 Duuelanda, Aluuard Merta
218 Bicheberia,ReginalddeValle- (T.R.E.).
torta. 391b Ciclet, Walter Siluestris.
289 Dondritona,RalplideBrueria. 392b Ratdona, Walter Dapifer.
291 Lachebroc, Algar longiis 397 Lem, Bristiic fil. Algari
(T.R.E.). (T.R.E.).
VOL. XXXVII. S
274
HISTORY OF THB KXON ''DOMESDAY."
KuUa
292 HoDecbercha, Aluuin niger
(T R £ ^
295 DueltoTia* William fiL Wi-
mundL
295b Hax, Modbert iil. Lamberti.
295b Cloeneebe^ga, Balpb de
Pomaria.
29C Brigeforda, Qodefrid Camer-
arius.
296b Gbernealeta, Rainer dapifer.
296b Mameorda, Richard de
Nouilla.
297 Teigna, Roser de Molis.
298 Aiscireuuilla, Robert de bello
monte.
298b Han tona, Robert de ponte
cardonis.
302b Pantesfort, William niger.
305- Richard fil. Torolui.
305 Meleuuis, Hugh redonensis.
345 Haffitona, Walterius Soinus.
306 WsJderiga,Go8celinberuinu8.
Folio.
402b Raordin, AUaiiard fiL Tochi
(T.R.E.).
403b^idestan, Ralph quondam
miles (T.R.E.).
405b Otri, Ralph fil. P&gaui.
406 L^ Beatrix soror W*-*
Capr».
411bWenforda, Walter de Os-
mundi villa.
412 Chiempabera, Roger Fland-
rensis.
420b Bichecoma, Robert de Herre-
fort.
456b Staford, Ansger de Montagud
(Exchequer).
460 Leuestona, William Capra.
468 Wibeberia, Roger aculeus.
475b Blacaburga, Ralph botinus.
497 Yuuis, T^bald socer Odonis.
502b Mochelesberia, Ansger de
Senarpont.
VALET — REDDIT.
The use of " valet " and " reddit " in the Exon and Ex-
chequer books is very intricate. In the " terra regis " both,
for the most part, use " reddit " in estimate of value, because
these manors paid through the Sherifif, or others, their socage
rent to the King. Additions to any of them since T.RE.
paid to the manor, and not directly to the King. Ferleia,
folio 85b, paid in the " farm " of Uepeford ; or, as the Ex-
chequer more obscurely puts it, in the "King's farm." So of
Macretona, folio 87.
The Exon strangely has " valet ** for Chentona, folio 94b,
which Goscelm farmed. "Eeddit" of the Exchequer seems
more correct.
The villeins of the parts added to Wiriga, folio 96, "reddunt
praedictse mansioni." But in Nimetona the added ^ virgate,
"reddit ad firmam regis," ^reddit in firma regis." Bichenleia,
folio 94b, has simply "reddit," because it had become a
separate manor, and paid a fee farm rent to High Bickington.
The additions to Slapeford, folio 109b, "in supradicto pretio
computantur."
In Sulfretona, folio 84 ; Blacapola, folio 95 ; Touretona,
folio 98, the Exon writes "valet ad pondus et arsuram": and
in Clistona, folio 95, " valet ad pondus." However, this is
but an equivalent for "reddit," and oddly enough in Sulfre-
tona the Exchequer writes " 7rddit ad pondus et arsuram."
HISTORY OF THE EXON ''DOMESDAY." 275
The Exon has "reddebat" for Chritetona, folio 117, bub
" valebat " of the Exchequer seems more correct, though
'*reddebat" may include customary rent, i.e. copyhold of
villeins, as distinguished from tenancy at will.
In Boui, folio 135, "reddit" both in Exon and Ex-
chequer.
In Witefella and Burietescoma no " valebat," for they had
been waste.
In Bradeleia, folio 133b, a bordar "reddit" thirty pence per
annum.
But Cheletona, folio 135, "reddit de firma," i.e. freehold
rent.
Tauestocha, folio 176, "valet ad opus abbatis £12 ; ad opus
militum £5.'' Similarly Hadreleia, folio 178.
Essecestra, folio 196, houses which "reddebant consuetu-
dinem.*'
Otri, folio 195, 5 swineherds " reddunt."
In Donitona and Erticoma, folio 195b, "reddit" and
''reddebat" are the equivalents of "valet" and "valebat" of
the Exchequer.
In many cases the "valebat" of old is replaced by "reddit"
now, which the Exchequer ignores.
The "reddit" of Wica, folio 215, and of many others, is in
the Exchequer "valet," but Wedreriga, folio 222b, has "reddit"
in both.
Bristanestona, folio 292b, has "reddit," with interlineation
"/ualet"; "valet" in Exchequer. I almost think that the
mysterious mark before " ualet" is meant for correction.
Bochelanda, folios 396b and 504, is added unjustly to lands
of Bristric ; seemingly a similar case to Boui above.
In Trula, folio 458b, xxviii, 2, the Exon changes "valet"
to "reddit," and yet the Exchequer retains "valet."
Leuestona, folio 460, ten villeins, six bordars, and two
serfs, "reddunt £8 ad firmam" to the tenant, Wm. Capra;
formerly "valebat £10 " : clearly in this case the villeins pay
now a fee farm rent. The Exon writes "reddunt ad firmam" ;
the Exchequer had written for the whole manor "valet," but
it is interlined, i.e. corrected, to " reddens," to explain that
the payment to the lord was a socage rent, a fixed rent of
assise by a freeholder. In the case of the English Thanes,
folios 481-90, we find "valet," but not "valebat"; except
for Wirlbesliga, folio 488, leading to the conjecture that
values had not changed. In the following manors we find only
a villein who "reddit" x pence annually. Haiserstona, folio
182b; Lacoma, folio 337; Loteland, folio 394; Hola, folio
s 2
276 HISTORY OF THE EXON *' DOMESDAY."
408 ; Haletrou, folio 421b ; Assacota, folio 416b ; Colum, folio
470 ; Manneheua, folio 490.
Tauelanda "reddit de consuetudine/' "debet per consuetu-
dinem " to Tauetona. This, then, is a copyhold rent.
On the whole I conclude that "valet" is an inclusive word,
but that "reddit" is used only for fixed rent.
Domesday Land Measures.
In the Exon the quadragenaria, the quarantena of the
Exchequer, was the unit of square measure. It was a square
each side of which was a linear furlong of 220 yards, or 40
perches. The acre was a rectangle, a linear furlong, or furrow,
in width ; and -j^th of a furlong = 22 yards in length. The
leuga was of the same width as the quadragenaria and the
acre, but twelve times as long as the quadragenaria. The
land yard was of the same width as the acre, but one-fourth
as long, i.e. 5 J yards, still called the land yard. The above
explanation will clear up such entries as Ermentona, 85b,
" 2 leugas nemoris in longitudine, et dimidiam in latitudine "
corresponding to " 2 leucie longitudine et dimidia levxia
latitudine" in the Exchequer. The Exon, in writing "dimidia"
only, adopted the unit of width as above ; but the Exchequer
"dimida leuca" might lead to the inference that the width
was ^ X 220 X 12 yards ; whereas it really was J the unit of
width, i.e. ^ 220 yards, ^ the width of the leuca. In some
few cases the Exon included in the terms of width — leuga
or quadragenaria, like the Exchequer.
In Carsuella, folio 184, is the unusual width " 30 acres,'*
i.e. three times the furlong, three units of width.
Again, in Otri and Kourige, folio 195, are the unusual
entries, " 8 hides of pasture," " half a hide of wood." Hide
is here used in the prae-Domesday sense for 120 acres. In
Paorda, folio 318b, there is wood 20 perches wide, really half
the unit of width.
TERRiE OcCUPATiE.
Though not inserted in the Exchequer, in many cases not
registering hidage, but only valets, is a very valuable list,
because it collects together changes in manors since T.E.E.
which came before the Domesday Commissioners judicially.
It is also a striking confirmation of the Exon order in
hundreds in which the several honours were arranged in the
1086 transcript. Where the added part is not surveyed
with the original manor, it will be found to belong to another
hundred, and is surveyed there.
HISTORY OF THE BXON "DOMESDAY/* 277
Nimeta, folio 95, is not surveyed, folio 499, with Blacapola;
but further on, folio 499b, in the hundred of Sut Moltona,
where information is given not found at folio 95. The
additions to Essetona, folio 498b, xxxv, 1, are not surveyed
with it, as in the Exchequer ; but at folio 501b, the J ferl.
is among the Witric entries ; and at folio 503b, the ^ hide is
surveyed with Witeleia in the hundred of Culintona. Oddly
enough, Witeleia, folio 505, added to Wida, is not in the text
at folio 421b, though it is in the Exchequer, xxvii, 2.
Horeuoda, folios 122b, 496b, 505, is not surveyed with
Hortona in the hundred of Toritona, but by itself, folio 124,
in its own hundred of Framintona. This is one among other
instances in which apparently we may say, Hortona added
to Hareoda, or Hareoda added to Hortona.
Changes since T.RE. from one honour to another are
registered to follow hidage. Lodebroc, folios 219b, 505, which
Colbert held in parage T.RE., is added to lands of Edmer,
and the Earl of Mortain is responsible for its tax. Panestan,
folios 411b, 497, passed from the land of Ralph de Pomaria
to that of Ralph Adobat. Tedbald, father-in-law of Odo fil.
Gamelini, had taken Yuuis, folios 376b, 497, from Odo's
land. Scobacomraa, folios 348b, 378, 500, was unjustly held
of the honour of Walscin de Duaco, and rightly pertained to
Hanberia, honour of Odo fil. Gamelini, held under Gloucester
afterwards. Duueltona, folios 462, 503b, Ansger de Senar-
pont's land, had been added, like the above, to lands of
Bristric; the Exchequer, xxxiii, 2, writes more correctly —
unjicstly added.
In Buchesurda, folios 211, 506, 497b, the text, omitting
"pariter,** writes "istam terram tenet comes cum honore
Edmeratorii " ; but Terras Occupatse adds "injuste," and so
justifies the Exchequer note at the foot of x, 2, "has prae-
dictas xvii terras," thus excluding Buchesurda.
Brochelanda and Reddix, folio 343, passed from the honour
of Ralph de Pomeroy to that of Ruald Adobat in exchange
for Panestan, folio 411b.
Molacota, folios 469, 498b, " jacet vastata ad pasturam."
Celuertesberia, folios 133, 502, "est vacua," "est vastata."
In hundred of Moltona, folio 500, " 1 ferl. penitus vastata
jacet," " nuUus horainum clamat,'* I cannot find this in the
text, though in a similar case Seluestan, folios 458, 500,
" nemo tenet eam," is in the text.
In Alra (S. Molton) there were two plough lands, and yet
three ploughs. I think the other plough land may have
been the ferling which Eda held T.RE. ; that at the time of
278 HISTORY OF THE KXON " D0MI8DAY."
the Survey and Terrse Occupatae it was waste and held by
no man, but in 1086 had been incorporated with Alra, folio
130.
Nine manors, Torlestan — Sura, folios 321b-322b, "sunt
vastaUe per irlandinos homines."
The only cases in which Exchequer notes "vastata" are for
houses in the towns, and for Fersa, folio 366 ; Holna, folio
306b ; Meleberia, folio 415b. We seem to infer that when
land became waste, or unoccupied, it belonged to the common
of pasture, and that pastura was " pasture communis." In
Wodeberia, folio 96b, ii, 2, we have the value, "cum comniuni
pascuo," which the Exchequer ignores. The Exon gives half
a hide, etc., for the church land, the Exchequer gives a hide.
The Queen gave Birige, folios 194b, 498, in alms. What
right had she in Swimbridge? Bridge in Ashreigny was
hers. In many cases Terrse Occupatse tells us how much
hidage the manor and added parts severally were liable for.
Assuming that interlineations and marginal notes were
added in the Exchequer on revision, we learn a remarkable
lesson, that " pariter " or " in paragio " was added as a cor-
rection of or addition to "lil)ere." Clearly the Exchequer
clerks who wrote the text differed from the revisers who
inserted the corrections.
We must needs add that " libere " of the Exchequer, as
equivalent to " pariter " and " poterat " of the Exon, is not
always corrected.
Only in two instances does " pariter " come in the original
text.
The addition to Afetone, xxx, 2, has "libere tenebatT.RE.";
" in paragio " is inserted in a different handwriting, and may
be taken as an interlineation.
Hagitona, folio 345, has in the Exon interlined "et Godritius
pariter ", and the Exchequer has " in paragio " in the text.
The Exon uses "pariter" and "potuit ire" together to
show that the now added manor, incorporated with the
original, was held in parage T.R.E., was free to join any other
lord ; and did not owe any socage rent, as the lands of Boui,
folio 135, did ; or as Mochelesberia, folios 461, 502b, which
was held in parage of Bristric, and could not separate from
him.
In two of these cases, Bratona, folio 288b, and Yuuis, folio
376b, " libere '* of the Exchequer is not corrected.
Seemingly the Exon uses "pariter" and "uon pertinebat"
together in the same sense as above. That is to say, "non
pertinebat" is equivalent to "potuit ire." The manor owed
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY." 279
no kind of permanent allegiance, it was not appurtenant,
" non adjacebat " ; its tenant took the oath of fealty to the
lord of the honour, but only at will.
The two Bachemoras, folios 331, 505, gelded together in
one ; and the two Odefordas, folios 333b, 505, were valued
together. The Exchequer in Poteforda, folio 399, leaves a
space before "tenebant," and yet the revisers insert "pariter"
in the margin.
The Exon "pariter" of Planteleia, folio 499b, and of Limet,
folio 499b, was "libere" in the Exchequer, but over it was
interlined as a correction or addition " in paragio."
In Ringhedona, folios 300, 499b, the Exon and Exchequer
simply give the name of the T.RE. tenant Chepin, but Terrae
Occupatae has "1 thane pariter."
The Exchequer omitted Chiuuarthiuuis, folios 471, 500, in
the text ; but the revisers, copying the Exon, entered it in
the margin with the words " in paragio."
In Honetona, folios 216b, 503; Wiborda and Lega, folios
217, 503; Colrige, folios 349b, 504; Bochelanda, folios 396,
504; and Bochelanda, folios 396b, 504, the Exon uses "libera"
in the sense "libera ad progendum quocunque voluit," equi-
valent to " potuit ire," etc., but Terrse Occupatse has "pariter."
Probably this is the meaning of "libere" in the Exchequer,
but it fails to express that the manor was held with other
manors of some lord in parage. Examine Wicha, folio 419b.
The two Harestanas, folio 221b, 505, were held in parage,
and free; the Exchequer in the margin of the one held of
the honour of Ordulf writes " pariter " ; not so in that of the
honour of Edmer.
Parage is now an English word; in fact, it is found in
Chaucer. Professor Maitland uses it. The thane who placed
himself under the lord of an honour called him his "defensor,
tutor, protector, advocatus " (Maitland, " Domesday and
Beyond," 71). Unfortunately the Devon Association used
" partage."
I conclude, then, that T.R.E. the thane holder of land
directly of the King, who was in fact a miles, could place
himself under the lord of any honour, take the oath of fealty,
become one of his men, enjoy all the privileges of the tenants
who held permanently of the lord, i.e. hold "pariter" with
them. But, unless he paid socage rent to the lord, he held
freely, he could go to any other lord with his land. The lord
paid to the King the tenant's hidage, became defendant in
any civil action, and warranted his rights. Thus, no doubt,
the two thanes of Sideberia, folios 118b, 506 (the entry was
280 HISTORY OF THB KXON "DOMESDAY."
only inserted in Terrae Occupate on revision) had become
pariter with the tenants of the Bishop of Exeter, but forfeited
or sold their rights, and became in themselves, or their
representatives, the Bishop's villeins, who vindicated his right
before the Commissioners.
This present investigation of Terrae Occupatse has modified
my idea of its origin, and leads me to think that it is the
original schedule (a,d. 1080-3) of the decisions of the Com-
missioners, showing the legal status of its several items ; and
that the transcript, the Exon Book of 1086, follows its order
of hundreds in each fief and has incorporated its contents.
The word " escambium,'* e.g. in the holdings of Wm. Hos-
tiarius, folio 475, is difficult to explain. In the carta of
Wm. Earl of Warwick (Red Book, 325) we find : 3^ fees
"in escambio** "et hoc est escambium" Pillardintone for
1 fee, tenant Kob. fil W?.*, etc. This seems to mean that
Pillardintone had been demesne, but now was enfeoffed. If
this is the meaning of escambium at folio 475, there at once
arises a very interesting question as to the commencement of
the feudal system.
INTERLINEATIONS AND MARGINAL CORRECTIONS.
EXCHEQUER " DOMESDAY."
i, 1. " Comitis '' over " Gisleberti."
i, 2. Bodelie — after " xx bordarii " " x porcarii."
ii, 1. Over "hec maneria" "xix," beginning with Tawe-
tone and ending with Tambretone.
ii, 2. Nortmoltone — after " in longitudine " " et lati-
tudine"; over "Heraldi" "comitis."
ii, 2. Wodeberie — " Ecclesia S. Michaelis " in margin
before " tenet."
iii, 1. After Touretone a mark corresponding to a like
mark in the margin, to show that Ulvredintone
ought to have been inserted after Touretone.
iii, 1. So after Mortone a mark referring to a like one at
the foot of the page for an omission.
iii, 2. Ulvredintone — an omission in the margin.
iii, 2. Over " Mathildis " " regina."
iii, 2. Leuia — "et uno ferling" in margin.
There are seven manors called Aisse in the
Exchequer. Two of these, Ash, S. Tawton, and
Rose Ash, are under-tenanted. The others are
demesne. In the margin are marks against them.
Ashreigny, iv, 1, with no corresponding mark.
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY." 281
Ash water, v, 1, with no corresponding mark.
Two held by Buckfast, viii, 2, ix, i, probably
to show that they should have been entered
consecutively.
xxviii, 2, xxix, 1, with corresponding marks,
to show that Ash Bradworthy should have been
the first entry.
Were these the capita of the honours ? rents
in kind paid at them ?
iv, 2. A mark " C " in the margin against each of the
four manors which were "de victu canonicorum";
" supranotatse " over " quatuor."
V, 2. In margin " In Barnestaple" etc.
After Eaweberge a mark corresponding to a
like mark at the foot of the page, adding Baldrin-
tone, etc., in which is " libere " over ** tenebat."
vi, 2. After Bocheland a mark corresponding to a like
mark at the foot of the page, inserting another
Bocheland.
vii, 1. A letter interlined for Bedendone.
After Sprewe a mark corresponding to a like
mark at the foot of the page, inserting a manor,
" Come."
vii, 2. Wiche — " geldabat pro dimidio virge " in margin,
viii, 2. Grento— over " Eldred " " arch."
Hundatore — over " Sistric " " Abbas."
ix, 1. Carsuelle — interlined " in dominio sunt ii car."
At xxii, 1 ; xxii, 2 ; xxv, 1 ; xxix, 2 ; xxx, 1 ;
xxx, 2, tliere are corresponding marginal marks
against the Oteris; no doubt inserted on revision.
Probably the entries were made under their
hundreds, as in the Exon, but the revisers
thought that the entries should be consecutive
in the different honours. This fails for ix, 2,
Ottery St. Mary.
However, in the Exon Oteri entries there are
many blanks, no doubt partly filled in on re-
vision, indicating doubtful questions as to the
separate identifications,
ix, 2. "Comitissa" over "Ghida"; in margin "valet xii
solidos"; opposite "S. Michaelis" a marginal
note, " Y car," to be explained ; " Comes " twice
over •' Herald."
X, 1. Over "Stochelei" "de comite"; over "Edmer"
" atre."
282 HISTORY OF THE BXON " DOMBSDAY."
X, 2. Lege — after ** bord " " cum iii car '* over,
xi, 1. Boltesberie — over " i car *' " et dimid."
xi, 2. " pariter " in the margin against six successive
manors,
xii, 2. Lisistone — " pariter " in margin ; " libere *' over
" tenebat " ; over " Baldviuus " " vicecomes."
xiii, 2. Honecherche — in margin " valet xxx solidos."
xiv, 1. Cloenesberg — over " iiii acr pasture " " et 15 acr
silve."
xiv, 2. Ghent — a marginal mark " t."
At Ascereweile — in margin " In Barnestaple sunt
domus reddentes ii solidos."
XV, 2. At the end of Winple a mark corresponding to
another below, showing that it should have been
inserted here,
xvii, 1. Crawecome —" pariter *' margin,
xviii, 2. Aisselie — " et dimidia " opposite " una," in margin.
Taui — " pro iii mafi. et poterant ire quo valebant "
over " tenebant."
Clauuetone — " uno ferlingo minus ** over " hida."
** pariter" in margin against Sidelham and Tetecote.
xxi, 2. " de Moion " over '* Willelmus."
Poteforde — "pariter" in margin,
xxiii, 1. "pariter" in margin against Cumbe and Olurin tone,
xxiv, 2. Baen tone — over " v taini " " in paragio pro v manef ."
Depeforde — ^in margin "geldabat pro dimidia hidse ";
added afterwards "duo taini tenuerunt in paragio
pro ii maneriis."
XXV, 2. Wasforde — " pariter " in margin,
xxvi, 1. Corresponding marks to show that the second
Duuelande should have followed the first ; in the
margin against the latter " pariter."
xxvi, 2. Nimet — over " dimid " " ferling."
Aisa — over " Alueua" "libera femina."
xxvii, 1. Maenelege — over "hida" "et dimid v. terre."
Over "Gisleberti" "comitis"; over "valet"
" reddens."
xxvii, 2. Mereude — over "tenet" "de Eoberto"; over "iiii"
"car."
Beulie — in mai^n " et geldabat pro dimidia hida."
Haletreu — in margin "olim valebat v. solidos, terra
est i car.*'
Witelie — in margin "pariter."
Over "Rotbertus^" "Bastard."
xxviii, 1. Haroldesore — over"v" "virg*."
HISTORY OF THE EXON "DOMESDAY." 283
xxviii, 2. Terra Radulti de Pomerie — a mark corresponding
to one lower down, showing that the first entry
should be Aisse.
xxix, 1. Aissecome — over **libere" "pro tribus uianeriis in
paragio."
XXX, 1. Gatepade— "pariter" in margin.
XXX, 2. Bedic — over "Ead" "in excambio." Terrse Occu-
patse, folio 497, serves to show that the two thane
lands of Eedic were two manors.
Willecroste — '*pariter" in margin,
xxxi, 1. Pech — "in paragio" over "tenebat."
Eadeclive — "in paragio" over "libere."
xxxi, 2. Polham — "in paragio" over "libere."
Herlescombe and Bochewis — "pariter" in margin,
xxxii, 2. Wesford — " quatuor " over it ; " in paragio " over
" tenebant."
Sprei — " de Alu(redo) " over it.
xxxiii, 1. Crawecome and Mideltone — "pariter" in margin.
Mideltone — " cum 1 servo " after " car."
xxxiii, 2. Mochelesberie — " in paragio " over " libere."
xxxiv, 1. Limet — "pariter" over "libere."
xxxiv, 2. Cobbcume — " una hida " over " adjacebat."
Ulvrintone — "in paragio" over "libere," and over
" taini."
XXXV, 1. Essestone — over " tenebant T.E.E " " in paragio."
" Capellanus " over " Girold."
Leuge — " et geldabat " over " tenebat."
XXXV, 2. Lewendone — " in paragio " over " tenebat."
Grennelize — "tenet" over "Nicolaus"; "in paragio"
over " tenebat."
xxxvi, 1. The manor of Lege (folio 473, Exon) was omitted,
and afterwards placed in the margin.
Esselingeforde — over " II car " " in dominio."
After Fulcher s Lege a mark referring to a corre-
sponding one at the foot of the page, showing that
Chiwartiwis ought to have been inserted here.
Pultimore — over " tenebat T.RE " " in paragio."
Cadelie — over " tenebat libere " " in paragio."
xxxvii, 2. Over " Aluuard " " mert."
Over " Balduini " " vicecomitis."
We may infer from this large number of interlineations
and corrections that great regard was had to accuracy ; but,
nevertheless, some small mistakes may have been left un-
observed.
RALEGHANA.
Part VII.
THREE STATE DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE ARREST AND
EXECUTION OF SIR W. RALEGH IN 1618.
BY T. N. BRUSHFIELD, M.D., F.8.A.
(Read at Princetown, 20 July, 1905.)
Part I.
Many of the sidelights in the history of Sir W. Ealegh
require to be examined and analysed much more carefully
than they have hitherto been, to enable us to form a proper,
or. even a proximate, estimate of the statements, facts, and
opinions respecting them that are contained in the various
public and contemporary MSS. and printed documents, as
well as in modern works. Under each of these headings,
wide differences of views will be found recorded in divers
biographies and histories. In many instances these must be
attributed to the partial or imperfect examination of the
subject, but in some, the omission of the context, or the
absence of all reference to important documents, which
might prove antagonistic to the preconceived ideas of the
writer, betray the partisan character.
These remarks are especially applicable to the contents of
three State papers or documents that record the action of
the King and Council against Sir W. Ralegh on his return
to England from his last voyage to Guiana, and particularly
to the printed explanation of, and justification for, his execu-
tion. The object of this article is to describe and to examine,
very minutely, each of these papers. Owing to its length it
is divided into two parts, of which the first is devoted to an
analysis of two tracts, to which Sir L. Stukeley's name is
attached as their author. The examination of the third —
BALEGHANA. 285
the King's "Declaration** — must be deferred for the pre-
sent.^
Sir L. Stukkley's "Apology."
The first document of which Sir L. Stukeley was the author
— termed by him his " Apology " — was a written attempt to
vindicate himself from the charges of conspiracy and false-
hood made against him by Ralegh, whom he had arrested by
royal order, in June or July, 1618, and who remained in his
custody until he had conveyed him to the Tower on 9 or 10
August.
The second paper bearing Stukeley's name as its writer,
and generally known as his "Petition," was published on
26 November, a month after Ealegh's execution. It was
professedly an answer to the "scandalous aspersions cast
upon him " by Ealegh, in his farewell speech on the scaffold,
on 29 October, 1618.
The third was issued from the press on the day after the
preceding one, and had for its title, " A Declaration of the
Demeanor and Cariage of Sir Walter Ealeigh . . . and of
the true motiues and inducements which occasioned His
Maiestie to Proceed in doing lustice vpon him, as hath bene
done." That is to say, it was the King's justification for
ordering Ealegh to be executed.
(Although many portions of the introductory remarks are
to be met with in the various biographies of Ealegh, their
repetition is necessary to complete the sequence of events.)
It will be in the recollection of all who know anything
of the history of Ealegh's ill-fated expedition to Guiana,
that the Spanish Ambassador (Don Diego Sarmiento de
Acuna, better known by his later title of Count of Gondomar)
had, from the period when Ealegh first proposed the voyage,
been vehemently opposed to it, and had used every endeavour
in his power to induce the King to refuse his sanction to it ;
but although unsuccessful in this respect, he succeeded in
Ealegh's privileges and objects being confined to narrower
limits, and that he (Ealegh) "should be delivered to the
Spaniards if he did the least harm " to any Spanish subjects.
^ Brief references in the text : —
01dy8=W. Oldys, ''Life of Sir W. Ralegh," in works. Vol. I (1829).
Gardiner = S. R. Gardiner, "History of England," Vols. I-III (1883).
Hallam = H: Hallam, " Constitutional History of England," 2 vols. (1860).
Edwards=**Life of Sir W. Ralegh,'* 2 vols. (1886).
J. Shirley = " Life of Sir W. Raleigh " (1667).
Spedding= J. Spedding, ** Letters and Life of Lord Bacon," Vol. VI (1872).
Stcbbing= W. Stebbin^, *'Sir W. Ralegh" (1891).
Other references given in full.
286 RALE6HANA.
That Gondomar*8 instructions were from the very onset for
him to efifect the ruin of Balegh is tolerably certain —
emphatically so from the time when the intelligence of the
burning of St. Thomas was received at Madrid. This was in
April, about which period it also reached England. The
King of Spain (Philip III, called the " Pious ") directed
Gondomar " to exaggerate as much as you can Ealegh's guilt
and try to get the King (James) to make a great demonstra-
tion." The latter assured Gondomar, " that Ralegh shall be
punished with the utmost severity . . . and that Ralegh's
friends and all England shall not save him from the gallows."
This last quotation was made soon after James had issued
his proclamation on 1 1 June, and shows that Ralegh, on an
eX'parte statement, he not having yet airived at Plymouth,
had already been condemned by the King, whose subsequent
actions proved his unswerving determination to ensure
Ralegh's execution.
The foregoing extracts (and many of a similar character
could be quoted) are taken from M. A. S. Hume's " Sir Walter
Ralegh" (1898), 332-4, 359-66. The following is tran-
scribed from the preface of that work : —
*'He was deliberately sacrificed to the importunities of the
Spanish Ambassador, Gondomar. . . . Dr. Gardiner has to some
extent lifted the veil, but the exact process and reasons of Ralegh's
ruin by Gondomar have hitherto never been set forth in Gondomar's
own words. It will be seen in the course of the present volume
that it was no private revenge, it was with no desire to inflict
punishment for the injury actually done on the last Guiana voyage,
that led Gondomar to hound Ralegh to death, for he was practi-
cally condemned before he sailed, but to serve as an object lesson
to England that all South America, at least, belonged to Spain "
(xi, xii).
(Hume quotes long portions of the correspondence of
Gondomar and the Spanish King, but omits several of the
important dates. Gardiner records the dates and other
particulars, but gives only short quotations.)
Whether the opinion expressed in the concluding portion
of this extract be correct or not may be open to question ;
suffice it to say that this section of the Western Hemi-
sphere was claimed by Spain, from having been granted
to that country by a Bull of Pope Alexander VI, in 1493,
the first year in which he held the see, and the one during
which Columbus discovered America,
According to Rymer, the King issued a Proclamation on
RALEGHANA. 287
11 June, 1618, declaring his "displeasure at the capture of
the town of S. Thomas by Sir Walter Rawleigh, and order-
ing all who know of it to give information to the privy
council/*^ No one could possibly object to the matter being
thoroughly investigated, nor as far as the present writer is
aware had such a question been raised ; why, therefore,
Spedding wrote the following pareigraph is unknown, as it
was certainly unnecessary: — #
" The stoutest historical and literary anti-papist, as long as he can
keep this fact in his mind (the burning of St. Thomas), will
hardly maintain that the case did not demand investigation ** (353).
On the next day Sir L. Stukeley left London for Plymouth,
having received " a verbal commission " (Spedding, 355) for
the apprehension of Balegh. The latter author goes on to say
that the date (11 June) "coinciding so nearly with the news
of Ralegh's arrival in England, as to suggest a connexion
between the two. The exact day, indeed, when * the
Destiny ' anchored in Plymouth harbour does not seem to be
known" (354). Based, however, on Stukeley's statement,
Spedding affirms that the ship had arrived, but " had been
arrested," prior to 12 June, that is to say, before the Pro-
clamation was issued. He then makes what appears to be
the following suggestio falsi : —
" 1 suppose it had been thought prudent to keep the proclama-
tion back till his arrival, lest it should supply him with an
additional motive for seeking a foreign port " (354).
But according to the most competent authorities, Ralegh
did not reach Plymouth until after Stukeley had commenced
his journey ; thus Edwards dates his arrival as 21 June
(I, 649) ; Gardiner records it as "three or four weeks later"
than 23 May, on which day Captain North related " the miser-
able stoTj to the King" (III, 131). Oldys (513) and
Schomburgk^ assign it to *!the beginning of July." One
important point seems to have been overlooked by Ralegh's
biographers — How was it that on a mere " verbal " order,
Stukeley should hurry off to Plymouth on the day after the
issue of the Proclamation to arrest Ralegh ? A most unusual
mode of procedure, in the case of one affirmed to be guilty
of high treason. Nor was it until some days had elapsed
after he reached his destination, that he received a royal
command for him to bring his prisoner ** to appeare before the
* Hardy's **Syllabu8." Spedding prints its entire text, 353-4.
2 Ed. **RalegVs Discovery of Guiana" (Hakl. Soc, 1848), 220.
288 BALEGHANA.
Lords." This was followed at a later date (23 July) hy a
peremptory order from the Privy Council, " rebukinge me of
delaies and vaine excuses," complains Stukeley, and requir-
ing him, " all delays set apart . . . safely and speedily,'* to
produce before them " the person of Sir Walter Balegh "
(Edwards, I, 655). What was the cause of the great delay
between these two orders ? In his speech on the scaffold
Ealegh said, ** He (Stukeley) left me six, seven, eight, nine
or ten days to go where I listed, while he rode about the
country " (J. Shirley, 229). Gardiner accounts for it thus :
" Raleigh was sick, or pretended to be so. This would quite
account for Stukeley's neglect of him " (III, .137). But the
latter was far from being the disinterested and ill-used man
he reported himself to be during this period, and was looking
after his own interests, being busily engaged in the sale of
tobacco and other stores contained in the ship "Destiny."
How much he appropriated to his own use we know not, but
three months later Kalegh, in his first testamentary note,
remarked, " I desire that hee may give his account for the
tobacco."^
Before leaving Plymouth, Stukeley made the acquaintance
of a French physician (or quack) named Manourie, who was
engaged by him " to double the part of doctor with that of
spy," and was employed by him, " on behalf of the Grovern-
ment; but he pretended to be the attendant of Ralegh" (ibid,,
I, 656). The services of each were fully paid for by the
Government ; and statements made by them, and accepted as
evidence against Ralegh, will be noticed in the latter part of
this paper. It is, however, noteworthy that Manourie's
name is not mentioned, nor is there any allusion to him, in
Stukeley's " Apology."
Stukeley *8 charge of Ralegh terminated when he had
deposited his prisoner in the Tower of London on 9 or
10 August, 1618. (According to Camden, it was on
9 August, but Oldys affirms this to be a mistake, but does
not suggest any other date.) On the day following, accord-
ing to his own statement, he made a written report of his
stewardship, of which the original, or a replica, is preserved
in the Bodleian Library .^ Spedding is the only author who
has devoted any special attention to the contents of this
document ; and he asserts it to be " a simple, straightforward,
inartificial statement . . . very much in earnest, and (as far
1 Edwards, II, 494.
^ Ashniol. MS., 830, 29. A transcript {verb, et lit.) of it will be found
in Appendix A. No copy recorded amongst the State papers.
RALEGHANA. 289
as I can see) quite true/' He does not regard the writer as a
spy, but as one who had no other "object besides the faithful
performance of his commission/* the report of which he
deems " fair and sufficient." Then he attempts to turn the
tables on Balegh by declaring that it was his "double
dealing"; and "that the stratagem by which he (Ealegh)
was caught, tfumgh it involved dissimtUation and deceit,
was one of those which are always allowed in war," espe-
cially "in a case which evidently demanded it"^ (VI, 380-1);
a singular admission to excuse the act of a professional spy.
The whole of Spedding's comments read as though he held
a professional brief in favour of Stukeley and in opposi-
tion to Kalegh.
The " great burst of popular indignation," which ensued in
consequence of Stukeley's action, had instigated the latter to
write his " Apology," giving as his reason for so doing, " I haue
bine accused for conspiracy and falshood towards him : I
therefore held it bee hooffuU for me to recollect the passages
of my imployment where with I desier to satisfy all good
and honest men."
He affirms that on first learning of Balegh's project to
escape, he deemed it so " grosse an abuse of his Majesties
princly goodnesse," that he " could not but abhore his hipo-
crisie : which the better to vnmaske, I seemed to condisent
vnto him." When between Staines and London he obtained
further information, "wherwithall his Maiestie beinge in-
formed : / Aod shortly after the iniunction of his Maiestie to
secretie, and commission to do as I haue done : Then wets it
grone the secret of the Kinge, which to reuail or disobay had bine
treasonous trechery" * Gardiner, except on this statement of
Stukeley, makes but few comments on the " Apology " ; but
he adds to the above, that lialegh was only to be arrested
" at the last moment " ; and again, " as had been prearranged,
he was arrested at Woolwich."* This mode of procedure
James may have regarded as " kingcraft," but in the case of
any ordinary individual would be termed " low cunning."
Spedding asserts that Stukeley was the "easy dupe" of
Kalegh (VI, 380) ; but a man who could wriggle out of the
responsibility attached to his dealings with the latter, was
not one to be easily duped or trapped by him.
The "Apology" was certainly Stukeley's report of the
execution of the commission he had received from the King
^ Italics not in the original. ^ Italics not in the original.
' III, 140. The authorities mentioned by him do not include these
additions.
VOL. XXXVII. T
290 KALEGHANA.
and Council. It was not printed at that time, and probably
for the reason that, had it been published, the underlined
portion would have shown how deeply the King was impli-
cated in the disreputable afifair.
The contents of the so -named "Apology" are mainly
limited to some details of the leniency and kindness Stukeley,
on his own representation, exhibited towards Balegh, until
the latter showed himself to be unworthy of such considerate
treatment by his attempts to escape, after which he acted
according to the directions he received from the King. Its
mild, complaining tone forms a striking contrast to the in-
temperate conduct he displayed just previous to the arrest of
Ralegh, as narrated by Captain King, who was present on
that occasion. When Ealegh was being rowed to the ship
by which he expected to escape to France, he began to
express some doubts, was " not well satisfied . . . then b^an
Stucley's part, cursing and damning himself that he should
be so unfortunate as to venture his life and fortune with
a man so full of doubts and fears. He swore that if the
watermen would not row on, he would kill them ; and per-
suaded Kalegh that there was no such danger as he suspected."
After this, lialegh took "some things out of his pockets
(whether more rubies powdered with diamonds, our author
does not say),^ and gave them to Stucley, who all this time not
only hugged and embraced him, as it seemed with the greatest
tenderness, but made the utmost protestations of love, friend-
ship, and fidelity." 2 in the Memoir of Stukeley in the
" D.N.B." we read : " He has been represented as a mean spy,
professing friendship in order to worm himself into Ralegh's
confidence, which he betrayed to the king. For this there
does not appear to be any solid foundation." This is wholly
negatived by Stukeley's own confession, already quoted.
Moreover the closing scene before the arrest, as- related by
Captain King, corroborates it. Stukeley was simply a well-
paid spy, who was not very scrupulous in what he said or
did. Further remarks will have to be made about it in
another portion of this paper.
The " Apology " remained in MS. until 1829, when it was
first printed by Oldys,^ then by Spedding (413-16) ; both in
modernized English.
^ According to Manouric, Ralegh tried to bribe Stukeley while on their
way to London by money, and "a lewell . . . made in the fashion of haile
powdered with Diamonds, with a Rubio in the middest" (statement in the
••Declaration").
- (Rioted by Oldys, 535-6.
=» •• Works of Sir W. Ralegh," VI, 783-5.
RALEGHANA. 291
We pass on to consider the contents of the other two
State papers, to which allusion has been already made, viz.
Stukeley's "Petition" and the King's "Declaration," the
publication of the former preceding the latter by one day
only. At first sight, judging from their titles and assigned
authors, they seemed to be issued for different purposes ; but
when investigated there can be little doubt that their joint
object was an attempt to allay the general excitement of the
public, that was being exhibited towards all those who had
anything to do with the execution of Ralegh. Previous to
their examination in detail, it is necessary for us to review
the various steps that led up to, and necessitated, their
publication.
After Ealegh was lodged in the Tower on 9 or 10 August,
the reports of the two spies, Stukeley and Manourie, were
no doubt submitted to and discussed by the Privy Council, of
which the summary, it may be assumed, is that contained in
the " Declaration." For five weeks Kalegh, except for several
examinations by the latter body, appears to have passed
a comparatively quiet time. (Although the orders were made
in the name of the Council, it must be borne in mind that
the King, to whom many of the communications were made
direct, was the directing power in everything relating to the
examination and treatment of Ealegh.) It was then decided
to place him in the custody of one with unrestricted power,
who, as a professional spy, was not only skilled in all the
arts and crafts of that office ; but was also, like his former
master. Sir Robert Cecil, a pensioner of Spain. This was
Sir Thomas Wilson, who " was selected for the dishonourable
task of worming out of Ralegh sufficient admissions to con-
demn him" ("D.N.B."), for which purpose he received the
following instructions : —
"1618. Sept. 10. The Council to Sir Thos. Wilson. Com-
mission him to go to the Tower, and take charge of Sir Walter
Raleigh, to remain constantly in his company, and keep him safe
and close prisoner, to suffer no person whatever to have access to
him, or to speak to him, except in his own hearing, and that only
in case of necessity, and to communicate to them anythiDg that
occurs worth notice." ^
He remained under Wilson's supervision and charge from
11 September (14 September, according to the "D.N.B.," but
the State papers indicate the earlier date) until 15 October,
and from the letters (preserved among the State papers)
1 "Cal. S. P. Dom.," James I, XCIX, 8. 7, Cat, p. 508.
T 2
292 RALEGHANA.
that passed between him, Sir R Naunton, and the King, we
are made aware of the iniquitous proceedings that were
practised to obtain statements and admissions from Balegh
that would serve to incriminate him ; and also of the harry-
ing he underwent for nearly six weeks. These are illustra-
tive of the extraordinary animus exhibited against Ralegh
by the Court party. (In " Fragmenta K^alia," the work of
Naunton in his later years, he was more just and temperate
in his comments on the character of Balegh.) The general
trend of their depreciatory remarks may be gathered from
the following extracts : —
" Wilson to Naunton. Sept. 1 4.^-* He Ralegh praised the bravery
of the Romans, in ending life by suicide rather than meeting any
base death. . . . Does not think he has the courage to try left.' " ^
" Naunton to Wilson. Sept. 14. — * Hopes he will gain ground
of the hypocrite, the best comfort being that he will not long be
troubled with him.' "2
Do these two extracts refer to the probability of Ral^h
committing suicide ? or to his speedy execution ? or to some-
thing worse ? In his " Life of Raleigh," J. A. St John
expressed his firm conviction that Ralph's life, while in the
charge of Wilson, was not safe.* Spedding ridiculed his
statement, but the above quotations show that he had some
substantial reasons for his belief. Spedding could raise all
kinds of innuendoes against Ralegh, but made no comment
upon the conduct of Wilson towards his prisoner.
" Wilson to the King. Sept. 18. — * Has done his best to work
out what ho could from this arch-hypocrite [Raleigh].' " *
** Wilson to the King. Sept. 2 1 . — ' Has not been so indiscreet as
to promise Raleigh any favour, as on authority from His Mi\jesty ;
but has merely used the hope of mercy as a bait, being the only
one that could draw him on to confess anything.'"^
" Wilson to the King. Sept. 30. — *Some have thought him in-
discreet in his dealings with the arch impostor.'"
(Delivered to His Majesty in his Concel Chamber, at Whytehal^
which the Lords told me he redd unto them the next day, and
apprehended.)^
Was it creditable for the King to encourage a subordinate
officer, a professional spy, to write to him in this style, and
1 "Cal. S. p. Dom.," James I, XCIX, n. 10.
a Ibid,, XCIX, n. 11, Cat, p. 570.
» Ed. 1868, II, 297-300.
* Jbid,, XCIX, n. 48.
■ Ibid., XCIX, n. 68.
« Ibid., XCIX, n. 96.
RAXiEGHANA. 293
show his bias against the prisoner by calling him opprobrious
names ? It was a mean, underhand way of endeavouring to
obtain evidence, but tallied with James's view of "kingcraft."^
Wilson not only intercepted Lady Ralegh's letters to her
husband, but, with Naunton's aid, he induced her to write
some "on particular points of inquiry "^ He had him re-
moved from comfortable quarters in the Wardrobe Tower to
the upper room in the Brick Tower, with the remark,
" Though it seemes nearer heauen, yet is ther no meanes of
escape fro thence for him to any place but into Hell."'
Such was the man who was employed to worm out from
Ralegh all that could be used in evidence against him, but
all his efforts were apparently unavailing and insufficient for
the King's purpose, and he retired from his office on 15 Octo-
ber, it is said at his own request, but more probably from
some intimation that, owing to his failure, his services were
no longer needed. Certain it is that the "Declaration"
omits all references both to him, as well as to the subject-
matter of his inquiries.
The following extract from a letter, dated 3 October, pro-
bably expressed the public opinion at that period that
Ralegh's life would be preserved : a hope that was speedily
dispelled by the unrelenting determination of the King for
his execution.
" Sir E. Harwood to Carleton. — * It was exspected yt his ma***
beings at Hampton Courte woulde haue brought fuUe sone newes,
& some it bathe, not muche hauinge little to doe I wente thither
S"^ Walter Baleighs business trouble the Lo. muche the Kinge had
a disposition to haue hanged him, but it coulde not hansomelye bee
soe, it is likelye now he shall Hue as longe he can by nature.' " *
James was apparently becoming weary of the whole
matter, especially as the evidence of the three spies, as well
as that obtained from the examination of various witnesses,
and from Ralegh himself, seemed to be insufficient to procure
the condemnation of the latter, upon the accomplishment of
which the King had set his heart. Even Gardiner, who
^ That James encouraged tliis abusive style of language against Ralegh is
proved by the contents of liOrd H. Howard's letters to him during the
closine years of Elizabeth's life, ride " Trans. D. A.," XXXV, 567-9.
2 Mwards, II, 371-3.
' The remarkable instructions of Sec. Naunton to Wilson (in which he
employs the roost disgraceful language against Ralegh), and to the Lieutenant
of the Tower, i-elative to Ralegh's close confinement in the Brick Tower —
written 14 September— and of Wilson's reply to Naunton containing this
remarkable quotation, dated 17 September, are printed in Appendix B.
* " S. P. Dom," James I, Vol. CIII, ». 14.
294 RALEGHANA.
generally viewed Ealegh from the adverse side, thus seems
to doubt its insufl&ciency. "Those who think Raleigh was
helped to escape, in order that an additional excuse might be
found to hang him, are of course those who. resolutely ignore
the fact that there was any real ground for proceeding
against him already" (III, 140).^ At last he ordered the
six Commissioners (Abbot, Bacon, Worcester, Caesar, Naun-
ton, and Coke), who had been originally appointed to
examine Ralegh soon after his admission into the Tower, to
report upon the whole case. They, after ** divers meetings
and conferences," sent in their report to the King on
18 October.2 By whom the report was drawn up is unknown,
but from a draft copy in the handwriting of Coke having
been discovered, Spedding attributes it to him. There is,
however, greater reason to believe it to have been the work
of Lord Chancellor Bacon; and this seems to be corroborated
by the phrase in it as to the Divine Right of Kings, being
repeated verb, et lit, in the opening paragraph of the King's
" Declaration," a work generally believed to have been framed
by him. In their reply, the Commissioners suggest the adop-
tion of one of two forms of procedure : —
" The one, that together with the warrant to the Lieutenant of
the Tower, if your Majesty shall so please, for his execution, to
publish a narrative in print of his late crimes and offences ... as
well in respect of the great effluxion of time since his attainder^ and
of his employment by your Majesty^s commission^ as for that his
late crimes and ofifences are not yet known. . . . The other form
(whereunto, if your Majesty so please, we rather incline) is that
your Majesty is so renowned for justice^ it may have such a
proceeding as is nearest to legal proceeding ; which is, that he ]>e
called before the whole body of your Council of State, and your
principal Judges . . . and that some of the nobility and gentle-
men of quality be present to hear the proceedings."
Two days later the King replied in a letter, extraordinary
for its admissions. To the first proposition he expressed his
dislike ** that there should be only a narrative sett forth in
print of his crimes together with our warrant for his execu-
tion." To the second he objected, because anything ap-
proaching a public examination " would make him too popular ^
^ " It was the obvious intention of the Court, b^ committing Ralegh to the
charge of a relation [Sir L. Stukeley], and allowing him to be a pnsoner at
large, to encourage him to attempt an escape, and so, in the eye of the
world, acknowledge a consciousness of guilt" (Introd. to reprint of the
"Declaration," in "Somers' Tracts," II, 1809, 422).
* Printed at length in Spedding's work, 361-2. Also in Appendix C.
Cf. an abstract by Edwards, I, 089-90.
RALEGHANA* 295
as was found hy experierice at his arraiffnement at Winchester.
Secondly, it were too great honor to him to have that course
taken against one of his sort, which we have observed never
to have been used but toward persons of great qualitie, &c."
He then mentions "a middle course," which consisted in
Balegh being called before the six Commissioners, " and that
the examinations be read, and himself heard, and others
confronted with him who were with him in this action.
And then, after the sentence for his execution which hath
been thus longe suspended, a declaration be presently putt
forth in print, a warrant being sent down for us to signe for
his execution."^
In the foregoing extracts, the sentences in italics (not so in
the original) demand especial attention. The Commissioners
give something more than a hint of the privilege possessed
by the King, either to pardon Ralegh or to revoke the death
sentence, and support it by referring to the time that had
elapsed since that sentence was passed upon him (fourteen
years), and to his subsequent "employment by your Majesty's
commission " ; one of the points urged by Ealegh at his final
examination as being equivalent to a pardon: "for in all
reason," said he, " he must be master of his owne life that
hath power ouer other men's."* But James displayed his
determined opposition to a public, or even to a semi-public,
trial; his fixed resolve being to allow nothing to interfere
with Balegh's condemnation. His remarks upon the "too
great honour " only serve to show his meanness, and might
well have been spared.
James was utterly opposed to Kalegh being tried in public,
because at his former trial his " witt . . . turned the hatred
of men into compassion of him." A strange admission to be
made by a Kling who, according to Spedding, had "that
scrupulous regard to justice, upon which we know he prided
himself" ;* a statement uncorroborated by what is known of
his history. Gardiner affirms " he could not indeed bear to
send Saleigh to the scaffold without hearing him in his own
defence" (III, 146), but this is the very thing which was not
permitted to him, and the only occasion or opportunity he
had of defending himself was on the scaffold, immediately
before his execution.
1 "Forteacue Papers" (Camd. Soc., 1871), 67-8. A copy of the King's
letter will be found m Appendix D.
* Chamberlain to Carleton, 31 October. **S. P. Dom.," James I, Vol.
cm, 8. 58.
» ** Evenings with a Reviewer" (1881), II, 133.
296 BALEOHANA.
. Upon that memorable trial in 1603, the eminent judge,
Sir J. F. Stephen, thus comments : ** The extreme weakness
of the evidence was made up by the rancorous ferocity of
Coke, who reviled and insulted Ealeigh in a manner never
imitated, so far as I know, before or since in any English
court of justice, except perhaps in those in which Jeffreys
presided." ^ Coke used such terms as these against Ralegh :
" Thou viper," ** notoriousest Traytor," " thy viperous
treasons," *' damnable Atheist," "Spider of Hell," etc. Al-
though of Judge C. J. Popham it is recorded in Blundell's
" Worthies " (7) that he *' strove to repress the vituperation
of Coke, the Attorney-General," yet his interposition was of
a feeble character, and only employed on one occasion. But
in his final address he termed Balegh " a base spy for the
enemy," on what portion of the evidence it is difficult to
say ; he also taxed him with atheism, a matter not alluded
to in the trial ; and gave a most singular explanation why
Cobham, the sole witness gainst him, was not called. In
his "Critical History of England" J. Oldmixon remarks:
" Sir Walter was condemned . . . being tir'd out of his Life by
the Bawling of the King's Council" (ed. 1726, II, 58).
The account of the trial depends much as to whether the
writer favoured the Court party or not. Of the latter, the
following is a good example: "At his Arraignment at
Winchester, his carriage to his Judges was with great dis-
cretion; humble, yet not prostrate; dutifull,yet not dejected:
Towards the Jury affable, but not fawning ; not in despair,
nor believing, but hoping in them; carefully perswading
them with Reasons, not distemperately importuning them
with Conjurations ; rather shewing love of life than fear of
death." So wrote Arthur Wilson in his "History of James I "
(1653), 117; that is to say, within living memory of the
trial, at which he was probably present. Here is one extract
from Sir W. Sanderson's " Aulicus Coquinariae," belonging to
the same period (1650), 91, in his remarkably weak reply
to Sir A. Weldon's " Court and Character of King James": —
" Sr. Walter was admitted a chair, pen, Inck and paper for his
memory. And truly he rather tyred the Court and Jury, with
Impertinencies."
(The stationery materials were not supplied to Ralegh
until the trial had considerably advanced.)
The worthlessness of his work is also shown by the
* Quoted from hia *' History of the Criminal Law," in ** D.N.B.," subject,
"Coke."
BALEGHANA. 297
favourable character he gives of the base Lord Henry
Howard, notorious for his malignant letter to James against
Bal^h and others, whom, with the assistance of Cecil, he
was seeking to undermine during the last two years of
Elizabeth's reign ; for his being appointed one of the Com-
missioners (with Cecil) at the trial ; and for being one of the
principal instigators of the murder of Sir T. Overbury,
which, luckily for him, was unknown, and did not come to
trial until after Howard's death : and yet, Sanderson affirms,
the latter died " full of years and Honourable fame " (66-7).
If any one will take the trouble to read a full account
of the trial, contained in the "State Trials" of Hargrave,
Howell, Phillipps, or Jardine, he will be convinced of the
sincerity and truthfulness of the above extract from Wilson's
work.
It seems that public rumours were rife from time to time
that Balegh would receive a reprieve, and such continued to
within a week of his execution, as shown in the following
extract from a letter to Carleton from Chamberlain, dated
24 October. Eespecting "the conveyance of iewels," etc.,
at the time of the King's accession, no comments are found
in any of the numerous biographies of Ralegh, nor is it
susceptible of explanation at the present date.
" Yt went current all this weeke that S' Walter Kalcigh had the
libertie of the towre, but yt grew only vpon the discharge of his
guardian S' Thomas wilson yo' old acquaintance : but for ought
I heare he is not secure yet, though he have [tfic] now good meanea
to redeeme his demerits yf he can speake to the purpose in a cause
wherin he was lately examined about the conveyance of iewels
and such like matters at the King's first coming ; and for w^^ and
other abuses in sale of lands et et." ^
The Commissioners' Report of 18 October, and the King's
reply two days later, contain the earliest suggestions that
were made for the issue of a public manifesto of Ralegh's
** late crimes and offences." His execution took place on
29 October ; then, after a silence of more than three weeks,
we get the first tidings of a declaration being in course of
preparation.
"Chamberlain to Carleton, 21 November, 1618. — *We are so
full still of S' Walter Raleigh that almost every day brings
foorth somewhat in this kind, besides divers ballets wherof some
are called in, and the rest such poore stufife as are not worth
the ouerlooking, but when this heate is allayed, we shall have a
1 "S. P. Doni.," James I, Vol. CIII, n. 46.
298 RALEGHANA.
declaration touching him, that shall contradict much of that he
protested w^^ so great asseveration, btU the proofea had neede be
very pregnant and demonstrative^ or els they will hardly preuaile^
the other verses go abrode in the K[ing]* and S N[aunton'8] name,
though I never heard before that he had the vertue of versiefieng,
and I shold have thought he had not now the leasure.'"^
On all occasions of public interest ballads appear to have
exercised the function of newspapers in the dissemination
of current events, through the agencies of flying stationers,
booksellers, ballad singers, etc., but none of those relating
to Ralegh's execution have, as far as is known, been
preserved.^
Of the verses associated with the names of the King and
of Secretary Naunton no traces have been discovered.
Six days later we have an official account of the publica-
tion of the " Declaration," on 27 November, preceded on the
previous day by Wmt of Stukeley's ** Petition," of which this
is the earliest intimation that such a work was even con-
templated.
" Sir R. Naunton to the Marauis of Buckingham, 27 November,
1618. — * It may please your Lordship, Sir Lewis Stukelyes peticion
was published yesterday ; the declaration is this day (upon the dis-
f^atch of this packet) to follow after. ... I have spoken to him
the printer] for copies to send over to his Majesties ambassadors
and agents abroad.' " ^
One day later brings forth the following remarks : —
"Chamberlain to Carleton, 28 November, 1618. — *You will
find little in S' Lewes Stukeleys apologie [the "Petition** is
alluded to] but that they strive to beray one another, yt is
like we shall have no further declaration^ yf this may satisfies
%tf^ hitherto finds little credit^ but now when I was come thus
far my man brings me autenticall declaration of all that busi-
nes. I have not read of yt (more then the ^itle) for yt came
forth but this morning, and as I heare yt is the work of the
L. Chauncellor [Bacon], m'^atturney [Coke], or Secretarie Nan ton :
or rather vpon all three so that in all probabilitie yt must be as
true as well written.*"*
The portions of the above extracts that are in italics (not
so in the originals) deserve close attention. The increased
1 "S. P. Dom.," James I, CIII, n. 102.
^ None are included in the Pepys or Roxburghe ooUeotions, nor are any
recorded in the registers of the Stationers' Company.
' "Fortescue Papers," 67.
* "S. P. Dom.,'^JamesI,
CIII, n. 110.
BALEGHANA. 299
and increasing indignation that was manifested by the
people at the sacrifice of Ealegh to the Spanish faction led
the King and Council to attempt to allay it without further
delay.
There can be little doubt that Stukeley (or some writer in
his name) was directed by the Council to prepare another
report of his dealings with Ralegh of a more forcible char-
acter thaii that of his "Apology," which was not deemed
worthy of being published ; for " we can hardly suppose his
(S.'s) worthless character of so much value, even to himself,
as to induce the penning of a vindication, had he not re-
ceived some encouragement from the King, whose cause was
mingled in the general impeachment." ^
It was possibly thought that a revised report would not
only afford him a better opportunity of vindicating himself,
but would at the same time act as an introduction to the
" Declaration." In the view of Chamberlain, the latter
would be unnecessary if the " Petition " satisfied the public ;
but, although issued so short a time before the King's
manifesto, it found '* little credit." It is absolutely certain
that both tracts were prepared for the press after Ealegh's
death, as the former was professedly an answer to the
" aspersions " made against him in llalegh's farewell speech,
while the latter refers to the same speech, but evades reply-
ing to it. (" His Maiestie leaues him and his conscience
therein to God.") One author suggests that the " Petition "
gave occasion to the "Declaration," which was afterwards
published for the vindication of the King.^ At first sight,
this seemed to be corroborated by the closing lines in
Stukeley's tract, which state that the King would " suffer a
declaration to come forth from the State, for the cleering of
these matters, and further satisfaction of the world." But
this is contradicted by the fact that both works were being
set up in type by the King's printers at one and the same
time in the same office, and that they were published within
a day of each other. It is very probable that the original
intention was to publish the " Petition " some time previous
to, and as a preparative for, the " Declaration " ; but owing
to the popular outcry being so strong and demonstrative* it
became necessary to hasten the publication of the latter as
rapidly as possible ; upon the fact that it was greatly hurried
we shall presently comment.
* Introductory remarks to Stukeley*8 ** Petition," in " Somers' Tracts,**
II (1809), 444.
« Prefatory note to the tract in "Harl. Misc.," Ill (1809), 888.
300 BALEOHANA.
Oldys appears to have been the first author to notice
Stukeley's "Apology," and in his account of it he makes
a singular mistake. He states the " Petition " proved " so
insufficient to deface the black and odious stains of his
conduct, that he was forced to write an Apology besides;
and that was so little regarded, as never to have been
thought worthy of the press" (540). As a matter of fact,
the latter preceded the former by more than three months.
Some authors believe the preparation of the "Declaration "
to have been commenced by the Council immediately after
their meeting on 18 October ; for example, Stebbing remarks,
'* its preparation had been immediately taken in hand . . .
the reason for the delay in publication is not known.
Probably the royal editor was extremely fastidious" (389).
Spedding's comments upon the inaction of the authorities
are very severe. He states : —
" By some inaccountable mismanagemeut, the narrative which
was to contain the justification of his execution was not forth-
coming. . . . That it should have been allowed to remain un-
disturbed for more than three weeks is to me one of the most
unaccountable facts in history ... a great error of judgment in
the King or his Councillors — that the evidence was not made
public at the same time as the execution."
And " when the Declaration came at last, it appeared that
the case was at any rate quite different from what people
had supposed " ; though in what way he offers no explanation.
After this scolding, he veers round with the following
suggestion: "Perhaps it was thought that after he had
spoken his last words, and it had been seen what im'pression
they made upon the people, it would be easier to judge
what kind of declaration was needed for public satisfaction "
369-70, 383).
The fact, however, stubbornly remains that although some
kind of justification or declaration had been suggested by
the Council on 18 October, there is no evidence, nor even
probability, that any attempt was made to frame it prior
to Ealegh's execution, nor that subsequent to the latter
event any would have been prepared and published had it
not been for the extraordinary indignation displayed by the
public. It was only after this "impression" (conviction)
was forced upon them that it was deemed necessary to
prepare and publish without further delay, and in a very
hurried manner, their manifesto, which the people generally
looked upon as an Apology. One cause of the procrastina-
BALEGHANA. 301
tion appears in a letter to Sir J. I sham, dated 9 November,
from Dean Tounson (who administered the Sacrament to
Balegh a few hours before the latter left the Gatehouse for
the scaffold), from which tliis extract is taken : '' This (the
execution) was the news a weeke since : hut now it is blovm
over^ and he allmost forgotten" ^ If the King and Council
entertained a similar opinion — as they apparently did, and
certainly hoped for its fulfilment — they were assuredly
living in a fools' paradise; because, so far from being
forgotten by the public, the proceedings of 29 October
only served to embitter men's minds the more against all
those who had been instrumental in the condemnation of
Kalegh. As Hallam remarks, '' The nation could not help
seeing in his (Ralegh's) death the sacrifice of the bravest
and most renowned of Englishmen to the vengeance of
Spain " (I, 354-5).
Gardiner makes the apposite remark that the "Declaration"
" was unfortunately publislied at a time when Ealeigh had
been rendered incapable of criticising its assertions " ; and
adds, " the public indignation, which could not openly be
visited upon the King, fell with all its weight upon Stukeley "
(III, 152-3, 155).
James must have experienced a rude awakening before
summoning up his resolve to authorize the publication of
that which he deemed a justification for his treatment of
Kalegh. That a king of England should feel compelled to
explain to his people the cause, real or asserted, of such
treatment, was in itself a marked departure from the
practice of any previous English sovereign. In the case of
James it was the more remarkable, considering his view that
Kings were " not bound to give account of their actions to
any but God alone." His assigned excuse for this exceptional
publication was " to satisfie all his good people with his
Intentions and courses, giving . . . true and vndisguised
Declarations of them " ; and that it belongeth to " Actions,
that are built vpon sure and solide grounds, (such as his
Maiesties are) ... to bee published by open manifests."
'(1) Did James ever attempt to justify any of his other
State actions by similar " open manifests " ? He must soon
have realized that he had committed a grievous and
irreparable error in sacrificing Ealegh : and the public out-
cry ran that James had committed a great crime on purpose
1 Quoted bv Oldysin "Misc. Works of Ralegh," VIII (1829), 781. Italics
not in original.
302 BALEOHANA.
to please the King of Spain, an assertion that subsequent
events proved to be true.
Whatever doubts may be expressed as to the popularity
of Ealegh prior to 29 October, it is certain that his un-
merited death produced a deep and painful impression
upon the minds of all classes of the people, by whom he
was regarded as a martyr who was sacrificed to a foreign
power, with whose family James was seeking an alliance for
his son. Hallam remarks that " from the time that he (the
King) fixed his hopes on the union with the Infanta, the
popular dislike to Spain increased in proportion to his blind
preference " (I, 354).
On 7 November, 1618, John Pory wrote to Carle ton : —
"A great Lord in the Tower who knew Raleigh well [most
probably Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, the * Wizard
Earl,' at that date a prisoner in the Tower, for asserted complicity
in the Gunpowder Plot] said, ' if the Spanish match goes on, the
Spaniards had better have given 100,0001. than have him killed,
if not, the English had better have paid 100,0001. than kill him.' " ^
In his " State Worthies," first published in 1665, David
Lloyd tersely remarked, "Princes interceded for him, the
whole Nation pitied him, and King James would not execute
him without an Apology " (ed. 1670, p. 676), He, however,
overlooked the fact that the " Apology " (Declaration) was
not issued until about a month after the execution.
stukbley's "pbtition."
The State tract known by this title is of small quarto size,
pp. 1-17. The first page bears the signature "A2," implying
a preceding leaf answering to " Al," but this in all copies
hitherto examined is wanting, so that whether it possessed a
proper printed title or was blank is not known for certain ;
but the latter is most probable, as in Sotheby's Book Sale
Catalogue, dated 18 February, 1890, No. 587 entry records
a copy of this work, and that it had ** the rare blank leaf at
the beginning.'* ^
1 **Cal. S. P. Doni.," James I, CIII, n. 74, p. 591.
^ Since this i)ai>er was in type, F. Madan, Esq., M.A., of Brasenose
CoUe^, Oxford, has kindly informed the wi-iter that the Bodleian Library
con tarns three copies of Stukeley's "Petition." Of these, two are destitute
of the "Al" leaf, but the third possesses one, quite blank; and as **thi8
particular copy CAme through Stationers* Hall in 1618," it is tolerably
certain the work was issued without a separate title page.
RALEGHAKA. 303
Page 1 has this sub-title : —
" To the Kings
most Excellent Maiestie.
The humble petition and infor-
mation of Sir Lewis Stttcley, Knight, Vice-
admirall of Deuon, touching his owne beha-
uiour in the charge committed vnto him, for
the bringing vp of Sir Walter Rcdeighj
and the scandalous aspersions cast vpon him
for the same."
On the verso of the last page is this colophon : —
" Imprinted at LONDON by
Bonham Norton and John
Bill, Printers to the Kings
most Excellent Maiestie.
Anno 1618."
Its tone, strongly worded phrases, diction, and general
character, with its interlarded Latin quotations, present
such a striking contrast to those of the same author's
" Apology,'* as at once to indicate its composition to be that
of a more experienced literary man than Stukeley could
pretend to be. Its real author is thus pointed out in a letter
from Chamberlain to Carleton, under date 4 December,
1618 : " S' Lewes Stukeley's pamphlet was penned by D'
Sharpe. He is now most commonly known and called by
the name of S' Judas Stukeley." ^
Dr. Lionel Sharp, or Sharpe (1559-1631), of whom a
memoir will be found in "D.N.B.," was in 1590 rector of
Tiverton and of Stoke-in-Teignhead, and retained the former
until his death. He was chaplain to Prince Henry, after
whose decease he got into trouble, and was imprisoned in
the Tower for a year. After his release he tried to regain
the royal patronage, and is said to have preach^ some
"obsequious sermons." Having had the opportunity afforded
him of further proving his loyalty by currying favour with
the King and of extolling the "goodness" of James, he
composed the tract that was published in Stukeley's name.
The latter, according to Spedding,
" Thinking perhaps that his first defence had failed of eflect for
want of literary skill — had now called in the aid of a practised
penman to point the sentences ; under whose hand the composition
lost all that appearance of simplicity and sincerity which formed
the merit of his own ' Apology,' and assumed a shape as unfit as
possible either to convince or conciliate an ill-affected public" (381).
1 *'S. P. Dom.," James I, CIV, n. 6.
304 ^ALEGHANA.
There seems to be a great probability that Dr. Sharpe was
called in by some one in authority, rather than by Stukeley,
to compose the tract, the information being mainly furnished
by the latter. (At page 11 he overlooks his position as
amanuensis, and speaks of Stukeley in the third person.)
With something like a sneer at Ralegh, who in his farewell
speech forgave Stukeley, Spedding affirms that the position
of the latter " became so uncomfortable that he appealed to
the King for help" (381), and hence the publication of the
"Petition," with the result that he ** contrived to turn every-
body against him," and blames Dr. Sharpe for exhibiting the
unfortunate Sir Lewes in an attitude and frame of mind
as insolent and offensive as he could, thereby making it
" although made to serve for a kind of advertisement ... a
most unfortunate precursor for the manifesto which the
government were preparing." This is the appeal to which
Spedding alludes (381-2) ; but it is recorded he (Stukeley)
made a personal one to the King, who snubbed him, after
he had used him as his principal tool, and had cited him
as one of his authorities in his "Declaration." The tone of the
Court generally towards him was a very bitter one.^ Sped-
ding adds, " Perhaps it was thought that the petition would
create a desire for information without satisfying it, and so
give the Declaration a greater value" (382) or, as Oldys
remarks, was "a mere concerted preparative to the said
declaration which so observantly followed it " (540). In all
these points Spedding appears to be acting rather as a special
pleader than as a biographer or an historian.
Stukeley was held in abhorrence long before the issue of
his second tract, and nothing bearing his name was at all
likely to eradicate this feeling. He terms himself (through
his amanuensis) "a poore instrument of the just desires of
the State," and affirms the reasons for his publication of the
tract were to repel " the scandalous aspersions " and " scarres
cast vpon " his reputation by Ralegh in his last speech, who,
to quote Stukeley's words, attempted " to blemish me in my
good name " (1, 2). But its perusal at once proves that the
aspersions complained of were remarkably few in number,
and, of the pp. 17 of the tract, are confined to pp. 11-14,
the bulk of the remainder being devoted to a series of depre-
ciations of Ralegh's character, altogether alien to the avowed
object of the work. After asserting that Ralegh was ** aym-
ing at a higher marke " than himself (i.e. at the King), a
1 Fide Gardiner, III, 153.
RALEGHANA. 305
number of miscellaneous charges against him are enumer-
ated, of which the following are some of the principal:
Statements to prove that he placed no tinist in the King s
" goodness," many hearsay utterances, assertions that he
slandered Queen Elizabeth as well as James, Lord Cobham
and the treason trial, the "pretence of the gold mine," Sir
N. Throgmorton, that he took " an oath vpon the Bible to
his Company in Guiana" which he purposed to break (in
this, as also in another matter, Lady Balegh's name was
introduced in an unwarrantable manner), incidents in the
Guiana voyage, the death of Essex, Ralegh's feigned illness ;
and concludes with the relation of a conversation that
Bal^h is said to have had with the Gatehouse keeper shortly
before his beheadal, and which is apparently introduced for
the sake of the innuendoes and comments upon it.
The following statements in the work contain the so-
termed "aspersions,** upon which the present writer adds
a few comments where necessary: —
"1. To answere in particular to the points, hee sayth first : I
neuer did receiue aduice from my Lo. Carew to make mine escape.
And I doe now verely beleeue he neuer did receiue any such
aduice, as I euer said to the Lords : But that Kaleigh tolde it vnto
Stucley, yea, and that many times, I will auow it vnto death,
and take the Sacrament vpon it" (11).
This last-named ofiFer was seemingly a favourite form with
him, as it is repeated on the last page (17) of the tract.
Balegh met this with an absolute denial in his final speech
(Shirley, 229).
"2. To the second; I neuer named my Lord Hay [Doncaster]
and my Lo. Carew, in other wordes and sence, then as my honour-
able friends: amongst other Lords my honourable friends. That is
very true, and I would the rest of his Honourable friends vnder-
stood how farre he named them, as well as I doe. But as euer I
beleeued, that he did abuse their Honourable names, to seduce
mee, and to draw me to his purpose " (11-12).
It is difficult to understand why Stukeley included this
in his list of "aspersions," which should be regarded as a
quibbling charge against Ralegh.
" 3. For the third, concerning the shewing of a letter to mee
about money, his wife if shee were put to her oath, can tell
whether it were so or no. But vnder the former protestation, I
auow it to be true, that he shewed me such a letter; though I
thinke it not true what the letter spake" (12).
VOL. XXXVII. U
306 RALEGHANA.
A letter from Naunton to Carleton of 15 August, 1616,
contains this note: ** Sir Walter Raleigh . . . was intercepted
at Greenwich by Sir Lewis Stukeley, Vice- Admiral of Devon,
to whom he vainly ofifered 10,0001. if he would fiy with him."^
In his speech on the scaffold, Ralegh thus vehemently denied
it:—
" Cast my Soul into everlasting fire if ever I made him oflfer of
10,0001. or 10001., but meerly I shewed him a Letter, that if he
would go ^yith me, his Debts should be paid when he was gone;
neither had I 10001., for if I had had so much, I could have
done better with it, and made my Peace otherwise " (229-30).
This is also recorded by him in his second testamentary
note.2 The phrase " former protestation " is probably a
reference to some report of his to the Council, as it is not
alluded to in his "Apology." It is noteworthy that his
" Petition " fails to mention this large amount which, if true,
would scarcely have been omitted. The qualifications re-
specting Lady Ralegh and the contents of the letter must
be deemed extremely unsatisfactory and unconvincing.
4. Stukeley asserted that Ralegh " protested that I per-
swaded him to goe to Sir Edward Parrham's (*Pelham,'
according to Shirley) father's house, which is most untrue"
(13) ; but this is not alluded to by Ralegh ; nor was any per-
suasion needed, as Sir Edward was a follower and a distant
relation of his. "He gave out," remarked Ralegh, "that
I had received some dram of Poyson in Sir Edward Pelham's
House: when I answered, that I feared no such thing; for
I was well assured of them in the House." ^ Here is Stukeley *s
account : —
" Sir Edward Parrham (Pelham) he thought to bee a Papist, to
bee a fit subiect of suspicion, which hee meant to cast vpon his
friend, who had so louingly and worthily entertained vs. For,
sayd Sir Walter, though the Gentleman would not hurt mee, yet
there might bee Priests or lesuites there that did it: For I
remember after my mornings draught, of a cuppe of Ale, which
Sir Edward Parrham offred me in the Hall, I felt presently a kinde
of excoriation in mine Intrails, as if some lesuit had beene the
Butler" (14).-*
1 ••Cal. S. P. Dora.," James I, XCVIII, n. 83, Cat., p. 565.
*-* Edwards, II, 494-5. » J. Shirley, 230.
* A variation of this charge appears in the "Declaration '* (55). Ralegh "said
in these words " to Stukeley : " As God sane niee, I thinke I haue taken poyson
where I lay the night before I came to this Towne [Salisbury] ; I know that
Master Parham is a great louer of the King of S(>aine, and a papist, and that
hee keepes alwaies a Priest in his house : but I will not haue any of you to
8{)eake of it, nor you Mounseer (speaking to Mannowry).'*
RALEGHANA. 307
The foregoing constitute the whole of the "aspersions"
recorded in his "Petition" that Stukeley complained of as
being cast upon his reputation, and which, according to the
title, formed the main ground for its publication. That the
Commissioners did not regard them as being of serious
import is proved by the small use made of them, notwith-
standing the efforts of the amanuensis to point out their
grave character.
That Stukeley (through Dr. Sharpe) was an adept in his
endeavour to shift the responsibility of his actions from him-
self to the King is apparent from his allegation that Ralegh
spent "his malice vpon mee your poore seruant, who did
nothing, but execute your iust Commands, with the perill of
my life " (3). But, except as to the peril, of which there was
neither proof nor probability, the assertion is true, although
less pointedly expressed than that contained in the "Apology."
Amongst the remarkable non-substantiated statements or
misstatements to be found in the tract, the following may
be noticed : —
1. Stukeley brought a counter - charge £igainst Ralegh,
which he thus relates : —
" One day ray selfe vpbrayding him with the notorious extreame
iniury he did my father, in deceiuing him of a great aduenture
which my sayd father had in the Tiger, when hee went to the
West Indies with my Vnkle Sir Richard Grenuill ; which was by
his owne confession worth fifty thousand pound ; which came all
to his bands, my fathers portion at the least being tenne thousand
pound that hee might lawfully clayme. He answered that the
Queene howsoeuer she seemed a great good mistresse vnto him in
the eyes of the world, yet was so vniust and tyrannous vnto him,
that she layde the enuie as well of this, as of many other her
oppressions vpon him " (8).
Oldys regards this as " a pretence " on the part of Stuke-
ley, and as '* one of the earliest motives to revenge . . .
against Ralegh " (537). It is noteworthy that Spedding, as
well as the author of the Memoir of Stukeley in the " D.N.B,"
appear to be the only writers who have entertained a more
favourable character of him than is the case among the
generality of authorities. The latter (" D.N.B.") affirms that
Stukeley had "an old grudge against Ralegh," and then
records the above story quoted from the " Petition," which he
accepts as a true one, adding this note : " It seems to have
been very much what might have been expected from an
honest but narrow- and vulgar-minded man who believed
V 2
308 RALEGHAl^A.
that he had an injury done to his father to redress." Eefer-
ence is made to the Memoir of Sir E. Grenville in the same
work, and by the same writer, but it contains no reference to
this story. There is not a tittle of evidence in support of
the possibility, or even of the probability of this recorded
occurrence being true, or that it was affirmed during Ealegh's
lifetime. It is not alluded to in the ** Apology," nor in any
of the contemporary comments on the ''Petition." It was
first mentioned in the latter, and was evidently one of
Stukeley's afterthoughts.
" 2. He swore vnto my selfe in the Lieutenants dining chamber,
the Wednesday after his commitment ; which was, That he loued
roe as well as any friend he had in the world ; to which I haue
substantiall witnesse" (11).
'*3. There is no mans displeasure can further hurt me, then hee
hath threatned me, That if I reuealed the things he tolde me in
priuate, I should die for it. And die for this cause I am content,
80 it be not by an assacinate " (12).
Comment on these two last sections is unnecessary. That
Ealegh could possibly have expressed his love for him is
inconceivable after he had discovered Stukeley's treachery.
4 While accusing Ealegh of "making of a lie," the
casuistical skill of himself (or of his amanuensis) is thus
displayed : —
*' The rather because hee had inuegled mee to hurt my kinsman
by telling of a lie, which I doubt that Diuinitie would not beare
but reason of State, (as the best Philosophers doe hold) doth beare
it to bee lawfull to lie for the discouerie of Treason to doe seruice
to the common wealth" (14-15).
A code of morality to which honest people would object,
but it was adopted and acted upon by Stukeley, who, he
affirms, had been ordered by the King so to do.
5. Akin to the preceding section is the following on an
earlier page : —
" But why did not you execute your Commission barely to his
apprehension on him in his house ] Why ? my Commission was
to the contrary, to discouer his other pretensions, and to seaze his
secret papers, &c. And can any honest Subiect question mine
honesty, in the performance of such a Commission, which tended
to the discovery of the secret intentions of an ill aflTected heart to
my Soueraigne ? How can any dislike this in mee, and not bewray
his owne dishonest heart, vnto the State?" (7).
RALEGHANA. 309
But as Stukeley himself records in his " Apology," he was
peremptorily ordered to convey Ealegh, safely and speedily,
to the Tower, and "rebukinge me of delaies and vain excuses/*
Of the nature of the commission he received we know but little;
there can, however, be little doubt that this reference to it
was another afterthought of his, in whicli he appropriated to
himself the substance of a conversation which took place in
the boat when Balegh was making his final attempt to
escape, and was then arrested by Stukeley. Captain King,
Balegh's faithful servant, was present all the time, and
recorded in a "narrative," which was read by Oldys, the
conversation and sequence of events, of which the following
is a portion : —
"They saw 'another wherry* approach, which Ralegh perceiving
they were some of Mr. Herbert*s crew, proposed to Stucley, seeing
they were discovered, and in respect of his safety, that he might
still remain in his custody ; and that Stucley should openly declare
to the watermen he was his prisoner; which he did. Here Stucley
and he fell into private discourse, contriving how Ralegh might
reach his house; and how Stucley might save himself harmless
by saying that he only pretended to go along with Ralegh in
order to discover his intentions, and seize upon his private
papers " (536).
Of this transaction, Gardiner expresses the opinion : —
** I incline to think this [Stukeley*s] to be the true account. . . .
By this course, it would seem, he hoped to wheedle Raleigh out
of his secret, and perhaps to get possession of papers which would
afford evidence of his designs " ( III, 1 40).
For the reason already given, the writer disagrees with
this belief of Gardiner.
Notwithstanding his averment " not to insult . . . the dead,
but to defend" himself (2), he calls Ralegh "a cancred
enemy to God and his Soueraigne" (16); and makes some
abusive remarks on his speech and demeanour when on the
scaffold, of which the following may be cited as examples : —
"An Angel of darkenesse, did put on him the shape of an Angel
of light at his departure, to performe two Parts most cunningly ;
First, to poison the hearts of discontented people ; Secondly, to
blemish me in my good name . . . with false imputations : . . .
All men haue long knowen, that this mans whole life was a nieere
sophistication, and such was his death, in which he borrowed
some tincture of holinesse, which he was thought not to loue in
his life, therewith to couer his hatred of others in his death" (2).
310 BALSGHANA.
He requests the Kiug's " leave to the confirmation of the
truth which I haue auowed to be sufficient; to receiue the
Sacrament vpon it in your Maiesties Chappel'* (17). On
this Oldys has some severe comments, such as, " if he did
receive the sacrament to confirm the truth of his assertions
. . . how would that justify the falsehood of his actions ; and
how his taking of the sacrament would be of any credit to
him, who has owned, that divinity would not hold his practices
lawful, &c." (540).
The tract concludes with a remarkable specimen of ful-
some adulation of the King, which could scarcely fail to
make even James I blush when he read it, notwithstanding
his claim to the divine right of kings. Here is the paragraph :
" The Justice of God, and the Justice of the King, did neuer
better meete together in one man." And although this is
succeeded by "Your Maiesties loyall Subiect and Seruant,
liOwes Stucley," the hand of Dr. Sharpe is easily discerned in
his attempt to regain the royal favour.
Spedding's examination of the " Petition " must have been
a very superficial one, otherwise he would not have de-
signated it ** a recital of facts, with answers to the aspersions
of which he (Stukeley) complained" (381). Stebbing's
assertion that facts and fiction are audaciously mingled in
the narrative (387) is a more just conclusion ; but in
reality the fullness of its fiction far outweighs the paucity of
its facts. Under the guise of a reply to Kalegh's ** asper-
sions," of which few are recorded, it mainly consists of a
series of misdeeds, coloured as highly as possible, and
affirmed to have been committed by Ralegh; but even if
the allegations were true, they were altogether alien to the
immediate and designated purpose of the tract. Spedding
tries to shield Stukeley as much as possible by attributing the
failure of the tract to Dr. Sharpe's offensive pen as an
"unfortunate precursor" for the "Declaration," which " the
government were preparing" (381); but he entirely over-
looks the fact that the latter was not " preparing," but was
already prepared, and that both tracts were being printed at
the same press, at the same time, and were published within
one day of each other.
Read by the light of subsequent events, the odium which
Stukeley, through the instrumentality of Dr.Sharpe,attempted
to heap on Jialegh's head, fell back on his own, and not only
served to intensify the public wrath against him, but to cast
discredit on all the statements in the tract which had been
issued under his name.
RALEGHANA. 31 L
Considered as a State document, the " Apology " must be
termed a very weak one ; and the " Petition," although much
more pretentious, must be regarded in a similar light. Put
forward nominally to vindicate Stukeley's character, they
utterly failed in their purpose, their real object being ap-
parently to render some assistance to the King and Council
in canying out the statements in, and designs of, the
"Declaration," and were doubtless written to order. It is,
however, difficult to understand why a tract like the
" Petition " which, from the character of its title, promised
so much and accomplished so little, should have been pub-
lished at all.
APPENDIX A.
" Sir Lewise Stukelyes Appollogie writte with his oime hand, and
deliuered to mee" ^
[MS., Ashmole, 830, 29.]
" I know full well that all actions of men, of whatsoever condi-
tion, in these censurious tymes shalbe scanned, as alredy I am
informed mine baue bine in the execution of my Souerains late
comands : Euen since yesterday that I parformed the same, com-
mittinge S*^ Walter Rawligh, and some of his adherant's and
instrument's to his intended scape from out of my custody to the
Tower. I haue bine accused for conspiracy and falshood towards
him : I therfore held it bee hoofifull for me to recollect the pas-
sages of my imployment Where w*^ I desier to satisfy all good and
honest men.
By a letter bearing date the 1 2*** of June from the right hono^^*
y* lord high Admtt of England I had y® first commaundment
giuen me for the apprihention of S' Walter Rawligh knight whose
shippe formerly had bine by Thom: Hardinge a publick Notary
and my deputy at Plymoth, by my commaund arrested :
After w*'** I receaued a letter from S' Robert Naunton prin*^
secretary to his Ma*" where in was incerted a comaund from y®
Kings Ma^ that I should bringe him to appeare before the Lords.
That I strained my commission to all y® libertie I could for his
aduautage both in giuinge him time and trust; himselfe hath
often acknowledged : and it doth if he would do otherwise,
appeare by the next letter w*=** I receaued from the lordes, of
the 23*** of July last, rebukinge me of delaies and vaine excuses :
That at Salsbury I did him all the best offices I could I referre
me to his owne conscience and to the testimony of those of the
lords that I feare me I halfe weried w*^ soUisitinge ther lordshipps
^ Elias Ashmole.
312 RALEGHANA.
aboue good manners for the accomplishment of all his desiers.
Nor had he euer an ill retome or negatiue aunswere to any request
I made in his behalfe.
Namly to both his sutes the one by m' secritary presented
to his ma*** the other by m' Viz : chamberline, the one for his
retiringe to his brothers house neere salsbury to recoeuer helth,
the other for proceeding onne towards London to his house in
Brodstreete, and for leaue to remaine there in my custody for 5
daies.
I omitt to repeate ouer the trauell, paines, and care I had in all
his sicknesse, and I appeale to his conscience, and the testimony
of his owne people, whither I declared my selfe freindly and
louingly or not: Nay I protest I could not haue pittied those
afflictions more then I did had they befallen the sonne of my
owne bodie, or my selfe.
At Andeuor I first discouered he had a designe a hatchinge and
that he had not omitted to make vse as he thought to aduantage
of all his supposed sufferings and m' Viz Chamberline's pittie who
gat him from his Ma^ leaue to haue 5 daies liberty to execute
what he had plotted for his escape in stead of his pretentions.
A perfect light wherof I haue not yet but credable information
I had as the euent hath manifested.
Sure I am so easie a man and so goodnatured did he find me,
as hee assaied to allure me to giue condicent to his escape. Now
beganne I to disauow his iudgment, (I confesse) and to disapprooue
his affection to me.
But when I considered how grosse an abuse of his Ma***" princly
goodnesse was heer intended : forming his Excellent Clemency to
the imadge of that tirany that he hath bifie acused for in the
practise of his life what tyme he was of greatnesse w*** her Ma*** of
worthy memory. I could not but abhorre his hipocrisie ; w*'** the
better to vnmaske, I seemed to condisent vnto him after I was out
of hope by comfortable raessadges from his hono^^* good freinde,
or by perswation to rectifie his affection and iudgment, w*'^ feare
had ouer strongly infatuated in him to his ruine : Beetweene
Stanes and London I added to the Knowlidge of his purpose
a certaine notion of his discouered practise, wher w*'* all his Ma***
beinge informed : I had shortly after the iniunction of his Ma***
to secretie, and commission to do as I haue done : Then was it
grone the secret of the Kinge, w*'^ to reuail or disobay had bine in
me treasonous trechery.
Nor can ther be giuen any reason. Why mine affection to any
ma should be other then subordinate and not contrary to my
publick dutie : Nor were his benifittes any thinge euer to me,
much lesse his desert, or the opportunitie of his fauour such as
could induce any man that hath y* conscience to loue him selfe to
ptake w*^ his ruine."
RALEGHANA. 313
APPENDIX B.
State Papers, Domestic, James I, Vol, XCIX, ns, 11,
11 (I), 25.
I. Sir R Naunton to Sir K. Wilson.
«igr
I read y* most of both yo' ires to his Ma*^, who
allowes well of yo' care & discreSoii) & hath given me direction
for y* inclosed, w®^ when yo" shall have perused, yo" may
seale them up, & deliver to M' lieutenante. I hope yo" will
every day get grownd of that hypocrite, that is so desirous to
dye, mortified man that he is. His Ma^^ was well pleased
^ih yQt pQgij script, & will thinke long for the ripening &
mellowing of yo'^ observacons & Conferences by w*'^ yo" ar to
worke upon that Creeple. The best Comfort I can give yo"
is, I hope yo^ shall not be long trobled w*^ him; proin tu
quod facturus es, fac cit6, & frontem Occasionis arripe & preme
quantum potes. Potes enim, & sane vis Vale.
Raptim. 1 4*> Septemb'*' 1618.
Yo' assured loving freind,
R. Naunton.
For yo' question whither M'^ Lieften* or
yo' selfe shud keep the Keys his Ma**®
referrs yo" both to the old custom e to be
ordered and concluded by.
[Endorsed] U Sept
M' Sec'y to me after the receyt of my
first 2 tres
That for the Keys we shold follow
the old order.
[Addressed] To my very loving freind S'
Thomas Wilson knighte."
enclosing
The copeis of M' Sec'J^" tre to M' licutena* 14 Sept.
cigr
His Ma*y* hath comanded me herby to require yo^ y*
vppo yo' receipt herof yow giue present order for y® remoueing
of S' Walter Rawleigh & of S' Tho. Wilson fro y« lodging
hee now is in, into y® brick towre, where S' Tho Wilso may
be better accomodated to give accompt of his charge then
wher they now are, <fe furder y* y® old man of S' W. be no
longer sufifred to attend or come to him, but y*' one of S' Tho
Wilsons seruants shall attend <^ serue him in his place and
looke to y* going out & coming in of his lynin apparell &
other necessaryes, ffor his health y® Phisitio <fe surgeon of y*
314 BALEGHANA.
tow re are allowed to come to him so it be in y* presence of S'
Tho. W. or one of his seniants y* shall waite vppo S' W. R.
in his owld seru^ roome.
[Endorsed] 14 Sept. 1618.
Copie of M' Sec'y* ire to M** Lieutenat for remouing
S. W. Rawly into the brick towre & putting away
his man and admitting his Phisicon & surgeo
for the Towe' sworn " [1]
II. Sir T. Wilson to Sir R. Naunton.
"To M'Sec. 17 Sept.
S'
Since my last ire yesterday morning I haue bene
wholly busied in remoueing this man to a saffer & higher
lodging, w*'** though it seemes nearer heauen, yet is ther noe
meanes of escape fro thence for him to any place but to Hell.
I haue by this meanes seene all his trinkets y^ he hath w^^
him and taken an inventory of everything he hath, because
I wold not haue myself and seruants charged w^^ what was
not there, w*'** is nothing of value as yo' Hon*" may see by
this coppy enclosed. As for y* dere diamond w*'^ is spoken
of, he saith he had neuer any such of Q. Elizbethes giuing
all y* he had S'^ Lew. Stukeley tooke fr5 him, saue only a
saphire ring w^*^ is his scale w*** he shewed me."
APPENDIX C.
Letter from the Cojnmissioners to the King, 18 October, 1618.
(From ** Letters and Life of Lord Bacon," by J. Spedding, Vol. VI,
pp. 361-2 ; quoted from "Gibson Papers," Vol. VIII, f. 21.)
" To the King.
May it please your most excellent Majesty,
According to your commandment given unto us, we have,
upon divers meetings and conferences, considered what form
and manner of proceeding against Sir Walter Ralegh might best
stand with your Majesty's justice and honour, if you shall be
pleased that the law shall pass upon him.
And first, we are of opinion, that Sir Walter Ralegh being
attainted of high-treason (which is the highest and last work of
law), he cannot be drawn in question judicially for any crime
or offence since committed. And therefore we humbly present
two forms of proceeding to your Majesty : the one, that together
with the warrant to the Lieutenant of the Tower, if your Majesty
shall so please, for his execution, to publish a narrative in print
of his late crimes and offences ; which (albeit your Majesty is not
bound to give an account of your actions in these cases to any
RALEGH AN A. 315
but to God alone) we humbly offer to your Majesty's commission, as
for that his late crimes and offences are not yet publicly known.
The other form (whereunto, if your Majesty so please, we
rather incline) is that where your Majesty is so renowned for your
justice, it may have such a proceeding; which is, that he be
called before the whole body of your Council of State, and your
principal Judges, in your Council-Chamber ; and that some of the
nobility and gentlemen of quality be admitted to be present to
hear the whole proceedings, as in like cases hath been used.
And after the assembly of all these, that some of your Majesty's
Councillors of State that are best acquainted with the case should
openly declare, that this form of proceeding against Sir Walter
is holden for that he is civilly dead. After this your Majesty's
Counsel Learned to charge him with his acts of hostility, depreda-
tion, abuse as Avell of your Majesty's commission as of your
subjects under his charge, impostures, attempt of escape, and
other his misdemeanors.
But for that which concerns the French, wherein he was rather
passive than active, and without which the charge is complete, we
humbly refer to your Majesty's consideration, how far that shall
be touched.
After which charge so given, the examinations read, and Sir
Walter heard, and some to be confronted against him, if need be,
then he is to be withdrawn and sent back ; for that no sentence
is, or can be, given against him. And after he is gone, then the
Lords of the Council and Judges to give their advice to your
Majesty, whether in respect of these subsequent offences, upon
the whole matter, your Majesty if you so please, may not
with justice and honour give warrant for his execution upon his
attainder. And of this whole proceeding we are of opinion that
a solemn act of council should be made, with a memorial of the
whole presence. But before this be done, that your Majesty may
be pleased to signify your gracious direction herein to your
Council of State ; and that your Counsel Learned, before the
calling of Sir Walter, should deliver the heads of the matter,
together with the principal examinations touching the same,
wherewith Sir Walter is to be charged, unto them, that they may
be perfectly informed of the true state of the case, and give their
advice accordingly. All which nevertheless we, in all humbleness,
present and submit to your ])rincely wisdom and judgment, and
shall follow whatsoever it shall please your Majesty to direct us
herein with all dutiful readiness.
Your Majesty's most humble,
and faithful servants, etc.
York-house, this 18tli of October, 1618."
[The Commissioners consisted of Abp. Abbot, Lord Chancellor
Bacon, Ix)rd Worcester, Sir Julius Csesar, Sir Robert Naunton,
and Sir Edward Coke.]
3 1 6 RALEGHANA.
APPENDIX D.
James I to the Commissioners for the Examination of
Sir Walter Raleigh,
(Fortescue Papers (Camden Society, 1872), 57-8.)
** Right trustie and welbeloved Counsellors, we greet you well.
We have perused your letter touching the proceeding with
Sir Walter Raleigh, in both which courses propounded by you we
find imperfeccion. As first we like not that there should be
only a narrative sett forth in print of his crimes togither with our
"warrant for his execution. And for the other course of a publik
calling him before our Counsell wee think it not fitt, because it
would make him too popular, as was found by experience at his
arraignment at Winchester, where by his witt he turned the
hatred of men into compassion of him. Secondly, it were too
great honor to him to have that course taken against one of his
sort, which we have observed never to have been used but toward
persons of great qualitie, as namely the Countesse of Shrewsbury,
and some such. Besides it would make too great a stirre to have
such sending of advice and directions to and fro as you mention in
your lettre. We have therefore thought of a middle course. That
he be called only before those who have been the examiners of
him hitherto, and that the examinations be read, and himself
heard, and others confronted with him who were with him in this
action. And that our Atturney and SoUicitor be employed to
informe against him [touching his actes of hostilitie, depredation,
abuse as well of our Commission as of our subjectes under his
charge, his imposture, attempt of escape, and other his misde-
meanors] : only for the French, we hold it not fitt that they be
named, but only by incident and that very lightly, as that he
should have escaped in a French barke. And then, after the
sentence for his execution which hath been thus longe suspended,
a declaration be presently putt forth in print, a warrant being sent
down for us to signe for his execution. Wherein we hold the
French Physitian's confession very materiall to be inserted, as
allso his own and his consorted confession that, before they were
at the Islandes, he told them his ayme was at the fleet, with his
8on*8 oration when they came to the town, and some touch of his
hatefull speeches of our person.
Indorsed : October 20. His Majestie to my
Lo. Chancellor Sir W. Raleigh."
(The words in brackets are added as an interlineation.)
RALEGH ANA. 317
APPENDIX E.
Stiikcley's " Petition."
[No title page.]
CoIophoD. "Imprinted at LONDON by Bonham Norton and lohn Bill,
Printers to the Kings most Excellent Maiestie. Anno 1618.''
"TO THE KINGS most Excellent Maiestie.
The humble petition and information of Sir Lewis
Stucley, Knight, Viceadmirall of Deuon, touching liis
owne behauiour in the charge committed vnto him, for
the bringing vp of Sir Walter Raleigh, and the scandalous
aspersions cast vpon him for the same.
Being deterred by your Maiesties more important affaires, from
any hope of redresse of those scarres cast vpon my reputation by
Sir Walter Raleigh at his death, without some remonstr^e of the
businesse made by my selfe ; I haue presumed to offer to your most
Excellent Maiestie, a iust defence of my carriage in that affaire :
Wherein as I hold it the part of an honest man, to preferr
publique duety before priuate affection ; so I cannot but keepe the
heart of a Gentleman, which is euer more sensible of a wound
giuen to his reputation, then to his life I haue no pleasure to fight
with a ghost : But seeing an Angel of darkenesse, did put on him
the shape of an Angel of light at his departure, to performe two
Parts most cunningly ; First, to poison the hearts of discontented
people ; Secondly, to blemish nie in my good name, a poore instru-
ment of the iust desires of the State, with false imputations :
Giue mee leaue, most Gracious Souereigne, to speake for my selfe :
which I doe not to insult vpon the dead, but to defend my selfe
against the false reports of the lining, taken from the dead vpon
trust, to strike me directly, but through my sides indirectly,
ayming at a higher marke. All men haue long knowen, that this
mans whole life was a meere sophistication, and such was his
death, in which hee borrowed some tincture of holinesse, which he
was thought not to loue in his life, therewith to couer his hatred
of others in his death. As it appeareth, that being moued by the
Deane of Westminster^ and thereupon promising charitie to mee in
the prison, doth thus vent his hatred on the Scaffold, in shew of
charitie to the liuing, to take heede of so dangerous a man. An
vncharitable charitie, not much vnlike that mans repentance,
who purposing to hang himselfe, writes his repentance of that
sinne before hand in his booke, which he did purpose to commit.
Yet will not I take vpon me to iudge of his last repentance,
I leaue him vnto God, to whom hee stands or falls, but I would he
had giuen a better signe of it, then by godly words at his death to
gather credit to himselfe to worke vpon the compassion of men.
318 RALEGHANA.
thereby to infuse more warily the venome of sedition into the
hearts of as many as hee might, and to gaine reputation vpon his
Soueraigne, but to spend his malice vpon niee your poore seruant,
who did nothing, but execute your iust Commands, with the perill
of my life. Witnesse his open inuitation of diners to his death,
wherein hee meant, as in his last Will and Testament, to leaue a
Legacie of his hatred vnto me, to be executed vpon me by them
to my destruction.
But it is nothing in respect of his generall end, to spread by
them whom hee had inuited, the contagion of his seditious humour
vnto others, which the euent doth manifest : That it growes verie
questionable, whether this man did more hurt by his life, or by his
death : By his life through his ill example ; By his death through
his false testimony to traduce the Justice & instruments of the
State. Yea but it was the testimony of a dying man, now a peni-
tent (as al say) as some say, a Saint, euen then when as himselfe
said, it was no time to flatter or feare Princes : yea, but it was the
testimony of an enemie, of a periur'd, of a condemned man.
First, of an enemie, and of an angrie enemie, euen with your
Maiestie that would haue iustice executed on him, vpon his
originall condemnation, who were satisfied, as he publikely did
speake of his innocencie in that cause, as priuately before hee
bewrayed his deepe discontentment, when it was vrged, that
the testimony of the Lord Cobham was neuer retracted, Sir Walter
Raleigh did peremptorily denie it. To whom answere was made,
that then the publike Act registred in the Counsell booke would
manifest it, for there it appeares. So faine would this man cast
aspersion vpon your Iustice for taking the life of an innocent in
that cause, wherein hee was condemned by his Countrey. When
this would not serue his turne, then did he flio to the Commission
of a generall ; pleading it as an implicit pardon of that former offence :
Not considering that being already a man condemned for treason,
he was, as the learned in the Law held, vncapable of another
triall, by which hee might haue been found as Nocent as before.
For he hauing a Commission, to goe into those parts of America^
vnpossessed by any Christian Prince in league with your Maiestie,
and no where else, either to plant or trade, hee made his designe
for the Riuer of OreonoquSj where hee knew the Subiects of the
King of Spaine were already planted, which, as he confessed vnder
his hand to your Maiestie, hee concealed from you ; and this vnder
pretence of his gold Mine, which he did apparently to this end, to
breake the League, and to imbroyle the two States. Many Generals
haue for exceeding their Commissions beene punished, euen for
good seruices : how then could he haue escaped, for this his dis-
seruice, being against his Commission, if hee might by the law
haue beene tryed vpon it ? Its cleere then, that he was angry with
your Maiestie for commaunding Iustice to bee done vpon him : how
then could hee chuse but be angry with mee the poore Instrument
RALEGHANA. 319
who brought him backe to lustice, from whence hee intended often
to make an escape 1
First at Sea, vpon his returne, making motion to be set on shore
in France, and to quit his Ship to his company on that condition ;
for the which hee was blocked vp in his Cabin a moneth together,
as himselfe hath confessed vnto mee, and is to be prooued by diners
of his company : By which it is cleere againe, that out of his
guiltinesse, he did not so much trust in your goodnesse, as hee
saide on the Scaffold hee did too much, or else he had not suffered
death. Next at Plymouth^ after hee was by your Maiesties speciall
command, committed to my keeping, hee plotted with two French
Captaines, by name with Captaine Flory^ and Captaine Le Orandy
to escape in one of their shippcs, then there in harbour, as he
then confessed to the Lords Commissioners, it beeing first euidently
prooued against him ; by which it appeareth againe, hee did not
trust your Maiesties goodnesse, as he writte and said at his death.
But 1 am sure by this he did much wrong my kindnesse, to my
yndooing, had not the goodnesse of heauen preuented him. Next
hee plotted his escape at Scdishury^ which my worthy Cozen
William Herbert first discouered to your Maiestie. Last vpon the
same Saturday when I receiued your Maiesties Commission by my
Cozen Herbert, by whom also I receiued intelligence, that at that
instant, he was flying from my custody without my priuity ; not
hauing as yet made him any semblance of condiscent, so that
I almost came on him at vnawares, euen at the instant that hee
was putting on his false beard, and his other disguisements :
Which declares hee did still distrust your goodnesse ; doubtlesse
out of the conscience of his guiltinesse, whatsoeuer he writte or
saide to the contrary. And is it any maruaile then, that he was
angry with mee at his death, for bringing him backe ] Besides,
that beeing a man, as he was thought, of so great a Wit, it was no
small griefe, that a man of so meane a wit as I, should bee thought
to goe beyond him. Yea, but you should not haue vsed such craft
to goe beyond him ; No ? Sic are deluditur arte, Ne-que enim lex
iustior vlla est qnam necis artifices arte perire sua. But why did
you not execute your Commission barely to his apprehension on
him to his house] Why? my Commission was to the contrary,
to discouer his other pretensions and to seaze his secret papers, &c.
And can any honest subiect question mine honesty, in the perform-
ance of such a Commission, which tended to the discouery of the
secret intentions of an ill affected heart to my Soueraigne 1 How
can any dislike this in mee, and not bewray his owne dishonest
heart, vnto the State ? Yea, but though another might haue done
this, yet how might you doe it beeing his kinsman and his
friende 1 Surely if I had beene so, yet in a publique imployment,
and trust laid vpon mee, I was not to refuse it, much lesse to prefer
private kindnesse or amity, before my publique duety and loyalty :
For what did I know the dangerous consequence of these matters,
320 BALEGHANA.
which were to bee discouered 1 or who knowes them yet, of those
that make themselues my competent ludges ? But if there were
no kindred or amity betweene vs, as I auow there neuer was, what
bond then might tie me to him, but the tie of compassion of his
miserie? which was in my Soueraignes heart to distribute, when
hee saw time, that did command mee, and not in the dispensation
of mee, nor of any other instruments power, that is to bee com-
manded. Hitherto I haue prooued hee was angry, both with your
Maiesty, & with my selfe, and therefore his testimony ought not
to be of any force against me. It followeth next to proue, that
his protestations and oathes, concerning others were false, both
before he came to the Scaifold, and vpon the Scaffold. Before,
against Queene Elizabeth of infinite famous memory, who aduanced
him with great fauour from the dust For one day my selfe
ypbrayding him with the notorious extreame iniury he did my
father, in deceiuing him of a great aduenture which my sayd
father had in the Tiger, when hee went to the West Indies with my
Vnkle Sir Richard Grenuill ; which was by his owne confession
worth fifty thousand pound : which came all to his hands, my
fathers portion at the least being tenne thousand pound that hee
might lawfully clayme : Hee answered that the Queen howsoeuer
she seemed a great good mistresse vnto him in the eyes of the world,
yet was so vniust and tyrannous vnto him, that she layde the enuie
aswell of this, as of many other her oppressions vpon him ; and
that shee tooke all the pearle in a Cabinet vnto her selfe, without
euer giving him so much as one pearle. This hee swore to me, and
to Captaine Pennington, he did so basely and barbarouslie raile
vpon that our most excellent Queene oftentimes, as hee can attest,
that no man hath cause to beleeue his oath against others, that
would breake his oath of Allegeance to so excellent a mistresse,
that had raysed him from such meannesse to such greatnesse, as
we of his countrey did well know.
Kow that hee swore that he was not guiltie of the plotting of
the Earle of Essex death, nor did insult vpon him being dead,
there is a Gentleman of worth, which about that time came from
out of a long captiuitie, which hee had suffered in Spaine, who
touched at Sherborne, and Sir Walter Raleigh asked him^ What
they said in Spaine of Essex death : He answered. They heard not
of it there : But that he was sory he heard in the Iland voyage.
That the Earle had brought him to his mercy. To which Sir
Walter Raleigh answered, But I trust I am now quittance with
him ; which this Gentleman is ready to attest. Besides, in his
I^etters written to others, hee did ordinarily vpbraid him. That
hee died like a Crauen : and in another. That the great boy dyed
like a Calfe : And he was often heard to say, That he died like a
foole, and like a coward. So persecuting his ghost, and insolently
trampling in his ashes; that it thence grew into many mens mouthes;
That it was better to be a lining dogge, then a dead Lyon. But a
RALEGHANA. 321
more euident demonstration there cannot be of any thing, then
that an olde Warder of the Tower will depose, that hee saw
Sir Walter Ealeigh the night before the Earles suffering, with his
footman onely with him, to come to the Tower, and heard him
gioe strait instructions to the Lieutenant of the Tower for execu-
tion of the Warrant, for that worthy Lords execution, which
shortly followed him. Whether then he forswore not himselfe
euen at his death for publique applause, about the not plotting
the destruction, and not insulting on the death of that most noble
Earle, and excellent Saint of God ; whose Christian humilitie and
charitie, if Sir Walter had followed, hee had not called his
repentance and Saintship so farre into question, as now he hath
done, and so seditiously haue poisoned the hearts of discontented
people, nor so maliciously wounded the reputation of an honest
Sabiect : Who vpon iust reason, beleeuing the disloyall and dis-
honourable wordes spoken by such a proud e vassall against your
sacred person to Monsieur Manoury, as other his disloyall deeds
which hee intended against you : That if he had escaped, he was
like to prooue as dangerous a Traitour to this Growne, as euer
Antonio de Peres was to the Growne of Spaine; tooke them to
heart, and performed my best deuayer to bring him vnto Justice.
Bat whether, I say, hee forswore not himselfe in these things, I
referre my selfe to them that are better acquainted with the
Tragoedie of that time.
Not to forget in the end, that which hee confessed himselfe
vnto me and others, that he tooke an oath vpon the Bible to his
Company, which he purposed to breake ; which periury, his Lady
hath said, was the cause of all his ruine. And what interpretatid
can my greatest enemie make of his oath, which voluntarily he
swore vnto my selfe in the Lieutenants dining chamber, the
Wednesday after his commitment ; which was. That he loued me
as well, as any friend he had in tlie world ; to which I haue sub-
stantial! witnesse. But in all these things he vsed an aequiuoca-
tion, as he doeth in these things now concerning me. To which I
answere in generall once for all, Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, father
to his wife, was thought iustly to except against the testimonie of
one Vaughan, brought against him, because he was a condemned
man : And may not I then except against the testimonie of
Sir Walter Raleigh, vrged against me vpon the Scaffold, comming
from an Outlaw after ludgeraent, euen in a case of high Treason t
Yet to answere in particular to the points, hee sayth first ; I neuer
did receiue any such aduice from my Lo. Careto to make mine
escape. And I doe now verely beleeue he neuer did receiue any
such aduice, as I euer said to the Lords : But that Raleigh tolde it
vnto Stucley, yea, and that many times, I will auow it vnto death,
and take the Sacrament vpon it.
To the second ; I neuer named my Lord Hay, and my I^.
CareWf in other wordes and sence, than as my honourable friends :
VOL. XXXVII. X
322 RALEGHANA.
amongst other Lords my honourable friends. That is very true,
and I would the rest of his Honourable friends vnderstood how
farre he named them, as well as I doe. But as euer I beleeued^
iliat he did abuse their Honourable names, to seduce mee, and to
draw me to his purpose : So did I promise to my selfe, that some
of the chiefe of them being ioyned in the bond either of blood or
affinitie with mee, a poore Gentleman, would be a comfort vnto me
in the way of my loyaltie, and renounce the testimonie of such a
disloyal man, that was neuer true to any, but to himselfe. There
is no mans displeasure can further hurt me, then hee hath
threatned me. That if I reuealed the things he tolde me in priuate,
I should die for it. And die for this cause I am content, so it be
not by an assacinate : But whensoeuer I die,' there shall die your
Maiesties faithf uU and loyall seruant, and one jthat will part with
his blood at as deere a rate as he can.
For the third, concerning the shewing of a letter to mee about
money, his wife if shee were put to her oath, can tell whether it
were so or no. But vnder the former protestation, I auow it to be
true, that he shewed me such a letter; though I thinke it not
true what the letter spake. I omit his periury in swearing hee
had no designe for Fraunce; when as Sir lohn Fearne, and
Captaine Penington are able to testifie vpon their oathes, that hee
often told them hee had commission to stand them in stead
from the High Admirall of France, which confirmes the testimony
of M, Mannowry, who saw the Commission at Flimmouth, as he
will depose it. I vrge not his periury in that Article concerning
Sir John Feame, that he neuer had it in his thought to goe from
Trinidado, to leaue his company : which Sir John Feam is ready
to prooue, by the deposition of CO. persons, that Sir Walter pro-
pounded it vnto them, whatsoeuer he intended. And therefore
how this man equiuocates at his death, all the world may see. O
barbarous cruelty, to leaue so many gentlemen, when hee had
secretly heard that his son was dead, to the mercy of their
enemies, without hope or meanes to returne. Where hee also
pers waded Captain Penington to goe away, who answered liim,
hee would rather die then lay the guilt vpon his soule of the
death of so many gentlemen : But if I would, you lately swore
you haue no money left, quoth Captaine Penington^ without which
wee cannot victual 1 at Virginia; Tut, whatsoeuer I swore (sayd
Sir Walter) I haue 300, pieces in a corner at a dead lift ; as he
confessed also to the Lords that he gaue one hundred and fifty
pieces to his company to come home : And how then can that be
true, which he swore at his death, that hee carried but 60, pieces
with him, and brought home neere the same summe. Certainly
periury was but a Peccadillio with this man, which he shewed
also towards me, when he protested that I perswaded him to goe to
Sir Edioard Parrham* fathers house, which is most vntrue : For
Sir Walter Raleigh hauing a secret intention, which afterwardes
RALEOHANA. 323
appeared to play the mountbanke at Salisbury to pretend the
taking of a doze of poyson, by which hee deceiued mee first, that by
me he might deceiue others, which was a most base vnmanly part;
thought Sir Edward Parrhams fathers house, whom he thought to
bee a Papist, to bee a fit subiect of suspicion, which hee meant to
cast vpon his friend, who had so louingly and worthily entertained
▼8. For, sayd Sir Waiter^ though the Gentleman would not hurt
mee, yet there might bee Priests or lesuites there that did it:
For I remember after my mornings draught, of a cuppe of Ale,
which Sir Edward Farrham ofired me in the Hall, I felt pre-
sently a kinde of excoriation in mine intrails, as if some Jesuit had
beene the Butler. Now when I saw the pustales breake out vpon
him at Salisbury, my Compassion I confesse was too credulous to
report from his mouth so much, wherein I made no lie, but told a
lie : Non mentientis astu, sed compassionis affectu, which hath
beene ill requited by him to whom I shewed it. But I am
heartily sory for it, that being so farre abused as I was, I should
wrong my true kinsman, which mooued mee after to no small iust
indignation against Sir Walter, who had thus abused vs both.
When I heard of his often purposes to escape to mine vndoing, to
draw him forward to it, which hee intended of himselfe by making
of a lie, Non amore meTidacij, sed officij, the rather because hee had
inaegled mee to hurt my kinsman by telling of a lie, which I
doubt that Diuinitie would not beare but reason of State, (as the
best Philosophers doe hold) doth beare it to bee lawfuU to lie for
the discouerie of Treason to doe seruice to the common wealth.
Yea, but they say, that hee hath not left so sufficient a man
behinde him, and that therefore his death is a losse to the
common-wealth ; I doubt much of both ; But no man denies, but
he had many sufficiecies in him : But what were these, but so
many weapons of practise and danger to the State, if hee escaped,
being so deepely tainted in so many points of discontent, dis-
honesty, and disloyaltie ? He knew, as he writ, that as in nature,
so in policy, A priuatwne ad habitum non fit regressio, and there-
fore being desperate of any fortune heere, agreeable with the
height of his minde, who can doubt, but he would haue made vp
his fortune elswhere vpon any tearmes against his Soueraigno and
Countrey 1 No Coriolanus heart could bee more vindicatiue, then
he was vnto them to whom he did impute his fault. Yea, but
hee died most resolutely : Yea, but he was taken most sheepishly.
Neuer was there man out of the conscience of his owne corruption
and guiltinesse so cowed at his taking, as he was, trembling and
weeping to come before lustice. Yea but he gathered his spirits
afterwards, and died resolutely. £uen so hath many a lesuit
done at Tybume ; a cancred enemy to God and his Soueraigne :
But with this difference, that they died in hope of false Martyr-
dome, and this with a desire of a false popular fame.
But he died like a Saint too : Hee hath before verie much
X 2
324 ^LEGHANA.
called his Saintshippe into dispute by the carriage of his life:
Wee may now iudge of it, by that hee did a night before his
death, who after his Conferences with the Deane of Westminster,
for his better instruction, and preparation of his soule for God,
called the Keeper of the Gatehouse (Master Weekes) to him, and
was curiously inquisitiue to know, whether hee had any Romish
Priests vnder his charge, and custodie, and what they were ; but
ypon his answere (that he had not any) whether hee mistrusted
that Master Weekea would not deale plainely with him, or would
not bee true vnto him, hee presently surceased from any further
Inquisition of that matter ; which whether it might proceed of an
irresolution in the Religion wherein hee professed himselfe to die, or
out of a popular affectation to insinuate and applie himselfe to all
factions, I leaue it to the censure of the Judicious Reader, and of
such as best obserued the whole Scene of his action vpon the
Scaffold. But to go further, they say he died like a Souldier &
a Saint, & therfore then to be beleeued, not only against me, but
against the attestation of the State. 0 wicked times, to say no
more ! But my hope is that Religion and the feare of God, and
the conscience of our duty and loyaltie to your Maiestie, will sway
more with the most and best, by that time men shall from the
State be better informed. Opinionum commenta delehit diea^
veritatis ivdicia confimiabiU saith TtUly. Wherfore I doe heere
* make two most humble petitions to your most excellent Maiestie.
First, that seeing I your poore loyall Subiect am burthened and
oppressed, with the Testimony of a bitter enemy, of a periurd and
condemned man, which is against all reason, conscience, and law :
That I may haue your Maiesties leaue to the confirmation of the
truth, which I haue avowed to be sufficient ; to receiue the Sacra-
ment vpon it in your Maiesties Chappel. The next is, that your
Maiestie will be so gracious vnto mee, as to suffer a declaration to
come forth from the State, for the cleering of these matters, and
further satisfaction of the world : By which it may appeare, that
the lustice of God, and the Justice of the King, did neuer better
meete together in one man : Which my iust and humble request,
I hope your Maiestie will not deny to
Tour Maiesties loyall Subiect
and Seruant^
LEWES STVCLEY.'^
HllL'Tll ZEAL.
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
Part V.
ASH AND SOUTH ZEAL IN SOUTH TAWTON.
BY ETHBL LBGA-WBEKB8.
(Read at Princetown, 20 July, 1005.)
AM offeriug this year extracts from old documents relating
the most part to properties in the manor of Ash,^ alias
Pbst Ash, and in the borough of South Zeal.
S I. AT THE RP:C0RD OFFICE.
1364, 15 July. (Translated Abstract, K L.-\v.) A writ di-
Tected by Ed. Ill to John de Monte Acuto, John de Ferrars,
Chivaler, Will Bonevill, John de Ferrers de Church . . ., William
Wyke, William Metton, Michael Skilling, John de Estbury,and
Peter de Bruges, stating that on the 28 Oct. in the 36th year of
the reign, certain lands & ten'ts that had been held in Capite
bj Jolm de Oarreu having come into the king's hand by reason
<rf the death of the s*d J. C. & of the minority of his heir, the
^king assigned in dower to Elizabeth who had been wife of the
ffA J. C. the manors of Gamelton, Ot'y mohun & Monketon, in
O*. Devon, and the manor of Andeport in Co. Sutht. as is re-
corded on the rolls of the Chancery, but that it is submitted
hy Leonard son and heir of the s'd J.C. that in the assignation
of this dower the king was deceived, inasmuch as the s'd J. C.
had no estate in the s'd manors on the day that he died,
wherein the s*d Elizabeth could have any right of dower
ageing that William Chaylon and Vincentius de Berstaple
[feoffees] had granted the said manors to the said John Carew
and Margaret his first wife now deceased, to have and to hold
to the s'd J.C. & M. and the lawful heirs of their bodies, and
•that whereas the said Leonard is the legitimate son & heir of
■ the &'d J. C. & M. he petitions that the manors may be resumed
into the king's hands & granted & conceded to himself.
The Commissioners are directed to examine into the matter.
(Pat. Roll, 38 Ed. Ill, Part 2, m. 46d.)
1 See *• Trans." XXXIII, p. 442; XXXIV, 687.
326 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
1364. Writ directed to Thos. Cheyue, escheator of Devon ;
to deliver Galmeton, etc, to Leon*^ de Carreu.
(Kot. Orig., 38 Ed. Ill, m. 8.)
1408. (Translated Ab8tract,E.L.-w.) A long suit, 10 Hen. IV,
concerning the inheritance of John Lercedeakne, Kt. (39
Ed. Ill) and Cecily his wife. His sons Odo Warin and Ealph
having died without heirs male, Thomas, the son of a younger
son Richard, contests the property against the daughters of
Warin and their husbands, viz Philippa and Hugh Courtenay
Kt., Alianora & Walter Lucy, Margery & Thos. Arundel, who
have entered upon and hold it contrary to the provisions of a
fine levied in 39 Ed. Ill by J.L. & C. The lands include "unum
molendinum, medietas unius carucate tre, decern acr' bosci &
duodecim' librate redditus cum pertin* in Villa de S. T."
(De Banco, Mich. 10 Hen. IV, Roll 590. m. 457. See also
"The Genealogist" (new), Vol. XV, p. 215).
1422-3. (TranslatedAbstract,E. L.-W.) Inq.p.m.^ of Thomas
Archdeken, taken at Exeter 1 April [10 Hen V]. The jurors
James Deancombe, — Whitelegh, Hen. Person, John Orlhole,
Juu, John Furse, etc, say that Thomas Archedeken . . . held
no lands or tent's in the s'd Co. of the king or by . . . service
[MS. defective] but that a certain Joseph . . . was [enfeoffed]
of the manor of Legham with its members called Manedon
& Colrygg in the s'd Co. which manor the s'd Joseph after
the death of the s'd Thos. by lus writing now in evidence
dated at Legham the Monday after the feast of St. Matthew,
8 Hen. V, gave and granted to Joan late wife of the s'd
Thomas and to her issue by the s'd Thos., and that the s'd
manor is held of Philip Courtenay, son & heir of John
Courtenay Kt. defunct, now a ward of the king, as of his
manor of Palesby, by military service.
And they say that the s'd Thomas, the day that he died
held in his demesne as of fee tail to him and to his heirs male
by the s'd Joanna 20 messuages, 3 carucates of arable land,
. . . pasture, 10 libra tes of land with appurts in Bokeland
in the More, Hoo, Southtawton, Whythebrygge, Okeford,
Churchill, Visham, and Lobbe, . . . messuagior terrar' & ten
suor ib'm ac in dyn'da Wyk (i.e. Dinorda Week, Co. Corn.).
And if Thomas should die without heirs male . . . remainder
to Henry Larchedekne son of John lerchedekne, . . . remainder
to Martin lerchedekne, '*c/erico", and the legitimate heirs
male of his body . . . remainder to Cecilia late wife of John
lerchedekne, Kt., defunct. ... [as in] a certain deed made by
^ The original, in Latin, is very worn, and in parts illegible.
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB. 327
William Squyer and John Tregodenowe,and dated at Heaunton
punchardon 13 Oct. 3 Hen. V.
And they say that 8 messuages, 1 car. land, 12 ac. wood,
100 ac. past. 20" rent in Bokeland in the More, parcel of the
aforesaid tenement, are held of the heir of John Brightle, a
ward of the king, as of his manor of Stokentynhide, by
military service, which s'd John holds the s*d manor of Hugh
Courtenay, earl of Devon, by mil. service. And the s'd manor
(" tarn p mortem ipius Joh'is ac occ'one terrar & te'n p'dci
Hugonis temps obitus p'dci Joh'is nup' in man' d'ci d'ni Eegis
existen '*) is now in the hand of the king.
And they say that 6 acres of wood and £9 rent^ in the
s'd " villa " of SoUTHTAWTON with appurts, parcel of the s'd
tenement, are held of the Earl of Warwick, but by what
service they know not, and that the reversion thereof is worth
nothing yearly before it falls due (accident). And they say
that two messuages in Hoo are held of Edward Pomei-oy, . . .
and that 1 mess. & J par. land in Whytebrygge parcel of the
s'd tent, in W. is held of Joan who was wife of John Courtenay
Kt. defunct, . . ., and that 1 mess, and i car. in Okeford is
held of Edmund Pyne, . . . and that 4 mess. & J car. in
Churchill & Visham are held of the Earl of Huntingdon, . . .
and that 4 mess. & J car. in Lobbe are held of Ric. Denysell
& Joan his wife as by right of the s'd Joan.
They say also that the s'd Thomas Archedeken died seized
in his demesne as of fee tail by the gift & grant of Henry
Lerchedekne to the s'd Thos. & the heirs male of his body, of
5 messuages, 1 toft, 120 ac. land, 20 ac. past. & 4' rent, in
Pydekewill, Ouerham, Netherham, Ilfredescome, Barnestapill,
6 Aslond . . . paying for the same to the s'd Henry & his
heirs £4 per an. And that the sd 60 ac. land worth £36
per an. & 20 ac. past, worth 13* per an. in P. are held of the
Earl of Huntingdon, and that the s'd 4 mess & 40 ac. land
in 0. & N. are held of Kobert Chalons C'chi ?") & are worth
XX" per an. & that the s'd 4' rent issue from a tent, in I. and
are held of Kichard Haukeford & Elizabeth his wife as in her
right. And that the 1 mess. & 20 ac. in A. are held of Richard
Comewaiir & are worth vi* viii^. And that the s'd Thos.
held no other lands or tents in the s'd Co. . . . etc. and that
he died 4 Feb. last. And John the son of the s'd Thomas by
Joan his late wife (now living) is his heir & is aged 27.
(Inq. E., Ser. I, File 659, No. 1.)
1510. (Translated Abstract, K.L.-W.) 28 Jan. 1 Hen. VIII.
Inq. of John Carewe de Hakcombe. The jurors (among
* Qy . : Was this the Manor of Ash ? See XXXIII, 407 ; XXXIV, 687.
328 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WTKE.
whom I recognize no S. Tawton names unless John Ash & John
Martin) say that the sd J.C. was seized of 3 messuages, 1 mill,^
3 caruc. land, 10 ac. field, & 10 ac. wood in the Manor of S. T.
in his demesne as of fee tail, by the gift & concession of Joan
late wife of Robert Vere, kt.^ which said messuages, etc, are
held of the king as of his said manor of S. T. by military
service and are worth per an. clear £12 10', and that Bichard
Lychefeld, "clericus," by the hand of John Walsche occupied
the s'd three messuages & premises with appurts, and received
the issues and profits thereof from 22 Nov. 22 Hen. VII to
the feast of St. Michael 23 Hen. VII, the late king. And
that Thos. Denys of Holcomb Burnerd, Armiger, from that
feast of St. Mich^ Anno 23 of the late king to the feast of
St. Mich* A® 1 of the present king, occupied & received the
issues & profits of the s'd 3 messuages, etc.
(Exch. Inq., Ser. II, 149, 12.)
1511. 2-3 Hen. VIII. (Translated Abstract, E. L.-W.) Inq.
of John Oarewe of Hakcome, Ar, held at Exeter 12 March
2 Hen. VIII, by the oath of Will. Crugge, John Lympney,
Henry Copleston, Will. Shapton, John Symon, Peter Wylford,
Eobt. Kensey, John Boway, Laurence Prous, Thos. Oliver,
John Yoe, Ric. Seyntill, Nich. flemmyng. John Weston & Thos.
Bede ; who say that the s'd J. C. was seized in his demesne as
of fee, of the manor of Ayshe with appurts in the town
(villa) of Southtauton and in the same hundred, in the s'd
Co. Also of £12 5» 8'» annual rent, 1 mUl 20 ac. wood 10 ac.
f & h in Whedon called the Barton land, in the " villa " of
S.T. & in the same hundred. And the s'd manor, rent, mill,
etc, were held of the " precavissimo d'no" Hen. VII. father
of the present king by military service, as of his manor of
S. T. which s'd manor of Ash, etc, devolved into the hand of
the present king by reason of the minority of John Carewe
son and heir of the s'd John Carewe defunct. And the s'd
manor of Ash is worth yearly, clear, £13 12*. And John
Carewe the father died 18 July 18 Hen. VII, and John Carewe
is his son & next heir & is aged nine years.
(Exch. Inq., Ser. 11, 150.)
1 Query : Frog Mill ? or Week Mill ?
* Sir Robert Vere, from whom descended the Earls of Oxford, was the second
husband of Joane, whose first husband was Nicholas Carew, baron Hydron,
aet, 22, 9 Hen. VI. She was daughter of Sir Hugh Courtnay of Haccombe
and Boconnoc (ob. 1425, vide Inq. n.m. 3 Hen. VI, No. 80) by his second wife,
Phillippa, d. of Sir Warren Archnekne of Haccombe, who had held in S.T.
2 Hen. IV, and was her mother's co-heiress (XXXIV, 687, and Vivian),
' In the opinion of an expert the £12 5s. 8d. rent was probably included
in the value of the manor £18 128., and did not necessarily arif>e out of the
Barton land.
HKI6HB0UBS OF NOBTH WYKB. 329
1527. 18 Hen. VIII. (TranslatedAbstract,E.L.-w.) Thomas
Battifdiill was seized of 2 tenements 40 ac. land 20 ac. field
& 1 com mill with appts. in Meddelwek in the manor of
S. T. in his demesne as of fee tail, (held of John Carewe de
Haccombe as of his manor of Aysshe) and of 1 mess. 100 ac.
land, 20 ac. field. (Ch. Inq. p.m. 45, 120.)i
1516-17. (Translated Abstract, E. L.-W.) 8 Hen. VIII. Inq.
p.m. of John Shylston Held at Okehampton. Jurors: — Will'
Wyke, Thos. Bydlake, Steph' Tok', Will. Oxenham, Henry
Pollesland, Bobert Addiscott, etc who say that J. S. held
{among lands in various parishes) 4 messuages & 40 ac. land
in the borough of Lydford, 1 mess & 100 acr. in Goseford of
John Carewe de Haccombe, as of his manor of Asshe, and in
Yolden of John Kyrkeham as of his manor of Whytecrosse.
Walter Wrey is a feoflFee. (Ch. Inq. p.m., Ser. II, 31, 34.)
1526. (Translated Abstract, E.L.-W.) Inq.p.m. held at Exeter
3 Oct 18 Hen. VIII. of Robert Donnyng who was seized in fee
tail of 1 mess. 100 ac. land, 40 ac. past, 20 ac. field in EsTE
Weke in the manor of S.T. held of John Carewe de Haccombe
as of his manor of Aysshe, worth £3 per an. Also (in fee
tail) of 2 tents. & 4 ac. land in Sele in the sd. manor, of S. T.
held of Henry Walys & John Wonston who hold from the
king as of his manor of S. T. parcel of his earldom of Warwick^
in free socage & worth 16* per an. Also (in free socage) of
20 ac. land in Great Toryton held of Henry Duke of Richmond
& Somerset as of his manor of Toryton parcel of his Duchy
of Exon, and worth 16' per an. Also of 1 mess. 60 ac. land
& 10 ac. field in the parish of Were, held of Bart. Fortescu
as of his manor of Were Gilford and worth 20* per an. The
sd. R D. died 10 Aug. 17 Hen. VIII. and John Dunning is
the son & heir of the s'd Robert and is aged 28.
(Exch. Inq., Ser. II, 165, m. 9.)
1563(?) (Translated Abstract, E. L.-W.) Inq. p.m. of William
Knapman, S'* taken at Exeter Castle, 6 Eliz. by the oath of
» 2 Ed II. WiU*s de Bateshull by his att. Ric. de Chaddesden, v. Tho. de
Swaneseye k Joh. le Porter de Lideford, in a plea of trespass, j} W. de
Norwyco. (Exch. of Pleas, P.R. 32, m. 40, also ni. 65d.)
2 Ed. II. Walt, de Blackbrome, Will, de Batteshull, Ric. Middelworthy,
Bog. de Wolaraore k ceteris Stagm'natores, etc. {Ibid.^ ra. 24d.)
12 Ric. II. Benedict Boteshale, quer, v. Rad'm Parys Capellan.
{Ibid,, 106, m. 13d.)
23-26 Hen. VI. Joh. Yeo, arniig. quer, Will. Battyshill k Marg. iix*
eiu8, deforc. de 1 mess, 3 ferl' t're, etc, in Petrokstowe.
(Ped. Fin. Dev., File 87, No. 210.)
For other Battishill Inqns., see XXXIII, 456.
330 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
Greorge Ford, Ar. John Raleigh, Ar. Thos. Yarde, gen. Thos.
Sentclere, gen. Christopher Martyn gen. Geoffrey Thorns,
Will. Noble, Eic. Hockleye, Hen. Sewarde, Humph. Lee, John
Stokkelye, Peter Lyde, Kic. Collyns & Chr. CoUope, who say
that W. K. was seized in 3 messuages, 200 ac. lands, 30 ac. field,
30 ac. past. 20 ac. furze & heath,& 4 ac. wood, in South Wouston
North Wonston & Nordon, in the p'sh of Throwlegh (held of
Walt. Code, Ar. as of his manor of Throwley in free socage
& worth 100" clear) Also in 1 mess. 200 ac. land, 20 ac. field,
& 3 ac. wood, called Crofte in the p. of Okehampton (held of
Robert Carye of Begbeare by fealty, and worth £4) Also in
1 mess, 20 ac. land, 10 ac' field, 20 ac. past. 20 ac. f. & h.
called Crebeare in the p. of Gydleigh (of the s*d Walt. Code,
& worth 20") Also in 1 mess. 60 ac. land. 10 ac. field, 20 ac.
past. 10 ac. f. & h. called Coliforde in the parish of S. T. (held
of George Molyns Ar. in free socage, & worth 30' clear) Also
in 1 mess. 40 ac' land, 8 ac. field, 10 ac. past. 6 ac. f. & h. called
EsTWEKE in the p. of S. T. (held of Thos. Donnynge in free
socage & worth £20) Also in 3 mess. 100 ac. land, 20 ac. field,
20 ac. past. 100 ac. f. & h. called Gosseforde & Ayshe in the
p. of S. T. (held of Thomas Carewe of Haccombe, Ar. as of his
manor of S. T. & worth £5 per an.) Also in 3 messuages,
40 ac. land, 20 ac. field, 20 ac. past. 4 ac. f. & h. in the town
(villa) of S. T. now in the occupation of Henry Arscott (held
of John Wadham, Ar. in free socage & worth £4 per ann.)
Also of 1 mess. 40 ac. land, 10 ac. field, 20 ac. past, 10 ac. f.
& h. called Senthill, in the p. of Morton Hampstede (held of
the Queen as of her manor of Southtenge in free socage &
worth 40') Also in 1 mess. 40 ac. land, 8 ac. field, 20 ac. past.
40 ac. f. & h. called ffenton alias Venton lying in the p. of
Drewsteynton (held by fealty of Thos. Moncke, Ar. & worth
20') Also in 3 mess. 20 ac. land, 10 ac. field, 20 ac. past
40 ac. f. & h. called fiforde murchington and Througleigh in
the p. of T. (held of Walt. Code in free socage & worth £4)
Also in 1 mess. 20 ac. land, 8 ac. field, 20 ac. past. 40 ac. f.
& h. in Gydleigh (held of Walt. Code & worth 20-) Also in
4 mess. & 4 ac. land with appurts in Zele (held of the queen
in free socage & worth 40* clear)
And the s*d William Knapman died 6 Nov. last and William
Knapman, Jun. aged 40, is his son & next heir.
(Inq. p.m. C. Vol. 138, No. 17.)
1588(?) (Translated Abstract, e. L.-W.) Special licence of the
queen to William Oarew, Ar. allowing him to give, grant,
or convey to John Dingle, 3 acres of land in Whiddon Dounb
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE. 331
in the parish of S. T. lying between a place called Crockholl
on the N. & the queen's highway leading from Okehampton
to Exeter on the S., and between a certain cross (" crucem ")
called Martyns Crosse on the W. & a cross called Northwaye
CROSSE on the E. which land Carew holds of the queen in
capite "p. servicia inde debita & de jure consueta."
(Pat. EoU, 6th part, 31 Eliz.)
1595 (?) (Translated Abstract, E. L.-W.) 38 Eliz., Inq. of
John Furse, Jan. Mention of Honor his wife. He died
seized of lands in Crediton, Dreusteignton, etc, and in a ten't
with app'ts in Spray ton, and* in a ten't with app'ts in S. T.
called Blackestreate, held of the heirs of John Wadham,
Ar. in free socage, and worth, after the death of the s*d J. F.
32" per an. clear. In Cheriton Ep*i he holds a ten*t called
Blackesdon of the heirs of Beaumont. His son & heir is
Thomas Furse. (inq. p.m. C. Vol. 247, No. 75.)
1629. Inq. p.m. of John Hore, gen. taken at Okehampton
5 Car. I by the oaths of Thomas Corindon, gen. Jas. Knapman,
gen. Moses Langiford gen. John Stenlake, gen. John Growdon,
Sen. gen. Peter Katenbury gen. Will. Jordan, gen. Nich.
Westlake, gen. Will. Ball, gen. Edmund Growdon, gen. Thos.
Sampson, Thos. Newcombe, gen. Thos. Yoldon, gen. Toby
Hatch, gen. & Walter Searle. Who say that the s'd J. H.
was seized in his demesne as of fee in the Manor of Kushford
(held of the king and other lords of the Castle & Honour of
Okehampton, and worth £4) and in the Manor of Combehall
(held of the same and worth during a certain term of 300
years referred to, 12^, and after the expiration of that term
£10 7") and in the Manor of S. T. alias AiSH (held of the king
as of his manor of S. T. by military service, but by what part
of a fee they know not, and worth £3 per an. clear) and in
the Manor of Shapley (held of the king as of his manor of
S. T. by fealty & suit of court & by what other service they
know not and worth 20* per an.) and in the Manor of Throw-
leigh (held of the king of the Hon. of Plympton, but by what
part of a fee they know not, and worth 40") and in the Manor
of Fursham (but of whom or by what service they know not,
and worth 20*) And in the Manor of liidlecombe (held of the
king by mil. serv. in chief & worth £4) And in ten messuages,
10 gard. 60 ac. land, 6 ac. field, 20 ac. f. & h. in the parish of
Chagford (the said mess, in Chagford called Frenchbeare now
in tenure of W™ Harris held of John Whiddon as of his manor
of Chagford, by fealty & suit of court & a rent of 20" 6**, and
332 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH W7KS.
worth 40*, and the 8*d messuage called Frenchbeare [sic] held
of W"* Ferryman as of his manor of Teigncombe & worth 20')
And in 2 mess. 1 gard. 100 ac. land, 5 ac. field, 4 ac. past.
20 ac. wood in Moreton Hampstead (held of W™ Courtenay
as of the manor of M. H. and wortli 30*) And in one mess.
1 gard. 1 orch. 100 ac. land, 4 ac. field, 20 ac. f. & h. in Col-
brooke (held of Sir John Digby of the manor of C. & worth
16") And in one mess. 1 gard. 1 orch. 11 ac. land, 2 ac. field,
4 ac. past, in Pinhooe (held they know not of whom, & worth
20'.) and in 1 mess. 1 gard. 30 ac land, 3 ac. field 20 ac. f. & h.
in Widecombe (held of the lord of Nottesworthie and worth
13" 4^*) and in one garden 20 ac. land, 2 ac. field, 10 ac. f & h.
in Northbovey (held of John Speccot of his manor of Higham
& worth 10") And in one messuage one water (corn) mill
1 gard 8 ac. land field & past in Gidley (held of Henry
Battishill as of his manor of G. and worth 20*) and in two
parts (in three parts divided) of five messuages 200 ac. land,
30 ac. field, 40 ac. past. 60 ac. f. & 1l in Moreton Hamp-
stead;^ and in two parts (in three parts divided) of 40 ac.
land, 4 ac. field, 12 ac. past, 20 ac. f. & h. in Chc^ford.^ And
in two parts (in three parts divided) of one messuage, 1 gard.
80 ac. land, 10 ac. field & 200 ac. f. & h. in Widecombe (held of
Edward Earl of Bath of the Manor of Spichweeke and worth
13/4) And in 4 messuages, and 4 gardens in the parish of
St. Paul, Exeter (held of the Mayor [and Bailifis?] of the
city, and worth 20').
In that part of the Inqn. which relates to the succession
of the property, there is mention of two tenements in Waye
in the parish of Throwley, one in the tenure of John Gorven
by right of his wife Mary, and one in the tenure of Wm.
Searle. (These may perhaps be included in the foregoing
valuations.) Also of the Manor of Combehall alias West
Clifford in the p'sh of Drewsteignton, which had belonged
to John Carewe de Haccombe, Ar, who by his will 20 Ap.
21 Jas. I devised it to John Hore and to Thos. Gregory of
Plympton Maire, gent, in trust, to certain uses, with re-
mainder to Thos, Carewe his son and heir, which Thomas
by deed dated 9 Sept. 3 Car. I gave (" dedit ") the s'd manor of
Combehall to the s'd John Hore. One Robert Vilvayne Ar.
of the city of Exeter, M.D. is referred to in connexion with
this manor, tempore Jas. I.
A deed of settlement is cited, dated 5 Oct. 2 Car I, between
^ I do not find it stated of whom these were held, nor their value.
Possihly they were included in the foregoing vahiations of property in M. H.
and in C.
WELL, IK TUB HANOB OF ASH, BOCTII TAWTON.
VK1.U THE OLD SOBTH»0WE \K>1*RW^¥.K\'.
NKIGUBOUKS OF NORTH WYKE. SZ'i
the s'd John Hore, Sen. of Chagford, gen. of tlie oue part,
and one Francis Whiddon, clerk, rector of Moreton Bamp-
itead, James KnapmaD of (Derostliiig ?) gen. and John Hore,
BOE of William Hore of Sprayton, of the other part;
ir, 08 I understand it, of Margaret the wife of J. H.
I of J. H. JuD. hia nephew.
r the Jurors say Chat John Hore, S^ died 29 June,
lawful issue, and that William Hore is his brother
t heir, and is aged 50, and that Margaret the widow
'd J. H. is living at Chagford.
{Inq. p.m. C. Vol. 453, No. 75.)
(?) (Translated Abstract, e. l.-w.) Thomas Norra-
ias Northmoore & Joan his wife, quit-claim for £100
Korramoore alias Nortlimore two messuages, 2 gard.
md, 10 ac. field, 30 oc. past. 1 ac. wood, 30 ac. heath
loor & common pasture for all animals in Aishe alias
8BE,Wyllk [i.e. Well]^ Weiddon Downe& S.Tawton.
JIR EOPEB LETHBBIDGE'S COLLECTION.'
[ABSTBACTS. E. L.-W.]
1839, Feb. 6. Wm. Gidleigh of North Lew, gent, tor the
sum of £40 paid to him as a fine, demises to Andrew Bome
of S. T. yeom. the reversion of all that close of land now
divided into several closes or parcels called Dohnkhill in
8L T. now or late in the tenure of John Bright for life, for a
term of 94 yrs. if A.B., Mary his wife and Hugh Borne son
of Wm. Bourne of S. T. live so long, paying yearly 20'. the
$XBt paymt. to be made on the determ. of the estate of the
•d. J. B. A. B. to pay high rent & rent service, to keep up
hedges & ditches etc, W. G. reserving all timber trees, ingress
A flgress etc. Witnesses Nicho: Hooiier, Hobertus Moore.
1658, Easter. Common Bench. Final Agreement between
John Steer, ptf. & George Gidleigh, gent. deft, re 4 mcHBuages
4 curtilages. 4 gardens 1 orchard 28 ac. land 18. ac. mead.
* Veil ii a chftrmiuK little old stone gabled Iiodm with tliatclied toaf. Over
th* porch-window ia a tablet with t}ie letters 1. K. 16S0. Over & kitchen
vindoir are corbels inscribed respectively : — .
T^eM Mrhaps stand for John Noittimore and Lis wife IN inni
JodM. In the Parish register I note the entry "Joane ye | '""'
'Dmufater of Mr. John A Joane Northmore, buried 18'" ' ' '
Jne, 1«69." See further notes on \VIL^, p. 372.
* 6j tlis kind permission of Sir Roper Letlibridge, of Exbourue Uonot,
X.O.I.S., 1 ini drawioc further n]ion my extrictB from the lar|;e collection of
old deed* which, as I had the pleaMire of acknowledging in my japer for
'1H3, h« then placed at my ditpoul.
334 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB.
26 ac. past. 28 ac. furze and heath in Arscott als Addiscott,
DiSHCOMBK and South Tawton For this quit-claim
John Steer gives George Gidleigh £100.
1676, Ap. 16. Indenture between Thomas Battishill of
Drewstenton, gent. & Aphrah his wife of the one part, and
John Hore of Chagford, Esq. and Thos. Maynard of Samp-
ford Courtenay, gent, of the other part, witnessing that in
consideration of a marriage solemnized between the sd.
Thos. Battishill & the s'd Aphrah & in performance of
articles of agreement made before the marriage and in
consid" of £200 paid to T. B. by William Price of S.
Courtenay, clerk, in part of the marriage portion of the sd.
A. and to the intent that she may be provided with a com-
petent jointure in case of her surviving the sd. T. B. it is
covenanted etc that the sd. T. B. and A. his wife, shall
before next Michms. before the Justices of the Court of
Common Pleas acknowledge and levy a fine mr connisaunce
de droit, etc, unto John Hore & Thos. Maynard of the mes-
suages lands and heredts. of him the sd. T. B. hereinafter
mentioned. Viz. All that mess. & tent, called Martyn, sit.
in the psh. of Drewstenton now or late in occupn. of the
sd. T. B., and all those 2 mess, and tents, called Middle
Weeke & West Weeke [sit. in S. T.] now or late in the
tenure and occupn. of Johane Battishill widow, grandmother
of the sd. T. B. for the term of her life.
The true intent and meaning of which fine to be taken
to be to the use of the sd. T. B. for the term of his life,
without impeachment of waste. Then as for the mess, called
Martyne, to the use of the sd. Aphrah for term of her life,
for her jointure, from & immediately after the decease of the
sd. T. B. Then as for the mess, called Middle Weeke & West
Weeke, from & after the decease of the sd. T.B. to the use of
John Battishill son of the sd. T. B. & the heirs of his body, etc
Sealed & delivered by Thos. Maynard in presence of John
Weekes.
[The seal attached to Maynard's signature displays the coat
assigned by Papworth to Eyde, and by Berry to Ryeed, Co.
Devon, i.e. : 6u. five lozenges in bend erm. (with a crescent
for difference).]
1719. Indenture. Between William Allen Sr. of S. T. yeom.
& Jane his wife of 1st pt., Joseph Allen of S. T. his son, &c.
Jane Lang of S.T. spinster, dau. of Oliver Lang S' of 2^ pt.
and John Dunning of S. T. yeom. and Oliver Lang J' (brother
of Jane) of 3^ pt. In view of the prospective marriage be-
NEIGHBOURS OF NOBTH Wl^B. 335
tween Joseph Allen & Jane Lang, the sd "W"* A. & Jane his
w. settle on Jane when w. of J. A. and on their issue male
or female, with reversion to J. A. All those three dwellinq
houses with gardens & courts, etc, & all those two meadows
lying behind the sd. houses . . . (illegible) Under Joseph
Allen's signature is a seal with dog or fox as crest. Another
seal (no name) has double or triple star. Witnesses : John
Burgoyne, Bichard Markes, Wialenn(?) fuens, Abraham Allen,
John Yealland.
1733. "Will of James Battishill of Levaton in South
Tawton. (Extracted from Reg. of Archd. Exon. in 1759.)
(Condensed, e. l.-w.) To the Poor of the parish of South
Tawton 20* To the poor of Drewsteignton 20*. To Mary my
wife £ — . And, whereas by virtue of a marriage settlement
she will be entitled to a certain messuage & tenement called
West Levaton in the parish of S. T. immediately upon my
decease, for her jointure ; Upon condition that she will yield
up her right and interest in the said messuage and tenement,
etc to my eldest son James Battishill, which is my desire &
will she should do, I bequeath unto her an annuity, or clear
yearly rent charge of £ — for a term of 60 years, if she live
80 long, chargeable upon all those my messuages & tents
called East Levaton & West Levaton & every part thereof
situate in S. T. parish. And upon the same condition I give
to her the use & occupation of the parlour & parlour chamber,
the old cellar & cellar-chamber, part of my dwelling-house at
Levaton wherein I now live, and also the pale garden before
the said parlour window, and free coming & going to & from
the same, for such time only as she shall remain a widow,
and (with the same stipulation) so much of my household
goods as shall be necessary for her & such child or children
as shall remain to her.
Item. To dau. Mary Battishill an annuity of £ — for life,
chargeable upon my messuage & tent, called Neet in Drew-
steignton. Also the sum of £ — ,when my son Thomas Battishill
shall attain the age of 21, or, in case of her decease, to my
(surviving child or children) Item, subject to the aforesaid
annuity of £ — to Mary, I bequeath the said messuage etc
called Neet to my said son Thomas B. |(with remainder to
Mary), also the sum of £ — , in case Mary shall be living
when T. B. attains age of 20. Item, to my son William
Battishill my messuage called Mill or Milland in the psh.
of Drewsteignton, and £ — , and all corn in the ground.
Item, to my dau. Eleanor Battishill an annuity of £ — , charge-
336 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WTKB.
able upon E. & W. Levaton. Also £ — when 21. Item to my
son Andrew Battishill an annuity of £ — chargeable upon
K & W. Levaton. Also another annuity chargeable upon
the same messuages, from & after the decease of my wife
Mary. Also the sum of £ — on attaining age of 21. Item,
to my brother William Battishill piece of gold, To my two
sisters-in-law Mary wife of W. B. and Barbara Battishill
widow 5* apiece. To all my late brother Andrew Battishill's
children living at the time of my death 2/6 apiece, and to
my father-in-law James Battishill and all his children, other
than my said wife, living at time of my death 2/6 apiece.
Item to my oldest son James Battishill my said messuages
lands and tents, called East Levaton & West Levaton with
the appts ; as well as all the residue of my goods, credits,
lands tents, etc. the said James to pay & discharge all debts,
annuities legacies funeral expenses etc. & to be sole Executor
of Will. And I appoint my wife Mary, my brother W", my
cousin W*" Battishill my cousin W°* Ponsford of Burrow, &
my cousins Francis Moore of Levaton & Francis Moore junior
his son to be guardians & trustees for all my said children
during their minority. Witnessed by Cath. Trend Jo. White-
field John Whitefield Jun' 20«» Jan 1732.
A Codicil revokes the bequest to dau. Jane Steere & de-
prives her or her husband of any right or share in three
pecuniary legacies and revokes the legacy of £ — to dau.
Mary — and of the corn in the ground at Milland to son
William, he to liave the sum of £50 in lieu thereof.
Witnessed by John Freke Edw. Morehouse, John Wilcocke,
Jo. Whitefield. 18 May 1733. Proved 24 Aug. 1733. In-
ventory £966. 13. 6.
1737, 12 Sept. Indentures of Lease & Belease Between
Eichard Dunning of South Tawton yeom. of the 1"^ part,
Richard Underbill of S. T. fuller, and Thos. Dunning bro. of
sd. R D. of the 2°^ part, and Sarah Underbill dau, of the
sd. R. U. of the 3** part. In cons", of a marriage between
Richard Dunning & Sarah Underbill, the sd. R. D. did grant
to the trustees & their heirs all those two fields of land &
one meadow called Hole's Ground, containing about 9 ac.
lying in Middlkwbek within the parish of S. T. which said
fields etc. were sometime heretofore belonging to a certain
messuage called Zeale otherwise Zeale House, sit. in the
boro' of South Zeal & then in the possn. of one Thos.
Battishill, gent, afterwards of Finsent Battishill gent &
afterwards of John Dunning the deceased father of the sd.
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE. 337
Kicbard D. & then of Mary Dunning, widow. To hold to
the sd. E. U. and T. D. for the following uses, i.e. from &
after the death of the said M. D. widow, relict of Jno. D.
to the use of E. D. for life, & after his death to the use of
S. U. for life for her jointure in lieu of dower. & after her
death to their issue if any, or in default to the right heirs of
R D. for ever.
1742, Dec. 1. James Battishill of S. T. yeom. and Grace
his wife lease for one year to William Battishill of Spreyton,
yeom. & Sampson Newbery of S. T. mercer (with a view to
the grant and release of the reversion and inheritance) all
that mess, and tent, called West Levaton now in possn. of
Jas. Battishill. Signed by James Battishill (seal lion ram-
pant) and Grace Battishill (seal queen's (?) head).
1769. Oliver Reddaway of Belstone, yeom. having purchased
the fee simple of Bush meadow, parcel of the moiety of a certain
mess, called Lower Goscombe als Coccombe in the psh. of Samp-
ford CouRTENAY of Mr. Charles Martin and Sarah his dau. of
Okehampton, hereby promises Henry Westaway of S. Courtenay
not to do him any voluntary damage by passing over certain fields
called Evere Downs parcel of Middle Coskcombe in S. C. to Little
Down parcel of Lower C.
1762. Eough draft of Settlement. Between James Battis-
hill of S. T. yeora. & Grace his w. of 1*^ pt. — Westcott mother
of Grace, of S. T. widow, of 2^ pt. and Wm. Battishill of
Okehampton, saddler of 3** pt. [" brother of the sd. James "
is erased, so are names of Sampson Newbury of S. Zeal,
— Ponnsford of fiford in the p'sh of Drewsteignton, gent. &
Wm. Moore of S. T. Clerk.] For the barring of all estates
for life or in tail, & all reversions & remainders, etc, and for
the release & conveyance, etc, by James B. Grace his w. &
— Westcote, to the sd. Wm. Battishill of all those messuages,
etc. called East Levaton and West Livaton in S. T.,
Levaton & Waiting Downs in the parishes of S. T. &
Drewsteignton, and 10* rent "arising out of one other tene-
ment called Levaton & Waiting Doune in the sd. County."
To the use of the sd. James Battishill for life, & after his
death & the death of Grace Westcote to the use of Grace
his wife, and after her death to the use of the sd. Wm.
Battishill, his heirs and assigns for ever.
Proviso and limitation clauses follow. The messuages and
lands etc were to be charged with an annuity for life to
Grace Westcote ["Elizabeth" cancelled] and after her death
VOL. XXXVII. Y
338 NSIGHB0UB8 OF NORTH WTKE.
with an annuity for life to Grace Battishill, even during the
life of her husband J. B.
1768, Jan. 25. Letter from a liskeard lawyer, J. Lyne,
from which may be quoted : —
" Mr. Redaway has very honestly paid me all the principal &
interest due to me on the mortgage of his estate, but how he &
the old Gent who took off the mortgage came to leave part of
their deeds behind them I know not, unless they took a bottle
too much ! I have no demand of any kind upon Mr. Redaway,
either as Exec'* of my mother (who lent the money) or upon my
own account, and therefore shall very readily & justly deliver up
all the deeds, an abstract of which I now send you."
(1624, 6 Nov.) Abstract of Title Deeds to Middlbwbek.
Peter Ebbsworthy by Deed of Feoffment conveys to Thomas
Battishill & his heires two Mess'es & Tents, called Middle-
week otherwise Middleweeks, & two cottages. The said
Thos. Battishill by Joan his wife had issue Andrew, who had
issue Thomas.
* (1672.) The said Thomas Battishill the grandson, by
Deed of Feofift. in Cons^. that Alexander Vogwell & Joan
his wife, mother of the said Thos. B. the grandson, had
released to him all Dower-thirds as she the sd. Joan might
clayme out of any of the lands & hereditaments of Andrew
Battishill her former husband & Father of the said Thos.
the grandson, grants unto the sd. Alexander V. & Joan his
wife one Annuity of £30 p. Ann. to be issuing out of the
sd. premises during the natural life of the sd. Joan his
mother, and in the same deed covenants to patss a Fine
before the end of next Trin. term, & declares the uses
thereof in default of payment of the sd. annuity to the sd.
A, V. & Joan his wife and their heirs for ever. But in case
the sd. Annuity was paid according to the Tenor of the
sd. deed then the sd. A.V. & Joan his wife & their heires
should stand seized thereof, to the use of the sd. Thos. B.
the grandson, and his heirs and assigns for ever.
The sd. annuity was paid to A. V. & Joan his wife
during her natural life, who died a great many years since.
Thos. Battishill the grandson had issue John & Thomas.
John died many years since — unmarried, without making
any disposition thereof & Thos. Battishill his only brother
was seized and possessed of the sd. premises.
(1672 10 June.) The said Joan Battishill, the grand-
mother, by her deed . . . conveyed part of the sd premises.
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WTEB. 339
to Thomas Battishill her grandson father of the late Thos.
B., and the other part descended to him as her heir-at-law.
(1730, 23 June.) The sd. Thos. B. mortgaged the sd.
premises to Henry Garrett by way of term of 1000 years
for £200.
(1735, 17 Nov.) The sd. Henry Garrett in Cons*>° of
£500 paid to said Garrett and Battishill, assigns over the
premises, & the s'd Thos. B. confirms, to John Russell, Esq.
(1739, 23 May.) Hester Wills, Admin* to Russell, the
fid. Thos. Battishill & Andrew B. assign and convey to Will™
Helyar Esq. in Consdn of £650. He the sd. Willm. Helyar
by will appointed Robert H. his son, Exec^ and Residuary
Legatee, who duly proved the same & dyed intestate, and
Administration to his effects has been granted to Joanna
Helyar Spr. as well as Admon. de ban non of the goods and
chattels of the sd. Willm Helyar.
1787, Nov. 27. Marriage Settlement. Between W" Moore
S'. of GOOSEFORD in S. T. yeoman, of 1«' pt, W°*. Moore Jr.
of Langstone in Throwley, his son, of 2^ pt, Catherine Pedler
of S. T. spinster of 3** pt. & Richard Dunning Jr. of Ash
in the psh. of Throwley, of 4*** pt.
In consideration of £200, marriage portion, W. M. Sr.
grants & sells to R. D. Jr. all that mess. tent. & farms
called Langson al's Langstone Meadow, and a meadow
called Crowenoon al's Crowedon Meadow, all sit. at or
near a village called Langstone in the psh. of Throwley,
and now in possn. of W"*. Moore J^ and John Dunning.
And also all that mess. tent, and dwelling-house sit. at or
near Langstone, now in possn. of Jas. Endacott, to hold
in trust to certain uses, i.e. as to a dwelling-house which
was formerly a barn and a waste parcel of land called the
Hill Head sit. between three highways near L. and a garden
now in possn. of the sd. J. Dunning which is part of the first
mentioned mess. & farm. & all ways & paths, etc, to the
use of W™. Moore S*^. for ever, and as to the other part of
the aforesaid messuages, lands, etc to the use of W™. Moore
J', for his life, and after his death to the use of the sd.
Catherine Pedler, for her life, in full for her jointure.
1794. Thomas Rowe of Cory ton, yeom. and John Gotham &
Mary his wife, to John Newton J', yeom. Demise of a tent, called
West Battishill in Bridestowe and two meadows and an orchard
of uncertain boundary as to whether belonging to West or to East
Battishill.
Y 2
340 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKK.
1796, 7 Aug. Draft. Conveyance in fee of Arscott
otherwise Addiscott in S. T. in trust & to the uses
specified.
Between Edmund Edye of Montgomery in Co. M. gent,
of 1*^ pt. Thos. Richards late of Croydon in Co. Surrey but
now of Marten in the same Co. Officer of Excise, of 2"** pt.
John Crafts of High Wycombe in Co. Bucks, gent, of 3*^ pt.
Edmund Knapman of S. T. yeom. of 4*^ pt. & John Hawkes
of Okehampton a person nominated by & in trust for the sd
Edmund, of 5^ pt.
Mary Oxenham late of psh. of S. T. widow, deceased, being
seized in fee simple of & in & amongst other lands (not
named) all that mess. & tent, called Arscott, ah Addiscott
in S. T. in her last will dated
(1775, Ap. 8) devised & bequeathed the same (then in possn.
of Wm. Underbill) to George Bickford & John Steere, to hold
to the use of the testatrix' sister Elizabeth Hole, for life, then
to the use of Elizabeth's children, if any (an annuity of £8
to be paid out of the sd. estate to executrix' sister Jane),
& in default of such issue, to the use of testatrix' sisters
Joan Hole, & Jane Hole, then to the use of the children if
any, of both or either.
And the said Mary Oxenham by a codicil dated
(1780, Ap. 5) her sister Elizabeth being by then dead,
confirmed her own will respecting her two remaining sisters,
but as the testatrix had not bequeathed the remainder
& residue of her property after their deaths, she now be-
queathed to Geo. Bickford, John Steere, & M'. Sampson
Newberry Jr. all her right & estate of the land of Arscott
in S. T. for the benefit and advantage equally of Thomas
& John Bichards, sons not yet aged 21 of the late M'.
Henry Richards, officer of Excise and native of Okehampton,
subject to the payment of £100 to Samuel Palmer, son of
the late John Palmer of YeoUand, Okehampton, and of £100
to John Palmer, the former's younger brother.
Mary Oxenham died some time in the year 1787, & her will
was proved by Jane & Joan Hole in the court of the Archbp.
of Canterbury.
An indenture was made
(1790, June 30) between the sd Thos. Kichards &
Lydia his wife of 1** pt. the sd John Richards (of
Bumham in Co. Bucks, schoolmaster) & Mary his wife
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE. 341
of 2"<* pt Thos. B. Luxmoore of 3** pt. & the sd.
Edmund Edye of 4**» pt. reciting that T. & J. Richards
were seized of the remainder in fee simple after the decease
of J. & J. Hole, amongst other lands of all that sd.
mess. & tent called Arscott, formerly the lands of William
Northmore dec'd. after of W°*. Oxenham the late dec'd
husband of the sd. Mary Oxenham, & then in the poss"
& occupation of W°*. Underhill as under-tenant to the
sd Joan & Jane, subject to the sd payments of £100 &
£100. to Sam. & Jno. Palmer. Also reciting that the
s'd Thomas Richards & Lydia his wife & John Richards
& Mary his wife, did in Easter term last, levy in the
Court of Common Pleas, a fine '^sur Coiinizaiice dc droit
tantum** to the sd Thos. B. Luxmoore, of their remainder
in fee in the sd. mess. tent. & premises called Arscott
cUs Addiscott (with other lands & heredts.) by the names
& descriptions of one mess. 2 gard. 2 orch. 30 ac land.
5 ac. mead. 10 ac. past. 20 ac. moor, 12 ac. f. and h. with the
appts. in Arscott, otherwise Addiscott and [sic] South-
tawton (but as yet declaring no use or uses of the said fine).
And witnessing that it was agreed among the parties that
the said fine or any other fine whereunto they or any of
them were party or privy, respecting the sd. premises,
should ensue to & upon the several uses trusts etc to be
thereinafter declared, viz. 1®* as to one moiety of Arscott,
(subject to payment of £100) to (certain trustees) to the
use of the sd. Thos. Richards & his heirs for ever, and as to
the other moiety of Arscott (subject to payment of £100) to
(certain trustees) to the use of the sd. John Richards & his
heirs for ever.
By Indenture dated
(1791, March 25) the said John Richards granted &
demised to the sd. John Crafts all his moiety of the sd.
premises called Arscott, etc subject to the life estate of the
sd. Jane Hole (the sd. Joan Hole being then dead) (and
subject to the payment of the sd. £100) for the term of 1000
yrs. without impeachment of waste, but subject nevertheless
to a proviso for making void the sd. Indenture & the sd.
term of years on payment by the sd. J. R to the sd. J. C. of
£80 & Int. on the same at the rate & at the time therein
mentioned, which time is long since past.
And by Indentures of Lease, Release and Assignment
dated respectively
(1792, June 25 and 26) between the sd. J. Richards of
342 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
1*^ pt. the said Edmund Edye of 2**^ pt. the sd. John Crafts
of 3** part and John Prestage of the boro* of Chepping
Wycombe in Co. Bucks, Laceman (a trustee nominated by
& on behalf of the sd. John Crafts) of 4^ pt. reciting the
matters hereinbefore recited & that there was then owing
to the sd. J. Craft by virtue of the sd Indre. of mortgage the
sum of £ — with Int., and that the sd. J. C. had agreed with
the sd. J. E. for the absolute purchase in reversion in fee
simple expectant of the decease of the sd. Jane Hole of &
in the sd moiety, etc, together with the Equity of Redemp-
tion thereof (subject to the payment of the said bequest of
£100) for the price or sum of £— . It is witnessed that he
the sd. J. Crafts did bargain and sell to the sd. J. Prestage
all that the sd. moiety of Arscott, etc, etc, for all the re-
mainder of the sd. unexpired term of 1000 yrs. for the con-
sideration of £ — paid by J. C. to J. R and of 5*. paid by
J. C. to E. E.
And whereas the sd. Joan Hole & Jane Hole are since
dead, leaving no issue, the sd. Thomas Richards became
seized in fee simple of one moiety of Arscott, and the sd.
John Crafts of the other moiety.
And whereas the sd John Palmer and the sd Samuel
Palmer by their deeds poll bearing even date with these
presents acknowledge to have received from T. R. & J. C.
the payment in full satisfaction & discharge of the legacy
of £100 each with interest — due to them under the will of
the sd. Mary Oxenham, And whereas the sd. Edmund Knap-
man has lately contracted & agreed with the sd. T. R. & J. C.
to the absolute purchase of the fee simple & inheritance of
their & each of their undivided moieties of & in the sd.
heredts. & premises called Arscott otherwise Addiscott, for
the price or sum of £700 Now this Lideivture loUnesseth
that in pursuance of the sd. agreement & in consideration
of the payment of £ — to the sd Thos. Richards, & of £ —
to the sd John Crafts, they acquit & release the sd. Edmund
Knapman, and also in consdn. of 5* apiece paid by the sd
John Hawkes, they the said Edmund Edye, Thos. Richards
& John Crafts have (according to their several estates &
interests in the sd. mess, etc) sold, & released etc, unto the
sd. Edmund Knapman & John Hawkes all those messuages
lands & tents, commonly called Arscott lying in Arscott
otherwise Addiscott in the parish of South Tawton within &
held of the manor of East Aish, formerly the lands & in-
heritance of William Northmore Esq. deed, after of William
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WTKE. 343
Ozenham deceased, from whom the same descended to
William Oxenham his son & heir-at-law who by his last
will and test, duly executed & attested bearing date
(1761, June 15) devised the same unto his sd. mother,
Mary Oxenham since deed. & to her heirs — and now or late
in the tenure or occupation of W™. Underbill. Together
with all ways, watercourses, etc — all rents, profits, etc, all
deeds, evidences, etc — To liave & to hold to the said Edmund
Knapman & John Hawkes to the use of themselves & their
heirs but nevertheless as to the estate & interest & estate of
the sd. J. H. & his heirs, in trust for the sd. E. K. & his heirs
for ever, etc.
1795. Be South Zele Chapel. Letter to Counsel. In
the Borough of South Zele in the p'sh of S. Tawton is
a very ancient messuage, formerly a chapel. It is of
Buch antiquity that no one of the boro. recollects the
building of it. This chapel as appears from the way-
rate book has from time to time been repaired by & out
of the monies collected from the inhab^ for the repairs
of their road, within the sd. boro. so that it is conceived
that the freehold is vested in them. That Duty was done
in this chapel about 20 or 30 yrs since on every Good
Friday,^ but the same being from that time discontinued, and
rather than it should remain useless, the inhabitants con-
verted it into a school-house, — and school-masters have been
by them put into possession of this house, gratis, for the
purpose of teaching school there. That about 12 or 14 yrs.
since — a Vestry was held in the school-house for the purpose
of electing and choosing a school-master, when Langmead
was approved of by the inhab**. of the sd boro' to teach
school — who has ever since occupied this house by virtue
of his office. But Langmead through his ill conduct &
very bad behaviour has gained the ill-will of almost all
those who were once his friends & has totally neglected
his school, so much so that several of the parents have
' A resident of S. Zeal, Mr. George Jope (aged 75), tells me that withiu
hit early recollection service was held iu the chapel once a year only, on
Good Friday, the clergyman receiving for his offices a guinea, which a Mr.
John Perkins, father-in-law of tlie late (nonagenarian) Mr. Mark Cann of
8. Z. was '* bound to pay him." His own father, Andrew Joiie, used to attend
■ohool iu the S. Z. Cha{>el building, a Mr. Carwithin being the teacher, and he
himself went there as a boy ; in fact the school was only discontinued about
thirty years ago, when it was 8ui>er8eded by the l>oard school. It was restored
AS A Chapel of Ease to St. Andrew's by the late Wm. Lethbridge, Esq., J. P.,
of Wood.
844 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
taken off their children, & the school is now reduced
almost to nothing. The inhab^ being willing to procure a
proper person to teach school there after the present occu-
pant is turned out of poss°. they would wish to be advised
how possession is to be obtained in a legal manner — if it be
necessary to give him notice to quit previous to the bringing
of an ejectment, and by whom & in whose name must such
ejectment be brought? or may they not unroof the house
& leave it in that state till he is out of possession ? It is
understood that Langmead is not a licenced school-master.
There are one or two of the inhab^". who seem to sanction
him in his present situation ; will this avail anything in his
favour, as a considerable majority is totally against his
keeping school there upon any account whatever, or must
they all be unanimous before any proceed*" can take
place ?
An extract of the several items which relate to the
repairs of the chapel, & which were taken from the way-
rate book, is here inserted, but you will observe that they
are of rather a recent date owing to the old way-rate book
being lost, in which were mentioned several articles con-
cerning the chapel many years antecedent to this.
[The Beply.] I am afraid that if Langmead is obstinate
his possession will protect him from being turned out of this
school-house, there being no better title in any person to enable
them to resist him. If the repairs done to the chapel had been
done by an individual or by a corporation such repairs would
have afforded good evidence that the freehold was in the
person or body corporate who paid for them. But inhabi-
tants paying highway rates are not such a Body as can take
an estate in real property Though I would not advise the
inhab^ to be at any expense in legal proceedings against him
I yet think it would not be improper to convene a vestry
and upon some evidence of Langmead's ill-conduct pass a
resolution to turn him out, wh. shd. be communicated to
him, & notice given him to quit the chapel, signed by the
inhab** present at such vestry. Perhaps this may alarm
him and induce him to quit upon sane terms, but shd he
disregard this notice, and set the inhab^ at defiance, I think
they cannot compel him to quit, & therefore I cannot advise
them to put themselves to any expense in a litigation in
wh. I do not think they will succeed.
M. Dampier Holt Sept 10th, '95.
I^BIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB. 345
An account of Disbursements on the Eoad in the boro' of
Zeale* . . . by John Gillard, Surveyer — from 1778 — [I select
a few, only, of the items. — B. L.-W.] Paid for a lock to the
chapel door 2/6, To W°*. Curson for timber & labour upon
the chapel, 1* 4*^, to W". Bevens for painting chapel window
11^., to lime about the chapel that the Helyars made use
of 2".^M'. Routley bargained with for repairing clock;
Joseph Drew, Helyar, for work & creses to chapel 273*^. D®.
for carriage of stones to foot the chapel 2/6. Lintels over
the chapel window 6". W°*. Lang for righting the hammer
and spring of the clock. 1/2. (Bepairs for the clock & sweet
oil for it 2^ or 3^ are frequent items.) New stapes to hang
the weight of the clock to, the old ones being entirely
decayed with rust — 2**.
1798. This Indent^®, between George Sydenham Fursdon,
of Fursdon house in the parish of Cadbury, Esq. of the one
part, and Willm Langmead of the boro* of South Zele,
scrivener, of the other part, witnesses that for & in con-
sid". of £40, 6. S. Fursdon, demises & leases unto W™. Lang-
mead all those messes or dwelling-houses with th' appurts.
late in the poss" of Jane Battishill deceased, but now or
late of W"". Gillard, Willm Underbill, W°>. Westaway &
James Crocker, lying & being in the boro of S. Zeale. & are
parts & parcels of the manors of S. T. and S. Zeal aforesaid,
together with all usual ways paths watercourses etc. Ex-
cept & always reserved out of this demise — free liberty to
G. S. F. & his stewards to enter the premises & view the
condition of repairs thereof . . . lives of . . . sd W°*. Lang-
mead aged 38. W™. Westaway aged 28, son of Benjamin
Westaway of Zele, labourer, & John Paltridge aged 47 son
of John Paltridge of Okehampton labourer .... yearly
rent of 10^ and yielding unto the sd G. S. Fursdon. upon
the death of each of them W°* L. W". W. & J. P. the sum
of 10" for & in the name of an heriot or farlen, & also
doing service at the court & courts of the sd. G. Fursdon
to be holden & kept in & for the sd mancw & Boiv* of S. Zele.
1800, March 29. Draft assignment of mortgage term of
1000 years in Brights Tenememt in S. Zele, in trust to
attend the Inheritance, also conveyance in fee of same, to
William Knapman.
* Old residents inform me that until about seventy-eight years ago the old
coaching-road from Okehampton via Sticklepath to Whiodon Down, etc., ran
through S. Zele, but that the chief traffic has been divei*ted to the new road ;
that rnnninffthrough '* Prospect" rejoins the other a little beyond Ramsleigh
and near to Dishcombe.
346 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WTKB.
This Indenture is between Greo. Boughton of Hatherleigh
Co. Dev. Esq. of I*' pt John Pahner of Yelland in Okehampton,
yeom. & Susanna his wife of 2**** pt. William Knapman of
the Boro* of S. Zele, malster, of 3*^ pt and Thos. Bridgeman
Luxmoore of Okehampton, gent, of 4*^ pt. Whereas by
Indenture dated
(1795, Dec. 2) between the sd. J. P. & G. B. after reciting
that J. P. was lawfully possessed & estated in the fee simple &
Inheritance of the several messuages, tents, etc to be referred
to — from & after the death of Jane Hole, it is witnessed that
he mortg£^ed the same to G. B. for £ — , and whereas this sum
was not paid to G. B. at the day and time limited, whereby
the sd. term of 1000 years becomes absolutely vested in G. B.
and whereas there is overdue & owing to him the sum of £ —
only, and whereas the sd. Jane Hole is since dead, whereby
J. P. became absolutely vested in the sd. premises in fee
simple, by virtue of a devise in her will dated 12 Nov. 1788,
and whereas the sd. W™. Knapman has agreed with the sd
John Palmer for the absolute purchase of the fee simple &
Inheritance of the sd. lands etc. for the price of £ — .
Now this Indenture witnesses that George
Boughton and John Palmer & Susannah his wife, release and
discharge, etc, and grant bargain & sell, etc, to William
Elnapmau (and to Thos. B. Luxmoore in trust for him)
All those several dwelling-houses and two fields, or meadows,
known by the name of Brights, lying in the boro' of South
Zeal in S. T. formerly in the several possns. of Jane Hole
since deed, Eliz. Northcott, Philip Mock, William Bibbings,
Richard Drew and George Lang as tenants thereof to the sd.
Jane Hole, but now of William Powlesland, William Lang,
John Powlesland, William Eowe, the sd. George Lang &
William Beavins and others as tenants to the sd. John
Palmer. Together with all outhouses, barns, stables, or-
chards, common of pasture, etc, to the same pertsdning, etc.
1800, Nov. 29. Copy of Marriage Settlement. This In-
denture between John Wensley of North Tawton, gent, of
the 1** pt. Edmund Knapman of South Tawton, yeom. of
2*^ pt. John Knapman of S. T. yeom. (son of sd. E. K.) of 3*
pt. Henry Scutt of Mannaton (Devon) yeoman and Jane Ley
of Mannaton single woman of 4*^^ pt. Jane Scutt of Manaton,
spinster, (dau. of sd. H. S. and niece of J. L.) of the 5"^ pt
& John Scutt of Mannaton, yeom. (bro. of sd. Jane Scutt)
and Arthur Knapman the younger of Well in S. T. yeom. of
6»»>pt.
NKIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE. 347
Whereas by Indres. of Lease & Belease dated
(1796, Aug. 26-27) Edmund Edye & John Crafts did grant
& sell etc to the sd. Edmund Knapman (and to John Hawkes
his trustee) the Lands etc hereinafter to be described, and
whereas by Indres. of Lease & Kelease dated
(1796, Sept. 1-2) after reciting the hereinbefore recited
Indres. it is witnessed that the sd. Edmund Knapman did
Eunt & sell etc to the sd John Wensley the said messuages,
nds, etc, for £ — subject to the proviso that if the sd. E. K.
should on the 27 Feb next ensuing the date thereof repay to
J. W. the £ — with Int. that then the sd. E. K. should release
& reconvey the sd. messuages, lands etc to him. And whereas
tliis sum was not repaid, the estate of the sd. J. W. in the sd.
mortgaged lands etc became absolute, but subject to re-
demption in Equity by the sd. E. K. And whereas the sd.
Edmund Knapman afterwards on 29 March last past paid to
the sd John Wensley the sd. principal sum & all the interest
then due for the same, which the sd. J. W. doth hereby
acknowledge, but no conveyance of the legal estate of the sd.
J. W. was then made by him & the same still remains in him.
And whereas there is a marriage intended to be shortly
solemnized between the sd. John Knapman & Jane Scutt,
etc, etc. Now this Indenture witnesseth that in consd** of . . . etc.
The sd. John Wensley, by the direction of the sd Edmund
Knapman, doth bargain sell & release. And in pursuance
of the sd agreement etc & in considn. of the sd. intended
marriage — and of the sum of £200 in hand paid to the sd.
John Knapman (by the direction of the sd. E. K.) whereof
£100 by the sd. Henry Scutt and the other £100 by the sd.
Jane Ley as the marriage portion of the sd. Jane Scutt. the
sd. J. K. doth acknowledge & doth release & discharge the
sd. H. S. & J. L. etc and also in consdn. of 5' paid to the sd.
E. EL by John Scutt & Arthur Knapman — The sd. Edmund
Ejiapman doth grant, sell, etc to the sd. J. S. & A. K. in trust
etc All those messuages tenements etc called Arscott other-
wise Addiscott in S. T. & held of the manor of East Aish.
formerly the lands of W™ Northmore Esq. deed, afterwards
of W°* Oxenham. deed, from whom the same descended or
was devised to W°^ Oxenham his son & heir at Law, who by
his last will dated
(1761, June 15) devised the same to his mother Mary
Oxenham, in fee, After whose decease the sd. premises were
in the possn. of Joan & Jane Hole sisters of M. 0. & since
their deaths in the possn. of the sd. Thos. Sichards & John
348 NEIGHBOUBS OF NORTH WYKE.
Crafts. & were lately in the occupn. of Will™ Underbill as
tenant thereof to the sd. E. K. but are now in the occupn. of
the sd. John Knapman — together with all buildings, fields,
ways, etc. etc. to have & to hold to the sd J. S. & A. K. in
trust to the use of Edmund Knapman until the solemnization
of the sd. marriage — After to the use of John Knapman for
life, after to the use of the sd Jane Scutt for life for her
jointure & in lieu of dower & after to the use of the 1st son
if any of J. K. & J. S. and so on to other sons if any or in
default of such to daus. in order of seniority, etc.
1803-21. T. B. Luxmoore, with George Sydenham Fursdon
Esq. (Lord of the Manor of Zele) Account from year to
year of rents received, and of charges, etc. No place or
personal names mentioned except in the following items : —
Rec'd of M". Drew one year's con'vy rent for Upcott due
Michas. 1803. Do. of George Underbill 5 yrs' chief rent for
house & Skah due do. 1809, Holding survey for leasing
plot of ground called Hurcbills in Zele for 99 yrs, det'ble on
deaths of 3 lives . . . Michas. 1814 Kec'd of James Curson
for an heriot due on the death of W™ Curson late a life on
HuRCHiLLS called Zele ...
. . . 1821. Bemitted to Mr. Harry James bills, value . . .
1805. Jan 31. John Curson of S. T. yeom. to Richd.
Creamer of Winkleigh yeom. Draft release of a tenement
called Itton in the p'sh of S. T. in Trust for sale, for raising
£ — , etc.
1809, Feb 3. [Printed Handbill, and MS. Draft of same
and of Conditions of Sale, etc.]
To be sold by Private Contract in Three Lots, for the
residue of a term of 99 years, 10 only of which are ex-
pired determinable on the deaths of two healthy lives, one
(Elizabeth Cooper) aged 25 the other (William Underbill) 34
Lot I. All that mess. & tent, called Drakes Downs, sit.
in the p'sh. of S. T. and now in the occupation of Mr.
William Underbill, owner thereof, consisting of two cob
and stone-built dwelling-houses in excellent repair ; with a
barn, stable, sheppen, courtlage, two linhays and a good
garden attached to it. and abt. 25 ac. of good arable &
pasture land in a high state of cultivation.
Lot II. All that close or piece of land called Town
Meadow and Town Meadow Garden, sit. in same psh. con-
sisting of abt. 2 ac. of extraordinary rich ground.
NBIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB. 349
Lot III. All that piece of land called East Eunneslby
Park sit near the above, consisting of 2 ac. held for 99 yrs.
on death of one life aged 34.
Should the above not be sold by private Contract, an
Aaction will be held on the 16*** inst. at the house of M'.
John Cooke known by the sign of the Waggon and Horses,
Sticklbpath, in the psh. of Sampford Courtbnay by Eichard
Sampson a licensed auctioneer, on the part & behalf of M'.
William Underbill.
Conditions of Survey, etc. The annual reserved rent
payable out of Lots I. & 11. is 7" and a fat Capon or 2", in
all 9"., and an heriot, the best cow or heifer or the sum of
£4 in lieu thereof, at the election of Sessor.
Lot IIL is under the yearly rent of 4* and 8" for an
heriot. .... Auction duty of 7^ in the pound to be paid
to the auctioneer immediately after the sale The
several lots are charged with the payment of an annuity
of £8 per ann. to Edward Underbill brother of the vendor
under the will of William Underbill the father deed
of which £5 out of Drakes Downs & £3 out of Town
Meadows and Garden.
Bidders for Lot I. John Lethbridge [his highest bid]
£200 John Bickle £155 Hugh Perkins £125. Will°» Powles-
land 145. Robert Quick £195 William Langmead £165 John
Cooke £190 Samuel Powlesland £180. Bought in on behalf
of owner by T. B. Luxmoore for £350. ^-^^^^ j^^ Lot IL
John Lethbridge £100, John Orchard £70 John Lacey £93
William Perkins £80. John Wills £85 Saml. Powlesland
£90. John Orchard J' £96 Bought in for £150.
Bidders for Lot III. W°. Perkins £50, W"*. Langmead,
£53, W°» Powlesland 56, John Lethbridge £60, W™. Eowe,
£63, John Cooke £66, John Wills £70, John Lacey £73.
Bought in for £100.
1810, Sept. 6. Case on behalf of Mr. Thomas Stanbury,
for the opinion of Mr. Thos. Hutchinson, Heavitree Exeter.
(1807, Mar. 28) M'. John Stanbury, deed., in his life time
and at the time of his death was seized in fee of certain
messuages in the parish of South Tawton and hitej* alia dis-
posed of the same by his last will of this date, duly executed
and attested in the words following [Condensed, E. L.-W.] : —
I give devise and bequeath unto Thomas Stanbury my son
the fee simple & inheritance of all that mess, and tent, called
Cooper's Ash, in S. T. and to the male heirs of his body
350 KEIGHBOUBS OF NORTH WTKB.
lawfully begotten, and for default of such issue I give devise
& bequeath the said mess, and tent, called Cooper's Ash unto
my grandson John Stanbury the son of my son John Stanbury
and to his heirs & assigns for ever.
Item I devise unto my son Thomas Stanbury the fee simple
& inheritance of all that mess. & tent, called Gooseford, in
S. T., and for default of heirs male to him I devise the sd.
mess, unto Thomas Stanbury son of my son John Stanbiiry
I likewise devise unto my son Thomas Stanbury the fee
simple of all that my dwelung-housb^ & meadow wherein
I now live and for default of heirs male to him I bequeath the
same unto George Stanbury, son of my son John Stanbury.
In the same will there are the following bequests : —
Item I bequeath unto Mr. William Dicks of Oxenham & to
his heirs one clear annuity of £ — to be paid out of all those
my messuages & tenement called Cooper's Ash and Gooseford
yearly in Trust for my daughter Mary otherwise Polly Perkins
during her life, and after her decease I bequeath unto the
children of my daughter Polly Perkins that shall be living
at the time of her death th& sum of £ — to be divided be-
tween them and share alike. Item I give and bequeath unto
William Dicks of Oxenham aforesaid & to his heirs one clear
yearly annuity of £ — to be paid out of . . . Coopers Ash &
Gooseford yearly in trust for Ann Cursons my daughter, and
after her death I give & bequeath unto the children of my
dau. Ann Cursons the sum of £ — to be divided between
them share & share alike.
After other pecuniary & specific bequests therein mentioned
he bequeathed the residuum
to my son Thomas Stanbury, and I do hereby appoint him
my whole & sole Ex', of this my will and I do request that
he shall pay all my just debts and funeral expenses.
[Here Mr. T. B. Luxmoore had made the marginal note : —
"This request is useless unless they are to be paid out of the
land, for by law he is bound to pay them out of the personalty.
T. B. L."]
The Testator is since dead, and the Execr. on 10 Aug 1807.
proved the will in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury.
[Here follow questions on points of law connected with
the bequests and counsers opinions thereon.]
1810. Dec. 15. Copy of the articles of Agreement (referred
to in the Indre. of 28 Sept. 1811) after the purchase "of the
^ This was Peard's House in S. Zeal, as appears from an abstract in another
document.
NMGHBOUKS OF NORTH WYKB. 351
fee simple&inberitance of all those two me8suages& tenements
either entire or in two lots called Coopers Ash and Goose-
TORD . . . and the fee simple & inheritance of all that dwelling-
house with its appurts. parcel of the sd. tenement of Coopers
AsL"
1811, Sept. 28. Mr* Thomas Stanbnry & others to
H'* Thomas Hoore. (Draft.) Release in fee of certain
Closes pieces & parcels of Land called Coopers Ash & GoosE-
PORD in S. T. with Covenants from Mr. T. Moore upon £100
part of the purchase money being left in his hand, to pay
certain annuities charged on the same premises and to divide
the said £100 to such persons as are intitled to same.
Also M'. Thomas Stanbury Sen' to M^ James Moore.
Draft Assignment of Term of 1000 years in same premises
to attend the Inheritance.
[The Draft comprises twenty-six folios, from which I select
a few particulars.]
This Indre. is between Thomas Stanbury of South Zeal in
the psh. of S. T., sergemaker,i of the 1"* part, John Lambert
Gorwin of the psh. of Cheriton Bishop Co. Devon, gentleman
of 2"* pt. William Dicks of Oxenham in S. T. yeom. of 3* pt.
John Perkins of S. T. Woolcomber and Mary otherwise Polly,
his wife, and Francis Curson^ of the same place, miller, & Ann
his wife (Mary & Ann being two of the daughters of John
Stanbury late of South Zeal, sergemaker, deceased) of 4^ pt.
John Moore of Week in psh. of S. T. yeom. of 5*** pt. Thomas
Moore of Gooseford in S. T. yeom. of 6^^ pt. Thomas Stan-
bury the elder of the psh. of Drewsteignton, Devon, yeom.
of 7*** pt. & James Moore of the psh. of Throwley, Devon,
yeom. of 8*^ pt.
The will of the late John Stanbury of S. Zeal dated
(1807, March 28) [extracts from same already given] is
recited in part & it is stated that by virtue of this will the
sd. Thos. Stanbury was seized of the said lands & tents, etc.
which by Indres of Lease and Belease dated
Q810, Dec. 28-29), and by a common Eecovery suffered
in HiL term last, were limited & assured to him ; and that
the said lands, etc, being put up to Sale by public auction at
^ Mr. James Crocker, aged 83, who lives opposite the post office in S. Zeal,
tells me that most of the inhabitants of S. T. and S. Z. used to be engaged in
home induatries such as wool-combing, in connexion with the woollen manu-
facture, and that the ** lum " (loom) was to be seen in many a cottage within
his recollection. There was a large wool-factory at Sticklepath only lately
converted to a grist-mill.
' There was a William Curson, miller (XXXIII, 455),
352 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
the house of W"*. Knapman in S. Zeal on 10** Dec last, the
sd John Lambert Gorwyn became the purchaser thereof in
trust for Thos. Moore & John Moore as witnessed by a certain
Deed Poll of agreement between these three persons, dated
15 Dec last; and that Thomas & John have mutually con<
sented to take separate & distinct conveyances to each of
them of the same lands, etc, in such parts & proportions as
shall be set forth in the sd conveyance. Thomas Moore
agreeing to pay £ — for his part, subject to the annuities &
trusts specified in the will.
And this Indre. witnesses that Thomas Stanhury, on receipt
of the £ — , grants sells conveys etc. and that L. Gorwyn by
the direction of John Moore bargains sells releases etc and
that the sd John Moore grants ratifies & confirms to the sd
Thomas Moore (in his actual possession now being, by virtue
of a bargain etc) and to his heirs (except such messuages,
lands tenements etc as are hereinafter mentioned to be ex-
cepted), All those closes meadows & parcels of land sit. in the
psh. of S. T. containing by admeasurement about 13 acres,
respectively known as the Worthy Meadow, containing
1 ac. 2 ro. Worthy, 1 ac. 2 ro. and Burrow Close 4 ac.
parcels of a certain messuage & tenement in Aish otherwise
East Aish called by the name of Ash otherwise Coopers
Ash.
Also Home Cuddimore otherwise Higher Hurramoore,
otherwise Cudmoore, containing 1^ ac. Middle Cuddimoore
(same aliases) 3 ac. & Yonder Cuddimoore (same aliases)
1^ ac. which said closes or meadows etc are known by the
name of Gooseford. All which said premises were formerly
in the several tenures or occupns. of John Cooper, Will™.
Oxenham, Wm. Northmore, Elizabeth Weston, widow,
Thomas Knapman, James Knapman, Mary Knapman, Bar-
tholomew Gidley, Richard Endacott, & the sd. John Stan-
bury, but now of the sd. Thos. Stanbury the elder, Wm.
Stanbury & the sd Thos. Stanbury or their tenants. To-
gether with all closes, woods . . . commons etc to the sd.
lands pertaining. Save and except certain messuages lands
meadows etc called Ash, otherwise Coopers Ash, particularly
described in certain Indres. of Lease & Eelease and con-
veyed unto the said John Moore, etc. etc.
From the messuages lands etc. thus conveyed to Thomas
Stanbury a high or chief rent of 6* 2^ is stated to be pay-
able to the high & chief lord or lords of the fee or fees of the
sd premises.
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WTKE. 353
Beference is made to an Indre. dated
(1787, July 20) whereby Barth. Gidley, yeom. mortgaged
to James Pitman Esq. for £ — the several closes e** herein-
before described to be parts of the sd tent, in Aish als. East
Aish, or called Ash als. Coopers Ash., which sd. sum. & int.
have been long since paid. Also to an Indre. dated
(1792, Sept. 29) between Barth. Gidley of 1«* pt. Jas.
Pitman of 2°** pt John Stanbury deed, of 3*^ pt. & Thos.
Stanbury S' of 4*^ part, whereby the sd premises last de-
scribed were assigned to & now vested in the sd Thos.
Stanbury for the residue of the term of 1000 yrs. in Trust
to attend the inheritance etc., the residue of which term
of years is by the present Indre witnessed to be granted by
Thos. Stanbury to James Moore, in trust for Thos. Moore.
And to John Moore is entrusted the custody of certain
writings & evidences of title (relating not only to the here-
ditaments hereinbefore conveyed to Thos Moore, but also
to other lands of greater value, purchased by the sd. John
Moore), whereof a schedule follows.
(1719, Oct. 30-31) Indentures of Lease & Eelease bet.
Jno. Cooper & Joan his w. of 1®* pt & Jno. Northmore of
2~*pt.
(6^** Geo. East. Term) Chirograph of a Fine bet. sd. J. N
pltf. & sd. J. C. & J. def ts.
(1721, July 29) Indre. bet. sd. J. C. & J. of 1»* pt. & sd.
J. N. of 2°*^ pt.
' (1723, Julv 28 & 29) Indres. of L. &. E. bet. sd. J. C. & J.
of V^ pt. sd. J. N. of 2"'* pt. & W" Oxenham of 3^ pt.
(1727, Nov. 13) Bond from sd. J. C. to sd. W. O. for
securing £ — & int. & further charge.
(1732, June 13) Indre bet. sd J. C. & J. of 1»^ pt. k sd.
W. 0. of 2°^ pt.
(1734, Sept. 11) Attested copy of articles of agreement,
bet. W™. Northmore of 1"^ pt. the sd. W. Oxenham & Eliza-
beth his dau. of 2nd pt. & Jas. Amyatt & llobt. Chichester
of 3^ pt.
(1745, Oct. 8) Thomas Knapman's will prob. in Bp.'s Court.
Exon. by W'". K. the Ex'.
(1783, Nov. 17 & 18) Indres. of L. & R bet. James Knap-
man, yeom & Mary K. sp^ of 1"* pt & Barth. Gidley of
2°** pt.
(1787, June 25 & 26) Indres. of L. & E. bet. Eliz. Weston
of 1»* pt. & Barth. Gidlev of 2»'i pt.
(July 20) Indre. bet. sd. B. G. of 1«^ pt. & Jas. Pihnan of
2™*pt.
VOL. XXXVII. z
354 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB.
(1789, Jan. 23) Indre. bet. sd. B. G. of l"* pt. & sd. J. P.
of 2"^ pt.
(1792, Sept. 1) Indre. purporting a declaration to lead the
uses of a line — bet. the sd. B. G. & Elizabeth his w. of !•* pt.
& John Stanbury of 2"** pt.
(33 Geo. Ill, Mich. Term. 15 days St. Martin) Two Chiro
graphs of a Fine whereby sd. J. S. was pltf. and sd. B. G.
& £. defts.
(Sept. 28 & 29) Indres. of L. & li. the latter of 4 pts. bet.
sd. Barth. Gidley of !•* pt. sd. Jas. Pitman of 2*^ pt. sd.
John Stanbury of 3** pt. & Thomas Stanbury of 4^ pt.
(1794, Nov. 20) Indre. bet. sd. J. S. of 1»* pt. John Cleave
of 2"** pt. & Thos. Ley of 3^ pt.
(1799, Jan. 5) Indre. bet. sd. T. L. of 1** pt. the sd Stanbury
[sic] of 2°^ pt. & John Lane of 3^ pt.
(1807, Mar. 8) Copy Probate copy of sd. John Stanbury's
will. prob. Prerog. Ct. Cant. 10 Aug. 1807.
(1810, Dec. 28 & 29) Indres. of L. & R. bet. Thos. Stanbury
of 1»^ pt. T. B. Luxmoore of 2°^ pt. & Charles Luxmoore of
3** pt. purporting a Conveyance to lead the uses of a
Recovery.
(51 Geo. Ill, Hil. Term) Ex"*, of Recovery whereby sd. C. L.
was tenant & sd. T. B. ll demandant & sd. Thos. Stanbury
vouchee.
(1810, Dec. 15) Articles of Agreement bet. J. L. Gorwyn
of 1«^ pt. sd. T. S. of 2"** pt. & Thos. & Jno. Moore of 3^ pt
(1811, Mar. 21) Indre. bet. sd. John Lane of !■* pt. & sd.
T. S. of 2"^ pt.
1813, Dec. 29. William Langmead of S. T. yeoman, to
John Knapman of S. T. yeoman, Contract for sale of the fee
in all that messuage and tenement called Little Youldbn.
1815, Hil. Term 55 Geo. III. In the Exchequer.
John Knapman impleads William Langmead for breach of
an agreement concerning sale to him of a mess, or tent, called
Little Youlden in S. T. Lawyer (A. Moore) adds opinion
that this is not an action that will be favoured in court if it
comes out that the Pit. has himself refused lately to complete
the purchase.
1820, March 21. Indenture between Thomas Stanbury
of the borough of South Zele, Woolconiber (Devisee in tail
of the messuage lands etc hereinafter described under the
last will of John Stanbury his father late of S. Zele, Serge-
maker), of the 1'^ pt. John Arscott of the same place,
Chandler, of 2"*^ pt. & John Perkins of same, Woolcomber
KBIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB. 355
(a trustee of the sd. John Arscott for purposes etc), of 3^ pt.
Whereas
ft
the sd. John Stanbury in his will dated
(1807, March 28) [already cited] devised to his son, the
sd. Thos., among other bequests etc, all that the Testator's
dwelling-house & meadow hereinafter described, & whereas
by Indres. of L. & R. dated
(1810, Dec. 28 & 29) the same were limited & assured to
him & to his use, this Indre. witnesses that Thos. Stanbury
grants bargains & sells to the sd. John Arscott for £ —
the said messuage, etc, wherein the sd. John Stanbury deed,
formerly dwelt, & all that meadow, etc, lying in the borough
of South Zele & psh. of S. T., & commonly called Peard's
HOUSE & Peards Acre, with its appurts, etc: To the uses
and subject to certain provisos etc to the end
& intent that the present or any future wife of the sd John
Arscott may be barred & precluded from all estate right &
title of & to dower in the same or any part thereof — etc.
1820, Sept. 29. [Handbill] Southtawton Devon. To be
sold by public Auction at the White Hart Inn Okehampton
on Saturday 14 Oct next at 4 o'clock in the afternoon on
such Conditions as shall then be proposed .... The Fee
simple & Inheritance of all that messuage & Tenement called
Harper otherwise Harepath, consisting of a bam & linhays
and about 40 acres of good arable meadow & Pasture land
in the possession of Mr. Richard Dunning as Tenant thereof.
The Premises adjoin the Turnpike Road leading from
Okehampton to Exeter & distant from Okehampton, a good
market town, about 5 miles and 1 mile from South Tawton
Lime Kilns.
In viewing the Premises apply to the Tenant, and for
particulars to M'. T. B. Luxmoore Solicitor, Fair Place
Okehampton. M'. George Gould, Land Surveyor ; or to M'.
Robert Bevan, Auctioneer — both of Okehampton aforesaid.
Richardson, printer and bookbinder.
Okehampton.
1824, Oct. 21. Notice to Mr. Anthony Ellis, to pay at
the expiration of 6 cal. mos. the sum due from him to John
Dunning by virtue of certain Indres. of L. & R. dated
(1816, Nov. 15-16) between Thomasin Whitetield widow,
of V^ pt. the sd. Ant. Ellis of 2°<^ pt. the sd. John Dunning
of 3^ pt. and Richard Dunning his brother & T. B. Luxmoore
gent, of 4*^ pt. — Viz the principal sum of £ — with int. at
the rate of £4. 10 per cent; on the security of all that mess.
z 2
356 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
tent. & farm. & all those lands known by the name of
Drkwston als Thurston als Lower Drewston & several
fields & parcels of land formerly called Clay Stiches als
Cleave Stiches but now & for some years past distinguished
by some other name, adjoining or near to the sd. mess, etc
and formerly in the possn. of John Trend, deed, afterwards
of the sd. Ant. Ellis & Ann Ellis his mother, as tenants to
Elizabeth Trend & Grace Trend.
1828, — April [Endorsed] M'. William Perkins & his wife
to Messrs William & Bichard Brock. Draft: Assignment
of Annuity of £ — Issuing and payable out of West Nor-
DON in Throwley Devon.
This Indre. is bet. Wm Perkins of S. Zeal, woolstapler,
& Damaris his wife of 1'^ pt. John Underbill of Throwley,
yeoman, of 2"** pt. & William Brock & Bichard Brock both
of Throwley, yeomen (Exec" of last will of Bichard Brock
their father late of Throwley, yeom.) of 3** pt Whereas
the sd. Willm. Perkins by his Indre. of Mortgage, dated
(1819, June 19) assigned and transferred to the sd Bichard
Brock since dead, certain Leasehold premises called the New
White Horse, situate in South Zeal, for the residue of
99 yrs term, for securing £ — and int. And whereas by
the will dated
(1820, May 14) of the sd. Bichard Brock the father, since
dead, the sd. W°\ & Bichard Brock his two sons, therein
appointed his Executors are become entitled to the mort-
gage debt of £ — int., and whereas the sum of £ — only is
due, all int. having been paid up to date. And whereas
Bichard Dunning late of Ash in the parish of Throwley,
dec'd. in his last will dated
(1825, March 24) amongst other things therein contained
did charge his Estate called West Nordon, sit. in Throwley
in trust with an annuity of £ — , to be paid by half yearly
payments unto the sd. Damaris Perkins for her life, and
subject thereto devised the same to the use of the sd. John
Underbill, partly hereto, And whereas the sd W°*. & Bichd
Brock have called on the sd W™. Perkins to pay the sd £ —
due to them on the sd. mortgage security as Exec", but that
he being unable so to do, she the sd. Damaris his wife for
the full liquidation of the sd. mortgage debt hath agreed
to assign her said annuity to the sd W™. Brock & Bich.
Brock; to which thev have assented: and the sd. John
Underbill, to whom the fee simple and Inheritance of West
Nordon is devised charged with paymt. of the sd. Annuity,,
hath agreed to enter into Covenants for the payment of the
AB8TKACT OF MOORK'S TITLE TO LANGSTONE, CONTD. 357
same unto W. & E. Brock for the life of the sd. Damaris
Perkins. In Consdn. whereof they have delivered up to
W™. Perkins the sd. security, now this Indre. witnesseth
that in Consdn. etc. the sd Damaris Perkins doth grant &
sell, & the sd W™. Perkins doth ratify and confirm unto the
sd W°». Brock & Richd. Brock the sd. annuity of £ — . etc.
1828. Abstract of Mr. James Moore's Title to the
Fee simple and Inheritance of Langstone in Throwley.
[This Abstract covers eighteen folios, but I must restrict
myself to a mere outline of the Indres. cited.]
(1691, June 23) Indre. between Eeignold Hawkey of
Trevegoe in Cornwall, gent. & Jane^ his wife, sister and sole
heir of James Knapman gent, late of Werrington, Co. Devon,
of the one part, & John White of Drewsteignton Devon,
yeom. of the other part witnessing lease by 1"^ parties to
2^ party, for term of 99 years or lives of James Robert &
Edward White, sons of Lessee, of all that one Mess. & tent.
in the psh. of Throwley then late in possn. of Beatrix
Moore.
(1695, 20 Dec.) Indre. bet. sd. Eeignold Hawkey & Jane
his w. of 1"* pt. & W°* Moore of Throwley yeom. of 2"^ pt.
The 1'* lease to the 2"** for a term of 99 yrs. or for lives of
John Thomas & Simon Moore, sons of sd. W"*. Moore
(a Heriot or farlief of 10* to be paid on death of each life)
All that House, tent. & land. sit. in the Village of Lang-
stone in the psh. of Throwley, together with all commons,
ways, waters, etc., then lately in possn. of one W™. Cornish
& then of the sd. W". Moore.
(1741, 12 June) Indre. bet. Simon Moore of Throwley,
yeom. of 1"* pt. & John Brock the younger of Drewsteign-
ton yeom. of 2°** pt.
Eeciting that sd. Simon Moore then stood possessed in
a certain mess, dwelling-house & lands in Langstone for
the residue of a term of 99 yrs. etc. And that the sd.
Simon Moore was likewise possessed of & interested in one
other mess or dwelling-house, theretofore a Barn, situate
also in the Village of Langstone, and of five fields or closes
cont. abt. 10 ac, near adjoining, formerly in possn. of Arthur
Knapman, deed., but then of sd. Simon Moore, for the
remdr. of another term of 99 yrs. det'ble on deaths of Agnes
Moore, dau. of sd. John Moore, & John Wills son of Henry
Wills of Chagford & the sd S. Moore. And witnessing that
^ Dau. and son of James Knapman and Jone Whiddon of Drewsteignton
and Throwleigh. See Vivian. — K. L.
358 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
the sd. Simon Moore did assign & transfer the sd. messuage
lands etc & all the title terms for years etc to John Brock,
in Trust for the use of the sd. Simon Moore, to attend the
inheritance.
(1741, 16 & 17 June) By Indre. of L. & R bet. Warwick
Hawkey, of Trevegoe in Cornwall Esq. (eldest son of War-
wick Hawkey late of same, deed. & grandson & heir of
Eeginald Hawkey gent & Jane his wife late of Trevegoe
both deed.) of 1^ p". Thomas Pitt of Boconnock in Corn-
wall Esq & John Bennett of St. Nyott in Cornwall Grent.
of 2"^ part John Treise of Levethan in Cornwall Esq. of
3^ pt & Simon Moore of Throwley, Devon, of 4^ pt.
Keciting certain Indres. of L. & R. dated
(1739, Oct. 30-31) bet. Eras. Tucker, clerk, & Jane his
wife of 1** pt. Humphrey Dean, gent, of 2°** pt. the sd.
Warwick Hawkey of 3** pt., the sd. Thos. Pitt & Jno. Bennett
of 4^** pt. the sd Jno. Treise of 5^^ pt. Wm. Waddon, clerk,
of 6*** pt & Henry Bennet of 7*** pt. — ^And by certain other
Indres. of L & E. dated 24 & 25 Sept. last, the fee simple
& inheritance of the lands messuages etc. thereinafter men-
tioned were charged with the paymt. of £ — with int. unto
Jno Treise at a certain day since past. And reciting the
contract of the sd. Simon Moore with the sd. Warwick
Hawkey, Tho. Pitt & J. Bennett for the purchase of the fee
simple etc for £ — which was to be pd. to sd. J. Treise in
part satisfn. of sd. mortgage money.
It is witnessed by sd. Indre of Release that the
sd. Warwick Hawkey did grant sell, etc, and sd. T. P. J. B.
& J. T. at the request of sd. W. H. did bargain, sell, etc,
unto sd Simon Moore All those three messuages or tents,
with appts. called Langstones — then or lately in possn of
sd. Simon Moore, Wm. Moore & Jno. White or their tenants
— all which sd premises are sit. in the sd. psh. of Throwley
and are parcel or reputed parcel of the manor or reputed
manor of Shilstone.
Together with all liberties, paths, rents heriots etc etc
all deeds etc. To hold to the use of the sd. Simon Moore
for ever. And that sd. 3 messuages should continue to the
use of sd. Simon Moore and his heirs for ever, free from all
suits of court and services to the sd. manor or reputed
manor of Shilston, & of all other gifts & encumbrances, etc.
Except a term of 500 years created by Indre. tripartite
dated
(1726, July 28) bet. sd. W°>. Hawkey of 1»* pt. Eras.
Tucker, clerk, & Jane his w. of 2"^ pt. W". Glynn Esq.
ABSTRACT OF.MOORE'S TITLE TO LANGSTONE, CONTD. 359
«
since deed. Peter Kekewich Esq. since deed. & Humphrey
Dean, Gent, of 3** pt., the residue of which term was by
assignment from the sd. H. D. the surviving Trustee then
vested in sd. Henry Bennet, & the sd. term as to sd. 3
messuages thereby releeised, was by Indre. sexpartite of
same date, made bet. sd. W. Hawkey of 1'* pt. sd. F. Pitt
& J. Bennett of 2^** pt. sd. J. Treise of 3^ pt. sd. H. Bennett
of 4*** pt. sd Simon Moore of 5^ pt. & Oliver Langmead of
S. T. Devon, Cordwainer (a person nominated in trust for
sd S. Moore) of 6*** pt, assigned to sd. Oliver Eeddaway in
trust for sd. Simon Moore, and in trust to attend the
inheritance. And excejjt an Indre. of Lease dated
(1691, June 20) granted by sd. Reginald Hawkey and
Jane his wife, the aforesaid grandfather & grandmother of
sd W. Hawkey (both deed.) to sd. John White, of part of
sd. thereby released pmses. for 99 yrs. det'ble on 3 lives
at yearly rent of — \
And except one other Indre. of lease dated
(1695, Dec. 20) granted by same parties to sd. W°* Moore,
of one other part of sd. premises for like term, at yearly rent
of — ■, and a capon or !■.
And also except another Indre. of Leaso dated
(1731 May 25) granted by sd. W. Hawkey unto Simon
Moore, of another part of sd. pmises. for like term, at yearly
rent of — ^, Also covenant for sd. W. H.'s further assurance.
1704, Hil. Term. Recital of Judgment obtained by Stephen
Eobyns Esq. agt. Warwick Hawkey Esq. deed, father of sd
W. Hawke/ (party thereto) in King's Bench, for £ — debt,
besides costs.
After the death of the sd. Stephen Robyns, the purchase
money of the sd. 3 messuages being paid to J. Treise (appointed
Ex', in his will) in part of his sd mortgage money & int. the
sd. J. T. covenanted with the sd. S. Moore that the sd.
Judgment etc. should not be in any way charged upon the
sd. 3 messuages.
(1741, Sept. 24 & 25) Indres of L. & R. bet. sd. J. Treise
of 1 pt. sd. W»° Waddon of 2°^ pt. sd. W. Hawkey of 3**
part. sd. Thps. Pitt & J. Bennett of 4*** part.
(1741, Sept 26 & 27) Indres of L. & R. bet. W. Hawkey
(party thereto) & Grace his w. of 1** pt, sd. T. Pitt & J.
Bennett of 2"** pt Benjamin Teasdaile, gent, of 3^ pt. and
Roger Gutely, gent, of 4^*> pt. Executed by W. Hawkey,
T. Pitt, J. Bennett John Treise & Simon Moore & attested to
360 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
*
the signing by all sd. parties by John Luxmoore Ed. White-
field, & Ed. Musgrove J'., Also receipt for £ — . Consdn.
money, endorsed & signed by sd. J. Treise.
(1741, June 17) Indre. bet. Warwick Hawkey eldest son &
heir of Warwick Hawkey Esq. deed, of 1'* pt. Thos. Pitt &
Jno. Bennett of 2"^ pt. Jno. Treise of 3^ pt. H. Bennett of
4^ pt. S. Moore of 5^ pt. & Oliver Langmead (a person
nominated etc) of 6*^ pt. Reciting Indre. dated
(1726, July 28) bet. sd. W. Hawkey of 1«* pt. Eras. Tucker
& Jane his w. of 2"** pt. W". Glynn (since deed.) Peter Keke-
wich (since deed.) & Humf. Dean of 3** pt. The sd. W.
Hawkey did grant and demise to sd. W. Glynn P. Kekewich
& H. Dean, all those 3 mess, with appts. called Langstones,
sit in Throwley, etc. to hold to the sd Glynn etc. for 500
years — upon the trusts therein declared; and reciting the
death of Glynn, and Dean's surviving him, and that by
Indre. dated
(1739, Oct. 31) bet. sd. Eras. Tucker & J. his w. of 1"*' pt.
sd. Humf. Dean of 2°** pt sd W. Hawkey (party thereto) of
3^* pt. & sd. T. Pitt J. Bennett of 4*^ pt. sd. J. Treise of 5*
pt. W*" Waddon of 6^ pt. & sd H. Bennett of 7^ pt. sd.
Dean did (amongst other lands) assign sd. premises unto sd.
Henry Bennett for residue of sd. 500 yrs' term, in trust
for J. Treise for better securing paymt. of the sum of £ —
& int. according to the Proviso therein contained. And
reciting Simon Moore's contract with sd. Hawkey, Pitt, &
Bennett for purchase of the fee simple & inheritance in
possn. of sd. 3 mess, etc for £ — that day paid ^d. J. Treise
towards sd. mortgage money & int. And that by Indres. of
L. & E. (the latter of even date with the abstracting Indre.)
the same premises were conveyed to the sd Simon Moore.
(1754, Nov. 28) John Moore's Will, whereby after be-
queathing 20/ to such poor objects of Southtawton as his
Exrs. should think proper within one month after his death,
he devised as follows : —
Also I give devise and bequeath unto John Brock of
Drewsteignton, yeom: my cous, & James Eowe of Chag-
ford, yeom all that my mess. tent. & lands called
GoosFORD, otherwise Goosaford, sit. & lying in Goosford in
the psh. of S. T. & now in possn. of me John Moore. And
also all that mess, tent & lands called Longstone otherwise
Langstone & a certain meadow called Langson otherwise
Langstone Meadow, and also all that gistment, fields or
ABSTRACT OF MOORB'S TITLE TO LANGSTONE, CONTD. 361
closes called The Wenfords or Wenvills ^ and also all that
parcel of land called Crowenoon otherwise Crowedon
Meadow, all which last mentioned lands are sit. at or
near Langstone afsd. in the psh. of Throwley, and are
all now in the possn. of Oliver Langmead my tenant at
a yearly rent. Except the Wenfords or Wenvills which
are now in my own possn., and all which sd. premises were
some time since the land of Arthur Knapman & are now
distinguished hy the name of Knapman's Lands, together
with all buildings, gardens, etc etc to have & to hold ....
for a term of 1000 years .... subject to the trusts herein-
after declared.
That if my son William Moore or his heirs shall pay
to the sd John Brock & James Kowe the full sum of £ —
within one year of my decease, in trust for the only use
of my dau. Mary Moore, and the like sum in trust for the
only use of my dau. Agnes Moore, that then the sd. J. B.
& J. R. shall at the cost & charges of my sd. son Wm. M.
convey all & singular the sd. lands and premises for all the
then residue of the sd. term, unto or in trust for my sd. son
Wm. his heirs & assigns, etc
And it is my will that if my son W™ shall fail to pay the
sd. sums of £— within the space of one year as aforesd. &
all such costs etc. then all the sd. lands & premises shall
continue & be vested absolutely in the sd. J. B. & J. R. etc.
And I give & devise the reversion & inheritance of
the sd. lands & premises unto my sd. son William Moore his
heirs and assigns for ever.
Also all other my messes, lands, tents. & heredts. lying in
the pshes. of Throwley & S. T. or elsewhere I give & be-
queath to my sd. son Wm. M. his heirs & assigns, he or
they paying & discharging all debts which shall be due from
me at the time of my death, as by mortgage, bond, note, etc.
Also all my goods, credits, & personal estate I give and
bequeath unto my sd. son, W™., charged also with paymt. of
my debts & legacies.
The sd. son William Moore is appointed Executor of the
will, & is enjoined duly to fulfil the same & to live in peace
& love with his sisters.
^ Bequests to daus. Mary & Agnes Moore. Signed by John
Moore as well as sealed & declared by him as his last will
& test, in presence of William Lightfoot, Ed. Whitefield,
Seddon Whitefield. Proved in Eccl. Ct. of Bp. of Exeter
8 Dec 1763.
^ See footnote, p. 364.
362 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB.
(1787, Nov. 27) Indre. of L. & R. bet. William Moore the
elder of Gooseford in S. T. yeoiti. of !■* pt. W"* Moore the
younger of Langston in Throwley yeoni. son of sd W"*
Moore, of 2°^ pt. Catherine Pedler, spinster, of 3*^ pt. Eichard
Dunning the younger of Ash in Throwley yeom. of 4^ pt.^
reciting the marriage intended bet. sd. W™ Moore J' & Cath.
Pedler, and witnessing that in pursuance of a treaty, etc, &
also in consdn. of sd. intended marriage & of £200, the
marriage portion of sd. Cath. P., pd. to sd. W™. M. J'., the
sd. W™ Moore S'. did grant, sell, confirm, etc. (in his actual
possn.) all that mess. tent. & farm called Longstone ah
Langstone & a certain meadow called Langsou ah Langstone
Meadow, & all that parcel of land called Crowenoon ah
Crowedon Meadow, all which sd. premises are sit. at or near
a village called Langstone, withm sd. psh. of Throwley, &
were then in possns. of sd. W°^. Moore J' & John Dunning^
& also all that mess. tent. & dwelling-house sit. at or near
X»angstone, then in occpn. of James Endacott. with all out-
houses gardens, etc. To have & to hold the same unto the
sd. R Dunning, upon such trusts, & subject to such provisos,
etc as were thereinafter expressed, that is to say. As to
a mess, or dwelling-house which was formerly a Barn, and a
course or waste parcel of land called the Hill-head, sit.
between the three highways near Langstone aforesd. and a
garden then in possn. of sd. John Dunning, which is part of
the sd. first mentd. mess, and farm, and all necessary & con-
venient ways & paths to & from the same, & the right &
liberty of using & enjoying the curtilage at Langston in
common with the occupiers for the time being of the other
part of the sd. messuage. To the use & behoof of the sd.
W" Moore S*". his heirs & assigns, and as to the other part of
the sd. last mentd. mess. & farm and all the rest of sd thereby
granted messuages dwelling-house, lands, etc. To the use of
the sd W°* Moore S*" until the solemnization of the sd. marriage^
and after, etc. to the use of sd W°*. Moore J', and his assigns,
sans waste, etc, and after the determination of that estate,
to the use of sd Bichd. Dunning, & his heirs during life of
sd W"*. M. J', in trust to preserve, etc. Eemainder to the
use of sd. Catherine Pedler, for life, in bar of dower, and
after the death of the survivor, etc. Remainder to the use
of & in trust for all & every child or children of W. M. and
C. P., whether sons or daus, and with such provisos & charge-
able with such sums of money, as sd. W*". M. should at any
time by deed, or by last will, etc give grant limit, etc. etc
with ultimate remainder to use of sd W°^. Moore J', his heirs
ABSTRACT OF MOORB^S TITLE TO LAKGSTONB, CONTD. 363
& assigns for ever. Power of leasing by tenants for life at
rack rent for any term absolute not exceeding — years.
Ck>venants from W*". Moore the elder with Dunning, that
sd. messes, etc should remain according to the uses thereby
limited, and should be peaceably enjoyed accordingly, free
from incumbrances, the dower of the sd. wife of sd. W".
Moore in case she survived him in sd. lands and tents,
excepted. And lastly, sd W'". Moore S'. did appoint that
Rowland Ball, formerly of S. T. yeom. in whom sd. lands
& tents, were vested for residue of certain term of 1000 yrs.
in trust for raising & paying unto sd. W". Moore S^ the sums
of £ — & £ — & that all & every other person possd. of any
estate, or for residue of any term of years etc of or in sd.
premises, should stand possd. thereof in trust for the sd
E. Dunning & to attend the inheritance thereof.
(1789, Dec. 17) Will of sd. William Moore of Gooseford.
whereby after giving his wife Elizabeth for life an annuity
of £8 clear of land & other taxes, payable out of his mess,
farm, etc called West Goosford in S. T. which premises
(without such parts thereof as were thereinafter comprised
in certain term of 50 years) he charged with paymt. thereof,
giving her power to distrain for arrears (if any), etc.
He gave the Parlour & Parlour chamber part of the
Dwelling-house of West Goosford aforesd. with a doorway
for entrance into sd. parlour to be opened into the back court
& liberty of making a Kick in the forecourt & all necessary
paths, ways, etc for convenient enjoyment of same to his
sd wife for 50 yrs if she lived so long, & subject to sd
annuity, etc.
He gave every & all parts of sd mess, farm & lands
charged therewith, together with the premises comprised in
sd. term of 50 years (but as to them subject thereto) to
JohQ Aysh of Clanaboro, & William Dunning of Langstone,
both in psh. of Throwley, their Exrs. etc, for term of 200 yrs
from testator's death, In Trust for sd. J. A. & W. D. at the
end of 3 yrs after his death, to raise, borrow, etc by mort-
gage of all or part of sd. premises for residue of sd. term,
by rents thereof reed, by them (if any) and, if thought
proper, by sale of any timber-trees then growing the sum of
£ — with int. from his decease at 2 per cent. p. ann. above
all costs, charges, etc. to be occasioned by sd. trust, and to
pay sd £ — to his daughter, Elizabeth Moore for her own
use etc and subject respectively to sd annuity etc. & to sd.
term of 50 yrs & to sd. term of 200 yrs.
He devised & gave his sd. mess, farm & lands called West
364 NBIGHBOURS OF NORTH WTKE.
GoosFORD to his son Simon Moore, his heirs & assigns
for ever.
And he gave to his dau. Eliz. £50 to be pd. her at end of
3 yrs. from his decease with int. at 2 per cent, out of his
lands & premises called or sit. at Langstone & Wenfields
als, Wenfords ^ in psh. of Throwley, and he devised the last
named mess, dwelling-house lands etc to his son James Moore
his heirs & assigns for ever.
(1785, March 11-12) Kecital Indres. of L. & II. bet. sd.
Testator of one pt. & John Hooper of Chagford, gent. & sd.
John Aysh of other pt. whereby Testator did grant release
& confirm certain mess. tent, and lands called Eastwebk sit.
at a village called Eastweek in S. T. unto sd. J. Hooper &
J. Aysh upon certain trusts. i.e. To the use of sd. testator for
life, & after detmn. of that estate to the use of persons as
he might appoint by deed or by will, and in default of such
gift — then the mess. tent. etc. called Eastweek to the use of
the sd J. A. & W. D. for term of 500 yrs. etc for them, at
the end of 3 yrs. after Testator's death to raise, borrow, etc,
the sum of £ — , whereof £ — to be paid to his dau Eliz.
Moore for her own use, £ — to his son Simon Moore for his
own use, & £ — the residue thereof, to his son James Moore
for his own use. And after detmn. of sd. term of 500 yrs.
& in meantime subject thereto & to trusts of same, the
testator gave & appointed sd. last named mess. tent. & lands
to the use of his son John Moore, his heirs and assigns for
ever. And he gave to his sd. wife, for life only, the use of
his bed performed and one thing of a sort of all his household
goods & furniture to be delivered to her within one month
from his death.
Testator gave one guinea to be pd. to each of his sons
Thomas William John Moore and to his dau. Mary wife of
John Dunning within one year from his decease, etc
He gave 40/ and 20/ to the poor of S. T. & of Throwley.
And the testator did direct his son Simon Moore in respect
of his estate in West Goosford, to open the doorway from
the aforesd. parlour into sd. back court, & to erect & fix a
proper door therein, and at all times during sd. term of 50
yrs to repair & keep the sd. parlour & chamber over in
good condition, & indemnify testator's wife & her assigns
from all taxes rates & duties which might be chargeable on
^ Wenfords or Wenvills, alias Weufields alias Winfields alias Wingfield
{Vide pp. 361, 369). Cf. the term "Venville," which some writers derive
from "Fines Villanira," others from Fen field, Vang veld, etc Cf. also
Wonson Manor in the same parish.
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE. 365
s'd parlour & chamber And testator did devise
all the rest of his messuages lands, etc, real, personal & testa-
mentary effects, etc, unto his sd. sons Simon Moore & James
Moore, whom he appointed Executors of his will. And
during the minority of his sd. son James he appointed sd.
John Aysh & W". Dunning to have the guardianship & care
of the sd. James, & of his estate & property, etc
Executed by William Moore & signed sealed & published
by him as his last will & test, in the presence of BeDj\ South-
mead William Southmead, Jno. E. Southmead. Proved at
Exeter 19 Dec. 1794
(1828, 25 March) By Indre. of this date bet. sd. James
Moore of one pt. & John Dunning of Throwley, yeom. of
the other pt. Keciting under divers Wills & other acts etc
& particularly the last abstracted will of W". Moore, dated
(1789 Dec 17) that sd. Jas. Moore was seized in fee of the
Mess, etc thereinafter mentioned & that sd Jas. Moore was
indebted to sd. John Dunning in £ — besides int, it is
witnessed that in Consn. of sd. debt of £ — , sd. James
Moore did grant, sell, etc unto sd. J. D. All those three
messuages with their appts, in or called Langstones, sit. in
Throwley, parcel of the manor of Shilstone, formerly in
possn. of Simon Moore, since of W". Moore, both since
deceased, after that of John White, but then of the sd
James Moore or his tenants, and all outhouses etc. & all the
estate, etc. to hold to the said John Dunning from the day
next before date thereof for 1000 years saiis waste. Proviso
for Cesser of the term on paymt. of mortgage money & int.
Covenant from Jas. Moore to pay the money. Power to
grant, for peaceable enjoyment, etc.
Executed by sd. Jas. Moore & J. Dunning, and attested
by T. B. Luxnioore.
[Abstract of Moore's Title to Langstone ends here.]
1829, April 4. This Indre. bet. John Knapman of Addis-
COTT in S. T. yeom. of the one part & Richard Dunning of
Week in S. T. yeom. of the other part. Witnesseth that
the sd. J. K. doth by these presents demise and
lease to the sd. E. D. all those messuages & tents, called
Oxenham's Addiscott, and Hole's Addiscott with their
appurts. sit. in S. T. in the occupu. of the sd. J. K. Except
all timber & other trees saplings & pollards which are or
shall be standing upon the sd. premises — and all mines &
qitarrie^ in &, upon the same with liberty of ingress egress
& regress upon the sd. premises to search dig or work the
366 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB.
sd. mines, etc & to fell & carry <iway the timber etc. And
except to the sd. J. K. the dwelling-house and all the houses
on the left or lower side coming into the court from the
double door & the Garden, Orchard, Little Old Park, Higher
Old Park & Long Park Meadow, parts & parcels of Oxen-
ham's Addiscott aforesd. with free liberty for him also to go
to & from the same, etc.
To have & to hold to the sd. Richard Dunning from the
29 Sept. next for the full & complete term of 11 yrs, yield-
ing & paying unto the sd. John Knapman for the sd premises
called Oxenham's Addiscott the yearly rent of £ — etc.
And the sd. R D. shall during this demise repair & keep
in repair in a workmanlike manner & with good materials
the sd messuages & premises etc.
And R. D. shall bring unto every acre which shall be
converted to tillage, & before the tillage thereof, 8 hogs-
heads of good well burnt stone lime, . . . etc. etc. [Lengthy
particulars as to succession of various crops, dressing of
land, trimming of hedges, etc, " according to good husbandry."]
1831, 9 Sept. Indre. bet. Edmund Knapman of Goosaford
in the p'sh of S. T. yeom. of 1** pt. Denis Knapman his son
of the same place, yeom. of 2"^ pt. & Samuel Vanstone of
Broadwoodkelly yeom. of 3^ pt Witnessing the Lease by
the s*d E. K. to the s'd D. K. for one year (as a preliminary
to a grant of the freehold, reversion and inheritance of the
messuages, lands, etc to the same, to certain uses & upon
certain trusts) of all that Mess, and tenem^ with the appurts.
called Goosaford, otherwise Higher Goosaford, sit & lying
in & near the village of Goosaford within the p*sh of 8. T.
and all that ten^ or gistment, with appurts. called Tawton-
FFORDS^ sit in the s'd p'sh of S. T. All which s'd premises
were heretofore in the poss**. of Edmund Knapman, dec^.
father of the s'd Edmund K. (party hereto) since of the s'd
E. K. but now of the s'd Denis K. his son. Together with
all outhouses . . . gardens . . . fields . . water courses . . . trees
commons & common of pasture, etc; and also all that
piece of land or allottment now in the occup". of R K.
(party hereto) sit on Whiddon Down ^ in the p'sh. of S. T.
containing about [blank] bounded on the N. by the Turnpike
road leading from Okehampton to Exeter & Moreton; on the
E. by the road passing thro' the common ; on the S. by the
1 Was this the «* Tawford " of 1463 ? XXXIII, 420.
s Cf. the *• Barton land" in ' * Whedon," an/c p. 328, 1611 ; and p. 330,
1588.
NEIGHBOURS OF KORTH \VYKB. 367
Allottment of William Moore ; & on the W. by the AUott-
ment of Simon Moore.
1831, Sept. 10. Ind're. bet. Edmund Knapman of GoosA-
FORD in the p'sh of S. T. yeoman, of I*' p't. Denis Knapman
his son, of the same place, by his second wife, formerly
Philippa Sampson, widow, dec'd, of 2"*^ p*t. & Samuel
Vanstone of Broadwood Kelly of 3** part. Witnessing that
in consid". of £ — to be paid by the s'd Denis Knapman
unto Edmund K. another son of the s'd E. K. party hereto,
by the same wife ; within 12 mos. after the death of the sd.
E. K. the father, and of 10' in hand to the latter. He the
s'd E. K. party hereto, by virtue of the power reserved to
him by an Indre. of 3 parts dated
(1812, Nov. 2) bet. the s'd E. K. & John Knapman, yeom.
of l** pt. (vouchees) Benjamin Austen, gent, of 2"** pt.
(tenant) & John Kinderley gent, of 3^ p*t (demandant) and
of all other powers, etc, grants & directs that the recoverer
named in the recited Indre. & Common Recovery shall — as
to the messuages lands, etc first hereinafter described, be
seized of the same & that the s'd Recovery shall, as to the
same, enure And this Indre. further witnesses that
the s'd E. K. (party hereto) grants, sells, releases, etc to the
s'd D. K. GoosAFORD and Tawtonfords [described as in the
foregoing Ind're] All which s'd premises were limited to
the s'd E. K. party hereto, by the s'd Indre. of 1812, Nov. 2
to certain uses & trusts for the benefit of the same E. K. as
are therein expressed and also all that allottment on Widdon
Down [described as before] marked with the. letter I in the
map in an Indre hereinafter referred to [Not seen by me. —
E. L.-W.]. All which s'd allottment with appurts. by certain
Indres of L. & R. dated
(1814, March 21-22) bet. John Dunning & George Gould
of 1** p't. William Bragg, Thomas Moore, John Moore,
William Moore, Simon Moore, Edward Knapman, Thomas
Knapman, Arthur Knapman & James Lang of 2^ p't, & the
s'd Edmund K. (party hereto) therein described to be of
the p'sh of Throwley, of the 3^ pt. were conveyed unto &
to the use of the s'd E. K. his heirs & assigns, in lieu
& satisfaction of all rights of Common & pasturage & other
right title & interest in or upon Whiddon Down ; And all
the estate, right, title, etc of him the s'd E. K. (party hereto)
of & in the s'd hered**. : And all deeds & writings whatsoever
relating solely to them. To have & to hold the said several
hered^. & premises hereby released unto the s'd Denis K.
368 NmOHBOUBS OF NORTH WYKB.
to the use of the a'd D. K. his heirs & assigns
for ever — subject to certain conditions & provisos, etc. i.e.
that D. K. will at his own cost maintain & keep the s'd E. K.
(party hereto) during his life with good & sufficient meat
& drink, washing & lodging suitable to his degree & quality,
at D. K.'s own dwelling-house, and make him an annual
allowance of £12. or if the s'd E. K. should prefer to reside
with any other person than the s'd D. K. then the allowance
to be increased to £16 a year — or at that rate. This Ind're
further witnesses to the sale by E. K. to D. K. of his two
cows, one heififer, two sheep, two soles} one pair of harrows, &
all his bedding, brass pewter & other goods & chattels which
were formerly in the posses'*, of the s*d E. K. but for some
years since had been in the poss". of D. K. though without
legal assignment thereof to him.
1831, Sept. 17. Draft settlement by Edmund Enapman of
GooSAFORD [described as before] on Edmund Knapman his
son, of all that messuage & tenement called West Aish
lying in West Aish within the parish of Throwley, consist-
ing of two dwelling-houses, Barn, stable, shippen & curtilage
and of two gardens, and of six fields closes pieces or parcels
of land meadow pasture & moor with their appurts in West
Aish and Throwley aforesaid, heretofore in the poss". of Mary
Skinner widow, dec*., since of John Skinner dec*^., and now &
for several years past of the s*d E. K. the father Together
with all outhouses gardens etc. and all deeds, writings etc.
And Denis Knapman, another son of E. K., who ratifies this
release etc. agrees to produce whenever required certain
Indres of L. & R. by way of settlement, dated 11-12 May
1766, bet. Elizabeth Knapman of Goosaford widow of
Edmund K. yeom. late dec**., and Edmund K. his only son
& heir by the s'd Eliz. K. of 1'^ pt. William Knapman of
Goosaford, yeom, John Cuming (?) of North Bovey, yeom.
of 2** p't. & John Skinner of Throwley, yeom. & Joan Skinner,
spinster, his only dau. & heir, of the 3** pt.
1831, Sept. 17. Contract: — Edmund Knapman the younger,
of Gooseford, takes of M" Jane Quick of S. T. widow, for
the term of 1 year from Mich, next, a MALT-HOUSE, the
chamber over the meeting [sic] room, the pigs' house, and a
small part of the courtlege adjoining the malt-house, parcel
of a MESSUAGE & ten^ occupied by the s'd Jatie Quick in the
1 ** Sole " = plough.
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE. 369
boro' of S. Zeal in the p'sh of S. T., at the yearly rent of
£11 by quarterly payments. M". Quick to pay all out-
goings and put the premises in repair and to keep them in
repair, all except the malt-kiln which is to be kept in repair
by the sd. E. K.
Signed by Edmund Enapman.
1831. Draft : — Demise by John Knapman of S. Zeal,
victualler, to William Knapman of same place Malster, of
the Equity of Redemption in a messuage called Stocklands
sit in the p'sh of S. T. now in the tenure of the sd. J. K.
(and mortgaged to John Norrish of Zealmonachorum for the
repayment of several sums of money amounting to £ — ) for
indemnifying the s'd W. K. against certain securities entered
into -by the s'd W. K. with & for the s'd J. K. unto various
persons (i.e. to John Bickle in £ — , to the Friendly Society
or Club belonging to S. Zeal, in £ — , to Messrs. Ferrel
Braund & Co in £ — , being monies due for arrears of rent
on an estate called Ford in S. T. all which notes of hand
remain undischarged) and for securing monies advanced by
the s'd W. K. to J. K. for 1000 years by way of mortgage
with power of sale.
1832, 10 July. Handbill. To be sold by auction by M^ Jas.
Herbert, at the house of M''. John Brock, known by the sign of
the Three Crowns in Chagford, on Thurs. 23 Aug. by 4 o'clock in
the afternoon the fee simple & inheritance of all that cap. mess.
& farm called Lanostone situate in the parish of Throwleiqh
comprising two dwelling-houses Bam, shippen, stable & other
farm buildings & abt. 28 ac. arable land now in occupy, of M' Jas.
Moore the owner, togetlier with an unlimited right of pasturage &
conunonable rights in upon & over a very extensive tract of un-
inclosed land called Dartmoor in the same p'sh. with appts.
If the estate be not sold entire the premises will be put up in
the following lots: — Lot 1. Three fields or closes called Wintields^
contg. ab^ 1 1 ac. [Marginal note, *^ Not disputed.''] Lot 2. Field
called Longclose also 2 meads. & plot, contg. abt. 5 ac. [Disputed.]
Lot 3. All those fields or closes called the two Four Acres, Stone-
land & Stoneland Meadow, cont'g. aV. 10 ac. [Disputed.] Lot 4.
Two dwelling-houses barn, shippen stable & other farm buildings
with orch. <^ gard cont'g. ab^. 2 ac [All this lot disputed except
the dwelling-house formerly a bam, & a garden & waste spot called
the Hill head near 3 highways.]
1 FicU anU p. 864.
VOL. XXXVII. 2 A
370 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB.
.... Particulars of M'. T. B. Luxinoore solicitor Okeharapton
j(if by letter post-paid).
Simmons, Printer, Okehampton.
18321 (not dated) Philip Walter of Gidley, labourer, maketh
oath & saith that he is now as he believes of the age of 74, has
lived nearly all his life time in the psh. of Throwlegh, & abt
J mile from Langstonb in that p'sh. Well knew W°*. Moore
dec^. the father of the Lessor of the Plft. & also W°*. Dunning &
Jno. Dunning dec**. Well knows Edward Endacott of Moreton
Hampstead, yeom. & William Northcott of S. Zeal in p'sh of
S. T. labourer, whose affidavits made & sworn in this cause
have this day been read to him. This dep*. further saith he was
reared up from age of 2 yrs. with his grandfather Jacob Jerman
at the farm called Wonson in Throwlbigh, sit. abt. J mile from
Langstone & lived with him till he was 16 y'rs old. Remembers
well the time of the marriage of John Dunning, & that he on his
marriage went to live at Langstone & occupied the (1) &
lands sought to be recovered in this action & now occupied by the
deft. Geo. French. Also remembers the marriage of W™. Moore
dec**, the father of W. M. the Lesser of the Plft. and that the s*d
Jno. D. then occupied the s'd lands at Langstone, the whole of
which fields & lands this dept. is well acquainted with. That
this dept. well knew Edward Endacott late of Throwleigh butcher,
dec'd mentioned in the aforesd. affidavits of Ed. E. his grandson.
That the s'd E. E., butcher, did occupy the house or cottage at
Langstone formerly occupied by Jas. Endacott, and the fields
called the Moor & Eockey Plot, mentioned in the s'd affidavit,
some years before the sd Jno. Dunning became the occupier of
the lands at Langstone including the Moor & Rockey plot; but
this dep*t well recollects that the s*d E. E. some time prior to the
e'd Jno. D. ( T) at Langstone & occupying the s'd lands
(including the Moor & Rockey plot) had ceased to occupy the
cottage & fields & had gone to another part of the parish &
occupied a cottage & 2 fields near Way farm, more than a mile
from Langstone. That this dep't's s'd grandfather while dep't
lived with him kept oxen which he lent out to the neighbouring
farmers to plough their land. That he remembers when the 8*d
M'. D. so occupied the said lands at Langstone his coming to
Dep't's grandfather to borrow the oxen to plough his land. That
this dep't. was then the driver of the oxen & he, dep't, & his
grandfather's man-servant Geo. Mudge went to Langstone with the
oxen & plough, & at about Mich'as ploughed the field called Four
Acres, and the spring after ploughed the close called the Stoneland.
That the s'd Jno. D. then ordered the s'd dep't & Mudge what
work to perform with the plough etc. That they also
ploughed for the s'd Jno. D. the fields called the Long Close &
the Lower Meadow.
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKB. 371
III. MR. JOHN KNAPMAN'S DEEDS.^
1782. John Bailey of Whiddon, Esq. to Bartholomew
Gidley of S. T., cooper, counterpart of a Lease of a house in
S. T. for £24 lying in or near the village of Ash, now in
poss" of B. G.
1800. Ind're Tripartite :— Whereas by Ind're of L. & E.
dated
(1793, Jan 22-23) Barth. Gidley of Throwleigh, yeom. did
grant to John Tremlett, yeom. upon trust, to sell at public
auction these two dwelling-houses sit. in the village of Ash
'in the p'sh of S. T., the s'd J. T. grants conveys, etc, to Thomas
Moore of S. T., yeom., the s'd two dwellings now in poss". of
Christopher Leman & John Woodley as tenants to B. G.
1802. Thomas Moore of S. T. yeom. & John Moore (his
brother.) for 5/- bargain & sell to James Moore All that the
Manor of South Tawton alias East Ash, with the
Royalties, Rights; Members, etc. thereunto pertaining, and
also all those High or Chief Kents payable unto the lord of
the s'd Manor issuing out of the several lands & hered^.
following, viz: —
W™ Oxenham's lands in West Week £1. 5. 0. For Oxen-
ham 6/- Colston [ = Catson ?] 1/4 Thorn 7" Lands in
Addiscott 5/6 Elizabeth Weston's Cooper's Ash 4/6 Thos.
Battishill for land in Lovaton 5/1 Jas. Kuapman lands in
Ash 6** Thomas Knapman lands in Goosefield 2/6 John
Steer land in Addicott 5/6 John Steer lands in Uishcombe
3/8 Mary Hole for Downes 3/8 Mary Oxenham lands in
Addicott 6/6 Edmund Knapman lands in Addicott 6/7
Browse Trist Hore for Coarse Ever [Mr. J. K. identifies this
with Coursebeer] 6/8. Oxenham Coarse Ever 15" W™.
Moore lands in Goosefield 5/ (not paid) Edmund Knapman's
Cann's Goosefield 3/4 Kich. Hole for Goosefield 1/8
^ Mr. John KDapman, lord of the manor of Ash, alias East Ash, in the
parish of S. T. , has submitted to my examination his own documents, and has
Kindly given his consent to the publication of any matter relating tu this
property. He informs me that his grandfather was the owner (by purchase)
of Well, that his father bought the northern moiety of East Ash, and that
he himself lately purchased the southern moiety, in which lie now resides.
Also that the Denis Knapman referred to in one of his deeds, was not related
to him, but was a tenant under Mrs. Mary Eastabrook.
Mr. Knapman has enjoyed a very successful career as an agriculturist, a
breeder of Dartmoor sheep, etc., and has won, I am told, over 400 prizes for
his exhibits at the County Shows and in Ix)ndon and other centres.
2 A 2
372 NEIGHBOURS OF NOKTH WYK£.
Amounting in the whole to £6. 7. 10. And also all that the
High or Chief Rent of 4*. payable by W°». Ash to the lard or
atvner of the Manor of Throwlej/, yearly, out of a certain tent,
called Higher Wonaon, and also all those several tents, and
farms called by the several names of Weeks, Tolly's Ash,
Westaway & Eastabrook or Late Cudamores, containing about
100 acres of land, lately in the occp°. of Arthur Knapman»
but now of Thos. & John Moore, and also of that Close of
Land called King's Meadow (three-quarters acre) now lately
in lease for three lives, at a rent of 6^. per annum {Excepting
out of the s*d ten*, called ToUys Ash a certain close of land
called Chill Park, 1 ac. 3 rd. & also excepting a certain
dwelling & tent now or late in lease for 3 y'rs to Bisurt. Gidley^
which s'd close called Chill Park has been allowed to a cert",
ten*, called Well^ in the p'sh of S. T.) with all Eights, etc, etc
[as in deed of 1820].
1820.
Whereas Thomas Moore of S. T. yeom. stands
seized of himself & his heirs o{ one divided moiety of the
manor of South Tawton & of the high & ehief rents herein-
after mentioned & of the fee-simple of the tenement, farm
lands, etc, hereinafter described, he mortgaged the same for
£800 to William Wippell of Thorverton, yeouL To wit all
* To John Northmore,
i, Esq., of Abbey Mead, Tavutook, I am indebted for
further notes on Wyll aU Well, the ** cradle " of hia race, which he visited
in September, 1858, in order to make some sketches of the place. On that
occasion Mr. Northmore was iuform'ed by [the then owner, Edward] Knapman
that his father [Edward], who had recently died aged 88, well remembered the
whole front being walled in all round, and that there was a " braye old gateway
with double doors '* as an entrance. Mrs. Knapman , too, said that she had heard
that while a former owner named Coombe lived in the house one of the rooms
was "never quiet" until, on the partition wall being removed, a lot of money
was found concealed therein, after which there was no more disturbance by
the "ghosts."
Mr. Northmore*s decipherment of the inscriptions differs from my own ; he
considers that over the porch to be "E. N. 1600," for Edward Northmore,
who was baptized at S. T. May 3, 1560, and buried there March 29, 1629, and
reads those on the window corbels as "J. N.-J. — 1641," indicating John
Northmore (Attoruey-at-Law and Ohief Forester of Dartmoor by the Earl of
Bath's Patent, 1600), who married Joane, in 1638 (S. T. redster), daughter of
John Strongs of Tor Hill, the next esUte to Well. [ Vide Fed. of Northmores
of Cleve, etc. , in Col. Vivian's " Visitations of Co. Devon," and the account
of Wonson Manor house, another Northmore property, in Chas. Worthy**
"Devon Wills."]
A clergyman who at my request (without anjr suggestion as to poesibls
decipherments) has kindly examined the inscriptions, r^tds the first : — I.N.
1660, ov possibly 1600, and the others, I.N., I., 164i ; but notes that the i
looks as if it had been " cut over a cipher as a correction."
Well is held by Mr. Courtier of Mr. John Knapman of Thome.
See footnote on Well, ante p. 333.
NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE. 373
that the divided moiety of the Manor of South Tawton
otherwise East Ash, and also the High & Chief rents issuing
out of the several lands & hereditaments following : — viz. —
For W". Oxenham's lands in West Week £1. 5. 0 Oxenham
6». Colston 1/4^ Thorn 7» Lands in Addiscott— Elizabeth
Weston's Coopers Ash 4/6 Thos. Battishill for lands in
Levaton 5/1 Jas. Knapman for lands in Ash 8^ Thomas
Knapman [ancestor of the present M^ John K] for lands in
Goosefield 2/6 John Steer for lands in Addicott 5/6
John Steer for lands in Dishcombe 3/8 Mary Hole for
Downes 3/7 Browse Trist Hoare for Coarse Ever
[M'. J. K. identifies this with Coarse Beer where — Powles-
land lives] 6/8 Oxenham Course Ever 157 W™- Moore's
lands in Goosefield 5' (not paid) Edmund Knapman's
[brother of Dennis] Cann's Goosefield [in Higher Goosa-
ford] 3/4 Kichard Hole for Goosefield 1/8, Amounting in
the whole to £6. 7. 10 And also all that the high & chief-
rent of 4/ payable by W" Ash to the lord or owner of
Throwky yearly out a certain tenement called Higher
Wonson, and also the entirety of all that dwelling-house,
etc. called Tolby's Ash, & a barn, shippen & courtlage part
of a tenement called Westaway, and a barn part of a ten^
called Eastabrook or Late Cuddamores & also the following
fields closes or parcels of land called the Plot, the Great
Slade, the Little Slade, the Katherine Hornies and the
Stitches, being part of the ten^ called Westaway, and the
Higher Cudamore, the Lower Cudamore, and the Town-
Meadows, being part of the s'd tent called Eastabrook or
Late Cudamores, and the Combeshead, the Worthy, a lane
called the Worthy Lane, the Little Tolby's Works, the Great
Tolby's Works, the Shortland, the Shortland Moor, the
Coppice, the Long Meadow, the Calves' Meadow, & the
Common Meadow, being parts of the s'd ten* called Tolby's
Ash, and the Slade, being part of a ten^ called Weeks,
Together with a divided moiety of all Eights, Royalties,
Escheats, Reliefs, Courts-leet, Court Baron, View of Frank-
pledge, Heriots, Waifs, Estrays, Goods & Chattels of Felons,
Deodands, Treasure-trove, fishing, fowling, hunting, Fran-
chises, Liberties, Rents, Suits, Services, etc — to the s*d John
Pidley ... to the absolute use of the s'd J. P. and his heirs
for ever. But upon Trust . . . that whenever W*". Wippell
shall require, J. P. shall sell the s'd moiety, . . . etc.
1826. M'. Thomas Moore to M'. John Brock, conveyance
in fee of several messuages — i.e. all those two messuages which
374 NEIGHBOURS OF NORTH WYKE.
(since Feb. 1800) have been rebuilt by the s'd Thos. Moore
in the village of AsH, formerly in occup". of Christopher
Leman & John Woodley, but now of Thos. Moore.
1832. M^. Eichard Lee of Pottles in Exminster, Thomas
Lee of Crediton, Denis Knapman of East Gooskford,
M'. Fras. Lee & others to M". Mary Eastabrook Belease in
Fee of several closes etc.
1833. Simon Moore to W. Harvey. Mortgage in Fee of
premises at Ash.
THE EUDE STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR
AND ITS BORDERS.
Part I.
BY REV. J. F. CHANTER, M.A., AND R. HANSFORD WORTH.
(Retd at Princetown, 21 July, 1906.)
INTRODUCTION.
Writing in 1879, the late R. N. Worth stated that " the
antiquities of this district [Exmoor] have never received the
attention they deserve, and the Forest may therefore be com-
mended to the attention of zealous and discreet archaeolo-
gists." With the exception of the record of one stone row,
and the description of the inscribed stone on Winsford
Hill, matters remained as when he wrote, until the spring of
the present year.
The effort now made to remedy this neglect had its origin in
the limited intent of barrow-opening. It soon, however,
became evident that the stone monuments, at first re-
garded as interesting adjuncts to barrows, must from their
number and importance receive more detailed treatment.
In tliis paper we deal only with a selection, and those only
which are within reasonable reach from Parracombe, There
remain many others which we hope subsequently to de-
scribe.
The boundary between Devon and Somerset, after passing
north-west to Shoulshury Common^ proceeds almost due north
to Saddle Stone, and here, just four miles from the coast,
turns abruptly eastward, continuing in the last-named
direction for a distance of five miles to Badgeworthy Watery
and then following that stream northward. There is thus
given to Devonshire a stretch of moorland which, taken
with the area west of the boundary from Saddle Stone to
Five BarroivSy justly entitles us to regard Exmoor as in part
our own. Archaeology can, however, know nothing of arti-
ficial limits, and we shall not hesitate when necessary.
376 STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
which it rarely will be, to make short excursions over the
border.
Surrounding the forest of Exmoor, and undivided from it,
there were, in the old days, large and wild commons, many of
which have only been enclosed within the past thirty years
or so. The process of enclosure has sadly told on the rude
stone monuments. These were hindrances to tillage, and in
a county where large, well-shapen stones are scarce, the
requirements of field drains and gateposts have to a great
extent been met by the pillage of prehistoric remains, and
we suspect, with only too good reason, that the boundary
stones marking the limits of Devon have mainly been
derived from the same source. Thus it comes that we
have a mere remnant of the former wealth of our district
to describe, and that remnant is in present danger of dis-
appearance. Dartmoor itself has known no such wholesale
destruction.
LITERATURE.
Although so long forgotten, the rude stone monuments of
North Devon and Exmoor are by no means without refer-
ences in literature. To this we owe it that we can recon-
struct with fair certainty some of the remains which
formerly existed on Maddocks Dovm, and to this also we
probably owe in part the neglect of the Exmoor district For
it is curious that, as long ago as 1630, we find Westcote
categorically denying the existence of the very stones which
we are about to describe.
The importance of this literature is such that we now
quote fully those references which we have been able to dis-
cover. The authors are : —
(1) William Camden, " Britannia," dating 1607.
(2) John Speed, description attached to his map of
Devon, possibly dating from 1611, but quoted from
1627 edition.
(:^) Tristram Risdon, " Chorographical Description of
Devon," circ. 1630; quoted from 1811 edition.
(4) Thomas Westcote, drc. 1630 ; quoted from Polwhele's
transcript of portion of Portledge MS., given in
"Historical Views of Devonshire." The original
manuscript since lost.
(5) "A Gentleman from Barnstaple," 1751. A corre-
spondent of Dean Milles, cited by Polwhele in work
mentioned above.
STONS MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 377
(6) An anonymous correspondent of Polwhele, circ. 1793,
op. cit.
(7) Rev. Samuel Badcock, circ. 1786. Notes on Chappie.
(7a) Badcock, prior to 1793, to Sir George Yonge, cited by
Polwhele, op. dt.
(76) Badcock, prior to 1793, cited by Polwhele, op. cit
(8) D. & S. Lysons, 1822, " Magna Britannia," Vol. VI,
" Devonshire."
(9) J. Ll. W. Page, 1890, "An Exploration of Exmoor."
(9a) J. Ll. W. Page, 1890, ** Transactions of Somersetshire
Archaeological Society."
And we might possibly add to the literature the
Ordnance Survey of 1886-7, published in 1890-1. On
this many groups of stones are marked, without recognition
of their antiquity. Many others which we describe are not
entered on the Survey, and in some instances the word
" stones " refers to rare natural outcrops.
(1) Camden, 1607, p. 147.
Hie flu. (Isca) fontes habet in Exmore squallenti & infsecundo
iuxta Sabrinianum fretum solo, quod magna ex parte Somerset-
tensis censetur agri, & in quo nonnulla visuntur antiqui operis
monumenta, videlicet saxa alibi in triangulum, alibi in orbem dis-
poeita, & inter ea unum Anglo-Saxonicis, vel potius Danicis literis
inscriptum ad dirigendum eos, ut videtur, qui illkc iter haberent.
1610, p. 203.
This river (Isc) hath his head and springeth first in a weely and
barren ground named Exmore^ neere unto Seveme sea, a great
part whereof is counted within Sommersetshire ; and wherein,
there are seen certaine monuments of anticke work, to wit, stones
pitched in. order, some triangle wise, others in a round circle;
and one among the rest with an inscription in Saxon letters, or
Danish rather, to direct those (as it should seeme) who were to
travaile that way.
(2) John Speed. Ed. 1627. Bk. I, chap. x. p. 19, "Devon-
shire."
Places memorable in this countie remaining for signes of Battles,
or other antiquities are these : upon Exmore certaine Monuments
of Anticke worke are erected, which are stones pitched in order,
some triangle-wise, and some in round compasse : these no doubt
were trophies of victories tliere obtained, either by the Romans^
Saaxms or Danes, and with Danish letters one of them is in-
scribed, giving direction to such as should travell that way.
This quotation reached Polwhele through the intermediary
of Wormius. We append the reference : —
Speed. Cited by Wormius, who in turn is quoted by
378 STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
Polwhele, 1793, " Historical Views of Devonshire,*' Vol. I,
p. 61.
J. Speed in descriptione Devon, ad Exmore Saxa in Triangulum,
alia in orbem erecta (trophseea certe victoriarum quas Komani,
Saxones, vel Dani obtinuerunt) ac Danicis literis unum inscribi
refert. — (Worm., p. 67; Polwhele, op cit, p. 61.)
(3) Tristram Risdon, circ. 1630, "Chorographical Descrip-
tion of Devon."
East Down. In this parish stand certain stones, circular-wise,
of more than the height of a man, which may seem to be purpose! j
set for a memorial of some notable achievement there performed,
the Truth whereof Time hath obliterated ; only the field is known
by the name of Madocks-Down ; which many conjecture was in
memory of one Madocko there vanquished ; for no man will think
that they were set there in vain. — (p. 345, 1811 edition, from
MS. then in possession of John Coles of Stonehouse.)
Eisdon was born at Winscott, near Torriugton, and there
lived and died. It may well be, therefore, that on this
matter he wrote as of personal knowledge.
(4) Thomas Wbstcote, 1630.
Now you expect and hope for more pleasing objects, and more
comfort after these uneven, rocky, tiring, stumbling, melancholy
ways ; but I cannot promise you presently ; I see a spacious coarse
barren and wild object, yielding little comfort by his rough com-
plexion, have but a little patience your stay shall nQt be long,
I will shorten the way by guiding you by a direct line without
ambages, you shall not have a bow of a tree to strike off your
hat, or drop in your neck. It is £xe-moore we are come unto ;
the greatest part whereof lieth in Somersetshire and yieldeth no
metal, as yet known, only good summering for sheep and cattle,
and that in good quality and quantity, and therefore we should
soon pass it over, were I not to show you certain stones, supposed^
as I am informed, to be there erected, some in trianglewise, others
in circle, as trophies of victories, gotten of (or by) the Romans,
Saxons or Danes, on which are engraven certain Danish or Saxon
characters. . . . Others again suppose them to be set as markes
and guides to direct passengers. £ut let us leave the cause and
find those stones, which I could never as yet, neither can they
that I have purposely employed in quest of them, find any such^
either in the North-moore, between Horeoke-Rydge and Snab-
hill;^ nor southward, from Exaborough to Exridge, or in. the
Middle Moore westward, between the Long Chayne to Rexable
and Settacomb, or in the south from Dryslade to Vermyball,
neither from Wester Emmott to Lyddenmoore, and all the other
noted Hills and Ck)mbes therein, to name all which would be»
I think, somewhat wearisome to you as the journey to myself, for
^ An error in transcription, almost certainly ScobhilL
STONB MONUMENTS OF KXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 379
I was vext with a jealous care, to a particular and serious in-
quisition of what occurs in reading, taken up of the writers upon
credit of the Reporters, for I find only near Porloch Commons
a stone not pitched but lying, which they call Longstone; but
that may breed another question, why it should be so named,
being not above 4 foot in length and less in crassitude. Also in
the west from Woodborrough toward Rodely-hedd upon Cholla-
comb Commons is a plain stone erected, in height near 6 foot,
and 2 in thickness, yet without any antique engraving.
But somewhat nearer to our purpose do I find in the parish of
£ast-Doune in the farm of Northcott (. . .) in a large spacious
field inclosed, by the name of Maddock or Maddockes^loune, 4 or
5 miles from the Forest, certain stones erected in this manner :
first there stand two great stones in nature or fashion (though not
curiously cut) of Pyramids, distant the one from the other 147
foot; the greatest is in height above this ground nine foot and
half, every square bearing four foot. The height of the other
stone is five foot and a half, but in square well nigh equals the
other, being somewhat above three foot. These two stones, or as
may be said Pillars, stand in a right line, one opposite to the
other. Sixty-six foot on the side of these, are laid a row or bank
of 23 great unformed stones also, but not equalling the other two
by much, and reaching from one of these stones to the other in
direct line and making a reciprocal figure as having the sides
equally proportioned but double as long, or more than square
(which as I am told is called a Parallelogram), but for your better
understanding I present them this to your view.
QDODDaDODODDaDDDDDODDDD
eg C V C
-Id
I
B
J§ 147 foote 5
OS
A the ^reat ftonc 9 foot 6 inches
B the other great ftoae 5 foot 6 inches
CCC the row of 2^ flones
But on neither of these are there any characters to be perceived,
neither are they capable of any such, being impossible (as 1
suppose) or very difficult to engrave in them ; that these stones
should grow so by nature I cannot be persuaded, neither can I
as yet by any reading or reason or by any man's else understand
or by tradition guess, why they should be here erected, but for
some victory there gotten; and the monument of the interment
of some famous or eminent persons : but to conjecture by the
name of Maddock or Mattock I cannot allude to any authentical
380 STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
history or person ; to think upon Madock who in the 23rd year
of £dw 1st, 1294, raised an Uproar or Rebellion in Wales. . . .
I find no likelihood therein, and therefore will leave it to the
scrutiny of him that is better read than myself, and so may leave
£x-moore. — (Portledge MS., pp. 45, 46, 47, 48. As quoted by
Polwhele.)
We have modernized the spelling, with the exception of
such proper names as occur.
(5) "A Gentleman from Barnstaple," 1751. (Cited by
Polwhele.) Writing to Dean Milles.
On Maddoocommon, one stone is of a remarkable size, and one
only. It is of a conic figure, not so large at the base, as near its
centre, occasioned by the sheep rubbing against it. At the centre,
it measures fifteen feet four inches. The height, about which
I could not be so exact, I take it to be eleven feet, if not more.
In a line parallel to this great stone, from south to north, and at
a distance of twenty-four paces, lies a trunk of stone, above a foot
from the ground, whose diameter is two feet eight inches. About
twelve paces distant from this, in a line from west to east, is a
stone not a foot above the ground, and about a foot in diameter.
Were there another to correspond to the large one, these four
would include a space of ground, whose opposite sides would be
equal. I counted more than one hundred clusters of stone in
different parts. In some places, six, eight or more are to be seen
together, but not remarkable for their height. At one group of
six, the eye is particularly engaged. These stand circular-wise,
and are the only ones in which the circular figure can be dis-
covered. At the distance of four paces from this circle, is a
trunk of a stone, nearly three feet above the surface, whose
diameter measures about three feet. — "Historical Views of
Devonshire," p. 63.
(6) A Correspondent of Polwhele, circ, 1793.
On the north side of the parish of East-Doun, is an estate
which, though now inclosed, still bears the name of Maddoe*8
Doun, On this place stands a remarkably large stone of the spar
kind — in the midst of a plain, about twelve feet above ground,
and of a size too large ever to have been fixed there by art. At
the distance of some yards are several other stones, lying flat —
which they call the Gyant's Quoits. — " Historical Views of Devon-
shire,'' p. 63.
(7) Rev. Samuel Badcock. (Notes on Chappie.)
A stone near Holywell, on the borders of Exmoor, on which
some large characters were engraved.
I have searched for this stone, and employed others in the
same pursuit. At last I was informed, to my great mortification,
STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 381
that about ten or twelve years since, it was made the foundation
of a little bridge on the rivulet where it originally stood. The man
who erected this bridge said '* there were nearly twenty letters on
it — that they had an indenting between them, and were not of the
common figure, for many persons, who examined them, pronounced
them to be Greek." (Cited by Polwhele, "Historical Views of
Devonshire," p. 65.)
(7a) Badcock. (Cited by Polwhele.)
Mr. Badcock informs Sir George Yonge, that "of the
stones which bear the name of Maddoc the larger ones still
remain, and that the smaller ones may be traced out, though
they are almost buried beneath the turf." — "Historical Views
of Devonshire," p. 63.
(76) Badcock. (Cited by Polwhele.)
"A fine Barrow, immediately beyond the outer row of
stones on Maddoc's-down, and my curiosity will lead me to
open it." " I do not find," adds Polwhele, " that he put his
design into execution."— "Historical Views of Devonshire/'
pp. 99, 100.
(8) D. AND S. Lysons, 1822.
Bisdon speaks of some circular stones on Haddock's Down,
more than the height of a man; but Westcote, who, in his
manuscript, gives a rough sketch of them, describes two great
upright stones, 147 feet apart, of unequal size; the larger nine
feet and a half, and the smaller five feet and a half in height, and
placed parallel with these, in a row, at a distance of 66 feet,
23 smaller stones of various shapes.
The two large stones only remain, and are now in an enclosed
field ; the smaller one of these has been thrown down. The larger
stone is a block of quartz. It appears, by a letter from Mr.
Badcock, quoted by Mr. Polwhele, that the smaller ones have been
long covered with turf. The stones are doubtless sepulchral, and
are supposed by tradition to commemorate some great battle
fought on the down, in which Maddock, or Madoc, one of the
contending chiefs, is said to have been slain. — " Magna Britannia,"
p. cccvii. Vol. VI, "Devonshire."
(9) J. Ll. Warden Page, 1890. "An Exploration of
Exmoor," pp. 80, 81.
As to the avenues or parallelitha — those strange parallel lines
of upright stone, which have been variously regarded as com-
memorative of a battle, as Druid processional paths, or as
approaches to graves — there appears to exist one solitary specimen,
and that a mere fragment, consisting of but six small stones,
extending some fifty feet, on a hill between Badgeworthy Water
and Challe Water ; in fact, could any other use be assigned to it.
382 STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
I should hesitate to regard these lines of stones as an avenue
at all.
Page 129. — There are but six low slabs, having a height of
about two feet, and set opposite each other at very nearly equal
distances. The avenue is fifty-two feet long, and about twenty-
one wide.
(9a) J. Ll. Warden Page, 1890 (" Somersetshire Archaeol.
and Nat. Hist. Society/' p. 83) states that his attention was
directed by Mr. W. Bidgood to an inscribed stone on Winsford
Hill. This he examined in company with other antiquaries,
and with the assistance of Prof. Rhys the inscription —
CARAACI
MEPUS
has been deciphered as " Caratacus Nepus."
maddook's down.
We are indebted to Risdon (3) (1630) for the first state-
ment as to the existence of a stone circle on this Down.
He describes the stones as *' more than the height of a man."
Westcote (4) (1630), although giving particulars of other
remains, omits all mention of this circle ; and a correspon-
dent of Dean Milles, "A Gentleman from Barnstaple" (5)
(1751), describes a circle of six stones, but infers that they
were "not remarkable for their height**
No remains of any circle are now discoverable. But our
reading of the evidence is that at least two formerly existed,
the one as described by Risdon, consisting of large stones of
about six feet in height, the other of smaller stones.
Westcote's silence is not to be taken as evidence against
the existence of these circles, since both cotemporaneously
with him and long subsequently other writers are clear on
the matter.
If we could positively identify one of the two stones still
standing on Haddock's Down with the " trunk of stone
nearly three feet above the surface, whose diameter measures
about three feet, which stood four paces from the circle of
smaller stones," then we should have located the site of the
latter within reasonable limits.
The stone in question stands within a field in long. 4" 0' 2"
west, lat, dV 10' 42|" north, near the high road known a^
Lo)ig Lane, and now measures 4 ft. in height, and about 2 ft.
II in. in diameter. The data do not suffice for identification.
Westcote (4) (1630) makes amends for his silence on the
last named matter by giving a detailed description of a stone
STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS. BORDERS. 383
row, with two associated menhirs. The happy chance of
POLWHBLB having transcribed this portion of the Portledge
manuscript has preserved this for us. We repeat here
Westcote's diagram.
DDO0DaDDDODD°DDDDDonDDD
C ^ C D c
to
A
B
g 147 foote ^o
VO
o
A the ^reat ftone 9 foot 6 inches
B the other great itone 5 foot 6 Inches
CCC the row of 2g ftones
"The Gentleman from Barnstaple" (5) (1751) describes a
mSnhir, the height of which he " takes " to be eleven feet, its
girth he knows to be 15ft. 4 in. It has a *^ conic figure**
The height is admittedly a guess; the girth of 15ft. 4 in.
corresponds well with Westcote's ''every square hearing four
foot^ and the ''conic figure** with the same author's "m nature or
fashion of pi/raviids {though not curiously cut)"
"The Gentleman from Barnstaple" proceeds to describe
the obvious remains of a row, lying north of the menhir,
and distant 24 paces; at 33 in. to a pace this precisely
equals Westcote's 66 foot. The remains of the row ran
east and west. Thus we supply a compass direction to
Westcote's sketch.
A correspondent of Polwhele (6) (circ. 1793) notes a
"remarkably large stone of the spar kind" (quartz, thus
agreeing with Westcote's suggestion that the mSnhirs were
not capable of being inscribed, " being impossible (as I suppose)
or very difficiUt to engrave in th^m"). He makes the stone
about 12 ft. high, and says that " at a distance of some yards
are several other stones^ lying flat — which they call the G-yant's
Quoits,** Again in all probability the remains of the row.
Badcock (7^7) informs Sir George Yonge that "of the
stones which bear the name of Maddoc, the larger ones still
remain; and that the smaller ones may be traced out** etc.
Polwhele also quotes him as writing that " a fine Barroio **
exists " immediately beyond the outer row of stones on Maddoc's-
down** {lb).
Combining our information, we have a menhir 9 ft. 6 in.
in height, 4 ft. side or 15 ft. 4 in. girth, conic or pyramidal
at the top, smaller near its base than higher up, and com-
384 STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
posed of quartz. We prefer to ignore the guesses of 11 ft.
and 12 ft. as to height. One hundred and forty-seven feet to
the west of this stood another mSnhir, also of spar, 5 ft. 6 in.
in height, with a little over 3 ft. sides. Sixty-six feet north
of and parallel to these menhirs stood a row of twenty-three
smaller stones extending from the one to the other; the
easternmost member of the row was over a foot above
ground (in 1751), and its diameter was 2 ft. 8 in. ; another
member, 33 ft. westward, was not a foot above-ground
(1751), and about a foot in diameter. "Immediately beyond"
this row of smaller stones (and, as will be presently seen, to
the eastward of it) stood a fine barrow.
The progressive spoliation is traceable through the various
quotations which we have given above from previous authors.
In 1630 or thereabouts MaddocKsDoKm vras^^alarge spacious
field, inclosed " (4). In 1761 it was referred to as Maddoc-
common (5), and was probably still a large field. Meanwhile
the greater part of the stone row had disappeared ; but one
of the circles still remained, and numerous smaller groups
of stones. In 1822 (8), the two menhirs formerly associated
with the row still remained, but the smaller had fallen.
To-day the fields are small, and all but two stones (both
marked on the Ordnance Survey) have gone from their
original sites, while two barrows which remain have been
much reduced by the plough.
It is very true to-day that on Maddock's Down " oiu stone
is of remarkable size, and one only " (5). The smaller stone we
have already mentioned ; we now describe the surviving large
menhir.
Visible from the Long Lane it is situate in long. ^ 0' 7" west,
and lat hV 10' 35|'' north. Its height is 10 ft. if measured
from the depression worn around it by the feet of the
sheep, or precisely 9 ft. 6 in. from the surface-level of the
adjacent turf. At a height of 5 ft. 3 in. from the ground-
level it girths 16 ft. 4 in., as measured round the largest part ;
at 2 ft. from the ground it girths 13 ft. It presents four
faces, standing north, south, east, and west. The north face
measures at an extreme point 4 ft. 9 in., but a fair dimension
is 4 ft. ; the south face measures at an extreme point 4 ft. 7 in.,
hut a fair measurement would be 4 ft. The east face measures
4 ft., and the west face 4 ft. 3 in.
The apex of the stone is pyramid-shaped, and, viewed
from the south, the western slope of the pyramid is shorter
than the eastern ; this corresponds with Westcotb's sketch,
if we take the stone row as lying north of the menhir.
Q
STOXE MONUMENTS OF EXHOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 385
Theae dimensions agree well with Westcotk'b description
of the " great stone " A. The material is vein quartz or
epar, and here and there a slight adherent patch of slate
Iwtraya its origin. The shape (excepting the guess as to the
height) is well described by the " (lentleman from Barnstaple"
(1751), but his suggestion that the stone near its base has
been reduced " by sheep rubbing against it " we are obliged
to demur from. All the generations of sheep that Exmoor
has ever known would not have sufficed to materially reduce
a stone of this mineral composition ; beside which, the angles
are sharp to this day. There can be no doubt as to the
identity of this menhir with Wkstcotk'b "great stone."
To add confirmation, tn the adjacent field to the eastward
there still stands Badcock's "^ne barroio " {7b) ; it has a
companion which he does not mention.
The north face of this menhir presents an almost perfect
plane, which stands in a line 7° north of west. From analogy
with other remains, we conclude that this gives the original
bearing of the second stone, and therefore the parallel (UigQ'
ment of the stone row, thus confirming the indications of the
literature on the subject, that the row bore east and west.
We now present a plan showing a reconstruction of this
monument.
SCALE o
2it
386 STONE MONUMENTS OF BXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
The "Gentleman from Barnstaple" (5) mentions more
than a hundred clusters of stone in different parts of this
Down. Of these no trace remains. They were probably of
a nature similar to others, which we shall presently describe,
as still standing on Eocmoor. The only possible suggestion
we have to make is that the last phase of their history is to
be found in the fact that " Farmer John Watts dug up a lot
of old graves/' a statement made to us by one who has
worked in the neighbourhood. Possibly, however, the
"graves" may actually have been such. We are inquiring
further as to this.
The destiny of many of the larger stones of the spoliated
monuments is easily traced. The hedge between the large
menhir and the barrow contains two fine " spars " just in the
line of the formerly existing row, but eastward of it. There
are three more spar stones in this hedge before we reach the
road, one of which is four feet in length ; in the eastern
hedge of the next field east there are six stones, all quartz ;
and in the foundations of Long Lane cottage, thirteen large
"spars" are to be found. Careful search would probably
discover many more. The larger slate stones are now very
possibly gateposts; the smaller are almost certainly gutter
covers, and some have been used in hedging. We would appeal
to present and future owners of the property to preserve the
large m§nhir, which is an imposing and, from its colour and
form, an unusual monument. It is practically proof against
natural decay, and its size has so far preserved it from its
enemy the agriculturist.
The Ordnance Survey dignifies Haddock's Down with the
remark, " Site of a Battle," some remnant, we presume, of
traditions, or rather speculations, given by the earlier anti-
quarians. And one of us remembers having read somewhere,
but the reference escapes him, that the Down is called after
a parliamentary general slain there during the Civil War. As
its name antedates the war, that suggestion may very
summarily be dismissed.
HOLWILL, PARRACOMBE. INSCRIBED STONE.
Although Westcote could find no inscribed stones on
Exmoor, two such are known to have existed. One of
them still stands on Winsford Hill^ but being well within
the Somersetshire border, and having received adequate
attention from Page (9a) (1890), we need only refer to our
quotation from that author. The other inscribed menhir has
STONB MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 387
long occupied an inaccessible position in the foundation of
the bridge at Pairacombe village : our last and only evidence
is that of Badcock (7), according to whom it was built into
the masonry of that structure in or about the year 1775,
having previously stood somewhere very near Holwill Castle.
We have examined the bridge, which was widened in 1864,
and think it probable that the stone is still there, and if ever
reconstruction becomes necessary there may be some hope of
the recovery of this relic, provided its existence has not by
that time been again forgotten.
CHAPMAN BARROWS, MteHIR.
Hard by Chapman BaiTaivs stands a menhir, now known
as the Longstone. Its extreme height is 9 ft., its greatest
width about 2 ft. 2 in., and its average thickness 7 in. The
widest face lies approximately N.E. and S.W. The material
is slate. This is beyond doubt the stone which Westcote
(4) places ^^ from Woodhorrough toward Rodely-hedd, upon
ChaJla^combe Commons.** He gives its height as " near 6 foot,"
and its width as 2 ft. The situation is too exactly described
to admit question, and estimated heights are particularly apt to
error. Precise location, long, 3" 5V 8^" west ; lat. 51' 10' 18"
north.
In " Chapman " we probably have preserved some form of
the older name of this stone, a name which has now attached
itself to that portion of the associated group of barrows
which lies to the north-west. Both Longstone and barrows
will be found marked on Sheet VI, S.E., of the 6-inch
Ordnance Survey of Devon. South-east of the menhir, and
about 1250 feet away, is a barrow which takes its name from
it, and a little further eastward are two more, while the
whole group may be said to end with Wood Barrow, forming
the boundary between Devon and Somerset.
The site of this assemblage is a long east-and-west ridge,
which is one of the highest grounds of Exmoor, • reaching
1575 ft. above mean sea-level.
CIRCLES, ROWS, TRIANGLES, ETC.
We now come to those remains which were described by
Camden (1) (1607, namely, "stones set in the form of a
triangle in some places ; in others of a circled
Camden's statement does not cover all the facts, and
ind(ied we find it necessary to originate a nomenclature, so
widely dififerent are some of these stone assemblages from
those of our experience in other parts.
2b2
388 STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
Rows and circles are terms in general use, and we shall not
depart from their established meaning.
The expression Triangle is sufficiently self-descriptive,
but we are left with the necessity of explaining and defining
our intent in speaking of Quadrilaterals and Parallelograms,
These stars * * are arranged in the form which we name
Quadrilateral. The essential features are, four stones
placed on or near the circumference of a circle so as to
form an approximately rectangular figure ; at the intersection
of the diagonals of this figure, and hence approximately at
the centre of the imaginary circle, there stands a fifth stone.
The simplest form of Parallelogram is here represented.
* * * The examples which we have so far met with consist
A A ill
,^ ,^ ^ of nine stones each. The angles are not necessarily
right angles, but the centre stone stands at the exact inter*
section of both diameters and diagonals.
GENERAL REMARKS ON PLANS.
The plans are drawn in each instance to as large a scale
as convenient ; the stones are usually slightly exaggerated in
size. To each stone are appended figures, the first of which
gives the width, the second the thickness, and the third the
height above ground, all in inches.
In many cases an arrow hats been drawn alongside the
stone ; this gives the direction of its greatest width, or that
in which the stone points. No significance attaches to the
arrow-point, which might in every instance have been equally
well drawn at the other end of the line.
The north point in each case is true, and not magnetic,,
meridian. Where this feature is marked as " approximate,'*
it has been taken with a pocket compass only, and hence
may be open to slight error.
In some plans the word " Horiz." occurs, accompanied
by an angle, plus or minus. This indicates the elevation or
depression of the visible horizon in the alignment of the
stones.
" VII, N.W," " XI, S.W.," and similar entries refer to the
quarter-sheets of the 6-inch Ordnance Survey of Devon,
on which the remains are marked, or should be marked.
All longitudes are west of Greenwich, and all latitudes
are north. ^
All distances are stated between the centre points of
stones, and not from out to out or face to face.
STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 389
INDIVIDUAL STONES.
Unlike Bartmoo^', to which we naturally look for com-
parison, ExmooT is not well provided with surface blocks.
The Devonian slates and grits, which are the predominant
rocks, weather into rounded and grassy slopes for the more
part unencumbered with boulders of any sort. Materials
being much less abundant, the rude stone monuments are of
comparatively restricted size, and possessed of much fewer
members. These members in turn are almost always small ;
about 14 in. wide by 6 in. thick by 22 in. high would be fair
average dimensions. Slate is the usual material, and this
naturally cleaves to slab-like forms, in which the broader
faces will be parallel planes, and the width markedly greater
than the thickness. Spar or quartz is rarely used, the great
menhir on Haddock's Down being a notable exception ; here,
too, many of the smaller stones were quartz. The circle
around a barrow on Whitefield Down is of the same material,
but these are distinctly unusual.
Small and few the stones may be, but the slate gives very
neatly formed little pillars, which attribute a distinctive
character to the groups.
In almost every instance the uprights are found wedged
into the ground with one or more smaller slabs used as
triggers on either broader face.
Where a stone has gone the triggers not infrequently
remain, valuable evidences to its previous existence and
position.
A great many pillars are not more than three or four
inches in thickness, and not calculated to resist small forces
such even as sheep might very probably apply ; hence some
are found broken short ofif at or near ground-level, and at
times the upper portion lies hard by. To this source of
destruction must be added others of a more serious and wholly
preventable nature. In a country where stone has to be
quarried, and where enclosures have been made on a large
scale and much ground brought into cultivation, it is too
much to expect that any reverence for the past will protect
slabs which are easily seen, and which are well fitted for
hedging, for gutters, and the larger for gateposts. Whole-
sale spoliation has resulted, while groups which fell within
lands brought under the plough have necessarily been re-
moved entirely. Many of the old camps and barrows are
disappearing also.
390 STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
TRADITION.
Camden is silent on this point ; Speed says that no doubt
the triangles and circles were trophies of victories ; Eisdon
that many conjecture the stones on Haddock's Down to be
in memory of one Madocke ; Westcote deals only in supposi-
tions, and asserts that no tradition remains ; and not until
we come to the Lysons do we meet with any traditional
evidence, and this has obviously grown from the speculations
of former antiquarians.
Westcote's flat denial of the existence of any stone
remains on Exinoor has saved us from a Druidical invasion
such as has devastated the archaeology of other districts.
None the less, modern traditions do exist, and Antell, of
Parracomhe, asserted that he had heard that the quadri-
lateral at Chapman Barrows had been erected by "Farmer
Crang," and used as a help in sheep telling. Cross-
examined, he admitted that it was not the work of the pre-
sent farmer of that name, but of one of his forbears. The
method of counting was said to be by driving the sheep up to
the stones and enumerating them *' as they walked away be-
tween them." Any one acquainted alike with the stones and
the Exmoor sheep can form his own judgment as to the
feasibility of this procedure.
Antell, of Whimb, Furzehill, asserted that the stones were
used as marks to which to gather the sheep, or that some of
them were so used, and gave the name of Farmer John
Watts as the last to put them to this purpose on Furzehill
Common. There is nothing improbable in the remcdns hav-
ing been thus utilized, in a land where natural landmarks
are somewhat wanting. When or how the custom grew up,
or to what extent it has been followed, we have no means of
ascertaining. Certainly it was not known in Westcote's
time, or he could never have failed by inquiry to find the
stones. Antell also states that the hut circles were erected
as shelters from which to shoot black-cock !
triangles.
Challacomhe Common, now enclosed land, VI, S.E., long,
y 53' ^" west, lat. Sr 10' 15^" north. From Radtoorthy
toward Holwell Barrmv. Not marked on Ordnance Survey.
This is the only instance of an isolated triangle which we
give in the present paper. It is associated with a group of
barrows. The triangle is not quite equilateral, the sides
PLATE H.
f*^.
MAODOCKS DOWN
CHAPMAN
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5CALe or FEET
STONB MONUMENTS OF KXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 391
being, north 54 ft. 0 in., south-east 55 ft. 0 in., and south-
west 58 ft. 0 in. The stones are small ; one is missing and
represented by its triggers only.
[See Plate II, fig. 3.]
QUADRILATERALS.
Zangstoiie Allotment, Chapman Barrows, VI, S.E., long,
y 51' 45" west, lot. 51' 10' 25^" north. Not marked on
Ordnance Survey.
This is the only instance of an isolated quadrilateral
which we give in the present paper. It is very nearly a
square, and all the stones are present, although one is
broken off near ground-level. The centre stone occupies the
precise point of intersection of the diagonals. The sides
are — north-west 59 ft. 11 in., north-east 60 ft. 11 in., south-
east 61 ft. 3 in., south-west 52 ft. 7 in. The width of each
stone runs east and west. The centre is occupied by the
largest stone, 15 in. wide, 3 in. thick, and 33 in. high. The
east-and-west diagonal bears 33 minutes north of east, and
the other diagonal deviates by a greater angle from the north-
and-south line.
Almost in a line with the south-east side, and lying north-
east from it, and distant 43 ft. 4 in. from the nearest stone,
is a small barrow 9 ft. in diameter and 1 ft. 9 in. in height.
This we opened and found a small interment pit, without a
cover, but containing charcoal.
[See Plate III.]
To the north of this quadrilateral and 500 feet distant
from its centre, a line drawn practically parallel to the east-
and-west diagonal would pass through seven barrows of the
Chapman group ; other barrows lie south and east, and the
Longstone itself is companion to this quadrilateral, although
2440 feet distant.
Seven hundred and thirteen feet distant, in a direction
approximately 30 degrees south of east, is a large barrow
which has been opened this year, and which yielded a
covered interment pit with charcoal and bone ash.
Fourteen hundred and fifty feet from the centre of the
quadrilateral, and in a direction approximately 21 degrees
north of west, is the barrow which was opened in 1885, and
which yielded an inverted urn and burnt bone. For further
details reference should be made to this year's Barrow
Eeport.
392 BTONI MONUMENTS OF SXMOOK AND ITS BORDERS.
TRIANGLE AND QUADRILATERAL COMBINED.
Near Woodharrow Arms (given by Ordnance as "Wood-
barrow Hangings"). VII, S.W., long. 3' 50' 16f' west, lat.
bV 10' Hi" north. Shown on Ordnance Survey.
There is a marked difference between the lengths of the
sides of this figure; the north-west and south-east sides
measure 24 ft. 0 in. and 23 ft. 8 in. respectively, the north-
east and south-west sides 18 ft. 8 in. and 20 ft. 3 in. The
centre stone occupies the exact intersection of the diagonals.
Symmetrically arranged, there is none the less no general
agreement in the direction of the widths of the stones, the
largest of which measures 14^ in. wide by 4 in. thick, and
34 in. high. The most easterly stone has been broken since
1887, but the top lies hard by.
So far we have treated this as a quadrilateral ; it remains
to note a stone broken off at ground-level and situate to the
south-east It is 21 ft. 6 in. and 21 ft 7 in. respectively from
the nearest stones of the quadrilateral, and thus gives a
point bisecting the angle made by the intersection of the
diagonals. The triangle which it forms with the nearest
side is not quite equilateral, the third side being 23 ft 8 in.
[See Plate IV, fig. 1.]
Woodharrow is about 1140 feet distant to the southward.
PARALLELOGRAMS.
We are indebted to Antell, of Whimh, for informa-
tion as to a parallelogram which he destroyed in a field at
Furzehill, taking the stones for gutter covers. There were
nine stones, arranged in three rows of three each, and distant
in every direction from each other about twelve or fifteen
feet ; perhaps thus, but he would not bind himself as to exact
measurements : —
* 15 ft ♦ 15 ft ♦
12 ft
* ♦ ♦
12 ft
* ♦ »
The field is shown on VII, N.W., and its centre lies lotiff.
3* 48' 21" west, lat 51" 11' 35" north.
PLATE IV.
vP
N
M
WOODBARROW ARMS
VII. s.w.
/o/i. 3* -so:- /e/z"
hr. /a/-, S/ *- /<? '•• y/;^ -
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FURZEHILL COMMON nr HOAROAK
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/cy/. S/'-yo-Jj^" FIG. 2.
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SCALE OF FEET
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FURZEHILL COMMON
over /^O/f/^O/t/C ^^r^/?
/on. 3'- 4-3" y^;^"
VII.N.W.
»2%V ^'
PLATE V
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SCALE OF FEET
CHERITON RIDGE
VII. N.W.
PLATE VI
Fi 5 I .
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XI.S.W.
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Scale 40 feet to J inch
SECTION
^:^
BENJAM Y
yon. J'-jf^S'-yj^
vn.s.w.
PLATE VII
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23"K
SCALE. OF
FEET
STONE MONUMENTS OF KXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 393
We asked Antell if he had destroyed any other remains,
-and he said, " Oh, well, if I wanted a stone."
Furzehill Common, over Hoaroak Water, VII, N.W.,
Umg. 2r 48' 16^^" west, lat, ^V 11' 13*" north. Shown on
Ordnance Survey.
This is a fine instance of the parallelogram, and the more
interesting in that it is associated with a triangle.
Originally it consisted of three rows of three members
each ; now the central pillar of the figure is represented by
its triggers only, while the southern centre stone is broken
off at ground-level. There are considerable irregularities in
the spacing, but through it all the diameters and diagonals
intersect with gieat exactitude at the point where the centre
stone has been.
We need not dwell on the unequal distances of the stones,
as the figure is fully dimensioned. The parallelogram is
approximately 69 ft, long by 47 ft. broad. Tlie tallest stone
is 13 in. wide, 6 in. thick, and 24 in. high. All stones point
one way, along the length of the figure (approximately north
and south), except the north-west and south-west comer
stones, which lie at right angles to this.
To the south, and about 30 feet distant, lies a triangle,
which makes no attempt at equilateral symmetry, its north
side being 17 ft 9 in., west side 24 ft. 6 in., and south-east
side 28 ft. 2 in. There is no parallelism or precise alignment
between the members of the triangle and of the parallelo-
gram. Were it not for the exact accuracy of the work
where it was evidently intended to be precise, we might sug-
gest that the south-east side of the triangle was designed to
point to the south-east corner of the parallelogram, and the
west side of the triangle to the south-west corner.
[See Plate V.]
CIRCLES.
We have at present no undoubted peristyle to record, and
feel considerable diffidence in permitting the use of the
word circle in connexion with the next described monument ;
it is rather ** nondescript." It may even have been a quadri-
lateral, and we only place it here for convenience.
Furzehill Common, near Hoaroak. VII, S.W., long, 3" 48'
llj" west, lat 51° 10' 34" north. Shown on Ordnance Survey.
Only two stones still stand ; three others have fallen, and
of these we can only find one set of triggers. But a circle
can be drawn through the two standing stones, the triggers
394 STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
of a third stone, and one of the other recumbent stones as it
lies on the ground, while the spacing is not that of a quadri-
lateral. The largest upright member measures 14 in. wide
by 4 in. thick and 18 in. high.
[See Plate IV, fig. 2.]
Cheriton Ridge above Alse Barrow, VII, N.W., long.
y 49' 46" west, lat bV 8' 2" north. Shown on Ordnance
Survey as " Hut Circle."
This, again, is not a true peristyle, nor is it a hut circle.
The remains of a cairn are surrounded by the remains of its
retaining circle, of which eight stones still stand, distributed
around rather more than one-half the original circumference.
The diameter of the circle is 30 ft. The largest stone
measures 30 in. by 9 in. by 30 in. high.
[See Plate VI, fig. 1.]
WhUefield Down. XI, S.W., lo7ig, 3" 49' 7" west, lat. 5V
T 2V north. Marked on Ordnance Survey.
A low barrow is surrounded by a shallow trench 5 ft. wide»
which really lies within the margin of the barrow. The
outer edge of the trench is marked by a circle of stones,
67 ft. in diameter ; twelve stones remain, distributed around
the whole circumference. None could be called pillars ; the
majority are irregular blocks of vein quartz, and the largest
measures 36 in. by 11 in. by 9 in. high. The total height of
the barrow does not much exceed 2 ft. 6 in.
[See Plate VI, fig. 2.]
STONE ROWS.
Benjamy, above Ruckham Combe. VII, S.W., long. 3** 49'
13J" west, lat 5V 10' 31" north. The position is approxi-
mate only, as the stones are not marked on the Ordnance
Survey, and the weather at the date of our visit did not
admit delay on our part.
A double row, convei^ent toward the north. The western
half shows five stones in place, the spacing varying from
10 ft. 3 in. to 17 ft. 8 in. The largest stone measures 23 in.
by 4 in. and stands 26 in. high.
The eastern row consists of three stones, of which one has
fallen ; the largest is 1 1 in. by 3 in. by 24 in. high.
The spacing roughly corresponds to the similar " bays " on
the west. The rows, which are 16 ft. apart at the north end,
diverge 6 ft. in a distance of 24 ft. southward. This row is
over the Somerset border.
[See Plate VII, fig. 1.]
NEAR SETTA BARROW
XI. N.W.
PLATE VUI
15'
/i2'*ir»
HEIGHT
5-3
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to
20
30
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5Q
1
fallen
60
70
-1
SCALE OF FEET
O PIT?
7-K.
80 90
lOO
BREINDON COMMON
CH£R/TOA/ /r'/DCf:
VII . N.W.
PLATE IX.
F.$ I ,
21-6"--. 'S.'"^"
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20
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40
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SCALE OF FECIT
STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 395
Winaway. VII, S.W., lonrj. 3' 49' 33^" west, lat. 5V 10' 4i"
north. Shown on Ordnance Survey.
Four stones in place, probably the remains of a double
row. The eastern side now represented by three stones
22 ft. 10 in. and 28 ft. 1 in. apart ; the western side by one
stone only; distance across between the rows, 26ft. 6 in.;
largest stone, Sin. by 5 in. by 23 in. high.
[See Plate VII, fig. 2.]
Near i^ctta Barrow. XI, N.W., lon^. 3'' 49' 15i" west, lat.
5V T 33^" north. Stones not shown on Ordnance Survey,
but associated barrow is marked.
Three stones in place, and one fallen, probably the remains
of a double row. It must, however, be remembered that we
are not yet sufficiently familiar with all the groups on Ex^mooi\
and this and the last may really be complete and in their
original condition, in which case we should iiave to recognize
a form of which the type would be thus —
« « ♦
«
with the single stone indifferently placed on either side of
the row of three. In the present instance the row lies west
and north of the single stone ; the spacing is 24 ft. 8 in. and
29 ft. 6 in., with 26 ft. 6 in. between the head of the row and
the outstanding stone.
The row points to a barrow, but not to its centre. The
barrow is 80 ft. in diameter, and 8 ft. 3 in. in height. Nine
feet within its margin it has a retaining circle, the tops of
nine stones of which are visible.
[See Plate VIII.]
Brendon Common, Cheriton Ridge. VII, N.W., loiig. 3* 47'
24" west, lat. bV IV IJ" north. Shown on Ordnance Survey.
This group lies touching and to the east of a well-defined
cart track. It has accordingly suflFered spoliation. Whether
originally a triple row, or a double row with a triple head,
cannot now be ascertained, but the probabilities favour the
latter. We find three stones standing, and one fallen. The
Ordnance Survey of 1887 shows three stones more, which
have now disappeared. The spacing of the remaining stones
of the north row is 19 ft. 8 in., of the south row 21ft. 6 in.
The average distance between the rows is 40 ft., and this at
396 8T0NB MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS.
the west end is divided into somewhat unequal parts by a
single stone.
The largest member is 14 in. by 6 in. by 22 in. high.
[See Plate IX, fig. 1.]
Brendan Common, Cheriton' Ridge, near Farley Water, VII,
S.W., lo7ig. 3" 46' 57" west, lot. 51' 10' 30" north. Shown on
Ordnance Survey.
This is a very irregular assemblage, most perfect as regards
the north and west sides, each of which consists, or has con-
sisted, of four stones, arranged in exact line.
The southernmost stone of the western side appears isolated,
and the direction of its width suggests that it has always been
so. Leaving this member out of consideration, the remainder
would most nearly fall into a triple row, each of four stones.
If so the rows were never parallel, and the matter is further
complicated by the presence of a stone which refuses to
agree with any suggested arrangement. We restored three
pillars which had fallen to their original positions, as marked
by the triggers.
The south-westernmost stone is the largest, and measures
24 in. by 6 in. by 33 in. in height. The spacings vary from
13 ft. 7 in. to 23 ft.
[See Plate IX, fig. 2.]
Bray Co7mnon, Little Melcombe, XI, N.W., long. 3" 49' 46"
west, lai. hV 8' 2" north. Not shown on Ordnance Survey.
Two stones only, spaced 27 ft. 3 in., with their widths in
the line of direction of the two. The largest is 8 in. by 5 in.
by 29 in. high. Twenty-seven feet three inches from the
south-western stone, and measured in a southerly direction,
is the centre of a small barrow of nine feet diameter.
[See Plate X, fig. 1.]
Five Barrows, XI, S.W., long, y 48' 55' west, lot. 51' T l^
north. Stones not shown on Ordnance Survey, but associated
barrow is.
There are eight barrows in the " Five-Barrow " group, and
of these the westernmost has two stones standing near it.
They are 43 ft. 8 in. apart, and from the fact that the directions
of their widths do not lie in the line joining them, they are
probably the remnant of a larger assemblage. One stone
measures 9 in. by 3 in. by 24 in. high; the other 8 in. by 5 in.
by 25 in. high. The barrow is 97 ft. in diameter, and 9 ft.9 in.
high; its margin is 18ft. from the nearer stone.
BRAY COMMON
L/TTL£ M£:lCOMB£:
XI.N.W.
PLATE X.
Fi$ I.
BARROW
\ /
8% a"
23 K
27-3"
e'*5
jSca^e 20 feet h> ) inch. .
FIVE BARROWS
XI.S.W.
Fi9 2.
>*.
^~ ..Ji-"'-'
jScaU 30 feef fo \ inch.
c^:;
i't'"
NEAR BROCKENBURROW LANE
VUS.E.
PLATE XI
HOLWELL
BARROW
Scale G iiicVies To \ milt
STONE MONUMENTS OF EXMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 397
At the top is a depression, 14 ft. in diameter, the result
probably of an attempt at opening the mound.
These two stones have a number of inscriptions upon them,
the names of visitors, some dated early in last century.
[See Plate X, fig. 2.]
Near BrockeiibxtiToio Lane, Challacombe Parish.
[See Plan, Plate XI.]
This group of remains is in part shown on the Ordnance
Survey. Commencing with the barrows marked A, B, C, on
plan, we have at C a large recumbent spar stone, but although
fallen, its place is still marked by the triggers. The length
of the stone is 56 in., and its width 34 in., while one end
comes to a point S.S.E. (magnetic) from this stone, and
distant 96 ft., lies barrow A. Six feet beyond the barrow,
and in a line with the recumbent rock, is a small stone 14 in.
wide by 2 in. thick, and now only 6 in. high ; a broken piece
that lies hard by would give an original height for this pillar
of 3 ft. The barrow C has several recumbent stones near it,
but no reconstruction of their arrangement is possible.
The stones at E were removed in May or early June of
this year ; these are shown on the Ordnance. At F and G
are large recumbent stones, which may originally have formed
part of one monument with K
Stone D on plan is associated with barrow D, which last
is not marked on the Ordnance Survey. This stone is set
almost exactly W.N.W. by E.S.E., magnetic (50** north of
west corrected), and points to the barrow. It measures 36 in.
wide by an average thickness of 14 in., and 36 in. in height.
It is, so we are informed, the last remnant of a stone row
which formerly existed at this point.
TOTNES : ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES.
Part V.
BY EDWARD WINDBATT.
(Read at Princetown, 21 July, 1905.)
1801. Arthur Farwkll.
The church was repaired, and the pinnacle which had fallen
in 1799, rebuilt by the Corporation. Mr. James Derry was
the carpenter, and Mr. Jackson the mason.
1802. George Farwell.
1803. George Taylor.
6 November, 1803. Rev. John Williamson elected Master
of the [Grammar School in room of William Carwithen re-
signed.
1804. William Bentall, jun.
1805. Arthur Farwell, jun.
1806. Charles Taylor.
At a Court held 13 August, 1807, during this mayoralty,
there is a record of £1000 being presented to the Corpora-
tion by the Duchess of Bolton and £500 by William
Adams, Esq. The Bolton family controlled one of the two
seats in Parliament for the borough, and Mr. Adams was
then M.P. for Totnes. He was of Bowden House, Totnes,
and secretary to William Pitt. The money was used towards
defraying the amount due to the executrix of the late James
Derry, the contractor for the repair of the church.
1807. William Forord Mitchell.
25 July, 1808. The Mayor was authorized to treat the
Right Reverend the Lord Bishop on the occasion of his
visitation at the expense of the Corporation, as had been
accustomed.
totkes: its mayoks and mayoralties. 399
1808. William Bentall..
This Mayor died in 1810.
1809. Samuel Adams.
7 November, 1809. The Court Book records that
The Mayor and his brethren assembled, taking into consideration
the heavy debts and incumbrances of the Corporation and the
great difficulty of raising money for discharging of the same, have
this day and do hereby consent and agree that the several Dinners,
Feasts and Entertainments made by every Mayor during his
Mayoralty are attended with great expense and many inconveni-
ences and ought therefore to be totally abolished ; it is therefore
unanimously ordered and agreed upon by us whose names are
hereunto subscribed that no Dinner Entertainment or Feast whatso-
ever (except the Mayor's election dinner which is to be supported
by the Aldermen's cover dishes as usual, and the adjourned
Sessions on which the Mayor's Court is usually held in November)
shall be held or had by any person or persons hereafter to be
elected Mayor of this Borough. And no more than the sum of
Fifty pounds of lawful money current in Great Britain shall for the
future be allowed for the present and every succeeding Mayor's
salary, which we do hereby adjudge sufficient for defraying the
expenses and charges which will necessarily accrue and he will be
put unto for the maintenance of his kitchen and execution of the
office of Mayor. And that the said Fifty pounds be annually
paid by the Receiver of the said Borough for the time being out
of the Reserves and income of the said Corporation and the same
shall be allowed in his Accounts.
It was also at the same Court ordered
That no person for the future shall be permitted to make wall
graves or vaults in the Church Yard for the purpose of burying dead
Bodies therein, the same being found inconvenient and may be
injurious to the inhabitants of this Town, and therefore ought to be
prevented or a greater fee paid for making thereof, and that the
Churchwardens for the time being shall not permit the same to be
done unless they are first paid for every vault the sum of Ten
guineas and for every wall grave the sum of Five guineas. The
vault is to be seven feet square only.
21 August, 1810. The Town Clerk was ordered to defend
an action brought by Mr. James Cornish, jun., respecting
Martin's Charity. The Mayor's salary was also further
reduced to £25 a year, and he was only to be expected to
give one dinner, and that to be on the day of his election.
The first reference to the celebrated Totnes Races occurs
this year, when it was ordered that the Mayor should six
400 TOTNBS: ITS MAYORS AND MAVOBALTUSS.
weeks previous to the races annually offer to William Bastow
the use of the room at the Mayoralty House for two race balls
for the sum of £20, and in case of his refusal he shall let it to
the best bidder by tender. The person taking the room was
not to require more than four shillings for the admittance of
each person.
1810. Gborgb Fabwell, jun.
1811. BicHABD Marshall, m.d.
William Adams, Esq., M.P., and Becorder for the borough,
died on Saturday, 21 September, 1811, about one o'clock in the
morning. On 28 December, 1811, G^rge Taylor, Esq., was
elected Recorder.
1812. Thornton Bkntall.
1813. Willuh Ssarls Bentall.
During this mayoralty there were great rejoicings on the
occasion of the Peace, when Napoleon was sent to Elba. On
17 June, 1814, it was ordered that all the Masters and
Councillors should immediately provide themselves with
black gowns made in the usual and customary manner, and
that they do assemble themselves in their gowns on Wed-
nesday next, at the Mayoralty House, from whence the
Corporation would join the procession, and the town Serjeants
were to wait on the chairman of the committee for regulating
the festivities of the day, and inform him of this order and
request him to make the necessary arrangements.
The festivities were of a very elaborate character, and a
pamphlet was published giving a graphic account of the three
days' enjoyment. The following extracts from the account
will be of interest : —
The Gazette having at length announced the return of peace
to Europe after so long a period of misery, carnage and devasta-
tion, it became the unanimous desire of the inhabitants of the
town of Totnes to celebrate the auspicious event by a aeries of
rejoicings beyond the usual course of festivity on such occasions.
Delight unbounded and unalloyed beamed on every countenance
at the happy tidings, and it was evident that nothing would be
left undone to carry the generous impulse into complete effect;
accordingly the worthy Mayor, Wm. Searle Bentall, Esq., at once
convened a general Meeting of the inhabitants at the Guild Hall of
the Town on Friday the 17th of June, at which time the place
became crowded to excess. The Mayor briefly stated the object
of the meeting, after which Christopher Farwell, Esq., was called
to the Chair. The business of the day then proceeded, when a
Samuel Adams
Walter Prideaux
Rev. William Marshall
John Cole
Charles Farwell
TOTNES : ITS MAYORS AND MAYOEALTIJSS. 401
Committee of ten persons was formed to deliberate on the best
mode of celebrating this interesting event. The Committee con-
sisted of the following gentlemen, viz : —
Christopher Farwell, Esq., Chairman.
Thomas Welch
James Harrison, Sen.
William Galley
Francis Brooking Cuming
Wm. Hannaford, Jun., Secretary
To this Committee was entrusted the management and direction
of the intended Fete, and the meeting was broken up with repeated
acclamations. The same day a collection was made throughout
the Town and in a very short time three hundred pounds were sub-
scribed. This was deemed an ample sum, and the Committee
commenced its pleasing labour with alacrity. It was at length
determined that the festivities should take place on Wednesday
the 22nd of June, and that there should be a public cold Dinner of
fare most congenial to the taste of honest John Bull, roast beef^
plum-pudding and strong beer. The spacious place before the Seven
Stars Inn called the " Plains " was selected for the Dinner. A
Procession to proclaim the peace was also agreed on, with Rural
sports and a display of fireworks.
After describing how the streets were decorated and four
bullocks slaughtered for the feast, the account goes on to
say : —
No sooner had the Church Clock struck the hour of twelve than
the appearance of Wednesday (the joyful day) was hailed by
repeated discharges of Cannon from the Town Quay, which were
answered by several placed on the opposite side of the River. It
was a signal for beginning the festive scene. Soon after the bells
sent forth their merry peals, and long before three o'clock bustle
and merriment had called most of the Inhabitants from beds which
sleep could not at such a time visit. At nine o'clock the diflTerent
persons who were to compose the Procession and immense crowds
of spectators were flocking towards the Race Course, the place where
the procession was to be marshalled.
By eleven o'clock the whole arrangements were completed, and
at the signal, given by the Chairman, a Royal salute was fired, and
the procession began in the following Order : —
Two bugles. Detachment of XX Regt. of Foot. The Children
of the Charity School headed by their Master and Mistress. The
children of Dr. Bell's School headed by their Master and Mistress.
Drums and Fifes. The Woollen Manufacturers headed by T. H.
Taylor, Ksq., carrying a Banner, the Fleece, and other insignia
of the Staple Commerce. Masons and Plasterers ; Cordwainers ;
Carpenters ; Basket Makers ; Gardeners ; Taylors ; Blacksmiths ;
VOL. XXXVII. 2 C
402 TOTNIS: ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES.
Upholsterers ; Curriers ; Chandlers ; Saddlers. All with Banners
and appropriate Emblems. The Band of the East Devon Militia.
The Free Masons. A Soldier and a Sailor bearing a Palm branch.
The Colours of the Totnes Volunteers furled in token of Peace
supported on each side by Sergeants. Music. Four Shepherdesses
in appropriate Costume. Sixty girls in white carrying baskets of
flowers. Britannia in a Car formed like a Boat seated under a
Crimson Canopy, elegantly habited, and bearing a Spear, with the
cap of Liberty, and leaning on a Shield, the Lion at her feet ; in
front of the car lay " Neptune " bearing his Trident, having on his
head a Naval crown : this Car was drawn with large black horses
covered with ribbons. The Stewards with white rods. The
Chairman of the Committee in a car drawn by eight Men dressed
for the occasion. Brutus in a Car. Constables with their Staves
of Oiiice. The Town Clerk on Horseback with the Proclamation of
Peace decorated with Royal Blue Ribbons. The Town Sergeants
with their Maces. The Mayor in his Scarlet Robes. The Recorder.
The Justice. Masters and Councillors in their Gowns. Burgesses.
Principal Inhabitants. Detachment of XX Regt of Foot
Nothing could exceed the splendor with which this Procession
was got up. The Banners of the tradesmen were made of silk, on
which were beautifully painted the different Arm& Appropriate
insignia of their several vocations were also carried in the procession
and added to the general interest. *The greatest degree of credit and
praise is due to those who composed the procession, for the zeal and
readiness with which they seconded the views and wishes of the
Committee ; without their efforts the procession would have lost
half its interest. The whole population of the surrounding
country, for miles, filled the streets, to witness the heart-cheering
scene, and it is calculated that there could not be less than 15,000
persons of all descriptions in the Town on this occasion. As the
procession passed up the street it was hailed from the windows of
the houses, all of which were thronged with beautiful and well-
dressed women waving their handkerchiefs and affording by
repeated bows and smiles the most convincing proof of the satis-
faction and delight they experienced in common with all. At the
Mayoralty Room the procession was joined by the Mayor and
Corporation, when the whole moved forward to complete the
principal object it was formed for, namely, to proclaim the Peace.
At the house of Mr. Richard Taylor near the center of the town
the procession halted, and here the Town Clerk read the Procla-
mation. At the moment it was finished the air was rent with
acclamations ; astonishing was the effect upon the spectators, tears
of joy glistened in the eyes of many, ecstacy and rapture lightened
every countenance. At the Rotherfold the Proclamation was again
read with similar demonstrations of joy. At the Mayoralty Room
it was read a third time, and last of all on the Plains ; here this
part of the procession was closed with repeated cheerings. The
TOTNBS: ITS 21A.Y0RS AND MAT0BALTIB8. 403
•
Mayor and Corporation then quitted the line, and the procession
passing over the Bridge marched through Bridgetown, and return-
ing, filed off to the Town Marsh, where the several parties who
composed it dispersed. The Car containing Britannia was after-
wards drawn to her residence, where she alighted amidst the
reiterated huzzas of the delighted people, the Band playing Rule
Britannia the whole way, and every hat being taken off.
On Thursday, 23rd, there was a public dinner, revel,, and
display of fireworks, and on Friday, 24th, bull-baiting, for
which Totnes was famous. There is a tradition that a man
of weak intellect agreed to represent Napoleon, and was
taken in a boat and placed on the island near the bridge
which was then entirely surrounded with water, and repre-
sented the island of Elba. Near the end of the feast the
poor man, who had been forgotten, was remembered to have
been left in exile, and was hastily fetched to enjoy the dinner.
1814. Thomas Welch.
20 April, 1815. Sev. James Champion Hicks elected
Master of the Grammar School in the room of Eev. John
Williams, clerk.
1815. Samuel Cuming.
1816. John Cole.
28 April, 1817. It is recorded that a faculty had been
obtained authorizing the Mayor and burgesses to alter the
west gallery of the Parish Church of Totnes by removing
the organ to the back of the said gallery and to destroy some
of the seats appropriated for the use of the charity children
and erecting others for their accommodation, and for making
six new seats or pews in the front of the said gallery, and
four long seats for the use of the singers in the said Parish
Church ; the expense of obtaining the faculty and the making
the alterations being paid by Rev. Joseph Cuming, the Vicar,
who agreed to indemnify the Mayor and burgesses from any
loss or damage, the Vicar to have the right for twenty-one
years after the alterations to demise the six new pews to any
persons he might think fit at an annual rent or specified
sum.
1817. Eev. Willlah Marshall.
This election was declared illegal, but on what ground does
not appear.
On 18 June, 1818, during this mayoralty, there was a
general election, and Thomas Peregrine Courtenay and
William Holmes, Esqs., were elected. In a manuscript book,
2o2
404
XOTNES: ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES.
the property of the late Francis Bentall, Esq., is a list of
the voters, Totnes, 1818. It is as follows : —
30. W. F. Mitchell, x
)>
if
i>
})
})
it
a
it
i>
)>
1. Geo. Farwell, x Totnes
2. Wm. Bentall
3. C. Taylor
4. S. Adams
5. Illegible, x, Partington
6. G. Farwell, x, Totnes
7. T. Welch
8. L. Marshall „
Aldermen.
1. J. Cuming, Totnes
2. J. Cole
3. C. Farwell, m.d.
4. W. Calley, x
5. W. Hannaford
6. T. Windeatt, x
7. Jos. Cuming
8. A. Tozer, x
9. Jno. Oldreive, Eecorder,
Totnes
10. W. Prideaux, x, Totnes
11. B. Babbage
12. T. Luscombe, x
13. T. Taylor
14. G. P. Adams
15. Jno. Moore
16. J. Fowel, X
17. R. Paige
18. W. Adams
19. R. Dacres, Bath
20. C. Marshal], London
21. J. Bentall
22. H. Bentall
23. B. Fulford, G. Fulford
24. W. Kitson, Shephay
35. A. Wise, x, Langston
26. G. Wise, Woolston
27. C. Epworth, x
28. C. Epworth, x, Plymouth
29. W. Michell
>}
it
31. C. Michell, X
32. T. Burdwood, Plymouth
33. C. Burdwood „
34. W. Burdwood
35. S. Lane, Berry
36. J.H. 0)
37. W. Vassal, Weston
38. S. Bent
39. W. Stokes, Cornwall
40. Rev. J. Hunt
41. J. Tann (?) Puddivine
42. John Taylor, Norfolk
43. E. Cowles, x (1)
44. W. Whiteford, Plymouth
45. B. Yard, x
46. Fitzgerald
47. J. Hunt, X, Blackpool
48. W. Cowlard, Cornwall
49. T. Bentall, Totnes, Alder-
man
50. W. Taunton, Alderman
51. W. Marshall, Alderman
52. G. Wejch, x
53. Jno. Oldreive, by A. Farmer
54. W. Cornish, Totnes
55. C. Calley „
56. G. Thompson, by C. Taylor
57. C. Farwell
58. H. Farwell
59. W. Bentall, jun., by J. B.
60. T. W. Waterfield
D. Blackball
J. Bent
T. P. Courtney
J. Luscombe
R. H. Roe
C. Tudor
Jno. Windeatt
The names with x against them are struck through as if
they had died or become. disqualified, and it would appear,
therefore, that this must have been done some years after.
Some of those struck out, though, did not die till 1827. The
addresses of the non-resident freemen are given against their
names.
totkes : its mayors and mayoralties. 405
1818. George Farwell.
c
1819. George Farwell.
20 March, 1820. Eev. Thomas Cleave elected Master of
the Grammar School in the room of Kev. James Champion
Hieks, resigned. He was not to receive for day boys more
than six guineas per annum, and the Mayor was to have the
power to send two boys to the School free of expenses to be
instructed in the Grammar and other books read in the school.
1820. Charles Taylor.
This mayoralty ended with a scene which is thus described
by Mr. Thornton Bentall, himself Mayor in 1823, and an eye-
witness of what took place. He thus describes it : —
account op what passed at totnes in 1821.
Charles Taylor was elected Mayor 21 Sept., 1820, on which day
he presided at a Court at which Mr. G. N. Thompson was elected
a Burgess. On the 18th September, 1821, he issued a Summons
for the Masters and Councillors to attend on the 21st of September,
between the hours of 10 and 12, to elect one or more burgesses.
The Sergeants at Mace to whom the warrant was directed at the
same time that they served it served the usual warrant signed by
the Town Clerk and Steward for the Election of the Mayor on the
same day the 21st September. It is customary for the Mayor and
his Brethren to attend Divine Service on the Charter Day at 10
o'clock, and to proceed from the Church to the election of a new
Mayor. On the 21st September, 1821, the Mayor desired the
Clergyman to begin the Service at 10 o'clock, and about half-past
eleven the Mayor and some of the Masters proceeded to the Council
Chamber, and there were not sufficient Masters to form a Court
until a quarter past twelve, when the following Masters were
present : —
1. C. Taylor, Mayor
1. G. Farwell
1. W. D. Taunton
1. John Toms
2. Rev. Marshall
2. Chris Farwell
1. John Cole
1. Aaron Tozer
2. W. S. Bentall
2. Geo. Farwell, T.c.
2. T. Bentall
2. Rev. W. Marshall
The Mayor said he thought it right to elect some Burgesses, and
before any were proposed W. S. Bentall said he came there for
the purpose of electing the Mayor, the time having elapsed to
which the Mayor had confined his warrant for electing Burgesses.
The Town Clerk, however, was directed to call over the names of
the Masters. T. Bentall informed the Mayor that he did not con-
sider the Court to be legal. As he had held the Office 365 days
exclusive of that day he did not think him competent to hold a
Court on the 21st Sept., 1821. The Mayor said the Town would
406 TOTNES: ITS MAYOBS AND MAYORALTIES.
be deprived of its chief Magistrate (in answer to this it might have
been mentioned that the Masters and Burgesses were empowered
by their Charter to elect a Mayor any part of the 21st of September
at the Court of the King, therefore the Election might take place
immediately after midnight on the 20th, but that any Mayor's
Court on that day must be the Court of the new Mayor). The
six Masters whose names are entered marked 2 having protested
against the legality of the Meeting, Mr. Taunton advised the
Mayor to proceed, on which he proposed Mr. William Giles as a
Burgess. G. Farwell, Sen., seconded him and the other four
Masters marked 1 also voted for him. The six Masters whose names
appear in the second list severally announced that they protested
against the Meeting and thereupon declined voting. This answer
was given by all, but the Town Clerk entered it only against his
own name, the other five are said to have protested and voted
against the said William Giles. The Town Clerk informed the
Mayor that 6 Masters had voted for William Giles and 5 against,
on which the Mayor said he. was elected and should be sworn in
forthwith. Mr. Taunton advised that as many Burgesses should first
be made as were thought proper and then all be sworn at the same
time, on which Mr. George Farwell proposed Capt. Blackler, but the
5 Masters who had before protested repeated their protest and left
the Chamber before they were called on to vote. After 1 o'clock
the Hall Bell was again rung and Chris Farwell, Esq., duly elected
for the year ensuing. After he was sworn he held a Court when
John Oldreive, Jun., was elected a Burgess.
This Memorandum was written by me
Thornton Bbntall.
21 September, 1821.
1821. Christopher Farwell.
At the Mayor's Court, held 22 October, 1821, a committee
was ordered to inspect the prison with a view to its improve-
ment, and the improvement of the accommodation of the
jury at the Quarter Sessions was ordered to be done. The
Mayor was requested to send the town sergeants to the*
persons not members of the Corporation in the habit of
sitting in the aldermen's seats in the church on Sundays,
and to request them to discontinue sitting in those seats for
the future.
1822. KiGHARD Marshall.
8 March, 1823. It was resolved to accept the proposal of
the trustees of the Totnes Turnpike for repairing Totnes
Bridge. The trustees had applied for leave to widen and
repair the bridge, £700 to be applied for the purpose provided
that the Corporation continued the repair. This was not
carried out, but a new bridge built later on. 14 September,
TOTNES: ITS MATOBS AND MAYORALTIES. 407
1823, it was ordered that the Archdeacon of Totnes be in-
formed that the Corporation had no objection to the enlarge-
ment of the church provided a fund was raised for that
purpose exclusive of the Corporation being called upon to
contribute towards it out of their funds, a plan being first
submitted to them for their approbation and reserving to
themselves their existing rights over the same.
1823. Thornton Bkntall.
30 January, 1824. The proposal to enlarge the church was
again before the Corporation, and it was stated £400 had been
raised for enlargement, and £400 more was required. The
following plan was adopted : —
Han.
The Mayor and Corporation of this Borough, taking into con-
sidetation the details of a plan submitted to them for the
enlargement of the Church for keeping such additional parts in
repair and for securing an independent income to the Clergyman,
will grant to the Archdeacon, Mayor and Clergyman of Totnes for
the time being all their right and title to certain parts of the
Churchyard next adjoining to the North and South wall of the
Parish Church. That is to say, a space on the North side to the
extent of 32 ft. in length by 22 in breadth lying between the
North door and the little entrance to the Church, and a space of
equal extent between the Church Porch and Martin's aisle on the
south side, in trust and for the following purposes : That the said
Trustees shall have power to erect an aisle and connect the same
with the Church on the North side thereof which shall contain 224
free sittings for the poor, and in like manner to erect another aisle
on the South side of the fabric with the further power of letting or
leasing the pews thereof, and to receive the rents and profits for the
purpose of liquidating the debt that shall be contracted in the
erection of the said buildings for keeping the same in a proper state
of repair and for increasing the income of the Clergyman.
That when the debt shall be discharged the Trustees shall con-
tinue to let or lease the said seats and pews to the best advantage,
and reserving the sum of £10 per year from the said rents as a
repairing fund, tliey shall pay over the whole of the surplus to the
Clergyman for the time being.
That the Committee appointed to carry the proposed improve-
ments into etfect shall be fully authorised by the Corporation to
apply for a faculty comprising these proyisions, and to take such
other measures as shall appear best calculated to attain all the
objects in view.
Fortunately only the addition on the north side was
carried out. If that on the south side had also been done
the church would have been spoiled.
408 TOTNES: Its MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES.
1824. WiLLUM DoiDGE Taunton.
This year an Act of Parliament was obtained by the Turn-
pike trustees authorizing the rebuilding of Totnes Bridge.
1825. John Cole.
6 April, 1826. The foundation stone of the new bridge
was laid. The procession on the occasion was as follows : —
Four constables with their staves ; town crier with a flag ;
the musicians ; two mace bearers ; the Mayor ; Justice and
Recorder ; Aldermen, two and two ; the model borne by two
labourers. Contractor with implements. Lord Seymour, or
with Chairman of Committee. Clergyman of
Totnes and Clergyman of Berry Pomeroy (in canonicals).
The gentlemen of the Committee, two and two, bearing
wands. The other Trustees, two and two. Freemen of
Totnes, two and two. The constables.
All parties were to assemble at the Mayoralty House at
eleven o'clock, and on arrival at the works the Committee
with the gentleman who was to lay the stone, attended by
the architect and assistants, to descend to the lower platform.
All the other persons to pass on to a platform on the left
and remain there during the ceremony.
The stone was not laid by Lord Seymour, but by Kobert
William Newman, Esq., m.p., of Mamhead, afterwards created
a baronet. The architect was Mr. C. Fowler, of London ; the
contractors, Messrs. Shepherd and Oldrey, of Plymouth, and
Mr. S. Cuming, of Totnes, clerk of the works. The cost was
about £12,000. Mr. Newman in his speech mentioned the
old bridge had been erected in the reign of King John.
1826. Christopher Farwell.
8 June, 1827. It was agreed to allow Eev. Mr. Cleave,
Master of the Grammar School, to charge eight guineas a
year for day boys.
1827. Charles Taylor.
The new bridge opened 25 March, 1828.
1828. General Adams.
1829. William Bentall.
30 November, 1829. It was agreed to rebuild the alms-
houses on the Plains and remove them to a waste spot called
the Carrion Pits, and this was done the following year.
1830. Wjlliam Doidge Taunton.
totnks: its mayors and mayoralties. 409
1831. Thornton Bentall.
On 7 June, 1832, the Eeform Bill received the Eoyal Assent
and Totnes retained its two members, the borough being
extended to include the whole parish of Totnes and the
manor of Bridgetown in the parish of Berry Pomeroy, and
on 19 and 20 July there was a reform festival, which was
carried out at a cost of over £300. Lord John Sussell
attended and took part.
1832. Christopher Farwell.
1833. John Toms.
1834. ElCHARD SOPER.
He remained in office till 31 December, 1835, in accordance
with the provisions of the Municipal Corporation Reform
Act, 1835, when the old Corporation ceased to exist and the
new Corporation were elected by vote of the burgesses, and
the municipal borough was extended so as to include the
whole parish of Totnes and the manor of Bridgetown in the
parish of Berry Pomeroy.
THE EAELIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL"
RELATING TO DEVON DONE INTO ENGLISH
WITH AN INDEX.
BY THE REV. OSWALD J. RKICHEL, B.C.L. k M.A., F.S.A.
(Rrad at Princatoirn, 20 July, 1905.)
The volume in the Public Record OflBce known as " Testa
Nevil" is far too important for the historian and the
genealogist to need any apology for once more directing
attention thereto. Mr. Whale has already given a summary
of its contents in "Trans." XXIX, 218, and an analysis of
those parts of it (1 to 23) which are ordinarily referred
to the year 1241 (27 Hen. Ill), in "Trans." XXX, 203.
Another section (part 24), giving the surveys of the manors
of Berry Pomeroy and Stockleigh Pomeroy, A.D. 1292, has
appeared in "Trans." XXVIII, 367, and the Fees of the
Bishop of Exeter (part 25) in "Trans." XXXIV, 566.
A summary of the Aid collected in 1234 (parts 26, 34 to
36, and 42) in "Trans." XXIX, 499, and the substance of
"Fees and Tenements in the Hundred of Lifton," a.d. 1243
(part 27), in "Trans." XXVIII, 484. The like for the
Hundred of Witheridge (part 28) in " Trans." XXX, 397 :
for the Hundred of Budleigh (part 29) in " Trans." XXXV,
279, leaving the Hundreds of Stanborough, Haytor and
Ermington (parts 30 to 32) still to be dealt with. It is
proposed to give the remaining sections here (parts 33, 37,
38, 40 to 43), done into English, with a few explanatory
notes. These sections, although coming last in the book,
arc in point of time the earliest, and from the detailed
information they contain are by far the most important
(" Trans." XXIX, 499, il 67).
Part 33. a.d. 1216.
ru 3o5o//;i ^^® ^^^^ ^^ these sections, consisting of the entries Nos.
— ■— 1340-75, part 33 in Mr. Whale's summary, is the oldest
section in the whole volume. It is headed : Inquiry " as to
THl KABUKB SECTIONS OF "TKSTA NEVIL." 411
lorddhip-tenements and feofments of our lord the King or of
bis ancestors in Devonshire." It dates apparently from the
first year of Henry III (" Trans." XXX, 396). Later than
1227 it cannot be, because William Briwer, who died in that
year, is named as the sitting tenant of Axminster (No. 1357),
and of Langford in Ugborough (No. 1360); and it must date
after 1207 and before 1216, because the grant of the ward-
ship of Roger de Valletort's heir (No. 1372) to the Bishop
of Winchester was made in 1207, and Seginald de Valletort
the heir (Pipe Rolls in " Trans." XXXVI, 422) came of ^e
in 1216. He died in 1244 ("Trans." XXXVI, 432, n. 2).
The only difficulty is the mention of Baldwin de Insula as
Earl of Devon (No. 1349); for he only became Earl on the
death of his father Baldwin de Redvers in 1246. Perhaps
the reference to him is an after-insertion.
Parts 34-6. a.d. 1234.
The next section, Nos. 1376-1435, parts 34-6, is entitled:
The account of William Peverill and Ralph Sachevill
collectors of " the aid granted to our lord the King towards
marrying his sister to the Roman Emperor at the rate of 2
marks the fee." The date of the marriage was 1234 (" Trans."
XXIX, 499, n. 68) ; and this fixes the date of the account.
Part 37. a.d. 1217x1221.
A further section on page 196b, Nos. 1436-66, part 37 in
the Summary, gives a list of heiresses, widows of tenants-
in-chief in the King's gift, tenants at will and lands in hand
by recent escheats. It has no other title than "From Testa
de Nevill," and probably dates from a time between 1217
and 1221. It mentions Baldwin, son of Baldwin de Redvers,
as being in wardship (No. 1439). Therefore it is subsequent
to 1 September, 1216, on which day his father died ("Trans."
VII, 363). It also mentions as sitting tenants William
Briwer (No. 1439), who died in 1227 (Oliver, "Mon." p. 393);
Fulk de Breaute (No. 1436), who died in 1224; and Henry,
the Earl's son (No. 1456), who died in 1221. It mentions,
however, Patrick de Chaworth (No. 1493) as tenant of Hols-
worthy, whose father. Pagan, did not die before 1226, which
seems to create a difhculty. The explanation offered is that
Patrick was tenant of Holsworthy in his father's lifetime,
Holsworthy having been his mother's land.
Part 38. a.d. 1244.
Again on p. 197a is a section, Nos. 1466-1508, part 38 in
the Summary, containing a list of the Serjeanties or "Service
412 THE KARUER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NBVIL.'*
holdings rented by Eobert Passeleu in the time of King
Henry" [III]. Tiiis must belong to a generation later than
1217. For David de Skeridon (Nos. 1370 and 1452) has
been succeeded by his son John or Roger Mirabel (No. 1471)
and his daughter Oressia (No. 3469). Roger Mirabel has
sustained a forfeiture, and there have been fresh grants of
Skeridon by the King (No. 1503), the first in 1228. Richard
de Hydon (No. 1497) has succeeded his mother (No. 1369)
in her dowerland of Madeshay. William le Fleming, the
gmndson of Richard le Fleming who held Holdich at the
separation of Normandy, is stated to have sold it eight years
ago (No. 1487). Dunkswell Abbey is said to hold Broad-
hembury (No. 1485), which it inust have acquired after
1227, since Broadhembury is not named in the Charter of
20 February, 1227, confirming estates to that Abbey. The
hanging of a felon in the twenty-first year of Henry's reign
is referred to (No. 1490), which fixes it as later than 1236.
Also Hugli Peverel is in possession of AUer Peverel (No.
1486), but he only succeeded his brother Thomas in 1241
(Original Charters, 26 Hen. Ill, p. 7). On the other hand,
Walter de Skeridon is alive whose death occurred in 1248
("A.D. Inq.," 33 Hen. Ill, No. 67, p. 7). We may therefore
fix the date as after 1241 and before 1248, or approximately
1244.
Part 39. a.d. 1275.
On page 198a is a list of the tenants holding of " Reginald
de Valletort and of Ralph and Roger de Valletort of the
barony of Hurberton,'* Nos. 1509-39, part 39 in the Sum-
mary. The date of this section may be taken to be 1275.
For Reginald de Valletort, who came of age in 1216 and
married in 1219 the daughter and heiress of Thomas Basset
(Pipe Rolls, 4 Hen. Ill), died in 1244 without issue (** A.-D.
Inq.," 30 Hen. Ill, No. 11, p. 3). His brother, who succeeded
him 19 January, 30 Hen. Ill (''Inquisitions of Hen. Ill," No.
63) died, as also his only son Reginald, the latter without
issue, in 1269 (" A.-D. Inq," 54 Hen. Ill, No. 9, p. 33). And
his brother Roger, who succeeded his nephew, went mad and
died in 1 275 (Roberts. *' Geneal. Kalend.," No. 32, p. 566, and
No. 11, p. 639). The barony was then held by Nicolas de
Montfort as guardian of the heir of Roger de Valletort
("Feudal Aids," p. 316, 321). and in 1286 was declared
escheated to the King by the death of the said Roger (ibid.,
p. 327).
thb baklier sections of "testa nevil." 413
Part 40. a.d. 1244.
A short list follows on page 198b, Nos. 1536-9, part 41,
of "Service-holdings changed into military service." It is
of the same date as part 38, viz. 1244.
Part 41. a.d. 1237.
Then follows, part 41, an " Inquiry as to lands held by
Normans, Bretons and other foreigners" (Nos. 1540-52). The
Commission (No. 1540) is dated 15 December, 21 Hen. Ill,
or 1236, and the return was ordered to be made "on the
morrow of the Purification." This fixes its date as 3 February,
1236-7. The vahies of the estates named in it, such as
High week and Woburnford, have much increased.
Part 42. a.d. 1234.
Tlie " Prelates Aid," part 42, Nos. 1553-67, is of the same
date as part 34, viz. 1234.
Part 43. a.d. 1234
The last section, Nos. 1568-1654, is endorsed: "Partition
of the Fees which were sometime William Briwer's amongst
his heirs in the 19*** year of King Henry." Its date is there-
fore 1234, two years after the death of William Briwer the
younger, which event took place in 1232 (Oliver, "Mon." 169).
As parts 34 to 36 and 42 have already appeared in epitome
in the Association's "Transactions" (XXIX, 500), it has not
been thought desirable to reproduce them; and part 39, being
a mere list of tenants* names without the locality or extent
of their holdings, is omitted altogether. One point calls for
remark, viz. that the term "ancestor," so constantly recurring
in the earliest section, does not necessarily mean " related in
blood," but simply "predecessor in title" (see No. 1368;
Kelham's "Domesday," p. 156; Brady, "Hist.," p. 142).
There is often no relationship at all.
33. Inquiry as to lordship tenements and feofments
of our lord the king or of his ancestors in
Devonshire, [a.d. 1216.]
[1340] King William I gave the manor of Oteriton ,4irW9ft
[i.e. Otterton, also called Nether Ottery or Monks' Ottery] / • .,
with appurtenances to the Abbey in peril of the sea of /
Mont St. Michel in Normandy ['* Trans." XXX, 286;
XXVIII, 413, W. 263 ; XXXV, 296].
[1341] King Henry I gave the manor of Buddelegh [i.e.
BuDLEiGH Syon, " Trans." XXXIII, 609, W. 12; "Testa,"
1208, p. 191a, has IFonlegh in error] with appurtenances to
414 THB KARUER SECTIOKS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
•
the aforesaid Abbey [of Mont St. Michel] in exchange for
the Church [or spiritual revenues, see " Trans." XXX, 278]
of Chausie [Cholsey, Berks], which [latter] the same King
gave to the Abbey of Kadinges [Reading] when he founded
it [in 1125, Round, ** Documents in France," No. 723, The
Church of Budleigh King John gave to the Church of St.
Catharine without Exeter, and the nuns there 29 Ap. 1230
(Original Charters, 123)].
[1342] King John gave to the Church of St. Nicolas in
Exeter all the land of Bradeham^ [in Withecombe Raleigh,
"Trans." XXXIII, 609, W, 12; Pipe Rolls, 33 Hen. II, a.nd
Charter Rolls, 6 John, p. 22, write Brideham terra], with
appurtenances in pure alms [Oliver, "Mon." pp. 125, 128],
which land whilst it was in the King's hand paid fifty shillings,
excepting, however, the service of his servant Morey [Morinus
= de Mora], who, in return for his tenement [of Hill or RuU,
"Trans." XXVII, 407; XXXIII, 600. W. 12; XXXV, 301],
has to execute summonses and distraints in the Hundred of
Buddelegh ["Testa," 1498, p. 198b], and the said fifty shillings
are credited [compiUantur] to the sheriff in the lump-payment
[in carpare] for the County of Devon ["Testa," 1213, in
" Trans." XXXV, 298].«
[1343] Galfrid de Alba Mara holds the manor of W'debir*
[Woodbury, "Testa," 1475, 1505, "Trans." XXXIII, 620,
W. 68] with appurtenances in chief of our lord the King
["Testa," 358, p. 179a; ** Trans." XXX, 224, and XXXV,
288] by the service of 1 knight by gift of King Henry I
to his ancestors by the same service. [Pole, p. 155, states
that the gift was to Eoger de Mandevil, castellan of Exeter,
whose son William gave it to William Carbunel. In 1177
Alice, daughter of William Carbunel, held it (Pipe Bolls,
23 Hen. II) and brought it to her husband, Beginald de
Albemarle ("Trans." XXXV, 288), who in 1182 "owed
£53. 10/ for acknowledgment of Wudeberia, and Aelizia his
wife daughter of William Carbunell owed £30. 13/ for having
seizin of that land " (Pipe Bolls, 28 Hen. II)].
^ Before Bradham was <* booked'' to St Nicolas Priory, its men were
** folklanders,*' or the King's socmen. In 14 Hen. II, and 33 Hen. II, '* the
men of Bradham" contributed 2 marks; in 1 Ric. 1, 10s. 0d. See "Trans."
XXXV, 298 ; XXIX, 498, n. 66. Similarly *< the men of South Tawton or
Addiscot" in 14 Hen. II ("Trans." XXXVI, 434) were folklanders.
' Mr. Round ('* Victoria History of Somerset ") quotes the case of Wedmore
in Somerset to show t)iat "before *DomeRday,' ana even before the Conquest,
the 12th-ceutury Excliequer system of crediting the sheriflf at his annual
account with a Hxed sum in resjiect of such royal manors or portions thereof
as had been granted to subjects, was already in full operation."
THB EARLIER SECTIONS OF ''TESTA NEVIL." 415
[1344] Philip de Farnell[i8; Furnel, in "Testa," 1445,
p. 196b; le Furneus in "Testa," 1210, p. 191b; i.e.
Furneaux] holds Fenoteri ["Testa," 1210, says a hide of
land in Fenoteri; "Trans." XXXIII, 609, W. 12; XXXV,
297; Pipe Roll, 8 Ric. I, Fenotri Philippi] with appur-
tenances by gift of our lord the King at a rent of £4. 4. 8
yearly, and answers for it (respondet) in a certain supply-
rent* in currency (numero), by gift of King Henry I to his
ancestors by the same service.
p. 194a
[1345] Robert de Hokesham [Hochesham in Hundred
Rolls] holds the Hundred of Buddelegh of our lord the
King ["Trans." XXXIII, 609, W. 12] at a rent of 11 shillings
a year to make up the supply-rent (firma) of the County of
Devon ["Testa," 136G, p. 195b; "Trans." XXIX, 502,
n. 73] by gift of Henry I to his ancestors by the same service.
[1347] The monks of Dinant in Brittany hold the manor
of Herpeford [Harpford, "Trans." XXXIH, 609, W. 12;
XXIX, 484, n. 41 ; XXXIV, 421 ; XXXV, 297] with ap-
purtenances in pure alms by gift of Oliver de Dinant, which
manor King William I gave to his ancestors, but by what
service is not known.
[1348] John the Gatekeeper (Janitor) holds Bukint*
[BiCTON, "Trans." XXVIII, 449, W. 1047] with appurtenances
of our lord the King by the service of guarding the gate of
the Castle of Exeter and the prisoners' gaol, by gift of King
Henry I to his ancestors by the same service ["Trans." XIII,
105 ; XXIX, 489, n. 53].
p. 194b
[1349] Nich[olas] de Meriet holds the manor of Coletun
[CoLYTON Kaleigh, "Testa," 370, p. 179a; 1182, p. 190b;
" Trans." XXXIII, 371, 620, W. 70 ; XXXV, 286] with ap-
purtenances, aforetime a lordship of King Henry I, by the
service of 1 knight, which service the same Nicolas now
renders to our lord the King. This [manor] Henry I gave
to his ancestors in exchange for the manor of Toppesham
which is now in the hand of the Earl de Tlsle (de Insula).
[In 1178 the sheriff accounted for J mark from Topesham
(Pipe Kolls, 24 Hen. I). In 1246 Baldwin de Bed vers. Earl
' Tlie meaning is tliat this amount was not |)ai(1 direct into the Exchequer,
but, as "Teste/' 1445, p. 196b, and 1466, p. 197a, stetes, was paid to the
sheriff and was by him paid into the Exchequer as part of the supply-rent or
revenue {firma; see '* Trans." XXIX, 459, n. 15) which he paid from the
Hundred of Budleigh.
416 THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF ''TESTA NEVIL."
p. 194b
of Devon, died (** Inquisition," Hen. Ill, No. 50), and in 1262
Baldwin de Insula, Earl of Devon, died, when his sister,
Isabel de Fortibus, Countess of Albemarle, late the wife of
the Earl of Albemarle, aged 25, was found to be his heir
through the death of his son ("Inquisition," 47 Hen. Ill,
No. 664). As to Meriet, see " Trans." XXXV, 286 ; ** Testa,"
1182, p. 1906].
[1350] William Peverel, of Essex, and Matilda, his sister,
enfeoffed the ancestors of Hugh Peverel, of Sanford, in the
time of King Henry I of Sanford [Sampford Peverel,
"Testa," 347, p. 179a; "Trans." XXVIII, 445, W. 1007]
and Haure [Aure, "Testa," 348, p. 179a; 1486, p. 197b,
i.e. Aller Peverel in Collumton; "Trans." XXVIII, W. 993]
and Cars WELL [in Broadhembury, "Trans." XXVIII, 444,
W. 992] by the service of 1 knight ; and since the barony of
the aforesaid William and Matilda fell into the hands of our
lord the King • [the second William Peverel having been
deprived of all his lands by Henry II "because he offered
poison to Ralf, Earl of Chester,** according to one account
(Trans. XXXIII, 390), or for having espoused the cause of
Stephen, according to another (Planch^, "The Conqueror's
Companions," II, 27), "Trans." XXIX, 501, n. 70; XXXII,
397] the ancestors of the said Hugh have held the said lands
in chief of our lord the King by the service of 1 knight,
and Hugh Peverel now holds the said lands of our lord the
King in chief by the same service.
[1351] The monks of La Bataille* [Battle Abbey in
Sussex] hold the land of Bogeleg [above Exe Island in St.
David's, Exeter, "within the burh and without" (Oliver,
"Mon." p. 115), otherwise known as St. Nicolas* fee
("Trans." XXXIV, 719)] with appurtenances, together with
St. Olave's Church in Exeter in pure alms, and similarly the
Church of Columton with appurtenances ["Testa," 1486,
p. 197b, writes Colinthon; "Trans." XXVIII, 413, W. 264]
by gift of King William I.
[1352] The monks of the Greater Monastery oversea
[St. Stephen's, alias Marmoutier of Tours, Bronescombe
Eeg., p. 184] hold the manor of Torverton [Thorverton,
* "Testa," 1486, p. 197b, says the Prior of St. Nicholas, the Priory of
St. Nicholas being a cell of Battle Abbey which held in fee farm all the Abbey's
Devonshire estates (* "Trans." XXX, 289, n. 61), paying for them a fee-farm
rent of 60/-, aftem'ards reduced to 20/-, and increased to £7 before the Dis-
solution (Oliver, "Mon." p. 118).
/M
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NBVIL." 417
p. 194b
"Trans." XXXIII, 608, W. 10], together with the Church
of the same manor and appurtenances in pure alms, by gift
of King William I/*
[1353] Henry de Farnell[is, i.e. Furneaux; see above, 1344],
and Nicolas Avenell ; ® and James Girard's son hold in chief
of our lord the King Childetun [" Testa," 349, p. 179a ; i.e.
Chilton, in Thorverton] and Sepewass ["Testa," 343, p. 179a;
viz. Sheepwash, " Trans." XXXIII, 616, W. 46. Both were
Robert William's son's lands in 1185 and 1189 (Pipe EoUs,
31 and 35 Hen. II)] by the service of 1 knight by gift of
King William I to the ancestors of the wives of the said
Henry and Nicolas and James by the same service^ ["Trans."
XXIX, 487, n. 50 and 74].
[1354] The minikins of Polesloe [Charter EoUs, 14 Hen. Ill,
45, m. 3 : Exeter minikins of the Church of St. Catharine,
in Culinton manor 100/] hold within the manor of Culinton
[at TuDHAYES, alias Minikinham, in Colyton (Bronescombe
lieg. 475; Oliver, "Mon." 167; "Trans." XXXIII, 610,
W. 21 ; XXIX, 467, n. 31 and 76] 100 shillings worth of
land in pure alms by gift of King Henry [II in 1178 (Pipe
Roll, 24 Hen. II), confirmed in 1221 (Pipe lioU, 4 Hen. Ill)],
father of our lord King John ; and Thomas Basset holds the
rest of the same manor [since 1194 (Pipe Roll, 6 Ric. I)], as
also Witeford [Wiiitfoud. "Trans." XXXIII, 621, W. 75;
XXIX, 467, n. 31; "Testa," 345, p. 179a; since 1199 (Pipe
Roll, 1 John)] in chief of our lord the King by the service
* Tlie Hundred Rolls, 3 Edward I, No. 18, p. 70 : Thorverton was part of
the ancient lordship of King Henry [I], grandfather of King Henry [II], the
present King's father, which grandfather gave it to the monks of Mermoster
(Majus Monasterium).
^ Inquisitions of Henry III, Nos. 278, 325, state that Batishorn in Honiton
was given by Earl William dc Vernun to Nicolas Avenel and his heirs, from
whom descended William Avenel his son, who died 18 Oct., 1243, Mathew
de Fumeans, aged 28, being his heir. Nicolas Avenel succeeded Earl Reginald
at Meshaw ("Teste," 406, p. 179b) and the Earl's brother William at Sned-
leigh {** Testa," 425).
' '* Black Hook," p. IIIO, has a return by William, son of Reginald, stating
that he holds 1 fee of the King. A later hand has added, ** Now Nicolas
Avenel hoMs that fee, viz. Scepewast from the daughter and heiress of the
said William." William had apparently been immediately succeeded by his
son Robert, who was out of possession in 1189 (Pipe Rolls, 1 Ric. I ; **Trans."
XXXIII, 394). In 37 Hen. Ill, William Avenel died seized of Chillat' \ fee,
Schejiways f fee, and other places (*' Inquisition," No. 278). Nicolas Avenel
is a witness to a charter 1189x1199 (''Documents in France," p. 195).
Correct the identification of Childeton in "Trans." XXIX, 602, n. 74, and
see Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 40, p. 78, quoted **Tran8." XXVI, 141, n. 8,
and XXIX, 498, n. 64.
VOL. XXXVII. 2 D
418 THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 194b
of 1 knight by gift of King Eichfitrd, pursuant to the request
of Walter de Dunstanvil, mother's brother to the said Thomas
[1355] Eichard de Droscumb holds ^ virgate of land [at
Drascombe in Drewsteignton parish (** Testa," 1449, p. 196b;
** Trans." XXXIII, 618, W. 59); Drescumbe in "Testa,"
1477, p. 197a; Druscombe in Hundred EoUs, 3 Ed. I,
No. 43, p. 85; Drascumb in "Testa," 1500, p. 198a; Tros-
cumbe in Pipe EoUs, 13 John ("Trans." XXXIII, 393);
and Troscumbe arcariorum or Bowmen's Troscumbe in Pipe
Eolls, 14 Hen. IF, in "Trans." XXXIII, 392] of our lord the
King by the service of carrying 1 bow and 4 arrows behind
the King whenever he comes to hunt in the Forest of
Dertemore by grant of King William I to his ancestors.
[Eichard was tenant in 1206. »See Pipe EoU of 1 John, supplied
by Miss E. L-Weekes.]
[1356] The manor of Wuford ["Testa," 1547, p. 199a,
1.8. Wonford in Heavitree; "Trans." XXXIII, 618, W. 58]
with appurtenances was sometime in the hand of our lord
King Henry [I], and paid £15 yearly. This he afterwards
gave to Galfrid de Mandevil [son of Geofifrey de Mandevil,
the Conqueror's companion (Eound's "Geoffrey de Mandevil,"
p. 392)], but it is not known by what service. The same
Galfrid gave the said manor with appurtenances to William
(de Tilli (Eisdon, p. 113)], son of John, in marriage with his
[grand] daughter [Dionisia (" Devon Notes and Quer.," Ill,
p. 219)]. And Henry de Tilli [their son (" Cal. Hot. Chart.,"
p. 75)] held that manor with appurtenances all his life long,
whose heirs are in Normandy. Eobert de Mandevil [" Testa,"
1547, p. 199a] now holds that manor with appurtenances,
but it is not known by what service.®
• Mr. Whale ("Trans." XXXIII, 868, 396), on the authority of Madox,
says that Ralph Taisson held Wonford in King Stephen's reign ; but how this
statement can be reconciled with Henry I's gift to Geoffrey de Mandevil doei
not appear. The grantee Geoffrey is stated to be the son of Geoffrey, the Con-
queror s companion, and consequently the brother of Roger, castellan of Exeter
(E. L.-W.)andof William, fatherto Geoffrey, Ist Earl of Essex (Round, •'Geoffrey
de Mandevil," p. 392) and to Beatrice his sister, wife of William de Say, ^^hose
descendant Geoffrey, son of Piers, called himself de Mandevil (Batten,
'* Somerset," p. 120) and was the second husband of l8ab(>l, Countess of
Gloucester ("Trans." XXIX, 465, n. 27 ; XXXIII, 623). The grantee was
twice married. By his first wife he had a son, Robert de Mandevil of Coker,
whose son Geoffrey in 1194 claimed the Honour of Marsh wood, and whose
great-grandson Robert succeeded in 1208 in establishing his claim thereto
(Charter, 24 May, 1208, in Batten, p. 120). By his second wife he had
another son, Ralph, whose daughter Dionisia married W^illiam son of John,
stcwanl of Normandy, and was succeeded in the Honour of Marshwood by his
son Henry de Tilli, who in 6 Richard I had a fief of 14| knights in Devon
(*' Trans. '^ XXXIII, 868 ; XXXVI, 416).
/2n
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NBVIL." 419
p. 194b
[1357] William Bruere holds the manor of Axeministre
[AXMINSTER, "Trans." XXXIII, 609. W. 14] in chief of our
lord the King by the service of \ knight and a farm-rent
of £24 yearly. It used to pay £16 in the County account,
and the Hundred is in the hand of our lord the King
["Testa," 1442, p. 196b, and 1488. p. 197b. In 1196 it
had been granted to John, Count of Mortain, together with
the Hundred for \ year for £13. 6. 8 (Pipe Eoll, 8 Ric. I).
In 7 John William, son of John, as custodian, accounted
for 29/2, a whole year's proceeds of the outland hundred
(E. L-W., in "Devon Notes and Queries," III). In 1205
£10 there was granted to William Briwerre (Pipe Roll,
7 John)].
[1358] The monks of St. Mary of Bee hold \ hide, with
appurtenances, in Membir' [the Prior of Gloucester's
Membury,'-^ Add. MS. 28,649, p. 491; "Trans." XXXIII,
610, W. 15], in pure alms which Robert de Chandos [to
wliom Charter of Henry I, 1107 x 1120, is addressed ("Docu-
ments in France,*' p. 55); see also Charter of Henry II, iWrf.,
p. 128] gave them, being part of the lordship of his barony,
which he held by gift of King Henry I [Chandos is witness
to a deed in 1126 {ihid,, p. 430)].
[1359] The men of Kent' [Kenton, who in 1187 owed
£7. 18. 8 for a gift (Pipe Roll, 33 Hen. II)] hold the manor
of Kent' [Kenton, "Trans." XXXIII, 616, W. 50; XXVII,
405, n. 3 ; Polwhele, II, 161], with appurtenances of our
lord the King, at a fixed rent of £60 [since 1204, when they
paid 40 marks for taking it (Pipe Eoll, 6 John)], which afore-
time used to pay £24 [should be £34, since £30 is given as
the Domesday value, and £34 as the value in Pipe EoUs of
Henry II (" Trans." XXIX, 459, n. 13)].
[1360] William Briwere holds Langeford [Lestre.in
Ugborough, "Trans." XXXIII, 622, W. 78; XXIX, 502, n. 72;
Robert de Aureavilla's, in 31 Hen. I ; William de Orivallo's,
in 1160 ("Trans." XXXIII, 389; XXIX, 472, n. 35 and 72);
in 1166 Ralph Sanzavier's "Lib. Nig.," p. 130], with appur-
tenances in chief of our lord the King by the service of
1 knight by gift of King John.
* Mr. Whale proposes to identify this with Maaberia W. 894 in "Trans."
XXVIII, 439, i.e. East Membury. But East Membury was held in 1285 by
Erminard of the Earl of Cornwall (**F. Aids," p. 820) for 1 fee, and in 184«
of the Honour of Braduinch {ibid,^ p. 429). It is preferably the township
of West Membury. Sec " Trans." XXXVI, 865.
2d2
420 THE EABLIBK SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 194b
[1361] Koger de Mortuo mari (Mortimer) holds the
manor of Mouland [Molland Botreaux, "Trans." XXX,
617, W. 52], with appurtenances by virtue of the heirship
of William de Botell [Boterellis or Botreaux] who is under
age. This manor King William I gave to the ancestors of
WDliam de Beumeis [named in a Charter 1198 x 1204
("Documents in France," p. 211)], of whom William de
Boterell[is witness to letters patent 1196 x 1205, ibid,, p. 62]
purchased it, and it renders the service of 1 Knight. ["A.-D.
Inq.," 34 Ed. Ill, No. 86, p. 224 (2240) describes Molland
Botreaux as held for 1 fee of Koger de Mortuo Mari.
" Trans." XXIX, 506, n. 82.]
[1362] King Henry I gave to the ancestors of Johel de
Meduana [Mayne in "Testa," 1549, p. 199, Meduana in
Pipe Roll, 35 Hen. II), a son of Geoffrey de Mayne by Isabella
daughter of Walerand Count of Meulan ("Documents in
France," p. 302] Blaketorit [Blacktorington, "Trans."
XXXIII, 567, 614, W. 41] and Nimet [Kings Nymton,
"Trans." XXXIII, 622, W. 83; XXX, 395 and 412, n. 8],
with appurtenances in exchange for Gorham and Ambreres
[Ambriires in the department of Marne recovered by
Henry II in 1162 (Ramsay's "Angevin Empire," p. 25)]
it is said, but Geofifrey de Luscy now holds those lands
by order of our lord King John ["Trans." XXIX, 485,
n. 43. Previously in 1199 "Richard de Wanford owed
40 marks for having seisin of land of Nimeton, which
was Joel del Maene's at fee farm paying £10 yearly
(Pipe Rolls, 1 John). In 1210 the Sherifif accounted for
£9. 13/ issues of Limet and Blaketoriton lands of Geoffrey
de Luci which were Joel de Maine's for ^ year (Pipe Rolls,
12 John)].
[1363] King Henry I gave the manor of Morba [Morbath,
"Trans." XXX, 441; XXXIII, 618, W. 56] to Britel de
Ambreres, but by what service is not known, and Britel
gave the said manor to Hugh Ruffus [alias Rous] in marriage
with his daughter, and his heirs held that manor until the
time of Henry le Boscu, who gave it to Henry, the son of
the Earl [Reginald, " Trans." XXIX, 455, n. 4], but by what
service is not known.
[1364] King Henry [II], father of King John, gave to
Reginald, Earl of Cornwall ["Trans." XXIX, 455, n. 4], the
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 421
p. 194b
manor of KarswelP^ [Kings Kerswell, ** Trans." XXXIII.
610, W. 18] with the Hundred [of Haytor] and the manor
of Depeford [Diptford, "Trans." XXXIII, 611, W. 25].
together with the Hundred [of Stanborough, in 1155,
"Trans." XXXIII, 386], but by what service is not known.
And Henry, the Earl's son, now holds those manors, together
with the hundreds and Liskarret in Cornwall, in chief of
our lord the King by the service of 1 knight by gift of King
Eichard.
p. 19oa
[1365] Henry I gave the manor of Hypelepenn^^ [Ipplepen,
"Testa," 351, p. 179a; "Trans." XXVIII, 446, W. 1015;
XXIX, 501, n. 71] with appurtenances to Ealph de Felgers,
but by what service is not knoWn ; and his heirs continued
to hold it until King John gave that manor to Henry, the
Earl's son, but by what service is not known.
[1366] Eobert de Siccavill[a, i.e. Satchvil] holds [since
1202, "Trans." XXXIII, 369], by gift of King John, £8
worth of land [Pipe Eoll of 4 elohn says £8. 8. 8 worth,
to which Philip succeeded as heir in 1219 (Pipe Eoll of
3 Hen. Ill)], with appurtenances, in the manor of Brunton
[Rraunton, "Trans." XXXIII, 608, W. 5; "Testa," 1465-6,
p. 197a], by the service of 1 knight. The rest of the
manor he holds in farm of our lord the King at a rent of
£30 [since 1206, in which year Eobert de Seechevill accounted
for 50 marks and a palfrey for having the land which was
Odo de Cariun's (Cario, also Kayryun's) in Branton, at a
yearly rent to tlie King of £30 (Pipe Eoll, 8 John)]. The
outland himdred of Brampton [Braunton] is in the sheriff's
hand as part of the revenue of the county of Devon ["Trans."
XXIX, 502, n. 73. Charter Eolls of 5 John, p. 20, n. 6, and
Pipe Eoll, 22 Hen. II, show that in 1176 the King «ave £20
a year in liraunton to Odo, son of William, son of Gerald,
in exchange for the castle and land of Emelin, so long as
Eees ap Griffin holds them (Eisdon, "Xote-book," p. 138).
i«^ "Testa," 1459, p. 197a. A fuUer account in "Trans." XXIX, 466,
n. 5, and 501, n. 71.
" "Testa," 1484, p. 197b, quoted "Trans." XXIX, 502, u. 71, gives a
fuller ttccount. In 19 Hen. II it was in the King's hand ; "Ti'ans." XXXIII,
396. Apparently Raljih de Felgers, who was deprived of the custody of
Doland Conihourg in 1162 [Ramsay, "Angevin Empire," page 89], was
ancestor to Ralph de Mculent or de Mullond, who held possession at the time
of the separation of England and Normandy, when he siaed with the Normans
("Testa," 1544, 198a). It was then given to Henry the EarVs son, and
"after a time " to Nicoles de Lettres, probably after the Earl's son's rebellion
in 1219. See " Trans." XXIX, 601, n. 71.
T^fV^^
422 THB EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 195a
In 1205 " the King gave to William de Marisco £20 of land
in Braunton, in exchange for £20 which he used to receive
yearly at the Exchequer" (Pipe Koll, 7 John). In 1215
** the escheators account for £15 farm-rent of Bramton from
Kobert de Siccavilla (Pipe Koll, 17 John). In 1218 the King
gave to William, Earl of Saresberie, £20 in Brampton (Pipe
Roll, 2 Hen. III). In 1220 the escheators accounted for
£15, the farm-rent of Bramton (Pipe Koll, 4 Hen. III)].
[1367] Peter Herbert's son holds Berdestapel [Barn-
staple, "Trans." XXXIIf, 376 and 612, W. 35], with
a fee of 15 knights, by gift of our lord King John, which
was William Brause's [in 1188, when he accounted for
£11. 10/ for scutage (Pipe EoU, 34 Hen. II)], but by what
service is not known ("Trans." XXXIII, 368).
[1368] The manor of Taustok [Tawstock, "Trans."XXXIII,
616, W. 48], which is in the King's hand, William de Brause
gave, together with 14 knight's fees [" Lib. Nig.," p. 127], to
the Earl of Leicester [Eobert II de Beaumont, chief justiciar
with Eichard de Lucy up to his death, 5 April, 1168
(fiamsay's " Angevin Empire," p. 99)] in marriage with his
[second] daughter [Loretta ("Testa," 1461, p. 197a)]. Some
say that it was of old a royal lordship,^^ but they know not
"» Hundred RoUs, 3 Ed. I, No. 17, p. 70 : "The manor of Tawstock was
of old a King's manor in ancient lordship belonging to the Crown, which Joel
of Totnes .had by gift from King Henrj [I] in extreme old age [Round,
' Feudal England,* 486, n.]. Now Geoflfrey de Kaumvile holds the manor, with
a])purtenance8, together with the manor of Fremington through Matilda his
wife, heiress of Sir Henry de Tracy [See * Trans.* XXXIV, 729, and Lysons,
II, 478]. And a certain lady called Lora, the lady of the same township,
gave a third part of the manor of Tawstock to the Hospital of Buckland in
pure and perpetual alms." Lysons, II, 478, n., says that the manor of Hele,
tUicu Templaud, alias Templeton, in Tawstock, was ])robably the third part
of Tawstock given by Lora to the nuns of Minchin Buckland. The Charter,
16 July, 1227 (Charter Rolls, I, 52), names Noteston, Yvesford, Rnwedon,
Ridescot, Hele, Cherlecote, Tunecote, Bozeburn, and Ancwood. Dugdale,
" Baronage," I, 417, says that this William de Hraose succeeded his father as
baron of Barnstaple in 2 Hen. II, and died in 1212, and that Reginald de
Braose, who obtained the Barony of Totton in 1216, in succession to his
brother Giles, Bishop of Hereford, was his son, seemingly mixing together
two Williams, father and son. From " Kalendar of Documents in France "
it appears that William I de Braiose was son of Gunnora, and died about
1094. In 1068 he had a dispute with Fecamp Abbey {ibid., p. 87). He
witnessed a Charter in 1082 (p. 141), and executed Charters in 1082 (p. 397)
and 1093 (p. 400). His son Philip confirmed the above Charters in 1096
(p. 401). Philip's son, William II de Braose, succeeded his father inUS^.
He calls Judhel of Totnes his grandfather (p. 460). His wife was Berta
(p. 404). He witnessed Charters in 1158 (pp. 186, 204), and executed
Charters in 1157 (pp. 402, 460). His son, William III de Braose (p. 461),
witnessed Charters m 1203 (pp. 131, 139, 196), and executed a Charter in
1196, in which his wife, Matilda de St Waleran, and his sons Giles, William,
and Philip concurred. Probably his death occurred in 1212.
THE EARLIER SBOnONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 423
p. 195a
of which king ; Richard de Chartray held these fees before
him (de antecessaria) ^^ ["Trans." XXIX, 486, n. 48. In
1210 William Briewerre accounted for £13. 16s. issues of
Tawstock the Countess of Leicester's for J year (Pipe Bolls,
12 John)]. '
[1369] Simon Eoges' son holds in Madisheve ["Testa,"
1497, p. 198a, Madeshay, maddes Hamele in Pipe Roll,
1 John, i.e. Madford in Hemyock, Polwhele II, 335 ;
"Trans." XXXIII, 609, W. 11] i ferling of land in dower
with his wife the mother of Richard de Hydun, who is heir
to the same tenement by the service of attesting the
summonses made by the Serjeant of H'emiac [Hemyock]
on the arrival of the justices of our lord the King, which
tenement King Henry I gave to Robert Foliot [grandfather
of Thomas Foliot, Geoffrey de Barenton, Richard de Hidon
and Emma des Botreaux, Pipe Rolls, 1 John] by the afore-
said service [see " Trans." XXIX, 492, n. 57].
[1370] Richard Burden [who succeeded Peter Burden in
12 John, "Trans." XXXIIl, 368] holds the manor of Teint'
[KiNGSTEiGNTON, " Testa," 344, p. 179a ; " Trans." XXXIIl,
609, W. 13; XXIX, 226, n. 3; 503, n. 75] with half the
Hundred of Teinebrig [Teignbridge] by the service of
1 Knight by gift of King Henry [II], King John's father,
to his ancestors by the same service.
[1371] David de Syredon [Schiredon in Pipe Rolls, 7 John,
and "Testa," 1452, p. 196b] holds 1 virgate of land in
Seyredun [Skiredun' in "Testa," 1468, p. 197a; Skyredon,
"Testa," 1503, p. 198a; i.e. Skeridon in Dean Church,
"Trans." XXVIII, 454, W. 1117] and Sappesley [Schaphe-
legh land in " A.-D. Inq.," 33 Hen. Ill, No. 67, p. 7 (27);
Hokeneton hamlet in "A.-D.- Inq.," 13 Ed. II, No. 20,
p. 293 (1289); i.e. Hockner Farm and Kingdon near
Shapleigh in North Bovey] by the service of finding
2 arrows whenever our lord the King comes to hunt in
the forest of Dertemore and his ancestors since the Conquest
held upon these terms. ^*
'^ Among *' Knights of William de Braose of the Honour of Barnstaple"
in the " Black Hook," p. 127, the first entry is ** Philip de Chartrai holds a
fee of 14 knights [in 1166], and they are Philip's own knights" ("Trans."
XXXIIl, 368).
" The two estates referred to are Essapla (W. 1107, p. 1186) and Siredona
(W. 1117, p. 1188), lK)th held by Aluric in Domesday. In 1200 the sheriff
accounted for £6. 2. 3, issues of Scuton and Sapeleia, lands of Harvey de
im
424 THE SARLIEB SECTIONS OF ''TESTA NEYIL
»
p. 195a
[1372] The Bishop of Winchesters^ has in wardship the
manor of Hurberton ["Trans." XXXIII, 621, W. 76]
with appurtenances [27J + i fees, " Inquisitions/' Hen. Ill,
No. 728], together with [Reginald] the heir of Roger de
Valle Torta by gift of the King, but by what service is
not known. This manor King Henry I gave to Roger de
Nunhaut [Nonant] the elder, but by what service is not
known.
[1373] Henry son of the Earl [Reginald] holds by leave
of King John the castle and township of Totton [Totnes]
"Trans." XXVIII, 427, W. 639.s« and the manora of
CORNWORTHY [since 1209 (Pipe Roll, 11 John), "Testa,"
1460, p. 196b; "Trans." XXVIII, 425, W. 579] and
LoDESWELL ["Testa," 1456, p. 196b; "Trans." XXVIII, 424,
W. 563] with appurtenances, but by what service is not
known, which manors Reginald de Brause helA aforetime
by gift of his father [Henry \\\l7f*Uo^f^^^ A /Jiei!i4r^e> yriff^^
[1374] The manor of Clifton [Broad Clist, "Trans."
XXXIII, 618, W. 57] is in the King's hand in discharge
Helion (Pipe Rolls, 2 John). In 33 Hen. Ill they appear as Skyredon and
Schaplegh ; and as Skiredon, Kingdon, and Hockneton in Hundred Rolls,
No. 32, p. 79, and No. 37, p. 81, of which Kingdon, value 10/, was given to
Bucfast Ahbey (Hund. Rolls, No. 32, quoted, note 25). At the Dissolution
10/ of land in North Bovey was held by Bucfast Abbey (Oliver, '*Mon."
877). In 13 Ed. II Skiredon hamlet and Hokcneton hamlet were held by
"William, son of John de Boyvill. The locality of Shapleigh is determined
by "Testa," 1452, as being in Teignbridge Hundred. The service is there
described as linding a pair of arrows. ** Testa," 1503, the Hundred Rolls,
and the "A.-D. Inq.,*^ 38 Hen. Ill, say finding 3 anows. *• Illustrated
London News" of 16 May, 1903, has an illustration of " the presentation to
the King of 3 silver arrows called a pair" in Scotland, which explains the
discrepancy.
^' Peter de Rupibus, Bishop of Winchester, had a grant of Hurberton
(8 Job. m. 5) and the wardship of the heir of Roger de Valletort in 1207.
The heir Reginald de Valletort came of age in 1217. Pipe Rolls, 1212-13, ,
m. 12, in "Trans." XXXVI, 422: **P. Bishop of Winchester, guardian of
Reginald de Valletort, accounts for £37. 48. 6d. by the King's writ under
the little seal." Reginald married in 1219 the daughter and heiress of
Thos. Basset (Pipe Roll, 4 Hen. III).
*• In 1200 William de Braose, who or whose ancestor William held 28 fees
of the Honour of Barnstaple in 1166 ('*Lib. Niger," ]>. 127), claimed the
barony of Totton as being great-grandson of the Domesday tenant Judhel,
and having made the claim passed it on to his younger son William. In
1206 a partition was made into the two baronies of Totton and Hurberton,
William de Braose obtaining the barony of Totton and Nonant retaining that
of Hurberton. In 1208 Braose forfeited Totton and Nonant made over
Hurberton to Roger de Valletorta.
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 425
p. 195a
of a debt incurred by Henry de Nunant- to the Jews,^^ which
manor Eobert de Ver [Earl of Oxford] holds as part of
her dower with Isabella his wife, sometime the wife of the
aforesaid Henry. This manor King Henry I gave to Roger
de Nunaut his ancestor, but by what service is not known
["Trans." XXIX, 507, n. 84].
[1375] Constance ^^ de Touny holds the manor of Suth
Taut' [South Tawton, "Trans." XXXIII, 613, W. 39] with
appurtenances.
34-36. The account of William Peverill and Ealph
DE SeCHEVILL, collectors of the aid GRANTED TO
OUR LORD THE KiNG [Henry III] towards marrying
HIS SISTER to the Koman Emperor [Frederick II]
AT THE RATE OF TWO MARKS A FEE [A.D. 1234].
[Nos. 1376-1435, p. 195a, are epitomized in ''Trans."
XXIX, 500-508].
37 From "Testa Nevill"
p. 196b
[Heiresses J widoics of tenants in chief in the Kinrfs gift oi*
wardship^ tenants at ivill and by recent grants^ A.D. 1221.]
[1436] Falco de Breaute [who died in 1224, "Eot Fin.,''
8 Hen. Ill, m. 2] holds the borough of Huneton^^ [HoNiTON,
'* Trans." XXIX, 415, W. 313; XXX, 118; William Avenel's
^^ According; to the Laws of tlie Confessor, quoted ** Trans." XXVI, 219,
and the Statute of Jewry in Sclden Society's **Seleet Pleas of the Jews," XV,
p. x: "Jews and all their effects are the King's pro|)erty, and if any one
withhold their money from them, let the King recover it as his own." Henry
de Nonant, the first husband of Isabella de Bulbek, was the great-grandson of
Roger de Nonant, to whom Henry I gave the Totton fee (Hundred Rolls,
No. 39, J). 8Ji) about 1130, in which year Alured, son of Judhel, paid j£110 for
the relief of his father's lands belonging to the Honour of Barnstaple (Round,
"Feudal England," pp. 327, 486; "Trans." XXIX, 233, n. 16. See also
No. 1 189). According to the Chartera known as Originalia. p. 8 in 29 Hen.
Ill, Reginald do Valletort fined with the King for 600 marks to have seizin
of the manors of Clifton, Clauton, and Brikesham, which Isabella de Bolebec,
sometime Countess of Oxford, held in dower by gift of Henry de Nunaunt,
aforetime her husband.
^'* Hemy I gave Constance, his base-born daughter, to Roscelin de Beaumont,
witli the manor of South Tawton. Their son, Richard de Beaumont, was
sheriff of Mayne and lord of South Tawton. Richard de Beaumont gave
his dau;.(hter Constance, with the manor of South Tawton, to Roger de lony
("Trans." XXIX, 4r)8, n. 12). The Charter Rolls of 1 John, p. 4, m. 11, show
a gift of " Ayalrichescott within the parish of South Tawtxm" to Constance
de Tocny, which fixes the date of the gift to 1199 ("Trans." XXXVI, 434).
i« Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 22, p. 74 : The borough of Honiton was
first founded by ''William le Vernon, Earl of Devon, predecessor of the
said Isabella" ("Trans." VII, 363).
426 THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 196b
in 37 Hen. Ill, "A.-D. Inq.," No. 43, p. 11] by reason of
his wardship of Baldwin de Re[d]ver8 by grant of our
lord the King and it is worth 4 marks [ = £2. 13s. 4d.
In 1221 "Falkes de Breautee owed a palfrey for having
a yearly fair at the manor of Huneton on eve day and
morrow of All Hallows" (Pipe EoU, 5 Hen. III)].
[1437] Albreda ["Testa," 654, p. 181b, Aubrea] de
Boterell[is] is in the King's gift and her land of Plumtr
[Plymtree, "Trans." XXIX, 433, W. 766] is worth 100
shillings in Harigg Hundred.
[1438] Margery, sometime wife of Baldwin the Earl [of
Devon]'s son is in the gift of our lord the King [since the
death of her husband [1 September, 1216, "Trans." VII, 363],
and was married to Falco by King John's assignment. And
her land of Colinton ^ [CoLLUMTON North Manor, " Trans.'*
XXXIII, 608, W. 10; YII, 358] is worth £10 in the same
Hundred [Hairidge].
[1439] Baldwin, son of Baldwin de Ee[d]vei's, is in the
wardship of lord Falco by assignment {cmisilium) of our
lord the King, and his land of Tiverton is worth 20 marks
in the Hundred of Tiverton. [He married, in 1240, Amicia,
eldest daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and
Hertford, and died, in 1244, sixth Earl of Devon, leaving
issue by her a son Baldwin, seventh Earl, last male of his
line, and two daughters, Isabella de Fortibus and Margaret,
nun of Laycock, " Trans." VII, 363.]
[1440] Henry de Pont Audomar holds the manor of
W*deneford [Wobernford, Oburnford or Pitt, in Halberton,
"Testa," 1542, p. 198; "Trans." XXXIII, 626, W. 102b;
Hundred Rolls, No. 19, p. 71] by assignment of our lord the
King, and it is worth 100 shillings [1542 says £7], and is an
escheat in the Hundred of [H]alberton [of I.uke, son of
John ("Excerpt. Rot. Fin." p. 16, supplied by Miss
L..Weekes), Pipe Roll, 2 Hen. III].
[1441] Hawise de Curten' [who, in 1210, accounted for
£195. 10/ scutage of 92f fees in Okhamton (Pipe Roll,
12 John)] is in the King's gift, and her land of Wymple
["Trans." XXVIII, 420, W. 442; Hundred Rolls, No. 10,
» "Trans." XXIX, 603, n. 76 ; Hundred Rons, 3 Ed. I, No. 18, p. 78 :
Amicia, Countess of Devon, is the present holder ** of Collumton by feofment
of Baldwin, sometime Earl of Devon, for term of her life.''
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 427
p. 196b
p. 67 ; Hugh de Curteuay holds Wympel in chief of the
King] is worth 100 shillings in Clifton [Cliston] Hundred.
[1442] William Briwarr [who died in 1226] holds the
manor of Axeminst'er in farm of our lord the King, by
charter of King John at a rent of £16 standard money
["Testa," 1357, p. 194b], and 1 mark of silver, for which he
answers to the Exchequer with the Hundred of Axeminister.
[1443] Hawise de Curten' is in the King's gift, and her
land of Mulbirval [MusBURY, "Trans/' XXVIII, 423, W. 519]
is worth 50 shillings in the same Hundred [of Axminster].
[1444] Falco de Breaute holds the manor of Huneton
[Honiton, "Testa," 1436] by reason of his wardship of
Baldwin, son of Baldwin de Re[d]vers by grant of our lord
the King,and it is worth £10 in the same Hundred [Axminster].
[1445] Philip de Furnell[is] holds the township of Fen
Oteri [Fenottery, see " Testa," 1344] in fee farm of our lord
the King at a rent of £4. 4. 8, which he answers for to the
sheriff and the sheriff to the Exchequer included in the
Hundred of Buddele[igh].
[1446] Falco de Breaute holds the township of ExEMlNSTER
[" Trans." XXXIII, 607, W. 2) by assignment of our lord
the Kinfj, and it is worth £15, included in the Hundred of
Exeminster.
[1447] Hawise de Curten[ai] is in the King's gift, and her
land of Ken ("Trans." XXVIII, 419, W. 411] is worth £20,
and her land of Alfinton [Alphington, " Trans." XXXIII,
619, W. 62] £20 in the same Hundred [Ken is in Exminster
Hundred, but Alphington in Wonford Hundred].
[1448] Falco de Breaute holds the township of Topesham
[TOPSHAM, "Trans." XXXIII, 619, W. 63; also Hawise de
Curtenais] by assignment of our lord the King, and it is
worth ^15 in the same Hundred [to wit Wonford Hundred].
[1449] Bichard de Droscumbe holds [Drascombe, see
"Testa," 1355] by the service of carrying the bow of our
lord the King whenever he hunts in Dertemore J virgate of
land, and it is worth J mark in the same Hundred [Wonford].
[1450] Hawise de Curten[ay] is in the Kings gift, and
her land of Winkele [Winkleigh, "Trans." XXXIII, 624,
W. 95 : XXIX, 270, n. 50] is worth £10 in the free manor
of Winkeley.
428 THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 196b
[1451] Henry de Ponte Audomar ["Testa," 1440] holds
the township of Tannewick [Teif];nweek, now Highweek,
" Trans." XXXIII, 609, W. 13 ; XXIX, 226, n. 3 ; " Testa,"
1370, p. 195a; 1543, p. 198b] by assignment of our lord
the King, and it is worth £6 ["Testa," 1543, says £11. 4/] in
Tennebrugg [Teignbridge] Hundred.
[1452] David de Schiredon' ["Testa," 1371, p. 195a] holds
by the King's gift by the service of two [? three. See above,
n. 14] arrows the land of Sappesleg, and it is worth 10/ in
the same Hundred [Teignbridge].
[1453] Eva de Tracy ^^ is in the gift of our lord the King,
and her land of Bovy [Bovey Tracy, "Trans." XXXIII,
639, W. 218, called South Bovey in Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I,
No. 37, p. 82] is worth £15 in the same Hundred [Teign-
bridge].
[1454] Albrea de Boterell[is, "Testa," 1437] is in the
King's gift, and her land of Jorford [Gippaford in Pipe
Eoll, 33 Hen. II; Joweford in "Testa," 701, p. 182a, viz.
IDEFORD or Yudeford, "Trans." XXVIII, 449, W. 1048;
XXIX, 229] is worth £4 in the same Hundred [Teignbridge].
Chaurccs,
[1455] Pagan de Chaworth [who died in 1226] holds the
manor of Aufinton [West Alvington,^ "Trans." XXX II I,
611, W. 27; "Testa," 1259, p. 192b, and 1491, p. 197b]
with [Gundreda] the daughter of William' de la Ferte [by
Margery, one of the daughters of the elder, and a sister
and coheiress of the younger William Briwere], and it is
^* Not Eva the daughter of Henry de Tracy, wlio married Guy de Bryane,
and died in her father's lifetime, an stated in ** Trans." XXIX, 227, n. 5, but
Eva the wife and after 1210 the widow of Oliver de Tracy (*'Trans," XXXIV,
729). In 1178 Oliver de Traci accounted for £232. 19. 8 for his part of the
Honour of Barnstaple (Pipe Roll, 24 Hen. II).
** Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 32, p. 79 : "The manor of Alfyngton was
a lordship of King John, and he gave it to Alice de Rivers, excepting the
advowson of the Church, which the canons of Salisbury held from of old,
the church being worth 1 00 marks yearly, and excepting a rent-charge of 36/
[**Te8tA." 1259, says 26/], which King Henry [III] gave to Nicolas do Mules
with Depeford manor and Roger son k heir of the said Nicolas now holds.
Afterwards in the time of King Henry [III] the present King's father the
aforesaid manor fell into the King's hands by the death of Alice sometime
wife of Patrick de Cadiircis [Chaworth] grandson k heir of William de la
Ferte. The King then gave it to Mathew de Husyllis, k since Mathew's
death John his son k heir holds it" See below, n. 35.
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 429
p. 196b
worth 100 shillings in Staneberg [Stanborough] Hundred.
[Charter Rolls, I, 237, record 20 August, 1237, a grant to
Mathew Bezul and his heirs of the manor of Alfynton,
which is of the lands of the Normans which Payn de
Chaorciis aforetime held as the King's bailiff.]
[1456] Henry son of the Earl of Cornwall holds the
manor of Lodeswell ["Testa," 1258, p. 192b, and 1373,
p. 195a; "Trans.'' XXVIII, 424, W. 563] by leave of King
John, and it is worth £6 in the same Hundred.
[1457] Falco de Breaute holds the manor of Dertintun
[Dartington, "Trans." XXVIII, 431, W. 744; "Testa,"
1221-27, p. 191b] by assignment of the King, and it is
worth 100 shillings in the same Hundred. [In 1176 it was
Alice de Nonant's (Pipe Roll, 22 Hen. II), and was seized
into the King's hand in 1187 because Alice had married
without leave (Pipe Roll, 33 Hen. II).]
p. 197a
[1458] The same Falco holds the manor of Hunne [HoLNE,
"Trans." XXVIII, 431, W. 740, called North Holne or
Xorthanne, "Testa," 1255, p. 192a, "appurtenant to
Dartington manor"] by the King's assignment, and it is
worth £4 in the same Hundred [Stanborough, Pipe Roll,
22 Hen. II, has £4 10. 8 from Olna land of Alice de Nonant].
[1459] Henry, son of the Earl of CornwaU, holds Karswell
[King's Kerswell, "Testa," 1258, p. 192b, and 1364, p. 194b.
which was a lordship of our lord the King, by gift of King
Richard, and it is worth £15 included in the Hundred of
Heytorr. [It was given to Nicolas de Molis in 1228, Charter
Rolls, 13 Hen. Ill, p. 45, m. 2.]
[1460] The same Henry holds the manor of Corn WORTHY
["Testa," 1373, p. 195a] by leave of King John, and it is
worth £16 included in the Hundred of Corig [Colridge].
[1461] Loretta, Countess of Leyc[ester, *' Testa," 1368,
3. 195a], is in the King's gift, and her land of Taustok
Tawstock] is worth £44 within the free manor of Taustok.
She gave Tawstock to her niece Matilda, wife of Henry de
Tracy.]
[1462] Roger de la Suche holds Blaketoriton [Black-
TORINGTON, " Tcsta," 1362, p. 194b, and 1550, p. 199a;
" Trans." XXXIII, 614, W. 41 : XXIX, 485, n. 43 ; sinco
430 THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF ''TESTA KEVIL."
p. 197a
1226, Charter Bolls, 11 Hen. Ill, p. 43, m. 12], which is a
KiDg*s lordship, and it is worth £10 within the Hundred of
Blaketorington.
[1463] The township of Cheleworth [Chilsworthy, in
Holsworthy, "Testa,*' 1551, p. 199a; "Trans." XXXIII,
616, n. 14; and XXVIII, 450, W. 1150] is in the King's
hand as an escheat, being one of the Normans' lands, and it
is part of the fee of liobert de Mandevil, and worth 32
shillings. The sheriff answers for it to the Exchequer in
the same Hundred [Blacktorington].^
[1464] Seftber [Shebbear, "Trans." XXXIII, 616, W. 45]
is a manor of our lord the King, and it is worth £16 standard
money, which the sheriff answers for to the Exchequer in
the Hundred of Seftbere [Shebbear].^
[1465] Brampton [Braunton, " Testa," 1366, p. 195a] is
a lordship of the King, and it is worth £28. Henry de
Tracy holds thereof £20 worth of land by grant of Sarah
[?Sachvil]. and Philip Chauceboff ["Testa," 1545, p. 199a;
" Trana" XXX, 443, n. 9] holds thereof £8 worth of land
" Hundred Rolls, No. 6, p. 64: "The land of Chellesworth was an escheat
of onr lord the King since the death of Robert de St. Dionisius [St. Dennis],
a Norman, in the time of King Henry [III], the present King's father.
Reginald de Sauscr now holds it uy livery of King Henry at the will of the
aforesaid King Henry, and has held it for a term of 6 years, and it is worth
32 shillings a year." In 7 John Chilsworthy and Wike were held for } fee
of the Honour of Henry de Tilli, i.e. the Honour of Marshwood, subsequently
Mandevil's (Miss L.-Weekes, in "Trans.*' XXXVI, 489). Sheriff accounted
for them in 1207 (Pipe Roll, 9 John). Ralph de Bray held it in 13 John
("Trans." XXXIII, 393; XXXVI, 440). In 17 John some payment was
made from Chilsworthy and Wike to Richard of Flanders ana Baldwin de
Belston ("Trans." XXXVI, 439). " A.-D. Inq.," 30 Hen. Ill, No. 3, p. 3,
shows that Richard de Barton died seized of it in 1244. In new " Calendar
of Inquisitions," No. 56, 2 June, 30 Hen. Ill, is a writ to the sheriff of
Devon as to Chelewrthe, one carucate held by (de) the bailiff [Richard de
Wanford (Pipe Roll, 1 John)] of King John, which came into the King's
hand on the death of the said Richard, and can be given to whom he likes aa
a Norman's land. In 56 Hen. Ill, No. 39, p. 40, William de Ardem died
seized of it. His inquisition Und that "Chulaworth is the King's escheat
by the death of Robert de St. Dennis, and William de Ardem [sometime the
King's Salter] who held it before for life is dead, and the King can give it to
whomsoever he will."
^ Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 30, p. 78 : "The manor of Scheftbere is
a lordship of the King pertaining to his Crown, and is now in the King's
hand by escheat, whence he has the custody of it. The manor of Nyweton
[Newton St Petrock, "Trans." XXXIII, 451, W. 1081, p. 1148] aforetime
belonged to the manor of Scheftbere. Now the prior of Bodmin holds it bv
grant of King Henry. It also did suit to the manor of Scheftbere month
by month until King Edward by his letters discharged the Prior and his men
therefrom."
THB EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 431
p. 197a
by leave of King John in the Hundred of Bramton
[Braunton.] ^
[1466] The outland Hundred [uthundred, Charted EoUs,
I, p. 211] of Bramton [Braunton] is in the King's hand.
The sheriff answers for it to the Exchequer with 3 marks
current money.
[1467] 38 [Dues] From Service-holdings (De serjantiis)
rented by liOBERT PaSSELEU IN THE TIME OF KiNG
Henry [III] son of King John [a.d. 1244].
[According to the "Dictionary of National Biography,"
Eobert Passeleu died in 1252. Presumably he was related
to William Passelewe, to whom, according to the Charters
known as " Originalia," page 8, the King in 29 Hen. Ill
committed during pleasure the custody of all the lands
which had been B[aldwin's] Earl's of Devon. These service-
holdings are what the Scotch call blanch-tenures. " Feudal
Aids/' p. 312, William de Batteshill holds of Simon de
Montacute the service-holdings of the hundreds of Wonford
and Halsford for 30/ a year.]
Sciredun.
[1468] The Service-holding of Walter of Devonshire^® [de
2* Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 8, p. 65: "Two-thirds of the manor of
B'^nton [Braunton], together with the outland Hundred, were in ancient
lordship, and were given by King Henry [III], the present King's father, to
the House of Clive in the 13'^ year of his coronation [on 25 June, 1229
(Charter Rolls, I, 98)] by an annual payment to the Exchequer of £22, and
they are worth £32. John de BlakeU>rd holds 1 fee at B[rau]nton, which
contains the third part of the said manor. This King John, the present
King's grandfather, gave to Robert de Siccaville, by the service of 1 knight's
fee. On 5 Aug. , 1235, the grant to Satchvil was extended to Robert de Blake-
ford and Avice his wife, Satchvil's heiress (Charter Rolls, I, 211). Blakeford
died 26 Feb., 37 Hon. III.'* ("Inquisitions," Hen. Ill, No. 262.)
*» In the Calendar of Letter books of the City of London, A, p. 55> we
meet with Henry le Galeys or le Waleys, Le. the Welshman. So here le
Deveneys = the Devon man. Walter le Ueveneys is called Walter the Doctor
in Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 32, p. 79, and Walter of Skiredon, ibid,.
No. 37, p. 81. David had been tenant in 1217 ("Testa," 1371). Apparently
Roger Mirabel ["Testa," 1503], caHed John in the Hundred Rolls, No. 82,
j>. 79, who * * formerly held the land of Sciredon of the King's lordship in
chief by the service of finding 3 arrows whenever the King should hnnt in
Dertemore," was David's eldest son, Oressia and Robert being David's younger
children. '* John [i. e. Roger] do Mirabel committed felony, and was outlawed,
and then the said land fell into the hands of King Henry [III], the present
King's father, and he gave it to Walter the doctor." Miss Lega-Weekes
draws attention to an entry in the Calendar of Close Rolls, p. 62, according
to which the King previously, in 1228, granted to *'A. ae Esturmy 100
shillings worth of land which Roger Mirabel had held of the King in
432 THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 197a
Deveneys here and in Original Charters, 34 Hen. Ill, p. 11 ;
le Deveneys in "Testa," 1503, p. 198a] in Skiredune ["Testa,"
1371, p. 195a ; 1452, p. 196b ; " Trans." XXXIII, 585, n. 57 ;
i.e. Skeridon in Dean Church], for which he has to find our
lord the King with 3 arrows whenever he goes hunting in
the Forest of Derteinore, has been alienated in part.
[1469] Oressia ["Testa," 1504], daughter of David [of
Skeridon, "Testa," 1371 and 1452] holds thereof 1 ferling
worth 4 shillings yearly.
[1470] The Church of Northany [Northbur' in "Testa,"
1504, i.e. North Bovey] holds 1 ferling worth 4 shillings
yearly.
[1471] Robert, son of David ["Testa," 1504], holds i ferling
worth 18 pence yearly.
[1472] John, son of Fine [Femie in " Testa," 1504], holds
8 acres worth 9 pence.
The sum of the above alienation is 10 shillings and
3 pence. And thereanent {iiide) the said Walter made a
fine (" Trans." XXIX, 490, n. 55) for the said tenants with
their consent to wit 3/ yearly, upon terms that the said
tenants shall be answerable to the same Walter for a third
part of the value of his tenement, each of them according
to his share, and the said Walter shall discharge the afore-
said service for his unalienated part [the two-thirds].
Skiredon [spolt Skiledon on p. 147, E. L.-W.] and Shapelegh." Walter the
doctor died in 1248. His "A.-D. Inq.," 33 Hen. Ill, No. 67, p. 7, and
No. 165 in "Inquisitions," Hen. Ill, for particulars of which I am indebted
to Miss Lega-W^eekes, names among the jurors Hamel and William de Cumb,
Martin de Skyredon and Briw' de Kingdon, who say that *' Up Skyredon
contains 3 ferlings of land in lordship worth [7/] shillings ; assessed rent
8 shillings ; rent of 1 mill 5/4 ; at Schaplegh assessed rent 20/4 ; Total 40/8.
Walter hold the above of our lord the King in chief, paying to our lord the
King 3 arrows whenever the King should come to hunt in Dertemore in lieu
of all service. Next heir of said Walter are his two daughters, one 8, the
other 5 years of age.'* In 34 Henry III, Emma, his widow, fined with the
King for 100 shillings to have the custody of his land and heirs together
with the right of marrying them (**Originalia," p. 11). Another entry
discovered by Miss Lega-Weekea in Assize Roll, 175, m. 9, records a plea
between Walter de Kyngdon and Orresia his wife as to 1 ferling of land in
Sapeley, Oressia having disseised Walter le Deveno of his free tenement in
Kingdon, and having disseised said Walter of 40 acres of land beyond Come-
dich in the said township. The Hundred Rolls of 1274 say : "Now John de
Boy vile holds it [i.e. Skeridon] with Dyonisia, his wife daughter and heiress
of the said W^alter. Subsequently two [No. 87, p. 81, says one] ferling of land
in Kyngdon pertaining to the service holding of Scircdon has been newly
alienated in the same King's time by Nicolas de Kingdon, a free tenant of
the same land who gave it to the Abbot and convent of Bucfestro and it is
worth 10/ yearly" [No. 87, p. 82, says Kingdon is worth 8/]. See note 14.
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 433
p. 197a Branton,
[1473] The service-holding of Maurice de la Barre in
Brantona [La Barre in Braunton, "Testa," 1494, p. 198a]
for which he had to find the King 1 salmon whenever he
hunted in Oxemore [Exmoor] forest, has been alienated in
whole.^
[1474] Keginald Blanpell ["Testa," 1494, Beupel] holds
the whole of it, and it is worth i mark. And the same
Eeginald made a fine thereanent, to wit 2/ yearly, and it
discharges the service of ^V ^^ ^ knight's fee [** Testa " 1536,
p. 198b].
JVodebery,
[1475] The service-holding of Alba Marlia in Wodebery
[Woodbury, "Testa," 358, p. 179a; 1343, p. 194a; 1505,
p. 198a] for which he had to find the King with one attendant
mounted and armed to serve the King for 40 days in his
army at his own charges, has been alienated in part,
[1476] Walter Gervase of Exton [" Testa," 1506, p. 198a
reads Exon, i.e. Exeter, of which city he was mayor in 1223,
1231 and 1239 (Jenkins' "Exeter," p. 44), the builder of
Exebridge, in the Chapel of which he was buried in 1259]
holds thereof 1 virgate of land with appurtenances which is
worth 20/ yearly [probably Eydon and ExTON in Woodbury].
And the same Walter made a fine thereanent, viz. J mark
yearly. And it will discharge the service of ^V knight's fee
["Testa," 1506, p. 198a; 1537, p. 198b].
Droscumb,
[1477] The service-holding of Odo le Archer^s ["Testa,"
27 "A.-D. Iiiq.,» 15 Ed. I, No. 9, p. 93 (466), bHows that Maurice de la
Barre died in 1-287. In 25 Ed. I, No. 11, p. 133 (666), Matilda de la Barre
died seized of 4 acres in dc Barre next Barnstaple.
^ It appears froni "Testa," 1500, that Odo le Archer had two daughters
coheiresses, who married respectively Robert de Bromhill and Roger de
Notley, and from "Testa,^" 1482, that besides Redlake, Hobhouse, Tarhill,
and Nattonhole, Odo's Di-ascombe included Budbrook ("Testa," 1482).
Hundred Rolls, No. 43, p. 85 : "The heirs of Walter de Bromhill hold the
township of Drusconil>e of the King in chief, and were wont to carry 1 bow
and 3 arrows to the King on his arrival in the forest of Dertemore. Now
they pay a rent of 5/ at St. Michael's mass to the sheriff of Devon." At an
earlier date they present No. 44, p. 86 : ** Robert de Malleston, the King's
escheator, seized the service-holcling of the free tenants of Broscomb
[Drascomb] last Holy Rood Finding day upon the death of Sarah de
Bromille, who held the aforesaid land of the King in chief by the service of
finding the King 1 bow and 3 arrows whenever he comes into the forest
of Dertemor, ^)ayin^ the King 5/ a year. And the said Robert got 3/9 on
St. John Baptist's day, and it is still in the King's custody."
VOL. XXXVII. 2 E
434 THK kaslue sBcnoss or "tsta kkvu."
p. 197a
1500, p. 198a] in Dresciimbe [" Testa," 1355, p. 194b, and
1449, p. 196b, has Droocumb ; 1500, p. 198a, has Drascumb
ie. Drascohb in Drewsteignton], for which he had to find
1 bow and 3 arrows for our lord the King whenever he might
follow the chase in Dertemoor forest, has been alienated in
part
[1478] Eobert de Bromehull [* • Testa," 1501, p. 198a, writes
Brumhull ; Hundred Bolls, 3 Ed. I.. No. 43. p. 85, Bromhill]
and Sarr" [Sarah] his wife, one of the coheiresses of the said
service-holding, hold ^ mark's worth of land in hand.
[1479] Koger de Xotteleye [** Teste," 1501, writes Nutle]
and Agnes his wife, one of the coheiresses of the said service-
holding, hold ^ mark's worth of land in hand. [In Pipe
Bolls of 5 Hen. Ill, among amercements '*Boger de Nutlege
owes 10/ because he failed to appear," " Trana" XXXVI, 422.]
[1480] William de Droscumb ["Testa," 1501] holds 5
shillings worth of land. [He died 1276, " A.-D. Inq.," 4 Ed. I,
No. 18, p. 57 (229).]
[1481] John de Droscum [** Testa," 1501] holds 4 shillings
worth of land. The total of the above alienation [to William
de Droscumb and John de Droscumb] comes to 9 shillings.
And the said Bobert de Bromehill, who married the aforesaid
Sarah, the elder of the said sisters, made a fine thereanent
for the said tenants with their consent, to wit 5 shillings
yearly, upon terms that the said tenants shall be answerable
to the same Bobert for the said 5 shillings, and the said
Bobert and Boger de Notteleye, his co-tenant, will render a
iservice of ^V of a knight's fee for their unalienated parts
["Te8ta,"1538, p. 198b].
p. 197b
[1482] Besides the above Bobert de Averailles ["Teste,"
1502, p. 198a; 1539, p. 198b, writes Anames; Hundred Bolls,
3 Ed. I, No. 43, p. 85, Duaylles ; Kirby's " Quest " in " Feudal
Aids," p. 312, Avaylles] and his cotenants hold thereof 5
"Testa," 1502, says 15] shillings worth of land and rente
m Budbrook]*. And Bobert made a fine thereanent in
» Hnndred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 43, p. 85: **John de D[?A]uaylles holds
the township of Boggebroc [i.e. Qadbrook, in Drewsteignton] for the same
service [viz. finding the King 1 bow and 3 arrows] of the King in chief." A
document of 1846, in " Feudal Aids,^' p. 437, writes it in error Doffigebrok.
In 4 Ed. II, **A.-D. Inq.," No. 14, p. 240 (1132), Alice, wife of John de
Davaylles: Boghebrok. In *• A.-D. Inq.," 11 Ed. II, No. 8, p. 287 (1278),
John Davailles: Boggebrok hamlet.
THE EARLIEB SECTIONS OF ''TESTA NSYIL." 435
p. 197b
behalf of himself aud his cotenants, to wit 5 shillings yearly,
And let them do a service of ^ of a knight's fee [" Testa,"
1539, p. 198b].
Hundred of Lystan (LiftonV
[1483] It is said that the manor of Lyston [now LiFTON,
" Trans/' XXXIII, 613, W. 37; XXVIII, 471, n. 17; " Testa,"
1499, p. 198a], together with the outland Hundred and the
advowson, was sometime the property of King Henry I.
Afterwards Queen Alianora [Henry Ill's queen] gave it
together with the said Hundred and advowson of the Church
to dame Agatha de Gattesden, her foster-mother [Charter
Rolls, 1 John, p. 2, n. 27], for an annual payment to her
chapel of one pound of free incense. Afterwards the same
Agatha sold and renounced all her right to Andrew de
Cancell[is = Chanceaux] as well in the manor as in the
Hundred and advowson of the Church. On the death of
Andrew the said manor. Hundred and advowson came to
Sii- Egidius his brother [before 1246, Charter Rolls,
30 Hen. Ill, p. 60]. After the death of Egidius, Sir
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, seized the said manor into hand
together with the said Hundred and continues to hold
them, they know not upon what terms. Master Philip de
Cancell[is = Chanceaux] holds the Church by gift of Sir
Andrew de Chanceaux. In the time of Henry I the manor,
together with the Hundred, was valued at £15 annually,
and the Church was valued at 18 marks.
Hundred of Haytorr,
[1484] Sir Ralph de Meulent [de Mullond in "Testa,"
1544, p. 198b, and Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 20, p. 71]
held the manor of Ippolepenn [" Testa," 1365, p. 195a, i.e.
IPPLEPEN, "Trans." XXVIII, 446, W. 1015] of our lord
the King in chief until after the coronation of our lord the
King. And because Ralph de Meulent would not join the
King's army when he was in Brittany, the King gave
the said manor to Nicolas de Lettres [alias del Estre or de
Lestre in Charter Rolls, 15 Hen. Ill, p. 47], who held it all
his life. On the death of the aforesaid Nicolas W[alter
"Testa," 1490], de Bathon seized the said manor into the
King's hand, but got nothing from it because the King gave
the said manor to Americ de St. Amante. After the death
of Americ, Ralph his son made peace with the Kling and
held the manor all his life. Upon the death of Ralph de
2s2
436 THK KAELUER SECmONS OF "TESTA NEVIL.'
p. 197b
3t. Amante, Walter de Bap ton [? Bathon, sheriff, 21 to 35
Hen. Ill (Pole 92)] seized the said manor into the King's
hand [the order to do so in " Originalia," p. 9, is dated
29 Hen. Ill] and got from it £8. 4 3J. Subsequently the
King gave the custody of the said manor to Sir Paulin
Peyvre, and the marriage of [Amaric] the heir of the said
Balph to Nicolas de Moeles [Mules]. Upon the death of
Sir Paulin Sir W[illiam] de la Pomeray the King's escheator
took the manor into the Kings hand and got from it
£9. 6. 11. Sir John de Grey then married the widow of
Sir Paulin, and holds the said manor of our lord the King
in chief, and it is valued at £23 yearly.^
Hundred of Having [Hairidge].
[1485] Brodehambur' [Broadhembury, "Trans.'' XXVIII,
433, W. 765] was William de Tliorinton's [Torington], and
he held it in chief of the barony of Thorinton.^^ He gave
it to William Bruere,and the Abbot of Dunakeswell (Dunks-
well) now holds it by gift of the said William. As to the
service they know nothing.
[1486] The Prior of St. Nicholas in Exeter holds the
Church of Colinthon ["Testa," 1351, 194b, has Columton,
the Churchlands of which included Weaver and Ash in
CoUumton and Henland in Kentisbeare, Oliver, "Mon.,"
p. 113. Colebrook was a later gift], and the township of Uppe-
^ See the account given in the Hundred Rolls, No. 20, p. 71, quoted
"Trans." XXIX, 501, n. 71. Ipplepen was in the King's hand in 19 Hen. II
("Trans." XXXIII, 896).
" In Henry Ill's Confirmation of property to Dunkeswell Abbey, 20 Feb.,
1227, in Oliver, "Mon.," p. 396, mention is made of some land at Stent-
wood given to the Abbey by John de Tori ton, who died in 1207, but
Broadhembury is not mentioned. John's son, William de Toriton, who sold
it to William Briwer, died in 1224. Hence the sale to Briwer must have
been completed before 1224, but the gift to the Abbey was not made until
after 1226. The Charter Rolls, I, p. 2, record, under date 4 Feb., 1227,
" Grant to the Church of St Mary Dunekewell and the abbot and monks
thereof in frank almoin of the manor of Hembiri which William Briwer held
of the gift of William de Thorninton his nephew, to be held by the abbot
together with the service and homage of Geoffrey CofTyn and his heirs for the
land which the said Geoffrey held of the said William in Levinton as appur-
tenant to the manor of Hembiri, and also with the services of Simon and
Adam, free tenants of the said William in Hemberi, saving to the said
William Briwer and his heirs the advowson of the Church of Hemberi, as
set forth in the charter of William Briwer, which the abbot and monks
have." Hundred Rolls, No. IS, p. 70 : "The abbot of Donkeswell has the
manor of Hambiri which aforetime belonged to the barony of Tori tone in
the time of William de Toritone. This William gave the manor with
appurtenances to William Briwere, and the same William gave it to the
Aubot of Doncheswell."
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 437
p. 197b
ton [Upton in CoUumton, Oliver, p. 113] since the ancient
Conquest of William the Bastard, and Hugh Peverel holds
Aure ["Testa," 1350, p. 194b, i.e. Aller Peverel in Col-
lumton] of our lord the King in chief pertaining to his
barony. As to the service they know nothing. [The
Hundred KoUs, No. 18, p. 70, say for J knight's fee.] »«
Hundred of Axeminster,
[1487] William le Sauser [see n. 24] a Norman held the
manor of Holedihc ["Testa," 1541, p. 198b, Holedic; in
"Domesday" Hetfella, "Trans." XXVIII, 430, W. 716, i.e.
HoLDiTCH in Thorncombe] in King John's time of Eichard
Flemeng,^^ the same Richard having given it to him in
marriage with his daughter Joanna, by whom the said
William had issue. On the separation of England and
Normandy [William] together with his wife and children
kept up their allegiance to the King of France, whereupon
King John seized the said land. The said Bichard then
made overtures to the said King and got it restored to him-
self, and he held it during his life, and after him his son
William. And to William succeeded William de Flemeng
his son, who 8 years ago gave the manor to Reginald de
Mohun, who now holds it, and it is worth £10.
[1488] Reginald de Mohun held the manor of Axeminstra
["Testa," 1357, p. 194b; and 1442, p. 196b], of the King in
chief. He gave it to the Abbot of Newenham, who now
holds it [grant was confirmed 8 Aug., 1247 (Charter Rolls,
T. 326)], and the said manor is part of Cestrefeld, Kynges-
were and Snodinton, which the same Reginald and the
coheiresses of William Briwere hold of the King by the
service of 3 knights. It is worth £40 yearly [Charter
Rolls, 31 Hen. Ill, p. 62: Cistercian monks by gift of
Reginald Moun, hold Axeminster manor. In 1218 William
Briewerre accounted for 40s. for land of Kingeswere for past
year and this year (Pipe Roll, 3 Hen. III)].
^ According to the Rolls known as ''Origin alia," p. 3, in 26 Hen. Ill,
homage was done to the King by Thomas Peverel, brother and heir of
William Peverel, for all the lands and tenements which the same William
held of the King in chief.
Also later in 26 Hen. Ill homage was done by Hugh Peverel, brother
and heir of Thomas Peverel, for the lands and tenements which the same
Thomas held of the King in chief. This fixes Hugh's accession to the
property as 1241.
^ Pipe Rolls of 6 John, ad. 1204, have this entry: Richard of Flanders
owes 20 marks for £4 of land in Holedich, which is of his fee.
438 THE EARUKR SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 197b
Hundred of Clifton [Clistonl.
[1489] It is said that Jobel de Grenelinthe a felon of our
ioid the King held \ ferling of land in Boterleg [Butter-
LBIGH, "Trans." XXVIII, 452, W. 1086], and after his flight
a certain Jew, Bonefaunt by name, held the aforesaid land
6 years for a debt due to him [" Testa," 1374, p. 195a], and
after its delivery up by the Jew Robert de Srenesmothe held
the said land 4 yeai*s, and it is worth 2 shillings a year, and
this [happened] 10 years ago.
Hundred of Tauton [North Tawton].
[1490] As to felons lands it is said that the land of Seleda
[Slade, which is in the manor of [North] Tauton,** came
into the King's hand on Friday next after the Feast of the
Apostles Peter and Paul in the 21st year of the reign of
King Henry [III] when Robert of Seleda was hung. Walter
de Bathon then Sheriff of Devon sold it to Johel de Valle-
torta the lord of the said Robert. The said Johel sold the
said land to Weremund de Portu Mortuo [Poremore, who in
45 Hen. Ill held Holecombe in Winkleigh (Charter Rolls,
p. 90), and Wormund gave the same land to Beatrice his
wife. On the death of Wormund, who was accounted a
Norman, Ralph Balis ta, also a Norman, married the said
Beatrice, together with the said land, and he holds it still.
It is worth yearly 38 shillings.
Hundred ofStandmrg [Stanborough].
[1491] It is said that the Church of Affinton ["Testa."
1259, p. 192b, and 1455, p. 196b, "Trans." XXVIII, 611,
W. 27, i.e. West Alvington] was aforetime in the King's
gift which Andrew the Precentor of Salisbury now holds.
Hundred of BlacMorington.
[1492] The Prior of Bonne [Bodmin] holds Slecumbe
[Le. Hollacombe], in pure and perpetual alms by gift
of some ancient King, but the said King's name is not
known.
*^ North Tawton must be meant, becanse Joel de Valletort was lord of
North Tawton ("Trans." XXIX, 460, n. 18). South Tawton was Ton/a
{ibid., n. 17). In 1270 John de Vautort held Cheping Tawton (Charter Rolls,
65 Hen. Ill, p. 102). Mr. Whale in *»Tran8.*' XXXVI, 1 68, identifies Seleda
with Barton Babige without naming any authority.
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEYIL." 439
p. 198a Chaurces [Chaworth's].
[1493] Also Patrick de Scawethi [Chaworth] holds the
free manor of Alleweth [Haldeurdi in "Trans." XXXIII.
616, W. 43, i.e. HoLS worthy^] with appurtenances of
our lord the King as they believe. It was aforetime a
King's manor, and it is worth £20 per annum, but Henry de
Tracy now holds the said manor in fee-farm of the said
Patrick, paying him therefor £20, but they know not by
what service the said Patrick held or now holds the said
manor.
Hundred of Branton [Braunton].
[1494] Richard de la Barre aforetime held 8 acres in
La Barre [" Testa," 1473, p. 197a] by the service of having
to bring 1 salmon and 2 arrows to the King when he came
to Oxemore [Exmoor] chace and the King's having 1 stag
from the aforesaid Richard. After his decease came Morice
and sold the aforesaid 8 acres to Richard Beupel, saving to
himself and his heirs a service of 2 shillings yearly, and
now Reginald Beupel holds those 8 acres and they are worth
6 shillings yearly. And they say that during the time that
Walter de Bathon was sheriff he got 7 shillings from the
arrears. And they know full well that the aforesaid
2 shillings have never been paid since Henry de Wyngton
held the inquiry as to such matters; and the heirs are of age.
[1495] Richard de Poscumb holds Poscumb [i.e. PocOMBE
in Alphington, " Trans." XXXIII, 618, W. 59] by service.**
^ Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 6, p. 65 : *' Hallesworth was au ancient
cro\vn lordship . . . King Henry [II] granted the said manor to Fulco
Payncl until ne should recover his land in Normandy . . . Afterwards
King Henry was minded to have back his manor of Hallesworth when he
died. Then Fulco Paynel gave the manor to Mathew del Jartye with his
daughter Gundreda . . . Mathew de la Jartye had one daughter from his
said wife Gundreda, from which daughter came Pagan de Chaworth. And
the said Pagan had issue Patrick de Chaworth who gave the manor in fee
farm to Sir Henry dc Tracy at a rent of £20 ; and the said Sir Henry de
Tracy bought the said rent of £20 of Pagan de Chaworth, and on the death
of Henry de Tracy the manor descended to Geoffrey do Kanvil, who now
holds it."
In the " A.-D. Inq." of Patrick de Chaworth, 8 Ed. II, No. 66, p. 258
(1217), it appeal's as ** Alworthe manor held of the Honour of Odecombe in
Somerset"; in **A.-D. luq." of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 85 Ed. Ill,
No. 122, p. 235 (2271), as Hoddesworth. In 1661 a Court of the Duchy
was regularly held there (Copy of Duchy Paper kindly lent me by Rev. Dr.
Pearson in continuation of ** Trans." XXXII, 407), at which land in Cook-
bury, Pancrasweek, Southweek [in Germansweek], Halsbiiry [in Parkham],
Bumden [probably Brendon in Buckland Brewer], Southcote (in Holsworthy],
and North Gcllsery [Galsworthy in Buckland Brewer] paid chief rents.
^ In the Geldroll of 1083, Reprint XLIX, B. 11, Owin, the King's reeve,
holds 1 fcrling in Wonford Hundred.
440 THE KABLIKR SECTIONS OF "TESTA KEVIU"
p. 198a
[1496] Roger Portarius [doorkeeper, Porter]^ holds by
service [Bicton, "Trans." XXVIII, 449, W. 1047 ; "Testa,"
1348, p. 194a].
[1497] Richard de Hydon holds Madeshay ["Testa,"
1369, p. 195a, i.e. Maidford in Hemyock] by service.^
[1498] Morey (Morinus) the King's servant holds [Hill
alias RuLL, next Exmouth, "Trans." XXXIII, 609, W. 12]
by the service of summoning and distraining in the Hundred
of Duddelig [Budleigh].
[1499] William de Gattesden holds the manor of Lyston
[Lifton, "Testa," 1483, p. 197b] by [finding] 1 pound of
incense for the King's chapel.
[1500] The service-holding of Odo le Archer ["Testa,"
1477, p. 197a] in Drascumb [in Drewsteignton, " Testa," 1355,
p. 194b; 1449, p. 196b; 1477, p. 197a], for which he had to
find our lord the King 1 bow with 3 arrows whenever he
might follow the chace in the forest of Dartemor, has been
alienated in part and the capital barton of this service-
holding has been divided between Sarra [Sarah de Bromhill,
« Testa," 1478, p. 197a] and Agues [de Notley, " Testa," 1479],
sisters and coheiresses of the same Odo.
[1501] From Robert de Brumhull [Bromehill, "Testa,"
1478, p. 197a; Dronhell, "Testa," 1538, p. 198b], who
married the aforesaid Sarah, the elder sister, in respect of
^ mark's worth of land which he holds, [and] in respect of
i mark's worth of land which Roger de Nutle, who married
the aforesaid Agnes, holds, [and in respect cf ] the 9 shillings
of rents which William de Droscumbe and John of the same
hold alienated from the same service-holding, 5 shillings
'f lu 1083 William the Doorkeeper (Portarius in GeldroU, XXXI, A ;
Portitor in "Domesday") held Bicton ; in 1217 John the Gatekeeper (Janitor,
"Testa,** 1348, p. 194a); now, in 1241, Roger the Doorkeeper (Porterius).
Clearly, therefore, Janitor = Portitor = Portarius, the Porter or Gatekeeiier.
On 20 Feb., 1227, the King confirmed a grant of 20 acres made by John the
Gatekeeper to the Church of St. Michael in peril of the sea, viz. the meadow
of Robert de Blakeburg and the moor of Coleton (Charter Rolls, I, 14).
^ Richard de Hydon, according to "Testa," 1369, was the son of the
tenant in 1217 (Pipe Rolls, 1198-9, in "Trans." XXXVI, 418: Galfrid de
Barinton, and Thomas Foliot, and Richard Hiddon, and Umfrey des Boteranx
owe 80 marks for having their reasonable shares coming to them from the
lands which were Robert Foliot's, their grandfather's, in Emioc (Hemyock)
and Dunsidioo (Dunchidiock), Maddeshamele, Almadeston (Elniistou ?),
Lewincot, and Cheping Tauton (North Tawton).
THE EARUER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 441
p. 198a
yearly ; and the same Eobert will render a service of ^V P*rt
of a knight's fee [" Testa," 1481, p. 197a].3»
[1502] From Robert de Averaylles [" Testa," 1482, p. 197b]
in respect of 15 shillings of rents alienated from the same
service-holding [at Budbrook], and held by him 5 shillings
yearly ; and he will render a service of ^V P^'^t of a knight's
fee ["Testa," 1539, p. 198b].
[1503] The service-holding of Walter the Devonshire man
[le Deveneys, "Testa," 1468, p. 197a] in Skeridon which
aforetime belonged to Eoger de Mirabel [see note 25] who
forfeited it for murder, which the present King Henry [III,
then] gave by charter specially determining the service to
the aforesaid Walter binding him to find the King in 3 arrows
whenever he hunted in the forest of Dertemore, has been
alienated piecemeal.
[1504] From the same Walter in respect of 2^ ferlings
and 8 acres of land alienated from the same service-holding
which Oreseya David s daughter ("Testa," 1469, p. 197a]. the
Church of North Bur' [North Bovey, " Testa," 1470], Eobert
David's son [1471] and John Fernie's son [1472] hold of him
3 shillings yearly. And let him discharge the aforesaid
accustomed service.
[1505] The service-holding of Eeginald de Albemarl' iu
Wodebir' [Woodbury, "Testa," 1343, p. 194a; 1475, p. 197a]
for which he had to find the King with one armed Knight to
his army for 40 days at his own charges, has been alienated
in part.
[1506] From Walter Gerveys of Exeter ["Testa," 1476.
p. 197a] for 1 virgate of land with appurtenances alienated
from the above service-holding and held by him ^ mark
yearly ; and he will discharge the service of ^ of a knight's
fee [•* Testa," 1537, p. 198b].
p. 198b
[1507] The service-holding of Maurice de la War [? Bar,
" Testa," 1473, p. 197a ; 1494, p. 198a, at Bar] in Branton
for which he had to find the King 1 salmon whenever he
^ In 1274 died Mar., wife of Robert de Bromham, seized of Druscumbe
land ('*A.-D. Inq.," 2 Ed. I, No. 79, p. 64 (2101), and in the following year
William dc Bromhill died seized of the same (*'A.-D. Inq.," 4 £d. I, No. 18,
p. 61 (2291).
442 tHB SARLISR SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 198b
followed the chace in Oxemor' [Exmoor] has beau alienated
in whole.
[1508] From Reginald Blanepeyl [Beupel in "Testa,"
1494] for the whole of the aforesaid service-holding now
held by him 2 shillings yearly; and he will discharge a
service of ^^^ of a knight's fee [" Testa," 1536, p. 198b].
39. Tenants of the land of Reginald de Valletort;
Ralph and Roger de Valletort of the barony of
HURBERTON [A.D. 1275].
[1509] Hurberton the capital lordship of the barony is
in the hand of our lord the King [Nos. 1510-1535 are names
only of persons without the names of the places or the
extent of their holdings. "Feudal Aids,'* p. 331, a.d. 1285 :
the barony of Roger de Valletort is in the King's hand by
the death of the said Roger].
40. Service -HOLDINGS changed into military service
[A.D. 1244].
[1536] Reginald Blanepul ["Testa," 1474, 1508 Beaupel],
^ of a knight's fee.
[1537] Walter Gervas ["Testa," 1476, 1506], -^ do.
[1538] Robert de Dronhel [Bromhill, "Testa," 1479, 1482,
1501], j\ do.
[1539] Robert de Avaines ["Testa," 1502], ^ do.
41. Lands held by Normans, BrAtons, and other
Foreigners [a.d. 1236].
[1540] Henry [III], by the grace of God King of England,
lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine and Count
of Anjou, to the sheriff of Devon greeting. We command
you by the allegiance which you owe to us to make a
diligent inquiry in your next shire-mote after St. Hilary's
feast as to the lands of Normans, Bretons, and other foreigners
who held lands of our lord father or of us in your shire,
more particularly as to who are the present holders, how
much each land is worth, and by whose gift they hold them ;
and to clearly and faithfully make return to the barons of our
Exchequer at Westminster, on the morrow of the Purification
[2 Feb.], as to the names of the several lands, their value,
and the names of those who hold them in writing under
your seal. And do you follow up these matters so carefully
that we may not have to refer back to you (ad te capere).
THB BABLIEB SECTIONS OF ''TESTA NEYIL." 443
p. 198b
Witness the archdeacon of Shropshire, at Westminster,
the 15^ day of December and of our reign the 21"*.
Inquiry made as to the lands of Normans, Bretons and
other foreigners pursuant to the tenor of the letters of our
lord the King.
[1541] William of Flanders [le Fleming in "Testa," 1487,
p. 197b] holds a certain land called Holedic [Holditch in
Thorncombe, "Testa," 835, p. 183a]. worth 100 shillings
which William de Saucey [le Sauser, "Testa," 1487; de
Sauser in Hundred Rolls. See note 24] a Norman held.
And when the said land was in the King's hand as an
escheat, Richard le Flamanc* grandfather of the said William
who now holds it came and made satisfaction to our lord
King John so that he bestowed it upon the said Richard
because the aforesaid Richard had given the said land to
Richard de Saucey father of the aforesaid William in free
njarriage with one of his [William's] sisters.
[1542] Theobald de Englethevil [Engleschevill in " Testa,"
274, p. 178a] holds Wimborneford [W'deneford in " Testa,"
1440, p. 196b, i.e. Oburnford, alias Adippesford (Charter
Rolls, p. 321), alias Pitt in Halberton], which is worth £1
yearly [1 carucate of land and £6 rent held for 1 fee of the
Earl of Gloucester, and the lord can take 20/ aid (" Inquis.,"
Hen. Ill, No. 548)]. This land Luke son of John's held
and the said Theobald holds it by gift of King Henry [III],
King John's son [16 May, 1247 (Charter Rolls, p. 321)].*«
[He died in 1263 without heir (" Inquis.," 47 Hen. III).]
[1543] The same Theobald [de Engleschevill] holds
Teyngewik [i.e. Highweek, "Testa," 1451, p. 196b ; "Trans."
XXIX, 226, n. 3] with half the outland Hundred [of Teign-
bridge, "Testa," 1370, p. 195a]. which is worth £11. 4/ yearly.
^ Hundred Rolls, 3 Ed. I, No. 19, p. 71 : " Worberneford was a Korman
escheat thro' John, son of Lucas, ana after the decease of the said John
King Henry [III], the present King's father, gave the township to Tubaud
de JCnglesthevile for the term of his life and after Tulmud's death ['^A.-D.
Inq.," 37 Hen. Ill, No. 3, p. 11] the township fell into the King's hands.
Henry held it for a while, and then gave it to Bartholomew de Yattyngeden
[in 1270, Charter Bolls, 55 Hen. Ill, p. 103]. Bartholomew de Yattyngedene
held it for 10 years, and in the 2"^ year of King Edward gave it to Peter de
Greyneham mth his daughter in marriage. And the said Peter will do suit
to the Court at Wynkelegh every 3 weeks, and the said township is worth
£8 yearly." In the Chartei^s known as "Originalia," p. 25, in 4 Ed. I, is an
Order to the sheriff to take into the King's hand the land in his bailiffship
which Bartholomew Yatinden holds and which aforetime belonged to Theobald
do Engleschevill.
444 THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 198b
These the aforesaid Luke [son of John] held, and Theobald
now holds, by grant of King Henry [dated 15 May, 21
Hen. Ill, in "Trans." XXXVI, 430. Hundred Rolls, No. 36,
p. 81, say "by the service of rendering one pair of gilt
spurs to his lord the King at Easter and the same Theobald
enfeoffed Robert Bussel thereof by the same service and the
same Robert has King Henry's confirmation of the grant,"
dated 46 Hen. Ill, in Charter Rolls, p. 91. See also "Trans."
XXXVI, 430. Robert Bussel died 1270, leaving a son
Theobald aged 5 (" Inquisitions," Hen. Ill, No. 714)].
[1544] Amaric de St. Amand ["Testa," 1394, p. 195b, in
"Trans." XXIX, 501, and 1484, p. 197b, writes Amante]
holds Ipelpenne [Ipplepen, "Testa," 1365, p. 195a; 1484,
p. 197b] by gift of King Henry [III] [since 1234, Charter
Rolls, 19 Hen. Ill, p. 51, m. 3]. It is worth £20 yearly.
Ralf de Muilland, a Norman, formerly held it [Hundred
Rolls, No. 20, p. 71].
[1545] Rosa de Carapernun [Champernoun] holds Rewy
[Rewe, " Trans." XXXIII, 369 and 637, W. 196] in dower
by gift of Robert de Sicca ville [Satchvill], sometime her
husband, which is worth 72 shillings yearly. This Gilbert
de Vilers ["Testa," 1552, p. 199a], a Norman, [formerly] held.
p. 199a
And our lord King John gave it to Robert de Sicca villa [in
1201, "Trans." XXXIII, 369], and it ought to come to
PhiUp Causebuf [Chauceboff in "Testa," 1465, p. 197a],
grandson [iiepoti] .and heir of the said Robert and from
him to Robert de Blakeford [who died 26 Feb., 37 Hen. Ill,
"A.-D. Inq.," No. 31, p. 11; and No. 262, "Inquisitions,"
Hen. Ill], and Avice his wife, daughter and heiress of the
aforesaid Philip. [Avice died in 1272, seized of Braunton held
for 1 fee, Rewes held of Sir Henry de Tracy for ^ fee, and
Dunsford held of Sir Geoffrey de Maundevil ("Inquisitions,"
Hen. Ill, No. 799), after marrying W". de Berkeley.
"William de Berkeley held the inheritance of the said
Avice for many years until against her will he alienated
20/ of land in Brauntune to Henry de Stanwe, 1 ferling
in Dunesford manor to the prior of St. Nicolas, Exeter,
and the residue of the said manors and the whole land of
Rewes to Sir Balan de Garges ".]
THB KAELIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 445
p. 199a
[1546] Eobert de Blakeford and Avice his wife hold
Dunisford [DuNSFORD, "Trans/' XXVIII, 430, W. 711],
worth £6 yearly, which William Bacon a Norman held
[of the Honour of Tilli ("Trans." XXXIII, 369), i.e. of
Marshwood ("Testa," 836, p. 183a)]. This the aforesaid
King gave to Robert de Sicca villa, and it descended to
Philip Causebuf as heir of Eobert de Sicca villa, and
from him to Robert de Blakeford and Avice his wife
the daughter and heiress of the said Philip. [See No. 1545.
William Bacon held a fee in Normandy and was overlord of
an estate granted to St. Stephen's, Caen, in 1156, to which he
and his son Roger gave consent ("Documents in France,"
p. 160). Roger Bacun is stated to be son-in-law of William
de Epetreu (" Liber Niger," p. 84). Another William Bacon
is a witness to deeds in 1190 and 1201 ("Documents in
France," pp. 172, 189). In the Pipe Roll of 6 John,
A.D. 1204, is this entry: "Robert de Secchevill owes
15 marks and a palfrey for having £7 of land in Dunnes-
ford and 60/ rent in Rewes saving to the King the corn for
the present autumn and all the stock there." Dunsford was
sold by John de Blakeford, Satchvil's heir, to Matilda de
Clare, and by her given to Canonsleigh Priory (Oliver, p. 230).]
[1547] Walter Gervese ["Testa," 1476, p. 197a; 1506,
p. 198a; 1537, p. 198b] and Alan de Hallesworth [Hols-
worthy] hold Wuford [" Testa," 1356, p. 194b ; viz. Wonford
in Heavitree] by gift of Robert de Mandevill. This land
belonged aforetime to Henry de Tilly, a Norman. King
John gave it to Robert de Mandevill [in 10 John, " Trans."
XXXVI, 427] ; and it is worth £15.
[1548] Roger de Acastre ["Testa." 66. p. 175b] holds
Warbritteslegh [Warsbrightley in Stoodley, " Trans."
XXX, 404, 425; "Testa," 1140, p. 190a], and a moiety
of Cumbe [in Templeton, "Trans." XXX, 395, 407, 413;
"Testa," 1146, p. 190a] by gift of Robert de Mandeville,
which land belonged to the said Henry de Tylly ["Testa,"
1547], and King John gave it to Robert de Mandeville, and
it is worth £6. 13. 10 yearly. Also John de Reigny holds
a moiety of Combe ["Testa," 1147, p. 190a] by gift of the
said Robert de Mandevill which land belonged to the said
Henry de Tylly ["Testa," 66, p. 175b, describes Combe as
held for 1 fee of the Honour of Barnstaple by Roger
Dacastre and John de Reyngny].
446 THE EARUKR SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 199a
[1549] Roger la Zuche ["Trans." XXXIII. 567] holds
Neuneton [Kings Nymton, ** Testa," 1362, p. 194b] by gift
of King Henry [III] son of King John [since 1226, Charter
Bolls, 11 Hen. Ill, p. 43, m. 12] ; aforetime it was [the land]
of Joel de Mayne a Norman; and it is worth £12. 18. 6
yearly.
[1550] The same Koger [la Zoucb] holds Blaketoriton
[Blacktorington, "Testa," 1362, p. 194b] by gift of King
Henry [III], which was Joel's, and it is worth £12. 19. 7
yearly.
[1551] Ilichard de Burton [who died 30 Hen. Ill, " A.-D.
Inq." No. 3, p. 3] holds Chellisworth [Chilsworthy in Hols-
worthy, " Testa." 1463, p. 197a] by gift of Kmg John which
was Sobert de St. Dennis' ; and it is worth 32 shillings. [It
was held by the service of being drysalter or bacon-curer to
the King. See n. 23.]
[1552] Robert de Blakeford [see 1545] and Avice his wife
hold Covelegh [Cowley near Exeter, " Testa," 72, p. 176a ;
" Trans." XXXIII, 637. W. 196] which was GUbert de Vilers'
in the aforesaid manner ["Testa," 1545, p. 198b]. This
Robert de Sicca villa had by gift of King John, and it is
worth 60 shillings yearly.
42. Aid of the prelates granted to our lord the
King [a.d. 1234].
Nos. 1553-1566 may be found epitomized in "Trans."
XXIX, 509.
43. Division of Fees which were sometime Wiluam
Briwer's amongst his heirs in the 19th year of
King Henry [III. a.d. 1234].
[1567] The King to the Sheriff of Devon greeting, Be
it known to you that when the fees of the Knights and
free-tenants who aforetime held in fee of William Briwere
in divers counties were in our presence divided and dis-
tributed by lot among the coheirs of the said William, there
fell to us as the share of the daughters and coheiresses of
William de B^use who are in our wardship until they
come of age the following fees in your county to wit :
1568] A fee of 1^ Knights which Robert de Hoxam
held of him in Hoxam [Huxham, "Trans." XXVIII, 428,
W. 668, including J fee in Hochesham, " Testa," 754 ; i fee
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 447
p. 199a
in HUle and Eaton ("Testa," 1195) and J fee in La Forde
("Testa/' 1197) of the Honour of Bery]
[1569] Also i fee which John son of Bichard held of him
in Dune [Greydon? in Bradworthy ("Testa," 741) of the
Honour of Bery]
[1570] Also i fee in Eadewurth [perhaps North Bad-
worthy, part of South Eadworthy, "Testa," 815] Bicke-
worth and La Fenne [Bickworthy and Fen in Lynton
("Testa," 793) I fee. Mr. Whale says Badgeworthy in
Brendon, W. 851b, held of the Honour of Braneys].
[1571] Also ^ fee which John de Culum held of him in
Culum [CoLUMB John in Broad Clist ("Testa," 668)
W. 1027. of Patrick de Chaworth (" Feudal Aids," p. 333) of
the Honour of Plymton].
[1572] Also J fee which William de Ros held of him in
Chivethorn [West Chevithorn in Tiverton (" Testa," 761),
W. 682 of the Honour of Bery].
p. 199b
[1573] Also 1 fee which the Abbot of Thorre held of him
in Duningeston [Denson in Clay hanger W. 291].
[1574] Also J fee which Wydo de Brettevil held of him in
Dyakenesber* [Dexborough in Pancrasweek ("Testa," 733)
part of W. 642 of the Honour of Bery].
[1575] Also ^ fee which Hamelin de Deandon held in
Brudewyk [Burdick in Kentisbury (" Testa," 22, W. 174) of
the Honour of Barnstaple].
[1576] Also ^ fee which Eichard de Langeford held in
Brewurth [Bradworthy ("Testa," 745) part of W. 645 of
John de Mohun ("Feudal Aids," 326) of the Honour of Bery].
[1577] Also 1 fee which Robert de Leg* held in Leg' [Leigh
in Loxbeare (* Testa," 665, W. 1053) of John de Mohun
(" Feudal Aids," 319) of the Honour of Plymton].
[1578] Also 1 fee which William de Flexbir' held in Her-
modeswurth [Hawsworthy in Bradworthy, "Testa," 735,
part of W. 645 of the Honour of Bery].
[1579] Also ^ fee which Jordan Eussel held in Wrthe
[ WoRDON in Bradworthy, " Testa," 736, part of W. 645 of the
Honour of Bery].
448 THE KARUER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 199b
[1580] Also 1 fee which William de Clist held in Henoc
[Hennock, "Testa," 538, W. 510, of the Honour of Okhaniton],
[1581] Also ^ fee which Nicolaus Fukere held in White-
weye [Whiteway in Kingsteignton, "Testa,** 703, W. 512,
of the Honour of Plymton], Upecote and Bere [probably
Uppacot and Bear in North Tawton, part of W. 1058, "A.-D.
Inq.," 7 Ed. I, No. 13, p. 66 (333), of the Honour of Plymton].
[1582] Also i fee in Middelmorwde [Middle Marwood,
"Testa," 419, W. 441, of the Honour of Okhamton]
[1583] Also i fee which Maurice de Eouen [de Rotomago ;
"Testa," 815, de Rem] held in Eadewurth [South Ead-
WORTHY in North Molton, "Testa," 815, W. 852, of the
Honour of Braneys]
[1584] Wherefore we enjoin upon you without delay to
take full seisin of the service of the aforesaid knights and
free tenants in respect of the aforesaid lands on our account
by reason of our custody of the daughters and heiresses of
the said William de Brause, yet so that so soon as we
have obtained seisin thereof you cause to be assigned to
Joanna sometime the wife of the aforesaid William Briwere
out of the share which comes to us as the portion of the
daughters and heiresses of the said William de Braus the
following fees from those above named to wit
[1585] the aforesaid fee of 1 knight which Robert de Leg*
holds in Leg'
[1586] the i fee which William de Flexbir' holds in
Hermodeswrth
[1587] the i fee which Jordan Russel holds in Wurth
[1588] the 1 fee which William de Clist holds in Henoc
[1589] the J fee which Nicholaus Fukere holds in White-
weye, Upecot and Bere
[1590] the J fee in Middelmorwude
[1591] And the J fee which Maurice de Rouen [de
Rotomago] holds in Redewurth, To have and to hold to the
said Joanna for term of life by way of dower. Witness
the King at Worcester [Wudestr] 30^ of October in the
19*** year.
[1592-1599] The portion of the same in Somerset.
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 449
p. 200a
Tli€ share of William de Percy and his daiLghtcrs.
■' The King to the Sheriff of Devon greeting. Be it
known to you that when the fees of the knights and free
tenants who aforetime held in fee of "William Briwere were
divided and distributed by lot in our presence among the
coheirs of the said William, there fell to the share of the
daughters and coheiresses of Joanna sometime the wife of
William de Percy one of the aforesaid coheiresses in your
county the following fees to wit :
[1601] For Saumford [Samford Spiney, W. 960, "Testa"
679], Gerard de Spineto's 1 fee [held of Plymton Honour].
[1602] For Stodleg [West Stoodleigh, W. 679, "Testa,"
730 ; " Feudal Aids," p. 344] and Holecumbe [Holcombe in
Dawlish, W. 650] J fee [of Bery Honour].
[1603] For Aulescumbe Tremettes [Aulescombe Speke,
alias Churcli Aulescombe, W. 858, "Testa," 810; "Feudal
Aids," p. 338] ^ fee [of the Honour of Braneys].
[1604] For Little Kidel [Little Cadeleigh, W. 857] and
Furesdon [FuRSDON, W. 294] \ fee [held of Braneys Honour].
[1605] For Hampton [probably Coffins Heanton in Lyn-
ton, W. 655, "Testa," 731] Hundr. [Mr. Whale suggests
Humfrey] de Bikel's \ fee [held of the Honour of Bery].
[1606] For Ketelberg [Kentisbeare, W. 450, "Testa,"
517] lieginald de Punchardon's 1^ fees [held of Okhamton
Honour].
[1607] For Clifford St. Laurence [Clist St. Laurence,
W. 293] \ fee.
[1608] For Putteford [West Putford, W. 646, "Testa,"
737] Henry [de la Pomeray's] 1 fee [lield of the Honour
of Bery].
[1609] For Blakeburn Bodyn [Blackborough Boty,
W. 1062] 1 fee [held of the Honour of Plymton].
[1610] Wherefore we enjoin you that you straightway
assure to the said daughters of the aforesaid Joanna the
homage and service of the aforesaid knights and free tenants
due for the aforesaid lands.
[1611-1620] refer to other counties.
VOL. xxxvii. 2 F
450 THB EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 200a
The share of Margaret dc Affertis,
[1621] Margaret de Affert [whose daughter and heiress
married Pagan de Chaworth] has similar letters.
For 1 fee in Jowe [Yeo in Crediton part of W. 105]
which Thomas de Tetteburn holds [of Patrick de Chaworth
in " Feudal Aids," p. 337, under the Bishop].
[1622] For 2 fees in Pacstwik [Pancras week, W. 642,
"Testa," 732], Suthwik [South Week in Germans week,
W. 641, "Testa," 760], and Maneton [Manaton, W. 1108,
" Testa," 769], which Henry Dacus [Dennis] holds [of Patrick
de Chaworth (in "Feudal Aids," pp. 321, 328, 339), of the
Honour of Bery].
[1623] For 1 fee in Sullingford [Shellingford, W. 1024,
"Testa," 717, and] Ferndon [Faringdon Ralph, W. 1046,
"Testa," 1193] which William la Bruere holds [of the
Honour of Plymton].
[1624] For 1 fee which the Abbot of Dunk[s]well, Wymund
de Ealeigh and Kalph Springan hold [in Colyton Ealeigh,
W. 20, " Testa," 370, p. 179a, of the King].
[1625] For J fee in Pole [Anthony in Tiverton, W. 998]
which Antony de Pole holds [of Patrick de Chaworth (in
"Feudal Aids," p. 319) of the Honour of Plymton, "Testa,"
666, p. 181b].
[1626] For \ fee in Cappelcote [Kippinscot in Eoseash,
part of W. 121] which Walter de Nivet [?Nymet, "Testa,"
1126] holds [of the bishop] in the C°. of Devon.
[1627] For 1 fee in Sp'yton [Spreyton, W. 458] which
Philip Thalebot holds [of Pagan de Chaworth's heirs (in
"Feudal Aids," p. 314) of the Honour of Okhamton,
" Test>a," 487].
[1628] For 1 fee in Leg' [Northleigh, W. 315, "Testa,"
843] which William de Leg' holds in the same County [of
Patrick de Chaworth (in "Feudal Aids," p. 330) of the
Honour of Odcombe].
[1629-1639] refer to other counties.
The Share of Hugo Wak.
[1640] Hugo Wak has similar letters [in several counties,
1640-43]. And in the County of Devon.
[1644] For J knight's fee in Lutestokelej [South Stock-
lbigh, alias SurroN Satchvil] and Heppecote [Upcot in
THB EARLIEK SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL." 451
p. 200a
Cheriton Fitzpaine, W. 301, "Testa," 951, p. 184b] which
Eobert de Siccavill [Satchvil] and William de Bukinton hold.
[1645] For 1| fees in Aurescomb [probably BucKEREL,
W. 662 ; " Testa,'* 763, i fee] Esse [Ash in Bradworthy, W.
644 ; " Testa." 740, \ fee"; "Feudal Aids/' p. 356] and Meddon
[Meddon and Deptford in Hartland, W. 1074; "Testa," 770,
i fee; "Feudal Aids," p. 342] which Jordan Speciarius holds
in the same county [of the Honour of Beri].
[1646] For | fee in Horwode [East Horwood, W. 647 ;
"Testa," 746, i fee] and Lefwynescot [Lymscot in Bradworthy
part of W. 645; "Testa." 742, J fee] which liobert de
Hochesham holds [of the Honour of Bery].
[1647] For 1 fee in Cruk [Crook Burnel in North Tawton,
W. 1058 ; " Testa," 562] which Robert Burnel holds [of the
Honour of Ply m ton].
[1648] For 1 fee in Peanton which Hamelin de Andon
holds. [Seemingly Bratton Clovelly is meant W. 357 held
of Okliamton (1) because "Testa," 500 shows Hamel de
Dyandune and otliers holding 1 fee in Bratton, Comb, and
Godescot, and (2) because Bratton Clavyle (335) appears
among Mohun fees in "A.-D. Inq.," 7 Ed. I, No. 13, p. 66, and
also 14 Ed. I, No. 23, p. 90 (399), among which are found all
the fees of Hugo Wak, excepting Berry Narbor.]
[1649] For 1 fee in Beauton which William de la Briwere
and William GifTard hold. [Seemingly Holbeton is meant ;
which appears as lloldbourton among Mohun fees in " A.-D.
Inq." 7 Ed. I, No. 13, p. 66 (356), and as Holloweton in
"A.-D. Inq.," 14 Ed. I, No. 23, p. 90 (422). William de la
Brueria or de la Briwere was brother-in-law to the judge
William Briwere, having married his sister Englesia, and
held Holbeton which he obtained by exchange from his said
brother-in-law (see note on "Testa," 1188 in "Trans."
XXXV, 289). It was assessed as J fee only in "Feudal
Aids," p. 352).
[1650] For i fee in Porteford [East Putford, W. 277,
"Testa," 949] which Kobert Milo holds. [The "A.-D. Inq.,"
7 Ed. I, No. 13, p. 66, enumerates among Mohun fees ; Eogus
Miles in Putteford | fee worth 100/ yearly.]
[1651] For 1 fee in Berry [Berry Narbor, W. 701,
"Testa," 823] which Philip de Nerbert holds in the same
County [of the Honour of Bamton].
272
452 THE BARLIBR SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL."
p. 200a
[1652] For 1 fee in Cup'ton [Compton Giffard, W. 609,
"Feudal Aids/' p. 340], Bocland [Egg Buckland, W. 600]
and Howie [Wes? Hoe in Plymstock, W. 637, " Testa/' 681 ;
" Feudal Aids/' p. 335 J which Osbert Giffard holds in the
same county [of the Honour of Plymton].*^
[1653] For 1 fee in Godesleg [Goodleigh, W. 967, " Testa,"
586] which Eoger Giffard, William Dabernou and the
prioress of Kauntinton [Cannington in Somerset] hold [of
the Honour of Plymton].
[1654] For ^ fee in Niweton [Newton in Chittlehamton,
W. 434, "Testa/' 431; "Feudal Aids," p. 325] and Weston
[Weston in Chittlehamton, W. 435, "Testa," 432] in the
same county which Simon de Parco holds [of the Honour of
Okhamton].
g-^^ Here ends " Testa de Neviirs " account. In the Charters
try known as "Originalia/' p. 7, under 28 Hen. Ill, there is an
entry : " Order to the Sheriff to take into the King's hand
all the lands which William Pipard held in Little Orton,
Langeford, Northam, Tateton, and Leverekeber,*^ which he
ought to have taken into the King's hand pursuant to the
inquiry held as to the lands of Normans and strangers."
Clearly, therefore, some lands escaped notice in the inquiry.
May we hazard the conjecture that Henry III had a
Devonshire doctor in his service, in the person called
« ** Lib. Nig.," p. 126, shows that in 1166 Wido de Bocland held 2 fees of
ffjCr the Honour of Totnes. These are the 3 estates of Compton Giffard, Egg
' ^0 Buckland, and West Hoe, held in Domesday by Stefan under Judhel. From
Wido they passed to his son, Alan de Bocland (Devon Assize Roll, 22 Hen. Ill)
and his granddaughter Isabella. It is suggested that they came to be held
of the Honour of Plymton when Isabella succeeded to them as heiress under
the wardship of the Crown, and they were given to William Briwere to hold
for 1 fee ; for in 1241 they are included among Plymton fees, and only paid
for 1 fee ("TesU," 683, p. 182a). Isabella was married (1) to de Freville,
and on his death (2) to Osbert Giffard, stated to have been a base-born son of
Kinff John (Wrottesley, "The Giffards,*' p. 60). She died before 26 Hen. Ill
(i&t'a., p. 61), and was succeeded by Osbert II Giffard, who died 31 Hen. Ill,
leaving by Alice Murdac a son, Osbert III Giffard, who died 11 YA, I.
Osbert lY, his son, succeeded, and after him his younger brother, John
Giffard, who in 1285 held them ("Feudal Aids," p. 340). "Inquisitions,**
Hen. Ill, No. 112: "Hekebokel manor, including Compton, Hauknolle, and
Hoo, sometime held by Osbert [I Giffard] and Isabel his wife, out of which
the prior of Plimpton has 12/ in frank almoign, and the advowson of the
Church of Ekebokel*."
^ On 27 Ap. 61 Hen. Ill, a writ was issued to the subescheator to take
possession of Little Totnes, Charleton, Langedon, Kary, Tettecot, Bovy,
Blakedon, and Leverokeber (Larkbear), lands of William Pipard ("Inquis.,"
Hen. Ill, 660). I conclude that the transcript of the " Originalia" is defective.
THB EARLIBR SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL.
I)
453
Walter of Devonshire, or Walter the Devonshire man, or
Walter the Doctor, and that the King rewarded him for his
services by the grant of Skeridon when it fell to the Crown
by escheat? It looks like it, for on Walter's death he
bestowed on his widow the custody of the heiress, which he
is hardly likely to have done except in the case of a specially
favoured subject.
INDEX.
Acaatre, Roger de, 1548.
Atfertis, Margaret de, 1621.
Alba Mara, (Jalfrid de, 1343, 1475.
,, Reginald de, 1505.
Aller Peverel, in Colluniton, 1350,
1486.
Alvington West, 1455, 1491.
Amand, Aniaric de St., 1484, 1544.
,, Ralph de, 1484.
AmbrireSj 1362.
Ambr^res, Britel de, 1363.
Archer, Odo le, 1477, 1500.
Ash, in Bra<l worthy, 1645.
Aulescombe Church, 1603.
Aurescoinbe, 1645.
Avenel, Nicolas, 1353.
Averailles, Robert de, 1482, 1532,
1539.
AxminsUr, 1357, 1442, 1488.
Bacon, William, 1546.
Badgeworthy, in Countesbury, 1570.
Balista Ralph, 1490.
Bar, in Brauuton, 1473, 1494, 1507,
1508.
Bar, Maurice de la, 1473, 1507.
,, Reginald de la, 1494.
Barnstaple^ 1367.
Ba8set, Thomas, 1354.
Bathon, Walter de, 1484.
Battle Abbey. 1351.
Beaiiton, 1649.
Beaupel, Richard, 1474, 1494, 1508.
• ,, Reginald, 1536.
Bee, Abbot of, 1358.
Bere, in North Tawton, 1581, 1589.
Berry Narbor, 1651.
Beumeis, William de, 1361.
Bick'worthy, in Lynton, 1570.
Bicton, 1348, 1496.
Bikeleigh, Humphrey de, 1606.
Blackborough Bulhay, 1609.
Blacktorington, 1362, 1462, 1550.
Blakeford, Robert de, 1645, 1646.
Bodmin, Prior of, 1492.
Bogeleg, or St Nicolas* Fee, 1351.
Boniface the Jew, 1489.
Botreaux, Albreda de, 1437.
William de, 1361.
Bovey Tracy, 1453.
Bradham, next Exmouth, 1342.
Bradworthy, 1576.
Braose, Reginald de, 1373.
„ William de, 1368, 1567, 1584.
Brattim Clovelly, 1648.
Braunton, 1366, 1465.
Braunton Hundred, 1366, 1466.
Breaute, Fulco de, 1436, 1438, 1444,
1446, 1448, 1457, 1458.
Brettevil, Guido de, 1574.
Brewer, alias Briwere, William, 1357,
1360, 1442, 1465, 1485, 1488, 1667,
1584, 1600.
Broad Clist, 1374.
Broad If anbury, 1486.
Bromhill, Robert de, 1478, 1481,
1506, 1638.
Brucre, William la, 1623, 1649.
Buckerel, 1646.
Budbrooie, in Drewsteignton, 1482,
1602.
Budleigh Syon, 1341.
Budleigh Hundred, 1342, 1345.
Bukinton, William de. 1644.
Burden, Richard, 1370.
Burdick, in Kentisbury, 1576.
Burton, Richard de, 1554.
Buruel, Robert, 1647.
BuUerUigh, 1489. ,
CadeUigh, LiUU/UOi,
Canningtou, Pmoress of, 1653.
Carswell, in Broadhembury, 1360.
Carue, 0(|a^, 1366.
Champcrnowu, Rosa de, 1546.
ChanQNiux, Andrew de, 1483.
,, Egidius de, 1483.
Philip de, 1483.
Charterai, Richanl de, 1368.
Ohauceboff, Philip, 1466, 1546, 1646.
454
THE EARLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL.
II
Ohawortb, Pagan de, 1455.
„ Patrick de, 1493.
CKesUrJUld, 1488.
Cheviihom, 1572.
Chilavwrihy, in Holsworthy, 1463,
1551.
Chilian, in Thorverton, 1353.
Chohey, Berks, 1341.
Clist, William de, 1580, 1588.
Clist St, Laurence, 1607.
Coffin's Heanton, in Lynton, 1605.
ColumhJohn, in Broad Clist, 1571.
Collumton Church mAHOTt 1351, 1486.
ColumUm North manor, 1438. •
Colyton, Tudhayes in, 1354.
Colyton Raleigh, 1349, 1624.
Combe Temple, 1548.
Compton Oiffard, 1652.
Coniworthy, 1373, 1460.
Gourtenay, Hawise de, 1441, 1443,
1447, 1450.
Cowley, next Exeter, 1552.
Crook Bumel, 1647.
Calum, John de, 1571.
Dartington, lA^l,
DaHmoor Forest, 1871, 1449, 1468,
1477, 1500, 1508.
Deandon, Hamelin de, 1575, 1648
Dennis, Henry, 1622.
Denson, in Clay hanger, 1573.
Deveneys, Walter de, 1468.
Dexhorough, in Pancras week, 1574.
Dinant, Monks of, 1347.
Dipt/ord, 1364.
Down, in Brad worthy, 1569.
Draacombe, in Drewsteignton, 1855,
1449, 1477-81, 1500.
Droscumb, John de, 1481
„ Richard de, 1355, 1449
„ William de, 1480.
Dunkswell Abl>ey, 1485, 1624.
Duns/ord, 1546.
Dunstanvil, Walter de, 1354.
Dtinston, in Clay hanger, 1573.
Eleanor, Queen of Henry III, 1483.
Eggbuckland, 1652.
Engleshvil, Theobald de, 1542, 1543.
IxeUr Castle, 1348.
Exminster, 1446.
Exmoor Chace, 1473, 1494, 1507.
Exlon, in Woodbury, 1476, 1506.
Faringdon, 1623.
Felgers, Ralph de, 1365.
Fenotery, 1344, 1445.
Femie's son John, 1472, 1503.
Fleming, Richard le, 1487, 1541.
„ William le, 1487, 1541.
Flcxbire, William de, 1578, 1586.
Foliot, Robert, 1369.
Fukere, Nicolaus, 1581, 1589.
Fumeaux, Henry de, 1353.
Philip do, 1844, 1445.
Fursdon, 1604.
Gattesdeu, Agatha de, 1483.
William de, 1499.
Gatekeeper, John the, 1348.
Gervase, Walter, 1476, 1506, 1537,
1547.
Giffard, Osbert, 1652.
„ Roger, 1653.
,, William, 1649.
Girard's son James, 1353.
Ooodleigh, 16.'i3
Oorham, 1362.
Greeulinch, Joel de, 1489.
Grey, Sir John de, 1484.
Hairidge Hundred, 1437.
Hallesworth, Alan de, 1547.
Harpford, 1347.
Hawsworthy, in Bradworthy, 1578,
1586.
Hemyock, 1369.
Hennock, 1580, 1583.
Henry I, grants by, 1341, 1343, 1344,
1345, 1348, 1349, 1356. 1358, 1362,
1363, 1365, 1369, 1374.
Henry II, grants by, 1354, 1364,
1370. BUEA
Henry III (28 Oct. 121 6-1 272), grants
by, 1503, 1540, 1542, 1543, 1649,
1550.
Henry, son of Earl Reginald, 1368,
1365, 1373, 1456, 1459, 1461. JUS£
Henry le Boscu, 1363.
Herbert's son Peter, 1367.
High Week, 1451, 1543.
HiU, next Exmouth, 1342, 1498.
Hochesham, Robert de, 1345, 1568,
1646.
Hoe, ircst, in Plymstock, 1652.
Holbeton, 1649.
Holcombe, in Dawlish, 1602.
Holditch, in Thomcombe, 1487, 1541.
Holne, 1458.
^olsworthy, 1493.
Honiton borough, 1436.
,, manor, 1444.
Horwood, East, 1646.
Hurbertwi, 1372.
Huxham, 1568.
Hydon, Richard de, 1869, 1497
Ideford, 1464.
IppUpen, 1366, 1484, 1644.
THE EABLIEB SECTIONS OF "TKSTA KEYIL."
455
Janitor, John, 1348.
Joanna, wife of William Brewer, 1684.
wife of William Percy, 1600,
1610.
John (27 May, 1199-1216), grants
by King, 1342, 1362, 1365, 1366,
1373, 1438, 1442, 1456, 1460, 1487,
1547, 1548.
John, son of Richard, 1569.
John's son Lucas, 1542.
John's son William, 1356.
Ken, 1447.
Kenton, 1359.
Kentisbeare, 1606.
Kingskcrswcll, 1364, 1459.
King'snymton, 1362, 1549.
Kiiigsteignton, 1370.
Kipscoty in Roseash, 1626.
Kingswear, 1488.
Langford, Richard do, 1576.
LangfordljesfrCj in Ugborough, 1360.
Leicester, Loretta, Countess of, 1368,
1461.
Leigh, Robert de, 1577, 1585.
,, WMlliam de, 1628.
Leigh, in Loxl>eare, 1577, 1585.
Lestre, Nicolas de, 14B4.
Li/ton, 1483, 1499
Lisle, Earl de, 1349.
Liscarret, Cornwall, 1364.
Lodcswcll, 1373, 1456.
Lorettd, Countess of Leicester, 1368,
1461.
Lucas, son of John, 1542.
Lnscy, Oalfrid de, 1362.
Lymscoty in Brad worthy, 1646.
Mad ford, in Hemyock, 1369, 1497.
Manaton, 1622.
Mandevil, Galfrid de, 1356.
Roliert de, 1356, 1463,
1547, 1548.
William de, 1341, 1356.
Marmoutior Abbey, 1352.
Mayne, Joel do, 1362, 1549, 1550.
Mcddon, in Hartland, 1645.
Mem bun/, 1358.
Merict, Nicolas do, 1349.
Menlent, Ralph de, 1484, 1544.
Middle Mar wood, 1582, 1590.
Milo. Robert, 1650.
Mirabel, Roger de, 1503, alias John
n. 25.
Mohun, Reginald de, 1487, 1488.
Molland BolrcauXy 1361.
Mont St. Michel, Abbey of, 1340,
1341.
Morey, 1342, 1498.
)}
}f
Morbath, 1863.
Morinas, the King's servant, 1842,
1498.
Mortimer, Roger de, 1361.
Mules, Nicolas de, 1459.
Musbury, 1443.
Nerbert, Philip de, 1651.
Newton St. Petrock, 1492.
Newtmirin Chittlehampton, 1654.
Nicolas, Fee of St., 1351.
Nicolas, Priory of St., 1342, 1486.
Nimet, Walter de, 1626.
Nonant, Henry de, 1374.
,, Roger de, 1374.
North Bovey Church, 1470.
Northleigh, 1628.
North Tawton, 1490.
Notley, Robert de, 1481.
Roger de, 1479, 1481, 1501.
it
Obumford, in Halberton, 1440, 1642.
Otterton, 1340.
Pancrasiceek, 1622.
Parco, Simon de, 1654.
Passeleu, Robert, 1467.
Percy, William de, 1600.
Peanton, 1648.
Peverel, Hugh, 1850, 1486.
„ William, 1350.
Peyvre, Sir Paulin, 1484.
i Pitt, in Halberton, 1440, 1542.
Plymtree, 1437.
Pocombe, next Exeter, 1495.
Pole Antony, 16*^5.
Pole, Antony de, 1625.
Polsloe Priory, 1354.
Pomeray, Henry de la, 1608.
Pomeroy, William de la, 1484.
Pont Audomar, Henry de, 1440, 1461.
Porremore, Wormuna de, 1490.
Porter Roger, 1496.
Poscumbe, Richard de, 1496.
Punchardon, Reginald de, 1606.
Putford East, 1660.
Put/ord West, 1608.
Raleigh, Wymund de, 1624.
Eadicorthy, 1570. 1583, 1591.
Reading Abbey, Berks, 1341.
Redvers, Baldwin de, 1436, 1438,
1439, 1444.
Reginald, Earl of Cornwall, 1364.
I Reigny, John de, 1548.
Rem, Maurice de, 1583. See Rouen.
Reto, 1546.
Richard I (3 Sept. 1189-99), grants
by, 1354, 1364.
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1483.
456
THE EABLIER SECTIONS OF "TESTA NEVIL.
II
Richard's son John, 1569.
Rogus* Fon Simon. 1369.
&08, William de, 1672.
Rouen, Maurice de, 1583, 1591.
Ruffus, or Rous, Hugh, 1363.
Mull, next Exmouth, 1342, 1498.
Rupibufl, Peter de, Bishop of Win-
cnester, 1372.
Russel, Jordan, 1579, 1587.
Rydon, in Woodbury, 1476.
Salisbury, Precentor of, 1491.
Samford Peverel, 1350.
Samford Spiney, 1601.
Satchvil (Sicca Villa), Ralph de,
1876.
Sauser, William le, 1487, 1641.
Shupley, in North Bovey, 1371, 1452.
Shebhear, 1464.
Sheepwash^ 1353.
ShelUngford, 1623.
Sicca Villa (Satchvil), Robert de,
1366, 1545, 1546, 1644.
Skeridon, in Dean Church, 1371,
1468-72, 1503, 1504.
Skeridon, David de, 1371. 1452,1503.
„ Robert de, 1471.
,, Oressia de, 1469.
„ Walter de, 1468, 1603.
Slade, in North Tawton, 1490.
Slade, Robert de, 1490.
South TaujUni, 1376.
South Week, in Germansweek, 1622.
Spineto, Girard de, 1601.
SJnreyUni, 1627.
Springham, Ralph de, 1624.
Srenesmothe, Ralph de, 1489.
Stoodleigh, West, 1602.
SvMon Satthvil, in Chen ton Fitz-
pain, 1644.
Talbot, Philip. 1627.
TawBtock, 1368, 1461.
TeignhHdge Hundred, 1370.
Teignwick, 1451, 1543.
Templeton, 1548.
Tettebum, Thomas de, 1621.
Thorwrion, 1352.
Tilli, Henry de, 1356, 1547, 1548.
Tiverton, 1439.
Tony, Constance de, 1375.
Topsham, 1349, 1448.
Tor Abbey, 1573.
Torington, William de, 1485.
Totnes, 1373.
Tracy, Eva de, 1453.
„ Henry de, 1465, 1493*
I Tudhayrs, in Colyton, 1354.
Uppacot, in North Tawton, 1581, 1589.
Upcot, in Cheriton, 1644.
Upton, in Columton, 1486.
Valletorta, Joel de, 1490.
Ralph de, 1508.
,, Reginald de, 1508.
„ Roger de, 1372, 1508.
Ver, Robert de, 1374.
Vilers, Gilbert de, 1545.
Wak, Hugo, 1640.
WarshriglUlcy, in Stoodleigh, 1548.
Weremund de Portu Mortuo, 1490.
WeM Alvington, 1455, 1491.
Weston, in Chittlehamton, 1654.
WhimpU, 1441.
WhU/ord, 1354.
niiitevcay, 1581, 1589.
William I, grants by, 1340, 1347,
1351, 1352, 1353, 1355, 1486.
William, son of Earl Reginald, 1353.
W^illiam, son of John, 1356,
Winchester, Peter, Bishop of, 1372.
JVinkleiffh, 1450.
Wombem/ord, in Halberton, 1440,
1642.
Wonford, 13.^6, 1547.
Woodbury, 1343, 1475, 1505.
Wordon, in Bradworthy, 1579, 1587.
Wyngton, Henry de, 1494.
Yeo in Crediton, 1621.
Zouche, Roger de la, 1462, 1549,1550.
DAKTMOOR: A NOTE ON GRAVES.
BY T. A. FALCON, M.A., R.B.A.
(Read at Princetown, 20 July, 1905 )
In preface to the following notes, and as an apology for their
f ragmen tariness, it seems eminently justifiable to plead the
exhaustiveness of the Barrow Committee's Report, in the
thirty-fourth volume of this Association's "Transactions."
That interesting resumed, of course, treats of Devonshire
in general : but Dartmoor looms very largely in it, and it
certainly afflicted with fatal paralysis a projected paper in
the shape of a descriptive tabulation of the Greater Graves
of Dartmoor, inasmuch as I found myself meditating little
more than " Prolegomena "... in the historic interpretation
of that word as signifying "things which have been said
before."
Referring you, therefore, to that report for a relatively
complete treatment of Dartmoor graves and interments,
I add : — Assuming the term " greater graves " to include only
tumuli, and kistvaens of the ordinary well-known type, and
excluding the practically innumerable cairns, except in so far
as they have been the subjects of special report or examina-
tion, the total of these comes somewhere near to 260. To
be on the safe side, we should probably be allowing a very
ample margin in fixing, in round numbers, on 300 as repre-
senting survivals in record or fact. Of this number,
(somewhat small when compared with vague impression)
tumuli — mapped or recorded, wasted, rifled, or competently
explored — account for much the larger proportion; while
kistvaens, as such, scarcely total to more than eighty — a
disappointing number, especially in view of the stimulating
suggestiveness of a sentence in one of our Presidential
addresses : " On Dartmoor we have hundreds of kistvaens " :
but a number naturally liable to future expansion, though
barrows which remain undisturbed are notoriously the
exception.
458 DARTMOOR: A NOTE ON GRAVES.
Proceeding now to such details as still seem supplement-
arily necessary or new : —
Yealm Steps, 119 N".W. — In the "Western Antiquary,"
10, 178, a kistvaen is stated to exist in a circle of 13 ft.
diameter, 30 yd. S.S.E. of the hut enclosures here. I could
find no traces of this in September, 1902, but found two
others which seem to be unrecorded. (1) 40 yd. S.S.E. of the
pounds are (or were) some very fragmentary remains, lying
N. and S., all being missing but the north endstone, a part of
the eastern sidestone and the west sides tone (? one of two).
(2) This lies near a track 200 to 300 yd. S.E. of the pounds,
points N.E. and S.W., and has no traces of a circle. The
east and west sides were formed of two stones, one being now
missing in each case. The approximate dimensions seem to
have been 3 f t. x 2 ft. A possible coverstone lies two or
three yards S S.E.
WiLLiNGS Walls Warren, 112 S.E. — There is a kistvaen
here, my notes as to the locality and state (Aus;ust, 1903) of
which do not agree with any of those described hereabouts ;
and as the neighbourhood is a difficult one, usually deep in
heather and bracken, it may be new. There is a long reeve
across this piece of moor, from the upper part of Spanish
Lake towards Hentor House, not marked on the O.S. The
kistvaen is a few yards S.E. of this, at about its centre. It
lies W.N.W. and E.S.E., and has its coverstone propped
against its long side, KKE. The kist, of which the short
sides have fallen inwards, is from 3 ft. to 3 ft. 6 in. long and
3 ft. wide. Its N.R sidestone is unusually thick (12 in.),
and the coverstone is also noticeably massive, measuring
7 ft. 4 in. X 4 ft. 6 in. X 1 ft. 4 in. thick.
White Hill, Cosdon, 77 S.W. — A possible kistvaen is
tentatively referred to as existent here, D.A. 22, 190. It
seems almost certainly a natural disposition of stones.
A similarly suggestive arrangement is on Green Tor, over
the Rattlebrook (88 S.E.), with perhaps a little more
suspicion of artificiality, but only of such as might qualify
it to act as a sheep-shelter or something of the kind.
CosDON, 77 S.W.— The coterminous kistvaens and triple
row, eastward of this, seem comparatively (and reasonably)
to have monopolized interest. At least we find only general
references to the two kistvaens on the summit. It may
therefore be useful to register their state (as in May, 1903).
(a) 150 yd. N.E. of a disturbed tumulus which forms the
DARTMOOB: A NOTE ON GRAVES. 459
highest point is a low circular bank of stones, 54 ft. in
diameter N. and S., enclosing the remains of a kistvaen, of
which the two long sides only are in place, pointing N.N.W.
and S.S E. (b) 50 yd. further N.N.E. is a second kistvaen,
the S.W. and N.E. sides of which only are fairly recogniz-
able. Direction apparently N.E. and S.W., and dimensions
approximately 3^ ft. to 4 ft. long, 2 ft. wide. (130 yd. due
north of this is another tumulus.)
CoRRiNGDON Ball Gate, 119 N.E. — I do not know what
is the present state of qualified opinion as regards the stones
near this — variously accepted and rejected as the relics of a
cromlech. Both Spence Bate (D.A. 4, 513) and Rowe, in
identical words, discover "unequivocal evidence of a
dolmen." The only opinion that can be given with
certainty is that they distinctly suggest artifice and human
mechanism of some kind. Taking the cromlech interpreta-
tion, we may say that one support is in situ on the west,
approximately 5 ft. high. The coverstone is fixed at an angle
southwards, with one support against it, outside; a third
support is on the turf, a few feet westward of the upright
stone, one side having apparently been fractured artificially.
(A large stone S.W. is probably accidental and disconnected.)
The present condition of the stones, taken in conjunction
with the mound-d(5bris, most suggests the wreckage of deliber-
ate destruction ; but however that may be, it is a reasonable
explanation that the southern support fell outwards and
sideways, causing collapse of the coverstone. The latter is
between 10 ft. and 11 ft. long, 5 ft. at its widest, and averages
1 ft. in thickness.
Stannon Newtake, 99 N.E. — The kistvaen here, marked
long since in the O.S., and therefore, as it were, among the
more reputable of Dartmoor Antiquities, seems in spite of
that honour to have so far escaped printed description. It
lies N. and S., has its south endstone missing, and measures
2 ft. 3 in. X 1 ft. 8 in. There is an outer circle of about
lift. 9 in. diameter (taken N. and S.), with five stones
standing and a sixth fallen ; of these, the largest stone
(S.W.) is 2 ft. 10 in. above the ground, and 3 ft. 4 in. at the
base. (In August, 1902, this kistvaen was in a disorderly
state, witli loose turf mixed with the exposed stones of the
cairn.)
Snowdon, 113 N.E. — The three tumuli on the crest of
this (marked on the U.S.) are all disturbed.
460 DAKTMOOE : A NOTE ON GRAVES.
Greenaball, 98 S.E. — Eowe (last edition, p. 210) de-
scribes these tumuli as all mutilated. This may possibly
apply to the westernmost of the three ; but the central and
eastern appear to have suffered nothing more fatal than
weathering.
Cater's Beam, 113 S.W. — This sodden and exasperating
district of the moor is intelligibly not overcrowded even by
Neolithic enthusiasts. But it has one object interesting
apart from its repellent remoteness, and that is the ruined
cairn on it, which seems to be the real end of the Stall Moor
stone row, terminated by the majority of descriptions
positively at Green HilL Following the row from Kedlake
(to which point there is no possibility of doubt, except as to
the number of stones), where a cautious enumeration places
the 613th stone from the circle, the row, here directed
W. of N., is easily traceable up Green Hill to stone
No. 800, when a small square stone, set at right angles and
appearing like a blocking-stone, occurs; but the row con-
tinues beyond it to No. 896. Here the depression of the
Blacklane Brook makes a break, but stones continue beyond
it, at much longer intervals, across a peat cutting, to stone
No. 914, and thence, after a large gap of c. 100 yd. to 917.
Cater's Beam cairn is some score yards beyond this last
stone. It will be seen that the evidence of this prolongation
is fragmentary; but the existing stones continue the line of
the more unmistakable portion of the row S.S.E., and all
the chances seem to be against considering them as a merely
fortuitous series coincidentally related only.
Tristis Eock, 119 S.W. — Published descriptions are some-
what summary. The rifled cairn of c. 30 ft. diameter,
100 yd. W.N. W. of the rock, is surrounded by five stones
standing 2 ft. 11 in. and under. From this, a stone row,
lying N.N.E. and S.S.W., runs to a newtake wall, to which
it counts 108 stones, and continues beyond it to 122; its
constituents vary in size, some being relatively large blocks,
and others small and almost below the turf. Between this
cairn and the tor there is another cairn, with a circle of
twelve stones in place, of c. 17 ft. diameter. It encloses the
southern side of a kistvaen, directed E.S.E. and W.N.W.,
measuring 4 ft. in length.
Butterton Hill, 119 S.E.— The long row on this is
partially described D.A. 24, 402. The following somewhat
fuller details apply to its state in August, 1903. A few yards
DARTMOOK: A NOTE ON GRAVES. 461
N.N.E. of a tumulus marked " Heap of Stones " in the O.S.
is a cairn marked " Pile of Stones." This is surrounded by
a circle of at least twelve stones, all fallen, ranging to 6 ft.
in length ; the diameter E. and W. is 40 ft. From this cairn
the single row runs almost due N. towards a completely
excavated tumulus distant about two furlongs, which it
leaves on the right. To a short distance beyond this the
row has not less than 267 stones, of which 95 are standing
or partly upright. Hence, still following the Harford-
Ugborough boundary, the row ceases to be satisfactorily
clear for some distance, but is traceable for over half a mile
further towards and beyond the old rifle-butts, showing 150
additional stones, of which about a third are standing.
Beyond the row, in the same line, is a B.S. with a small
incised cross on its western face, the stone being 3 ft. 6 in.
high, and the cross 7 in. high, and 5^ in. across. (This Mr.
Crossing, "Stone Crosses," edition 1902, p. 15, conjectures to
mark the original site of Hobajohn's Cross, the old cross
being found too fragmentary for re-erection.)
Stalldon Barrow, 119 N.W. — The ruins of the square
erection built on this, and of its materials, are known as
"Hillson's House.'* I have been able to elicit nothing
illuminative as to the individual — (there is a Hillson's
Brake at the other side of the parish, near Rook, and the
surname still survives among the inhabitants) — but one
solemn fact was vouchsafed to me by a Cornwood farmer,
which I hereby beg to present to the Folk-lore Committee,
and that is, that the first grandfather's clock ever made was
made on Stalldon in Hillson's House, it might be 150 years
ago, it might be 200.
THE MANOKS OF BICTON AND KINGSTEIGNTON,
BY REV. J. B. PEARSON, D.D,
(Re&d at Princetown, 20 Jaly, 1905.)
At the meeting of this Association at Sidmouth in July,
1903, I was privileged to read a paper on "Manors in
Devon, 1755/' as to which in respect of two particular
manors, my information at the time was somewhat imper-
fect; but I have since been able to supplement it, and I
trust that the additional references will prove interesting.
As to the manor of Bicton (p. 658), Lysons states, whether
correctly or no I am not prepared to say, that the county
gaol had been transferred to Exeter for security in 1518 ;
but that until 1787 it remained in the nominal charge of
the Rolle family. It may be assumed that the transfer of
1518, if it really took place, was effected by the King's
authority, as no Parliament was held between 1515 and
1523; but the following abstract of the Act of 1787 (27
(Jeo. Ill, c. 59) may interest those who follow up the techni-
calities of historical law. The preamble of the Act states that
the gaol at Exeter being much out of repair, Denis Rolle
and his son John liolle consented to transfer it to the justices,
paying £1000 by way of meeting their liability for dilapi-
dations. It is stated that they had proposed, and the high
sheriff, grand jury, and gentlemen of the county had at the
last assizes agreed and consented to the transfer ; the trans-
fer to take place on the payment of £1000 by Mr. Denis
Rolle to the treasurer of the county of Devon, after which
he and his heirs and the manor of Bicton were to be freed
and exonerated. It is added (clause 7) that the chapel was
to be taken down, and by clause 8 holders of prebends in
the chapel, who had hitherto qualified by induction in the
chapel, were to be inducted to any door, gate, or room in the
Castle, reading the Liturgy in the Nisi Prius Court, or as
the justices order.
The prebend of Cutton is now held by the Rev. A.
THE MANORS OF BICTON AND KINGSTKIGNTON. 463
Johnson, rector of Great Berkhampstead, Herts, and is in
private patronage. In the "Diocesan Calendar," 1905, it is
called the prebend of Carswill. The name I give is that
found in the Keturn of Ecclesiastical Revenues, published in
1835, where the average annual income is given as £9 —
derived from a share in the tithes of a parish or parishes
near Exeter. The Act speaks of prebends, but I am not
aware that any others exist at the present time.^
As to the previous paragraph in my paper, referring to the
prebend of Kingsteignton, at Salisbury, I was mistaken in
thinking that the reference in Dr. Milles' MSS. was to the
Act of 1707. In 1718 Daniel Whitby, a well-known theo-
logian, who had held the prebend since 1696, when quite an
old man, for he died March, 1726, at the age of eighty-eight,
obtained a private Act, 6 Geo. I, c. VIII —
To enable the lessees and farmers of Daniel Whitby, d.d.,
prebendary of the prebend of Teignton Regis in the cathedral
church of Sarura, and of all other succeeding prebendaries of the
said prebend for the time being, to make leases of the copyhold
lands of the several manors of Preston alias Prestown, and Church-
land, aiias the parson's land in the county of Devon.
In "Kelly's Directory " for 1902, under Kingsteignton, I see
that tlie manor of Preston in that parish is mentioned as
having formerly belonged to the church of Sarum: now to
the Ecclesiastical Commission. A copy of the Act was
kindly shown to me at the Commissioners' Office, in White-
hall.
And, to revert to Bicton, at the risk of being thought a
plagiarist, I will reprint Lysons' account of the devolution
of the office of county gaoler in Devon, from the time of the
Conquest : —
At the time of the Domesday survey this manor was held in
demesne by William Portitor, the king's doorkeeper, and he is
said by Risdon to have held it by the service of keeping the king's
gaol for the county of Devon. King Henry I gave it to John
Janitor so called from the tenure by which he held this manor : it
continued in his family for 3 generations. The manor was after-
wards the proj)erty of Ralph Balistarius, or Le Balister (the cross
bow bearer) who lived here in 1229. His posterity, by the name
of Alabaster, possessed Bicton for five generations, after which it
^ Since wnting this, I am informed at the Bishop's Registry that their
V»ooks recognize two prebends as existing sinecures : one, Cutton, in the
^'ift of the Acland family ; the other, Carswill or Cresswell, in private
patronage : also that in 1863 Cutton was united permanently with the
vicarage of Broad Clist.
464 THE MANORS OF BICTON AND KINGSTEIGNTON.
passed by successive female heirs to Satcheville or Sackville and
Copleston. It was purchased of the Coplestons by Sir Richard
Dennis, who rebuilt the old mansion, inclosed a deer park, and
made Bickton his chief residence. Sir Thomas Dennis, his son,
gave it to Anne, his eldest daughter, who became the wife of Sir
Henry RoUe, ancestor of the present proprietor.
I leave the verification of the first paragraph of this
extract to those members of the Association who have made
a special study of " Domesday Book."
SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRIKCETOWN.
BT J. BROOKINGh-ROWB.
(Read at Prlncetown, 19 July, 1905.)
In the short paper I am about to read there is no doubt that,
as regards Princetown, I shall be going over ground well
known to perhaps all, certainly to some, of my hearers. It
has, however, always been thought desirable, when possible,
to bring under the notice of members at our Annual Meeting
something in connexion with the history of the place in
which it is held, and I have therefore put together a
few notes, firstly, with reference to the life and work of
Thomas Tyrwhitt ; and, secondly, to the rise of Princetown
from the barren heath.
It may be safely asserted that if Thomas Tyrwhitt had
not lived there would never have been such a place as
Princetown.
He was a member of a family styled by Camden **the
hanoicrable ami ancient house of Tyrwhitt hi\* seated for
several centuries in the north of England. He was the son
of the Rev. Edmund Tyrwhitt, Rector of Wickham Bishops,
Vicar of Bromfield, Essex, Prebendary of Chiswick, in the
Cathedral of St. Paul, London, and many years chaplain to
Sherlock, Bishop of London. The brother of Edmund, Thomas,
M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., was a distinguished scholar and literary
man of his day, a trustee and curator of the British
Museum, and holding, for some time, among other important
offices, the principal clerkship in the House of Commons.
His nephew, called after him, was born on 12 August, at
Wickham Bishops Rectory. He was educated at Eton, and
went to Christ Church, Oxford, his father then being at
Bromfield, matriculating 3 July, 1780. He was a canon's
student, took his B.A. degree 1784, and M.A. 1787.
His family connexions and interest, coupled with his own
abilities, would probably have assured for him a successful
career, but it was his introduction to the Prince of Wales
VOL. XXXVII. 2 G
466 SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCETOVVN.
by the head of his college, Dr. Cyril Jackson, the Dean of
Christ Church, that no doubt gave him his start in life.
He became not only private secretary to the Prince, but
also secretary of his Council, and in 1786 was appointed
auditor of the Duchy of Cornwall.
In 1805 Lord Dartmouth, the Lord Warden of the Stan-
naries of Devon and Cornwall, died, and Thomas Tyrwhitt
was appointed Lord Warden in his stead, and afterwards
Vice-Admiral of the counties of Devon and Cornwall. He
was also colonel of the first Cornwall militia regiment, called
the Cornwall Miners. He represented Plymouth in Parlia-
ment for a short time, succeeding Philip Langmead in 1806,
and again with Sir C. M. Pole in 1806 and 1807. In 1812,
on the death of Mr. Francis Molyneux, he became Gentleman-
Usher of tlie Black Rod, an office which he filled with benefit
to his country and nmch credit to himself for many years
of his long and useful life. He was also appointed Sanger
of His Majesty's Little Park at Windsor, 23 June, 1812.
By immemorial usage no person under the degree of a
knight bachelor can officiate as Black Eod, and a knighthood
was accordingly conferred upon him. In his office of Usher
of the Order of the Garter he was, 31 July, 1813, nominated
a commissioner with Lord Cathcart, then ambassador at the
Court of St. Petersburg, and Sir Isaac Heard, Garter King-
at-Arms, to invest the Emperor Alexander with the insignia
of the Order of the Garter. The Czar was at that time at
Toplitz, in Bohemia, where the chances of the German
campaign of that year against Napoleon had brought the
Kussian headquarters. Sir Thomas reached Toplitz by a
circuitous route through Sweden, across the Baltic, by way
of Pomerania and Prussia. The ceremony took place on
29 September, on which occasion the Czar invested him with
the Imperial Order of St. Anne of the First Class.
On his return he very narrowly escaped being made
prisoner by the French in the very suite of Napoleon him-
self, at Konigsbruker, near Dresden. He entered this place
just after the names of Napoleon and his generals had been
placed on the doors of the best houses, as usual, before their
expected arrival ; and he owed his safety to the Saxon post-
master, who, notwithstanding the risk he himself ran,
furnished Tyrwhitt and his suite with horses to proceed on
his journey in time to escape captivity.
In July, 1814, with the Earl of Aberdeen, the ambassador
at Vienna, and Sir George Young, Garter King-at-Arms, he
invested the Emperor of Austria with the Garter at Paris.
SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCETOWN. 467
In 1815 he was nominated, with Sir Henry Wellesley, after-
wards Lord Cowley, the then ambassador at Madrid, to
invest Ferdinand VII with the Garter, but war breaking out
on the eve of his intended departure, Mr. Pulman — ^after-
wards Clarencieux King-at-Arms — who had been attached to
him as secretary on his former missions, was charged to
convey the insignia to Madrid, where the investiture after-
wards took place. He took part in other embassies, and, it is
said, visited nearly all the royal courts of Europe.
In England Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt was much liked for his
social qualities aftd tastes. He was one of the best specimens
of the true English gentleman of a past generation, familiar
with the highest society, and yet with the simplest likings
and most cordial manners. His independent and manly
conduct throughout the course of the disputes between
the Prince of Wales — afterwards Kegent and King — and
the Princess Caroline was well known and duly appreciated.
His last effort to effect reconciliation was in 1799, and he
was aided by the advice and powerful influence of Lord
Thurlow; and though this failed, he received from the
Prince the most unqualified testimony as to his sense of the
high-minded feeling in which that effort originated. It
is but justice to the memory of George IV to add that, in
spite of the independent line Tyrwhitt always took, and the
advice, often unpalatable, he gave, throughout their long con-
nexion, his ** old friend Tom Tyrwhitt,*' as the King always
called him, retained the royal regard to the very last, not-
withstanding the intrigues of those who sought every oppor-
tunity to make mischief and to turn occasional waywardness
into estrangement. Nor was it only the Prince who appre-
ciated the worth of this upright man. Sir Thomas was nearly
the only instance of a friend and counsellor of the Prince
of Wales enjoying the favour and confidence of his father,
George III, who always distinguished him by particular
notice, and repeatedly offered him a baronetcy, which he as
often refused, believing himself entitled to that of the date
of 1611, which became extinct with Sir John de la Fountaine
Tyrwhitt, in 1760.
Till his appointment to the office of Black Kod, Tyrwhitt
had nearly always lived in the household of the Prince
of Wales, occupying for many years apartments in Carlton
House, from which, as he humorously described it, " he only
escaped by night, in three hackney coaches," and so ter-
minated a troublesome though envied intimacy with royalty.
He next had a house in Parliament Place, which looked on
2o2
468 SIB THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCETOWN.
the Thames. It was taken down in clearing the site for
the new Palace of Westminster, and afterwards he lived
in a suite of rooms in the old House of Lords.
He retained his office as Black Kod until the summer of
1832, when he resigned in favour of Admiral Sir Augustus
ClifiFord, Bart., c.B.
A testimony to the honour and nobility of his character
is recorded in a report of a Select Committee of the House of
Lords, in 1824 :—
Your Committee, in concluding their examiiytion of the several
matters referred to them, think it proper to state their entire
approbation of the manner in which the duties of the office
of Black Kod have long been discharged in the service of the
House by the gentleman at present holding that office (Sir Thomas
Tyrwhitt), and more especially to remark upon his disinterested
conduct in exercising the patronage of his office, by forbearing to
sell, according to the antecedent usage, the situations of the
several officers employed under him : a forbearance which he has
uniformly practised, and which your Committee trust will be
duly followed by all who may succeed him in the same office.
21 June, 1824.
It appears that the forbearance above mentioned involved
a voluntary relinquishment by Sir Thomas of sums amount-
ing altogether to more than £9000.
Although until far on into the eighteenth century there
were no roads on Dartmoor, it was not trackless. From the
earliest times it was traversed, with perhaps some amount of
trepidation, by pilgrim and friar, merchant and wayfarer.
Between the religious houses on its borders there must have
been a considerable amount of communication, as well as
between the inland towns and those on the coast. In that
charming fragment — alas that it is so — " The Forest of Dart-
moor and its Borders," by Bichard John King, the Devon
roads are described in picturesque language. Mr. Eobert
Bumard has carefully traced and surveyed the great Central
Trackway, and in the second chapter of his very good book,
" One Hundred Years on Dartmoor," Mr. William Crossing
gives a capital account of the old tracks and ways, and of
the roads, past and present, of the Moor. These matters I
therefore touch upon lightly.
On 12th July, 1771, an advertisement appeared in the
Western newspapers inviting the attendance of persons
interested at a meeting to be held at Moretonhampstead
SIB THOMAS TYEWHITT AND PRINCETOWN. 469
to consider the question of making a road across Dartmoor
from Moreton to Tavistock, and the result of the meeting
was a decision to promote a Bill with this object. In the
following session of Parliament the Act for making this road
was passed, although Okehampton and Launceston, Bodmin,
and other Cornish towns, fearing traflBc to their districts
would be diverted, strongly opposed. I find an advertise-
ment about half a century earlier showing that business
was carried on between Exeter and Cornwall. It runs as
follows: — "John Welsh the Cornish Carrier who formerly
inn*^ at the Mermaid in Exon is now removed to the Bear
Inn in the Serge Market and continues to carry goods and
passengers to and from Exon, Lyfton, Launceston, Liskeard
and Camelford, his horses coming into Exon every Wednesday
and Thursday and setting out Thursdays and Fridays." This
was in 1725. It may be noted that "The Bear" was the
town house of the Abbot of Tavistock.
This Bill, which probably would never have become an
Act had it not been for the help in its promotion given by
the then Duke of Bedford and his steward Mr. Turner,
was the first step in opening up Dartmoor to agriculture,
convicts, trippers, and the members of the Devonshire
Association.
In more than one publication the progress of farming
upon the Moor is recorded. How until about the year 1780
nothing whatever, except about the ancient tenements, was
done. How that then Mr. Gullett and Mr. Bray, on opposite
sides of the Dart near Two Bridges, began reclaiming and
enclosing common land and erecting buildings ; and how not
long after Mr. Tyrwhitt, whose knowledge of Dartmoor was
no doubt obtained in the discharge of his duties as Lord
Warden of the Stannaries — duties more important and more
onerous then than subsequently — commenced, in 1785, en-
closing and planting, and laying out a farm with outbuildings
and a dwelling-house, which were completed in 1798. The
spot he selected was in the Forest, but not much within
its western boundary, with the Prince Hall and Two Bridges
enclosures on one side and the Walkhampton Commons on
the other, below South Hessary Tor, a place chosen no doubt
as being somewhat sheltered rather than for extensive or
commanding views. Tyrwhitt here followed the example of
the old men, who, unlike the moderns, preferred valleys to
hills as sites for their dwellings.
All the surrounding neighbourhood of Princetown was at
this time open moor, with a trackway leading from Two
470 SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCETOWN.
Bridges to Okery, where there was, and is, an ancient
clapper bridge over the Blackabrook, and so on across to the
Walkhainpton Commons. In the stead of this ancient
trackway, and others, Tyrwhitt laid out and constructed the
roads much as they now are, suitable for wheeled vehicles.
Leading from the main road and at right angles to it he
formed another road to his newly-built house, which house
he called Tor Royal. Besides these roads he made another
between the turnpike road from Two Bridges to Tavistock,
leading from it near the Rundlestone to that from Two
Bridges to the Walkhampton Commons. At the western part
of this road is now the great public convict establishment,
with its various buildings and their extensive belongings,
the eastern part on either side forming the main thorough-
fare of Princetown, with its shops, houses, schools, and hotels.
Here Tyrwhitt spent as much of his time as he could
spare from his public duties. He was a sanguine and
enthusiastic man, and the apparent success of the farming
operations at Two Bridges and Post Bridge induced him to
take up seriously the attempt to bring Dartmoor under
cultivation as advised by the great agriculturists of the day,
James Fraser, Arthur Young, Charles Vancouver, and others.
He spared neither money nor energy in the work of reclama-
tion and road-making, and apjJying, as Carrington says,
" the magic hand of cultivation " to the land he had acquired.
But the plans of the Lord Warden were much more ambitious
than those of his neighbours. Not only did he lay out new
roads and greatly improve the old ones, but the creation of
a market town and a railway to it were parts of the work
he hoped to accomplish. The site of the town he decided
should be on either side of the road from the Rundlestone
and near the turnpike gate, and while not immediately on
the main roads from Plymouth and Tavistock, very con-
veniently near them. The street was laid out of ample
width, but unfortunately of late years there have been
encroachments upon it. In giving a name to the place, he
wished to do honour to the prince, his patron, and he called
it Princetown; and the first house — an inn — erected in it
he also connected with the Prince of Wales, calling it " The
Plume of Feathers."
Tyrwhitt, at Tor Royal, made many experiments in farm-,
ing and in endeavouring to ascertain what crops could be
successfully raised on the reclaimed land. Grasses of various
kinds and other crops were cultivated. Mr. Sanders, at
Post Bridge, had made attempts to grow flax, without
SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCETOWN. 471
much result ; but Tyrwhitt cultivated it, with such apparent
success that the Bath and West of England Agricultural
Society awarded him a medal.
In 1815 he introduced to the knowledge of the Board
of Agriculture, niohar, the German millet, Panicum Germani'
cum, a species of eared millet, cultivated in the German
dominions of Austria, in Hungary, and elsewhere, a plant
which likes a rough moorland soil. Horses and sheep and
cattle of all kinds are very fond of it. Sir Thomas gives a
long and full account of this plant and its valuable properties
in a letter to the President of the Board, the Earl of
Hardwicke.
I have seen it stated somewhere that the site of the prison
was selected by a Commissioner sent from the Transport
Board, wlio, after inspecting many favourable situations with
Mr. Alexander, the architect, finally fixed upon the hamlet
of Princetown as the most suitable position for the purpose.
But so far from the site being selected by a Government
official, there can be no doubt but that the idea of building
the prison here was that of Mr. Tyrwhitt, whose official
position, social status, and local knowledge enabled him to
influence those having the conduct of the business. The
first time which I have found the name of Princetown
mentioned is in a newspaper of 1805, and here is also the
first reference to the erection of the prison. Dr. A. B. Prowse
has been kind enougli to draw my attention to a paragraph
in the " Bristol Mirror" of 13 July, 1805. It states :—
'*The Princo of Wales is about to erect at his own expense
a chapel at Prince Town in the forest of Dartmoor, under the
direction of Tlionias Tyrwhitt, Esq., Lord Warden of the Stannaries.
Mr.Tyrwliitt has suggested to Government the propriety of erect-
ing a building near the above for depositing such prisoners of war
as may he brought into Plymouth ; who can without difficulty be
conveyed up the river Tamar and landed a few miles from the
spot. It is said that this plan will be acted upon forthwith, and
barracks built for the reception of a proportionate number of
troops."
This is clear, too, from a letter of which Mr. Basil Thomson
has kindly given me a copy. It is from an official of the
Transport Board, written from Tor Eoyal and dated 20 July,
1805, in which he reports that he had arrived there on the
18th inst., and met Mr. Alexander, the architect, and that
they had together examined many places on Dartmoor for
the purpose of building a prison for prisoners of war, and
472 SIB THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCETOWN.
had at length fixed upon a place near Mr. Tyrwhitt's lodges,
deeming it more eligible than any other. In the following
January there is another letter referring to a communication
from Mr. Tyrwhitt on behalf of the Prince of Wales as to
the grant of a lease for ninety-nine years of about 390 acres
of land, being the quantity marked out by the surveyor
upon which the prison is to be built. In neither of these
letters, however, is there any reference to Princetown by
name.
His efforts were successful, and on 20 March, 1806, he
was called upon to lay the foundation stone of the famous
building, which, with many alterations and additions, still
dominates the surroundings in all directions. In about three
years the prisons were completed at a cost of £127,000.
A large number of men were employed in the work of
the erection of the prisons, and necessarily they required
accommodation. Temporary huts were erected in various
parts near the new buildings. Several small houses and
cottages were built, and little tradespeople carried on a
profitable business in supplying the wants of masons and
other artificers. When the prisons were finished, another
population arose, and the arrival of eight thousand prisoners
of war ensured large profits for enterprising people who sub-
mitted to a voluntary banishment for the sake of earning
a livelihood or obtaining a competence. There was also
the necessity for providing for the daily wants of the
prisoners; and the commissariat department employed many
persons whose various wants had to be supplied. There was
a little colony at Bachelor's Hall, a short distance below, in
the eastern valley north of Tor Royal. Here the com for
the prisons was ground, and remains of the wheel-pits
are still to be seen. The brewery was behind the building,
now the Duchy Hotel. The slaughter-house was where the
present schools are, in the main road. Of course, there was
much life in the place — sometimes, owing to outbreaks
among the prisoners, too much ; there was much coming and
going, and a great deal of communication with Plymouth
and the smaller towns ; but the Moor was unkind then as it
is now sometimes, and advantages and conveniences which
the inhabitants and visitors now enjoy were wanting. In
1826, Burt tells us that there were about thirty houses, and
so the place grew, and Princetown, so named by Tyrwhitt,
came into being. Beckoning the completion of Tor Koyal as
the date of the ftaming of the place, we find that Prince-
town is somewhat over a century old. In course of time the
SIR THOMAS TYEWIIITT AND PRINCETOWN. 473
exertions of Mr. Tyrwhitt obtained for the place the privi-
leges of a fair and market, which is still continued and is
held on the first Wednesday in September.
The first building on the Down was probably the toll-
house and toil-keeper's room. This was where the Jubilee
lamp now is, the road having been much widened. One
of the granite posts of the gate may be seen outside
the Duchy Hotel, the other is on Mr. Bolt's premises
opposite. After the abolition of the turnpike, the old ostler
of the Duchy Hotel lived in this toll-house for many years.
Jutting out from it, later on, was a wooden structure, where
Gill, a butcher from Lydford, used to have a stall, opened
once a week only, on Saturdays. For a long time this was
the only place nearer than Tavistock at which meat could
be obtained.
The "Plume of Feathers" public -house is the oldest
house in Princetown, and it may be that it was built after
the toll -house, but I believe it was erected by Tyrwhitt
before, and soon after he commenced his work at Tor Koyal,
for the convenience of the little colony he was founding,
and as a public-house it has continued ever since. Some
of the cottages westwards of the "Plume of Feathers" on
the Plymouth road are of about the same date. Another
old house is the Railway Inn, now very much altered.
In its early days it was a shop or store, and it was for
a long time occupied by old Mr. Eowe, the grandfather of
Mr. Aaron Kowe, my kind informant. Here tea, flour,
sugar, salt, and other things were sold: tea at 6s. per lb.
and salt at 4d. per lb. were common prices. Old Mr. Eowe
was an able, clever man, and no doubt in the early days of
Princetown he was of great use to the little community.
Among other avocations, he practised as a dentist, and the
curious instruments which he used are in the possession of
his descendant. Another old house is that at Okery. The
legend is that this was built in 1809 for the accommodation
of two French commandants ; but without question it was
built by Tyrwhitt. This house and the " Plume of Feathers "
have an un-English appearance, and the style is due in all like-
lihood to the reminiscences of foreign places visited by their
builder. The commandant legend in connexion with Okery
Cottage must be given up. It is not likely that a special
house would have been erected by the British Government
for prisoners, however high their rank might have been.
But besides this Mr. Basil Thomson tells me that there is
no record whatever of any prisoners on parole being allowed
474 SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCBTOWN.
to live at Priiicetown. Alterations have completely destroyed
the character of this house, and its picturesqueness and
interest as a building are gone.
The house, now the Duchy Hotel, was built at the same
time as the prisons, and was used as officers' quarters.
After the peace it was vacant for some time. In 1848 the
fatlier of the present landlord took it, and commenced in it
the business which is now carried on. It was in a miserable
condition. Moss was growing in some rooms, sting-nettles
tiourislied in several, and vegetation of various kinds in all.
Mr. Kowe had contracts for supplying ironwork for the
quarries, and for the prisons when they were reopened. He
had a long shed near the hotel (now converted into cottages),
where he had his forges, and where he kept several men.
In course of time this work was undertaken by the prison
authorities.
The houses in the Two Bridges road, and many of the
other houses about the place, have all been built since the
reopening of the prison as a convict establishment. Babb
was a Princetown man, in advance of his time. His projects
all failed. One attempt was to make bricks. He found a
bed of clay, and started making, but he came to grief, and
the long drying-sheds were converted into cottages, and are
now known as Habb's Cottages. They are on the left-hand
side of the road leading to the railway station, and on the
right- hand side of the road exactly opposite may be seen
the pits from which the clay was dug.
On the right hand of the Two Bridges road are the four
last houses of Princetown in this direction. They are, which
is saying a good deal, more ugly and more obtrusive than any
others in tlie place, and yet in a glorious situation with fine
views in all directions. They were erected by the White-
works Tin Mining Company for the purposes of their business.
It will be scarcely credited that a well-known firm of Ix>ndon
architects were employed to design them. The contract for
their erection was given to a I^ndon firm, and a resident
clerk of the works was sent down to superintend, but for
nothing. Before the completion of the cottages, the mine
was knacked, and the houses came in very usefully as
residences for warders. No wonder that tlie mirth and
sarcasm of old Mr. Caunter, of Bachelor's Hall, was aroused,
and that he su<mested that as London had so much to do
with the. place it should be called New London. The idea
caught on, and to this day the houses retain this name, and
as New Ix>ndon appear in the Ordnance Map.
SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCBTOWN. 475
The church, which has now the rights of baptism and
burial, was erected as a chapel-of-ease — as buildings of this
kind were at that time called — to the parish church at
Lydford. It was built by French prisoners, the internal
fittings having been made and put in by the American
prisoners. It is dedicated to St. Michael and All Angels.
It has been restored from time to time. In 1900-1 it was
remodelled and greatly improved, but it would seem that
the work of our then enemies was more substantial than
that done by our own countrymen some ninety years later,
the recently erected east wall being already in a state of
decay. The Jacobean pulpit, with the figures of the Evan-
gelists, it is said, was formerly in the church of St. Sidwell,
Exeter, and was sold out of it at some restoration and ac-
quired for this church, but I do not know the date, and I
cannot obtain any information to confirm the tradition. A
stone now in the yard, formerly over the entrance gateway,
bears the date 1813.
In the Kegister, under the date 2 January, 1814, is the
entry : — " Caroline Mason daughter of James Broderick
Merchant of Plymouth Esqr. and Sarah Hooper his Wife at
present residing near Two Bridges was received into Dart-
moor Church (alter Divine Service was performed there this
day for the first time) having been privately baptized at
Okehampton 15 October 1806 by me.— James H. Mason."
This entry shows the dat6 of the opening of the building,
but when was it consecrated ? It also shows that the
church was known as Dartmoor Church, not Princetown
Church. The burying-ground faculty was not granted until
1 November, 1815.
It was intended that there should be a peal of bells in the
tower. It was provided, and the bells were at Plymouth at
the conclusion of the peace, but they never reached Prince-
town, but were sent to Plymouth Dock, and were hung in
the tower of the Dockyard Chapel, where they now are.
The register book was in use before the church was built.
The fii-st entry in it is 25 January, 1807, showing that there
was then a population in the neighbourhood.
The minister's house at Princetown, generally called the
vicarage or parsonage, was conveyed by the Duchy to the
Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1868, under the Churcli
Building Acts, to be appropriated as and for the residence
or site for the residence of the minister who may serve the
Church of Princetown. This house was originally three
cottages.
1
476 SIR THOBIAS TYEWHITT AND PRINCBTOWN.
To return to Tyrwhitt. The energy and anxiety for the
welfare of the place and the little community which he had
bad 80 large a part in creating were not exhausted by his
farming operations and the completion of the prisons ; and
probably with a view to some use being found for the great
pile, which in consequence of the peace had become, or
would soon become, empty, and to continue and develop the
little industries which had sprung up, his thoughts turned
to a project for the formation of a railway from Plymouth to
Princetown. He had the ground surveyed, and plans pre-
pared by William Shillabeer, a well-known surveyor of
Walkhampton, and on 3 November, 1818, he brought the
matter before the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce in a
clear and enthusiastic statement. This statement was after-
wards printed, with a map showing the course of the pro-
posed line. As Burt says, the efforts of Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt
met with peculiar success. His enthusiasm seemed infectious,
and mainly through his exertions a sum of nearly £28,000
was raised for the first portion of the Plymouth and Dartmoor
Bailway Company, from the Moor to Crabtree. The capital
was intended to be £45,000, but so large an amount
was found to be unnecessary, and no effort was then made
to raise more than the £28,000. A year later, however, it
was thought desirable to extend the line from Crabtree, and
another Act was obtained ; and the following year there was
another Act for improvements and variations, and the con-
struction of a tunnel at Leigham, involving an outlay of
£5000. Large sums for this undertaking were contributed
by Sir Thomas himself. Sir Masseh Manasseh Lopes, and
the Duke of Bedford, and others gave smaller amounts.
I find in a newspaper of the date 2 October, 1823, that
there was a festive opening of the Plymouth and Dartmoor
Bailway. A public breakfast was given by Sir Thomas at
his wharf on Koborough Down. After the breakfast, we
are told, "a long file of cars, partly laden with granite
and partly with the stewards and other individuals, ac-
companied by the band and ornamented with flags, set
off for Plymouth, where they were heartily greeted by the
huzzas of a large concourse of people." Fifty gentlemen
afterwards dined at the Eoyal Hotel. A full account
of this line — a great deal of which is now absorbed in the
Princetown railway — will be found in the "Notes" of
William Burt to Carrington's " Dartmoor," 1826.
Of its subsequent history I need not speak. It unquestionably
and unfortunately failed to justify the expectations of its pro-
3IR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCKTOWN. 477
moter ; nor did it altogether, as Sir Thomas hoped, as expressed
in the peroration to his speech at the opening, " gratify the
lover of his country, reward the capitalist, promote agricul-
tural, mechanic, and commercial arts, encourage home settle-
ments, add a large quantity of improved land, strength, and
population to the kingdom, and finally expand into a bound-
less field of speculation, ever calling for fresh capital, and
ever yielding new incentives to industrious emulation, local
prosperity, and public improvement."
The mention of the wharf on Roborough Down reminds
me of another useful enterprise of Tyrwhitt's. It was
a large building, which he had had erected as a depot
for the reception and distribution of various necessaries;,
an establishment which proved most useful to farmers
in the neighbourhood, who were able to obtain lime, seeds,
potatoes, and other farming requirements from thence
at moderate prices and a saving of carriage. He had a
similar building at Princetown, near the terminus of the
railway, which ran across the present street from the road
which now leads to the Railway Station (which was for-
merly known as Frenchman's Row), up into a little garden
in the rear of the Railway Inn, where it ended. It was, I
believe, laid on granite slabs throughout.
After the French and American prisoners had been removed
things in many respects became bad for Princetown, and it was
almost deserted. Various schemes for utilizing the prisons
were proposed ; some got a little further and started work, but
nothing succeeded. The quarries were in full work between
circa 1830 and 1840 and in subsequent years, and six hundred
men were often employed in them. Later, the market in
granite declining, this industry too waned. It was not until
the prisons were converted into a convict establishment that
the prosperity of Princetown returned. Although not ful-
filling all his sanguine expectations. Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt
would have been pleased to see the place he so cared for so
busy and so industrious a centre as at present.
Sir Thomas must have spent enormous sums on Prince-
town and Tor Royal. He had received from time to time
considerable amounts from his family, on both his father's
and his mother's side, and he had a large bequest from Mr.
Ashurst. He had also, of course, a good income from his
appointments. Although by no means extravagant, his
money went in various ways ; not for his own pleasures or
enjoyment — except so far as spending it in the way he did
was a gratification. He spent much in the service of his
478 SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCBTOWN.
prince, and in schemes projected for the public benefit, but
which brought in no return, and he died a poor man.
One or two old inhabitants still remember him moving
about and interesting himself in what was going on in.
Princetown. He was an enemy to disorder and untidiness,
and used to give boys sixpences to clear away stones and
rubbish from the street. He is described as a small, active
man, pleasant in his manners, and very courteous to every one.
In 1833 he was in France, and on his return journey
to England he was taken seriously ill at Calais, and he died
there on 24 February, in the seventy-first year of his age.
He never was married.
In July, 1844, Tor Eoyal was sold to Mr. James Cholmon-
dely Russell, the sale including the furniture and five
hundred volumes of books.
In the north aisle of Princetown Church is a memorial
tablet, with the inscription : —
Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt, Knt.,
late of Tor Royal,
Lord Warden of the Stannaries,
And many years Usher of the Black Rod.
Died Feb. 24th, 1833,
Aged 71.
His Name and Memory
Are inseparable from all the Great Works on
Dartmoor,
And cannot cease to be honoured
in this District.
On one side of the tablet are the crest of the Tyrwhitts,
a savage man proper, cinctured^ and wreathed vert, holding in
both hands a elub, and the insignia and baton of the Order
of the Garter.
There are two portraits of Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt: one
formerly in the possession of his nephew, the late Mr. Robert
Philip Tyrwhitt, and by him given to Christ Church, Oxford,
and now in the College Hall. The other is at Petworth,
painted for the Earl of Egremont, and bequeathed by him
to the late Lord Leconfield.
It is somewhat remarkable that beyond short references in
newspaper paragraphs and an obituary notice in the "Gentle-
man's Magazine," nothing has been published in the shape of
a life or memoir of so distinguished a man. His name is not
found in the " Dictionary of National Biography," and as far
as I know, no biography, long or short, has ever appeared.
SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCETOWK. 479
I hope I have in this imperfect paper done something to
show the unselfish character of the man who did so much for
Dartmoor. He was not an empire-builder — he had not the
opportunity — but he was an Englishman who in his day and
generation, according to his lights and in entire harmony with
the spirit of the age and the opinions of his generation, did
his best for the benefit and welfare of those about him. The
question of the food-supply of the nation was then, as it is
now, an important and serious one, and occupied the attention
of rulers in the state. Just as we have been obliged in our
own time to stitie our individual wishes and predilections in
the matter of the surrender of common rights in land
required for artillery practice and for riHe ranges, much as we
should all prefer to keep it as free as of old, so it may be in
the time to come that those who follow us will be driven to
make other sacrifices, and to hand over to the agriculturist
for cultivation, the moor and the heath which many* of us
now think it would be little short of sacrilege to interfere
witli. Salvs populi suprema lex.
And so Tyrwliitt laboured, and spent his substance and his
talents; and Dartmoor rewarded him as it has numberless
others who have toiled for notliing and have left fortunes in
its bosom. Still the words on his monument are true : " His
name and memory are inseparable from all the great works
on Dartmoor, and cannot cease to be honoured in this
district."
PEDIGREE OF SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT.
SHOWING HIS CONSANGUINITY WITH SIR ROBERT TYRAVHITT.
Sir William Tyrw^hitt, of Ketelby, Kt., eldest son of
Sir Robert Tyrwhitt, but died before his father. Was Com-
missioner of Escheats for York and High Sheriff of Lines,
1520, 1522-41. Married Isabella, daughter of Sir William
AscoUGH, Kt., and widow of (1) Christopher Kelke, of Bamet
by the Wold, Lines, and (2) William Girlington, son of Sir
Rol)ert Girlington, of Kormanby, Lines. Died at Scotter
1541. Buried at Scotter.
Marmaduke Tyrwhitt, of Scotter, Lines, son of Sir
William Tyrwhitt, of Ketelby, Kt., M.P. for Gt. Grimsby
1557-8. Married Ellen, daughter of Lionel Reresby, of
Tliribery, Yorks. Died 21 January, 1599, aged 66. Buried
in Scotter Church, where there is a brass inscription to his
memory and to his wife. She died 1608.
480 SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCETOWN.
Robert Tyrwhitt, of Scotter, afterwards of Cameringham,
eldest son and heir of Marmaduke Tyrwhitt. Baptized
Scotter, 2 September, 1562. Sheriff of Lines 1612. Mar^
ried Anne, daughter of E. Basset, of Fledboro, Notts. Died
25 December, 1626. Buried at Cameringham. Mentioned
in Fuller's " Worthies." His widow died 8 December, 1652,
aged 88. Buried at Cameringham.
Marmaduke Tyrwhitt, Lord of Manor of Cameringham.
Eldest son and heir of Robert Tyrwhitt. Born 1588.
Married Mary, daughter of — Haggerston, of Hi^gers-
ton. Died 14 June, 1631. His widow died 1667. Buried
at Cameringham.
Cecil Tyrwhitt, Lord of Manor of Cameringham.
Eldest son and heir of Marmaduke Tyrwhitt. Born 1624.
Married Anne, daughter of — Townshend. Died at
Cameringhan, 1694. Buried in the church. His widow
died 1698. Biiried in Cameringham Church.
Egbert Tyrwhitt, Lord of Manor of Cameringham,
Lines. Born 1654. Eldest son and heir of Cecil Tyrwhitt.
Married Ellen, daughter of William Lister, of Coleby,
Lines. Sheriff of Lines 1701. Died 1703. Buried at
Cameringham. His widow died 1713. Buried at Camer-
ingham.
Thomas Tyrwhitt, eldest son and heir of Robert
Tyrwhitt. Born 16 — . Died unmarried 1755. Sold Camer-
ingham.
Robert Tyrwhitt, second son of Robert Tyrwhitt.
Born 1698. Magdalen College, Cambridge, 1714. B.A.
1718. M.A. 1722. D.D. 1728. Married, in Fulham Palace
Chapel, 15 August, 1728, Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund
Gibson, d.d.. Bishop of London (by his marriage with
Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Rev. John Jones, of
Selatyn, Salop). Canon of Windsor. Canon Residentiary
of St. Paul's. Rector of St. James's, Westminster, and of
Kensington. Died 15 June, 1742. Buried in St. George's,
Windsor. His widow died 22 April, 1748. Buried at
St. George's, Windsor.
Thomas, eldest son and heir of Robert Tyrwhitt, d.d.
Born 1730. Eton, Queen's, Oxford. Fellow of Merton.
SIR THOMAS TYRWHITT AND PRINCBTOWN. 481
Barrister at Law. Principal Clerk House of Commons.
Died unmarried 1786.
Edmund Tyrwhitt, second son of Robert Tyrwhitt, d.d.
St. Catherine's Hall, Cambridge. B.A. 1753. M.A. 1756.
Rector of Wickham Bishops and Bromfield, Essex. Mar-
ried Margaret, daughter of Thomas Gilbert, of Cotton
Hall, Cheshire (brother of Archbishop of York). Died
5 January, 1788. Buried at Wickham. His widow died
10 November, 1771. Buried at Wickham.
Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt, eldest son of Edmund Tyrwhitt.
Born 12 August, 1762. M.A., D.C.L Lord Warden of
Stannaries. M.P. Grentleman Usher of Black Rod 1812.
Knighted 1812. Resigned from failing health 1832. Died
at Calais 24 February, 1833. Unmarried.
NOTE.
In writing this account of Tyrwhitt and his connexion with
Prince town, I have to acknowledge much kind help from Mr. A.
E. Barrington, of Tor Royal, and the Rev. Henry Knowles, the
minister in charge of the church, and more particularly from Mr.
Aaron Rowe, whose ancestors have lived in Princetown since its
foundation, who has been resident there all his life, and who has an
intimate acquaintance with the place and its inhabitants.
I have also to thank Commander Reginald Yorke Tyrwhitt for
an introduction to his brother, Mr. Beauchamp £. Tyrwhitt, of
Oxford, who has given me much information. Without this
assistance, and the notes and papers so freely placed by Mr. Tyrwhitt
at my disposal, my account of his distinguished collateral ancestor
would have been a very imperfect one. From the privately
printed book which he has also been good enough to lend me —
*' Notices and Remains of the family of Tyrwhitt, originally seated
in Northumberland at Tyrwhitt (or Trewhitt), afterwards in Lin-
colnshire, at Kettleby, Stainficld, Scotter, and Cameringham, and
more recently in Shropshire and Denbighshire [a.d. 1067 to
1857]," by Robert Philip Tyrwhitt, from his own, and from the
collections of his brother, Henry Tyrwhitt, royal 8vo : printed,
not published, 1852-1858; last issue 1872 — I have quoted very
freely, and frequently ipsissima verba,
J. B.*R.
VOL. XXXVII. 2 H
AN INDEX OF BEFEBENCES TO DAKTMOOR
AND ITS BORDERS CONTAINED IN THE
"TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I to XXX.
BY ARTHUR B. PROWSB, M.D., F.R.G.S.
(Reftd at Princetown, 20 July, 1905.)
At Ashburton, in July, 1876, a " Dartmoor Committee " was
appointed by this Association. A year later, at Kingsbridge,
the first report of this provisional committee, making certain
valuable recommendations, was read, and a standing commit-
tee was appointed to carry them out. One of the proposals
was that a map of Dartmoor (on a scale of six inches to a
mile) should be prepared, on which everything of importance
could be entered ; and in the third report (1879) it was
recorded that considerable progress had been made with the
map.
At the same time it was decided that for the purposes of
the Committee "Dartmoor shall be regarded as consisting,
inclusively and exclusively of the entire parishes of Ashburton,
Belstone, Bovey Tracey, Bridestowe, Bridford, Buckfastleigh,
Buckland-in-the-Moor, Buckland Monachonim, Chagford,
Cornwood, Dean Prior, Drewsteignton, Gidleigh, Harford,
Holne, Ilsington, Lamerton, Lustleigh, Lydford, Manaton,
Mary Tavy, Meavy, Moretonhampstead, North Bovey, Oke-
hampton, Peter Tavy, Sampford Spiney, Shaugh Prior,
Sheepstor, Sourton, South Brent, South Tawton, Tavistock,
Throwleigh, Ugborough, Walkhampton, Wliitchurch, and
Widecombe-in-the-Moor."
Up to 1883 the Committee continued to exist, although no
reports were issued after 1879 ; and no further reference was
made to the progress of the map, which, if still in existence,
should be of considerable interest and value to us now, even
though it be a quarter of a century old.
Ignorant of this early topographical effort, when in 1901
I read a paper to this Association, I advocated a careful
RKFSKENCBS TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS. 483
survey of the moor, and the recording on a map of the
same scale all the antiquities found.
Judging by the number of papers contributed between
1866 and 1898, there seems to have been no lack of interest
in the moor, even after the cessation of the Committee's
influence and stimulus ; and I, in common with many others,
have often wished there was an index to the manifold
references to the moor in the Society's " Transactions."
Several years ago I sketched out a plan for a comprehen-
sive index to the whole contents of the first series of thirty
volumes, and made a beginning, but soon found that on the
proposed plan the work was far too great to be undertaken
by any one man, unless he could devote his whole time and
energy to it for many months.
Early this year I decided to work on an area limited to
Dartmoor and its borders, choosing a plan mainly topographi-
cal, as likely to be of more practical value than any other.
The parishes included are those enumerated by the Dartmoor
Committee in 1879, together with Brentor, Hennock, and
Plympton ; and these are all shown upon the accompanying
sketch-map, with the position of the parish church in each.
The boundary of the Forest is that claimed by the Duchy
of Cornwall at the present time, which, it will be seen,
corresponds very closely in most places with that su^ested
by me in 1892 (Vol. XXIV) as the aticient boundary. The
'bounds of the four " Quarters " of the Forest are also those
now recognized by the Duchy.
In the Index each locality mentioned occurs in its own
proper alphabetical sequence, together with its approximate
position, shown by the name of the parish, or the initial
letter of the quarter of the moor in which it is situated
following it within brackets; but in the case of a stream,
the name within the brackets is that of the river into which
it falls.
A considerable number of alternative spellings is given,
together with cross references when necessary: and as the
number of entries under some names, especially those of
parishes, is very large, these have been classified, to facilitate
inquiry, under the following heads, which appeared best
suited to the requirements of the case: — Archoeology, in-
cluding also Heraldry, Numismatics, etc.; Bibliofiraphy ; BiO"
graphy, Pedigrees, etc.; Botany; Etymology; Fine Arts; Folk-
lore, Superstitions, etc.; Geology; History; I/iws and Customs;
Language, including rare words, phrases, etc. ; Manufactures^
Industries, etc. ; Meteorology ; Mining and Minerals ; Seis-
2h2
484 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
mology ; Statistics; Topography and Scenery; Zoology; and,
finally, other subjects grouped under the heading Various.
Following this classified list of volume and page references
in the case of each parish, comes an alphabetical list of all
localities within the parish recorded in the Index.
I venture to hope that this Index may be of use to many
students of this delightful part of dear old Devonshire ; for
it provides, to some extent at least, a ready means of refer-
ence to what has been recorded about any locality in the
area covered ; and, what is not unimportant in these busy
times, will help to save some valuable time now lost in
searching laboriously through the eighteen thousand pages
in the first thirty volumes of our " Transactions."
Abbot-Foot. See Obrook Foot.
Abbot's Way (S. and W.) : 8, 885-6; 11, 118-19; 120-1 ; 12,
156; 22, 44; 24, 425-6; 27, 116.
Aberhene. See Alberyshede.
Addiscot Cross, or Arscot (South Tawton) : 6, 338-9, 398.
Ailricheston, See South Zeal.
Ailsborough. See Eylesborough.
Aiseburton. See Ashburton.
Aish, Aissa, Ash (Brent) : 8, 872-3 ; 25, 313 ; 30, 82.
Aish Kidge (Brent) : 6, 536.
Aish, Ayssh (Widecombe) : 26, 483.
Alberyshede, Alberysheved, Albereeheved, Aberhene, Turfehill(E.):
5, 513, 516-17, 519, 528; 11, 375, 381 ; 24, 424; 26, 486,
505, 533.
Alfordon, Alferdon, Alfardesdone (Okehampton): 26, 313; 27, 98,
396 ; 28, 476, 487 ; 30, 232.
Algarslake (?) : 26, 483.
Aller (Chagford) : 26, 512-13.
Aller (North Bovey) : 26, 313.
Allison, Alliston, Allingestone, Alwinestone (South Tawton) : 26,
163,311; 27, 396; 30, 219, 451.
Almanyslond (Chagford) : 26, 518.
Alme. See Yealm River.
Alston (Ashburton): 6, 261.
Alway Cross (Bovey Tracey) : 6, 395.
Alwinestone. See Allison.
Amicombe Hill, Amicombe Down, Aunnacombe, Preda de
Harne (N.) : 10, 283; 12, 266; 14, 158; 16, 615; 17,
71; 21, 169, 170; 22, 192, 194; 26, 483, 492, 500, 529.
Apswell Rock. See Auswell Rock.
Archerton (E.) : 14, 158 ; 21, 433 ; 22, 207, 311, 313-14 ; 29, 164.
Arm, Arnie. See Erme River.
Anns Tor (Lydford) : 20, 158 ; 27, 437.
CONTAINED IN THE " TKANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 485
Arreyweke. See Dryeworke.
Arscot. See Addiscot.
Artiscombe (near Tavistock) : 21} 136.
Ash (Brent). See Aish.
Ash (South Tawton): 26, 313; 26, 163, 311 ; 28, 403.
Ash (Throwleigh) : l^ 72.
Ashburn, Ayssheborne, Yeo brook (Dart R): 4, 524-6; 6, 262-3;
8, 323, 398-9, 403, 410; 10, 281, 289; 11, 103-4; 26, 82;
28, 209-12.
Ashburton, Aisbertone, Aishburton, Asheperton, Asperton, Ays-
berton, Ayschperton, Ayssheberton, Esbritona, Estbrenton.
Meetings, 1876, 1896.
Archceology: 5, 222, 226; 6, 83, 203-5, 261-5, 397-9; 8,
391-5, 411, 773; 11, 229, 230, 235; 13, 214, 299, 303;
14, 52, 93, 98, 430; 16, 702; 17, 361 ; 23, 64, 77.
Bibliography : 14, 86.
Biography: 6, 370; 8, 37, 83, 87, 95, 103, 106, 112,420, 422,
526-35; 9, 60, 109, 111, 114; 10, 51; 11, 116, 152;
16, 56, 435; 16, 493; 17, 184, 260; 19, 40, 290; 21,
64-71, 157, 518, 525; 22, 280; 24, 42, 43, 455; 26,
389; 26, 44, 50; 28, 153-5, 316-17, 338-41, 494-5;
30, 348-9.
Botany: 14, 574; 15, 308, 313-14, 322; 17, 375-6, 386, 390-1,
402-5, 411, 416; 18, 390, 405; 30, 48, 198, 201.
Etymology: 8, 398, 772; 10, 287, 289, 290, 292; 16, 214;
25, 323,483; 26, 149; 28,407.
Fine Arts: 8, 111-12; 13, 183; 17, 184.
Folk-lore: 7, 261; 8, 52-3; 9, 87, 89; 11, 103-4, 110-11;
12, 103, 282; 24, 53, 54; 26, 82, 85.
Geology: 1\ 29; 4, 439; 6, 47; 7, 213, 219, 230, 236, 239;
8, 429, 432, 446; 9, 177, 432; 12, 253, 259; 16, 410;
18, 491, 500; 21, 438, 445-7, 450.
History: 5, 487; 7, 73-4; 8, 72, 75, 78, 85, 123-5, 311-22,
404, 442, 447, 452, 773, 831, 862 ; 9, 23-4, 143, 270, 276,
282; 10, 225-6; 11, 229, 230, 238, 300, 362; 12, 173,
406; 13, 183; 14, 93, 98, 451 ; 16, 430; 16, 493, 497,
702; 17, 450-2; 21, 193, 301, 304, 501; 23, 162, 264,
266, 275-6, 281, 286, 289, 433, 437-9; 24, 248-9, 257,
288, 307, 316, 333, 336-8, 340, 342-3; 26, 323, 483;
26, 237, 350, 370, 383, 386; 27, 170, 329, 348; 28, 200,
209-18, 219-27, 228-37, 238-43, 247-56, 269, 321, 323,
407 ; 29, 25, 226, 228, 230-3, 242-3, 255 ; 30, 28, 33-4,
40, 307, 371-4.
Langwge: 7, 412, 415-16, 433-569; 9, 124, 129, 132-3, 135-7;
10, 121-2, 126, 129; 11, 123-4, 129, 131-3, 136-7, 142,
144, 243; 12, 80; 14, 130; 16, 77; 16, 88; 17, 80;
18, 82, 92-3, 100-2; 29, 54; 30, 57, 59, 61, 64, 67, 71.
Laws and Customs: 14, 181-5; 28, 209-18.
486 RBFBRBNCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
ABhbarton, etc,— continued.
Meteorology: 4, 59, 62, 654, 658; 6. 371; 6, 139, 447 ; 8, 60;
9, 63-72; 10, 79; 14, 186-90; 15, 132-6; 16, 184-8;
17, 188-92; 18, 142-6; 19, 102-6; 21. 118-22; 22,
54-8; 23, 145-9; 24, 56-60; 25, 213-17; 26, 74-8;
27, 75-80; 28, 104-9; 29, 73-8; 30, 82-9.
Mining, etc.: 1\ 110; 7, 227-8, 244; 8, 64, 78, 311-22, 323^
50, 446; 11, 300; 12, 82; 21, 331.
Seisimlogy: 16, 77, 82, 83, 657; 25, 176.
Statistics: 4, 415; 22, 146; 29, 226, 228, 230, 242-3.
Topography: 4, 525; 6, 422, 536; 6, 393; 8, 93, 411, 413-14;
11, 364; 12, 279, 281, 283; 17, 349, 350, 361; 26, 323,
483; 26, 149.
Zoologt/: 6, 720-3, 725; 8, 261, 263, 272, 275, 280; 9, 323;
lb, 429; 11, 407; 12, 85, 521, 529; 14, 125; 28, 244 ;
29 299 329 334
Farumi r 4, '438 i 6, 414, 507; 6, 208; 7, 158; 8, 794, 868;
11, 28, 152; 14, 405; 16, 426, 429; 17, 338; 22, 305;
23, 240 ; 25, 494 ; 26, 43 ; 27, 221 ; 28, 335, 502 ; 29, 43.
See also Alston, Auswell, Balland, Belford, Borough Wood,
Bowdley, Brookwood Mine, Broomshill, Brownsland, Bulk-
amore Mine, Castle Parks, Cuttyford Bridge, Devon and
Cornwall Mine, Druid, Estdowne, Ford, Gages, Gidlaford,
Goodstone, Gooseapoole, Gulwell, Halshanger, Headborough,
Horridge, Ladywell, Langmede, Lemonford, Lenthill, Lerge,
Little Woodland, Owlecombe, Place, Priestaford, Pytland,
Pytley, Roborough, Sherewood, Sherston, Somerhill, Stone
Park, Storms Down, Tower Hill Camp, Water, Watertum,
Welstor, Whiddon Cliff, Witton, Yollande Hill.
Ashburton Down : 6, 261-2.
Ashbury Tor (Okehampton).
Aaaconibe, or Assycombe Hill (E.) : 24, 389; 25, 541 ; 26, 117,
298, 305.
Aune, or Avon Head (S.) : 26, 491.
Aune Head Mire (S.) : 11, 117, 120.
Aunnacombe. See Amicombe.
Auswell, or Awsewell (Ashburton) : 21, 446.
Auswell, or Hazwell Down (Ashburton) : 11, 147 ; 28, 213, 244.
Auswell Rock, or Hazel Tor (Ashburton) : 6, 263 ; 9, 181-3, 324 ;
17, 416; 21, 445; 25, 483; 28, 213, 218.
Avon River, Awne, Aune, Avena, Auena, Owne : 1*, 32 ; 4, 499,
500, 615-16, 521-2, 524, 526; 6, 513, 516-17, 519, 530,
534-7; 7, 235; 8, 844, 851; 10, 279, 281, 289; 11, 119,
121, 382; 16, 614; 17, 356 ; 18, 471 ; 24, 188-9, 389, 425;
26, 483, 499 ; 26, 185, 306.
See also Bala Brook, Brockhill Brook, Buckland Ford Water,
Fish Lake, Glaze Brook (East) and (West), Middle Brook,
Red Brook, Small Brook, West Wallabrook.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 487
Aylesborough. See Eylesborough.
Aynkesdon. See Ingsdon.
Ayschperton. See Ashburton.
Aylsford (Bovey Tracy) : 29, 227, 231, 240. (1) Elsfdrd, q.v.
Babeney, Babbeneye, Babney, Balbeny, Barbary, Bewbney (E.) :
12, 274; 21, 175, 198; 24, 424; 26, 483, 506; 27, 442.
Baccamoor (Plympton) : 19, 373, 375; 26, 314; 28, 426.
Bachelor's Hall (W.) : 18, 75.
Bade worth. Bad worthy. See Batworthy.
Bagtor and B. woods (Ilsington) : 6, 535 ; 8, 420, 425 ; 15, 300,.
305, 310, 317, 321-2, 325-6, 329, 330, 337, 341 ; 17, 374-6,
388, 398, 408, 416; 22, 280; 26, 314; 28, 400, 448; 29,
240, 243 ; 30, 48.
Bagtor or Baggator (Petertavy) : 21, 170; 24, 429.
Bairdown. See Beardown.
Baker's Pits (near Buckfastleigh) : 6, 72.
Bala Brook (Avon River): 4, 524, 526; 26, 186.
Balbury (Lydford) : 23, 55.
Ballabrook (Erme River ?) : 4, 527.
Balland (Ashburton) : 6, 262.
Barbary. See Babeney.
Barncourt, Barn, Benedone (Lustleigh) : 29, 228-9.
Barrow Cot (Manaton?) : 8, 401.
Barrow tor. See Burrator.
Battisford. See Bickford.
Battishill, Battishall, Batchwill (Bridestowe) : 21, 189; 26, 314;
28, 417, 467.
Battyshuli, Batshill, Battoshelle. See Knattleborough.
Batworthy, Batsworthy, Badeworth, Badworthy, Portworthy: 6,
527; 24, 391-2, 422; 26, 483, 499, 522; 26, 186, 296,
305-6 ; 27, 437 ; 30, 107.
Bawcoiabe. See Bowcoml)e.
Beadon (Hennock) : 25, 314.
Beara (Bridestowe 1) : 17, 101.
Beardon (Petertavy); 21, 189; 28, 470, 477, 484; 30, 239.
Beardown, Bairdown (W.) : 19, 252; 22, 201 ; 26, 186.
Beardown Man, or Bairdun Man (W.): 20, 160-2; 26, 643;
28, 46.
Beccy brook, Beccabrook (Bovey River) : 4, 624, 526, 532-3 ; 10,
279 281 298 • 29 156.
Beccy Falls (Manaton)': 4, 532; 14, 154, 635; 16, 306, 309;
17, 383, 418; 23,56; 29, 416.
Beckford (Manaton): 25, 315.
Bedford United Mine (Tavistock) : 2, 335, 338, 340 ; 3, 76.
Beetor Cross (North Bovey) : 6, 393.
Bel Tor (near Dartmeet, Widecombe) : 4, 527 ; 10, 284 ; 12, 281 ;
24, 189; 27,441.
488 EKFESKNCKS TO DABTMOOB AND ITS BORDERS
Bel Tor (Widecombe) : 4. 527.
Belford (near Ashbarton) : 6, 263.
Believer, Bellaford, Belirer (£.): 22, 206; 25, 484, 490; 28,
182-3.
Bellerer Combe, Bellabour, BeUavur, Beltabur: 22, 204, 206;
26, 484.
Bellerer Tor (E): 4, 527; 10, 285; 12, 279; 22, 203; 26, 186;
27, 120-1, 439.
Belstone, Beleston, Belestane, Belestham, Bellestara, Bellsoan.
Archaology: 6, 388; 22, 185; 26, 53 ; 29, 379.
Botany : 30, 200.
Etymology: 4, 627; 10, 285, 293; 22, 197; 25, 314, 529, 530.
Geology: % 127; 12, 262, 265; 20, 143, 153; 21, 51; 22,
180—1 * 27 297 300
History: 14, 98; 18, 372; 24, 430; 27, 97, 100; 28, 417;
30, 229.
Meteorology: 9, 73, 78.
Mining, etc : 2, 125, 334-6 ; 22, 180-1 ; 27, 297, 300, 308-9.
Seismology: 16, 81, 659.
Statistics: 22, 146.
Topography: 6, 420; 12, 262, 265; 24, 430; 25, 314, 484, 498.
Various: 11, 28; 25, 493, 503; 28, 18.
See aUo Belstone Consols, Copper Hill Mine, Corscombe, Dag-
worthy, Irishman's Wall, Ivj Tor Mine, Langland, Netel-
ham Steps, "Nine Maidens," Pennymans, Scarey Tor,
Sticklepath, Watchet Hill, West Cleave Rocks.
Belstone Consols: 2, 125-7, 334-6, 343-4; 27, 300-1 ; 308.
Bektone Tors (Belstone, and N.) : 4, 515, 527, 531 ; 8, 753; 20,
46; 22, 185-6, 192, 195, 197, 199; 24, 430; 25, 530.
Bench, Benchy, Benjay Tor (Holne) : 4, 529 ; 12, 281 ; 25, 507.
Bene with, Ben with. See Runnage.
Beniford Yeat (£.), (?) Believer gate : 25, 484.
Bennett's Cross (North Bovey) : 6, 393 ; 21 424 ; 25, 484, 523.
Berrydown, Berydon (Gidleigh): 25. 484; 28, 43, 180.
Bewbney. See Babeney.
Bibraugh. See Bryburgh.
Bickfordtown, Bickford, Battisford (Plympton) : 19, 373; 28,
455 ; 30, 239, 252. ^^^
Bickham, Bycacumbayoneda (Bucklani^^V^Htaun): 18, 114,
118; 25,315,487-8.
Bickleigh Down : 16, 539. See Rol
Bideford. See Bittaford.
Bidegrip (t) : 25, 484, 500.
Bigadon (Buckfastleigh) : 10, 304 ;
Billacombe (PWrnotpn) : 19, 369.
Birch Tor, osJpBMBDr (North Bovei WjL 523, 546.
CONTAINBD IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 489
Birch Tor Mine : 2, 336, 340, 342.
Biricombaford (Sheepstor) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26, 484.
Bishop's Mead, or Busshe Mead (Brent).
Bishop's Stone (Lustleigh) : 6, 395 ; 8, 402, 404.
Bittaford, Bideford, Bradford, Brodeforde (Ugborough) : 5, 537 ;
25, 485 ; 27, 395.
Bittleford (Widecombe) : 26, 484.
Blachford, Blackford (Cornwood) : 18, 74; 21, 492; 26, 311,
315; 26, 146; 30,241.
Blackabrook (Plym River) : 4, 527, 535.
Blackabrook (West Dart River) : 4, 524, 526-7 ; 10, 284 ; 12,
282 ; 22, 203.
Blackall (South Tawton) : 26, 212.
Blackaller Cloo. See Blackland Croft.
Blackaton, Blackadun (Widecombe) : 30, 233.
Blackaton (Ugborough) : 26, 269, 314.
Blackaton Brook (North Teign River) : 1*, 111-12 ; 22, 190; 26,
306.
Blackaven Bridge, or New Bridge (N.): 22, 188; 24, 422, 429.
Blackaven Brook (East Ockment River): 22, 186, 188, 195.; 24,
422, 430 ; 26, 496.
Blackbroom, Blackebrome (Bridestowe) : 26, 484.
Blackdown (Manaton) : 29, 416.
Blackdown (Marytavy and Petertavy) : 2, 339 ; 12, 266 ; 20, 47 ;
21, 263-4 ; 22, 19, 194; 29, 70.
Blackdown (Okehampton) : 22, 186 ; 27, 303.
Blackett (Ugborough) : 24, 189.
Black Fen. See Turfehill.
Blackfursses (S., near Sherberton).
Black Hill (Marytavy). See Gibbet Hill.
Black Hill (S.E. of the Moor) : 21, 253.
Blackland Croft, Blackaller Cloo (Okehampton) : 26, 484.
Black Lane Brook. See Dark Lake (Erme River).
Blackmoresham Wood (near Tavistock) : 7, 337.
Black Newtake (K, near Believer) : 22, 204.
Black Pool (Harford and Ugborough) : 6, 539.
Blackslade, Blackyslade (Widecombe): 8, 54; 9, 24; 26, 315;
28, 336-7, 429; 29, 148, 150, 385.
Blackslade Down: 29, 145, 148, 385.
Blackstaith, Blackastathe (E., near Dunnabridge) : 26, 484, 488.
Blackstone (Gidleigh) : 24, 422 ; 26, 485.
Black Tor (Brent) : 24, 188.
Black Tor (Okehampton) : 26, 485.
Black Tor Wood, or Copse, Blacktorrebeare, Blaketers Beare
(Okehampton) : 26, 485 ; 28, 245.
Black Tor (Walkhampton) : 4, 503, 505, 509; 14, 157; 24, 397,
428.
Blackworthy, Over and Nether (Cornwood) : 28, 426, 455.
490 . REFSBENCES TO J)ARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Blackystone, BlackenstoDe, Blackinston (Bridford): 7, 214; 8,
278; 14, 154, 376; 16, 298, 300, 304, 306, 308, 316-17,
320, 323, 329, 333, 341 ; 17, 374, 385, 390, 398-9, 415-16,
418; 18, 414.
Blakedown (?) : 17, 255.
Blanchdown, Blanchdon (Tavistock): 21, 145; 25, 485; 27, 187;
28, 245, 466.
Blaxton (Plympton) : 19, 626-7.
Bloody Pool (Brent) : 19, 363.
Bochelande (?) : 29, 481-2.
Bokland. See Buckland.
Boringdon, and B. Park (Plympton) : 13, 364-5 : 19, 86, 89,
369, 464; 20, 17; 28, 403, 727; 29, 179; 30, 290, 297.
Boringdon Camp, or Castle King (Plympton) : 19, 365 ; 23, 97.
Boringdon Wood, 10, 492, 506, 508.
Borough, or Boro, Wood and Camp (Ashburton) : 6, 262 ; 28,
210, 213, 214, 218.
Bossell (Buckfastleigh) ; 29, 18, 73.
Bottle Hill (Plympton) : 3, 76 ; 10, 284 ; 19, 369, 474.
Bot Tor, or Botter Rock (Hennock) : 3, 433; 6, 52; 10, 100,
284; 16, 82, 302, 304, 316; 17, 386; 18, 415; 19, 473,
489 ; 27, 290.
Bovy Combe Head, North Wallabrook Head (Chagford) : 6, 43 ;
24, 424 ; 26, 485, 533.
Bovey Green Cross (North Bovey) : 6, 394, 398.
Bovey, Little (Hennock) : 26, 313, 383 ; 29, 227, 231, 240.
Bovey River (Teign River) : 1^, 29-39 ; 2, 22, 23 ; 4, 526 ; 6,
394; 10, 279; 11, 363; 16, 368, 376-8, 381; 17, 379,
397 ; 19, 507 ; 22, 65 ; 24, 424.
Bovey Tracey, Bovie Tracie, Bovitracy, Bovye, and South Bovey
(q.v.).
Archoiology: 4, 105-6; 6, 393, 395-6, 398; 8, 114, 438; 23,
64,65, 77,80, 162; 28, 28.
Bibliography : 4, 332, 335-6, 342, 344, 346, 352 ; 6, 406-7,
409.
Biography: 14, 493, 497-8, 500; 16, 397, 663; 17, 256, 260;
18, 60-1 ; 19, 300 ; 20, 37 ; 21, 409, 490-1, 493, 495 ;
28, 223-4,576; 29, 179.
Botany: 6, 574; 7, 161 ; 9, 315, 398; 13, 217, 357; 14, 552,
659; 16, 302, 334; 17, 383, 390; 18, 407, 490, 601-3;
22,45; 23, 113.
Etymology: 10, 289.
Fine Arts: 12, 117.
Folk-lore, etc. : 12, 105-7 ; 24, 322.
Qedoqy: 1\ 29-39; 1\ 6; 1», 45; 1*, 16, 62, 90-4; 2, 22,
34, 339, 341-4, 346; 4, 103, 105-6; 6, 220-1, 405, 656-
61; 7, 161, 161, 231, 296; 9, 398; 11, 427; 12, 83,
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 491
Bovey Tracey, etc. : Geology — continued.
591-2, 655; 13, 357, 367-8; 15, 229, 368-95; 16, 776;
18, 490, 492, 501-3; 20, 145, 156; 21, 32, 43, 76, 240-1,
442, 446; 22, 183; 24, 189; 27, 290, 299; 28, 28, 774;
29 390 518 • 30 370.
HiaUyry: 6,'386;'8, 125, 127; 9, 263, 271, 276; 10, 225;
12, 184; 14, 69, 102-4; 16, 512, 589; 18. 156; 21,
494; 23, 162; 26, 313, 316, 325-6; 27, 389, 402; 28,
410, 686; 29, 227-8, 230-1, 242-3; 30, 210.
Languof^e: 16, 106, 116; 23, 148.
Manufactures: 4, 241; 7, 222, 229, 231, 240-1, 243; 13,
215-6; 18, 60-1; 21, 160.
Meteorology: 2, 560-1, 567-71; 3, 153, 156, 158; 4, 59, 60,
62, 66, 654, 658; 6, 371, 380, 382; 6, 139, 147, 149, 447,
454-6; 10,80; 12, 60.
SeUmology : 4, 423.
Statistics : 22, 148 ; 29, 227-8, 242-3.
Topography: 6, 42 J; 8, 414; 12, 272.
Zoology: 8, 257, 260, 265; 9, 316, 321; 10, 411, 426, 429,
445, 541, 574; 11, 395, 413, 417; 12, 514; 14, 381-2;
16, 761, 764, 767.
Va^nous : \\ 6 ; 3, 249 ; 4, 522 ; 6, 262 ; 8, 78 ; 11, 28 ; 15,
240 ; 17, 27 ; 23, 435, 439 ; 28. 550.
See also Alway Cross, Aylsford, Brimley, Cha])el, Elsford,
Hatherley, Hawkmoor, Indio, Lyscombe, Mill Tor, Parke,
Pullesbrook, Reddiford Down, Sharp Tor, Stick wick,
Trendlebere Down, UUacombe, Whitstone, Wifford,
WooUey, Yarner, Yeo.
Bovey Church Cross (Bovey Tracy) : 6, 396, 398.
Bovey Heathfield Cross (Bovey Tracy) : 6, 396.
Bovey Market Cross (Bovey Tracy) : 6, 395.
Bowcombe, Bawcoinbe (Ugborough) : 28, 416; 30, 254.
Bowdley (Ashburton) : 28, 213.
Bowerland, Bowrelond (Okehampton) : 25, 485.
Bowennan's Nose (Manaton) : 4, 517-18; 10, 283; 23, 163.
Bowerton (Buckfastleigh) : 25, 504.
Bowland (Chagford) : P, 113.
Bradford Pool (Drewsteignton) : 1^ 112, 126; 5, 73.
Bradford, or Brodeforde Yeat. See Bittaford.
Bradrings (E., near Postbridge) : 25, 485.
Brantclive (?) : 25, 485.
Bra Tor, or Bratton Tor (Lydford) : 16, 656 ; 20, 158; 24, 189.
Brattor (?) : 25, 485.
Braymead (?) : 26, 485.
Brazen Tor. See Brouzen Tor.
Bredeford. See Bridford.
Bremberry. See Brownberry.
Brembrok. See Brim Brook.
492 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Bremelbj (near Buckfastleigh) : 26, 485.
Bremstonte. See Brimpts.
Brent, Brente, South Brent.
Archaeology: 11, 147; 14, 155; 18, 378, 381; 19, 363; 23, 97.
Biography: 9, 271, 276, 281 ; 16, 494; 21, 64; 28, 337.
Botany: 15, 300, 310, 318.
Geology: 7, 235; 8, 319; 19, 468; 20, 153, 155-6; 27, 308.
History: 8, 125, 312, 822, 824, 826-7, 829-31, 844-5, 847-51,
862, 880-2; 9, 271, 276; 14, 103; 16, 397, 494; 17, 450,
452; 21, 502; 23, 438; 26, 317; 30, 310.
Meteorology : 11, 89 ; 30, 80, 82-9.
Mining: 7, 225; 8, 312.
Seismology: 18, 72.
Statistics: 22, 148.
Topography: 6, 421, 521, 535, 545; 8, 872; 11, 28, 364; 17,
450; 25, 317, 485, 487, 501 ; 28, 412.
Various: 4, 513; 11, 28; 14, 155; 8, 331.
See also Aish, Ash, Black Tor, Bloody Pool, Brent Kings, etc..
Bush Meads, Charford, Coryndon Ball, Dockwell, Glaze-
combe, Harbournford, Hobajon's Cross, Jobber's Path, La
Ya, Legh, Old HiU, Overbrent, Peake Mill, Polston, Red-
brook Ball, Kowe Rew (Le), Ryder's rings. Sharp Tor,
Shipley, Stippadon, Three Barrows, Treland, Zeal Plains.
Brent Beacon : 5, 539.
Brent Bridge : 6, 536, 539.
Brent Down: 8, 831.
Brent HiU: 6, 530, 534, 540; 10, 285, 480; 25, 196; 27, 51.
Brent Moor: 5, 536, 638, 540, 545; 24, 403, 419, 425; 26, 485.
Brent Rings : 18, 378, 381.
Brent River. See Avon River.
Brent, East (near Buckfastleigh) : 23, 77, 78 ; 28, 397.
Brentford (1) : 25, 485.
Brentor, Brent Torre (North and South).
ArchcBology : 23, 96.
Biography : 18, 348.
Botany : 15, 337.
Etymology : 10, 285.
Geology: 2, 339, 343-5; 21, 264, 284, 437-8, 442; 23, 116;
27 300 • 28 781.
Histor^: P,' 116-21, 124; 6, 532; 11, 230, 232; 13, 339;
14, 101 ; 28, 492-3.
Mining, etc, : 2, 339, 343-5.
Statistics: 22, 148.
Topography: 5, 421 ; 11, 364; 13, 339.
Various: 11, 255.
See also Heathfield, Liddaton, Rowden Down, Watervale, West
Liddaton.
CONTAINBD IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 493
Brentor Church: 1», 116-21; 16, 216; 18, 483; 29, 27; 30,
310, 315.
Brent Tor (Brentor): P, 116-7, 120; 6, 532; 7, 219, 431; 10,
285, 408-9; 12, 266; 16, 300-3, 311, 318, 321, 324-5,
329, 341; 16, 659; 17, 386, 398, 434-7; 19, 55, 467,
471-2, 487; 20, 155-6; 21, 49, 50, 53, 54, 135, 262-4,
267; 22, 19, 175, 180, 194.
Bridestowe, Briddestowe, Brightestowe :
ArcTueology : 23, 96 ; 27, 438.
Biography: 8, 707; 9, 271, 281 ; 21, 178-9.
Etymology : 10, 288.
Folk-lore, etc.: 17, 118, 120, 122-4.
Geology: 7, 213; 28, 774, 778, 780, 787-8.
History: 9, 271, 281 ; 10, 227; 14, 94; 21, 195; 23, 434-7;
25, 317; 28, 471, 490, 493; 30, 232.
Laws and Customs: 21, 192.
Language: 17, 82, 91, 93, 95, 98-9, 100, 102, 106, 108-9, 112,
114, 117; 21, 86, 88, 90, 99; 30, 61.
Manufactures : 17, 369 ; 21, 208.
Meteorology: 10, 94.
Seismology: 16, 79.
Statistics: 22, 148; 28, 467, 493.
Topography: 5, 420; 11, 28, 297; 12, 275; 21, 189, 195;
25, 486, 494, 502, 529; 27, 391 ; 28, 417, 471.
Various : 11, 28, 283 ; 21, 208.
See also Battishill, Beara, Blackbroom, Buddlebrook, Burley
Down, Causey ford. Combe, Corn Ridge, Cranford, Cross
Lanes, Ebbs worthy. Fern worthy. Great Noddon, Hunt Tor.
Kersford, Lake, Lea wood. Links Tor, Millaton, Raddon,
Shillford, Shilstone Tor, Southerley, Tinker's Lane, Vodden
Hill, Way, Woodford Ham.
Bridford, Bredeford, Bridfoard.
Archceology : 11, 148; 14, 154.
Bibliography: 21, 527-8; 25, 125.
Biography: 17, 264; 21, 525; 25, 125.
Botany: 15, 318; 17, 399.
Etymology: 10, 290; 26, 149.
Fine Arts: 14, 312.
Geology: 20, 142, 145; 27, 299.
History: 9, 276; 14, 104; 24, 63; 26, 317; 26, 149; 28, 424.
Statistics: 22, 148.
Topog)'aphy: 5, 419 ; 11, 28.
Various: 11, 28: 28, 421.
See also Blackystone and Hel Tor,
Brigf^e. See Brygge.
Brightesvvorth, See Brisworthy.
Brightley (Okehampton): 10, 349-51, 367; 21, 179; 27, 109-11,
302 ; 29, 177.
494 KEFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Brightley Bridge : 25, 486, 494 ; 28, 16.
Brimage Tor (Plympton) : 19, 370.
Brim Brook, or Brembrok (West Ockment River) : 25, 485.
Brimley (Bovey Tracy) : 21, 442, 446 ; 29, 520.
Brimpts, Brimpston, Brymst, Bremstonte, Bromstontoryn, Broun-
stountor (E.): 10, 270; 12, 279; 25, 485.
Brimpts Wood, Bromstonwode : 25, 486.
Brisworthy, Britsworthy, Brightesworth, Briseny, Brysworthie
(Meavy): 19, 370; 25, 486, 492, 535; 27, 440-1; 29, 466.
Britsworthy, Brittesworthy (Whitchurch): 25, 317; 27, 392.
Brixton Barton (Shaugh) : 19, 370-1, 374; 25, 317; 28, 426;
30, 252.
Broadaford, Broadford (Ugborough): 25, 316; 28, 415; 30, 255.
Broadal], or Broadhall Head (Corn wood) : 26, 173.
Broadall Lake (Yealm River) : 4, 524.
Broad Barrow (Widecorabe and Manaton) : 5, 554.
Broad Down (E.) : 14, 158; 28, 310; 26, 102, 188; 27, 188.
Broad Down Brook (l^Iast Dart River) : 23, 311.
Broadmoor, or Brademoor (Petertavy) : 25, 485.
Broadmoor Mires (Chagford) : 5, 528.
Broadoak (?) : 25, 486.
Broad Rock (S.) : 11, 120-1 ; 24, 426.
Broadun (E.): 26, 102, 117, 185-96, 197, 198, 298; 27, 88, 91;
28, 175, 196, 198; 29, 385.
Broadun Ring (E.) : 26, 102, 117, 185-96, 197, 298; 27, 88, 91,
28 175 196.
Brockhill Brook (Avon River) : 11, 119.
Brock Hill Mire (Dean Prior): 11, 119; 26, 186.
Brodeford Yet, or Bradeford Yeat. See Bittaford.
Brodeheye (Chagford): 26, 511.
Brodelond (Chagford): 25, 514.
Bromedge Tor. See Brimage.
Bromepark (near Buckfastleigh) : 25, 486.
Bromstontoryn, Brounstountor. See Brimpts.
Brooke, or Brooke Mainbow (Buckfastleigh) : 8, 877-8 ; 16, 494 ;
28, 236, 331-4 ; 30, 332-3.
Brook Wood (Buckfastleigh) : 17, 376, 378, 384, 393, 417, 420.
Brook Wood Mine : 8, 318-19.
Broomehill, Bromhill (1) : 25, 486.
Broomshill (near Ashburton) : 8, 322.
Brouzentor, or Brazen Tor (Petertavy): 19, 473-4, 489; 24, 190;
27, 257.
Brownberry, Bromebury, Bremberry (E., near Dunnabridge) : 26,
485 ; 29, 378, 382, 384.
Brown Heath (Harford) : 4, 502.
Brownsland (Ashburton): 28, 216.
Brownston (1) : 27, 395.
Browns well (Ashburton) : 28, 216, 217.
CONTAINED IN THE " TBANSACTIONS," VOI£. I TO XXX. 495
Bryburgh, Bibraugh, (?) : 25, 486.
Brygge, Brigge (Chagford) : 25, 512-13, 523.
Bubhill (? Gidleigb) : l^ 1 1 3-1 4.
Buckfastleigh, Bulkfastlegb, Bookefastligh, Buckfarslee, Buck-
festria, Buffestleigh, Buffestre, Bulfestre, Bussestre, Bugfasta,
Bockfast, Bukfest.
Archceology : 6, 86, 265, 399 ; 23, 96.
Biography: 10, 55-6; 11, 58; 13, 77, 237; 19, 531; 26,
35—6 • 26 43 * 29 43.
Botany: 15, 320, 327;' 17, 390, 393, 401, 404, 418.
Etymology: 4, 525-6; 10, 291-2; 30, 298.
Folk-lore, etc.: 8, 753; 9, 100; 27, 116.
Geology: 2, 343, 469; 4, 438; 6, 70-2; 7, 219, 236, 254; 8,
430-1; 13, 400; 15, 410.
History: 6, 105; 8, 324, 335, 809, 831, 843; 9, 276, 282;
10, 226; 13, 327; 14, 96; 26, 145, 233; 28, 323, 329,
330-5, 367, 412, 666, 686; 30, 276, 298.
Laws and Customs : 28, 350.
Manufactures: 8, 324, 331, 335, 337.
Meteorology: 18, 142-6; 19, 102-6; 21, 117-22; 22, 53-8;
23, 145-9; 24, 56-60; 25, 213-17; 26, 74-8; 27, 75-80;
28, 104-9; 29, 73-8; 30, 82-9.
ilfinifig, etc.: 2, 335-6, 343; 7, 219, 225; 8, 318.
Statistics: 22, 148.
Topography: 4, 529; 5, 421; 8, 399; 11, 28, 118-19, 364;
12, 260, 283 ; 18, 487 ; 25, 485-7, 489, 492.
Zoology: 10, 427, 512.
Various: 8, 563; 9, 162; 11, 28; 13, 26; 27, 221 ; 29, 18.
See also Baker's Pits, Bigadon, Bossell, Bowerton, Bremelby,
Bromepark, Brooke, Brookwood Mine, Buddaford, Bulk-
amore, Button, Byrgerd Ball, Cadover Hill, Colliford, Cor-
binsdowne, Couleton, Dart Bridge, East Brent, Fieldfare,
Fullaford, Graunge, Greenevill, Harp's Bridge, Hembury,
Howkemer Wood, Kenyton Park, Kilbury, Knowlthome,
Lakemoor, Laverens Mede, Middleworth, Mirefield, Monk's
Path, Xeweparke, Northwoode, Nyrifeud, Pycche, Ryder's
Hill, Scoriton, Shippen Park, South Parke, Stourton,
Toppesrewe, Tortrowe, Walliford, Warmacombe, Whaythill,
Wheal Emma.
Buckfast Abbey.
Archoiology : 6, 86 ; 16, 590-4 ; 18, 75.
Bibliography : 14, 87.
History: 6, 105; 8, 324, 809-93; 9, 149, 150, 152, 251; 10,
23, 369; 12, 165, 183-4; 13, 77, 129; 14, 98; 15, 429,
430; 16, 397, 739; 25, 35; 26, 139, 145, 161; 27, 116,
399; 28, 211, 367, 397, 412; 29, 221, 230, 248, 256, 476;
30, 18, 240, 276, 279, 290, 292-4, 303, 431.
Manufactures: 8, 324.'
496 BEFERENGES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Backfsst Abbey — continued.
Statistics: 29, 476.
Topogi-aphy: 11, 118-9; 18, 487.
Various: 6, 470; 7, 334; 8, 797; 9, 162; U, 58; 13, 26;
16, 433, 438 ; 16, 739 ; 29, 228.
Buckfastleigh Manors : 8, 877.
Buckfastleigh Moor, Bukfastmore : 26, 486.
Buckfastleigh Wood, Buckefast Wood : 26, 486.
Buckland Abbey (Buckland Monachorum).
Archceology : 6, 86.
History: \\ 124; 6, 329-66; 8, 418, 797-808; 9, 251, 281 ;
14, 87, 98; 16, 166; 16, 523, 728, 733, 744; 19, 452,
463, 465, 556; 21, 177; 29, 221, 223; 30, 269.
Topography: 6, 512, 543; 18, 475.
Buckland Beacon (Buckland-in-the-Moor) : 9, 24 ; 17, 394, 409,
410; 23,311.
Buckland Cross (Buckland-in-the-Moor) : 6, 397.
Buckland Ford (S.) : 24, 425 ; 26, 486.
Buckland Ford Water (Avon River) : 26, 486.
Buckland-in-the-Moor.
Archceology : 6, 265, 397.
Botany : 17, 394.
Etymology : 10, 292.
History: 8, 418; 16, 224; 23, 266; 26, 316; 28, 238-43,
247-9, 363, 449; 30, 241.
Meteorology: 10, 79.
Mining, etc. : 2, 337 ; 8, 319.
Statistics: 22, 148.
Topography: 6, 422; 8, 414; 11, 28; 16, 224; 26, 486.
Zoology : 10, 427 ; 28, 244-6.
Various : 11, 28 ; 27, 73.
See also Buckland Beacon, Buckland Cross, Buckland Woods,
Lover's Leap, Stone.
Buckland Monachorum, Buckeland, Bokland, Monkenbucklond,
North Buckland.
Archceology: 21, 135 ; 22, 231 ; 23, 96 ; 30, 267.
Bibliography: 14, 87.
Biography: 18, 114; 283, 287, 289; 26, 175.
Botany: 17, 397, 419.
Etymology : 10, 295 ; 26, 498.
Fine Arts: 18, 114.
Folk-lore, etc. : 16, 552; 26, 94; 27, 116.
Geology: 16, 409; 21, 271.
History: 10, 312; 14, 94; 16, 541, 550, 553, 557; 17, 261,
263; 19, 465; 22, 98; 24, 140, 419; 26, 316, 486; 26,
404; 27, 392-3; 28, 442; 30, 267, 269, 358-9.
Mining, etc. : 30, 358.
Statistics: 22, 148.
CONTAINBD IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 497
Buckland Monachonini, etc. — wntinued.
Topography: 5, 420; 11, 28, 118-21; 17, 348; 18, 475; 19, 371.
VaHous : 5, 478 ; 11, 28 ; 26, 506 ; 27, 73.
See also Bickhara, Copriscrosse, Dunridge, Elfordlak, Horra-
bridge, Iluel Franco, Langstone, Lophil], Milton Combe,
North Buckland, Place, Plymouth I^eat, Pound, Roboroagb,
Virtuous Lady Mine, Yelverton, Yeoland.
Buckland Woods, and Drives (Buckland-in-the-Moor) : 8, 93 ; 9,
24; 12, 281, 283; 13, 26; 16, 312, 336; 28, 244-6; 29,
16, 19.
Buddaford (Buckfastleigh) : 26, 316.
Buddlebrook (Bridestowe) : 28, 779.
Buffestre, Bu<^fasta, Bulfestre. See Buckfastleigh.
Bulkamore Mine (near Buckfastleigh) : 8, 318-19.
Buredon. See Beardon (Petertavy).
Burley Down (Bridestowe) : 28, 778-9, 787.
Burn (Tavistock) : 21, 264.
Burn Brook (Tavy River) : 28, 781.
Burnford Farm (Tavistock) : 21, 264.
Burnshall (Tavistock): 7, 214.
Burntown (Marytavy) : 21, 265; 26, 315; 28, 424, 469, 782.
Burrator, or Ti»rr (Sheepstor) : 2, 311 ; 17, 375; 26, 505.
Bush Down (Chagford) : P, 113; 27, 88.
Busshe Mead. See Bishop's Mead.
Butter Brook (Erme River).
Butterdon, Butterton Hill (Harford and Ugborough): 4, 515, 533;
6, 538-9; 12, 266; 14, 156; 24, 402-3; 26, 305.
Butterdon Hill (Moretonhampstead) : 4, 533.
Butterfilde Hedge (?) : 26, 486.
Butterford, ? Hurford (Harford) : 27, 390.
Buttern Down, or Hill (Gidleigh) : 4, 533; 26, 303-4; 28, 180.
ButternT()r(]): 4, 533.
Button (Buckfastleigh): 26, 315; 28, 331.
Byiacumbayoneda. See Bickham.
Byrcherd Parke (near Buckfastleigh) : 26, 487.
Byr^'erd Ball (near Buckfastleigh) : 26, 487.
Byrgerd or Byrgyer Meade (near Buckfastleigh) : 26, 487.
Bysouthexworthie. See Hexworthy (S.).
Cadaford, or Cadover Bridge (over Plym River) : 4, 535 ; 7, 355,
357; 16, 72; 17, 381 ; 18, 74; 19, 371, 482; 22, 50; 24,
201, 480.
Cadaworth, Cad worthy, Cadover, Cadaford Farm (Meavy): 22, 49;
24, 200- 1 .
Cadover Hill (near Buckfastleigh) : 12, 283.
Cad River, error for Plym River, q.v.
Cadleigh (Coruwood), 26, 539.
Cageford. See Chagford.
VOL. XXXVII. 2 I
498 REFBBEKCES TO DABTMOOR AND ITS BOBDEBS
Caistor Rock. See Kes Tor.
Calf Down (Widecombe) : 8, 400.
Callisham (Meavy) : 7, 350; 19, 374.
Calveslake Tor (S.) : 22, 51.
Canford. See Cranford.
Cann, Cann Quarry, and Cann Wood (Plympton) : 5, 66 ; 10, 483,
491, 493, 510; 19, 481-2; 21, 286; 22, 179; 24, 190; 30,
478-9, 480, 482-3.
Cantrel Yeat (Ugborough) : 5, 537.
Carsford, See Causey ford.
Carthahanger (?) : 4, 529.
Carthamartha (?) : 4, 530.
Castor Rock. See Kes Tor.
Castle Parks (near Ashburton) : 6, 262.
Castle Ring. See Boringdon Camp.
Cater's Beam, Cator's Beam (S.) : 21, 325.
Cator (Widecombe), Higher Cator or Catrowe, or Cator Court, and
Lower Cator or Catrowe: 8, 57; 9, 125; 10, 102, 114; 11,
124, 127; 13, 83; 14, 132; 15, 80; 16, 90; 18, 84; 26,
487 ; 29, 55.
Cattishille, CatteshilL See Knattleborough.
Causeyford, Carsford (Bridestowe) : 28, 417, 467.
Cawsand or Cawson Beacon, or Cawsom Hill. See Cosdon.
Chaddlewood (Plympton) : 19, 370.
Chagford, Chaggeford, Chagfourd, Cageford, Cagefort, Kagefort,
Schaggeford.
Archcbology: 5, 239; 6, 187, 391, 398-9; 8, 438; 10, 384;
12, 365-74 ; 14, 152 ; 23, 163 ; 24, 391 ; 25, 493 ; 26, 351.
Biography: 6, 370 ; 8, 522; 12, 175; 15, 439; 17, 252-4,
257; 19, 245; 22, 42: 23, 108-9; 29, 177.
Botany: 15, 300, 327; 17, 375, 391, 403, 421; 18, 417; 30, 201.
Etymology: 10, 290, 293; 25, 310; 26, 147; 29, 216.
Fine Arts: 13, 221 ; 14, 290; 18, 109, 130; 19, 112.
Folk-lore, etc. ; 8, 51 ; 24, 51 ; 27, 73.
Geoloiry: 1\ 72; 2, 342; 3, 80; 4, 351; 18, 491 ; 20, 151 ;
21 32 • 24 190 204.
History: 6,'378; 8, 62-81, 414, 522; 10, 225; 11, 300, 372,
378; 14, 98; 17, 337-44; 18, 370-5; 19, 461; 23, 163,
435, 439; 24, 63, 364-5; 25, 310, 318, 510-34; 26, 147,
351 ; 27, 179; 28, 409, 444, 667; 30, 208.
Langtiage: 9, 141; 17, 93; 18, 89; 19, 73; 21, 93, 98; 23,
132, 142; 29,50,53, 62.
Manufactures: 5, 98; 8, 335.
Meteoroloqy : 2, 560-1, 665; 4, 59, 60, 65, 654, 656, 658; 5,
371, 380; 6, 139, 147-8, 447; 11, 92.
Mining, etc: 1\ 110-15; 2, 340, 342; 7, 227; 8, 313, 315,
317-19, 324; 9, 408.
Seismology : 4, 423-4 ; 16, 652-4 ; 19, 548.
CONTAINED IN THB "TRANSACTIONS," VOI£. I TO XXX. 499
Chagford, etc. — continued.
Statistics: 22, 150.
Topography: 5, 419, 525, 545; 6, 187, 193; 8, 414, 723; 11,
28; 23, 435, 439; 24, 423; 26, 487, 491, 493; 27, 383.
Zoology: 8, 259-61 ; 10, 443, 485, 511.
Various: 4, 411; 6, 74, 419, 503; 6, 390; 8, 329-31, 565;
11, 28; 26, 115, 202; 27, 73, 221.
See also Alberyshede, ^Uer, Almanyslond, Bovy Combe Head,
Bowland, Broadmoor Mires, Brodeheye, Brodelond, Brygge,
Bush Down, Colerewe, Coleton, Combe, Coney Ball, Corn-
done, Cranaford Bridge, Dartmoor Inn, Densham, Dolwylje
Mead, Easton, Escapeleia, Esterwalle, Featherbed Lane,
Fenacre, Forder Bridge, Frenchbeer, Furlong, Gattecombe,
Great Week, Heylond, Heystone, Holewille, Holy Street,
Horehill, Hurston, Hurtpytte, Jurston, Kes Tor, King's
Oven, Lakeland, Langaford Bridge, La Walle, Leigh Bridge,
La Wille, Meldon, Metheral, Middlecot, Mill Hill, Moor-
lands, Nattadon, Northlande, Padleigh, Pigiswell, **Roundy
Poundy," Rushford, Shapley, Short Cross, Slankam Moor,
South Hill, Southlande, South Teign Manor, Stentford
Gate, Stiniel, Stumpy Cross, Tarrs, Teigncombe, Teignwick,
Thomworthy, Town Quarter, Turfehill, Venn, Wadecote,
Watern Down, Way, Week, Westcote, Whiddon House,
Willand Head, Windlace, Wonston, Wood, Wythycombe,
Yad worthy, Yeo Bridge, Yolefale, Yolland, Yolledon.
Chagford Bridge: T, 113; 8, 73; 26, 526-7.
Chagford Common: P, 113; 29, 67, 145, 159.
Challacombe Down, or Chalnecombe Common (Manaton) : 20,
376 ; 21, 434 ; 24, 394-5 ; 26, 487, 525, 546 ; 26, 299, 300,
305.
Challonsleigh, or Leigh Challons (Plympton) : 19, 370 ; 26, 328 ;
28, 427, 442 ; 30, 239.
Chapel (near Bovey Tracy) : 8, 438.
Chapel Ford (Okehampton) : 25, 529.
Chappie (Gidleigh) : 26, 323. See also Escapeleia.
Charford (Brent): 26, 318; 28, 412.
Charlton (Plympton) : 29, 237.
Chase Mine (Holne) : 8, 319.
Chechelburgh (near Shaugh) : 16, 173-4.
Cheesacot, Chissacot (Okehampton): 25, 319; 27, 98; 28, 417.
Cherebrook (E.) : P, 113.
Cherry Brook (West Dart River) : 4, 524, 526 ; 10, 284 ; 12, 282 ;
21, 433; 22, 204; 23, 314; 25, 488.
Cheston, Cherston, Cheverston (Ugborough) : 5, 537 ; 26, 487.
Chidicot (Okehampton) : 28, 466.
" Childe^s Tomb " (S.) : 22, 207.
Chipshop (Tavistock) : 21, 136.
2i2
500 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Chissacot. See Cheesacot.
Chittaford, or Chiteford Down (E.) : 6, 185; 17, 351; 21, 431,
433; 22, 207; 23, 311, 314; 26, 487.
Chittaford Tor (E.) : 4, 528.
Chodlype. See Cudliptown.
Cholake, CoUake, CuUoc (West Dart River) : 25, 488.
Choleyest, or Childrest (S., near Fox Tor Mire) : 26, 487.
Cholwich Town (Comwood) : l^ 46-7 ; 24, 401 ; 26, 305.
Churcheford (Meavy) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26; 487, 489.
Church Meavy (Meavy) : 26, 330.
Churlhanger, Chaddlehanger (Lamerton) : 21, 262.
Churybrokset (E.) : 26, 488.
Chuton (1) : 26, 487.
Chyscombe (Dean Prior) : 8, 883.
Ciacywell, Claasenwell, Crazy well Pool (Walkhampton) : 24, 190;
29, 387.
Clannaborough (Throwleigh) : 10, 283, 288.
Claytorre (Petertavy) : 26, 488.
Cleave (Sourton) : 17, 108.
Cleave Rock. See West Cleave Rock.
Clifford, and Clifford Bridge (Drewsteignton) : 16, 312; 26, 319.
Cock Lake, Cock's Lake (West Dart River) : 4, 525 ; 26, 488.
Cocksheath, Crossheath (Bridestowe) : 30, 79.
Cocks Hill ( W. and Petertavy) : 6, 533 ; 17, 71 ; 21, 167-8.
Cock's, or Cox Tor (Petertavy): 2, 124; 12, 266; 17, 71, 380,
382, 384, 396, 398, 413; 19, 472-4, 488-9; 21, 78, 262,
266, 434; 26, 487, 541, 544; 26, 306; 27, 94, 257, 302,
305; 30, 97, 104-6.
Cocktree (South Tawton) : 10, 305; 29, 176-7, 179, 261.
Colcharton (Tavistock): 21, 136.
Cold Harbour (Plympton) : 19, 626-7, 629.
Coldstone (Shaugh) : 26, 320 ; 28, 427.
Colebrook (Plympton): 19, 369, 371, 485; 29, 468.
Coleland (Plympton) : 19, 369.
Cole-myll. See Holy Street Mill.
Collacombe, Collecomb, Cullicomb (Lamerton) : 26, 320 ; 28, 442,
470, 485 ; 29, 465 ; 30, 148, 239.
Collaford, or Coleford (Plympton) : 19, 373, 560 ; 26, 340.
Collard Tor (Shaugh) : 24, 190.
Collaven (Sourton) : 17, 102.
Collerew, Collerowe, Colerew, Colrewe, Coleree, Colere, CoUihole,
Gully Hole, Coleton, Coletone (Chagford) : & 64, 65; 26,
488, 512-14; 516-17, 520, 522, 524, 526, 532, 534.
CoUiford, or Coleford. See Cullaford.
Collins (Tavistock) : 16, 154.
Colly ton (Sheepstor) : 26, 484.
Colridge cum Leigham (near Petertavy) : 27, 392.
Coly here (South Tawton) : 29, 179.
CONTAINED IN THE " TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 501
Combe (Bridestowe) : 26, 488; 28, 417, 467.
Combe (Chagford) : 26, 512-13, 516, 526.
Combe Ball (Bridestowe) : 26, 320.
Combebow (] Bridestowe) : 28, 779, 780, 787.
Combestone, Comberstone, Cumsdon (Holne) : 24, 425 ; 26, 488.
Combestone, or Cumsdon Tor (Holne) : 14, 1 55.
Combshead Tor (Walkhampton) : 24, 398, 400.
Coney Ball (Chagford): P, 112.
Conies Down, Condyshull (W.) : 21, 168; 26, 488, 543; 26, 306.
Conies Down Tor (W.) : 21, 168 ; 26, 543.
Copper Hill Mine (Belstone) : 27, 301.
Copriscrosse (Buckland Monachorum) : 26, 488.
Corbinsdowne (Buckfastleigh) : 28, 335.
Corndon, Cornedone (Chagford): T, 113; 8, 315; 26, 513-4.
Comdon, or Quarnell Down ( Widecombe) : 11, 1 57.
Corndon Tor, or Quamian Tor (Widecombe) : 8, 57-8; 14, 158;
22, 204.
Corn Ridge (Bridestowe and Sourton) : 20, 46.
Comwood, Cornehode, Cornehuda, Cumwod.
ArehcBology: 17, 71-2; 18, 74.
Bibliography: 14, 87.
Biography : 16, 664 ; 21, 495.
Botany: 17, 375, 381-2, 384, 395, 407, 412, 416-7, 419, 420.
Etymology : 19, 370, 374.
Geology: 19, 482-3, 496; 20, 145; 21, 78; 22, 174-5; 24,
190-1 • 27 307.
History: 19, 374; 21, 314, 394; 26, 295, 320, 324; 26, 328;
27, 390-5; 28, 415; 30, 255.
Langttage: 21, 102.
Statistics: 22, 151.
Topography: 6, 540-1 ; 11, 28, 364; 26, 488; 27, 390, 395.
Zoology: 26, 295; 30, 491, 503.
Various: 11, 28; 26, 491.
See also Blachford, Broadall Head, Cadleigh, Cholwich Town,
Crouch Moor, Dendles, Dennaton, Erme Head, Erme
Plains, Fardel, Hanger Down, Headon Down, Hele, Hen-
lake Down, Hortonsford Bottom, Houndall, Lutton, Nether
Black worthy. Over Black worthy. Pen Beacon, etc. ; Shell
Top, Slade, Stalldon, Stall Moor, Wisdom, Yadsworthy,
Yealm Head.
Corscombe, or Crosscombe (Belstone) : 22, 198.
Coryndon, Corydon, Corndown Ball (Brent); 4, 513, 515, 527;
6, 536; 8, 822; 10, 283; 14, 155; 24, 404, 413, 416; 26,
546; 26, 299, 306.
Cosdon, Cosdonne, Cosdowne, Cosson, Costdonne, Caweand, or
Cawson Beacon (N.) and (South Tawton) : P, 114; 2, 127;
3, 468; 4, 533; 6, 44, 513, 616-17, 519-21, 523-4, 533-4;
6, 185; 10, 283; U, 374, 381 ; 12, 121, 266; 14, 152; 16,
502 BSFJERENCBS TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Gosdon, etc. — continued.
345; 17, 389, 393, 405; 20, 46; 22, 185-6, 191-3, 195,
197-8; 24, 191, 392, 394, 416, 4;20-l ; 26, 488, 507, 527,
530, 550; 26, 53, 186, 301, 303,. 306 ; 28, 84, 174, 180^1,
192,713; 29, 71, 147, 165,379.
Cossick (Moretonhainpstead) : 10, 304.
Couleton (Buckfastleigh) : 28, 336.
Court Wood (llsington) : 15, 305 ; 17, 383.
Cove (? llfiington) : 28, 445.
Cowsic Fork (W.) : 25, 543 ; 26, 186.
Cowsic Head (W.) : 25, 488.
Cowsic River (West Dart River) : 4, 518, 524, 526 ; 10, 283 ;
21, 168, 434; 26, 488; 26, 306.
Coxheath, Crossheath (Bridestowe) : 17, 93, 115 ; 30, 79.
Crabeer. See Creber.
Crana, Crowna, Crownhay Castle (Plympton) : 19, 626-8; 23, 97»
Cranbrook Castle (Moretonhampstead) : 2, 127; 6, 393; 16, 322,
332 ; 23, 97 ; 26, 527 ; 29, 275.
Cranery Bottom (E., near Believer) : 26, 484.
Cranford, Crandford, Canford (Bridestowe): 17, 98, 103; 26, 487-8.
Cranmere, Cranmere Pool (N.) : 8, 653, 655 ; 10, 270, 301 ; 12,
275-8; 18, 477; 22, 185, 188; 23, 163; 28, 18; 29, 387.
Crannaford Bridge (Chagford) : 8, 73.
Crapp's Ring (K, near Postbridge) : 27, 81-2, 87-8, 91; 28, 194.
Creber, or Creaber, or Crabeer Pound (Gidleigb) : 4, 531 ; 25,
488, 531.
Crebor (Tavistock) : 21, 136.
Crefield Ford, Creyselford. See Dryfieldford.
Crelake, or Crewelake (near Tavistock) : 21, 136, 307.
Crewecumba (1 Sheepstor) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26, 489.
Cripdon Down (Manaton) : 21, 435.
Crockem Tor (E.) : 6, 186 ; 8, 314, 319, 320 ; 10, 286, 307 ; 16,
317; 16, 513; 17, 72; 19, 250-3; 22, 19; 30, 30.
Crockemwell (Drewsteignton) : 18, 475, 483; 23, 418, 434-6;
26, 320.
Crockham (Heunock) : 10, 305.
"Crock of Gold" (W.) : 22, 204-5.
Croft (Okehampton) : 28, 493 ; 30, 229.
Cropeton. See Gratton.
Crosseton (1) : 7, 355, 357.
Cross Lanes (? Bridestowe) : 17, 95.
Cross Park (Lustleigh) : 6, 395.
Crouch Mooi' (ICornwood) : 17, 381, 384.
Croulegh. See Throwleigh.
Croundel, Crundla. See Plym Croundel.
Crowndale (Tavistock): P, 126; 9, 109; 16, 160; 21, 136, 270-1;
21 141,427; 26, 91.
Crownhay, or Crowna Castle. See Crana*
CONTAINED IN THB "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 503
Crownhill Down (Plympton and Shaugh) : 17, 72 ; 18, 74 ; 19,
363 ; 21, 273.
Crownhill Tor (Plympton) : 15, 324.
Crow Tor, Crow tor, Crewetorre (E., near Longaford Tor) : 26, 489.
Cudliptown, Chodlype (Petertavy) : 21, 293; 22, 194; 24, 429;
25, 485, 487 ; 27, 83 ; 28, 193 ; 30. 1 15, 222.
Cullacombe Head (North Bovey): 27, 81-2, 88-91; 28, 183, 189;
30, 103.
Cullaford, Colliford, Coleford, Kyllaford (Buckfastleigh) : 25, 488,
495 ; 28, 336.
Cullever Steps (N.) : 22, 195 ; 24, 429 ; 25, 529, 530.
Cunisdon Tor. See Combestone Tor.
Cut Hill (N.) : 12, 275-7 ; 25, 505.
" Cut Lane." See Fur Tor Cut.
Cuttyford Bridge (near Ashburton) : 6, 263 ; 11, 104.
Daccombe (Moretonhampstead) : 18, 156 ; 25, 266.
Dagworthy (Belstone) : 25, 322.
Dannagoat. See Dunnagoat Tor (Lydford).
Danes' Castle. See Hembury Castle.
Dark Lake, WoUake, Black Lane Brook (Erme River): 11, 120;
25, 506.
Dartbridge, Dartbrygge (Buckfastleigh) : 25, 489.
Dart Head, East (N.) : P, 111 ; 5, 544 ; 12, 276.
Dart Head, West (N.) : 30, 97, 104.
Dartmeet, Dartamet (E.) : 5, 529; 10, 270; 12, 278-81; 21,
197; 24, 191, 424; 25, 485, 488-9, 494, 496, 498-9, 502,
508.
Dartmoor (general references).
Archoeology: P, 45-8, 129; 3, 518; 4, 298, 343, 348, 441 ; 5,
43-6, 413; 6, 184-6, 367; 8, 79, 80, 358, 400; 9, 120;
11, 150; 12, 237-8, 373, 664; 13, 98; 14, 59, 152-8,
400-1 ; 17, 70-2 ; 18, 380 ; 19, 252-3, 363 ; 20, 44, 46,
158; 21, 62-3, 166-70; 22, 49-52, 185-92, 200-7; 23,
78, 96-7, 164, 307-14; 24, 387-417; 25, 105, 541-6;
26, 101-21, 185-96, 197-8, 296-307; 27,81-92,437-42;
28, 27, 42-7, 174-99; 29, 19, 67-71, 145-65, 378-85;
30, 77, 97-115.
Bibliotjraphy : 4, 343, 345-6, 348, 351-2; 5, 42, 407, 410,
413-14; 6, 578; 7, 48; 8, 80, 256, 400, 406, 681; 9,
117, 321; 10, 419; 11, 150, 364-6, 509; 12, 664; 13,
161; 14, 398; 15, 224; 16, 471; 19, 218-19, 252, 299;
23, 384; 25, 105, 149.
Biography: 7, 48; 9, 107; 14, 52, 398; 19, 267, 299; 21, 67;
23, 109; 25, 131; 28, 55,297.
Botany: 9, 120, 315; 12, 238; 14, 534, 547, 552, 563; 16,
290, 295-6, 298, 302-3, 305, 307, 309, 311, 328, 330, 334,
340 ; 17, 368-9, 374-5, 377, 380-5, 388, 392-4, 398-9,
504 BEFSRENCES TO DABTMOOfi AND ITS BORDERS
Dartmoor: Botany — etmtinued,
400-1, 406-9, 412, 415-18, 420-4; 18, 389, 391, 395,
399, 400. 402, 407, 412-13, 415-16, 418; 30, 200.
Etymology : 7, 40-1 ; 10, 277, 280, 282-6 ; 12, 275 ; 18, 380.
Fine Arts: 14, 315; 19, 118, 124, 128, 131, 135, 143, 14^, 153,
163, 180.
FdMare, etc, : 1\ 38; 2, 77, 79-81 ; 8, 537, 687-8, 753; 9,
101, 107; 10, 284; U, 284; 12, 100, 110, 237-8; 14,
222, 244; 16, 552; 17, 119; 21, 137, 485; 24, 49; 27,
61, 63, 65. 69.
Geology: 1\ 29, 33, 39, 48-54; 1^, 17 ; 1*, 44-6; 1*, 15, 72 ;
1\ 132; 2, 4, 16-19, 23, 34-5, 124-8, 201-2, 359, 360,
492-3, 497; 3, 433, 496; 4, 97, 343, 345-6, 348, 351-2,
441, 622; 5, 65-6, 69, 80, 414; 6, 212-15, 217, 222,
657-9; 7, 151, 161, 166, 169, 211, 214, 221-3, 235-6;
8, 80, 319, 412-15, 466, 550; 9, 120, 181-2, 312, 411-13,
425, 435-8; 10, 405, 407-8; 11, 181, 312, 317, 326-9,
330-2, 335-6, 341, 429-31 ; 12, 253-4, 270, 362-3, 368,
631, 637; 13, 161, 357, 365; 14, 642, 649; 15, 203, 209,
404-5, 408, 415, 476-8; 16, 659; 17, 245, 293, 436; 18,
177, 179, 489, 491, 493; 19, 55, 359, 468, 475, 479, 481,
490; 20, 141-57; 21, 25, 32-3, 37, 43, 47-8, 51-5, 78,
80, 238-60, 262, 271, 437-8, 449, 463, 473-4, 485; 22,
29, 169, 172, 176, 322; 23, 109, 163, 402, 405, 407; 24,
183, 212; 27, 245-50, 256-7, 262-4, 274-6, 278, 283,
288-91, 297-310; 28, 525, 774-89; 29, 386-9, 390-424,
518-23; 30,367-9,389.
History: 1\ 117; 4, 242; 7, 42; 8, 314, 330, 405-9, 775-7,
800, 812, 826-7; 9, 207, 255; 10, 263-5, 286, 297, 307,
344; 11, 287, 291, 299; 12, 193; 15, 214-5, 475; 16,
612-4; 17, 454; 18, 157; 19, 374; 20, 44; 21, 173-4,
177-8, 183, 189, 192, 198, 289-99; 23, 433, 435, 439;
25, 295; 27, 103-4, 198; 28, 27, 215, 320, 464, 471-2,
493 ; 29, 275.
Laws and Customs: 8, 775; 9, 120-2; 14, 330; 19, 377-85;
21 289-99* 27 114.
Language: 10, 296; 14, 149, 150, 534, 547, 552, 563; 17,
93, 361; 18, 90-1, 95, 97; 19, 67, 81; 20, 409; 21,
94; 25,207,281; 29,56.
Manufactures: 7, 222-3, 229-30; 8, 330; 11, 335; 21, 208;
26, 535-40.
Meteorology: 1\ 86-7; 2, 113, 359, 561-3, 565; 3, 154,
157-8; 4, 60, 64-7, 109, 265, 655-6, 659, 661-2, 671;
6, 139, 373, 375, 378, 381-2; 6, 117, 142-3, 145, 148-9,
423, 425, 448, 453, 455 ; 7, 232-3 ; 8, 29, 30, 42 ; 12, 59,
60,276; 15,131-6; 18, 63; 21, 205-9; 23, 145; 28, 61.
Mining, etc: 2, 336, 340-4, 387; 4, 346; 6, 407, 414; 7,
225, 227, 235-6; 8, 79, 314, 319; 10, 344; 12, 193.
CONTAINED IN THE " TRANSAC?riONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 505
"D&Timoor—contintted.
Seismology: 6, 648, 652, 656, 659; 26, 176-7.
Statistics: 12, 266; 26, U4.
Topography: 1«, 44; 2, 187; 3, 19; 4, 621; 6, 410, 510-48;
6, 184-6, 214; 7, 26, 40, 42, 46, 59, 345, 355, 357, 366;
8, 42, 63-4, 412, 414, 807; 9, 76, 120-2; 10, 270, 272,
275; 11, 364-6; 12, 259, 262, 264-6, 272, 275-7, 421;
15, 475; 16, 448, 471, 612-4; 17, 454; 18, 197, 471,
473, 475, 477, 485, 487; 19, 19, 118, 124, 128, 131, 135,
143, 149, 153, 163, 180, 365; 20, 46; 21, 136, 166-70,
205, 431-6 ; 22, 29, 69, 185-99 ; 23, 40, 58-9, 95-6, 433,
435, 439; 24, 70, 94, 418-30; 26, 105, 482-509, 510-34,
550 ; 26, 80 ; 27, 380, 383 ; 28, 200-8 ; 29, 27, 275, 281,
386—9 • 30 392
Zoology: 6,' 578, 72*3; 7, 36, 169; 8, 252, 256, 258-60, 262,
266, 270, 276, 278-9, 281-2, 288; 9, 12 ), 321, 323, 325-6;
10, 297, 427, 430, 445-7, 462, 498, 518, 525; 11, 411-2,
419 ; 12, 558 ; 13, 261, 276 ; 14, 244, 376, 378 ; 16, 613,
758, 760, 766, 772 ; 18, 157 ; 23, 332, 337, 348 ; 26, 295 ;
27, 113-23; 29, 309, 316, 335, 428; 30, 52.
Vanous: 4, 239; 6, 433, 479; 6, 578; 7, 212, 231-3; 8, 29,
405, 655 ; 9, 120-2 ; 10, 269, 272, 301, 307 ; 11, 28; 12,
26; 13, 26, 31, 322; 14, 31, 52, 330, 332-3, 336; 16,
31 ; 19, 507 ; 20, 374 ; 21, 167, 205-9, 325 ; 22, 42 ; 26,
131, 250, 535-40; 26, 199-208; 27, 113-23, 213-21;
28, 18, 61, 200-8, 297 ; 29, 18, 19, 26, 28.
Dart River: 4, 521-6, 530, 534; 6, 263, 265; 7, 53, ^35; 8, 93,
399, 416, 427-33, 655, 719, 832, 843-4, 851, 869; 9, 24,
207 ; 10, 266, 270, 279, 281-2, 286, 298; 11, 110, 121 ; 12,
259, 274; 16, 411; 16, 613; 17, 379, 383, 385, 387, 389,
420 ; 18, 423, 473, 477 ; 19, 369, 380 ; 21, 446 ; 24, 389,
425; 26, 104, 305; 27, 95, 115, 121 ; 28, 211, 244.
See also Ashburn (Lad well Brook), Dean Burn, Harburn, Ingle-
burn, Mardle River, Webburn (East) and (West), Wenna-
ford Brook, Washburn.
Dart River, East, or Easter: P, 113; 4, 524-6; 6, 513, 516-7,
519, 521, 529, 534; 6, 183; 10, 298; 11, 381 ; 12, 275-7;
14, 158 ; 17, 351 ; 19, 369 ; 21, 431, 433 ; 23, 308-11 ; 24,
191, 424, 426; 26, 483, 496, 602; 26, 188, 306.
See also Gawlake, Lade Hill Stream, Broad Down Brook, Stanon
Brook, Wallabrook (Langlake).
Dart River, West, or Wester : 4, 136, 518, 524-6 ; 6, 513, 516-7,
519, 521, 529, 534, 544; U, 381 ; 12, 275-7; 19, 369; 21,
168, 207, 434; 24, 205, 425-6; 26, 488-9, 508; 26, 306;
28, 60.
See also Blackabrook, Cherrybrook (Routor Brook), Cholake,
Cock Lake, Cowsic River, Obrook (Drylake), Swinconibe
River.
606 REFERSNCBS TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Dartmoor Inn (Chagford) : 16, 652.
Deadlake, Dedblelake, Dayeblake, Diablake, Driabjake : 26» 489.
Deadlake (Walkham River) : 10, 284.
Deadlake Head (W) : 6, 520, 533; 21, 169 ; 24, 429; 26, 489.
Dean (Dean Prior) : 30, 223.
Dean Bum (Dart River) : 4, 524, 526, 529, 530 ; 12, 284 ; 16,
496 ; 26, 65.
Dean Cave (Dean Prior) : 6, 71.
Dean Combe, Dencombe (Walkhampton and Sheepstor) : 8, 658 ;
10, 275 ; 26, 490.
Dean Combe Brook, Denebrok, or Narrator Brook (Meavy River) :
7, 355, 357 ; 26, 484, 489, 490.
Dean Court (Dean Prior) : 6, 72.
Deandon, Dy-an-dune, Deaudon, D'Eudon, Doudon, Dutton (Wide-
combe) : 26, 266, 321, 522, 527; 27, 145-6, 382.
Deanewood, Dene Wood (Dean Prior) : 13, 74 ; 30, 223.
Dean Mine (Near Buckfastleigh) : 8, 319.
Dean Prior, Denepryer, Dene : —
JLvchoBoloo^ ' 14. 92
Biography: Z, 689- 10, 267; 12, 172; 16, 496-7; 19, 540;
24, 70-5; 26, 64-5; 26, 168-84, 244; 27, 349.
Etymology : 10, 295.
Folklore, etc. : 8, 724-5.
Geology: 4, 438; 6, 71.
History: 6, 529; 8, 691-2; 9, 272, 282; 12, 283; 14, 95;
16, 496-7; 26, 156, 320; 28, 235, 431.
Language: 10, 120.
Manufactures: 8, 331.
Statistics: 22, 152.
Topography: 6, 421 ; 8, 689, 883; 10, 275; 11, 28, 364; 26,
489.
VaHous: 6, 421 ; 8, 658; 11, 28; 22, 305; 26, 500.
See also, Brockhill Mire, Chy8Coml)e, Hound's Pool, Kyngdon,
Lemsland, Morshead, Nuston, Rowden, Sempestan, Skerri-
ton, Smallcombe, Whiteoxen.
Dendles Waste (Corn wood) : 26, 186.
Dendles Wood (Com wood); 26, 186.
Dennabridge. See Dunnabridge.
Dennaton, Dinnaton, Dunaton (Cornwood) : 10, 304 ; 21, 492,
494; 26, 322; 28, 415; SO, 254.
Densham (Chagford) : 26, 526.
Dert River. See Dart.
Dertestream Hill, Dastamehill (1) : 26, 489.
D'Eudon, or de Eudone. See Deandon.
DeviPs Bridge (Lydford) : 17, 421.
DeviPs Bridge (Walkhampton) : 24, 192.
Devil's Gully (Walkhampton) : 28, 189.
DeviFs Tor (W.) : 20, 161 ; 21, 168; 26, 488; 28, 46.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 507
Devon and Cornwall Mine (near Ashburton) : 8, 318-19.
Devon Great Consols (Tavistock) : 2, 198, 334-5 ; 3, 76 ; 7, 224-
5, 227-8; 22, 18, 175, 182.
Devon Mine (Okehampton) : 2, 125.
Dewerstone Hill (Moavy) : 7, 214; 26, 117.
Dewerstone Rock (Meavy) : 7, 214; 8^ 659; 10, 285; 16, 313;
17, 398-401, 407, 409, 416, 418-20; 24, 192; 26, 117.
Dickenton Yeatte. (See Dittisham Gate).
Dinger Tor (N.) : 4, 531 ; 26, 485.
Dinnaton. See Dennaton.
Ditsworthy, and Ditsworthy Warren (Sheepstor) : 10, 297 ; 19,
370; 22, 176, 178; 24, 192; 25, 540; 26, 185.
Dittisham Gate, Dickenton Yeatte (Walkharapton) : 26, 490, 498.
Dockwell, Dokwille (Brent) : 26, 490.
Dogamarsh. See Sandypark.
Dogaraarsh Bridge (Drewsteignton) : 1^, 1 1 1 ; 8, 73.
Dolburgh (?) : 26, 490.
Dolwylle Mede (Chagford) : 26, 513.
Donicestone, South Zeal(?), (South Tawton) : 26, 163, 311; 27,
192, 396; 30, 451.
Doune, La. See High Down.
Dousland, or Dowsland Barn (Walkhampton) : 16, 534 ; 26, 504,
509 ; 30, 484-5, 495, 499, 502.
Downbridge. See Dunnabridgc.
Down Thomas (Plympton) : 19, 369.
Downton (Lydford) : 26, 490.
Down Tor (Walkhampton) : 24, 48, 398 ; 26, 490 ; 26, 1§5, 306.
Drascombe, Droscumbe, Druscomb (Drewsteignton) : 26, 490 ;
29,474; 30,219.
" Dree-berries." See Three Barrows.
Drewsteignton, Drewstenton, Teyngton.
ArchcEology : 6, 73-4; 6, 390, 398; 14, 154; 23, 96; 24, 389;
26, 306 ; 28, 44.
Bibliography : 8, 80, 789 ; 23, 109.
Botany: 14, 542.
Etymohqy: 10, 287, 290, 301; 11, 376; 12, 241-2; 26, 338,
526-7.
Folk-lore, etc, : 8, 51, 759.
Geology: 2, 124-5; 3, 475; 4^ 614; 7, 213-14; 28, 774, 788;
29, 518, 522-3.
History: 8, 80; 9, 272, 274, 282; 10, 225; U, 376; 12,
241-2; 14. 96; 23, 435; 24, 63; 26, 338; 27, 98; 28,
420; 30, 231.
Language: 30, 64.
Manufactures: 8, 331.
Seismology: 16, 652.
Statistics: 22, 152.
Topography: 6, 419; 11, 28; 27, 383.
508 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Drewsteignton — continued.
Zoology: 11, 417, 419, 421; 14, 385; 16, 761, 768; 20, 340,
Various: 8, 558, 661 ; 11, 28; 16, 26; 26, 150; 30, 327.
See also Bradford Pool, Clifford, Crockernwell, Dogamarsh,
Drascombe, Fentown, Fingle Bridge, Fureham, Hunt's
Tor, "Logan Stone,'* Harden, Nattenhole Ball, Parford,
Prestonbury, Sandsgate, Sandypark, Sharpy Tor, Shilston^
" Spinsters' Rock," Stone Cross, Wallon, Whiddon Down.
Drewsteignton Cromlech, or Spinsters' Rock; l^ 112; 4, 409,
511, 512, 516; 6, 73-4, 545; 6, 186; 8, 80, 759; 21, 19;
23, 109 ; 24, 389, 390, 409.
Drizzlecombe, Thrushel Combe (Sheepstor) : 22, 44, 50, 52 ; 24,
400; 26, 172, 545; 26,306.
Drizzlecombe Menhir (Sheepstor) : 22, 51 ; 24, 400 ; 26, 545-6.
Druid (Ashburton): 7, 84-7; 8, 52, 60; 9, 63-72, 177; 10, 51,
64-74, 114; 11, 66-77, 124; 12, 59, 61, 63-9, 375, 555;
13, 294, 356; 14, 186-90; 16, 132-6; 16, 184, 652; 17,
188; 18, 84, 142, 500; 19, 102; 21, 118, 445-6, 448; 22,
54; 23, 145; 24, 56-60; 26, 213; 26, 74; 27, 75; 28,
104, 494; 29, 46, 73, 150; 30, 57, 82.
Drum. See Dury.
Druscombe. See Drascombe.
Drylake. See Drywork.
Dry Lake, or Hux Lake, north and south (Erme River) ; 4, 524,
528, 529 ; 10, 284 ; 26, 493.
Dryfieldford, Drydellford, Driesikford, Crefeildford, Creyselford,
Bi;yfieldford, Sandyford, Ayrey fel dis ford : 4, 528-9 ; 6,
513, 516-17, 519, 529, 530, 536, 545; 11, 375, 382; 24, 424;
26, 483, 489, 490, 501.
Drywork, Dryaworke, Drylake, Ledeereoke (S.) : 4, 528; 6, 513,
516, 517, 519, 529, 530; 11, 375, 381-2; 24, 425; 26, 483,
490.
Dunaton. See Den na ton.
Dunnabridge, Dunbrigge, Dynabridge, Donabridge, Donaghbrigg,
Downbridge, Denabridge, Deny bridge (E.) : 21, 293; 25,
484-5, 489.
Dunnabridge Pound (E.) : 6, 45-6; 12, 110; 19, 251, 253-4,
383 ; 21, 293 ; 26, 489 ; 26, 104.
Dunnagoat Tor, Higher (Lydford) : 10, 283 ; 20, 47.
Dunridge (Buckland Monachorum) : 16, 78.
Dunston (Shaugh) : 28, 454.
Dunstone, or Dunston (Widecombe) : 8, 399 ; 26, 322 ; 27, 145 ;
28, 337, 429.
Dunstone Cross (Widecombe) : 6, 397-8.
Dunyng Yeate (1) : 26, 490.
Durance (Meavy) : 7, 350.
Dury, or Druru (E.) : 26, 490.
Dutton. See Deandon.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 509
Ea^le Rock. See Lug Tor (Widecombe).
Eale Tor (1) : 16, 329.
East Ash, alias South Tawton MaDor : 28, 396.
East Down, Easdon Hill (North Bovey, and Manaton) : 12, 375,
379.
Easter Brook (Teign River): P, 111, 112.
Easter Hay (Lustleigh) : 25, 306.
Eastern Beacon, East Pigedon. See Ugborough Beacon.
Easter Wellabroke, error for Eastern Whitaborough : 5, 516, 530 ;
24, 425.
Easter Whitaburrowe. See Whitaborough, Eastern.
East Hill (Okehampton) : 22, 199.
Easton (Chaprford) : 25, 323.
East Peek (Ugborough) : 30, 255. See also Peek.
East Tamar Consols (Tavistock) : 7, 231.
East Wheal Maria (V) : 27, 301.
Ebbsworthy, Ebsworth, (Bridestowe) : 25, 323, 490 ; 28, 417, 467.
EdithuU (?) : 25, 490.
Efforther. See Hessary Tor.
Eggesford Bridge (Walkham Valley).
Elford Town, Eleford, EUeford, Ellesford. See Yelverton.
Elfordlak, EUefordlake (Meavy River) : 7, 355, 357 ; 25, 489.
Elfordleigh (Plympton) : 19, 370.
Ellisborough, Elisboroughe, Elysburghe. See Eylesborough.
Elsford (Bovey Tracy) : 25, 323 ; 30, 210. (?) Aylsford, q.v.
Emmett's Post (Shaugli) : 22, 50.
Endsworthy, Ens worthy, Esworthie, Edworthie (Gidleigh) : 26,
491 ; 26, 186.
Endsworthy Hill (Gidleigh): 5, 527; 14, 153.
Ensbrough. See Eylesborough.
Ephraim*s Pinch (Manaton and Widecombe) : 4, 529 ; 22, 206.
Erme Circle. See Stall Moor Circle.
Erme Head, Arme Head (S., and Cornwood): 4, 502, 516; 5, 519,
531 ; 11, 120, 375 ; 24, 426-8; 25, 483, 491, 493, 506.
Erme Pitts (Harford) : 11, 120.
Erme Plains (Harford and Cornwood) : 11, 120 ; 12, 156 ; 26, 186.
Erme Pound, or Armepound (Harford) : 4, 503 ; 5, 539, 540 ; 6,
263; 24, 48, 402; 26, 491 ; 26, 186.
Erme River, Arm, Erm, Irm, Yerme, 1\ 46-7 ; 4, 499, 514-16,
518, 521, 524-5, 528; 6, 513, 516-17, 519, 531, 537, 539,
541, 543, 545; 6, 263; 7, 235; 8, 861; 10, 280-1, 289,
292; 11, 119-21, 382; 12, 155-7; 14, 156; 15. 340; 16,
614; 17, 356; 18, 471; 19, 480, 482; 24, 47, 48, 192,
194-6, 389, 400-2, 411, 413-14, 425-6, 429; 25, 483, 490,
493, 503; 26, 186, 298, 303, 305-7; 30, 382.
See also Butterbrook, Dark Lake, Dry lake, Herteslake, Hor tons-
ford Brook, Huxlake, Left Lake, Ludbrook, Redlake, Walla-
brook.
610 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Ernestorre (]Yestor) (Okeharapton) : 5, 513, 517, 533-4; 11,
382; 22, 192-4; 24, 429; 26, 491, 529.
Escapeleia, Essaple, East Chapel, Chappie (Qidleigh) : 25, 534 ;
26, 147; 29, 260^1.
Esforthere. See Hessary Tor.
Essbritona, Estbrenton. See Ashburton.
Estdowne (Ashburton): 6, 261-2; 26, 383.
Esterwalle, Estwallen (Chagford) : 26, 510, 512, 515.
^ter Whyteburghe, Esterewhiteburgh, Esterwightbugh, Etiter
Whitbairleigh. See Whitaboroiigh, Eastern.
Eaton Yeat: 6, 537 (ICheston Gate, Ugborough).
Esworthie. See Endsworthy.
Exworthy. See Hexworthy.
Eylesborough, Eylesbarrow, Ellisborough, Elisboroughe, Elysburghe,
Gyllesburgh (S., Sheepstor, and Walkhampton) : 4, 505, 509;
6, 513, 516-17, 519, 531-2; 7, 355, 357; 11, 120-1, 374-6,
382, 393; 19, 493; 20, 47; 22, 51; 24, 192-3, 398, 426-8;
26, 490, 492, 500.
Fardel, Fardle, Ferthedel (Cornwood) : 16, 163, 172, 434, 438;
19, 374; 21, 313-14, 488-9, 492-5; 22, 233; 26, 324; 27,
390, 395; 28, 290, 415; 29, 216; 30, 94-5, 255, 267.
Farnhill. See Fernhill.
Featherbed Lane, or Teigncombe Common Lane (Chagford): 6, 187.
Fenacre, La (Chagford) : 25, 523.
Fenne. See Venn.
Fenton. See Venton (Plympton).
Fentown (Drewsteignton) : P, 112.
Fernhill, Farnhill (Shaugh): 7, 355, 357; 19, 374; 26, 324, 491;
28 427 • 30 213.
Fernworthy ( Bridestowe) : 7, 40; 26, 324; 28, 417, 467; 30, 91.
Fern worthy, or Fen worthy, or Venworthy (E.) : 6, 519, 528-9;
7, 40; 17, 91; 24, 423-4; 26, 311. 324, 491, 493, 496, 516,
518-19, 523, 530, 532; 26, 146, 186, 296, 306; 27, 437;
30, 97, 107-11.
Fernworthy Circle (E.) : 4, 507, 514, 516; 6, 46, 525; 24, 391;
26, 303; 30, 111.
Fernworthy Hedges (E.) : 6, 519; 24, 424; 26, 532.
Fewstone. See Heighstone.
Feyrecorte ("next Redlake,*' (1)Erme River) : 25, 491.
Fine's Well, or Fitz Well (W.) : 22, 69 ; 24, 429 ; 26, 491.
FiceX or Fitz's WeU (Okehampton) : 28, 18.
Fieldfare Hill (Buckfastleigh : 4, 528-9.
Fierseham. See Fursham.
Filhani, Fyllam Yeat (Ugborough): 6, 537; 26, 485.
Fingle Bridge, Fingal's Bridge (Drewsteignton) : 1^, 112 ; 2, 127 ;
4, 528, 533 ; 6, 393 : 10, 298 ; 16, 26 ; 16, 609 ; 17, 375-6,
386, 389, 392, 397, 409, 415-21 ; 20, 19 ; 23, 56 ; 28, 18, 179.
CONTAINBD IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 511
Fingle MUl (Drewsteignton) : 18, 418.
Fish Lake (Avon River) : 26, 491.
Fitzford, or Fytzford (Tavistock): P, 126; 16, 53; 16, 160; 17,
252; 21, 270; 22, 66-110; 28, 492.
Flat Tor (N. or R ?) : 30, 104.
Foale's Arrishes (Widecombe) : 29, 151, 155, 158, 162.
Foggintor and F. Quarries (Walkhampton) : 30, 99.
Forda (Sourton) : 17, 91, 105.
Forde, or Ford (near Ashburton) : 8, 403 ; 28, 336.
Forder Bridge (Chagford) : 8, 73.
Forder Brook (Blackaton Brook) : 24, 420.
Ford Gate (near Marytavy) : 21, 264.
Forest Hill Mine 0) : 27, 301.
Forstand, or Fordsland Ledge (Okehampton) : 6, 513, 516-7, 533;
20, 46 ; 22, 193-5 ; 24, 429 ; 26, 507. See Westsolle.
Forterfote. See Fur Tor Foot.
Fosseway, The, 21, 136; 23, 80, 94-5, 309.
Fowlescombe (Ugborough) : 28, 219.
Fox Tor (S.): 6, 542; 10, 284; 11, 117, 121; 16, 3Q6-7 ; 17,
406, 412; 24, 428; 26, 491 ; 27, 116.
Foxtorre Combe (S.) : 26, 491.
Fox Tor, or Foxtorr Head (S.) : 24, 428 ; 26, 491.
Fox Tor Mire (S. and W.) : 11, 117, 120-1; 17, 388, 395; 22,
198, 205; 26, 487.
Foxworthy, and F. Tor (Lustleigh) : 8, 401; 21, 240; 24, 198;
27, 296 ; 29, 406.
Foxworthy Bridge (over Bovey River) : 19, 507.
Frenchbeer, Frenche Beare, Frauncheysland (Chagford) : 26, 49 1 ,
522.
Fullaford (Buckfastleigh) : 10, 56.
Furlong (near Chagford) : 4, 423-4.
" Furnum Regis " (E.). See King's Oven.
Fursdon (Plympton) : 19, 369.
Fursdon Manor Mine (South Tawton): 2, 125-6, 335, 343-4;
27, 301.
Fursham, Fierseham (Drewsteignton): 26, 324; 28, 421; 30,
Fur Tor''(N.) :' 10, 270; 12, 266, 276; 16, 615; 26, 506.
Fur Tor Cut, or Cut Lane (N.); 12, 276.
Fur Tor Foot, Forterfote (N.) : 26, 491.
Fyllam Yeat. See Filhani.
Gadmewe. See Goodameavy.
Gages, or Gags (Ashburton) : 8, 325.
Gallant, or Gallantry Bower (Ilolne) : 6, 265 ; IS, 26.
Gallaven Ford (Gidleigh) : 26, 530.
Gallows Hill (Lydford) : 30, 79.
Gattecombe (? Chagford): 26, 518.
512 REFEBEKCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Gawlake, or Gawler Brook (East Dart) : 4, 525.
Gawler Bottom (E.) : 26, 53, 193-4.
Gawton (near Tavistock) : 21, 136.
Gedelege. See Gidleigh.
Ger, or Great, Tor (Petertavy) : 10, 284 ; 17, 72 ; 19, 496 ; 22,
177; 24, 193; 25,544; 26, 197.
Geston. See Heathstone.
Giant's Basin (Sheepstor) : 22, 50-2.
Giant's Grave (More ton ham pstead) : 14, 153.
Gibbet Hill, or Black Hill (Marytavy) : 23, 118.
Gidlaford (near Ashburton) : 8, 403.
Gidleigh, Gidley, Gyddeleigh, Gydeley, Gitislega, Gedelege, Gede-
liga, Godelega, (?) Scapelie.
Archceology: 8, 80; 24, 391, 420-2; 25, 493; 26, 300.
Bibliogi*aphy : 8, 80.
Etymology: 10, 291 ; 25, 328; 29, 261.
Geology : 2, 345.
History: 8, 72; 14, 96; 18, 372, 374; 25, 328, 510-34; 27,
198; 29, 261, 458-9, 466, 468, 470, 475, 479, 481, 489.
Language: 19, 78, 79.
Mining: 1^ 113.
Topography: 4, 523; 5, 419, 525; 11, 28; 22, 190; 24, 420.
422; 25, 490-1.
Various : 11, 28 ; 26, 483, 488, 497.
See also Batworthy, Berrydown, Blackstone, Bubhill, Buttem
Hill, Chappie, Creber Pound, Ensworthy, Essaple, Gallaven-
ford, Langstone (Menhir), Lypeyatte East, Rival Tor,
"Roundy Poundy,'' Ruelake Pit, Scapelie, Scorhill, Shuffle
Down, Thurlestone, Tolmen, Waterdontorr, Whoodlake,
Wotesbrokelakesfote.
Gidleigh Bridge : T, 111.
Gidleigh Castle : 22, 196.
Gidleigh Circle. See Scorhill Circle.
Gidleigh Menhir. See Longstone.
Gidleigh Park: 1*, 111 ; 15, 308; 17, 413.
Gitislega. See Gidleigh.
Glaas Bridge (over Glaze Brook) : 5, 536, 539.
Glaze Brook (Avon River) : 5, 535-6.
Glaze, East, or East Glas : 5, 530-1, 535-7 ; 24, 403 ; 25, 492 ;
26, 306.
Glaze, West, or West Glaas: 5, 530-1, 535, 537; 25, 492; 26, 306.
Glazecombe (Brent and Ugborough) : 24, 403 ; 26, 306.
Glaze, or Glase Head (Brent and Ugborough) : 24, 403 ; 26, 492.
Glaze, or Glase Meet : 5, 530, 535-6, 545.
Gnatham (Walkhampton) : 8, 83, 112.
Gnatteshill, Gnattleshill, Gnatorre, Gnapptorre. See Knattle-
borough.
Gnat Tor, or Nat Tor (Petertavy).
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 513
Gobbet Mine (S., near Hex worthy) : 4, 136-7 ; 8, 318. •
Godsworthy, Higher (Petertavy) : 26, 186.
Golden Dagger Mine (E., near Postbridge): 20, 376-7; 21, 43-46;
24, 193; 30, 98.
Goodameavy, Good Meavy, God Mewy, Godemewe, Gadmewe
(Meavy): 10, 304; 25, 330, 491; 27, 392; 28, 426; 30, 215.
Goodamoor, Goodamore (Plympton) : 19, 370; 27, 117, 120.
Goodatone (Ashburton) : 10, 305.
Gooseapoole (Ashburton) : 28, 241.
Goosiford (South Tawton) : 26, 312.
Gotestone. See Langstone.
Gratton, Gropeton, Cropeton (Meavy) : 25, 489 ; 27, 392 ; 30, 215.
Graunge (Buckfastleigh) : 25, 492.
Great Aish. See Aish (Brent).
Great Central Trackway (E.) and (W.) : 21, 136, 431-6; 23, 95,
309, 314; 25,525; 26, 119.
Great Nodden (Bridestowe and Sourton): 20, 46; 23, 117; 27, 438.
Grea Tor, or Great Tor (Ilsington) : 16, 304.
Great Tor. See Ger Tor (Petertavy).
Great Week (Chagford) : 6, 392 ; 8, 64.
Greena Ball (W.) : 26, 186 ; 27, 81 ; 29, 147.
Green Down (Holne): 28, 101.
Green Hill (S.) : 24, 48, 402.
Green Tor (N.) : 25, 529.
Greenwell Farm (? Shaugh) : 18, 380.
Grendon (Tavistock): 21, 136.
Grendon (Widecombe) : 25, 492.
Grenevill Manor, Grendwille (Buckfastleigh) : 28, 331, 336.
Grenofen (Whitchurch) : 10, 302 ; 19, 481-2, 495; 21, 136, 271,
273, 286; 24, 193, 199.
Greyhound Mai-sh (K, at Postbridge) : 29, 381-2.
**Grey Wethers" (E.) : 4, 514; 5, 46; 28, 45; 30, 97, 111-3.
Grimsgrove, Grimsgrave, Grymsgrove, Grymesgreue, Grymeswro-
sene (S., and Shaugh): 4, 533, 535; 5, 513, 516, 517, 519,
531, 532; U, 374, 382; 22, 51, 207; 24, 426, 428; 26, 492.
Grimslake (West Webbum) : 4, 525, 533 ; 5, 41, 42, 44, 554 ;
26, 115, 118.
Grimspound (Manaton) : 2, 486 ; 4, 497, 525, 533, 535 ; 5, 41-6,
553-4; 6, 396; 8, 80, 680; 10, 283; 14, 154; 16, 304;
18, 380-1; 21, 435; 23, 97, 311, 394; 25, 498, 546; 26,
53, 101-21, 186, 196, 198, 298-300; 27, 81-5, 91; 28,
175-7, 192-4; 29, 19, 151, 302.
Grimstone (Whitchurch): 13, 223; 19, 44; 21, 136.
Grimstor. See Hameldon Tor.
Gropeton. See Gratton.
Guile, or Guild Bridge (Tavistock) : 21, 137, 306.
Gully Hole. See Collerew.
Gulwell and Gulwell Cross (Ashburton) : 6, 398; 26, 82.
VOL. XXXVII. 2 K
514 BEFSRENCSS TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Gydeley. See Gidleigh.
Gyllesburgh. See Eylesborough.
Hale Cross. See Hele Cross.
Halford (South Tawton) : 27, 396.
Halfstone. See Heathstone.
Hall. See Holne.
Halshanger, and Halshanger Common (Ashburton),: 16, 78; 28,
230; 29, 145, 156.
Halstock, Halleatoke, Hallgestocke, Holestock, Holstocke (Oke-
hampton): 2, 125-6, 338, 341; 5, 513, 516-17, 520. 533;
11, 382; 22, 44, 192; 24, 430; 26, 492, 527, 529; 27,
106-7, 125, 297,300; 28, 18.
Halstock Down (Okehampton) : 22, 186, 198; 24, 429; 26, 498,
527.
Halstock Chapel: 5, 513, 516, 517, 520, 533; 11, 382; 22, 44,
192-3; 26,529; 28, 18.
Halstock Mine (Okehampton): 2, 125, 338, 341; 27, 301.
Halwell Brook (Teign River) : 4, 524, 526.
Halwell (?Plympton) : 19, 370.
Hameldon, Hamildon, Hemeldon, Hamel Down (Widecombe and
Manaton): 4, 533, 535; 6, 44, 553-4; 6, 185-6, 272-6;
8, 400, 681; 10, 283; 11, 150; 14, 154; 16, 82; 17, 351 ;
19, 370; 20, 47; 21, 240-1, 253, 431, 435; 22, 201; 26,
525; 26, 102, 115-16, 119; 28, 42, 337; 29, 70, 419.
Hameldon Cross (Widecombe) : 6, 396 ; 21, 435.
Hameldon Tor, or Grims Tor (Manaton) : 4, 533 ; 6, 554 ; 8, 400;
12, 266; 14, 154; 21, 435; 26, 114-15; 27, 83.
Hamlyn's Newtake (£., at Postbridge) : 23, 311.
"Hampstone By-sou th-teynge," or Hampstone Wick (Chagford).
See Jurston, and South Teign Manor, and Week (Chagford).
Haneketorr. See Hawks Tor.
Hanger Down (Cornwood): 19, 370, 474; 21, 314; 24, 194.
Hangershell Rock, or Hanger's Shill (Harford): 6, 538; 24, 194.
Hangeston. See Heighestone.
Hanging Rock (Walkhampton), near Kingford, q.v.
Hanging Stone (on Walkham River) : 11, 375,
Hangingstone Hill, or Newlake Hill (N.) : 20, 46 ; 22, 189.
Harborlake Head, Harterbrook Head (Meavy) : 24, 428; 26, 492.
Harbourneford (Brent) : 30, 223.
Harburn (Dart River) : 4, 524, 526 ; 8, 399 ; 10, 284.
Hardwick, or Yardick (Plympton) : 19, 370.
Hardwicke. See Hurdwick (Tavistock).
Hareston. See Hurston.
Hare Tor (Petertavy) : 6, 542 ; 26, 544 ; 26, 186.
Harford, Harforde, Hereford.
Archceoloffy: 1\ 46; 8, 714; 14, 156; 24, 48, 402-3.
Bibliography: 14, 88.
CONTAINED IN THE " TEANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 515
Harford, etc. — continued.
Biography: 9, 116, 184-5.
Etymology: 10, 290, 294; 26, 326; 26, 149; 27, 395; 28, 415;
30, 255.
Geology: 24, 192.
History: 14, 102; 25, 326; 27, 390, 395; 28, 415; 80, 255.
Statistics: 22, 154.
Topography: 5, 419, 537, 540; 11, 28, 364; 25, 492; 27, 390, 395.
Zoology: 10, 454, 464.
Various : 8, 684, 728 ; 11, 28.
See also Black Pool, Brown Heath, Butterdon Hill, Batterfoid,
£rme Pits, Erme Plains, Hangershell Rock, Ivybridge,
Piairs Wood, Quickbeam Hill, Ringmore, Sharp Tor,
Stowford, Western Beacon.
Harford Bridge (over Tavy River, near Petertavy) : 5, 540-1 ; 9,
184; 10, 454, 464; 26, 500; 26, 186.
Harford Moor ( Harford) : 6, 538 ; 24, 402-3.
Harford Yeat (Harford) : 6, 537.
Harne, Preda de. See Amicombe.
Harp's Bridge (near Buckfastleigh) : 26, 492.
Harscombe. See Hescumbe.
Harter Brook (Heavy River): 24, 428; 26, 492; 26, 185, 306.
(? Harborlake.)
Harter Tor, or liar Tor (Walkhampton) : 24, 396-7; 28, 174-6,
178, 189, 198; 29, 385.
Harter Tor, Higher (Sheepstor) : 18, 74.
Harter Tor, Lower (Sheepstor) : 22, 51 ; 24, 426.
Hartland, Herterland, Hartiland, Hastiland (E., near Poetbridge):
6, 185 ; 17, 351 ; 21, 431 ; 23, 309 ; 26, 485, 492-3.
Hartland Tor (E.) : 23, 309, 310.
Hartland Warren (E.) : 21, 325.
Harton Cross (Lustleigh) : 6, 395, 398.
Hartehole (near Tavistock) : 21, 136.
Hart, or Herte, Yeate (Meavy, near Brisworthy) : 26, 492.
Hatherley (Bovey Tracy): 20, 145; 26, 325; 29, 227.
Hatteshyll (Widecombe) : 28, 336.
Haueketorr. See Hawks Tor.
Hawkmoor (Bovey Tracy) : 26, 325 ; 29, 227.
Hawkridge. See Torridge.
Hawk's Tor, Haueketorr, Haneketorr (Shaugh) : 7, 355, 357 ; 22,
50 ; 26, 492, 505.
Hay (Plympton) : 19, 370.
Hayes Wood (Meavy) : 17, 384, 396, 407, 413, 418, 420.
Hayne Down (Manaton) : 8, 401.
Hayne River (Beccy Brook) : 4, 522, 524, 526.
Hay Tor. See Hey Tor.
Haytor Vale Mine (Ilsington) : 8, 318-19.
Hay tree. See Hey tree.
2k2
516 . SEFERENCES TO DABTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Hazeldon (Tavistock) : 28, 782.
Hazel Tor. See Auswell Rock.
Headborough, Hedbury (Ashburton) ; 28, 235, 494-502.
Headland (North Bovey) : 6, 43, 45.
Headland Gert (North Bovey) : 26, 63.
Headland Warren (North Bovey) : 26, 110, 114-15, 299.
Headon Down (Corn wood and Plympton).
Head Weir (Meavy) : 26, 502 ; 30, 80, 82-9.
Heall Quarry (?) : 7, 214.
Heaston. See Heighestone.
Heathfield (Bovey Tracy). See Bovey Tracy.
Heathfield (Brentor) : 10, 94 ; 12, 266 ; 21, 442.
Heatherland (£., near Hartland).
Heathstone, Hethstone, Halfstone, Yesceton, Yessetone, Yeston,
Geston, Getestoiio, Gotestonc, Langestone (£., and Chagfoid):
5, 513, 51G-17, 519, 527, 528; 11, 381 ; 24, 423; 26, 483,
491-3, 496, 525, 533.
Heckwood Tor (Whitchurch) : 7, 214.
Heghysfoder. See Hessary Tor.
Heighestone, Heghstone, Highstone, Heaston, Hangeston, Hinges-
ton, Hughston, Fewstone, Kingstone (E.): 6, 513, 516—17,
519, 527, 533 ; 11, 381 ; 24, 422-4, 428 ; 25, 491, 493, 531-2.
See also Longstone (Gidleigh).
Hele (Cornwood) : 26, 325 ; 27, 390, 395.
Hele (Tavistock) : 28, 479 ; 30, 222.
Hele, or Hale, Cross (North Bovey) : 6, 393, 398.
Hele Moors (North Bovey) : 6, 393.
Helle. See Holne.
Helston, error for Belstone, q.v.
Hel Tor, Hele Tor (Bridford) : 8, 688, 753 ; 17, 377 ; 20, 150-2.
Hembury, or Henbury, Castle (Buckfastleigh) : 4, 532-3 ; 6, 265 ;
9, 100 ; 10, 283, 301 ; 12, 283 ; 23, 96 ; 30, 232, 293.
Hembury Wood (Buckfastleigh) : 26, 493 ; 28, 475.
Hemerdon, Hemmerdon, Henemerdon (Plympton) : 4, 59, 62,
654; 6, 371; 6, 139, 447; 14, 99; 19, 370, 557-8; 24,
194; 26, 424; 26, 152; 28, 441; 29, 223; 30, 239.
Hemerdon Ball (Plympton) : 4, 527 ; 19, 369.
Hengston, Heugheston. See Heighestone.
Henlake, or Henlick Down (Cornwood) : 9, 425.
Hennock, Hennicke, Heanok, Hanoc, Hainoc, Hanoch, Hyanac.
Archceology: 11, 156; 16, 379; 23, 64, 79, 96, 162, 266.
Botany: 18, 415.
Etymology : 10, 292, 303 ; 26, 325 ; 28, 422.
Folk-lore : 10, 99, 100.
Geology: V, 29; 3, 433; 29, 391.
History: 6, 386; 8, 853; 9, 277, 282; 10, 100; 14, 99; 23,
162; 26, 325; 28, 422; 29, 228, 239, 242-3, 473; 30,
233, 410.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 517
Hennock, etc. — continued.
Mining : 2, 335-40, 342 ; 7, 224.
Statistics: 22, 154.
Topographij : 5, 422 ; 6, 262.
Various: 6, 422.
See also Beadon, Bot Tor, Crockham, Huxbear, John Canu's
Rocks, Kelly, Knighton, Little Bovey, Worm Hill.
Hen Tor (Shaugh) : 4, 517 ; 24, 194-5.
Hentor Brook. See Wallabrook (Plym).
Hentor Meadow (Shaugh) : 22, 52.
Hereford. See Harford.
Hereston. See Hurston.
HerewiU (?) : 25, 493.
Herterland. See Hartland.
Herteslake, Hurtlake, Hortelake (Erme River) : 26, 493.
Hescumbe, Harscombe, Hartstone (Shaugh): 7, 355, 357; 26, 493,
Hessary Tor, North, Heghysfoder, Great Hisworthie, Hysf ochres^
Ysfother, Efforther (W.) : 4, 494, 510; 6, 385, 513, 516,
519, 525, 532-3, 544; 6, 152, 459; 7, 355, 357; 10, 284;
11, 382; 14, 157; 15, 316; 18, 75; 21, 435; 24, 200, 428;
25, 493, 509.
Hessary Tor, South, Little Hisworthie, Ysforther, Look-out Tor,
Royal Tor (W.) : 5, 513, 519, 532-3 ; 11, 382 ; 18, 74 ; 24,
428 ; 25, 492-3, 509.
Hethcorte (near Heathstone) : 25, 493.
Hethfeld (Shaugh) : 25, 493.
Hethstone. See Heathstone.
Hexworthy, Hextworthy, Hextenworth, Bysouthexworthi, Hexary
(S.): 4, 136; 8, 318; 22, 200; 24, 195; 25, 487, 490, 494;
28, 60.
Hexworthy Mine (S.) : 8, 318.
Heylond (Chagford) : 25, 514.
Heystone (Chagford): 1\ 113.
Hey Tor, Hay Tor, Haitorre, Hightorr Rock (Ilsington) : 1*, 62 ;
2, 337, 341-5, 494; 3, 475; 4, 336; 5, 408, 478; 7, 214,
225, 235-6, 240; 8, 372, 404,417; 10, 284; 11, 119, 350;
12, 265-70; 15, 82, 214, 224-5, 302-4, 306, 308-9, 313-14,
316, 320, 340; 17, 361, 380-2, 399, 400, 407, 412-13; 20,
150; 21, 240-1 ; 22, 180; 27, 288; 29, 163, 383.
Hey Tor Down (Ilsington) : 17, 389, 392-3, 399.
Hey tree. Hay tree, Hevetre, Hevytru, Hyfant-reowe (Manaton):
8, 400-1 ; 25, 325, 493, 525.
Heytree Down (Manaton) : 21» 435.
High Down, or La Doune (Lydford) : 25, 490.
Higher Coombe Cross (Lustleigh) : 6, 395, 398.
Higher Shapleigh (Chagford). See Shapleigh.
Highstone. See Heighestone.
High Tor (Marytavy) : 7, 431.
518 RIPKBBNCBS TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Hightorr Rock. See Hey Tor.
High Willis, or Willows, or WUlhajse, Hight WyU (N., and
Okeharapton): 6, 521, 533; 22, 189, 193-4, 197 ; 24, 430;
26, 494, 501-3, 507, 529; 27, 96, 297.
Hill Bridge (Petertavy) : 27, 83.
HUle. See South Hill.
Hingeston. See Heighestone.
Hisworthie, Hisworthy. See Hessary.
Hobajon*8 Cross (Brent and Ugborongh) : 6, 537-8 ; 24, 402.
Hochanton, Hochamptone, Hocamton. See Okehampton.
Hocklake (Tavistock) : 21, 274.
Hok, or Hoke (Okehampton) : 27, 104 ; 28, 476, 487 ; 30, 232.
Hokneton, Hokyn, Hockneton. See Hookney.
Holeshead (S., near Hexworthy) : 26, 494.
Holestock. See Halstock.
Holewille (Cbagford): 26, 512, 516.
Holland (Plympton): 19, 370, 373; 26, 327; 28, 427; dO,
252.
Holle Marsh (1 Holne) : 28, 213.
Hollocombe, Hollacombe (E., under Lower White Tor): 6, 185;
17, 351 ; 21, 431 ; 30, 303.
Holne, Holm, Holl, Hole, Helle, Hall.
ArchcBology : 6, 265 ; 16, 702.
Biograj)hy : 7, 48, 52-3 ; 14, 596.
Botavy: 17, 375, 387, 400.
Etymology : 10, 293.
Folk-Jare, etc, : 8, 549, 550; 9, 100; 28, 99-102, 350.
Geology : 7, 235 ; 8, 430 ; 21, 445-6.
Histoi-y: 8, 414, 819, 824-5; 9, 152, 273; 11, 117, 364; 14,
99 ; 16, 702 ; 27, 405 ; 28, 247, 250, 350 ; 29, 18.
Laws and Customs: 8, 549, 550; 28, 99-102.
Meteai^logy : 1\ 86; 4, 654, 656; 6, 371-2; 6, 139, 140, 145,
447-8, 450 ; 8, 60 ; 9, 63-72 ; 10, 64, 67-73 ; 11. 66, 68,
71-7; 12, 59-60, 63-9; 16, 132-6; 16, 184-8; 17, 188-
92; 18, 142-6; 19, 102-6; 21, 117-22; 22, 53-8; 23,
145-9; 24, 56-60; 26, 213-17; 26, 74-8; 27, 75-80;
28, 104-9; 29, 73-8; 30, 82-9.
Mining^ etc, : 8, 315.
Statistics: 22, 154.
Topography: 6, 422; 7, 48; 8, 414; 11, 28, 117, 364, 376;
12, 281 ; 26, 488-9, 492-5, 503 ; 27, 405.
Zoology : 28, 246.
Vanous: 6, 422; 8, 95, 331, 692.
See also Benchy Tor, Chase Mine, Combestone, Dryfieldford,
Gallantry Bower, Green Down, Holle Marsh, Hosefenne,
Newbridge, North Hobie, Rewe (le), Ringlesbutt's Mint,
Ryder's Hill, San€y|J||||kSouth Holne, Stock, Week Ford,
Wenver Bottom.,
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 519
Holne Bridge: 4, 518; 8, 427-8, 431-2; 12, 260; 17, 376, 387,
417; 21, 446; 27, 326.
Holne Chase: 4, 530; 6, 263, 265; 8, 93, 399, 433, 452; 12,
260, 281 ; 16, 312, 333; 17. 381, 384, 394, 396, 398, 400,
407, 415-16, 419, 421 ; 21, 438; 28, 244; 29, 16.
Holne Chase Castle : 4, 532 ; 6, 263-4.
Holne Cot : 12, 281, 283.
Holne Moor, Holmore, Southc^neniore : 26, 489, 494, 503.
Holne Park : 29, 18, 19.
Holne Ridge: 14, 155; 20, 47.
Holstock. See Halstock.
Holwell (Tavistock): l^ 126; 26, 105.
Holy Street (Chagford): P, 111 ; 6, 186, 391; 8, 73, 77; 26, 526.
Holy Street Cross : 6, 391, 398.
Holy Street Mill : 8, 73, 77 ; 18, 109 ; 26, 516, 526 (1 Cole-Myll).
Hood Lake. See Whoodlake.
Honey bag Tor (Widecombe) : 6* 523.
Hooe Meavy, Hoo Meavy, Hugh Meavy, Huge Mewy (Meavy) :
17, 410; 26, 330; 27, 392; 28, 426; 30, 215, 253.
Hooe Meavy Bridge : 17, 376.
Hook Lake (Erme River) : 4, 524 ; 24, 48, 402 ; 26, 298, 306.
Hookney, Hokneton, Hockneton, Hokyn (North Bovey) : 8, 826 ;
16,613; 26,494.
Hookney, or Hooknor Tor (North Bovey) : 6, 553-4 ; 26, 102,
114-15, 299, 300; 27, 83.
Hooksbury (Plynipton) : 19, 369.
Horehill (Chagford): 26, 514.
Horford Work (?) : 26, 494.
Horingbrook, Horyngbrok. See Hurrabrook.
Horndon (Marytavy) : 24, 204.
Horrabridge (Buckland Monachornm and Whitchurch).
Biograjthy : 19. 44.
Botamj: 17, 382, 387, 389, 393, 417-8, 421.
FAyinoJoqy : 10, 290, 294.
Geology : 21, 270, 445.
Language: 23, 127, 137; 26, 283; 27, 44.
Meteorology : 8, 60 ; 9, 63-4, 67-72 ; 10, 82 ; 11, 91.
Seismology: 16, 78.
Topography: 11, 121 ; 17, 350; 19, 372.
Zoology: 10, 514; 30, 478-9, 481-3, 494-8, 503.
Horridge, or Holridge, or Holrigge, and H. Common (Ashbuiton,
and Ilsington): 6, 177; 10, 300; 29, 156, 240, 243.
Horse Bridge (near Tavistock) : 17, 358.
Horse Hill, (] Whitehorse Hill) (?) : 4, 533.
Horse Hole Bottom (E. (1)): 30, 104.
Hornford (Shaugh) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26, 494.
Hortonsford Bottom (Corn wood) : 24, 48.
Hortonsford Brook (Erme River) : 26^ 493.
520 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Hosefenne (Holne) : 28, 336.
Hospit Cross, or Stumpy Cross (North Bovey) : 6, 394.
Houndall (Cornwood) : 19, 473, 489, 490 ; 21, 78.
Hpundetorr, Little, Parva Houndetor, Hundetorre, or Hownde-
torre, or Hounteret (N.) and (South Tawton, or Throwleigh) :
6, 513, 516-17, 519, 523-4, 545; U, 381 ; 22, 193, 195-6,
199; 24, 420; 25, 494, 507, 630.
Hound's Pool (Dean Prior) : 8, 724.
Hound Tor (N.) : 5, 523-5; 10, 284; 15, 82; 21, 435; 22, 189,
195, 197, 199 ; 24, 420; 25, 494; 26, 301, 303.
Houndtor, or Hountor, and Houndtor Wood (Manaton) : 17,
420; 25, 327; 28, 411, 489; 29, 228, 241; 30, 222,
312.
Hound Tor (Manaton): 4, 510; 5, 523; 10, 270, 284; 14, 153;
15, 82; 17, 128, 413; 18, 491 ; 20, 150.
Hound Tor Down (Manaton) : 10, 270.
Hounter Gate (Manaton) : 18, 491.
Hounteret. See Houndetorr (Little).
Houpemont, Water of. See Ockment River.
Howkemer Wood (near Buckfastleigh) : 25, 494.
Huccaby, Huckaby (E.): 10, 293; 21, 197; 25, 494, 498, 542-3 ;
29, 378, 380, 382, 384 ; 30, 97, 99.
Huckworthy Bridge (over Walkham River): 5, 544; 19, 371;
26, 490, 497.
fiuel Crebor (Tavistock) : 2, 334-5, 337-8, 3.46.
Huel Crowndale (Tavistock) : 2, 336.
Huel Franco (Buckland Monachorum) : 2, 340, 343.
Huel Robert (Sampford Spiney) : 2, 335, 336, 345.
Huel Sidney (Plympton) : 2, 340.
Huge Mewy, Hugh Meavy. See Hooe Meavy.
Hugh Lake. See Whoodlake.
Hugh Stone. See Heighestone.
Hugh Thorn (1) : 25, 494.
Hullingesfote, Hillyngessete. See LuUingcsfote.
Hunter's Path (near Fingle Bridge) : 28, 18.
Huntingdon, or Huntington Cross (S.): 11, 119; 24, 425; 25,
484, 486, 494, 507.
Huntingdon Foot (S.): 24, 425; 25, 494.
Huntingdon Warren (S.) : 11, 119; 26, 186.
Huntsborough. See Luntesborowe.
Hunts Tor (Drewsteignton): T, 111, 112; 2, 127-8; 18, 491,
Hunt Tor (Bridestowe and Sourton) : 22, 193.
Hurdwick, Hurdewyke, Hardwicke, Yardick (Tavistock): P, 125;
7, 215; 19, 471, 488; 21, 133, 267, 269; 24, 111 ; 27, 165,
209 ; 28, 464, 478-9, 489, 492 ; 29, 223 ; 30, 222.
Hurrabrook, Horingbrook, Horyngbrok (Plym River), (Shaugh
parish) : 7, 355, 357 ; 25, 494.
Hursdon (Sourton) : 25^ 533.
CONTAINKD IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 521
Hurston, Hereston, Hareston, Herston, Hurcistone, Jutsone (Chag-
ford) : 24, 424 ; 25, 492, 533 ; 29, 67.
Hurston Kidge, and Common, or Watem Down (E.) : 26, 523,
533 ; 26, 296, 305, 307 ; 29i 66, 67, 71, 159 ; 30, 109.
HuretwaUen, Hurtwallen (Meavy) : 7, 355, 357 ; 25, 495.
Hurtpytte, Hurcespytte (Chagford) : 25, 523, 533.
Huxbear (Hennock) : 25, 325.
Hux Lake, or Dry Lake (Erme River) : 25, 493.
Hysfochres, Hyffother. See Hessary Tor, North.
Ilsington, Ilsenton, Ylstington.
Archceology: 8, 452; 11, 157 ; 23, 64, 79, 162.
Bibliography: 14, 88-9.
Biography: 6, 530; 8, 420-2, 426; 9, 110; 16, 495; 25, 69,
155.
Bota7iy:'l6, 301, 306, 308-10, 312, 323-4, 326, 335, 337-8,
341; 17, 377, 384, 391, 393, 396, 403, 411, 419, 424;
18, 390, 405, 415.
Etymology: 10, 287, 291 ; 25, 328; 28, 445; 30, 242.
Folk lore, etc. : 12, 108 ; 24, 53.
Geology: 7, 230, 243; 20, 153; 29, 518-19.
History: 6, 386; 8, 125, 414, 420-2, 426; 9, 273; 10, 225;
11, 364; 14, 88-9, 101; 16, 495; 21, 501; 23, 162,.
439; 24, 67; 26, 69, 328; 27, 179; 28, 247, 250, 337,
366, 445 ; 29, 229, 240, 242-3 ; 30, 242.
Laws and Customs: 12, 108.
Meteorology : 4, 59, 60, 62, 654, 658, 660 ; 5, 371 ; 6, 139, 447.
Minimf, etc.: 2, 337; 7, 225, 230, 243 ; 8, 318-19; 12, 81.
Statistics: 22, 154.
Topography: 5, 422; 6, 261-2; 8, 402, 414; 11, 28, 364;
15 225.
Various: 5, 422, 478; 6, 396.
See also Bagtor, Court Wood, Cove, Grea Tor, Haytor Vale
Mine, Hey Tor, Horridge, Ingsdon, Knightston, Lenda,
Liverton, Lounston, Mountsland, Penwood, Kamfihorn
Down, Riley Mine, Kippon Tor, Rora Wood, Saddle Tor,
Sigford, Silver Wood, Smallacombe, South Knighton,
Standcombe, Staplehill, Woodhouae.
Ilton. See Itton.
Indoscombe (Tavistock) : 19, 473 ; 21, 267-8.
Indio (Bovey Tracy): 12, 117.
Ingle Burn (Dart River) : 4, 524, 526.
Ingsdon, Ingesdon, Engesdon, Aynkesdon, or Knighton Beaumont
(Ilsington) : 8, 93 ; 15, 435-6, 439 ; 17, 255 ; 25, 313 ; 27,
179 ; 29, 229, 240, 276; 30, 242.
Irishman's Wall (N., and Belstone) : 22, 195; 24, 430; 28, 445.
Irm, or Irun River. See Erme River.
Itton, Ilton (South Tawton) : 26, 312 ; 29, 176, 179, 261.
522 BBFIREKCX8 TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Ivybridge, Ivie Bridge, Ivcbrigge (Harford).
ArchcBology: 1\ 135; 6, 234.
Biographic: 18, 334-6; 21, 313.
Botany: 16, 298, 335-6, 344; 17, 391, 420.
Etyvfwlogy : 10, 290.
Folklore, etc, : 27, 71.
Geoloqy: 7, 219, 239; 9, 412, 425; 11, 329: 19, 472, 474,
481, 483, 490, 495; 20, 143, 145-6, 155; 22, 174-5, 180,
183 ; 24, 195-6 ; 27, 307 ; 30, 368.
Htsim-t/: 9, 338; 16, 163; 17, 452; 21, 313; 23, 433-9, 440;
27, 395.
Laws and Customs .• 12, 1 56-7.
Meteorology: 2, 560; 3, 153; 4, 59, 62, 64, 654; 6, 371 ; 6,
139, 447; 10, 82, 93-4.
Mining, etc. : 2, 341-2, 345.
Topography : 6, 530, 534, 545 ; 17, 350 ; 26, 485, 492, 499, 505.
Zoology: 8, 263; 10, 427, 439, 440, 442-3, 464-5, 469, 491,
508 ; 30, 477-9, 482, 487-8, 495, 498, 500-2.
Various: 9, 184; 10, 265; 20, 19; 26, 53.
Ivy tor Mine. See Belstone Consols.
Joan Ford's Newtake (S., near Sherberton) : 26, 307.
Jobber's Path (Brent) : 12, 156.
Jockett's Mear {X) : 26, 495.
John Cann's Kocks (Hennock) : 10, 100.
Jordan (Sourton) : 26, 533.
Jordan Ball (Widecorabe) : 8, 58,
Jordan River. See West Webbum.
Jurston, Jourdstone, Jordencstone, Jurdenistone, Jurdistone,
Jurdestone, Jurdystone, Jndanestone, Jourdhampetone,
Hampstone By-South-teynge (Chagford) : 26, 495, 512-14,
516, 532-3; 27, 102; 28, 419; 30, 234.
Jutsone. See Hurston.
Kagefort. See Chagford.
Eakking Mill (1) : 26, 495.
Kanelaton. See Kenyton Park.
Keckbeare. See Kigbear.
Kelly (Hennock): 10, 304; 26, 324.
Kelston. See Belstone.
Kendon, Kingdon, Kyndon (North Bovey) : 26, 495.
Kennon Hill (Throwleigh) : 22, 196, 198; 24, 421.
Kenyton Park, Kanelaton (near Buckfastleigh): 26, 495; 28,
329.
Kersford (Bridestowe) : 26, 318.
Kes Tor, Castor Rock, Caistor (Chagford) : 4, 503-4 ; 8, 63 ; IS,
306-7; 17, 393, 418; 19, 548; 20, 151 ; 24, 422; 26, 494,
504, 534.
CONTAINID IN THE " TKAN8ACTI0NS /' VOLS. I TO XXX. 523
Kigbear, Keckbeare (Okehampton) : 6, 420 ; 28, 418, 475, 493 ;
30, 229.
Kilbury, Kelbury, Kilbenland, Kilnbury, Kylbury (Buckfastleigb) :
8, 877 ; 25, 495 ; 28, 333-4.
Kilworthy (Tavistock): 1», 126; 21, 136, 262, 266-7; 24, 112,
119, 138-9; 25, 176.
Kingdon. See Kyngdon (Dean Prior), or Kendon (North Bovey).
Kingford (W., and Walkhampton) : 11, 375.
King's Barrow (North Bovey) : 6, 554.
Kingsett (Walkhampton) : 24, 196.
King's Oven, **Fumum Regis," King's Arm (E., and Chagford) :
4, 508; 6, 513, 517, 519, 528-9, 547; 8, 63; 11, 381 ; 14,
158; 20, 376; 24, 421, 424, 426; 25, 483, 485, 491, 495,
519, 523-4, 533; 26, 117; 27, 81-2, 88; 28, 45, 180; 29,
67, 385.
Kingstone. See Heighestone.
King Tor (North Bovey): 5, 554; 10, 284; 14, 154; 20, 47.
King Tor (Walkhampton) : 7. 215 ; 10, 284 ; 26, 185.
Kit's Steps, or Falls (Lydford) : 17, 381, 397, 406 ; 22, 19.
Knapwere (?) : 25, 495.
Knattleborough, Knattleburroughe, Gnatteshull, Battyshull, Bats*
hill, Catteshille, Ryder's Hill, Petre Bound Stone (8.) : 5,
513, 516, 517, 519, 530; 11, 382; 24, 425; 25, 483, 492,
495, 498.
Kneeset Foot (N.) : 25, 528.
Kneeset, Great (N.) : 26, 528.
Kneeset, Little (N.) : 25, 528.
Knighton (Hennock): 28, 407; 29, 226, 240, 243, 259 (30, 312?).
Knighton Beaumont. See Ingsdon.
Knightston, Knighton (Lsington) : 29, 229, 230.
Knolthorne (near Buckfastleigb) : 25, 495.
Knowl (Walkhampton) : 25, 501.
Knowle Bridge (Okehampton) : 28, 16.
Krap's Ring (K, on Lakehead HiU) : 23, 312.
Kyllaforde. See Cullaford.
Kyngdon, Kingdon (Dean Prior): 8, 826-7; 16, 613.
Laddretorre. See Lether Tor.
Lade Hill (E.) : 14, 158.
Lade Hill Bottom, or Ladel Bottom : 28, 183.
Lade Hill Stream (East Dart River) : 28, 183.
Ladwell Brook (Yeo, Dart River) : 26, 82.
Lady Well, or Ladwell (Ashburton) : 26, 82.
Lafter Tor, Laugh Tor (E.) : 10, 284 ; 26, 488, 542-3 ; 26, 306.
Lafter Hole, Laughter Hole, or Hall (E.) : 26, 496.
Lagland, Langelond, Lakeland (Chagford): l^ 112, 115; 26, 514«
Lake (Bridestowe) : 17, 102, 107-8, 114, 122.
Lake, or Lak (Meavy) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26, 330, 487, 495.
624 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Lake, Lakeheved, Lackhead (£., by Believer) : 25, 495. .
Lakehead, Lakeheved, or Lackhead Hill (E.) : 14, 157 ; 22, 206 ;
23, 312-13; 26, 495; 27, 87, 437, 439; 28, 174, 182-3,
192, 198; 30, 77, 78.
Lakemoor (Buckfastleigh) : 4, 525.
Lamburn, Lumburn, Lumber Brook (Tavy Kiver): 21, 136, 271.
Lamerton, Lamberton, Lambretone, Lambertona, Lamt'hon.
Biography: 6, 538; 22, 110; 24, 112, 116.
Etymology : 10, 287, 304.
Geology: 21, 262, 266, 437, 443.
: History: 9, 273, 281 ; 21, 189, 193; 24, 112, 116, 124, 127,
137; 26, 327; 27, 174, 384, 391; 28, 440, 470, 485,
491-2; 30, 239, 269, 315.
Statistics: 22, 156.
Topography: 11, 28; 27, 391.
See also Churlhanger, Collacombe, Ottery, Trevenn, Westford,
Willestrew, Woodhay.
Lane's End (near Wills worthy, Petertavy) : 17, 72.
Langaford, Langsford. See Sandyford.
Langaford, or Langford Bridge (Chagford) : 8, 73 ; 26, 526.
Langage (Plympton): 28, 411 ; 29, 259.
Langcombe Bottom (Shaugh) : 1\ 46; 4, 510, 535; 6, 531 ; 14,
156 ; 22, 51, 52 ; 24, 196, 426 ; 25,492.
Langcombe Brook (Plym River) : 4, 524 ; 22, 52.
Langcombe Kist (Shaugh) : l^ 46 ; 4, 535 ; 5, 531.
Langelond. See Lagland.
Langford Lestre (Ugborough) : 26, 327 ; 28, 404 ; 29,* 458, 472-3,
502; 30,224.
Langhill (Moretonhampstead) : 26, 526.
Langlake, East and West (Wallabrook, Dart River) : 4, 524-6 ;
10, 284.
Langland (Belstone) : 25, 526.
Langmede (Ashburton): 28, 212.
Langridge (Lydford) : 25, 526.
Langstone (Buck land Monachorum) : 30, 479.
Langstone, or Little Manaton, or Langaston (Manaton) : 8, 401 ;
26, 327, 526; 28, 422; 29, 228-9, 241 ; 30, 233.
Langstone, or Langestone. See Heathstone.
Langstone, or Long Stone (Petertavy) : 26, 172, 525.
Langstone Circle (Petertavy): 27, 84; 28, 45; 29, 147; 30, 97,
112.
Langstone, or Launceston, Moor, or Down (Petertavy): 26, 172,
543-4; 26, 186, 300, 306; 27, 81-4, 88, 90-1; 28, 194;
29, 145, 147.
Langstone (Throwleigh) : 25, 526.
Langworthy Brook (Sig Brook, Lemon River) : 16, 78.
Lartercombe, Laughter Combe (E.) : 25, 496.
Laston (Ugborough) : 5, 537.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 525
I>augh Tor. See Lafter Tor.
Launceston Moor. See Langstone Moor.
Laverens Mede (near Buckfaatleigh) : 26, 496.
La Walle (Chagford) : 26, 512, 515-16.
La Ya (Brent) : 8, 862 (11, 200?).
Laye Yeat, Lee Gate (Ugborough) : 6, 537.
Lea wood (Bridestowe) : 16, 80 ; 26, 197.
Leddertorre, Ledtorre. See Lether Tor.
Lcdecreak (S.) : 6, 530.
Ledeereoke. See Drywork.
Ledeford. See Lydford.
Leden Combe, Luden Comb, Ludecomb. See Linnacombe.
Leede Yeat (Lydford) : 26, 496.
Lee, or Leye (Plympton) : 19, 370, 373, 451, 454, 561.
Lee (Ugborough) : 6, 537 ; 25, 485.
Lee Moor (Shaugh): 4, 59, 654; 5, 371-2; 6, 139, 140, 447-8;
7, 223; 10, 449, 508; 19, 480, 482, 494, 496; 22, 180, 183,
237 ; 24, 196-7 ; 26, 505 ; 29, 403 ; 30, 358.
Lee Moor Cross (Shaugh) : 4, 506.
Lee Wood, or Leawode (Shaugh) : 19, 561 ; 26, 496.
Lee Town, Legh, Lygh (Sampford Spiney) : 7, 358; 26, 497; 27,
392.
Left Lake (Erme River) : 4, 524 ; 12, 156.
Legh, or Leigh (Brent) : 30, 221.
Legis Lake (Plym River) : 26, 509.
Legis Tor, or Leggis Tor (Sheepstor) : 22, 50; 27, 91, 440; 28,
35, 174-5, 177-9, 182-6, 189, 198; 29, 165, 385.
Leigh (Widecombe): 26, 328.
Leigh Bridge (Chagford) : 1\ 111, 113; 8, 73.
Leigh Challons (Plympton). See Challonsleigh.
Leighon (Manaton) : 29, 385.
Lemon Brook, or Limen, or Lymen Stream (Teign River) : 8,
402-3 ; 16, 437 ; 28, 318.
Lemonford (Ashburton) : 26, 327.
Lemsland (Dean Prior): 11, 119.
Lenda (Ilsington): 29, 519.
Lenthill (Ashburton) : 21, 446.
Lergcombe. See Lurgcombe.
Lessland (South Tawton) : 10, 302.
Lether, Leather, or Ledder Tor, Laddretorre, Leddertorr, Liddertor
(Walkhampton) : 10, 284; 15, 304, 319; 17, 387; 19,480;
21, 433; 22, 181 ; 24, 196; 25, 495.
Lether Tor Combe, Liddercombe, Leddercomb (Walkhampton) :
25, 495.
Leusdon, Leusden, Leweneston (Widecombe); 9, 24; 10, 287; 16,
83 ; 25, 496.
Levaton Barton. See LivertOn.
Levest Solk. See Westsolle.
526 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDEBS
Le Waie (1 Chagford) : 25, 516.
Lich Way, Lych Path : 11, 118, 121 ; 21, 168 ; 24, 429 ; 26, 528,
543 ; 27, 83.
Liddaford, Litterford (North Bovey) : 25, 330, 496.
Liddaton and L. Down, or Littonary Down (Brentor) : 26, 328—9.
Lidford. Seo Lydford.
Linch Hill (Heavy) : 25, 628.
Links Tor, Great, or Lynx Tor (Bridestowe and Sourton) : 5, 642 ;
10, 284; 17, 388-9, 393, 405; 20, 158; 22, 194; 26, 628.
Links Tor, Little (Bridestowe and Sourton).
Linnacomb, Ledencomb, Ludencomb, Ludecomb, Luddon (Sour-
ton) : 25, 328, 496 ; 29, 238.
Lints Tor, North Lints Tor (N.) : 10, 284 ; 25, 528.
Lints, or Lynch Tor, Luntesborowe, Lunsborough, Linsborough,
South Lints Tor (W.) : 5, 533; 21, 169, 170; 24, 429 ; 26,
496, 528.
Lisleigh. See Lustleigh.
Litterford. See Liddaford.
Little Bovey. See Bovey, Little.
Little Manaton. See Lsuigston (Manaton).
Little Torre (?) : 25, 496.
Little Woodland (near Ashburton) : 8, 403.
Liverton, Livaton, Leveton Peverill, Lowedon Peveril, Lounston
(Ilsington): 8, 420; 28, 449; 29, 229, 230-1, 238, 241;
30, 243.
Lobbapilla. See Lophill.
Logan Stone (on Rippon Tor, Ilsington) : 4, 518 ; 9, 24.
Logan Stone (Drewsteignton) : 3, 475; 14, 52; 28, 179.
Longaford Tor (E.) : 4, 528; 10, 284; 30, 98, 104.
Longcombe. See Langcombe.
Longford (Tavistock): 7, 214; 21, 267.
Longstone, or Gidleigh Menhir (Gidleigh) : 4, 505; 5, 513, 516^17,
527-8; 12. 371 ; 24, 391-2, 394, 422-3; 25, 491, 493, 532.
Longstone, or Merivale Menhir (Walkhampton) : 20, 161-2.
Longstone (Sheepstor) : 16, 533, 554, 556.
Ix)ngstone Hill (Okehampton) : 25, 529 ; 27, 297, 300.
Longstone Moor. Seo Langstone Moor (Petertavy).
Look-out Tor. See Hessary Tor, South.
Lophill, Lobbapilla (Buckland Monachorum) : 25, 496.
Loughtor (Plympton) : 10, 284; 14, 432 ; 19, 368, 373, 375; 26,
329 ; 28, 427 ; 30, 252.
Lough Tor (E.) : 10, 284. See Lafter Tor.
Lough ten Tor, Lowton Borough (E.) : 25, 496.
Lounston. See Liverton.
Lovatou, Loveton Bastard, Louyngton, Lonnington (Meavy) : 26,
496; 27, 392; 30, 241.
I>overs' Leap (Buckland-in-the-Moor) : 12, 278-9, 283.
Lower Colaton (Whitchurch).
CONTAIUBD IN THE " TBAKSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 527
Lower Marsh (£., near Lakehead) : 26, 495.
Lower Shapleigh (Chagford). See Shapleigh.
Ludbrook (Ugborough) : 25, 329 ; 30, 254.
Ludbrook (Erme River) : 5, 539. ♦
Luddon, Ludon Comb, Ludecomb (Sourton). See Linnacombe.
Ludford. See Lydford.
LuestoD, (?) Leusdon : 17, 255.
Lug, or Lucky Tor, or Eagle Rock (Widecombe) : 12, 28 L
Lullingesfote, Lullingsete (W.) : 5, 513, 516, 517, 519, 533; 11,
382; 21, 169; 24, 429; 25, 528.
Lumber Brook, or LumburD. See Lambum (Tavy).
Luntesborowe, Lunsborougb, Linsborough, Huntsborougb, South
Lints Tor (W.) : 5, 519, 533; 21, 169; 24, 429; 25, 496,
528.
Lurgecombe, Lergecombe (Ashburton): 28, 213.
Lurge, or Lerge, Mill (Ashburton) : 28, 213.
Lustleigh, Lisley, Lisleigh, Lustelegh, Levestelegh, Lovelesteleigh.
Archceologtj : 6, 395 ; 8, 402, 404 ; 23> 162.
Biogi-aphy: 10, 51 ; 19, 98.
Botany: 15, 308-10; 17, 377, 409, 417.
Etymology: 10, 291 ; 25, 330.
Folk-lore, etc. ; 12, 111. •
Geology: 7, 235; 20, 143, 145; 22, 180; 24, 197-8; 29, 391.
Hiatwy: 6, 386; 14, 88, 89, 97; 23, 162; 25, 330; 28, 430;
29, 229, 236, 238-9, 242-3; 30, 267.
Language: 29, 61, 63.
Mining] etc. : 2, 336, 341, 343-4.
Seisnwlogy : 4, 423.
Statistics: 22, 156.
Topography: 5, 419, 478; 8, 401-4, 411, 414; 11, 28.
Zoology: 10, 446; 16, 71.
Various: 5, 419, 478 ; 17, 27 ; 25, 497.
See also Barn court, Bishop's Stone, Cross Park, Easter Hay,
Foxworthy, Harton Cross, Higher Coombe, Hunter's Path,
Narramore, Keadon, Sharp Tor, South Harton, Trendlebere
Down, Water Rock.
Lustleigh Cleave (Lustleigh) : 5, 79, 478 ; 8, 401 ; 10, 301, 447 ;
12, 278, 516; 14, 309; 16, 128, 302, 304, 306, 308, 310,
313, 316. 333-4; 16, 766; 17, 27, 379, 386, 397, 399, 400;
20, 150; 21, 240-1 ; 29, 405, 407-8.
Lutton (Cornwood) : 30, 255.
Luytock Be west. See Ouickbeam Hill.
Lych Way. See Lich Way.
Lyddford Lestre(l): 28, 491.
Lydford, Ludeford, Ludford, Ledeford, Hlidaford, Lydiford,
Lydeforde, Lydanford, Lyd.
Archceology: 6, 79; 9, 407; 10, 590-1, 593-4, 596, 609; 12,
84 ; 21, 135, 168; 23, 97, 118; 27, 105; 29, 70.
528 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Lydford, etc. — continued.
Biography: 11, 373; 21, 144; 23, 102.
Botanij: 16, 300, 317, 329, 331, 335, 337; 17, 375, 377, 381-2,
392-3,-396, 405-6, 409. 415, 417, 418-23; 18, 404, 421.
Folk-lore, etc. : 6. 532 ; 8, 558 ; 9, 261 ; 23, 31.
Geologi/: 7, 235; 19, 467, 472-5. 489; 21, 261-3; 258, 178;
23, 116; 27, 302, 306-7, 309; 28, 775, 781, 788; 29,
404, 406.
History: 4, 492, 532; 6, 546; 7, 338; 8, 407-9, 414; 9, 261,
273; 10, 242, 254, 590-1; 11, 121, 283-302, 363, 376,
379, 380; 12, 161; 13, 339; 14, 103; 16, 613; 17, 232-3;
18, 379, 475; 19, 226, 251, 380; 21, 132, 171-200, 290,
293; 23, 31, 259; 24, 418; 25, 328; 26, 144; 27, 103-6,
198, 391, 394; 28, 464-5, 470-2, 491, 493; 30, 25, 28, 30.
Laws and Otistoms : 7, 338; 8, 319, 407, 775; 9, 122; 16,
613 ; 19, 226, 380; 21, 293 ; 26, 518 ; 30, 30.
Language: 13, 93, 95; 16, 92; 17, 105.
Meteorology : 10, 83, 94.
Mining, etc. : 8, 319.
Seismology: 16, 78-9.
Statistics: 22, 156.
Topography: 6. 421, 521, 544, 546; 8, 411, 413-U; 21,
28, 119, 121, 375; 18, 477, 487; 26, 497, 507, 529;
27 391.
Zoology: 8, 257; 11, 401 ; 12. 523; 13, 254, 256-7, 269, 273,
276, 278, 291 ; 20, 348 ; 30, 328, 482, 496.
Various: 6, 421, 476; 8, 707; 22, 19; 26, 131, 506, 508;
29, 27 ; 30, 328.
See also Arms Tor, Balbury, DeviFs Bridge, Downton, Dunna-
goat Tor, Gallows Hill, High Down, Kittys Steps, Langridge,
Leede Yeat, Rattlebrook Hill, Sharp Tor.
Lydford Cascade, or Fall (Brentor) : 17, 375, 379, 389-91, 393,
398, 403, 409, 416-18; 18, 389; 21, 185; 30, 383.
Lydford Castle (Lydford): P, 126-7; 8, 409; 11, 283-302; 13,
339; 18, 475; 22, 99; 27, 103, 125.
Lyd River, or Lid (Tavy River): P, 120; 4, 524; 6, 544; 8,
399; 10, 281; 11, 364, 401; 17, 390; 18, 397; 20, 158;
21, 185; 22, 177; 23, 117; 24, 198; 26, 186, 300; 27,
437-8; 28, 775, 777-8; 30, 383.
Lygh (Sampford Spiney). See Lee Town.
Lyltarcombe (Widecombe) : 28, 337.
Lynch Tor (W.). See Lints Tor.
Lynx Tor (Bridestowe and Sourton). See Links Tor.
Lypeyatte, East (near Gidleigh) : 25, 497.
Lyscombe (Bovey Tracy) : 29, 227.
Maddaford (Okehampton) : 26, 330 ; 30, 229.
Mainbow. See Brooke Mainbow.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 529
Manaton, Manethon, Maniton, Manoton, Mannaton, or Great
Manaton.
Archeology. 6, 186, 394; 12, 365, 375-9, 490; 14, 154; 23,
97, 162; 26. 110, 115; 28, 541, 712.
Biography: 13, 76 ; 19, 41 ; 27, 147 ; 28, 229-32 ; 30, 348.
Botany: 16, 310; 17, 377-8, 384, 390, 394, 400, 403.
Etymology: 8, 681 ; 10, 283, 287, 303, 305.
Folk-lore, etc: 11, 104, 110; 17, 118, 122, 124.
Geology: 4, 518; 24, 198; 29, 411, 416.
HistoTff : 6, 386 ; 8, 414 ; 9, 273, 277 ; 14, 104 ; 16, 589 ; 18,
372; 23, 162; 24, 513; 27, 147; 28, 229-32, 335, 401,
454 ; 29, 230, 238, 241-3; 30, 246.
Language: 14, 136, 333.
Seismology : 16, 648.
Statutics: 22, 156.
Topoqraphy: 5, 41, 422; 6, 186; 8, 414, 681; 10, 270; 11,
28; 12, 277; 26, 497; 26. 110. 115; 28, 712; 29, 416.
Zoologff : 16, 756, 760, 767 ; 29, 459.
Various: 6, 422 ; 6, 394 ; 8, 710 ; 12. 490.
See also Barrow Cot, Becky Falls, Beckford, Blackdown, Bower-
niaii's Nose, Broad Barrow, Challacoml)e,Cripdon Down, Eas-
(lon, Ephraini's Pinch, Grimspound, Hameldon Tor, Hayne
Down, Heytree, Hound Tor, Langston, Leighon, Smalla-
combe, Soussons Warren, Trendlebere Down, Vogwell.
Manaton, Little (Manaton): 26, 330; 27, 102.
Manaton Tor: 17, 416.
Manga, (T Manger Brook (Xorth Teign River) : 26, 497.
Manga, or Manger Hill (N.) : 26, 497.
Manga, or Manger Rock (N.) : 25, 497.
Mangersford (N.) : 26, 497.
Marchant's Cross. 8ee Merchant's Cross.
Mardle River (Dart River) : 26, 488.
Mardon (Drewstcignton) : 28, 421.
Mardon, or Marodown ( More ton ) : 11, 158; 14, 153-4; 20, 47;
26, 152, 163.
Mardon (South Tawton) : 26, 163, 311 ; 27, 399.
Margaretlond, Margaret Land (Tavistock) : 26, 497.
Market Cross (Chagford) : 6, 391.
Marsh Mills (Plympton) : 7, 219; 10, 518; 17, 349, 408, 424;
21, 445 ; 30, 503.
Marvtavv, Maritavy, vSt. M»iry Taw.
Archatohfjy : 21, 166 ; 26, 180 ;" 26, 53 ; 28, 193.
Biography: 21, 156, 494; 23, 106; 24, 135, 144.
Bota?tf/ : 17, 397.
Etymology ; IQ, 290, 295.
Folk-lore] etc. : 8, 687.
Geology: 21, 51, 59, 263-4, 266, 271, 284-6; 22, 180; 24,
i88, 190; 28, 781-2, 788.
VOL. XXXVIT. 2 L
530 REFBRKNGES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Marytavy, etc. — continued,
HUtoi-y: 9, 217, 273; 10, 227; 14, 99; 16, 175; 21, 192-3,
494; 25, 338, 340-1, 513; 27, 391-3; 28, 424, 469, 471,
484, 490, 493; 29, 466; 30, 214, 252.
Laws and Customs: 16, 175.
Staiistics: 22, 156.
Topography: 5, 421, 544; 11, 28, 364; 25, 487, 497; 27,
391-3 • 28 193.
Vanous: 3,' 186; 5, 421 ; 8. 653, 796; 21, 166.
See also Black Down, Bumtown, Ford Gate, Gibbet Hill, Har-
ford Bridge, High Tor, Horndon, Warn, Wheal Betsy,
Wheal Friendship, Wringworthy, Yellowmead Hill.
Maynbowe. See Brooke Mainbow.
May's Newtake (Swincombe Valley) (S.) : 24, 389 ; 26, 307.
Meavy, Meavie, Mevie, Mevye, Meauwy, Mewey, Mewe.
Archoeoloqy : 18, 380.
Biography : 17. 260 ; 20, 37 ; 21, 494 ; 28. 274.
Botany: 17, 375, 378, 381, 387, 389-90, 397-8, 401.
Folk-lore, etc. : 30, 92.
Geology: 19, 55; 20, 145; 22, 173, 175, 179, 182; 24, 198,
201 • 27 307 309.
History /l, 350, 354-5; 14, 103; 15. 151; 16, 513-14, 518,
520-1, 524, 527, 553-4 ; 21, 306, 494 ; 25, 330, 535-6 ;
27, 392; 28, 274, 426, 455; 30, 214.
Laica and Customs : 26, 539.
Statistics: 22, 156.
Topography : 5, 420, 542-3 ; 7, 355 ; 11, 28, 364 ; 25, 490,
497 ; 27, 392.
Zoology: 10, 428.
Various: 5, 420.
See also Brits worthy, Cad worthy, Callishara, Church eforde.
Church Meavy, Dewerstone, Durance, Goodameavy,
Gratton, Hart Yeate, Hayes Wood, Head Weir, Hoo-
meavy, Hurstwallen, Lake, Linch Hill, Lovaton, Merchant's
Cross, Olyak, Parson's Wood, Plymouth Leat, Scholia forda,
Smalacumba, Stanlake, Stow ford, Sulebar, Vennylake,
Waggefen, Weir Head, Wigford Down, Winford, Yen-
nadon.
Meavy Bridge : 17, 386.
Meavy Pool (Plym River) : 10, 279.
Meavy River, Meavye, Meawe, Mewe, Mew (Plym River) : 4,
524-5; 5, 541-2; 7, 355, 357; 10, 279, 280; 11, 121 ; 16,
513-14, 518, 520-2, 525-6, 532-5, 541, 543-6, 549, 550,
554-5 ; 18, 391 ; 19, 369, 371 ; 21, 207 ; 24, 47, 190, 196,
198-9, 207, 389, 396, 398, 413, 428; 25, 490, 497, 502;
26 185, 306; 27, 308; 28. 179; 30, 353.
See also Elfordlak, Harter Brook, Narrator Brook, Newlycombe
Lake, Smalacumbalak, Stanlake, Yenny Lake.
CONTAINED IN THE " TBANSACTI0N8," V0U5. I TO XXX. 531
Meldon, Mildone, Milledone, Middledown, Meledune, Myldon
(Chagford): 1*, 72; 8, 64, 73; 18, 372; 26, 519, 520; 27,
102(1). 197.
Meldon, Meledon, Meledune, Milledone (Okehampton) : 2, 1 25-7,
337, 343-4; 7, 213; 17, 71; 22, 96, 177, 181, 184; 24,
199; 25, 331; 27, 98, 102, 104, 297, 300-3, 305-8, 396;
28, 18, 476, 487 ; 30, 200, 232.
Meldon Mine (Okehampton) : 27, 301.
Mel Tor (Widecombe) : 27, 441.
Mel, or Mil Tor, East (N.) : 15, 316; 22, 188-9, 105, 197; 24,
422, 429; 25, 496; 28, 18.
Mel, or Mil Tor, West (N., and Okehampton) : 15, 316, 329; 22,
197, 199; 24, 430; 26, 497, 529.
Merchant's Bridge (Meavy) : 26, 502.
Merchant's Cross, or Marchant's Cross (Meavy) : 26, 495, 502.
Merivale (Whitchurch): 6, 44; 10, 283; 26, 541-2; 26, 185,
301, 306-7; 27, 85-6, 437, 440.
Merivale Bridge (over Walkham River): 1^ 46; 4, 494, 499,
507-13, 516; 6, 525, 544-8; 9, 121; 10, 284; 17, 399,
454; 19, 383; 20, 161, 434; 22. 19; 24, 199, 387, 394-5,
404, 409-11; 26, 501; 27, 81-2, 85-6, 91; 28, 45, 175,
179, 196.
Merivale Menhir (Walkhamptou) : 4, 514; 20, 161-2; 22, 19;
27, 85-6.
Merripit, Higher; Meriput or Merepit, Eyre (E.): 26, 497.
Merripit, Lower (E.) : 26, 497 ; 28, 60; 29, 379, 381, 384.
Merripit Hill (E) : 6, 547 ; 10, 283 ; 14, 158 ; 21, 434.
Merritield Green (Plympton) : 19, 626-7.
Metheral, Metherell, Mevill (Chagford): P, 113; 12, 371-2; 24,
392, 423-4 ; 26, 493, 505 ; 26, 307.
Metheral Brook, or Metherel, or Metherill (South Teign River)
(?) Alber Brook : 24, 424 ; 26, 483, 485, 505, 530.
Metheral Brook (Taw River): 22, 185, 190-1.
Metheral Hill (N.) : 22, 185, 189, 198 ; 26, 530.
^levey, or Mevie River. See Meavy River.
Mevill. See Metheral.
Mew, or Mewy. See Meavy River.
Mewyburghe, Mewbrough, Meuborough, Mewboron, Meuywey-
burgh, Meavyborough (W.) (1 White Tor, Petertavy) : 6,
513, 516, 517, 520, 533; 11, 382; 21, 168-9; 22, 194; 24,
429 • 26 497.
Middle Brook (Avon River) : 4, 524, 526 ; 10, 284.
Middlecot (Chagford): 6, 392, 398; 26, 331.
Middleton (Tavistock) : 29, 223.
Middleworth (near Buckfastleigh) : 8, 315, 837.
Millaton (Bridestowe) : 8, 275; 17, 122.
Milledone. See Meldon (Chagford), or Meldon (Okehampton).
Mill Hill (Chagford) : 1*, 72.
2l2
532 BEFKRBKCIS TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
MUlhill (Tavistock): 7, 214, 219.
Mill Tor (Bovey Tracy) : 16, 302.
Milmede, Milemead (Tavistock) : 22, 87.
Milton Combe (Buckland Monachorum) : 24, 199.
Mil Tor. See Mel Tor.
Mirefeild (Buckfaatleigh) : 28, 330.
Mis Tor, great, Mister, great, Mist Tor, Mystor (W.) : 4» 503,
517; 5, 513, 517, 525, 533, 544; 6, 185; 7, 355, 357; 10,
284-5, 481 ; U, 121, 382; 12, 266; 15, 316; 17, 351, 382,
384, 388, 393, 395, 399, 406, 415; 21, 168, 170, 431,
435; 22, 197; 24, 428; 25, 489, 508; 26, 185; 27, 81;
29 147.
Mistor, little, or Wain Tor (Walkhampton) : 11, 382 ; 18, 74.
Mistmore, Missmore, Mistorr Moore (W., and Walkhampton) : 6,
520; 26, 497.
Mistor Pan, Mistorrpan, Mistorrepann, Mistorhead (W.) : 6, 620,
533 ; 7, 355, 357 ; 24, 428 ; 26, 497.
Monkenbucklond. See Buckland Monachorum.
Monk's Path (IBuckfastleigh): 8, 885-6.
Moon's Cross (South Tawton) : 6, 388.
Moor Barton (Moretonhampstead) : 14, 154.
Moor Barton or Morebarton Camp (Moretonhampstead) : 23, 97.
Moor Brook (East Ockment River) : 27, 105-6.
Moore Farm (Plympton) : 30, 252.
Moor Gate, Moretowne Yeat (North Bovey) : 26, 498.
Moorlands (Chagford) : 8, 438.
Moorlands (S., near Princetown) : 18, 75.
Morchington (Throwleigh) : 27, 405.
Morchington, Lower, or Murchington (Throwleigh) : 1*, 72.
Moreshead, or Morshead (Dean Prior): 26, 168-84.
Moretonhampstead, More ton Hem stead, Murton Hamstede, Moreton.
ArchvBdoqy: 6, 222, 226, 235, 239, 545; 6, 392, 394; 21, 433;
22, 201 ; 23, 97, 162, 251.
Bioqraphy: 5, 104; 6, 28; 7, 341 ; 10, 384; U, 48, 62, 114;
16, 148; 17, 252; 18, 309, 341; 19, 41; 26, 159; 26,
181; 30, 128.
Botany: 16, 303, 309, 310, 320, 324, 340; 17, 391, 393, 396,
401, 403.
Etymology : 10, 287-8.
Fine ArU : 16, 148 ; 19, 130.
Folk-lore, etc.: U, 109; 18, 103, 105; 21, 112.
Oeoloqy: 3, 475; 4, 348; 7, 214, 235; 16, 209; 20, 142.
History: 6, 471 ; 6, 386; 7, 82, 341; 8, 73, 78, 124-5, 331,
857, 859 ; 9, 258, 270, 273, 277, 282, 333 ; 10, 225 ; U,
350, 375 ; 14, 94 ; 16, 379 ; 17, 344, 454 ; 18, 220, 372 ;
21, 433, 501 ; 23, 162, 435, 439; 26, 331, 528; 26, 181 ;
28, 351-3, 404; 29, 226, 228, 242-3, 458; 30, 128.
LarcH and Customs:.!, 82; 11, 109, 375.
CONTAINBD IN THB ** TEANSACTIQl^S," VOLS. I TO XXX. 533
Moretonham pstead, etc. — continued.
' Language: 9. 333; 11, 127, 131; 18, 84, 92, 96, 101, 102;
19, 76, 78, 79, 82; 21, 85, 88-91, 98; 23, 126, 138; 29,
46, 51, 52, 62.
Manufactures: 8, 331.
Meteorology: 22, 46.
Seismology : 4, 423 ; 16, 648, 652.
Statistics: 22, 158.
Topography: 3, 475; 6. 419, 545; 6, 187, 394-5; 11, 28; 12,
265 ; 17. 361-2 ; 26, 428.
Zoology: 8, 256, 259; 10, 421, 427; 11, 96, 406.
Various: 5, 419 ; 9, 352 ; U, 375 ; 17, 454 ; 26, 442 ; 26, 202,
305; 27,221.
See also Butterdon Hill, Cossick, Cranbrook Castle, Daccombe,
Giant's Grave, Langhill, Mardon, Moor Barton, West Clif-
ford, Westcotti Whiddon Park, Willingstone, Wooston, Wrey.
Moreton Tree Cross : 6, 392-3.
Moreton Woods Cross : 6, 393.
Morwell, Morrle, and M. Down (Tavistock) : 1», 125 ; 6, 478 ; 2t
136, 271, 273-4, 286;22, 18;24, 111, 199, 200; 26, 268, 340;
27, 187; 28,466; 30,222.
Mountsland, and Mountsland Common (Ilsington) : 29, 156.
Mount Tavy (Tavistock) : 2, 560 ; 3, 153 ; 4, 59, 61, 654 ; 6, 371,
380; 6, 139, 147, 447, 454.
Muddy Lake (newtake), (?) : 21, 296.
Mystor. See Mis Tor.
Murchington. See Morchington.
Nannecross, Nun's Cross. See Siward's Cross.
Narramore (Lustleigh) : 10, 5 1 .
Narrator Brook, Denebrok (Meavy River) : 7, 355, 357 ; 25, 484,
489, 490; 26, 185.
Natsworthy, Notsworthy, Nottysworthye, Nottejsworthy (Wide-
combe) : 21, 435; 26, 332, 498; 27, 178; 28, 336-7, 455;
30, 255.
Nattadon, Nat Tor Down, Nottedone (Chagford) : 25, 511-2.
Nattenhole Ball (Drewsteignton) : 2, 126-7.
Natting Borough, Notting Borough. See Knattleborough.
Neadon, Neighdon, Nithedun, Nitheredune (Lustleigh) : 28, 422 ;
29, 228-9, 241; 30, 233.
Neadon Cleave (Lustleigh) : 21, 241, 253, 260; 29, 229.
Nern's, or Neru's Cross. See Siward's Cross.
Netelham Stappys, or Steps (Belstone) : 26, 498.
Nether Blackworthy (Cornwood) : 28, 455.
Netherdon Farm (Tavistock): 22, 101.
Nether Shaugh (Shaugh) : 26, 336.
Nettlye. See Nuttley.
Neumede (?) : 26, 498.
534 RBFBRBNCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Newton Come (t) : 26, 498.
Newbridge (over Dart River) (Widecombe and Holn'e) : 10, 270 ;
12, 278-81, 283; 13, 26; 30, 201.
Newbridge Hill (Widecombe).
Newelcombe. See Newly com be.
Neweparke (near Buckfastleigb) : 26, 498.
Newe Wall (near Sour ton) : 26, 498.
Newe Yeat (?) : 26, 498.
Newhouse, Niwahouse, Nywehous (E.) : 26, 484, 498, 514.
Newlake Hill, or Hangingstone Hill(]), (N.) : 12, 266; 16, 615;
20, 46; 22, 189.
Newlycombe, Newelcombe, Nilcombe (Walkhampton) : 6, 542.
Newlycombe Lake, or Nillcombe Brook (Meavy River) : 24, 428 ;
26, 498, 504; 26, 185.
Newnham (Plympton) : 19, 370; 20, 17, 130; 23, 80.
Nilcombe. See Newlycombe.
"Nine Maidens," or "Nine Stones" (Belstone): 4, 515; 8, 753-4;
22, 186.
Niwahouse. See Newhouse.
North Bovey, North Bovye, Northebovy, North Biry, North
Burry.
ArehcBology: 6, 391-4, 398; 8, 681 ; 22, 44.
Biographv: 28, 231 ; 30, 348.
Botany: 16, 303-4, 308, 310, 312, 316, 320, 340; 16, 393,
397-9, 403.
Etymology : 10, 289.
Folk-lore, etc. .• 8, 51 ; 18, 103.
Geology: 29, 416.
History: 6, 386; 8, 73, 414, 884; 14, 97; 18, 372; 23, 162;
26, 316, 485; 28, 424; 29, 177, 179, 225, 228-30, 238-9,.
242-3, 459, 460 ; 30, 234, 253.
Language : 21, 93 ; 29, 63-4.
Laws and Customs: 16, 173-5.
Mining, etc. : 2, 336, 340, 342, 345.
Seismology: 16, 652.
Statistics) 22, 149.
Topography: 6, 41, 419; 6, 185; 8, 401 ; 26, 533.
Various: 4, 522 ; 8, 716 ; U, 28.
See also Aller, Beetor Cross, Bennett's Cross, Birch Tor, CuUa-
combe Head, Easdon, Hele Cross, Hele Moors, Headland,
Hookney, Hospit Cross, King's Barrow, King Tor, Lidda*
ford. Moor Gate, Shapley, Vitifer, West Teign.
North Buckland (1 Buckland Monachorum) : 27, 392.
North Holne (Holne^ : 28, 431.
Northlande (Chagford) : 26, 513.
North Russell (Sourton) : 30, 209.
North Tauston (Widecombe) : 28, 336.
Northway (Widecombe) : 26, 498.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 535
North Week, North Wyke, Moreton Wyke (South Tawton) : 29,
175-80.
North woode (near Buckfastleigh) : 26, 498.
North Worthied, North Werthiehed (Widecombe) : 26, 498.
Nosworthy, and Nosworthy Bridge (Walkhampton) : 6, 542.
Notsworthy. See Nats worthy (Widecombe).
Nottedone. See Nattadon.
Notysworthy (Chagford) : 26, 512.
Nun's Cross. See Siward's Cross.
Nun's Cross Farm (W.) : 24, 47.
Nun's Mine (Walkhampton) : 24, 200.
Nuston (Dean Prior) : 26, 177.
Nuttley, Nettlye (Tavistock): 26, 498.
Nyrifeud (near Buckfastleigh) : 8, 822.
Nywehous. See Newhouse.
Obrook, Wobrook, Okebroke, Okysbroke, Okebrooke, Oakbrook,
Otbroke (S.) (West Dart River): 4, 524, 526, 528; 6, 513,
516-17, 519, 529, 534; U, 381; 24, 425; 26, 483, 489,
490, 498, 508.
Obrook Foot, Okebrokysfote, Oakbrook Foot, Hollowbrook Foot
(S.): 6, 513, 516-17, 521, 529; 11, 381; 26, 494, 498,
508.
Ockadun. See Ockment Hill.
Ocdeydehull, Okeday Hill, Odehull, Ordehall (1) : 26, 498.
Ockington. See Okehampton.
Ockment Hill, Okement Hill, Ockadun (N.): 12, 275; 22, 185, 189.
Ockment River, Okement, Ochment, Houpemont water: 2, 125;
4, 523-4; 6, 521 ; 10, 286; 18, 477; 19, 480-1 ; 24, 389;
26 494 527 ; 27 94-5 306.
Ockment RiVer, East': 2, 1*25 ; 4, 525 ; 7, 235 ; 10, 286 ; 12,
263; 19, 369; 22, 176, 185-6, 188, 195; 24, 200, 421, 429;
26, 498, 529, 545; 26, 300, 307 ; 27, 96, 104-5, 107.
See also Blackaven Brook, and Moor Brook.
Ockment River, West: 2, 125; 4, 525, 531 ; 7, 235-6; 10, 286;
12, 263; 19, 369, 480-1; 22, 176, 194-5; 24, 199, 200,
430; 26, 485, 529, 545; 26, 300; 27, 107, 125, 305.
See also Brim Brook, and Vellake.
Ock Tor, Oke Tor (N.) : 22, 185, 188, 199; 26, 300-1, 307 ; 27, 96.
Ogbear (Tavistock) : 27, 187 ; 28, 466 ; 30, 222.
Ogborough, Ougborovve. See Ugborough.
Okebroke. See Obrook.
Okehampton, Oakhampton, Ochamtone, Ochanton, Okynhampton,
Okynton, Okington, Ockington, Ochmenton, Okemcton,
Ocmund Tune, Ochenemitona, Okamptone, Okhamton,
Hochantone.
Archatoloqy: 6, 74, 223, 236; 6, 95, 162, 398; 9, 162; 10,
385'; 22, 44, 69 ; 23, 97-; 26, 51-; 28, 61 ; 30, 79, 113.
586 REFEBBNGES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Okehampton, etc. — cotUinued,
Biography: 11, 115, 373; 14, 82; 15, 182; 17, 255, 260; 18,
119, 277, 344; 19, 456; 21, 195; 22, 100, 102; 24, 121,
145; 26, 33; 26, 181 ; 27, 361 ; 30, 44.
Botany: 15, 311, 317, 319, 333, 339; 17, 396, 398; 18, 399,
401, 403; 30, 198, 200.
Etymology: 8, 398-9; 10, 279, 287-8, 290, 292; 26, 294,
332, 527 ; 27, 29.
Fine Arts, etc. : 14, 295 ; 18, 119.
Folk-lore, etc. : 8, 753 ; 12, 100; 22, 66 ; 28, 90.
Geology: 2, 125, 334-5, 337, 341-5; 4, 334, 621 ; 5, 407; 7,
217, 235-6, 238-9; 19, 483, 496; 20, 143, 145; 22,
176-7, 183; 27, 297-310; 29, 404, 519, 522.
History: 7, 73-4, 93; 8, 76, 78, 123-4, 381, 398-9, 417-8,
471, 473-4; 9, 270, 277, 281, 407; 10, 227; 11, 350,
376, 512 ; 12, 406 ; 14, 82, 89, 97 ; 15, 182 ; 17, 255, 260,
350; 18, 277, 477; 19, 338; 21, 174, 186, 193; 22, 69,
100, 102 ; 23, 434-6, 440 ; 26, 332 ; 26, 253 ; 27, 29, 93-
-112, 114, 124-36, 149, IGO, 163, 361, 384, 391, 394;
28, 219, 245, 366, 417, 466, 470, 476, 487, 490, 493 ; 29,
218, 291, 306, 311, 334, 336, 457; 30, 25, 28, 32, 34,
37-9, 204, 226, 269, 284, 372, 375, 397.
Language: 17, 109; 21, 86; 26, 189, 198; 28, 68.
Meteorology: 4, 654; 5, 371; 6, 139, 143, 447; 9, 76, 78;
11, 88.
Mining, etc. : 2, 334-5, 337.
Seismology : 16, 78, 81, 656.
Statistics: 4, 415; 22, 158.
Topography: 4, 621 ; 6, 420, 422; 6, 390-1, 394; 8, 78, 411,
413 ; 11, 28, 355, 376 ; 12, 262-3, 265 ; 17, 350; 18, 473,
475, 477, 483, 485, 487; 19, 340; 23, 91 ; 26, 484, 490,
492, 494, 499, 501, 503, 526-7, 529; 26, 161 ; 27, 384.
Zoology: 16, 758 ; 27, 1 14 ; 28, 245 ; 29, 291, 306, 311, 334, 336.
Various: 5, 223, 420, 422, 488; 8, 716, 754; 10, 265; 96,
202, 204; 27, 221 ; 28, 201, 342; 30, 320.
S^e also Alfordon, Black Dowu, Blackland Croft, Black Tor,
Black Tor Copse, Bowerland, Brightley, Chapel Ford,
Cheesacot, Chidicot, Croft, Devon 5line, East Hill, Fitz'
Well, Fordsland Ledge, Halstock, High Willis, Hoke,
Kigbear, Longstone Hill, Maddaford, Meldon, Mel Tor
(West), Okehampton Bridge Mine, Okehanipton Consols,
Row Tor, Southdown, Stokelegh, Uppecot, Vellake Corner,
Weatsolle, Wheal Forest, Wheal Oak.
Okehampton Bridge Mine: 2, 125; 27, 301.
Okehampton Camp: 27, 104^6; 28, 18.
Okehampton Castle: 12, 263; 14, 295, 333; 18, 477; 27, 124-
36, 149, 297, 302; 28, 393.
Okehampton Consols: 2, 125, 338.
CONTAINBD IN THE " THAN8ACTI0W," VOLS. I TO XXX. 537
Okehampton Park : 27, 105.
Okeley (1) : 26, 499.
Okel Tor (near Tavistock) : 27, 96.
Oldridge (South Tawton) : 2, 127.
Old Wooda, (?) Woodovis (Tavistock) : 21, 268.
OUsbrim, Ollsbrom (Widecombe) : 26, 499.
Olyak, Olyaka (Meavy) : 7, 855, 357 ; 26, 499.
Ooulacom. See Owlecombe.
Ottery (Lamerton) : 28, 442, 470-1 ; 29, 465.
Ottery (Tavistock) : 28, 399 ; 30, 222.
Over Blackworthy (Cornwood) : 28, 426.
Overbrent, Eastern and Western (Brent) : 6, 536.
Owlecombe, Owlacombe, Ooulacom (Ashburton) : 6, 262 ; 17,
391; 26, 383.
Owley (Ugborough) : 6, 537.
Owley Yeat, or Gate : 6, 537.
Owne, alias Aven. See Avon River.
Oxenham (South Tawton) : 6, 389; 14, 221-46; 28, 90-4.
Oxenham Cross : 6, 388-9.
Padleigh (Chagford) : 26, 512, 519.
Palston. See Polston.
Parford (Drewsteignton) : 1^ 112; 29, 261.
Parke (Bovey Tracy) : 29, 179.
Park Hill (Okehampton): 30, 97, 113.
Parkwood (Tavistock) : 21, 268 ; 28, 782- 3.
Parson's Wood (Meavy) : 17, 375, 379, 381, 384, 396,
Parswell, or Passwell (Tavistock) : 28, 466 ; 30, 222.
Passmore (Tavistock) : 27, 187.
Peak, or Peek Hill, or Tor ( Walkhampton) : 16, 549 ; 17, 393 ;
19, 474, 490; 22, 180, 184; 24, 200; 26, 500, 507; 27, 308.
Peake Mill (1 Brent) : 6, 537. .
Peasewell, Pizwell, Pusswell, Pusshill, Pushull, Pishull, Pushyll,
PuUeshull (E ) : 21, 175, 198; 26, 492, 499.
Peek (Ugborough) : 26, 334. See also East Peek.
Pen Beacon (Cornwood): 4, 510; 6, 549, 553; 10, 283; 11, 150;
12, 266; 14, 157; 19, 369, 370; 20, 47; 24, 47; 26, 509;
29, 70.
Pen Moor (Cornwood) : 18, 74 ; 26, 186.
Penny comequick (Whitchurch) : 10, 305.
Pennymans (Belstone) : 10, 304.
Pen Shiel. See Shell Top.
Pen wood, and Penwood Hill (Ilsington) : 8, 402; 16, 301, 323,
333 ; 17, 380, 396.
Peselford. See Peasewell : 26, 499.
Peselsmyth (1) : 26, 499.
Petertavy, Peturspavy, Petarsetavie, St. Peter Tavy.
ArchcBology: 26, 172; 27, 81, 83; 28, 175, 177; 29, 145, 147.
538 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Petertavy, etc—contmued.
Biography: 23, 106.
Botany: 17, 377.
Etymology : 10, 290, 295.
Geology: 19, 472; 21, 271.
History: 9, 217, 281; 14, 103; 21, 293, 502; 24, 109, 129,
135, 139, 140; 26, 338; 27, 392; 28, 456; 29, 492, 497;
30, 241.
LaiDs and Oustonis : 21, 293.
Seismology : 26, 176.
Statistics: 22, 158.
Topography : 6, 544 ; 11, 28, 364 ; 26, 488, 496, 499, 528-9 ;
27, 392.
Various: 9, 217 ; 21, 189, 192.
See also Bagga Tor, Beardon, Black Down, Broadmoor, Brou-
zentor, Claytorre, Cock's Hill, Cock's Tor, Colridge cum
Leigham, Cudliptown, Ger Tor, Godsworthy, Uarford
Bridge, Hill Bridge, Lane's End, Langstone Circle, etc.,
Mewy burgh, Rolls Tor, Smear Down, etc., Sowtentown,
Stanon Hill, Stephen's Grave, Tavy Cleave, Tor Town,
Wapsworthy, White Hill, White Tor, Willsworthy, Yellow-
mead Hill.
Petertavy Brook. See Wedlake.
Pethill. See Pithill.
Petre's Bound Stone, Ryder's Hill (S.) : 12, 266; 14, 155; 24,
425 ; 26, 492.
Petre's Cross, Western Whitaborough (S.) : 11, 119 ; 12, 156.
Pew, or Pu, Tor (Whitchurch) : 7, 214; 10, 284; 16, 306-7, 316,
325; 17, 385, 399, 409, 413, 420; 24, 200.
Philip's Parke (?) : 26, 499.
Piall's, or Piles Brook (Erme River).
Piall's, or Piles Hill (Harford) : 26, 186.
Piall's, or Piles Wall : P, 46.
Piall's, or Piles Wood or Wode : 6, 537-8 ; 24, 402.
Picke Yeat, Peek Gate (Ugborough : 6, 537.
Piddledown (Drewsteignton).
Pigedon, East and West : 6, 539. See Eastern and Western Beacon.
Pigiswell (Chagford) : 26, 522.
Pillerdeswell, PoUardeswell, Pallerd's Wall, Pollardeswallen (1) :
26 499.
Pil Tor'(Wi(iecombe) : 29, 152.
Pithill, Pethill, Pudehel, Southpudehel (Shaugh) : 7, 355, 357,
799 ; 19, 374 ; 26, 334, 494 ; 28, 427.
Pitton (Widecombe) : 28, 337.
Pixon (Tavistock): 21, 142.
Pizwell. See Peasewell.
Place (Ashburton) : 29, 46;
Place (Buckland Monachorum) : 24, 487.
CONTAINED IN THB "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 539
Place Wood Castle (Ashburton) : 28, 210.
Plague Market (Walkhampton) : 6, 546 ; 24, 409.
Plaister, or Plaster Down (Whitchurch) : 22, 178; 24, 200.
Plymcnindla, Plym Croundel (Sheepstor) : 6, 542 ; 7, 355, 357 ;
11 374-6 • 24 426-7 • 26 499.
Plym Head, Plim Head, Plimheadd (S.) : 4, 505, 535 ; 6, 519,
531 ; 9, 121 ; U, 120-1, 375-6 ; 14, 156 ; 17, 395 ; 24, 428 ;
26, 499. See also Woodlake Head.
Plymouth Leat (Meavy, Walkhampton, Buckland Monachorum) :
10, 263 ; 16, 505-52 ; 26, 502 ; 30, 353.
Plym River, or Plyn River (Laira River) : l^ 46-7 ; 4, 502, 521,
524, 525, 535 ; 6, 532, 541-2 ; 7, 355, 357 ; 8, 659 ; 10, 279,
280, 336 ; 11, 121, 375-6 ; 16, 613-14 ; 17, 386, 391, 398-9;
18, 471, 477, 497 ; 19, 55, 365, 368, 373, 380, 477, 480, 482;
21, 77 ; 22, 44, 49, 52, 176 ; 24, 48, 192, 194, 196, 200, 203,
205, 389, 398, 400, 413, 426-7 ; 26, 172-3, 487 ; 26, 185,
303, 305-7; 27, 115; 28, 179, 719-21 ; 30, 382-3.
See also Blackabrook, Hurrabrook, Lan^combe Brook, Legis
Lake, Meavy Pool, Shavercombe Brook, Torry Brook,
Wallabrook, Writewillak, Yaddabrook, and Meavy River.
Plym Steps (S. and W.) : P, 46 ; 6, 532 ; 11, 376 ; 24, 426-7 ;
25, 499.
Plympton, Plimton, Plintone, Plymthon, Plumpton : —
Plympton, Earl, Earle, Erie ; or St. Maurice, Morris, or Morish ;
or St. Thomas.
ArchiBology: 6, 97-8; 23, 97; 27, 124; 28, 66.
Bibliography: 14, 89.
Biography: 6, 534; 8, 747; 9, 117-18; 10, 274; 14, 165,
170, 179, 299, 395-6; 17, 167, 256, 260, 262; 18, 118,
126, 277; 19, 86, 89, 191-216, 261, 455, 459, 463; 21,
139; 24, 451, 485; 28, 330, 574; 29, 120-2.
Etymology : 10, 287, 295.
History: V, 110; 6, 97, 105; 7, 44, 73; 8, 313-14, 317-19;
9, 264-5, 274, 337, 407 ; 10, 227-8 ; 11, 300 ; 12, 460 ;
14, 48, 100-1, 104; 17, 256, 260, 262; 18, 485; 19, 261,
363-76, 386-8, 459, 460, 463, 555-648, 649-74; 21, 139,
227, 332, 494-5; 26, 323; 27, 180; 28, 330; 29, 218,
219, 233, 457 ; 30, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 37, 40, 204, 376.
Manufactures: 21, 332.
Meteorology : 26, 62.
Milling, etc.: V, 110; 3, 376; 7, 227; 8, 313-14, 317-19;
30 30.
Toiiogi-aphy: 6, 419; 7, 355, 357; 17, 347, 349; 18, 471; 19,
371.
Various': Q, 419; 11, 236, 255; 20, 143; 21, 68, 126, 289;28, 247.
Plympton St. Mary.
Arrhoiology: 7, 351 ; 20, 42; 23, 80, 97.
Bibliography : 14, 89.
640 RSFSRBNGE8 TO DARTMOOR AKD ITS B0RDEB3
Plympton St. Mary — eontinmd.
Biography: 7, 351; 18, 283; 19, 462, 466; 21, 525-6, 528;
26. 184 ; 28, 232.
Etymology : 10, 287, 295 ; 28, 720.
Fine Arts : 19, 85-94.
Oeology: 22, 173.
History: 9, 274, 278; 14, 96. 99, 102, 104, 605; 16, 459; 16,
545-6, 729, 741 ; 17, 265; 19, 363-76, 386-8, 452, 455-7;
21, 494-5 ; 26, 323, 334 ; 27, 324, 350 ; 28, 403, 728 ; 29,
223, 259 ; 30, 290.
Topography: 6, 419; 7, 223, 355, 357; 23, 80; 26, 334.
Zoology : 30, 485, 487.
Various: 6, 419; 24,479.
Plympton Priory (Plympton St. Mary).
ArchcBology: 20, 131 ; 26, 66.
Bibliography: 23, 153.
Biography: 26, 35; 26, 178.
History: 7, 329, 338, 340, 359; 8, 799, 821, 823, 827, 830,
854, 856, 864; 9, 251; 14, 85, 102-3, 395, 605, 607, 610,
614; 16, 175, 545, 731-2, 734, 737-8, 741, 743; 18, 205;
19, 372, 452; 23, 153; 24, 363; 26, 117; 27, 159, 160,
385; 28, 357, 468, 716, 727; 29, 259, 468, 509; 30,
213-15, 290-1, 297, 308.
Laws and Customs: 7, 359; 16, 173-4.
Topography: 19, 371,
Vanous: 26, 178.
Plympton (undefined).
Archoeology: 13, 71 ; 20, 42; 26, 65.
Biography: 19, 101 ; 24, 84; 26, 34, 62, 125, 157.
Botany : 14, 580.
Etymology : 10, 280, 290 ; 18, 477.
Folk-lore^ etc, : 8, 54-5.
History: 8, 884; 9, 274, 405; 10, 312; U, 349, 351; 12,
184; 17, 254, 257; 20, 130; 26, 99, 401, 404; 27, 173,
176, 181, 184, 197, 209, 377, 379, 381-2, 385-7, 393-4;
28, 153, 366, 634.
Language: 14, 580.
Meteorology : 8, 60 ; 10, 85 ; 26, 63.
Mining, etc, : 2. 338, 341.
Seismology: 19, 553-4.
Statistics: 4, 415; 14, 85; 22, 158; 24, 29.
Topography: 8, 411, 413; 10, 265; 17, 347-8; 26, 499.
Zoology: 10, 433, 498, 510, 512.
Various: 8, 724; 13, 103; 14, 157; 24, 84; 26, 151; 28, 65,
68 ; 28, 247.
See also Baccamoor, Bickford, Billacombe, Blaxton, Boringdon,
Bottle Hill, Brimage Tor, Cann, Chaddlewood, Cb&llous-
leigb, Charlton, Cold Harbour, Colebrook, Coleland,
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 541
Plympion (undefined) — continued,
Collaford, Crana Castle, Crownhill, Down Thomas, Elford-
leigh, Fursdon, Goodamoor, Hal well, Hay, Headon Down,
Hemerdon, Holland, Hooksbury, Huel Sidney, Langage,
Lee, Loughtor, Marsh Mill?, Merryfield Green, Moore,
Newnham, Portsworthy, Quillet, Ridgeway, Saltrani, Sher-
ford, Smallhanger, Smithaleigh, Sparkwell, Thornville,
Torridge, Underwood, Veal Home, Venton, Voss, Whita
Cross, Wind whistle, Woodford, Yealmstone.
Podaston Lake. See Ashburn.
PoUardeswell. See Pillardeswell.
Polston, or Palston (Brent) : 8, 882 ; 26, 334 ; 28, 425 ; 30, 215.
Pondsworthy, or Ponsworthy (Widecombe) : 14, 133.
Portsworthy (Plympton) : 19, 370.
Portworthy. See Batworthy.
Postbridge (E.).
ArcluBology: 6, 185; 17, 351; 21, 431-4; 23, 307-14; 26,
173; 26, 53, 186, 195, 305, 307; 27, 81, 439; 28, 60;
29, 164, 378-81 ; 30, 97.
Etymology : 10, 286.
History: 21, 197.
Mining, etc, : 26, 70.
Topoijraiyhy : 6, 185; 12, 279; 17, 351 ; 21, 168, 431-4; 23,
307; 25, 484-5, 487, 491-3, 497-9, 500, 503, 506.
VaHous: 12, 275 ; 14, 158; 23, 307-8.
Pound, or Pounds (Buckland Monachorum) : 30, 489, 496-7, 499.
Powder Mills, or Works (E., in Cherrybrook Valley): 22, 201,
207 ; 23, 310-11 ; 25, 488 ; 30, 98.
Prestonbury (Drewsteignton) : 16, 761 ; 23, 96 ; 25, 527 : 29, 275.
Prewley Moor, Preely, Prevely, Prenla(Sourton) : 26, 499 ; 27, 98.
Priestaford, Priesteford (Ashburton) : 26, 50; 28, 215.
Princehail, Prince Hall, Prynshall (E.) : 19, 251, 253 ; 21, 296 ;
22, 96 ; 25, 484, 499.
Princetown, Prince-town, Prince Town, Prince's Town (W.).
Arcliiv,ology: 1\ 129; 4, 505, 510; 14, 157; 17, 69, 71-2;
18, 74-5; 22, 69, 229; 23, 78; 26, 185, 302; 27, 87;
29, 66, 163; 30. 97, 115.
Bibliography: 4, 339.
Bio(/rap/{y : 28, 57.
Botayiy: 15, 316; 17, 381.
Oeoloqy: 4, 339 ; 7, 214; 19, 480, 493; 24, 192, 201.
HistoTf/: 7, 214, 229; 8, 376, 378; 11, 293; la 313, 316;
2i, 196, 236, 295-7 ; 22, 69 ; 25, 538; 26, 203; 27, 120;
28, 61.
Language: 13, 313, 316; 25, 192.
Manufactures : 7, 229 ; 21, 295-7.
Mefeorolony: 1\ 86 ; 2, 560, 564-9, 571-2 ; 3, 154-60 ; 4, 59-
66, 654-6, 660-66; 5, 371-3, 376-86; 6, 139, 140, 146,
642 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Pnncetown, etc. : Meteorology — continued,
148, 152-3; 447-8, 453-5, 459, 460; 7, 84-8; 8, 60; 9
63-72; 10, 64-73, 270; 11, 66-77; 14, 186-90; 16
131-6; 16, 626; 17, 187-92; 18, 142-6; 19, 102-6 ; 21
118-22, 206-7; 22, 54-8; 23, 145-9; 24, 55-60; 25
212-17; 26, 73-8; 27, 75-80; 28, 61, 103-9; 29, 73-8:
30, 82-9.
Seumolocnj: 16, 653; 21, 296-7; 26, 176-7.
Topofjraphy : 26, 491, 498, 501-2, 504, 509.
Zoology : 8, 282 ; 10, 427 ; 30, 496, 499.
Various: 8, 376, 378; 10, 111, 270; 11, 117-18, 121; 21,
206-7; 22, 19; 26, 203; 27, 120; 28, 61; 29, 27-8.
Pudehel, Pudel. See Pithill.
Pullesbrook, Pulbrook (Bovey Tracy) : 26, 334 ; 29, 227.
Purps, Purpris (Shaugh) : 7, 355, 357 ; 25, 499.
Pushylle. See Peasewell.
Pu Tor. See Pew Tor.
Pycche (Buckfastleigh) : 28, 335.
Pyke Yeatte, Peek Gate. See Peak Hill.
Pytchclyff (Tavistock) : 26, 500.
Pytlande (Ashburton) : 28, 216.
Pytley (Ashburton): 28, 215.
Quarnell Down. See Corndon.
Quarnian Tor. See Corndon Tor.
Qaickbeam Hill, Quykbeme, Quyocke Bemefote, Luytock Bewest
(Ugborough and Harford) : 26, 496, 500.
Quillet (Plympton) : 24, 66.
Raddick Hill (Walkhampton) : 28, 174-5, 177-8, 182, 191-2,
198; 29, 149, 152, 154, 161-3.
Raddon (Bridestowe) : 21, 189.
Radge, Raddyche, Ridge (Tavistock) : 21, 142 ; 26, 50.
Rakernebroke. See Rattlebrook.
Ramsham (? Tavistock) : 21, 145.
Ramshorn Down (Tlsington and Bickington) : 8, 402 ; 27, 289 ;
29, 519.
Ramsleigh, Ranisley (South Tawton) : 2, 125; 27, 198; 28, 712.
Ranage. See Runnage.
Rattlebrook, Rakernebroke, Rahernbroke, (N.), (Tavy River) : 4,
524; 6, 513, 516, 517, 520-1, 533-4, 544; 10, 284, 298;
17, 380, 395, 415, 418; 18, 414, 421 ; 21, 169, 170, 208,
296; 22, 192, 195; 24, 421 ; 26, 500, 528-9.
Rattlebrooke Foote, Rakernebrokysfote, Rakilbrokesfote (N.) : 5,
513, 517, 520; 11, 382; 21, 169; 22, 192-3; 24, 429; 25,
500, 528-9.
Rattlebrook Hill (Lydford) : 17, 380.
Raybarrow Circle, or Whitemoor Circle (South Tawton) : 26, 302.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 543
Raybarrow, or Rayborough Pool and Mire (South Tawton) : 22,
189, 190, 198; 24, 420.
Red Brook (Avon River) : 4, 524, 526 ; 10, 284.
Redbrook Ball (Brent) : 4, 527.
Reddicliff Head (W.) : 24, 428 ; 25, 500.
Reddiford Down (Bovey Tracy) : 8, 402.
Reddon Ridge. See Riddon Ridge.
Redegippe. See Bidegrip.
Redlake, Redelake, Rodelake (S.), (£rme River) : 4, 524 ; 6, 513,
516-17, 519, 531 ; 11, 119, 120, 382; 24, 402, 425-6; 26, 500.
Redlake Foote (S.) : 5, 519 ; 24, 425-6 ; 26, 493.
Red Lake Head (S.) : 12, 156 ; 24, 425.
Red Lake, or lied Lake, Eastern or Outer (X.), (Tavy River) : 26, 528.
Red Lake, or Hed Lake, Western or Homer (W.), (Tavy River) :
5, 520, 533 ; 24, 429 ; 25, 500, 528-9.
Red Lake (Teign River) : 4, 525.
Redlakecombe (Tavy Valley) : 25, 500.
Redridge Down. See Riddon Ridge.
Rennidge, Renwith, Renewith, Renewyth. See Runnage.
Rewe, le (Holne) : 26, 500.
Rhodelake. See Whoodlake.
Riddani, Riddon, Reddon, Ryddon (E.) : 26, 500, 506.
Riddon Ridge, Reddon Ridge, Redridge Down (E.) : 14, 158.
Rider's Hill. See Ryder's Hill.
Ridgeway, Ridgway (Plympton): 2, 560; 3, 153; 4, 59, 62, 67,
654; 5, 371, 373, 380, 382; 6, 139, 143, 147-8, 447, 450,
454-6; 17, 346, 350; 19, 366, 370-1, 626-8, 637; 20, 19;
23,80; 28, 719.
Riley Mine (Ilsington) : 8, 319.
Ringhill (E., by Postbridge) : 23, 309.
Ringhole Copse Cross (South Tawton) : 6, 388-9.
Ringleshutt's Mine, Ringingshot Mine (Holne) : 4, 529.
Ringmore ( Harford) ; 8, 263.
Ringmore, or Ringmoor Down (1 Rynmore) (Sheepstor) : 8, 803 ;
18, 74; 22, 175; 24, 201; 25, 484, 501, 509, 535; 27, 437, 440.
See also Rydeniore.
Rippon Tor (Ilsington): 4, 503, 517, 518; 6, 44; 6, 185; 8, 58,
404, 417 ; 9, 24 ; 10, 284 ; 12, 266 ; 17, 361-2, 423 ; 29, 151.
See also Logan Stone.
Risforde, Rixforde. See Rushford.
Rixhill Mine (Tavistock) : 2, 340.
Rival Tor (N.) or (Gidleigh) : 26, 507.
Roborough Down, Roubard Down, or Bickleigh Down (Buckland
Monachorum): 5, 66; 7, 214-15; 8, 402, 411, 413; 9, 239,
338 ; 10, 85, 288 ; 11, 91, 158 ; 12, 266 ; 15, 312 ; 16, 532-4,
536, 539, 549-51, 554-6 ; 17, 376, 382, 408 ; 19, 482, 494-5 ;
21, 271, 286; 22, 231 ; 23, 96, 115; 24, 202, 206; 26, 180,
500, 526.
644 REFERENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Roborough Hill (Ashburton) : 9, 178.
Roborough Hundred, Roburg, Roueburgb, Rouburg, Rubergg
Rowburgh, Rugheburgb, Rowburrow : 7, 334, 338, 340, 342
352-3, 355-6, 358-9 ; 8, 327, 343, 798, 803 ; 9, 405 ; 16
470 ; 19, 455 ; 26, 315, 500, 526 ; 26, 99, 151, 401 ; 27, 197
379, 381, 384-6, 393.
Roborougb Mine (Ashburton) : 8, 318.
Roborough Rock, or UUestor (Buckland Monachorum) : 6, 478
7, 214 ; 19, 482 ; 24, 202.
Rolls or Rolles Tor, Rulestorre, Roos or Roo Tor (Petertavj)
7, 431 ; 17, 71 ; 21, 167, 434 ; 26, 501.
" Roman Camp " (near Parkwood, 'I'avistock) : 21, 268.
Romansleigh, Romanslee (Tavistock) : 30, 427.
Roos, or Roo Tor. See Riolls Tor.
Rora, and Rora Wood (Ilsington): 16, 301, 333; 17, 377, 380, 384,
389, 393, 411, 417.
Ro there forde. See Ruthereford.
Roubard Down. See Roborough Down.
Rough, or Row Tor (N. and Okehampton) : 16, 316 ; 22, 199 ; 28,
501.
Round Hill (W.) : 22, 203.
Round Hill (Postbridge 1) : 26, 302, 307.
"Roundy Poundy " (Gidleigh and Chagford) : 12, 371.
Routor Urook (Cherry Brook (West Dart River) : 23, 314.
Routor Marsh (E., near Postbridge): 23, 314; 29, 164.
Row, (l)Knowl (Walkhampton) : 26, 501.
Rowden Down (Brentor) : 21, 442.
Rowdene, or Rowden (Dean Prior) : 26, 177-8.
Rowe rew, Le (Brent and Ugborough) : 26, 501.
Row Tor, Rowetor. See Rough Tor (Okehampton).
Royal Hill (S. and W.) : 22, 205.
Ruddy Brook (Bovey Tracy) : 15, 303.
Ruelake Pits (Gidleigh) : 26, 303.
Rundleskone (W.) : 4, 654-6, 660, 665-6 ; 6, 371-3, 376, 385-6 ;
6, 139, 140, 152-3, 447-8, 453, 459, 460; 24, 429; 26, 601.
Runnage, Ranage, Rennidge, Rene with, Renewyth, Renwith (K,
near Postbridge) : 26, 500, 506.
Rushford, Risforde, Rixforde (Chagford): 1*, 72; V, 111, 112;
8, 64, 77, 79; 25, 335, 514-5; 27, 101 ; 28, 421 ; 30, 231.
Rushford Bridge (Chagford) : 8, 73.
Rushford Woods (Chagford) : 1*, 72.
Ruthereford, Rothereforde (Buckfastleigh) : 28, 335-6.
Rydemore, Rynmore, (1) Ringmoor, q.v. (Sheepstor) : 7, 344, 355,
357 ; 8, 803.
Ryder's, or Rider's Hill, Petre's Bound Stone, Knattleborough,
q.v. (S., Holne, and Buckfastleigh) : 4, 528-9 ; 24, 425 ; 25,
483, 492, 498.
Ryder's Rings (Brent) : 24, 189.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 546
Saddleborough, Saddlesborough, Saddleback, (?) Shitaburgb, q.v..
(Shaugh): 4, 516; 17, 72; 18, 130; 19, 480; 23, 97; 24,
202 : 29 380.
Saddle Tor, Saddleback (Ikington) : 16, 313, 317, 322, 325, 329;
17, 416.
Saltram, and Saltram Woods (Plympton) : 16, 339, 340 ; 19, 370,
462, 629; 20, 18.
Sampford Spiney, Sampford Spiny, Samford Spinee, Sampford
Spynie, Sampford Spanley, Sanford.
Biography: 24, 142.
Botany: 17, 397.
Etymology: 10, 293.
Geoloffy : 7, 235 ; 21, 263.
History: 7, 358; 16, 534; 19, 371 ; 21, 293 ; 24, 142 ; 26,
336; 26, 404; 27, 392; 28, 245, 442; 30, 241.
Mining, etc, : 2, 335-6, 345 ; 7, 224.
Statistics: 22, 160; 26, 404.
Topography: 6, 421, 543; 7, 358; 11, 28, 364; 19, 371-2;
26, 501 ; 27, 392.
Zoology : 28, 245.
Various: 6, 421.
See also Iluckworthy Bridge, Huel Robert, Lee Town, Vixen Tor.
Sands Gate (Drewsteignton) : 6, 390.
Sandyford, or Langaford (N.) : 6, 520; 22, 192-4; 24, 429, 430;
25, 496, 501.
Sandyford. See Dryfieldford.
Sandy Park, or Dogamarsh (Drewsteignton): P, 112; 18, 491;
28, 18.
Sandy Park Bridge. See Dogamarsh Bridge.
Scapelie. See Shapley.
Scapelie, or (1) Gidleigh : 29, 458.
Scarey Tor, Skutor (Belstone) : 22, 186, 198, 199.
Schaggeford. See Chagford.
Schagh, Schaghe, Shaghe. See Shaugh.
Schaplega, Shapley (Chagford) : 26, 515.
SchirewilJ, Scirhull. See Sherrill (Widecombe).
Schitestor. See Sheepstor.
Schollaford. See Sholeford (Meavy).
Sciredon, Sciredun. See Skerraton.
Scobator, Scol)etor (Widecombe) : 25, 336 ; 28, 329.
Scobitor Rocks (Widecombe) : 16, 316.
Scorhill, Scorhill Down, Scaur Hill (Gidleigh) : 4, 514, 531 ; 21,
435 ; 22, 198 ; 24, 421 ; 26, 186.
Scorhill Circle, Gidleigh Circle (Gidleigh) : 4, 514, 531 ; 6, 46,
524-5 ; 22, 197 ; 24, 391, 420-1 ; 26, 508, 530-1 ; 26, 303 ;
28, 45.
Scorhill Tor (Gidleigh) : 4, 531 ; 5, 524-5.
Scoriton, Scoredon, Scoryaton (Buckfastleigh) : 4, 530; 28, 329, 335.
VOL. XXX vir. 2 M
546 RSFSBENCIS TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Seaward's Cross. See Si ward's Cross.
Sedilburgh, Sedylburgh, SodUburghill (?): 26, 501.
Sekiredon. See Skerraton.
Selvestan. See Shilston (Drewsteignton).
Sempestan (Dean Prior) : 26, 177.
Setters (Petertavy).
Shapen Wene (Sourton) : 25, 501.
Shapleigh, Shapley, Scapelie, Scbaplega (Chagford): 26, 336, 515,
532-3; 26, 147; 27, 192, 198; 28, 419; 30, 234.
Sbapleigh, Shaplegh, Shapeley, Shapley-Helion (North Bovej) :
26, 336, 502, 532; 27, 102; 28, 419.
Shapley Common (North Bovey) : 5, 43; 24, 394; 26, 186 : 27,
81, 88, 91 ; 28, 175-7, 183, 189, 192-4 ; 30, 103.
Shapley Tor (North Bovey) : 26, 299, 300.
Sharpitor, Sharper Tor (Walkhampton): 10, 284; 16, 82; 26,
302, 307.
Sharp Tor (Bovey Tracy) : 10, 100,
Sharp Tor (Brent) : 10, 284.
Sharp Tor, or Sharpy Tor (Drewsteignton) : 2, 127-8 ; 16, 82.
Sharp Tor (Harford) : 6, 538 ; 11, 159 ; 14, 156 ; 24, 402-3.
Sharp Tor (Lustleigh) : 16, 325.
Sharp Tor (Lydford) : 20, 47.
Sharp Tor (Widecombe, on Yartor Down) : 12, 279, 281 ; 27, 441.
Shaugh, Shaugh Prior, Schagh, Scage, Saghe, Shaghe, Shawe,
Shaye, Sthagh, Shau.
ArchcBology: 14, 157; 17, 130; 23, 81, 97; 26, 180.
Bibliography : 14, 90 ; 24, 66.
Biography : 19, 452-3, 455 ; 28, 57, 755.
Botany: 17, 381-2, 388, 399, 400, 407, 409, 418-19, 420.
Etymology: 10, 293, 295; 19, 370; 26, 310; 26, 147.
Geology: 6, 214; 7, 217; 19, 481, 483, 494-6; 20, 144-5,
155; 22, 173, 175, 178-9, 182; 24, 192, 202-3; 27, 309.
History: 7, 344; 9, 274; 13, 103; 14, 82, 95; 16, 173-5;
19, 371, 374, 452-3, 455; 24, 66; 26, 310, 336, 501 ; 28,
427.
Laws and Customs^ etc, : 13, 103; 16, 173-4.
Mining^ etc, : 7, 225.
Statistics: 22, 160.
Topography: 6, 420, 541 ; 6, 214; 7, 355, 357; 11, 28, 364;
14, 82; 19, 371, 374; 26, 487, 492.
Zoology: 10, 442, 449, 465, 488, 501, 505; U, 407, 412, 416,
418-19, 421.
Various : 8, 884.
See also Brixton, Broad Kock, Calveslake Tor, Chechelburgh,
Coldstone, CoUard Tor, Crownhill, Dunston, Emmett's
Post, Fernhill, Greenwell, Grimsgrove, Hawks Tor,
Hen Tor, Hescumbe, Hethfeld, Horsford, Hurrabrook,
Langcombe, Lea Wood, Lee Moor, Nether Shaugh,
CONTAINBD IN THB "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX, 547
Shaugh, etc. — continued,
Pith.Il, Purps, Saddleborough, Shavercombe, Shell Top,
Shitaburgh, Torry Combe, Trowlsworthy, Writewille.
Shaugh Bridge (Shaugh) : 6, 541-2; la 442; U, 407, 412, 416,
418-19, 421; 15, 311; 17, 375-6, 381-2, 386, 392-3, 395,
401, 407-8, 421; 22, 49; 26, 491; 30, 478, 483, 485-6,
488, 494, 499.
Shaugh Hill, or Beacon (Shaugh) : 17, 384 ; 18, 74.
Shaugh Lake (Shaugh) : 28, 84 ; 29, 71.
Shaugh Moor, or Common (Shaugh): 4, 503; 14, 157.
Shavercombe Brook (Plym River) : 4, 524 ; 22, 50 ; 24, 203.
Shavercombe Down (Shaugh) : ^ 507.
Shavercombe Head (Shaugh) : 4, 513.
Sheepstor, Shepstor, Shetstor, Shistor, Shitestorr, Shittestour,
Schitestor, Scitestor, Schytstor, Shittystor, Shittistor, Schet-
lestor, Sytelestorre.
Archctology : 25, 180.
Bibliography: 14, 90.
Biography: 2, 311 ; 7, 351, 364; 21, 494.
Botany: 17, 384, 388, 399, 403, 409, 413, 415, 417, 420.
Etymology: 10, 284; 25, 311.
Folk-lore, etc, : 30, 90, 92-3.
History: 7, 341, 344, 355-8; 8, 803, 806; 16, 532-3, 553-4,
556-7; 18, 62; 21, 494; 25, 311, 538-9; 26, 404; 27,
392-3; 30, 241.
Language: 25, 192.
Meteorology: 4, 59, 63-4, 66-7, 654, 660-1, 663; 5, 371-3,
376, 378-9; 6, 139, 140, 145-6, 447-8, 452-3; 19, 51.
Mining, etc. : 2, 335.
Statistics: 22, 160; 26, 404.
Topo^aphy: 5, 520, 542; 7, 355, 357; 8, 411 ; 11, 28, 364;
16, 554, 556-7 ; 21, 207 ; 24, 426 ; 25, 483, 490-1, 501-2 ;
27 392—3.
Vanom: 8, 411 ; 18, 62 ; 21, 207 ; 25, 535, 539.
See also Biricombaford, Burrator, Colly ton, Crewecumba, Dean
Combe, Ditsworthy, Drizzlecombe, Eylesborough, Giant's
Basin, Harter Tors, Legis Tor, Longstone, Plymcnindla,
Ringmoor, Yaddabrook, Yeo, Yllalonde.
Sheeps Tor, or Shittistor (Sheepstor) ; 2, 335 ; 14, 1 56 ; 16, 329.
Shell Top, or Pen Shiel (Cornwood, and Shaugh) : 4, 497, 507,
509, 516, 535; 5, 45, 539; 10, 283; 12, 266; 19, 370; 20,
47 ; 22, 237 ; 24, 47, 203, 412 ; 26, 505.
Shelstone, and Shelstone Hill (Throwleigh) : 1*, 72 ; 6, 523-4,
539 ; 14, 153 ; 18, 491 ; 24, 420 ; 26, 494.
Shepperstore (? Sourton) : 26, 502.
Sherberton, Sherborne, Shirebourne, Shurbora, Shirbonescroft,
Thurbumwood (S.) : 26, 485, 502, 505 ; 26, 307.
Sherberton Common. See Sherril Down.
2m2
548 REF£RKNCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDBRS
Sherewood, Sherwood (Ashburton): 28, 215, 412. See SheistoiL
Sherford, Sireford (? Plympton) : 19, 370; 26, 147 ; 28, 330.
Sherlond, Sherling, Shirlyng (V) : 26, 502.
Sherril, ScirhuU, Sherwell, Sirewell, Schirewill (Widecombe) : 8»
315, 815; 22, 204; 26, 147; 27, 437.
Sherril Down (Widecombe): 27, 437, 441 ; 29, 25, 151.
Sheraton (Ashburton) : 29, 228, 230. See Sherewood.
Shetstor, Schetlestor. See Sheepstor.
Sheurlestone. See Thurlestone.
Shidford. See Sheepstor.
ShiUamill (Tavistock): 21, 271-2, 274, 286, 441 ; 22, 175; 2i
199, 203.
Shillapark (Whitchurch) : 21, 434.
Shillford (Bridestowe) : 21, 189.
Shilstone, Selvestan (Drewsteignton) : 1*, 112; 4, 409, 512; Q,
539; 6, 390; 17, 264; 19, 245; 25, 336; 28, 444; 30, 239.
Shilstone Venn (Drewsteignton): 1*, 112.
Shilstone, or Shelstone Tor (Bridestowe and Sourton) : 4, 531 : 5,
539 ; 28, 44.
Shipley Bridge (Brent) : 6, 530, 536 ; 26, 186 ; 30, 483.
Shipley Tor (Brent) : 11, 89.
Shippen Park (near Buckfastleigh) : 26, 502.
Shirebourne. See Sherberton.
Shiredon. See Skerraton.
Shirigge, Shirugge (?) : 26, 502.
Shitabiirgh, (?) Saddleborough (Shaugh) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26, 502.
Sholeford, Schollaforda (Meavy) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26, 502.
Short Cross (Chagford) : 6, 392, 398.
Shortermead (?) : 26, 502.
Shuffle Down, Shovel Down (E., and Gidleigh) : 4, 504, 509 • 6,
45 ; 26, 532 ; 26, 300.
Shurbora. See Sherberton.
Sidaford. See Sittaford Tor.
Sideham (Tavistock) : 30, 217.
Sigford, Sigeford (Ilsington) : 8, 420; 26, 336; 28, 400, 441;
29, 240, 243 ; 30, 48, 238.
Silver Wood (Ilsington) : 29, 519, 520, 523.
"Single Barrow" (Widecombe) : 6, 554; 6, 272-5.
Sireford. See Sherford.
Sirewell. See Sherwell.
Sittaford Tor, Sidaford Tor (E.) : 4, 514, 528 ; 10, 284.
Siward's Cross, Sylward's, Silward's, Silvard*s, Seaward'^, Nun's
Cross, Nannecross, Nem's, Neru's (W.) : 4, 533-4; 6, 513,
516-17, 519, 532, 542; 7, 355, 357 ; 11, 121 ; 17, 71, 380,
382, 388, 412; 24, 428; 26, 491-2, 498, 504; 27, 116; 29,
66. .i^t^^
Skerraton, Skerriton, ^^umMV^HMop^ Skirradon, Skyrrydon,
Skyrdon, Sciredon, Ssjf^ ^^Ik (P^^^ Prior): 4» 530;
CONTAINED IN THB "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 549
Skerraton, etc,— continued,
8, 826-7; 11, 119^16, 613; 18, 454; 26, 501-2; 26, 180;
28, 454 ; 30, 368.
Skir Gert, Skir Gut (S.) : 4, 529 ; 6, 530, 545 ; 22, 198.
Skfr Hill (S.) : 22, 198.
Skirradon. See Skerraton.
Skir Tor, Sktitor. See Scarey Tor.
Skorffrogge (?) : 26, 502.
Slade (Comwood) : 19, 370 ; 21, 494 ; 22, 175 ; 26, 103 ; 27, 390,
395 ; 30, 478, 486.
Slade (£.) : 26, 502. See also White Slade.
Slankam Moor (Chagford) : 1», 112.
Smalacumba (Meavy or Sheepstor) : 7, 365, 357 ; 26, 502.
Smalacumbacrosse, (1) Marchant's Cross (Meavy) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26,
484.
Smalacumbalak (Meavy and Sheepstor) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26, 502.
Smallcombe (Dean Prior) : 26, 177.
Smallacombe (Ilsington) : 7, 225; 8, 318; 26, 336; 27, 396.
Smallacombe Rocks, or Grea Tor (Ilsington and Manaton): 29, 145,
156-8, 162-3, 383, 385.
Small Brook (Avon River), and Small Brook Foot (Dean Prior) :
26, 502.
Small Brook (Taw River) : 26, 530.
Smallhanger (? Plympton) : 19, 370.
Smear, or Smeam Down (Petertavy) : 27, 302.
Smear Ridge (Petertavy) : 19, 472-4.
Smithaleigh (Plympton): 26, 336; 27, 401.
Smyth Yeate (1) : 26, 502.
Somerclay, Sowth (1 Shapleigh, North Bovey), q.v.
Somerhill (Ashburton) : 28, 216.
Sortridge (Whitchurch) : 21, 136.
Sourton, Sorton, Sowerton, Surton, Surethon, Stourton (1).
Boiany : 30, 200.
Etyrtiology : 10, 287.
Folk-lore : 27, 74.
Geology: 7, 213.
Histcrry: 10, 227; 21, 178; 26, 336; 27, 149, 391; 28, 407,
466, 472, 484, 490, 491, 493 ; 30, 209.
Language: 17, 95, 98, 99, 100, 108-9, 110, 112; 21, 104; 23,
138.
Statistics: 22, 160.
Topography: 6, 419, 479; 11, 28; 26, 485, 502, 529; 27, 391.
See also Cleave, Collaven, Com Ridge, Forda, Great Nodden,
Hunt Tor, Hursdon, Jordan, Links Tor, Linnacombe, Newe
Wall, North Russell, Prewley, Shepperstore, Shilston Tor,
Thomdon, Torda.
Sourton Tors, Stenaker Tor, Steynskatorr (Sourton) : 24, 430 ;
26, 529 ; 27, 302.
650 REFBRENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BOBDBB8
Soussons Warren, and Hill (Manaton) : 22, 206 ; 30, 97-8.
Southall Manor (Widecombe t) : 28, 337.
South Bovoy (tBovey Tracy, q.v.) : 8, 331, 557, 681 ; 12, 108.
South Down (Okehampton) : 26, 529 ; 27, 302, 305.
Southerleigh, Sowtherley, Sotberly, Sutherley (Brideaiowe) : «1^
104 ; 26, 503-4.
" South Hams " : U, 363-4.
South Harton (Lustleigh) : 6, 395, 398 ; 8, 401.
South Hill, Stouthill, Hille (Chagford) : 26, 494, 504.
Southinge, Southing. See South Teign Manor.
South Holne, Sutholn, Southoln (Bolne) : 8, 819, 825, 827-fi
30, 216.
Southolnemore. See Holne Moor.
South Knighton (Ilsington) : 30, 242.
Southlande (Chagford) : 26, 513.
South Parke (near Buckfastleigh) : 26, 503.
Southpudehel, Southponde Hel. See Pithill.
South Tawton, Suth-tauton, Tauton.
Arehteohgy : 6, 226, 239, 479 ; 6, 388 ; 10, 384 ; 23, 64, 81
28, 180.
Bibliography: 24, 63.
Biography: 9, 116; 10, 384; 14, 222, 231-4; 15, 444-6; IJ
258-60, 452, 464; 29, 175-81.
Botany : 17, 383, 387, 390.
Etymology : 8, 683-4 ; 10, 287, 290.
Folk-lore, etc. : 14, 222-3, 231-4, 244; 27, 74; 28, 90-4.
Geology: 2, 15, 124; 7, 213-14; 12, 83; 27, 297, 300; 28
18.
History: 10, 225; 11, 350; 14, 94; 18, 372; 24, 63, 375
26, 328, 338, 517; 26, 151-2, 161, 163, 311-12; 27, 188,
192, 198; 28, 396, 403; 29, 175-81, 260-1, 468, 460,
495 ; 30, 230.
Langtuige: 8, 683-4; 19, 71.
Manufactures: 8, 331.
Mining, etc. : 12, 83 ; 27, 297, 300.
Statistics: 22, 162.
Topography : 11, 28 ; 14, 223 ; 24, 392 ; 26, 501, 503, 630 ;
26, 151-2, 161, 163; 29, 458; 30, 230.
Zoology: 29, 291, 306, 311.
Vanous: 7, 213; 8, 331, 759; 26, 311; 27, 188, 383; 28,
18; 29, 261.
See also Addiscot, Allison, Ash, Blackall, Cosdon, Cocktree,
Colybere, Donicestone, East Ash, Fursdon Manor Mine,
Goosiford, Halford, Hound Tor (Little), Itton, Ivy Tor
Mine, Lessland, Mardon, Moon's Cross, North Week,
Oldridge, Oxenham, Ramsleigh, Raybarrow Pool, etc,
Ringhole Copse, South Zeal, Tawland, West Week, Whit«
Hill, White Moor Circle, Wickington.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 551
South Teign Manor, South Teign Quarter, Southtenge, Southtyn,
Southinge (Chagford). See also Week (Chagford) : 8, 64,
73; 18, 372; 26, 503, 505, 532, 534; 27, 197-8, 392; 29,
459, 460.
South Zeal, (?) Aih-icheston (South Tawton) : 6, 388, 398 ; 8, 331 ;
10, 288, 384 ; 17, 387 ; 18, 102, 475 ; 19, 80, 258 ; 23,
434-5; 26, 501 ; 26, 141, 163, 303, 311 ; 27, 74, 192; 28,.
181, 712; 29, 147, 180, 460, 468, 470, 475, 480-1.
South Zeal Cross (South Tawton) : 6, 388, 396, 398.
South Zeal Mine (South Tawton) : 27, 301.
Sowtentown, Soutontown (Petertavy) : 21, 262, 267 ; 30, 239.
Sparkwell (Plympton) : 19, 370.
Spinsters' Rock. See Drewsteignton Cromlech.
Spitchwick, Spychewyke, Spitchwich, Spicewite (Widecombe) :
8, 54, 93-4, 103, 764, 884; 10, 509, 518; 12, 283, 551 ; 16,
304, 312 ; 17, 395 ; 26, 337, 483 ; 26, 50 ; 27, 165 ; 28, 404 ;
29, 458.
Stalldon Barrow (Cornwood) : 4, 499.
Stall Moor, Stalldon, Stealdon, Stayldon (Cornwood) : 4, 499,
514; 6, 540, 543; 24, 48, 402, 414; 26, 503; 26, 307;
29 145—7 165.
Stall Moor Circle (Cornwood): V, 46, 47; 4, 499, 516; 24,
414.
Standcombe, Stancombe (llsington) : 12, 81.
Stanlake, Steanlake ( Walk ham pton ) : 4, 525; 6, 547; 26, 185.
Stanon (K) : 26, 503 ; 30, 97.
Stanon Bottom, and S. Brook (East Dart River) : 21, 433 ; 23,
309; 26, 193; 28, 84-6; 29, 70.
Stanonhill, Standone (Petertavy): 21, 170; 26, 500; 26, 186;
28, 484.
Stanon Hill (E.) : 22, 101.
Stanon Tor (E.) : 26, 187 ; 28, 84.
Staplehill, Stapehill (llsington): 26, 337; 28, 449; 29, 235, 243;
30, 238.
Staple, or Steeple Tors — Great, Middle, and Little — (Whitchurch):
10, 284 ; 17, 399 ; 21, 434 ; 27, 83.
Statt^s Bridge (E.) : 21, 434.
Stealdon Moore. See Stall Moor.
Steeperton Tor, Steapedon (N.): P, 114; 22, 185, 188-9; 24»
422 ; 26, 503.
Steeperton Bridge (N.) : 22, 188.
Steeryton Yeatte. See Stippadon.
Stenaker Tor, Steynskatorr. See Sourton Tor.
Stenehall. See Stiniel.
Stentford Gate (Chagford) : 26, 516.
Steven's Grave (Petertavy) : 8, 763-4.
Stevon Head, Newleycombe Lake Head (Walkhampton) : 24, 428
26, 504.
552 BBFERENCK8 TO DABTMOOR AND ITS BORDERS
Sticklepath (Belstone) : 2, 125, 127, 344; 5, 522; 6, 177, 388,
392, 398; 10, 300; 15, 93, 445; 16, 656; 18, 475; 22,
198; 24, 191 ; 25, 189, 504; 26, 53; 27, 74; 28, 18, 712.
Sticklepath Cross (Belstone) : 6, 392, 398.
Sticklepath Mioe (Belstone) : 27, 301.
Stickwick (Bovey Tracy) : 29, 227.
Still Pool (K, above Postbridge) : 21, 433.
Stiniel, Stinwell, Stenehall, Stenenhall (Chagford) : 10, 304 ; 26,
510,511,514.
Stinka Tor, Sterfga Tor, Stanga Tor, Steinegtorr (N.) : 6, 520,
533-4; 10, 284; 22, 192-4; 24, 429; 25, 503, 629.
Stippadon, Stippledon, (?) Steeryton (Brent) : 6, 536 ; 25, 503.
Stock, Stoke (Holne) : 27, 405; 28, 431 ; 30, 293.
Stoddesbrook, (?) West Webbum : 25, 604.
Stoford (Meavy) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26, 504.
Stokelegh (Okehampton) : 30, 232.
Stone (1) : 27, 396.
Stone (Buckland-in-the-Moor) : 26, 504.
Stone Cross (Drewsteignton) : 2, 125, 127 ; 6, 390, 398.
Stone Park (Ashburton) : 26, 82.
Stone Tor, and Stonetor Hill (E.) : 24, 204, 423 ; 26, 532.
Stonorde Yeat. See Stowford.
Storms Down (Ashburton) : 6, 261.
Stourton, Stouton, (?) Bowerton (Buckfastleigh) : 26, 504.
Stourton. See Sourton : 17, 117; 26, 602.
Stou thill. See South Hill.
Stowford, (?) Stonorde (Harford): 6, 537; 9, 184; 26, 53, 78,
157 ; 27, 390-1, 395.
Strode (?) : 27, 396.
Stumpy Cross (Chagford) : 6, 391 ; 26, 616.
Stumpy Cross. See Hospit Cross (North Bovey).
Sulebar (Meavy) : 28, 331.
Summer Hill (W.) : 30, 104.
Surt Regis. See Furnum Regis.
Suthleie (?) : 26, 604.
Swancombe, Swancombe Head and Swancombe Foot (S.): 26, 504.
See Swincombe.
Sweaton (Widecombe) : 26, 338.
Swell Tor Quarries (Walkhampton) : 30, 97, 99.
Swincombe, Swancombe, Sweyncomh^£L): 4, 136-7, 510, 533 •
6, 414 ; 10, 301 ; 22, 204 ; W^^m, 307.
Swincombe Ford (S.) : 26, 504. ^^
Swincombe River (West Dart W ^^ ^D5; 24, 389, 428 •
26, 491, 504. "^ ^
Swincoombe, Deep (S.) : 27, 82. |
Sydelegh. See Southerley.
Sytelestorre. Sa^jkmwtor.
Sy wardi Cruj^f^^Kiux, SyW % WBiwaid's Crosa.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 553
Tainto-Drew, Taintona. See Drewsteignton.
Tarrs (Chagford) : 26, 526.
Tavistock, Tavistoke, Tavestoke, Tavystok, Tawystoke.
ArchcBology: 1\ 122-7; 5, 512; 6, 98-9, 159, 162, 167; 8,
69; 10, 385, 387; 12, 84, 407; 22, 229-33; 23, 81, 97;
26, 367 ; 27, 83 ; 30, 267.
BiUioqraphy : 6, 506; 8, 556; 11, 498-500, 512; 14, 90;
15, 144; 19, 218, 451; 22, 65; 23, 240; 24, 97, 248,
252, 258, 261, 431-40; 26, 29, 45, 68, 105, 121, 154,
156-7; 28, 115,679; 29,291.
Biocp-aphy: 3, 39; 4, 397; 6, 37, 372, 518, 531, 538; 7, 50-1,
59, 382; 8, 524; 9, 106-7, 109-11, 114-16, 264: 10,
59-61, 228: 11, 116, 262-75, 374; 12, 170; 13, 118;
14, 117, 295; 16, 62, 246, 488-90; 16, 507, 570; 17,
252-4, 256, 260 ; 18, 347-8 ; 19, 97-9, 220-2, 224, 236,
299, 455; 21, 138-47, 148-58, 185, 197, 498-9, 503-4;
22, 66-110; 23, 102, 106; 24, 108-46, 431, 434, 437-40;
26, 62, 68, 105; 26, 42; 28, 115, 133, 150-1 ; 30, 148, 351.
Botany: 17, 371, 398, 402, 406; 18, 391.
Etymology : 8, 763 ; 10, 288, 290, 302 ; 21, 301 ; 27, 94, 96 ;
30 298
Fine Arts: 14, 295, 307; 16, 62; 16, 1*60-1 ; 18, 122; 23, 266.
Folk-lore, etc.: 9, 107; 10, 270; 12, 100; 16, 552; 19, 334-5;
22, 66-7; 26, 398; 27, 116.
Geology: 2, 4, 15, 334-46; 7, 215, 222, 224; 8, 428; 11, 294;
12, 253, 261 ; 17, 434, 436; 19, 482; 20, 150, 155; 21,
25, 48-9, 51, 56, 59, 78, 261-3, 269, 270, 274, 280, 285-6,
288, 437-51; 22, 176; 23, 25; 24, 188, 211; 26, 69;
27, 299, 300, 302; 28, 774-5, 781-3, 788; 29, 401,
416.
History: T, 117, 122-7 ; 6, 506; 7, 73, 329, 337 ; 8, 123, 125,
313, 315, 317-19, 327, 343; 8, 556, 765, 855; 9, 114, 251,
258, 264-5, 269, 275, 278, 337-8, 405, 408 ; 10, 59-61,
227, 293: 11, 300, 349, 351, 373, 498-500, 512; 12, 170,
407, 460; 13, 118: 14, 95, 100, 103-4, 619; 16, 144,
488-90 ; 16, 507, 548-9, 570 ; 17, 252, 256, 260, 454 ;
18, 475; 19, 334-5, 371, 451, 455, 462; 21, 132-7, 138-
47, 148-58, 180, 185, 189, 193, 197, 222, 228-37, 295,
300-1, 304-11, 332 ; 22, 18 ; 23, 274, 287, 436, 440; 24,
108-46, 248, 264; 26, 117, 269, 297, 311-12, 333, 338;
26, 37, 99, 234, 367, 386, 398; 27, 177, 179-80, 192, 197,
204, 208-12, 319, 324, 334, 352, 357, 377, 379, 383-4,
394; 28, 396-7, 399, 411, 464, 466, 474, 478-80, 492-3,
626, 630-1, 633-4, 667-8, 670, 676, 679, 726-7; 29, 218,
221, 228, 246, 248, 254, 298, 305-6, 309, 315, 321, 473,
477, 487, 500, 508; 30, 27, 32, 34-7, 40, 276, 279, 290-1,
293, 300, 310, 312, 315, 358, 376, 414.
Laws and Customs: 14, 619; 21, 295, 300, 304.
554 BKFBREKCKS TO DABTMOOB AND ITS BORDERS
Ta^-istock, etc — continued.
Language: 7, 74; 10, 130; 17, 103; 19, 78; 23, 127, 295;
28, 68 ; 30, 69, 72.
Manufactures : 8, 327, 343, 346 ; 21, 332.
Meteorology: 2, 560-1,564-6; 3, 153, 155: 4, 59, 61, 654,
657, 663; 5, 371, 380; 6, 139, 147, 447, 454, 456; 10,
86, 94 ; 11, 85 ; 28, 103 ; 29, 73-8 ; 30, 82-9.
Mining, etc.: 2, 334-46; 3, 76 ; 7, 224, 227; 8, 64, 313, 315,
317-19, 324; U, 300; 21, 56, 59; 26, 69.
Seumology: 16, 78, 81, 656; 17, 281; 25, 176.
Statistics: 22, 162.
Topography: P, 116; 6, 4^1, 509, 512, 544-7; 6, 538; 8, 411,
413 ; 10, 265 ; 11, 28, 118-21 ; 12, 309 ; 17, 346, 348-9,
352-3, 358, 362, 454; 18, 471, 473, 475, 477, 483, 485;
19, 364, 371 ; 20, 306-7, 309; 21, 434, 436; 23, 59; 24,
427; 25, 333, 488, 497, 504, 506, 508; 27, 83, 96, 116,
377, 379, 383-4, 394 ; 28, 464, 479.
Zoologif: 3, 66; 8, 278-9, 289; 10, 432, 437, 450, 480, 519;
ii, 407; 29, 298, 305-6, 309, 315, 317, 321.
Various: 3, 39, 185-6, 188; 6, 421, 470, 478, 509; 6, 37,
518; 8, 69, 660, 675; 11, 255, 293-4; 12, 460; 16,
548-9; 17, 436 ; 18, 479, 481 ; 21, 228-37, 289; 2SI, 16,
234 ; 23, 274, 295, 401 ; 26, 202, 207 ; 27, 213, 221 ; 28,
201, 718.
Sec also Artiscombe, Bedford United Mine, Blackmoresham
Wood, Blanchdown, Burn, Burnford, Burnshall, Chipshop,
Colcharton, Collins, Crebor, Crelake, Crowndale, Devon
Great Consols, East Tamar Consols, Fitzford, Gawton,
Grendon, Guilebridge, Hartshole, Hazeldon, Hele, Hock-
lake, Holwell, Horse Bridge, Huel Crebor, Huel Crowndale,
Hurdwick, Indescombe, Kilworthy, Longford, Margaret-
lond, Middleton, Mill Hill, Milmede, Mount Tavy, Morwell,
Netherdon, Nuttley, Ogbear, Okel Tor, Old Wooda, Ottery,
Parkwood, Passmore, Passwell, Pixon, PytcbclyfT, Radge,
Ramsham, Rix Hill Mine, ** Roman Camp," ShillamiU,
Sidebam, Taviton, Tiddebrook, "Two Bridges," Twyste,
Vigars Hall, Wheal Florence, Whiteham, Woodovis.
Taviton, Taverton, Tavy town (Tavistock) : 24, 111 ; 26, 504 ; 27,
392.
Tavy Cleave (Petertavy) : 10, 301 ; 16, 772 ; 17, 72, 377, 384,
394-7, 399, 406, 409, 412, 416-7, 419, 420; 18, 396, 400,
404, 407, 413, 421; 19, 55, 483; 20, 145; 24, 193; 26,
544 ; 26, 102, 117, 186, 197-8, 298 ; 27, 88, 91 ; 28, 175, 196.
Tavy Head (N.) : 6, 525 ; 12, 276 ; 21, 435.
Tavy, or Tavie River (Tamar River) : 2, 124 ; 4, 522, 524 ; 6, 510,
533, 541-2, 544-5 ; 7, 235, 357 ; 8, 399, 428 ; 10, 278, 293 ;
16, 772, 774 ; 17, 375-7, 383, 385, 387, 390, 392-3, 397,
408, 418-19, 421-2; 18, 396, 400, 407, 413, 471, 476, 477;
CONTAINBD IN THK " TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 555
Tavy River — continued,
19, 221, 369, 480, 482; 20, 306, 309, 310; 21, 77, 134-6,
143-5, 170, 208, 228, 261, 264, 270-1, 274, 287-8, 306;
22, 176, 180, 192-3, 231; 24, 203-4, 389, 427-9; 26, 91,
500, 504, 528-9, 544; 26, 186, 197, 306.
See also Bum Brook, Lyd Kiver, Rattlebrook, Redlake, east
and west, Walkham River, Wallabrook, Wedlake.
Tavy Saint Marie. See Marytavy.
Taw Head (N.) : 14, 153 ; 21, 208.
Tawland, Tawelande (South Tawton) : 26, 338 ; 26, 144.
Taw Marsh (N.) : T, 114 ; 22, 49, 185-99 ; 24, 420 ; 26, 503.
Taw, or Tawe River ; 2, 125 ; 4, 521-4 ; 6, 521-2 ; 6, 388 ; 7, 235 ;
8, 399 ; 10, 278 ; 12, 262, 265, 275-6 ; 17, 356 ; 18, 475,
497; 19, 369; 20, 143, 153; 22, 185, 188-9, 191, 195; 24,
389, 420, 422; 26, 504-5, 527, 530; 26, 303; 27, 380.
See also Small Brook.
Teigncombe, Tincombe, Tyncombe, Teyngcombe (Chagford) : 6,
44-5 ; 6, 187 ; 8, 64-5, 73, 79 ; 16, 652 ; 18, 372 ; 26, 338,
505, 514, 522, 526, 532, 534; 28, 409; 30, 208.
Teign Gorge (Drewsteignton and Moreton) : 2, 1 28.
Teign Head (N. and E.) : IMll ; 20, 46 ; 26, 505.
Teign Head Bridge: P, 111, 6, 525; 24, 422; 26, 497.
Teign Head Farm (N.) : 24, 422.
Teign River, Teigne, Tenge, Ting, Tyng, Teynge, Tengmouth
Water : 2, 202 ; 4, 348, 423, 521-6, 530-1 ; 6, 526 ; 7, 235 ;
& 63-4, 73, 80, 399, 428, 558, 723, 765 ; 9, 207 ; 10. 278-9,
281, 286, 298 ; 11, 363 ; 16, 340, 368, 376, 381 ; 16, 448,
613; 17, 386-7, 389, 390, 392-3, 397, 401, 420; 18, 130,
423, 473, 477 ; 19, 369 ; 22, 65 ; 24, 389 ; 26, 303, 306 ; 28,
179.
See also Bovey River (Becky Brook, Hayne River, North Walla
Brook), Easter Brook, Halwell Brook, Lemon River (Sig
Brook, Langworthy Brook), Wrey River.
North Teign River (Teign River) : IS 39;r,lll-13;2, 17, 22-3;
4, 518, 524, 526; 6, 513, 516-17, 519, 521, 525, 527-8, 534,
545; 10, 286; 11, 381; 22, 190, 193, 196; 24, 421-3; 26,
483, 485, 505, 512, 530, 532; 26, 303.
See also Blackaton Brook (Forder Brook), Manga Brook, Red-
lake, Wallabrook (Rue Lake).
South Teign River (Teign River): V, 111-13; 2, 23 ; 4, 524,
526; 6, 528, 534; 10, 286; 12, 371-2; 22, 190; 24,
423-4; 26, 483, 493, 512, 530, 532; 26, 305.
See also Metheral Brook.
Teignwick (Chagford) : 29, 459.
Templer's Newtake (E., near Postbridge) : 23, 310.
Teyncombe, Tenkenhmhome, Tenkenhamhome. See Teigncombe :
26, 505.
Teynton. See Drewsteignton.
656 BEFBBENCES TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BOBDSBS
Therlestone. See Thurlestone.
Thorndon (Sourton): 17, 113.
ThomviUe (Plympton) : 19, 369.
Thomworthy (Chagford) : 4, 533 ; 12, 365, 367, 371 ; 20, 46 ; 22,
42, 202 ; 24, 391-2 ; 26, 307.
Thornworthy Tor (Chagford) : 12, 367, 372.
Three Barrows Hill, Threebarrow Tor, Threberis, Triborough,
Tre Boroughs, Tryberie Boroughs, Dree-Berries (Brent and
Ugborough) : 5, 531, 536-8, 540, 553 ; 6, 186 ; U, 150, 159,
364 ; 12, 266 ; 14, 155 ; 17, 72, 351 ; 20, 47 ; 25, 492, 600-L
505.
"Three Boys" (E.) : 4, 505; 24, 391 ; 25, 532.
Throwleigh, Throwlegh, Throulegh, Croulegh, Throwley, Throwly,
Trulegh, Trvle, Trule.
ArcTueology : 6, 390 ; 26, 303-4.
Bibliography: 24, 63.
Etymology: 10, 291 ; 26, 147 ; 29, 459.
Geology: T, 112.
History : 14, 100 ; 18, 372 ; 23, 435 ; 24, 63 ; 26, 339, 510-34 :
27, 179 ; 28, 444 ; 29, 239 ; 30, 239.
Language: 18, 95; 21, 97; 23, 131 ; 29, 459.
Statistics: 22, 162.
Topography: 5, 419, 545, 547 ; 11, 28; 22, 190; 26, 497, 506:
27, 179,383; 29, 180.
Various: 6, 419.
See also Ash, Clannaborough, Hound Tor, little, Kennon Hill,
Langstone, Morchington, Shellstone Hill, Wallen, Wester-
walle, Wythycombe.
Throwleigh Barton Cross : 6, 390.
Throwleigh Circle (Gidleigh) : 26, 304.
Thurbumwood. See Sherberton.
Thurlestone, Thurleston, Thirlstone, Therlestone, Thursleston,
Theurlestone, Sheurlestone (N., or Gidleigh : 4, 532-3 ; 6,
513, 516-17, 519, 523-5, 545; 10, 298; 11, 381; 21, 435;
22, 193, 196 ; 24, 420-1, 423; 26, 505, 530.
Tiddebrook (Tavistock): P, 126.
Tincombe, Tigncombe. See Teigncombe.
Ting Clapper, Teign Clapper (over North Teign River) : 24, 422 ;
26, 505, 531.
Ting Head. See Teign Head.
Tinker's Lane (Bridestowe) : 17, 110.
Tipedston (1) : 26, 505.
Tolmen, or " Hole Stone " (in North Teign River), (Gidleigh) : 1«,
111; 4, 518; 12, 371.
Toppesrewe (Buckfastleigh) : 28, 336.
Top Tor, Tap Tor (Widecombe) : 29, 152.
Torda (Sourton) : 17, 125.
Tor Hill, or Torr Town (Widecombe) : 17, 361-2 ; 18, 74 ; 29, 161.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 557
Torpeake (Ugborough) : 28, 415.
Torr. See Barrator.
Torridge, Towridge, Hawkridge (Shaugh) : 26, 492, 505 ; 28, 427 ;
30 252.
Tor Royal (VV.): 22, 204.
Tor Royal Newtake (W.) : 26, 488.
Torry Brook (Plym River) : 4, 524 ; 10, 279 ; 17, 381, 384 ; 19,
365-6, 368-9, 371, 373, 375; 24, 47, 196, 205, 400; 26, 305.
Torrycombe (Shaugh) : 26, 505.
Torr Town (Widecombe). See Top Tor.
Tor Town (Petertavy) : 21, 434.
Tortrowe Way (Buckfastleigh) : 28, 335.
Tower Hill Castle. See Place Wood Castle.
Town Quarter (Chagford) : 18, 372.
Towridge. See Torridge.
Tre Boroughs, Triborough, See Three Barrows Hill.
Treland (Brent) : 10, 304.
Trendlebere Down (Manaton, Lustleigh, and Bovey Tracy) : 28, 712.
Tre Venn (Lamerton) : 10, 304.
Trowlsworthy, Troulsworthy, or Trolsworthy Tor, Great (Shaugh) :
4, 501, 502, 506, 509, 513, 516, 535; 6, 549; 6, 214; 7,
217; 10, 297; 16, 72-3; 17, 388, 390, 392, 394, 407; 18,
74, 497-8; 19, 370, 480-1, 494; 24, 184, 205, 401; 26,
540 ; 26, 307.
Trowlsworthy Tor, Little (Shaugh) : 4, 506, 535 ; 18, 74.
Trowlsworthy Circle (Shaugh) : V, 46-7.
Trowlsworthy Warren (Shaugh) : 26, 185.
Trulegh, Trule. See Throwleigh.
Tryberie Boroughs. See Three Barrows Hill.
Tunhill Rocks (Widecombe) : 29, 148-50. 152, 162.
Turfehill, Turf Hill, Turshill, Black Fen (Chagford): 6, 519, 528;
24. 424 ; 26, 484, 505, 533.
"Two Barrows" (Widecombe) : 6, 554-5; 6, 272, 274.
"Two Bridges" (E. and W.) : 2, 562 ; 9, 74, 76-7 ; 16, 313; 17,
69, 405 ; 18, 74 ; 20, 161 ; 24, 205 ; 26, 176-7 ; 26, 307 (?) ;
27, 122; 30, 201.
" Two Bridges " (Tavistock, over Wallabrook) : 21, 268.
Twyste (Tavistock) : 26, 505.
Tyng. See Teign.
Ugborough, Ugbirough, Uggbroughe, Uggeburgh, Uggabergh,
Ubburow, Ogborough, Ougborough, Ulgeberge, Vgborow.
Archveology : 11, 147, 159; 22, 44; 23, 55; 24, 402-3.
Biography: 8, 728-9; 9, 114, 185-6; 17, 265.
Etymology: 10, 288, 292; 27, 96.
Geoh'iy: 7, 219.
History: 6, 515; 9, 263. 275, 278, 282 ; 10, 227; 14, 94; 26,
339; 27, 390; 28, 329, 456, 475; 30, 241.
558 REFSREKCi&S TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BORDKR8
Ugborough, etc. — continued.
Language: 10, 122.
Statistics: 22, 162.
Topography: 5, 419; 11, 28; 17, 347; 25, 499, 505; 27, 390
Various: 6. 419.
See also Bawcombe, Bittaford, Blackaton, Black Pool, Broada
ford, Butterdon Hill, Cantrel Yeat, Gheston, Blast Peek
Filham, Fowlescombe, Glazecombe, etc., Hobajohn's Cross
Langford Lestre, Laston, Lee, Ludbrook, Owley, Peek
Quickbeain Hill, Row Rew, le. Three Barrows Hill, Tor
peake, Venn, Western Beacon, Woodland, Wrangaton.
Ugborough Beacon, Eastern Beacon, East Pigedon (Uf^borough)
6, 539; 14, 156; 20, 47; 21, 494; 22, 171; 24, 206; 27, 308
Ullacombe (Bovey Tracy) : 26, 339.
UUestor. See Roborough Rock.
Underwood (Plympton) : 19, 370, 375, 657-9.
Uppecot (Okehampton) : 27, 103-4.
Veal Home (Plympton) : 19, 369.
Vellake, or Villake Corner (Okehampton) : 26, 529.
Veneford Yeat, Vcnnyfer Yeat, Vennyford Yeat(?) : 26, 606.
Venford Brook. See Wennaford (Dart River).
Venn, or Fenne (Chagford): 26, 491, 512-14, 516, 532; 28, 419;
30, 234.
Venn (Ugborough) : 30, 255.
Vennylake (Meavy) : 4, 525.
Venton, or Fenton (Plympton) : 19, 369, 373; 26, 324; 28, 415.
Venton (Widecombe) : 8, 58; 10, 305; 28, 337.
Ven worthy. See Fern worthy.
Vgborow. See Ugborough.
Vigars Hall (Tavistock) : 28, 782.
Virtuous Lady Mine (Buckland Monachorum) : 2, 334, 336, 338,
340, 342-3.
Vitifer (North Bovey) : 6, 43, 45.
Vitifer Mine (North Bovey) : 1\ 113; 6, 547; 20, 376; 26, 484,
523 ; 26, 70 ; 29, 67.
Vitifer Mine, West (Chagford).
Vixen Tor, " Sphinx " Tor (Sampford Spiney) : 6, 542 ; 8, 372-3 ;
10, 284; 16, 302, 308, 311-12; 17, 400, 405, 412-13, 418-19,
420; 18, 74; 20. 150.
Vodden Hill, and Tor, Great Nodden {% q. v. : 16, 313; 18, 413, 423.
Vogwell (Manaton) : 26, 342 ; 27, 399.
Voss (Plympton) : 10, 304 ; 19, 370.
Vurtorre. See Fur Tor.
Vylethe (?) : 26, 506.
Wadecote, Wadacot (Chagford): 26, 512, 514-16.
Wadland Down (N.) : 20, 46.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 559
Wafford. See Wifford.
Waggefen, Waghefen (1 Heavy) : 27, 392 ; 29, 466.
Wc^eton. See AValkhamptoD.
Walford (t) : 25, 506.
Walkham Head (W.) : 6, 525 ; 17, 71-2 ; 21, 208, 296, 435 ; 29,
379.
Walkhampton, Walcamton, Walchentone, Wachetone, Wakington,
Waketon, Walkynton.
Archceology : 26, 307.
Btblwgrapht/ : 14, 82 ; 24, 66.
Biography: 8, 82-3, 112; 19, 452-3, 455, 459; 28, 55.
Botany : 15, 309.
Etymology : 10, 280, 287-8, 290 ; 25, 294, 535.
Geology: 7, 235; 21, 286; 24, 206.
Histori/ : 7, 334, 339-42, 344-5, 352-3, 355-8 ; 8, 800, 803,
806 ; 10, 227 ; 14, 82 ; 16, 728 ; 19, 452-3, 455, 459 ; 21,
192; 24, 66; 25, 340; 26, 140, 234, 404; 27, 392-3;
28, 403, 613, 651, 677, 716.
Statistics: 22 164 * 26 404.
Topography : 6, 420, 544 ; 11, 28, 121, 233, 364, 375 ; 24, 419 ;
25, 340, 501, 506 ; 27, 392-3 ; 28, 716.
Various: 6, 420, 470; 11, 233; 21, 192; 25, 535.
See also Black Tor, Clacywell Pool, Combshead Tor, Dean
Combe, Devil's Gully, etc., Dittisham, Dousland, Down
Tor, Eylesborough, Foggintor, Gnatham, Hanging Stone,
Harter Tor, Huckworthy Bridge, Kingford, Kingsett, Ring
Tor, Knowl, Leedon Tor, Lether Tor, Longstone (menhir),
Merivale, Nosworthy, Nun's Mine, Peak Hill, "Plague
Market," Plymouth Leat, Raddick Hill, Row, Sharpitor,
Stevon Head, Swell Tor, Yanedonecross, Yestor Bottom.
Walkhampton Church : 6, 544 ; 22, 44 ; 28, 613, 651 ; 29, 27.
Walkham River, " Walkamp, Aqua de," (Tavy River) : 1^ 46 ; 4,
524, 526 ; 6, 533, 543-6, 548 ; 8, 399 ; 10, 280 ; 11, 375 ;
17, 415-16 ; 18, 391 ; 21, 168-9, 434; 22, 178; 24, 206, 389,
413; 26, 186, 303, 306-7; 27, 83-4; 29, 147; 30, 498-9, 502.
Walla Brook, Wellabrook, West Wallabrook, Wester Wellebroke,
Wellbrook, Great Wellbrook, Water wald brook (1), (Avon
River): 4, 524, 526; 5, 513, 516-17, 519, 521, 530, 534; 11,
382 ; 24, 425 ; 25, 483, 494, 507.
Walla Brook, north, Wallabroke, Wallebrok (Bovey River) : 4,
526; 6, 513, 516-17, 519, 528-9, 534; 10, 280, 283; 11,
381 ; 24, 424, 426 ; 25, 483, 506, 533.
Walla Brook, Wallebrok, Walebrok, Walbroke, Wallow Brook,
Walter Brook, Willebrok, South Walla Brook (East Dart
River): 4, 524, 526; 5, 513, 516-17, 519, 521, 529, 534;
11, 381 ; 14, 158 ; 21, 434 ; 24, 421, 424, 426 ; 25, 483, 499,
506, 523.
Walla Brook (Erme River) : 4, 526.
560 KEFEBINCKS TO DABTHOOB AND ITS BOBDKBS
WaUa Brook, or Henlor Brook (Plym Riv«r) : 4, 526 ; S2, K
24,48.
Walla Brook (Tavy River) : 21, 13G, 145, 267-8 ; 28, 782.
Walla Brook, (!) Wotesbrokelake (North Teign River) : V, 11]
4, 524-6 ; 6, 513, 516, 521, 625, 526-7, 534, 545 ; 2^ 19i
24. 421-2 : 26, 486, 506, 607-^, 630-1.
WalU Brook (Wobiook, Wert Dart) ; 4, 526.
WalUbrook Bridge (N.) : 6, 525.
Wallack Mill, WeU Uke Mill. See WolUke, or Dark Luke.
Wallaford, Walliford Down, and Walliford Farm (BackfuUeigli
2, 124; 4, 526, 529; 30, 223.
WiiUebrokeshede, Wallebrooketieade (K, and East Dart) : 6, 51
517, 519; 11, 381.
Wallen, Wallyn, Walland (Throwleigh) : 26, 506. 520, 526-7.
Walleworthy. Walleworth, Waleworth (1) : 8, 821-2,
Wallon (DrewBteignton) : 26, 531.
Wiillowbrook. See Walla Brook (liaat Dart).
Walreddon (Whitchurch): 1*, 126; 16, 53; 21, 134; 22, 6
71, 82, 85, 95-6, 100, 102, 109: 26, 333.
Walter Brook. See Walla Brook (East Dart).
Walter Torr. See Waterdontorr.
AVapsworthy, Wapaworthie, Warpiaworthy (Petertary) : 19, 47
489; 21, 51, 78, 133, 167-8; 26, 506; 27, 257, 305.
Warmacombe (Buukfaatleigh) : 28, 331.
W..rmhiU (Hennock). See Worm Hill.
Warn (MaryUvy): 28, 424, 469; 30, 214.
Warner (E.): 26, 506.
Warren House Inn (E.): 24, 389.
Wiirreii Tor. See Birch Tor.
Washburn (Dart River) : 4, 524, 526. ()) Aahburn.
Watchet Hill (Belstone) : 22, 186, 199.
Water (Ashburton) : 16, 496.
Waterdontorr, Waterdown Tor, Walter Tor (near Gidleigh
(DRival Tor: 1», 113; 6, 519, 523-4; 22, 193, 196; 24
421; 26, 506-7, 530.
Water Hill, Waterdon, Waterdown (K) : 24, 421, 424; 26, 60«
Watern Down. See Huraton Ridge (E., and Ch^ford).
Watoni Oke Hill (N.) : 4, 532; 26, 529.
Watern Tor, and Hill (N.): 4, 631-2; 6. 623-5; 14, 153; 2C
47 ; 21, 435 ; 22, 196 ; 24, 420-1, 423 ; 25, 506-7.
Water Rock (Luetleigh) : 21, 240-1, 252, 260.
Waterturn, Watertoroe (Ashburton) : 28, 213, 218.
Watervale, Waterval, Waterfalle (Brentor) : 26, 507.
Water wald brook. See W
WateB Brook. See Wotes
Way (Bridestowe) : 26, 34
Way, Waye (Chagford) : 516-1<
518, 620, 526.
CONTAINBD IN THE " TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 561
WebVs Marsh (E., at Postbridge) : 21, 432-4.
Webburn, Widbum, Wedeburn, Weddibum (Dart River).
West Webburn, or Jordan River (Webburn): 4, 524, 526,
528-9, 534 ; 5, 42-3, 547 ; 8, 399 ; 9, 24 ; 10, 284 ; 12,
283 ; 20, 376 ; 26, 487 ; 26, 104, 305 ; 27, 146 ; 29, 19.
East Webburn, or NipreU (Webburn): 4, 524, 526, 528; 8,
399; 9, 24; 10, 284; 26, 104; 27, 146; 29, 148.
Wedlake, White Lake, or Petertavy Brook (Tavy River): 27, 83;
29 147.
Week (Cha^ord): 1*, 113; 8, 79; 26, 341; 27, 198; 29, 459,
460, 468, 470, 475, 479, 481.
Week Down (Chagford) : 6, 392.
Week Down Cross : 6, 391-2, 398.
Week Ford, Wokeford, Wodeford, Woldford (Holne) : 26, 508.
Weir Head, of Plymouth Leat (Meavy) : 16, 533, 549.
Wellabroke, Easter (error for Whitaborough, Eastern) : 6, 516,
530 ; 24, 425.
Wellabroke, Wester. See Walla Brook (Avon River).
Wellabrook. See Walla Brook.
Well Lake Mill. See Wollake.
Welstor (Ashburton): 9, 24; 28, 213, 218.
Wennaford Brook, Wendford or Winford Brook, Wenford Lake,
Wenver Water, Venford Brook (Dart River) : 4, 524, 526,
532 ; 25, 500, 507.
Wenver Bottom (Holne) : 4, 532.
West Cleave Rock (Belstone) : 22, 199.
West Clifford (Moretonhampstead) : 28, 420; 29, 243; 30, 231.
Westcote (Chagford) : l^ 113.
Westcott (Moretonhampstead) : 7, 214.
Western Beacon, West Pigedon (Harford and Ugborough) : 6,
539 ; 11, 364 ; 14, 156 ; 19, 474 ; 20, 47.
Western Down, or AVatern Down. See Hurston Ridge.
Westerwalle, West Wallen (Throwleigh) : 26, 510, 512, 515, 531.
Wester Wellabroke, Westor Wellebroke, Westerwelebroke,
Wistelewerebrok, Westewalebrok (Avon River) : 6, 513, 516,
535 ; 11, 382 ; 24, 425-6. See Walla Brook (Avon River).
Westewyteburgh : 24, 424-5; error for Eastern Whitaborough
(S., and Brent).
Westford (Lamerton) : 26, 340.
West Litton, or Liddaton, Lyddeton, Lydathon (Brentor) : 21,
442, 451 ; 28, 411, 466, 489 ; 30, 222.
Westor Yeat (?) : 26, 527.
West Pigedon. See Western Beacon.
West Pyko Yeatte. See Pyke Yeatte.
Westsolle, la ; West Soil, le ; Westesole, Westfolle (Okehampton) :
6, 513, 516-17, 533-4; 11, 376, 382; 22, 192-3; 24, 429;
26, 507, 529. (1) Fordsland Ledge.
AVest Teign (North Bovey) : 26, 338.
VOL. xxxvri. 2 N
! I 562 REFIRKNCBS TO DARTMOOR AND IT8 BORDSB8
West Week (South Tawton) : 29, 175, 178-9.
West Week Cross : 6, 388-9.
West Wellabrook. See Walla Brook (Avon River).
Westworthy (1) : 25, 607.
Whaythill (near BuckfasUeigh) : 2B, 507.
Wheal Betsy (Marytavy) : 2, 336-8, 340, 345.
Wheal Caroline (K) : 1», 113.
Wlieal Emma (Buckfastleigh) : 8, 319.
Wheal Florence (Tavistock) : 7, 227.
Wheal Forest (Okehampton) : 2, 125-6, 336, 343-4.
Wheal Friendship (MaryUvy): 2, 335-6, 338, 340, 342->5,^ 8, 1
7, 222, 232 ; 26, 70.
Wheal Huckworthy (Sampford Spiney) : 7, 224.
Wheal Oak (Okehampton) : 2, 125.
Whiddon Cliff (near Ashburton) : 6, 262.
pi Whiddon Down (Drewsteignton) : 2, 126-7 ; 6, 388-9.
Whiddon House (Chagford) : 8, 77 ; 26, 150.
Whiddon Park (Moretonhampstead) : 8, 63; 12, 175; 16, 30
323; 16, 149; 26, 150.
V Whitaborough, Eastern ; Whataborough ; Whitaburrowe, Easte
Ester, or Yester Whyteburghe; Ester Whiteburg (S., ai
. Brent): 6, 513, 517, 519, 530-1, 536, 545; 11, 382; 2
ij 188, 425 ; 25, 507.
Whitaborough, Western : (1) Yester Whyteburghe ; Outer Whi
'( borough ; Wester, Further, or Utter Whiteborough ; Whit
burgh (S.): 5, 513, 516, 530; 12, 156; 24, 188, 425; 26, 50
Whitaburrow, Whitaborough. See White Barrow.
AVhita Cross, AVhittacross (Plympton) : 19, 626-8.
Whitbairleigh, error for Whitaborough.
Whitchurch, Whitechurche, Whittechurche, Witcerce, Wiccrce.
Archieology : 23, 64, 82.
Bibliography: 24, 254.
Biography: 8, 660; 9, 115; 15, 489; 16, 507; 22, 83, 9(
101, 106; 24, 108-9.
EiyTTwlogy : 10, 294-5.
Geology : 21, 270, 445.
History: 8, 543; 9, 217, 281 ; 11, 375; 14, 94; 15, 489; 21
293; 22, 96, 106-7; 24, 108-9, 139, 140; 25, 341, 513
27, 174, 392 ; 28, 441, 479 ; 30, 241.
Laws and Custoina : 8, 543.
Sfafistics: 22, 164.
TojTOfjraphi/ : 5, 421, 544; 11, 28, 375; 26, 508; 27, 392
28, 479.
Various: 8, 779; 22, 83, 101 ; 24, 254.
See also Britsworthy, Grenofen, Grimstone, Heckvood Toi
Pennycomequick, Pew Tor, Plaister Down, Shillapark
Sortridge, Staple Tors, Walreddon.
Whitchurch Down : 2, 344 ; 8, 723.
:j
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 564
White Barrow, Whiten Burrow, AMiitaborough (W.) : 24, 429 ;
26, 172, 508,528; 27, 83.
Whitecombe. See Widecombe.
White Down, or White Hill (Petertavy) : 20, 47 ; 23, 118.
Whiteham (near Tavistock) : 27, 392.
White Hill. See White Down (Petertavy).
White Hill (South Tawton): 22, 185, 189-91, 199.
White Lake. See Wedlake.
White Moor Stone, or Whitnioor Stone (N.) and White Moor
.Circle (South Tawton): 22, 189; 26, 530; 26, 302-3; 28,
46, 174, 181-2, 192; 29, 145, 147-8.
Whiten Kidgc. See White Ridge.
Whiteoxen (Dean Prior) : 30, 223.
Whitepitte, Whitepytte (near Errae Head) : 26, 508.
White Ridge, or Woodridge Hill (E.) : 26, 187 ; 27, 82, 91 ; 28,
174-5, 180, 183, 192, 196; 29, 385.
White Slade (E.) : 26, 186. See also Slade (K).
White Tor, Higher ; Whiten Tor (E.) : 22, 201, 207 ; 23, 314 ; 30,
97-8.
White Tor, Lower, or Little (E.) : 6, 185 ; 17, 351 ; 21, 431,
433-4 ; 23, 314.
White Tor, "Mewyburghe" (Petertavy): 4, 507; 5, 513; U,
382; 17, 71, 380, 382, 384; 19, 472-4, 488-9; 21, 166-70,
266 ; 22, 180, 194, 197 ; 24. 429 ; 26, 172, 497, 528, 543-4 ;
27, 83, 302, 305; 28, 193; 30, 115.
White Works (W.) : 11, 121 ; 17, 393.
Whitstone, The (Bovey Tracy) : 21, 76.
Whoodlake, Whoodelake, Woodlake, Hood Lake, Hugh Lake,
Rhodelake, Wotesbrokelake (Gidleigh); (1) Walla Brook
(North Teign River): 4, 525-6; 6, 519; 22, 192, 196; 24,
422; 25, 508-9,531.
Wickington (South Tawton) : 26, 312; 29, 175, 178, 180.
Widbum. See Webburn.
Widecombe-in-the Moor, Witheconibe, Withicombe, Withycom,
Wythycorabe, Wydecomb, Wedycombe, Widdycombe, Widdi-
conibe W^hitecole.
Archveology: 6, 42; 6, 186, 396-7; 8, 69, 681 ; 11, 158; 21,
435; 26, 115; 29, 151.
BiUiography: 14, 91 ; 21, 68.
Biography: 6, 530; 8, 93-4; 9, 114; 11, 114, 374; 21, 65,
68; 26, 102; 26,50; 27, 145.
Botany: 16, 305, 308, 312-13, 323.
Etymology: 10, 291-2, 294.
FolUore, etc: 8, 53-4, 57, 779; 9, 97; 10, 102; 12, 101,
108 ; 14, 242.
Geology: 8, 319; 24, 206: 26, 115.
History: 8, 85, 93-4, 764, 884; 14, 98, 102; 18, 372; 21,
175, 194, 198-9; 24, 139, 343; 26, 50, 149, 151; 27,
2n2
564 REFERBNCSS TO DARTMOOR AND ITS BOBDKRS
Widecombe-iti-the Moor, etc. : History ^contiwaed.
145, 334, 349; 28, 247, 249, 323, 337; 29, 309, 313:
30 242.
Language: 9, 130, 138; 10, 123, 126; 11, 127, 131, 141, 143;
13, 88; 14, 135-40, 146, 150; 16, 85, 95-6; 16, 101,
108 ; 18, 97, 100 ; 19, 66, 74 ; 30, 65.
Manufactures: 8, 331.
Meteorology: 4, 654, 656; 6, 371-2, 379; 6, 139, 140, 447-«,
450, 453 ; 8, 780-1 ; 10, 79 ; 14, 242 ; 27, 347.
Mining^ etc, : 8, 319.
Seismology : 16, 84-5, 648.
Statistics: 22, 164.
Topography: 6, 422; 6, 186; 8, 399, 414; 11, 28; 16, 225;
21, 435 ; 24, 428 ; 26, 487, 508 ; 26, 149, 161.
Zoolo(/y: 6, 713; 10, 427; 29, 309, 313.
Vanofis: 8, 69, 85, 764; 9, 24; 14, 333; 23, 268; 29, 19, 27.
See also Aish, Bel Tor, Bittlefordj Blackaton, Blackakde,
"Broad Barrow," Calf Down, Cator, Corndon Tor, Dean*
don, Dunstone, Ephraim's Pinch, Foales' ArrUhes, Grendon,
Hanieldon, Hattesbyll, Honeybag Tor, Jordan Ball, Leigh,
I^usdon, Lug Tor, Lyltarcombe, Mel Tor, Nats worthy,
New Bridge, North way. North Worthied, North Tauston,
01l8brim,PilTor,Pitton,Pond8Worthy, Rowbrook, Scobetor,
Sharp Tor, Sherril, "Single Barrow," Southall, Spitchwick,
Sweaton, Top Tor, Tor Hill, Tunhill Rocks, "Two Barrows,"
Venton, Withiniore, Wood, Yar Tor.
Widecombe Churchyard Cross : 6, 397.
Widecombe Green Cross ; 6, 396.
WiflFord, or Waflford (Bovey Tracy) : 26, 340 ; 27, 402.
Wigford Down (Meavy): 19, 480, 494; 22, 49, 50, 183; 24, 207.
Wild Tor (N.) : 14, 153; 22, 189, 199; 24, 421.
Wild Tor Brook (Taw River) : 22, 189.
Wild Tor Well, WiltorwiU (N.) : 24, 421 ; 26, 508, 530.
Willandhead, Willuhede (Chagford) : 26, 508; 29, 67.
Willebrok. See Walla Brook (East Dart).
Willestrew, Willavestreu, AVillstree, Willshay (Lamerton): 26, 341,
526 ; 28, 442, 466, 470, 485 ; 29, 465 ; 30, 239.
WiUhayes, High. See High Willis.
Williain Meed, Wylly Meade (near Walla Brook, East Dart) : 26, 508.
Willingsesse, see Lullingsete : 6, 516, 533 ; 26, 528.
Willingstone, Willistone (Moretonhampstead) : 2, 128.
Willsworthy, Willesworth, Wolsworthie, Wiuelesworth (Peter-
tavy): 2, 334-5; 21, 189; 26, 341, 508; 27, 401; 28, 456,
470, 477, 484 ; 30, 239.
Willsworthy Mine (Petertaw) : 2, 334-5, 340.
WiUtorrwili. See Wihl Tor Well.
Wilmingstone, Wilminstone (Tavistock) : 21, 136, 267, 270, 285;
28, 782, 788.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 565
Willuhed. See WiUandhead.
Windlace (Chagford) : 1^, 113.
Windwhistle (near Plympton) : 19, 370.
Winford (Heavy) : 24, 207.
Winford. See Wennaford.
Winter Tor (N.) : 22, 187, 195, 199.
Wisdom (Comwood) : 6, 541 ; 21, 492, 496 ; 27, 173.
Wistman's Wood (K): 4, 518; 5, 546; 10, 286, 427 ; 12, 278-9;
16, 613; 17, 72, 378, 381, 385, 412; 22, 19; 26, 186; 30, 201.
Witcerce. See Whitchurch.
Withimore (Widecombe) : 8, 399.
Withycombe (Chagford). See Wythycombe.
Witton (Ashburton) : 6, 262.
Wobrook. See Obrook.
Wokeford, Wodeford, Woldford. See Week Ford.
Wolfhalle, Wolfealle, Wlfhalle. See.Yolefale.
Wollake. See Dark Lake (Erme River).
Wonstone, Wonson (Throwleigh) : 26, 514.
Wood, or Wode (Chagford) ; 26, 511-12, 515.
Wood, Woode, or Wode (Widecombe) : 28, 336-7.
Woodford, Higher and Lower (Plympton) : 19, 369, 370, 373, 375 ;
26, 332 ; 28, 427 ; 30, 252.
Woodford Ham (? Bridestowe) : 17, 106.
Woodhay (Lamerton) : 26, 332.
Woodhouse (Ilsington) : 17, 390 ; 29, 520, 523.
Woodlake. See Whoodlake (N.).
Woodlake Head (? Plym Head) : 24, 428.
Woodland (Ugboroiigh) : 22, 44 ; 27, 390, 395.
Woodovis, (1) Old Wooda (Tavistock) : 21, 136.
Woodridge Hill. See White Ridge (R).
Woolley (Bovey Tracy) : 29, 227, 231, 240. 266 ; 30, 210.
Wooston, Wolgareston (Moretonhampstead) : 29, 243.
Wooston Castle, Woostonbury (Moretonhampstead) : 17, 362 ; 23,
97 • 29 275.
Worm Hill, \Varmhill (Hennock) : 26, 340 ; 29, 227.
Worthied, North. See North Worthied.
Wotesbrokeslakesfote (N. and E.): 6, 513, 516-17, 519, 525-6;
11, 381; 22, 193, 195-7; 24. 422; 26, 509, 531.
Wotesbrooklake. See Whoodlake.
Wrangaton, Wrangerton, Wragaton (Ugborough) : 6, 537.
Wray, or Wrey (Moretonhampstead) : 28, 229, 452 ; 29, 176, 230,
238, 242-3, 482 ; 30, 348.
Wrey River (Bovey River) : 4, 524, 526.
Wringworthy, Wringsworthy (Marytavy) : 21, 265-6; 26. 340;
28, 424, 469, 782, 788.
Writewille (Shaugh) : 7, 355 ; 357 ; 26, 509.
Writewillak (Plym River) : 7, 355, 357 ; 26, 509.
Wydecombe, Wythycombe, Wythycom. See Widecombe.
666 BEFBRBNQ^ TO DARTMOOR AKD ITS BOKDKB8
Wythycombe, Withicombe (Chagford) : 26, 149.
Wythycombe (Throwleigh) : 26, 616.
Yaddabrook, (1) Legis Lake (Plym River) : 7, 356, 357 ; 26, 50a
Yad worthy (Chagford): 1*, 113.
Yadsworthy (Corn wood) : 10, 297 ; 24, 47, 401 ; 26, 307 ; 30, 25a
Yanedonecro86, Yennadon Gross (Walkbampton) : 7, 355, 357 ;
26, 509.
Yardick. See Hardwick (Plympton), or Hurdwick (Tavistock).
Yarner Beacon (Bovey Tracy) : 19, 489.
Yamer Wells (near Heytor) : 27, 288 ; 28, 712.
Yarner Wood (Bovey Tracy) : 8, 257, 259.
tar Tor (Widecombe) : 12, 279 ; 22, 204 ; 23, 311.
Yar Tor Down (Widecorabe) : 27, 437, 442.
Yealm Head (Cornwood) : P, 46; 4, 497, 503, 516, 518 ; 8, 545;
24, 207 ; 26, 509 ; 26. 186.
Yealm River, Yalm, Ye Alme : P, 46 ; 4, 521, 524 ; 6, 540-1 ;
8, 399; 10, 279; 16, 614; 18, 471 ; 21, 492; 24, 47, 389,
400; 26, 173; 26, 186; 30, 382, 388.
See also Broadall Lake.
Yealmstone (Plympton) (f) : 30, 239.
Yellowmead Hill (Marytavy and Petertavy : 23, 118.
Yelverton, Elford Town (Buckland Monachorum) : 7, 355, 357 ;
8, 861; 10, 111; 25, 178, 487, 489, 490; 30, 490-1, 499,
503.
Yennadon, Yanadon, Yanedone, £ang-y-dun, Hennadoune (Meavy):
16, 531, 539, 549, 554; 17, 380, 387-8,392, 409, 412^ 494;
24, 207 ; 26, 509.
Yeo (Bovey Tracy) : 20, 145.
Yeo, Yllalonde (1), (Sheepsfcor) : 26, 499, 609.
Yeo Bridge (Chagford) : 8, 73.
Yeo Brook (Dart River). See Ashbum.
Yeoland, (1) Yllalonde (Buckland Monachorum) : 26, 509.
Yeoland Consols (Buckland Monachorum) : 2, 340 ; 19, 483 ; 20,
145; 21, 273; 22, 175.
Yerme River. See Erme River.
Yernestorr, Yemesiorr. See Yes Tor.
Yester Whyteburghe. See Whitaborough, Eastern and Western.
Yeston. See Heathstone.
Yes Tor, Ernestorrcv Grenestor (Okehampton) : 2, 576 ; 6, 513,
516-17, 521, 633; 6, 214; 7, 235; 10, 284, 447; 12, 121,
265-6; 16, 303-4, 307, 311, 316, 328-9; 16, 615; 17, 70,
380, 405 ; 20, 46, 150; 22, 193-5; 24, 207, 429; 85, 491,
503, 529 ; 27, 297 ; 28, 261 ; 29, 380.
Yes Tor Bottom (Walkhampton) : 30, 97, 99-103.
Yllalonde (Meavy, or Sheepstor) : 7, 355, 357. See Yeo (Sheepafcor^
Yolefale, Wolfhalle, Wolf ealle (Chagford) : 26, 514, 522.
YoUande Hill (Ashburton) : 28, 216.
CONTAINED IN THE "TRANSACTIONS," VOLS. I TO XXX. 567
Yolledone, Yollond (Chagford) : 26, 512, 513, 518.
Ysfother, Ysforther, Ysfothere, Ysfokehere, Ysfochere, Yfforchere,
Hyffotlier, Hysfochres. See Hessary.
Zeal Plains (Brent) : 26, 186.
Il
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"I
LIST OF MEMBEBS.
* Indieates Life Members. f Indicates Honorary Membere.
t Indicates Members who have joined for the current year only.
Italics indicate Members whose addresses are incomplete or nnknown.
The Names of Members of the Council are printed in small capitals.
Notice of Changes of Residence and of Decease of Members should be sent to
Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe, Castle Barbican, Plympton, or to
Mr. Maxwell Adams, Wolborongh House, Newton Abbot, the General Secretaries.
'Year of
Election.
1901 Acland, Sir C. T. D., Bart., Killerton Park, near Exeter.
1881 Adams, CoL H. C, Lion House, Exmonth.
1896 Adams, MAXWBLi;i, Wolborongh House, Newton Abbot (Hon.
Gbnbral Sbcrbtart).
1900*Adams, S. P., Elbury Lodge, Newton Abbot
1886 Aldridge, C, m.d., Belle vue House, Plympton.
1889tAlford, Rev. D. P., M.A., Elm Grove, Taunton.
1887 Alger, W. H., j.P;, 8, Esplanade, Plymouth.
1905 J Allen, E. J., d.Sc. The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth.
1896*Allhu8en, C. Wilton, Pinhay, Lyme Regia.
1874 Alsop, R, Landscore Lodge, Teignmouth.
1877 Amery, Jasper, 18, Fleet Street, London, E.C.
1869 Ambry, J. S., Druid, Ashburton.
1869 Ambrt, p. F. S., j.p., c.c, Druid, Ashburton (Hon. Gbnbbal
Trbasurbr).
1891 Amory, Sir J. Heathcoat, Bart., Knightshayes, Tiverton.
1897 Anderson, Re^. Irvine K., Mary Tavy Rectory, Tavistock.
1901 Andrbw, Sidney, 18, West Southernhay, Exeter.
1894 Andrews, John, Traine, Modbury, Ivy bridge.
1903 Aplin, J. Weston, Combe Mavis, Haldon Road, Exeter.
1863 Appleton, Edward, F.R.i.aA., m.Inst.c.b., 1, Vaughan Parade,
Torquay.
1901 Arthur, Mrs., Atherington Rectory, Barnstaple.
1901 Bankart, Mrs. Gertrude, 19, West Southernhay, Exeter.
1878^BAiaNa-GouLD, Rev. S., m.a., Lew Trenchard, Lewdown.
570 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1897 Barran, Charles, Berry Houae, Totnes.
1902*Barratt, Francis Layland, M.A., M.P., 68, Cadogan Sqna
London, S.W.
1902 Barrett, B. Skardon, Courtenay Street, Plymouth.
1905:^Barrington, A. K, Tor Royal, Princetown (Yios-Pbbbidsv
1876 Bastard, B. J. P., Buckland Court, Ashburton.
1898 Bayley, Arthur, St. Margaret's, Great Malyem.
1894»Iiayly, Miss A., Seven Trees, Plymouth.
1903 Bayly, John, Highlands, Ivybridge.
1902 Bedford, Geoi^, Bemer's Hill, Tbrquay.
1895 Belle w, P. F. B., Colley House, Tedbum St. Mary.
1905 Bennett, EUery A., 17, Courtenay Street, Plymouth (Vi<
Presidbnt).
1899 Beresford, His Honour Judge, The Hall, Wear Giffoid.
1895*Bickford, Col., Newquay, Cornwall
1890 BiNOHAM, Rev. W. P. S., M.A., Vicarage, Kenton, Exeter.
1880 Birch, Rev. W. M., m.a., Bampton Aston, Oxford.
1904 Bird, W. Montagu, j.p., Dacre House, Rlngmoi
Teignmouth.
\ 1897 Birks, Rev. H. A., m.a., Kingsbridge.
1889 Birmingham Free Library, Birmingham.
I 1904 Bissell, J. Broad, j.p., Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth.
! 1904 Blackall, Edward, 10, Garfield Terrace, Devonport
V 1886 Blacklbr, T. A., Royal Marble Works, St Marychoxt
■ Torquay.
> 1903 Blissett, T., Grey's Lodge, Torquay.
fi : 1905 Bolt, A., Princetown.
:| 1902 Bond, F. Blioh, f.r.i.b.a., Star Life Building, St AugQ8tin<
' Parade, Bristol.
!^ 1901 Bond, P. G., 105, Union Street, Plymouth,
i 1901 Bond, Miss S. C, South Danville, New Hampshire, U.S.-
\> 1904 Bond, Rev. R. J., b.d.. The Vicarage, Ashburton.
1903 Bowman, lie v. A., Sidford, Sidmouth.
1890*Bowring, Thos. B., 7, Palace Gate, London, W.
I 1898 Boyer, Commander F., R.N., Rosemary Cottage, Clajhido
^ Wellington, Somerset.
1900*Bradridge, C. Kingsley, 13, Talbot Street, Cardiff.
I 1905 Brendon, Charles E., Whistley, Yelverton, R.S.O.
; 1892 Brendon, W. T., Whistley, Yelverton, RS.O.
] 1905 Brenton, W. H., M.R.c.8.B»a., L.ao.p.LoKD., L.8.A., 12^ Porthu
! Villas, Plymouth.
1905 Briggs, C. A., Rock House, Lynmouth, North Devon.
1900 Brown, A. F. E., Maisonette, Stoke Gabriel.
1904 Brown, M. Lewis, j.p., Keittos, Bishopsteignton, Teignmoat
1904 Browne, Miss Rose A., Hermosa, Teignmouth.
1882 Brushpield, T. N., m.d., p.s.a.. The Cliff, Budleij
Salterton.
1904 Bullock, Miss Henrietta Ann, 1, Brimley Villas, Teignmout
]LI8T OF M8MBSBS. 57 ^
1887 Bulteel, Thomas, j.p., Radford, Plymouth.
1873*Burdett-Coatts, Right Hon. Baroness, . 1, Stratton Street,
Piccadilly, London.
1887 BuRNARD, Robert, j.p., F.8.A., Huccaby House, Princetown
(Vicb-Pri|8ident and Hon. Loqal Seorbtart).
1887 Burnard, Mrs. F. L., Huccaby House, Princetown.
1902 Calmady, Charles Calmady, Stoney Croft, Horrabridge.
1891 Carpenter, H. J., ii.a., ll.m., Penmead, Tiverton.
1866*Carpenter-Garnier, J., 33, Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W.
1905 Carr, Mrs. Emily L., Broadparks, Pinhoe, Exeter.
1902 Carter, Miss E. G., Hartland, North Devon.
1899 Cartwright, Miss M. Anson, 11, Mont le Grand, Heavitree,
Exeter.
1895^Cash, A. Mid^ley, u.d., Limefield, Torquay.
1898 Cave, Sir C. D., Bart., Sidbury Manor, Sidmoutb.
1903 Cave, Walter, 8, Old Burlington Street, London, W.
1900 Chalmers, J. H., Holcombe, Moretonhampstead.
1899^Champemowne, A. M., Hood Manor, Totnes.
1890 Chanter, C. R R., Broadmead, Barnstaple.
1901 Chanter, Rev. J. F., m.a., Parracombe Rectory, Barnstaple.
1884 Chapman, H. M., St. Martin's Priory, Canterbury.
1881 Chapman, Rev. Professor, ii.a., lud., Western College,
Clifton, Bristol.
1903 Chapman, J. C, M.^mT.o.B., Cadwell House, Torquay.
1902 Charbonnier, T., Art School, Barnstaple.
1902 Ching, Thomas, j.p.. Mount Tamar, Bere Alston.
1896 Chopp, R Pearsb, a a., The Patent Office, Chancery Lanei
KC.
1902 Christie, A. L., Tapeley Park, Instow, North Devon.
1888 Clark, H., Carlton House, Exmouth.
1869*Clark, R A., The Larches, Torquay.
1905 Clarke, Misa Kate, 2, Mont-le-Grand, Exeter.
1901 Clayden, A. W., m.a., F.as., St. John's, Polsloe Road,
Heavitree, Exeter.
1903 Clay-Finch, Mrs., Bark Hill House, Whitchurch, Salop.
1871 Clements, Rev. H. G. J., m.a.. Vicarage, SidiAouth.
1881*Clifford, Right Hon. Lord, m.a., j.p., Ugbrooke, Chudleigh.
1893 Cocks, J. W., Madeira Place, Torquay.
1898*Coleridoe, Right Hon. Lord, m.a., k.c. The Chanter's
House, Ottery St. Mary.
1894 Collier, George B., m.a., Whinfield, South 3rent.
1889 Collier, Mortimer J., Foxhams, Horrabridge.
1896 Collings, The Right Hod. Jesse, m.p., Edgbaston, Birmingh&nu
1892 Colson, F. H., m.a.. The College, Plymouth.
1900 Comrain, James G., High Street, Exeter.
1903 Cooke, T. O. Preston, j.p., Elmburst, Teignmouth.
572
USX OF MKMBBB8.
ISSl^Cornish, Rev. J. F., 25, Montpelier Street, Brompton Boa
London, S.W.
900 Comish-Bowden, F. J., j.p.. Blackball, South Brent
904 Coryndon, R. T., 2, London Wall Baildings, London, KC
903 Cowan, Mrs. £. J., St. Kilda, Sidmoath.
901 Cowie, Herbert, m.a., Courtlanda, Cbelston, Torquaj.
895 Cowlard, C. L., Madford, Launceaton.
898 Cox, C. K, Honiton.
901 Cox, Irwin £. B!, m.p.. Moat Mount, Mill Hill, Middlesex
904 Crespin, C. Legaasicke, 51, West Cromwell Koad, Londo
S.W.
903 Cressey, G. H., Timani, Cockington, Torquay.
887 Crews, F. H. R, 7, Queen's Gate, Plymouth.
898 Croft, Sir Alfred W., k.o.i.s., m.a., Bumleigh, Bere Alatoi
RS.O. (Vicb-Prbsidbnt).
901 Cross, William, m.lc.b., Kittery Court, Kingswear.
886 Gumming, Stephen A., The Corbyn, Cockington, Torquay.
890tDallinger, Rev. W. H., ll.d., f.r.8., f.l.8., etc., 38, Newatei
Road, Lee, London, S.E.
901 Dangar, Rev. Preb. J. G., d.d., St Luke's, Baring Creacen
Exeter.
896 Davies, W., Bellfield, Kingsbridge.
905 Davies, 0., Prince town.
897 Davis, J. W., Doneraile, Exmouth.
878 Davson, F. A., m.d., j.p.. Mount Gkdpine, Dartmouth.
878 Davy, A. J., Abbeyfield, Falkland Road, Torquay.
902 Da we, Mrs., Petticombe, Monkleigh, Torrington.
888*Daw8on, Hon. Richard, m.a., Holne Park, Aahburton.
904 Dawson, Rev. William, Teignmouth.
904 Dell, A. P., Thornpark Lodge, Teignmouth.
905 Dewey, Rev. Stanley D., m.a.. Rectory, Moretonhampstead
902 Dimond- Churchward, Rev. Preb., m.d.. The Vicaragi
Northam, North Devon.
882 Dob, Gborqe M., Enfield, Great Torrington.
898*Donaldson, Rev. E. A., Pyworthy Rectory, Holaworthj
North Devon.
904 Drake, Major William Hedley, Brynwillow, Polsham Park
Paignton.
902 Drayton, Harry G., 201, High Street, Exeter.
905 Duke, C. L., 19, Portland Villas, Plymouth.
889 Duncan, A. G., j.p.. South Bank, Bideford.
898»Dunning, Sir R H., j.p., Stoodleigh Court, Tiverton.
891 DuNSPORD, G. L., Villa Franca, 17, Wonford Road, Mouni
Radford, Exeter.
1901 Durnford, George, j.p., c.a., p.o.A.OAir., Greenhythe, West
mount, Montreal, Canada.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 573
1905 Dyer, S. R., m.d., Princetown (Vick-Prbsident).
1879 Dymond, Arthur H., 14, Bedford Circus, Exeter.
1871 Dymond, F. W., 3, Manston Terrace, Exeter.
1889 Dymond, Mrs., St. Leonard's Road, Exeter.
1898 Dymond, Robert, j.p.. The Mount, Bidoford.
1902 Dymond, Mrs. Robert, The Mount, Bideford.
1901 Earle, The Right Rev. Alfred, d.d.. Bishop of Marlborough,
Dean of Exeter, The Deanery, Exeter.
1898 Eccles, J. A. J., Stentwood, Dunkeswell Abbey, Honiton.
1891 Edmonds, Rev. Chancellor, rd.. The Close, Exeter.
1901 Edye, Lieut.-Col., St James's Club, Mon treed, Canada.
1901 Ellacott, Gen. J. P., 710, Congress Street, Chicago, U.S.A.
1896 Elliot, Edmund A. S., m.r.g.s., m.b.o.u., Woodville, Kings-
bridge.
1905JElliot, Rev. F. R., Tregie, Paignton.
1877 Elliot, R L., Tregie, Paignton.
1893 Elliott, J. C, 3, Powderham Terrace, Teignmouth.
1903 Ellis, Martin, The Larches, Black Torrington, Highampton,
North Devon.
1878 Elwokthy, F. T., p.8.a., Foxdown, Wellington, Somerset.
1888 Ermen, Miss, St. Catherine's, Torre, Torquay.
1898*Evans, Arnold, 4, Lithfield Place, Clifton.
1904 Evans, Major G. A. Penrhys, Furzedene, Budleigh Salterton.
1895 Evans, H. Montague, 49, Connaught Avenue, Plymouth.
1886 Evans, J. J. Ogilvie, 1, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth.
1877 Evans, J. L., 4, Lithfield Place, Clifton.
18«0*£vans, Parker K, Park View, Brockley, West Town, RS.O.,
Somerset.
1869*Evans, Sir J., d.cl., p.rs., p.s.a., etc., Nash Mills, Hemel
Hempstead, Herts.
1902*Eve, H. T., k.c., m.p., PuUabrook, Bovey Tracey, and 4, New
Square, Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C.
1901 Every, Rev. H., m.a.. The Rowdens, Torquay.
1904, Every, Richard, St. Mary's, Salisbury.
1900 Exell, Rev. J. S., m.a., Stoke Fleming Rectory, Dartmoutli.
1905 Exeter, The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of, The Palace,
Exeter.
1905 Falcon, T. A., m.a.. Sea View, Braunton, Devon.
1896 Firth, H. Mallaby, Place, Ashburton.
1896»Firth, R. W., Knowle, Ashburton.
1903 Fisher, Arthur, St. Aubyns, Tiverton.
1902 Fitzroy, Miss Adela, Weston House, Chudleigh.
1876 Fleming, J., 83, Pprtland Place, London, W.
1900 Ford, Miss Kate St. Clair, Ford Park, Chagford, Newton
Abbot.
1898 Fortescue, Miss, Tho Rectory, Honiton*
574 LIST OF MBMBEK6.
1898 Fortescue, Rev. Hugh John, m.a., The Rectory, Honiftoii.
1867 Fortescue, Right Hod. the Earl, Castle Hill, Sooth Molfeoi
1867*Fo8ter, Rev. J. P., ii.a., Cotswold Park, Cirenoeeter.
1876*Fowler, Rev. Canon W. W., Earley Vicarage, Reading.
1876*Fox, Charles, The Pynes, WarlinghamK)n-the.Hai, Surrej
1892 Francis, H., c.b., 12, Lockyer Street^ Plymouth.
1900 Francken, W. A., Okeharapton, and Junior Consenrati
Club, Abermarle Street, S.W.
1905 Franks, J. W., Princetown.
1901 Freeman, F. F., Abbotefield, Tavistock.
1894*Frost, F. C, f.b.i., Regent Street, Teignmouth.
1876 Fulford, F. D., j.p., d.l., Great Fulford, Dunsford, Exetei
1880 Furneaux, J., Shuto House, Westonnsuper-Mare.
1901 Gauntlett, George, 27, Dix*s Field, Exeter.
1900*Gervifl, Henry, m.d., p.r.c.p., j.p., The Towers, HiUingdc
Middlesex.
1889 Gibbon, Rev. H, Mount Pleasant, Newborough on Tay, FiJ
1891*GiFPARD, Hardingb F., Stone Lodge, Cheam, Surrey.
1901 Giles, Rev. A. L., m.a., The Vicarage, Okehampton.
1892*GilI, Miss, St. Peter Street, Tiverton.
1904 Glanville, Rev. O. F., b.a., Teignmouth.
1877*Glyde, E. E, p.r.m«t.8oc., Stateford, Whitchurch, Tavistoc:
1902 Goaman, Thomas, j.p., 14, Butt Gardens, Bideford.
1884 Goddard, Edwin, Kirkthorpe, Fosseway, Cockington, Tc
quay.
1902 Gorton, Major T., Instow, North Devon.
1893*Granvillb, Rev. Preb. R., m.a., Pilton House, Pinho
Exeter.
1901 Gratwicke, G. F., York Road, Exeter.
1892 Greenway, John, 2, Shaftesbury Villas, Ford Park, Plymoutl
1897 Greenway, E. Maurice, Iddesleigh, Minehead.
1871 Gregory, A. T., Gazette Office, Tiverton.
1896 Grose, S., m.d., p.r.c8., Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth.
1902 Groves-Cooper, J., Wear Gifford, Bideford.
1873*Guyer, J. B., f.c.s., Wrentham, Torquay.
1880 Hacker, S., Newton Abbot.
1892 Halsbuuy, The Right Hon. the Earl of, 4, Ennismoi
Gardens, S.W.
1862 Hamilton, A. H. A., m.a., j.p., Fairfield Lodge, Exeter.
1889 Hamling, J. G., f.g.s., The Close, Barnstaple.
1880 Hamlyn, James, Bossell Park, Buckfastleigh.
1880*Hamlyn, Joseph, Fullaford, Buckfastleigh.
1878 Hamlyn, W. B., Widecombe Cot, Barrington Road, Torqtiay
1895 Harding, T, L., Highstead, Torquay.
1892 Harpley, Rev. F. K. A., b.a., Oversea, Ashby-de-la-Zouch.
1 862tHARPLEY, Rev. W., m. a., f.o.p.s. , Clay hanger Rectory, Tiverton
UST OF MEMBERS. 575
1904 Harris, Major F. W. H. Davie, c/o Messrs. Holt and Co ,
3, WhitehaU Place, London, S.W.
1893 Harris, Miss, Sunningdale, Portland Avenue, Exmouth.
1877 Harris, Rev. S. G., m.a., Highweek, Newton Abbot.
1905 Harte, Walter J., Royal Albert Memorial College, Exeter.
1904 Harvey, Colonel Charles Lacon, Hazeldine, Exmouth.
1898*Harvey, Henry Fairfax, Highcroft, Heavitree, Exeter.
1900 Harvey, Sir Robert, d.l., j.p., Dundridge, Totnes.
1892*Harvey, T. H., j.p., Tor Gate, Princetown (Vicb-Presidbnt
and Hon. liOCAL Trbasurbr).
1875»Hatt-Cook, Herbert, Hartford Hall, Cheshire.
1894 Hawkins, K P., Edgerton Park, Exeter.
1890*Hoberden, W. B., c.B., Elmfield, Exeter.
1888»Hepburn, T. H., Hele, Cullomptou.
1896 Hewetson, Miss, Ware, Buck fast leigh.
1882*Hiern, W. P., m.a., p.r.s.. Castle House, Barnstaple.
1899 Hill, \V. A., 4, Avondale Villas, Avenue Road, Torquay.
1862 HiNB, J., P.R.I.1J.A., Lockyer Street, Plymouth.
1892*Hing8ton, C. A., m.d., Sussex Terrace, Plymouth.
1 900 Hoare, Robert R., Coast Guard and Naval Reserve, Admiralty,
66, Victoria Street, Westminster.
1898 Hodgson, T. V., 9, Addison Road, Plymouth.
1903 Holden, Laurence, Queen *8 Square, Lancaster.
1901 Holman, H. Wilson, 4, Lloyd's Avenue, Fenchurch Street,
London, E.C.
1901 Holman, Herbert, m.a., lub., Haldon Lodge, Teignmouth.
1893 Holman, Joseph, Downside House, Downlewne, Sneyd,
Bristol.
1905 Hooker, R. H. Amalfi, Weston-super-Mare.
1872 Hooper, B., Boumbrook, Torquay.
1903 Hooper, H. Dundee, m.a., Ardvar, Torquay.
1905 1 Hopkins, C. J., Princetown.
1892 Hornbrook, W., Garfield Villa, Stuart Road, Devonport.
1896*Hosegood, S., Chatford House, Clifton, Bristol.
1889*HuDLE8TON, W. H., M.A., P.R.8., F.G.B., West Holme, Ware-
ham.
1896*HuGHE8, T. Cann, m.a., p.s.a.. Town Clerk, Lancaster.
1896 Hulbert, M., Ingleside, Edge Hill Road, Castle Bar,
Ealing, W.
1901 Humphreys, H. Howard, a.m.i.c.e., Glenray, Wembly-by-
Harrow.
1902 Hunt, Alfred, Percy Lodge, Torquay.
1868*HuNT, A. R., M.A., F.O.S., F.L.8., Southwood, Torquay.
1876 Hurrell, J. S., The Manor House, Kingsbridge.
1886 Huxtable, James, 2, Brockman Road, Folkestone.
1893 Iredale, A., Strand, Torquay.
=t
576 UBT OF MEMBERS.
1905{Jack8on, George, F.R.O.P., 10, Portland Yilhia, Pljxnoat]
1 890* Jackson, Mark, Homelea, Parley, Surrey.
1904 Jackson, Rev. Preb. P., Kingsteignton Vicarage, Ne^
Abbot.
1902 James, R. B., Hallsannery, Bideford.
1900 Jeffery, Captain Arthur W., Board of Trade Office, Gla^
fi 1901 Jerman, J., The Bungalow, Topsham Road, Sxeter.
1903 JobsoD, G., Redlands, Sidmoutb.
1883 Jordan, W. F. C, Sunny bank, Teignmouth.
1871 Jordan, W. R. H., Winscott, Teignmouth.
1903 Julian, Henry Forbes, Redholme, Torquay.
1899* Julian, Mrs. Hester, Redholme, Torquay.
\
1879»Kelland, W. H., Victoria Road, Barnstaple.
1877*Kellock, T. C, Highfield, Totnes.
1872*Kennaway, The Rt. Hon. Sir J. H., Bart, m.a., m.p., E
Ottery St. Mary.
1903 Kestell-Cornisb, The Rt. Rev. Robert, 3, Victoria Ten
I ' Exeter.
1880 Kino, C. R B., a.ri.b.a., 35, Oakley Square, London, ^
' . 1902 Kirk wood, J. Morrison, j.p., Yeo Vale House, Bideford.
M 1 1904 Kitchin, A. J. W., Hermosa Road, Teignmouth.
1 5 1904 Kitchin, Rev. J. Laxton, m.a., Montgomery, Teignmou
1893 Kitson, J., Hengrave, Torquay.
1901 Knight, Mrs. J. H., The Firs, Friar's Walk, Exeter.
1905 Knowles, Rev. H., b.d., Princetown.
''' "I
I
1-
«
■t I
. ?
.1
, 1 903 Laing, Philip M. T., m.a., 2, Station Road, Budleigh Salter
. I 1905 Lake, W. G. B., Benton, Teignmouth.
i, ] 1903 Lake, Willlam Charles, m.d., Benton, Teignmouth.
1904 Lang, Charles Augustus, Vigo House, Weybridge.
1905 Langdon, F. B., 19, Trafalgar Place, Stoke, Devonport.
1898 Langdon, Rev. F. E. W., Membury, near Chard.
1903 Langley, Miss, Postbridge, Princetown.
1903 Langley, Miss Helen, Postbridge, Princetown.
1901 Lavis, Johnston, m.d., m.r.o.8., l.8.a.lokd., ' (in sumc
Villa Marina, Vittel, Vosges; (in winter) Villa La
Beaulieu, Alpes-Mari times, France.
1905tLaurenson, Rev. Father, Princetown.
1871 Lee, Godfrey Robert, Ravenfield, Teignmouth.
1904 Lee, Miss Constance, Budleigh Salterton, R.S.O.
1896 Lee, Rev. H. J. Barton, Cross Park Terrace, Heavitree, Exe
1889*Lee, Col. J. W., Budleigh Salterton, South Devon.
1892*Lemann, F. C, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
1905 Leonhardt, F. A., The Camp, Exmouth.
1901 Lethbridge, Sir A. S., k.c.8.1.. Windhover, Bursledon, Ha
1903*Lethbridge, William, j.p.. Wood, Okehampton.
LIST OF MBMBEBS. 577
1897 Lethbridob, Sir Roper, k.c.i.e., d.l., j.p., m.a., The Manor
House, Exboume, R.S.O., Devon.
1902 Lethbridge, Captain W. A. L., The Manor House, Exboume,
R.S.O., Devon.
1905 Letts, Charles, 8, Bartlett's Buildings, Hoi bom Circus,
London, E.C.
1905 Levison, Leon, 43, Viewforth, Edinburgh.
1898 Little, J. Hunter, Lisnanagh, Exmouth.
1905 Littleton, W., j.p.. Garden 4, Morice Town, Devon port.
1902 Lockley, J. H., Heale, Bideford.
1890»Long8taff, G. B., m.d., Twitcham, Morthoe, R.S.O.
1899 Lord, W. H., cc, Bythora, Torquay.
1 900 Lovejoy, IL F., North Gate, Totnes.
1898 Lowe, Harford J., Avenue Lodge, Torquay.
1904 Lynch, S. J. T., Northlew Manor, Northlew, Devon.
1863*Lyte, F. Maxwell, m.a., p.o.s., f.i.c, Hon. f.r.p.8., Assoc.
Inst. C.B., 60, Finborough Road, Radcliife Square, S.W.
•
1886* Mac Andrew, James J., j.p., f.l.s., Lukesland, Ivy bridge.
1901 Mackey, A. J., b.a., 2, The Close, Exeter.
1894 Mallet, W. R, Exwick Mills, Exeter.
1 904 Manchester Free Reference Library, King Street, Manchester.
1905 Manisty, George Eldon, Nattore Lodge, Budleigh Salterton.
1889 Manisty, Mrs. G. E., Nattore Lodge, Budleigh Salterton.
1903 Manlove, Miss B., Moor Lawn, Ashburton.
1901 Mann, F., Leat Park, Ashburton.
1901 Mann, Warwick H., Glenthorne, Rodwell^ Weymouth.
1897»Mardon, Heber, 2, Litfield Place, Clifton.
1901 Marines, The Officers Plymouth Divbion R.M.L.I., Royal
Marine Barracks, Plymouth.
1905 Marks, F. C, Steward's House, Princetown.
1904 Marshall, James C, Far Cross, Woore, Newcastle, Staffs.
1871*Martin, John May, aE., f.m.8., Musgrave House, Richmond,
Surrey.
1887 Matthews, Coryndon, f.e.8,, Stentaway, Plymstock, South
Devon.
1896 Matthews, J. W., Erme Wood, Ivy bridge.
1898 Melhuish, Rev. George Douglas, m.a.. Rectory, Ash water.
1902 Messenger, Arthur W. B., Assist. Paymaster R.N., H.M.S.
Royal Oak, Home Fleet.
1900 Metcalfe, Rev. James, Teign Royd, Teignmouth.
1880 Michelmore, H., Claremont, Exeter.
1900 Mildmay, F. B., m.p., Flete, Ivybridge.
1884»Mildmay, H. B., Flete, Ivybridge.
1892*Monkswell, Right Hon. Lord, b.a., Monkswell House,
Chelsea Embankment, London, S.W.
1899 Moon, James E., Cloudesloy, Brixton, near Plymouth.
1905 Moon, J. W., Albert Road, Devonport.
VOL. XXXVII. 2 0
I
i
■;
{: 378 LIST OF MlDfBEitS.
I
1904 Morrison, Colonel R., The Rowdens, Teignmoath.
1898 MoRSHBAD, J. Y. Andbrson, Luswaysy Saloombe Reg:
Sidmouth.
jj 1886*Mortimer, A., 1, Paper Buildings, Temple, London.
1874*Mount Edgcumbe, Right Hon. the Earl of, Mount Edgctiml
Plymouth.
1901 Mugford, W. E., 70, Oxford Road, Exeter.
1904 Murray, O. A. R., The Admiralty, London, S.W.
1893 Mosgrave, G. A., F.B.O.&, f.z.8., Farzebank, Torquay.
1900 Naish,Rev. S., m.a., ll.d., 15, Fauconberg Road, Chi8wick,V
1885 Nbck, J. S., J. p.. Great House, Moretonhampstead.
1898 Nevill, Ralph, F.8.A., Clifton House, Castle Hill, Guildfon
1902 Newton Club {per T. W. Donaldson, Esq., Hon. Sec.
Newton Abbot.
, 1897 Nicholls, Richard Perrott, West Alvington, Eingdbridge.
11 1900 Nix, J. A., 20, Hans Place, London, S.W.
1896 Northmore, John, 4, Abbey Mead, Tavistock.
1903 Norton, W. Joseph, The Shrubbery, Teignmouth.
1904 Nourse, Rev. Stanhope M., Shute Vicartige, Axminster.
1903 Nowell, Capt. S., 17, Rock Park, Rock Park Ferry,
Liverpool.
1901 Oldham, Rev. D'Oyly W., The Rectory, Exboume.
1902 Paige, MIas Laura, St. Leonard's, Totnes.
1902 Paige, Rev. W. E., The Laurels, Woodland Park, Paignioi
1901 Pain, R. Tucker, Ryll Court, Exmouth.
1905 Palmer, J. H., Princetown.
1904 Palmer, W. P., Waterloo Cottage, Exmouth.
1905 Parson, Edgcombe, Fursdon, Newton Abbot
1903 Pasmore, Robert S., St. German's, Pennsylvania, Exeter.
1903 Patch, Col. R, c.b., Fersfield, Newton Abbot.
1904 Pateman, Miss, 15, Raleigh Terrace, Exmouth.
1902 Patey, Rev. Charles Robert, Vicarage, Westend, near Soutl
i ampton.
» 1905 Paul, Z., Cyprus Road, Exmouth.
j 1903 Peacock, H. G., l.r.o.p., m.r.g.s., Mem. Brit MycoL Soc,
j Broadlands, Newton Abbot
, 1901 Pearse, James, 44, Marlborough Road, Exeter.
1896 Pbarson, Rev. J. B., d.d., Whitstone Rectory, Exeter.
i 1904 Pedrick, A., 2, Esplanade, Teignmouth.
I 1901 Peek, Rev. Richard, m.a., Rectory, St Magnus-the-Martyi
t Lower Thames Street, E.C.
1905 Peet, A. W., Kingskerswell, near Newton Abbot
1894 Pengelly, Miss, Lamoma, Torquay.
1882 Penzance Library, Penzance.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 579
1897 Periam, J., 16, Upper Woburn Terrace, London, W.C.
1902 Perry, Oliver H., 55, West Thirty-third Street, New York
City, U.S.A.
1897 Peter, Thurstan C, Redruth.
1883 Petherick, J., 8, Clifton Grove, Torquay.
1902 Piggott, F. C. H., aA., m.d.. Orchard Gardens, Toignmouth.
1905JPigot, Rev. H. C, Princetown.
1899 Pinkham, Charles, j.p., c.o.. Linden Lodge, 7, Winchester
Avenue, Brondesbury, N.W.
1897«Pitts, Mrs. Stanley, 2, Gleneagle Road, Mannamead, Ply-
mouth.
1896 Plumer, J. B., Allerton, near Totnes.
1879 Plymouth Free Public Library, Whimple Street, Plymouth.
1884 Plymouth Proprietary Library, CoruwiJl Street, Plymouth.
1880 Pode, J. D., Slade, Com wood. Ivy bridge.
1898^Pole, Sir Edmund de la, Bart., Shute House, Colyton.
1892 Pollock, Sir F., Bart., lud., f.s.a., etc., 48, Great Cumber-
land Place, London, W.
1894 Poltimore, Right Hon. Lord, p.c, d.l., Court Hall, North
Molton.
1900*Pon8onby, Rev. Stewart Gordon, m.a.^ Rectory, Stoke
Damerel, Devonport.
1900*Pope, John, Spence Coombe, Copplestone.
1905 Pound, Alfred J., Furzeleigh, Buckfastleigh.
1878*Powell, W., m.b., p.iLas., Hill Garden, Torquay.
1888 Priokman, J. D., Okehampton.
1901 Prideaux, W. de C, l.d.s., ao.s.Eifo., Ermington, Dorchester.
1901 Pring, Walter, j.p., Northlands, Exeter.
1887 Prowsb, Arthur B., ild., F.R.a8., 5, Lansdown Place,
Clifton.
1891 Prowse, W. B., L.R.C.P., m.r.c.8., 11, Gloucester Place,
Brighton.
1899 Prowse, W. H., The Retreat, Kingsbridge.
1894*Pryke, Rev. W. E., m.a., Ottery St. Mary Rectory, Sid-
mouth.
1903 Prynne, G. H. Fellowes, f.r.i.b.a., 6, Queen Anne's Gate,
Westminster, London, S.W.
1893 Punchard, Rev. Canon E. G., d.d., St. Mary's Vicarage, Ely.
1901 Radford, A. J. V., Dunchideock House, Exeter.
1898»Radford, Arthur L., The Cedar House, Hillingdon, near
Uxbridge.
1889 Radford, C. H., j.p., 2, Queen's Gate Villas, Plymoaih.
1901 Radford, H. G., Park Cottage, East Sheen, S.W.
1903 Radford, Mrs. J. H., Uppaton, Buckland Monachorum,
Yelverton, R.S.O.
1888 Radford, Mrs., Chiswiok House, Ditton HiU, Surbiton,
Surrey.
2o2
580 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1905 Reade, Major, H.M. Convict Prison, Princetown (Vi<
Prbsident).
1896 Rbbd, Harbottls, 57, St. David's Hill, JBxeter.
1885*Reichel, L. H., Beara Court, Highampton, North Devon.
1872 Rbichel, Rev. Oswald J., ao.L., f.s.a., A la Honde, Ljn
stone, Devon.
1904 Reynell, B., Heathfield, South Norwood, London, S.K
1898*Reynell-Upham, W. Upham, 4, RUl Terrace, Exmouth.
1902 Rice, George, m.d., 46, Friar Gate, Derby.
1905 Richardson, Miss J. A. C, 1, East View, Femleigh Boi
Mannamead, Plymouth.
1892 Rickford, Wyndham, Pinehurst, Winn Road, Southampti
1892 RiHK, Rev. J. £., m.a., Rectory, Stockleigh English, Credit!
1903 Roberts, Charles E., b.a., 2, Coburg Terrace, Sidmouth.
1901 Roberts, C. T. K., Fairhill, Exeter.
1892 Robinson, C. K, Holne Cross, Ashburton.
1904 Robinson, Miss Mildred, Trafalgar Cottage, Teignmouth.
1905 Roff, C. K, Princetown.
1902*Rogers, W. H., j.p., Orleigh Court, Bideford.
1902 Ross, Rev. J. Trelawny, D.D., The Vicarage, Paignton.
1900 Row, R. W. H., Mount Vernon, Exeter.
1904 Rowe, Aaron, The Duchy House, Prince Town, Dartmoor
1862 Rowe, J. Brooking, f.s.a., f.l.s.. Castle Barbican, Piympt
(Hon. General Secretary).
1 899 Rudd, E. E., 1 1 8, Fordwyck Road, Brondesbury, London, N.l
1905 Rundell, Towson William, f.r.Mkt.Soo.. 25, Castle Sire
Liverpool.
1904 Rundle, Miss Julia, 4, Silver Terrace, Exeter.
1901 Rundle, Rev. Samuel, Godolphin Vicarage, Helston
Cornwall.
1904 Sanders, James, j.p., c.c, 23, South Street, South Molton
1881*Saunders, Ernest G. Symes, m.d., 20, Ker Street, Devonpa
1877*Saunders, George J. Symes, m.d., 1, Lascelles Terrace, £a
bourne.
1895 Saunders, Miss H., 92, East Street, South Molton.
1887*Saunders, Trelawney, Elmfield on the Knowles, Newt
Abbot.
1880*Saunders, W. S., Cranbrook, Castle Road, Torquay.
1903 Sawkins, Frederick, Warreleigh, Budleigh Salterton.
1905JScott, W. S., M.B., 13, Devon Square, Newton Abbot
1900*Scrimgeour, T. S., Natsworthy Manor, Ashburton.
1894 Shapland, A. E., j.p.. Church House, South Molton.
1894 Shapland, A. F. Terrell, Spurbame, Exeter.
1902 Shapland, J. Dee, m.r.c.s., Burnside, Exmouth.
1882 Shelley, Sir John, Bart., Shobrooke Park, Crediton.
1879 Shelly, John, Princess House, Plymouth.
1885 Sibbald, J. G. E., Mount Pleasant, Norton S. Philip, Bal
LIST OF MEMBERS. 581
1898 Sidmouth, The Right Hon. Yiscouut^ Upottery Manor,
Honiton.
1893 Skardon, Brigade-Surgeon Lieut.-Col. T. G., Simla, Good-
rington, near Paignton.
1902 Skinner, A. J. P., Colytou.
1896 Slade, J. J. Eales, J. p., San Remo, Cockington, Torquay.
1878 Slade, S. H., 65, Westbury Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Glos.
1902 Slocock, Walter C, Goldsworth, Woking, Surrey.
1904 Slocombe, F., Teignmouth.
1893 Smerdon, R, 7, Kent's Place, Torquay.
1895*Smith, The Hon. W. F. D., m.p., 3, Grosvenor Place,
London, S.W.
1901 Smyth-Osboume, J. S., j.p., d.l., Ash, Iddesleigh.
1902 Snell, Simeon, F.R.a8.EMo., j.p., Moor Lodge, Sheffield.
1902 Soares, £. J., m.p., Upcott, Barnstaple.
1896 SoMERVAiL, A., Natural History Museum, Torquay.
1891 Southcomb, Rev. H. G., m.a., Roseash Rectory, South Molton.
1882 Spraoub, F. S., Barnstaple.
1896 Square, J. Harris, Clarendon House, Eingsbridge.
1899 Square, J. Elliot, F.R.C.S., Portland Square, Plymouth.
1898 Stark, Robert, Eccleston, Torquay.
1893 Stark, W. P., Hillstead, Basingstoke.
1899 Stawell, George, Penhallam, Torrington.
1868*Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R, m.a., f.r.8., Ephraim Lodge, The
Common, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
1901 Stevens, John, St. David's Hill, Exeter.
1898 Stavens-Guille, Rev. H. G. de C, Beaconside, Monkleigh,
Torrington.
1900 Stiff, J. Carleton, Alfoxden, Torquay.
1898*St. Maur, Harold, Stover, Newton Abbot.
1885*Strode, George S. S., Xewnham Park, Plympton.
1905 Strong, Leonard E., Yelverton, South Devon.
1896 Stuart, W. J., 6, Louisa Terrace, Exmouth.
1902 Stucley, Sir Lewis S., Bart, d.l., Hartland Abbey, Bideford.
1876*Sulivan, Miss, Broom House, Fulham.
1899 Symonds, F. G., Bank House, Blandford.
1896 Swansea Devonian Society (per S. T. Drew), Swansea.
1899*Tanner, C. Peile, B.A., Chawleigh Rectory, Chulmleigh.
1904 Tate, A. L. Holcombe, Dawlish.
1890 Tavistock Public Library, Bedford Square, Tavistock.
1900 Taylor, Alfred, Rosulia, Hoshangabad, C.P., India.
1886 Taylor, Arthur Furneaux, Ingleside, Hanwell, London, W,
1893 Taylor, J., j.p., f.l.8., f.o.s., 15, Lucius Street, Torquay.
1903 Thompson, Rev. William Henry, Parracorabe Rector}-,
Barnstaple.
1903 Thomson, Basil H., H.M. Convict Prison, Princetown
(Prbsidbnt).
682 LIST or UIHBUt8.
1666 Thobhtoit, Rev. W. H,, b.a., Kactorr, North Sovej, Moid
hampstead.
1903 Tindall, J., Kaglehurst, Bidmouth.
1905 Tomt, Rev. F. W., Rectory, CombemMtin, H.S.O., K*
Devon,
1902 Tothill, Waring W., ], Cambridge Park, Redluul, Bcuk
1669*Tutliil], W., Stoke Bishop, BnstoL
1904 Towell, Herbert T., Regent Hoaae, Teignmoatb.
1687 Treby, General Phillippa, j.p., GoodaiUDor, Plympton.
1901 Trenilett. C. H., Fairpark, Exeter.
1903 Trepplin, Mrs. E., Elm Cottage, Sidmoiith,
1902*Triet, Pendarves, 11, Cottesmore Gardens, Kenaingt
London, S.W,
1667 Troup, Mra. Francss B., Beaumont Uouae, Otterj St Hi
1904 Tucker, Mrs. AlUn, Blftkea*ille, North Molton.
1670 TucKBH, K. C, 3.P., O.A., The Hall, Ashburton (H
Auuitob).
1904 Tucker, Thomas, Hartley Road, Exmouth.
1902 Tudor, Rev. Sub-Dean, Exeter.
1905 Turner, Alfred, ii.u., Plympton House, Plympton.
1901 Turner, Rer. R., Vicarage, Colyton.
1880 Turner, T., j.f., p.ii.m»t.soc., Cullompton.
1861 Yatwoll, H. B., 2, Pennsylvania Park, Exeter.
1887 Venning, J. 3. E., Penlee Gardena, Stoke, Devonport
1884 Vicary, W., ITie Knoll, Newton Abbot.
1902 Vidal, Edwin Scaly, Frcmington.
1901 Vincent, SirEnQiR, k.o.u.q., m.p., Eaher Place, £8ber,Saiii
per Cecil R. M. Clapp, Esq., 23, Catherine Street, Exet
1693 Waikvrioht, T., North Devon Atlien»um, Bametaple.
1904 Walker, Col. D. Come, rk., The Lodge, Weetei
Southampton.
1893 Walker, Rolwrt, M.D., East Terrace, Budleigh Salterton.
1805 Walpole, Spencer C, 10, Stratfaniore Gardens, London.
1901 Ward, Rev. Joseph Heald, Silverton Rectory, Exeter.
1889 Ware, C. K, Cobhani, Rosebarn Lane, Exeter.
1897 Watson, Richard Hnxham, d.l., j.p., I3rookfield, Totnes.
1904 Watts, Francis, Laureston Lodge, Newton Abbot.
1900 Watte, Mre. R. J., Upcott Cottage, Highampton, Noi
1900*WuKE8, Miss Lboa-, Sunny Nook, Rugby Manaioi
West Kensington, London, W.
1901 Welch, Charles A., 11, Pemberton Square, Room 3(
Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
1870*Were, T. Kennet-, m.a.. j.p , d.a., Cotlands, Sidmouth.
1897 Western Yacht Club, The Royal, The Hoe, Plymouth.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 583
1900* We they, Charles Henry, c/o The Imperial Bank of Canada,
Toronto, Canada.
1893 Whale, Rev. T. W., m.a.. Mount Nessing, Weston Park,
Bath.
1873*Whidborne, Rev. G. F., m.a., p.g.s., Hamraerwood Lodge,
East Grinstead.
1872 Whitaker, W., b.a., p.b.8., p.g.s., Assoc. Inst. C.E., F. San.
Inst., 3, Campden Road, Croydon {Gorres, Member),
1875 White-Thomson, Col. Sir R T., aa, J. p., Broomford Manor,
Exbourne, North Devon.
1893 White, T. Jeston, 8, Maldon Road, Acton, I»ndon, W.
1897 Whitlby, H. Michell, 28, Victoria Street, Westminster.
1890*WiIcock8, Horace Stone, Mannamead, Plymouth.
1883*VVillcocks, A D., m.r.c.8., Park Street, Taunton.
1881*Willcocks, F., m.d., f.r.c.p., 14, Mandeville Place, Man-
chester Square, London, W.
1877*Willcock8, G. W., m.iwbt.c.b., 4, College Hill, Cannon Street,
London, E.C.
1877*Willcocks, R. H., ll.u., 4, College Hill, Cannon Street,
London, E.C.
1877*Willcocks, Rev. E. J., m.a., The School House, Warrington,
Lancashire.
I876*Willcocks, W. K., m.a., 6, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn,
London, W.C.
1904 Williams, F., The Firs, Budleigh Salterton.
1893 Willis, H., Lennox Lodge, Shanklin, Isle of Wight.
1899 Willis, Mrs., Lennox Lodgf», Shanklin, Isle of Wight.
1893 Willmot, Miss, May field, Budleigh Salterton.
1897 Wills, J., Dodhrooke, Littleover Hill, Derby.
1901 Winchester, The Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of (Herbert
Edward Ryle, d.d.), Famham Castle, Surrey.
1875*WiNDBATT, Edward, Bridgetown, Totnes.
1896 WiNDEATT, George E, Bridgetown, Totnes.
1896 Winj^et, W., Glen Almond, Cockington, Torquay.
1872* Win wood. Rev. H. H., m.a., p.g.s., 11, Cavendish Crescent, Bath.
1884*Wolfe, J. K, 24, Belsize Crescent, Hampstead, N.W.
1905 Wollocombe, Rev. J. H. B., Lamerton Vicarage, Tavistock.
1898 Wood, R. H., p.s.a., p.r.g.8., Belmont, Sidmouth.
1884*WooDHOU8E, H. B. S., 4, St. Lawrence Road, Plymouth.
1904 Woollcombe, Gerald D., Cranmere, Newton Abbot
1901*Woollcombe, Robert Lloyd, m.a., ll.d., 14, Waterloo Road,
Dublin.
1886 Woollcombe, W. J., St. Maurice, Plympton.
1891 Worth, R. Hanspord, c.e., 4, Seaton Avenue, Plymouth.
1876 Wright, W. H. K., 4, Apsley Road, Mutley, Plymouth.
1895*Wykes-Finch, Rev. W., m.a., j.p.. The Monks, Chaddesley
Corbett, Kidderminster; and North Wyke, near Oke-
hampton.
584 L18T or MIMBIBS.
1900 Yeo, Miss Mary K J. Hobworthy, Bosai Street, Tkm,
Soulli Wales.
1900 Yeo, W. Carmn, 92, Beaumont Avenue, Richmond, Su
1895 Younj{, E. II., u.n., Darley Houae, Okehampton.
Hm f6Uowiiif Table aentalni a Sbbbmj of tha fbragoiac Ual
Honoiary llemben . . . ■ . 3
CorrespondiDg Member . . . . 1 .
Lira Hembera . . 101
Annual Meniber* . . • . . 4S0
Total, 1st October, IMS . . . SS&
INDEX.
Address of President, 42.
Affeton, 111.
Albemarle and Devon, Isabella de
Fortibus, Coantess of, 206.
Alexander III, 190.
Alterations in Rules and Bye-laws, 21.
Amery, P. F. S., on Bulls and Bull-
baiting, 27.
Twenty-second Re-
port of Committee on Devonshire
Folklore, 111.
Anderson, Rev. Irvine K., Report of
Dartmoor Committee, 141.
Apple-tree Charm, 117.
Arlington, Church Plate at, 1 55.
Ash and South Zeal in South Tawton,
325.
Averill, Caroline Beard, Obituary
Notice of, 32.
Axe-hammer found near Crockem
Tor, 81.
Babb's Cottages, 474.
Bachelor's Hall, 472.
Barrow Committee, Twenty-fourth
Report of, 87.
near Horn's Cross, 95.
Barrows, Chapman, 92.
Bartlet, Rev. John Moysey de Lud-
brook, Obituary Notice of, 82.
Bartholomew, Bishop of Exeter, 189.
Beame, Lewis, Obituary Notice of, 82.
Berrynarbor, Church Plate at, 156.
Bicton and Kingsteignton, The
Manors of, 462.
Bird Protection, 83.
Blackabrook Clapper Bridge, 470.
Bratton Fleming, Church Plate at,
167.
Bray, Rev. E. A., 469.
Brendon, Church Plate at, 156.
Brushfield, Dr. T. N., Popular Lec-
ture by, 27.
Three State
Documents relating to Arrest and
Execution of Sir Walter Ralegh,
1618, 284.
Bull-baiting, 27.
Bull-ring at Sheepstor, 27.
Bnrnard, Robert, Great Central
Trackway, 468.
Luncheon given by Mr. and
Mrs. Robert, 27.
Robert, The Pack-horse on
Dartmoor, 168.
Tenth Report of
Dartmoor Exploration Committee,
141.
Butterton Hill, 460.
Bye-laws, Alterations in, 21.
and Standing Orders, 15.
Cairn on Hare Tor, 90.
Callander, Alexander, Obituary No-
tice of, 32.
Carisbrooke Castle, 229.
Castle of Lydford, 174.
eater's Beam, 460.
Central Trackway, The Great, 468.
Challacombe, Church Plate at, 158.
Chanter, Rev. J. Frederick, Devon-
shire Goldsmiths, 146.
— and R. Hans-
ford Worth, Rude Stone Monu-
ments of Elxmoor and its Borders,
375.
Chapman Barrows, 92, 387.
Church of Lydford, 176.
at Ftincetown, 475.
Plate Committee, First Re-
port of, 146.
Plate at Arlington, 165.
Berrynarbor, 156.
Bratton Fleming, 167.
Brendon, 156.
Challacombe, 158.
Combe Martin, 169.
— Countisbury, 159.
— East Downe, 160.
— High Bray, 161.
— Eentisbury, 162.
— Landkey, 162.
— Loxhore, 163.
— Lynmonth, 159-68.
586
INDKX.
.'
Church Plato at Martinhoe, 164.
— Parracombe, 165.
— Sherwell, 166.
— Stoke Rivers, 166.
— Swymbridge, 166.
— Trentishoe, 167.
Circle, Hex worthy, 145.
Circli«8, M93.
Rows, etc., 387.
Clai)])cr Hrid|(e, Hlackabrook, 470.
Collin, Smelling a, 115.
Coins of Lydford, 177.
found at East Panson, 80.
Coinl)e Martin, Church Plate at, 159.
Conuuittces, Rei^rts of —
Scientitic Memoranda, 64.
liarrow, 87.
Climate, 96.
Kolk-lorc, 111.
Verbal Provincialisms, 122.
Dartmoor Exploration, 141.
Church Plate, 147.
Selecte<l Minutes of Coun-
cil a)){K)inting, 30.
Contents, 5-6.
Convict Prisons, Dartmoor, 470.
Coniish Carriers, 469.
Corringdon Ball, 459.
Cosdon, 458.
Council appointing Committees, Se-
lcctc<l Minutes of, 30.
Council, 1905, Report of, 21.
Countess Weir, 227.
Countisbury, Church Plate at, 159.
Crockern Tor, Stone hammer found
near, 81.
Crooks, 173.
Crossing, William, 488.
Cure for Fits, 114.
Warts, 115.
Custom, Decay of Law of, 42.
Cutton, Prebend of, 463.
Dartmoorand its Borders contained in
•'Transactions," Vols. I to XXX,
an Index of References to, 482.
Boundaries of Forest of, 483.
Bounds of Four Quarters of
Forest of, 483.
Committee of 1876, 482.
Convict Prisons on, 470.
Exploration Committee,
Tenth Report of, 141.
Farming on, 469.
Grouse on, 85.
Meeting, Proceedings at, 23.
Graves : A Note on, 467.
One Hundred Years on.
468.
Dartmoor Ponies, 178.
Potato growing on, 168
Railway Co., Plymw
and, 476.
Roads, 168-9, 468, 470.
The Story of, 27.
Dart, Perforated Pebble from
West, 81.
Decretals addressed to English I
lates, 188.
Nature of, 196.
Deeds, Sir Roper Leth bridge's, 3S
Mr. John Knapman's, 371
Decay of L»w of Custom, 42.
Devonshire Folk Airs, MosiGal Va
of, 25.
GokLnniths, 146.
Verbal Provincialisms, ]
port of Committee on, 122.
Wit and Humour, A i
Stories illustrative o/, 200.
Devon, Isabella de Fortibus, Count
of Albemarle and, 206.
County Gaol, 462.
Dickinson, Rev. Frederick Bink
Obituary Notice of, 33.
Divorce, 191.
Documents relating to Arrest ai
Execution of Sir Walter Ral^
284.
Doe Tor, Kistvaens on, 89.
Domesday, History of the Ezo
246.
Lydford, 179.
Drizzlecombe Valley, Visit to, 27.
Duchy Hotel, 474.
Earlier Sections of *'TesU Nevil
410.
Earthquake Shock at Teignmout
64.
East Down Church, Plate at, 160.
Panson, Coins found at, 80.
Edward Windeatt, Totnes : its Mayo
and Mayoralties, 398.
Ellectrical Phenomena, 76.
£1 worthy, F. T., Twentieth Repo
of Committee on Devonshire Vert
Provincialisms, 122.
Exeter, 227.
Bishop of, 189.
Communication with, 469.
County Gaol at, 462.
Dom^ay, History of tli
246.
//.
Sinkage of Land at St Thonu
The Pack-horse on, 168.
Exmoor, Grouse on, 65.
and its Borders, Rude Sto
Monuments of, 375. .
INDEX.
687
Falcon, T. A., A Note on Dartmoor
Graves, 457.
Fanning at Tor Royal, 470.
on Dartmoor, 469.
Fits, Cure for, 114.
Folk Airs, Musical Value of Devon-
shire, 25.
Folk-lore, Twenty-second Report of
Committee on Devonshire, 111.
Forest of Dartmoor and its Borders,
468.
Fortilius, Isabella do, 206.
Frazer, James, 470.
Frenchman's Row, 476.
Garnets in Dartmoor granite, 77.
Gaol at Exeter, County, 462.
Goldsmiths, Devonshire, 146.
Good Friday Folk-lore, 114.
Goodleigh, Church Plate at, 161.
Granite, Garnets in Dartmoor, 77.
Graves, A Note on Dartmoor, 457.
Grecnaball, 460.
GrouSe on Dartmoor, 85.
Gullett, 469.
Gulson, John Reynolds, Obituary
Notice of, 34.
Hammer found near Crockem Tor,
Stone, 81.
Hare Tor, Cairn on, 90.
Harvey, At Home of Mrs. T. H., 25.
George, Obituary Notice of,
34.
Hex worthy Circle, 145.
High Bray, Church Plate at, 161.
History of the Exon Domesday, 246.
Hlidafoixla, Hlydafcrda, Lydford,
178.
Hoi will, Parracombe, Inscribed Stone
at, 386.
Honiton, 229.
Horns Cross, 95.
Hughes, T. Cann, First Rei^rt of
Church Plate Committee, 146.
Implements, Stone, 81.
Inaex to Earlier Sections of Devon
"Testa Nevil," 458.
of References to Dartmoor and
its Borders contained in *' Transac-
tions," Vols. I to XXX. An, 482.
Inscribed Stone at Holwill, Pan'a-
combe, 386.
Iscanus, 190.
Isle, The Lady of the, 206.
of Wight, 223.
Jar found at Buck fast Abbey, 81.
- at Modbnry, 80.
Kentisbury, Chuixsh Plate at, 162.
King, Richard John, 468.
Kingsteignton and Bicton, The
Manors of, 462.
Kistvaens, 90, 458.
Kitsou, William Henry, Obituary
Notice of, 34.
Knapman's Deeds, Mr. John, 871.
Lady of the Isle, The, 206.
Landkey, Church Plate at, 162.
Lecture by Dr. T. N. Brushfield,
Popular, 27.
by R. Hansford Worth, 27.
Lega-W^eekes, Ethel, Neighbours of
North W^ke, Part V, 325.
Lethbridge, Deeds of Sir Roper, 333.
List of Members, 569.
Plates, 7.
Loxhore. Church Plate at, 163.
Lustleigh, Farm Life at, 116.
Lydford Coins, 1 77.
Town, 174.
Lynmouth, Church Plate at, 159.
Lynton, Church Plate at, 163.
Maddock's Down, 382.
Manadon, Meteor at. 65.
Manors of Bictou and Kingsteignton,
The, 462.
Marriaee of Clergy, 192.
Martinhoe, Ciiurch Plate at, 165.
Medicinal Well, 116.
Meeting, Places of, 1 0.
Meml>er8, List of, 569.
Menhir, Cliapman BaiTows, 387.
Meteor at Manadon, 65.
Totnes, 65.
Meteorology, 65.
Mineralogy, 77.
Minutes of Council appointing Com-
mittees, Selected, SO.
Mint at Lydford, 177.
Modbury, Jar found at, 80.
Mohar, German Millet, 471.
Morley, Obituary Notice of the Earl
of, 35.
Morris, John, Obituary Notice of, 36.
Musical Value of Devonshire Folk
Airs, 25.
Nankivell, Charles Atkinson, Obit-
uary Notice of, 85.
Neighbours of Nortli Wyke, Part V,
325.
New London, 474.
North Wyke, Neighbours of, Part V,
325.
Note on Dartmoor Graves, A, 467.
Notices, Obituary, 32.
Bftitlet, John Hojsej da L., 32.
ISesnie, Lenig, 32.
Cal Under, Alciander, 32.
Dickinson, Fredoriek Binloy, 33.
Oulson, John Reynolds, 34.
H»rvey, George, Si.
KiUoii. William Henry, 31.
Morley, Tlie Earl of, 36.
Horris, John, 35.
Naiikivell, Charles Atkinson, SB.
Phcar, John Biidd, 3S.
fiabei-U, Isaac. 33.
Ryder, John William WalUra, 38.
Scott, Tlianiiu Angustiia Sommera,
39.
Smith, E., 30.
Tattareill, Edward John, 39.
WilUy, Henry A., 40.
Turner, William Henry, 41.
OfKcera, 1905-8, 9.
Okery, Old Hohm at, 473.
Orders, Bye-Iawa and "
Ornithology, 82.
Psck-horsea, 173.
Psck-horse on Dartmoor, The, 168.
Paralletograms, 392.
Parrscombe, 38fl.
Cliilroh Plate at, 16.").
Pearson, d.d., Rev. J. B., The
Manors of Bictou and Kings-
t«isnton, 462.
PeWa from West Dart, A Perforated,
81.
Pedigree of Tj-rwhitt, 479.
Phear, John iJudd, Obituary Nolico
of, 35.
PiiiM, 112.
Places of Meeting, 10.
Plates, List of, 7.
" Plume of Fe«tlienj," 470.
Plymouth and Dartmoor Railwaj,
0]ieninK of, 470.
au|>|Kiaed Electrical Plie-
Plympton Castle, 210.
Ponies, Dartmoor, 173.
Portrait of Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt,
478.
Post Bridge, 170.
PoUto Growing, 169.
Pottery at MotTbury, 80.
found at Holne Chase Castle,
81.
President, Address of, 42.
Pricknian, J. D., A few Stories iUns.
trative of Devonshire Wit and
PKnce HaU, 4«9.
Princetown, Bcginningi of, 470.
Church *t, 476.
SirThomsaTTrwhitti
4S5.
Report of Conucil •(,
PriBona at, 470,
ProoeodinssorHaetin
23.
Prisona at Priacetown, Sdeetia
Site for, 471.
Proceedings at Forly-rcnirth Ani
Meeting, 23.
Protection of Birds, 83.
Provse, Arthur B., An Ittdei
References to Dsjtjnoor sad
Borders contained in '"nui
tions,'* VoU. I to XXX. 482.
Radford, Un. G. H, , Lydford To
176.
Railway Company, Plymouth :
Dartmoor, 47 S.
Inn, Priuoetown, 478. ■
Rateghana, 284.
Balegh, A lawyer, SO.
Life and Timea of, 27.
-Notei
79.
Seals, 79.
State DocumentB relating
arroet, etc, of Sir Walter, 284.
Reception at Prinoetown, 23.
Record Office Deeds, 325.
Reed, Harbottio, Pint Report Chu
Plate Committee, 146.
References to Dartmoor and its B
ders in "Transactions," Voln I
XXX, Indei to, 482.
Reichel , The Earlie r Sections of " Te
Nevil" relating to Devon, Rev, *
wald J., 410.
— — ■ Sidelights on the Work ■
Times of a great West-country P
late in Twelfth Century, Eer. <
wald J., 168.
RejKirt or Council, 1 SOS, 21.
of Treasurer, 28, 2B,
Road across Dartmoor, 468.
on Dartmoor, 188, 189,
Roberts, Isaac, Obituary Notioe
38.
Roe Barrow, Panacombe Cummi
95.
Rowe, J, Brooking, Sir Thomas T
whitt and Princetown, 466.
Twenty. fourth ]
port Scientilic Memoranda Co
INDEX.
589
Rules and Bye-Laws, 11.
Alterations in,
21.
Ryder, John William Walker,
Obituary Notice of, 38.
*' Saracen's Head," Two Bridges, 169.
Scientific Memoranda Committee,
Twenty-fourth Report of, 64.
Scott, Obituary Notice of Thomas
Augustus Sommers, 39.
Seal of Borough of Lydford, 188.
Seismology, 64.
Selected Minutes of Council ap)X>int-
ing Committees, 30.
Sharp, Cecil J., Lecture on Musical
Value of Devonshire Folk Airs,
25.
Sheepstor, Bull -ring at, 27.
Visit to, 27.
Shenvell, Church Plate at, 165.
of the Rural
Deanery of, 153.
Sidelights on the Work and Times of
a great West-country Prelate in
the Twelfth Century, 188.
Sinkage of Laud at St. Thomas,
Exeter, 77.
Smith, R, Obituary Notice of, 39.
Snowdon, 459.
South Hessary Tor, 469.
Taw ton. Ash and South Zeal
in, 325.
Zeal in South Tawton, 325.
Sparrows, 82.
Stalldon Barrow, 461.
Standing Orders, Bye-laws, etc.,
15.
Stannaries, Lord Warden of, 466.
Stannon Newtake, 459.
State Documents relating to Arrest,
etc., of Sir Walter Ralegh, 284.
Stoke Rivers, Church Plate at, 166.
Stone Implements, 81.
Monuments of Exmoor and its
Borders, The Rude, 376.
Rows, 394.
Stories illustrative of Devonshire Wit
and Humour, 200.
Stoi7 of Dartmoor, The, 27.
Stukelcy, Sir Judas, 111.
Lewis, 302.
Swymbridge, Church Plate at, 166.
Tattersill, Edward John, Obituary
Notice of, 39.
Tawton, Ash and South Zeal in
South, 325.
Teignmouth, Earthquake Shock at,
64.
"Testa Nevil** relating to Devon
done into English with an Index,
The Earlier Sections of, 410.
Thomas of Canterbury, St, 195.
Thomson, Garden Party of Mrs.
Basil H., 24.
Presidential Address of
Basil H., 42.
Three State Documents relating to
Arrest, etc., of Sir Walter Ralegh,
284.
Thunderstorms in Devon, 65-74.
Tiverton, 228.
Tor Gate, At Home at, 25.
Topsham, 227.
Torquay, Earthquake Shock at, 65.
Tor Royal, 470.
Sale of, 478.
Totnes : its Mayors and Mayoralties,
398.
Meteor at, 65.
Traine, Modbury, Jar found at,
80.
Treasure Trove at East Panson,
80.
Treasurer's Report, 28, 29.
Trentishoe, 167.
Troup, Mrs. Rose, The Lady of the
Isle, 206.
Tyrwhittand Princetowu, SirThomas,
465.
Edmund, 466.
Thomas, 465.
Death of Sir Thomas, 478.
Portraits of Sir Thomas,
I 478.
! Tumuli, 457.
Turner, William Henry, Obituary
Notice of, 41.
Two Bridges, 169, 171, 469.
; Usher of Black Rod, 468.
Vancouver, Charles, 470.
Verbal Provincialisms, Twentieth
Report of Committee on Devon-
shire, 122.
Walkhampton Commons, 469.
Warts, Cure for. 115
WedlakeFarni,Petertavy,HutCircle8,
etc., at, 141.
Weekes, Neighbours of North Wyke,
Part V, Ethel Lega-, 325.
Well, 333.
Well, Medicinal, 115.
Welsh, John, 469.
Westerland Beacon, Marldon, 83.
Whale, Rev. T. W., History of the
Exon Domesday, 246.
590
INDEX.
ti
1 1
• I
Wlmrfs, Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt's, 47«.
White Hill, CosdoD, 458.
Whiteworks Tiu Mining Co., 474.
Willey, Heory A., Obituary Notice
of, 40.
Williiigs Walls Warren, 458.
Winaford Hill, 386.
Wit and Humour, A few Stories illus-
trative of Devonshire, 200.
Worth, K. Hansfoni, The Kude Stone
Monuments of Exmooraud its Bor-
ders, 875.
Twenty - fourth
Report Barrow Committee, 86.
Worth, R. Haiuford, Twenty-I
Report (Third Series) Oomm
on Climate of Devon, 96.
The StoT]
Dartmoor, 27.
Wyke, Neighbours of North, Pa
825.
Yealm Steps, 458.
Young, Arthur, 470.
Zeal, South, 825.
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