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fibrKta.^
(flisnJb^ilr Mixtxaifniiovi.
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DEI
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REPORT AND TRANSACTIONS
DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE,
AND ART.
[EXETER, JULY, 1915.]
VOL. XLVII.
[VOL. VII THIRD SERIES.]
PLYMOUTH:
W. BRENDON AND SON, Ltd., PRINTERS.
1915.
Copyright 1015.
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i<i(=,IL
ly-^7
The Council and the Editor desire it to be understood that
they are not answerable for any statements, observations, or
opinions appearing in any paper printed by the Society ; the
authors only are responsible.
The Transactions of the Society are not published, nor
are they on sale to the public. They are printed for
Members only.
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X
[ 5]
CONTENTS.
Page
List of Plates ... 7
list of Officers ... ... 8
Places of Meeting . . , . 9
Rules . . . . ... 10
Bye-laws and Standing Orders . . . . 15,
Report of the Council . . . . . 19
Balance Sheet . . . . . . 22, 28
Selected Minutes of Council appointing Committees . 24-26
Proceedings at the Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting . . . 27
Obituary Notices . . . . ... 41
President's Address . . ... 62
Twenty-eighth Report of the Committee on Scientific Memoranda . 8S
Twenty-eighth Report of the Committee on Verbal Provincialisms . 9H
Thirty-fourth Report of the Committee on Barrows in Devonshire . .131
Sixth Report of the Church Plate Committee . . 184
Heventh Report of the Botany Committee . . . 160
Thirty-third Report [3rd Ser.] of the Committee on the Climate
of Devon . . . ... 171
Churchyard and Wayside Crosses in the Neighbourhood of Exeter.
Hiss Beatrix F. Cresswell . ... 188
The Hundred of Exminster in Early Times. Rev. 0. J. Reichel, B.aL.
and M.A., F.8.A. . ... 194
The Early History of the Principal Manors in Exminster Hundred,
with Index. Rev. O. J. Reichel, b.c.l. and m.a., f.s.a. . . 210
Pnidam, Prodom, etc., of Exeter : and the First City Seal. Miss Ethel
Lega-Weekes, f.iuhist.s. . . . . 248
William Pengelly, F.R.S., f.g.s., Father of the Devonshire Association.
Part III. : Miscellaneous Scientific Work. Mrs. Hester Forbes
Julian (nia Pengelly) . ... 257
Berry Pomeroy Castle. H. Michell Whitley, m.inst.c.e, . . . 285
^^lA 474225
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6 CONTENTS.
Page
The Walrond Screen in Seaton Church. Arthur Locke Radford, f.s.a. 294
The Secret of the Fosse Way. T. J. Joce , . . 299
Bideford under the Restored Monarchy ; with some Extracts from a
''Sessions of the Peace Book" for the Borough of Bideford, 1659-
1688. Alexander G. Duncan , ... 306
Hooker's Synopsis Chorographical of Devonshire. William J. Blake, m. a. 331
The Baptismal Fonts of Devon. Part III. Miss Kate M. Clarke . . 349
Devon County Members of Parliament Part TV. J. J. Alexander,
M.A., J.p. . . . . ... 357
Some Notes on Tavistock History. 2ud Series. J. J. Alexander,
M.A., J.p. . . . . ... 372
Some Points of Interest on the Natural History of the Plateau known
as the Sors or Sos Wares (A.-S. Dwellers by the Sea). E. A. S.
Elliot, M.R.O.8., M.B.O.U. . . 396
List of Members . ... 407
Index . ... 423
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[ 7]
PLATES.
To face
,». 85
181
"
131
137
•1
149
SciEMTinc Memoranda Rkport—
Two-headed Snake. Caught near the Torridge, Great TorriDgton .
Barrow Report—
Figs. 1 and 1a. Knife trom Cairn in Drizzlecombe. (Full size) .
Fig. 2. Cairn in Drizzlecombe. (After excavation) ....
Chdrch Plate Report—
Pre- Reformation Paten. Circ a.d. 1470. St. Bridget's, Brushford
Modem Chalice. Medieval style. St. Peter's, Bideford .
. Caroline Chalice, a.d. 1684. In the Elizabethan style. St Necten's,
Hartland ,,151
Chdrchtard and Wayside Crosses, etc.—
Cross, St. Thomas, Exeter ....... ,,189
Churchyard Ooss, Pinhoe ....... ,,189
Frudum, Prodom, etc., ok Exeter—
Exeter City Seal ,,248
Back of Matrix ,,248
First Seal of St. John's Hospital ,,254
Second Seal of St. John's Hospital ,,254
(Reproduced by kind permission of Mr. H. Lloyd-Parry.)
Bbrrt Pomeroy Castle—
Pton of the Ruins of Berry Pomeroy Castle . . . . . ,,288
The Walrond Screen in Seaton Church—
PUn of Seaton Church ........ ,,294
Arms on the Walrond Screen . . . . . . . „ 295
Walrond Screen in Seaton Church . . . . . . ,,297
The Secret ok the Fossk Wat—
Sketch Map ,,299
Baptishal Fonts op Devon—
Fonts at High Bray and Bickleigh ,,350
„ Topafaam and Gombe-in-Teigniieftd .... „ 362
„ Cofflnswell and Bulkworthy . . . . . ,,358
„ Yealmpton and Spreyton . . . . . . ,, 365
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OFFICERS
1915-16.
PRINCIPAL A. W. CLAYDEN, m.a.. K.n.s.
Ftrr-flresilients.
THE RIGHT WORSHIPFUL THE MAYOR OF EXETER.
THE SHERIFF OF EXETER.
THE RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF EXETER.
THE RT. REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF MARLBOROUGH, DEAN OF EXETER.
H. LLOYD PARRY, Esq., b.a., b.sc.,
LL J.
The Rev. J. B. PEARSON, d.d.
HARBOTTLE REED, Esq., f.r.i.b.a.
The Rev. 0. J. REICHEL, b.c.i. k
M.A., F.S.A.
The Right Hon. the Viscount ST.
GYRES, J. p., M.A.
The Right Hon. Sir ERNEST M.
SATOW, P.O., G.C.M.G.
Sir JOHN SHELLEY, Bart., d.l., j.p.
H. MICHELL WHITLEY, Esq.,
M.INST.(;.K.
Sir E. CHANING WILLS. Bart.,
Professor a! *M^ WORTHINGTON,
C.B., F.R.S.
SIDNEY ANDREW, Esq.
R. PEARSE CHOPE, Esq., b.a.
Miss KATE M. CLARKE.
Colonel CLIFFORD, v.d.
Sir ALFRED W. CROFT, k.c.i.e.,
J. p., M.A.
F. MORRIS DRAKE, Esq.
ARTHUR H. DYMOND, Esq.
FRANCIS A. FULFORD, Esq.
Professor WALTER J. HARTE,
M.A.
W. B. HEBERDEN, Esq., c.b.
Sir roper LETHBRIDGE, k.c.i.e.,
D.L.*, J. P., M.A. •
J. Y. ANDERSON - MORSHEAD,
Esq., J.P.
The Lady ROSALIND NORTHCOTE.
f^on. (feneral treasurer.
J. S. AMERY, Esq., Druid, Ashburton.
|l(on. General i^erretarirs.
MAXWELL ADAMS, Esq., do Messrs. Jr. Brendan it- Sou , Ltd., Printers, Phjnumth.
Capt. GEORGE E. WINDEATT, TIu Elnis, Totnes {On Service).
H. MICHELL WHITLEY, Esq., m.in8T.c.e., Broadway Court, iVeMminster, S, W.
%nn. 3,ocal il^errrtarirs.
SIDNEY ANDREW, Esq., 10, Bedford Circus, Exeter.
HARBOTTLE REED, Esq., f.r.i.b.a., 12, Castle Street, Exeter,
|l(on. Auditor.
ROBERT C. TUCKER, Esq., j.p., c.a., The Hall, Ashburton.
ADAMS, MAXWELL.
•ADAMS, S. P.
ALEXANDER, J. J.
AMBRY, J. S.
ANDREW. SIDNEY.
*BARING-GOULD, Rev. S.
HEEBB, Rbv. W. N. P.
BLACKLER, T. A.
BLAKE, W. J.
BODY, MARTIN.
♦BURNARD, R.
('HALK, Rkv. E. S.
CHANTER, Rev. J. F.
♦CHAPMAN, Rev. C.
CHAPPLE. W. E. PITPIELD.
CHILCOTT, E. W.
CnOPE, R. PEARSE.
CLARKE. Mrss K. M.
•CLAYDEN, A. W.
CLAY-FINCH, Mb».
•CLIFFORD, Lord.
CLIFFORD, CoLowKL E. T.
•COLERIDGE. Lord.
CRE8SWELL, Mihs B. F.
•CROFT, Sir A. W.
DOE. O. M.
<touncil.
DRAKE, F. MORRIS.
DUNCAN, A. G.
ELLIOT, E. A. 8.
EVANS, H. M. I
•EXETER, The I^rd Bishop!
OK (Dr. ROBERTSON).
FOSTER, M. T.
•FROUDE, ASHLEY A. ,
•HALSBURY, Lord. :
HARTE, W. J.
HIBRN, W. P.
HODGSON, T. V.
HUGHES, T. CANN.
JENKINS, RHYS.
JOCE. T. J. I
JORDAN. Mr«. FLORA.
JORDAN, W. F. C. I
JULIAN, Mrs. FORBES. I
LARTER. MisbC. Etheunda. ;
LAYCOCK, C. H.
•LETHBRIDGE. Sir ROPER.
LOWE, HARFORD J.
MARTIN, J. M.
MORRIS, R. BURNET.
MORSHEAD, J. Y. A.
NECK, J. S.
PEARSON, Rkv. J. B.
•POLLOCK, Sir F.
PROWSK, ARTHUR B.
RADFORD, A. L.
RADFORD, Mrs. G. H.
REED, HARBOTTLE.
REICHEL, Rev. O. J.
SKINNER, Mi88 E.
•ST. CYRES, Viscount.
•STEBBING, Rkv. T. R. R.
THORNTON, Rev. W. H.
TROUP. Mrs. ROSE-
TUCKER, Major R. C.
WARD, Rkv. J. H.
WATKIN. H. R.
WATTS, H. V. I.
WEEKES, Miss LEGA..
WHITLEY, H. MICHELI^
WHITE-THOMSON, Sir R. T.
WINDEATT, E.
WINDEATT, G. E.
WOODHOUSE, H. B. S.
WOOLLCOMBE, G. D.
WORTH, R. HANSFORD.
♦WORTHINGTON, A. M.
• Permanent ^femhers (\f the Council.
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[ 9]
PLACES OF MEETING
OK
THE DEVONSHIKE ASSOCIATION.
Place of Meeting.
1862.
EXETKR
1863.
Plymouth
1864.
TOBQUAY
1865.
Tiverton
1866.
Tavistock
1867.
BARKSTAI'LK .
1868.
HONITON
1869.
Dartmouth .
1870.
Devon PORT .
1871.
BiDEFORlJ
1872.
Exeter
1878.
SlDMOUTII
1874.
Trignmouth .
1875.
Torrington .
1876.
Ash BURTON .
1877.
KlNGSBRIDGK .
1878.
Paigntok
1879.
Ilfraoombe .
1880.
TOTNE.S
1881.
Dawlish
1882.
Crbditon
1883.
Exmouth
1884.
Newton Abbot
1885.
Sbaton
1886.
St. Marychurch
1887.
Plympton
1888.
Exeter
1889.
Tavistock .
1890.
Barnstaple .
1891.
Tiverton
1892.
Plymouth
1893.
Torquay
1894.
South Molton
1895.
Okrhampton .
1896.
Ash BURTON .
1897.
Kingsbridoe .
1898.
HONITON
1899.
Torrington .
1900.
TOTNKS
1901.
EXETKR
1902.
BiDEFORD
1903.
SlDMOlTH
1904.
Teionmouth .
1905.
PRINCETOWN .
1906.
Lynton
1907.
Axminster .
1908.
Newton Abbot
1909.
LaUN€E8TON .
1910.
Cullompton .
1911.
Dartmouth .
1912.
Exeter
1913.
Buckfastleigh
1914.
Tavistock
1915.
Exeter
PreHideiit.
Sir John Bowring, ll.d., f.r.s.
C. Si»ence Bate, Esq., f.r.s., f.l.s.
E. Vivian, Esq., m.a.
C. G. B. Daubeny, m.d., ll.I)., f.r.s.
Earl Russell, k.g., k.o.c, f.r.s., etc.
W. Pengelly, Esq., F.R.S., f.o.s.
J. D. Coleridge, Esq., Q.c, m.a., m.p.
G. P. Bidder, Esq., c.e.
J. A. Froude, Esq., M.A.
Rev. Canon C. Kingsley, m.a., f.l.s., f.g.s.
The Lord Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Temple).
Right Hon. S. Cave, m.a., m.p.
The Earl of Devon.
R. J. King, Esq., m.a.
Rev. Treasurer Hawker, m.a.
Ven. Archdeacon Earle, m.a.
Sir Samuel White Baker, m.a., f.r.s., f.r.o.s.
SirR. P. Collier, m.a.
H. W. Dyke Aclaud, m.a., m.d., ll.d., f.r.s.
Rev. Professor Chapman, m.a.
J. Brooking- Rowe, Esq., F.8.A., f.l.s.
Very Rev. C. Merivale, D.D., d.c.l.
Rev. T. R. R. Stcbbing, m.a.
R. F. Weymouth, Esq., m.a., d.lit.
Sir J. B. Phear, m.a., f.g.s.
Rev. W. H. Dallinger, ll.d., f.r.s., f.l.s., etc.
Very Rev. Dean Cowie, d.d.
W. H. Hudleston, Esq., m.a., f.r.s., f.g.s., etc.
Loi-d Clinton, m.a.
R. N. Worth, Esq., f.g.s.
A. H. A. Hamilton, Esq., m.a., j.p.
T. N. Brushfield, m.d., f.s.a.
Sir Fred. Pollock, Bart, m.a.
The Right Hon. Earl of Halslmry.
Rev. S. Baring-Gould, m.a.
J. Hine, Esq., f.r.i.b.a.
Lord Coleridge, m.a.
Rev. Chancellor Edmonds, b.d.
Lord Clifford, m.a.
Sir Roper Lethbridge, k.c.i.e., m.a., d.l.
Rev. W. Harpley, m.a., f.c.p.s.
Sir Edgar Vincent, k.c.m.g., m.p.
Sir Alfred W. Croft, k.c.le., m.a.
Basil H. Thomson, E^j.
F. T. Elworthy, Esf^., f.s.a.
The Lord Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Robertson).
Lord Monkswell, d.l., ll.b.
The Lord Bishop of Truro (Dr. Stublw).
John D. Enys, Esq., f.g.s.
Robert Burnard, Esq., f.s.a.
The V^iscount St. Cyres, m.a.
Ashley A. Froude, Esq., c.m.(;.
Professor A. M. Worthington, o.b., f.r.s.
Principal A. W\ Clayden, m.a., f.g.s.
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I 10]
RULES.
1. The AssociatioD shall be called the Devonshire Association
for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art.
2. The objects of the Association are — To give a systematic
direction to scientific inquiry in Devonshire ; and to promote
the intercourse of those who cultivate Science, Literature or Art,
in different parts of the county.
3. The Association shall consist of Members and Honorary
Members.
4. Every candidate for membership, on being nominated by a
member to whom he is personally known, shall be admitted by
the General Secretary, subject to the confirmation of the General
Meeting of the Members.
5. Every person, admitted to membership under Rule 4, shall
forthwith receive intimation that he has been admitted a Member,
subject to confirmation at the next General Meeting of Members ;
and the fact of the newly admitted Member's name appearing in
the next issue of the printed List of Members, will be a sufficient
intimation to him that his election has been confirmed. Pending
the issue of the volume of Transactions containing the Rules of
the Association, the newly admitted Member shall be furnished by
the General Secretary with such extracts from the Rules as he
shall deem necessary.
6. Persons of eminence in Science, Literature, or Art, or those
who have rendered any special service to the Association, may,
at a General Meeting of the Members, be elected Honorary Members
of the Association: but such Honorary Members shall not be
entitled to take any part in the management of the Association.
7. Every Member shall pay an Annual Subscription of Half a
Guinea or a Life Composition Fee of Seven and a Half Guineas*
But Members of not less than Ten Years' standing, whose Sub-
scriptions are not in arrear, may compound by a single payment of
Five Guineas.
8. Annual Subscriptions shall be payable in advance, and shall
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EULES. 11
be due in each year on the first day of January ; and no person
shall have the privileges of a Member until the Subscription for
the current year or a Life Composition has been paid.
9. Any Member who does not, on or before the first day of
January, give notice, in writing, to the General Secretary of his
intention to withdraw from the Association, shall be regarded
as a Member for the ensuing year.
10. Whenever a Member is in arrear in the payment of his
Annual Subscription, the Treasurer shall apply to him for the
same.
11. Whenever, at an Annual Meeting, a Member shall be two
years in arrear in the payment of his Annual Subscriptions, the
Council may, at its discretion, erase his name from the List of
Members.
12. Every MeivJber, whose Subscriptions are not in arrear,
shall be entitled to a copy of the volume of the Transactions
for the year.
13. Every Member shall be entitled to a lady's ticket for the
Annual Meeting.
14. Only ladies shall be eligible for admission as Associates to
an Annual Meeting, on payment of the sum of Five Shillings each.
15. The Association shall meet annually, at such a time in July
or August and at such place as shall be decided at a previous
Annual Meeting.
16. One month at least before the Annual Meeting eftch Mem-
ber shall be informed by the General Secretary, by circular, of the
place and date of the Meeting.
17. The affairs of the Association shall be managed by a Council,
which shall consist exclusively of the following Members of the
Association : —
(a) Those who fill, or have filled, or are elected to fill, the offices
of President, General and Local Treasurers, General and Local
Secretaries, and Secretaries of Committees appointed by the
Council.
(6) Authors of papers which have been printed in extenso in
the Transactions of the Association.
The Council so constituted shall have power to make, amend,
or cancel the Bye-laws and Standing Orders.
18. With the exception of the ex-Presidents, every Councillor
who has not attended any Meeting of the Council for twenty-four
calendar months, shall forfeit his place as a Councillor, but it
shall be competent for him to recover it by a fresh qualification.
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12 RULES.
19. The Council shall hold a meeting at Exeter in the month
of February in each year, on such day as the General Secretary
shall appoint, for the due management of the affairs of the Asso-
ciation.
20. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, all Meetings of
the Council shall be held at Exeter, unless some other place shaU
have been decided on at a previous Council Meeting.
21. Every Meeting of the Council shall be convened by circular,
sent by the General Secretary to each Member of the Council not
less than ten days before the Meeting is held.
22. The General Secretary, or any four Members of the Council,
may call extraordinary Meetings of their body for any purpose
requiring their present determination, by notice under his or
their hand or hands, addressed to every other Member of
the Council, at least ten clear days previously, specifying the
purpose for which such extraordinary Meeting is convened. No
matter not so specified, and not incident thereto, shall be deter-
mined at any extraordinary Meeting.
23. The officers of the Association shall be a President, two or
more Vice-Presidents, a General Treasurer, one or more General
Secretaries, one or more Auditors, a Local Treasurer, and one or
more Local Secretaries.
24. A Committee shall be appointed annually by the Council
to consider at what place the Association shall hold its Annual
Meeting, and who shall be invited to fill any official vacancies
which may from time to time occur, as follows : —
(a) The President subject to confirmation by the Council.
(6) All other officers (except Vice-Presidents, the Local Treasurer,
and Local Secretary or Secretaries) subject to confirmation at a
General Meeting of the Members of the Association.
25. The Vice-Presidents, Local Treasurer, and Local Secretary
or Secretaries shall be elected by the local Reception Committee
appointed by the Authorities of the city or town issuing the in-
vitation to the Association, subject to confirmation by the Council
of the Association ; and the Council shall have power to add to
the number of Vice-Presidents elected by the Local Authorities
from among the Members of the Association.
26. The President shall enter on his duties at the Annual Meeting
for which he has accepted office : the General Treasurer, General
Secretary or Secretaries, the Vice-Presidents and Local Officers shall
enter on their duties as soon as convenient after their election.
27. The Council shall have power to fill any official vacancy
which may occur in the intervals of the Annual Meetings, on the
recommendation of the Committee appointed under Rule 24.
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RULES. 13
. 28. The President shall be eligible for re-election, provided that
the same person does npt hold office in two consecutive years.
2&. The General Treasurer shall receive all sums of money due to
the Association ; he shall pay all accounts due by the Association
after they shall have been examined and approved ; and he shall
report to each Meeting of the Council the balance he has in hand,
and the names of such Members as shall be in arrear, with the
sums due respectively by each.
30. The Accounts of the Association shall be audited annually,
by one or more Auditors appointed at each Annual Meeting, but
who shall not be ex-ofjUcio Members of the Council.
31. All investments of the funds of the Association shall be
made in the names of three trustees to be elected by the Council,
in securities authorized by law for the investment of Trust
Funds.
32. The Association shall have the right at its discretion of
printing in extenso in its volume of Transactions all papers read at
the Annual Meeting. The copyright of a paper read before any
Meeting of the Association, and the illustrations of the same which
have been provided at his expense, shall remain the property of
the Author ; but he shall not be at liberty to print it, or allow it
to be printed elsewhere, either in extenso or in abstract amounting
to as much as one-half of the length of the paper, until after
the issue of the volume of Transactions in which the paper is
printed.
33. The Association shall, within a period not exceeding six
months after each Annual Meeting, issue to each Member and
Honorary Member its volume of Transactions, which shall in-
clude the Eules, a Financial Statement, a List of the Members,
the Report of the Council and of the Proceedings, the President's
Address, and such Papers, in abstract or in extenso^ read at the
Annual Meeting, as the Council shall decide to print, together
with, if time allows, an Index to the volume.
34. Should the extra charges for small type, and types other
than those known as Roman or Italic, and for the author's correc-
tions of the press, in any paper printed in the Transactions,
amount to a greater sum than in the proportion of ten shillings
per sheet, such excess shall be borne by the author himself, and not
by the Association ; and should any paper exceed three sheets,
the cost beyond the cost of the three sheets shall be borne by the
author of the paper.
35. If proofs of papers to be printed in the Transactions are
sent to authors for correction, and are retained by them beyond
four days for each sheet of proof, to be reckoned from the day
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14 RULES.
marked thereon by the printers, but not including the time need-
ful for transmission by post, such proofs shall be assumed to require
no further correction.
36. The authors of papers printed in the Transactions shall,
within seven days after the Transactions are issued, receive
twenty-five private copies free of expense, and shall be allowed to
have any further number printed at their own expense. All
arrangements as to such extra copies shall be made by the authors
with the printers of the Association. The Honorary Secretaries of
Committees for special service for the Association, may, on appli-
cation, be supplied with fifteen additional copies, free of expense,
should they be required, of the Keports of their Committees printed
in the Transactions.
37. No Rule shall be altered, amended, or new Rule added, except
at an Annual General Meeting of Members, and then only pro-
vided that notice of the proposed change has been given to the
General Secretary, and by him communicated to all the Members
at least one month before the Annual General Meeting.
38. Throughout the Rules, Bye-laws, and Standing Orders
where the singular number is used, it shall, when circumstances
require, be taken to include the plural number, and the masculine
gender shall include the feminine.
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[ 15 J
BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.
1. It is desirable that a copy of the President's Address shall
be in the hands of the General Secretary not later than the twenty-
fourth day of June in each year, in order that it may be printed
and distributed to the Press in time for publication in newspapers
issued on the day after its delivery. The President's Address
shall be considered a confidential document until after its delivery.
2. Papers to be read at the Annual Meetings must strictly relate
to Devonshire, and the procedure for the submission, selection
and reading of papers shall be as follows : —
(a) Papers and Reports of Committees to be read at any Meeting,
together with all drawings, photographs, maps, etc., to illustrate
the same, must be submitted to the General Secretary, so as to
reach him not later than the twenty-fourth day of June in each
year.
(6) All Papers and illustrations considered unsuitable shall be
returned to the authors as soon as possible.
(c) The General Secretary will obtain from the printers of the
Association for presentation to the Council a statement showing
the number of pages each Paper and Report will occupy when
printed, the estimated extra cost of printing tables, of the use of
special type or change of type, and of all other extra charges, if
any, in each Paper and Report, as well as the estimated cost of
all charges connected with the preparation, binding and issue of
the volume of Transactions.
{d) The General Secretary will communicate the printers' report
and estimates to the Council, at the Meeting of that body on the
first day of the Annual Meeting. The Council will then select the
Papers and Reports to be read on the two following days.
3. Papers which have already been printed in eoUenso cannot be
accepted unless they form part of the literature of a question on
which the Council has requested a Member or Committee to
prepare a Report.
4. The reading of any Report or Paper shall not exceed twenty
minutes, or such part of twenty minutes as shall be decided by the
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16 BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.
Council as soon as the Programme of Reports and Papers shall
have been settled, and in any discussion which may arise no speaker
shall be allowed to speak more than five minutes.
5. The Council will arrange Papers for reading to meet the con-
venience of the authors, as far as possible. Papers shall be read
in the order appointed by the CoimcU, but in the event of the author
of any Paper not being present to read his Paper, and in the absence
of any arrangement by the author of a Paper for its reading by
some Member present at the meeting, such Paper or Papers, if
more than one, shall be held over till the conclusion of the reading
of the Papers, when it shall be put to the vote of the Meeting
whether such Paper or Papers shall be read by substitute or not.
6. Papers which have been accepted by the Council cannot be
withdrawn without the consent of the Council.
7. Papers communicated by Members for Non-Members, and
accepted by the Coimcil, shall be placed in the List of Papers for
reading below those furnished by Members themselves.
8. In the event of there being at an Annual Meeting more
Papers than can be disposed of in one day, the reading of the
residue shall be continued on the day following.
9. At the close of the Annual Meeting in every year there
shall be a Meeting of the Council, and the Council shall then
decide what Reports and how many of the Papers accepted for
reading the funds of the Association, as reported by the Treasurer,
will permit of being printed in the volume of Transactions.
10. All Papers read to the Association which the Council shall
decide to print in extenso in the Transactions, shall be sent to the
printers, together with all drawings required for illustrating them,
as soon as possible after the close of the Annual Meeting at which
they were read.
11. All Papers read to the Association which the Council shall
decide not to print in extenso in the Transactions, shall be returned
to the authors as soon as possible after the close of the Annual
Meeting at which they were read ; and abstracts of such Papers
to be printed in the Transactions shall not exceed such length
as the General Secretary shall suggest in each case, and must be
sent to him within seven days after such Paper has been returned
to the author.
12. The printers shall print the Papers in the volume of Trans-
actions in the order in which they were read, unless there is any
special reason for the contrary, and shall return every Manuscript
to the author as soon as it is in type, hut not before. They shall be
returned intact, provided they are written on one side of the paper
only and each sheet numbered.
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BYE-LAWS AND STANDING OEDBES. 17
13. Excepting mere verbal alterations, no Paper which has been
;read to the Association shall be added to without the written
approval and consent of the General Secretary, or in the event of
there being two Secretaries of the one acting as Editor ; and no
additions shall be made except in the form of footnotes or brief
postscripts, or both.
14. The author of every Paper which the Council at any Annual
Meeting sliall decide to print in the Transactions shall pay for the
preparation of all such illustrations as in his judgment and that of
the Council the said Paper may require. That is to say, he shall
pay for the preparation of all necessary drawings, blocks, litho-
graphic transfers or drawings on stone ; but the Association will
bear the cost of printing (by the Assobiation's printers), paper and
binding ; provided that should any such illustrations be in colours
or of a size larger than can be inserted in the volume with a single
fold, or be desired to be executed in any other process than printing
from the block or lithography, then in each and either of these
cases the author shall himself bear the whole cost of production
and printing, and should the Council so decide shall also pay any
additional charge that may properly be made for binding.
15. The pagination of the Transactions shall be in Arabic
numerals exclusively, and carried on consecutively, from the
beginning to the end of each volume ; and the Transactions of
each year shall form a distinct and separate volume.
16. The Council shall from time to time, when deemed advisable,
revise the prices fixed for each volume of the Transactions and all
other publications of the Association.
17. The General Secrietary shall report to each Annual Meeting
of the Members the number of copies in stock of each volume of
the Transactions, and other publications of the Association, with
the price per copy of each volume ; and such Report shall be printed
in the Transactions.
18. The General Secretary shall prepare brief Obituary Notices
of Members deceased during the previous year, and such notices
shall be printed in the Transactions.
19. All Resolutions appointing Committees for special service for
the Association shall be printed in the Transactions.
20. The following are the Rules for reprinting Reports of
Conmiittees other than the reprints supplied to authors under
Rule 36 :—
(a) The printers of the Association alone are permitted to reprint
any Report.
(6) The written permission of the General Secretary is required
VOL. XLvn. B
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18 BYE-LAWS AND STANDING OBDBBS.
before any Report may be reprinted, the copyright of all Reports
printed in the Transactions being vested in the Association.
(c) The printers shall pay to the General Secretary on behalf rf
the Association, as royalty, a sum of sixpence per fifty copies for
each half-sheet of eight pages, any number of copies less than fifty
or between two exact multiples of fifty being regarded as fifty,
and any number of pages less than eight or between two exact
multiples of eight, being regarded as eight.
(d) Each copy ot the reprint shall hare printed on the first page
the words, " Reprinted from the Transactions of the Devonshire
Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art,
for by permission of the Council of the Association,"
the year in which the Report was originally printed being indicated.
(e) The reprint shall be an exact copy of the Report as originally
printed in the Transactions, without addition, abridgment or
modification, the necessary corrections for printer's errors and
changes in pagination alone excepted.
21. An amount not less than eighty per cent, of all Compositions
received from Life Members of the Association shall be invested.
22. At each of its Ordinary Meetings the Council shall deposit at
interest, in such bank as they shall decide on, and in the names of
the General Treasurer and General Secretary of the Association,
all uninvested Compositions received from Life Members, all
uninvested pi:epaid Annual Subscriptions, and any part, or the
whole of the bdance derived from other sources which may be in
the Treasurer's hands after providing for all accounts passed for
payment at the said Meeting.
23. The (General Secretary is authorized to spend any sum not
exceeding Twenty Pounds per annum in employing a clerk for
such work as may be found necessary, and any sum not exceeding
T%/fo Guineas for the preparation of an Index to each annual volume
of the Transactions.
24. Only Members and Ladies holding Ladies' tickets are
admitted to the Association Dinner, when one is held. Members
and Ladies intending to dine must send in their names to the
Honorary Local Secretary not less than two clear days before the
date of the Dinner.
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[ 19 ]
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL;
Presented to the General Meeting held at Ex€ter, 20th July, 1915.
The Council have the honour to present their Report for
the past year.
The ordinary meetings of the Council were held at
Tavistock on the 21st and 23rd July, 1914, and at Exeter
on the 18th February, 1916.
Owing to unforeseen circumstances arising out of the
War, the local authorities of Crediton were obliged to
withdraw their invitation to the Association to hold the
meeting of 1915 in that town. In order, therefore, to
transact the necessary business of the Association and tD
preserve the continuity of the TransactionSy it was decided
to hold the meeting of 1915 in Exeter, without invitation.
It was also resolved to accept the cordial invitation
given by the Mayor and Corporation of Lyme-Begis to
hold the meeting of 1916 in that town.
Additional Committees were formed for collecting and
recording information concerning Place-Names and Field-
Names in Devon and for the compilation of a Bibliography
of Devon, respectively. Captain George E. Windeatt was
appointed a second Hon. General Secretary and the Rev.
J. F. Chanter was selected to represent the Association
at the Congress of Archaeological Societies.
The oflfer of the British Record Society to undertake
the publication of a Calendar of Wills and Administrations
registered in the Archdeaconry of Barnstaple, provided
the Association would arrange for the transcription, was
accepted.
Owing to the little use made by the Members of the
Association of the Devon and Exeter Institution, it was
decided to discontinue the subscription paid by this
Association to the Institution, with effect from 29th
September, 1915, but the offer of the authorities of the
Institution to house the records of the Association and to
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20 BBPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
allow the Council the use of a room for its meetings for
an annual payment of five guineas was accepted.
The thanks of the Council were ordered to be tendered
to Mrs. Clay-Finch and the Rev. Dr. Pearson for their
generous donations towards the cost of printing Vol. XLVI
of the Transcu^tions.
The ReV. O. J. Beichel having complained of the amount
charged to him for " Extras/' under Rule 34, on his papers,
printed in Vol. XLVI of the TranaactwnSy the matter was
referred to the President, Prof. Worthington, for arbitra-
tion.
The Hon. General Secretary tendered his resignation at
an extraordinary meeting of the Council held in Exeter on
29th April, 1916, which the Council declined to accept.
A copy of Vol. XLVI of the Transactions and of Part
XIII of the WiUa has been sent to every Member not in
arrear with his subscription, and to the following Societies,
namely — ^the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries,
the Idnnean Society, the Royal Institution, the Royal
Anthropological Institute, the Geological Society, the
Library of the British Museum, the Natural History
Museum (Cromwell Road), the Bodleian Library, the
University Library, Cambridge, the Devon and Exeter
Institution, the Plymouth Institution, the Natural History
Society, Torquay, the North Devon Athenaeum, Barn-
staple, the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro, the
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society,
Taunton, and the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club (c/o Rev. Herbert Pentin, m.a., Hon. Secretary,
St. Peter's Vicarage, Portland).
The stock of Transa^ctions, Wilis, etc., now in hand is
as follows : —
1902 Transactions, Vol. XXXIV
Wills, Part IV
Index to Vol. XXXIV .
1903 Transactions, Vol. XXXV
Wills, Part V .
1904 Transactions, Vol. XXXVI
Wills, Part VI
1906 Transactions, Vol. XXXVII
Wills, Part VII
1906 Transactions, Vol. XXXVin
Wills, Part Vni
1907 Transactions, Vol. XXXIX
(No Wills issued)
68 copies
. 62
9f
. 80
>t
26
»
24
»»
41
»»
. 41
99
. 67
tt
. 68
»»
. 21
»»
24
»»
. 60
>>
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BBPOBT 07 THE OOUKOIL.
21
1908
Transactions, Vol. XL
Wills, Part IX
68 copies.
66 „
1909
Transactions, Vol. XLI
(No Wills issued)
68 „
1910
Trans€bctions, Vol. XLII
Wills, Part X .
43 „
62 „
1911
Transactions, Vol. XLIII
Wills, Part XI
33 „
69 „
1912
Transactions, Vol. XLIV
Wills, Part XII
26 .„
7 „
1913
Transactions, Vol. XLV
(No Wills issued)'
63 „
1914
Transactions, Vol. XLVI
Wills, Part Xni .
70 „
76 „
Maxwell Adams,
Hon,
General Secretary.
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[ 22]
Treasurer's Report of Receipts and JExpendUure
1914. 'Keceipt0.
By Subscriptioiis : —
1918 (2) ...
1914 (428)
Lady Associates (IS)
„ Life Compositions —
8 at £7 178. (Jd. .
„ Dividends —
£400 India 3 per cent Stock .
£800 Consols 2} per cent Stock
Bank Interest
Donations towards Papers—
,, Dr. Pearson
„ Mrs. Clay-Finch
„ The Rev. W. Beebe .
„ Discount from Messrs. Brendon and Son, Ltd.
„ Sale of Transactions
Balance from 1918
£ s. d. £ s. d,
110
224 14
8 5 0-
229
28 12 6
11 8 8
7 9
8 8 2
Authors* Extras under Rule 84 :—
Mrs. Radford
1 2 10
The Rev. 0. J. Reichel, B.C.L. (part) .
8 10
The Rev. J. F. Chanter, m.a.
9 6
MissK. Ckrke
8
Mr. Rhys Jenkins .
6 6
Mr. C. H. Layoock .
14 6
28 12 6
21 7 2
6 11 4
5 12
1 10
11
7
10 2 6
2
2
8 6 6
18
9
£801
2
2
. 42
5
£84»
7
2
JOHN S. AMERY, Son, Chneral Treasurer.
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[ 23]
for the Year ending Z\st December, 1914
1914.
BspenDttttcc.
To Messrs. Brendon and Son, Ltd., Printing Notices,
CircnlarB, etc» . . .
„ Dent, 168. 3d. ; Pearse, Ss. .
„ Expenses of Evening Lecture
„ Secretary's Expenditure
and Clerical Assistance
„ Treasurer's Expenditure
„ Subscription to Devon and Exeter Institution
„ Messrs. Fry, Devon Wills .
„ Messrs. Brendon and Son, Ltd. : —
Printing Vol. XLVI, 610 copies, 666 pp.
Authors' Reprints, 26 oopies each
Addressing, packing, and postage
„ Insurance of Stock to 31 st December, 1916
£, t. d. £, s, d.
7 17
18 3
16 10 2
16 1 6
3 12 6
189 6
13 10 6
21 6
8 15
3 9
35 4
15 15
15 12
224
1
Balance
£303 19 11
. 39 7 8
£343 7 2
Examined toith Vouchers, etc., atid found to he correct, with a balance of
£89 7». Zd. in favour of the Association, Dated this Bth day of July, 1916.
{Signed)
ROBERT C. TUCKER, Son, Audit^fr,
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[ 24 ]
SELECTED MINUTES OF COUNCIL APPOINTING
COMMITTEES.
Passed at the Meeting at Exeter, gOth July, 1915,
That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. Robert Burnard, Sir A Croft,
Sir Roper Lethbridge, and Mrs. G. H. Radford be a Committee
for the purpose of considering at what place the Association shall
hold its Annual Meetings, and who shall be invited to fill any
official vacancy or vacancies which may occur; and that Mr.
Maxwell Adams be the Secretary.
That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. Robert Bumard, Mr. G. M. Doe,
Mr. E. A. S. Elliot, Mr. H. Montagu Evans, and Mr. H. B. S.
Woodhouse be a Committee for the purpose of noting the discovery
or occurrence of such facts in any department of scientific inquiry,
and connected with Devonshire, as it may be desirable to plate on
permanent record, but which may not be of sufficient importance
in themselves to form the subjects of separate papers; and that
Mr. G. M. Doe be the Secretary.
That Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Mr. G. M.
Doe, Mr. T. Cann Hughes, Mr. J. S. Neck, Mrs. G. H. Radford,
Mrs. Rose-Troup, and Mr. H. B. S. Woodhouse be a Committee for
the purpose of collecting notes on Devonshire Folk-lore ; and that
Mrs. G. H. Radford be the Secretary.
That Mr. J. S. Amery, Rev. J. F. Chanter, Mr. R. Pearse Chope,
Miss C. E. Larter, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Rev. G. D. Melhuish,
Rev. 0. J. Reichel, and Mrs. Rose-Troup be a Committee for the
purpose of noting and recording the existing use of any Verbal
Provincialisms in Devonshire, in either written or spoken language ;
and that Mr. C. H. Laycock and the Rev. O. J. Reichel be the
Secretaries.
That Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. R. Burnard, Rev. J. F. Chanter,
and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee to collect and record
facts relating to Barrows in Devonshire, and to take steps, where
possible, for their investigation ; and that Mr. R. Hansford Worth
be the Secretary.
That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. A. H. Dymond, and Major R. C.
Tucker be a Committee for the purpose of making arrangements
for an Association Dinner or any other form of evening entertain-
ment as they may think best in consultation with the local
Committee; and that Major R. C. Tucker be the Secretary.
That Mr. J. S. Amery, Sir Alfred W. Croft, Mr. Thomas
Wainwright, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee to collect
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MINUTES APPOINTING COMMITTEES. 25
and tabulate trustworthy and comparable observations on the
Climate of Devon; and that Mr. R Hansford Worth be the
Secretary.
That Sir Roper Lethbridge, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Mr. T. Cann
Hughes, and Mr. E. Windeatt be a Committee for the purpose of
investigating and reporting on any Manuscripts, Records, or Ancient
Documents existing in, or relating to, Devonshire, with the nature
of their contents, their locality, and whether in public or private
hands ; and that Mr. E. Windeatt be the Secretary.
That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. R. Bumard, Rev. S. Baring-
Gould, Mr. J. D. Pode, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a
Committee for the purpose of exploring Dartmoor and the
Camps in Devon; and that the Rev. S. Baring-Gould be the
Secretary.
That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Rev. J. F. Chanter,
Rev. Professor Chapman, Mr. R Pearse Chope, Sir Alfred W. Croft,
Mr. C. H. Laycock, Rev. O. J. Reichel, Mrs. Rose-Troup, Dr. Arthur
B. Prowse, and Mr. W. A. Francken be a Committee, with power
to add to their numbers, for compiling complete Indexes to the
First and Second Series of the Transactions; and that the Rev.
J. F. Chanter be the Secretary.
That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. T. Cann Hughes,
Sir Roper Lethbridge, Rev. 0. J. Reichel, Mr. A. J. V. Radford,
Mr. Harbottle Reed, Mr. George E. Windeatt, and Rev. J. F.
Chanter be a Committee, with power to add to their number, to
prepare a detailed account of the Church Plate of the Diocese of
Exeter ; and that Mr. Harbottle Reed and the Rev. J. F. Chanter
be the joint Secretaries.
That Miss Rose E. Carr-Smith, the Hon. Mrs. Colborne, Mr. W. P.
Hiem, Miss C. E. Larter, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Rev. A. C. Morris,
Mr. H. G. Peacock, Miss C. Peck, Dr. A. B. Prowse, Mr. A.
Sharland, and Mr. T. Wainwright be a Committee, with power to
add to their number, for the purpose of investigating matters
connected with the Flora and Botany of Devonshire; and that
Mr. W. P. Hiem be the Secretary.
That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Rev. S. Baring-
Gould, Mr. Robert Burnard, Rev. J. F. Chanter, Mr. W. E. P.
Chappie, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Mr. A. W. Clayden, Miss B. F.
Cresswell, Mr. G. M. Doe, Mr. M. T. Foster, Mr. T. V.
Hodgson, Sir Roper Lethbridge, Rev. S. M. Nourse, Mr.
H. Lloyd Parry, Dr. A. B. Prowse, Mr. A. L. Radford, Mrs.
G. H. Radford, Mr. Harbottle Reed, Mr. F. R. Rowley, Mr. H.
Tapley-Soper, Mr. H. R. Watkin, Mr. E. Windeatt, Mr. G. D.
Woollcombe, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee for pre-
paring a list of "Ancient Monuments" in the county of Devon,
which it is considered desirable should be handed over, with the
consent of their owners, to the custody of the First Commissioner
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26 BmnjTBS appointino committbbs.
of Works, under the proTisions of the Acts of 1882, 1900, and
1913, with the view to their preservation and protection; and that
Mr. Maxwell Adams he the Secretary.
That the Rev. J. A. Balleine, Rev. J. F. Chanter, Mr. R. Pearse
Chope, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Sir Roper Lethbridge, Dr. Arthur B.
Prowse, Rev. O. J. Reichel, and Mrs. Rose-Troup be a Com-
mittee for the purpose of collecting and recording information
concerning Place-Names and Field-Names in Devonshire; and
that Dr. Arthur B. Prowse be the S^retary.
That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Miss B. F.
Cresswell, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Mr. R. Burnet Morris, Mrs. G. H.
Radford, and Mr. H. Tapley-Soper be a Committee for the com-
pilation of a Bibliography of the County of Devon ; and that Mr.
R. Burnet Morris be the Secretary.
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[ 27 ]
PROCEEDINGS AT THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL
MEETING, HELD AT EXETER, 20th TO 23bd
JULY, 1916.1
Notwithstanding the sad circumstances under which it
was held, the Meeting of 1915, at Exeter, thanks to the
excellent arrangements made by the Honorary Local
Secretaries, Messrs. Sidney Andrew and Harbottle Reed,
will rank as one of the most interesting in the annals of
the Association. As stated in the Report of the Council
(p. 19), it was originally intend^ that the Meeting of
1915 should be held at Crediton, but owing to the country
being in a state of War, the local authorities were obliged
to withdraw their invitation to the Association to visit
that town, whereupon the Council of the Association
decided that the City of Exeter — ^the birthplace of the
Association — ^would be a suitable place for the Meeting,
and resolved, with the consent of his Worship the Mayor
of Exeter, to hold the Meeting in that city, for the trans-
action of the business of the Association, for the reading
of the Reports and Papers submitted, and for visits to
some of the ancient buildings and places of interest in the
city and its neighbourhood.
At 2 p.m. on the 20th July, a meeting of the Council
was held in the Fisher Library, Royal Albert Memorial
University College, which was followed by a General
Meeting of the members at 3.30 p.m. in Room No. 27,
with Sir Roper Lethbridge in the Chair, at which, among
other matters, it was decided to accept the cordial invita-
tion of the Mayor and Corporation of Lyme Regis to hold
the meeting of 1916 in that town, and the Hon. Secretary
read a letter from Mr. Robert Bumcuxi, Hon. Secretary of
the Dartmoor Preservation Association, reporting the
partial destruction of the ancient tumulus crowning the
summit of Hookner Tor, near Grimspound, which had
been brought to his notice by the Rev. 0. J. Odell, r.n.,
^ I am indebted to the President, Mr. Harbottle Reed, the Rev. J. F.
Chanter, and Mr. Hugh R Watkin for their kind assistance in the compilation
of theae Proceedings.— £d.
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28 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL BiEBTING.
a member of this Association, and that he had taken steps
to suspend its further destruction.
At 4 p.m., the members inspected some portions of Old
Exeter, under the guidance of Mr. Harbottle Reed, who
also very kindly pointed out the chief features of interest
in the buildings visited and gave a sketch of the history
of each. Starting from the Museimi, which is opposite the
traditionary site of King Athelstane's palace, and turning
into Paul Street, one side of which is in process of demoli-
tion — several ancient houses, including Oriental plastered
ceilings and half-timbered fronts, already having been
pulled down — ^the Roman mosaic pavement discovered in
1887 on the site of the new police station was inspected.
Passing on to 170 Fore Street, by courtesy of Mr.
Pearse, the very fine Jacobean oak-panelled dining-room
and elaborate strapwork plaster ceilkig of the large room
ovet were viewed.
The Tuckers' Hall was then visited. This was originally
a chapel and connected with Plympton Priory. A record
refers to its building in 1471, and in 1523 the Fraternity of
the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was responsible
for the repairs, and the support of the chaplain.
After the dissolution of religious houses, it was used as
a store, about 1576. It came into the hands of the Tuckers
in 1602, who probably converted it into the present two-
story building.
The Weavers and Tuckers were very prominent in the
old trade incorporations of the city ; we hear of them in
1452, and in 1490 the Weavers and Fullers were incor-
porated, and the grant renewed in 1602.
The Tuckers evidently panelled the walls between 1634
and 1638 — ^the latter date being over the mantelpiece ;
and they seem to have used the lower room for a poor
school.
The ancient corporation is still existing and consists of
two wardens and twenty -four assistants* They were
granted arms in 1564.
St. Nicholas Priory proved unusually full of interest,
as it has been acquired by the City of Exeter with the
object of restoring and preserving this ancient building,
the work being now in progress under the advice of Mr.
Brakespeare and the local supervision of Mr. Tonar.
The parts now reverting to the city (for they purchased
it once before in 1549) are the conventual buildings on
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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 29
the west side of the cloister, with portions of the original
foundation in 1089 as an appanage of Battle Abbey.
The undercroft remains, having two low circular piers
with scalloped caps, from which spring plain transverse
vaulting ribs and similar ribs on one groin of each com-
partment, only without intersection. The diflSculty of
vaulting a bay of two unequal spans is clearly shown in
the winding surfaces and crooked ribs, which is possibly
one of the earliest attempts at groined vaulting in England.
Since acquirement by the city, chimneys, floors, and
walls which had been inserted to convert the buildings
into small houses, have been removed, and the fine roof
and much ancient oakwork revealed in the large hall as
well as in the old kitchen. Traces of later work, including
ornamental plaster ceilings and fragments of frescoes,
indicate the occupation as a house in Elizabethan days.
Mr. Tonar very courteously pointed out the old work
which had been laid bare, as he also did at the old house
in King Street next visited, where some remains of Norman
work have been discovered, especially noticeable being the
Norman carved internal stone cornice.
At 9 p.m. the members met in the Royal Albert Me-
morial University College for the Address of the incoming
President, Principal A. W. Clayden, m.a., f.g.s.
Colonel E. T. Clifford, who, in the absence of the retiring
President, introduced Principal Clayden, said : —
*' When the Association last met in Exeter in 1912,
I said I accepted the invitation to preside as a compliment
to the London Devonian Association, of which I have the
honour to be Chairman, and as showing your approval of
its objects. In responding to the wish of your Council
that I should preside this evening, I do so in the belief that
the views I expressed last time still hold good, and it affords
me an opportunity for stating that the London Devonian
Association is progressing satisfactorily and doing excel-
lent work for Devonian Societies and Devonians all over
the world ; indeed, including those in Devon itself.
" I would also like to add how gratifying it is to us in
London to feel that such cordial relations exist between
the two Associations, the Devonshire Association and the
London Devonian Association ; a relationship which, I
submit, should be productive of good to both.
" Mr. Maxwell Adams assures me that my duties to-
night are purely formal, but he points out that in intro-
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30 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL BfBETING.
ducing the new President I am expected to make some
appropriate remarks.
" Well, Ladies and Gentlemen, there is nothing I can
say about Principal Clayden that you do not already
know. He and his good works are well known to you all.
We read that a prophet hath no honour in his own country,
nor amongst his own kin. I do not propose to throw any
doubt upon any statement which is made under an
authority which most regard with awe and reverence, but
at any rate we have to-day an illustration which goes to
prove that there are exceptions to every rule, and in
inviting Principal Clayden to be our President at this
year's Meeting in Exeter, your Council's act will be appre-
ciated, not only by our own members, not only by the
authorities of the building in which we are so hospitably
housed, but by the inhabitants of this city which gave
us birth.
" What occurs to me at the moment is, what will be the
subject of the new President's address ? Well, I have
not the honour of his confidence, but it is more than likely
that any man in such circumstajices will speak on the
subject which is nearest his heart, and of which he has the
greatest knowledge ; and as Mr. Principal Clayden stands
for Education, it is fair for us to assume that liis address
will be on this subject.
" Ladies and Gentlemen, it is entirely beyond my com-
petence to speak on such an important matter as educa-
tion ; but in general I, and I am sure you all, hold the
strongest views on the advantage, indeed the necessity, of
education.
** The government of this world is founded on force,
and will be founded on force unless and until the highest
system of education, properly applied education, com-
bined with intelligence, supersedes it. The arbitrament
of the sword obtains to-day ; it is the mightiest factor,
and that sword will not be sheathed until it is superseded
by education.
" In inviting Mr. Principal Clayden to occupy this
Chair for the ensuing year, I can, I know, in your name,
assure him that we look to him and to sudi as he to show
us the way."
The President then delivered his Address (see p. 62),
on the conclusion of which Mr. H. Michell Whitley, who
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PBOCEBDINQS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 31
moved a hearty vote of thanks to Principal Clayden, said
** that the Address in dealing as it did with technical edu-
cation was well timed, for when the Allies had won their
victory, it will be necessary, if we are to profit by it, as*
we should do, to imitate our enemy and apply ourselves
to the development of our industries by a fuller use of
technical education. He had seen," said Mr. Michell
Whitley, " in his travels abroad how much we had been
hampered by this failing."
On Wednesday, the 21st July, the reading of the Re-
ports and Papers in the Royal Albert Memorial University
College was commenced at 10 a.m., and continued, with
an interval for lunch, till 4 p.m., when the members
motored to Ottery St. Mary, where Mr. Harbottle Reed
described the Collegiate Church to the members as follows :
In a Saxon charter of 1060 Edward the Confessor granted
Ottery to the Virgin Mary of Rouen, and there is no record
in Domesday of any church here, but in the restoration
of 1850 the base of a Norman iont is said to have been dug
up. A church was consecrated by Bishop Bronescombe in
1259, and although much of the present church has a
suggestion of that date, when examined the details seem
to tell another story, and it is rather to the time of Bishop
Grandisson that we are to assign the date ; for he elevated
the Parish Church to Collegiate dignity with a Warden,
Minister, Precentor, Sacristan, and four Canons, all to
rank as Canons or Prebendaries. He acquired the property
from the Canons of Rouen in 1335 and shortly afterwards
began the reconstruction and enlargement of the church.
The parishioners were relegated to the nave and aisles and
perhaps to the north tower.
The arrangements of the church, with the peculiarities
of the vaults, its screen in the Lady Chapel, the alteration
of the floor levels by Mr. Butterfield and the removal of
the stone choir screen, and the erection of the Dorset
aisle and other features, were described by Mr. Reed.
There are two transeptal Towers, and Freeman, in his
Exeier Cathedral, says : " There are, it seems, but three
Cathedral churches in the world that have two towers in
exactly that position." One of these to which he referred
is Barcelona, but anyone who knows this Spanish church
will fail to see much similarity.
The resemblance to Exeter is very striking. Although
Ottery has only five bays each to nave and choir against
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32 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.
seven bays each to nave and choir of the Cathedral, yet
there are at Ottery, chapels in each tower, and at the east
end of each aisle transeptal chapels to the choir with
Chambers over, and a three-bayed lady chapel. In old
pictures of Exeter a lead-covered spire to north tower is
shown as here.
One of the destructive innovations of Mr. Butterfield,
in 1851, was the alteration of the floor levels. T|;iat of the
nave of the parish church extended into the eastern bay
of the nave, and at the back of the altar was a wood
screen division from the collegiate portion with a rise of
three steps ; then came the stone rood screen in a position
similar to that at Exeter ; it was ten feet high and four
feet wide, and furnished with an organ. In the last cen-
tury the boys of King's School sat on it before its removal
in 1830.
While in the nave we may note the vaulting, of which
there are seven or more varieties : the type seen in the choir
is also at Wells. The niches over the nave arcade, which
in a degree suggest a triforium, are not original, but a
somewhat conjectural restoration.
Conspicuous in the nave are the fine canopied tombs of
the brother of Bishop Grandisson, Otho, and his wife
Beatrix. In Lausanne Cathedral are many monuments to
members of this powerful family. Grandisson himself is
commemorated in the central boss of the vaulting, and con-
tinuing eastward is a fine series of bosses, the first being
St. John the Baptist ; second, St. Ann presenting the
Blessed Virgin before the Temple ; third, the Annuncia-
tion ; fourth, the Holy Mother and Child ; fifth, over the
altar screen, the Assumption of the Virgin (the annual
feast day of the College being on the 15th August). Con-
tinuing the Story of Our Lady, the bosses in the lady
chapel indicate Our Lord offering to His Mother the orb
of sovereignty as Queen of Heaven, and Our Lord enthroned
as Judge.
In the south transept is a clock, probably of 1340 date,
showing the earth as centre of the solar system, restored
in 1907. It is one of the four Wessex old clocks, the others
being at Exeter, Wells, and Wimbome Minster.
Entering the choir Butterfield's alteration of the floor
is apparent, for in a plan by Heywood of 1843 the old floor
levels are shown, three steps being at east end of nave,
then level through, crossing to east side of third bay
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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 33
of choir, followed by one step and three more to the
sanctuary.
The lady chapel has a very unusual feature, a minstrels'
gallery, and also a carved wooden lectern with the arms
of Grandisson, the modem stalls being given by the late
Reverend J. Dickenson, who, living in the Manor House,
knew the church so well and wrote so lovingly of it.
The North or Dorset Aisle was built between 1504 and
1530 (probably 1520) by Cicely, daughter and heiress of
Lord William Bonville, of Shute, a cousin of Anne (of
Warwick), Queen of Richard III. She married the Marquis
of Dorset, who died in 1501, and, secondly, the Earl of
Wiltshire, Henry Stafford, second son of Henry Stafford,
Duke of Buckingham (died 1523).
Cicely the Marchioness was one of the godmothers of
Queen Elizabeth, and died 1530 about seventy years old,
the last of her name and race — ^Bonville. On the moulding
of the parapet outside are the family badges : Harrington,
fret ; Stafford, knot ; Hastings, bull's head ; Bourchier,
knot ; and the Bonville mullet is in the arms over the
door. Henry Grey, Cicely's grandson, became Duke of
Suffolk, was the father of Lady Jane Grey, executed 1554,
and possibly the arms over the porch were defaced by
Queen Mary's orders.
The ceiling of this aisle is one of the finest specimens of
fan vaulting in the west ; the pendentives being very
ingenious. The aisle would replace the north porch, which
would be the parishioners' entrance, the cloister being on
the south side, and consequently the south door would not
be accessible to them. The Dorset north porch has a
watchers' chamber over, as at Durham Cathedral.
On the pillars of the Dorset aisle arcade are commem-
orated Bishops Oldham (1504-19) and Veysey (1619-51).
Bishop Grandisson's statutes for the regulation of the
College are most elaborate, entering very minutely into
details of ceremonial and conduct.
The College was dissolved by Henry VIII. in 1545, and
the church became parochial with a corporation of four
governors, who were to provide a schoolmaster for the
King's new Grammar School.
Of the Collegiate buildings scarcely any portion remains.
The party then proceeded to Cadhay House, which was
visited by the kind permission of W. C. D. Whetham, Esq.,
M.A., F.R.s. Mrs. Whetham received the members, and,
VOL. XLVII. c
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34 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.
assisted by her daughters and Mr. Whetham, took the
party over the house and gave them a succinct historical
description of the building, with its phases of ownership
beginning in the reign of Edward I., when it belonged to
the Cadhay fainily, passing in the fifteenth century through
the female line to Hugh Grenville. His granddaughter
married John Haydon (1645-87), son of Richard Hay-
don, of Woodbury, who, according to Risdon, ** builded
there a fair new house and enlarged his demesnes," portions
of which, notably the east front, remain to this day. John
Haydon was succeeded by his great-nephew, Robert, who
continued the work, and his initials and the date, 1617,
appear under the statue of Queen Elizabeth. In 1737 the
estate was in the possession of William Peere Williams,
who made great alterations internally. Early in the nine-
teenth century the western portion was converted into
a farm-house. In 1910 many interesting features were
uncovered by the present owner, Mr. Whetham, who,
with great judgment, has conserved rather than restored
the old work, altering its Tudor and Georgian character as
little as possible.
John Haydon, who used a good deal of the materials
from the suppressed college at Ottery, was responsible for
the major portion of the house, which has, for Devonshire,
the rather unusual inner courtyard plan. Each front
facing the courtyard has a niche containing the statues of
Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, contem-
porary with the date of the original house. Some altera-
tions were made in Georgian times. The house contains
several Tudor chimneypieces and a fine Georgian plaster
ceiling. In the Dining Hall the arms of Poulett, Grenville,
Harvey, Southcott, Haydon, and Every are displayed,
and on a chimneypiece in one of the bedrooms are the
arms of Poulett and Poulett impaling Kenn.
The base of the old Ottery Cross and parts of the shaft
were also shown.
On the evening of Wednesday, 21st July, the members
of the Association were cordially welcomed by the Presi-
dent and Mrs. Clayden, at their residence, 5, The Crescent,
Mount Radford, where they were shown many objects
of scientific and literary interest. The large telescope with
6' 8-inch lens has historic value from the fact that it was
the first lens of that diameter to be successfully ground,
and was made by Tulley from a disc of flint glass pre-
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FBOCSEDINOS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 35
aented to the Astronomical Society of London by Guinand,
who discovered how to manufacture suitable material.
The finished lens was submitted to a Committee of the
leading astronomers of the day, including Sir John Her-
schel, Dr. Pearson, and Mr. Dollond, and their report is
printed in the memoirs of the Society. The telescope is
mentioned in numerous astronomical papers and books.
The atmosphere of a country like England limits the
number of the nights in the year on which delicate
observations can be made, and on the evening of the visit
the sky was unfortunately too overcast for members to
profit by the use of this valuable telescope, so beautifully
poised that a finger could move the 2 cwt. which it was
estimated the instrument weighed. Diagrams, with
which Principal Clayden had decorated the walls of his
Observatory, were explained and the interest of his
guests specially aroused in two new instruments, in-
vented and made by the President, to record the radiation
of heat to and from the earth's surface. The extra-
ordinary variations, in which so many factors must take
part, are clearly shown by the course of the pen on the
" actinograph," the accuracy of which is proved by com-
parison of the diagrams on the two instruments.
Principal Clayden's wonderful discovery in the Polti-
more quarry, near Exeter, of the footprints of hitherto
unknown and almost unexplainable early reptiles of the
Permian age, is already well known to geologists. The
slabs of sandstone, so skilfuUy split and carefully pre-
served, showing so distinctly some of the earliest imprints
made by creature life on this planet, may be considered
among the most historically interesting and valuable
records in the world. Many literary treasures were also
shown to the members by the President, Mrs. and Miss
Clayden, and a most enjoyable and instructive evening
was spent, thanks to the hospitality of their kind host and
hostess.
On Thursday, 22nd July, the reading of the Papers was
resumed at 10 a.m. in the Royal Albert Memorial Uni-
versity College, and was followed by a General Meeting cf
members, at which cordial votes of thanks were passed
to the College authorities for the use of the rooms so
kindly placed at the disposal of the Association for the
Meeting ; to the Hon. Local Secretaries, Messrs. Sidney
Andrew and Harbottle Reed, for the excellent arrange-
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36 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.
ments made by them for the convenience and comfort
of the members during the meeting ; and to the President,
Mr. Principal A. W. Clayden, for the able manner in which
he conducted his duties from the Chair. At 2 p.m. a
meeting of the Council was held, at which the General
Secretary reported the casualties in the Council during
the year and the names of members who had qualified for
the Council, and who were duly elected to that body.
In the afternoon of Thursday, Mr. Harbottle Reed
kindly showed the members some further interesting
features of Old Exeter, beginning at BowhiU, a fifteenth-
century manor house belonging to the Hollands. The
large Hall still retains its original windows and very fine
oak roof, with moulded ribs and arched braces. Other
rooms with their oak ceiling beams or arched trusses
remain, and a good kitchen with huge fireplace.
Returning from Bowhill, Mr. Reed pointed out an old
granite cross in Cowick Street, also the church of St.
Thomas the Martyr and the old Exe Bridge of Walter
Gervayse (1250). At the crossing of North Street and
High Street the statue of St. Peter was noticed as one of
the four figures which belonged to the old conduit at this
crossway.
College Hall. The brothers and sisters of Kalenderheie
are mentioned in 1271, and a deed refers to twenty in the*
twelfth century. This was an episcopal almshouse and
the fraternity had a seal. On refounding St. John's
Hospital, Bishop Grandissqn removed the Brethren there.
His successor. Bishop Brantyngham, then built the
College for the Priest- Vicars of the Cathedral. Among
the benefactors have been Marshall, Brewer, Lacy, and
Oldham, and their arms are shown in the Hall as well as
their painted portraits.
In 1529, Treasurer John Ryse rebuilt the College Hall,
and 1647 saw it turned into a common wool store. It has
returned to part of its original uses and owners — ^the
College of Priest- Vicars of the Cathedral. Originally the
disposition of the buildings resembled somewhat that of
Wells, an eastern gateway, then a narrow quadrangle with
the Vicars' small houses on either side, and the common
Hall with its kitchen and offices at the South Street end.
Now little except the Hall remains, with its panelled walls
and sturdy roof trusses.
In the Law Library was seen a still finer oak roof than
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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 37
that of Bowhill, the College Hall or Cadhay House. This
is of the hammer-beam type, and bears a strong resem-
blance to that of Westminster Hall (1397), although only
one-third the span. The building forms part of one of the
old halls of the Close, and seems to have been connected
with the Chancellor of the Cathedral, the entrance arch
bearing his arms.
The New Inn was next visited. These premises, now in
the possession of Messrs. Green and Son, have in several
forms occupied a prominent position in Exeter. A wooUen
market, then as the New Inn, of which the Apollo Room
with magnificent plaster- work enrichments, dated 1695,
has been used as a banqueting hall by Judges and visitors
of note.
Bampfylde House (1590) was the Exeter residence of
the Bampfyldes, ancestors of Lord Poltimore, by whom
it is now owned. The carved oak panelling, ceilings, glass,
and lead were pointed out.
On Thursday evening, 22nd July, many members of
the Association availed themselves of the opportunity
to visit the Museum on the invitation of the President
and Curator, where Principal Clayden and Mr. Rowley
most kindly explained objects of interest in the collections.
The model of Exeter attracted attention with reference
to the position of St. Nicholas' Priory, the old Norman
house, so fortunately saved from destruction by the City
Council, and other sites visited by the members, under the
guidance of Mr. Harbottle Reed and Mr. L. T. Tonar.
The President showed further examples of footprints in
the sandstone of Poltimore quarry, and explained why the
topographical position of the rock suggested the possi-
bility to him of such a discovery.
On Friday, 23rd July, a motor excursion was planned
to Dunsford, Fulford, Moretonhampstead, Chagford, and
Drewsteignton, but owing to a somewhat late start and
the need of an early return to catch trains, the visit to
Chagford had to be omitted.
At Dunsford the church, in the absence of the Vicar,
was described by Rev. J. F. Chanter, f.s.a., who said that
the church formerly belonged to Canonsleigh, and was
dedicated 29th July, 1262, by Bronescombe in honour of
the Blessed Virgin, but as we see it now is mainly Per-
pendicular ; the chancel was rebuilt and the rest restored
in 1846. The chief points of interest to be noticed were
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38 PBOCBEDINQS AT THB ANNUAL MESTING.
the Fulford moniunents — ^that in the north aisle was a
good example of highly decorated Jacobean work, it
represented Sir Thomas Fulford, Ursula, his wife, and
their seven children. Sir Thomas in steel armour, wearing
a red velvet tunic and pantaloons with. Elizabethan ruffle
and wristbands ; his wife also in a dress of the Eliza-
bethan period ; over the monument hung an old helmet
and sword. The font might be dated circ, 1430, and
bears shields of the arms of Richard I. and of Bishop Lacy,
and of the Fulford, Fitzurse, Harpesfield, Courtenay, and
Bosan fami^es. In the upper lights of the windows was
some good ancient glass, and inside the altar rails a fine
Bishop's chair ; it was given by a former Rector who
was son-in-law of Bishop Phillpotts, and was said to have
been brought from Calver, but no particulars of its history
were known. ^
At Fulford the party was received in the Great Hall
by Miss Fulford, who after expressing her brother's
regrets at being unable to be present, gave an interest-
ing account of the Fulford Family and their house.
The house, she said, was built by Sir John Fulford, who
married Dorothy Bourchier, daughter of John, 2nd Lord
Fitzwarren ; the marriage settlement was dated 2nd
October, 1533, and his son. Sir John Fulford, was Sheriff
of Devon, 5th Mary and 19th Eliz. ; the Bourchier knot
appears on several of the panels in the hall ; it is the latter's
son who is represented on the tomb in Dunsford Church.
Colonel Francis Fulford, afterwards Sir Francis, held the
house for the King during the Civil War ; his name is
on the roll of those to be appointed Knights of the Royal
Oak. After the Restoration, the family went to reside at
Toller, in Dorsetshire, which accounts for there being
little mention of the Fulford family in Devonshire records
of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
They returned to Fulford in 1729, and Francis Fulford
was Sheriff in 1744.
The HaU as they saw it now had been lengthened by
taking in the archway that led to the second court,
and at that time the present plaster ceiling was sub-
stituted for the old one, which, however, was not an
open timber one like most halls, owing to there having
been a story over the haU ; at the end of it were figures of
^ See also Devon Notts and Queries^ Vol. I.
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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 39
Baldwin Fulford, the Crusader, and the two Saracens he
fought and slew, and also the colours of the Devon Militia,
of which another Baldwin Fulford was Lieutenant-Colonel,
which were placed there when the regiment was disbanded
in 1817. In 1780 the grand staircase was destroyed by
the fall of the ceiling during some alterations and the
present one fixed ; at the same time the gables were re-
made, the present battlements erected, and the bays at
the comers of the house thrown out.
Miss Fulford then conducted the party over the other
portions of the house, pointing out in particular a i)ortrait
of a lady in Elizabethan dress, holding a medal by Floren-
tius Junius, the portrait of King Charles I. by Vandyck,
portrait of Count Egmont (executed in 1568), and pre-
sented by him to Sir John Fulford, and the large picture,
8x12, of the Battle of Gravelines by Franck, showing
Coimt Egmont on horseback in the foreground ; also the
fine bedstead of the Elizabethan period.^
The President having welcomed the Teign Naturalists'
Field Club and the Exeter Diocesan Architectural and
Archaeological Society, whose members had joined the
Devonshire Association, the party drove to Moreton-
hampstead, where lunch was served, and afterwards the
church was described by Rev. J. F. Chanter. It consists
of a nave, 54x18, chancel, N. and S. aisles, and western
tower ; the five arches have heavy rude octagonal shafts
with plain capitals ; the roof line of an earlier nave can
be seen against the tower ; there is a new screen — the
old one was taken down in 1857 and purchased by Lord
Devon, who gave it to Whitchurch, where it was re-
erected ; the old screen had a newel staircase in a turret
on the north side that still remains ; in the churchyard
were some curious carved stones of a pre-Norman period
that till lately formed part of the paving of the tower.
The remains of the market cross and the site of the
dancing tree were also visited. The party then drove to
Drewsteignton, where the church was described by the
Rev. J. F. Chanter. He said he supposed nobody need
be told now that Drewsteignton had nothing to do with
Druids, but took its name from Drogo or Drew, who
possessed the manor in the time of Henry II. The church,
built of granite, consisted of chancel, nave, N. and S.
^ Full illustrations of the house and its contents can be seen in Country
Life, August Ist, 1914.
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40 PBOCEEDINOS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.
aisles, western tower, and S. porch with room over ;
like most of Devon churches it was mainly Perpendicular ;
several of the shafts of the five arches were monoliths ; the
south wall was embattled, but the north side had a much
finer elevation and the tracery of the windows was far
more elaborate ; the roofs were cradle, that of the nave was
plastered, but in the aisles old wall plates and good bosses
remain ; the old font was a fine Norman, tub-shaped — ^it
was now in the Rectory garden injured by rough treat-
ment and covered with laurels. Its place had been taken,
he trusted, only for a time by the present monstrosity.
The screen had disappeared and no trace left of its exist-
ence except the rood loft door ; the chancel was rebuilt
in 1863.
Tea was partaken of at the Inn, after which the party
drove back via Tedbume S. Mary to Exeter, which was
reached about 6.30 p.m.
The Meeting of 1915 was brought to a conclusion with
this day's excursion.
Maxwell Adams.
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[ 41 ]
0bitnwc^ ^otues;
Miss Aqnes Bayly. Miss Agnes Bayly, who joined
the Association as a life member in 1894, was the second
daughter of the late Mr. John Bayly, of Plymouth, and
sister of the late Mr. Robert Bayly, of Torr. Of a most
sympathetic nature and philanthropic disposition, Miss
Bayly was during the whole of her life a generous supporter
of most of the charitable institutions of Plymouth. In
particular, she was actively associated with the Devon and
Cornwall Female Orphanage in Lockyer Street, and the
Friendless Girls' Help Association, Portland Square. As
a member of the congregation of St. Andrew's Church,
Plymouth, she took an active interest in the parochial
work of the church, and was associated with her sister,
Miss Anna Bayly, in the gift of a site for the new church
at Yelverton. Both were large contributors to the building
fund of the new church, and had lately given choir stalls
to it. After an illness of about six weeks. Miss Agnes
Bayly died on 29 July, 1915, in her 80th year, of
pneumonia.
Ingram Bywatee. By the death of Mr. Bjrwater the
Association has lost one of its most distinguished members,
and the world one of the most learned and scholarly of
modem Hellenists.
The son of John Ingram Bjrwater, a clerk in the Customs,
he was bom in London in 1840, and was educated at
King's College and University Schools. Thence he passed
to a scholarship at Queen's College, Oxford, where he was
a contemporary with Walter Pater, whom he knew
intimately, and having successively taken first classes in
classics in Moderations and in the Final Schools, he was
^ I am greatly indebted to Mr. H. B. S. Woodhoiise, Mr. Thomas
Wednwright, Miss C. E. Larter, Miss M. A. Applegate, Mr. G. M. Doe,
Mr. J. J. Alexander, Mr. John Northmore, Mr. E. W. Chilcott, Mr.
Arthur Davson, Mr. Cecil Hunt, and the Rev. B. Guyer for their kind
assistance in collecting materials for the compilation of these obituaries.
(Ed.)
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42 OBITUARY NOTICES.
elected to a Fellowship at Exeter College in 1863. For
many years he held a tutorship in that college, and in
1883 he was appointed University Reader in Greek and
relinquished work for the college in order to devote him-
self exclusively to the study of Greek literature. Before
this, however, he had already established a European
reputation by his critical edition of the Fragmenis of
Heraclitus, This is a small book in bulk, but it represents
the result of years of study and research.
In 1886, Bywater edited Priacianv^ Lydv^, an early
Peripatetic, for the Berlin Academy, and in 1890 he
published a new recension of the text of Aristotle's Ethics.
In 1892 he published a tract on the Textual Criticism of
Aristotle's Ethics^ and in 1893, on the death of Jowett,
he was appointed by Mr. Gladstone to succeed him as
Regius Professor of Greek. In 1897 appeared his critical
edition of the text of Aristotle's Poetics, on which he had
been engaged for many years. He had made this treatise
one of the leading subjects of his lectures delivered from
the Regius Chair of Greek and had devoted to it all his
ripest powers of criticism, exegesis and illustration. In
1909 the Clarendon Press published his final edition of his
magnum opus, containing not merely his critical recension
of the text, but an Introduction, Translation, and Com-
mentary.
He also privately printed an edition of the Life of
Aristotle contained in Diogenes Laertius, The weekly
meetings of the Oxford Aristotelian Society in his rooms
were renowned, and did much to further the study of
Aristotle in Oxford.
He married the second daughter of Mr. C. J. Cornish, of
Salcombe Regis, and widow of Mr. Hans W. Sotheby, who
was herself a good Greek scholar. Mr. Bywater joined
the Association in 1906, and died on 17 December, 1914,
at the age of 74.
Henry Foster Carr. Mr. Carr, who was chairman of
the firm of Messrs. Carr and Quick, Ltd., wine merchants
of Exeter, was a keen sportsman and a familiar figure in
the hunting field, being a member of both the East Devon
and of the Silverton Himts. He also took a great interest
in archaeological and kindred studies. Joining the Devon-
shire Association in 1907, he followed its work and pro-
ceedings with keen interest, and was a regular attendant
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OBITUARY NOTICES. 43
at its annual meetings. He was taken ill during the
meeting of the Association held at Tavistock in July, 1914,
and died after a few days' illness on 26 July, 1914, at
his residence, Broadparks, Pinhoe, at the age of 66,
deeply regretted by aU who knew him, being courteous to
a degree and of a kindly and sympathetic nature. He
leaves issue two sons and three daughters.
James George Commin. Mr. Commin belonged to a
family whose members had been citizens of Exeter for
upwards of three centuries. His father, Mr. James
Commin, was a solicitor and conveyancing barrister,
whose chambers were situated on the site on which the
tower of St. Mary Major now stands. Mr. James George
Commin was bom in Exeter on 3 December, 1856, and
as a young man was apprenticed first to Messrs. Drayton
and Sons, the well-known booksellers of High Street,
Exeter, and afterwards to Messrs. Sotheran and Co., of the
Strand and Piccadilly, London, with which firm he com-
pleted his business training, and on his return from
London set up as a. bookseller at 230 High Street, Exeter,
and remained in the same premises during the whole of
his business career. But Mr. Commin was no mere book-
seller, and, although a keen business man, he was rather
more a book-lover. His knowledge of books, their authors,
titles, bindings and formats was exceptional, and under
his direction his establishment soon gained a world-wide
reputation, and he himself was well known to aU book-
lovers and book-coUectors.
Mr. Commin was the publisher of several works. He
imdertook the publication of Devon and Cornwall Notes
and Queries (originally Devon Notes and Queries) in 1900,
and the success this periodical has attained is mainly due
to his enterprise. Among his many other publications
may be mentioned the third edition of the Perambulation
of Dartmoor, by S. Rowe, edited by Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe,
and Devon : Its Moorlands, Streams, and Coasts, by Lady
Rosalind Northcote, illustrated from water-colour draw-
ings especially drawn for this work by his friend, Mr. F. J.
Widgery, of Exeter.
Mr. Commin will also always be gratefully remembered
by those who take an interest in the history and antiquities
of Devonshire for his encouragement of local research
work and the publication of a large number of local
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44 OBITTTAEY NOTICES.
monographs, many of which, though of the highest value
to antiquaries, must have proved of little account from a
commercial point of view.
Mr. Commin became a member of the Association in
1900, and it was through him that the Association was
invited to celebrate its jubilee in 1912 in Exeter, its birth-
place. He took an active part in the arrangements for
the reception and entertainment of its members, and
contributed greatly to the success of the meeting, at which
he was one of the Vice-Presidents.
Early in life Mr. Commin interested himself in public
affairs, and more particularly in those pertaining to his
native city, of which he was chosen Mayor in 1908, and
discharged the duties of chief magistrate with great dis-
tinction and conscientiousness. His year of office was
notable for many important events, including the visit
to the city of H.M. King George V and Queen Mary,
then Prince and Princess of Wales, and the holding in
Exeter of the Bath and West of England Agricultural
Show.
Mr. Commin also took an active interest in, and was a
great supporter of, most of the public institutions of
Exeter, including the Exeter Literary Society, and the
Royal Albert Memorial College, Library and Museum.
Besides presenting many books himself to the library, he
wa« largely instrumental in obtaining the Fisher and
Brooking-Rowe bequests for it.
Mr. Commin married a daughter of Mr. Webber, of Hills
Court, Longbrook Street, Exeter, who predeceased him.
He died on 16 September, 1914, leaving two sons, who
carry on his business, and two daughters.
William Davibs. Mr. W. Davies, who died on 5 Janu-
ary, 1915, at the age of 72, at his residence, Bellfield,
Kingsbridge, was a solicitor by profession, and an able
advocate, and for forty years had a considerable practice
in the local courts. For many years he was sub-agent
for the Kingsbridge district of the Totnes Division,
under Mr. Edward Windeatt, the Unionist agent. He
took an active part in political aflPairs, and was in touch
with the Unionist committees throughout the locality.
Mr. Davies was also clerk to the Governors of Kingsbridge
Grammar School and to the trustees of Duncombe*s
Charity, and formerly secretary of the Kingsbridge Town
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OBITTJARY NOTICES. 46
Association, and at one time was a member of the Kings-
bridge Urban District Council. He was an antiquary of
considerable attainment, making a hobby of folk-lore and
historical records. He joined the Association in 1896
and contributed several papers to its Transactions, and
frequently lectured on the ancient history of Kingsbridge
and its neighbourhood.
Frederick Adams Davson. Dr. Davson, of Mount
Galpine, Dartmouth, was bom in British Guiana, and
received his early education in Germany, subsequently
proceeding to England, where he became a medical student
at St. George's Hospital, later entering Aberdeen Uni-
versity. In 1867 he took the degrees of M.B. and CM.,
and in 1868 the further degree of M.D. and M.R.C.S., Eng.
His first official appointment was in H.M. Emigration
Service. On his health breaking down, he returned to
England, and in 1870 came to reside at Dartmouth, where
he continued in practice until his retirement in August,
1914, which unhappily he was not destined to enjoy long.
Dr. Davson had made all arrangements to take up Ms
residence at Torquay, when his final illness overtook
him.
During recent years Dr. Davson had not actively
associated himself with local municipal life, but a number
of years ago he served a^s councillor, subsequently being
elected to the aldermanic bench. For many years he was
a Justice of the Peace for the borough, and at the time
of his death was senior justice. He was a member of the
medical staflF of the Dartmouth and Kingswear Cottage
Hospital, an institution in which he always took great
interest, and he was intimately associated with various
other charitable organizations. He was a member of the
Dartmouth Old Age Pensions Sub-Committee, and was a
trustee of Townstal Church Lands. He was formerly
Medical Officer to the Great Western Railway staff, and
until the passing of the Insurance Act was one of the
Medical Officers to the local court of the Ancient Order
of Foresters. He was also previously a surgeon in the
Dartmouth Battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery
Volunteers.
Dr. Davson joined the Association in 1878, in the work
of which he took the greatest interest, and was mainly
instrumental for the issue of the invitation of the Mayor
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46 OBITUARY NOTICES.
and Corporation to the Association to hold the annual
meeting of 1911 in Dartmouth.
Dr. Davson in his day had been a prominent Free-
mason. He held the provincial rank of P.P.G.S.D., was a
Past Master of " Hauley " Lodge, 797, a founder of *' The
Dart" Lodge, 2641, a member of "The Three Pillars"
Lodge, 2808, Torquay, the Royal Sussex Preoeptory and
Priory of Malta, No. 25, and a former member of the Rose
Croix.
He died on 6 November, 1914, in St. George's Hospital,
London, where failing health had necessitated his be-
coming a patient in October, 1914.
Dr. Davson was a man of a singularly amiable nature,
and his dignity of character, his gentle manner, and his
unfailing courtesy endeared hinri to all who had the privilege
of his acquaintance or came into contact with him pro-
fessionally or otherwise.
A widow, three sons, the Rev. H. F. P. Davson, Vicar
of Cadmore End, Bucks, Mr. A. M. Davson, Dartmouth,
and Captain H. J. H. Davson, 82nd Punjabis, India, and
one daughter survive him.
The Honble. Richard Maitland Westenra Dawson.
The Hon. R. Dawson, of Holne Park, Ashburton, and
brother of the Earl of Dartrey, was ex-High Sheriflf of the
Coimty of Devon, Deputy-Lieutenant and County Magis-
trate for the Ashburton sub-division of the Teignbridge
Petty Sessional Division. He was also a member of the
Dart Fishery Board, president of the Ashburton and
Buckfastleigh Cottage Hospital, chairman of the governors
of. Ashburton Grammar School, and a vice-president of
the Ashburton Constitutional Club and the Mid-Devon
Unionist Association. A Freemason, he was one of the
founders of Ashburton Lodge, No. 2189. On the sale by
Lord Clinton of his Ashburton property he became lord
of the manor and borough of Ashburton. He was formerly
county councillor for Ashburton district, and on one
occasion was Unionist candidate for the Mid-Devon or
Ashburton Division. For many years he was a director
of the Devon and Cornwall Bank, and on its amalga-
mation with Lloyd's Bank he was elected on the
directorate.
He became a life member of the Association in 1888,
and has on more than one occasion officiated as Vice-
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OBrnJARY NOTICES. 47
President. His death took place in London on 7 August,
1914, at the age of 69, following an operation.
J. Thomas Fouracre. Mr. Fouracre, who died on
20 July, 1916, at the age of 71, was bom at Stonehouse,
where his father carried on the business of a painter and
decorator. Having learnt the business, he succeeded his
father in due course, but having developed artistic tastes
and being an artist of no mean ability, particularly in
water-colours, he became, for business purposes, an artist
in stained glass, and many churches and public buildings,
particularly in the West of England, contain fine specimens
of his work. All the windows in the Plymouth Guildhall,
with one exception, were designed by him and are among
the best examples of his talent, as also the window in the
Plymouth Club depicting the siege of Plymouth. Mr.
Fouracre's forte was figures in mediaeval costumes, and
among the many pictures painted by him perhaps the
best is the one in oik, ** The Traitor," which hangs in the
Plymouth Art Gallery. He did much for Art in Plymouth.
*He wa« one of the founders of the late Plymouth Art
Club for study from life, and assisted in the establishment
and building of the Plymouth Technical School. He
frequently lectured on Art, and rendered useful service
for the Museimi and Art Gallery in Pljntnouth.
Mr. Fouracre joined the Association in 1908, and
contributed a paper on OmamentcU Lime-Plaster Ceilings
and the Plasterer's Craft in Devonshire to the Transactions
in 1909. He was twice elected President of the Plymouth
Institution. In 1911 his name was placed upon the
Commission of the Peace for the Roborough Division in
the County of Devon and he sat at Stonehouse.
He leaves a son, Mr. J. Leighton Fouracre, f.r.i.b.a.,
and a daughter, Mrs. Alton Wishart.
James Brett Guyer. Mr. Guyer, who was a member
of a Ryde family, settled in Torquay fifty-three or fifty-
four years ago, died at his residence there, Wrentham,
on 6 April, 1914, aged 85.
He had served in the Army Medical Corps during the
Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny. He was invalided
home from India, owing to his health completely failing,
and he retired. He was awarded two medals — one by the
British Government and one by the Turkish Grovemment.
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48 OBITUARY NOTICES.
Soon after he settled in Torquay he married Miss Maria
Glode Stapleton, of Orpington, Kent. Mr. and Mrs.
Guyer celebrated the " golden *' anniversary of their
marriage in June, 1912. Mr. Guyer was actively identified
with the Torquay Young Men's Christian Association for
many years, and twice served as its president.
Mr. Guyer became a life member of the Devonshire
Association in 1873, and was a member of the Torquay
Natural History Society for forty-five years, and in 1875-6
and 1876-7 he served as president of the Society. During
the second year of his services the museum was opened, and
he delivered the inaugural address. He was also elected a
Eellow of the Chemical Society on account of his original
work in connection with wax and paraffin. For about
twenty years Mr. Guyer was a member of the Board of
Management of the Torbay Hospital, in which institution
he evinced deep interest. He was from its foundation a
member of St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, of which
he served as an elder and as hon. treasurer for many years.
Mr. Guyer was a gentleman of old-world courtesy, with
transparent kindliness and goodness of heart. He enjoyed
the high esteem of all who fcaew him:
Samuel Peek Haddy. Mr. Haddy, who joined the
Association for the meeting held at Tavistock in 1914,
was bom at Brixham in 1846. From 1874 to 1913 he held
the position of relieving officer for the southern parishes
in the Tavistock Union, and was widely respected as a
capable and conscientious official. A devout Churchman,
he took an active part in Church affairs, and from 1901
to the. time of his death was vicar's churchwarden. As
an antiquary and a student, he was well versed in old
Church documents and vestry records, and took a keen
interest in them. Being personally popular and a
methodical man of business, he was much sought after
to act on local committees. He was a school manager
for several years, a trustee of several charities, a director
of the Tavistock Gas Company, and during the last year
of his life, a member of the Tavistock Board of Guardians.
He was twice married. He died on 13 July, 1915, at the
age of 69, and was buried at Torquay on 17 July, 1916.
T. H. Harvey. Mr. Harvey, of Blackrock Grove,
Fareham, who died on 15 April, 1915, at Lee-on-Solent,
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OBITUARY NOTICES. 49
joined the Devonshire Association as life member in
1892. Formerly he carried on business in Plymouth as a
tar distiller, sat on the bench of Plymouth magistrates,
and represented Sutton Ward in the Town Council. He
was also a member of the Water Committee about the time
that the Burrator Reservoir was begun, and served on
the Sanitary Committee, the Technical Instruction Com-
mittee, and the Finance Committee. In 1899 he removed
to Fareham and interested himself in Church work, was
vicar's warden at the Holy Trinity Church, Fareham, for
many years, a great benefactor to the church, and a
supporter of all good causes in the town and district. He
also took part in the politics of the district, represented
Fareham on the Hampshire County Council, and a few
days before his death was appointed to the Commission
of the Peace for the County of Hants,
Arthur Roope Hunt. Mr. Hunt was descended from
an old Devonshire family who had resided for generations
in or near Dartmouth. He was the son of Mr. Arthur
Hunt, a partner in the firm of Messrs. Hunt, Roope and
Teage, wine exporters of Oporto, where Arthur Roope
Hunt was bom on 8th January, 1843, but which place,
owing to a revolution endangering the lives of British resi-
dents, he left, with his parents, in a British war vessel, when
eight or nine years of age. His family settled in Torquay
in 1852, and he was educated by the Rev. Townsend
Warner, matriculating at Trinity College, Cambridge, at
the age of 18, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1864,
and was afterwards called to the Bar by the Hon. Society
of the Inner Temple, though he never practised. He was
elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1870, and in
1884 became a Fellow of the Linnean Society.
After spending a few years in the business house of a
cousin in London, he settled in Torquay, at Southwood,
and devoted himself for the remainder of his life
to many and diverse pursuits, but chiefly to those
of a scientific nature. His contributions to geological
literature were nimoierous and varied, and among his
many writings may be mentioned a series of valuable
papers deaUng with the age of Dartmoor granites and
the Devonshire schists. He was an authority also on the
formation of ripple-mark, on coast erosion, and wave-
action on sea-beaches and sea-bottoms, and in particular
VOL. XLvn. D
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50 OBITUARY NOTICES.
on the raised beaches and the submerged forest of Torbay,
and the submarine geology of the English Channel. The
products of his fertile pen appeared in the Transactions
of the Devonshire Association, in the Oeohgical Magazine,
the Journal of the Torquay Natural History Society, in
the Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, of the
Linnean Society, of the British Association, and in the
Westminster Review. His first contribution to the Trans.
Devon. Assoc, was written in 1873 on some gold coins found,
in 1889, at Blackpool, near Dartmouth. Altogether he
published nearly one hundred papers in the Transactions
of various learned societies, while his letters on scientific
and general subjects, which appeared in the Torquay
Directory and other newspapers, probably reached setveral
hundreds. His paper on '* Ripple-mark " was read by
Lord Rayleigh before the Royal Society in 1882.
Among his school and college fellows were Lord Ray-
leigh and Field-Marshal Lord Grenfell, and in manhood
he numbered among his most intimate scientific friends,
William Pengelly, Philip Henry Gosse, John Edward Lee,
E. B. Tawney, Daniel Pidgeon, R. N. Worth, Arthur
Champemowne, W. A. E. Ussher, A. J. Jukes-Browne,
Alexander Somervail, and the Revs. T. R. R. Stebbing
and G. F. Whidbome.
In company with William Pengelly he devoted much
time to the exploration of Kent's Cavern and wrote
many papers thereon, and later, with the co-operation of
Adam Corrie and W. Bruce-Clarke, he explored the cave
at Bomess, Kirkcudbrightshire, a description of which,
together with six plates from photographs by A. R. Hunt,
appears in the Pros, of the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland, vol. x., 1873-74.
Mr. Hunt became a life member of the Devonshire
Association in 1868, and was one of the largest contributors
to its Transa^ctions, and one of its most valued members,
and the loss his death occasions will be most keenly felt
by its members.
But Mr. Hunt's attainments were not limited to science
alone, for he was a clever boat sailer, a good shot and golfer,
an enthusiastic musician, an accomplished photographer,
and displayed much knowledge of engineering. ' He had
been a member of the Royal Dart Yacht Club, Captain of
the Torquay Golf Club, and Captain of the Miniature Rifle
Club at Torquay. He was also past President of the
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OBITUARY NOTICES. 51
Torquay Natural History Society, one of the founders
and managers of its museum, and a frequent benefactor,
and, on no less than three occasions, he was offered the
ofBice of President of the Devonshire Association, an
honour which he found himself iinable to accept.
Mr. Hunt married Miss Gumbleton, of County Waterf ord,
who survives him together with a son, Mr. C. A. Hunt,
barrister-at-law, and Member of the Royal Society of
British Artists, and a daughter, who is the wife of Mr.
Ernest Smith, the Yorkshire cricketer. Another daughter,
Miss Muriel Hunt, famed as a painter of cats, died in 1910.
Mr. A. R. Hunt died on 19 December, 1914, in his 72nd
year.
Henry Jambs Johnston-Lavis, M.D., M.R.C.S., B.^sSc,
F.G.S. Henry James Lavis,* who was descended from a
Huguenot family, settled in Devonshire, and added his
mother's name to his own, was bom on 19 July, 1866.
After receiving his early education in a private school,
Mr. Johnston-Lavis commenced his medical education at
University College, London, and here came under the
influence of Prof. John Morris, from whose teaching he
acquired a passion for geological studies.
Joining the Geological Society when only nineteen
years of age, he had written several geological papers, one
of which was published in the Journal of the Oeological
Society, before he was twenty-one. After becoming a
Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, and
holding some minor medical posts in this country, he
proce^ed in 1880 to Naples, where he established himself
as a consulting physician, taking the degree of M.D. in
the University of Naples in 1884, and acting as medical
officer to Sir Wm. Armstrong's works at Puzzuoli from
1892 to 1897.
While at Naples, besides keeping a diary with photo-
graphic records of the action of Vesuvius, he prepared a
valuable geological map illustrating the past history of
the volcano, with penological studies of its ejected material,
and in addition to his studies of Vesuvius, he did much
useful work in connection with the vulcanology and
seismology of the whole South ItaUan region. Between
the years 1892 and 1897 Dr. Johnston-Lavis was in the
habit of spending his summers at Harrogate, where he
acted as a consulting physician.
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In 1896 he left Naples and, having taken a degree of
M.D. at Lyons, established a practice on the Riviera at
Beaulieu, while in 1909 he added to this a summer practice
at Vittel in the Vosges.
He was a contributor to many scientific societies, and
issued more than 160 papers on volcanoes, earthquakes,
mineral waters, and medical subjects. He joined the
Devonshire Association in 1901 ; and when the Society
instituted the popular lectures, which are now given at its
annual meetings, he delivered the first of the series, at
the meeting held at Sidmouth in 1903, the subject being
" Vesuvius : the type volcano."
He was unfortunately killed in a motor accident near
Bourges, France, on 10 September, 1914, at the age
of 68,
Alfred Newton Miller. Mr. Miller was born at
Liverpool on 21 January, 1872, and was educated at
Retford Grammar School and University College School.
He was articled to the late William Newton, solicitor, of
Newark-on-Trent, and practised in Collumpton for about
twenty years. As sub-agent for the Hon. Lionel Walrond,
M.P., he was well known and highly respected. He was a
member of the Devon and Exeter Law Association, and
was keenly interested in archaeological research, joining
the Devonshire Association in 1910. His death occurred
on 17 May, 1915, after only a fortnight's illness, following
an operation. He leaves a widow and daughter.
Reginald Morshead. Mr. Morshead, of Hurlditch
Court, Lamerton, was the fourth son of the Rev. H. J.
Morshead, Rector of Kelly, his mother being the eldest
daughter of Sir W. L. Trelawny, of Trelawne, who was
Lord-Lieutenant of Cornwall. He was educated at Marl-
borough and St. John's College, Cambridge, and graduated
wrangler in the tripos of 1872. In 1874, on the death of
Mr. J. H. Gill, he joined Mr. R. B. Gill as partner in the
Tavistock Bank. He retired from business in 1889, and
devoted his time and abilities to public work. He repre-
sented Tavistock on the Devon County Council for twenty-
three years, was chairman of the Tavistock bench of
magistrates, chairman of the trustees of Kelly College,
vice-chairman of the Governors of Tavistock Grammar
School, an Income-Tax Commissioner, member of the
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OBITUARY NOTICES. 63
Devon Education Committee, chairman of the Lamerton
Hunt, and member of the Tamar and Plym Conservators.
in 1880 he married the elder daughter of Mr. H. G. Sperling,
of Edgeworth Manor, Gloucestershire, and leaves four
*8ons and three daughters.
He joined the Association for the first time in 1889,
and acted as honorary local treasurer when it met in
Tavistock in that year, rejoining the Association for the
meeting held in Tavistock in July, 1914. He died on
28 September, 1914.
John Noethmorb. Mr. Northmore, who was a member
of an old Devonshire family originally settled at Well in
the parish of South Tawton, and citerwards at Cleve,
near Exeter, was bom on 1 June, 1826, and was the younger
son of the Rev. Thomas Welby Northmore, m.a., formerly
a captain in the 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards (Scots
Fusilier Guards), and afterwards Vicar of Winterton in
Lincolnshire, grandson, on the paternal side, of Thomas
Northmore, m.a., f.s.a. {ob. 1861), antiquary, politician,
and inventor, and, on the matemeJ side, grandson of Sir
WiUiam Earle Welby, Bart., of Denton Manor, Lincoln-
shire. Mr. John Northmore was educated at Eton and
Brasenose College, Oxford, and entered the Ceylon Civil
Service in 1846, which service he resigned on 15th February,
1864, after holding several high appointments with dis-
tinction ; and purchasing the Lola Montez CoflPee Estate
and renaming it Whyddon, he commenced his career as a
coffee planter. Not long afterwards, Mr. Northmore
purchased from his elder brother the estate of Cleve, near
Exeter, which had been in the family for upwards of
two hundred years, and returning to England in 1867
he took up his residence, first, at Hayne House, near
Moretonhampstead, and afterwards at Rockbeare Court,
near Exeter (Cleve being in the occupation of a tenant),
became a magistrate for the County of Devon, and received
a commission as comet in the Royal 1st Devon Yeomanry
Cavalry. In 1860, the tenant of Cleve having died, he,
with his mother, moved into the family property, and
entered into public life, becoming a visiting justice of the
county prison, an ex-officio guardian of St. Thomas'
Union, and one of the foimders of the Western Coimties
Idiot Asylum at Starcross.
In 1863 he married his first wife, Miss Jemima Hayter
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64 OBITUAEY NOTICES.
Hames, daughter of the Rev. William Hames, Rector of
Chagford, and in 1864 went back to Ceylon to look after
his coflFee estate there, returning to England in 1867. Hi^
wife dying at Torquay on 7 April, 1869, he soon after
entered the newly founded business of Mr. Frank Sabona- •
diere, as estate and commission agents for coflPee pro-
prietors, at Colombo, and, in 1872, b^me a partner in the
firm, Mr. Sabonadiere's other partner being Mr. William
Bowden-Smith.
Returning again to England, he married, on 20 February,
1873, his second wife. Miss Olympia H. M. Lawrence,
daughter of Mr. Northmore H. P. Lawrence, of Launceston,
by whom he had two children, John, who is a member of
the legal profession, and Olympia, wife of the Rev. R. H.
O'Donovan, r.n., who both survive him. Mr. Northmore's
second wife died at Colombo on 1 September, 1875, and
some years afterwards, upon the collapse of the coffee
industry in Ceylon, the deceased re-entered the Ceylon
Civil Service as a police magistrate of Hatton, which
appointment he held for ten and a half years, finally
retiring from the public service on a special pension in
1896. He returned to Devonshire, where he resumed his
magisterial duties, and became a member of the Devon-
shire Association, marrying his third wife, Sarah Selina
Persse, daughter of Mr. Stephen Creaghe, on 16 February,
1899, who survives him.
He died at Tavistock in his 89th year on 28 January,
1915, and was buried in the family vault in St. Thomas'
Church, Exeter.
Mr. Northmore was a ripe classical scholar, a good
linguist, an artist, an expert herald, and an antiquary of
no mean order.
Colonel William Francis Peidbaux. Colonel William
Francis Prideaux, who died on 5 December, 1914, at
his residence, Hopeville, St. Peter's, Kent, aged 74,
joined the Association in 1911. He was the eldest son of
the late Mr. F. W. Prideaux, Revenue Secretary, India
OflSce, served in the India Office in 1859 and joined the
Bombay Army as an ensign in the following year, entering
the Indian Staff Corps in 1866. He was attached to the
mission to Kong Theodore of Abyssinia in 1864, and was
confined as a prisoner at Magdala from 1866 to 1868. He
subsequently served in various capacities under the
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OBITUARY NOTICES. 55
Foreign Department of the Government of India, re-
ceiving the C.S.I, in 1895. He was also a Fellow of the
Royal Geographical Society.
Joseph Aethub Reeve. Mr. Reeve was the second
son of the Rev. Andrewes Reeve (an amateur musician
and composer), and was bom in 1850 at Yarrow Bank,
Kingswear, the house which his brother, the Rector of
Lambeth, afterwards bequeathed to him, and where he
died on 10 May, 1915. Mr. Reeve was a great architect.
He first became the pupil of Mr. E. J. Turner, and
afterwards went into the ofl&ce of Mr. W. Burges, where
he met and became the friend of Walter H. Lonsdale,
R. Willes Maddox, and others. In 1873 Mr. Burges
recommended him to the Marquess of Ripon for the work
of surveying and making drawings of the ruins of Foun-
tain's Abbey, which residted in a folio volume containing
forty-six plates, a general plan of the abbey, sketches of
conjectural restoration of various parts of the building,
historical notes, and a full description. This was printed
by Sprague, and issued to subscribers in 1892. Among
the many notable works carried out by him, which are too
nimierous to detail in this notice, the restoration of
Ramsbury, formerly the Cathedral church of the diocese
of Sarum, and the design and construction of the memorial
of the five Archbishops of Canterbury (Maimers Sutton,
Howley, Sumner, Longley, and Tait) buried in Addington
churchyard may be mentioned. By his death the Church
of England particularly has lost a great and sjonpathetic
architect.
He became a member of the Devonshire Association in
1911, and although he is the author of many professional
papers, he contributed none to its Transactions,
He married, in 1886, Miss Catherine Vansittart Frere
(daughter of Mr. C. Frere, of the Middle Temple, Examiner
for Standing Orders to both Houses of Parliament and
Taxing Master), who survives him.
Miss Helen Saunders. Miss Saunders was descended
from yeomen ancestors who resided at WooUey Barton,
Beaford, from the year 1639 imtil about two centuries
later, when they removed to South Molton, where Miss
Saunders was bom in 1830. She received part of her
education in France and Germany, and on returning to
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66 OBITUABY NOTICES.
England was engaged as governess to a family in London
for a few years, and on resigning this post returned to
South Molton. During the rest of her life, she devoted
herself to work in connection with the charitable and
educational organizations of the parish, including chiirch
work and literary pursuits.
Miss Saunders joined the Devonshire Association in
1895, and was elected a member of the Council in 1896.
She was also a member of the Folk-lore and Botanical
Committees of the Association, and besides taking an
active part in the work of those Committees, she con-
tributed the following papers to the Transctctions, viz. :
A List of Plants growing Wild in the Parish of South Molton
and some Neighbouring Parishes (communicated by the
Rev. W. Harpley, m.a.), 1894 ; Devonshire Revels, 1896 ;
Botanical Notes, 1898, 1901, and 1908 ; A History of Rose
Ash, 1900 ; A History of the- Church and Manor of South
Molton, 1903 ; Double Daffodils, 1910. She was also a fre-
quent contributor to Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries.
Miss Saunders was a keen botanist, and for upwards of
twenty years made one of the party in the botanical
walks of the North Devon Botanical Record Committee,
conducted by Mr. W. P. Hiem and Mr. Thomas Wain-
wright, which were first instituted in 1881. In the year
1909 she made the first Report in the Journal of Botany
of the existence in England of the Euphrasia minima,
which had been found by her in August, 1908, on a spot
on the Somersetshire portion of Exmoor, a little more
than a mile from the boundary line dividing it from
Devon; and again, in the October, 1914, Nimoiber of the
Journal of Botany was reported the discovery by her in
the previous September, in a district of Exmoor, from
which it had not been reported before, of Crowberry
(Empetrum nigrum).
Miss Saunders died at South Molton on 6 October,
1914, at the age of 84. She was a very regular attendant
at the annual meetings of the Devonshire Association, at
which she will be much missed by her many friends and
admirers, to whom her gentle, modest ways had much
endeared her.
John Deb Shapland. Dr. Shapland, of Bumside,
Withycombe, Exmouth, who died at the age of 75 on
23 January, 1915, joined the Devonshire Association in
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OBITUAKY NOTICES. 67
1902. He had resided at Withycombe for twenty-five
years, and up to twelve years of his death had practised
in the village, and for many years had been medical officer
for the parish of Withycombe, under the St. Thomas'
Board of Guardians. He was twice married, and leaves
two sons by his first marriage and a young family by the
second.
John Shelly. Mr. Shelly, who was bom in February,
1840, at Great Yarmouth, was educated at the Edinburgh
High School, and came to Plymouth in 1867, when he was
articled with Mr. Alfred Rooker, solicitor, afterwards
joining the firm. When Mr. Rooker died the partnership
of Rooker, Matthews, and Shelly was dissolved, and
subsequently Mr. R. B. Johns joined Mr. Shelly.
For a number of years after coming to Plymouth Mr.
SheUy was a member of SherweU Congregational Church.
He subsequently joined the Church of England, and for
about a quarter of a century he was one of the church-
wardens of St. John's. The Church schools of the parish,
of which he was secretary and correspondent, received
generously from him. He represented the diocese of
Exeter in the House of Laymen, was a most valued member
of the Three Towns Ruridecanal Conference, and was
chairman of the local branch of the E.C.U. for over twenty-
five years.
Mr. SheUy took a close interest in local affairs. In 1880
he was elected an alderman of the Council, and two years
later he became Mayor. He remained in the Council until
1906, having served for twenty-five years.
Mr. SheUy was identified with practically every philan-
thropic society in Plymouth, as chairman or ex-chairman.
He served twice as chairman of the Plymouth Chamber of
Commerce, and he was the oldest member of the Plymouth
Institution, of which he was a past-president. He was a
fine scholar, an impressive speaker, and the most courteous
and chivalrous of gentlemen. He joined the Association
in 1879.
Mr. SheUy was twice married, his first wife being the
daughter of Colonel Smith, of Plympton, and his children
the Rev. John SheUy, Newport, Shropshire, and Mrs.
W. L. Munday. His widow is the daughter of Mr. H. H.
Shanks, j.p., Plymouth.
He died on 19 March, 1915, at the age of 75. ,
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58 OBITUABY NOTICES.
Geobgb Stawbll. Mr. Stawell was the youngest son
of Mr. Charles Richard Jones, m.d. (a medical practitioner
in Torrington and a member of the Devonshire Association
1875-79), and Charlotte Caroline Jones {nee Stawell).
Through the latter he was related to the old Quantock
family of Stawells and Palmers — ^names weU known and
respected in Devon. Bom at Torrington in March, 1854,
and educated at Epsom CoUege, he chose the law as his
profession and for some years practised in Plymouth.
After the death of his uncle. Colonel John Palmer, of
Torrington, who left him his house, he took up his residence
therein, and continued to practise in the town. As a
young man, and being a distant relative of Sir Joshua
Reynolds, the artist, he joined the Artists Corps in London,
under Lord (then Sir IVederick) Leighton, colonel of the
corps, and Mr. Valentine Prinsep, the captain. Mr.
Stawell's last speech in public was made only a few weeks
before his death, outside the Town HaU, Torrington, when
he made a stirring appeal for recruits to join Lord
Kitchener's Army. He held a high position in the Free-
masons' *' Lodge Sincerity," Plymouth, and for many
years was one of the managers of the Great Torrington
Council Schools.
Mr. StaweU became a member of the Association in
1899. He died suddenly of heart disease at his residence,
Penhallam, on 10 December, 1914.
Captain Laubbnce Augustbn Wainbioht. Captain
Wainright, who joined the Association in 1907, obtained
his commission in the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in 1874,
afterwards exchanging into the 2nd West India Regiment.
He attained the rank of captain in 1885, and retired from
the Army in 1894. During the South African War, he
served with Roberts' Horse and Kitchener's Fighting
Scouts. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Geographical
Society. He died on 14 April, 1915.
Horace Stone Wilcocks. Mr. Wilcocks, of Chieveley,
Mannamead, who died on 24 October, 1912, was the
son of Mr. James Blackmore Wilcocks, j.p., of Pljmiouth
(a founder of the shipping firm now known as Weekes,
Phillips and Co.), was bom in 1834, and became a Ufe
member of jbhe Association in 1890. Mr. Horace Wilcocks
was an M.A. of St. John's College, Cambridge, and was
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OBITXTARY NOTICES. 69
ordained in the Church of England, and served successively
in the parishes of St. Luke, Heywood, Manchester, St.
James, Keyham, and St. Peter, Plymouth. In 1872 he
was preferred to the Vicarage of St. James-the-Less,
Plymouth, where he remained until 1876. In 1880 he
was received into the Roman Catholic Church by Bishop
Vaughan at Plymouth and, till his death, was the leading
layman of the congregation of Plymouth Cathedral, and
President of the Society of St. Vincent and St. Paul.
Mr. Wilcocks represented the Roman Catholics on the old
Plymouth School Board, and from 1890 to 1910 was a
member of the Plymouth Board of Guardians. He was
also honorary secretary of the Plymouth Branch of the
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, a
member of the Committee of the Plymouth Dispensary
and of the Public Library in Cornwall Street, and a
Director of the Plymouth and Stonehouse Gas Company.
WiLUAM Hbney Kearlby Wrioht. Mr. Wright was
the son of William and Mary Ann Wright, and was bom
in Plymouth on 15 September, 1844. He received his
education at the Plymouth Public School, and later
entered the service of the Bank of Deposit, Plymouth.
This concern failed, and 'Mr. Wright then received an
appointment with the South Devon Railway Company.
WhUe thus engaged he acted as honorary librarian of
the Plymouth Working Men's Association and of the
Railway Servants' Library, and acquired experience in
the general working of a library. He always had a love
of books, and was especially interested in the literature
and history of the West.
The Fr^ Libraries Act was adopted by the Plymouth
Corporation in 1876, and Mr. Wright was appointed
librarian and made the library what it is to-day. A
lasting memorial to him is to be found in the special
collection of Devon and Cornwall literature at the library.
It was the work of years, and it is now probably the most
complete in existence. He was also mainly instrimiental
in persuading Mr. Carnegie to give the £15,000 towards
providing the fine set of buildings for the library in
Tavistock Road. The Saturday afternoon lectures insti-
tuted by him were highly popular, not the least when
Mr. Wright himself read one of his carefully prepared
papers.
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60 OBITUARY NOTICES.
Mr. Wright was a man of varied interests. Apart from
his work as borough librarian, he was a singer, a writer,
and a lecturer. He also identified himself with many
public movements and organizations. He was a fellow
and original member of the Library Association, of which
for some years he acted as a vice-president, as well as a
member of the Council of that body. The Transactions of
the Association contain many interesting and practical
papers by Mr. Wright, who also contributed articles to
magazines and newspapers. He was the founder, hon.
secretary, and general editor of the Ex-Libris Society, a
Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a member of the
Devonshire Association (which he joined in 1876), and of
the Somersetshire Archaeological Society.
Among his publications are visitors' handbooks of
Plymouth, of Newquay and Cornwall (various editions),
guide to Mount Edgcimibe, etc. ; the Blue Friars' Papers^
two vols., 1889-91 ; West Courvtry Poets, 1896 ; Oay's
Fables, 1889 ; Picturesque South Devonshire, 1905 ; and
the Story of Old Plymouth, 1908. He was the originator
and editor of the Western Antiquary, a periodical devoted
to the collection of interesting biographical and topo-
graphical information respecting the Western Counties.
It ceased to be published in 1895. He was editor of The
Ex-Libris Journal from 1891 to 1909, and of Devonia, the
official organ of the United Devon Association, from 1902
to 1908. He edited in 1890 the History of Okehampton.
Mr. Wright was also a verse-writer to whom many
fugitive pieces are ascribed.
It was due largely to Mr. Wright's advocacy that a
statue of Sir Francis Drake was placed on the Hoe in
1884, and he displayed unwearied exertion in the move-
ment to celebrate the Armada Tercentenary Commemora-
tion in July, 1888. A past president of the Plymouth
Institution, Mr. Wright was included among the lecturers
at the Athenaeum. He was president of the local branch of
the Dickens Society, in which, as a great lover of the
novelist, he took the keenest interest, and as a vice-
president of the Plymouth (Sir Francis Drake) Bowling
Club, with which he had been associated since it was
started, he was an enthusiastic and hard-working member.
When the club decided to arrange an Elizabethan pageant
in Plymouth Guildhall in 1910, Mr. Wright, with his wide
knowledge of local history, was of invaluable assistance.
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OBITUARY NOTICES. 61
Mr. Wright was a most effective elocutionist. He
was, perhaps, best in his Dickens recitals. A lover of
music, he was for many years a member of St. Andrew's
choir.
Mr. Wright died on 27 April, 1915, at the age of 71.
He leaves a widow (a daughter of the late Mr. Duprez,
of Plymouth), but he had no children.
Roger Henry Willcocks. Mr. Willcocks was the
third son of the late Mr. Roger Willcocks, a former member
of the Association, and was bom at Teignmouth in 1849.
Educated at first privately, and afterwards at King's
College, London, he chose the profession of the law as a
career, and, after serving his articles in London, was
admitted as a Solicitor in 1872, and in the following year
graduated, with honours, as Bachelor of Laws at London
University. He practised alone for several years in Great
George Street, Westminster, where he had a considerable
connection among Engineers, and was successively Hon.
Solicitor of the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society
and one of the Hon. Solicitors of the Society of Engineers.
He read a paper before the former Society, in 1875, on
the subject of '* Railway Companies as Carriers," dealing
with the legal rights and liabilities of railway companies as
carriers in relation to the State, the public, and each other,
and this contribution to the proceedings of the Society
was reprinted in full in Engineering of June 11th and 25th,
1875.
In 1890 he entered into partnership with Mr. Edward
John Bridgman, at 4 College Hill, E.C., and, on Mr. Bridg-
man's death in 1906, became the senior partner in the firm
of Bridgman, Willcocks, Cowland, Hill, and Bowman, and
so continued until 1914, when ill-health compelled his re-
tirement. He died at his home at Wimbledon on January
27th, 1915, and was buried at Buxted, in Sussex. Mr.
Willcocks, who became a life member of the Association
in 1877, always took much interest in its proceedings.
He married, in 1888, Alice, the yoimgest daughter of
the late Mr. Henry S. Law-Hussey, of New Square,
Lincoln's Inn, and was left a widower in 1912. Two
children — a son and a daughter — survive him. Mr.
Willcocks was a man of vigorous intellect, well-read in
history and general literature, and a soimd lawyer, and
his loss is regretted by a wide circle of friends.
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ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT,
ARTHUR W. CLAYDEN, M.A., F.G.S.
20th JULY, 1915.
THE FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN DEVON.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
We meet this year under circumstances so entirely
unprecedented in the history of the world, that when I
was honoured by an invitation from the Council to preside
over your deliberations, I was, for some time, at a loss to
know upon what subject I might suitably speak to-night.
My predecessors in the Presidential chair have generally
addressed you on some topic connected with the history
or archflBology of our county, or else upon some scientific
aspect of its present or past condition. In more normal
times I should have followed their example and should
have liked to draw your attention to some stage in the
development of the scenery around us.
But our hearts and piinds just now are so dominated by
the shadow of the vast ev ts which are taking place, and
by the effects they must inevitably produce upon the whole
future of civilization, that it seemed to me it would be
almost improper to attempt to consider any topic entirely
divorced from current events. At any rate the effort
would be altogether beyond my powers.
I therefore sought inspiration from the rules of the
Association, and rule two sets out that —
" The objects of the Association are to give a stronger
impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific
inquiry in Devonshire ; and to promote the intercourse
of those who cultivate Science, Literature, or Art in
different parts of the County."
How, I said to myself, could those objects be better
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A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 63
served than by considering what could and should be
done to advance the knowledge of Science and Arts by
perfecting the educational opportunities for all who live in
and near to Devon ?
Moreover, such a subject exactly defines the task upon
which I have been engaged since June, 1893; it is most
plainly closely related both to the destructive agencies
now let loose upon Society and to the long laborious period
of reconstruction which must follow the close of the great
war.
I propose, therefore, to put before you this evening a
broad outline of what more than twenty years of study
has convinced me should be the arrangements for Higher
Education in Devon and the neighbouring counties if we
are to give every boy and every girl a chance to do the best
of which each is capable.
The word education is often incorrectly understood. It
does not mean only the acquisition of knowledge. I look
it up in a large dictionary and find this definition :
" Properly the educing, leading out, or drawing out the
latent powers of an individual. From the philosophic
point of view everyone is educated, his powers being
developed for good or evil by aU he sees, hears, fefels or
does. Education in this sense begins when one enters the
world, and continues all the time he is in it. In a more
specific sense, it is used of a premeditated effort on the
part of parents, teachers, and professors to draw out
one's intellectual and moral endowments, encouraging
what is good to oneself and to society, and discouraging
what is hurtful. With this is combined an effort to give
more or less of technical training to fit the scholar or
student for the occupation by which he desires, or is
likely to support himself in life. This necessitates a
sjTstem of elem^itary day schools for the multitude, of
secondary schools for a smaller number, and of Universities
for the favoured few."
Hook, in one of his works, says, " Education and
Instruction are the means to make our natural faculty of
reason both the better and the sooner to judge rightly
between truth and error.*'
The last clause of the foregoing definition of education
needs one comment. By the " favoured few " for whom
Universities are required we ought not to understand the
few who are so favoured by fortune that they can afford
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64 A. w. clayden's pbbsidential addbess.
such a luxury, but rather the few who are so favoured by
nature as to possess abilities of an order high enough to
profit from the most advanced training.
The himian body is the most complicated and most
delicate machine we know, and one which can be adapted
to an endless variety of purposes. But like all simpler
machines, the person to whom it belongs has to learn how
to use it properly. Indeed, when we consider its great
adaptabiUty to widely different ends, perhaps it would be
a closer analogy to say that a man in his entirety is like a
large manufactory in which the machines must be properly
adapted to their special ends. Those machines must be
correctly driven by the operatives, the workmen must
know and understand their work, they must be rightly
directed by foremen and departmental managers who
must in turn be wisely directed by their chief. The man
himself is the chief, his nervous system his assistants, and
his bodily mechanism the machinery. Just as factories
differ in their suitabiUty for particular processes, even so
aU human beings are not suited for every purpose. We
differ from our birth in our individual capacities. Some
are fitted only for the simpler and easier tasks of life,
others for operations of a more complicated order, others
again, the favoured few, for the most difficult problems
we are called upon to face.
The great function of education is to train and develop
all parts of the bodily mechanism, all parts of the brain
and nerve system by which the body is directed, and also
the conscious owner of the whole, so that he shaU be able
to make the best and most efficient use of his natural
endowments.
The efficiency of a nation depends upon the average
efficiency of its individuals. If a district is as a whole iU-
trained, the presence of a few brilliant persons cannot
save it if it should come into competition with another
district where everyone had learnt to do the best of which
he is capable.
Some people are so richly endowed that in whatever
circumstances they may be placed they are sure to come
to the front and reach high positions in life. I remember a
good many years ago I was at a meeting in Lord Aberdeen's
house in London, a meeting convened to consider the
foundation of the National Home Beading Union. Bishop
Temple, then Bishop of London, related how he, in his
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A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 66
youth, used to sit reading after his day's work was done.
The speaker who followed remarked that the example was
excellent, " but," said he, " you must remember, my
Lord, that you were bom to be a Bishop ! " We are not
all fit for such a destiny, but many of us are fit for higher
things than we ever attain.
Examples of what are called self-made men are numerous.
No doubt everyone could point out several among his circle
of acquaintances. But how often we meet with others who
might easily have been trained to fill some office of far more
value to the State than the simple tasks it has always been
their duty to perform.
The " mute inglorious Miltons " of whom the poet speaks
are but typical of thousands of men and women who go
through life uneducated and untrained, and therefore
imable to perform anything but simple menial work in spite
of natural endowments which only needed discovery,
practice, and opportunity to have rendered those same
people of far greater service to themselves and their fellow-
citizens.
Let it never be forgotten that it is not only to the personal
advantage of the individual that he should be able to make
the best possible use of himself, it is quite as much to the
advantage of all with whom he may be brought into direct
or indirect contact.
We are but slowly waking up to a fact that other nations
realized many years ago, namely, the power which general
education gives a people. But we are waking up. It is no
secret that a year ago the Grovemment was engaged in
completing a great scheme of educational reform by which
a broad and easy road would have been opened so that any
boy or girl of suitable ability might have travelled step by
step right from the elementary schools up to the highest
educational training there is. When I went away for my
summer holiday last year I had good reason to believe that
a few more months would see the full fruition of the work of
years, and that the aim of half a lifetime was upon the point
of fulfilment.
The outbreak of the war altered it all. The Government
scheme depended upon a large allocation of national funds,
and although we know very little of what the next few
years may bring forth, we may be certain that it wiU be
long before the wreckage and ruin of warfare will be so
repaired that it will be possible to start again financially
VOL. XLVII. E
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66 A. w. claydbn's presidential address.
where we were last summer. Greatly increased grants
were to have been distributed in such a way as to give
opportunities for the highest education to all parts of the
country. For some years to come it will now be idle to look
for such central assistance, and even if it were to be forth-
coming, we may be perfectly certain that those grants
would be in some way proportioned to local effort and the
proved local demand. Whatever party may hold the reins
of oflSce when the right day comes, we may rest assured
that those who help themselves will be those most readily
helped.
Let us pause for a moment to inquire, How have the
people who have set the world ablaze acquired the necessary
power ? How is it that they dared aspire to dictate to all
mankind ? The answer is that they have long realized
the value of education, and particularly the teaching of
scientific methods in all walks of life. For a couple of
generations they have been trained to reason out what-
ever they undertake, and move from stage to stage in
strict scientific order. Thus have they built up a great
fabric of commercial prosperity which is the foundation of
their strength.
The thought flashes into one's mind that if deeds such as
have been done in Belgium and elsewhere are the outcome
of such an education the less we have of it the better.
But those deeds were not the necessary consequence of
that education. Most good things can be perverted to
ignoble ends, and education may be used to develop a
man's powers for good or evil. The same scientific method
might have been used for the permanent good of humanity.
Unfortimately the power it gave fell under the direction of
a group of unscrupulous men who so warped it as to enable
them to use a whole people in an effort to impose their will
on all.
If we are to hold our own in the open markets of the
world, we must train our youth at least as well as they
train theirs, that is, we must have at least as good a system
of educational machinery. If this was so before the war,,
it is even more certainly true to-day. The arts and
manufactures of peaceful times are everywhere falling into
arrears. Many are almost at a standstill. Meanwhile the
wear and tear of time and the active waste of warfare are
busy destroying in all directions. Peace will be the
beginning of a long process of rebuilding ; of the
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A. w, claydbn's presidbntial address. 67
reorganization of disorganized industries and a remaking
of all that has been destroyed. But things will not faU
wholly back into their former places. Some of those
places will exist no more, and new relationships will have
come into being. There wjjl be many new social problems
to be faced, problems which wiU tax to the uttermost the
abilities of statesmen and the inteUigence of the people.
Bearing in mind Hook's definition of education, surely of
all times in the history of this nation this is the time when
we ought to bestir ourselves to see that the young people
of to-day are given every opportunity possible for the best
and highest type of education, so as to make their " natural
faculty of reason both the better and the sooner to judge
rightly between truth and error." Let us see to it that we
are ready for the results of peace even as we were unready
for war.
Now I am not in the secrets of the Board of Education.
It has never published the details of the great scheme
actually contemplated. But Lord Haldane and Mr. Pease
have lifted a comer of the curtain, and we do know that
an essential feature was the estabUshment of more
Universities and University Colleges, so as to bring their
advantages within everyone's reach.
A University is a body incorporated by Royal Charter
with powers duly specified in that Charter, including
the ability to hold property and the right to confer
degrees.
A University College is less certainly definable. It used
always to be understood to be any pubUc institution
providing courses of instruction for adult students such
as would enable them to pass the examinations qualifying
for the degrees of a University. Thus the CoUege at
Nottingham -was known as University College for many
years before it even apphed for a Charter of Incorporation.
All the other older University Colleges are incorporated as
such, and are therefore self-governing bodies like the
Universities. But their powers are more limited, and do
not include the right to confer degrees. To the students
of a University College the only way of getting the hall-
mark of a degree is to enter as an external candidate for
the examinations of the University of London. Hence in
all such Colleges not also component parts of a University
the courses of lectures are arranged so as to prepare
their students for London degrees. Most, if not aU, of our
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68 A. w. claydbn's presidential address.
younger Universities have passed through their University
College stage. Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield,
Birmingham, and Bristol, as well as the Welsh CoUeges,
can all look back to the days of their youth when their
students had to graduate by means of London examina-
tions. •
But fits the years wore on the Colleges grew larger and
richer. They were enabled to add new departments, to in-
crease their staff of Lecturers and Professors, and to attract
men of higher qualifications. Then some grouped them-
selves together, raised the necessary endowments from
their respective districts, and secured Charters constituting
them into composite Universities. Hence the University
of Wales and the Victoria University.
More recently we have seen the same result of growth
in the way in which Mason's College, Birmingham ; the
Yorkshire College, Leeds ; Firth College, Sheffield, and
University College, Bristol, have been transformed by
the liberality and local patriotism of local people into
fully chartered Universities.
Four University Colleges still exist, Nottingham, Read-
ing, and Southampton holding a right to that title under
their respective Charters, and Exeter not yet incorporated
and holding its title exactly as Nottingham did for the
first fourteen or fifteen years of its existence. All these
four Colleges are worked in conjunction with the external
degrees of London.
None of the Colleges, none of the Universities began their
existence as they are. All have been the result of slow
growth, built up little by Uttle from comparatively small
beginnings. From time to time each has had a new
stimulus in the way of new endowments or new demands
for its help, and each addition to its income has meant the
opening up of new activities, and therefore wider in-
fluence on the education and intellectual life of its district.
A University College is necessarily the result of growth.
Time and money are equally essential for it to attain to
the proper position in relation to secondary schools and
other institutions of its neighbourhood. The most princely
endowment can only provide lecture rooms, laboratories,
and staff. Students will only come in adequate numbers
when the young College has won its way into the public
confidence, when the teaching staff have come to be a
powerful factor in the intellectual life of the district.
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A. W. CLAYDEN*S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 69
closely in touch with the secondary schools and with all
local institutions for the spread of knowledge and the
encouragement of research. Probably the slowest and
most difficult task of all is to get parents to realize that
their own local College can and does supply the sort of
training they want their children to receive. After all the
years we have been at work in Exeter I am constantly
meeting people who have gone to great expense to send
their sons and daughters to distant places, simply because
it had never occurred to them as possible that exactly the
same training could have been obtained at a small fraction
of the cost close to their own doors.
I have said that money is essential to success. But it is
only fair to point out that there is another way of looking
at the same fact. If it needs a large annual outlay to
maintain a College, success brings a substantial profit.
Every student attracted to it from outside is a source of
income to the town possessing it, and every local student
who is relieved from the necessity of going elsewhere
means the retention of a considerable sum which would
otherwise have been lost to the district. Some time ago I
had occasion to make a rough computation of the saving
to Exeter people resulting from the existence of the
CoUege. I need not trouble you with the exact figures,
but on reasonable estimates of the different factors I find
that every year there are spent in Exeter on account of the
College and its students sums which amount to four and a
half times as much as the grants from the Civic purse. In
addition to this the City is gradually acquiring the freehold
of two large and valuable buildings, and the parents of
Exeter students are between them saved an amount
about equal to a penny rate on the whole City. Regarded
simply as a business venture it seems that a CoUege
which meets a sufficient demand is one of the most
profitable investments possible, entirely apart from those
intangible and indirect advantages which, after aU, are
the principal objects of its existence, and are worth vastly
more to the community than any financial balance.
Now how would the Grovemment scheme be likely to
affect Devon and Cornwall ? Should any of these pro-
jected Colleges be placed within our borders ? If so, to
what University should they be attached, to what centre
should they look for advice, encouragement, inspiration,
and the highest branches of research ?
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To answer these questions let us take a fairly large scale
map of South-western England showing the railways and
towns. Let us colour it according to the density of popu-
lation, paying special attention to the towns served by
those railways.
\Vhat do we find ?
In the first place we see a broad strip of country with
few important towns and very thin population extending
from the Mendips to the Blackdown Hills in the West, and
from Salisbury Plain and Central Dorset to the confines of
Devon in the East. This broad strip of open country is
crossed by the main lines of the Great Western and London
and South Western railways, which are the only important
lines of communication between the South-west and the
rest of England. The South-west is clearly cut off as a
distinct province, contrasted strongly industrially and
ethnologically from the districts North and East of the
dividing belt. If the South-western counties are to share
in the advantages of the highest type of education, it must
be provided for them in their midst. Indeed in June,
1914, Mr. Pease himself expressed the conviction that there
certainly ought to be opportunities for it further west than
Bristol.
Now examine the map. See how the railways converge
on Exeter. Living close to the stations within an easy
journey of the capital there are in round numbers 328,000
people, to say nothing of those who hve in the numerous
villages with which the coimtry-side is dotted. The in-
tellectual, sodal, professional, and commercial activities of
all this population have always centred around Exeter,
and it has always been the administrative capital. If
Devonshire is to have but one University College, it
must evidently be at Exeter with its unrivalled railway
concentration and its long-established position as the
Capital.
Moreover, here is the CoUege, the growth of many years,
already doing University work, whose results compare well
with those of other Colleges.
But in the South-western comer of Devon there is
another great centre of population concentrated around
Plymouth Sound. Though this is the largest single aggre-
gation of people, amounting to about 200,000 in all, it is
separated from the populous areas of East and Central
Devon by broad wastes of empty moorland and a railway
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A' W. CLAYDEN'S presidential ADDJRESa. 71
journey more tedious than the map or distances suggest
from the heavy gradients involved by the contours of the
country, Plymouth is cut off irremediably from the
Exeter, Torquay, and Newton Abbot district so effectively
that a CoUege in one area can never completely satisfy the
educational needs of the other.
I think there is no doubt that there ought to be two
Colleges, one at Exeter, the other at Plymouth. But the
interests and occupations of the two districts are widely
different. The presence of the Cathedral has always given
an academic tiun to Exeter, while Plymouth is primarily
naval and mihtary. To command success the two Colleges
should be constituted on widely different lines, so as to
combine the necessary mental training with advanced in-
struction suited to the particular destinies of their students.
Next turn to Cornwall. Here the population is more
scattered, the greatest aggregation being in the district
of Camborne and Redruth with Penzance, Truro, and
Falmouth near at hand.
The summer before last I paid a brief visit to the Cam-
borne School of Mines, and was most f a vom^ably impressed
with what I saw. Here is an institution doing good work of
its special kind already ; the nucleus, and more than the
nucleus, of yet a third College, suitably situated for a much
wider field of usefulness.
The Exeter College and the Camborne School of Mines
by no means exhaust the list of existing places for Higher
Education within our province. Near Newton Abbot
there is the splendid foundation of the Seale-Hayne
Agricultural CoUege now ready to take its part in the
higher branches of Agricultural Science. At Plymouth
we have in the Marine Biological Station an institution
already of world-wide repute, to which students are sent
from some of our most famous Universities ; and the
Technical Schools are beginning to do some higher work
with the ablest among their students.
Nor must we forget the Training Colleges. One of the
most important functions of a University or University
CoUege is the training of those who intend to practise the
profession of teaching, and this is one of the most effective
ways in which the influence of the University or CoUege
is handed down to the great mass of the people, and so
transmitted to thousands who will never fall more directly
under its inspiration.
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72 A. w, claydbn's presidential address.
Teachers who propose to teach in elementary schools
have long been accustomed to submit to a course of pro-
fessional training, and every year it becomes more and
more difficult for the untrained and uncertificated teacher
to secure an appointment. There is no doubt that the
time is drawing near when the untrained teacher will
vanish entirely from our primary schools.
The practice of training is spreading upwards to the
Secondary and Technical Schools with great advantage to
their average efficiency. We often hear quoted the saying
that the teacher is bom, not made. But there are limits to
its truth. Some people are bom teachers, the power of
lucid exposition and the knack of maintaining discipline
come natural to them, but training is none the less useful,
as it helps them to avoid many of the mistakes they would
otherwise be certain to make, and starts them in fife with
the advantages of experience. Others will never make
teachers, and the effect of attempting to train them is to
discover their ineptitude, and turn them aside to some
more suitable callhig. The great majority make efficient
teachers when they have learnt their business, but if they
were left to their own devices without guidance they might
do irremediable harm to a generation of pupils before they
found out the proper methods to adopt. -
One of the greatest faults of our Secondary School
system is the way in which young graduates from Oxford
and Cambridge are appointed to masterships with no
other guide than their recollection of the way in which
they were taught in their own school-days. Secondary
training is certainly a step which will be much more
widely recognized and required in the near future.
In the South-west we already have three Training
Colleges for elementary teachers. Our University College
training department is recognized for 150 students, of
whom about 90 are women and 60 men. St. Luke's
Diocesan College is recognized for 120 men, and the
Diocesan College at Truro for 60 women. These three
Colleges between them will suffice to meet all local demands
for some time to come.
There is not, at present, any large demand for secondary
training. We have a few such students from time to time,
and they form a valuable link between the College classes
and the best equipped secondary schools in which their
practical training is carried on.
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A, w. claydbn's presidential address. 73
Let us sum up the list of all the institutions in our
province which are doing, or are capable of doing, some
pari of what are nowadays understood to be the f imctions
of a University.
First we have the Exeter College, already preparing
students for London degrees, a College linked closely to a
Library and Museum such as few Colleges possess, having
buildings adequate for its present students and an Endow-
ment Fund well started.
Next St. Luke's College, also suitably equipped and
with good buildings.
At Newton Abbot there is the Seale-Hayne College for
agricultural work.
At Plymouth the Marine Biological Station and the
Technical Schools, while in Cornwall we have the Truro
Training College and the Camborne School of Mines.
No one can say we have done nothing. We are doing a
good deal. But the different factors are entirely distinct,
each following its own course, €l8 if the others did not
exist. They ought to be co-ordinated, so as to help each
other actively to their own mutual advantage. Do not
misunderstand me to mean that they should be brought
under the same admiiaistration. I mean nothing of the
sort, but simply that they should be brought into intimate
relations with each other, in order to avoid unnecessary
duplication and overlapping effort.
A great opportimity occurred some time ago in drawing
up the scheme for the Seale-Hayne College. No reasonable
outsider can fail to see that it ought from the outset to
have been linked with the work carried on in our labora-
tories under our highly qualified staff. I did what I could
in the matter, but unfortunately if I make any suggestion
of the sort I am at once suspected of endeavouring to gain
some advantage for my own College at the expense of the
other. The real fact is that I clearly recognize that our
joint future will be greatly affected by the amount of help
we give each other. Each can help itself best by assisting
the other.
Again, take the case of St. Luke's College and our own
training department. I am not alone in thinking that the
two ought to be closely related. The present Principal of
St. Luke's and his predecessor cordially agreed with me,
and I know it would meet with the approval of many of
the governors on both sides. But it takes time to change
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74 jL, w. claydbn's presidential adixbe^.
the established order of things, and we can only arrange
for closer relations as opportunities occur. We shall, some
day, have several lectures in common, something like' the
system of inter-collegiate lecturers which has long been at
work at Oxford and Cambridge, and which is not found in
any way detrimental to the individual life of each College,
but to be a great economy and advantage to the students
of each.
St. Luke's is here, at our very doors, and the Seale-Hayne
College is only a short distance away. As distance increases
the difficulties in the way of co-or(Unation grow apace, and
it has to be devised on totally different lines.
Consider the case of a new College being established at
Plymouth, as I have no doubt will be the case at no distant
date. What principles should control the scheme of its
foundation ?
Bearing in mind that the object of the community
should be to give every boy and girl belonging to that
community an opportunity of being so trained as to convert
them into the best and most useful men and women, and,
moreover, that this should be done in such a way as to
attain that end with the least possible cost, we find a basis
on which to work.
It is largely a matter of demand. What are the local
numbers who are fitted by their previous training and
natural ability for a certain course of Higher Education ?
Whatever the answer may be, whether few or many, it is
to the undoubted advantage of all that they should have
that training.
The end can be gained in either of two ways : by sending
them elsewhere at the expense of their parents or by means
of scholarships at the cost of all — ^a method which has the
disadvantage of sending the money out of the district, so
that little of it can find its way back again, or by appoint-
ing the necessary staff of teachers and erecting the requisite
buildings, so that the desired training can be supplied at
home. This latter method means that the great bulk of
the cost is retained locally. If the numbers are large
enough, this is the cheaper course, but if they are small,
the former is the better ; it is then less costly, and is better
for the students, for competition with others is one of the
most valuable factors in CoUege life.
This is such an important point that perhaps I should
make my meaning clearer by taking a concrete example
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A. w. claydbn's presidential addbess. 76
from our own experience. In Arts we have at present the
staff of Professors and Lecturers sufficient to take students
through courses in preparation for the ordinary degree of
London, and also for Honours in certain subjects. In
Science we can do all and more than all which is necessary
for the ordinary B.Sc. degree, but in some branches of
Science we do not yet possess the large stock of costly
appliances and apparatus required for an Honours course.
Hitherto we have had little demand for such advanced
courses, and until that demand becomes larger it would
be more economical to meet it by scholarships than
by providing the necessary equipment and additional
staff.
Li Engineering we have all that is necessary to prepare
young men for the Litermediate Examination, but cannot
carry them beyond that stage. Such machinery as we
have is very necessary for much technical work, and so
far as the Intermediate Examination is concerned, I am
confident that we are doing the work at least as well as
anyone. But Exeter is not a great engineering centre.
The local demand for higher work may increase when we
get a more satisfactory building, but will probably always
be too small to warrant the establishment of a complete
engineering department. What we ought to have is a
sufficient system of scholarships whereby a student who
has passed the Intermediate Examination could be
handed on to complete his course at some other place
where he would find all needful appliances, and have the
healthy competition of numerous fellow-students.
Plymouth offers a marked contrast with Exeter. There
Engineering, Applied Physics, and Marine studies should
be the chief objectives. They would find a congenial
atmosphere in the bustle of a great naval, military, and
seafaring population whose life teems with their results.
But it is far less suited for advanced teaching in Arts.
History, Language, Literature, and such Sciences as
Botany and Geology would be much more at home in
Exeter with its exceptional resources for such studies.
I have already remarked that the three local Training
Colleges appear to be sufficient to ineet all local demands.
Indeed, many of their " places " are now occupied by
students from other parts of the country. Evidently there
is no need for another, and if one should be estabUshed it
could only succeed by drawing off some of those who now
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76 A. w. claydbn's presidential address,
go to Truro or Exeter. The training of teachers goes
admirably with University work in Arts, but except for
technical teachers it does not fit into the schemes of those
applied aspects of Physical Science which ought to be the
principal feature of any College at Plymouth. If any
attempt should be made to found a CoUege there on the
same lines as we have followed in Exeter, without regard
to the special characters of the place and people, the result
must be disappointing to all concerned.
This College has been built up, little by little, following
carefully the indications of demand. It therefore fits
properly into the general scholastic and intellectual life of
the City and its surroundings. We began by taking a
number of educational factors, collecting them into a
single institution, and then added to them class by class
and department by department, until we reached our
present condition.
This is the course which should always be followed. The
people of Plymouth should take it, and when they do we
may look forward with confidence to the time when they
will send their most advanced and promising students in
some subjects to us, while we, in return, shall send to them
our picked scholars in other branches of study.
This is to look far ahead. Some may say too far ahead
to be worth discdssing. But many things have come to
pass which seemed even more visionary ten or twenty
years ago. When I first came to Exeter and talked to
people of the CoUege which would be, they often smiled at
me in a kindly way which was fuU of meaning. The true
way to attack any problem is to make up your mind to
work towards some definite end, and pursue your course
step by step. As time goes on aU sorts of things will
happen, some hindering, some helping you, and you must
be prompt to modify your final aim if circumstances should
arise to make that change desirable.
The South-western province is much more like Wales
than any other part of Great Britain. In Wales they have
solved the problem of Higher Education by establishing
a Composite University with Constituent Colleges at
Aberystwyth, Bangor, and Cardiff, actively co-operating
with each other, and closely related to the secondary
schools.
A similar scheme is the only possible solution for the
same problem in the South-west— and when the world's
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A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 77
progress is resumed things are sure to move towards that
result. In a few years we may have the Government
scheme resuscitated, or any day some large-minded
millionaire may come forward as the wealthy men of
Bristol did some years ago. Therefore we shall do wisely
to consider what it is we want.
I suggest, then, that following the example of Wales,
there ought to be a College in each of the three principal
centres of population — ^Exeter, Plymouth, and Camborne.
Each of the three should have a general curriculum, pro-
viding courses of instruction in Arts, Science, and Applied
Science up to Intermediate standard. Beyond that
standard the local demand should determine in what
branches of study each College should attempt to go. In
Exeter we have some departments providing preparation
for Honoiurs, others at present limited to the Pass Examina-
tions, while in Engineering we should be content for some
time to come if we had the wherewithal to send deserving
pupils somewhere else to complete their course.
At Plymouth the C#Uege should, to begin with, be
designed so as to take the best students turned out by the
Technical Schools and carry the abler among them up to
the Engineering and Applied Science degrees of London.
Arts students wiU probably be too few for some years to
come to justify the maintenance of fuU courses.
I say, advis^y, at first, because as the Secondary Schools
now being established all over the district begin to make
their presence felt, an increasing number of boys and girls
will show that their abilities are such that they are well
worth training much further than school life can carry
them. The demand for higher teaching will increase, and
the Colleges will have to extend their scope by adding new
departments, and raising those they have to higher
levels.
Camborne would, of course, specialize on the subjects it
has always made its own, but it and the Seale-Hayne
College should both be brought into some kind of relation-
ship with the others, such as, for instance, a reciprocal
exchange of certificates and in any other way which would
not tend to subordinate one to the other.
In time such a group of Colleges would be amply strong
enough to take their stand as a University. But that time
is not yet. I have already pointed out that time is an
essential factor in the growth of a University College, and
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78 A. w. claydbn's presidbntial address.
they would need to have reached a full maturity before
they could reasonably aspire to University powers. In
the meantime students demand degrees, and unless our
Colleges could be included as component units in some
other University, the only way in which that demand
can be satisfied is by preparing them for London Ex-
aminations.
Some years ago a movement was begim with the object
of centring the Higher Education of all the South and West
of England aroimd Bristol as an academic centre. But the
scheme received little support, and since the College at
Bristol has been merged in the University the idea of
co-operating with Colleges in other towns seems to have
died away. For a long time I thought that some such plan
might be the best aim for our own College at Exeter, and I
have therefore taken some pains to ascertain its possibility.
I confess the prospect seems to me entirely blank.
In the first place, I can discover no single way in which
Bristol has ever acted as the inspiring centre for any of
the activities of Devon and Cbmwall. Commercially,
Industrially, Ethnologically its sympathies are with the
Midlands rather than the South-west, from which it has
been cut off by that broad belt of sparsely populated
country to which I have already called attention. It is
separated from Devon and Cornwall far more effectively
than it is from Wales or Birmingham, or even London.
In the second place, it is doubtful if the Charter would
allow the University to recognize a College in Devonshire as
a place of instruction within the University ; and the
ordinances adopted by the Court of Governors appear to
definitely exclude any such possibility. Inquiries I have
made have yielded no encouragement to suggest that such
recognition would be approved by even a considerable
minority of the present rulers of Bristol University.
In the third place, the main object of any such recognition
would be the admission of the students at the South-western
Colleges to the examinations and degrees of Bristol. But
it is no reflection on the value of those degrees to say that
they are not of greater value to the holder than the external
degrees of London.
As long as London continues to grant external degrees it
would be incomparably better for young Colleges such as
ours to continue their present course, and prepare their
students for degrees whose value has world-wide apprecia-
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A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 79
tion, until they are large enough, rich enough, and, above
all, established 6n a basis broad enough, to be independent
of too narrowly local influences.
This is the course which all Colleges have followed
hitherto. It has proved satisfactory to them, and there is
no reason apparent why it should not be equally satis-
factory to us. It is wiser to postpone any consideration of
the exact University centre to which the South-western
Colleges should be attached until they are strong enough to
join, if they must join, with others on a footing of equality,
which would mean that they would be strong enough to
stand alone } or until we definitely know that they cannot
continue working under the inspiration of London.
Now how should these Local Colleges be financed ?
Four sources of income are open to them — Endowments,
Students' fees. Government grants, and grants from local
Public Authorities.
It is often ruled that " he who pays the piper has a right
to call the tune," and this is true in relation to the main-
tenance of a University CoUege. If it fails to satisfy the
students they cea^ to come. The time must meet with
their approbation. Government grants are somewhat
curiously awarded ; some are based mainly on the number
of students and the number of attendances they make,
others are apportioned on the general results of the work,
while the highest are distributed in proportion to the local
eflFort as measured by the revenue raised locally. In return
for these grants, which are very substantial, the College
has to submit to numerous visits of Inspectors or Special
Commissioners, who supervise its work on behalf of the
Board of Education.
With regard to endowments and grants from local public
bodies, the same end is attained by arranging the member-
ship of the governing body of the CoUege more or less on a
basis of representation in proportion to contribution.
In order to bring our local Colleges up to the desired
level of efficiency in a reasonably short time each should
be subsidized from three local sources — an endowment
fund formed from private subscriptions, grants from the
civic authorities, and grants from the County Council.
The control of the College expenditure should rest with a
governing body principally consisting of representatives
of these three bodies, but also containing a fair number of
co-opted persons chosen for their special knowledge of
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80 A. W. CLAYDBN^S PRESIDENTIAL ADDBBSS.
academic matters, their influential position in the district,
and other particular qualification.
At first there is no need for a Charter of Incorporation if
one of the co-operating authorities can be foimd willing to
incur the whole responsibility. But sooner or later as the
others join in, the exact relations between the contributors
will need precise definition, and then a Charter becomes
desirable.
Little by little, as the College grows, trust funds, legacies
accepted for special purposes, subscriptions raised for
particular objects, accumulate until the College property
could only be alienated and used for some other purpose
with the greatest diflSculty. Then it ought to be incor-
porated. The local authorities would go on appointing
their representatives as before, but they would appoint
them imder the Charter, instead of doing so by mutual
agreement. The change would be immaterial to the
contributing bodies, for property owned and held for a
specific purpose has little value as a general asset, and the
governing body would always be amenable to pressure
through the simple process of withholding supplies or
changing the personnel of their representatives. A Charter
confers individuality on a governing body, and is a guarantee
of the permanence of the Institution, such as is an absolute
condition required for the highest type of government
grant.
Nottingham University College went on for many years
entirely under the control and direction of the Town
Council, until a Charter became a necessity of its position,
and an ingenious scheme was devised by which the change
of status was effected without any real alteration between
the Council and the College.
We in Exeter must look forward to a similar change, but
the Nottingham scheme is not quite suited to our needs. A
large part of our work reaUy exists for the benefit of aU
East and Central Devon — ^the whole, in fact, of that large
concentration of population of which Exeter is the focus.
The Devon County Council should do for the County
students who come to us as much as the City does for its
children, and the County Council should take a pro-
portionate share in the College government.
Again, the endowment fund should be made more worthy
of the cause. It ought to be large enough to ensure that
no vicissitudes in the composition of either County Council
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A. w. clayden's presidential address. 81
or City Council could put an end to the existence of the
College.
So far as our future is concerned these are the objects at
which we ought to aim, but increase of the endowment
fund can hardly be looked for just at present. We must
wait for that until the world resumes its normal progress.
The co-operation of the County CJouncil may well be con-
sidered and discussed so that action may be taken as soon
as circumstances permit.
At Plymouth there is much more to do before they can
have a College suited to their needs. It has taken twenty-
two years to bring us to our present condition, and if they
can reach a similar end in half that number of years, they
will have been singularly successful. Rival interests have
to be consulted and reconciled, the different factors have
to be brought into their proper relations with each other,
and when these initial difficulties have been overcome,
there must still be left time for that slow and healthy
growth essential to real success. It is time to start in order
to be ready for the great reform when it comes, ready to
take the place which Devon and Cornwall ought to take
in the education of the coming race.
The existing institutions of our province have all been
seriously shaken by the War. The large number of young
men students withdrawn from their studies necessarily
means grave financial difficulties which must soon be
faced. Now is the time to see how we can help each other,
to take to heart the common difficulty and realize our
mutual dependence. Some small steps in the direction of
co-ordination have already been taken, and it is my earnest
hope that we shall soon do more.
I am confident that something like the scheme I have
sketched to you to-night is needed now, and will become
more urgently necessary year by year. We had good solid
beginnings of it before the War, Let us see that no part
of what we had is lost through present difficulties, but that
we hold them better organized and more closely related
than they have been in the past — ^ready for further and
rapid development when the day of renewed progress
dawns with the coming of peace.
It is not too soon for each one of our institutions to
consider carefuUy what part it ought to take in a provincial
scheme — ^to think how it may best qualify itself to play
that proper part — ^bearing in mind that far away in the
VOL. XLVII. F
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82 A. w. claydbn's presidential address.
distance there is the ultimate goal, namely, a composite
and self-contained University of the South-west. To
reach that goal may require another generation, but its
attainment is certain if all concerned will keep it ever in
view, will put aside unworthy rivalries, do away with
needless duplication of effort, and substitute active co-
operation for competition. Above aU, let us avoid any
question as to which should be the centre and focus of the
whole. The University of Wales has no centre. The
University of South Africa has no centre. Why need there
be a special centre here ? Moreover, years must pass
away before any such question could really arise. Years
during which we should look to London for our degrees,
and to Oxford, Cambridge, and London for guidance and
inspiration. These are the years for which we should
labour now, for they cover the immediate future — ^the
strenuous time which must necessarily come when the
immeasurable catastrophe of the present has passed.
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TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC
MEMORANDA COMMITTEE.
Twenty-eighth Report of the Scientific Memoranda
Committee — consisting of Mr, J, 8, Amery, Mr, Robert
Bumard, Mr, G. M. Doe, Mr. E. A. 8. Elliot, Mr. H.
Montagu Evans, and Mr, H, B. 8. Woodhouse,
Edited by George M. Doe, Secretary of the Committee.
(Re»d at Exeter, 2l8t July, 1915.)
Though this Report contains but four contributions, they
are deemed of suflScient interest to be specially recorded.
nautilus in south DEVON AND CORNWALL.
Towards the end of March, 1912, the coast of South
Devon and Cornwall in a limited area was strewn with
the bodies of the Nautilus, They were found literally
in hundreds all along the coast between the Bolt Tail
and Whitsand Bay. Having been told there were quantities
washed up on Thurlestone Sands, I motored out and was
quite unprepared to find such a number, exhibiting not
only every colour of the rainbow, but every conceivable
blend of such colours, blues, pinks, and purples being the
predominant ones. Thinking the occurrence might interest
the authorities of the Marine Biological Laboratory I sent
some down and received the following reply : —
Dear Sir, — ^The creatures are Siphonophons, a kind of jelly
fish seldom seen on these coasts. The form is known as the
Portuguese Man-of-war — (Physalia CamveUa), It is a southern
form, the most northerly record I have seen being Gibraltar.
We had a few here last week, and they have been seen in
Whitsand Bay. I think we should have heard of it if the
animal had been in the Channel in any numbers during the
last twenty years, but there is no single record of it that I
know of. — Yours faithfully, E. J. Allen.
E. A. S. Elliot.
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84 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF THE
LESSER RORQUAL WHALE.
On the 18th of November, 1908, a Lesser Rorqual was
caught in the nets by the Hallsands fishermen, and as
can be imagined did very considerable damage to them.
The species is cosmopolitan in habit, revelling alike in the
warm waters of the Pacific or in the icy cold of the Arctic
Ocean, and never attaining a greater length than thirty
feet- The length of this specimen was twenty-two feet
and girth nine feet.
The first thing that strikes the casual observer is the
bulk of the beast, and next the enormous capacity ot the
mouth. The object of the baleen or whalebone is to
strain the water from the small animalcvloB, on which the
whale feeds (the food of some of the whales is almost
microscopical), and its mode of action is as follows :
In feeding, the immense mouth is filled with water con-
taining shoals of these small creatures, and then, on the
whale closing the jaws and raising the tongue, so as to
diminish the cavity of the mouth, the water streams out
through the narrow intervals between the hairy fringe
of the whalebone blades, and escapes through the lips,
leaving the living fry to be swallowed. The next thing to
be noticed will be the horizontal position of the tail as
against that of the vertical which obtains in aU species ct
fish, and it was this that led to the invention of the screw for
the propulsion of steamers. Of course all our readers are
aware that whales are mammals, warm-blooded and
breathing air like ordinary terrestrial animals, such as a
pig or horse, and it is interesting to try to trace why an
animal now leading a purely aquatic existence could have
become so modified in the course of evolution to a form
that is to the ordinary observer fish-Uke in character. It
is a disputed point whether the whale's ancestors were
UngvlateSj such as the pig or hippopotamus, or Camirx>res,
such as the lion or tiger, but of this there is no doubt —
many portions of the body have been exceedingly altered
since a whale entered into existence as known to us from
remains left in the upper portion of the Eocene division
of the Tertiary period. For instance, the whale has no
hind limbs and only the very rudiments can be found in
the skeleton. The number of cervical vertebrae in all
mammals is the same, namely, seven, yet in the whale,
whose neck is extremely short, the bodies of the vertebrae
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SCIKNTIFIC MkMORANDA RkI'ORT.— 7o /<»Ct; J). S'j.
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SCIENTIFIC MEMOBAKDA COMMITTEE. 85
are merely thin discs, whereas in the giraffe they are a
foot thick, both mammals be it noted. Again, the eyes and
ears of the whale are extremely rudimentary and small,
differing entirely from those organs which are so essential
to a terrestrial existence. The reason why denizens of
the deep are usually darker in colour on their backs
than on their bellies is due to the incidence of the re-
flection of light ; in this whale it will be noted the back
was grey, the reason being that this colour is invisible
from above, whilst the belly being white renders it equally
eo from below. Pages could be written to show how
Nature adapts her creatures to an entirely different ea-
vironment and mode of existence, for the whale finding
himself the hugest mammal in existence took to an
aquatic life simply because he could not get enough to
feed on upon the earth.
E. A. S. Elliot.
TWO-HEADED SNAKE.
Some years ago a relative of mine gave me a curious
specimen of the common ringed c»* grass snake which was
captured in Great Torrington on the banks of the River
Torridge. Since his death I pres«ited it to the Royal
Albert National Museum at Exeter, and as no formal
record of it has till now appeared, I am by the courtesy
of the Museum Authorities giving a photograph of the
snake. Judging from its size, which is that actually given
in the photograph, as well as from its perfect development,
it must have lived for some little while before its capture.
It will be noticed that the two heads are quite perfect and
c(nnpletely distinct from one another, each having a small
pcniion at neck before attachment to the common body.
For the rest the illustration will speak for its^.
Geoboe M. Doe.
thunderstorm.
There occurred in North Devon on Sunday, the 4th July,
a thunderstorm of so severe and phenomenal a character,
that it is worthy of special notice. Its path extended from
the Burrows side of Instow, via Murwood, to Combe
Martin. A full and accurate account of the storm, and
the damage done in various places in the affected district,
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86 TWBNTY-BIGHTH REPORT OP THB
appeared in the North Devon Journal of the 8th July
instant, from which the following extracts are taken : —
Portions of North Devon were on Sunday visited by a
thunderstorm which in some respects was the most terrible
known in Uving memory. The early morning was briUiantly
fine, but towards midday in the Barnstaple district heavy
stormclouds were seen approaching from a position approxi-
mately west-south-west. Accompanied by a violent gale of
wind, which sprang up suddenly and as suddenly ceased, the
storm burst over a wide district about one o'clock, and for
close on twenty minutes there was a bombardment of hail-
stones in some localities, while in others rain fell in torrents.
The hailstones were of abnormal size, many of those which
fell turning the scale at two ounces. It was also noted that a
number of the hailstones were very irregular in shape, with
jagged edges, and being described by those who saw them as
resembling broken stones. The rounder hailstones varied in
size from marbles to large walnuts. As the result of the extra-
ordinary visitation, many thousands of pounds' worth of
damage was done to growing com and field and garden crops,
whilst greenhouses were wrecked, and windows in scores of
private houses smashed. Young poultry were killed in scores
by the hailstones, whilst (judging by the unprecedented scene
presented at certain spots) thousands of birds on the wing
must have perished in the storm.
The full force of the storm was felt at Ashford, near Barn-
staple. At Mr. A. P. Kent's, Ashford House, the roofs of the
two large conservatories were battered in by the hailstones,
less than two dozen panes of glass of the four hundred panes
constituting the two roofs being left intact. At the western
end of one greenhouse glass was smashed by hailstones which
first passed down through a large fig tree growing by the side.
Some bags had been placed over one cucumber frame as a
protection from the sun ; the hailstones went clean through
these and reduced the glass in the lights to splinters. Loads
of leaves were torn from the trees surrounding Ashford House,
and in the road leading direct to the house, as well as the main
road at different points, the thoroughfare was a carpet of
foUage on Monday. At Horridge, Mr. L. H. Alford was a very
heavy loser, the whole of the root and com crops being seriously
damaged, the greater part of the corn being absolutely spoilt.
All the damage was done in about ten minutes, " pieces of ice
descending in torrents as large as tennis balls." At Mr. Alford's
residence seventy panes of glass were broken, and in addition
many chicken were killed.
A tremendous amount of damage was caused at Heanton, the
agriculturists of the parish being heavy sufferers. Mr. J. Dunn,
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SCIENTIFIC MBMOKANDA COMMITTEE. 87
of Heanton Court, informed our representative that he saw
the storm approaching apparently from the direction of
Instow, in the form of a huge cloud resembling a bottle in
shape, and, immediately preceded by a violent wind, rain fell
in torrents, accompanied by huge hailstones. As a result, he
had forty acres of wheat greatly damaged, the stalks being
either completely blown over or fractured a few inches below
the ear, whilst sixteen acres of oats were absolutely ruined.
At the School House, Heanton, every pane of glass in three
windows on the western side of the house was smashed.
Some of the hailstones were three inches in circumference. One
hailstone which fell at Heanton Hill was four inches in circum-
ference. In the roads and fields near, Mr. Shapland subse-
quently found a large number of thrushes, blackbirds, and
sparrows which had been killed in the storm, some of the birds
having had their eyes knocked out by the hailstones. Eight
dead chicken (also victims of the storm) were found in a field
near, these belonging to Mr. Dunn, of Heanton Court.
Mr. C. A. Reed, of Chivnor, Wrafton, is a heavy loser in
consequence of the thunderstorm. His sixty acres of growing
com were raked and beaten down by the hailstones, and on
his holding scarcely a sound acre of cereals can now be seen.
Many windows in Mr. Reed's house were smashed, and
hailstones knocked the facings off the walls, and also caused
large dents in a perforated zinc panel fixed in the window of
the dairy. Mrs. Reed lost between seventy and eighty chicken,
most of the number being killed instantaneously by the hail-
stones. In a field not far from the house a nest of young
partridges was found dead, the parent birds being close by in
their last gasp.
Whilst the lightning was very vivid at Saunton, so far as
can be ascertained comparatively little damage was caused
in that part of the district.
The storm swept over Braunton on Sunday soon after the
people had left the various places of worship. The thunder was
terrific and the lightning extremely vivid, whilst the hails
which fell were of extraordinary size. Some of the inhabitants
received injuries to the head as a result of pieces of ice about
three inches in length striking them.
Almost all the skylights in the township were smashed, and
greenhouses, cucumber frames, and upright windows suffered
considerably.
In some cases telegraph wires were severed during the storm.
Accounts from all parts of the affected area agree as to the
phenomenal size of the hailstones. Many spectators state
that large pieces of ice fell, in one case a piece scaling nearly a
quarter of a pound. In some districts, a heavy wind accom-
panied the storm, but at Combe Martin, where grave damage
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88 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF THE
was done, there was practically no wind at the time of the
visitation. At Ashford a hailstone, carefully measured with
callipers, was found to have a diameter of 1^ inch.
The storm was felt with great violence at CJomborough
House, Abbotsham, where hails fell as large as pigeons' eggs.
The glass of the conservatories was smashed and practically
everything in both the flower and vegetable gardens was
destroyed.
Between thirty and forty panes of glass were broken in the
conservatories at the Holt, Appledore, and the gardens were
badly damaged.
At Parkham exceptionally large hailstones fell, but the
damage done was not serious.
At Barnstaple ram fell in torrents for about a quarter of an
hour, but there were no hailstones. There was a curious
eicperience at the top of Newport, for whilst at one point
wMch caught the end of the storm rain fell in torrents, at
another point not more than 250 yards distant the fall was
limited to a few drops of rain. Like Barnstaple, Bideford and
Torrington escaped the worst features of the storm.
The Burrows side of Instow experienced the full force of
the storm. At the Black House eleven panes of glass were
Inroken, and rain which beat through the smashed windows
flooded the bedrooms. Some greenhouses in the district
suffered severely, and great damage was done to gardens and
farm crops.
The water in the estuary was quite calm at one o'clock, but
with the storm heavy waves arose, and some boats were
swamped, while others broke from their moorings. The rain-
fall at Instow during the storm was '15 inch.
On the southern side of the Taw the path of the storm
extended from Instow to Fremington village, but at Bickington
there were no hails, only rain. Farm lands and gardens suffered
a good deal of damage. At Horsacott Farm three panes of
glass were broken, and in many residences windows suffered
damage. Some ducks were killed at Fremington. Mr. Withe-
oombe, blacksmith, weighed twelve hailstones, which scaled
2 lb. Many of the hailstones had jagged edges — ^indeed, they
were described by many spectators as *' jimks of ice." Some
glass was broken at Mr. Withecombe's house.
A very violent hailstorm swept over Eastdown just after
1 p.m. on Sunday last, causing considerable damage to crops,
etc. One or two sheep, at least, were killed. Several himdreds
of poultry were also killed, and numbers of rabbits could be
seen lying about the fields dead. The havoc played in many
of the com and root fields is terrible, in some cases whole
fields being rendered almost worthless, while fruit and veget-
ables in many of the gardens have been hopelessly damaged.
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SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA COMMITTEE. 89
In one house alone nearly a hundred panes of glass in the
windows were smashed, and similar damage was done to glass
in many other houses. Large numbers of slates on the roofs
were smashed and cast to the ground. Trees and brushwood
were stripped of the majority of their leaves, and small branches
were cut clean away. A large hail cut through a stout felt
hat which was being worn by a man named Coates, causing
a nasty bruise and swelling on the head. The hails ranged in
size from one to two inches in diameter, and in shape were, in
the main, round and smooth.
The inhabitants of Marwood (especially those at Muddiford,
Guineaford, and Prixford) will long have cause to remember
the dreadful storm, appalling damage having been caused in
that part of the district.
At Muddiford Mr. W. Pengelly lost several head of poultry,
and whilst the family were at dinner the glass from the windows
was hurled on to the table.
Mr. J. Chappie lost two fields of com, whilst a field of man-
golds was terribly cut about, his vegetable garden suffering
similarly. Over sixty panes of glass were demolished in the
three cottages occupied respectively by Mr. Goodenough,
Mr. Wm. Norman, and Mrs. (>eek.
Mr. W. Alford lost seventeen chicken and a brood of turkej^
at Kingsheanton. Mr. Cutcliffe had altogether ten windows
completely smashed, whilst in the house of Mr. Geen not a
single window was left sound after the storm. In this locality,
the produce in nearly all the gardens was levelled by hailstones
and rain.
At Middletown Mr. Wm. Leworthy lost his garden crops,
as well as several chicken. Mr. Turner, of Whitefield Barton,
had a field of wheat badly damaged, and sustained several
other losses. At Plaistow Barton (lifi*. T. Beard's) and Uppacott
(Mr. J. Pengelly's) a good deal of damage was caused to the
crops, and there were considerable losses in poultry.
At Prixford (where there are about fifty dwellings) 'windows
were smashed in nearly every house.
Lai^e numbers of young ducks, turkeys, and chicken were
killed.
Six of the hailstones subsequently picked up weighed three-
quarters of a pound. One hailstone measured 4f inches round.
He foliage was completely swept off numbers of the trees in
tiie parish, and leaves and twigs lay three inches deep on some
of the roads after the storm.
At two or three points on the main road between Barnstaple
and Braunton telegraph wires were broken by huge hailstones.
Terrible damage was caused at Eastdown.
The hailstones were of enormous proportions, and included
among them was a block of ice two inches thick and a foot
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90 TWBNTY-BIQHTH REPORT OP THE
long. Mr. Belmont, of Eastdown, had a field of wheat
destroyed, and Mr. Tucker, of Bowden, lost sixty head of
his well-known prize poultry, besides sustaining other damage.
Westdown shared in the havoc wrought by the storm,
several farmers having their cereal crops considerably damaged,
the labourers' gardens also suffering greatly. At Mr. W. A.
Buckingham's at Bittadon a glass porch was demolished,
whilst other damage was caused ; and windows were battered
in by hailstones at Mrs. Pearce's Halfway House. A hailstone
picked up by Mr. Eoutcliff, postman, near Halfway House on
Monday, the day after the storm, was nearly six inches in
circumference.
At Pippacott, Braunton, hailstones bigger than walnuts
fell so rapidly that in a few minutes the ground was covered
to a depth of several inches. The storm wrought fearful havoc
with all classes of crops. In wheat fields the stalks were
broken and frequently the ears were knocked off. A field
of oats and barley was ruined. Mangolds were smashed,
potato stalks were beaten off in gardens and in the fields the
crop was spoilt, turnips were washed out, and broad beans
were hopelessly damaged. In the orchards all fruit was knocked
off the trees.
At Arlington much glass was broken and scores of poultry
were killed. Some of the hailstones were more than four inches
in circumference. There was a heavy downpour of rain.
At Abbotsham and Parkham many panes of glass were
smashed. Telegraphic communication between Bideford and
Hartland was stopped, and was not resumed until Monday
afternoon.
Although hailstones of large size fell at Appledore during a
thunderstorm on Sunday, not much damage was done. Heavy
rain, however, resulted in houses in the lower part of the town
being flooded.
Our Combe Martin correspondent writes : —
Soon after one o'clock big drops began to fall, and masses
of black clouds appeared in the south-west, whilst overhead
was a continuous rumble of thunder, which sounded like echoes
of big gim firing. About ten minutes past one the peal and
crash of thimder burst over the town, and the lightning flashes
were intensely vivid.
Then suddenly there came a mighty down-rush of hail.
One has often read of such storms with the stones the size of
marbles or pigeon eggs, but while the greater part were about
that size, a very considerable quantity were quite as large as
hen's eggs. Some were measured and found to be 4, 4J, 6,
and even 5^ inches in circumference, and hard as bullets. In
one instance, a zinc pail, which had been turned upside down,
was pierced in three places as if by bullets, and strange to say,
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SOIENTIBIO MEMORANDA COMBfTTTBB. 91
in several infitances, panes of thick glass were served in the
same way, the stones passing clean through. The severity of
the storm lasted only from ten to fifteen minutes, but in that
brief space enormous damage was done — damage of the value
of thousands of pounds. At the western end of the town, very
little of the storm was experienced, and no damage done.
But from the Post OfSce upwards to Higher Leigh, the
devastation needs to be witnessed in order to gain an3rthing
like a full and correct conception of it.
From an eye-witness of the storm and desolation, and one
of the sufferers, we have obtained further particulars. There
was practically no wind at the time of the visitation, and all
the damage was caused by a fusillade of huge hailstones.
Near Leigh a hail which was picked up was found to be over
five inches in circumference. Ten hailstones picked up casually
were found to weigh a pound. Many of the hails were flat,
with jagged edges. The fall was preceded by a "fearful
rushing sound," which had a terrifying effect.
The area of damage was at the higher end of the town,
where most of the market gardens are situated ; in the district
below the King's Arms Hotel little damage was done. Scores
of heads of poultry were killed. Many wild birds, including
crows, were killed. The torrent of hails put out the kitchen
fires in some houses.
The effects of the storm can be seen at its worst on Hen-
stridge Farm, Berrynarbor, in the occupation of Mr. T. Charley.
Fields of com are absolutely ruined, and the laid-up grass is
hopelessly beaten down. Numbers of ducks and fowls were
killed. The district between Combe Martin and Berrydown
Cross felt the force of the storm, but between Berrydown and
the middle of Whitefield Hill, Marwood, little damage was done.
Ill the North Devon Journal of the following week it is
stated that in several places in Combe Martin the hail-
stones had passed clean through the slates of the buildings
without smashing them, ** just like bullet holes."
As an outcome of the damage done at Combe Martin,
a special meeting of the Parish Council was held on the
following Wednesday, when it was decided to send a
memorial to the Board of Agriculture appealing for some
pecuniary help for the sufferers. — George M. Dob.
The following notes of the storm in the district of
Cullompton have since been contributed by Mr. Murray
T. Foster, F.R.Met.Soc. :—
The reading of the dry thermometer at 9 a.m. was 72-7°
on this Sunday, July 4th, 1915, the sky being overcast
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92 SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA COMMITTEE.
with cumulo - stratus clouds, and the general climatic
conditions most oppressive, indicating the on-coming of
a thunderstorm. At about 2.16 p.m. it became very dark,
and heavy nimbus clouds began to roU up from the S.S.W.,
thunder was heard in the distance, and lightning flashes
became frequent ; the thermometer now register^ 78-5° ;
but at 2.35 a very peculiar roar was heard, similar to the
noise of a heavUy laden timber waggon going slowly over
a rough road ; rain and hail then commenced falling, and
lasted for some fifte^i to twenty minutes ; the hail con-
sisted mostly of roxmded solid lumps having a tranfi^rent
outer coating with opaque centre, and also some flat
pieces, many of them two inches in diameter. Luckily in
CuUompton itself little damage was done, but in a tract
about a mile wide, and extending for some six miles, the
devastation was terrific. The cloud burst on the N.E.
outskirts of Broad Gyst, continuing its course through
Langford and Kentisbeare to the borders of Uflculme
parish. Every field of com in the -pskth of the storm was
rained. Oats were sheUed out, only the stalks being left
standing ; while barley and wheat were cut cleanly off
as if by a scythe ; peas and other upstamding crops in
gardens were absolutely spoilt, and the glass in all windows
facing S. or S.W. was broken, even leaded panes being
smashed, and the lead work indented by the forceful
blows. Over J-inch of rain fell during the passing of the
thundercloud, and heaps of the hail were stiU unmelted
fcHiiy-eight hours later.
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TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF
THE COMMITTEE ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL
PROVINCIALISMS.
WITH INDEX.
Twenty-eighth Report of the Committee— consisting of
Mr. J. 8, Amery, Mr. S. Pearse Chope, Mr. C. H.
Laycock, Rev. J. F. CharUer, Rev. O. D. Melhuish, Rev.
O. J. Reichely Miss C. E. Larter, and Mrs. Rose-Troup ;
Mr. C. H. Laycock and Rev. O. J. Reichel being Joint
Secretaries— for the purpose of noting and recording
the existing use of any Verbal Provincialisms in Devon-
shire, in either written or spoken language, not included
in the lists already published in the Transactions of the
Association.
Edited by Charles H. Latcock.
(Read at Exeter, 2l8t July, 1915.)
ly presenting this, their Twenty-eighth Report, your
Committee have now, so to speak, served four full terms
of apprenticeship, and it has seemed to them expedient
to again bring their Index up to date, as they did after
the issue of their Fourteenth and Twenty-first Reports,
which course they propose to continue once every seven
years, thereby enabling future Contributors to see at a
glance what has already been recorded, though it is hoped
that they will not be deterred from sending in any con-
tributicHi, merely because that particular word happens
to appear in the Index, as it is most desirable that a
record should be made of every existing use of any par-
ticular provincialism, and a glance at the Index will
show that the same word has frequently been recorded
more than once ; for instance, the word Plum occurs no
less than seven times in various Reports, but if reference
be made to each instance of its use, it will be found that
there is a difference of meaning, in some instances perhaps
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94 TWENTY-BIGHTH BEPOBT OP THE COMMITTBE
only a slight, while in others a well-marked difference;
while some words, such as Suite, Chicket, etc., are used in
two totally different senses. It is therefore hoped that
Contributors will in every instance refer to the Report,
or Reports, in which any particular provincialism is re-
corded, before deciding to reject it ; and should they not
possess copies of the earlier Reports, it is hoped that they
will send in any and every provincialism they meet with,
leaving it to the Committee to decide what shall be printed,
remembering always, if possible, to give the whole sentence
in which the provincialism was used, as by this means
only can the true significance of any provincialism be
accurately determined.
As proposed in Vol. XLV, p. 77, the words treated in the
Glossary to the Devonshire Dialect Letter, read by Mr. R.
Pearse Chope in 1913, are included in the present Index,
in addition to those recorded in Reports 1-28 (inclusive)
of your Committee.
And in order that the present Report may serve as a
model, for reference, to future Contributors, your Com-
mittee have decided once more to reprint their Rules and
Regulations, which were last reprinted in their present
form in 1909, Vol. XLI, pp. 64-66, with a slight modifica-
tion of Rule 6.
Owing to the amount of space occupied by the Index,
the present Report has had to be kept very short. Your
Committee deeply regret the loss they have sustained by
the death of one of their oldest and most valued members.
Miss Helen Saunders.
RESOLUTIONS.
In the year 1877, at the Kingsbridge meeting (Vol. IX,
p. 123), the following Resolutions were passed for the
guidance of contributors : —
I. To regard as a Devonshire Provincialism, if used by a
speaker or writer in Devonshire, irrespective of its being or
not being used elsewhere :
(a) Every word not found in a good English dictionary
of the present day.
(6) Every word which, although found in such dictionary
is used in a sense differing from any meaning of the word
given in that dictionary.
(c) Every provincial pronunciation of a word, even if
the word iteeU is not a provincialism.
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ON DEVONSHIRE VEKBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 96
(d) Every provincial phrase or combination of words.
(e) Every provincial name of an animal, vegetable, or
other object.
II. To state where and when each recorded provincialism
was heard in speech, or seen in writing ; and to accept nothing
at second-hand.
III. To state, if possible, the sex, occupation, birthplace,
residence, and approximate age of the person using each
recorded provincialism.
rV. To give the meaning of each recorded provincialism,
and to illustrate that meaning by embodying the word or
phrase in a sentence, if possible the very sentence in which it
was used by the speaker.
V. To give, in all cases requiring it, some well-known word
with which the provincialism rhymes, so as to show clearly
its pronunciation.
VI. To leave it to the discretion of the Committee to decide
whether any attempts at the derivation of any provincialism
shall be printed.
VII. To state of each provincialism, if possible, whether it
has been noted by Halliwell, Nares, or by Professor Joseph
Wright in the English Dialect Dictionary,
VIII. To write each recorded provincialism on a separate
sheet of paper, to write on one side of the paper only (leaving
a margin on the left), and to initial and date each communi-
cation.
IX. To make each communication as short as possible,
without sacrificing clearness to brevity.
X. To draw up the commimications so as to correspond as
nearly as possible with the following examples : —
"Flbbches= large flakes (rhymes with 'breeches').
A servant girl, native of Prawle, South Devon, residing at
Torquay, and about twenty- three years of age, stated in
March, 1877, that the snow was * vallin' in fleeches,*
meaning in large flakes. She added that the small flakes
were not * fleeches.' 19 March, 1877. X. Y.'*
** Halse =hazel (the ' al,' having the same sound as in
' malice,' not as in ' false '). A labouring man, native of
Ashburton, residing at Torquay, and about fifty-five years
of age, said in my hearing that he had put ' a 'alse 'andle '
into his hammer, meaning a handle made of hazel wood.
(See HaUiwell, and Williams.) 19 March, 1877. X. Y."
It was resolved also : —
1. That the Report of the Committee to be presented at the
next Annual Meeting shall include all suitable communications
(or as many as space will permit) received by the Secretary,
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96 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE
not later than 1st of June next, and that all communications
received after that date shall be held aver for another year.
2. That all meetings of the Committee shall be held in Exeter ;
that the Secretary shall convene them by separate notices to
each member, posted not later than seven clear dsLys before
the dates of the meetings ; and that two members shall be
sufficient to form a quorum.
3. That a meeting of the Committee shall be held not later
than the 21st of June next, to receive and decide on a Report
to be prepared and brought up by the Secretary.
At a subsequent meeting, at Dawlish, in 1881 (Vol.
Xni, p. 80), Mr. Elworthy thought it desirable to draw
the attention of contributors more particularly to : —
1. Pronunciation. — e.g. to note more carefully the difference
in vowel sounds, as in '' shall," " gate," " father," " wall " ;
and also in consonants, as " smalldest " for smallest, " loav "
for loaf, " baily " and *' plainty " for baUiff and plaintiff,
" zull " for self, and so on.
2. Grammatical peculiarities. — Such as plurals in " -en," or
" -n," like *' shoe'n " for shoes, " tree'n " for trees, " housen *'
for houses. Possessives, as " the head o'en," for his head.
Variations from literary English in the comparison of adjec-
tives. Peculiarities in the use of pronouns, and in the con-
jugation of verbs.
CONTRIBUTIONS.
Each provincialism is placed within inverted commas,
and the whole contribution ends with the initials of the
observer. All remarks following the initials are Editorial.
The full address of each contributor is given below,
and it must be understood that he or she only is responsible
for the statements bearing his or her initials.
CONTRIBUTORS.
J. J. A. = J. J. Alexander, The Grammar School,
Tavistock.
R. P. C. =R. Pearse Chope, 30 Blythwood Road,
Crouch Hill, N.
T. J. J. =T. J. Joce, 3 Manor Crescent, Newton Abbot.
C. E. L. =Miss C. E. Larter, 2 Summerland Terrace,
St. Marychurch.
C. H. L. =Charles H. Laycock, Cross Street, Moreton-
hampstead.
G. D. M. =Rev. G. D. Melhuish, Ashwater Rectory,
Beaworthy.
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ON DEVONSHraE VEBBAIi PROVINCIALISMS. 97
H. S. =The late Miss Helen Saunders.
E. S- =Edwin Stanbury, North Wyke, North Tawton.
E. L.-W- =Miss Ethel Lega-Weekes.
L. B. W. =Lionel B. Wells, Stonehanger, Salcombe.
" Anshttnt= ancient. (First syllable rhymes with
* pan.') Used redundantly. * Tis a vurry ole anshunt
place, sure 'nuff.' Said to me by a labouring man, aged
about sixty, of an old farmhouse near Moretonhampstead,
August, 1914. C. H. L."
This is no corruption, but the true old pronunciation of
the word. M.E. auncien, Fr. ancien. One more instance
of the conservatism of the dialect in retaining the original
pronunciation, where the literary language has corrupted
it. Cf. the words stranger, danger, angel, pronounced
eirdnnjur, ddnnjuVy dnnjid in the dialect.
" Belvb =to bellow. * Outzide I yerd the cows belvin'
an' the calves answerin' vrom inzide the courtledge.' Jan
Stewer in Western Weekly News, Sept., 1910. R. P. C."
Always so pronounced. Written belwe in Piers Plough-
man, p. 222.
In many words ending in -ow, e.g. the verbs to swallow,
follow, the termination is thinned off to -y, zioaMy, volly ;
but in bellow, wallow, and sometimes in harrow, it is
changed to -ve, helve or helvy, malve or walvy, harve or
harvy, the first being the transitive, the second the in-
transitive form of the verb. While again the subst.
swallow (the bird), window, and the adj. sallow become
zwdUer, vnnder, sailer in the dialect.
" Cave. Pronounced Kedve or Keeve. To * cave '
potatoes, mangold, turnips, etc., is to dig a trench for
them, and then cover them over with ferns or * stroil,*
and finally with earth, to protect them from the frost.
E. S."
Usual term. As a noun it implies a heap of roots so
covered. ** Farmer Hodge got a fine cave o' taties up'm
he's fiel'."
" DisHYBiLLS= untidy, or in working garb. Used in
various parts of the county. Fr. en deshabiUe. T. J. J."
Quite common in both senses. Sometimes it implies
literally half -dressed ; "I was in my dishibles wen Pass'n
'Come kackin' to vore door, zo I zend my Bessie down to
VOL. XLVII. G
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98 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
zee wat 'twas he come vor." This was said to me by a
workiag woman at Moretonhampstead, 1914. She meant
that she was in the act of changing from her working dress
into a better one, a process usually known among that
class as dainin^ (cleaning), which includes washing of
hands and face, and possibly neck, no more !
Not a few words of distinct French origin have crept
into our dialect, and have been adapted by natives to
their own local pronunciation. In quite remote villages
on Dartmoor it is not uncommon to hear such a remark
as, ** I'U jnake en 'oUy mor-hlu if he don't mind wat he's
about." Fr. mort bleu. Sometimes the meaning is also
somewhat changed, e.g. " There was a proper rendyvH
o'm there," means that there was quite a large number
or gang of them ; the meaning being transferred from the
meeting-place (rendezvo%L8) to the collection of men them-
selves. Among other adaptations of French words may
be mentioned (ibrepoas (A propos), coochy, left-handed,
awkward (gauche).
Possibly some of these may be legcwiies from the French
prisoners of war at Princetown in the early years of the
19th century.
" Ear-hole =the ear. * Ben gied'n a scat'n the yer-
ole.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News. R. P. C."
** Fakement =a contrivance. ' That-there idd'n 'alf
a bad fakement now.' Said to me by a cari)enter, aged
about thirty-five, at Moretonhampstead, with reference
to a particular kind of dry glazing in the lights of a green-
house. C. H. L."
The verb to fake (? Lat. facere), or fake up, implies to
make up, alter, or concoct, hence the noun fakement =
the thing concocted.
Mrs. Hewett in Peasant Speech of Devon gives fakement
for a muddle or confusion.
See Facum, 24th Report, Vol. XUII, p. 81.
"GREEP=a grip. Applied to a bundle or faggot of
sticks, as much as a woman can carry in her arms. H. S."
A.S. grfpa, a handful, a sheaf.
An armful of hay is frequently spoken of as "a greep
o' hay." It implies grasping or embracing.
" Half-knack = a half-witted person. Commonly used
in Tavistock. The adj. * Knacky '= witless. A certain
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ON DBVONSHIBB VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 99
notorious character in the town is known by the nick-
name of * Sammy Knacky.' He is a drunken half-witted
fish- vendor, at present in the workhouse, June, 1914.
" A worked-out mine is called in Tavistock a * knack'd
bal.' J. J. A."
" Moot =to shoot out from the root. * The wait (wheat)
be mootin' fine.' The farmer who used this expression
said the word came from * moot,' a root. C. E. L."
Very common. See Moaty, 16th Report, Vol. XXIX,
p. 68.
Moot, mooty is the usual pronimciation in South Devon,
moat, moaty in North Devon and West Somerset.
"NESTLB-TRiP=the youngest or smallest child of a
family. Mr. Frank Gallsworthy writes : ' A Devon hair-
dresser spoke of himseU as the nesOe'trip of his family,
meaning youngest or least.'
" The more usual form is ' nestle-tripe,' but in the
Hartland district they speak of a * nestle-draft ' (pro-
nounced nissle-draff).
" See Dial, of HarOand, p. 60.
" See also Nuzzletripe, 18th Report, Vol. XXXII, p. 64.
R. P. C."
In W. F. Rock's poem Jim and NeU, v. 87, the word is
used in the above sense.
" A panking, pluflfy nestledraff,
He'm too good havage vor'n by half."
It most commonly implies the smallest in a litter,
especially of pigs.
** Plumpib =plump. Servant, middle-aged, when pick-
ing a goose, * He's a nice plumpie bird.'
"A good instance of the use of the termination -ic or -y,
added to an adjective to strengthen it. C. E. L."
It has the force of ** like," plump-like. Cp. the adverbial
termination 4y in the literary language, e.g. properiy =
proper-Zifcc ; and it is interesting that the latter form,
with full termination, like, is retained in the dialect, and
is preferred to the literary -ly. A Devonian would say,
" I reck'n yii done that job proper Ki;e," rather than
properly. " He's vurry bad off like" rather than " he is
very badly off." " I'll dii it present like,*' rather than
presently.
See under Rootie, 22nd Report, Vol. XLI, p. 79.
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100 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE
'^ Rabbet =a rebate, in stone or wood. T. J. J."
" BiBBET =a rivet, to rivet. Woman servant, aged
about forty, at Moretonhampstead, of a dish which had
been riveted, * I zee that-there deesh bin ribbetted.'
C. H. L."
B and V are very frequently interchangeable in the
dialect. Curve is often sounded curb, valve valb ; on
the other hand, curbstone is pronounced ct^rw-stone,
disturb disturvCy and so on.
" Spab-gads =the bent and pointed sticks, usually of
withy, used to fasten down the reed in thatching. Used
in North Devon. Is this really ' spear-goads,' a duplica-
tion ? T.J.J."
Most probably. In South Devon they are called simply
" spears."
" Sprawl =€M3tivity, agility. Of a person unable to
move about without difficulty ; * 'Er han't a-got no
sprawl in 'er.'
" The survival, in Devon, of the noun, the verb being
in general use throughout the country. T. J. J."
Common, so pronounced, in North Devon and West
Somerset. In South Devon it is usually pronounced
SproU.
See Sproil, 19th Report, Vol. XXXIV, p. 101.
" Squinchbs =narrow spaces between floor-boards. Used
in North Devon. T.J.J."
Very common throughout the county. The word is
applied to any narrow cracks or chinks in wooden doors,
partition walls, fencing, etc. A boy informed me that
he saw " all wat was gwain on (at a football match), by
lookin' drii the squinches " (in the fencing round the
playing-field).
" Troy-Town =a state of great disorder. (Cp. Aen. U.)
" Used by a native of Kingsbridge. Somewhat com-
monly used. The word * hectoring ' is also used for
domineering.
** Can these be survivals, useful descriptives, of the
Gassical Renaissance ? T. J. J."
Hectoring is not dialect, the word may be found in any
standard English dictionary.
Eng. Dial. Diet, gives lioy-Town, a maze, a labyrinth
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Ojr DBVONSHIBB VBBBAL PROVINCIALISBIS. 101
of streets. Dorset, Devon, and C!omwall. Also, a state
of confusion, disorder, a litter.
A room with its furniture disarranged is said to be '' like
Troy-Town."
" TuRB =a tub. * 'Er bin stan'in' to the warsh-turb aul
day.' Agricultural labourer, at South Tawton, 1911.
E. S."
It is not uncommon to find an r inserted after short u,
especially when emphasis is laid on the word. I weU
remember a cabman at Newton Abbot, to whom I had
given a gratuity, saying to me : " Thank'e varry murch,
I'm sure." He repeated it twice, and each time he sounded
a distinct r in much.
Cp. also the superfluous r in vxirsh in the above example,
though this word is in South Devon more usually pro-
nounced tvaish, but vxirsh is common in West Somerset.
" Ungodly =unsightly, objectionable. 'Wat 'ave 'e
got that ungodly thing there vor ? ' Used by a native of
North Devon.
Is this a survival from the Reformation period, when
images, etc., were spoken of as ungodly ? T. J. J."
" Vanging-post (pronounced vangirC- pavs*) =the post
against which a gate falls and to which it is fastened, as
opposed to ' hanging-post,' or the post on which it is
hung.* G. D.M."
" Vang " is a common word in the dialect, meaning to
take or receive, so that the " vanging-post " is the post
which receives the gate when shut.
*' VoRYBR. To * dig voryer ' is a practice of good
husbandry in hilly or sloping fields ; it implies conveying
the soil from alongside the bottom hedge, and spreading
it on the top of the field. L. B. W."
In many parts of Devon the term Fore-head (pro-
nounced vorrtd), is used for the strip of land at each end of
a ploughed field, which, being too close to the hedge for
the horses to plough, is usually dug with a spade or shovel,
and in the case of " sidelin' " fields, the soil dug from the
lower " vorrid " is carted up to the top of the field.
Probably ** voryer," and *' voyer " (as it is also some-
times pronounced) are merely variants of Fore-head, i.e.
the headland, or land at the head of the field.
Another common synonym, also used in Devon, is
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102 DEVONSHIBE VERBAL PBOVINOIALISHS.
" Earth - ridge." Marshall, in his Rural Economy of
8.W. Devon, says : '* Earth-ridges are formed in the field,
either with mold hacked from the borders of it, or with the
soil of the area raised with the plow."
** Wad =a bmich. ' Goo up arter a li'l wad o' grass to
veed the bullicks wi'.' Said by a North Tawton farmer,
middle-aged. E. L.-W."
Hal. has Wad, a wisp of straw ; also, a bmidle or quantity
of anything. West.
"Zedgy stuff is what grows in low -lying marshy
ground. E. S."
Sedge is always pronoimced zadge in Devon, in accord-
ance with the rule that 8 in native words is sounded z in
the dialect.
A.S. 8ecg.
Sayings : —
" ' The third time pays for all.' Explained as meaning
that, if, for instance, you had two falls, neither of which
hurt you, should you have a third, you would be seriously
injured. C. E. L."
" ' The kettle's zingin', he'll ziine be dancin' ' ( =boiling).
C. E. L."
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INDEX
TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS OP THE COMMITTEE ON
DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
Including also the words contedned in the Glossary to A Devonshire
Dialect LeUer, read by Mr. R. Pearse Chope in 1013.
The figures in brackets immediately after each provincialism
refer to the Report, or Reports, in which that provincialism
is recorded; following which is a reference to the Trans-
actions, volume and page in Roman and Arabic numerals
respectively. In the case of words recorded in the glossary
to the Devonshire Dialect LeUer, the initials D.L. are inserted
in brackets immediately after them.
The following Table will show the Volume in which each
Report may be found, together with the date, and the place
at which it was read.
Report 1. Vol.
ix. p.
123 .
1877
. . Read at Kingsbridge.
>»
2. „
X. p.
112 .
1878
Paignton.
»
3. „
xi. p.
122 .
1879
Ilfracombe.
>>
4. M
xiii. p.
78 .
1881
Dawlish.
f»
6. „
xiv. p.
128 .,
1882
Crediton.
»>
6. „
XV. p.
76 .
1883
Exmouth.
»»
7. „
xvi. p.
86 ..
1884
Newton Abbot.
f»
8. „
xvii. p.
77 ..
1885
Seaton.
9. „
xviii. p.
78 ..
1886
St.MaryChurch.
>•
10. „
xix. p.
63 .
1887
Plympton.
>»
11. .,
xxi. p.
84 .
1889
Tavistock.
»
12. „
xxiii. p.
125 .
1891
Tiverton.
»»
13. „
XXV. p.
181 .
1893
Torquay.
„
14. „
xxvii. p.
40 .
1895
Okehampton.
,,
16. „
xxviii. p.
67 ..
1896
Ashburton.
»»
16.- „
xxix. p.
45 ..
1897
Kingsbridge.
>»
17. „
XXX. p.
56 .
1898
Honiton.
18. „
xxxu. p.
55 .
1900
Totnes.
>>
19. „
xxxiv. p.
90 ..
1902
Bideford.
»»
20. „
xxxvii. p.
122 .
. 1905
• • »»
Princetown.
21. „
xl. p.
64 .
1908
Newton Abbot.
»»
22. „
xli. p.
64 .
1909
Launceston.
»»
23. „
xlii. p.
64 .
1910
Cullompton.
y»
24. „
xliii. p.
75 .
1911
Deurtmouth.
>»
26. „
xliv. p.
69 .
. 1912
Exeter.
»»
26. „
xlv. p.
77 .
1913
Buckfastleigh.
>»
27. „
xlvi. p.
79 ..
1914
Tavistock.
ft
28. ..
xlvii. p.
93 .
1915
Exeter.
DialeotLetter,,
xlv. p.
276 .
. 1913
ff
Buckfastleigh.
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104
INDBX TO THE TWENTY-BIOHT BEFOBTS
A, prefix, (4) xiii. 85; (12)
xxiii. 126
A, An, before a number, (14)
xxvii. 42
Amany, (2)x. 116
A nine, (2) x. 117
About to go, (16) xxixk 46
Abraham, (1) ix. 136
A-braukt, (3) xi. 127
Abroad, (2) x. 117 ; (3) xi. 127 ;
(D.L.) xlv. 281
Abuseful, (7) xvi. 94
Ack-maul, (10) xix. 64
A-crook, (24) xliii. 76
Act, (7) xvi. 94
Adam and Eve, (7) xvi. 94
Adger, (18) xxxii. 57
A-doned up, (17) xxx. 57
After that, (22) xli. 67
Again, (2) x. 117
Against, (3) xi. 127 ; (7) xvi.
95 ; (23) xlii. 66
Aggies, (13) XXV. 182
Agin, (D.L.) xlv. 281
Ago=gone, (9) xviii. 89
Agone=ago, (2) x. 127; (9)
xviii. 89
Ale Tuesday, (13) xxv. 182
A-left, (18) xxxii. 57
All about the go, (7) xvi. 94
All mops and brooms, (1) ix.
127
All of a quirk, (16) xxix. 47
Allen Summer, (17) xxx. 58
Aller=alder, (22)xli.67
Aner=a boil, (22) xli. 67
Alley, (8) xvii. 86
AUis's, (2) X. 117
AUow, (1) ix. 127
AU-vore, (7) xvi. 95
Along, (11) xxi. 85
Alse, (1) ix. 131
Am=are, (2) x. 117; (22)
xU. 67
Ammit, (7) xvi. 95
A-neest, (18) xxxii. 57
Angle-dog, (11) xxi. 85
Angle-twitch, (14) xxvii. 42
Angry, (22) xli. 68
Anointed, (5) xiv. 133
Anshunt, (28) xlvii. 97
Answerable, (10) xix. 65
Any, (2) x. 118
Anybody, (13) xxv. 183
A-paid, (2) x. 117
Apple-drane, (24) xliii. 77
Apple-geam, (D.L.) xlv. 281
Apple-mock, (25) xliv. 70
Apple-shrub, (8) xvii. 87
Apse=abscess, (7) xvi. 96;
(D.L.) xlv. 282
Apse=to fasten, (12) xxiii. 126
Arch-angel, (7) xvi. 96
Are=am, (6) xv. 80
Arg, Argy, (23) xlii. 66
Arm-a-crook, (24) xliii. 76
Armed, (27) xlvi. 80
Arm-wrist, (8) xvii. 87
Ar-rabbits, (7) xvi. 96
Arrant, (26) xlv. 79
Arrast, (19) xxxiv. 91
Artful, (26) xliu. 77
Ash-cat, (10) xix. 65
Ass'ard, (11) xxi. 86
A-stopt, (17) xxx. 58
At=in, (2)x. 118
Atchett, (12) xxiii. 127
Ate, (5) xiv. 134
Athurt, (D.L.) xlv. 282
Atomies, (6) xv. 80
Attackted, (8) xvii. 87
A-used, (3) xi. 127
Avore, (4) xiii. 85; .(9) xviii.
90
Avrore, (D.L.) xlv. 282
Ax, (2) X. 118
B from a Bull's Foot, (5) xiv.
134
Babber, (16) xxix. 47
Back-along, (10) XIX. 65 ; (11)
xxi. 86 ; (16) xxix. 47
Back-an'-vore, (9) xviii. 91
Backer, (18) xxxii. 57
Back-house, (12) xxiii. 127
Back-long, (1) ix. 127
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105
Backsyfore, (23) xlii. 66
Bacon-eater, (16) xxix. 47
Baffled, (26) xUv. 70
Bagavel, (14) xxvii. 43 ; (16)
xxix. 48
Baible-back, (23) xlii. 67
Baig, (5) xiv. 134
Bail, (18) xxxii. 67
Baint, (3) xi. 127
Bairge, (14) xxvii. 43
Baisier, (8) xvii. 87
Balch, (10) xix. 66
Baled, (27) xlvi. 80
Balker, (7) xvi. 96 '
Balm, (22) xU. 68
Balsh-rope, (13) xxv. 183
Bandpot, (19) xxxiv. 91
Banisters, (1) ix. 127
Barley.gout, (3) xi. 127
Barley-iles, (17) xxx. 68
Barm-cakes, (25) xliv. 71
Barney, (9) xviii. 91
Barnstaple Fair weather, (13)
xxv. 183
Barras urpons, (12) xxiii. 127
Barriels, (16) xxix. 48
Bat, (14) xxvii. 44
Bate, Beat, (23) xlii. 67
Bate=to decrease, (26) xliv. 71
Batey, (10) xix. 66
Battery, (6) xiii. 85
Batts, (27) xlvi. 80
Batts and Fores, see Ridges,
(24) xliii. 88
Bautch, (2) X. 118
Bawdrye, (20) xxxvii. 124
Bawker, (13) xxv. 183
Bay back, (4) xiii. 85
Bazzomed, (24) xliii. 77
Be=am, are, (2) x. 118
Be=been, (D.L.) xlv. 282
Beards, (13) xxv. 184
Beared, (27) xlvi. 80
Beastle, (3) xi. 127
Beastly, (D.L.) xlv. 282
Beating the streets, (13) xxv.
184
Be-at's-will, (9) xviii. 91
Beauty of Abram, (11) xxi. 86
Bed, (19) xxxiv. 92; (20)
xxxvii. 124; (23) xlii. 68;
(D.L.) xlv. 282
Bed-layer, (8) xvii. 87
Bed-tie, (2) x. 119
Been, (4) xiii. 86
Been, Bean, (6) xiv. 134 ; (6)
XV. 81
Been to, (6) xv. 81
Bee-plant, (7) xvi. 96
Beer, (5) xiv. 135
Before =until, (12) xxiii. 127
Beggars, (2) x. 128
Begridge, (18) xxxii. 68
Behope, (5) xiv. 135
Bekyn, (20) xxxvii. 125
Bellis, verb, (13) xxv. 184
Belong to, (20) xxxvii. 126
Belve, (28) xlvii. 97
Benderd, (11) xxi. 86
Bendin', (26) xliv. 71
Bespoke, (1) ix. 128
Bess, (2) X. 119
Best way, (22) xli. 68
Bethought, (16) xxix. 48
Better fit, (22) xli. 68
Bettermost, (23) xlii. 68
Better-way, (27) xlvi. 80
Between the lights, (2) x. 119
Between the two worlds, (13)
xxv. 184
Beyun, (6) xv. 81
Bias, (10) xix. 66 ; (14) xxvii.
44
Bib, (24) xliii. 78
Biddle, (23) xHi. 69
Bide, (2) x. 119
Bigative, (27) xlvi. 80
Billers, (20) xxxvii. 126
Billery, (11) xxi. 87
BiUises, (3) xi. 128
Billizing, (5) xiv. 135
Binded, (6) xv. 81
Birchen = breeches, (17) xxx.
69
Bu-d's-eye, (7) xvi. 96
Birin, (10) xix. 66
Digitized by
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106
INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT BEPOBTS
Bisgee, Bizgie, (18) xxxii. 58
Bit, (9) xviii. 91
Bittle, (7) xvi. 96
Bittle, verb, (7) xvi. 97
Bittle-headed, (2) x. 119
Biver, (12) xxiii. 128; (18)
xxxii. 58
Bivering, (8) xvii. 88
Black-butter, (14) xxvii. 44
Black-elder, (24) xliii. 78
Black-head, (3) xi. 128
Black-m'n, (6) xv. 82
Black-ram, (13) xxv. 184
Black-stocking, (3) xi. 128
Black-tail, (8) xvii. 88
Black- worm, (14) xxvii. 45 ;
(16) xxix. 48
Blake, (7) xvi. 97 ; (25) xliv. 71
Blanks, (7) xvi. 97
Blaring, (11) xxi. 87
Blauths, (7) xvi. 97
Blaze, (2) x. 119
Bleeded, (6) xv. 82
Blewth, Blooth, (23) xlii. 69
BHd, (D.L.) xlv. 282
BUd white, (24) xliii. 78
Bliddaven, (20) xxxvii. 125
Blind-mobbed, (8) xvii. 88
Blind-mopped, (23) xlii. 69
Blink, (27) xlvi. 81
Blinket, (6) xv. 82
Blinks, (26) xlv. 79
Blooth, see Blewth, (23) xlii. 69
Blue Betsy, (22) xU. 68
Blue-buttons, (22) xli. 68
Blunk, (23) xlii. 69
Board-cloth, (8) xvii. 88 ; (20)
xxxvii. 126
Boarden, (26) xlv. 79
Bob, (20) xxxvii. 125
Bobs-a-dying, (22) xli. 69
Bock up, (13) xxv. 185
Bocked, (8) xvii. 88
Bodley, (3) xi. 128
Boil, (3) xi. 128
Boldery, (7) xvi. 98
Bold-making, (4) xiii. 86
Bolt=to sift, (11) xxi. 87
Bolt=a bundle, (14) xxvii. 45 ;
(19) xxxiv. 92
Bonen, (4) xiii. 87
Booby, Booby- wad, (14) xxvii.
45
Boosie, Biizey, (23) xlii. 70
Booshop, (2)x. 119
Boote-hose, (19) xxxiv. 92
Bottom, (25) xliv. 71
Boughten, (1) ix. 128
Bouldering clouds, (11) xxi. 87
Bouncing Bess, (2) x. 120
Bowerly-woman, (9) xviii. 92
Brads, (14) xxvii. 45
Brandis, Brandires, (24) xliii.
78
Brath, (2) x. 127
Braukt, (3) xi. 127, 128
Braun, (20) xxxvii. 126
Brave, (9) xviii. 92
Brawn, (2) x. 120
Braythe, (23) xlii. 70
Bread and point, (3) xi. 128
Break, (14) xxvii. 45
Break = to tear, (D.L.) xlv. 282
Break about, (9) xviii. 92
Break out, (9) xviii. 92
Breeth, (27) xlvi. 81
Bricks, (7) xvi. 98
Brimble, (22) xli. 69
Bring going, (D.L.) xlv. 282
Briss, (22) xli. 69
Brit, (D.L.) xlv. 283
Broken, (1) ix. 128
Broods, (19) xxxiv. 92
Brook-brimble, (25) xliv. 71
Brooms, (1) ix. 127
Broth, (14) xxvii. 45
Browse, (25) xliv. 72; (26)
xlv. 79
Browsing, (11) xxi. 87
Briisse, (25) xliv. 72
Buck, (1) ix. 137
Buckman's-quick, (24) xliii. 79
Buffet, (10) xix. 66
Bug-blinding, (11) xxi. 88
Bull-dogs, (14) xxix. 49
Bullers, (7) xvi. 98
Digitized by
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ON DEVONSHIRB VEBBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
107
Bull-wallopper, (14) xxvii. 46
BuUyrag, (D.L.) xlv. 283
Bum, (7) xvi. 98
Bungy, (1) ix. 128
Bunk, (1) ix. 128
Bunt, (11) xxi. 88
Burgined, (12) xxiii. 128
Bum, see Birin, (10) xix. 66
Bush, (1) ix. 128
Bushel, under the, (6) xv. 83
Buss, (22) xU. 69
Bussicky, (7) xvi. 98
Butt = to throb, (23) xlii. 70
Butt, full butt, (24) xliii. 79
Butt=a cart, (24) xliii. 79
Butt, Butt-hedge, (9) xviii. 92
Buttony-hearted, (17) xxx. 69
Butts, (20) xxxvii. 126
Buzznacking, (9) xviii. 92
By=upon, (6) xiv. 135
By=of, (14) xxvu. 46
By all reason, (11) xxi. 88
Bydle, (12) xxiii. 128
Bye-words, (24) xliii. 80
ByU, (19) xxxiv. 93
Byse=bias, (9) xviii. 92
By-tack, (12) xxiii. 128
By-vore, (7) xvi. 99
Cab, (2) X. 120
Cabbed, (7) xvi. 99 ; (18)
xxxii. 59
Cabby, (11) xxi. 88
Caddling round, (16) xxix. 49
Cage of Teeth, (1) ix. 128
Cagery, (6) xv. 83
CaU-home, (10) xix. 66
Calum, (5) xiv. 135
Candlesticks, (16) xxix. 49
Candlesty, (7) xvi. 99
Candle-teening, (D.L.) xlv. 283
Canon-bread, (16) xxix. 49
Caper, (23) xlii. 70
Capooch, (4) xiii. 87
Cappers, (16) xxix. 50
Car=to carry, (7) xvi. 99 ; (16)
xxix. 50; (D.L.) xlv. 283
Carapoose, (19) xxxiv. 93
Carding, (13) xxv. 185
Care, (26) xliv. 72
Carrick, (19) xxxiv. 93
Carried, (2) x. 120
Carry, (10) xix. 67
Caser, Kaser, (23) xlii. 70
Cask6s, (16) xxix. 50
Cassier, Cazer, (23) xlii. 71
Cast on, (24) xliii. 80
Cafltle, (22) xU. 69
Cat and Dog, (16) xxix. 50
Catch'd off to sleep, (3) xi. 128
Catching a zug, (23) xlii. 71
Cat-glimmer, (10) xix. 67
Cauch, (11) xxi. 88
Caucher, (9) xviii. 93
Caul, (6) XV. 83
Cause =case, (3) xi. 129
Cause =cause- way, (8) xvii. 89 ;
(13) xxv. 186
Cave, (28) xlvii. 97
Cawd, (3) xi. 129
Cawthy, (3) xi. 129
Chain, (5) xiv. 135; (20)
icxxvii. 127
Chall, (13) xxv. 185; (21)
xl. 65
Chamber, (2) x. 120
Chamlet, (19) xxxiv. 93
Channiss, (3) xi. 129
Chatter-bag, (9) xviii. 93
Chemis'd, (8) xvii. 89
Cherry-gobs, (12) xxiii. 128
Chev, (3) xi. 129
Chewers, (6) xiv. 136
Chewery, (16) xxix. 50
Chicket=cheerful, (14) xxvii.
47
Chicket-window, (13) xxv. 187
Chickney-weed, (13) xxv. 187
Chiel, (3) xi. 130 ; (26) xlv. 80
Child, (7) xvi. 99
IChill, (23)xlii. 71
Chilled, (1) ix. 128
Chilpot, (D.L.) xlv. 283
'Chimber, (D.L.)xlv. 283
'Chinking, (22) xli. 70
I Chippen, (3) xi. 130
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108
INDBX TO THB TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS
Chissocked, (13) xxv. 187
Chissom, (13) xxv. 187
Chitter, (27) xlvi. 81
Choke, (13) xxv. 188
ChoUers, (12) xxiii. 129
ChoUies, (23) xlii. 71
Chore, (6) xv. 83
Chuff, (12) xxiii. 129
Chumped, (22) xli. 69
Churching, (17) xxx. 59
Cider-muck, (5) xiv. 136
Clam=foot-bridge, (1) ix. 129 ;
(17) xxx. 69
Clam=to maul, (17) xxx. 59
Clammar, (16) xxix. 50
aap, (D.L.) xlv. 283
Clapper, (D.L.) xlv. 283
Claps, (18) xxxii. 69
elapse, (22) xU. 69
aarient, (11) xxi. 89
aatter of Rocks, (3) xi. 130
aatting, (23) xlii. 71
aavel, (4) xiii. 87 ; (20)xxxvii.
127
aean, (3) xi. 130
aeaning, (2) x. 120
Clean-legg6d, (19) xxxiv. 94
aedland, (2) x. 121
aeeves, (2) x. 121
Clibby, (17) xxx. 60
Oick-bed, (1) ix. 129
Clicketting, (25) xliv. 72
Clicquer. (11) xxi. 89
Clint, (8) xvii. 89
CUp, (22) xli. 70
aipped, (13) xxv. 188
Clipper, (5) xiv. 136
ait, (8) xvii. 89
Clitch, (22) xli. 70
Clitched, (13) xxv. 188
Clitch 'd Bread in the Auv'm,
(13) xxv. 188
Clitter, (13) xxv. 188
cutter. Clutter, (27) xlvi. 81
aoamen, (3) xi. 130
aob, (11) xxi. 88
aoichy, (11) xxi. 90
aome, (ll)xxi. 88
Clovel, (11) xxi. 90
Clubby, (6) xv. 83
Clum, (23) xlii. 72
Cliunb, (13) xxv. 188
Qumming, (19) xxxiv. 94
Clunk, (22) xU. 70
Clutter, see Clitter
Qy, (25) xUv. 72
Coalshiners, (20) xxxvii. 127
Coast, (19) xxxiv. 94
Coathe, (3) xi. 130
Cobb, (27) xlvi. 81
Cockabels, (D.L.) xlv. 284
Cockle-buttons, (22) xli. 70
Cockly and Ruxly, (22) xli. 71
Cokynstole, (20) xxxvii. 128
Cold, (8) xvii. 90
Collie-cows, (17) xxx. 60
Colt's-ale, (7) xvi. 99
Colts'-tails, (7) xvi. 100
Comb Vore, (14) xxvii. 47
Come = came, (5) xiv. 136, 137 ;
(27) xlvi. 81
Come along, (18) xxxii. 59
Come to death-bed, (11) xxi. 89
Concam, (7) xvi. 100
Conkerbell, (23) xlii. 72
Conquer, (24) xliii. 80
Contraig thing, (22) xli. 71
Contraption, (24) xliii. 80
Coochey-paw, (10) xix. 67
Coochie, (26) xlv. 80
Coochy, (1) ix. 129 ; (11) xxi. 90
Coolder, (13) xxv. 188
Coo'se, (D.L.) xlv. 284
Copes, (18) xxxii. 69
Corbut, (14) xxvii. 48
Cordeuant, (19) xxxiv. 95
Cornders, (13) xxv. 188
Costfe, (23) xlii. 72
Cot-house, (23) xlii. 72
Cough-drop, (19) xxxiv. 96
Cowflop, (7) xvi. 100; (12)
xxiii. 129 ; (D.L.) xlv. 284
Cowflop-oats, (11) xxi. 89
Cow-pine, (24) xliii. 80
Cracken, (3) xi. 130; (14)
xxvii. 48
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ON DEVONSHIRE VEBBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
109
Crackety, (20) xxxvii. 128
Cradle-land, (23) xlii. 73 •
Crakeing and Croning, (7) xvi.
100
Cram, (1) ix. 129
Cramming, (3) xi. 130
Crams, (3) xi. 131
Cranes, (7) xvi. 100
Crap, (2) X. 121 ; (8) xvii. 93
Crave, (8) xvii. 91 ; (D.L.) xlv.
284
Craw-tone, (13) xxv. 188
Crazed, (13) xxv. 189
Cream, Creamy =to shiver, (11)
xxi. 89
Cream =to squeeze, (11) xxi. 90
Cream=to spread cream, (13)
xxv. 189
Crease, (16) xxix. 61
Creases, (20) xxxvii. 128
Creek, (13) xxv. 189
Creemed, (ll)xxi.90
Creeper, (2) x. 121
Oess, Half-cress, (6) xiv. 137
Cricket, (24) xliii. 81
Criddle, (18) xxxii. 60
Crime, (19) xxxiv. 96
Crim up, (11) xxi. 90
Crippleship, (7) xvi. 100 ; (8)
xvii. 91 .
Cripply, (23) xlii. 73
Crips, (l)ix. 129; (16) xxix. 61
Crislings, (26) xliv. 73
Croak out, (D.L.) xlv. 284
Crockie, (27) xlvi. 82
Crow-sticks, (11) xxi. 90
Crub, (26) xliv. 73
Crucked up, (27) xlvi. 82
Cruel (D.L.) xlv. 284
Crumpetty, (14) xxvii. 48
Cry, (l)ix. 129
Cuckoo-plant, (22) xli. 71
Cuckoo-roses, (8) xvii. 91
Cuckoos, (7) xvi. 100
Cuit, (6) xiv. 138
CuUum, (26) xliv. 73
Curious, (10) xix. 67
Cute, (1) ix. 129
Dabbed, (27) xlvi. 82
Dabberdashed, (2) x. 121
Dabbered, (19) xxxiv. 96
Dabrified, (14) xxvii. 48
Dad-finch, Dap-finch, (13) xxv.
189
Dag, (14) xxvii. 48
Dairy, (10) xix. 67
Daisy-mores, (13) xxv. 189
Dander, (16) xxix. 61
Dane, (21) xl. 66
Dangerous, (D.L.) xlv. 286
Dap, (23) xlii. 73
Daps, (D.L.) xlv. 286
Dapse, (16) xxix. 62
Dapster, (3) xi. 131
Dappy-stones, (16) xxix. 61
Dase, (1) ix. 130
Dashels, (16) xxix. 62
Datch, (6) xiv. 138
Daunt, (26) xliv. 73
Davered, (11) xxi. 90; (12)
xxiii. 130 ; (D.L.) xlv. 286
Davery-topp^d, (13) xxv. 190
Day-cat, (10) xix. 77
Day's Ught, (23) xlii. 73
Daze, (27) xlvi. 82
Dead-in-law, (24) xliii. 81
Deceive, (17) xxx. 60
Deef, (3) xi. 131 ; (9) xviii. 93
Deep, (9) xviii. 94
Deesh, (6) xiv. 138
Deevin', (D.L.) xlv. 286
Demand, (8) xvii. 91
Dempse, (8) xvii. 91
Denied, (7) xvi. 100
-der, termination, (2) x. 121
Dem, (11) xxi. 90
Detcher, (8) xvii. 91
Devil's-bit Scabis, (8) xvii. 92
Devil's-bud, (13) xxv. 190
Devil's gold ring, (13) xxv.
190
Devil's manty-maker, (13) xxv.
190
Devonshire coat-of-arms, (7)
xvi. 101
Devonshire mark, (7) xvi. 101
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110
INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS
Devonshire Irishism, (10) xix.
68
Dibby, (11) xxi. 91
Dick, up to, (27) xlvi. 83
Dig-axe, (2) x. 122
Dim, (2) X. 122
Dunity, (7) xvi. 101
Dimmets, (8) xvii. 92 ; (D.L.)
xlv. 285
Dimmie, (13) xxv. 190
Dimpety, (3) xi. 131
Dimpsey, (19) xxxiv. 96
Dirt, (12) xxiii. 130
Discoorse, (3) xi. 131
Discoo'se, (11) xxi. 91 ; (D.L.)
xlv. 286
Discourse, (10) xix. 68
Discussion, (25) xliv. 73
Dish-washer, (7) xvi. 101 ; (13)
xxv. 191
Dishybills, (28) xlvii. 97
Ditch-wall, (17) xxx. 60
Ditty, (24) xUii. 81
Diver, (13) xxv. 191
Do=does, (6) XV. 83
Doan, (26) xlv. 80
Docity, (22) xli. 71
Dogberry, (23) xlii. 73
Dog-maple, (22) xli. 71
Doily, (16) xxix. 52
Dole, (17) xxx. 61
Dolled, (5) xiv. 138
Done=damp, (4) xiii. 88
Done=did, (5) xiv. 138
Done to Jouds, (14) xxvii. 48
Donkey 's-years, (22) xli. 72 ;
(23) xlii. 74
Doos=doe8, (3) xi. 131
Doos=doings, (7) xvi. 102
Dork out, (23) xlii. 74
Doss=dose, (4) xiii. 88
Dough-fig, (3) xi. 131 ; (20)
xxxvii. 129
Doust, (27) xlvi. 83
Dout, (11) xxi. 91
Down-arg, (7) xvi. 102
Down-house, (9) xviii. 95
Down-'long, (1) ix. 130
Doxy-maid, (17) xxx. 61
Doz6, (6) XV. 83
Drain, (3) xi. 131
Drang'd, (3) xi. 132
Drang- way, (16) xxix. 62
Drashel, (17) xxx. 61
Drayshel, (7) xx3^. 62
Dray-zacking, (8) xvii. 92
Drazacking, (13) xxv. 191
Dreamy, (13) xxv. 191
Dreaten, (27) xlvi. 83 ' ■
Drenged, (8) xvii. 93
Dreshall, Drashel, (27) xlvi.
83
Drexil, (11) xxi. 91
Dricks, (20) xxxvii. 129
Drim up, (13) xxv. 191
Dring, (7) xvi. 102; (11) xxi.
92; (D.L.) xlv. 286
Dring'd, (1) ix. 130
Drishel, (18) xxxii. 60
Drixy, (22) xli. 72
Drogue, (22) xH. 74
Drool, Drewel, (23) xlii. 74
Drooping-willow, (20) xxxvii.
129
Drov'd, (6) XV. 84
Drow=to throw, (6) xv. 84;
(11) xxi. 92
Drow=to dry, (11) xxi. 92
Drownded, (2) x. 122
Drowsens, (23) xlii. 74
Druck-stool, (7) xvi. 102
Druge, (13) xxv. 191
Drugeing, (13) xxv. 192
Drum out, (8) xvii. 93
Drunkards, (11) xxi. 92
Druxel, (11) xxi. 91
Dryth, (3) xi. 132 ; (11) xxi. 92 ;
(26) xliv. 73
Dubious, (5) xiv. 138
Ducks'-bills, (7) xvi. 103
Dug=dog, (6) xiv. 138
Duke, (7) xvi. 103
Dummel, (14) xxvii. 49
Dun-flies, (24) xliii. 81
Dums, (25) xliv. 74
Dwall, (1) ix. 130
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ON DEVONSHIBB VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
Ill
E, ee, y, termination, (1) ix.
130 ; (17) XXX. 62
Ear-hole, (28) xlvii. 98
Eaver, (4) xiii. 88 ; (8) xvii.
93
Eaving, (12) xxiii. 130
Ebbet, see Evvet.
Ee8=ye8, (9) xviii. 95
Eez=is, (2) X. 122
Efram quart, (19) xxxiv. 96
Eithermore, (D.L.) xlv. 286
Eleming-board, (20) xxxvii.
129
EUacum, (2) x. 122
Else, (25) xUv. 74
Empt, (3) xi. 132
Enough to terrify Job, (3) xi.
132
Entertain, (17) xxx. 62
Enti, (2) X. 122
Estuys, (19) xxxiv. 96
Every whip's now and then,
(11) xxi. 92
Every whip's-while, (12) xxiii.
130
Ewet, Ebbet, (24) xliii. 81
Ewe-neck6d, (25) xliv. 74
Facket, (26) xlv. 80
Facum, Vacum, (24) xliii. 81
Faint, Fainty, (8) xvii. 93
Faintified, (23) xlii. 74
Fakement, (28) xlvii. 98
Fall'd, (6) XV. 84
Fancy-woman, (22) xli. 72
Fansical, (9) xviii. 95
Fardle, (19) xxxiv. 96
Famicum, (2) x. 122
Farrol, (16) xxix. 52
Fast, (7) xvi. 103
Fat, (9) xviii. 95
Fat-mouth6d, (27) xlvi. 83
Faultz, (7) xvi. 103
Fausse, (27) xlvi. 83
Fau't, (2) X. 123
Favoured, (11) xxi. 92
Fay, (5) xiv. 139
Feat, (9) xviii. 95
Feet, (17) xxx. 63
Feeded, (5) xiv. 139 ; (8) xvii.
94
Feeled, (22) xU. 72
Feeling-hearted, (16) xxix. 53
Ferrol, (1) ix. 130
Ferry, (8) xvii. 94
Fess, (13) XXV. 192
Fetch, (D.L.) xlv. 286
Fetching fire, (9) xviii. 95
Feti, (16) xxix. 53
Few, (D.L.) xlv. 286
Few Turps, (l)ix. 130
Fewe, (20) xxxvii. 129
Fewster, (10) xix. 68
Fiddler's-money, (1) ix. 130
Fiddly, (13) xxv. 192
Fightable, (12) xxiii. 130
Fine job, (3) xi. 133
Finger-cold, (13) xxv. 192
Fire-scordel, (9) xviii. 96
Firgets, Virgets, (27) xlvi. 84
First-along, (1) ix. 131
Fish-jolter, (26) xlv. 81
Fistes, (8) xvii. 94
Flakes, (11) xxi. 93
Flasket, (24) xliii. 82
Fleeches, (1) ix. 131
Fleet, (13) xxv. 192 ; (18) xxxii.
61
FUbbets, (24) xliii. 82
Flick, (27) xlvi. 84
Flicker-meat, (12) xxiii. 130
Flickets, (D.L.) xlv. 286
Flick-tails, (11) xxi. 93
Flied, (5) xiv. 139
Flink, (24) xliii. 82
Flinkmg, (27) xlvi. 84
Flip, (24) xliii. 82
FUrt of rain, (27)xlvi. 84
Flirty, (22) xli. 72
Flish, (3) xi. 133
Flisking, (11) xxi. 93
Flitters, (27) xlvi. 84
Flood; (22) xli. 73
Flop-a-dock, (ll)xxi. 93; (13)
xxv. 192
Floppy-dop, (25) xliv. 74
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112
INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS
Flour-boys, (22) xli. 73
Flour-milk, (2) x. 123
Flower-nat, (17) xxx. 64
Floxing, (16) xxix. 54
Flummox, (24) xliii. 83
Flush, (3) xi. 133
Flusy-faiver, (D.L.) xlv. 286
Fluttery, (7) xvi. 103
Fo'ce-put, (1) ix. 131
Foot, (6) XV. 86
Footers, (13) xxv. 192
Force-put, (D.L.) xlv. 286
Force-putt, (16) xxix. 54
Forehead, (11) xxi. 107
Foreigner, (9) xviii. 96
Forgot, (8) xvii. 94
Form, (3) xi. 133 ; (11) xxi. 93
Fouse, (19) xxxiv. 96
Foust, (13) xxv. 192
Foze, (5) xiv. 140
Frail = weak, (4) xiii. 89
Frape, (17) xxx. 64
Frauzy, (2) x. 123 ; (12) xxiii.
131
Frawzy, (11) xxi. 93
Freathing, (17) xxx. 64
French-furze, (13) xxv. 193
Frethyn, (20) xxxvii. 130
Fricket, (7) xvi. 103 ; (8) xvii.
95
Fricketty, (3) xi. 133
Fridg'd, (2) x. 123
Frighten, (10) xix. 68; (11)
xxi. 93 ; (13) xxv. 193
FriU-de-dills, (6) xv. 85
Frindered up to Ockshuns, (12)
xxiii. 131
Frisk, (3) xi. 133
Frith, (14) xxvii. 49
Frizz, (8) xvii. 95
Frizzle, (3) xi. 133
Frog's march, (8) xvii. 95
Fuddeley, (11) xxi. 94
Full-determined, (7) xvi. 104
Full-grow, (9) xviii. 96
Fumig, Furniggle, (23) xlii. 75
Furze-kite, (25) xliv. 74
Fuz-pig, (25) xliv. 74
Gad, (5) xiv. 140
Gait, (l)ix. 131
Gaketh, (7) xvi. 104
Gall6d, (11) xxi. 94
Gallitrap, (8) xvii. 95
Gambadoes, (25) xliv. 75
Gape-show, (16) xxix. 54
Gapping stick, (16) xxix. 54
Gather, (7) xvi. 104; (18)
xxxii. 61
Gawky-pot, (25) xliv. 75
Gay, (12) xxiii. 131
Geam, (D.L.) xlv. 287
Gease, (13) xxv. 193
Geit, (19) xxxiv. 96
Gemmys, (26) xlv. 81
Gerried, (D.L.) xlv. 287
Getting on the sticks, (8) xvii.
95
Giggleting, (16) xxix. 55
Giglets, (21) xl. 65
Gimms, (23) xlii. 75
Ginena, (23) xlii. 75
Girding, (2) x. 123
Girlopp, (9) xviii. 96
Gite, (27) xlvi. 84
Give, (27) xlvi. 84
Gived, (6) xv. 85
Glam, (6) xv. 85
Glamming, (20) xxxvii. 130
Glidder, (13) xxv. 193
Glimpsed, (18) xxxii. 61
Glorum, (10) xix. 63
Glue, (26) xlv. 81
Gn&ing, (5) xiv. 140
Goat, (13) xxv. 193
Gob, (6) XV. 85
Gobs, (3) xi. 133
Goil, (2) X. 123
Going all about, (2) x. 124
Going round my hat, (11) xxi.
94
Golden-dust, (3) xi. 134
Golden-gladdy, (10) xix. 69
Golden-slippers, (23) xlii. 75
Gone dead, (16) xxix. 55
Good-a-Vriday, (3) xi. 134;
(13) xxv. 193
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Gooded, (2) x. 124
Good-natured, (6) xiv. 140
Good oflFer, (8) xvii. 96
Goose-chick, (D.L.) xlv. 287
Goose-flops, (26) xliv. 76
Goose-gobs, (10) xix. 69
Gracie-daisies, (11) xxi. 94
Gradely, (12) xxiii. 131
Gramfer-griggles, (26) xUv. 76
Grdnfather, (1) ix. 131
Grannie's night-cap, (23) xlii.
76
Grassy-daisy, (23) xlii. 76
Gravelin, (14) xxvii. 49
Graze, (10) xix. 69
Greech, (22) xU. 73
Greecums, (10) xix. 69
Greep=trench, (26) xlv. 81
Greep= bundle, (28) xlvii. 98
Gribble, (13) xxv. 194
Griddle, (22) xli. 73
Gripling, (20) xxxvii. 130
Grit, (2) X. 124
Grizzle, (22) xli. 73
Groinge, Gronge, (22) xli. 73
Groot, (22) xli. 74
Groot-field, (D.L.) xlv. 287
Ground-ash, (1) ix. 131
Grouse, (21) xl. 66
Grove, (26) xlv. 81
Growed, (8) xvii. 96
Grungeing, (18) xxxii. 62
Grutiss, (24) xliii. 83
Gubby, (7) xvi. 104
Guch-guch, (11) xxi. 94
GuUet, (13) xxv. 194
Gurbage and half-stuff, (6) xv.
86
Gurry, (2) x. 124
Guttering, (4) xiii. 89
Guzzle, (D.L.) xlv. 287
Gwain, (2) x. 124
Hackle, (8) xvii. 96
Hag, (11) xxi. 94
Haggagin', (12) xxiii. 131
HaUer, (7) xvi. 106
Hailing, (D.L.) xlv. 287
VOL. XLvn. ]
Hain'd up, (D.L.) xlv. 288
Hairen, (13) xxv. 194
Hairy vethery, (17) xxx. 64
Half -enough, (11) xxi. 94
Half-knack, (16) xxix. 66; (28)
xlvii. 98
Half -strain, (18) xxxii. 62
Half -strained-gentry, (1) ix.
131
Half -stuff, see Gurbage
Halse, (1) ix. 131
Halves, (16) xxix. 66
Ham, (7) xvi. 104
Ham o' Pork, (8) xvii. 96
Hames, (7) xvi. 104
Hammelled, (16) xxix. 66
Hammer- bates, (16) xxix. 66
Handkecher, (10) xix. 69
Hand-ock, (11) xxi. 96
Handsome, (12) xxiii. 131
Hand-wrist6s, (2) x. 124
Handy, (24) xliu. 83
Hang up, (D.L.) xlv. 288
Hanks, (16) xxix. 66
Hape, (11) xxi. 94
Hapse, (D.L.) xlv. 288
Hard, (16) xxix. 66
Hard-a-baked, (D.L.) xlv. 288
Harder, (7) xvi. 106
Harve, Harves, (27) xlvi. 86
Harvest-men, (23) xlii. 76
Hat = to germinate, (6) xiv. 141
Hat = to cover sheaves, (7) xvi.
106
Haunch, (6) xv. 86
Havage, (17) xxx. 66
Have=has, (2) x. 124
Haves =has, (2) x. 124
Hazy, (3) xi. 134
He=him,it,she, (2) x. 124, 126
He=she, (D.L.) xlv. 288
Heable, (11) xxi. 96
Head, (6) xiv. 141
Heal, (6) xv. 86 ; (17) xlxx. 66
Heal over, (7) xvi. 106
Healer, (7) xvi. 106
Healing, of a book, (10) xix. 71
Heart-rendering, (27) xlvi. 86
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INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT BEPOBTS
Heat-drops, (13) xxv. 194
Heaval, (24) xliii. 83
Heck-a-m&ll, (11) xxi. 96
Heck-a-noddy, (11) xxi. 96
Hedge-a-boar, (25) xliv. 76
Hedge-tacker, (14) xxvii. 49
Heeling, (12) xxiii. 131
Heft, (24) xliii. 83
Hefty, (24) xliii. 84
Hekketty-pound, (2) x. 126
Help, (8) xvii. 96 ; (D.L.) xlv.
288
Helving, (20) xxxvii. 131
Hemel, (16) xxix. 56
Hem on his garment, (2) x. 125
Hemple, (7) xvi. 106
Henge, (1) ix. 132
Her=he, it, she, (2) x. 125;
(8) xvii. 97
Her=8he, (8) xvii. 97
Herding, (23) xlii. 76
Herevrom, (1) ix. 132
Het, (16) xxix. 56
Hidanseek, (1) ix. 132
Hidy, (13) xxv. 194
High-by-day, (4) xiii. 89
High-cockalorum, (23) xlii. 76
Hilf, (ll)xxi.95
Him=it, (2)x. 125
Hinder, verb, (2) x. 125 ; (5) xiv.
141
Hinderment, (5) xiv. 141
Hinned, (13) xxv. 196
Hire-say, (4) xiii. 89
Hi8=her, (2)x. 126
Hoard, (17) xxx. 66
Hobble, (3) xi. 134
Hobbler, (3) xi. 134
Hole in the baUet, (2) x. 126
HoUin', (7) xvi. 106
Hohn, (6) xiii. 89
Holm-screech, (13) xxv. 195
Home to, (3) xi. 134 ; (5) xiv.
141 ; (6) XV. 86
Home-along, (27) xlvi. 85
Homer, (17) xxx. 66
Hood- wall; (11) xxi. 95
Hook-brim'le, (17) xxx. 65
Hoop=bullfinch, (23) xlii. 76
Hoop, to go through the, (14)
xxvii. 56
Hoop-pins, (13) xxv. 195
Hoozen, (1) ix. 132
Horch, (11) xxi. 95
Homen, (17) xxx. 65
Homiwink, (23) xlii. 77
Horse-jessamine, (8) xvii. 97
Hoss-Protestant, (22) xli. 74
Hostling, (17) xxx. 66
House-ified, (23) xlii. 77
Hove, Hoved, (5) xiv. 142
Hovers, (7) xvi. 106 ; (16) xxix.
66
Howdering, (7) xvi. 106
Huer, (9) xviii. 96
Huffle, (16) xxix. 57
Huflaing, (26) xlv. 82
Hulder, (20) xxxvii. 131
Hulk, (4) xiii. 90
Hum-buz, (3) xi. 134
Hummick, (10) xix. 71
Humpy-scrumples, (8) xvii. 98
Hunt-a-crock, (27) xlvi. 85
Hurdle, verb, (12) xxiii. 132
Hurted, (3) xi. 134 ; (25) xliv.
75
Husband's-tea, (1) ix. 132
Huxions, (D.L.) xlv. 288
If so be, (8) xvii. 98
lie, (6) XV. 86
Illegible, see Demand, (8)
xvii. 91
Improver, (8) xvii. 98
In and out, (9) xviii. 97
In coo'se, (3) xi. 135
In home, Up home, (10) xix. 71
In horn, (10) xix. 71
Infurmation, (D.L.) xlv. 289
Inkle, (24) xliii. 84
Inside, (5) xiv. 142 ; (6) xv. 86
Instanshus, (8) xvii. 98
Into, (1) ix. 132
Ippet, (3) xi. 135
Irishism, see Devonshire
Irishism
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116
Iron prayers, (3) xi. 135
Item =a trifle, (2) x. 126
Item=a trick, (10) xix. 72
Iteming, (D.L.) xlv. 289
Itemming, (3) xi. 135; (16)
xxix. 57
Itemy, (10) xix. 72
It's a-been, (7) xvi. 106
Ivy-drum, (6) xv. 87 ; (7) xvi.
107
Jabber, (3) xi. 135
Jack-Jesums, (16) xxix. 57
Jacob, (11) xxi. 95
Jakes, (3) xi. 135
Jerusalem seeds, (7) xvi. 107
Jet, verb, (1) ix. 132
Jewel, verb, (10) xix. 72 ; (13)
XXV. 195
Jibbed, (26) xlv. 82
Jigged, (5) xiv. 142
Joanic, (22) xli. 74
Joanie, (11) xxi. 96
Job, see Enough to terrify
J5b, see Fine job
Jockery, (6) xv. 87
Jonnick, (7) xvi. 107
Josep, (17) XXX. 66
Josey, (24) xliii. 84
Jouds, see Done to Jouds
Jowdered, (26) xlv. 82
Jubal, (18) xxxii. 62
Kain, Kainey, Keen, veri, (24)
xliii. 84
Keenly, (22) xli. 74
Keep again, (2) x. 126
Keepering, (10) xix. 73
Keepness, (24) xliii. 84
Keeve, (27) xlvi. 85
Kettle-hammering, (16) xxix.
57
Kickshaw, (23) xlii. 77
Kid the peas, (10) xix. 73
Kiddie, verb, (9) xviii. 97
Kiddly-tope, (27) xlvi. 85
Killai, (20) xxxvii. 131
Killed a little pig, (2) x. 126
Kittermiflter, (19) xxxiv. 96
Kitty-rock, (13) xxv. 195
Kitty-tope, (10) xix. 73
Knacked, (8) xvii. 99
Knackin' vore, (27) xlvi. 86
Knap, (17) xxx. 66
Knob, Knub, (5) xiv. 143
Knowledgeable, (1) ix. 132;
(8) xvii. 99
Knowsy, (26) xlv. 83
Knucks, (14) xxvii. 49
Kutch-pawed, (13) xxv. 195
Lady-day Day, (13) xxv. 195
Laggate, (26) xlv. 83
Lain, (13) xxv. 195
Lairy, (12) xxiii. 132
Lake, (2) x. 126
Limpie, (1) ix. 132
Land-waters, (18) xxxii. 62 ;
(27) xlvi. 86
Landy-hay, (27) xlvi. 86
Lank, (13) xxv. 196
Lar, Larra, (6) xv. 87
Larch, verb, (14) xxvii. 49
Larra, (14) xxvii. 50
Larraes, (19) xxxiv. 97
Larrups, (5) xiv. 143
Larry, (6) xv. 87
Lash, (27) xlvi. 86
Last-along, (3) xi. 136
Last^s, (27) xlvi. 86
Lattin, (19) xxxiv. 97; (20)
xxxvii. 131
Laugh* and Jellaughter, (11)
xxi. 96
Launder, (1) ix. 133 ; (5) xiv.
143
Lay=lief, (8) xvii. 99
Lead, verb, (2) x. 126
Leaping-stock, (1) ix. 133
Lear, (16) xxix. 57
Learage, (16) xxix. 57; (22)
xli. 74
Learn =to teach, (2) x. 127
Leary, (18) xxxii. 62; (D.L.)
xlv. 289
Leastes', (27) xlvi. 86
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116
INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS
Leastest, (22) xli. 76
Leather-bird, (D.L.) xlv. 289
Leer, sttbat, (9) xviii. 97.
Leery, (11) xxi. 96 ; (17) xxx.
66; (19) xxxiv. 97; (20)
xxxvii. 132
Legs, (D.L.) xlv. 290
Lekky-brath, (2) x. 127
Lenge, (2) x. 127
Lent=loan, (19) xxxiv. 97
Lenth=loan, (1) ix. 133
Lenticups, (25) xliv. 76
Lerripping, (3) xi. 136
Lerry, (2) x. 127
Let down, verb, (8) xvii. 99
Let in to't, (2) x. 127
Letten, (26) xlv. 83
Lew, (17) xxx. 66 ; (D.L.) xlv.
290
Lew-side, (11) xxi. 96
Lew't, (10) xix. 73
Liable, (10) xix. 73
Lickering, (12) xxiii. 132
Lie, svhst., (5) xiv. 143
Lied by the wall, (D.L.) xlv.
290
Lifting-stock, (1) ix. 133 ; (7)
xvi. 108
Lights, (13) XXV. 196
Liketty-lik, (3) xi. 136
Limb, (2) x. 127
Limned, (22) xli. 75
Limpem-scrimp, (17) xxx. 67
Limpet-scrimps, (26) xlv. 83
Linhay, (4) xiii. 90 ; (D.L.) xlv.
290
Limips, (27) xlvi. 86
Lirruppy, (12) xxiii. 132
LissonUy, (11) xxi. 96
Listy, (5) xiv. 143
Litter-cum-toss, (13) xxv. 196
Little Fitter, (20) xxxvii. 132
Little Wyevyn Soonday, (13)
xxv. 196
Livier, (8) xvii. 99 ; (10) xix.
73; (17) xxx. 67
Livyers, (3) xi. 136
Lizzum, (14) xxvii. 51
Load, verb, (7) xvi. 108
Lodge, svbaC, (7) xvi. 108
Log=to rock, (25) xliv. 76
Logic, (6) XV. 87
Long agone, (2) x. 127
Long family, (2) x. 127
Long soft family, (11) xxi. 96
long with, (1) ix. 133
Long-biders, (24) xliii. 85
Long-cripple, (11) xxi. 96
Loug-dug, (5) xiv. 144
Loug-sleave Qock, (22) xli. 75
Looking from under Brent
Hill, (13) xxv. 196; (14)
xxvii. 51
Loos'd, (6) XV. 87
Lop, (27) xlvi. 87
LoploUy, (26) xlv. 83
Lost=to lose, (22) xli. 75
Lostages, (27) xlvi. 87
Losting, (7) xvi. 108
Louster, (D.L.) xlv. 291
Loustering, (21) xl. 65
Lovin', (5) xiv. 144
Low, verby (7) xvi. 118
Lug, see Yard, (7) xvi. 121
Lug=lade-pail, (20) xxxvii. 132
Lugs=logs, see Plugs, (11) xxi.
99
Lump, verb, (1) ix. 133
Lumpus, (13) xxv. 197
Lur^, (3) xi. 136
Maden, (3) xi. 136
Mafflities, (18) xxxii. 62
Mag, (22) xU. 75
Mahl-scralls, (8) xvii. 99
Maiden-comb, (7) xvi. 108
Maiden's-ruin, (14) xxvii. 51
Maiden-tree, (1) ix. 133
Main, stibat, (10) xix. 73
Mainly, (18) xxxii. 63
Maister, (3) xi. 136
Make use of, (6) xiv. 144 ; (8)
xvii. 100
Make-wise, (23) xlii. 77
Malancholy, (1) ix. 133
MaU, (11) xxi. 97
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117
Mammy-gog, (7) xvi. 109
Man-tie, (4) xiii. 00
Many-hearted, (5) xiv. 144
Mapsing, (12) xxiii. 132
Martin, (13) xxv. 197
Martin-heifer, (14) xxvii. 51
Ma'sh, (25) xUv. 76
Maskells, (19) xxxiv. 97
Massy, (D.L.) xlv. 291
Master cows, (3) xi. 136
Masterpiece, (13) xxv. 197
Maurs, (D.L.) xlv. 291
Maw-guts, (16) xxix. 58
Mawn, (11) xxi. 96
May, (3) xi. 137
May-blossom, (22) xli. 75
May-games, (24) xliii. 85
Mazed, (24) xliii. 85
Maze-Monday, (3) xi. 137
Mazery, (16) xxix. 58
Mazzards, (23) xlii. 78
Me=I, (2) X. 128
Meant, Ment, (9) xviii. 97
Mease, (16) xxix. 58 ; (17)xxx.
67
Measley-beggars, (2) x. 128
Meat-nut, (24) xliii. 85
Meeching, (12) xxiii. 132
Megged, (26) xlv. 84
Mell, (11) xxi. 97
Mellum, (9) xviii. 97
Mellumy, Mallamy, (27) xlvi.
87
Melted bread, (3) xi. 137
Merry- Anders, (24) xliii. 85
Merry-Mokus, (13) xxv. 197
Michard, (14) xxvii. 51
Miching, (2) x. 128
Mickled, (22) xU. 76
Middling and, (6) xv. 88
Midge, (1) ix. 133
Mild, (6) XV. 88
Milk, verb, (1) ix. 134
Milk-maids, (7) xvi. 109
Milky-dashels, (16) xxix. 58 ;
(18) xxxii. 63
Mind, (3) xi. 137 ; (6) xv. 88 ;
(D.L.) xlv. 291
Mind in it, (2) x. 128
Minding, (3) xi. 137
Mischevious, (1) ix. 134
Misk, (4) xiii. 90 ; (27) xlvi. 87
Mixy-coloured, (23) xlii. 78
Miz-wet, (5) xiv. 145
Moat, (22) xU. 76
Moaty, Motty, (16) xxix. 58
Mograge, (6) xv. 88
Mommet, (23) xlii. 78
Money-in-both-pockets, (4) xiii.
90
Monstrous, (24) xliii. 86
Moody-hearted, (27) xlvi. 87
Moor an' Mul, (23) xUi. 78
Moot, subsL, (11) xxi. 97
Moot, verb, (27) xlvi. 87 ; (28)
xlvii. 99
Moot earth, (16) xxix. 59
Moot out, (7) xvi. 109
Mooterin', (18) xxxii. 63
Mop, verb, (23) xlii. 78
Mopper, (19) xxxiv. 97
Moppy, (10) xix. 74
Mops, see All Mops and Brooms
Mopsed, (12) xxiii. 133
Mor'n mool, (1) ix. 134
Mores, (10) xix. 74
Morganhayes, Morning, (16)
xxix. 59
Morte, (23) xlii. 78
Mounters, (22) xli. 76
Moimting-stock, (11) xxi. 97
Mouth-speech, (5) xiv. 145 ; (8)
xvii. 100
Mow-barton, (6) xv. 88
Mowderin', (11) xxi. 97
Much, (D.L.) xlv. 291
Much, verb, (22) xli. 76
Much over, (18), xxxii. 64
Mucky, (11) xxi. 97
Muffled, (18) xxxii. 64
Muffle-fac6d, (17) xxx. 67
Mulk-visseU, (27) xlvi. 88
Mully, (D.L.) xlv. 291
Mully-grubs, (8) xvii. 100
Mump, (26) xiv. 84
Mump, verb, (8) xvii. 100
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INDBX TO THE TWBNTY-BIGHT REPORTS
Mump-head, Mump, (24) xliii.
86
Mun, Min=them, (4) xiii. 90
Murchy, (24) xliii. 86
Mure, (14) xxvii. 52
Mushelrooms, (14) xxvii. 52
Musicker, (17) xxx. 67
Mussel-clumbs, (13) xxv. 197
Muty.hearted, (23) xlii. 79
Mux, (D.L.) xlv. 292
Muzzle, (8) xvii. 100
-N, old plural termination, (26)
xlv. 85
Nadgers, (14) xxvii. 53
Naish, (6) xv. 88 ; (D.L.) xlv.
292
Naked, (6) xv. 89
Naked-Jacks, (16) xxix. 59;
(27) xlvi. 88
Nanny-zuU, (7) xvi. 109
Nap=to snap, (1) ix. 134
Nap=knap, (18) xxxii. 64
Narraway, (14) xxvii. 53
Narrowstaples, (D.L.) xlv. 292
Natomy, (D.L.) xlv. 292
Nattled, (14) xxvii. 53
Naturally, (1) ix. 134
Nature, (11) xxi. 98
Natur'-fool, (13) xxv. 197
Nautical, (19) xxxiv. 97
Nawz, (6) XV. 89
Near, (D.L.) xlv. 292
Neash, Neish, (1) ix. 135
Neck of the foot, (3) xi. 138
Neggar, (14) xxvii. 53
Neighbour, verb, (13) xxv. 198
Nest, verb, (6) xv. 89
Nestle-trip, (28) xlvii. 99
News-hagging, (17) xxx. 67 ;
(18) xxxii. 64
Nickleethies, (17) xxx. 68
Nicknames of places, (10) xix.
74
Niddick, (22) xli. 76 ; (D.L.)
xlv. 292
Niddle, (6) xv. 88
Niest, (22) xli. 76
NiflFed, (22) xU. 77
Niggelling, (14) xxvii. 54
Night-times, (2) x. 128
Mimmet, (1) ix. 135
Nimping-gang, (12) xxiii. 133 ;
(D.L.) xlv. 292
Ninny-wit, (21) xl. 66
Nissle-draft, (20) xxxvii. 132
Nistle-thrish, (20) xxxvii. 132
Nitch, (10) xix. 74
Nogs, (7) xvi. 109
Nonsical, (12) xxiii. 134
Nood, (10) xix. 76
Nomigging, Nomigig, (14)
xxvii. 54
Norting, (14), xxvii. 55
Notamise, (22) xli. 77
No-tanaby, (24), xliii. 86
No-thank'y a-hanged, (7) xvi.
109
Nothing, (4) xiii. 91
No-tino, (23) xlii. 79
Notomy, (3) xi. 138
Nub, (3) xi. 138
Nummatin', (10) xix. 75
Nusthma, (6) xv. 89
Nut-'all, (1) ix. 135
Nuzzle-tripe, (18) xxxii. 64
Oak-mas', (24) xliii. 87
Oavfe, (24) xliii. 87
Obligated, (8) xvii. 100
Occupated, (8) xvii. 101
Ockshuns, see Frindered, etc.
Of, (1) ix. 135
Of=on, (8)xvii. 101
Offering for rain, (2) x. 128
Off-handed, (6) xv. 90
Office, (1) ix. 135
Offington, (2) x. 128
Old, (1) ix. 135
Old, The old, (20) xxxvii. 132
Oldness, (9) xviu. 98
Omission of definite article,
(6) XV. 90 ; (8) xvii. 101
On, (D.L.) xlv. 292
On=at, (1) ix. 135 ; (16) xxix.
59
Digitized by
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ON DBVONSHIBE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
119
Once, (9) xviii. 98
Oncest, (7) xvi. 110
One-beam-barrel, (26) xlv. 86
Onstummickable, (D.L.) xlv.
292
Ooze, (13) XXV. 198
Ope, (22) xli. 77
Opeway, Opway, (6) xv. 90;
(18) xxxii. 65
Or this, or that, (9) xviii. 98
Oration, (22) xli. 77
Orch, (16) xxix. 59
Ordain, (17) xxx. 68
Orts, (7) xvi. 110
Other one, (23) xlii. 79
Ouchills, (7) xvi. 110
Oudacious, (2) x. 128
Oudsun, (12) xxiii. 134
Out-shells, (13) XXV. 198
Oven, (3) xi. 138
Oven-stopper, (19) xxxiv. 98
Over, (1) ix. 135
Over=fondof, (7) xvi. 110
Over-gone, (12) xxiii. 134
Overlash, (13) xxv. 198
Owned, (l)ix. 136; (18)xxxii.66
Ownself , adj,, (9) xviii. 99
Oyster, (24) xliii. 87
Padlog, (11) xxi. 98
Pake, (22) xU. 78
Pakes, (19) xxxiv. 98
Pakesing, (11) xxi. 98
Palch, (22) xli. 78
Pale-gate, (1) ix. 136
Pahn, (3) xi. 138
Pame=pane, (1) ix. 136
Pame=purlin, (18) xxxii. 66
Pangers, (13) xxv. 198
Pannel, (11) xxi. 98
Paper 'n, (17) xxx. 69
Pardner=partner, (3) xi. 138
Pardoner, Pardner, (23) xlii. 79
Pare, (3) xi. 138
Parfit, (D.L.) xlv. 292
Parson, (10) xix. 75
Parson-in-the pulpit, (11) xxi.
98
Parson's fool, (13) xxv. 199
Pash, (6) XV. 90
Pa'ssle, (3) xi. 139
Pass-meals, (10) xix. 75
Pass the time of day, (17) xxx.
69
Path-field, (11) xxi. 98
Patted in, (13) xxv. 199
Paws'es =posts, (5) xiv. 145
Peart, (D.L.) xlv. 292
Peas, (1) ix. 136
Peck, verb, (4) xiii. 91
Peck-headed, (16) xxix. 59
Pedigree, (23) xlii. 79
Pee, (17) xxx. 69
Peended, (22) xli. 78
Peg-leg, (27) xlvi. 88
Pellum, see Pakes, (19) xxxiv.
98
Perk, (25) xUv. 76
Persuaded, (17) xxx. 69
Perted up, (25) xUv. 76
Pese, (5) xiv. 145
Peyse, (7) xvi. 110
Phizgie, (ll)xxi.98
Pick =a speck, spot, (7) xvi. 1 10
Pick abroad, (12) xxiii. 134
Pick along, (24) xliii. 87
Pick away, (D.L.) xlv. 293
Kckey.pale, (17) xxx. 69
Piece, (27) xlvi. 88
Pierter, (3) xi. 139
Pig's-looze, (13) xxv. 199
Piler, (14) xxvii. 55
PHkey, (6) xv. 90
PiUum, (16) xxix. 59; (17)
xxx. 70 ; (D.L.) xlv. 293
Pilth, (10) xix. 75
Pin=hip, (2)x. 129
'Pin tap, (23) xlii. 80
Pindey, (5) xiv. 145
Pinnick, (3) xi. 139 ; (12) xxiii.
134 ; (20) xxxvii. 133
Pinnicking, (16) xxix. 60
Pinzwell, (3) xi. 139
Pippers, (13) xxv. 199
Pirch, (8) xvii. 101
Pit=a well, (11) xxi. 98
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120
INDBX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS
Pit=a grave, (13) xxv. 199
Pitch, subst, (10) xix. 75
Pitch, vcrft, (13) xxv. 200; (20)
xxxvii. 133 ; (D.L.) xlv. 293
Pitcher, (20) xxxvii. 133
Pittish, (8) xvii. 101
Pixy-led, (18) xxxii. 66
Place for Abraham to bury his
wife, (1) ix. 136
Plain, (7) xvi. Ill
Plaize t'ev ? (25) xUv. 76
Planch, (22) xli. 78
Planchen, (18) xxxii. 66
Plank, verb, (1) ix. 136
Plat=to plod, (25) xliv. 77
Platter-footed, (13) xxv. 200
Plaunchen vloor, (D.L.) xlv.
293
Play=to swarm, (8) xvii. 101
Played the GaUies, (5) xiv. 146
Ploizy, (14) xxvii. 55
Plough =team, (5) xiv. 146
Plough-path, (8) xvii. 102 ; (9)
xviii. 99
Plough-tackle, (8) xvii. 102
Plowe, (20) xxvii. 133
Pluckin', (8) xvii. 102
Pluff, (7) xvi. Ill ; (25) xUv.
77
Pluffy, (2) X. 129
Plugs, Lugs, (11) xxi. 99
Plum, (5) xiv. 146 ; (6) xv. 91 ;
(8) xvii. 102 ; (10) xix. 76 ;
(11) xxi. 99; (13) xxv. 200;
(16) xxix. 60; (D.L.) xlv.
294
Plumming, (D.L.) xlv. 294
Plumpie, (28) xlvii. 99
Plushy, (6) XV. 91
Poach, (8) xvii. 102
Poached, (4) xiii. 91
Poaching, (16) xxix. 60
Point, see Bread and Point
'Pointment, (8) xvii. 103
Points, (13) xxv. 201
Pok6, verb, (!) ix. 136
Poke, subst.y (14) xxvii. 55
Poll-parrot, (7) xvi. Ill \
PoU-picked, (26) xUv. 77
Polt, (22) xU. 78
Pomet lace, (19) xxxiv. 98
Pool, Pule, (23) xlii. 80
Poor-ground, (12) xxiii. 135
Popples, (3) xi. 139
Popple-stones, (12) xxiii. 135
Pore, (13) xxv. 201
Portys, (20) xxxvii. 133
Pot, (11) xxi. 99
Pot and Puddmg, (D.L.) xlv.
294
Pote, (10) xix. 76
Pountifee, (19) xxxiv. 98
Power, (D.L.) xlv. 294
Prang, (24) xUii. 88
Prayle, (24) xliii. 88
Prepositions, (23) xlii. 80
Presently, (8) xvii. 103
Perspiration, (6) xv. 91
Presture, (13) xxv. 201
Previous, (12) xxiii. 135
Pricked, (23) xlii. 80
Primrosen, (3) xi. 139
Prince's-feather, (7) xvi. Ill ;
(16) xxix. 60
Prize, subst, (1) ix. 137
Proacher, Proaching, (5) xiv.
146
Proofy, (13) xxv. 201
Proper, (1) ix. 137
Properly, (4) xiii. 92 ; (11) xxi.
99
Proverbs, (7) xvi. Ill; (8)
xvii. 103; (9) xviii. 99;
(13) xxv. 201; (14) xxvii.
56; (18) xxxii. 66; (19)
xxxiv. 98 ; (20) xxxvii. 134
Pug, Pog, (24) xliii. 88
Pugs, (26) xlv. 86
Pullup, (7)xvi. Ill
Pully-ally, (25) xliv. 77
Pultry, (8) xvii. 104
Pummle-vooted, (23) xlii. 80
Pummy, (18) xxxii. 67
Pumple-foot, (7) xvi. Ill
Pump-pit, (7) xvi. Ill
Punctual, (10) xix. 76
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ON DBVONSHIBB VBBBAIi PBOVTNCIALISMS.
121
Punish, (12) xxiii. 135
Purdens, (27) xlvi. 88
Purdle, (27) xlvi. 89
Purt, (13) XXV. 201
Purty, (1) ix. 137
Pussed, (2) X. 129
Put going, (D.L.) xlv. 294
Putitdown, (l)ix. 137
Put out eye, (D.L.) xlv* 294
Put to bed wi' a showl, (10)
xix. 77
Put to buck, (1) ix. 137
Putch, see Pitch, (D.L.) xlv.
293
Putsom, (10) xix. 77
Quack, (D.L.) xlv. 294
Quaddle, verb, (5) xiv. 146
Quaddle, aubsL, (12) xxiii. 135
Quail, (19) xxxiv. 98
Quarter of coal, (19) xxxiv.
98
Quat, (14) xxvii. 56; (D.L.)
xlv. 294
Queen's-feather, (16) xxix. 60
Quick-beam, (1) ix. 137
QuiU, (5) xiv. 146
QuiUaway, (3) xi. 139; (16)
xxix. 60
Quilling, (25) xUv. 77
Quilty, (22) xU. 78
Quirk, (27) xlvi. 89
Rab, (26) xlv. 86
Rabbet, (28) xlvii. 100
Rabbit, verb, (10) xix. 77
Rabbit-part, (5) xiv. 146
Rabin-Urdick, (18) xxxii. 67
Racket thing, (16) xxix. 60
Ragg. (1*) xxvii. 56
Raggart, (12) xxiii. 136
Ragged- Jacks, (16) xxix. 61
Ragget, verb, (13) xxv. 201
Raim, (11) xxi. 99
Ram-cat, (10) xix. 77
Rame, (6) xv. 91
Rame out, (8) xvii. 104
Rames, (2) x. 129
Ramping, (1) ix. 137 ; (11) xxi.
99; (D.L.) xlv. 294
Ramshackle, (10) xix. 77
Ranche, verb, (14) xxvii. 56
Ranes, (16) xxix. 61
Range =to sift, (12) xxiii. 136
Rap, syh8t.,=B, strip, (7) xvi.
112
Rape, (8) xvii. 104
Rapid, (3) xi. 140
Rare, verb, (16) xxix. 61
Rary-mouse, (23) xlii. 80
Rash, (11) xxi. 99
Rasome, (24) xliii. 88
Rasparated, (14) xxvii. 57
Ratcher, (11) xxi. 99
Rattle-backed, (3) xi. 140
Rattle-cum-scour, (13) xxv. 202
Raunch, (7) xvi. 112
Rave, subaL, (12) xxiii. 136
Raze, (13) xxv. 202
Ream, (23) xlii. 80
Rear, verb, (4) xiii. 92 ; (6) xv.
91
Reare-mise, (23) xlii. 81
Reckon, (11) xxi. 100
Redmas, (23) xlii. 81
Reds, (11) xxi. 100
Reed, (25) xUv. 77
Reeping, (7) xvi. 112
Regrater, (14) xxvii. 57
Reign, (8) xvii. 105
Reigning, (6) xv. 92
Remains, (26) xlv. 86
Re-neg, (14) xxvii. 57
Retaliate, (20) xxxvii. 134
Reve, (14) xxvii. 57
Rewer, (11) xxi. 100
Rexens, (4) xiii. 92
Ribbet, (28) xlvii. 100
Riddle, (5) xiv. 147
Ride, verb trans,, (4) xiii. 92 ;
(27) xlvi. 89
Ridges and Fores, (24) xliii. 88
Rids of, (3) xi. 140
Rig, (22) xli. 79 ; (24) xliii. 89
Rigging, (D.L.) xlv. 295
Right away, (l)ix. 137
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122
INDEX TO THE TWENTY-BIGHT REPORTS
Right- vore bread, (13) xxv. 202
Ripping = stripping bark, (4)
xiii. 93; (11) xxi. 100
Riprended, (1) ix. 137
Rive, Reive, (4) xiii. 93
Riving-sieve, (4) xiii. 93
Rizzled, (24) xliii. 89
Roach, (13) xxv. 202
Road-axe, (13) xxv. 202
Robin- wood, (7) xvi. 112
Rogue, verb, (5) xiv. 147
RoUy, (8) xvii. 105
Roman- jessamine, (7) xvi. 112
Romantic, (21) xl. 66
Roo-butt, (26) xlv. 87
Rooing, (20) xxxvii. 134
Rooshan, (16) xxix. 61
Roost in, (9) xviii. 99
Rootie, (22) xli. 79
Roozed, A-roozed down, (16)
xxix. 61
Rory-tory, (26) xlv. 87
Rough, (22) xU. 79
Round-yawing, (13) xxv. 203
Rouseing away, (11) xxi. ICK)
Rout=to snore, (1) ix. 138
Routs =ruts, (8) xvii. 105
Routy, (8) xvii. 105
Rove, (23) xiii. 82
Rovin', (8) xvii. 105
Rub=torob, (2) x. 129
Rubbey, (17) xxx. 70
Rubbige, (1) ix. 138
Ruck, Rucky, (3) xi. 140
Ruckey, (3) xi. 140
Ruckey down, (11) xxi. 100
Rucksel, (22) xli. 79
Rudmas, (23) xiii. 81
Rummagy mess, (11) xxi. 100
Run along, (18) xxxii. 67
Run up, (12) xxiii. 137
Rimabouts, (7) xvi. 112
Runch, (D.L.) xlv. 295
Runner, (19) xxxiv. 98
Runs about, (2) x. 129
Riishment, (1) ix. 138
Riishure, (17) xxx. 70
Rusing, (26) xlv. 87
Rutty, (22) xH. 79
Ruzement, (D.L.) xlv. 295
S, omission of, (13) xxv. 203
'S, termination, (25) xli v. 78 ;
(9) xviii. 100
Safe, (12) xxiii. 137
Saffron, (4) xiii. 93
Saft, (D.L.) xlv. 295
Salary, (D.L.) xlv. 295
Sailer, (24) xliii. 89
Samed, (22) xH. 79
Sand3rman in eyes, (19) xxxiv.
99
Sanguelling, (19) xxxiv. 99
Sar, (23) xiii. 82
Sarvient, (17) xxx. 71
Savage, verb, (26) xlv. 87
Scad=shower, (6) xv. 92
Scads =turves, (21) xl. 66
Scaintey, (18) xxxii. 67
Scaling, (11) xxi. 100
Scamble-hocks, (24) xliii. 89
ScamUn, (12) xxiii. 137
Scammel, (10) xix. 78; (24)
xliii. 90
Scantle, (18) xxxii. 68
Scanter, (3) xi. 140
Scat, (6) XV. 92 ; (13) xxv. 203 ;
(23) xiii. 82
Scat abroad, (8) xvii. 106
School, (9) xviii. 96, 100
Scills, (23) xiii. 82
Scloud, (11) xxi. 101
Sclum,ver&, (l)ix. 138
Scoot, avhsLy (8) xvii. 106
Score, (17) xxx. 71
Scottled, (8) xvii. 106
Scourged, (25) xliv. 78
Scovey, (10) xix. 78
Scram hand, (7) xvi. 113
Scran, (22) xli. 80
Scrap, (8) xvii. 106
Scrapping, (19) xxxiv. 99
Scraunched, (3) xi. 141
Scraunching, (27) xlvi. 89
Scrawly, (25) xliv. 78
Screed, (22) xli. 80
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ON DEVONSHIBB VBBBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
123
Scrim, (22) xli. 80
Scrim'd up, (D.L.) xlv. 295
Scriptoire, (19) xxxiv. 99
Scrittick, (27) xlvi. 89
Scrubby, (16) xxix. 62
Scrunched, see Scraunched, (3)
xi. 141
Scratch, (24) xliii. 90
Scummer, (9) xviii. 101
Scun, (16) xxix. 62
Scute, (20) xxxvii. 136 ; (D.L.)
xlv. 295
Scuwle, (2) X. 129
Seat, (10) xix. 77
Sebastopol daisy, (13) xxv. 203
Sedges, (24) xliii. 90
See=to try, see Devonshire
Irishism
Seem, (1) ix. 138
Seeming, (8) xvii. 106
Seedy, (22) xU. 80
Segumber, (7) xvi. 113
Seldom thing, (25) xliv. 79
Seller, (19) xxxiv. 99
Sere, (20) xxxvii. 135
Seven-sleeper, (11) xxi. 101
Sdvere, (10) xix. 77
Sex, (11) xxi. 101
Shab, (13) xxv. 203
Shaked, (3) xi. 141
Shakes, (D.L.) xlv. 295
Shammel-mait, (12) xxiii. 137
Shanmiicks, (7) xvi. 113
Sharps =sharpenings, (1) ix.
138
Sharps =shafts, (2) x. 130
Shaw-free, (21) xl. 66
She=her, (2) x. 130 ; (8) xvii.
106, 107
She=a woman, (9) xviii. 100
Shear, (12) xxiii. 138
Shelf, (23) xlii. 83
Shendel, (20) xxxvii. 135
Shet, (3) xi. 141
Shettles, (8) xvii. 107
Shibbin, (23) xlii. 83
Shillet, (7) xvi. 113 ; (23), see
Shelf
Shilleth, (3) xi. 141
Shilling-stones, (D.L.) xlv. 296
Shindals, (18) xxxii. 68
Shine, verb, (1) ix. 138
Shippen, (8) xvii. 107; (20)
xxxvii. 135
Shoddin' o' water, (11) xxi. 101
Shoes, see Wipe your Shoes
Shoes and Stockings, (13) xxv.
203
Shords, (3) xi. 141 ; (4) xiu. 93
Short'n, (2) x. 130
Should, (11) xxi. 101
Shourt, (18) xxxii. 68
Show, verb, (8) xvii. 113
Shred of grass, (14) xxvii. 57
Shroudy, (4) xiii. 94
Shucken, (16) xxix. 62
Shugg, (11) xxi. 102
Shuggling about, (7) xvi. 116
Shule, (27) xlvi. 90
Shut, verb, (5) xiv. 147
Shut=to weld, (20) xxxvii. 135
Shutof=ridof, (2)x. 130
Shutes, (1) ix. 138
Shute-trough, (19) xxxiv. 100
Sidelong, (l)ix. 139
Sife, (6) XV. 92
Sifers, (19) xxxiv. 100
Sight = quantity, (D.L.) xlv.
296
Sim, verb, (8) xvii. 106
Similes, (10) xix. 79 ; (12) xxiii.
138
Simlet, (22) xli. 80
Sunple, (11) xxi. 102
Sinner =8einer, (9) xviii. 96,
100; (10) xix. 78
'SipUs, (D.L.) xlv. 296
Si8=to throw, (7) xvi. 113
Siverl, (D.L.) xlv. 296
Skenter, (25) xliv. 79
Skiddick, (1) ix. 139
Skimmety riding, (12) xxiii. 138
Skinnied, (7) xvi. 113
Skirmishing, (5) xiv. 147
Sklum, verb, (12) xxiii. 138
Sklummed, (10) xix. 78
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124
INDEX TO THB TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS
Skole, Skoole, (10) xix. 78
Skouce, (6) XV. 92
Skriddick, (11) xxi. 102
Skrump, (11) xxi. 101
Skute, (13) XXV. 204
Skwinges, (8) xvii. 107
Skylarking, (2) x. 130
Slack-backW, (7) xvi. 114
SlaggM, (3) xi. 141
Slainmick,Slaminicky, (9) xviii.
100
Slat, (22) xU. 80
Slat-axe, (20) xxxvii. 136
Slatter, (25) xUv. 79
Slay-roof, Slee-roof, (18) xxxii.
68
Sleep off, (23) xlii. 83
Sleeps, (1) ix. 139
Sleeping, (11) xxi. 102
Sleepy, (22) xli. 81
Slews, (19) xxxiv. 100
SUght, (16) xxix. 62
Slippage, (11) xxi. 102
Slippen, (8) xvii. 108
Slipper =8lippery, (6) xv. 92
Slip-pigs, (5) xiv. 147
Slob, (8) xvii. 108
Slock, verb, (8) xvii. 108
Slocket, (20) xxxvii. 136
Sloen, (4) xiii. 94
Sloidge, (1) ix. 139
Slope, (23) xlii. 83
Slotter, (16) xxix. 62
Slouzer, (8) xvii. 107
SmaU few, (26) xlv. 88
Smeech, (8) xvii. 108
Smeer=to sneer, (7) xvi. 114
Smeerin', (8) xvii. 108
Smits and Smats, (22) xli. 81
Smock-frocks, (22) xli. 81
Smother, (24) xliii. 90
Smudder, (3) xi. 141
Snake's-meat, (16) xxix. 63
Snap- jacks, (7) xvi. 114
Snead-togs, (8) xvii. 113
Snickering, (3) xi. 141
Snicket, (10) xix. 79
Sniddle, Snuddle, (22) xU. 81
Sniffy, (7) xvi. Il4
Snite=snipe, (14) xxvii. 68
Snite=door catch, (19) xxxiv.
100
Snoodle, (22) xli. 81
Snorty and Snuffy, verb, (8)
xvii. 109
'S'now ! (22) xU. 82
Snow-on-the-mountain,(22) xli.
82
Snuff-box, (10) xix. 79
Soce, (D.L.) xlv. 296
Sock, (26) xlv. 88
Sog, (24) xUu. 90
Soleing, (25) xliv. 79
Some with, (3) xi. 142
Sot, (17) XXX. 71
Sound-sleeper, (1) ix. 139
Sow, verb, (22) xli. 82
Spaggety, (11) xxi. 102
Spanging, (26) xlv. 88
Spanging-gate, (26) xlv. 88
Spar-gads, (28) xlvii. 100
Spare =slow, (11) xxi. 102 ;
(12) xxiii. 138
Sparkey, (8) xvii. 108
Sparres, (20) xxxvii. 136
Sparrow- burds, (7) xvi. 114
Spear, (7) xvi. 114
Spear-sticks, (17) xxx. 71
Specie, (3) xi. 142
Speechman, (8) xvii. 109
Spended, (8) xvii. 109
Spicketty, (23) xlii. 84
Spill, svbst, (13) XXV. 204
Spill-root, (18) xxxii. 68
Spilshy, (14)xxvii. 58
Spine, avhst,, (11) xxi. 102
Spine, verb, (7) xvi. 114
Spine-field, (4) xiii. 94
Spine-ground, (11) xxi. 102
Spine-pork, (7) xvi. 114
Spine- turf, (7) xvi. 114
Spit, (1) ix. 139 ; (11) xxi. 102
Spize, (11) xxi. 103
Spizing, (5) xiv. 148
Sprank, (12) xxiii. 138
Sprankling, (8) xvii. 109
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ON DEVONSHIBB VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
126
Sprawl, (28) xlvii. 100
Sprawls =chippings, (6) xv. 93
Sprawls =disea8e of chicken,
(13) XXV. 204
Spring, (14) xxvii. 58
Sproil, (19) xxxiv. 101
Spry, (16) xxix. 63
Spuddling, (D.L.) xlv. 296
Spyle, (20) xxxvii. 136
Squat =to squeeze, (D.L.) xlv.
296
Squat and a Bruce, (12) xxiii.
138
Squilving ground, (13) xxv. 204
Squinches, (28) xlvii. 100
Staddle, (24) xUii. 91
Stag, (12) xxiii. 139; (D.L.)
xlv. 297
Staggering-bobs, (7) xvi. 115
Stagnated, (27) xlvi. 90
Staid, (22) xli. 82
Stalk, verb, (27) xlvi. 90
Stand to, (22) xli. 82
Standerd, (19) xxxiv. 101
Standings, (7) xvi. 115
Standry's-fire, (D.L.) xlv. 297
Staring, (11) xxi. 103
Start = bleak, (5) xiv. 148
Stave, (1) ix. 139
Steaving, (12) xxiii. 139
Steeches, (3) xi. 142
Steen, Stean, (20) xxxvii. 137
Steeping, (20) xxxvii. 137
Steeved, (3) xi. 142
Stem, (8) xvii. 109
Stemmany, (22) xli. 82
Stemming, (16) xxix. 63
Steops, (12) xxiii. 139
SterHng, (16) xxix. 63; (24)
xliii. 91
Stewer, Stuer, (14) xxvii. 58 ;
(25) xHv. 79
Stewering, (11) xxi. 103
Stiche of Rede, (20) xxxvii.
137
Stick, (9) xviii. 101
Stickle, (6) xv. 93 ; (11) xxi.
103; (26)xHv.80
Stid, (8) xvii. 109
Stiddle, (20) xxx\ai. 137
Stile, (13) xxv. 204
Stitch, (25) xliv. 80
Stivered out, (11) xxi. 103
Stivery, (21) xl. 66
Stoggy, (22) xli. 83
Stomach = appetite, (D.L.) xlv.
297
Stomachable, (12) xxiii. 139
Stonin, (l)ix. 139
Stool-yett, (9) xviii. 101
Store, (11) xxi. 103; (19)
xxxiv. 101
Straddles, (13) xxv. 205
Strads, (24) xliii. 91
Strake= straight, (5) xiv. 148 ;
(6) XV. 93
Strake=to stroll, (14) xxvii. 58
Strakes, (7)xvi. 115
Strakey, (18) xxxii. 69
Strakmg, (27) xlvi. 90
Strammer, (11) xxi. 103
Strapper, (19) xxxiv. 101
Strare Park, (14) xxvii. 58
Straume, (13) xxv. 205
Stretch-gallop, (12) xxiii. 139
Stribble, (8) xvii. 107
Strike, (1) ix. 140
Strip, (9) xviii. 101
Strob, (6) XV. 93
Stroil=couch-gra8S, (23) xlii.
84
Stroil=agility, (23) xlii. 84
Strome, (11) xxi. 103; (13)
xxv. 205
Strong, (7) xvi. 115
Stroppy, (7) xvi. 115
Strub, (D.L.) xlv. 297
Strubb, (5) xiv. 148
Strubbed, (3) xi. 142
Stub, (22) xli. 83
Stub up, (22) xli. 83
Stuck it, (6) XV. 93
Stud, (7) xvi. 116
Studded, (3) xi. 142
Stugged, (8) xvii. 110; (11)
xxi. 103
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126
INDEX TO THE TWBNTY-BIOHT BBP0BT8
Suant, (7) xvi. 116 ; (9) xviii.
101 ; (23) xUi. 84 ; (D.L.)
xlv. 297
Succour, (11) xxi. 104
Succourable, (17) xxx. 71, 72
Suddent, (2) x. 130
Suffennent, (9) xviii. 101
Super, (10) xix. 79
Swaddle, (11) xxi. 104
Swaa, (D.L.) xlv. 297
Swaling, (7) xvi. 116
Swank, (17) xxx. 72
Swart, (16) xxix. 64
Sweeliiig, (7) xvi. 116
Sweet, (3) xi. 143
Swelt, (24) xliii. Ql
Swill, (27) xlvi. 90
Sy-need, (7) xvi. 117
Syve, (25) xUv. 80
Tablyn, (20) xxxvii. 138
Tack=a slap, (23) xlii. 85
Tacker= waxed end, (5) xiv.
148
Tacker =8mall boy, (8) xvii. 1 10
Tackle, (3) xi. 143
Tad, (11) xxi. 104
Taffety, (11) xxi. 104 ; (26) xlv.
88
Tagster, (8) xvii. 110
Take company, (18) xxxii. 69
Takin', Take on, (12) xxiii. 140
Taking off, (2) x. 130
Tallet, (1) ix. 140 ; (4) xiii. 94 ;
(D.L.) xlv. 297
Tame, (4) xiii. 94
Tamed, (3) xi. 143
Tamiletta, (19) xxxiv. 102
Tanchase, (22) xli. 83
Tang, Twang, (22) xli. 83
Tanterboming, (11) xxi. 104;
(13) XXV. 205
Tap, verb, (1) ix. 140
Tare, (17) xxx. 72
Target, (20) xxxvii. 138
Tea, (1), see Husband's-tea
Tear = to break, (19) xxxiv. 102
Tearing, (22) xli. 83
Ted, (25) xUv. 80
Teech, (17) xxx. 72
Teeth, (1), see Cage of Teeth
TeU, (5) xiv. 148
Tell=totalk, (6)xv. 93
Tell a speech, (8) xvii. 110
Telling, (3) xi. 143 ; (D.L.) xlv.
298
Tender, (12) xxiii. 140
Terrible, (1) ix. 140
Terrified, (1) ix. 140
Terrify, (24) xliii. 91
Tetch, (9) xviii. 101
Tetchy, (6) xv. 93
Tetties, (2) x. 131
Tetties and Dap, (3) xi. 143
-Th, inflection, (11) xxi. 105
That, (2) X. 131
That-there, (2) x. 131
Thee=thy, (22) xli. 83
Them=those, (2)x. 131
Them=they, (2) x. 131
Then, (D.L.) xlv. 298
Therefrom, (7) xvi. 117
They = them, those, (2) x. 131
Things, (8) xvii. 110
This-here, (2) x. 131
Th6=then, (8) xvii. Ill
Thorty, (14) xxvii. 59
Thoughted, (5) xiv. 149
Throw, (18) xxxii. 69
Throw abroad, (7) xvi. 117
Throwed, (22) xH. 84
Thumb-bind, (10) xix. 80
Thungeth, (8) xvii. 112
Thurdle, (10) xix. 80
Thurle, (20) xxxvii. 138
Thurrall, (8) xvii. 113
Tidley, (7) xvi. 117
Tie, (2), see Bed-tie
Tie, (8) xvii. 112
Tiffles, (20) xxxvii. 138
Tile-stones, (12) xxiii. 140
TiU, verb, (11) xxi. 104
TiU, (12) xxiii. 140
Tillet, (19) xxxiv. 102
Tilt, (7) xvi. 117
Timber, Timbem, (1) ix. 140
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ON DEVONSHIBE VEBBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
127
Tin-bag, (17) xxx. 72
Ting-tang, (13) xxv. 206
Tisserer, (7) xvi. 118
Tissicky, Bussicky, (7) xvi. 118
Tit, (7) xvi. 118
Titch, (5) xiv. 149
Titsum, (6) XV. 95
Tittering, (25) xUv. 80; (26)
xlv. 88
Tittery,(ll)xxi. 105
Titty, (7) xvi. 118
Tizzick'd, (2) x. 131
To=at, (1) ix. 140 ; (4) xiii. 95 ;
(8) xvii. 112 ; (10) xix. 80
To=in, (7)xvi. 117
To=this, (2)x. 131
To=iast, (12) xxiii. 141
To, omission of before tw/., (10)
xix. 79
To and again, (2) x. 132 ; (D.L.)
xlv. 298
To and from, (8) xvii. 112
To a suddent, (2) x. 132
To doors, (8) xvii. 112
To house, (8) xvii. 113
To the Tack, (22) xU. 84
To-ad, (3) xi. 143
Toadrockjr, (20) xxxvii. 138
To-brokt, (4) xiii. 95
To-day morning, (3) xi. 144
Toggles, snead-togs, (8) xvii.
113
Told it over, (3) xi. 144
Tom-boy, (1) ix. 141
Tomflogged, (18) xxxii. 69
Tom-long-legs, (23) xlu. 85
Took'd, (6) XV. 95
Tooked, (22) xli. 84
Top and tail, (3) xi. 144
Tope, (10) xix. 73
Toppy-nat, (25) xliv. 80
Tord, (5) xiv. 149
Touser, Touzer, (1) ix. 141
Touzer urpons, (12) xxiii. 141
Toy, (21) xl. 66
Trade =stuff, (2) x. 132; (5)
xiv. 149; (6) xv. 95; (8)
xvii. 114; (D.L.) xlv. 298
Trade =a rash, (6) xv. 95
Trapes, verb, (25) xliv. 81
Trammel, (7) xvi. 118
Travel, (7) xvi. 119
Traw, (11) xxi. 105
Treffy, (24) xliii. 92
Trendle, (14) xxvii. 59
Trennage, (8) xvii. 114
Trig, verb, (23) xiii. 85
Trim-tram, (7) xvi. 119; (13)
xxv. 205
Troacher, (13) xxv. 206 ; (14)
xxvii. 59
TroUopse, verb, (26) xlv. 89
Trone, (22) xli. 84
Trown, (ll)xxi. 105
Troy-town, (28) xlvii. 100
Truek-a-muck, (11) xxi. 105
Truckle, (24) xliii. 92
Truckley-mux, (10) xix. 80
Truff, (6) XV. 95
Trug, (7) xvi. 119
Try, (4) xiii. 96
Tub, (5) xiv. 149
Tubal, (18) xxxii. 69
Tuck=a blow, (24) xliii. 92
Tuck up, (11) xxi. 105
Tudged, (27) xlvi. 90
Tuffet, (14) xxvii. 59
Tunner, Tinner, (25) xliv. 81
Turb, (28) xlvii. 101
Turmuts, (11) xxi. 105
Turn, (7) xvi. 119
Turn off, (11) xxi. 105
Turn the Stone, (D.L.) xlv. 298
Tumaways, (2) x. 132
Turps, (1) ix. 141
Tuttes, (19) xxxiv. 102
Tweeny-maid, (12) xxiii. 141
Twick, (D.L.) xlv. 298
Twiney-legs, (27) xlvi. 91
Twitchin' up, (8) xvii. 114
Twizzle, (12), xxiii. 141
Two-Bydle, (12) xxiii. 141
Two-double, (6) xv. 95; (8)
xvii. 114
Two-eyed-steak, (24) xliii. 92
Twos and ones, (8) xvii. 114
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128
mDBX TO THE TWBNTY-BIOHT BBPOBTS
Twoth, (12) xxiii. 142
Tye-pit, (20) xxxvii. 139 ; (22)
xU. 84
Tynning, (24) xliii. 92
Uckmaul, (10) xix. 64
Un=him,it, (4)xiii. 96
Underman, (11) xxi. 106
Ungodly, (28) xlvii. 101
Unheel, (6) xv. 96
Unket, (ll)xxi. 106
Unstinted, (13) xxv. 206
Up = quite, (5) xiv. 149
Up and down, (3) xi. 144
Up home, (10) xix. 71
Uplong, (1) ix. 141
Upping-stock, (7) xvi. 119
Upright one, (23) xlii. 86
Uprights, (3) xi. 144
Uprose. (11) xxi. 106
Upsides, (10) xix. 80
Upsise, (7) xvi. 119
Upstanding, (23) xlii. 86
Upstore, (8) xvii. 114
Urges, (2) x. 132
Urn = to run, (4) xiii. 96
U8=we, (2)x. 132
Usen, (17) xxx. 73
Vacum, (24), see Facum
Vadey, (3) xi. 144; (5) xiv. 160
Vady, (3) xi. 144; (11) xxi.
106; (14)xxvii. 60
Vagged, (18) xxxii. 70
Vags, (25) xHv. 81
Vake, (24) xliii. 92
VaU, (22) xH. 84
Vallacing, (11) xxi. 106
VaUy, (D.L.) xiv. 298
Vang = to take, (8) xvii. 114
Vang=to earn, (11) xxi. 106
Vanging.post, (28) xlvii. 101
Vant, (D.L.) xiv. 298
Varried, (D.L.) xiv. 298
Vaunt, (18) xxxii. 70
Veak, (1) ix. 141
Ve^l-pie, (1) ix. 141
VeUars, (11) xxi. 106
(26)
(23)
Vellum-brokt, (6) xv. 96
Ven, (13) xxv. 207
Venge, (25) xUv. 81
Verables, (10) xix. 80
Vewer-cow, (13) xxv. 207
Vigging, (7) xvi. 120; (19)
xxxiv. 102
Vigure of nort, (9) xviii. 102
ViUum, (24) xliii. 93
Vind, (8) xvii. 116
Vineyard, (22) xli. 85;
xiv. 89
Vinnied, (12) xxiii. 142 ;
xlii. 86
Vire, (3) xi. 144
Visgy, (20) xxxvii. 139
Vitpence, (18) xxxii. 70
Vitty, (11) xxi. 106
Vivers, (25) xUv. 81
Vlax, (11) xxi. 107
Vlex, verb, (7) xvi. 120; (11)
xxi. 107
Vling, (D.L.) xiv. 299
Voaging, (D.L.) xiv. 299
Vogget, (22) xli. 85
Voitch, (23) xlii. 86
Vomp, (13) xxv. 208
Voor, (11) xxi. 107
Vore, (23) xlii. 86
Vorehead, (11) xxi. 107
Vorenoons, (25) xliv. 82
Vore-putter, (21) xl. 66
Vore-right, (7) xvi. 120 ; (26)
xliv. 82
Voryer, (28) xlvii. 101
Voth and back, (D.L.) xiv. 299
Vraith, (11) xxi. 107
Vrayth, (23) xlii. 70
Vriday, (3) xi. 145
Vuzzy-veer, (21) xl. 67
Wad, (13) xxv. 184 ; (28) xlvii.
102
Waddling, (8) xvii. 116
Wadge, Wage=to wager, (22)
xli. 85; (D.L.) xiv. 299
Walks, (11) xxi. 107
Wall-flower, (22) xK. 86
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ON DBVONSHIBE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
129
WaUet, (13) xxv. 208
Walsh, (D.L.) xlv. 299
Wandering Jew, (13) xxv. 209
Wandering sailors, (4) xiii. 96
Waney, (26) xlv. 89
Wangery, (2) x. 132
Want=need, (8) xvii. 116
Want=a mole, (11) xxi. 107 ;
(20) xxxvii. 139 ; (D.L.) xlv.
299
Want-heap, (23) xlii. 87
Wanting, (D.L.) xlv. 299
Wantying, (20) xxxvii. 139
Wapping, (8) xvii. 116
Wapey, (6) xv. 96
Warn, (3) xi. 145 ; (D.L.) xlv.
299
Warned in, (8) xvii. 116
Washen, (6) xv. 96
Water-table, (11) xxi. 107
Water-tabling, (14) xxvii. 60
Water-sweet, (12) xxiii. 142
Waxen-curl, (5) xiv. 160
Way = with, (17) xxx. 73
Way-wise, (12) xxiii. 142
Weather-vaw, (22) xli. 86
Weeches, (27) xlvi. 91
Week, (D.L.) xlv. 299
Weeken-day, (19) xxxiv. 102
Weekin-days and Sundays, (13)
xxv. 209
WeU done !, (5) xiv. 160
Well zaids !, (18) xxxii. 70
Went=gone, (18) xxxii. 70
Werrow !, (2) x. 132
Whelpy, (3) xi. 145
While yet, (19) xxxiv. 103
Whip and turn, (24) xliii. 93
Whip on, (27) xlvi. 91
White as a hound's tooth, (2)
X. 133
Whitpot, (11) xxi. 107
Whitpot trade, (7) xvi. 120
Whit-Sundays, (7) xvi. 120
Whitsun-Sundays, (11) xxi. 108
Whitsun-Giri^fleur, (11) xxi.
108
Whittle, (19) xxxiv. 103
VOL. XLVII. 1
Widow-man, (3) xi. 145; (8)
xvii. 116
Widow-woman, (3) xi. 145
Widdy-waddy, (26) xlv. 89;
(D.L.) xlv. 300
Wiggin, (13) xxv. 209
Wildego, (22) xH. 86
Wildygo, (23) xlii. 87
Wilfire, (9) xviii. 102
Wilger, (5) xiv. 160
Willis, (11) xxi. 108
Winding, Twisting, (20) xxxvii.
139
Winding-sheet, (18) xxxii. 72
Wink, (8) xvii. 116 ; (22) xli. 86
Winky, (22) xli. 87
Winle, (3) xi. 145
Winnel,(10)xix.79,81
Winnick, (16) xxix. 64
Winter-proud, (4) xiii. 96
Wipe your shoes, (1) ix. 141 ;
(11) xxi. 108
Wippul-squip, (10) xix. 81
Wisht, (8) xvii. 117; (D.L.)
xlv. 300
Wisht poor Ubbard, (12) xxiii.
142
Witeh-halse, (4) xiii. 97
Withness, (23) xlii. 87
Withy-wine, (25) xliv. 82
Witty, (5) xiv. 150
Wntvering, (10) xix. 81
Wodges, (11) xxi. 108
Wolgar, (14) xxvii. 60
Woman-calf, (8) xvii. 117
Wood- waul, (10) xix. 81
Wop, (27) xlvi. 91
Word, Woord, (23) xlii. 87
Wordle, (6) xv. 97 ; (25) xliv.
82
Workman, (12) xxiii. 143
Wormuth, (13) xxv. 209
Worrytail, (24) xliii. 93
Wound, (2) X. 133
Wove, (2) X. 133
Wrastle, (4) xiii. 97
Wug!, Wog!, (24) xliii. 93
Wuts, (D.L.) xlv. 300
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130 mPBX TO DBVONSHIRB VBBBAL PROVINCIALISMS.
Yafful, (D.L.) xlv. 300
Yanning-time, (4) xiii. 97
Yard, (7) xvi. 121 ; (13) xxv.
210 ; (16) xxix. 64
Yark, (6) XV. 97 ; (10)xix.82;
(12) xxiii. 143 ; (26) xlv. 89
Yaw=to hew, (17) xxx. 73
Yaw=ewe, (D.L.) xlv. 300
Yawl, (11) xxi. 108
Yawne, (1) ix. 141
Ye, (16) xxix. 64
Yeat, (23) xlii. 88
Yeele, (23) xlii. 88
Yellow Archangels, (7) xvi. J.21
Yen, (11) xxi. 109
Yestle, (13) xxv. 211
Yet=heat, (3) xi. 145
Yeth=hearth, (20) xxxvii. 140
Yoky, (D.L.) xlv. 300
Yonder, (2) x. 133
Youm, (7) xvi. 121
Zad, (1) ix. 141
Zam-zawey, (12) xxiii. 143
Zam-zoaky, (18) xxxii. 72
Zam-zody, (11) xxi. 109
Zam-zoed, (18) xxxii. 72
Zand, (17) xxx. 73
Zart, (1) ix. 142 ; (7) xvi. 121
Zary, (10) xix. 82
Zawny, (23) xlii. 88
Zawster, (18) xxxii. 72
Zeary, (14) xxvii. 60
Zeb'm-slaper, (10) xix. 82
Zedgy-stuff, (28) xlvii. 102
Zellup, (13) xxv. 211
Zeme, (20) xxxvii. 140
Zim, (1) ix. 142 ; (D.L.) xlv.
300
Zimzaad, (D.L.) xlv. 300
Zindy was wick, (D.L.) xlv. 301
Zo often, (13) xxv. 211
Zog, Zug=doze, (26) xlv. 90
Zole-trees, (20) xxxvii. 140
Zot away, (D.L.) xlv. 301
Zounds and Zuggers, (18) xxxii.
72
Zour-zobs, (6) xiv. 151
Zug, Zugs=a bog, (24), see Sog
ZuU,(ll)xxi. 109
Zwack, (22) xli. 87
Sayings, (22) xli. 87 ; (23) xlii.
88 ; (24) xliii. 93 ; (26) xlv»
90; (27)xlvi. 91; (28) xlvii.
102
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FIG. 1.
FIG. 1A.
H.H.W.
KNIFE FROM CAIRN IN DRIZZLBCOMBB. {FuU size,)
FIG. 2.
CAIUN IN DRIZZLECOMBE. (A/ler excamtion.)
Baiirow Report.— To /rtc« p. 181.
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THIRTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE BARROW
COMMITTEE.
Thibty-fotjrth Rbpoet of the Committee — consisting of
the Rev. 8. Banng-Ooidd, Mr. R. Bumardy the Rev.
J. F. Chanter, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth (Secretary)
— appointed to coUect and record facts relating to
Barrows in Devonshire, and to take steps, where possible,
for their investigation.
Edited by B. Hansford Worth, Secretary of the Committee.
(Bead at Exeter, 21st July, 1916.)
YouB Committee's report again has reference to Dartmoor
and, on this occasion, to remains in the Plym Valley.
DBIZZLEGOMBE.
In the Twenty-sixth Report (1907 — xxxix. p. 83) will
be foimd a description of a rifled kistvaen in the Drizzle-
combe valley, of which a plan and view are also given.
The location is lat. 60° 29' 22" N., 3° 59' 5^ W.
In August last tMs kistvaen was thoroughly examined,
the interior being cleared out to the full depth of the side
stones. A few fragments of charcoal were found, no
interment pit could be traced. The depth of the original
floor below the top of the side stones proved to be 32
inches.
GAIBN DKI2ZLECOMBB.
A stone circle, of which only about one-half of the
circumference now stands, lies 676 feet or thereabouts
distant from the large cairn known as '* Giant's Basin,"
and in a direction somewhat west of north therefrom.
It will be found marked on six-inch Ordnance Survey of
Devon, sheet CXTE, S.E., in Ion. 3° 69' 9i^ W., lat.
60° 29' Hi'' N. It is one of the outlying members of the
Drizzlecombe group, having as nearest neighbour a large
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132 THIBTY-FOTJRTH REPORT OP THE BARROW COlfMITTBE.
kistvaen eighty yards or thereabouts to the north, which
has been described and figured as *' Drizzlecombe, northern,"
in the Nineteenth Barrow Report (XXXTT, 1900).
The stones of the circle stand but a few inches above
the level of the ground, and are so nearly of one thickness,
so level along the top, and so close set as to give the idea
of kerbs. The ground within and without the circle was
at the same level prior to excavation, there being no
trace of any mound. The internal diameter of the circle
is 11 feet.
On the 13th August, 1914, the circumference of the
original circle was marked out as nearly as it could be
restored by reference to the half yet remaining, and the
area thus defined was cleared and excavated.
Immediately below the turf were found the stones of a
cairn, and these extended as a layer some foot in thick-
ness down to the subsoil or calm. All meat earth had
been cleared from the interior of the circle before these
stones had been deposited. Almost certainly the " kerb "
is the retaining circle of a former small cairn, which
has been robbed, and has thus lost- its characteristic
form.
The tops of the stones of the circle stand from 15 inches
to 20 inches above the calm or subsoil.
In excavating and removing the stones of the cairn
three flint fragments were found, all evidently flaked by
hand, but haviog no recognised implement form. In
addition to these a well-finished knife or scraper was
discovered. This has a rounded contour for the most
part, but about one-third of its worked edge is more
nearly straight ; only about one-fifth of the margin is free
from secondary chipping, and this is at the thicker end,
where the " bulb " of the original flake occurs. The
greatest diameter of the implement is 55 mm., and its
least is 44 mm. ; the average thickness is about 6 mm.
Figures 1 and 1» are from photographs of the two sides,
and are the same size as the original.
A little charcoal was found on the surface of the calm.
There was also disclosed an interment pit, but its excava-
tion only yielded traces of charcoal. This pit lay 3 feet
south of the north margin of the circle ; it was irregular
in shape, extending about 36 inches east and west, having
a width of 20 inches north and south, and a greatest
depth of 18 inches below the surface of the calm.
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THIBTY-POUBTH EEPOET OF THE BABEOW COMMITTEE. 133
Figure 2 is a view of the circle after the excavation
had been completed, and before refilling.
The immediate foreground is a portion of the grass
and heather surface outside the circle. Over and beyond
this is seen the interment pit, from which the handle of
a small spade projects. Between the interment pit and
the stones of the circle lies the bared surface of the calm
or subsoil.
• To the left of the photograph is a heap of stones which
were taken out from within the circle, between the grass
and the calm. To the right of this heap, one stone,
against which the others are piled, is the neajr end stone
of the portion of the circle yet remaining, the whole of
which is included in the view ; a mound which shows a
little behind the retaining circle is earth thrown out in the
course of excavation.
In the distance, at the right of the photograph, will be
seen the cairn known as " Giant's Basin," and somewhat
to the left of this, on the crest of the same hill, the largest
of the Drizzlecombe menhirs. There is no sky in this
view, the rest of the space above and beyond Giant's
Basin being occupied by the hillside of the southern bank
of the Plym.
There were present at the examination of this circle
the Rev. H. Breton, R. Hansford Worth, and Mr. Brown,
of Sheepstor.
[R. Hansford Worth.]
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SIXTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON
CHURCH PLATE.
Sixth Report of the Committee — consisting of Mr. Max-
well AdamSy Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. T. Cann Hughes^
Sir Roper Leihbridgey Rev. O. J. Reichdy Mr. A. J. F.
Radford, Mr. O. E. Windeatt, and Mr. HarbotOe Reed
and the Rev. J. F. Chanter (Secretaries)— -to prepare a
detailed account of the Church Plate of the Diocese of
Exeter.
Edited by Bev. J. F. Chantek, M.A., F.s.1..
(Bead at Exeter, Slat July, 1916.)
Thb Seoretary has visited this year all the parishes in the
deaneries of Chulmleigh and Hartland, and an account
of the plate in those deaneries is appended.
THE RURAL DEANERY OF CHULMLEIGH.
The Deanery of Chulmleigh consists of seventeen pairishes
and, as noted before, the more important parishes such
as Chulmleigh, Wiokleigh, Chawleigh and Lapford possess
nothing but modem plate (in Chulmleigh, however, this
is owing to a fire in 1867), the oldest pieces being found
in the smallest parishes.
The one piece of exceptional interest in this deanery is
the fifteenth-century paten at Brushf ord ; it is now in a
very battered and bad condition, and appears to have
been in regular use for nearly four hundred yeaors up till
1860, when it was replaced by a modem piece, and laid
aside as worthless, and it was only enquiry as to whether
there was not anjrwhere a chalice cover that led to its
discovery.
It is specially interesting as the first pre-Reformation
paten that has been discovered in Devon. It was originally
parcel-gilt (but from continual wear little of the gilding
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CHITRCH PLATE OOMMITTEB. 135
oan now be notioed), 4 in. in diameter, with a narrow
rim of zigzag ornamentation ; in the centre is a smik six-
lobed depression, with the vemicle or face of Christ
surromided by a cruciform nimbus ; outside this is a circle
of rays with hit-and-miss ornamentation, the parts between
being iSUed with zigzag ornamentation. It has no marks,
but may be dated as circ. 1470.
Elizabethan work is well represented, there being
chalices by J. Jones of Exeter (1558-1583) at Bondleigh,
Brushford and Nymet Rowland — ^the latter a curious
dwarf piece with scarcely any stem — ^two at Eggesf ord and
Wembworthy with hitherto unrecorded and unknown
marks, and eajrly Jacobean in the Elizabethan style at
Burrington, Ashreigney and Thelbridge, all without any
marks ; also the cups at East and West Worlington retain
Elizabethan feet ; nearly all have stUl their paten covers,
and at East Worlington there is a small paten in the
Elizabethan style. The cover of the Bondleigh chalice,
though stUl dated 1574, was remade at Exeter in 1740.
The flagons call for no remark, the oldest is at Zeal Mona-
chorum, 1739, but many parishes have preserved their old
pewter ones ; at Burrington the pewter tankard has been
plated for the purpose of regular use, as also the alms
bowl. In no less than seven parishes the old pewter alms
bowls are still in use.
Domestic plate given for use of the Church is excessively
scanty as compared with other deaneries, and armorials
are only found at Eggesf ord and Wembworthy.
I must acknowledge the kind assistance given by aU the
clergy, and especially that of the Rural Dean, the Rev.
M. D. Buckingham, who accompanied me to every parish
and who by diligent enquiry assisted in unearthing the
Brushford paten and the Thelbridge chalice cover, each of
which had been for years laid aside and forgotten.
ASHBEIGNBY.
Chalice, — Jacobean, of late Elizabethan type; with
cover, 7 in. high ; bowl, 3 J in. diameter, 3i in. deep,
with narrow band of strap work and foliation in centre ;
stem with usual knop, foot with tongue ornamentation,
3 in. diameter.
No marks; on button of cover is inscription, "Ash-|-
Reiney 1610."
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136 SIXTH REPORT OF THE
Patens. — A. Cover to chalice SJ in. diameter, 1 J in. high.
Button has inscription given above ; no marks.
B. On stand, with gadroon border on top and foot.
7 J in. diameter, 2\ in. high ; foot, Z\ in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) maker, Ro in heart (Hugh Roberts) ; (ii.)
Britannia ; (iii.) lion's head erased ; (iv.) date-letter,
1700 (London).
Inscription : " Ex dono Mariae Shute Virginia, 1703."
• Alms Dish, — Plain modem plate.
BONDLEIGH.
Chalice, — Elizabethan, with cover ; small graceful piece,
approaching more nearly to the Barnstaple type of chalice
than any I have yet seen of John Jones' make. 6J in.
high. Bowl very conical, 3| in. diameter, 3| in. deep,
with band of strap work and foliation ; stem with usual
knop ; foot circular, 3J in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) Exeter town mark Crowned X in circle
with stars each side ; (ii.) I ; (iii.) IONS in oblong.
The cover bears date 1674 on button, but was remade
in 1740,
Patens, — A. Cover to chalice, 3| in. diameter, IJ in.
high.
Marks : (i.) maker^ ^. S m oval (probably a later mark
of PhiUp Elston, 1703-1751) ; (ii.) leopard's head crowned;
(iii.) lion passant ; (iv.) Exeter castle ; (v.) date-letter,
1740 (Exeter).
Inscription: on button, *' 1574," in sixteenth - century
style figures.
B. On stand, 9 in. diameter, with scallop border, plated.
Flagon. — Silver and glass ; modem mediaeval style,
1908.
Alms Dish, — Plain plate to match paten B. Plated.
BRUSHFORD.
Chalice. — Elizabethan, of Exeter type, without cover.
6| in. high ; bowl, with marked lip, 3| in, diameter, 3| in.
deep, with usual band ; foot, 3J in. diameter, with egg-
and-tongue ornamentation.
Marks : (i.) I ; (ii.) IONS ; no town mark.
Date is circ, 1571.
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PRE-RKFORMATIOX PATEN. CiRC. A.D. 1470.
ST. BRIDGETS, BRUSHFORD.
Church Platk Rkport. — To face page 137.
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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 137
Paten, — A. Though m a very bad condition and much
battered, an interesting example of pre-Reformation
period, parcel-gilt. It is 4 in. in diameter, with a narrow
rim of zigzag ornamentation gilt, within a brim like an
ordinary plate, within which is a sunk six-lobed depression
in which is the vemicle or face of Christ, surrounded by a
cruciform nimbus, outside this is a circle of rays with hit-
and-miss ornamentation, the parts between being filled
with zigzag ornamentation, the whole gilt. (See illustration.)
This paten may be dated as circ. a.d. 1470. No marks.
B. Plain on foot. 8f in. diameter, 2\ in. high.
Marks : (i.) I. P., G. S. in square (Isaac Parkin, Gteorge
Sobey) ; (ii.) SOBEY, in oblong ; this is an Exeter mark,
circ. 1850.
Inscription : " Rev. N. J. B. Hole to the parish of
Brushford, A.D. 1850."
Alms Dish, — Pewter plate. 9 in. diameter.
BURRINGTON.
Chalices, — A. Late Elizabethan style, with cover. 7 in.
high ; bowl conical, with slight lip, 3f in. diameter, 3J in.
deep, with narrow border of strap work in centre -{^ in.
broad ; stem with usual knop, foot circular, S^V in.
diameter, with tongue and annular decoration. Weight,
12 oz. 15 dwt.
No marks.
Cover plain, 3f in. diameter, 1 J in. high. Weight, 2 oz.
19 dwt.
No marks.
Inscription: "Anno 1634 Burrington, R. L. R. S.
Wardens" (pricked).
B. Modem mediaeval style ; 7 in. high ; plated.
Patens, — A. Cover to chalice, see above.
B. Plain, on foot. 7| in. diameter. If in. high.
Marks : (i.) I W (John Wilme) ; (Li.) harp crowned ;
(iii.) Hibernia ; (iv.) date-letter, 1731 (Dublin). Weight,
8 oz. 6 dwt.
Inscription : "An offering to Burrington Church,
8 March 1884, W. Buckingham."
Flagons, — A. An old pewter tankard. 16 in. high ;
12J in. to lid ; diameter, 4 in. at lid, 7 in. at foot ; that has
been electro-plated.
B. Modern mediaeval style. 7^ in. high ; plated.
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138 SIXTH RBPOBT OF THB
Alms Bowl. — ^A. Old pewter alms bowl. 12 in. diameter,
2^ in. high ; that has been plated.
B. Pewter plate, with gadroon border ; 8^ in. diameter.
OHAWLBIGH.
Chalice. — ^Late Georgian style. 10 in. high ; bold,
hexagonal, ogee-shaped, 3} in. diameter, 4} in. deep ;
baluster stem ; foot, 3| in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) maker, J. A., I. A. (J. & J. Angel) ; (ii.)
leopard's head ; (iii.) lion passant ; (iv.) King's head ;
(v.) date-letter, 1832 (London).
Paten. — On stand, same style. 8 in. diameter, 3^ in.
high ; foot, 3| in. diameter.
Marks : 8ts on chalice.
Flagon. — Similar style to chalice ; 12^ in. high, with
cross on top ; 9^ in. to lid ; 3^ in. diameter at lid, 5} in.
at foot.
Marks : (i.) makers, C. T. F., G. F. (C. T. and G. Fox) ;
(ii) leopard's head ; (iii.) lion passant ; (iv.) Queen's head ;
(v.) date-letter, 1846 (London).
Ahna Dish. — Same style. 8| in. diameter.
Marks : as on flagon.
CHELDON.
Chalice. — Jacobean style. V-shaped bowl, with baluster
stem, 5 in. high ; bowl, 3^ in. diameter, 2\ in. deep ; foot,
2} in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) maker, I Y ; (ii.) leopard's head crowned ;
(iii.) lion passant ; (iv.) date-letter, 1636 (London).
Paten.— Small plain plate. 4| in. diameter.
No marks.
Liscription : '' Cheldon Francis Comeft Churchwarden
1687."
CHXJLMLBIGH.
The old plate, which consisted of a silver chalice and
cover weigWng 1 lb. IJ oz., and a salver weighing 7^ oz.,
was destroyed by fire in 1867 ; the description and weights
are taken from the terriers of 1727 and 1745. The ve^els
at present existing are : —
Chalice. — Modem mediaeval style, parcel-gilt. 8 in. high ;
bowl, 3| in. diameter, 3 in. deep ; hexagonal boss to stem ;
foot, six-lobed, 5 J in. diameter. Weight, 16 oz.
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OHUBCH PLATB OOMMITTBB. 139
Marks : maker, E. B., J. B. (E. & J. Burnard), and
London marks of 1867.
Patens. — ^A. Parcel-gilt on six-lobed foot, 7 J in. diameter,
9 in. high ; marks as on chalice. Weight, 9} oz.
B. Modem mediseval style, parcel-gilt, with sunk
hexagonal centre, 6 in. diameter.
Miurks : as before. Weight, 3} oz.
Flagon. — ^Modern mediseval style. 13 in. high, to match
chalice and paten ; parcel-gUt.
Marks : as before. Weight, 36 oz.
Spoon. — Gilt, with twisted stem and cross-head. 5| in.
long.
Marks : as on chalice.
Alms Dish. — ^Brass. 12 in. diameter ; paten A. was
doubtless originally the alms dish.
GOLBBIDQB.
Here are only a plated chalice and paten of modem
medisBval style, and a good collection of pewter vessels,
viz. paten, fliskgon, and alms bowl.
BOGESFOBD.
Chalices. — ^A. Elizabethan, of Exeter type, with cover.
6 in. high ; bowl conical, 3| in. diameter, 3| in. deep,
with small bands of strap work and foliation f in. wide
at hp and base; stem with usual knop ; foot, 3 in. diameter,
with ^g-and-tongue ornamentation.
No marks.
Cover. — 1 J in. high, 3| in. diameter ; button with
Tudor Rose.
Marks : (i) JVI^ ; (ii) |VIJ
B. Early Georgian style. 9| in. high ; bowl, 41 in.
diameter, 5| in. deep.
Marks : (i.) maker. Ho (John Hobson) ; (ii.) lion's head
erased ; (iii.) Britannia ; (iv.) date-letter, 1718 (London).
Inscription : " Gulielmus Fellowes de Eggesford in
Com. Devon armiger unus magroiP Cur Cane Dns Manerij
de Eggesford et patronus ecclesise ejusdem. Anno Dom.
1718." Arms quarterly 1 and 4. Arg. a fesse indented.
Ermine, between three Hons' heads erased Or, murally
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140 SIXTH BBFOBT OF THB
crowned Arg. (Fellowes). 2 and 3. Two dolphins hauriant
(Martin of London). Weight, 15 oz. 13 dwt.
Patens. — ^A. Cover of chalice A, see above.
B. Forms cover of chalice B ; plain, on stand ; 6^ in.
diameter, 1^^ la. high.
Marks : as on chalice B.
Inscription : as on chalice B, and *' In honorem Dei et
servitium sacramentale Ecclesiae Omnium Sanctor' de
Eggesforde d. d." Weight, 6 oz. 14 dwt.
Flagon. — ^Two glass cruets with silver stoppers.
Alms Dishes. — ^A. Plain plate. 9| in. diameter.
Marks : 8ts on chalice B.
Inscription and Arms as on chalice cover. Weight,
14 oz. 12 dwt.
B. Mectro-plated bowl. 9f in. diameter. *
LAPFOED.
Chalice. — ^Modern mediaeval style. 8 in. high ; bowl,
3| in. diameter, 3| in. deep ; stem with knop of five bosses
set with carbuncles ; foot circular.
Marks : (i.) maker, E. B., J. B. (E. & J. Barnard), and
London marks, for 1867.
Paten. — Plain on foot. 6J m. diameter, 2 in. high.
Marks : (i.) maker, ^. S in circle (? Philip Elston),
and Exeter marks for 1738-9.
Flagon. — ^A. Modem mediaeval style.
Marks : as on chalice.
B. Fine pewter tankard. 17 in. high ; 17th century.
NYMBT ROWLAND.
Chalice. — ^A curious Elizabethan cup, with scarcely any
stem, but otherwise usual style. 5 in. high ; bowl, 3 in.
diameter, 3 la. deep, with band of strap work and foliation
in centre, \ m. wide ; foot circular, 2\ in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) X crowned in circle ; (ii.) IONS.
Paien. — ^A chalice cover of later date than chalice.
Z\ in. diameter, li in. high. [^
No marks.
Inscription : " Christopher Stoneman, Nov. 1691."
Alms Bowl. — ^Pewter.
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OHUBOH PLATE COMMITTBB. 141
THELBBIDGE.
Chalice. — ^Late Elizabethan style. 6J in. high, with
cover ; bowl conical, with lip, 3^ in. diameter, 3| in. deep,
with band of foliation round centre, | in. wide ; stem
with very small knop ; foot circular, with tongue-and-
dot ornamentation, 3^ in. diameter.
No marks.
Chalice Cover. — 3^ in. diameter, 1 in. high, with band of
hit-and-miss ornamentation ; button perfectly plain.
No marks.
Patens.-rA. Chalice cover, see above.
B. Plain plate. GJ in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) maker, P. B., A. B. (Peter and Anne Bateman),
and London marks for 1790.
Inscription : " Parish of Thelbridge e. dono T. Melhuish,
Rector 1791.''
Flagon. — Tankard-shape dome lid. 9J in. high, 7J in.
to lid, 3f in. diameter at lid, 5^ in. at base.
Marks : (i.) maker, P. E. in oval (Philip Elston), and
Exeter marks for 1737.
Alms Dish. — ^Pewter plate. 9i in. diameter ; inscribed
Thelbridge.
WEMBWOETHY.
Chalices. — ^A. Elizabethan style, with cover, Exeter
pattern, a good example. 7 in. high ; bowl, 3f in. diameter,
4 in. deep, with two bands of strap work and foliation;
a narrow one | in. diameter round lip, and one } in.
diameter round centre of bowl ; stem with usual . knop,
on which is hit-and-miss ornament ; foot, 3| in. diameter,
egg and foliation ornamentation.
Marks: (i.) im ; (ii.) W.
These are unascribed marks I have not' met with before.
Chalice Cover. — Very plain. 3t in. diameter, | in. high,
with two bands of zigzag ornamentation and Tudor rose
on button.
No marks.
B. Georgian style. 7^ in. high ; bowl, 3^ in. diameter,
4J in. deep ; foot circular, 3J in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) maker, 5^ ^. (William Grundy), and
London marks for 1769«
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142 SIXTH. REPORT OF THB
Inscription : " The gift of Lewis Tremayne of Heligan
in the County of Cornwall Esq. Dec* 1769."
Arms : Gules, three dexter arms, conjoined at the
shoulder and flexed in triangle, Or, with fists clenched
arg. (Tremayne).
Patens. — ^A. Chalice cover, see above.
B. Plain, on foot ; 4} in. diameter, 1 J in. high.
Marks : inscription and arms as on Chalice B.
Flagon, — Shape of hot-water jug, with belly.
Marks : inscription and arms as on chalice B.
Alms Dish. — 10 in. diameter.
Marks : inscription and arms as on chalice B ; also crest,
two arms embowed, holding a head proper, with hat Sa.
(Tremayne).
Pewter : a paten on dtand, 5 in. diameter. If in. high,
and a tankard, with domed lid, 10^ in. high.
WINKLEIGH.
Chalice. — Somewhat curious style, being a kind of
Georgian attempt at mediaeval style. 7f in. high ; bowl
shallow, 4f in. diameter, 3 in. high, circular stem, with
boss of three carbuncles ; foot circular, 4f in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) maker, T. W., C. W. (Thomas Whipham
and Charles Wright), and London marks of 1763.
Inscription : " The gift of Thomas Lethbridge, Esq.,
1763."
Paten. — ^Plain plate. 9 in. diameter.
Marks and inscription as on chalice.
Flagon. — ^Tankard shape, with domed lid. 12^ in. high,
lOf in. to lid, diameters 4 in. and 7^ in. at lid and foot.
Marks and inscription as on chalice.
Alms Dish. — ^Plain plate. 9i in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) maker, ^^ ^. in monogram, and London
marks for 1684 (?).
WORUNGTON EAST.
Chalice. — ^A later bowl and stem have been fixed on an
Elizabethan foot. 7 in. high ; bowl conical, with lip,
3i in. diameter, Si in. deep ; stem with slight knop ; foot
with egg-and-tongue ornamentation.
Marks : illegible.
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CHURCH PLATE COMJUTTBE. 143
Inscription : " Hugh Heard, Warden of Eetst Warlenton
1662."
Chalice cover like top of cofiEee-pot ; no marks.
Paten. — ^Plain plate. 6i in. diameter, with border of
Elizabethan style, foliation round rim.
Marks : probably I. T., and London marks for 1628,
though paten is thoroughly Elizabethan in style.
Flagon. — ^Domed-lid tankard, with spout. 12 in. high,
10 J in. to lid, diaiheters 3 J in. at lid, 7 in. at base.
Marks : J. E. (John Emes), and London marks for 1804.
Liscription : " Andrew Cotley gave this to the parish of
East Worlington. Ap. 20, 1804."
Alms Bowl. — ^Pewter. 7f in. diameter, 2 in. high.
WORLINGTON WEST.
Chalice. — ^A curious patched piece of four different
periods. 7 J in. high ; bowl, 3 in. diameter, 2| in. deep ; the
oldest part is the foot, which is felizabethan.
Paten. — ^Plain, on stand. 5f in. diameter. If in. high.
Marks : (i.) maker, I. E. (John Elston, O. S. mark of
1720), and Exeter marks for 1723.
Flagon. — ^A good pewter tankard. 8 in. high.
ZEAL MONACHORUM.
Chalice. — Seventeenth-century style. 8 in. high ; stem
with ring instead of knop ; foot, 3| in. diameter.
Marks : maker, £1, with crown (John Elston), and
Exeter marks for 1716.
Liscription : " Zeale Monachorum Church."
Paien. — On stand, with cable border. 7| in. diameter.
If in. high ; foot, 3 J in. diameter.
Marks : as on chalice, but date-letter 1712.
Inscription : " Zeale Monachorum Parish."
Flagon. — ^Tankard-shaped, domed lid. 11 J in. high,
9J in. to lid ; diameters 4J in., 6| in. at lid and base.
Marks : maker, P E in oval (Philip Elston), and Exeter
marks for 1729.
Inscription : ** Zeale Monachorum Church. Mr. Thomas
Hole, Thomas Smale, Wardens. Anno Dom 1729."
J. F. Chanter.
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144 SIXTH BBPOBT OP THE
THE RURAL DEANERY OF HARTLAND.
The Deanery of Hartland consists of seventeen parishes,
fourteen of which are ancient, one, Lundy Island, an
ancient parish revived, and two modem. It contains
three important centres, Bideford, Hartland, and Northam,
the remainder are mainly small rural districts. Of the
more important places Hartland alone retains any pre-
Bestoration plate ; Bideford, the chief town, is remarkable
for the quantity and variety rather than the quality of its
plate. The Parish Church possesses five chalices, five
patens, four flagons, two silver-gilt tazzas, a pyx, a breads
box, two straining spoons, alms dish, and a fuitmel strainer,
but the oldest piece is a.d. 1675. At St. Peter's East the
Water there is with paten and alms dish an exquisitely
designed ohalice in the mediaeval style, with elaborately
worked crucifix, whose date ia 1890, while at Northam
there is nothing older than 1860. It ia difficult to believe
that during the latter part of the nineteenth century this
parish should have had in succession two vandalistic
vicars, and that one was actually made a prebendary of
Exeter. Between them they sold or destroyed the entire
ancient plate of the parish, consisting of an Elizabethan
chalice and cover, three patens, two Queen Anne flagons,
and a fine presentation salver left by wiU to the Parish by
a former Vicar, and more surprising still they put their
crimes on record ; such however was the case.
The most interesting piece in the deanery is most
certainly the beautiful fourteenth-century chalice at
Littleham. Its history is unknown ; it was only given to
the church in 1889 by the Rev. H. G. Morse, a former
Rector ; whence he obtained it we have now no means of
knowing. It has been stated to be of foreign workmanship,
but it conforms very closely to the English type of the
period with the exception of the bowl which is extremely
conical ; running at the base to a narrow section of a cone,
on each of the six lozenges in the knot there is a letter
forming the inscription SaptiH, which may give some
clue to the origioal home of this chalice. On the foot,
which is circular, there is a cross patt6e on a ground of
mxirrey in a circle. It has no marks.
Elizabethan cups are found at Abbotsham, Clovelly,
Landcross, Littleham, Parkham (two), and Woolfardis-
worthy, while Hartland has a Caroline reproduction,
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CHURCH PLATB COMMTTTBE. 145
nearly all of which have their covers. And they are
remarkable for the variety of styles and makes they
represent. John Jones of Exeter hets three examples ;
Thomas Mathew of Barnstaple, one, and probably was
maker of th^ original of the existing Hartland cup ; John
Cotton of Barnstaple, one ; probably Henry Hardwicke
of Exeter, one ; and one has unknown marks. The patens,
apart from that at Littleham, are of little interest, the
oldest being a tazza at Bideford given in 1676, and at
Hartland one of Exeter make of 1707.
Flagons are found in most parishes but mostly of late
date ; the oldest is at Bideford, 1675.
Alms dishes are of little interest. At Woolf ardisworthy ,
one of wood and silver has the date 1600 — it was probably
the chalice cover.
Armorials are very scanty, but domestic plate is above
the average ; at Welcombe, all the plate is domestic pieces.
And it is gratifying to find that the spirit which caused
the dedication of so much interesting domestic plate to
sacred purposes stiU exists. At Appledore, a parish only
dating from 1844, according to the Diocesan Kalendar —
though the foundation stone was laid in 1836 — one of the
patens is a salver of 1761 ; the flagon is an interesting
domestic tankard of 1795, and a small waiter was given in
1903. Wear Giffard possesses a very massive tankard
given in 1902, beiag the golden- wedding present given to a
benefactor of the parish by his friends in 1890.
Buckland Brewer lost its ancient plate by theft in 1768.
Very little pewter survives in this deanery. I have to
acknowledge the kind assistance given by all the clergy
in this deanery, and especially by the Rural Dean, the
Rev. T. Newton Leeke, Rector of Bideford.
J. F. Chantbr.
ABBOTSHAM.
Chalice. — Elizabethan, of Barnstaple t3rpe. Height,
7 in. ; bowl, tall and very conical, 4 in. diameter, 4^ in.
deep, with band of strap work and foliation ^ in. wide
near the top ; stem is formed of two connected spool-like
sections (see illustration of Trentishoe chalice in 1st Report);
foot circular, 4J iu. in diameter, with two bands of orna-
mentation, one hit-and-miss work J in. wide, second strap
work and foliation J in. wide.
VOL. XLvn. K
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146 SIXTH REPORT OP THE
Mark : I C in square (probably John Cotton, Barnstaple,
working from 1668-1601 ; the same mark is found at West-
downe).
Patens. — A. Plain, on stand. 7} in. diameter, 2 in. high.
Marks : (i.) maker, S. M., mullet over (Samuel Smith) ;
(ii.) lion's head erased ; (iii.) Britannia ; (iv.) date-letter,
1720 (London).
B. Plain plate. 4J in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) M. H. & Co., and Sheffield marks for 1864.
Flagon. — Tankard-shaped domed lid. 11 in. high, 9j%
in. to lid, 4 in. diameter at lid, 6i in. at foot.
Marks : maker, I W, crown over (John Webber of
Pljrmouth), and Exeter marks for 1736.
Inscription : " Thomas Salteme Armig de Stone in
Parkham in usiun hujus ecclesiae D.D."
Alma Dish. — A. A bason. 6} in. diameter, 2i in. high,
with rounded rim.
Marks and inscription as on flagon.
B. Pewter, a plain plate. 8f in. diameter ; inscribed
I.H.S. with a London pewterer's marks.
ALWINGTON.
Chalice. — ^Puritan style. 6f in. high ; bowl very broad
with straight sides and slight lip, and flat bottom, 4} in.
diameter, 4J in. deep ; stem and foot trumpet-shaped.
Marks : maker, a mullet over an escallop and six pellets
in shield, and London marks for 1664.
Patens. — ^A. Cover to chalice. 4^^ in. diameter, 1 in.
high ; foot, 2| in. diameter ; marks as on chalice.
B. Plain, on stand. 6J in. diameter, \\i in. high ; foot,
3tV hi. diameter.
Marks: no makers, but all other London marks for 1814.
Inscription : ** E dono Rev<>^ ThomsrC Hooper Morrison.
Li usiun sacro sanctae Eucharistiae 1816.''
Flagon. — ^Tankard-shaped, with domed lid. 9f in. high,
8 J in. to lid ; 6^ in. diameter at foot ; Sf in. at lid.
Marks : maker, R. G. (Robert Garrard), and London
marks for 1817.
Inscription : " E dono Reverendi Thomae Hooper
Morrison, M.A., in usum Sanctae Eucharistiae."
Two cruets, silver and glass.
Alms Dish. — ^Brass.
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CHTJRCH PLATE COBiMITTEE. 147
APPLEDORE.
ChcUtces. — A. Cup-shaped. 6J in. high ; bowl, 3f in.
diameter, 4i in. deep.
Marks : maker, A. B., W. B. (Anne and William Bateman),
and London marks for 1799.
Inscription : ** S. Mary's Church Appledore.
MDCCCXXXVIII."
B. Replica of A. Marks and inscription the same.
Patens. — ^A. Small waiter on three legs, with shell and
scroll border. 8J in. diameter.
Marks : maker, J. M. (James Morison, ent. 1744), and
London marks for 1751.
Inscription : ** Presented by D. and A. Strange 1838
S* Mary's Church Appledore."
B. Plain round waiter on 3 legs. 6J in. diameter.
Marks : maker, J. C. and Co. Lt., and Birmingham
marks, 1893.
Inscription : "In memory of Blanche Emma Perry
1906 S. Mary's Church Appledore."
Flagon. — Small embossed tankard, with domed lid.
8| in. high ; 7 in. to lid ; 4J in. diameter at lid ; 4J in. at
foot.
Marks : maker, P. B., A. B. (Peter and Anne Bateman),
and London hall marks for 1796. " S. Mary's Church
Appledore."
BIDEPORD.
Chaiices. — A. Late Puritan style, silver-gilt (modem
gilding). 8 J in. high ; bowl with slight lip, straight sides,
and flat bottom, 4J in. diameter, 4iV in. deep ; stem, with
ring for knop ; foot, 4J in. diameter.
Marks : maker, W G, with crescent below, and London
hall-marks for 1676.
B. Similar style and shape, gilt. 9 J in. high ; bowl,
4i in. diameter, 4| in. deep ; foot, 4f in. diameter.
Marks : maker, EI, with crown over (John Elston
of Exeter), and Exeter marks for 1703.
C. Modem mediaeval style. 6J in. high ; bowl, shape
of half-egg, 2^ in. deep, 3^ in. diameter ; stem hexagonal,
with large knop and six bosses ; foot, six-lobed with foliated
cross, 4J in. diameter.
Marks : maker T P in oblong, and London marks for
1896.
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148 SIXTH REPORT OP THE
D. Modem mediaeval style ; plated.
E. Modem mediaeval style ; plated.
Patens. — ^A. Plain, on foot gilt. 6f in. diameter; 1 in*
high.
Marks : as on chalice A, 1675.
B. Plain on foot. 5f in. diameter, J in. high.
Marks : as on chalice B, 1703.
C. Plain plate. 6 in. diameter, with foliated cross on rim.
Marks : as on chalice C, 1896.
D. A tazza, silver-gilt. 9 in. diameter, 2^ in. high ;
foot, 4J in. diameter.
Marks : maker, 7. G. in monogram, and London marks
for 1683.
Inscription : " Deo Sacrum. Given by the Towne of
Bideford in the Comity of Devon for ye sendee of Grod in
the Church of Bideford in the yeare of our Lord 1684, Mr.
Michfiiel Ogilby Chaplaine to his sacred Majesty Eong
Charles the second then rector."
E. A tazza, similar shape to D. 8^^^ in. diameter, 3 in.
high ; foot, 4| in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) I P with pellet over ; (ii.) lion rampant ;
(iii.) fleur-de-lys.
Inscription : " Mr. Abraham Heiman of this toivne
gaue this plate to the Church in the yeare 76."
Abraham Heiman died last day of Dec, 1681. M.I. in
the Church.
F. Plain plate ; modem mediaeval style to match
chalice D ; plated.
G. Plain plate to match chalice E.
Flagons, — ^A. Tankard shape, flat lid. 9J in. high ;
8 J in. to lid, 4J in. diameter at lid ; 7 in. at base.
Marks : as on chalice A, 1675.
Inscription : ** Bideford in the county of Devon 1676."
B. A replica of flagon A, marks and inscription the same.
C. Modem mediaeval style ; a set with chalice E and
paten G.
D. Pair of cruets, glass and silver stoppers.
Alms Dish, — Brass.
Straining Spoons, — ^A. T3rpe of ordinary old English
pattern tablespoon, with pierced bowl. 9| in. long.
Marks: ^(5 in oblong (Thomas England ent. 1739)^
and London mark 1744 (?).
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MODERN' CHALICE. MEDIiEVAL STYLE.
ST. PETERS, BIDEFORD.
Churoh Plate Report.— To face page 149.
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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 149
Inscription : " E dono George Buck. Arm. AD. 1784."
B. Teaspoon size, with long round stem, with barbed
and pointed end ; the bowl with minute perforations.
Length of spoon, 6 in.
London marks for 1739 ; makers indistinct.
These two spoons are two tjrpes of class of spoon
described on p. 636, Jackson's lUustraied English Pkite.
Funnel Strainer. — 4 in. long ; marks indistinct.
Pyx. — Urn-shaped cup. 2 J in. high ; with bayonet top ;
formed by a round box, If in. diameter, and IJ high, with
cross on top. In use for reserved sacrament.
Marks : maker, PD over W, and London marks for
1913.
Breads Box. — ^Plain silver. London marks 1912 (?).
ST. Peter's, bidepord.
Chalice, — A finely designed example of the modem
mediaeval style ; silver-gilt. 8J in. high ; the bowl* is
conical, 4| in. diameter, 2| in. deep, around which is an
engraved border with the inscription ** HIC EST SANGUIS
MEUS * " ; stem hexagonal, with large rounded knop
with four bosses ; foot hexagonal of shape, which Jackson
describes as a mullet of six points, has on it an elaborately
traceried crucifix.
Marks : maker, T T & Co, and Birmingham marks for
1890. (See illustration.)
Paten, — ^To match chalice, plain plate. 6J in. diameter,
with border, on which is inscription " HOC EST CORPUS
MEUS."
Marks : as on chalice.
Alms Dish, — Originally a paten, on stand. GJ in.
diameter.
Marks : maker, E J. & W B (E. J. & W. Barnard), and
London marks for 1848.
BUCKLAND BREWER.
Chalice. — Poor example, Georgian style. 8yV in. high ;
bowl, 4 in. deep, 3 If in. diameter; slender stem with small
knop ; foot, 4 in. diameter.
Marks: maker, W.T (William Tuite), and London
marks for 1768.
Inscription : ** Deo et Ecclesise."
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150 SIXTH REPORT OF THE
Paten. — Plain, on stand. 5f in. diameter, IJ in. high;
foot, 2 J in. diameter.
Marks : maker, T T & Co, and Bumingham marks for
1901.
Inscription : "To the glory of God a thank ofiEering
B.G.R 20 Nov 1901."
Flagon, — Large pitcher shape. 13 in. high; no lid;
4 J in. diameter on top, 9 J in. at foot.
Marks : as on chalice.
Inscription : " Donum Josephi Davie de Orleigh Com
Devon Arm'"* Sacrilega quadam vi cum sacris aliis surrep-
tum vasis Anno Dom 1767 sed recuperatum et Johannis
Davie Arm. impensis refectum Anno Dom 1768."
Alms Dish. — Plain plate. 8 J in. diameter.
Marks : as on chaHce and flagon.
Inscription : '' I.H.S."
Pewter. — Alms Dish.
BtrCKS MILL.
Here are only a —
Chalice, paten, and flagon, all electro-plated.
CLOVELLY.
Chalice. — Elizabethan, Exeter type, with cover. Height,
7J in. ; bowl, with narrow bands of strap work at rim and
centre, 4 in. deep, 3| in. diameter ; stem with usual knop ;
foot, 3f m. diameter.
Marks : (i.) in dotted circle, X crowned, with fleur-de-
lys on each side ; (ii.) IONS ; (iii.) first mark repeated.
Cover : 3| in. diameter, IJin. high; button has date 1577.
Marks : two indistinct.
Patens. — A. Chalice cover, see above.
B. Plain on foot. 6]^| in. diameter, IJ in. high; foot,
2 1 in. diameter.
Marks : maker, TW. CW in oval (Whipham and Wright),
and London marks for 1761.
Arms : Gules, a lion rampant, ducally crowned Or, per
fesse wavy Arg, & Erm. (Hamlyn Williams).
Flagon. — Tankard shape, with flat lid. 8| in. high,
4i in. diameter at lid, 7f in. at base.
Marks : maker, T E with coronet over, and London
marks for 1682.
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CAROLINE CHALICE. A.D. 1(>34. IX THE ELIZABETHAN STYLE.
ST. NECTANS, UAUTLAXD.
Church Platk Rkport.—7'«» /ace page 151.
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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 151
Alms Dish, — Plain, on stand. 8 in. diameter, 2 J in.
high.
Marks : maker, A.M : M, and London marks for 1897.
Inscription : *' Presented to All Saints Church Clovelly
by the commimicants Easter 1900."
Here are also a small set of Altar Vessels for private
communions, and four handsome candlesticks, gilt (? on
wood), presented by Lord Halifax, P.E.C.U.
HARTLAND,
Chalice, — Elizabethan style, Matthew type, parcel -gilt ^
with cover. Height, 9 in. ; bowl conical, with slight lip,
5 in. deep, 4| in. diameter, with band of strap work and
foliation If in. wide; stem circular, with usual knop ;
foot, 4 J in. diameter, with a band of hit-and-miss work
I in. wide, and egg and tongue ornamentation.
No marks. (See illustration.)
Chalice cover : parcel-gilt. If in. high, 4| in. diameter^
with narrow band of ornamentation. On button is
pricked '' Hartland. T.C Treasurer 1634 " (Thomas
Cholwell the elder of Luttisford gent, was Treasurer of All
Saints 1633-4 ; he was also treasurer in 1604-5.) The
ornamentation on the cover is a later style than that of
chaUce. The cover itself after being lost for many years
was recovered by R. P. Chope, Esq., in 1914 ; it had been
picked up on an old trackway, a mile from the church,
some years before, bent up and discoloured, and in 1914
it was brought as a curio for sale to Mr. Chope, who recog-
nized in it the long-lost chalice cover, and restored it to
the church. Although proved by the date to be Caroline,
the chalice is in all respects Elizabethan in type, and is
probably a reproduction on a larger scale of the original
Elizabethan chaUce by Thomas Mathew, which had been
several times damaged, as in the churchwardens' accounts
we find : —
*' 1605-6 pd. to Martyn Husband for amending the
Chalice . . . . . . . iij d.
1609-10 pd. for amending the Communion cuppe iiij d,"
and in 1634 there is the following entry : —
" Pd. for a new Challice over and above ye
allowance for the old wch was 4 li . . 04-03-00
Pd. William Hodge for his paines and ex-
pences to fetch ye same from Exon . . 00-06-06 "
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152 SIXTH REPORT OF THE
Patens. — ^A. Chalice cover, see above.
B. Plain, on stand. 7f in. diameter, IJ in. high ; foot,
2J in. diameter.
Marks : maker jSh crown over (John Elston), and
Exeter marks for 1707.
Inscription : " Rev<»«8. Guls. Orchard Deo et ecclesi»
suae Dec. 11 1707 (William Orchard was perpetual curate
of Hartland 1677-1707)."
C. Plain, on stand. 8i in. diameter, 2J in. high ; foot,
3 J in. diameter.
Marks : maker, Ba (Richard Bayley), and London
marks for 1720.
Inscription : « y g ».
Flagons, — A and B. A very massive pair, shaped like
coffee-pots. 11 in. high, 8} in. to lid, 3 in. diameter at lid,
4 in. at foot.
Marks : M A with leaves and mullet (Matthew Madden),
and London marks for 1698.
Arms : impaled Dexter, Az. a fesse arg. between three
pears Or (Orchard) ; Sinister, Or a bend between six
martlets sable (Luttrell). Paul Orchard, of Kilkhampton,
who married Mary, daughter and heiress of Nicholas
Luttrell, of Hartland Abbey.
ST. JOHN S, HARTLAND.
Chalices, — A. Late Georgian style. 7 J in. high ; bowl
ogee-shaped, 4 in. diameter, SJ in. deep ; stem with small
knop ; foot circular, 3J in. diameter.
Marks : maker, C L (Charles Lias), and London marks
for 1841.
Inscription : " Given to the chapel of S* John by
Hester Wolferstan a native of Hartland."
Arms : Sa. a fesse wavy Or between three wolves' heads
erased. Hester Wolferstan, sister-in-law of Rev. William
Chanter, b.a., perpetual curate of Hartland, and daughter
of Edward Wolferstan, of Berry Hartland. His father,
Nicholas Wolferstan, oiE Statfold, Staffs., was brought to
Hartland by his aunt, Mary, wife of Nicholas Luttrell.
B. Originally a replica of A ; has had a new spherical
bowl fixed in place of inconvenient ogee-shaped one.
Height, 6 in. ; bowl, 3J in. diameter.
Marks : (i.) maker, W K, and London marks for 1909.
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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEB. 163
PcUen, — ^Plain plate. 8 in. diameter.
Marks and inscription as on chalice A.
ST. martin's, hartland.
Chalice, — Parcel-gilt, a good example of the modem
mediaeval style. 7 J in. high ; bowl conical, 3f in. diameter,
2i in. deep ; stem hexagonal, with knop ; foot with crucifix
hexagonal.
Marks : maker, A. & B. Co, and London marks for
189J0.
Inscription : ** Gulielmus Jacobus Early Bennett.
Sacerdos Die 7 Aug 1886.'*
Paten, — To match. 5 in. diameter.
Marks : as on chalice.
Alms Dish, — Latten. 12 in. diameter.
LANDCROSS.
Chalice. — Elizabethan, a small cup with very short
stem. 5J in. high ; bowl, 3 in. diameter, 2| in. deep, with
band of strap work and iEoliation i in. wide ; foot, 2J in,
diameter, with egg ornamentation.
Marks : (i.) IONS ; (ii.) B ; (iii.) crowned X with two
stars.
Chalice Cover, — 3J in. diameter, 1 in. high, with band
of hit-and-miss work | in. wide ; button has date 1576 and
foliation.
Patens, — A. Chalice cover.
B. Plain plate, electro-plate.
Flagon, — Like small cofifee-pot. 6 in. high; electro-
plate.
UTTLEHAM.
Chalices, — A. Silver-gilt, a mediaeval chalice of Type D
of Jackson's Classification (History English Plate, p. 333),
perhaps of foreign workmanship. 5| in. high ; bowl,
very conical, 4,^ in. diameter, 2 J in. deep ; stem hexagonal,
with large knot with six lozenges on each of which is a
letter forming the inscription *' Sapcia."
The foot is circular, 4f in. diameter, on which is a cross
patt^ on diaper work or murrey in a circle.
No marks.
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154 SIXTH REPORT OP THE
This chalice was presented by the Rev. H. 6. Morse in
1889, but it is not known whence he obtained it.
Inscription : '' Littleham 1889. Ex dono Bectoris ora
pro anima ejus."
Arms : Per pale a chevron between three mullets all
countercharged.
B. Elizabethan, Exeter type, with usual lip. 6^ in.
high, with cover ; bowl conical, 3i in. diameter, 3} in.
deep, with band of strap work and foliation f in. wide ;
foot circular, 3} in. diameter ; stem with usual knop.
Marks : (i.) IONS ; (ii.) B in square ; (iii.) crowned X
in circle.
Chalice Cover : 3^ in. diameter, 1 in. high, with band of
strap work and foliation i in. wide.
Marks : as on chalice, and on button date 1576.
Patens, — ^A. Plain plate, gilt. 6 in. diameter, with
Maltese cross as on chalice A.
Marks : (i.) A saltire on a shield ; (ii.) I H in circle.
B. Cover to chalice B.
C. Plain on foot. 7 J in. diameter, 2 in. high.
Marks : maker, I C crown over (James Chadwick), and
London marks for 1696.
Inscription : ** Presented by Jane Amell 1726."
Pair of silver and glass cruets.
Marks : maker, J.C.S., and London marks for 1877.
Candlesticks, — Fine pair, brass. 3 ft. 6 in. high, made
after pattern of pair dredged up near Newstead Abbey.
LUNDY ISLAND.
An ancient parish to which, as far as I am aware, no
institution is recorded since 1365, when Nicholas Comyn
was collated, till 1886, when Rev. H. G. Heaven, Lord of
the Island, and its licensed curate since 1864, was formally
instituted as Vicar. The ancient church of St. Helen, long
a ruin, though occasional services had been held in it up
to 1747, has been rebuilt, and a handsome set of altar
vessels in the • modem mediaeval style provided ; these
consist of : —
Chalice, — ^A very good example of modem imitation
mediaeval work. S^ in. high ; the bowl, almost hemi-
spherical, 4^ in. in diameter and 2| in. deep, has a broad
band with engraved inscription in Old English capitals.
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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 155
" Calicem salutaris accipiam et nomen Domini invocabo " ;
stem hexagonal, with open-work and large knop ; foot>
six-lobed, with I.H.S. in circle.
Marks : maker, E. B. & J. B. (E. & J. Barnard), and
London marks for 1860.
PcUen. — ^Mediseval style, with hexagonal depression.
7 J in. in diameter ; round border is engraved ** Agnus dei
qui toUis peccata mundi da nobis tuam pacem," with
cross patt^e and other ornamentation ; sacred monogram
in centre of depression.
Marks : as on chalice, but date-letter is 1866.
Flagon, — ^Mediaeval style, llf in. high, 9i in. to lid,
1} in. diameter at lid, 5 in. at foot ; pointed lid, set with
stones ; and ornamental border round belly set with
amethysts, and engraved with inscription ** Sanctus>
Sanctus, Sanctus."
Marks : maker, H.E.W., and London marks for 1895.
MONKLEIGH.
Chalice, — Georgian style. 7 J in. high ; bowl, 3i in.
diameter, 3 in. deep.
Marks : I S. (John Suger), and Exeter marks for 1732.
Weight, 7 oz. 5 dwt.
Paten, — ^Plain, on stand. 4| in. diameter, 1 in. high.
Marks : as on chalice. Weight, 3 oz. 13 dwt.
Flagon, — ^Tankard shape, with domed lid. 11^ in. high,
9| in. to lid, 3^ in. diameter at lid, 6} in. at foot.
Marks : maker, T y^ W. (Thomas Whipham and Charles
Wright), and London marks for 1758.
Inscription : " The gift of M" Dorothy Glubb."
Weight, 39 oz. 1 dwt.
NORTHAM.
Here all is now modern, see introduction and inscription
on Alms Dish.
Chalices, — ^A. A modem and tasteless reproduction of
the Elizabethan style. 8 in. high ; bowl, 4tV in. diameter^
4i in. deep, with an imitation Elizabethan border.
Marks : maker, M. H. & Co. (Martin, Hall & Co.), and
Sheflaeld marks for 1860.
B. Replica of A with inscription. In memoriam. ET.
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166 SIXTH REPORT OP THE
Patens. — A. Plain on foot. TyV ui- high, 7| in. diameter,
with debased imitation Elizabethan ornamentation.
Marks : maker, G L T, and London marks for 1860.
Inscription : ** Northam Parish Church."
B. Replica of A, marks and inscription same.
Flagon. — Tankard, dome lid. 13 in. high, imitation
Elizabethan style ornamentation.
Marks and inscription a>% on paten A.
Alms Dish. — ^Modern mediaeval style, with hexagonal
centre. 1 1 1 in. diameter.
Marks : maker, A.S., and London marks for 1874.
Inscription on rim : ** Qui dat pauperi non indigebit.
This alms dish was purchased with part value of a silver
salver presented by the parishioners of Northam to T. H. V.
Mill, Vicar in 1834, and left to them in his will for Sacra-
mental use — ^the other vessels, excepting the chalices, have
been provided from the remaining value of such salver,
and of three patens together with that of the flagons
presented to the parish by Sir Thomas Berry and Johane
Melhuish, the chalices were provided in 1865 one remade
an exact (?) copy of an old one the other presented by the
parishioners in memory of Elizabeth Thorold."
Straining Spoon. — ^With cross on top. 6J in. long.
Marks : maker, C S, and London marks for 1874.
PARKHAM.
Chalices. — A. Elizabethan style, with cover, rude and
early type and in bad condition ; bowl very conical, 4^ in.
diameter, 3| in. deep, with band of hit-and-miss work
1| in. deep ; stem circular, with rounded knop, ornamented
with hit-and-miss work ; foot, 4^^ in. diameter, with
tongue ornamentation.
Mark : HH conjoined, egg under in circle, probably
Henry Hardwicke of Exeter, 1570-1570 — this mark has
not been noted previously.
B. Elizabethan style, with cover. 7J in. high; bowl
slightly conical, with band of strap work and foliation
f in. wide, 3^ in. diameter, 4iV in. deep; stem with small
plain knop ; foot, 4iV in. diameter, with egg ornamentation.
Mark : (i.) a six-pointed star ; (ii.) indistinct, something
in a circle ; (iii.) a small cross.
This chalice was purchased in London by Rev. E.
Hensley.
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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTBE. 157
Patens. — ^A. Cover of chalice A. 4} in. diameter, li in.
high, with border of dot-and-miss ornamentation, i in.
wide on rim.
Mark : as on chalice.
B. Cover to chalice B. 4 J in. diameter, IJ in. high ; on
button is the date 1574.
Three marks as on chalice B.
Flagon, — ^Tankard-shaped, domed lid. 11 in. high, 8|
to lid, 4i in. diameter at lid, 6 in. at base.
Marks : maker, T.S. in oval (Thomas Sampson), and
Exeter marks for 1730.
Inscription : ** Deo et Ecclesise Parkhamensi Gulielmus
Kingford Rector DDD. MDCCXXXI."
Arms : mantled Arg. a chief and barry of six pieces
Erm. and Arg. in chief a double-headed eagle between two
crowns. Crest an eagle displayed with a rose in its beak
(Bangford).
Alms Dishes. — ^A. A plain decent bason. 7 in. diameter,.
2| in. high.
Marks and inscription as on flagon.
B. A fine silver bleeding bowl, with pierced handle.
5J in. diameter, 2^ in. high ; length of handle, 3 in.
Marks : maker indistinct, and London marks for 1681.
Crest of Kingford on handle,
WEAR GIFFORD.
Chalices, — ^A. Late Georgian style. 7 in. high ; bowl,.
3| in. diameter, 3J in. deep, with cross, halo, and nails.
Mark : maker, M ^ crown over (Robert Garrard), and
London marks for 1843.
B. Silver-gilt, wine-glass shape. 8J in. high ; bowl,
3J in. diameter, 4J in. deep ; very slender stem, with
slight knop ; foot, 3i in. diameter.
Marks : Maker, G U (George Unite), and Birmingham
marks for* 1871.
Inscription : "To the glory of God and in memory of
Alfred and Elizabeth Hole. Presented to the Church of
Holy Trinity, Wear Gifford, 1902."
Patens, — A. Plain, on stand. 6J in. diameter, 2 in.
high.
Marks : as on chalice A.
B. Silver-gilt plate. 6|f in. diameter ; a cross on border*.
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168 SIXTH REPORT OF THE
Marks : maker, SB. FW. and London marks for 1894.
Inscription : " Presented to the Church of Holy Trinity,
Wear GiflFord, 1902."
Flagons, — A, Small coffee-pot shape. 7 J in. high, 6J in.
to lid.
Marks : as on chalice A.
B. A massive tankard, silver-gilt, with fluted sides and
other ornamentation. 8 in. high, 6J in. to lid, 6J in.
diameter at lid, 6 in. at base.
This is a composite piece ; the handle bears the maker's
mark of Timothy Lee ent 1697 — ^the remainder, which has
no marks, is modem. Weight, 40 oz.
Inscription : " A golden wedding gift Jan 7^ 1840-1890
with good wishes to Alfred and Elizabeth Hole and in
affectionate regard from many old friends. Presented to
the Church of Holy Trinity, Wear Gifford, 1902."
Alms Dish, — Brass.
WBLCOMBB.
Here the plate consists of two domestic pieces, a handle-
less flat-bottomed mug or beaker used as a chalice, and a
salver on three legs used as a paten.
Cup. — 5f^ in. high, 4 in. diameter, with band of leaves
in scroll form.
Marks : maker, 'J.C. in monogram, and London marks
for 1653.
Salver, — 8 in. diameter, 1 in. high.
Marks : maker, J.M. (James Mouson), and London
marks for 1751.
Inscription : ** Alice Blighe 1758."
Arms : three moons in a circle.
WOOLFARDISWORTHY.
Chalice, — Elizabethan, a plain example of the work of
Thomas Mathew of Barnstaple (1569-1611). 6yV in., high ;
bowl, slightly conical, 3y\ in. diameter, 3| in. deep, with
band of strap work and foliation J in. wide ; stem with
small knop which has hit-and-miss ornamentation — ^bottom
of stem has ornamentation of circles with pellet.
Marks : (i.) a pomegranate slipped ; (ii.) T ; (iii.)
MATHEV. letters interlinked.
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CHUBCH PLATE COMMITTEB. 169
What appears to be the cover is set as bottom of wooden
alms dish ; it has a narrow band of foliation and date 1600.
Paten. — ^Plain, on stand. 6 J in. diameter, IJ in. high ;
foot, 2| in. diameter.
Marks : maker, P E in oval (Philip Elston), and Exeter
marks for 1728.
Flagon. — ^Tankard-shaped, with domed lid. 10 J in.
high, 7} in. to lid, 3^ in. diameter at lid, 5f in. at foot.
Marks : as on paten.
Alms Dish. — See chalice cover above.
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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE.
Seventh Report of the Committee — consisting of Miss
Rose E. Carr-Smith, the Honble, Mrs. Colbome, Miss
C. E, Larter, Mr, C. H. Laycock, Rev, A. C, Morris^
Mr, H, 0. Peacock, Miss C, Peck, Dr, A. B. Protvse,
Mr, A, Sharland, Mr, T, Wainwright, and Mr. W. P.
Hiem (Secretary), with power to add to their number —
for the purpose of investigating matters connected with
the Flora and Botany of Devonshire.
Edited by W. P. Hiern.
(Read at Bxet<>r, 21st July, 1015.)
RECORDS.
1. Barnstaple Botanical District.
Ranunculus confusus Godr. Braunton. Accompanjring this
form (which bears floating as well as submerged leaves)
were numerous specimens (without floating leaves), which
scarcely agreed with the form salsuginostis and which
very closely resembled R. circinatus Sibth.
Mathiola incana R. Br. Braunton (Mr. G. C. Druce).
Alyssum alyssoldes L. Bishop's Tawi^n (Mr. R. Taylor).
Crawbe maritima L. "On the cliflFs of the . . . coast ... of
Devonshire very frequent, where it has long been used by
the inhabitants as an agreeable esculent,the young shoots,
nearly buried beneath the sand, being white, tender, and
sweet. ... It was introduced into Covent Garden by the
late Mr. Curtis (who had observed it about Barnstaple) in
1792." Withering, Arr. Brit, PL, ed. 7, iii. p. 752 (1830).
Viola agrestis Jord. Kentisbury.
V. ohtusifolia Jord. Tawstock.
SUene quinquevulnera L. Braunton (Mr. W. A. Harford).
Vida hiihynica L. Martinhoe (Miss Lightfoot, teste G. C.
Druce).
Laihyrus sylvestris L. Hfracombe (Mr. G. C. Druce).
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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 161
PotentiUa procumbens x reptans = P. mixta Nolte. Northam
(Mr. G. C. Druce).
Ribes nigrum L. Bideford.
Pamassia palvstris L., var. condensata. Braunton (Messrs.
Travis and Wheldon). I have not seen a specimen and
have doubts about it.
Artemisia SieUeriana Bess. Morte-hoe (Mr. G. C. Druce).
Senecio Cineraria DC. Braunton (Mr. W. A. Harford).
Jasione montana L., var. major Koch. Clovelly (Countess
Fortescue and Mr. W. A. Harford).
lAnaria arenaria DC. Braunton : alien.
Melittis Melissophyllum L. Braunton (Mr. W. D. Miller).
Empetrum nigrum L. High Bray.
Orchis Morio L. Ilfracombe. Tawstock.
Neottia Nidus-avis Rich. Bishop's Tawton (Leslie Taylor).
Colchicum autumnale L. Tawstock (Mr. J. Kicking) ; garden-
escape ?
Arum maculatum L., var. Tetrdii Corb. Barnstaple.
Carex vikingensis C. B. Clarke. Instow.
C acutiformis Ehrh. Braunton.
Setaria viridis Beauv. Pilton, East (Mr. J. Hicking).
Daclylis glomerata L., var. abbreviata Bemh. Braunton.
Festu>ca ovina L., var. glauca Hack. Georgeham (Mr. E. Vidal).
Lastrea cemula Brack. Stoke Rivers.
PolysHchum aculeatum Roth. Ashford.
Ceterach offlcinarum DC. Northam.
Botrychium Lunaria Sw. Ilfracombe.
Ophioglossum vtUgatum L. Ilfracombe.
Nitdla opaca Ag. Goodleigh.
Ptilota plumosa Ag. Combe Martin (Miss C. E. Larter). See
Joum. Bot., 1914, p. 77 ; 1915, pp. 171, 172.
The following list of fresh-water algse, mostly collected
by Mr. F. A. Brokenshire, of Barnstaple, is contributed
by him ; the classification is in accordance with that of
G. S. West in his treatise on the British Fresh-water Algae,
1904 :—
Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth. Challacombe.
Chantransia pygm/jea Kutz. Braunton.
Bvlbochaite gigantea Pringsh. Atherington.
Vlothrix zonata Web. & Mohr. Tawstock (Identified by Mr.
F. R. Brokenshire, of Exeter). .
VOL. XLVn. L
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162 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE.
Myxonema tenue Rabenh. Branntou.
Chcetophora degans Ag. Groodleigh.
Drapamaldia glomerata Ag, Bideford (Rev. G. Warren).
Bishop's Tawton.
EtUeromorpha intestinalis Link. Barnstaple.
Vaucheria sesailis DC. Goodleigh (galled A^itli the Rotifer,
Notommata Wemechii), Barnstaple.
Mougeoiia graciUima Wittr. Bishop's Tawton.
Spirogyra inflata Rabenh. Braunton (Identified by Rev. T.
Read). Barnstaple.
S. majuacvla Kiitz. Atherington.
Sphcerdla lacuatris Mull. -Braunton.
Crucigenia rectangularis Gay. Atherington.
Scenedesmus quadricauda Br6b. Braunton.
PalmeUa mv^cosa Kiitz. Bishop's Tawton.
Aptocyatis Brauniana Nag. Braunton.
Miacococcvs confervicola Nag. Braunton. Instow.
Ophiocytium cochleare A.Br. Braunton (Identified by Mr. F. R.
Brokenshire).
Tribonema bombycinum Derb. & Sol. Braunton (Identified by
Rev. T. Read).
Nosioc mxiscorum Ag. Braunton (Identified by Mr. F. R.
Brokenshire).
Gloiotrichia natana (Hedw.). Braunton (Identified by Mr. P. R.
Brokenshire).
2. TORRINGTON BOTANICAL DISTRICT.
Geranium pimllum L'Herit. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Prunus domestica L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Sanguisorba officinalis L. High Biekington (Mr. J. Hicking).
PoteniiUa procumbens xreptans=P. mixta Xolte. Great Tor-
rington (Mr. G. C. Druce).
Bosa tomentosa Sm. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Valeriana diolca L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Chrysanthemum segetum L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Myosotis versicolor Sm. Cookbury. Beaford.
LittoreUa uniflora Aschers. Tetcott (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Chenopodium urbicum L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
8alix fragilis L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Orchis prcetermissa Druce. Holsworthy (Mr. G. C. Druce),
Carex vesicaria L. High Biekington (Mr. R. Taylor).
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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 1C3
Lastrea spinulosa Presl. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Dicranum Bonjeani De Not. West Putford (Rev. H. H.
Harvey).
Bamalina fastigiata Ach. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Parmelia tiliacea Ach. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Lobaria pulmonaria HoflFm. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Exidia glandulosa Pr. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
TremeUa mesenterica Retz. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Xylaria Hypoxylon Grev. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Spirogyra majuscvla Kiitz. High Bickington.
3. South Molton Botanical District.
Mr. G. C. Druce, of Oxford, has kindly sent to me a
revised list of 176 species collected by Miss Lightfoot,
1834^1868, chiefly from the neighbourhood of Stockleigh
Pomeroy ; a selection is here taken : —
Ranunculus acris L., var. /?. Borcmnus Jord. Stockleigh
Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot).
R, parviflorus L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot).
Barharea vema Aschers. Stockleigh Pomeroy. (Miss Lightfoot).
Erysimum cheiranihoides L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Light-
foot).
Teesdalia nudicavlis R.Br. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Light-
foot).
Reseda LiUeola L. Crediton Hamlets (Miss Lightfoot).
Viola odorata L. West Buckland.
Saponaria officinalis L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot).
Linum vsitatissimum L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot).
Trifolium fragiferum L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot).
PotentiUa procumbens Sibth. Molland (Mr. G. C. Druce).
Ribes rubrum L. Shobrooke (Miss Lightfoot).
Sedum Telephium L. Shobrooke (Miss Lightfoot).
Epilobium angustifolium L. Crediton (Miss Lightfoot).
Petroselinum segetum Koch. Crediton (Miss Lightfoot).
Datura Stramonium L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot).
Antirrhinum Orontium L. Sto(ileigh Pomeroy (Miss Light-
foot).
AnagaUis fosmina Mill, or A. ccervlea Lam. Crediton (Miss
Lightfoot).
Chenopodium polyspermum L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss
Lightfoot).
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164 SEVENTH REPORT OP THE BOTANY COMMTTTEB.
Orchis maculata L., var. trilobata, Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss
Lightfoot).
Habenaria virescens Druce. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Light-
foot).
Typha angustifolia L. Crediton (Miss Lightfoot).
Carex disticha Huds. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot).
Agrostis setacea CJurt. Crediton (Miss Lightfoot).
TrerUepohlia aurea Mart. Bangsnympton.
BulbochcBte gigantea Pringsh. CJhittlehampton.
Spirogyra majuscula Kiitz. CJhittlehampton.
Crucigenia rectangtUaris Gray. Chittlehampton.
4. ExETBR Botanical District.
Rhamnus Frangvla L. Exeter (Miss Lightfoot).
Agrimonia odorata Mill. Cullompton (Mr. A. Sharland).
Oeum rivale L. UflFculme (Mr. W. D. Miller).
Sison Amomum L. Kenton. (Miss Lightfoot).
(Enanthe fistulosa L. Kenton (Mr. W. D. Miller).
AnagaUia fcemina Mill, or A. C€eruka Lam. Cadbury (]VDss
Lightfoot).
Polygonum Bistorta L. Huntsham (Mr. W. D. Miller).
Narthecium ossifragum Huds. Kenn (Mr. W. D. Miller).
Carex pendtUa Huds. Exeter (Miss Lightfoot).
Noetoc commune Vauch. Exminster (Rev. J. B. Williams).
5. HoNiTON Botanical District.
The ancient .(rural) civil parish of Axminster was
divided into two new civil parishes, as from 16 April, 1915,
by order of the Devon County Council, 24 September, 1914 ;
that is, into Axminster Town (urban), containing about
790 acres, and Axminster Hamlets (rural), containing
nearly 6100 acres.
Gflaucium flavum Crantz. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot).
Lotv>8 hispidua Desf. Budleigh (Salterton) (Miss Lightfoot).
Malva moschata L., var. heterophylla Lej. Axminster Town
(Mr. A. Sharland).
Drosera longifolia L. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot).
Apium graveolens L. Budleigh (Salterton) (Miss Lightfoot).
Blackatonia perfoliata Huds. Uplyme (Miss Lightfoot).
Plantago lanceolata L., var. major Syme. Ottery St. Mary.
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SEVENTH REPORT OP THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 165
AUium vineale L. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot).
Scirpus aetaceus L. Coombe Raleigh (Miss Lightfoot).
Rynchospora alba Vahl. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot).
Carex flava L., var. minor Towns. Axminster Hamlets (Mr. A*
Sharland).
Agrostis selacea Curt. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot).
Sderochloa diatans Bab. Budleigh (Salterton) (Miss Lightfoot).
8. rigida Link. Axminster Town (Mr. A. Sharland).
Chara hispida L. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot).
Fissidens rivularts Spruce. Harpford (Mr. G. Harris).
The last two species are new records for Devon.
6. Torquay Botanical District.
Ranunculus parvi floras L. Bickington (Rev. H. H. Harvey).
Highweek.
Papaver dubium L. St. Mary Church, 15 Sept., 1914 : hairs of
peduncle spreading, not adpressed, but fruit oblong and
corolla pale (Miss C. E. Larter).
Corydalis claviculata DC. Moretonhampstead (Miss Lightfoot).
Maihiola incana R.Br. Dawlish (Mr. G. C. Druce).
Draba vulgaris Rouy & Fouc. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E.
Larter).
Raphanus maritimus Sm. Teignmouth (Miss Lightfoot).
Viola sylvestris Lam., var. punctata Rouy & Fouc. Highweek.
. V. mvlticaulis Jord. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter).
F. lactea Sm. Chagford (Miss Lightfoot).
F. lactea Sm., var. intermedia Wats. Hennock (Miss C. E.
Larter).
Silene anglica L. Dawlish (Mr. W. D. Miller). Brixham (Miss
Lightfoot). Moretonhampstead (Miss Pratt).
8. gaUica L. and 8, quinquevulnera L. Moretonhampstead
(Miss Pratt).
8aponaria Vaccaria L. Paignton (Miss C. M. CHfford).
Althcea hirsuta L. Paignton (Miss C. M. Clifford).
Geranium pyrenaicum N. L. Burm. Dawlish, West (Mr. W. D.
Miller).
Medicago saliva L. Teignmouth (Miss Lightfoot).
Trigonella omilhopodiotdes DC. Dawlish, West (Mr. W. D.
MiUer).
Lotus tenuis W. & K. Brixham (Miss Lightfoot). Tormoham^
24 July, 1914 (Miss C. E. Larter).
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166 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY CX)MMITTBE.
L. hispidua Desf. Dawlish, West (Mr. W. D. Miller).
Vida sepium L., state with white flowers. Stokeinteignhead
(Miss C. E. Peck).
Lathyrus Nissolia L. Tormoham (Miss C. E. Larter).
L. aylveatris L. From Dawlish, West, to Teignmouth (Mr.
W. D. Miller).
Claytonia perfoliata Donn. Moretonhampstead (Mr. C. H.
Laycock). High week.
PimpineUa Saxifraga L., var. dissecta With, and var. poteriifolia
Wallr. ; both in St. Mary Church, 11 Sept., 1914 (Miss
C. E. Larter).
Torilis nodosa Gaertn. Stokeinteignhead.
Scandiz pecten $ L. Stokeinteignhead.
Galium tricome Stokes. St. Mary CJhurch, 28 Oct., 1914
(Miss C. E. Larter).
>G. ochrolettcum Kit. "This hybrid, recorded in the Fifth
Report of the Botany Committee, p. 6 (122), as found in
small quantity at St. Mary Church, still persists in the
same station where I first collected it on 11 July, 1912.
On 6 July, 1914, 1 agam gathered it " (Miss C. E. Larter).
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L., a form with the ray-florets
absent or nearly so. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter).
SeTtecio mikanioides Otto. St. Mary Chxwch (Mr. C. Waterfall).
Centaurea Scabiosa L. Tormoham, 21 Oct., 1914, on calcareous
/ rocks by the sea. Leaves fleshy and very variously lobed ;
on one tuft two leaves were quite entire. (])an this be the
var. Oelmii Briq., or approaching that var. ? (Miss C. E.
Larter).
Picris hieracioides L., with the stem of a deep purple colour,
and the midribs of the lower leaves of a bright carmine,
such as one sees sometimes in the midribs of certain dock
leaves. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter).
Gentiana Awurdla L. Brixham (Miss Lightfoot).
Menyanthes trifoliata L. Chagford (Miss Lightfoot).
Lithospermum arvense L. Moretonhampstead (Miss Lightfoot).
Orobanche amMhystea Thuill. * Dawlish, West (Mr. W. D.
Miller).
Linaria vulgaris Mill., var. laiifoUa Bab. St. Mary Church
(Miss C. E. Larter).
Linaria vulgaris Mill., var. putcheUa Druce. Tormoham (Miss
C. E. Larter).
L, minor Desf. Torbryan with Denbury (Miss Lightfoot).
Nepeta hederacm Trav., galled with Oligotrophv^ hursariua
Bremi. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter).
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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 167
Salvia Verhenaca L. Stokeinteignhead.
Pinguicida wlgaria L. Widecombe-in-the-Moor (Mrs. Peacock).
Anagallis casruka Schrank. Churston Ferrers (Honble. Mrs.
Colbome).
Chenopodium V vivaria L. Teignmouth (Miss Lightfoot).
Daphne Laureola L. Torbryan with Denbury (Miss Lightfoot).
Tormoham.
Orchis pyramidalia L. Torbryan with Denbury (Miss Light-
foot). Tormoham.
Ophrys apifera Huds. Brixham (Miss Lightfoot).
Narcissus poeticus L. Torbryan with Denbury (Miss Light*
foot).
SdUa aviumnalis L. Brixham (Miss Lightfoot).
Endymion non-scriptus Garcke, in quantity with white flowers.
Stokeinteignhead (Miss Peck).
Carex panicvlata L., and form simplicior And. Stokeinteign-
head.
C. hdodes Link. Lustleigh (Mr. C. Waterfall).
Fossombronia Htisnoti Corb., var. anglica, St. Mary Church
(Mr. W. E. Nicholson).
FruUania dilatata Dum. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter).
Mycena ienerrirfia Qu61. O>ckington, Nov., 1914 (Dr. H. G.
Peacock).
Hygrophorus niveus Fr. St. Mary Church, Dec, 1914 (Dr. H. G.
Peacock).
Sparassis laminosa Fr. Milber, Nov., 1914 (Dr. H. G. Peacock).
Humaria Chateri Sacc. Cockington, Jan., 1915 (Dr. H. G.
Peacock).
H. omphalodes Mass. Cockington, Jan., 1915 (Dr. H. G.
Peacock).
Miss C. E. Larter, f.l.s., contributes the following : —
Phenological Observations.
In 1914 Hdianthemum polifolium MiU. was still flower-
ing on 26 September, the latest date on which I have
ever seen it thus. Calluna vulgaris MiU. was in full bloom
on the coast as late as 3 October ; and on 27 October
Comus sanguinea L. was but just opening its flower-heads
in the hedges at St. Mary Church, some of them being
still in bud. In the same parish on 20 November a
state of Oeranium Robertianum L. with white flowers, first
noted on 25 June, was still flowering freely. Scrophvlaria
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168 SEVENTH REPORT OP THE BOTANY COMMITTEE.
nodosa L. was on 2 December in fine flower ; from its
fleshy green leaves the plant appeared to be quite a
young one.
In 1915 on 10 January Heradeum Sphondylium L.
showed flower-heads akeady bursting through the spathe ;
and on 22 January Ranunculus Ficaria L. was in
abundant flower. On 5 February two plants of Daucus
Carota L., growing together in a quarry, had, one of them
45 umbels, the other 36. These were in all stages of
florescence, from quite young, still closely folded umbels
to widely open ones. They were intermixed with many
stems of remnants of last year's flowering, whose seed-
heads were brown and empty.
7. Plymouth Botanical District.
Papaver Argemone L. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot).
Fumaria capreolata L. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss
Lightfoot).
Hesperis matronalis L. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot).
Brassica alba L. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot).
Draba vulgaris Rouy & Fouc. Berry Pomeroy (Miss C. E.
Larter).
Reseda lutea L. Ivy bridge (Quartermaster H. W. Smith).
Viola hirta L. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot).
V. sylvestris Lam. Berry Pomeroy (Miss C. E. Larter).
Hypericum hircinum L. Stokenham (Rev. J. Miller) ; alien.
Medicago arabica Huds. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot).
Trifolium arvense L. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss Light-
foot).
LottLs hispidus Desf. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot).
PotentiUa procumbens xreptans=P, mixta Nolte. Ivybridge
(Rev. E. S. Marshall).
P. reptans xerecta. Ivybridge (Rev. E. S. Marshall).
Riibus egregius Focke, var. plymensis Focke. Plym Valley,
etc. (Dr. W. 0. Focke).
Rosa spinosissima L. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss
Lightfoot).
Sedum Tdephium L. Ugborough (Honble. Mrs. Colborne).
Saodfraga granulata L. Harford (Quartermaster H. W. Smith).
Vibumum^ Lantana L. Ugborough (Honble. Mrs. Colborne).
Matricaria suaveolens Buchen. Pljnnouth.
Oentaurium pulchellum Druce. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot).
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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 169
Polemonium cceruleum L. Plympton St. Mary (Quartermaster
H. W. Smith).
Convolvulus Soldanella L. Thurlestone (Miss Lightfoot).
ScrophtUaria Scorodonia L. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss
Lightfoot).
Mimulus rnoschatus L. Brixton (Quartermaster H. W. Smith).
Laaiopera viscosa HoflFmansegg & Link. Saicombe (Miss
Lightfoot).
Veronica Chamcedrys L., with purple flowers, turning bluisli
after gathering. Plymouth.
Mentha rotundifolia Huds. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss
Lightfoot).
M, gentilis L. Brixton (Quartermaster H. W. Smith).
Lyaimachia vulgaris L. Ermington (Quartermaster H. W.
Smith).
L. Nummularia L. Ugborough (Honble. Mrs. Colborne).
Statice binervosa G. E. Sm., a white- flowered state. Saicombe
(Miss Lightfoot).
Daphne mezereum L. Ivy bridge (Quartermaster H. W. Smith).
Orchis ustulata L. Wembury (Quartermaster H. W. Smith).
Butomus umbeUatus L. Slapton (Miss Lightfoot).
Ruscus aculeatus L. Saicombe (Miss Lightfoot).
Scilla autumnalis L. Saicombe (Miss Lightfoot).
Allium vineale L. Saicombe (Miss Lightfoot).
Echinochloa Crus-galli Beau v. Holbeton (Quartermaster H. W.
Smith).
Calamagrostis epigeios Gaertn. M. & S. Wembury (Quarter-
master H. W. Smith).
Hordeum marinum Huds. Holbeton (Quartermaster H. W.
Smith).
The plants given on the authority of Quartermaster
H. W. Smith, of the Plymouth Institution, are taken
from a paragraph which appeared in the Western Morning
News of 27 February, I9I5, under the heading of
" Plymouth District Flora." The paragraph was kindly
forwarded to me by Mr. H. B. S. Woodhouse, of Plymouth.
8. Tavistock Botanical District.
Malva moschata L., var. laciniata Lej. Tavistock (Mr. A.
Sharland).
Laihyrus montana Bernh., var. ienuifolia (Roth). Buckland
Monachorum (Miss Comber).
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170 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE.
Epilohium neogradiense Borbas. Tavistock (Mr. A. Sharland).
PimpineUa Saxifraga L., var. disaeda With. Tavistock (Mr. A.
Sharland).
Mimvlus nu>8chatu8 L. Bickleigh (Quartermaster H. W. Smith).
M, Langsdorffii Donn. Shaugh Prior (Quartermaster H. W.
Smith).
Stachys ambigtui Sm. Tavistock (Mr. A. Sharland).
Primula verts L. Banks of the Tavy, in great numbers (Honble.
Mrs. Colborne). According to the late T. R. Archer Briggs,
this species grew plentifully at Maristow and about the
borders of a pasture between Lopwell and Denham Bridge :
Bere Ferrers and Buckland Monachorum parishes. The
hybrid, P. officinali-vtilgaris, the " Oxlip '* of some people,
occurred in the same localities. See Joum. Bot,, 1868, pp.
206, 207, and FL Plym,, pp. 279, 280 (1880).
Euphorbia Esula L. Between Bickleigh and Shaugh, one plant
(Quartermaster H. W. Smith).
Sparganium simplex Huds. Tavistock (Mr. A. Sharland).
Phalaris arundinacea L., var. picta L. Tavistock (Mr. A.
Sharland).
Asplenium lanceolatum Huds. Whitchurch (Miss Emmie
Larter).
Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Lydford (Miss C. E. Larter).
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THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.
Thirty-third Report of the Committee — consisting of
Mr. J. 8, Am^ery, Sir Alfred W. Croft, Mr, Thomus
Wainwright, and Mr, R, Hansford Worth (Secretary) —
appointed to collect and tabulate trustworthy and com-
parable Observations on the climate of Devon.
Edited hy R. Hansford Worth {Secretary of the Committee),
(Read at Expter, 21st July, 1U15.)
One new station appears (temporarily) in the present
report. At Ashburton Mr. J. S. Amery has obtained the
assistance of Mr. Wilfred J. O. Evans, who has recorded
the rainfall at West St., at a height above O.D. of 240 feet.
This station by way of comparison with '* Druid " at a
height of 584 feet above O.D. will, it is hoped, appear in
our report for a few years.
One station, records for which were not available last
year, is, it is now known, lost by the death of Mr. H.
Lovejoy, of Northgate, Totnes. The loss of this observer
was duly noted in the Transactions, but had not until
recently become known to the Committee's Secretary ; we
record it with regret.
The returns for the Devonport watershed are now
supplied by Mr. F. W. Howarth, m.i.c.e., who, with the
extension of the Borough of Plymouth, has become the
engineer in charge.
The best thanks of the Association are due to the
observers, through whose kindness the preparation of the
report becomes possible.
The year 1914 in Devon was distinctly wet, with 25 per
cent, more than the average rainfall. About one in every
ten years equals or exceeds this percentage.
The temperature was slightly above the average, but
the excess was probably not much above one-half degree
on the mean of the whole year at any one station.
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172 THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE
The sunshine was above the average, the additional
hours at Rousdon being 48.
Nineteen hundred and fourteen was thus at once very
wet, rather warm, rather bright.
The distribution of rainfall in the year was unusual.
January was very dry, June was distinctly dry, April,
May, September and October were dry.
December and March were very wet, February, July
and November were distinctly wet, August was normal.
As regarding temperature January was cold and July
was rather cold, all other months were nearly normal.
The rainfall at Rousdon, which is one of our drier
stations, was the largest recprded during 30 years' observa-
tion. The fall of 3-20 inches measured July 19th at this
observatory was also a record for the station. This fall
was part only of a long, continuous storm, which started
at 8 p.m. on the 18th of July and extended over 30 hours,
yielding in all 3'70 inches.
At most stations there were four spells of continuous
dry weather. Thus no rain fell at Huccaby from 11
January to 24 January inclusive, fourteen days ; none
from 1 1 April to 1 May inclusive, twenty-one days ; none
from 11 May to 21 May inclusive, eleven days ; and none
from 21 September to 11 October inclusive, twenty-one
days. It is a curious coincidence that of these four dry
spells three should have commenced and the fourth ended
with the eleventh day of a month.
At Princetown the longest period of dry weather was
21 days, and on no other occasion were more than 8
consecutive days without rain.
A blizzard occurred at Princetown, commencing 2 a.m.
on the 20th of March and continuing to about 10 a.m. ; the
snow on level ground measured 15 inches, and drifted to
between 6 and 8 feet.
An interesting comparison between the months of
January and December is made by the observers both at
Rousdon and Teignmouth.
January was a very dry month, the rainfall at Teign-
mouth being but 0*59 inch and at Rousdon 0-84 inch,
but it was also very dull, the sunshine at Teignmouth
being 40 hours below the average, and at Rousdon 28
hours below the average.
On the other hand, December was a very wet month,
with rainfall, Rousdon 7-43 inches and Teignmouth 9-02
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COMMITTBB ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.
173
inches, but it was also rj^ther bright, Rousdon having
about 9 hours and Teignmouth 17 hours above the average
sunshine for that month. Dry and dull, wet and bright
are very possible winter conditions, but perhaps this year
has afforded an extreme example in contrasts.
The following table gives in short a comparison of
the weather of 1914 with the average. The rainfall
comparison is based upon the Druid record, the period
taken for average being the 40 years ending 31 December,
1905. Temperature is also based on the Druid record, the
period for average being 20 years to the end of 1914.
Sunshine comparisons are founded on the Rousdon record,
the period for average being the past 31 years.
The tceather of 1914 compared with average conditions.
Rain i.
Temperature
Degrees.
Sunshine %
January
February
March
28
184
223
-1-7
+ 3-6
+ 1*4
60 .
55
78
April
May
79
84
+ 3.1
+ 0-2
141
98
June
68
+ 1-6
128
July
August
September
October .
155
101
71
71
-1-9
+ 0-4
±0-0
+ 0-9
107
105
137
m
November
153
-0-3
109
December
. 232
+ 03
113
Whole year
. lJi5
■\-0'5
103
The driest month was June, the warmest month was
August, the brightest month was June. At the other
extremes we have : wettest — December ; coldest — January ;
dullest — January. There are local variations, January
was the driest month at some stations, and May at North
Devon stations.
The stations are as follows : —
ELKVATION (feet) O.D.
OB8KRVEB OR AUTRORITT.
Abbotskersw^l (Court Grange) 150 ... Mrs. Marcus Hare.
Ashburton (Druid)
Ashburton (West St.)
Barnstaple
Bere Alston (Rumleigh).
Brandis Comer
CoUompton
Dartmoor, Leusdou Vicarage
584 ... J. S. Aiiiery.
240 ... W. J. 0. Evans.
25 ... Thomas Wainwright.
124 ... Sir Alfred W. Croft, m.a., k.c.i.e.
400 ... Sir Gerald Corbet, Bart
202 ... Murray T. Foster, f.R.Met.8oc.
Rev. A. A. WooUcombe.
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OB8KRVER OR AUTHORITr.
174 THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OP THE
aTATIOK. BLKVATIOM (feet) O. I
Devonport Watershed : —
Cowsic Valley (weekly) 1352 ^
DeviPs Tor (near Bear- !•
do>^'ii Man) (monthly) 1785 J
Exeter (Devon and Exeter
Institution) . . . 155 ...
Holne (Vicarage) . . . 650 ...
Huccaby .... 900 ...
Ilfracombe . . 20 ...
Lynmouth (Rock House) . 22 ...
Newton Abbot (The Chest-
nuts) . . . . 100 ...
Okehampton (Oaklands) . 505 ...
Plymouth Observatory . . 116 ...
Plymouth Watershed :—
Head Weir (Plymouth
Reservoir) . 720
Postbridge (Archerton) . 1200
Princetown (H.M. Prison) 1359
Roborough Reservoir . . 548
Siwaw's Cross (monthly) 1200
Kousdon (The Observatory) 516
Salcombe ....
Sidmouth (Sidmount) . .186
Simonsbath . . . 1080
South Brent (Great Aish) . 500
Tavistock (L. and S.W. Rly.
Station) . . . 375
T^ignmouth Observatory . 20
Teignmouth (Benton) . . 320
Torquay Observatory . .12
Torquay Watershed : —
Kennick . . . 836
Laployd . . 1041
Mardon . , . 836
Torrington, Great (Enfield) . 336 .
Totnes (Berry Pomeroy) . 185 .
Woolacombe (N. Devon) . 60 .
Frank Howarth, m.inst.c.e.
John E. Coombes, Librarian.
, The Rev. John Gill, m.a.
Capt. H. H. Joll.
. O. Prowse, a.m.i.c.e.
. T. H. Mead-Briggs.
E. D. Wylie.
Maj.-Gen. E. H. Holley,R.A., j.p.
H. Victor Prigg, a.m.i.c.e.,
P.R.M1T.80C.
Frank Howarth, m.inst.c.e.
E. A. Bennett.
George Parry.
Frank Howarth, m.i.c.e.
C. Grover, observer for Lady Peek.
J. Partridge.
Miss Constance M. Radford.
Rev. H. F. Ramsay.
Miss C. M. Kingwel].
W. J. Monk.
G. Rossi ter.
W. C. Lake, m.d.
Frederick March, F.R.Mrr.Sot.
S. C. Chapman, m.i.c. E.-
George M. Doe.
Charles Barran, j.p.
R. W. Hansford, for Miss
Chichester.
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BEPORT OF THE COMMITTBB ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON. 175
JANUARY, 1914.
8TATI0M.
RAINFALL.
I
3
ORRATBST
FALLIM
«4H0UBa.
i
&
TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.
I
Abbotekerewell J
Ashburt*n(Draid)
Ashburton
(West Street)
Barnstaple .
Bcre Alston
Brandis Corner .
Cowsic Valley .
Callompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby
Ilfraconibc
Leusdon
Ljjmrooatb
Newton Abbot .
Okeharopton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.
Head Weir .
Siward's Ci-oss .
Postbridge
Princetown
Roborough
(S. Devon)
Roosdon .
Salcombc .
Sidmonth .
Simonsbatb
South Brent
Tavistock .
Teignniouth Obs,
Teignmouth
(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquajr Wtrshd,
Kennick .
Laployd .
MMrdon .
Torrington
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy)
Woolacombe
ms.
X.32
1.62
1.49
1.63
1. 14
1.79
asl
2.85
0.72
2.20
1.76
2. 12
2.36
0.93
2.44
1. 18
ins.
.39
.50
•51
.26
.3»
.33
•IS
.27
.58
•49
.30
'H
.48
•23
.60
.27
29
13
29;>4
29*15
10 ; 15
291 13
29ji5
29 1 15
2.85 .74
2.051 •••
4.3»l»-2i
5.1811.15
deg.
39.0
39.5
39.7
deg.
35.6
35.5
36.0
33.0
29 16
29 16 1 35.2
2. XI
a84
1.45
0.71
4.49
3-38
1.90
0.59
0.61 1
0.80!
.50
.17
•39
.17
.98
1.06
.41
.14
.11
25
0.94 .17
1. 31 .26
1.02! .20
2.551 -40
»-55
1.581
.55
.36
380 33.4
39.6 ! 36.8
38.3
39.1
37.3
3V.'8
41.2
16
14
10
10
19
'5
16
9
'3
II
15;
16
16
141 ...
15I 41.7
39.0
39.1
40.4
39.3
41.0
33.8
37.1
35-2
35-3
37^4
35^6
37.5
38.1
deg. deg. I deg.
43-3 139.5
44.6 40.1
44.3 40.2
42.0
43.5
43V8
4*5.7
44-1
44.9
41.6
41. 1
45-1
27
37.5
38.51 20
40.3 j 26
42.0 28
26
26
39-5 35-6 19
41.5
44.9
43-0
44.0
454
43.7
45.1
~ 1
25
41.0
27
39.1
26
...
17
39.7
29
41.4
26
39.6
26
41.3
29
...
1*8
4i.'6
25
54
deg.
57
54
55
* 52
55
'56
'56
55
53
51
53
53
55
50
55
56
55
54
0-10
hour
8:3
:::
8.0
...
3».«
8-2
32.2
8!o
zi's
9.0
33-4
..!8.8
89 8.0
87 ; 7.8
84 1 7.9
93 i 8.0
86 8.0
49 I
iS
i'6
41. 1 15
38.9 19
35.6 ,15
26.9 ' 20
28.5 18
83 7.6 30.0 16
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176
THIRTY -THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE
FEBRUARY, 1914.
8TAT105.
RAINFALL.
ORRATK8T
PALL IK
84 HOUBa.
TEMPKRATURK IN SCREEN.
■i
I
Abbotskerawell
Ashburt'n(Driiid)
Ashburton
(West Street)
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Bi-andis Corner .
Cowsic Valley .
Cullompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby .
llfracombe .
Lensdon
Lyninouth .
Newton Abbot .
Okehanipton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.
Head "Weir
Siward's Cross .
Postbridge
Princetown.
Roborough
(S. Devon)
Rousdon
Salcombe .
Sidmouth .
Simonsbath
South Brent
Tavistock
Tcignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth
(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd.
Ken nick .
Laployd .
Mardon .
Torrington
Totnes
(BenyPomeroy)
Woolacombe
ins.
6.71
8.67
8.27
3->3
5.22
5.40
12.55
3.86
7.20
350
9.65
8.70
4.68
10.54
5.81
4.74
6.44
5-47
9-97
9.10
11.59
1493
7.34
3.86
4-5'
4.55
6.77
8.98
6.79
392
3-33
4.47
6.49
7.80
6.67
3-90
5.85
3.19
ms.
1.62
1.65
1-93
.48
.72
1. 10
.'88 i
1.76
1.58
.70
2.17:
.80
.85,
.92
.86 i
1.77
1.82 7
2.62 7
1.14 7
.60 7
.86 7
.97
1.02
7
17
1.74
I.I7
7
10
I.CX)
7
.81
1.08
7
7
1.56
1.85
1.70
.72
7
7
7
12
1.05
•45
7
20
18'
18
19
18 I
... I
,23^
1 191
20 I
»91
;«:
20
[6
^9,
I
20
... I
23
21
20
19
20
20
23
18
21
17
20
18
22
21
22
20
20
20
deg.
44.5
44.0
44.4
43-6
45-0
46.2
40.9
45.2
44.7
45.5
44.8
46.0
46.3
I ' ' I
deg. I deg. | deg. , deg. ^ deg.
40.5 I 50.4 '450 34 I 57
39.2 51. 1 [45.2 ' 28 I 56
39.8 150.4:45.1 I 29 I 54
38.0 48.5143-3 25 I 54
38.7 51.0 1 44.9: 27 j 57 89
40.3 .50.8! 45-5 i 31 I 57 I ■..
42.7 51.8 I 47.3 34
I
43.1 45.2
418 i 50.9
37.6 I 46.0
40.0 I 47.8
42.1 I53-3
41.0 49.7
39.3 ,49-7
42.5 I 52.5
41. 1 50-7
42.5 I 51.4
43.2 51-4
44.2' 34
46.31 32
41.81 30
I
43.9
47.7
45-4'
44.5
47.0
33
32
33
28
29
34
4591 34
47.0 35
... 25
47.3! 37
. % 0-10'
•87I6.5
I ... ' ...
83 i 8.0
58
56
55
52
5»
54
56
50
59
57
56
81
8.1
hours.
69.1 6
49.0 10
1 95 8.0
!!. 8.6
7.0 S2.0
51
51
62.0 9
92 8.4 I
' 91 i 7.8
I 88 I 7.1
91 i 7.4
i 87 7.0
i I I
48.7 6
71.0 7
58.6 , 5
61. 1 5
65.0 4
J... I
'86; 6.0, 71.4 II
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COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OP DEVON.
177
MARCH, 1914.
RAINFALL.
TEMPERATURB IN SCREEN.
1
i
1
5
3
XXTRnCM.
i.
STATION.
94 HOURa.
1
1
a
1
1
1
s
d
i
i
s
1
1
1
S
t
&
1
ins.
ins.
deg.
deg.
deg.
deg.
deg.
deg.
% 0-10
houi-s.
Abbotskerswell .
6.87
1.06
8 27
.••
...
...
Ashburt'n(Druid)
8.99
•94
19 28
44.8
39.0
51.2
45.1
32
62
88 6.5: ...
Ashburton
1 j
(West Street)
8.82
I.OI
19 28
...
Barnstaple .
5.82
•75
8 8
46.0
39^2
50.2
44^7
30
64
82 8.0' z
Bere Alston
7.66
.80
8 8
45.1
39.5
50.6
45.0
29
5?
' 1
Brandis Corner .
8.41
.96
8
-9
37^o
47.0
42.0
26
56
;:: ::: < ^i'.^
5
Cowsic Valley .
13-85
... 1
Cullompton
6.60
1.05
'*8
30
44.9
3'8*3
51V1
44.7
27
6S
8717.5 103.9
8
Devil's Tor
7.80
...
...
1
Exeter
4-75
.62
19
28
46.1
39^3
52.3
45.'8
30 ,
65
j I
Heine
10.44
1.07
8
29
...
... ' ... 1
Huecaby .
9-47
.92
19
28
•••;•
llfracombe .
7.07
.84
II
-7
41.9
50.2
46.1
35
64
83 8.0
93.0
Leiisdon .
10.77
1. 12
8
29
...
...
...
Lynmouth .
7.75
.96
8
9
42.0
49.0
47^5
34
62
Newton Abbot .
5-49
.83
«9
6
...
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
9-93
1.81
8
9
...
...
6.51
.79
8
26
46*8
40.7
50.8
45-7
32
57
91
8.0
120.3
6
PlymonthWtshd.
Head Weir .
10.67
1. 00
II
^9
...
...
...
Siward's Cross .
11.60
...
...
...
Postbridge .
n.84
1.24
7
29
...
...
...
Princetown
18.49
2.20
8
-9
39.7
36.0
44.6
40.3
39
51
!!!i8.6
...
Roborongh
1
(S. Devon)
9.10
.96
II
^9
...
Roiisdon .
5- 15
.76
8
-5
38."i
49.1
43.'6
29
5f
103.0
^5
Salcombe .
694
1.03
8
6
...
40.8
51.3
46.0
32
S8
...
134.2
6
Sidmouth .
5.42
.71
19
8
45^9
39-6
51. 1
45-4
31
57
86
7-5
127.9
3
Simonsbath
«3 25
1.54
II
9
27
S6
...
South Brent
12.68
1.38
8
8
...
...
...
...
...
Tavistock
8.61
1.04
8
-9
44.6
38.4
49.2
4'3.'8
35
73
88
8"5
Teignmouth Obs.
4.89
.87
19
23
46.1
40.8
52.5
44.6
32
65
83
6.5
I23'3
5
Teignmouth
(Benton)
4.71
•54
8
5
45.4
39.3
52.0
45.6
32
^3
86
?-5
o"
...
Torquay Obs. .
5.21
1. 11
19
3
47.1
41. 1
52.6
46.9
32
63
82
6.5
128.3
5
Torquay Wtrshd.
Kennick .
6.68
.81
»9
29
...
...
...
...
...
Laployd .
7.22
.85
13
-9
...
...
...
Mardon . .6.10
'73
13
30
...
...
...
•..
Torrington
634
.92
8
27
25
58
•*•
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy)' 7.43
I.OI ! 8
26! ...
...
...
...
...
Woolacombe
5.44
.82
8
26
46.0
1
42.1
50.0
46.1
35
62
85
7.4
91.3
8
VOL. XLVn.
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178
THIBTY-THIRD REPORT (THIBD SERIES) OP THE
APRIL, 1914.
RAINFALL.
TEMPERATURK IN
SCREEN.
CI
;
ORKATK8T
TXLL IK
MKA2CS.
KXTRXMB.
t
STATION.
a4HOUSS.
1
1
a
i
1
1
i
E
1
s
m
i
1
s
&
1
1
:
•
a
ills.
ins.
deg. 1 deg.
deg. 1 deg.
deg.
deg.
% 0-1 0| hours.
Abbotskerswell .
X.98
.41
4!i3
... ! ...
... ...
...
,
Ashburt'n(Druid)
2.55
•53
4 10
52.9 '43-4
58.9 '51.2
'■■ 38
69
68
3.6' ...
Ashburton
1
1
(West Street)
2.43
•48
4 10
... 1 ...
...
...
... i ... , -
Banistaple .
^•33
, .61
IO| 9
52.7 .41.6
59.0 50.31 33
74
69
4.0 ! ... ;...
Bere Alston
2.08
.45
10,10 51.9 ;42.o
58.8 ! 50.4
37
69
... 1
BraDdis Corner .
2.52
•50
10 10 ... 38.5 1 58.6 1 48.3
, 28
73
...
... 244.1
Cowsic Valley .
5-05
... 1 ' ... ... ' ...
1 ...
Cnllompton
DeviFsTor
1.77
i -36
S'li , 53.2 140.0 61.4 50.7
1 32
74
71 ,5.2 230.1
2.70
1 ... ;...
... , ... j
1 ,
1 1, ,
Exeter
1.17
.20
3
10 ; 53.1 '42.8
60.2 '51.5
' 36
71
1
Holne
2.94
.«3
4
101 ... 1 ...
... :
Huccaby .
2.71
•55
4
10' ... ; ...
... 1 ...
...
...
1
... 1
Ilfracombe .
1.82
.41
4
10; ... J45.8
56.7 5'-3
41
66
77
4.0,255.2
Leusdou .
2.93
\-M
4
II
... 1 ..
• ..
... 1 ...
Lyn mouth .
Newton Abbot .
2.70
10
II
... 44.1
55.0 49.6
37
68
' ...
1-43
.26
4
II
...
...
I
Okehampton
2.37
} .49
5
10
... ' ...
••• ' ..«
!
...
... ... ^Z
Plymouth Obs. .
1.97
! .54
4
12 53.9 ;44.7
58.1 1 51.4
38
71
80
5.0 240.0 1
PlyniouthWtshd.1
aead Weir . 2.86
1
; .64
4
12: ... ! ...
1
Si ward's Cross . 2. 96
i *..
t '
; .„
Postbridge. . 3.52
: .70 ! 9
J2 ... , ! ...
i •••
** t
Prince town . 4.36
:i.i7
9
II 47.7 '40.7 54.4:147.6
1 35
68
...
5.7 ... '..-
Roborough
1
(S. Devon) 2.46
.58
4
12 ... , ...
...
Rousdon . .1.40
; -39
9
II ... 142.2 '56.4 49.3
! 36
67
...
... !24a2 I
Salcombe . .1.38
.48
4
10 ... .44 I 57.2:49.1
37
65
...
... .241.0 ' I
Sidmouth . .1.45
.28
9
II 52.9 '42.6 57.6,50.1
36
68
71
5.0 256.6 j 1
Simontbath . 4.66
.86 ; 5
II 1 ... , ..-.
29
65
South Brent .' 3.14
.82 4 II
,
; ,.
Tavistock 2.15
•45
10 12 53.6
42.7 58.6 50.7
35
73
71
5.3 .... ...
Teignmouth Obs. i .33
Teignraouth
(Benton) 1.05
.25
24 10, 51.4
43.8 58.1 50.9
i 38
69
75
4.2 235.3 ^
.19
4J10 51.7
42.4 1 57.8 150. 1
1 36
67
76
5.0. ... '.-.
Toi-quay Obs. . 1.20
i .44
4' 10 52.6
45.4 58.3,151.9
1 38
67
76
4.5 236.5
Torquay Wtrshd.
Kenniek . . 1.99
•35
10 10 ...
1
...
. ' ... ! •••
Laployd . .| 2.25
1 .42
10' 10
< ...
...
1 1 **'
Mardon .! 2.01
: .33 iTir'lO, ...
;.;
i 1
Torrington . 2.28
.56 10 10 ... ' ...
...
...
31
67
1
Totnes '
1 '
(Berry Pomeroy)' 1.47
.42 4 II ...
...
1 ...
,.. 1 j...
Woolacombe
1.42
.32
10
9
51.9
45.9
S'7.8
51.9
40
i
70
75
3.5
,246.5
1
I
Digitized by
Google
COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OP DEVON.
179
MAY, 1914.
RAINFALL.
TEMPERATUUK IN SCREEN.
B
1
5
P
OR KA TEST
FALL IN
34 HOURS.
1
M KA NS,
EXTRfiMEH.
s
a
t.
BTATION.
i
i
i
i
1
"S
3
£
3
B
a
1
a
Abbotskers
Ashburt'n(l
Ashburton
(Wests
Barnstaple
Bere Alstoi
Brandis Coi
Cowsic Vail
Callompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Hnocaby ,
Ilfracombe
Leusdon
Lynmouth
Kewton Ab
Dkehampto
Plymouth (
Plymouth^
"flead We
Siward's
Postbridge
Prince town
Roborough
(8. E
Rousdon
Salcombe .
5idmouth
Mraonsbath
>outb Bren
Tavistock .
TeignmoUtl
reignmoutl
(B€
Toiiquay 01
Torquay Wt
Kennick .
Laployd .
Mardon .
Torrington .
Totnes
(Berry Pon
ft'oolacomb
well .
[)ruid)
;treet)
1
mer .
bot ;
n
)b8. .
^tshd.
ir
Oi-oss.
teyon)
i obs!
jnton)
»s. .
trshd.
leroy)
e
ins.
»-53
2.23
2.l8
i.6o
2.05
1.69
3.90
2.01
2.80
1.51
2.76
2.71
1.90
2.77
2.09
1.74
2.02
1.60
327
2.94
1.57
1.77
3.56
3.02
til
1.43
1.38
2.17
2.25
2.23
1.32
1*51
1.62
ins.
.70
.96
I.OI
.35
.61
.37
•32
.41
.97
I.OO
.69
.66
•63
.96
...
.79
1-43
.79
t
.56
•97
1. 21
.75
.70
.53
.56
.66
.67
.67
.44
.71
.54
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
II
14
15
14
15
14
17
15
15
'3
14
14
14
13
13
13
17
15
14
17
16
II
16
14
12
16
13
14
12
14
15
17
13
14
13
deg.
54.6
54-3
54.1
55.3
54.9
55.'9
50.4
54.9
54.7
54.7
54.1
55.5
53.6
deg.
46.0
44.2
45-1
40.5
44.0
46.2
48*1
4'6.*3
4(3.8
42.5
43.8
46.6
45.3
44.3
47.3
4*7.8
cTeg.
6;;.V
59.7
61. 1
59.5
62.8
62.2
57.'6
60.0
59.4
55.7
58.8
59.9
59.9
59.6
60.1
60.2
60.6
58.3
deg.
53.3
52.0
53.1
50.0
53.4
54.2
52.9
53.2
53.1
49.1
51.3
53.2
52.6
52.0
53.7
52.9
54.4
53-1
deg.
39
36
37
31
33
39
42
40
39
35
34
36
35
40
37
41
33
42
deg.
74
72
75
72
77
73
69
67
70
71
72
71
73
74
73
74
72
65
69
%
6^
70
71
78
71
72
70
73
71
69
7'
0-10
5.2
6.0
6.3
6.0
6!o
6.1
6.4
5.1
6.1
5.0
5.4
hours.
1744
190.0
214.2
215.6
213-5
221.9
203.4
215.6
2253
196.5
i
!*"
s
3
...
2
4
5
2
2
2
5
Digitized by
Google
180
THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OP THE
JUNE, 1914.
RAINFALL.
TKMPERATURK IN
SCREEN.
•i
Ok
3
I
7ALL IN
MEANS.
KXTUEUBft.
•
STATION.
34 HOURS.
1
1
I'
! .
a
B
B
e
a
i
1
"5
2
"5
s
a
i
1
5
t
&
i
1
H
s
a
ins.
ins.
deg. deg.
deg.
deg.
deg.
deg.
%
0-10
hours.
Abbotskerswell .
X.48
.50
9
9
...
...
...
...
...
A8bburt'n(Druid)
X.52
.46
9
10
60.8 50.3
67.'7
59.0
41
79
70
3.7
...
...
Ashburton
* (West Street)
1.48
.47
8
10
... ...
...
...
...
...
Barnstaple .
2.20
.66
9 10
59.7 50.6
65.6
58.1
42
77
75
6.0
Bere Alston
1.84
.67
9 10
59.8 50.9
69.5
60.2
H
53
...
Brandis Corner .
1.88
.56
9 10
...
47.5
66.3
56.9
38
80
...
...
22ao I
Cowsic Valley .
1-95
...
...
...
Cullompton
Devil's Tor
1.95
;46
V
10
61.5
49.4
69.8
59*6
41
82
71
M
233.1
2
2.20
...
...
Exeter
1. 17
'.38
9
8
62.0 ' 52.0
6^*6 60.8
43
'si>
...
Koine
1.32
.53
9
8
...
... i ...
...
...
...
Hnccaby .
1.69
•57
9
9
...
...
...
...
...
...
Ilfracombe .
1.84
.70
9
7
53.2
63.6
58.4
47
72
79
7.0
215.6
Leusdon
1. 71
.48
9
9
...
...
Lynmouth .
2.49
'.88
q
10
...
52.2
64.0
58.1
44
72
' ...
Newton Abbot .
1.38
•43
8
10
...
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
2.10
.48
20
8
1.18
•43
9
II
60.8
52.1
65.'7
S"8.9
42
75
75 7.0
241.5
PlymouthWtshd.
:B[ead Weir .
!
2.20
•55
9
14
...
...
...| ...
Si ward's Cross.
2.15
...
...
... I ...
...
Postbridge
2.05
':U
9
14
...
...
...
;;: j;::
Princetown
2.77
14
13
59.2
48.6
62.6
55.6
38
77
••'\6.7
Roborough
(S. Devon)
1.67
.58
9
12
...
...
...
Rousdon .
2.27
1.04
14
10
...
48.9
65*7
57.3
39
74
...
27a 2 2
Salcombe .
0.87
.21
8
12
...
51.2
67.8
59.5
43
75
260.9
Sid mouth .
1-73
.78
9
9
60.2! 50.3
66.3:58.3
42
74
79
6-'5
265.9 2
Simonsbath
3-52
.80
22
12
... i ...
...
40
73
South Brent
1.47
.41
9
10
...
...
...
...
Tavistock
2.10
.60
9
14
6<^'3
49.7
66.8
S8.3
39
79
73 6.4
...
Teignmouth Obs.
1.06
.40
9
9
60.0
52.5
67.4 ! 60.0
45
76
75 5.3
251.7 I
Teignmouth
1 00
(Benton)
1.08
.42
9
II
60.7
50.4
67.2 58.8
42
75
72 6.8
Torquay Obs.
0.78
•32
9
9
61.3
52.8
67.9 60.4
44
76
71 5-0
261.0
Torquay Wtrshd.
1
Kenniok
1-95
.71
8
10
...
...
Laployd .
2.19
.75
8
10
...
...
...
...
Mardon .
1.74
.67
8
10
...
...
...
>
Torrington .
TnfiiPi*
1.66
.63
9
II
...
...
...
37
87
.*!!. ...
1
... ...
XULI1C9
(Berry Pomeroy)
1-34
.61
9
9
...
...
...
Woolacombe
2.15
.75
,9
8
58.3
53-2
63.'7
58.5
46
74
80
5-4
202.9
Digitized by
Google
COMMITTBB ON THE CUMATB OF DEVON.
181
JULY, 1914.
1
RAINFALL.
TEMPBRATURE IN SCREEN.
i
a
m
1
i
1
1
OBRATIST
FALL IN
34 HOURS.
1
MCAKS.
^.
STATION.
1
S
1
1
i
i
e
1
E
S
a
t
&
1
1
^bbotskeiw
iBhburt'n(I
ishbnrton
(Wests
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brandis Coi
3ow8ic Vail
[)allompton
Devil's Tor
Bxeter
Bobie
Buccaby
Bfracombe
Lensdon
Lynmouth .
Newton Ab
)kekampto
Plymouth C
PlymouthlW
Head We
Siward's (
Postbridge
Princetown
^borovgh
(S. E
Sonsdon .
Salcombe
Sidmouth
^imonsbath
fouth Bren
Tavistock
Peignmoutl]
feignmoutl]
(Be
Torquay Ob
Torquay W
Kennick
Laployd .
Mardon
Torrington
Totnes
(Berry Pon
^oolacomb
^ell .
)ruid)
treet)
•ner .
ey .
bot [
n
)b8. .
^tshd.
ir .
Uross.
evon)
fc !
I Obs.
i
mton)
6.
trshd.
leroy)
e
ins.
3.72
4.79
4.47
4.60
7.17
3.58
5.65
4.09
6.85
3.44
6.04
7.07
3.81
6.48
3.91
3.62
4.67
5.63
7.39
8.50
8.06
9.52
7.30
6.12
3.26
4.62
M9
6.02
5.99
3.38
*3.39
2.97
5.21
5.56
5.13
4.67
3.60
3.76
ins.
2.21
2. II
2.14
1.18
1.42
.87
1*70
1.87
2.48
3.23
.95
2.55
Ul
1.67
1.62
1.70
2.84
2.26
2.01
1.06
2.10
X.88
1.89
1.24
1.70
1.20
1-59
2.39
2.52
1.83
1.02
19
19
19
19
4
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
1
7
18
19
22
20
20
23
;i
16
17
16
14
14
16
20
22
22
20
22
16
19
20
II
17
deg.
61V4
61.5
61.6
62.9
62.S
S6.4
61.1
62.7
62.2
63.1
deg.
54.2
52.4
54.3
51.0
5*3.5
5*5.'4
56.4
56.0
55.3
50.3
52.8
55.5
54.3
56.0
54.1
56.5
5'5.'6
deg.
66:5
66.0
67.6
66.0
6'9.'8
70.4
65.3
66.1
65.9
6ii.'8
u:,
66.6
68!o
67.4
67.8
65.3
deg.
6;;:3
59.9
61.0
58.5
6V.V
62.9
60.9
6i.*i
60*6
56.0
60.5
62.0
60.7
62.2
deg.
46
43
44
40
41
45
50
50
46
45
45
47
44
39
41
46
45
49
39
49
deg.
77
79
84
80
85
78
78
76
76
75
75
73
79
75
80
77
76
76
83
73
%
74
76
76
79
80
80
73
75
80
75
80
0-10
6.3
...
7.0
8.0
7.0
8.0
8.1
8.0
7.'8
5.7
7.6
6.0
6.3
hours.
140.0
158.1
192.5
183.5
166^1
206.2
191.7
176.3
178.6
177.6
I
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
z
Digitized by
Google
182
THIRTY -THIRD REPORT (THIRD SBRIBS) OF THB
AUGUST, 1914.
RAINFALL.
TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN. |
i
f
ORKAnST
KXTuain.
f ■
FALL IW
1
Ok
1
1
STATION
S4BOUB8.
1
9
1^
1
1
s
1
1
i
1
i
i
6
&
&
^
X
a
» a 1
*
n
6
s .
ins.
ins. '
deg.
deg.
deg.
deg.
deg.
deg. 1 %
0-10
hours.
Abbotskerswell .
3.08
1. 17 14
9
• ••
...
...
...
A8hburt'n(Druid)
Ashburton
(West Street)
3.91
.70 r 4
13
62:7
54.8
68.1
6V.'5
SO
74 78
4.6
...
3."
•54 25
13
...
...
...
Barnstaple .
4.06
■75 I
17
56.0
53-1
6'7.'8
6^.4
43
81 78
6.0
Bere Alston
2.98
.92 25
16
61.2
53-4
68.6
61.0
43
77 ; ...
...
...
Brandis Comer .
329
.67 I
16
...
50.0
69.0
59.5
40
82 ...
...
205.1
Cowsic Valley .
7.10
...
...
...
..V ...
...
•OuUompton
Devil'sTor
3- 19
•73115
17
63.7
si'e
7^-5
6'2.*I
44
82 179
6.5
187.9
4.70
... 1...
...
Exeter
1.90
.82 15
12
ai's
54.4
71. 1
62.7
48
79 1 :::
...
Holne
4.48
.90 15
13
...
...
Huccaby .
357
.71
14
13
...
...
llfracombe .
4.97
1.15
20
15
• 57.5
66.9
62.2
53
82 82
6.0
224.1
Leusdon .
3-65
.71
14
12
,,
...
••?
Lyumouth .
Newton Abbot .
3-46
.67
14
16
• 55.3
66.3
60.8
52
73 1 - < -
2.38
•59
14
12
...
...
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
3-44
.48
3
16
...
... 1 ...
2.32
.61
I
13
61.8
55.4 , 67.4
6v:4
48
77 :83
7.0
23^ I
PlymouthWtshd.
1
1
Head Weir .
4.77
1.03
25
16
...
...
...
»..
... ' ...
...
...
Siward's Cross.
4.83
...
• .,,
...
...
...
...
Postbridge .
S.89
.97
8
15
...
...
...
...
...
...
Princetown
6.37
1.45
25
15
58.0
52.2
63-4
57.8
47
71
6.8
...
Roborough
(S. Devon]
3.19
1. 10
25
13
...
...
...
• -•
...
...
Rousdon .
2.96
.85
14
13
53.1
65-9
59-5
47
74
...
...
2II.7
Salcombe .
2.44
.54
26
12
...
55-2
66.7
60.9
48
72
...
255-9
Sidmonth .
2.90
• 9^^
14
12
62.S
54.4
67.2
60.8
48
77
83
6.2
219.0
Simonsbath
527
■83
25
18
...
43
74
...
South Brent
4.41
1. 12
25
14
...
...
...
...
...
Tavistock .
4.17
.96
25
17
62.7
53-3
6J'.6
60.5
44
78
79
5-7
Teignmouth Obs.
2.09
.66
14
9
62. S
55.9
69.1
62.5
SO
73
80
5-1
217.1
Teignmouth
(Benton]
1.98
•55
14
10
62.6
54.4
69.1
61.2
50
74
80
5.7
...
Torquay Obs. .
2.39
1.08
14
12
63-3
56.7
68.6
62.7
52
74
77
4-5
230.9
Torquay Wti-shd.
\
Kennick .
2.38
.46
14
14
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Laployd .
2.69
•45
15
14
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mardon .
2.69
.70
15
15
...
...
...
...
...
Torrington
4.00
.81
4
15
...
...
42
75
...
...
...
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy^
3.09
.58
14
13
...
...
...
...
...
...
Woolacombe
3.80
.92
25
14
62.'7
57- 1
67.3
62.2
1
1
52
82
82
5.0
212.6
Digitized by
Google
COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.
183
SEPTEMBER, 1914.
RAINFALL.
TBMPBRATURB IN
SORBEN.
i
OBKATEST
MEANS.
EXTRKICES.
i
4
0,
&
FALL IN
0*
•
STATION.
34 HOUIta.
1
i
i
ti
6
1
i
9
B
if
2
i
1
&
•S
1
3
1
1
i
1
i
M
§
1
CO
1
ius.
ins.
deg. : deg. deg.
deg.
deg.
deg.
%
0-10
hours.
Abbotskerswell . 3.61
1.40
9
10
... ... ...
.. .
Aflhbiirfii(Dniid)
Ashburton
(West Street)
2.95
.99
9
14
59.7 50-8 64.7
57-7
40
74
76
4.3
2.68
I.Ol
9
11
...
Barnstaple .
2.79
.55
9
12
5*8.4 48.6 65.0
56.8
32
78
80
4.0
...
Bere Alston
3.2s
1. 00
7
13
57.4 48.1 64.3
S6.2
31
73
Brandis Corner .
3.13
.75
>4
12
...
... 199.3
3
Cowsic Valley .
4.60
... 1 ... ! ...
...
...
...
Cullompton
2.32
.70
9
12
59.5 '46.6 67.2
56.9
32
79
80
5-'4
177.9
2
DeTiVsTor . 3.85
...
...
1
...
...
Exeter . J 2.46
1.50
9 io|
59.2 48.2 ' 65.8
57.0
36
76
...
Holne . .! 3.30
1.06
9
12
... , ... 1 ...
...
...
Huccaby . .| 2.27
1.05
9
13
* ...
...
...
...
Ilfracombe. .! 2.82
1.07
9
12
... I54.6 64.9
59*8
43
76
75
4.0
207.3
...
Leusdon . .3-34
.98
9
II
Lynmouth . . 3.02
Newton Abbot .1 2.08
1.60
.62
9
9
12
14
... 52.0 61. 1
S6.'6
40
73
...
Okehampton •2.99
Plymouth Obs. . 3.04
.65
9
12
...
...
.82
7
10
60.8
51.9
65.5
58'7
38
77
79
5.0
206.6
I
PlymouthWtshd.;
Head Weir .3.94
.64 16
14
...
...
...
...
...
Siward's Cross. 4.06
... •...
...
...
...
...
Postbridge. .' 5.22
1. 14 1 9
>3
...
..!
...
...
... 1 ...
Princetown .1 5.33
1.00
13
12
55.2
45.2
59.6
52.4
38
71
...
6.*o
1
Roborough 1
!
(S. Devon)
3.08
.85
7
13
...
...
...
...
...
... .1 ...
Roosdon .
2.70
1. 12
9
9
50.0
63.0
56.S
39
72
210. 1 I
Salcombe ,
3.47
.68
7
II
52.0
63.9
57.9
39
71
209.8
Sidmouth .
3.84
2.15
9
10
6^.3
51.3
64.8
58.1
40
76
76
4.9
226. 1
Simonsbath
4.64
1.36
9
>3
...
31
69
...
South Brent
5.09
1.21
10
12
...
...
...
...
...
Tavistock
2.78
.56
16
12
60.5
48.6
64.7
56.7
33
78
74
5-2
...
Teignmouth Obs.
2.52
1. 10
9
12
58.S
51.6
65.0
58.3
37
74
80
4.2
188.5
I
Teignmouth
(Benton)
2.42
1.19
9
12
59.2
51.3
64.9
58.1
38
75
83
5.6
...
Torquay Obs. .
2.53
1.26
9
II
59-9
53-0
65.3
59.2
42
74
79
4.5
198.5
I
Torquay Wtrshd.
1
Kennick .
2-55
.80 i 9
14
...
...
...
...
...
Laployd .
2.91
.65
9
12
...
...
...
...
Mardon .
2.95
.99
9
15
...
...
...
...
...
Torrington .
Totnes
(Berry Poraeroy)
2.42
.47
9
12
...
...
...
■29
72
...
...
...
2.98
.98
9
13
1
1 ...
...
Woolacomlie
2.32
.84
1 9
1
9
^.■7
53.9
65:1
159.5
1 45
t
1
77
74
3.5
191. 4
2
!
Digitized by
Google
184
THIRTY-THIBD BBFOBT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE
OCTOBER,
1914.
RAINFALL.
TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.
i
1
I
GREATEST
FALL JN
34 HOURS.
a
1
WIEAMB.
XXTUKME».
1
1
i
STATION.
c
i
i
1
d
t
1
1
&
5
1
1
1
1
Abbotskersi
Ashburt'n(I
Ashburton
(Wests
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brandis Coi
Cowsic Vail
CuUompton
Devirs Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby
Ilfracombe
Leusdon
I^nmouth
Newton Ab
Okehampto
Plymoutli (
PlymouthW
Head We
Siward's(
Postbridge
Princetown
Roborough
(S. r
Rousdon
Salcombe .
Sidmouth
Simonsbath
South Bren
Tavistock
Teignmoutl
Teignmoutl
(Bi
Torquay 01
Torquay W
Kennick
Laployd
Mardon
Toi-rington
Totnea
(Berry Por
Woolacomb
«rell .
)ruid)
treet)
•ner .
ey .
bot !
n
3bs. .
"-tshd.
ir
>oss.
>evon)
t
iobs!
1
Bnton)
»s.
trshd.
iieroy)
e
ins.
3-45
4.14
3.79
2.78
3.36
3.36
2.30
3.71
S.00
2.90
3.61
3.13
2.20
3.94
3.80
4.18
2.85
3-59
4.93
3.37
2.97
5.40
4.42
300
2.66
4.00
4.45
4.1S
3.62
3.66
2.32
ins.
.83
i.os
I.O'l
.48
.84
•55
.87
.92
.68
1.20
.48
.80
.75
.70
H*
1.80
.8s
•79
.82
1.29
I-7S
.70
.62
.70
1.33
I. 19
.95
1.02
.36
31
31
3i
28
31
22
31
31
22
31
25
11
31
31
31
3>
31
3>
25
31
31
23
25
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
15
15
17
13
14
...
17
1*6
14
14
lO
15
27
15
14
12^
14
1*6
15
\l
12
;i
15
15
14
IS
13
15
15
16
13
14
'3
deg.
5*2.9
5i":6
50.3
51.3
52.9
5'4.'3
49.8
52.9
53.1
52.3
52.6
53-5
54.6
deg.
47.0
42.6
44-4
42.3
45.'8
50.7
49.0
4'7.'6
44.0
4'4.'8
47.8
45-9
48!o
47.0
49.0
50.0
deg.
58:8
58.0
57.8
58.8
5'8.3
5'8.2
59.1
58'7
52.9
56.9
58.6
58.1
si's
59.3
58.9
59-4
58V5
deg.
52.9
50.3
51.1
50.6
52.0
54.5
54.1
si-i
48.4
50.9
53-2
52.0
53.6
52.9
54.2
54.3
deg.
37
34
32
31
35
41
40
36
34
35
37
36
32
38
37
29
52
deg.
65
62
64
67
64
:::
62
62
64
...
60
t^
65
57
65
67
66
58
63
%
82
8s
79
84
84
85
!'
82
83
0-10
6.1
8.0
§
7.0
8.0
6.is
7.1
if
6.6
hours.
... 1
97.5
80.0
...
:::
9i.'5
...
101.7
103.8
115.9
96.4
93.6
103.9
94.7
4
7
...
...
3
8
5
4
3
4
Digitized by
Google
COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.
185
NOVEMBER, 1914.
RAI.NKAI.L.
TEMPERATURE IN
SCREEN.
^
3
ORRATK8T
FALL IN
MKAMS.
XXTnCUQ.
i
STATION.
24 HOURS.
1
3
i
J_
1
a
a
S
'h
1
1
d
s
i
1
i
1
00
ins.
ins.
deg.
deg.
deg.
i
deg.
deg.
dcs.
% 0-10
hours.
Abbc^tskerswell .
5.73
1.09
29
16
...
A8hburt'n(Druid)
8.59
1.65
29
20
46.1
40.9
51.3
46.1
29
60
87 1 6.0
Aahbarton
(West Street)
7.89
1-55
29
20
...
... 1 ...
Barnstaple .
4.32
.59
30
20! 45.0
38*5
52^
45.3
22
58
84 1 7.0
Bere Alston
4.23
.78
I
21: 43.6
37.5
50.8
44.1
23
S8
...; ...
...
Brandis Corner .
4.39
.50
i\
18 ...
1
62V4
9
Cowsic Valley .
11-55
14
...
Cnllompton
Devil's Tor
3.08
.'38
ii
20
44.2
37.4
50.7
44.1
21*
60
88 8.1
47- «
13
5.10
...
...
... 1 ...
Exeter
2-55
-47
4
20 45-5
39.2
50.3 44.7
25
59
... ' ...
...
Holne
8.48
1-75
29
18 ...
...i ...
...
Huccaby . ,\ 6.21
;l
29
20
...
...
1
...
Ilfracombe .
4.96
15
19
44.4
53.1 48.8
32
59
84 '8.0
55.1
...
Lensdon .
8.96
■3
29
21
...
...
...
L^mouth
Newton Abbot .
5.46
30
19 ...
42.2
50.2
46.2
30
58
...
4-74
.76
29
2o| ...
...
..'
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
5- 13
.66
29
17
...
...
...
...
...| ...
..
...
4.21
1. 10
I
21
47.1
42.4
52.0 47.2
27
60
898.0
68.5
10
PlymouthWtshd.
1
Head Weir .
6.71
1.72
29
23
...
...
...
...
...
Siward*s Cross .
7.07
...
...
...
i
...
Postbridge .
10.53
2.37
29
221 ...
...
... 1 ...
...
Princetown
10.66
3-17
29
21 141.8
37-5
46.7,42.1
25
53
...8.8
Roborough
i
(S. Devon)
4.74
.94
I
21 1 ...
...
... i ...
.
...
Rousdon .
3.88
.77
2
19
39.8
50.1 145.0
28
64
84.'8
6
Salcombe .
4.48
.70
14
19
...
42.2
52.3 47.3
29
59
75.8
10
Sidmouth .
3.27
.55
2
18
464
40.6
51.31 46.0
29
59
87 7.0
70.8
6
Simonsbath
8.21
1.03
30
22 1 ...
...
23
54
...
South Brent
8.05
1.40
29
22 1 ..
...
i ...
...1...
...
...
Tavistock .
5-051 I- 19
29
22. 45.1
38.2
50,9 ; 44.6
29
59
91 7.1
Teignmouth Obs.
4.35 -60
29
17 46.1
42.1
52.4 47.2
28
61
89
7.3
62.6
*6
Teignmonth
(Benton)
4.01
.55
4
20 46.1
40.9
5-7 46.3
29
60
95 7.7
...
Torquay Obs. .
4.41 .71
29
15 ! 47.6
42.8 '52.9147.9
32
61
86; 7.0
70.1
6
Torquay Wtrshd.
1
Kennick .
5.16 .87
29
25. ...
...
...
...
...
Laployd .
6.31 1.25
29
22 ...
...
... 1 ...
Mardon .
5-65 -97
29
22, ...
...
... I ...
...
...
Torrington
4.70 .83
30
21 1 ...
1
20
51
...
...
Totnes
\
j
1 '"
(Berry Pomeroy)
6.74' I- «4
I
17' ...
...
... 1 ...
...
...
...
Woolacombe
4.52
.95
15
18
49.8
43-8
52.4
48.1
32
58
84
6.5
62.7
10
Digitized by
Google
186
THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SEBIBS) OF THE
DECEMBER, 1914.
STATION
RATNFALL.
Abbotskerswell .
A8hbart'n(Druid)
Ashburtoii
(West Street)
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brandis Corner
Cowsic Valley
Cullompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby
Ilfracombe
Leusdon
L^nmouth .
Newton Abbot
Okeharopton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.
Head Weir
Si ward's Cross.
Postbridge
Prinoctown
Roborough
(S. Devon)
Rousdou .
Salcombe .
Sidmouth .
Simonsbath
South Brent
Tavistock .
Tcignmouth Obs.
Tcignmouth
(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd.
Kennick .
Laployd .
Mardon .
Torrington .
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy)
Woolacombe
ms,
11.49
14.88
OR K A TEST
FALL IX
34 HOUKB.
ins.
1. 12
75
13-991 I
6.05,
11.09
9.381
12.351
8.43 I
9.60
7.56 I
14.90 1 I
14.86 j I
7.651 I
16.06
9.49
8.54
11.82
9.91
13-26
14.65
18.23
18.74
11.78
7.43
8.86
8.07
10.67
14.30
11.32
9.02
7.74:
9.51 1
11.52I1
13.401 I
13.60! I
7.45 1
11.17
6.14
17 i30
02
68
77
17
96
27
77
39
05
50
22
74
20
88
85
16
14
53
15
07
94
99
P
67
03
08
90
30
17
30
4
17
4
17
30
30
30
17
30
25
12
28
1 28
28
!i7
30
III
II
II
30
30
30
4
30
4
TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.
4i
42.0
41. 1
41.7
deg.
3'8.'6
36.8
36.2
40.7
42. 5
27
27
28
25
26
25
28
28
26
26
25
26
27
24
26
24
27
28
26
25
23
24
29
27
27
28
27
29
25
31 i
29 1
28,
25 ... ! ...
26 44.9 40.6
34.9
36.3
40.7
39-1
45.0 ! 39-4
38.8 I 34.7
37.6
39.9
37.7
43-1
42.2
43-9
42.9
44.4
36.5
39-0
38.7
40.1
deg.
deg.
48.2
43-4
4-8.4
47.5
42.6
41.9
4*7.1
41.0
47.1
41.7
49.3
...
45.0
46.2
42.7
49.6
44-5
deg.
32
25
26
23
26
31
30
30
43.1 38.9 27
47.0
49.5
48.3
47.8
49.5
48.7
49.4
48.9
42.3
44-7
43-0
42.2
44-2
43-7
44.8
28
32
28
24
27
29
29
31
44.8
33
deg.
54
57
54
56
54
53
55
55
50
54
56
55
55
49
55
55 !88
56
80
55 9»
52
89
0-10
6.4
8.0
7.6
7.0
8.0
I 8.'8
6.9
7.5 ... . .
7.1 69.4 I 8
I
7.2 ... |...
6.0 69.6 ! 7
83
6.0
Digitized by
Google
COHMITTEE ON THE CLIMATB OP DEVON.
187
SUMMARY FOR WHOLE YEAR 1914.
STATION.
RAINPALL.
3
&
OREATK-MT
FALL IX
24 HOUKfi.
3
Abbotskerewel] .
A8hburt'n(Druid)
Ashborton
(West Street)
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brmndis Corner
Cowsic Valley
CuUoropton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Hnccaby
Iliracombe
Lenadon
Ljjrnmouth .
Newton Abbot .
Okohampton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtahd.
Head Weir
Siward's Cross .
Poetbridge .
Princetown
Roborough
(S. Devon)
Ronsdon .
Salcombe .
Sidmouth .
Simonabath
South Brent
Tavistock
Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth
(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrslid
Kennick .
Laployd .
Mardon .
Torrington
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy)
Woolacombe
ins.
ins.
1
50.97
2.21
19/7
64.84
2. 1 1
19/7
60.60
2.14
19/7:
41.31
1.18
19/7 !
52.07
1.42
4/7
48.82
f.IO
12/2
83.00
...
41.87
1.70
19/7
60.65
33.63
I'.'sy
19/7
70.12
2.48
19/7
63.98
3.23
19/7
45.48
1.17
4/12
73-29
2.55
19/7
52.34
1.60
9/9
40.44
1.68
19/7
57.53
1.81
8/3
45.87
1.62
19/7
71.48
1.77
7/2
74.84
91.81
2:84
19/7
106.68
3.17
29/11
58.14
2.01
19/7
42.34
3.20
19/7
42.60
1.06
19/7
41.30
2.15
9/9
19/7
77.63
1.88
74.96
1.89
19/7
56.25
1-75
31/10
37.45
1.70
19/7
34.25
1.20
19/7
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t^
CHURCHYARD AND WAYSIDE CROSSES IN THE
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EXETER.
BY MISS BEATRIX F. CRESSWELL.
(Read at Exeter, Slat July, 1915.)
The crosses of Dartmoor and its borderland have been
carefully recorded by Mr. William Crossing, but no attempt
has been made to collect information respecting the church-
yard and wayside crosses throughout the rest of the
count3% which are more numerous than most people are
aware of.
One reason for this may be the fragmentary condition
of these relics, many of which are now but broken
shafts, imperfect heads, or bases from which the cross is
missing.
Another cause can be found in the fact that, with a few
exceptions, they are all exactly alike. Plain Latin crosses
with octagonal limbs, chamfered at the edges, spurred at
the bottom, and standing upon octagonal bases with
boldly spurred corners, they present none of the variety
of form and ornament which has drawn so much attention
to the crosses of Cornwall.
Alphington Cross^ familiar to many from its con-
spicuous position at the roadside between St. Thomas,
Ide and Alphington, is one of the finest and best pre-
served of our wayside crosses, and a good example of the
above-mentioned characteristics. It is of granite, as are
most of the others, the shaft and limbs octagonal, and at
the top a small cross is incised in the centre between the
head and arms.
It is sunk into its original base, which is placed upon
granite steps. Closer inspection reveals that the top has
been broken off and replaced. The breakage was the
effect of a cart being driven against it in 1830, at which
date the cross stood out on the road. The Rev. Richard
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CnCBCHYARD AND WaYSIDK Cr<»8HKS, ¥.TC. — To Jace JHtije IK'.t.
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CHURCHYARD AND WAYSIDE CROSSES. 189
Ellicombe, rector of AliDhington, had it repaired, and put
further back towards the hedge. The steps on which it
is now elevated were a later addition.
Height, 6 ft. 6 in. Across arms, 2 ft. 2 in.
In the parish of St. Tho7nas, built against a house near
Cowick Street Post Office, is a most curious cross. It is
but a stumpy fragment, which must have been higher.
The remarkable feature of this cross is that the top forms
a double Tau Cross, or cross potent. Looking at it side-
ways it will be perceived that these double arms are cut
in a single stone, one rather shorter than the other.
Total height, 3 ft. 8 in. Shaft to arms, 2 ft. 2 in.
Arms, 6 in. deep. Width of lower cross-bar, 16 in.
Width across the top, 15 in.
LitUe John's Cross stands in St. Thomas parish at the
top of the hill where the roads fork for Ide and Long-
down. Originally it was against the hedge by the road-
side, but has been placed inside a garden wall for safety.
The situation is not a very happy one ; the head of the
cross peers over the wall, which is so close to it that it is
impossible to get either a good drawing or photograph.
Some preservation was however necessary, for the cross
has been broken in three pieces and repaired. It stands
on the old base, three feet above which the shaft has been
broken off, and the top is entu'ely new. In the '' good old
times " before railways or motor-cars were invented, the
Judges on quitting Exeter for the Cornish Assizes were
escorted in their coach by the Sheriff's Javelin men as far
as Little John's Cross, where they turned off for the
Okehampton Road on their way to Bodmin.
Height, 6 ft. 2 in. Across arms, 2 ft. 2 in.
At Holcombe Burnel, three miles farther on, the shaft of
the churchyard cross remains built against a ledge border-
ing the south wall of the graveyard, just as Dr. Oliver
described it about 1840. No base remains.
Length of shaft, 5 ft.
St. Ehyes' Cross at Wonford, Heavitree, formerly stood
at the east end of the ruined chapel of St. Eloyes, as is
shown by the illustration in Oliver's Ecclesiastical Antiqui-
ties, It is now in the garden of St. Loyes house, where,
by the kind permission of Mrs. Donald, I examined and
measured it. Its appearance leads one to suspect that it
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190 CHURCHYARD AND WAYSIDE CROSSES
was originally higher, unless indeed the shaft and head
do not belong to one another. The head is disproportion-
ately large for the height of the shaft, upon which it is
awkwardly balanced, with bits of slate to keep it steady.
On each side of the centre of the head a niche is cut 9x4
inches, large enough to hold a small wooden image. The
cross is deeply sunk into the base, so that the spurred
comers of the shait are nearly hidden.
Height, 6 ft. 3 in. Across arms, 2 ft. 2 in.
Height of top, 2 ft. 7 in. Length of shaft, 3 ft. 6 in.
Depth of top to arms, 1 ft.
Pinhoe Cross is not only one of the finest near Exeter,
but has the rare merit of being unbroken. It is said to
have been buried during the Parliamentary wars and thus
preserved from mutilation. It stands in situ, in the
correct place for a churchyard cross, in front of the south
porch, its base resting on the grassy soil without the
additional steps so often added to elevate a cross at
modem restorations.
Height, 7 ft. 6 in. Arms, 2 ft. across.
Length of shaft, 6 ft. 3 in.
Pdtimore. A cross at the east end of the churchyard
is an old shaft with a new top standing on the remains of
a base. The new head and arms have been clumsily set
upon this old shaft, the straight line below the arms
having a particularly ungraceful appearance. A small
Latin cross has been cut on both sides at the top of this
head piece, not centrally as in the case of the old crosses.
These clumsy reparations lead one to ask why those who
undertake such repairs never go and look at some existing
example of original work to see how they ought to be
done.
Total height, 5 ft. 8 in.
Length of old shaft, 4 ft.
Rewe affords an interesting group of crosses. On the
south side of the churchyard is a very fine cross, the
ancient tall shaft having had a new head placed upon it
some thirty years ago. The lofty steps upon which the
base is elevated are regarded as dating from the fifteenth
century, and the new work has been carried out with great
care and consideration of original proportions, rendering
this cross extremely dignified and imposing.
Height, 9 ft. 9 in. Across arms, 3 ft.
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IS THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EXETER. 191
Depth of new head, 3 ft. 3 in.
Length of old shaft, 6 ft. 6 in.
Base, 18 in. deep.
At the crossway near the schools the stumpy fragment
of a cross remains under a tree. These crosses at Rewe
have particularly massive bases, deeper and with spurs
more boldly cut than those in other parishes.
Height of shaft, 15 in.
Base, 3 ft. square. 1 ft. deep.
Burrow Cross, not far oflf, is actually in Stoke Canon
parish, forming the boundary on the old Tiverton road
between Rewe, Stoke Canon, and Nether Exe. A piece of
^haft on a moimd, leaning far out of the perpendicular, is
all that remains. The base, roughly broken away, seems
never to have been cut with the usual spurs at the comers.
The head of this cross was found near it in the hedge by
the Rev. F. Robson, vicar of Stoke Canon, and is pre-
served in the tower of the church there. It is a very
battered fragment, scarcely recognizable as the head of a
cross, but interesting because the form of the top and arms
seems roimded, as if Burrow Cross had differed from the
prevailing style of local crosses.
Length of shaft, 3 ft. 10 in.
Upton Pyne possesses a fine shaft in the churchyard,
standing on its base in situ by the south porch. A shaft
that seems to cry out for careful restoration to make it a
feature worthy of the beautiful chiu'ch tower above it.
Length of shaft, 8 ft. 8 in.
In the Park at Pynes is another cross little known,
though marked on the ordnance maps. It is particularly
interesting because it stands on the old church path
between Cowley and Brampford Speke. In 1269 Bishop
Bronescombe appropriated a tithe sheaf of Cowley to
Brampford Speke, ever since which date Cowley has been
attached to that parish, though separated from it by
Upton Pyne. A right of footpath between the two places
passes under Pynes, its boundary marked by this cross ;
now almost hidden in the thickness of a copse. It is a
shaft from which the arms are missing, the stone so much
smoothed by weathering that only the octagonal form
denotes their previous existence. The base, nearly buried
in leaves, seem to be quatrefoil in shape.
Height; 5 ft. 6 in.
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192 CHURCH YABD AND WAYSIDE CROSSES
ShiUingford St Oeorge has two crosses in the church-
yard. On the east side a lofty new granite cross set upon
an old base of the usual form.
Height, 7 ft. Across arms, 3 ft. 2 in.
On the south side of the churchyard is a curious cross
of local red stone. On one side a circle is raised between
the arms, which appears to have four small holes in it as
if something had been fastened there. This cross was
brought from a garden in the lower part of the parish,
known as ShiUingford Abbots from its connection with
Torre Abbey. \^ere it originally stood is not known.
Height, 4 ft. Across arms, 2 ft. 2 in.
Whitstone, The shaft of a cross remains here on the
north side of the churchyard. The position is so unusual
that it appears to have been moved out of the way. It
stands on the original base, and has been broken across
and repaired.
Length, 4 ft. 8 in.
Windy Cross can scarcely be described as in the neigh-
bourhood of Exeter, neither is it in the neighbourhood of
anywhere else. It stands solitary on a hill-top about two
miles from Ide, where the roads divide for Longdown,
Dunsford, ShiUingford, and Exeter. No doubt originaUy
it was placed prominently at the cross way ; what remains
of it has now been set back in a copse that borders the
road. It is only the top of a cross, and even this has been
broken oflf about 10 in. from the groimd and repaired.
Height, 4 ft. 7 in. Across arms, 2 ft. 5 in.
That these crosses date from the fifteenth century, the
style of their moulding indicates ; and so simUar are they in
appearance that it must be concluded they aU were erected
much about the same period. It does not seem unreason-
able to enquire why a zeal for putting up granite Latin
crosses prevaUed aU over the county at one particular time.
Mr. Reichel has told us that Saint Walpurga said : —
" It is the custom of the Saxon race that on many of
the estates of nobles and of good men they are wont
to have not a church but the standard of the holy
cross dedicated to our Lord and reverenced with great
honour lifted up on high so as to be convenient for the
frequency of daily prayer. "^
> " Domesday Cliupohes of Devon," Devon. Assoc. Trans., Vol, XXX»
1898.
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IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EXETER. 193
It is well known that the sites of our churches are far
older than the fifteenth-century buildings standing upon
them, which are renovations of earlier work ; so also the
new churchyard cross may have replaced the ruins of a
cross that had existed from time immemorial.
The wayside crosses are nearly (if not quite) all boundary
crosses. By the fifteenth century the ravages of the Black
Death and the constant wars had led to many changes in
the ownership of land ; and it is probable that new crosses
were erected at boimdaries by men anxious to be quite
certain of the limits of properties. A cross was the simplest
symbol for illiterate people to understand, and the holy
sign may not have been without deeper significance to
those inclined to dispute parish bounds and the rights of
way.
The value of the crosses as boundary marks has pre-
vailed for their preservation. In 1541 a statute was passed
forbidding the destruction of crosses, enacted, it may be
supposed, not so much from a religious as from a legal
point of view. Even the Puritan who smashed the cross
preserved the broken stone ; and these fragments yet
serve as landmarks, and are such valuable indications of
ancient boundaries that the relics are preserved and their
sites marked on maps to the present day.
A complete and careful survey of the churchyard and
wayside crosses of Devon would be of great value and
interest to the county, and I should like to ask the Devon-
diiie Association to undertake it.
In conclusion I will venture upon another suggestion :
that these broken crosses should be restored by the
parishes in which they stand when Peace on Earth, which
we so ardently hope for, is consummated ; as a fitting
commemoration of the Peace, and a memorial to those
who will have given their lives to secure the tranquillity
and liberty of this country.
(I have to express my thanks to Miss K. M. Clarke for
kindly photographing the Pinhoe Cross and the cross at
St. Tliomas for my illustrations.)
VOL. XLVII. N
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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES.
BY REV. OSWALD J. REIGHEL, B.C.L. AND M.A. ; F.S.A.
(Read at Exeter, Slat July, 1915.)
I. Oeneral remarks.
There are two points of special interest about Exminster
Hundred. One is the early existence of a collegiate church
there. The other is the indirect evidence which it affords
of the old moorland Hundred of Moreton, the constituents
of which were distributed before Domesday between the
Hundreds of Haytor, Teignbridge, and Exminster.
1. The evidence for the existence of a collegiate church
at Exminster is first to be found in the name itself. Ex-
minster or Exe monastery is so called from the minster or
collegiate church on the Exe ; and as the estate bore that
name in King Alfred's time (871-901), the minster must al-
ready have been there then. When the minster was founded,
there is no evidence to show. But if the Saxon settlement
in Devonshire, as evidenced by the Stockleighs and
Stokes which are foimd in four lines across the county,
had reached the second line of Stoke Canon, Stockleigh
English, Stockleigh Pomeroy, and Stockleigh Luccombe
in Cheriton Fitzpaine by the year 710, when " Ina and
Nim his kinsman fought against Gerent King of the
[West] Welsh " (Sax. Chronicle, a.d. 710), it is probable
that the minster on the Exe was founded in the next
period of the extension westward, i.e. between the years
710 and 823.
The GeldroU of the year 1084 mentions the presbyters
of Exminster as holding i hide of land. In Domesday^
two years later, there is no mention of the presbyters of
Exminster. The inference from this apparent omission
is not that the land had been lost to the presbyters, but
that it was deemed to form part of the ancient crown
lordship of Exminster, another part of which had been
taken therefrom to form a county-land, aiterwards known
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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES. 195
as Kenton. The diJBference between an ancient crown
lordship and a county-land as it existed in Saxon times
wa«, that an ancient crown lordship was an estate set
apart for the use of the King and the crown, whereas a
county-land was intended for the use of the Queen or
some member of the royal family at the King's disposal.
When therefore King Alfred bequeathed land at Exminster
to his younger son ^Edelward in 901 (Cod, DipL II. 112,
No. 314 and V. 130, No. 1067 ; Cart, Sax. H. 182 ; Trans,
ix. 214), we may conclude that this was not a gift of the
ancient crown lordship or Hundred manor, for that was
still in the King's hands in 1086 and for more than a
century afterwards, but a bequest of that portion of
Exminster which had been set aside as a county-land, in
other words Kenton manor. Similarly it is suggested that
the i hide which the presbyters of Exminster held in 1084
was not necessarily an estate within the present parish of
Exminster, although it formed part of Exminster Hundred
manor, but was the prebendal estate of the church of
Salisbury within the parish of Kenton.
From the earliest times two churches between the Exe
and the Teign, viz. Kingsteignton and Kenton or Ex-
minster, and three other churches west of the Teign, viz.
West Alvington, Harberton, and Yealmpton, appear to
have belonged to the church of Salisbury, or its predecessor
in title the church of Sherborne. Three of these churches,
viz. Kingsteignton, Kenton, and Yealmpton, appear to
have been held by Sherborne when it was the seat of the
only bishop for the whole of the West of England. The
positions of Harberton and West Alvington are not quite
so clear, because of some of the Sarum charters which,
if genuine, may be original grants or confirmations of a
state of things ab'eady existing. Thus Adeliza, lady de
Redvers, about 1130, addressed the following to WiUiam
[Warelwast] bishop of Exeter (Sarum Charters and Muni-
ments (Rolls Ser.), p. 5) :
" We acquaint you, my lord, that when King Henry
[I] gave to me the manor of Alfinton (West Alvington),
he granted it to me by virtue of (per) the liberty and
customs which he had there ; and he granted to me the
church of the township which previously he had granted
to augment a certain prebend in Salisbury church so
that the canon should hold and acknowledge it of God
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196 THE HUNDRED OF BXMTNSTBR IN EARLY TIMBS.
and of me as he fonnerly acknowledged it of the King,
and saving your episcopal rights I would have it so
confirmed."
Another charter of " Baldwin earl of Exeter " about
1150 recites (ibid.y 20) :
" I earl Baldwin quit claim and without reserve
(ccUumnia) give to (Jod and blessed Mary and the church
of Sarum the churches of [Kings] Teigntone, and Her-
burtone (Harberton)^ and Elvintone (West Alvington)
with all their appurtenances. I do not intermeddle
with the church of Kenton and make no claim on it,
leaving the bishop of Sarum and Exeter to come to an
agreement."
Yet another addressed by Richard the Patrician to
Robert [Warelwast] bishop of Exeter in 1156 {ibid., 55)
dealing with Yealmpton church which certainly belonged
to St. Mary of Sarum in 1084 {Oeldrolly xliii. A 3) runs :
** Be it known to you that we have restored (reddidisse)
to God and St. Mary of Sarum church and to Lewis
canon of the said church, the church of Alentona
(Yealmpton), to hold for ever as freely and peaceably
as King Henry [I] of good memory bestowed it on the
aforesaid church."
It will help to decide the doubt if we remember that on
the death of bishop Hedda in 705, the bishopric of the
West Saxons had been divided into two, one at Win-
chester, the other at Sherborne, Daniel being appointed
bishop of Winchester and Aldhelm first bishop of Sherborne
(Baeda, v. 18). Two centuries later in 909 the see of
Sherborne was subdivided into five new sees, one of the
five being Crediton, afterwards transferred to Exeter,
whilst Ramsbury and eventually Old Sarum succeeded to
the mother see of Sherborne.
Bearing these facts in mind the simplest way in which
the possession of churches in the diocese of Exeter by the
church of Sarum can be accounted for is by supposing
that these churches were founded at the time when
^ On 26 November, 1236» cui agreement was concluded between the
prebendary of Salisbury, who held Kingsteignton chvirch, and the lushop
and chapter of Exeter, whereby all disputes were compromised on the
prebendary's luidertaking to pay to the canon of Exeter who held
Harberton 8 marks a year. Sarum Charters, 239.
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THE HUNDEBD OF EXMINSTBR IN EARLY TIMES. 197
Sherborne was the only see in the West, i.e. between 710
and 909. Apparently the minster on the Exe and probably
also Kingsteignton church were established after 710 and
before 823 when the third line of Saxon settlement was
advancing westwards to Stock in Holne, Hembury castle
in Buckfastleigh, and Stokenham, whereas West Alvington
and Yealmton probably date from the final stage of settle-
ment in the county between 823 and 900.
However this may be, the presbyters of Exminster were
in possession of i hide of land in Exminster Hundred on
behalf of the church of Old Sarum in 1084, and at the
same date the priests of Alentona or Yealmton held one
hide at Lyneham on behalf of the same canons of St. Mary
of Sarum (Vict, Hist 406 and Trans, xxx. 287).
An interesting document of bishop Briwere (a.d. 1224-
1244) relating to four of these churches which was rescued
from loss by William Germyne, registrar from 1578-1594,
is given in the introductory pages of bishop Bronescombe's
Register, p. 6, by the late prebendary Hingeston-Randolph.
This document is also to be found in Sarum Charters and
Documents (Rolls Ser.), 171, and runs as follows :
"To all Christ's faithful people to whom this present
writing shall come WiUiam [Briwere] by divine compassion
bishop of Exeter health in the Lord. Be it known to you
all that we having viewed a concession made by favour
{indvJgentiam) of pope Honorius III [1216-1227] of happy
memory to the venerable father the bishop of Sarum and
to the chapter of the same place touching the prebend of
[King's] Teynton which the church of Sarum enjoys, with
[the approval of the venerable] father lord R[ichard le
Poer] bishop of Sarum [1217-1228] and the chapter of the
same place patrons of the said prebend who of their own
accord have submitted themselves to our ruling ; taking
into consideration as was meet the loss of our church of
Exeter and the needs of the church of Sarum and [the
t^rms of] this concession, with the advice of discreet and
God-fearing men, after invoking the grace of the divine
Spirit have made order as follows touching the churches
belonging to the said prebend ; to wit that the church of
[King's] Teynton with the chapel of High Week (Teinng-
weke) and the church of Yealmton (Yealmintton) with its
chapel [of Revelstoke] and with all the goods belonging to
the said churches and chapels shall for the future be
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198 THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES.
prebendal,2 and the bishops of Sarum for the tune being
whenever a vacancy shall occur, shall in future for ever
bestow them as patrons ; provided always that whoever
may be collated to the said prebend, shall be instituted
thereto by us or our successors, saving an adequate
provision for the vicarages. On the other hand the
churches of Kenton and West Alvington (AflSngton) with
their chapels and all the crops (proventtis) and goods
whatsoever to them belonging and the tithes of Evetruwe
(Heavitree)^ shall for all time go to the use of the daily
distribution of the canons of Exeter church in com-
pensation for the great damage sustained by our church
of Exeter by the aforesaid concession. And that this our
ruling may for ever remain firm, in force and unshaken,
we have caused our seal to be affixed to the present writing
together with the seals of the venerable father the bishop
of Sarum and the chapters of Sarum and Exeter."
According to the Calendar of Papal Registers (I. 97)
the authority for this conversion was sanctioned by the
pope in 1224 and the conversion after being effected was
confirmed by him in 1245 {ibid,, 215).
The settlement of the vicarages which were thus saved
was effected by bishop Bronescombe on 1 August, 1270,
by the following instrument (Bronescombe^ 193) :
** Be it known to you all that we Walter by divine
mercy humble administrator of the church of Exeter, with
the consent of the discreet men the dean and chapter of
Sarum do settle (taxamus) the vicarages of Kenton and
West Alvington (Alfintone), churches appropriated to
them in common, and make order that they be settled in
form following : viz. that the vicarage of the church of
Kenton shall consist in all the altar-dues (cUtalagium)*
other than the tithe of the fishery. Also we ordain that
' i.e. instead of going into the common fund for distribution among
the C€mons» it is cissigned to one particular canon as the endowment of
his canonry.
* The words in italics are added from the Sarum Charter.
* AUalagium included all the offerings made at the altar {obloHones)
and dues paid for services (obveniiones) otherwise ccdled customary fees,
also the tithe of domestic animals kept at home and of all things raised
in the garden and curtilage such as garden peas and beans, herbs, butter,
milk, and cheese. On the other hand, great tithes consisted of the tithe
of com and hay and things grown in the open field, including peas cmd
beans when gro\iTi as a field crop. Bronescombe ^ 194 ; Trans, xxxix.
370 n. 18.
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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTEE IN EARLY TIMES. 199
the vicar for the time being shall have a suitable dwelling
(mansus) to wit the one in which the chaplain of the place
w€is wont aforetime to dwell together with the curtilage
(curieUus), to which we add half an acre of the glebe
(aanctuarium) next to the same curtilage ; and the said
vicar shall discharge all the due and accustomed burdens
of the said church.''
2. The other point on which an examination of the
existing Hundred of Exminster throws light is the existence
of the old moorland Hundred which bore the name of
Moreton from Moretonhampstead, the county-land of the
Hundred. The importance of Moreton Hampstead in
Saxon times is evidenced by the statement in Domesday
that " with this manor goes the third penny of the Hundred
of Teignbridge " (Vict Hist, 4106), a survival no doubt
from the time when Moreton was the head of a separate
Hundred. The memory of this Hundred still survived
in the fourteenth century, as we meet in Feudal Aids,
391, with Hundreds of Haytor and Moreton grouped
together.
If the contents of the Hundred of Haytor in 1086 are
added up, the total assessment is found to be 68 hides
1 virgate 3 ferlings. But the j^re-Domesday assessment
of Carsewilla Hundred, as we learn from the GeldroU, was
only 50 hides (p. xl). The excess 18 hides If virgates
apparently belonged to Moreton Hundred, to which also
probably belonged the 1 virgate of Beetor, the 3 virgates of
Higher and Lower Shapleigh, and the 1 virgate of Venn
and Jesson (Escapeleia) now in Exminster Hundred.
Moreton Hundred had therefore probably an assessment
of 20 hides. But this only in passing.
II. The townships of Exminster Hundred,
The following is the list of townships as they were
grouped to meet the requirements of the Parliament at
Lincoln on 20 February, 1316 (Feud. Aids, Zll),
The lord of the Hundred of Exminster is Hugh de
Cortenay. In it there is no borough, but the following
townships :
[87] Township of Ken with Ayshcttmb, Nitherton and
Teyo St. George members belonging thereto. The lord
of the same is Hugh de Cortenay.
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200 THB HTJNDBBD OF SXMINSTEB IN EARLY TIMSS.
[88] Township of Ayshkbyston (Ashton) with Shaf-
LEOH, Lbgh Pbvxrel (Doddiscombsleigh) and Donshidsok,
members belonging to the same. The lord thereof is
Nicolas Martyn.
[89] Township of Shillyngford with Peaumer Bollay
(Peamore), Poudebham, Matford and Toucenynestok
(Towsington), its members. The lord of the same is
WiUiam le Speck by reason of the tender age of the heirs
of Thomas son of Ralf [de Shillyngford],
[90] Township of Doulysh (Dawlish) with Mottlysh
(Mowhsh) and Mammeheyede (Mamhead) members belong-
ing thereto. The dean and chapter of Exeter are the lords.
[91] Township of Teignton Bishop with Ide of St.
Peter and Chudleigh its members. Walter [Stapeldon]
bishop of Exeter is lord of the same.
[92] The manor of Kenton and the lord of the same is
lord Edmmid of Wodestok.
III. The tithings of Exminster Hundred.
An old Exeter MS. of the date 1384 gives a list of 19
tithings and 1 hamlet in the Hmidred of Exminster
{SuppL to Devon Not and Qu., 1907, p. 19). With this
agrees John Hoker's accomit in his Chirographicai Synopsis
of the amomits paid for tenths and fifteenths in this
Hmidred, except that in Hoker's last entries three are
duplicates, No. 351 of 338, No. 352 of 337, and No. 354 of
346 (Harl. MSS. 5827, p. 109) :
HUNDRED OF EXMYSTER.
Amount Amount
due. DeductiouB. payable.
[326] Exmyster . . 32 0.. 28..304
In thys parysh dwelleth Tothill, Peter of
Bowye, Wyatt of Shill. Marshal.
[327] Kenne . . . 38 . . nil . . 38
Geare and Drewe.
[328] ShiUingfordandTever-
shed (Towsington)
and Ralf Abbotis . 20 0.. 30.. 170
Southcott.
[331] Powderham . . 16 . . 3 4 . . 12 8
Sir W. Courtney, Knt.
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THB HUKDBBD OF EXMINSTSil IN EABLY TIMES. 201
Amount
due. Deductions.
Amount
payable.
[332] Ashecombe . . 26 § . . 3 6.
. 22 2
333] Mamhead . . 13 4 . . 4 0.
9 4
In thys parysh dwelleth Ball.
334] Dawlish and
335] Easttenymuth . . 58 . . 20 .
. 38
336] Holecombe . . 12 . . nil .
. 12
337] Tyngemouth [Bishop] 110 .. 53 4 .
. 56 8
338] Tengton (Bishops-
teignton) . . 20 . . 6 8.
. 20
[339] Chudleigh . . 26 8 . . 6 8 .
. 20
Courteney, Ball, Hunt, Wichalse,
Qyfford
and Hore.
340] Tenge St. George . 20d. . . nil .
20d.
341] Moulyshe . . . 2 . . nil .
2
342] Shapley, Fenner and
343] Jurdeston . . 13 4 . . nil
13 4
344] Trosham . . . 10 . . nil .
10
345] Asheton . . . 13 . . 3 4 .
9 8
Pollard and Stapehill.
[346] Leigh Doddescnmb . 7 6.. nU
7 6
[347] Yde . . . 11 8 .. nil ..
11 8
Carye, Drake and Hyll.
[348] Donechedeck . . 4 0.. nil
4
Peters.
[349] Hamlet [of Matford
Immonr] and
[350] [Matford] Butter . 7 2.. 20
[351] Teuton Bishop
Cove.
[352] Westtyngmouth
[353] Kenton
Hurst of Exon and Atwill.
[354] Dadscomba [Legh]
Bubb and Dowdney.
5 2
22 3
108 10 16 14 2
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202 THE HUNDBBD OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES.
^ T^ ^4
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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTBR IN EARLY TIMES. 203
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204 THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTEB IN EABLY TIMES.
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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTEB IN EARLY TIMES. 205
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206 THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTEB IN EARLY TIMES.
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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES. 207
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208 THB HUNDRED OF BXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES.
V. The evidence of the GddroU.
From the Geldroll as tabulated by the late Mr. Brooking-
Rowe we obtain the following information (p. xxxvii) as
to the Hundred in 1084 :
Geld had been received from 27 1 1
A. Exemption was allowed to —
1. The King in re-
"
spect of .
2. Bishop Osbem in
respect of
3. Baldwin
4. William Capra .
5. Pulcher
6. Widow Emma [de
Helion] .
7. Abbot of Bucfast
8. Godbold .
9. Ralf de Pomaria .
10. Aderet the forester
11. Presbyters of Ex-
minster .
12. Saulf
4 2
7
2
1
1
1
B. Geld had not been received from —
1.
The fee-gatherers'
allowance
1
2.
Edwin tenant of
Half [Paganel]
2
[Dunchidiock.]
3.
Robert tenant of
WiUiam Capra
1
[Netherton-]
[Kenton, George Teign, Mani'^
head, Peamore, Mowltsh.]
[Bishopsteignton, Dawlish,
Ide.]
[Kenn.]
[North Shillingford, Tow-
sington.]
[Shillingford St. George.]
[Ashton and added lands.]
[Trusham.]
[Doddiscombesleigh, Lowly.]
[Ashcombe.]
[The outlying part of Kenton
in Manaton.]
[Kenton rectory manor.]
[Ashford Peverel, South
Mowlish.]
20 3 S
1 3
60
We have here a total of 52 hides 3 virgates 3 ferling as
the assessment of the Domesday estates in this Hundred,
whereas the Geldroll gives 50 hides as the total. How are
these totals to be reconciled ? In the first place we must
exclude the 1 hide of Exminster, that being an ancient
crown lordship and forming an inland Hundred by itself.
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THE HUNDRED OF EXMENSTEB IN EABLY TIMES. 209
It is then further suggested that the assessment of Leuge
should be taken as 2 virgates instead of 3, and that of
Leualiga as 3 ferlings instead of 1 virgate to bring the totals
into agreement with the particulars. That means a
reduction of 1 virgate and 1 ferling. For the same reason
the assessment of the Count of Mortain's Matford should
be put down as i instead of 1 virgate. Also i virgate
should be deducted from Powderham because it belonged
to Exminster.
It is further suggested that the 1 virgate of Beetor, the
3 virgates of the two Shapleighs, and the 1 virgate of Venn
and Jesson, in all 5 virgates, should be excluded on the
ground that in 1084 they belonged to the old Moorland
Hundred of Morton. These deductions amount to 2 hides
3 virgates 1 ferling, and when taken from 52 hides 3
virgates 3 ferlings leave 60 hides and 2 ferlings for the
Hundred.
VOL. XLvn.
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THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE
PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED.
' BY REV. OSWALD J. RBICHEL, B.C.L. AND M.A. ; F.S.A.
(Rewl at Exeter, Slot July, 1915.)
It is proposed in this paper to trace the several Domesday
manors as far as possible from the time of the Conquest to
the middle of the fifteenth centiiry, when the usual county
histories take up the thread of their descent, and to deal
with them in the order of the several honours of which
they were held.
I. First are the estates held of the honour of PlynUon.
ExMiNSTBR was an ancient crown lordship in 857 and
the capital of the Hundred of that name, part of which,
the county land of Kenton, King Alfred bequeathed to
his younger son iEdelward in 901 {Trans, ix. 214). At
the time of the great Survey Exminster was still an ancient
crown lordship and in the King's occupation, and it
appears to have continued crown property longer than
most of the royal estates in Devon. It was still a royal
estate at the beginning of Henry III.'s reign {A.-D. Inq,
incerti temporis No. 248, p. 47), but before 1244 two-
thirds of the manor and Hundred must have come to the
earl of Devon, as in that year he was buying up rent
charges there {Devon Fine, No. 419), and in 1263 the
manors of Breinton, Holdham, and Southwood are re-
turned as held of earl Baldwin {A.-D. Inq. 47 Hen. ICE.
No. 17). In 1284 Exminster was one of three manors of
which Amice countess of Devon died seised {A.-D. Inq.
12 Ed. I. No. 33). On the death of Isabella de Fortibus,
countess of Devon, in 1293, Hugh II. Courtenay succeeded
to her estates, and to him on 1 July, 1305, William de
Langedon and Amy his wife conveyed the baUiffship and
a third part of the Hundred of Exminster in consideration
of £20 sterling {Devon Fine, No. 911). This conveyance
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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED. 211
was repeated by William Beneyt of Exemynistre and
Joan his wife on 25 November, 1311 {ibid,, No. 992). On
22 February, 1335, Hugh II. Courtney was created Ist
earl of Devon, and in 1340 died seised of Exminster {A.-D.
Inq. 14 Ed. III. No. 27). He was succeeded by Hugh III.
Courtney, 2nd earl of Devon, who was in possession of
Exminster in 1345 (A.-D, Inq, 19 Ed. III. No. 65), and
died seised of the same *' on Saturday next after Holy
Rood Findmg day *' (3 May) 1376 (A,-D, Inq, 50 Ed. III.
No. 6). In 1419 Hugh III/s grandson, Edward Courtney,
3rd earl of Devon, died seised of Exminster (A.-D, Inq.
7 Hen. V. No. 74) ; in 1422 Edward's son, Hugh IV.,
4th earl of Devon {A.-D, Inq, 10 Hen. V. No. 296) ; in
1458 Thomas Courtney, 5th earl of Devon {A,'D. Inq,
36 Hen. VI. No. 36), ^ whose son Thomas, 6th earl, was
attainted and beheaded in 1461 (1 Ed. IV.), ^ when the King
resumed it.
Under what circumstances the advowson came into the
hands of Plymton priory I am not able to say. It is not
mentioned in the charters of either Henry I. or Henry II.
(Oliver, Mon. 135), nor in the confirmation of bishop
John Fitz-Duke (1186-1191, ibid,, 131, 138) ; but as
Exminster was a royal estate it must have been given to
the priory by the King. The priory was in possession in
1214, as in that year prior Antony granted Exminster
church to Walter de Bisiman for an annual payment of
5 marks by way of pension (Oliver, Mon. 1316). Plymton
priory presented to the church in 1274 (Bronescombe, 141),
in 1317 (Stapledon, 216) and continuously down to the
dissolution, and regularly received payment of its pensions
of 5 marks or £3 6s. 8d. a year for rent of the great tithes
(Oliver, 150). William de Bayonen is mentioned as rector
of Exminster before the years 1199 and 1215 (Oliver, Mon,
187a).
Brbinton or Brenton, a sub-manor " within the manor
of Exminster," was held in 1241 by Reginald de Brenton
for I fee of the honour of Plymton {Testa, 718, p. 182a).
Walter de Brejnigton had succeeded to it before 1303
{Fetid. Aids, 347), and Adam de Breynton before 1346
{ibid., 389). In 1428 the freeholders were John Shappeleghe
and William Bottockysside {ibid,, 482), the last named
being the owner of Dunchidiock.
* These dates are from The case in the House of Lords, 1832, p. 15.
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212 THE EABLT HISTORY OF THE
Holleham or Holdeham now called Haldon in Kenn
was another sub-manor of Exminster held in 1263 of
Baldwin, earl of Devon {A.-D. Inq, 4:1 Hen. III. No. 17),
and in 1422 of Hugh IV., earl of Devon (A.-D, Inq, 1 Hen.
VI. No. 63). In 1303 Holleham was held for \ fee by-
John de Weston (Feud. Aids, 346). Hugh III. Courtney
at the time of his death held land at Holdham (A.-D. Inq.
50 Ed. III. No. 6), Exminster and Cotford in Sidbury, of
which William de Courtney, archbishop of Canterbury,
died seised in 1396 (A.-D. Inq, 20 Ric. 11. No. 17), and
Hugh IV. de Courtney in 1422 {A.-D. Inq. 10 Hen. V.
No. 296 ; Trans, xxvii. 408).
If the 1 ferling which " Eccha the reeve of Exminster
allowed a certain priest the benefit of " and which the
monks- of Battle Abbey held in 1086 is KIenbury, an
explanation will be found of Kenbury being in clerical
hands before the Conquest, although the initial grant of
it is not forthcoming. Coimtess Gjrtha had endowed St.
Olaf's church, Exeter, in 1057 with Sherford for prayers
for her deceased husband, earl Godwin (Trans, xxx. 288).
The Conqueror diverted St. Olaf's estates in Collumpton
and Sherford, and with them Kenbury to Battle Abbey
to secure prayers for the souls of those who had fallen in
the Conquest of England, and at the same time founded
the priory of St. Nicolas as a cell to that abbey (Dugdale,
Mon. III. 245; Oliver, Mon. 117). St. Nicolas priory
very soon advanced from being an administrative cell to
the status of a dependent priory, and took over at a fixed
rent payable to the mother-house all the estates of Battle
Abbey in Devon. ^ Kenbury, having thus passed to St.
Nicolfiis' priory, continued with the priory until the dis-
solution, when it w:as held by a tenant, paying a rent for
it to the priory of £3 6s. 8d. a year.
It has, however, been urged that an assessment of 1
ferling. is too small an assessment for the 100 acres of
rich land which constitute Kenbury (Polwhele, II. 108),
and that this ferling more probably represents the 16
acres of Exminster glebe. But to this suggestion there is
the fatal objection that this 1 ferling was held in 1086
by Battle Abbey and that Battle Abbey never had any-
thing to do with the advowson of Exminster. It follows
that Kenbury, being the only estate in Exminster which
« The reserved head rent was originally £3, reduced afterwards to
20/-, but at the time of the dissolution £7 (Oliver, Mon. 113).
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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED. 213
Battle Abbey possessed, this 1 ferling must necessarily
represent Kenbury. If the whole of Exminster was only
assessed at 1 hide, there is nothing disproportionate in the
100 acres of Kenbury being assessed at ^V hid© or 1 ferling.
DuNCHiDiocK, although not mentioned in any list of
fees held of the honour of Plymton, must have belonged
to that honour as did all the rest of Balf Paganel's estates
in Devon. It appears to have passed to Joel de Valletorta,
who sold it to Robert Foliot, and was acquired from
Robert Foliot by purchase on 30 May, 1244, by Warin, son
of Joel, at a fee farm rent of 20 shillings a year {Devon
Fine, No. 372). From Warin it descended to his son Joel,
son of Warin, and then to Joel's two daughters coheiresses,
Joan, wife of Henry Tregoz, and Alice, wife of William de
Newenton. By a fine levied in 1282 William de Newenton
and Alice his wife conveyed the entirety to Henry Tregoz
and Joan his wife (Devon Fine, No. 811). In 1261 the
patronage of the advowson was in Walter de Pembroke,
archdeacon of Barnstaple (Bronescombe, 133), but in 1338,
1342, and 1348 Ralf Tregoz held the manor and in right
of it presented to the rectory (Orandisson, 1323, 1336, 1374).
Before 1361 the manor and advowson had passed to the
family of Budockeside (Polwhele, II. 113 ; Lysons, II. 169).
In that year Nicolas de Bodekeside presented to the
rectory (Orandisson, 1477), and again in 1375 (Brantyng-
ham, 37). In 1410, again in 1411 and 1419, William de
Buddockysside, gentleman {domiceUus), presented to the
rectory (Stafford, 164), also in 1425 (Lacy, 29, 83). In
1447 Ms son Thomas Budokyside presented " in right of
his lordship of Dimchidiock manor " (La^cy, 325), and
again two years later (ibid,, 341).
Godbold's Leuga and Leualiga, now known as Doddes-
COMBSLEIGH and Lowly, were formerly called Leghe
Guobol (Bronescombe, 132), or Leigh Peverel (Feud. Aids,
377). Doddescombesleigh was generally associated with
and in the same ownership as Lowton Peverel in Moreton
Hampstead,* variously written Lowedon, Lughedon, and
Luedon. In 1241 Ralf de Doddescumb held i fee in
Leudene of the honour of Plymton (Testa, 721, p. 182a),
this i fee including Doddiscombsleigh as well as Lowton ;
and he presented to Doddiscombsleigh rectory on 6
December, 1259 (Bronescombe, 132), and again on 23 April,
' Or else Lowton in Bridf ord.
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214 THE EARTiY HISTORY OF THE
1261. From a fine levied in 1266 it would appear that he
had no issue, and that Balf, John, and Alan, the three
sons of another Ralf de Doddescumb, were his next heirs
(Devon Fine, No. 567). He died before 1268, and on
22 December in that year his widow, Joan, presented to
Doddiscombsleigh {Bronescombe, 132). She presented
again on 23 November, 1272, both times in right of her
dower (ibid,). In 1303 John de Doddescomb and Hugh
Gubbewolt held J fee in Legh and Lowedcum (DoddL-
combsleigh and Lowton) (Feud, Aids, 346). John pre-
sented to the rectory on 20 December, 1309 (SiapeidoUy
206). In 1346 John's widow, Cecilia de Dodescumbe, held
[Doddiscombs] Leghe for J fee (Feud. Aids, 388), and
Lowton for J fee (ibid., 390), and on 5 February, 1349,
presented to the rectory (Orandisson, 1038, 1374).
On Cecilia's death the manor and advowson fell between
her five daughters, Alice, wife of sir William Bigbury,
from whom descended lord Brook and Edgecombe ;
Cecily, wife of Simon de Newenham, from whom sir
William Strode ; Emma, wife of John Pollard of Harwood ;
Elisabeth, wife of John Prall, from whom Carswell ; and
Agnes, wife of Adam Branscombe, ancestor of Thomas
Wyse (Polwhele, 83). John Newenham presented to the
rectory on 23 March, 1363 (Grandisson, 1490), and at the
next turn on 18 December, 1374, Thomas de LittUtone
(Brantyngham, 35). On 22 January, 1396, William
Amadas presented in right of Catharine his wife (Stafford,
164), and on 10 October, 1399, John de Nywenham (ibid.).
In 1428 the freeholders of the manor are returned as
the heir of WiUiam Bykebery, Walter Pollerd, Robert
[Litilton, Roger Honyton, John Strode, Thomas Deneys,
William] Holbeyne and Elisabeth his wife [Thomas Wyse
and Joan his wife, and Walter Burgayjn and Joan his
wife (Feud. Aids, 482). On 24 March, 1436, Thomas
Wyse esquire presented to the rectory (Lacy, 209) ; on
31 December, 1448, Robert Burtone esquire and Elisabeth
his wife (ibid., 336) ; and on 18 March, 1456, John Tressalond
gentleman and Joan his wife (ibid., 405). Sir William
Pole reports that in his time, 1630, there is not any of
Doddescumb descendants living there.
Shillingford St. George was Fulcher's in 1086.
Fulcher's successor, according to Pole, 253, was Ralf de
monte Geroldi. According to the same authority Osmund
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PRINCIPAL liANORS IN BXMINSTEB HUNDRED. 215
or Edmund held Shillingford of Ralf de monte Geroldi in
Henry I.'s reign, and wa,s succeeded by Ralf, son of Ralf.
In 1241 Richard, son of Ralf, was in possession, and held
Shillingford for f fee of the honour of Plymton {Testa, 717,
p. 182a). Before 1303 Thomas le Fyz Raw, or son of Ralf,
had succeeded to it (Feud. Aids, 346), but he wa^s then,
and as late as 1316, imder age, and in the wardship of
William le Speck (ihid., 311) as middle lord (A.-D. Inq.
46 Ed. m. No. 34). In 1346 Ralf, son of Ralf, otherwise
known as Ralf de Schyllyngford {Trans, xxxv. 290), held
Schilyngford for f fee in succession to Thomas, son ot
Ralf {Feud. Aids, 389), and on 27 March, 1343, he pre-
sented to the rectory {OrandissoUy 1339). At the next two
vacancies the bishop presented by lapse {ibid., 1417, 1440),
but on 9 October, 1358, either the same or another Ralf de
Shillyngforde presented {ibid., 1450). The next presenta-
tion on 9 January, 1373, was again made by the bishop by
lapse {Brantyngham, 25), at a time when presumably
John, brother of the last Ralf, was in possession ; but in
1384 master Baldwin de Shillyngford, the third brother,
having succeeded to the manor resigned the rectory, and
on 17 December, 1384, presented to it {ibid., 90). Baldwin
again presented to the rectory on 13 December, 1392
{ibid., 124), and on 6 June, 1401 {Stafford, 207), and then
conveyed the whole estate to his natiu^al son, John Shilling-
ford (Pole, 253). William Schyllyngforde, John's son, was
in possession of the manor in 1428 {Feud. Aids, 487) and
presented to the rectory on 17 April, 1422 (Lacy, 49),
after whom came John Shillyngforde who, on 8 December,
1453, presented to the rectory {ibid., 381), and died in
1461 {A.'D. Inq. I Ed. IV. No. 1, App.). William Shelling-
ford who followed, died in 1480 seised of Shyllingford
manor {A.-D. Inq. 20 Ed. IV. No. 70), when the estate fell
between his two daughters coheiresses and was disposed
of by them.
Hugh Peverel who, in 1241, held Mamhead {Testa, 651,
p. 1806), and gave his name at one time to the Leigh now
called Doddiscombeleigh, also gave his name to the small
estate which appears in Domesday as Manneheva, and
was subsequently known as Ashpord Pbvbbbl. In 1241
Esseford was held by William de Melehywis and Ralf
Bonvalet for J fee of the honour of Plymton {Testa, 720,
p. 182a). A year or two later on 12 Jime, 1244, William
de Mowlish made over to Ralf, son of Peter, a moiety
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216 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE
of an oxgang of land in Aysford lying to the north (Devon
Fine, No. 404). Before 1303 Nicolas de C^rru, who held
Mamhead, had acquired Ashford Peverel and held it for
i fee {Feud. Aids, 347). In 1346 Joan Carru held J fee in
Aysford Peverel of the honour of Plymton which the
tenants of Aysford formerly held {ibid., 389). It is suggested
that this is the estate now known as Newhouse in Mamhead
or else Ashf arm, Lyson in Kenton.
In the list of Hugh de Courtney's fees held of the castle
of Plymton {A.-D. Inq. 1 Ric. II. No. 12) is a group of
3i fees, held aforetime by Robert Helion, consisting of
Asherton or Ashton, 1 fee ; Clyst St. Mary, i fee, held in
1241 by Robert Blund's heirs {Testa, 727, p. 182a) ; Hack-
wcrthy, i fee, held in 1241 by John de Hakeworth {Testa,
639, p. 1816) ; Cridie Helion, i-fee, held at the same date
by William de Helihun {Testa, 724, p. 182a) ; Fen next
Poughill, J fee ; and Wydecumbe and Whiteleigh next
Farway, i fee, held in 1241 by Robert de Helihun {Testa,
619, p. 181a). These constituted a small vavassourship
under the honour of Plymton of which Ashton was the
capital manor.
Ashton. was Hervei de Helion's after the Conquest, but
he died before 1086 and in that year it was held together
with the other estates named by Ima or Emma his widow.
According to Pole, 255, the widow was succeeded by
Robert de Hehon, and Robert by another Hervei, who
gave land at Sutton Lucy in Widworthy with his daughter
Mabel to Maurice de Lucy {Devon Fine, No. 128), which,
on 21 June, 1220, Mabel called on Robert II., son of
Harvei, to warrant to her (ibid.). Robert 11. was suc-
ceeded by his son Robert III., who, on 9 May, 1244,
granted i ploughland in Sutton Lucy to the abbot of
Quarrere {Devon Fine, No. 407), and on 12 June in the
same year made over the advowson of Greedy Helion,
alia^ Upton Helion, to Polslae priory {Devon Fine, No. 374).
With Alice, daughter of Hervei de Helion, a collateral of
Robert III., Ashton passed to Fulk Ferrers of Throwleigh
{Devon N. and Qu. v. 150), and with Alice, daughter of
Fulk Ferrers, to sir William le Pruz, who died in 1269
{ibid.). In 1303 his son, William le Pruz (6. 1245 ; d. 1315),
held Ashton for 1 fee {Feud. Aids, 346), which he after-
wards gave to his brother Richard by deed {Harleian MS.
quoted by Polwhele, II. 84 n.). Richard's daughter
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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 217
Thomasine carried it to John, son of John Chudleigh of
Chudleigh, about 1320, in whose family it continued until
1745 {1^80718, II. 17).
II. Estates hdd of the Crovm or the Prince,
Kenton we have seen wa,s already in King Alfred's
time a county-land, i.e. an estate assigned for the support
of the queen or some other member of the royal family
placed at the head of the county. As such it was adminis-
tered by the sheriflE in 1155, when it produced a revenue of
£34 (Pipe Roll, 2 Hen. 11.). It contributed 4 marks to the
aid of 1177 (Pipe R., 23 Hen. II.), and in 1187 the men of
Kenton owed £7 18s. 8d. by way of gift {ibid., 33 Hen. II.).
In 1196 an annuity of £24 15s. was given to queen Eleanor
from Kenton {ibid., 7 Ric. I.). In 1204 the men of Kenton
paid 40 marks for the right of farming their own town-
ship at a yearly rent of £60 {ibid., 6 John). In the tallages
of 1207 and 1214 Kenton contributed £10 each time {ibtd.,
9 and 16 John). In 1218 Henry III. gave the reserved
rent of £33 from Kenton to Isabel the queen-mother
{ibid., 2 Hen. III.), and after she had remarried the
earl of March in 1222 he bestowed it on his brother
Richard of Allemagne, earl of Cornwall, together with
the 22 tenements in Manaton parish belonging to it called
Southteign {Hund. Rolls, No. 23, p. 74). The rights of
Kenton manor extended out to sea as far as you can espy
a humber barrel, and included the outliers of Gutteridge
and Wick, the bed of the river Exe bounded on the east
by an imaginary line drawn from Darling's rock at Lymp-
stone to Chickston rock at Exmouth {Survey of the Manor
of KerUon in 1695, quoted in Polwhele, II. 161), together
with a tenement in St. Thomas', Exeter (Polwhele, II. 164),
and a tract of land called Brimley now in East Teign-
mouth {Trans, xiii. 114), besides 22 tenements in Manaton
parish. It was also entitled to wreck of the sea if cast up
on the land of the manor {Hund. RoU, No. 23, p. 74).
On the death of earl Richard and of his son Edmimd in
1300 without heir, Kenton reverted to the King. In 1316
it was in the occupation of Edmimd of Woodstock {Feud.
Aids, 378), to whom it was given by his brother Edward
II. on 13 November, 1319 {Exch. Plea Roll, No. 68, 16
Ed. III.). It was then stated to be worth £80, but let to
farm to the tenants for £60. In 1331 Edmimd, earl of
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218 THE BARLY HISTORY OF THE
Kent, and Margaret his wife died seised of it {A.-D. Inq,
4 Ed. III. No. 38) ; in 1351 John, earl of Kent {A.-D. Inq.
26 Ed. III. No. 54) ; in 1399 Thomas de Holand, earl of
Kent, and Alice his wife (A.-D, Inq. 20 Ric. II. No. 30) ;
in 1411 Elisabeth, widow of John, sometime earl of Kent
(A.'D. Inq. 12 Hen. IV. No. 35). It lost its connection
with the crown when queen Elisabeth sold it to lord
Clifton (Polwhele, II. 161), and after passing through
several hands by sale was purchased in 1712 by sir William
Courtenay of Powderham {ibid.).
**This manor," says Polwhele, p. 160, "had a pretty
custom, that if the issue of any of the tenants held their
tenements three descents, they claimed the inheritance of
the tenement." Upon which Polwhele observes, *' but this
custom extended only to the socage tenements of the
manor ; and hath been of no force since the statute of
Charles II. which reduced all such tenures to free and
common socage."
The barton of Oxton paying a freehold rent of 40 shillings
to Kenton manor, and Brickhouse paying 3s. 4d. are
within the manor of Kenton (Polwhele, II. 161). The 22
tenements in the parish of Manaton which belong to this
manor probably represent the estate in this Hundred for
which Aderet the forester was allowed exemption in
1084.
The rectory manor, which is a small one, includes part
of Kenton town and a few other tenements. For the
reasons already stated it appears to have been given to
the church of Sherborne before the division of that see in
909, and to have passed from Sherborne to Salisbury as
part of the possessions of that see. In 1270 the vicarage
of Kenton was settled by bishop Bronescombe {Reg., 193).
On 13 September, 1318, the dean and chapter of Salis-
bury presented to the vicarage (Stapeldon, 226). On
3 December, 1333, and again on 25 June, 1349, the locum
tenens of the dean and chapter presented (Orandisaon,
1297, 1393). On 17 October, 1392 (Brantyngham, 123)
and ever since the dean and chapter of Salisbury have
been the patrons.
Cheverston, otherwise Cheston, and Kenton Courtney
are two submanors originally created out of Kenton
manor, the tenants of which, however, since the time
when these submanors came into the possession of the
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PRINCIPAL MAKORS IN EXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 219
Ck)urtneys, used to do suit at Powderham court (Polwhele^
II. 164). Cheverston lies west of Kenton town, and pays
a chief rent of 40 shillings a year to Kenton. It was held
by William de Chevereston, who also held Uton and Sewer
in Marlborough in 1285 (Trans, xlv. 183, 192). His
descendant, John de Cheverston, married Joan, daughter
of Hugh III. Courtney, 2nd earl of Devon, and his wife
Margaret Bohim, and having no issue himself nor yet his
brother, conveyed Cheverston to his wife and her father,
from whom it descended to Philip Courtney of Powderham
(Pole, 258 ; Polwhele, II. 164 n.). Philip Courtney died
seised of Cheverston in 1406 {A.-D, Inq. 7 Hen. IV. No. 51),
and it has since continued in his descendants. Kenton
Courtney, consisting of five houses in Kenton with the
enclosures belonging to them, has been held by the Courtney
family by a chief rent payable to Kenton since the four-
teenth century.
The fee lists know of three manors called Matford, two
of which are in Exminster Hundred and one in Wonford
Hundred (Trans, xliv. 323). The two Matfords in
Exminster, respectively known as Matford Butter and
Matford Speke, are both represented in Domesday, Matford
Butter being then held of the Count of Mortain and subse-
quently of the honour of Montacute {Feud. Aids, 389),
Matford Speke being then WiUiam Capra's and subse-
quently held of the honour of Braneys {A.-D. Inq. 28
Ed. I. No. 48). On the other hand, Matford in Wonford
Hundred {Feud. Aids, 345) does not appear in Domesday,
and being held of the honour of Okehamton {Testa, 478,
p. 180a) must have been carved out of some estate held of
that honour. It is therefore probably Matford in Alphing-
ton {Trans, xliv. 397). All three Matfords were in the
fourteenth century held by or of the Dynhams, which
renders it sometimes difficult to prevent confusing them
(see below, p. 230).
Matford Butter, which I take to be Matford Barton
in Exminster, with which is connected Matford Immer,*
takes its name from the family of Botour or Boter who
were in possession in the thirteenth century. In 1086
Matford was one of a group of small estates, the others
being Frizenham and Woodland in Little Torington,
* The list of ti things in Exminster Hundred in 1384 (Suppl. to Devon
Not. and Qu., 1907, p. 19) says " tithing of Matford Botour and Inunour.'*
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220 THE EAKLY HISTORY OF THE
Wedfield in West Putford, Stockleigh Luccombe in
Cheriton Fitzpaine, Chitterleigh in Bickleigh, Densham in
Woolfardisworthy, and one large one, Sutton Satchvil
and Upcot {Trans, xxviii. 414), which Alured Pincema
held of the Count of Mortain. Two of these estates,
Sutton Satchvil and Upcot, appear to have passed to John
Mohun of Cadleigh, of whom they were held by Robert
Satchvil in the thirteenth century (Fevd, Aids, 426), but
Matf ord hamlet was purchased for 30 marks on 23 February,
1270, by OHver de Dynham from Robert de Beteliscombe
and Agnes his wife {Devon Fine, No. 707). Oliver de
Dynham died seised of Matf ord hamlet in 1299 {A.-D. Inq.
27 Ed. I. No. 42, 149), and two years later Joce de Dynham
{A.'D. Inq. 29 Ed. I. No. 56). In 1333 John de Dynham
died seised of Matf ord {A.-D. Inq. 6 Ed. III. No. 69) ; in
1383 sir John de Dynham {A.-D. Inq. 6 Ric. II. No. 28) ;
and in 1468 sir John de Dynham {A.-D. Inq. 7 Hen. VI.
No. 56). Henry le Botour therefore who held Matford
for i Mortain fee in 1303 {Fevd. Aids, 346) must have
held it of John de Dynham. In 1346 John de Djmham
was in possession in succession to Henry le Botour (Feud.
Aids, 389). The Botour family, nevertheless, regained
possession, seeing that on 4 February, 1441, bishop Lacy
gave licence to Henry Boter and Joan his wife and John
Mar and Elisabeth his wife to have divine service in their
manor of Matford Boter (Lacy, 790).
III. Estates held of the bishop.
The bishop's Domesday manor of Taintona included
the present parishes of Bishopsteignton, West Teign-
mouth, and Chudleigh. In Bishopsteignton are the
domain of Radway, and the submanors of Venn, Nether
Rixtail, and Luton. In Chudleigh is Place or the bishop's
palace, about a quarter of a mile from the town, the
precentor's seat at Ugbrook and the bartons of Waddon
and Harcombe.
Bishopsteignton and West Teignmouth both con-
tinued to be estates of the see imtil bishop Vesey, imder
pressure from the crown, made them over together with
the palace at Radway to sir Andrew Dudley in the year
1549 (Lysons, II. 490). At Radway the site of the bishop's
palace is known as Old Walls (Lysons, II. 150).
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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 221
Venn or La Fenne in Bishopsteignton was held for
i fee in 1249 by Walter le Thailleur (Devon Fine, No. 519),
and in 1303 by Richard le Taillour and Ralf de la Were
(Fetid. Aids, 347), but I do not find any other notice of it
in the fee lists.
Luton, anciently called Limeveton and Lunaton, was
held for ^ fee of the bishop and in 1303 was in the bishop's
hands (Feud. Aids, 347), and the bishop also held it in
1346 (ibid., 389).
Nytherryxstinele or Lower Rixtail was in 1303 held
of the bishop for J fee by Roger de Nytherryxstinele
(Feud. Aids, 347), to whom Nicolas de Kyrkam succeeded
before 1346 (ibid., 389), and William de Ryxtynell before
1428 (ibid., 487).
Chudleigh was one of the bishop's principal residences
until bishop Vesey at the instance of the crown made it
over in 1560 to sir Thomas Brydges (Lysons, 11. 105).
About the same time the precentor's estate at Ugbrook
was alienated to sir Peter Courtney of Borscombe, Wilts
(Lysons, II. 105 ; Polwhele, II. 120), ancestor of the
present lord Clififord.
A tract of land essarted by the bishop after 1205 con-
stitutes the manor of Waddon held for i fee of the bishop,
and appears to be the Wudeton which Gilbert de Wudeton
sold to Walter de Ralegh on 9 December, 1262 (Devon
Fine, 625). In 1303 it was in the bishop's possession
(Feiui. Aids, 347).
Dawlish, which includes East Teignmouth or Holcombe
and Southwood, is first heard of in 1044, when it was given
by King Eadward to his worthy chaplain Leofric, after-
wards bishop of Exeter (Trans, xiii. 106), ** free from all
fiscal tribute or impost, saving only field-faring, and
bridge and stronghold upkeep." Leofric, with King
William's consent, in 1069 bequeathed Dawlish, Holcombe,
and Southwood to the church of St. Peter of Exeter
(Trans, xiii. 124, 127), and these, together with Ide,
Staverton, and Combe Paflford in St. Mary church, were
before 1086 set apart for the support of the canons ( Vict.
Hist. 415). One effect of this setting apart was that on
a vacancy of the see they did not fall into the hands
of the crown. The canons appear at an early date to
have alienated Holcombe to the sherifE of Devon, and
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222 THE EARLY HISTORY OP THE
Southwood to the earl of Devon. Thus Holcombe came to
be held of the honour of Okehamton and Southwood of the
honour of Plymton. The manor of Dawlish and the fee
farm rents the canons retained until 1803, when they were
sold to redeem the land-tax. Three years later, in 1806,
they were purchased by viscount Courtney, who was
already in possession of the manor of Teignmouth
Courtney (Polwhele, II. 146 ; Lysons, II. 488).
Holcombe, Higher Holcombe or East Teignmouth,
otherwise Teignmouth Courtney, called by Leland Southern
Teignmouth or Teignmouth Regis (Itin. Ill, 31), was in
Domesday included in Dawlish and cannot have been
granted out at a fee farm rent to Courtney before the end
of the twelfth century. In the thirteenth century it
appears held of the honour of Okehamton, the Courtneys
being then lords of that Jionour. In 1241 Osbert le Bat
lield i fee in Teignemue or Teignmouth Courtney of the
honour of Okehamton (Testa, 554, p. 1806). One of the
then landowners there, Isabella de Kyllebire, on 6 June,
1249, sold 4 ferling of land in Holcombe and Teignmouth
to Walter le Thaillur, the then owner of Venn (Devon Fine,
No. 519). In 1303 Serlo de la Gore had succeeded to the
^ fee of Holcombe (Feud. Aids, 347), and has apparently
left his name in Gorway Cross (Trans, xiii. 125), the
boundary between it and another Holcombe. In 1346
David atte Gore and Richard de Enton were the tenants
in possession (Feud. Aids, 389).
There was another Holcombe in Exminster Hundred,
Lower Holcombe, which adjoins Higher Holcombe and is
separated from it by Goreway Cross. This appears in the
fee lists as held with Upcot in Wonford Hundred of the
honour of Okehamton (Trans, xliv. 330). ^ This Holcombe
must have been included in the Domesday Opecota in
Wonford Hundred held in 1086 by Modbert, son of
Lambert of Baldwin the sheriff (W. 484, p. 514 ; Vid.
Hist. 4616), seeing that Kelly, the successor of Modbert,
was middle lord in the thirteenth century. In 1241 Upcot
and Holcombe were held by Thomas and Reginald de
Uppecote and Geoffrey de la Hak for \ fee of the honour
of Okehamton (Testa, 552, p. 1806) with a middle lord
^ Fettd. Aids, 346. The heir of Joel de Uppecote holds in Uppecote
[in Wonford Hundred] along with Holecomb in Exoministre Hundred
J fee.
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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED. 223
between ; in 1285 by Joel de Uppecote and Richard Tirel
with Nicolas de Filelegh and John de Kelly as middle
lords of Hugh de Cortenay {Feud, Aids, 314) ; in 1303 by
Richard de Exton (ibid., 347) ; and in 1346 by Walter
French, John Colehaie, and Nicolas Cockescomb in succes-
sion to Joel de Oppacote, Walter Franceys, and Nicolas
Cockescomb (ibid., 387).
SoUTHWOOD was also a part of Dawlish in 1086, but
after being granted by the canons to the earl of Devon,
appears in the fee lists among estates held of the honour
of Plymton. In 1241 Thomas Mauduth held it of the
honour of Plymton for J fee (Testa, 719, p. 182a) ; in 1303
John Franceys (Fevd, Aids, 347) ; and in 1346 another
John Fraunceys (ibid., 389). In 1428 it was the estate of
WiDiam Wenard in succession to John Fraunces (ibid.,
487).
Idb is stated to have been one of the estates giyen by
King Aedelstan to the church of St. Mary and St. Peter
at Exeter (Trans, xiii. 119), and it has been suggested that
Morkshut, now called Marshal, may be the old name of
the place before the church of St. Ide was built. It was
one of the four estates which after the transfer of the see
from Crediton to Exeter in 1050 was set apart for the
support of the Exeter canons, and it continued with the
canons until their estates were taken over by the Ecclesi-
astical Commissioners.
IV. Estates held of the honour of Okehamton.
Besides the two Holcombes which were held of the
honour of Okehamton and one of them by that honour of
the canons, the following manors held in 1086 of Baldwin
the sheriff, were in later times held of his successors the
barons of Okehamton — Kenn, Gteorge Teign, and Mamhead,
also Beetor in North Bovey, the three Shapleys in Chagford,
better known as Higher and Lower Shapley, Venn and
Jesson ; but Beetor, the three Shapleys and Venn and
Jesson on the borders of Dartmoor appear to have be-
longed in 1084 to the old moorland Hundred of Moreton.
Kbwn, which takes its name from the river Kenne and
includes the outlier of Perridge, N.W. of Dunchideock, was
Baldwin the sheriff's in 1086, and descended with the rest
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224 THE EABLY HISTORY OF THE
of Baldwin's estates to John de Courtney (Trans, xxxviii.
355), who died seised of it in 1274 (A.-D. Inq. 2 Ed. I.
No. 3). In 1341 Htigh 11. Courtenay died seised of Kenn
and three mills on the Exe (A.-D. Inq. 14 Ed. HI. No. 27),
and in 1377 Hugh HI. Courtenay (A.-D. Inq. 50 Ed. III.
No. 6). It continued with the Courtenays, following the
vicissitudes of that family until the attainder of Henry,
marquis of Exeter, in 1539 (Lysons, II. 296), when it
reverted to the crown ; and the crown was still in possession
of it a century later in Risdon's time (Polwhele, II. 181).
Teion George, otherwise Teign Geory, cUicts Jory, or
George Teign, was held by Roger de Molis of Baldwin the
sheriff in 1086, and by Girard de Spineto for i fee of the
honour of Okehamton in 1241 (Testa, 548, p. 1806). It
appears among fees held of Hugh Courtenay in 1292 as
Tenge manor (A,-D. Inq, 20 Ed. I. No. 58) ; as Tindon
held by Hugh II. Courtenay in 1330 (A.-D. Inq. 4 Ed. HI.
No. 107) ; and as Tenge George among fees held of Hugh
IV. Courtenay in 1422 (A.-D. Inq. I Hen. VI. No. 63).
John le Noreys was tenant in possession in 1303 (Fevd.
Aids, 346) ; Margaret Noreys in 1346 (ibid., 389) ; and in
1428 John Shapewik (ibid., 486).
Mamhead was held in 1086 by Ralf de Pomeray of
Baldwin the sheriff, and represented the 1 fee which
Henry de Pomeray held of Robert the King's son in 1166,
i.e. of the honour of Okehamton (Black Book, 120). Before
1241 it had come into the possession of Hugh Peverel of
Ermington (probably by purchase), who then held it for
1 fee of the honour of Okehamton (Testa, 551, p. 1806).
Hugh Peverel's son, sir John Peverel, gave it with his sister
Amice to Nicolas Carew (Pole-Carew MS. No. 2 ; Polwhele,
II. 155) ; and Nicolas, son of Martin, who appears to have
married the widow of Nicolas Carew,* presented to the
rectory on 27 January, 1263, *' in right of his wife's
dower " (Bronescombe, 152). In 1303 another Nicolas
Carew was in possession of the manor (Feud. Aids, 347),
and presented to the rectory on 13 September, 1309
(Stapeldon, 233). On his death in 1311 sir John Carew
succeeded to it, whose widow, dame Joan, presented to
• Mr. Watkin suggests that Nicolas Martin must have married either
the daur. or sister of Hugh Peverel ; but if so Mamhecui would have
gone to the Martin family. Vivian's account of the early Martin family
is altogether wrong. See Trans, xlv. 171 and Vict, Hist, 565.
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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN BXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 225
the rectory on 20 January, 1349 (Orandisson, 1371), and
again on 18 March in the same year (ibid., 1405). In 1368
sir John de Goumay was in possession of the advowson in
right of the lands which he had with Elisabeth his wife
{Sbid.y 1505). In 1410 Thomas, baron Carew, held Mam-
head manor, and presented to the rectory {Stafford, 186).
Sir Thomas Carreu held Mamhead, and presented to the
rectory on 18 November, 1426 (Lacy, 88) ; in Jmie, 1429
{ibid., 118) ; and again in July 1434 (ibid., 172).
Higher and Lower Shaplbigh in Chagford were both
held in 1086 by Robert [perhaps Robert son of Hervei de
Helion] of Baldwin the sheriiBF, and appear to be repre-
sented in 1166 by the 1 fee which Goelmus de Helyun
held of Robert, the King's son, of the honour of Okehamton
(Black Book, 120). In 1247 Robert de Hylum or Helion
held Shaplegh for 1 fee of the honour of Okehamton
(Testa, 649, p. 1806). With Margaret, daughter of Robert
de Helion, Shapleigh passed to sir Richard Prouz, whose
sons William and Hugh le Prouz held Shapleigh for 1 fee
in 1303 (Fevd. Aids, 346). In 1346 Hugh Prouz was in
possession in succession to Hugh and William Prouz
(ibid., 388). In 1428 dame Joan Courtney held ^ fee in
Shapleghe in dower in succession to Hugh Prous (ibid.,
482), and Thomas Stowford held f fee in Shaplegh in suc-
cession to the same (ibid., 486).
Yet another Shapleigh was held by Grodwin in 1086 of
Baldwin the sheriff. This appears to be the estate now
known as Venn and Jesson, otherwise Jordaneston in
Chagford, which Herbert de Cumbe held for J fee in 1241
of the honour of Okehamton (Testa, 650, p. 1806). Before
1303 Robert de Valepitte had succeeded Herbert de
Cumbe, and held La Fenne and Jordaneston for J fee
(Fevd. Aids, 346), and in 1346 William Prous and Thomasia
Kirkham held the same J fee in La Fenne and Jordaneston
of the honour of Okehamton, which had been previously
held by the free tenants of the same (ibid., 388).
Respecting Beetor in North Bovey I have been unable
to obtain any information. In 1086 it was held by Ansger
of Baldwin the sheriff. All other of Ansger's estates held
of Baldwin the sheriff appear in later times as held by the
family of de Esse or Ash of the honour of Okehamton.
Probably Beetor was also by de Esse.
VOL. XLvn. p
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226 THB BABLY HISTORY OF THE
V. E^atea held of the honour of Berry.
The estates held of the honour of Berry include four
manors held by, or of RaJf de Pomeray in 1086, viz.
Ashcombe, Holcombe, Peamore, and Mowlish. Ashcombe
and Holcombe Ralf de Pomeray held himself, Roger [son
of Payne] held Peamore under him, and Richard held
Mowlish also under him.
Ashcombe, otherwise called Aylicheston (Feud, Aids^
487) and Alleston (ibid,, 346), was held in 1292 by Nicolas
de Kirkham as a freehold of the manor of Berry by the
render of a pair of white gloves at Easter (Testa, 966, p. 185a
in Trans, xxviii. 368). In 1303 Baldwin de Countevill was
tenant in possession (F&ud. Aids, 346). Before 1346
Baldwin had been succeeded by Thomasia Kirkham, who
held Alycheston for i fee (ibid,, 389). In 1428 Thomas
Kirkham had succeeded Thomasia Kirkham (ibid,, 487),
and in 1468 Robert Kirkham died seised of Ashcombe
(A,'D, Inq. 7 Ed. IV. No. 49).
GrosHn, son of Ralf de Pomeray of Domesday, had about
1125, with the consent of Emma his wife and Ws five sons,
Henry, Roger, Philip, Goslin, and Ralf, given to St. Mary
du Val the tithe of his capital manor of Berry, the manor
of Canonteign, and all his chapel rights in England (Col.
Docts. in France, 636, in Trans, xxxix. 375). These chapel
rights included St. George's Clyst and Ashcombe. In
1167 Henry de Pomeray the younger confirmed all the
gifts of Goslin de Pomeray [his grandfather] and of Henry
his son [his father] to St. Mary du Val ** in advowsons and
other possessions both in England and Normandy " (ibid.,
537). Owing to the difficulty of oversea communications
St. Mary du Val found it more convenient to grant the
tithes of these chapelries to their chaplains serving there
in consideration of a reserved rent or pension, and thus
the chaplain of Ashcombe became a rector charged with
the payment of 6 shillings to St. Mary by way of pension
(Dugdale, Mon, 2486).
Some time before 1259 — ^the year in which there is first
evidence of Merton priory presenting to St. George's
Clyst — ^the house of St. Mwry du Val had made over their
lands and church rights in England to the prior and
convent of Merton in exchange for lands and churches
belonging to Merton priory in the diocese of Bayeux
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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN BXMINSTER HUNDRED. 227
(Oliver, Mon, 65). The exchange was confirmed by Henry
de Pomeray, heir of the donor on 16 February, 1268
(Com. Fine, No. 256), and approved by bishop Walter
Branscombe on 29 May, 1278 (Bronesccmbe, fol. 86), and
by his successor Peter Quivil on 26 April, 1282 (Oliver,
Mon. 66). Thus the patronage of Berry Pomeroy, St.
George's Qyst, and Ashcombe, together with the manor
of Canon Teign, came into the possession of the prior and
convent of Merton, and the priory became entitled to the
chief rents or pensions reserved on the grants of these
rectories. The prior and convent of Merton presented to
St. George's Clyst on 29 August, 1269 (Bronescombe, 125),
and to Ashcombe on 7 June, 1280 (ibid., 108), and from
that time exercised the patronage continuously until the
dissolution.
The chief feature about Pomeray's Holcombb or
Holcomma was that there were there four salt- workers. It
must therefore have lain on a stream close by the sea.
The late Mr. Davidson accordingly identified it with
Holcombe or East Teignmouth (Trans, xiii. 130). With
aU respect to so great an authority this identification
seems to me impossible for two reasons. First, Pomeray's
Holcomma would be held of the honour of Berry, whereas
the Teignmouth Holcombe was held of the honour of
Okehamton (Testa, 564, p. 1806). Secondly, the lords
paramount of the Teignmouth Holcombe were the canons
of Exeter, showing that Teignmouth Courtney must have
originally formed part of their Dawlish estate.
It is therefore suggested that Pomeray's Holcomma is
most probably the estate in Combe-in-Teignhead known
as Combe Cellars or Combe Salterns, Combe being an
abbreviation of Holcombe and Cellars of salinaria or
salterns. The same word written Celer is met with as a
place name in Branscombe in 1270 (Devon Fine, No. 712).
There are also Clay Cellars in Kingsteignton. I am in-
debted to Mr. A. J. P. Skinner, of Colyton, for first drawing
attention to this meaning of the word Cellars, and it is
confirmed by Mr. R. Pearse Chope (Trans, xliii. 276, n. 4).
Mr. Davidson had previously explained a saltern as a
salt-aem or salt-shed (Trans, xiii. 113 n.).
Peamobe, also called Peamore BoUay, was held in
Domesday by Roger, son of Pagan, of Ralf de Pomeray.
There is no mention of it among fees held of Henry de
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228 THE EARLY HISTORY OP THE
Pomeray in 1241, and it may be presumed that it had
been acquired by purchase by William Briewere the elder,
and had passed on the division of the Briewere estate in
1235 through his daughter Margaret de Affertis to Patrick
de Chaworth, because it is subsequently described as held
of the honour of I^ancaster, Chaworth's honour {Fevd.
AidSy 389). Chaworth seems to have parted with it to
Deneys, as Robert le Deneys was in possession in 1289
{Devon Fine, No. 846), Robert's successor was Nicolas de
Kirkham, who in 1315 held it as middle lord of Patrick de
Chaworth (A.-D. Inq. 8 Ed. H. No. 56 (Rolls Ser.) 293).
Before 1303, when Joan de Bolhay held Peamore for J fee
(Fevd. Aids, 346), Nicolas Kirkham had sold the manor
to Bolhay, retaining the lordship of the fee and some 205
acres which descended in Kirkham's family. In 1431
Robert Kirkham came into possession (A.-D, Inq. 20
Hen. VI. No. 51), and in 1443 died seised of 3 messuages,
200 acres of arable and 5 acres of meadow at Peamore,
held of the duchy of Lancaster (A.-D. Inq. 22 Hen. VI.
No. 12). To him succeeded another Robert Kirkham,
who died seised of the same lands ia 1454 (A.-D. Inq. 33
Hen. VT. No. 14), and then another Robert Kirkham, who
died in 1468 seised of the fee of the manor (A.-D. Inq. 7
Ed. rV. No. 49). As already stated, the actual possessor
of the manor in 1303 was Joan de Bolhay. Philippa
Bolhay was next in possession {Feud. Aids, 389). She
was succeeded by John Cobham, who married Amice,
daughter and heiress of James Bolhay, and in 1346 held
Peamore for \ fee of Nicolas Kirkham, Kirkham holding
it of the honour of Lancaster (Feud. Aids, 389). After
continuing for several generations in the Cobham family,
on the death of Elisabeth, heiress of Cobham, without
issue, the right to it was contested between sir William
Bonvill and the heirs general of Cobeham, which were
lord Hungerford, HUle of Spaxton, and Bamfield of
Poltimore. Sir William Bonvill was the successful claimant,
through whom it descended to Henry Gray, duke of
Suffolk, and on his attainder reverted to the crown (Pol-
whele, n. 107).
MowLiSH, in Kenton, was in 1086 the estate of Richard,
who held it of Ralf de Pomeray. Richard's successor
there in 1166 was Nicolas de Mulhiwis, who held Mowlish
for i fee of Henry de la Pomeray {Black Book, 129). In
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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 229
1219 William de Mowlish was in possession, and on 24 June
in that year exchanged a ferling in Mowlish for a f erling in
Clampit with Robert de Mowlish the owner of Clampit
{Devon Fine^ No. 110). In 1241 William de Molehywisse
held Mowlish for i fee of Henry de Pomeray (Testa, 771,
p. 1826), and on 12 Jmie, 1244, ceded to Ralf, son of
Peter, a moiety of an oxgang of land at Ashf ord Peverel
on the north side (Devon Fine, No. 404). Before 1303
this i fee had passed to John de la Bourne (Fevd. Aids,
347 ; Pole, 268).
VT. Estate held of the honour of Marshwood.
Quite distinct from Pomeray's manor of Mowlish is the
small quillet of South Mowlish or Milehyuis, which the
English thane Saulf held of the King along with Manne-
heva or Ashford Peverel in 1086. In 1241 this quillet was
held for J fee by Robert de Molehiwis of the honour of
Marshwood (Testa, 842, p. 183a). In 1303 Henry de
Moulish was in possession (Fevd. Aids, 389), who on 6
October, 1310, granted 1 messuage and 2 ferlings at
Cofiford to Maurice de Coketon or Cofton and Joan his
wife, with reversion on failure of heirs by Joan to his own
son Maurice (Devon Fine, No. 976). In 1346 John Garland
was in possession of this J fee (Fevd. Aids, 389), and in
1428 Roger Mowlysh was the holder (ibid., 487).
VII. Estates held of the honour of Braneys.
The estates held of the honour of Braneys are the four
which William Capra or his tenants held in 1086. They
include North Shillingford, Towsington, and Matford
Speke in Exminster, and Nether Haccombe, otherwise
Netherton, in Combe-in-Teignhead. Shillingford and Tow-
sington were held in 1086 by William Capra himself, and
in 1166 by Roger de Omnibus Sanctis, alias Touz Seynts
(Black Book, 122).
In the foundation deed of Tor abbey, which dates from
1199, William Briewere, the founder, asserts that he has
purchased from William de Tracy [successor of William
Capra] for 4 score marks the lordship of North ShHiT.tng-
FORD, in Exminster, and has given the same to Tor abbey
(Oliver, Mon. 173). This William de Tracy was the son
of sir Gervase de Courtney (Tor. Cart, in Oliver, Mon. 187a)
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230 THE EABLY HISTOEY OF THE
and his wife Eva, daughter and heiress of William de
Tracy, who held the honour of Braneys in 1166 and died
in 1176 {Devon Not. artd Qu, ii. 188). The estate given to
Tor abbey was in consequence known as ShiUingford
abbot, and in one place is written Sibbrigeford (Devon
Fine, No. 201). It included Pengilly and Great and Little
Bowhays (Polwhele, 107, 108), and being held free from
mSitary service does not appear subsequently in the fee
lists.
TowsiNGTON, simply called Esseministre in Domesday,
takes its distinctive name from Roger de Touz Seyntz,
who held it in 1166, along with MidcUeton in Parracombe
in Shirwell Hundred, for 2 fees of William de Tracy, the
holder of the honour of Braneys (BUick Book, 122). As
Middleton was held in 1241 by the heir of Adam de Bame-
vill for 1 fee of the honour of Barnstaple (Testa, 21, p. 175a)»
it must have been held by William de Tracy of the honour
of Barnstaple ; for in the same year Lucas de Tuz Seinz
and Lucas de Bar[n]evill held Txlz Seinzeston or Towsing-
ton for 1 fee of the honour of Braneys (Testa, 817, p. 183a).
Five years later, on 12 November, 1246, Isabella, widow
of Lucas de Bamevill, surrendered her dower from lands
in Tuzseinteston and Middleton to John de Weston and
Joan his wife (Devon Fine, No. 469), who in 1303 were in
possession (Feud. Aids, 346). John de Weston died seised
of Towsmgton in 1324 (A.-D. Inq, 17 Ed. II. No. 63). In
1346 William de Weston held 1 fee in Touzceyneston in
succession to John de Weston, " and it is parcel of those
2 fees in respect of which John de Weston was charged
for his relief " (ibid., 389). " The tenants it is said paid
for \ fee (ibid,, 437), and William de Weston paid on 1 fee
for Touzceyneston and on f fee for Middleton in the
Hundred of ShirweU*^ parcel of the said manor " (ibid.,
440). In 1428 the coimtess of Devon held the 2 fees of
Towsington and Middleton in dower (ibid., 482).
Matford Speke, one-half the size of Matford Butter,
and probably now Higher Matford, was held in 1086 by
one Half, son of Pagan, who also held Ash Bogus in
Braunton, Awliscombe Tremenet in Awliscombe, Cobbaton
' Feud. Aids, 416, a.d. 1346 •. WiUiam de Weaton for f fee in Middle-
ton, parcel of Tousceiniston held of the honour of Braneys in ohief, whioh«
John de Weeton aforetime held, and it ia parcel of those 2 fees for which
John de Weston was charged for his relief.
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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED. 231
in Whimple, and Puddington of the honour of Braneys^
besides a small estate annexed to Buckerel (W. 878, p. 718 ;
Vict. Hist. 506). In 1241 Nicolas le Engimur was tenant
in possession of Matford Speke, which he held for i fee of
Hie honour of Braneys through a middle lord {Testa, 818,
p. 183a). In 1270 Robert &ioel and Petronilla his wife
were in possession, who on 27 January in that year con-
veyed 1 ploughland at Matford to Oliver de Dinham
{Devon Fine, No. 686). In 1303 the heir of Joce Deneham
had succeeded to it (Feud. Aids, 346). Matford descended
in the Dinham family, and was held in 1346 by John
Dynham and Henry Ordolf {ibid., 389). In 1428 John
Dynham, chivaler, William Boter, and Robert Beste held
\ fee in Matford Speke in succession to John Dynham and
Henry Ordolf {ibid., 482).
The fourth and last estate which belonged to the honour
of Braneys in this Hundred was Hacoma, Nether Hac-
COMBE or NiTHERTON in Combe-in-Teignhead. In 1086
this manor was held by Robert [le Baron], who also held
Buckland Baron in Haytor Hundred {Trans, xl. 124).
Nitherton and Buckland Baron constitute the \\ fees
which Richard le Barun held of William de Tracy in 1166
(Black Booh, 122). In 1241 Netherton was held for 1 fee
by John le Barun and Walter per Tut (Testa, 816, p. 183a).
Before 1303 Netherton had been divided and was held in
moieties (Devon Not. and Qu. i. 107), Eustace le Baroun
holding i fee in Nytherecote, and Isabella de Brente.
holding t fee in Nitherton (Fevd. Aids, 346). Before 1346*
William Baron had succeeded to Eustace le Baron's i fee
in Nitheriton or Nytherecote, and Peter Clyfford to
Isabella de Brenta's J fee in Netherton (ibid., 388). In
1428 William Baron's i fee was held by Nicolas Carrowe
and Joan his wife, Matilda, widow of John Fokeray,
William Fokeray, William Werthe, and William Medbome,
whilst Peter ClyflEord's \ fee was held by the same persons
with the addition of Richard ClifiEord (ibid., 482).
VIII. Estates held of the honour of Hereford.
Only two estates in this county were held of the honour
of Hereford, viz. Powderham in the Himdred of Exminster
and Whitstone in the Himdred of Wonford. William de
Ow or de Eu was the Domesday lord of both, but on the
forfeiture of William's son in 1096 the lordship was given
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232 THB BABLY HISTORY OF THE
to the earl of Hereford (Bound, Peerage^ 187 ; Polwhele,
n. 170). The tenant of both, under William de Ow, m
1086 was Rannulf [de Powderham]. Peter de Poudreham
was in possession about 1212, and was succeeded by his
son Thomas de Pouderham (Devon Fine^ No. 80), who
was in possession in 1219. Roger de Pouderham followed
in 1249 (ibid.y No. 476), but probably owing to the minority
of Andrew de Pouderham sir Hugh de Bohun, son of the
earl of Hereford, presented to the rectory in 1268 {Brcfnes-
combe, 164). Andrew de Poderham had succeeded to the
manor and advowson before 1263 (Trans', xliv. 334), and
in 1271 presented to the rectory (Broneacornhey 164).
In 1286 John de Powderham succeeded him (Trans.
xliv. 334). He held Powderham in 1303 by paying to the
earl of Hereford 2 marks a year (Fevd. Aids, 347). His
son John, the last of the Powderhams, was under age in
1321, when Humfrey de Bohun as his guardian presented
to the rectory (Stapeldon, 244). He di^ soon afterwards,
and Humfrey de Bohun then gave Powderham manor
with his daughter Margaret to Hugh III., 2nd earl of
Devon, who in turn gave it to his son sir Philip Courtney
(Polwhele, 11. 170). A presentation was made to the
rectory on 17 February, 1348, by Henry de Nortone " in
right of the dower of Agnes his wife in the manor of
Powderham " (Orandisson, 1376). This cannot have been
Agnes St. John, the wife of the first earl, as suggested by
prebendary Hingeston-Bandolph, because Agnes St. John
•had been then dead eight years, having predeceased her
husband.® Neither the first earl of Devon nor his wife had
any interest in Powderham. I do not find Agnes' name
among the numerous daughters of the second earl and
Margaret. Yet it seems most likely that she was a daughter,
as Margaret herself presented at the next vacancy in 1391
only a fortnight before her death (BrarUyngham, 116).
IX. Estate of the abbot of Bucfast.
Tbusham is the only estate in this Himdred which the
abbot of Bucfast held. It was his before the Conquest,
and it continued to be his until the dissolution of the
abbey on 26 February, 1638. Although the revenue from
• Hugh II. Courtney was created earl of Devon on 22 Februarv, 1336,
and died 23 December, 1340. His wife Agnes, daur. of Jolm lord St.
John, predeceased him on 11 June, 1340, and was never a widow or
married a second time (Vivian, Visit. 244).
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PRINCIPAL liANOBS IN BXMINSTBR HUNDBBD. 233
assessed rents at Trusham amounted to £10 14s. 10|d.,
yet only 7s. 2d. was derived from free tenants (Oliver,
Mon. 376). We shall therefore perhaps be right in con-
cluding that this amount was paid from the estate of
Staplehill, where a family, taking its name from the place,
maintained itself from the time of Henry III. to that of
Elisabeth (Polwhele, II. 117). At Trusham, as on most
of the Bucfast Abbey estates, the local chaplain held the
rectory by grant from the abbey. For such a grant the
rector of Bucklastleigh paid 16s. 8d. a year, the rector of
Down St. Mary £2 13s. 4d., the rector of Petrockstow
£1 6s. 8d., and the rector of Trusham 1 lb. of wax (Oliver,
Mon. 377). The reserved annuity is sometimes called a
portion {ibid., 376), at other times a pension (ibid., 377).
The meaning of these terms has been already explained
(Trans, xxxix. 390).
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234
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PBINCIPAL MANORS IN BXMINSTSB HUNDRED. 235
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236 PBIKCIPAL UAISOBS IS BXHINSTBB HXJNDBBD.
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INDEX TO PAPERS ON EXMINSTER HUNDRED
AND THE MANORS IN THE SAME.
(Names of places are in itaUcs.)
Aderet or Edred the forester,
208, 218
Aedelstan, King, 223
Aedelward, younger son of
Alfred, 196, 210
Affertis, Margaret de, 228
Aimar or Almaer the Saxon, 204
Aldhehn, bishop of Sherborne,
196
AlenUyrui, 196. SeeYealmpton
Alfred, King, 194, 196, 217
Algar the Saxon, 204
Allemagne, Richard of, 217
AUeston, 226. See Ashcombe
Alsi the Saxon, 206
AUalage, 198
Alured the cupbearer, 203, 220
Aluric Piga, 204
Alwy Tabe the Saxon, 203
Amadas, Catharine, wife of
William, 214
Amadas, William, 214
Ancient Crown Lordships, 194,
195, 210
Anger or Ansger, 204, 226
Aret the Saxon, 204
Ash Bogus, in Braunton, 230
Ashcombe, 199, 201, 204, 208,
226, 234 ; advowson, 226
Ashfarm, Lyson in Kenton, 206
216
Ashford Peverel, 206, 208, 216,
229 236
Ashton, 200, 201, 207, 216, 234
Atwill, 201
Awliscombe Tremanet, 230
Aylicheston, 226. See Ash-
combe
B
Baldwin the sheriff, 203, 208,
222, 223, 224, 226
Baldwin, earl of Exeter, 4 ;
earl of Devon, 212
BaU family, 13, 14
Bamfield family, 228
Bamevill, Adam de, 230
Bamevill, Isabella, widow of
Lucas de, 230
Bamevill, Lucas de, 230
Barnstaple honour, 230
Barun, Eustace le, 231
Barun, John le, 231
Barun, Richard le, 231
Barun, Robert le, 231
Barun, WilHam, 231
Bat, Robert le, 222
Battle, monks of, 202, 212
Bayeux diocese, 223
Bayonen, William de, rector of
Exminster, 211
Beaumont, Robert de, 204
Beetor, in North Bovey, 204,.
223, 226
Beneyt, Joan, wife of William,.
211
Beneyt, William, of Exminster,
211
Berry horumr, 226-228
Berry Pomeroy, 226
Beste, Robert, 231
Bigbury, William, 214
Bishopsteignton, 200, 201, 202,
208, 220, 234
Bisiman, Walter de, 211
Bitelescombe, Agnes, wife of
Robert de, 220
Bitelescombe, Robert de, 220
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238 INDBX TO FAPSBS ON BXMINSTBB HT7NDBBD
Blund, Robert, 216
Bohun, Hugh de, 232
Bohun, Humphrey de, 232
Bohun, Margaret, wife of Hugh
III Courtraiay, 219, 232
Bolhay, Joan de, 228
Bolhay, Philippa, 228
Bonvalet, Half, 215
Bonvyle, Sir William, 228
Boter, Botour, Henry le, 219,
220
Boter, Botour, Joan, wife of
Henry, 220
Boter, William, 231
Bourne, John de la, 229
Bowhays in Exminster, 205,
230, 235
Bramble, outher of Trusham,
203
BraneySy honour of, 219, 220,
229-231
Branscombe, Adam, 214
Branscombe, Alice, wife of
Adam, 214
Brente, Isabella de, 231
Brenton in Exminster, 210, 211,
235
Brenton, Adam de, 211
Brenton, Reginald de, 211
Brenton, Walter de, 211
Brickhouse in Kenton, 218
Bridfard, 213
Brindey in East Teignmouth,
217
Brismar the Saxon, 203, 206
Briwere, William, bishop of
Exeter, 197
Briwere, WilUam, 228, 229
Bronescombe, bishop, 198, 227
Brook, lord, 214
Brooking Rowe, 208
Brydges, Sir Thomas, 221
Bubb, 201
Buefast, abbot of, 203, 208,
232
Buckerel, 231
Buckfastleighy 197
Buckfast rectory, 232
Bucldand Baron, 231
Budockeside, Buttockyside ,
Nicolas de, 213
Budockeside, William de, 211,
213
Budockeside, Thomas de, 213
Burgayn, Joan, wife of Walter,
214
Burgayn, Walter, 214
Burtone, Ehsabeth, wife of
Robert, 214
Burtone, Robert, 214
Bykebury, WiUiam, 214
Canons' estates, 203, 221, 223,
227
Canonteign, 226
Canra, William, 205, 208, 229
Carew, Carru, Amice Peverel,
wife of Nicolas, 224
Carew, Joan, widow of John,
224
Carew, Joan, wife of Nicolas,
216, 231
Carew, John, 224
Carew, Carru, Carrowe, Nicolas,
216, 224, 231
Carew, — , daur. of Nicolas,
wife of Nicolas son of Mar-
tin, 224 n.
Carew, Thomas, baron, 225
CarsewiUe hundred, 199
Carswell, 214
Cary family, 201
Cekr in Branscombe, 227
Charlioood in Ashcombe, 205 n.
Chaworth, Patrick de, 228
Cheriton FUzpaine, 194, 220
Cheverston in Kenton, 213
Cheverston, Joan, daur. of
Hugh III Courtenay, wife of
John de, 219
Cheverston, John de, 219
Cheverston, William de, 219
Chickstone rock, Exmouth, 217
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AKD THS MANORS IN THB SAME.
239
Ckitterleigh in Bickleigh, 220
Chope, R. Pearse, 227
ChudUigh, 200, 201, 202, 220,
221,234
Chudleigh family, 216
Clampit in Kenton, 229
Clay CeUara in Kingsteignton,
227
CliffOTd family, 201
Clifford, Peter, 231
Clifford, Richard, 231
Clyst St. Oeorge advowson, 226,
227
Clyst St. Mary, 216
CobcxUm alias Cobden in
Whimple, 230
Cobham, Elisabeth, heiress of,
228
Cobham, John, 228
Cockescumb, Nicolas, 223
Cofford in Kenton, 229
Cofton, Coketon, Joan, wife of
Maurice de, 229
Cofton, Maurice de, 229
Colehaie, John, 223
Collegiate church at Exminster,
194
CoUumpton, 212
Combe Cellars, Holcomma, in
Combe - in - Teignhead, 204,
226,234
Combe-in-Teignhead, 226, 231,
234
Combe Pafford in St. Mary-
church, 221
Cornwall, Edmund, earl of, 217
Cornwall, Richard, earl of, 217
Cotford in Sidhxiry, 212
Countevill, Baldwin de, 226
County lands, 196, 217
Courtney, Sir Gervase de, 229
Courtenay family, 201, 219
Courtenay, Agnes, wife of Hugh
n, 232n.
Courtenay, Edward, 3rd earl of
Devon, a.d. 1377-1419, 211
Courtenay, Henry, marquis of
Exeter, 224
Courtenay, Hugh II, created
earl of Devon 22 Feb., 1336,
died 23 Dec., 1340, 199, 211,
232 n., 224
Courtenay, Hugh III, 2nd earl
of Devon, a.d. 1340-1377,
211, 212, 219, 224, 232
Courtenay, Hugh IV, 4th earl
of Devon, a.d. 1419-1422,
211, 212, 224
Courtenay, Joan, 226
Courtenay, John, 224
Courtenay, Margaret Bohun,
wife of Hugh lU, 219, 232
Courtenay, Peter, of Borscombe,
221
Courtenay, Philip, of Powder-
ham, son of Hugh in, 219,
232
Courtenay, Thomas I, 6th earl
of Devon, 211
Courtenay, Thomas II, 6th earl
of Devon, 211
Courtenay, William, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, a.d.
1380-1396, 212
Courtenay, sir William of
Powderham, 218
Courtenay, sir William, 200
Courtenay, viscount, 222
Cove family, 201
Crediton, see of, 196
Cridie Helion in Upton Helion,
216
Crown or Prince's estates, 217-
220
Cumbe, Herbert de, 226
Custom of Kenton manor, 218
Daniel, bishop of Winchester,
196
Darling's Rock, Lympstone, 217
Davidson, the late Mr., 227
Dawlish, 200, 201, 203, 208,
221, 223
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240 INDEX TO PAPERS ON SXMINSTBB HUNDRED
Deneys, Robert le, 228
Deneys, Thomas, 214
Densham in Woolfardisworthy,
220
Devon, Amice, countess of,
210
Devon, earls of, 210, 211, 222,
223. See Cburtenay
Devon, sheriff of, 203, 208, 221
Doddescumbe, Alan de, 214
Dodescumbe, Cecilia de, 213,
214
Dodescumbe, Joan, wife of
Ralf de, 214
Dodescumbe, Ralf de, 213,
214
Dodescumbe, John, 214
Doddiscombsleigh, Leigh Pev-
erel, Leigh Guobol, 200, 201,
206, 208, 213, 215, 235
Dowdney, 201
Down St. Mary rectory, 233
Drake, 201
Drewe, 200
Dudley, sir Andrew, 220
Dunchidiocky Donshidiok, 200,
201, 206, 208, 213, 235
Dynham family, 196
Dynham, Deneham, Joce de,
220, 231
Dynham, John de, 220, 231
Dynham, Oliver de, 220
E
East Teignmouth or Holcombe,
201, 203, 222, 234
Echa, reeve of Exminster, 212
Eddida, queen, 202
Edgecombe, 214
Edward the Confessor, 202, 206,
221
Edward II, 217
Edwy the Saxon, 204
Eleanor, queen, 217
Elisabeth, queen, 233
Engimur, Nicolas le, 231
Erdulf or Eddulf the Saxon,
204
Esse alias Ash family, 225
Ethelward, son of Alfred, 196
Exe river, 194, 196, 217
Exe, minster on river, 196, 197
Exeter, St. Mary and St. Peter,
223
Exeler, St. Nicolas priory, 212
Exeter, St. Olave's church, 212
Exeter, St, PeUr's, 221
Exeter, bishops of, 202
Leofric, a.d. 1060-1073, p.
221
Osbem, a.d. 1073-1104, p.
208
WilUam Warelwast, a.d.
1107-1137, p. 196
Robert Warelwast, a.d.
1155-1161, p. 196
John FitzDuke, a.d. 1186-
1191, p. 211
William Briewere, a.d. 1224—
1244, p. 197
Walter Bronescombe, a.d.
126^-1280, p. 198
Peter Quivil, a.d. 1280-1291,
p. 227
Walter Stapeldon, a.d. 1308-
1326, p. 200
Edmund Lacy, a.d. 1420-
1465, p. 220
John Vesey, a.d. 1619-1664,
p. 220, 221
Exeter, estates held of the
bishop of, 220, 221
Exeter, dean and chapter of,
198, 200
Exeter, precentor of, 221
Exeter, Baldwin earl of, 196
Exeter burgesses belonging to
Kenn, 203
Exminster, ancient crown lord-
ship, 194, 200, 202, 206, 212,
236 ; given to earl of Devon,
210
Exminster Hundred, 194, 199,
210 ; bailiffship of, 210
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AND THE MANOBS JN THE SAME.
241
Exminster, collegiate church,
194
Exminster, presbyters of, 194,
208
Exminster advowson, 211
ExtoK. Richard de, 222, 223
ExweU in Powderham, 202
Fen next Poughill, 216
Filelegh, Nicolas de, 223
Fitz Raw, son of Ralf, 215
Fokeray, John, 231
Fokeray, Matilda, widow of
John, 231
Fokeray, William, 231
Foliot, Robert, 213
Fortibus, Isabella de, died 1293,
210
Pranceys, Fraunceys, French,
John, 223
Franceys, French, Walter, 223
Frizenham in Little Torington,
219
Fulcher, 206, 208, 214
G
Garland, John, 229
Geare, 200
Gerent, 194
Germyn, William, registrar of
Exeter, 197
Godbold the Saxon, 206, 208
Godwin, 204
Godwin, earl, 212
Gore, David atte, 222
Gore, Serlo de la, 222
Qonoay Cross in East Teign-
mouth, 222
Goumay, Elisabeth, wife of
John de, 225
Goumay, John de, 224
Grey, Henry, duke of Suffolk,
228
VOL. XLVn.
Gubbewolt, Hugh, 214
Outteridgey outUer of Kenton,
217
Gytha, countess, widow of earl
Godwin, 212
H
Hackworthy in Tedbum, 216
Hak, Geoffrey de la, 222
Hakeworth, John de, 216
Haldon, Holdeham in Kenn,
210, 212, 236
Harberton, 195, 196
Harcombe m Chudleigh, 220,234
Haytor hundred^ 199
Heavitree, Evetruwe, 198
Hedda, bishop of West Saxons,
196
Helion, Alan de, 225
Helion, Alice, daur. of Hervei
de, 216
Helion, Emma, widow of Her-
vei de, 207, 208, 216
Helion, Goscelm de, 226
Helion, Hervei de, 207, 208,
216
Helion, Margaret, daur. of Alan
de, wife of Richard Prouz,
225
Helion, Robert (several), 216,
225
Helion, Helihun, WiUiam de,
216
Hembury Castle in Buckfast-
leigh, 197
Henry I, 195, 196, 211, 215
Henry II, 213
Henry III, 210, 217, 233
Hereford Honour, 231-233
Hereford, earl of, 231
Highweeky Teignwick, 197
Hingeston, Randolph, pre-
bendary, 197, 232
HiU, 201
Hill of Spaxton, 228
Hoker, John, 200
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242 INDEX TO PAPERS ON EXMINSTER HUNDRED
Holand, Alice, wife of Thomas
de, 218
Holand, Thomas de, earl of
Kent, 218
Holbeyn, Elisabeth, wife of
WiUiam, 214
Holbeyn, WiUiam, 214
Holcombe, Higher, alids East
Teignmouth, 201, 221, 222,
234
Holcombe in Dawlish, alias
Lower Holcombe, 201, 222,
234
Holcombe, Holcomme, alias
Combe Cellars in Combe-in-
Teignhead, 226, 227
Honorius III, pope, 197
Honyton, Roger, 201
Hmigerford, lord, 228
Hunt, 201
Hurst, 201
Ide, 200, 201, 203, 208, 221,
223, 235
lUon in Malborough, 219
Ina, King, 194
Isabel, queen, 217
JeaaoUy Jurdaneston, in Chag-
ford, 199, 201, 204, 223, 225
Joel, Warin, son of , 213
John, King, 217
K
Kelly, John de, 223
Kenbury, 202, 212, 213, 235
Kenn, 199, 200, 203, 208, 223,
236
Kenne river, 223
Kent, Edmund, earl of, 217
Kent, Elisabeth, widow of John,
eari of, 218
Kent, John, earl of, 218
Kent, Margaret, wife of Ed-
mund, earl of, 218
Kenton, a county land belong-
ing to Exminster, 194, 195,
198, 201, 202, 208, 217, 236 ;
boundaries of, 217 ; custom
of, 218
Kenton rectory, 208, 218 ; pre-
bendal, 195, 196, 198
Kenton vicarage, settlement of,
218
Kenton Courtney in Kenton,
219
Kingsteignton, 195, 196, 197
Knoel, Petronilla, wife of
Robert, 231
Knoel, Robert, 231
Kyllebire, Isabella de, 222
Kyrkham, Robert, 226, 228
Kyrkham, Nicolas de, 221, 228
Kyrkham, Thomasia, 225, 226
Kyrkham, Thomas, 226
Lancaster, honour of, 228
Langdon in Ashcombe, 205 n.
Langedon, Amy,wife of William
de, 210
Leigh Peverd, 200. See Dod-
discombsleigh
Leofric, bishop of Exeter, 221
Le Poer, Richard, bishop of
Sarum, 197
Leuegar the Saxon, 205
Leualiga in Doddescombsleigh,
206,213. See Lowly
Leuge, 206, 213. See Doddis-
combsleigh
Littiltone, Thomas de, 214
Litilton, Robert, 214
Liiile Torington, 219
Lower Holcombe in Dawlish,
222
Lotver Bixtail in Bishopst^ign-
ton, 221, 234
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AND THE MANOBS IN THS SAME.
243
Lower or North Shillingford,
229
Lowly Leualiga in Doddes
combsleigh, 206, 208, 209,
213, 235
Lowton Peverd in Moreton
Hampstead, 213
Luton in Bishopsteignton,
Luneveton, 220, 221, 234
Lyneham in Yealmpton, 197
M
Malboroughy 219
Mamhead, 200, 201, 204, 208,
223, 224, 236
Manaton, 208, 217, 218
Manneheva or Ashford Peverel,
229
March, earl of, 217
Marshal family, 200
Marshal or Markshut, in Ide,
223
Marahwood honour, estate held
of, 229
Martin, Nicolas, son of, 200, 224
Matford Butter or Matford
barton in Exminster, 201,
203, 219, 235
Matford Immer, 203
Matford Speke or Higher Mat-
ford in Exminster, 205, 219,
229, 230, 235
Matford or Lower Matford in
Alphington, 219
Mauduth, Thomas, 223
Medbome, William, 231
Melehywis, William de, 215.
See Mowlish
Merton priory, 226
Middleton in Shirwell Hundred,
230
Modhert, son of Lambert, 222
Mohun, John, of Cadeleigh, 220
Molehiwis, Robert de, 229. See
Mowlish
Molis, Roger de, 203, 224
Monte Geroldi, Ralf de, 214
Mor, Elisabeth, wife of John,
220
Mor, John, 220
Moreton Hundred, 194, 199, 223
Morkahut, 223. See Ide
Mortain, count of, 203, 220
Mowlish, Bolewis, in Kenton,
200, 201, 205, 208, 228, 236
Mowlish, Moulish, Henry de,
229
MowUsh, Maurice, son of Henry
de, 229
Mowlish, Mulhiwis, Nicolas de,
228
Mowlish, Molehiwis, Robert de,
229
Mowlish, Roger de, 229
Mowlish, Molehywisse, WiUiam
de, 215, 229
Mulhiwis, Nicolas de, 228. See
Mowlish
N
Nether Rixtail in Bishopsteign-
ton, 220, 221, 234
Netherton, Hacoma, in Combe-
in-Teignhead, 199, 205, 231,
234
Newenham, Cecily, wife of
Simon de, 214
Newenham, John, 214
Newenham, Simon de, 214
Newenton, Alice, wife of
WilHam de, 213
Newenton, William de, 213
Newhouae, 206, 215
Nithercot, in Combe-in-Teign-
head, 231
Nitherton in Combe-in-Teign-
head, 199, 231. See Nether-
ton
Noreys, John le, 224
Noreys, Margaret le, 224
North ShiUingford, Shillingford
Abbot, in Exminster, 205,
208, 229, 235
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244
INDEX TO PAPERS ON BXMINSTEB HUNDRED
Nortone, Agnes, wife of Henry
de, 232
Nortone, Henry de, 232
Nun, kinsman of Ina, 194
Nytherecote in Combe-in-Teign-
head, 231
Nytherryictele, Roger de, 221.
See Rixtail
Okehamptoriy honour of, 222,
223-225, 227
Old Sarum, see of, 196
Old Walls in Bishopsteignton,
220
Omnibus Sanctis, Roger de, 230
Opecote in Tedbum, 222, 234
Ordolf, Henry, 231
Otre the Saxon, 205
Ou, William de, 202, 206, 231
Oxton in Kenton, 218
Pagan or Paganel, Ralf, 206,
213, 230
Pagan, Roger, son of, 206, 227
Peamore Bolhay in Exminster,
200, 205, 208, 227, 235
Pembroke, Walter de, arch-
deacon of Barnstaple, 213
Pengilly in Exminster, 205, 230
Pensions, origin of, charged on
rectories, 226, 233
Perridge, outlier of Kenton, 223
Peter family, 201
Peter, Ralf, son of, 215, 229
Peters family, 201
Peirockstow rectory, 233
Peverel, Amice, sister of sir
John, 224
Peverel, Hugh, of Ermington,
215, 224
Peverel, sir John, son of Hugh,
224
Place or Palace, in Chudleigh,
220
Plymton, honour of, 210-220,
222, 223
PlynUon priory ^ 211
Plymton, Antony, prior of,
211
Pole, Sir WiUiam, 214, 215
Pollard family, 201
Pollard, Emma, wife of John,
214
Pollard, John, of Harwood,
214
Pollard, Walter, 214
PoUimore, 228
Pomeray, Emma, wife of Goslin
de, 226
Pomerav, Goslin, son of Ralf
de, 226
Pomeray, Groslin, 4th son of
GosUn de, 226
Pomeray, Henry I, son of
GosUn, 224, 226
Pomeray, Henry II, son of
Henry de, 226
Pomerav, Henry de (several),
226, 227, 228, 229
Pomeray, Philip, 3rd son of
GosUn, 226
Pomeray, Ralf de, 204, 205,
208, 224, 226, 227, 228
Pomeray, Ralf, 5th son of Gos-
Un de, 226
Pomeray, Roger^ 2nd son of
GosUn de, 226
Portion, 233
Pouderham, Andrew de, 232
Pouderham, John de, 232
Pouderham, Peter de, 232
Pouderham, Rannulf de, 206,
232
Pouderham, Roger de, 232
Pouderham, Thomas de, 232
Powderham, 200, 206, 236
Prall, Elisabeth, wife of John,
214
PraU, John, 214
Prous, Hugh le, 226
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AND THB MANORS IN THE SAME.
245
Prous, Margaret, wife of
Richard, heiress of Helion,
216, 225
Prous, Richard, 216, 225
Prous, William, son of Richard
le, 216, 225
Pvddington, 231
Q
Quivil, Peter, bishop of Exeter,
227
R
Radway in Bishopsteignton,
220, 234
Ralegh, Walter de, 221
Ralf, Raff, son of, fitz Raw,
215
Ralf, Richard, son of, 215
Ralf, Thomas, son of, 215
Eamsburyy bishopric, 196
Red vers, Adeliza de, 195
Revdstoke chapel, 197
Richard the patrician, 196
Richard, tenant of Pomeray,
205
Risdon the historian, 224
Rixtail, 221. See Nether Rix-
tail
Ryxtynel, William de, 221
Robert, tenant of Capra, 205
Robert the king's son, 225
S
St. John, Agnes, vnie of Hugh
II Courtney, 232 n.
St. Marychurch, 221
SL Mary du Val, 226 \
SL Nicolas, Exeter, 212
St. Olave, Exeter, 212
St. Thomas, Exeter, 217 i
Salisbury church, Kenton a
prebend of, 195, 218 I
Salterns, 227 I
Sarum, bishop of, 196, 197 j
Richard le Poer, 197 I
Satchvil, Robert, 220
Saulf the EngUsh thane, 206,
207, 208, 229
Saxon settlement in Devon,
194
Sewer in Malborough, 219
Shapewik, John, 224
Shapleighin Chagford, 199,400,
201, 204, 223, 225
Shappeleghe, John, 211
Sherborne, church of, 195, 218
Sherborne, bishopric, 195, 196,
197
Sherford, 212
Shillingford St. Oeorge, alias
Shillingford Ralf, 200, 206,
208, 214, 236
Shillingford Abbot, North
Shillingford, Sibbrigeford, in
Exminster, 200, 205, 229.
See North Shillingford
Shillingford, Baldwin de, 215
Shillingford, John de (several),
215
Shillingford, Osmund de, 215
Shillingford, Ralf de, 200, 215
Shillingford, Ralf, son of Ralf
de, 215
Shillingford, William (several),
215
Skinner, A. J. P., of Colyton,
227
Southcot family, 200
Southern Teignmouth, 222. See
East Teignmouth
Souih Mowlish in Kenton,
Mylehyuis, 207, 208, 229,
236
South Teign in Chagford, 217
Southwood in Dawlish, 210, 222,
223, 234
Spaxton, 228
Speke, William le, 200, 215
Spineto, Girard de, 224
Stapeldon, Walter, bishop of
Exeter, 200
Staplehill in Trusham, 233
Staplehill family, 201, 233
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246
INDEX TO PAPERS ON EXMINSTER HUNDRED
Staverton, 221
Stock in Holne, 197
Stocldeigh, 194
Stocldeigh Englishy 194
Stockkigh Luccombe in Cheriton
Fitzpaine, 194, 220
Stocldeigh Pomeroy, 194
Stoke €amm, 194
Stokenham, 197
Stowford, Thomas, 226
Strode, John, 214
Strode, sir William, 214
Suffolk, Henry Gray, duke of,
228
Sutton Satchvil in Cheriton
Fitzpaine, 220
Taillour, Richard le, 221
Taillour, Thailleur, Walter le,
221, 222
Teign river, 195
Teign Oeorge, Geory or Jory, in
Ashton, 203, 208, 223, 224,
234
Teignbridge Hundred, 199
Teignmouth Courtney or Regis,
222, 227
Tirel, Richard, 223
Tithings in Exminster Hundred ,
200
Tor abbey, 229
Torsus or Tossus the Saxon,
206
Tothill, 200
Touz Seyntz, Roger de, 230
Touz Seyntz, Tuz Seinz, Lucas
de, 230
Towsington, Toucenyston,Esse-
ministre, 200, 205, 208, 230,
235
Tracy, Eva, daur. of William
de, 230
Tracy, William de (several),
229, 230, 231
Tregoz, Henry, 213
Tregoz, Joan, wife of Henry,
213
Tregoz, Ralf, 213
Tresallond, Joan, wife of John,
214
TresaUond, John, 214
Trusham, 201, 203, 208, 232,
236
Tut, Walter per, 231
U
Uctred or Ustred the Saxon,
203
Ugbrook in Chudleigh, 220, 221,
234
Uluric the Saxon, 204
Upcx)t in Cheriton Fitzpaine,
220
Upcot, Opecote, in Tedbum,
222, 234
Uppecote, Opecote, Joel de,
223
Uppecote, Reginald de, 222
Uppecote, Thomas de, 222
Valepttte, Robert de, 225
Valletorta, Joel de, 213
Venn in Chagford, 199, 201, 204,
223, 225
Venn in Bishopsteignton, 220,
221, 222, 234
Vesey, bishop of Exeter, 220,
221
Vicarages settled by bishop
Bronescombe, 198
W
Waddon, Wudeton, in Chud-
leigh, 220, 221, 236
Warelwast, Robert, bishop of
Exeter, 196
Warelwast, WilHam, bishop of
Exeter, 195
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AND THE MANORS IN THE SAME. 247
Warin, Alice, daur. of Joel, son ! Wick, outlier of Kenton, 217
of, 213 j Wichin the Saxon, 205
Warin, Joan, daur. of Joel, son I Widecombe in Farway, 216
of, 213, William the Conqueror, 221
Warin, Joel, son of, 213 Winchestefy bishopric of, 196
Wedfidd in West Putford, 220 Wonford Hundred, 219, 222,231
Wenard, William, 223 Woodhouse in Ashcombe, 205 n.
Were, Ralf de la, 221 Woodland in Little Tormgton,
Werthe, William, 231 j 220
West Alvington, Afiington, 195, 1 Woodstock, lord Edmund of,
196, 198 200, 217
Weston, Joan, wife of John de, Woolfardisworthy, 220
230 Wudeton, Gilbert de, 221
Weston, John de, 212, 230 ! Wyatt, 200
Weston, William de, 230 Wyse, Joan, wife of Thomas,
West Putford, 220 j 214
West Teignmouth, 200, 201, i Wyse, Thomas, 214
202, 220, 236
West Welsh, 194 y
Whiteleigh m Farway, 216 '
Whitstane, 231 j Yealmpton, Alentona, 195, 196,
Wichalse family, 201 i 197
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PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF EXETER;
AND THE FIRST CITY SEAL.
BY MISS ETHEL LEGA-WEEKES, F.R.HIST.S,
(Read at Kxeter, 21 st July, 1915.)
Among the treasures of the City Corporation is the silver
matrix of the first Common Seal of the City of Exeter, a
full description and illustration of which will be foimd in
a Monograph on The Exeter Civic Seals, by H. Lloyd
Parry, b.a., b.sc, ll.b., Town Clerk (Commin, 1909).
The earliest impression of this seal yet discovered is
said to be the one attached to a document in the Chapter
Archives (No. 293), which is witnessed by WiUiam Derling,
Mayor, and by Philip Belebuche and John Pundinge,
Prepositi. Izacke does not give any of these names in his
list of Mayors and Bailiffs of the period, but Oliver (City,
p. 228) tells us that he has met with this Mayor between
the years 1210 and 1216, during Eudo de Beauchamp's
Shrievalty of Devon.
Another Chapter document (No. 284), of which I have
piinted an abstract,^ is witnessed by William Dorling,
Mayor, William Hastement and Philip Belebuche, Pre-
posit(?i). This is self-dated 10 John (i.e. May, 120a-
May, 1209), and declares itself to be " sealed with the
Common Seal of the City," and with that of Walter,
Archdeacon of Cornwall. Unfortunately only the latter
remains.
On the back of the matrix above referred to, are en-
graved the names of William Prudum as donor, and Lucas
as maker, thus : —
WILL. PRVDVM. ME. DEBIT. CIVITATI. EXONIE. : CVFVS.
ANiME. PBOPiciETUR. DEVS. A.M. [? Avc Maria or Amen] :
LVCAS ME. FECIT.
1 D, <i- C. A\ <j& Q., April, 1915, Appendix, p. 111.
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BACK OF MATRIX.
Hepro<luce<l by kind permission of Mr. H. Lloyd.Pariy.
PRri»LM, PRf)D<iM, CTC, OF EXKTKR.—To faCt
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PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF EXETER. 249
It has been supposed, very naturally, that this was the
same William Prudom who is stated by Oliver to have
founded in 1170 the Hospital of St. Alexius,^ but I am
sorry to say investigation of Oliver's authorities has left
a doubt in my mind whether any Prudom was, in reality,
connected with that Institution.
According to St. John's Cartulary (f. 58) the " Hospital
of St. Alexius, Behind the Monastery of St. Nicholas,"
was founded '* about 1170, xn Hen. Fitz Empress"
(** XII " being, as Oliver points out, doubtless a slip of
the pen for xvii), by William Fitz Ralph ; and I have
seen an original Charter (Corpn. 149) by which Odo, Bp.
of Battle, confirms a Grant of the site by his predecessor
Walto de Sancto Martino to William son of Ralph (WilFo
fir Rad'). ,
Prince (Worthies of Devon, p. 364) writes, *' I find the
family of Fitz Ralffe to have flourished in these parts
from the Norman Conquest down to the days of K. Edward
I . . . when it did not expire, but only exchanged its
name into that of Shillingford, their new habitation near
the City of Exeter. They had their first dwelling in this
County at Widdicombe in the Moor (Sir W. Pole's MS. of
Devon)."
Doubtless there were other Fitz Ralphs unrelated by
blood. For Richard Fitz Ralph and Ralph Cornutus of
Brecon, see Dugd. Monast. (Index), and Theoph. Jones,
Hist. Brecon,, 1805 (I, 91).
Crossing (MS. Hist., written c. 1685, fol. 1) alludes to
the founder of St. Alexius as " William Fitz Ralph, a good
Citizen of this Cittie."
As to the origin of this Hospital, Oliver has printed in
his Monasticon (p. 302) the section of St. John's Cartulary
referred to above ; but the document that he cites in his
Historic Collections (p. 93) is a single sheet of paper that
has been stitched (side wise) into the Register of Bishop
Bronescombe (1257-80) between £f. 17-18. It is headed
*' True Copy of the first and second Foundation of SS.
Alexius & John Baptist " (Vera Copia p'me ac 2« Fundac'
Scot' . . . etc), and comprises a verbal transcript of the
matter beginning on folio 58 of the Cartulary, do\^Ti to
the words . . . " m rebus suis locandis,^^ with the addition
of a chronological list of events, not carried farther than
* See Oliver's City, p. 225 ; his Hist. Colhis., 1820, p. 93 ; and his
Monasticon y p. 300 ; also Dugdale's Monasticon ^ VI, 697,
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250 PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF EXETER;
*' MCCCXLViii " ; but it differs from the Cartulary, in that
above the name ** WiUielmus fiiius Radvlphi'' as Founder
of the Hospital of St. Alexius, the word " Produm''
has been added ; being interlined in the same hand, and
with the same pale black ink (contrasting with the dark
brown ink of the text) as the heading " Vera Copia "...
etc. (which, by the way, is written upside-down on the
foot margin of the paper).
The " Vera Copia " has been printed in full by Preb.
Hingeston-Randolph (Broneacombe, H.-R., p. 288), who
remarks of the heading — if not of the whole sheet — ^that
it is in the handwriting of Bishop Grandisson (1327-69),
who, he says, recovered the lost Register of Bp. Brones-
combe in London. (I must own that comparison with the
unquestionable specimen of Grandisson's hand at the
beginning of the Legenda Sanctorum in the Cathedral
Library, leaves me unconvinced.) If it was written by
any one as early as Bp. Grandisson, it must be copied
— not from the Cartulary^ — but from some common
source ; in any case, the word *' Produm '* is an interpola-
tion.
This is the only instance! have met with in any docu-
ment of the name Prodpm, Prudxmi, etc., in connection
with the Hospital behind St. Nicholas*.
The interpolator may have been in possession of
evidence, lost to us, that justified the insertion ; on the
other hand, he may have mistakenly confounded the
benefactor of St. Alexius' with a William Prudom who, as
I shall show, was a benefactor of St. John's Hospital early
in the thirteenth century.
The term ** Prohua Homo," with its Norman-French
variants Probe-, Prode-, Prevd-homme and Preux (whence
Prouze), seems to have been originally a style recognising
valour, worth, or position of Civic authority, particularly
as applied to members of ** an elected body of Citizens
forming a Common Council, "^ and William Fitz Ralph
^ The Vera Copia has the same discrepeoicies in two instances between
the A.D. fluid the Regnal year as the Ccwlulary ; but a few words are
differently spelt ; e.g. the Copia has *' Illisbery " for " Irlesberi,"
" Emilt '* for " Emild." Oliver makes a few lapada calami^ e.g, " qiuituor "
for ** iij"," ** mccxliii " for *' mccxliiij," " Hank *' for ** Hanc " ; and he
inaccurately cites from the Vera Copia " William Prodom son of Ralph
Prodom " ; the word " Prodom '* is not repeated.
» See Kelham, Martin, and Round's Cal. of Documents in France
(p. 84), wherein the Prudhonmies of Pont Audemar (c. 1160) = " persons
in civic office or authority."
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AND THE FIRST CITY SEAL. 251
might possibly have acquired such an additional appella-
tion by virtue of his own merits or office ; but I am
inclined to think that by the thirteenth century, at least,
Prudom had become in Exeter an established hereditary
surname.
The earliest deed in which I have found it is one (D. & C.
319) dated by Stuart Moore *' ? 1150," but I should say,
rather, 1170,^ whereby Probushomo, son of Segar (fiW
Segari), with the consent of his spouse and heirs, granted to
the two (?) Saddlers (dwo) Sellariis), Richard and William,,
a certain land in St. Martin*s Street for 2^ 8^ per annxmi,
the grantees giving him a gold ring in acknowledgment. ^
A deed (Cal. D. & C. 41) entered in the Calendar as of
** 1240 " refers to a rent which used to be paid to the
grantor, Walter de Cardif, by Isabel who was wife of
Walter Probus, from houses in High Street between the
houses of the Hospital of St. John opposite St. Lawrence's
Church.
A " Walter Probus, Prepositus," witnesses a Grant that
I have seen in the Archives of the Vicars' Choral, to which
" William Hastement then Mayor " was another witness
(indicating the date to be 1248-9). Izacke gives '* Walter
Good " as BailiflE in 1248.
A Martin Prodhomme was a Canon of Exeter tempore
Bp. Brewer (1227-43), and presumably died in 1245^
as he was succeeded in his Canonry on 21 January of that
year by one Peter Chacepore.^
A Chapter Rental (D. & C. 3721), apparently of the
thirteenth century, has (between items of Staverton and
** Aspertona," the entry, *' From the Lea of M. (? Master
or Martin) Prudome, 3^ 4<* (De Lega M, fdome, iijs iiij<*).'^
A Deed (Corp. 594) [" c. 1200," Stuart Moore ; but I
say 1219] is witnessed, inter alia, by Martin Prudom and
William Prodom.*
1 The date I infer from collation with D. & C. 318 and 3672.
• This is witnessed by H'bto filio Rog*i, Teobaldo m'catore, Ailwardo
leureke, WilFo nepote, Joh*e filio Odonis, Godefr' Sellar', Aluredus
Quinel, Walt' fil' Hen . . . Rog* Burwine, Joel fiF . . . Walt'de
Mausart, Ric' Caupone, Ric' mauset, Will*o fil' Thome.
Seai. : — A bird (? eagle or T raven) close, regardant, sioillum.
PROD. . . . AR. It is endorsed " Warant' Mariote, de Dom' in Exon' in
Vico Sci Martini."
» Grandisson's Register, H.-R., p. 1089. QuiviFs Register, H.-R.,
p. 491.
* Hiis testibJ D"o S. Archid' Exon% D"** S. Archid' Comub\ D^o J.
Archid' Totton'. D"° H. de Wilton*. Archid' Tanton*. Mag"» Ysaac^
Mag«> H. de Warewik, Rogero Cole, Mag'° Will'o de Lingefr', Mag~ Ric*
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252 PRUDUM, PBODOM, BTC, OF EXETER ;
Martin Prudom's residence seems to have adjoined — ^if
not to have been identical with — certain premises between
High Street and the Cemetery that are specified in the
Charter of endowment by the brothers Gilbert & John
Long, of the Hospital of St. John within the East
Gate.
A Grant by William de Bozun de Clyst, entered in the
Cartulary of St. Nicholas' Priory (Collect. Topogr. dc
OeneaL, Vols. I & II, No. 371), is witnessed by "Martin
Prodome and William his brother.*'
William, the brother of Martin, I take to be identical
with a William Prudom, ** Cleric " (and inferentially
Canon), who, as I find from the Cartulary of St. John's
Hospital, etc., occupied part of a tenement^ in St. Martin's
Street, alias Canons' Street, that had been given to that
Hospital by one or both of the Brothers Long.^
To cite one of the many deeds relating to this property.
No. 291 in the Chapter Archives is a grant by John Long,
son of Walter, to William Pro[do]me, Cleric, of the land
in which the sd. John [? and his father & others] used to
live in St. Martin's Street, for the annual rent of half a
Mark (G^ 8^), which after John's death was to be paid in
perpetuity to the Brethren of St. John's Hospital.
Mr. Stuart Moore dates this Lease, interrogatively "c.
1200 " ; and it may well have preceded the Longs'
general endowment of the Hospital ; but if rightly dated
would show the Hospital to have been founded even
earlier than 1225 (the earliest hitherto established period
of its existence).
The Cartulary states that ** Afterwards William Produm
acquired from the sd. hospital, and again resigned to it,
all his right, before the Chapter of St. Peter, the Mayor of
Exeter being present " ; and it cites the following deed
which bears no date, but must have been executed con-
siderably before 1244, and I think between 1220-1228.
Albo, Mag'o Barthor, medico, Barthol' nepoti quondam Archid* Comub',
Dno Yllario tunc p'posito Exon\ Waltero fil' Thurb', Rog' fil* Henr*,
Sampson' Rof, Joh'e Capun, Nichol' Gervas', Martino pdom, Andrea
Turri, Martino Rof, Will'o pdom, Rog'o Lidene, Laurencio le taillur,
Joh'e cl'ico.
* Prudom's part is proved to have consisted of (or to have included)
the eventual Residence of the Archdeacons of Totnes, now the " Cathedral
School " for Boys, behind the house of Dr. Wood, the Cathedral Organist.
* For authorities and further particulars as to this and other matters
touched on in this paper see my Studies in the Topography of the Cathedrcd
Close f Exeter (Commin, 1915).
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AND THE FIRST CITY SEAL. 253
Deed : — ^To all Faithful Christians, etc., William
Produm, Greeting, etc. Kjiow that for love of God, and
for the help of my Soul and of my predecessors', I give to
the Hospital House of St. John near the East Gate, in
pure and perpetual Alms, the Houses with appurts. in
which I used to live in St. Martin's Street, Exeter, etc.
Witnessed by Stephen, Chaplain, John & Roger, Chap-
lains, etc.
Taking into account, on the one hand, the quasi-
Norman style of the buildings in the design of the Seal,
and its occurrence as early at least as 1209, and, on the
other hand, the approximate date of the relinquishment
by William Prodome, Cleric, of the property in St. Martin's
Street, and the fact that he would not have been likely
to give it up before the close of his life, I consider it highly
probable that this William was the donor to the Cor-
poration of the silver matrix, and that this interesting
object may still date back to the twelfth century. It is
true that Prudum does not style himself ** Cleric " thereon,
but then, neither does he so describe himself in his Deed-
PoU ; and the inscription behind the seal is of a distinctly
pious character (though, indeed, such would have been
appropriate enough to a layman in those days, when the
religious spirit was manifest in even the most secular
undertakings).
William the Cleric can hardly be identical, I think,
with the William who occurs in the following extracts : —
Grant of 1242 (Bronescombe's Register, H.-R., p. 5) by
the Bishop to the Church of Crediton, witnessed there
inter alia by ** Martino Prodhumme, Exonia Canonico,"
and " Willelmo le Pruz, Junior."
Grant, 1252,i of the Land of Clist by Martin Rof
(presumably the one who was Mayor between 1233 and
1252). Witnessed inter alia by Will, de Englefield, Vicecom.
Devon. (Sheriff of Devon 36-39 Hen. Ill, 1251-4) and
Will. Pruz, then Bailiff (Ballivo) of the Eari of Cornwall
in Exeter.
Grant (D. & C. 314) [? 1267-64] by Richard Gambon to
John de Wyndlesore, of two marks (36^ 8^) annual rent
from the tenement that was formerly of Martin Proddome,
> Cartul. St. Nich. Priory, No. 373, as calendared in Collect, Topogr.
df Oenealog,, Vols. I and II.
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254 PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF EXETER ;
And that extends in length from the High Street to the
Ce^lete^y of St. Peter, and in width lies between the
tenement of Floerius and the tenement of Nichol. de
Suthedon, and the tenement of Lucas Hanec. Witnessed
by William Probus, Steward, or BailiflE, of the Lord
Richard, King of Germany (. . . W'Wo ^bo tunc seneacaUi
d'ni i?5 Reg' Alimann').^
A Deed of 1249 of Warin de Bodetune to the Abbot of
Buckfast, and an Agreement of 1269-70, to which Henry,
Abbot of Buckfast, was a party, are both witnessed by a
" Willelmo Prohor
Many later instances of the name Prudom, variously
spelt, will be found in the Index to H.-R.'s edition of the
Episcopal Registers.
To pass to the subject of the design of the first Common
Seal, the central building was considered by Oliver to
represent the Hospital of St. John, but it certainly does
not resemble the structure (equally early in character)
that appears on the " second seal " of that Hospital, nor
does there arise from its roof the cross which would surely
have distinguished such a rehgious Institution. I should
rather fancy that it typified (without attempting accurately
to portray) the City Guildhall — the focus of Corporation
life ; and that it was more or less faithfully copied on the
" First Seal " of the Hospital, in allusion to the Mayor and
Commonalty's patronage of this Foundation ; but perhaps
this is to allow too much play to the imagination, and
Mr. Lloyd Parry's surmise may be the truest — that the
central building on the Common Seal is merely typical of
the whole City, as encompassed by a Wall, and defended
by towers.
The devices in the upper part of the Seal, viz. a disc
which probably is intended for the sun, though it is
without rays, a crescent moon and a star, may be, as Mr.
Lloyd Parry suggests, purely ornamental ; but they
challenge one to the interpretation of their possible
significance.
The date of the document on which this Seal first
1 Richard, brother of King Henry III, created Earl of Ck)mwall in
1226 (thougli the County was not bestowed on him till 1231, nor the
Forest of Dartmoor till 1239), was "given Exeter" in 1227. He was
elected King of the Romans 1266, crowned 1257, €uid in the same year
nominated Emperor of Germfimy. {Vide Rev. O. J. R. in Z>. A. Trana,
xxxiv, 673, etc. Izacke, MemoricUe, p. 7. Haydn, Diet, of Dates.)
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FIRST SEAL OF ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL.
SECOND SEAL OF ST. JOHN'S HOSIMTAL.
Repnxluced by kind permission of Mr. H. Lloyd-Parry.
Prudum, Prodom, etc., or Bxktkr.— To fact p. 254.
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AND THE FIRST CITY SEAL. ' 255
appears, if unassailable, is fatal to the theory one might
otherwise have hazarded that these devices were intended
to honour Richard, Earl of Cornwall, by reference to the
mines from which he derived his wealth ; but I find it
hard to relinquish a notion that they are, for some reason
or another, allusive to the Stannaries.
The Sun in its Glory and a crescent moon are charges
in the Arms of the Borough of Ashburton ; and Mr. John
Amery kindly informs me that these Arms are derived
from the Seal of the Gild of St. Lawrence of Ashburton,
and may be seen on the seal attached to the Deed of
Acceptance by that Gild, of Bishop Stapledon's gift to
them of a Chantry Chapel, in 1314, now among the
Chapter Archives.
The sun and moon (which in the Arms are flanked by a
teasel, representing the woollen industry) are said to be
indicative of the mining interests of the place — one of the
three oldest chartered Stannary Towns of Devon — as
being the supposed devices of the Phoenicians ; for
though modem criticism has routed the Phoenicians from
Cornwall (see Rev. S. Baring-Gould's Cornwall, p. 80, in
"Cambridge Series of County Geography"), the belief in
their patronage of the metals of that region would seem
to be of long standing.
Dartmouth, " the only Port in Devon whence tin could
be exported," says Mr. Amery, has in its first corporate
Seal a King seated in a boat, with dots on the background
that may be intended for stars, and a crescent near the
dexter side of his head, commemorating — it is suggested —
King John's visit and grant of a Mayoralty to Dartmouth
in 1214 (D. A. Trans, xii. 574). The next seal has also a
king, resembling Edward III, in a boat, with a crescent on
one side of his head, and a star on the other.
The Seal of Pevensey has a ship with a crescent on the
dexter, and star on the sinister side of the mast (Traill,
Social England, 367).
The Kings Richard I, John, and Henry III are all said
to have used a star (? of Bethlehem), resting between the
horns of a crescent, as their badge (Heraldic Badges, Fox-
Davies, 62) ; and we are told that this was assumed by
Richard I in token of his victories over the Turks (Mrs.
Palliser's Historic Devices, etc., p. 357), but the explana-
tion does not cover the fact that the Seal of King Stephen
(who by the way, was Earl of Moretain and Cornwall
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256 PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF-EXETER.
before he was crowned) has a seven-pomted star on the
dexter side of his head.
Pending a more satisfactory elucidation of the devices
on the Exeter Seal, let me fall back on the text (1 Cor.
XV. 41) : ** There is one glory of the sim, and another
glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars," and
regard them as symbolising the three dominant powers of
the City — ^the Crown, the Church, and the Commonalty.
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WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S.,
FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION.
Part III.
BY MRS. HESTER FORBES JULIAN (nee PENGELLY),
FELLOW OP THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.
(Read at Exeter, 2lHt July, 1915.)
Miscellaneous Scientific Work.
Those who remember William Pengelly and remarked his
perseverance and industry, and yet how lightly he carried
his labours — ^for he was a man of exceptional buoyancy
of spirit — ^may be surprised to learn that his health was
considered somewhat delicate by the medical men, whom
he had occasion at different times to consult. In spite
of their belief, however, he must have possessed a fairly
vigorous constitution to have been able to carry through
his multifarious imdertaJdngs unaided ; and, in his case,
devotion to science was certainly not incompatible with
healthy longevity. His excavations in Kent's Cavern,
however, undoubtedly induced the severe rheumatism
from which he suffered in maturer life. His friend, Dr.
Samuel Smiles, wrote to him on one occasion : ** What
labour you must have had ... on the subject of Kent's
Cavern, and unfortunately you must have martyred
yoiuself in going into that damp hole so often. You are
entitled to rank amongst Dr. Brewster's Martyrs to
Science."
In addition to his explorations at Brixham Cavern and
Kent's Hole, and the investigations of the Bovey Tracey
lignites (described in my former papers), my father devoted
himself assiduously to several other noteworthy imder-
takings. Of this miscellaneous scientific activity something
should now be said.
During his fifty years of earnest and arduous geological
research he accomplished a vast amount of admirable
VOL. XLVn. R
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258 WILLIAM PENGELLY, P.R.S., F.G.S.,
field work, and helped thereby to strengthen the founda-
tions of the science to which he devoted his life. Important
as were his writings — each paper when estimated with
regard to the position of geology at the time of its issue
being an effective advance — his influence on his pupils
was almost as remarkable. Like all true teachers he had
the gift of readily gaining the affection of his students,
and arousing their enthusiasm, so that his real power was
shown not only in his scientific papers, valuable as these
were, but also in his ability for leading and inspiring other
men. One of his old pupils, the distinguished novelist
" Q *' (Sir A. T. QuiUer-Couch), writes to me :—
" Your father's visits to Newton are amongst the
pleasantest recollections of my school life there. . . . He
was, I think, the most inspiriting lecturer I have ever met.
He simply compelled one to attend. But it is rather as a
friend that — ^with all the difference of years — I presume
to remember him."
Many well-known students, who in times past were his
pupils, learnt from him those habits of patient enquiry
And minute observation, to which they attribute the
position they now hold in the scientific world. Under his
auspices too, and especially in connection with the two
Societies he founded — ^the Devonshire Association and
the Torquay Natural History Society — ^intercourse and
close friendships between kindred minds were formed,
which have been productive of lasting good to the cause
of knowledge. His scientific lectures were also meeting-
places for many friends. His discourses had generally
special reference to the geology of his own neighbourhood,
and were illustrated with numerous suites of specimens, as
well as with diagrams drawn by his wife. He communicated
always very clearly the methods for the examination of
rocks and fossils, which he had elaborated in the field,
furnishing his hearers with a full knowledge of the means
by which he had taught himself and others, how best to
observe and record geological phenomena. He had learnt
to appreciate Nature in all aspects, and to pursue his
studies on moor and mountain, in quarry and cavern, down
deep Cornish mines, and out on dredging expeditions at
sea.
Mr. A. R. Hunt, f.g.s., writes : " Mr. Pengelly's wonder-
ful lectures attracted crowds of hearers of the most
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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 259
miscellaneous character, and abstruse questions ... of
geology, proved attractive to men with no scientific
training whatever. . . . He seemed to force his hearers
to form their own conclusions, rather than to accept the
speaker's opinions. Indeed, these as mere opinions, were
very seldom allowed a prominent place. . . . As a geologist
... he was not only an advanced worker, but in the special
branch of cavern deposits he was an authority. When
expounding this, his favourite science, his power was
quite extraordinary, and his courses of elementary lectures
were more instructive than any text-book could be. He
used to say that he never wrote his lectures, or delivered
identically the same lecture more than once. A few
skeleton notes seemed to suffice for a text, on which there
was always more to say than time would allow, though
the mistake was never made of attempting to crowd into
an hour, more than it could contain^'
Apart from his long services as a teacher and lecturer,
he contributed in many other ways to geological progress ;
for whilst diffusing a taste for scientific pursuits, he did
not cease to prosecute vigor6usly his own investigations.
Although his reputation as a Cave explorer rests princi-
pally upon the great work of his life — a great work in
any man's life — the exploration of Kent's Hole, yet the
researches there and at Brixham were not his only exca-
vations. A small cavern on Happaway Hill, Torquay,
which was discovered in 1862, at once claimed his atten-
tion and he undertook its thorough examination. From
the evidence obtained he considered that it had been
partly filled in the Palaeolithic age, then nearly emptied,
and afterwards refilled in more recent times. The results,
however, were less interesting than those secured from
his earlier work at Brixham, and the subsequent explora-
tions at Kent's Hole. The ossiferous fissures and caverns
near Chudleigh, and the caves at Anstey's Cove, Oreston,
Yealmpton, Buckfastleigh and elsewhere, also excited his
scientific energies. His visit to the Mentone Caverns
has been described in my previous paper. Whilst many
of his writings were concerned with these various investi-
gations, he performed (in addition to the long series of
Reports drawn up for the British Association) much
useful work as the historian of the Devonshire Caves, by
collecting accounts of earlier researches ; the labours of
MacEnery and other pioneers being most generously
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260 WILLIAM PBNGBLLY, F.R.S., F.G.S.,
acknowledged and narrated. His papers also contfikin
critical notices of writings which were appearing at the
time, and some of these included the misstatements of
authors, to whom the results of his explorations were
specially unwelcome, as demonstrating the antiquity of
man.
His other published papers also relate chiefly to his
work in the south-west of England, for as an original
observer William Pengelly devoted himself especially to
the elucidation of the pakeontological and geological
problems of Cornwall and Devon. Hence many of his
writings were published in the Proceedings of the Royal
Oeological Society of CornvxUl and the Transactions of the
Devonshire Association. One important series of memoirs
deals with questions concerning the Devonian system,
its fossils, its stratigraphy, and its relation to the Old Red
Sandstone of other parts of Britain. Another set of
papers, also of considerable scientific merit, has reference
to the " New Red Sandstone of Devonshire," in con-
nection with which should be specially noted a striking
paper on the " Age of the Dartmoor Granites." My father
came to the following conclusions on this point : Firstly y
that the granites of Dartmoor are not older than the close
of the Carboniferous Period. Secondly, that they had been
stripped bare by denudation when the materials of the
red conglomerate were being brought together. Thirdly^,
that this conglomerate and the associated sandstone are
not of higher antiquity than the lower Trias.
His accuracy as to the first and second of these con-
clusions is generally accepted, but as to the third there is
some difference of opinion, for whilst many competent
observers support William Pengelly's views, others are
in favour of assigning these deposits to the Permian
system. His scientific papers were always much valued
in the metropolis. Professor Martin Duncan, f.r.s..
President of the Geological Society of London, at the
Anniversary Meeting of 1877, speaks of Mr. Pengelly's
" long and successful labours in the geology of Devonshire,
and his untiring devotion to the great task of extending
scientific knowledge," and goes on to say that " thanks
to his great energy and perseverance, he has kept up a
love for geological science in his county ; and this has been
mainly due to his work among the rocks of Devonshire."
Other fellow-workers in the county were Dr. Harvey
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FATHEB OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 261
Holl, Mr. G. W. Ormerod, and Mr. Arthur Champemowne,
the last labouring very assiduously at the intimate struc-
ture of parts of South Devon. Mr. J. E. Lee and Mr.
William Vicary, were also valued friends and colleagues,
and their fine collections of fossils did much to illustrate
the life history of the rocks of Devonshire.
In various memoirs, my father deals with the probable
physical geography of part of the south-west of England,
during the age of the New Red Sandstone, and mentions
many noteworthy facts concerning the famous Triassic
conglomerate of Budleigh Salterton, and the way in which
the pebbles derived from it travel eastward along the
coast. He also carefully studies the origin of that interest-
ing deposit of chalcedonic silica, known as " Beekite," so
often met with in the lower New Red Sandstone of Devon-
shire, on the limestone fragments. His earliest contribu-
tion to the British Association in 1856 was a memoir on
" Beekites," and more than thirty years later, in 1888, we
find him corresponding with Professor McKenny Hughes
of Cambridge on this subject.
Although my father acquired his greatest distinction
in the borderland between geology and anthropology, he
possessed in addition a wide and accurate knowledge of
palaeontology ; which, being the study of ancient life-
forms, bears much the same relation to geology as archae-
ology does to history. He had also a varied and extensive
acquaintance with physical geography. He manifested
at all times a wonderful power of tinderstanding and
seizing upon the physical features of a region, and of
obtaining a general idea of the succession of the deposits,
and their relation to one another, so that he was able to
add materially to the advancement of this section of
scientific enquiry.
In a paper entitled '* The Metamorphosis of the Rocks
extending from Hope Cove to Start Point, South Devon,"
which he read at one of the meetings of the Devonshire
Association, we find him engaged in working out a very
diflScult and disputed question as to the relation between
the crystalline schists, which are met with in the southern
part of the county, and the slaty rocks to the north of
them ; and he discusses the age of the schists and gives a
general description of the geology of the district. Other
memoirs deal with the question as to whether any marks
of ice-action affording evidence of the Glacial Age are to
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262 WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S.,
be found in Devonshire. Always much interested in
glacial phenomena, he records in these papers many
careful observations concerning boulders, which greatly
strengthened the glacial evidence, and were considered
to be of outstanding importance by several of his colleagues,
including Professor Geikie. Not the least interesting
series of papers, relate to the ** raised beaches " and
" submerged forests " of the south-western coasts. The
well-known fossil forest of Torquay, consists of a dark-
coloured peaty material, which contains the branches
and trunks of trees, together with bones of the Celtic
short-homed ox (Bos longifrons), the wild boar {Sv^ scrofa),
and the stag (Cervus dephas). The antlers of the last
were marked with notches, which experts believed to show
indications of man's handiwork. A mammoth's tooth was
also dredged up.
Other memoirs deal with some whale remains, washed
ashore at Babbacombe, and also dredged up near Torquay ;
these remains being identified with Eschrichtius robustus,
which is not now known on our coasts.
At the British Association Meeting, held in Manchester
in 1861, William Pengelly contributed four papers, one
being on " Recent Encroachments of the Sea on the Shores
of Torbay," and at the Bath Meeting of the Association
three years later, in 1864, he read another paper on the
same theme entitled ** Changes of Relative Level of
Land and Sea in South-eastern Devonshire in connection
with the Antiquity of Man." The value attached to his
communication by such eminent experts as Sir Roderick
Murchison, Sir John Evans, Professor Phillips, and Pro-
fessor Boyd Dawkins, is shown by the following letter
from William Pengelly to his wife written from Bath : —
" I read my paper (* Changes of Level, etc., and An-
tiquity of Man ') on Thursday, to a densely packed house.
. . . Murchison complimented me on my ' eloquence
and clearness.' Harkness declared I had made a * great
hit.' Etheridge said it was * the best paper I had ever
written.' Evans backed me up like a brick. Phillips,
Warrington Smyth, Symonds, Evans, and Boyd Dawkins
all spoke in unqualified approval."
A series of papers which aroused the enthusiasm of Sir
Charles Lyell, related to the insulation of St. Michael's
Mount in Cornwall ; and on this subject the two friends
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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 263
had a long and interesting correspondence, from which a
few extracts may be given. My father believed the Mount
might be the Ictis of Diodorus Siculus. Writing to him
on May 16th, 1866, Sir Charles Lyell says : —
" Your MS. [on St. Michael's Mount] has arrived and I
will return it by to-morrow's post. It is well worth printing,
and some day I hope all those scattered papers of yours,
which I value much, will be put together in a work on the
geology and modern changes of the district. . . . After
reading your paper in the Geologist, which I shall cite on
the encroachments of the sea in Torbay, one cannot help
wondering that Ictis and St. Michael's Mount agree so
well geographically, but they must have been the same ;
and it only gives one the more respect for the antiquity
of the Torbay elephant, to say nothing of the beach of
Hope's Nose and the antecedent Kent's Hole and Brixham
flint implements, and yours of the remoter glacial."
In another letter in the following month. Sir Charles
writes : —
" In all estimates respecting the rate of waste in past
times we are apt to err in not allowing for considerable
pauses. Nature, having infinite time at her disposal,
proceeds in a most leisurely way, taking up her operations
with activity for a short spell and then suspending them
for ages. In going along a coast where waste has occurred
here and there in the last five centuries, there would be
long spaces where no work of destruction had been done.
To strike an average we must take these areas of inaction
into account."
Writing at the end of the same year, 1865, Sir Charles
refers to a paper read by William Pengelly at Birmingham
and says : —
" I have just been reading over again my references to
your papers on Torbay and St. Michael's Mount, for my
new edition, and referring to a newspaper account or
abstract of your Birmingham paper on the Mount. I
suppose no detailed and authorized version of what you
commimicated to the British Association has yet been
printed ? If so please let me know. ... St. Michael's
Mount appears to me most valuable, as showing that in a
region where the monuments of post-pliocene change are
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264 WnUAM PBNGBLLY, F.R.S., F.G.S.,
fio rife, and the proofs of oscillations of level so various,
including the Torbay coa^ as part of the evidence, th^e
b&6 nevertheless been no important geographical change
for nearly nineteen centiuies. This does not surprise
you or me, because we are prepared to allow tens of
thousands of years for post-elephantine times. If anyone
could tell us that five thousand, or ten thousand years
hence, St. MichaeFs Mount would answer to the descrip-
tion of Diodorus, we should not think that it implied a
suspension of those causes of subterranean movement
or of waste, which in the course of ages have so often
modified our south-western littoral region. My chief
desire is to know what you have done in the way of publi-
cation on this subject, and whether I understood correctly
the conclusions you announced at Birmingham."
My father visited St. Michael's Moimt on sev«»l
occasions, and his letters contain nimierous references not
only to matters of scientific interest connected with
Cornwall, but also to his attachment to the county, the
pleasant Cornish friendships which he cherished, and
the delight that he experienced during recurring visits
to the west of the Tamar. William Pengelly always re-
joiced in returning to the free fresh breezes of the Cornish
coast. On these expeditions to his native county he
was frequently gratified by the intelligence shown con-
cerning geological matters by miners, fishermen and
farmers, and an account of his simple methods of exposition
to the imleamed, can be given in his own words. He
writes : —
" I once requested an innkeeper in a small hamlet, to
get me a guide to a point on the coast said to be of great
interest, but difficult to hit. He very soon brought me his
* brother John ' — a fine stalwart young fellow, the occupier
of a small adjacent farm — who offered to be my companion
to the cliffs. The distance was about two miles, over a fine
table of moorland, and commanding an excellent view of
the sea. Of course we beguiled the way with talk which
John thus opened : —
** * IVe heerd that people think a good deal . of the
scenery, here about, especially where we're going ; and
many strangers come from distant parts, quite a good
way up the country, to zee it. I s'pose that's what makes
you wish to go there ? '
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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIBE ASSOCIATION. 265
" * Well, the scenery is spoken very highly of, and I
quite expect to be much delighted with it ; but my main
object is to examine the rocJks, to see what they are, how
they lie, and whether they contain any fossils — as I quite
expect they will.'
" * Oh ! '
" This last word was obviously pronounced in order to
avoid saying nothing ; but John's puzzled look was much
more significant, as it unmistakably told me that he had no
idea of what I had been speaking. ... At length we found
ourselves at the foot of the cliff ; and almost immediately
a black patch in the bluish-grey slate presented itself, and
as I expected, proved to be a fragment of the well-known
Devonian fossil, Steganodictyum — ^now known to be fish.
The moment its true character was disclosed, I was down
on my knees, with hammer and chisel endeavouring to
extract it ; whilst John exclaimed : —
'' ' Why, what be about ? '
** ' Do you see this black patch ? '
** ' Ees, I zee it plain enough.'
** * Well, that's a fossil, and I'm trying to get it out.'
'' * Oh, that^s a fossil is it ? What is a fossil ? '
"* Sit* down, John, and I'll try to explain. Do you
suppose there are any dead shells, or fish bones, lying on
the bottom of the sea yonder ? '
** * Of course there is.'
" * What is the state of the river, in yonder beautiful
valley, after heavy rain ? '
" * Why, very muddy.'
** * When there's a very heavy gale, throwing violent
waves on this cliff, does the cliff ever give way ? '
" * Oh yes ; there's always some part or other of it
wasting.'
** ' Very well. Now, the mud which the river brings
down from the country, as well as that which the waves
tear from the cliffs, finds its way to the sea, as you know,
and sooner or later it settles on the bottom of the sea,
and buries up such remains of dead animals or vegetables,
as may be lying there, and forms a new sea bottom ;
on which by and by other shells and things of that nature
will find their way ; and these will be buried in their turn.
Now, if this work goes on for a very long time, the mud
and sand carried into the sea will form a very thick mass ;
and if you can suppose it to become more or less hard it
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266 WILLIAM FENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S.,
will be a rock, with remains of animals in it. And if it
should from any cause get raised above the sea, the waves
would begin to break it up, little by little, just as they
break up the rock on which we are sitting ; and after a
while any person who carefully looked for them would be
able to see the shells, and fish bones, and so on, that had
been buried very long before, and he would call them
fossils/
" * But do you mean to say that that's the way that
black thing got into the rock ? '
Yes ; that's what I mean to say.'
■ Was this rock mud once ? '
Yes.'
Not made when the world was made ? '
Oh dear, no ! It was made very long since. There
are rocks of very great thickness in other parts of the world,
made in the same way, and some of them are much older,
and others much newer, than this.'
" * Well, you have opened my eyes. I'll tell 'ee what 'tis
— I've lived longer this morning than in all the years of
my life before. So that's a fossil, is it ? Was it a shell
or a fish bone ? '
" * There's a difference of opinion about it at present.
None of them are very perfect ; and some say it's
a piece of sponge, whilst others think it's part of a
fish.'
" * Well, never mind ! 'Tis a fossil ; let me look at 'en
and then I'll try to find some.'
" He accordingly proceeded to inspect the rocks, and
in a few minutes cried out : —
" * Here's one. Here's another,' and in a short time,
detected several good specimens.
" On our journey back, John asked me numerous ques-
tions, most of them very pertinent and some of them by
no means easy to answer. At the inn I betook myself to
the * parlour ' in order to get greater quietude for writing.
John felt himself happier in the kitchen ; but, as the one
room opened out of the other, I frequently heard my
zealous disciple repeat to the viUagers who came in from
time to time — ^though with sundry modifications and some
errors — the lecture he had heard in the morning ; the
invariable peroration being : —
'* * I'll tell 'ee what 'tis — I've lived longer this morning
than ever I lived all the years of my life before.' "
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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 267
The remains referred to, had first been noted in Cornwall
as fossil fishes, by William Pengelly's friend, Charles
Peach. The value of the discovery was immediately
acknowledged by geologists, but Professor McCoy — a
high authority — held that the fossils were sponges. William
Pengelly supported Peach in considering them as being
fishes, but after eight years' controversy the remains were
still referred to as sponges, under the name of Stegano-
dictyum Comuhicum by McCoy ; afterwards to the cephalo-
poda by Professor Roemer ; and finally (many years later),
back again to the fishes as ScapJuispis Cornubicus by
Professor Huxley. Thus in spite of adverse criticism, my
father and his friend Peach, proved their surmises to have
been correct, when the controversy closed. The following
characteristic letter was received by William Pengelly
from Charles Peach on this question, in 1868 : —
" 30, Haddington Place,
** Edinburgh.
"... By the same post as this I forward to Penzance
a very short paper for their forthcoming meeting on
Cornish Fossil Fish. ... It is merely to show them that
I am aware of the change that has taken place in the
sponges of Cornwall. Almost as miraculous as that done
by the Roman Catholic priest, when out at dinner with a
Protestant, who had forgotten to provide fish for the
Priest's fast day. ' Never mind,' said the Father, when the
gentleman apologized. He then passed his hand, making
the sign of the Cross over a splendid rump of beef, saying,
* Be thou fish,' and sure enough it became so, and the
Priest made a hearty dinner oflf it ! Peach said the things
were fish, and fish they were, until McCoy made them
sponges, so they remained until Huxley turned them into
fish again. I hope now they will remain fish ! "
My father mentions, in one of his papers, that he had
no fewer than three hundred fragments of these fossil fish,
from the Devonian of Cornwall and Devon, in his own
collection.
Although he was so eminently successful as eyes to the
blind, and in the instruction of simple and ignorant people,
his published correspondence with Sir Charles Lyell, Sir
Roderick Murchison, Sir John Evans, Sir Joseph Prest-
wich, Sir Andrew Ramsay, Professor Phillips, Professor
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268 WILLIAM PBNGBLLY, F.R.S., F.G.S.,
Boyd Dawkins, Professor McKenny Hughes, and other
«mment geologists, proves that he met on equal terms the
leading men in his own branch of science. He had fre-
quently the satisfaction of welcoming them as visitors to
his house at Torquay, and acting as their guide to points
of interest in the vicinity, and there were few contem-
poraries of distinction associated with geology with whom
he was not on terms of familiar friendship. His partici-
pation in scientific meetings also, brought him into close
connection both with English colleagues and leading
savants from other countries, thus strengthening existing
friendships and weaving the ties of not a few fresh ones.
The interest in his researches, by which William Pengelly
was honoured by His Majesty King George, has be^i
already alluded to in a former paper, and also the visits
made under the explorer's own guidance, to Brixham
Cavern and Kent's Hole, by the Emperor Napoleon III.,
with the Prince Imperial and Prince Murat ; as well as
by members of the Russian Imperial family. The Grand
Duchess Marie and her sons, when at Torquay, frequently
accompanied the geologist on pleasant rambles and
excursions. All foreign princes, in search of scientific
information, were not, however, as courteous and agreeable
as those of France and Russia. On one occasion a Germs^
prince from one of the smaller States visited Devonshire,
and requested my father to show him some of the geological
features of the neighbourhood. Lord , the owner of
the land where they were geologizing, being a friend of
my father, asked to be allowed to join them, but was
persistently ignored by His Serene Highness throughout
the day. Mistaking some words, spoken in broken English
by the Prince, for a humorous remark, the nobleman —
wishing, apparently, to please the distinguished visitor —
burst into hearty laughter. This was immediately checked
by the German, who turned angrily on him, exclaiming :
'* What are you laughing at, you great fool ? " After
this the unfortunate nobleman pleaded a pressing engage-
ment, and begged leave to retire. Although creating this
unpleasant situation, the Prince was particularly polite
to my father, warmly expressing the interest that the
expedition had afforded him, but the disagreeable impres-
sion he left on the geologist's mind was not easily effaced.
The ample details of scientific observations in William
Pengelly's notebooks, are enlivened by many amusing
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FATHER OF THE DBVONSHIBB ASSOCIATION. 269"
incidents, and these make the diaries good reading, apart
from their geological interest. On one occasion he gives
the following account of his difl&culty in securing rooms at
a country hotel.
"I spent the morning," he writes, "in. a quarry of
yellowish argillaceous deposits. The commencement of
the day was fine but not assured. . . . Soon after noon
the rain became so very decided and energetic that there
was nothing for me, but to seek a temporary home. The
nearest town was several miles distant, but I strode
rapidly on, through the heavy rain and abundant mud,
and soon became thoroughly wet through, whilst my
clothing failed not to testify to the colour of the deposits
in the quarry where my morning had been spent. Had the
question been put respecting my appearance, I must have
replied that it was bedraggled, pitiable, and utterly
unclean. My only thought, however, was that of reaching
the town, in which, though an entire stranger, I knew there
were plenty of inns. At length I stood at the bar of the
principal hotel, but was told that they were quite full and
could not make up another bed. Application to the next
inn produced the same result, and so on to the sixth.
The case had now become serious ; and at length the
truth flashed upon me, that my appearance was neither
respectable nor assuring, and that my ability to pay was,
probably, doubted. Acting under this idea I placed ten
sovereigns on my palm, and with open and outstretched
hand, proceeded to the next house which promised * Good
entertainment for man and beast,' and asked : ' Can I
have a bed ? ' The effect was magical. * Certainly, sir,'
was the immediate response. Everything was done to
make me comfortable ; and in a short time I was enjoying
an excellent meal, and laughing over my adventures."
His geological rambles in Devonshire and Cornwall,
sometimes brought him into odd situations, and one or two
of these experiences may also be given in his own words.
He writes : —
" It is imnecessary to say that geologists are frequently
trespassers on other men's lands. Sometimes they remain
in happy ignorance of the fact ; but, when it is made known
to them, they generally find the simple statement that
they are geologists and strangers sufficient to secure a free
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270 WILLIAM PENGELLY, F-R.S., F.G.S.,
passage. Occasionally, however, the battle is not so
easily won ; but, if it is ever lost, it may, in all probability,
be ascribed to defective tactics. . . .
" A friend and I once spent a good deal of time, in
studying a very long and fine cliflf section of the Keuper^
or Upper New Red Sandstone. We had proceeded in the
direction of the Dip, until we haid reason to believe that
the famous Bone Bed was so near at hand that a short
distance farther would bring it to the level of the beach,
so that we should be able to investigate it easily. Un-
fortimately, however, before this point was reached, the
entire section was concealed by the debris of a great and
famous landslip, which extended a considerable distance
along the coast. There was nothing for it, but to ascend
the cliflf at the first point at which a path could be extem-
porized, and to seek the outcrop of the bed at the summit.
Having gained the top of the cliflf, we found it necessarj''
to cross a hedge, on which I accordingly got, and was
about to descend on the other side, when a gentleman
standing just below me, and whom we had not previously
seen, said : —
* You can't come here.'
* Why not ? '
* This is my property ; and I allow no trespassing.'
* Is the land on this side your property also ? '
* No ; that belongs to .'
' Well, I'm very sorry ; but it can't be helped.'
" Then turning to my companion, I remarked : —
* We must give up the search, that's all.'
'* And I jumped back to the groimd I had just left —
intending, nevertheless, to get permission to cross the
hedge, and, if possible, to find the stratum we were
seeking.
*' The owner of the adjoining land walked leisiu^ly away
from the cliflf keeping near the hedge which separated us ;
and we did the same thing on the other side.
** At length I ventured to say to him : —
" ' Allow me, sir, to congratulate you on yoiu* property ;
and pardon my adding that I really envy you — ^as you are
the fortunate proprietor of the Bone Bed J
" * What Bone Bed ? '
'* The question was asked in a tone and manner that
showed a desire for information on it ; and I proceeded
to explain the leading characteristics of the stratimi, its
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FATHER OP THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 271
position in the geological series, and the chief fossils it
yielded. It was obvious that our new acquaintance had
some knowledge of geology, and that he was interested in
the statements to which he had listened. We accordingly
felt that he was disarmed, and would speedily strike.
Having put a few pertinent questions on the subject,
he pointed out a comparatively low part of the hedge, and
said : —
" * I think you can cross there, without doing any harm.
I wish you good luck in your search for the Bone Bed.
Good day.'
" ' Good day, and thank you.'
" With this he left us. We returned to the cliflf, were
very soon on the Bone Bed, and extracted a large number of
fossils from it."
'* On one occasion, the discovery of fossils of a re-
markable and interesting character in a new locality,
tempted me to prolong my search to a later hoiu* than I
intended. At length, just before sunset, I started to walk
to my temporary home — ^fully eight miles distant. Being
familiar with the coimtry, I knew that by crossing a
couple of fields at least a mile would be saved. That this
had been frequently done, a well-worn path assiured me ;
and that it was a trespass was rendered equally clear by
an announcement to that effect on a board erected on a
pole at the point where I diverged from the highway.
I had almost cleared the distance, when, to my dismay,
the farmer who occupied the land — a thorough John Bull
— was standing in the path awaiting me. Putting a bold
face on the matter, I marched on, as if his presence in no
way affected me, until well within earshot, when he
roared : —
" * You must go back.'
" * Go back ! Why^ '
** * You're trespassing.'
" * Trespassing ! I'm extremely sorry.'
** * Sorry ! Yes, I reckon. You know you're tres-
passing. Sorry, eh ! '
** * What makes you say so ? '
" * Dedn't 'ee zee the board back there ? '
** * I saw the board on the pole, if you mean that.'
" ' Ees, I do mean that. I know'd you a zid en safe
enough. Ded 'ee read what's upon en ? '
" * My dear sir, pardon my saying so, but are you not
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272 WILLIAM FENGBLLY, F.R.S., F.O.S.,
going too fast ? Should you not first prove that I can
read?'
" * Oh ! oh ! — ^that's good, that es ! A man like yoa
not able to read ! Oh ! oh ! — ^that's uncommon good.
Beats cock-fighting aU to fits. Oh ! oh ! ' — and his sides
shook with laughter.
'' Having succeeded in making him laugh, I knew he
would not turn me back ; so I said : —
" * I have to go to Lr to-night ; and that, as you
know, is a long step. Nevertheless, I'll go back at once
if you insist on it ; but if you'll allow me to go on, I shall
feel much obliged.'
** * Well, I don't s'pose you'U do much harm, zo you
D^^y go on now you've got zo var ; but 'tez uncommon
hard to have a lot of treapassers 'pon yoiu* ground day
arter day. Ees, you may go on now.'
** * Thank you very much. Good evening.'
** When I had got some distance from him, he shouted
after me : —
"'HoUoa! I say!'
" ' What is it ? '
" * B'ant you a Methoday passon ? '
" * Oh, dear, no. You flatter me too much.'
** I presume that he felt he had lost the battle, and had
sent his question after me as a parting shot."
Notwithstanding the claims of his geological and
palaeontological undertakings, William Pengelly also pur-
sued the study of anthropology, with all the energy and
perspicacity of his character. The results of his discoveries
in this line of enquiry were considered by scientists both
in England and abroad as being of the utmost significance.
As a member of the Royal Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain and an Honorary Feflow of the Anthropo-
logical Society of Paris, he was able to keep in touch
with the work of many of his illustrious contemporaries.
One of the pleasant results of his visit to the Mentone
Caverns, in 1872, was an interesting correspondence with
Dr. Riviere, M. Broca, and several leading French and
ItaUan savants. But anthropology — ^which in its broadest
sense is the study of mankind — ^is naturally, with all its
various ramifications, far too wide a subject for any one
student to cover. It was by the gateway of geology
(through his investigations concerning human antiquity)
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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 273
that William Pengelly approached this branch of science.
In a letter to my mother in 1894, immediately after my
father's death, the well-known anthropologist and author.
Dr. Miinro of Edinburgh, writes : —
" It is only a few days ago that a pang of regret passed
through the heart of the scientific world with the death of
your husband. . . . The receipt of a paper containing such
an appreciative notice of our late distinguished anthro-
pologist, affords me a fitting occasion to express to you
how highly I esteem and value his work. ... I trust,
however, it is but the prelude to a more extended bio-
graphy — one that will be worthy of so conspicuous a leader
amongst the founders of the Science of Anthropology."
Full of sympathy for realms of knowledge outside his
special domain, the consideration of meteorological
phenomena, was also one of my father's pursuits, at a
time when it was little thought of, and he contributed
several papers on this subject to different scientific journals.
Torquay owes him much for his careful study of its climate.
His monthly reports on the rainfall extending over thirty
years, were greatly appreciated in Devonshire by all
those interested in climatic changes, and it has been fre-
quently stated that it was chiefly owing to his papers on
this topic, that attention was drawn to the value of
acciurate statistics at health resorts in other English
counties. These studies ranged also to distant localities,
and embraced kindred subjects. An important communi-
cation by William Pengelly on ** The Sahara and the
North-east Trade Wind," was published in the Quarterly
Journal of Science and attracted much attention.
His mastery of mathematical methods contributed
greatly to his success in science, and enabled him to attack
and overcome many diflScult problems. He used to tell a
good story of the penalty that he once had to pay for this
proficiency, however, when instead of enjoying a pleasant
conversation with an old friend on one of his geological
rambles, he was kept hard at work instead, solving trigono-
metrical problems. He writes : —
'* I one day learned that my road lay within a couple of
miles of the rectory of my old mathematical friend D .
We had been great friends when he was a curate in a
different part of the country, but had not met for several
VOL. XLVII. s
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274 WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S.,
years, during which he had been advanced from a curacy
of about eighty pounds to a rectory of two hundred pounds
a-year, and a residence, in a very secluded district. My
time was very short ; but, for auld lang syne, I decided to
sacrifice a few hours. On reaching the house, Mr. and
Mrs. D were fortunately at home, and received me
with their wonted kindness.
** The salutations were barely over, when I said :
'' * It is now six o'clock ; I must reach W to-night,
and as it is said to be fully eight miles oflf , and I am utterly
unacquainted with the road, and with the town when I
reach it, I cannot remain with you one minute after eight
o'clock.'
*' * Oh, very well,' said D , * then we must improve
the shining hours. Jane, my dear, be so good as to order
tea.'
" Having so said, he left the room. In a few minutes he
returned with a book under his arm, and his hands filled
with writing materials, which he placed upon the table.
Opening the book, he said :
" * This is Hind's Trigonometry, and here's a lot of
examples for practice. Let us see which can do the greatest
number of them by eight o'clock. I did most of them
many years ago, but I have not looked at them since.
Suppose we begin at this one ' — ^which he pointed out —
' and take them as they come. We can drink our tea as
we work, so as to lose no time.'
** * All right,' said I ; though it was certainly not the
object for which I had come out of my road.
" Accordingly we set to work. No words passed between
us ; the servant brought in the tray, Mrs. D handed
us oiu* tea, which we drank now and then, and the time
flew on rapidly. At length, finding it to be a quarter to
eight —
** * We must stop,' said I, * for in a quarter of an hour
I must be on the road.'
" * Very weU. Let us see how our answers agree with
those of the author.'
" It proved that he had correctly solved one more than
I had. This point settled, I said, * Grood-bye.'
" * Good-bye. Do come again as soon as you can. The
farmers know nothing whatever about trigonometry.*
** We parted at the rectory door, and have never met
since ; nor shall we ever do so more, as his decease occurred
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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIEE ASSOCIATION. 276
several years ago. During my late long walk to W-
my mind was chiefly occupied with the mental isolation
of a rural clergyman."
Although devoting so much time to the elucidaticMi of
scientific questions, my father took considerable interest
in history, folk-lore, archaeology and other antiquarian
pursuits. His published papers include discussions on
stone cists or cairns, on old coins, on provincialisms, and
numerous kindred topics ; for his mind ranged over
many regions of learning, and hie showed great pleasure
in their advancement. This brought him into intercourse
and intimacy with several famous workers in different
lines, some of whom could hardly have shared the
geologist's zeal in inspecting bone beds, or appreciated
his enthusiasm for the discovery of a relic of the
sabre-tooth tiger (Machairodtis latidena), or cared very
greatly as to the Eocene or Miocene age, of the Bovey
Tracey lignites.
His correspondence was indeed so large as to sorely
tax his energies, and it is marvellous that a man so fully
occupied as he was could keep it in hand for half a century.
Amongst his numerous correspondents on ethnological
and antiquarian subjects, were Sir Henry Howorth, Sir
Everard im Thum, Professor Skeat, Professor Sayce, Dean
Merivale, Canon Greenwell, Mr. James Anthony Froude,
and Mr. Edward Freeman. The letters to the last-named
historian relate chiefly to the Cathedral Churches, both of
William Pengelly's native, and of his adopted, county.
One extract may be appropriately quoted at an Exeter
Meeting, and is noteworthy inasmuch as it shows the
geologist's versatility, and his varied interests apart from
science.
Writing to Mr. Freeman on September 3rd, 1873, he
says : —
**...! infer from passages in your paper on * The
Place of Exeter in English History' (Macmillan's Maga-
zine, Sept., 1873, p. 476), which I have read with the
greatest interest, that the Bishoprics of Cornwall and
Devonshire were first joined in the time of Edward the
Confessor ; that on the jimction being made Exeter became
the See ; and that Leofric was the first Bishop of the
united dioceses. I had previously believed solely on the
authority of Carew (Survey of Cornwall, pp. 81, 109, 124.
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276 WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S.,
Ed. 1769) that the Danes having burnt the Church and
Palace of the Bishop of Cornwall, at Bodmin, the See was
removed thence to St. Grermans in the same county ;
that in the time of Canute, the two bishoprics were joined
at the instance of Livingius, Bishop of Crediton, who
became Bishop of the united dioceses, and had his See at
Crediton ; and the See was subsequently translated to
Exeter. Without questioning your correctness I should
be gratified if, without much trouble, you would kindly
refer me to authorities on the points raised. . . ."
That distinguished author. Sir Henry Howorth, to
whose teachings and influence ethnology owes so much,
considered that it was through William Pengelly's example
that his own thoughts were first drawn to this study.
In the following letter allusion is made to the matter, and
also to the ethnologist's regret, at being unable to be
present, at the British Association Meeting at Southport,
when my father was to preside at the Anthropological
Department. Sir Henry writes to him in May, 1883 : —
** It was a gleam of sunshine to receive a letter from you.
I am buried elbow deep in Eastern ethnology, and receive
heaps of letters from all kinds of Eastern sages but from
none whose acquaintance I hold more dear than the
famous Troglodyte of Devonshire, whose enthusiasm
first, I believe, stirred me to think of these subjects. . . .
I expect to have a whole posse of geological hammers on
my head before I have done but I mean to go on. . . .
May you live for ever ; and if any chance brings you
this way, come and see me. I am afraid I shall not be at
Southport. . . ."
William Pengelly threw much heartiness and bright-
ness, as well as wisdom, into his chairmanship, and some
of the anthropologists and geologists, who heard his
Presidential Address at Southport and considered it to be
of exceptional interest, afterwards took the long journey
to Torquay, to inspect the Devonshire Caverns under his
direction. During the following summer of 1884, many
members of the Geologists' Association of London, visited
the south-west of England, and although his hands were
full of work, he undertook (at their urgent request) to
arrange an exx)edition at Torquay for the party. Writing
to his friend Mr. Huddlestone, f.g.s., in May, 1884, he
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FATHBB OF THE DEVONSHIRB ASSOCIATION. 277
states his views as to the points most worth studying,
and says : —
** The following is my programme — I meet you at
Torquay station, and conduct you along the coast to
Hope's Nose — ^the northern horn of Torquay — ^pointing
out the Submerged Forest on Torre Abbey Sands, the
place of jimction of the Trias and the Devonian Limestone,
the contortions in the Torquay Limestone, the Slaty
Cleavage at Meadfoot, the Raised Beach at Hope's Nose,
and the contorted and cleaved Limestone near it. This
will be quite as much as we can accomplish if we proceed
on foot ; but the best plan on every account would be to
take boats at Torquay, and to land at points of great
interest (not otherwise accessible) on the way to Hope's
Nose. In this case we might be able to reach the fine
junction of the Trias and Devonian in Babbacombe Bay,
touching perhaps at the Trap of the Black Head on our
way. ... A month of hard work would give but a super-
ficial acquaintance with the geology between the Teign
and the Dart."
A few years later during the Easter holidays of 1888,
his old friend. Professor McKenny Hughes, came down to
Torquay from Cambridge, accompanied by several members
of his geological class. The party included Professor
Marr, Professor Reynolds, and others who have since
achieved distinction. William Pengelly felt a keen interest
in their field work in Devonshire, and in the various fas-
cinating problems which they were eager to discuss with
the veteran geologist. Amongst other expeditions he
took them to Bovey Tracey, Brixham, and Kent's Hole,
and to inspect the memorials of a vanished past, as illus-
trated by his Cavern specimens in the Torquay Museum.
He displayed to them also the fine selection of Devonian
fossils which he had collected, and housed in the private
museum which he had built for that purpose at his residence
Lamorna, Many of his yoimg companions were greatly
impressed by the mass of geological information he pos-
sessed, much of it not obtainable from text-books, but
the result of his own observations in the field. It was
his love of truth rather than system, his wide range of
knowledge and broad view of geological principles, which
made long walks and excursions with him so instructive to
those who had the opportunity of taking part in them.
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278 WILLIAM FBNGBLLY, F.R.S., P.G.S.,
and gave so much charm and value to his lectures and
papers. He was never more thoroughly happy than
when rambling over the Devon moors and valleys with
congenial companions. His unfailing interest in very
young workers was not the least important of his charac-
teristics, and shows how little his heart was hardened by
the passing of the years. His sympathies remained im-
dimmed until the end of his life, and to the last he rejoiced
in every onward step taken by science ; whilst his quick
and cheering perception of early merit, sometimes per-
petuated tastes which might speedily have perished if
unobserved and unencouraged. In nothing was his
career more marked than in the power he possessed, of
interesting others in scientific studies, and enlisting their
co-operation in the common cause.
In 1886 he was awarded the Lyell Medal, as a recognition
of his original researches. The President of the Geological
Society, when making the presentation, concluded his
speech with the following words : ** There is a peculiar
fitness in the award to you of this medal, as a memorial
of the fearless and illustrious author of The Principles of
Geology and The Antiquity of Man.'\ In his reply the
recipient acknowledged the pleasure which this award
afforded him, not only as a mark of appreciation from his
colleagues, but also because it bore the name of a friend and
fellow- worker whom he had greatly loved and honoured.
Although the strong tide of life and activity kept my
father much in Devonshire, yet he visited the metropolis
whenever possible, entering into the vortex of London
scientific work with vigour and enthusiasm. He was also
frequently asked to preside at meetings in different part«
of the country. These engagements were generally very
congenial, but sometimes he had to take his seat as umpire
amongst various veterans in science, and his tact and
judgment as chairman on such occasions were not less
remarkable than his kindliness. His friends were often
ranged on different sides in these stormy debates, and he
had naturally his own decided views on the questions raised,
concerning many of the problems over which he had long
pondered. Yet a well-known geologist writes, that in
these diflScult circumstances, he acquitted himself to the
satisfaction of everyone, and adds : —
** Of his geniality it is enough to say that gatherings at
which he consented to be present were sure to be successful.'*
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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 279
Another old friend and colleague bears the following
testimony, to the pleasant and important part which he
took in the debates at the Devonshire Association.
" At the annual general gathering of the members,
there was perhaps no gratification so much looked for,
when Mr. Pengelly was present, as the discussions
elicited by the reading of the several papers. A charac-
teristic of Mr. Pengelly on these occasions will be at once
remembered. There was no mistaking the evident zest
with which, after the reading of a paper, he initiated, as
he generally did, a discussion thereon. He took his part
with unfailing geniality, and his views upon the value of
facts, upon the importance of precision of language, and
upon the folly of hasty generalizations, were pretty sure
to come to the fore."
At the British Association which assembled at Bir-
mingham in 1886, my father contributed a paper entitled
" A Scrobicularia Bed, containing Human Bones, at
Newton Abbot, Devonshire " ; and during the Man-
chester Meeting in 1887, he read a paper on " Recent
Researches in Bench Cavern," which aroused much in-
terest both at the Geological and Anthropological sections.
He was also able to be present at the Association when
it met at Bath in 1888, and at Newcastle in the following
year. The last important International scientific con-
ference that he attended, was the Greological Congress,
which was held in London in the autumn of 1888. This
was his final meeting with many valued foreign colleagues,
including M. Gaudry of Paris, Professor Capellini of
Bologna, Professor Otto Torell of Stockholm, and a band
of younger but widely known men.
Although still fairly vigorous, William Pengelly was
now beginning to feel that the time had come, when he
must relinquish the active participation in scientific
matters which he had hitherto taken, but he was so
warmly greeted both by his foreign friends, and English
comrades, that he many times expressed the pleasure he
felt in having made the effort of attending the Congress.
Geologists and Anthropologists at their gatherings, had
always a hearty welcome both for him and his communi-
cations. Belonging to the class of energetic spirits, who
look for happiness in work, and to whom change of labour
is more welcome as a recreation, than absolute rest, it
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280 WILLIAM FBNGELLY, F.R.S., F.Q.S.,
was with a pang of regret that he realised, that henceforth
he could take but a small share in his favourite pursuits.
However, the cheerfulness of his temper prevented him
from dwelling despondently on this disability. Ever
eager to encourage a love of learning amongst the people,
and full of sympathy for the institutions of his native
county, it had been natiurally with considerable reluctance,
that in the spring of 1886 he had felt obliged to decline
an invitation from a deputation of the Falmouth Poly-
technic, asking him to become President in succession to
Lord Mount Edgcumbe. Another such request from a
Somersetshire scientific society, had been made to him
about the same time, and this also he had had to deny
himself the pleasure of accepting, owing to failing bodily
strength and pressure of work.
A few years earlier he had relinquished all professional
courses of lectures, having to decline an urgent invitation
in 1884, from Sir Henry Bowman, who was anxious to
persuade him to lecture once again at the Royal Institu-
tion of London, where some of his most noteworthy
discourses had been delivered. However, he was still
able to give a few lectures gratuitously, in order to assist
various scientific societies. About the same time he also
closed his career as a teacher, for which position he had
always shown so great an aptitude, particularly in his
power of arousing in his pupils at the very outset, a pre-
liminary interest in the study they were approaching.
His last pupil was the present writer.
In 1886, he resigned his post as Honorary Acting
Treasurer of the Devonshire Association, but he was
able to read three papers, which were highly appreciated,
at the meeting held at St. Mary Chiurch near Torquay,
in the summer of that year ; and also to read an important
paper at the Plympton Meeting, in the following year.
A well-known member of the Association writes in 1894 : —
" There was, I am sure, only one feeling of regret among
the members of the society with which Mr. Pengelly had
been for so many years associated, when he withdrew to
the retirement which increasing years and infirmities
imposed upon him. He had finished his work. Yet to
the last, he retained an almost pathetic interest in the
Devonshire Association, which he had founded and for
which he had done so much."
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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 281
His final lecture was delivered in the spring of 1889,
at the Torquay Natural History Society. It was entitled
*' Archaeological Discoveries at Hele," and was listened to
with close attention, by a crowded audience. In the follow-
ing year, 1890, he relinquished the Honorary Secretaryship
of the Society, this being the last scientific office which
he held. He still, however, retained so much of his old
vivacity, that his increasing physical weakness was scarcely
perceptible to his friends, who hardly realised that the tasks
which had once been so light and easy to him, had recently
become a serious and increasing burden and strain.
Shortly after his retirement he received an illuminated
address from the members, expressing their deep regret
at his resignation. So highly was his work esteemed,
that a few years previously, he had been presented by
his friends with his portrait, which was painted by the
well-known artist and Royal Academician Mr. A. S. Cope.
In the reading room attached to the Museum, there fitly
hangs this oil painting of the man whose individuality is
unmistakably marked upon the entire institution.
In a letter to the present writer (several years later),
Professor McKenny Hughes, the Woodwardian Professor
of Geology, requested that WiUiam Pengelly's favourite
hammer, might be presented to the Sedgwick Museum at
the University of Cambridge, in order, as he wrote : " that
it might be placed with those of Hugh Miller, Professor
Sedgwick, Sir Charles Lyell, and other geological hammers
with which it had probably been out in the field and thus
be seen by future generations of students to recall his
cavern researches and other geological discoveries. . . .''
This request was gladly complied with, and the hammer
is now placed with those belonging to his three old friends
and correspondents.
Whilst WiUiam Pengelly's original researches placed
him in the first rank of British geologists, his kindness
and geniality endeared him to those who came into close
contact with him, so that even his antagonists often
became his admirers. It is difficult at the present day,
however, to realise the conditions which prevailed in the
middle and latter part of the nineteenth century, as the
consequence of the unreasoning prejudice excited in
some minds, by the rapid advance and development of
geological enquiry. Any attempt to explain the past
history of the earth by a reference to the causes stiU in
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282 WILLIAM PENGBLLY, F.B.S., F.G.S.,
operation upon it, was met — not with argument — but by
a storm of embittered controversy, and charges of atheism
against its propounder. The keynote which William
Pengelly struck almost from the commencement of his
scientific career, was that in geology, the past can be best
imderstood through the present, that the forces of Nature
now in operation, are sufficient to produce changes re-
sembling those which have taken place in former ages,
if only that there is a sufficient period of time allowed
for the work. The pathway of enquiry which he chose
after careful consideration, and along which he travelled
until the close of his life, was that of a champion of the
doctrine that the present alone affords the clue to the past.
It was characteristic of his extreme accuracy, never to
cease his investigations till he was fully satisfied, being
resolute to contend with difficulties till all were overcome.
He was too truly a lover of knowledge with faith in its
progress, to be hasty in publishing views on accoimt of
their novelty, when they might be rendered more valuable
by further proofs of their truth.
On the themes which specially engaged his thoughts,
and on which he had frequently to speak and write, con-
cerning the question of the great age of the earth, and of
the antiquity of man, he was throughout the conflict a
working soldier, not a showy captain, of the cause he
championed. For the expansion of our geological vision,
and for the flood of light which has been thereby thrown
upon our geological history, we stand mainly indebted
to him and his fellow-workers. The simplicity of his
language, his careful analysis of facts, and his profound
and original views, rendered his writings at once attrac-
tive and impressive. When it was his lot to be engaged
in controversy (which he avoided as far as possible), he
never allowed it to hurry him into anything unworthy.
He possessed singular clearness of judgment and freedom
from prejudice, and this enabled him to discuss with
calmness and equanimity opinions directly opposed to
his own. He was at all times specially careful to render
full justice to the labours of others, regarding them not
as rivals, but as fellow-workers in a great cause.
Mr. A. R. Hunt, f.g.s., writes : —
" On looking back, I note the absolute trust which he
always inspired. It was impossible for him to take a
mean advantage of an opponent. . . . Thus if anyone
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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 283
scored a point off Mr. Pengelly, he would be the first to
proclaim it."
In endeavouring to describe some of the work which
her father accomplished, the writer of this biographical
sketch, can lay no claim to impartiality ; and is, moreover,
too conscious of her inability to cope with the subject,
to presume to oflEer here a detailed or critical estimate,
of the value of his various scientific writings. This must
be done by an abler, and also an independent, pen, and
therefore can be best given in the words of that distin-
guished geologist and author, the Rev. Professor Bonney.
Alluding to William Pengelly's published scientific papers
— which numbered nearly a himdred and twenty, in
addition to those on antiquarian and kindred subjects —
the Professor remarks : —
" It is truly a wonderful record, especially when we
remember that Pengelly could not be counted among the
' Men of fortune and of leisure.* Such a number of papers,
such diverse subjects, and such careful work in all of them !
Here and there, perhaps, some inference ultimately may
have to be modified or set aside ; from this fate no student
of a progressive science, where the evidence itself is liable
to imperfections, can hope to escape, but we venture to
affirm that Pengelly will rarely be found wrong in any
statement of facts, and it is this characteristic — ^its careful
and scrupulous accuracy — which gives such a high value
to his work."
Another eminent authority states : —
** Science has never had a more single-minded and
devoted servant, than the Devonshire Geologist, who
helped so largely to establish the now universal belief in
the antiquity of man."
Concerning his simple but firm faith, the testimony of
three of his friends may be given. The Rev. Professor
Harley, f.r.s., the well-known mathematician, writes to
me in April, 1894 : —
'* I heard of the death of your dear father with sincere
regret. He and I were admitted into the Royal Society
at the same time . . . and whenever we met we found
that we had many points of contact. . . . He did not
obtrude his theological opinions but it was easy to see
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284 WILUA^ PBNOBLLY, F.R.S., F.G.S.
that he was a man of true religious character ; this was
shown in his exemplary and upright life."
Writing to me from London, Lord Lister, the celebrated
surgeon, and late President of the Royal Society, says : —
** I had often the privilege of intercourse with your
father . . . and I recall vividly the impression of his great
intellectual powers and his genial benevolence. . . . What
a comfort that his love of science never imdermined his
faith as a Christian."
In a letter to my mother the Rev. Professor Bonney,
F.R.S., LL.D., Canon of Manchester, writes : —
" From bodily pain he might have suffered, but I feel
sure he would be upheld in crossing the dark water, by
the Saviour in whom he had long put his trust. He has
left as a legacy to all his friends, the memory of a well-
spent life and a good example. Though I doubt not that
his life on earth was a happy one, yet I hope and trust
that now he has entered into a more perfect peace and an
imchanging joy."
Immediately after William Pengelly's death in 1894, a
Committee, which included many distinguished men of
science, was formed, with the object of providing a lasting
tribute to his memory. It was unanimously decided that
this should take the form of a Lecture Hall, adjoining
the Torquay Natural History Society's premises, to be
known as the Pengelly Hall, This large and commodious
building was speedily erected at the rear of the Museum,
and the tablet over the door of entrance bears the following
inscription : —
THIS LECTURE HALL
was built in the Jubilee Year of
The Torquay Natural History Society
1894,
as a Memorial to
WILLL^M PENGELLY, F.R.S.
In appreciation of his services as one of the Founders
and Honorary Secretary for forty years
of his contributions to science
especially as an explorer and expoimder of Kent's Cavern
and of his worth as a man.
He was thorough in all things.
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BERRY POMEROY CASTLE.
BY MR. H. MICHELL WHITLEY.
(Read at Exeter, 2l8t July, 1915.)
Amongst the castles of Devon, two stand out pre-eminent
for the magnitude of the ruins and beauty of situation,
Berry Pomeroy and Okehampton.
Each is built on a rocky spur of the hills, overlooking a
lovely valley, and each is encircled with finely timbered
woods, and this is especially the case with Berry Pomeroy,
which is renowned for the magnificent trees overshadowing
the glen through which the approach road runs.
A full, description of Okehampton Castle is given by
Dr. E. H. Young in the Devonian Year Book for 1914 and
1915, but no detailed architectural description of Berry
Pomeroy CarStle has heretofore been published, and the
object of the present paper, based on an accurate survey
on a large scale by the author, is to supply this much-
needed want.
Ralph de Pomeroy, one of the knights in William the
Conqueror's army, was liberally rewarded for his services
by the gift of fifty-six manors in Devon ; the entry in the
Exeter Domesday with reference to Berry is as follows : —
" Ralf has a Manor called Beri (Berry) which Alric held on
the day on which King Edward was alive and dead, and it paid
geld for two hides. These can be ploughed by 25 ploughs.
Thereof Ralf has 1 hide and 4 ploughs in demesne, and the
villeins have 1 hide and 17 ploughs. There Ralf has 45 villeins,
17 bordars, and 16 serfs, and 8 head of cattle, and 16 swine,
and 560 sheep, and 100 acres of wood, and 10 acres of meadow,
and 40 acres of pasture. This is worth 12 poimds, when Ralf
received it 16 pounds."
The name of the manor, which means a fortified place,
shows that the English owner Alric had a castle there for
his residence, and the protection of his tenants and flocks
and herds in time of war.
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286 BEBBY POMEROY CASTLE.
Such a castle in Saxon times generally consisted of a
motte or mound thrown up from an encircling ditch, and
a bailey or base-court, enclosed by a mound and ditch,
the defences being completed by a timber stockade,
whilst the houses were of the same material.
Many of these castles retained their timber stockades
until the thirteenth century, Barnstaple Castle being a
Devon instance, the masonry walls of which were being
built in 1273.
The castle and manor continued in the Pomeroy famOy
until the middle of the sixteenth century, when Sir Thomas
Pomeroy headed the Western . rebellion. Pole, in his
description of Devon, states that " Sir Thomas consumed
his estate and decayed his house, he sold Berry with other
his lands unto Edward Seamor, Duke of Somerset, which
Duke gave this Berry unto the Lord Edward which he
had by his first wife," and the castle has remained in the
Seymour family ever since.
There are no existing remains of the fortified house of
Alric the Englishman. Probably a deep ditch, which is
now filled up, was cut across the narrow neck of land
connecting the rocky knoll on which the castle is built
with the steep hillside on the south ; and the enclosure,
measuring about 250 feet square, was surrounded by a
stout stockade, which probably remained, as at Barn-
staple, until the Pomeroys built their castle about the end
of the thirteenth century.
There is extant a survey of the lands and tenements of
Henry de la Pomeroy in Berry, in the county of Devon,
dated 13 March, 1292. At this date there was at Berry a
hall with the chambers, the kitchen, grange, other buildings,
and gardens, worth 40s. per year. A dovecot worth 2s. 6d.
a year ; also a park" worth yearly in pannage and herbage
one mark and no more because it is overdone with wild
beasts. Henry de la Pomeroy came of age in this year,
and the evidence of the oldest part of the existing ruins
would show that he erected the castle.
The boundary of the park can still be traced, enclosing
an area which measures on the Ordnance Map 340 acres.
On the 9th Dec, 12th Henry VII (1497), the escheator of
Devon held an inquisition at Bery Pomerey to settle the
portion of Elizabeth, late the wife of Richard Pomerey,
Knight, and assigned for her third of the honor and
castle of Bury, a great chamber beyond the castle gate,
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BBBBY POMBROY CASTLB. 287
with the cellar on the left of the gate, with two chambers
beyond, and belonging to the same great chamber. A
kitchen, a larderhouse, and a chamber beyond the kitchen.
For her third of the capital Messuage of the Manor of
Bury Pomery, a pantry and buttery up to the chamber
there called " Stuerdes chambre " (the Steward's Chamber),
with a moiety of the Bakehouse, Bruhouse, Keychen, and
Larderhouse : a stable for horses with a loft built over it,
a bam called Barle bame, and a house called " Kystelys
Bame."
Also a third part of the park of Bury Pomerey for a
third part of the deer, containing by estimation 30 acres
of land, viz. from " Slade Gate'' to "William Tud is
Style " to the west up to ** Sonde Gate," and from ** Sonde
Gate " up to the said " Slade Gate."
The park was surrounded by a wall about seven feet
high, built of excellent coursed rubble dry masonry. Three-
fourths of this wall still stand, but where it ran through
what is now woodland, the roots of the trees have over-
thrown it.
The existing ruins are of two distinct periods ; first, those
of the castle of the Pomeroys built in the last quarter of
the thirteenth century, and secondly, those of the stately
mansion built by the Seymours about the middle of the
sixteenth century. The original castle probably consisted
of three towers and a gatehouse, placed at each angle and
connected by curtain walls ; the work remaining is the
gatehouse and St. Margaret's tower, with the southern
curtain wall joining them and a portion of the western
curtain wall from the gatehouse northwards, the whole of
the remainder being cleared away for the erection of the
sixteenth-century buildings.
The Reverend John Prince, Vicar of Berry Pomeroy, in
his Worthies of Devon, thus describes the castle ruins ad
they existed about the year 1700 : —
" Berry Pomeroy Castle is situate in a deer park upon a
rock on a rising groimd from the east and north over a pleasant
rivulet running through the park aforesaid which empties itself
into the Hemms at Little Hempston.
" It was a castle standing a mile distant towards the east
from the parish church of Bery aforesaid. What it was in its
antique forme can hardly be calculated from what at present
remains standing, which is only the front facing the south in a
direct line of about 60 cloth yards in length. The gate standeth
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288 BERRY POMEROY CASTLE.
towards the west end of the front, over which carved in moor
stone is yet remaining Pomeroy's Arms. It had therefore a
double portcullis, whose entrance is about 12 feet in height and
30 feet in length, which gate is turretted and embattled, as
are the walls yet standing home to the east end thereof, where
answereth yet in being a tower called St. Margaret's, from
which several gentlemen of this county antiently held their
lands. Within this is a large quadrangle, at the north and
east side whereof the honourable family of Seymour (whose
possession now it is) built a magnificent structure at the
charges as iame relates it of upwards of twenty thousand
poimds but never brought it to perfection ; for the west side
of the quadrangle was never begun. What was finished may
be thus described. Before the door of the great hall was a
noble walk whose length was the breadth of the court, arch'd
over with curiously carved free-stone supported on the fore
part by several stately pillars of the same stone of great
dimensions after the Corinthian order, standing on pedestals,
having cornices or friezes finely wrought, behind which were
placed in the wall several seats of frieze-stone also cut into the
form of an escallop shell, in which the company when aweary
might repose themselves. The apartments within were very
splendid, especially the dining-room which was adorned,
besides paint, \\dth statues and figures cut in alabaster \^ith
admirable art and labour ; but the chimney-piece of polished
marble, curiously engraven, was of great cost and value.
Many other of the rooms were well adorned with mouldings
and fretwork ; some of whose marble clavils were so delicately
fine that they would reflect an object true and lively from a
great distance. In short the number of the apartments of the
whole may be collected hence ; if report be true, that it was a
good day's work for a servant but to open and shut the case-
ments belonging to them. Notwithstanding which 'tis now
demolished and all this glory lieth in the dust buried in its
own mines, there being nothing standing but a few broken
walls which seem to mourn their own funeral."
Passing into details, the annexed plan of the ruins is
reduced from an accurate survey to a scale of 8 feet to an
inch and shows Pomeroy's work in black, whilst that of the
Seymours is hatched. The court of the inner ward is
about 80 feet from east to west, and varies from 70 to 86
feet north to south. The gatehouse is 33 feet wide and
31 feet deep, besides which it has two flanking towers with
semi-sexagon projections of 5 feet in the front on each
side of the entrance.
The entrance passage is 31 feet long, 8 feet 6 inches wide,
and about 11 feet high, with a plain barrel vault. There
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BERRY POMBROY CASTLE. 289
was originally a ditch, probably dry, across the narrow
neck of land joining the castle to the hill on the south ;
but this has been filled up, possibly at the time of the
additions and alterations carried out by the Seymours.
There was an exterior drawbridge, the sockets for the
axles and the holes carrying the beams for the lifting chains
still remain. Ten feet withhi this is the groove for the port-
cullis, opening into the chamber above. Here, as in many
other instances, the portcullis groove stops about a foot
above the door sill, showing that the spikes at the lower
end of the grate were of this length.
15 feet 6 inches beyond the portcullis was the portal,
closed by a gate opening inwards. This entrance has been
lengthened for a distance of 11 feet 6 inches beyond the
gate with an inner portal arch, this work apparently dating
from alterations carried out by the Seymours. The arch
is of rough masonry, and there are no " meurtrieres " or
openings into the chambers above through which spears
could be thrust or missiles thrown on besiegers below.
The parapet between the two towers flanking the gate-
way is however carried on an arch between the angles of
the towers, in advance of the outer wall of the gatehouse,
forming a machicolation or opening behind, through which
missiles could be dropped in front of the drawbridge on
besiegers ; these machicolations were not built in England
before the latter part of the thirteenth century.
Prince states that over the gateway the arms'of Pomeroy
are carved in moor stone, and Lysons says that he was
informed that they still remained in 1774, although then
overgrown with ivy ; at present no shield is to be seen.
The parapet connecting the flanking towers is battle-
mented, and the latter, although plain now, had battle-
ments as shown in Buck's drawing taken about 1734.
Over the entrance is an opening for a window, now
robbed of its mullions. In Buck's drawing it is shown as
complete, of two lights with geometrical tracery of the
Decorated period in the head under a pointed arch, dating
the work at about the last quarter of the thirteenth century.
The basement floor of the two towers is at the level of
the ground outside.
On each side of the entrance passage is a chamber
6 feet 3 inches wide, with semicircular ends occupying
the angular projections of the towers. There are three
loopholes for cross-bows in both chambers, which are
VOL. XLvn. T
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290 BEBBY FOMBBOY CASTLB.
approached by stone steps from the portcullis room above.
At the rear of the western tower is a smaU porter's lodge
opening into the inner ward, lit by a small one-light
window.
The portcullis or guard room is 22 feet 6 inches wide
and 28 feet long and was built or remodelled by the Sey-
mours in the sixteenth century.
It is divided into two parts by two octagonal granite
eolumns, and arches carrying a wall with corbels for the
roof, the inner portion occupying a width of 16 feet and
the outer the towers.
There is a fireplace without hood in the centre of the
inner wall, an opening for a large window on the east of
the fireplace and a loophole on the west, both looking into
the inner ward, and three loopholes in the angles of the
towers, with the opening for a window over the entrance
already mentioned. The access to this room is by a door
with a four-centred sixteenth-century arch in the eastern
wall opening on to the curtain walk close to the vice by
which it is approached from the inner ward.
In the vice leading to the eastern chamber below there
is also a square opening for musketry which commands
the rampart walk.
The side walls of the towers, which are one storey higher,
are carried by cross arches from the columns resting on
corbels in the walls.
The two upper chambers are inaccessible, that on the
east was reached by steps from the curtain wall. It has
a fireplace without hood in the south wall and an opening
to give access to the machicolation over the entrance.
This could also be reached from the roof of the portcullis
chamber, on to which the stairs from the curtain walk
opened through an archway, now destroyed.
The upper storey of the western tower has no fireplace,
but a couple of loopholes widely splayed inside in the angle
wall. These towers, now open, were originally roofed with
large slate slabs, portions of which remain. A passage in
the western curtain wall, lit by a couple of loops, leads to
a turret, in which is a garderobe rudely semicircular, lit by
three loops. A vice in this turret leads to the top of the
curtain wall, which is 6 feet thick and 26 feet high above
the inner ward level. The curtain wall is level with the
roof of the guard room, the entrance towers rising about
12 feet above it.
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BEBBY POMEBOY CASTLE. 291
The tower at the south-eastern angle of the castle,
c€tlled by Prince " Saint Margaret's Tower/' has a semi-
circular projection in front extended with straight walls
behind, is 22 feet 6 inches long by 17 feet broad within.
The gorge wall fills up the angle of meeting of the curtains
and contains the entrance door.
The basement floor below the level of the inner ward,
but above the ground outside, is approached by a flight of
steps from the room above, mainly cut in the solid rock ;
the roof is arched in rough rubble masonry. There is a
loophole and two small windows, an angle aumbry, and
a rude bracket in the north wall.
The ground floor is lit by two single-light windows
heavily barred, and has a garderobe recessed in the wall ;
there is also a loophole in the vice to the basement. Another
vice close to the entrance door leads to the room on the
first floor ; a good deal of the original plaster remains on
the walls. The first-floor room had a wooden floor, a fire-
place in the east wall, a three-light window in the west,
and two single-light ones in the east and south walls, all
heavily barred. The vice opened on to the curtain wall
by steps from the north-west comer, the vice of the door
remaining. Buck's view shows a second storey then
existing above the first floor, the tower being crowned with
battlements.
The curtain wall between this tower and the gatehouse
is 12 feet high on the outside, 8 feet above the rampart
walk inside, 4 feet 6 inches thick, and loopholed. The
inner parapet battlement is two feet thick, and the ram-
part walk between 15 feet wide. All this work from the
garderobe turret to Saint Margaret's Tower is Pomeroy's,
built, as already stated, between 1275 to 1300, but rebuilt
and altered in places by the Seymours in the sixteenth
century.
Passing now to the Seymours' buildings, the north side
of the inner ward was occupied by the hall, which was a
noble building 90 feet in length and 26 feet in width ;
along the whole front of this and the adjacent serving
room to the west ran the colonnade described by Prince.
Numerous fragments of carved stone have been turned up
here, and amongst them a corbel in the shape of a ram'B
head.
The entrance doorway was in the centre of the south
wall opening under the colonnade, the jambs being still in
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292 BERRY POMBROY CASTLE.
position ; at the east e;id of the hall was the dais, which
extended all across the upper end, and was probably one
step above the general floor level ; the fireplace, of which
the hearth of slate on edge only remains, is in its usual
position a little below the dais.
The dais was lit by an oriel window in the north waU,
which was also used for retiring into for private conver-
sation ; this was semicircular and 12 feet in diameter,
its sill being at a short height above the dais level. In the
north wall of the hall were also three four-light transomed
windows, the sills of which are 9 feet above the floor line,
and there is also a small two-light window beneath the
westernmost. Under the western end of the building is
a cellar. The walls of the hall are so ruined and ivy-clad
that it is difficult to say definitely what the internal
arrangements were ; but from the position of a square
pillar in the cellar, which corresponds with the socket for
a beam in the north wall, it is probable that a timber par-
tition crossed the hall a little to the west of the great door-
way, shutting off the " screens " or parssage behind for the
use of the servants ; it would be, however, more usual if
the hall doorway opened into the screens, the partition
dividing it from the hall being a little to the east of it,
access being obtained by a couple of doors.
The kitchen block adjoins the hall on the west, forming
the north-west angle of the castle ; between it and the
hall is a room 26 feet long and 14 feet wide, used probably
as a serving-room or larder, lit by a large window in the
north wall, now broken down. Beyond this was the kitchen
36 feet long and 27 feet wide, with two fireplaces in the
south wall 11 feet 6 inches and 9 feet in width respectively,
the smaller of which has an inset oven. The north wall is
mainly gone ; there is a blocked doorway and the foun-
dations of an oriel window now also blocked in the west
wall.
South of the kitchen are two rooms, the westernmost
the bakehouse, with two ovens 2 feet 6 inches in diameter,
the other room being probably used as a store. This
building is three stories in height. The upper stories are
inaccessible, without floors, stairs, or roof ; the south wall
is toothed at the extremities, clearly showing it was in-
tended to continue the work further towards the gatehouse,
an intention which was never carried into effect.
The main block of the Seymour buildings on the eastern
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BERRY POMBROY CASTLE. 293
side of the inner ward was built around a small central
courtyard. The walls of this building are three stories
in height and are fairly perfect, with the exception of the
northern wall, which has perished. The floors, stairs, and
roof are gone, the upper stories being inaccessible.
The principal rooms were on the north, a continuation
of the hall overlooking the deep valley below. On the
groimd and the first floors were two noble rooms 40 feet
long and 26 feet wide ; the north wall is almost entirely
destroyed, but in the east wall of the ground-floor room
is the aperture of a large window, probably of four
transomed lights. There is in each of these rooms a fine
fireplace 7 feet 6 inches wide in the south wall.
The ashlar work of all the Seymour buildings is of granite
with the exception of that of the colonnade which is of
Bath stone.
At the north-eastern angle is a curious collection of walls
enclosing a triangular space which was approached from
above by a ladder and lit by a loophole ; this gives access
through a four-centred arch of sixteenth-century date to
some steps not fully uncovered, which appear to have led
to the castle well.
A revetment wall runs outside the south curtain wall
from the gatehouse to Saint Margaret's Tower, enclosing
a narrow strip about 10 feet wide. It is continued beyond
for a short distance, and then turns northward along the
eastern front of the mansion about 30 feet from it, enclosing
the steps to the well ; there are also traces of an outer
wall now modernised along the north front of the castle.
Two reasons are given why the castle fell into ruins, the
first being that it was besieged and was dismantled in the
Civil War, which Lysons thinks very probable, although
he had found not a trace of any siege, and the second that
it was struck by lightning and set on fire and never after
rebuilt. I am inclined to believe that the latter is correct,
as practically the whole of the northern range is in ruins
and overthrown, whilst the walls of the western and eastern
portions remain intact.
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THE WALROND SCREEN IN SEATON CHURCH.
BY ARTHUR LOCKE RADFORD, F.S.A.
(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1915.)
In W. H. Hamilton Rogers' Sepulchral Effigies in the
Parish Churches of Devon, page 185, occurs an account of
Walrond of Bovey, Seaton and Beer. '* In Seaton church,
previous to its restoration in 1866, there was a noith
transept doubtless built by the Walronds of Bovey Beer
(a junior branch of the Walronds of Bradfield) probably
as a mortuary chantry, and the arms of the family appear
on the corbel of the window. This chapel was originally
enclosed by an oak screen of open tracery, subsequently
portions of it were employed to give additional height to
a large squire's pew, and finally, on the complete restora-
tion of the edifice (1866), the}'- were removed, presumably
for future preservation, to Bovey House where they still
remain, but certainly deserve to be reinstated in their
original position which it is to be hoped may be their
ultimate fate.
" The portions consist of open tracery, temp. Henry VIII,
and are ornamented with the single red and white rose,
the large double rose, and a series of shields with armorial
bearings carved in relief, and exhibiting the descent of
Walrond of Bovey and some of the earlier alliances of
Walrond of Bradfield emblazoned in colours : —
1. Argent three bulls' heads afIront6e sable horned,
gules a crescent for difference (Walrond of Bovey).
2. Argent a chevron gules between three bulls' heads
affrontee sable (Stowford of Stowford Colyford) im-
paling azure a stag's face affrontee argent (Downe ? ).
3. Walrond of Bovey impaling Stowford and Downe.
4. Walrond impaling gules two demi-lions passant
regardant or (Hache).
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Walroitd Screen in Beaton Church.— To face p. 294.
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VValboiid Screen in Seaton Church.— 2'o face p. 295.
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THE WALBOND SCBBEN IN SEATON OHUBCH. 295
5. Walrond impaling azure a lion rampant argent
langued gnles (Brett).
6. Gules a chevron enarched argent (Holbeame).
7. Sable three fish (Hakes) haurient argent (Hake).
8. Argent the Stafford Knot azure a crescent for differ-
ence gules.
9. (Speke) argent two bars azure over all a double-
headed eagle displayed or.
" The devices on these shields are carved in relief and the
colours appear to have been subsequently added, and are
erroneous in two or three instances."
I am much indebted to Mr. A. J. P. Skinner, who has
very kindly supplied me with the following pedigrees
from Pole,^ showing how the arms shown on the screen
came to the Walronds by their marriages.
* " Collections towards a Description of the County of Devon by Sir
W™ Pole K»« who died 1636," printed 1791.
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3'
296
THE WALROND SCREEN IN SBATON CHURCH.
Pole, p. 184.
Nicholas Whitinge= Margaret,
Pole, p. 206.
of Woode,
Kentisbere.
sister and cob. of
Tliomas Prodhonie.
John Walrond
of Bradfield.
John Whitinge= Julian, dau. of
William Hoi-
beame.
John Walrond =
:Jone, dan. and h.
of John de Stow^
ford, probably by
his wife, dan. of
Downe.
Robert Whitings
I
John Whi ting y Alice, dau. of
I Nicholas Kirkham.
John Whiting^ Agnes, sister to
I JohnTorrell.
I
Robert Whiting= Isabel, dau. and coh.
of John Clivedon.
i
John Whiting^ Anne, sister and coh.
of Peter Pancefoot.
II. Agnes — Henry Walrond
2nd dau. and coh. I of Brad field,
died 1550.
William Walrond =Melior, dau. of
Pole, p. 174.
Sir William le Speke.^ Agues, dau. of
of Eveleigh, Thomas Or-
Broadclist. chard of
' Orchard.
I
I
Agne3=Martin Fisliacre.
dau. and h.
Agnes ^ John Ufflet.
dau, and h.
L Alice = John Walrond
dau. and h. I of Bradfield,
William Walrond= Alice, dau. of
I Walter Hake
I of Cullompton.
John Walrond=I. Alice, dau. of
I John Ufflet and
I aunt and coh. of
_ I John Ufflet
John Walrond =Jennett, dau. of
♦ ♦ ♦ Gilbard.
John Walrond = Margaret, dau. of
8. and h. ,
of Bradfield.
John Moore of
Moorhajea.
Humphrey Walrond == Eleanor, dau. of
Henry Ogan.
Wa
* Henry Walrond =11. Agnes, 2nd
of Bradfield, dau. and coh. of
buried Uffculme, John Whiting
2lJuly, 1550. of Wood.
William Walrond=Joan, dau. of
2nd son, of Bovey. John Brett.
John Walrond=Jone, dau. of Cuth-
will dat 1563,
prov. 1567.
r
bert Clamsey, bnr.
Seaton, 8 April,
1692.
* John Walrond = Jane, dau. of Lewis
of Bovey, buried Hach of Aller,
Seaton, 16 June, buried Seaton, 4
1611. Nov., 1640.
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Walrond 8( rees in Skat«»n Chlrch.— 7'o fact j\ 297.
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THE WALROND SCREEN IN SEATON CHURCH. 297
Mr. Skinner adds : —
"As Holbeame and Hach are both on the screen I take it
that the screen was erected by the above Henry and John
Wakond unless they were later additions. The three fish
are Hake not Fishacre, the Downe Arms are Downe of
East Downe."
The canopies are six in number ; two have three coats
of arms (facing), 1st, Walrond centre, Holbeame left, Hake
right; 2nd, Walrond centre, Speke left, Stafford Knot
right ; this latter has in addition a red and a white rose on
each of the spandrels of the arch. These canopies are
3 ft. 6 in. wide, and the pair exactly fit the arch on the
south side of the Walrond Chapel. The other four are
smaller in size, being only 2 ft. 11 in. wide ; they have a
central shield only and bear on them respectively : Stow-
ford impaling Downe, Walrond impaling Stowford and
Downe, Walrond impaling Hache, Walrond impaling
Brett ; these canopies exactly fit the western arch of the
Walrond Chapel. As all these canopies have mortice
holes cut, into which the muUions of the screens were
fitted, it is clear no entrance or doorway was made in the
screens themselves, but that the entrance to the chapel
or pew must have been from the chancel through the
hagioscope, which is a Tudor arched passage way about
6 ft. 6 in. high by 3 ft. 6 in. wide, and open down to the
floor level.
It is lighted by two rough lancet-headed windows on
the north side, and is built outside the original church
wall into what is now the vestry, but which originally
was the churchyard. This passage served the double
purpose of an entrance to the chapel and a hagioscope
(see rough plan of church showing place of screen and
entrance to chapel).
The carving of the screen is rather rough work of late
design, and from the details used in the ornament one is
inclined to accept Mr. Skinner's view that it is work of
the time of Elizabeth, and not, as Mr. Rogers states, that
of Henry VIII. The screen appears to have been carved
at one date and probably by the same hand ; the ground
was painted white, and the heraldic charges in their
proper colours. Mr. Skinner thinks the screen was erected
by Henry Walrond of Bradfield, buried at Uffculme
21 July, 1550, or John Walrond of Bovey, buried at
Seaton 16 June, 1611.
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298 THB WALROND SCREEN IN SEATON CHURCH.
This screen must have been somewhat similar to that
of the Moores of Moorshayes in Cullompton church, which
also bears the Walrond arms impaling Moore, but as the
Seaton church arches are low (unlike Cullompton) the
screen was much lower, and the heraldry carved on a
smaller scale, being nearer the eye.
When I went to reside at Bovey House seven years ago
I recollect Mr. Hamilton Rogers telling me about the screen
and asking me to see if I could find any trace or fragments
of it at Bovey ; this I was never able to do. He told me
that it was removed from the church to Bovey on 5 January,
1845, and stored there for safety. This will account for
Mr. Ashworth, the architect, making no reference to it
either in his manuscript notes on Seaton church, or his
sketches and plans now hanging in the church, and made
in 1864-6 before its restoration.
Soon after leaving Bovey last year (1914) I happened
to be walking down Bond Street, and saw in an art dealer's
a canopy of a screen with the Walrond and other arms on
it. Finding on enquiry that he had several of these, I
took a note of the arms and on my return home compared
them with Rogers' account, and discovered I had all but
four shields. On my next visit to Town I saw the art
dealer and enquired for the missing pieces ; he stated that
there were two more, but one had been sold to a gentleman
at Brighton, and so a visit had to be made there to obtain
the necessary drawing and measurements. The other
canopy was in the possession of the art dealer, but its
shield had been carefully cut out and sold to a gentleman
who claimed to bear the arms. He had recently had it
erected in his house, some 1600 miles west of New York,
on the mantel of an oak-panelled room, originally from an
old Elizabethan house in Herefordshire. Fortunately the
shield and arms can be replaced, as a sketch had been
kept.
The canopies are now all in my possession except the
one at Brighton, which will, I trust, before long Join the
rest, and, in the words of the late Mr. Hamilton Rogers,
it is to be hoped that at some future date the screen may
be re-erected in its original position.
* I desire to acknowledge the valuable architectural assistance I
have received from Mr. S. Seymour Lucas.
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and is.
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way in
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ent the
ig from
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iccumu-
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seem to
iry road
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298
This 8
of the M
also besu.
Seaton i
screen M
smaller i
When
I recoiled
and aski
of it at !
that it w
1846, an
Mr. Ash
either iik
sketches
in 1864-
Soon
to be wa
a canopj^
it. Fin^
took a ifi
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four shi
dealer a}
there we
at Brigh
the nee
canopy
shield h;
who cla
erected
on the
old Eliz^
shield a ^'
kept.
The c
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1 I de
have rece
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THE SECRET OF THE FOSSE WAY.
BY T. J. JOCE.
(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1916.)
A TWELPTH-century chronicler, probably making use of
a still earlier writer, describes the four chief highways of
Britain, and states that the Fosse Way extended from
the beginning of Cornwall to the end of Scotland, scilicet
a principio CormigcUliae in finem ScoUiae. This Roman
work is thus written of by Henry of Huntingdon, and is
also mentioned by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Robert of Glou-
cester, and the famous topographers Leland and Camden,
also by various later writers.
That a through-route existed which communicated with
the mineral districts of the Cornish peninsula may most
certainly be received, but the idea of a Roman road pene-
trating to the far north of Scotland we may leave to those
who like to believe it. So far from constructing a way in
finem ScoUiae, the Romans at the Wall on the Border
appear to have had quite enough to do to prevent the
dwellers in Scotland from coming south.
The great road, known as the Fosse, extending from
Lincoln, through Newark, to Leicester, crossing Watling
Street at High Cross, passing through Cirencester, Bath,
Shepton Mallet and Hchester, is one of the most notable
features of the map of Roman Britain, and, is even more
marked than Watling Street. The question of its southern
ending has for centuries attracted the attention of anti-
quaries, among them some of the highest eminence, and
various routes have been suggested. Some have stated
that the Fosse ended at Axminster or at the mouth of the
Axe, a port which, even making allowance for the accumu-
lation there of shingle in recent years, could never have
been anything but a doubtful harbour. It would seem to
be but a feeble and unpractical terminus to a military road
which crosses England with so bold a stride.
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300 THE SECRET OF THE FOSSE WAY.
Others have held that the Fosse ended at Exeter, others
that it went by way of Ugbrook and Chudleigh over
Dartmoor, others that it passed through Totnes and
Avonwick into Cornwall. There appears no reason to
doubt that the broad straight way which leads from
Exeter southwards and ends in bridge and causeway at
Teignbridge is a Roman work, and it is the writer's opinion
that in the scheme of roads it was to be continued to the
mouth of the Dart, not more than sixteen miles away,
and the conquering power would thus have had unhindered
access to a fine natural haven, superior to the estuaries
of Axe or Exe.
The various routes suggested, continuing into the S.W.,
have remained suggestions, and the famous old way has
never been really traced so as to be satisfactorily diown
as a part of the known system of its time.
An important factor in the investigation is the physical
geography of the district, and the suitable groimd over
which the roads from E. and N. could enter the two
south-westerly counties is found to be narrowed to a few
miles, and it is not generally realised how peninsula-like
were those two counties in days gone by, for the marsh-
lands of the Parret basin extended from the Severn Channel
far inland, and only at Langport did the drier lands draw
sufficiently near for a passage of the river to be made,
and there are tracts of land twenty-five miles from the
sea which are yet but a few feet above tide-level, and all
this region was one vast morass. And, since the swamp-
land is more of a barrier than water, it can easily be under-
stood how this condition of the district, coupled with the
difficult, hilly ground of the Devon and Dorset border,
aided in keeping the two south-westerly counties so dis-
tinctly apart from the rest of England.
Now, in oui; search for a great through-route, we may
feel sure it is not likely to be entirely lost. We may not
expect a mathematically straight course where deep and
tortuous valleys so frequently occur, as that would soon
bring about impossible situations. Yet it would be
moderately direct. It would not have the permanent
difficulty, amounting almost to an obstruction, of having
to climb and pass an extensive moorland plateau, which
a Dartmoor course would certainly impose. It would be
likely to adapt for its use existing British roads, as that
is known to have been the Roman practice. Such a route
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THE SECRET OP THE IX>SSE WAY. 301
would not be found to lead us about from one Saxon
village to another, and it must form a complete main line,
convincing to the judgment and fulfilling every reasonable
condition.
Starting then on our quest on the southern part of the
Parret marshland where the Fosse, straight as an arrow,
leads S.W. from Ilchester, and crossing the river at Pether-
ton Bridge, we pass shortly a British way going eastward
to Hamdon and westward by Oldway and Broadway up
to the great entrenchment of Castle Neroche, and which
is the ridge or watershed track on the northern edge of
the Blackdowns, roimd to westward between Tone and
Culm. With this track, though without doubt of early
date, we are not further concerned. At a distance of four
miles from Petherton Bridge the Fosse forks, the village
of Dinnington being the southern end of the long
straight line. The southerly branch leads up on to the
ridge of Windwhistle, passing obliquely into the British
track there, on to Axminster, and perhaps to the Axe
estuary.
The western branch is the one we propose to follow,
and our road has at once to take rising ground to avoid the
watery tract where flow the small streams, more than
twenty in number, which imite to form the. Isle (or He).
Doing this, we pass up a slope by Steepbere to Crock
Street and Sticklepath, our way a boimdary for more
than two miles. At Street Ash the road and boundary
lead on a gentle curve to the westward, a Roman villa
lying a mile and a half to the south. Our road passes (still
a boundary) the steep-sided valley of the Yarty, at a very
convenient fording-place, and we follow the road to the
Otter ford, accompanied by coimty as well as by parish
boundary. That valley, as steep as the Yarty, passed at
an easy point, we keep to our line and are on the level
tableland of the Blackdown range. Our road, the course
of which lay here on open heath, is shown on the old
Ordnance Survey. It is a watershed line, avoiding the
steep escarpments to N. and S. Neroche Castle guarded
the northern curve. Hembury lies two miles S. We
descend by Orway, a long boundary with us, through a
deep lane with many indications of antiquity. On the
plateau and on Kentisbeare Moor great enclosures were
made, and Orway was diverted into the turnpike road
from Honiton to CuUompton, but at about a mile and a
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302 THE SBCBBT OF THE FOSSE WAY.
half from the latter town there are stretches of the old
untutored way still to be seen in the original width and
precisely in Orway direction.
We are being led towards the Culm, and should find a
fording-place awaiting us. This we have at Stoneyford,
a name which, since sJl fords are more or less stony, must
surely indicate one formerly paved. And now, in the
town of Cullompton, its principal street lying N. and S.,
we are at a loss for the first time, but transversely under
that main street, at a depth of about eighteen inches, lies
the actual pavement of our way, a well-compacted road-
bed in sound condition, lying in a course unrelated to
Cullompton Street, unconformable to any alignment.^ It
was cut into at that depth at the end of Tiverton Lane,
obliquely imder it, but the paving, of which there must
be more to be discovered, is precisely in our line. It may
be mentioned that the Cullompton tradition of an earlier
church on St. Andrew's Hill is in agreement with the line
of this road, as the existing church is related to the present
main road.
The line of the buried pavement leads by a deep lane
to the westward, and a short portion of its original width
is to be seen near Bunnerford's Cross, where we have a
boundary line, then, continuing our way, we cross the
Old Exeter and Tiverton road on Pound Down, shown by
Ogilby in his map of the Dartmouth and Minehead road,
and in the middle of the seventeenth century he marks
this crossway thus — eastward, Cullompton, — ^westward,
Crediton ; a clear and satisfactory indication for us. The
region is now far from lines of traffic ; a most unvisited
part of the country. Continuing our course, encouraged
by Ogilby, we cross the Bum stream at Dorweek, and,
though passing quite near to Bickleigh, our road does
not lead through that village, but makes for a ford on
the Exe near Bickleigh Court. The modem N. and S.
turnpike crosses our line near the river.
On the right bank of the Exe the steepness of the hills
made the ascent difficult and there were two ways up
from the ford to our road which, for a short distance a
boundary, leads us by the hill fort of Cadbury. Our
course is now south-westerly, by the villages of Cadbury
^ For the information about the old pavement I have to acknow-
ledge my indebtedness to our fellow-member, Mr. Murray T. Foster, of
Cullompton.
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THE SECRET OF THE FOSSE WAY. 303
and Stokeleigh Pomeroy, each at a little distance from our
line. As we approach the Greedy we have an important
fact in our favour, for, ancient as is the settlement of
Crediton, our road does not enter the town at all, showing
itself of still earlier date. It is taken as the parish boiuidary
on th^ north side, and carries a bomidary fo^' three miles,
passing on high ground to the west at Barnstaple Cross,
towards Coleford, again a boundary, in the parish of
Colebrooke, where Roman tiles are visible in the east wall
of the church. It is very probable that the road which
leads past the venerable stone memorial of Celtic Chris-
tianity, known as Coplestone Cross, forms a loop on the
way we are traversing. It is a boundary, and the entrench-
ment at Clannaborough overlooked the two roads. There
are many evidences that our road had a stately width of
which it has been deprived, for strips have been taken
into fields adjoining, and houses and gardens occupy
other strips. We are led on to Bow, very distinctly a
through-route settlement, not gathered irregularly in a
cluster of church and village, for it is indeed a great dis-
tance from its parish church, but resembling such road-
towns as Ilchester and Honiton. The alignments of houses
and gardens are related to the road in as defined a manner
as are the platforms at a railway station. The wide, paved
side-walks all point to an early-defined road-line. At Bow
we have a boimdary, and from the Yeo to the Taw the way
is on well-chosen ground, free from marsh, and then it
takes to a ridge line near Sampford Beacon, curving
southward, avoiding a tract of sodden clayland, consisting
of many thousand acres, most of which, till recent years,
was wild, open moor, impeopled, impassable save in dry
weather. We rise steadily on a watershed line to pass
over a shoulder of Dartmoor. Crossing first the Exeter
and Okehampton road, a rough-paved track with boun-
dary leads to Fatherford (or Fartherford) on the East
Ockment. A camp, very rare on the Moor, is just above
the track, which it commands for many miles. The pave-
ment has been destroyed to form newtake walls, but,
after crossing the road to the Artillery Camp, it is found
in better condition, till, near Meldon, the paving is pre-
served entire under the turf. Its width is from ten to
twelve feet, a low bank on either side. Unfortunately its
course towards the West Ockment was cut into by the
construction of the L.S.W.R., and the great quarrying
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304 THE SBCBBT OP THE POSSE WAY.
operations at Meldon devour each year more of the old
paving. But there is enough to show how skilfully the
road led down from the hill in a direct line with the way
into Cornwall.
On the open moor a narrow pavement was all that was
needed, but in the densely wooded country a wide track
was cut and maintained, and at many places the original
bounds of the road can be seen, though strips of more than
half a mile in length have been enclosed and added to
private lands. At Bridestowe we have, so far, only the
second village which may be said to lie on the way. A
camp is above the road at Combebow and a boundary is
with us, as also from Lew Down nearly to Portgate, where,
from the name, and from the tradition, we know there
was a road market. The down which carries this famous
great western road is known as Old Street Down, and the
original width can be seen here as well as anywhere. The
skilful manner in which it takes the country and holds so
purposeful a course marks it as much a Roman work as
Watling Street.
After Lifton the Tamar and its tributaries have to be
crossed, and modem alterations have taken place, but we
are led direct to the notable hill-fort of Dunheved, known
to us as Launceston, one of the few hill-forts which, like
Shaftesbury, have retained an unbroken history as man's
dwelling-place. Launceston stands strategically in such
a commanding position at the head of the peninsula that
it may surely claim to be the gateway into Cornwall, and
to lie on the great through-route from N. to extreme S.W.,
a route composed of adapted British trackway and Roman
construction. Of the whole line we have traversed, a dis-
tance of seventy miles, it may here be pointed out that
not less than twenty-four miles are in use as parish or as
county boundary, and at least ten camps are within a
short distance of the way.
The question may naturally arise — How did it happen
that this traditional through-route was lost ? Undoubt^y
in the first place we may put the increasing importance of
Exeter, as shown by the removal thither of the Bishopstool
in 1050 from Crediton. The growth of ecclesiastical and
military power in the city by the Exe, together with its
predominating influence as the capital of the county,
would naturally tend to divert traffic to this centre. The
more fertile lands of the south, the greater population, and
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THE SECRET OF THE FOSSE WAY. 305
the trade with the harbours along the coast would bring
Exeter still more wealth and encourage the use of the
southern lines of communication with Cornwall. But for
this, it seems clear that, instead of a small borough of four
or five thousand people, there would have been a hill-city
of great importance, controlling an extensive district, the
centre of many roads, abounding in trade, the finely
placed town of Launceston.
VOL. XLvn.
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BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY;
WITH SOME EXTRACTS FROM A "SESSIONS
OF THE PEACE BOOK " FOR THE BOROUGH
OF BIDEFORD, 1669 to 1688.
BY ALEXANDBB O. DUNCAN.
(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1015.)
The disappearance or destruction of so many of the old
books and documents belonging to Bideford has been a
matter of great regret to all interested in the history of the
town, and hampered the efforts of those who at various
times have essayed to write the story of the rise and pro-
gress of this ancient Borough during the past centuries.
Now and then some solitary book or a few papers
belonging to olden days have been found in some im-
expected quarter, and it has been my good fortime to be
the means of rescuing from oblivion an important, as well
as interesting volume, which adds considerably to our
knowledge of Bideford history from the closing year of the
Commonwealth to the end of the reign of King James
the Second.
The story of my " find " really begins about thirty
years ago, when the late Mr. James Rooker showed me^
as an interesting curiosity, a passage in an old parchment-
bound volume referring to the Restoration of King Charles
the Second to his ** Crown and Dignity." Beyond the
pleasure of reading the passage and handling for a
few moments the old book, it speedily passed from my
mind. Some three years ago, however, at a gathering
connected with a very old Charity of the town, reference
was made to the very scanty number of old records or
relics of Bideford handed down to the present day, as
compared with Barnstaple and other Devonshire Boroughs.
The talk of that evening brought back to me the memory
of the book I had seen so long ago, and led me to make
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BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 307
enquiries about it with the view of examining its pages
more fully.
During the intervening years, however, many changes had
taken place in the firm of solicitors with which Mr. Rooker
had been associated ; and on appealing to the present
members of the long-established firm, Messrs. Bazeley,
Barnes and Bazeleys, found that none of them had any
knowledge or recollection of the book described, nor after
a search could it be found. This was a disappointment,
and I feared in the lapse of time it had gone the way
of so many others, of a kindred character. My occasional
references to the incident kept it before the finn and their
staff, and at a recent removal to new offices the long-hidden
volume was discovered and brought to me in triumph !
On an examination of its contents my hopes were more
than realized ; for in addition to the particular entry
which was fixed in my memory, the book has proved a
mine of valuable and instructive information on the local
affairs of those bygone days. The quaint, crabbed writing,
old spellings, and worst of all, the curious abbreviations
or contractions used in both the English and Latin entries
(for a great many formal ones are in the latter language)
made the task of deciphering a trial of patience as well
as eyesight ; but the result has weU repaid the trouble,
in enlarging our knowledge of Bideford in the latter half
of the Seventeenth Century.
The book is entitled on the outside of its cover : —
** LIBER SBSSIONIS PACIS
DB BIDEFORD,
1659 to 1709.'*
Unfortunately, however, after the year 1688, no trans-
actions are entered under the respective dates of the
Quarter Sessions, so the chief interest is confined to a
period of about thirty years, except that the names of
the successive Mayors right up to 1709 are given. This
in itself is of value, as it fills up a long gap in the list of
the Mayors hitherto unknown.
It is generally agreed that Bideford during the century
following its Incorporation as a Borough, was a growing,
prosperous seaport, with an active shipbuilding industry,
and important trading connections with foreign countries.
Its ships, manned by hardy and daring mariners, sailed
to many continental ports, and voyaged across to the
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308 BIDBFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY.
newly discovered continent of America ; but no definite
knowledge has hitherto been available as to its population
or the size of the town, until, strange to say, from the
pages of this old volume such information is afforded by
the entries referring to the Restoration of the Monarchy.
It is doubtful if the expression of loyalty in the happy
event from the inhabitants of Bideford was actusJly
forwarded to King Charles, for it appears as a reason for
an adjournment of the Sessions. As, however, it was the
means of bringing the book to our knowledge, and is
interesting in itself, J give the full text : —
" BE IT REMEMBERED that the Court of the Sessions
of the Peace which was appointed to be holden the fower-
teenth day of May 1660 for this Burrough Towne and
Manner of Bideford was adjoimied untill the next generall
Sessions to be holden within one month of the flfejist of
St. Michaell next following, which was occasioned by the
most happy Restauration of his most Excellent Ma**®
Charles the Second by the grace of God of England Scotland
ffrance and Ireland Kinge Defender of the flfaith &c to
his Crownes and Dignity who was in most solemne manner
proclaymed in Bideford upon Tuesday the flfifteenth day
of May 1660 whose most happy Reestablishment and
Reasumption in a longe peaceable and prosperous Raigne
over us God continue to His Glory and these Kingdoms
welfare. goLI DEO GLORIA."
With the new relations of the people and the restored
Monarchy it became necessary to take Oaths of Allegi-
ance, and along with the whole nation Bideford was called
upon to take its part, and did so under the following
warrant issued by the Deputy Lieutenants of the County : —
" Wee doe command and require you to appoint some
convenient tyme to tender the Oathes of Supremacy and
Allegiance to all persons within your Jiuisdiction above
the age of eighteen years according to the Statutes in that
behafi provided in witness whereof we have hereunto putt
our Hands the seventeenth day of January 1660.
Copleston Bamfylde, Vic.
To the Maior and Justices
of the Burrough and Towne
of Bideford."
John Chichester.
Arthur Bassett.
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BIDEFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 309
" Afterwards that is to say the three and twentieth of
January in the Tweleth year of the Raigne of our Sover-
aigne Lord Charles the Second by the grace of God &c the
day aforesaid being by the Maior and Justices appointed
for the purpose in the Guildhall of Bideford, aforesaid.
The said Maior and Justices to Witt
John Thomas Maior
Hugh Tucker Alderman
Francis Jermyn Esqre
Recorder
John Hill Towne Gierke
Arthur Giflford Rector."
Did first take the said oathes
severally and afterwards did
tender the Same unto these
persons following.
To these in authority are added the names of five
Aldermen and ten " Capitall Burgesses," and following in
alphabetical order, the general body of the male popula-
tion over the age specified in the warrant, making a total
of 524.
It occured to me that this list would prove a reasonable
basis upon which a fairly accurate estimate of the popu-
lation of the town might be made. I therefore wrote to
the Registrar-General stating the circumstances and giving
the figures, requesting an approximate estimate from his
office of the entire population and probable number of
inhabited houses. In reply I received the following
particulars : —
** Assuming the age and sex constitution of the inhabi-
tants of Bideford to have been the same in 1660 as in 1911
the population would have been 1950. There is of course
little doubt that this assumption is an erroneous one,
but the errors in it would have a tendency to counter-
balance each other, and it is possible the number given
would have some approach to accuracy.
As for the inhabited houses, there are no data in posses-
sion of this department which would warrant any attempt
at determining their number, local sources will probably
furnish better material for forming an estimate on this
point."
Our knowledge of the population is thus fairly well
established. As it is certain the town continued to advance
in prosperity during the eighteenth century, there would
be a gradual increase in numbers, reaching in 1801, when
the first National Census of the country was taken, to
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310 BIDBFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY.
2987 persons, with 582 inhabited houses. This works
out at about five persons to each house, and taking the
same average for the year 1660 the number would then be
390. While passing, it may be noted as a curious fact
that, in the long list of names there is not a single instance
of an individual having more than one baptismal name,
and a large preportion of the surnames enrolled appear in
the Directory of the present day.
Like most seaports and coast towns of those days the
houses of Bideford, with the exception of its High Street,
were crowded together in very narrow streets. It was
thirty years later before the Bridge Feofees planned and
opened up on the north side of the town the fine thorough-
fare, compared with the others, of Bridgeland Street, at
the same time building an extension to the Quay. Few,
if any, of the houses then existing remain to this day,
although there are many of considerable age in some
of the old, narrow streets where rich and poor lived in
close proximity to each other, the wealthy merchants in
large, commodious houses with the poor in humble cottages
alongside.
Although the old town had been provided for more
than a hundred years with a Corporation of Mayor, Alder-
men and '* CapitaU Burgesses " for the management of
its affairs, it would appear that the powers relating to
the repair of the streets and such sanitary measures as
were attempted in those days were exercised by the Court
of Quarter Sessions acting under " Presentments " made
by the Grand Jury. These " Presentments " and the
orders thereon issued by the Court furnish a vivid mental
picture of a deplorable state of things, as will be seen
from the extracts I submit.
As the first record is of a Sessions held while the
** Commonwealth " stiQ existed, it may be of interest to
give the entry as showing the Authority under which the
power of the Court was exercised.
** The Court of the Sessions of the Peace of the Keeper
of the Liberty of England by Authority of Parliament in
the Guildhall there holden the Sixth and Twentieth day
of October in the Year of our Lord 1659 before Hugh
Tucker Maior of the Burrough Towne and Mannor of
Bideford aforesaid, Danniell Slade Alderman and FranciB
Jermyn Esqr. Recorder Justices of the Peace within the
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BIDBFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 311
same Burrough Towne & Manner aforesaid to be kept
according to the Libertyes and Privilidges, etc."
It is at a subsequent Court that we find the first " Pre-
sentments," and the list of those *' Presented " for various
neglects and offences is a long and remarkable one ; some
for " Broken Causeways and Pavements," others for
having " Dung heaps " and ** Nasty Places " before their
houses, walls or gardens, of which the following are a few
examples : —
" Mrs. Margaret Short for broken Causeway before her
door."
** Mr. Hugh Tucker Maior for a dangerous Market
House."
*' Mr. Thomas Beale for Dung before his house near
the Markett House."
" Justinian Prance for a dangerous Lyme Pitt at West-
combe."
*' Mrs. Dorothy Kinge for stopping a water course at
the piggs pound whereby it was very noysome."
** Greorge Burden, Mrs. Sarah Dennys, Mr. John Luxton
for nasty places at their back doors and garden walls."
The names of a number of butchers charged for
** blowinge Swine Meat sold at the last Markett Day " and
scores of others for " not appearing to repair the High-
ways."
There seems to have been made on this occasion a
serious effort to remedy the disgraceful and unhealthy,
state of the town, but with what result is not recorded.
When it is remembered that only about twenty years
before Bideford had suffered grievously from a terrible
outbreak of the Plague, the wonder rises in one's mind
how its toU of death had been stayed under such con-
ditions as are here indicated.
The proceedings of the Court from which the foregoing
extracts are taken are in English, but almost all the later
entries are in " Court Latin," and I am indebted to Mr.
W. H. Rogers and Mr. E. Sealy Vidal for one or two
translations which are equally of interest ; so I give a
typical one in the year 1673 showing that the highest as
well as the humblest were charged with similar defaults : —
** Further the Jury present John Earle of Bathe Lord
of the Burrough and Mannor of Bideford allowed the
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312 piDBFOED UNDEB THE BBSTOBBD MONARCHY.
roftdway and pavement belonging to and in front of hiS'
house in the occupation of Dorothea Halse widow on the
East side of the river Torridge to become in a pestilent
and ruinous state and in particular has allowed a pool of
filth to remain in front of the aforesaid house to the danger
of the Kings people passing that way therefore under his
agreement the Court orders that a day be given him to
repair and examine the Same within two months following
under a penalty of 20/- and the pool of filth aforesaid
within one month under a penalty of 10/-."
In this year (1673) more energetic action is taken by the
Court to remedy the prevailing evils, and it issued a
series of " orders " which although very lengthy, are
worth giving in full as bringing into clear view the con-
ditions amidst which the townspeople Uved, transacted
their business, and took their pleasures.
" The Court taking into their serious consideration
the great danger that the inhabitants of this Towne may
be in as to their bodily health by noysome and stinking
Dung hills and other filth which too frequently hath been
cast out in heaps in severaU streets and on the Key of
this Towne and suffered to lye longe there whereby the
ayre (especially in the summer time) is apt to be corrupted
and hoggs and swine have been permitted to run up and
down in the towne which doth so greatly conduce to breed
diseases in the bodyes of men and women and children
inhabiting and residing in this towne. For preventing of
such diseases as much as in the Court hath remedyinge of
such evil practice for the future the Court doth think fitt
and so ordereth as follows :
Firstly, That every inhabitant of this Towne before
whose House, Courtlage, WaU, Garden WaU any dung,
sweepings of streets, coale ashes, loose stones, or other
filth doth now lye, doe remove or cause the same to be
removed within seven days next after the publication
hereof by the Common Cryer of this Towne, upon pain
that every person offending herein and permitting such
dung and other filth to remain beyond the time aforesaid &
being thereof convicted by one sufficient witness upon oath
before any one of the Justices of the Court above said shall
be proceeded against in such manner as the law directs.
Secondly, That within seven days after the publication
hereof a certain number of Tobacco hoggsheads strongly
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BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 313
hooped, or some other fitt vessels without any head be
provided & from time to time repaired and amended at
the charge of the inhabitants of this Towne & who have
not the conveniency of any yards, backsides or Courtlages,
and shall be placed in such convenient manner as may be
least offensive to the inhabitants thereof in such Streets,
Lanes & places within this Towne as shall be thought fitt
& appointed by Mr. Maior of this Towne, wherein and not
elsewhere such inhabitants may bring and putt the
sweepings of their streets, coale ashes or other filth without
any contradiction or offence & three or fower or more of
the inhabitants may joyne together in providing of such
hoggs heads or other vessels as they may consent & agree
among themselves.
Thirdly, That when such Hoggsheads or other vessels
soe placed are filled, that then the Scavanger of the Towne
or some one on Ms behalf from time to time doe empty
the same & convey or cause to be conveyed away all such
filth out of such streets or places into such persons groimds
or fields as the said scavenger shall sell or dispose of the
same and then shall not permitt the same to remain in
any street, back lands or other open place to the nuisance
of the publique or to the detriment or prejudice of any
person.
Fourthly, That all such inhabitants of this Towne as
have yards, courtlages or backsides wherein they make or
keep dung or manure & will not contribute with their
neighbours to provide hoggsheads or other vessels att
such time as they doe bringe or cause to be brought the
same out into any of the streets or lanes of this Towne
with an intent to have the same carried away doe not
leave or permitt the same to lye in such street or lane
above three days at the most unless it be in hoggsheads
or other vessels as aforesaid under the penalty as in the
first article is above expressed.
Fifthly, That noe inhabitant of this towne at any time
after the publication hereof doe permitt or suffer any
of his, her or their hoggs, piggs or swine to wander about
or lye or remain in any of the streets or Lanes of this
Towne upon pain of having such hoggs impounded & not
from thence to be delivered untill replevined by due course
of Law.
Sixthly, That because none of the inhabitants of this
Towne may pretend ignorance of these orders — It is
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314 BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY.
further ordered that the Towne Clerk of this Towne doe
write or cause to be written out severall copyes of these
orders which the Oyer of this Towne is to publish at
severall the most convenient places of this Towne and
then to fix them in some open place where all persons
concerned may the better take notice thereof and perform
the same accordingly.
Seventhly, The Court foreseeing that notwithstanding
these orders and the publication thereof as aforesaid,
divers of the inhabitants will be apt to slight or contemn
the same wherefore this Court doth furthermore order
that whatsoever person shall inform any of the Justices of
this Court of any person who at any time after the publi-
cation hereof shall throw or cast or suffer to lye in any
of the streets or lanes or the Key of this Towne any filth,
dung, coale ashes or rubbish other than in the hoggsheads
or vessels, the party or parties soe offending shall be
comited to the prison of this Towne imtill he or they shall
find sureties as well for their appearance att the next
Generall Sessions of the Peace to be holden within this
Towne to answer such their contempt & breach of these
orders & also for their good behaviour in the meantime.
In pursuance of the second article of the order above
mentioned I doe appoint and direct the number of Tobacco
Hoggsheads or other vessels for the purpose aforesaid and
the places where they shall stand and be placed to be as
f olloweth : —
In High Street .
„ Near the Stocks
„ New Street .
„ Gunstone Lane
„ Dick Lane
„ Mill Street .
„ New Key
„ Old Key
,, Conduit Lane
3 Near the Pitt Dore . . 1
1 AUhallon Street . . 2
2 Bridge Street ... 2
1 Coldharbour ... 2
1 Mayden Street ... 2
3 Silver Street . . . 1
1 East the Bridge South-
3 wards .... 2
1 East the Bridge North-
wards .... 2
John Davie Maior."
This list with a few others mentioned elsewhere about the
same date : Tower Street, Bull Hill, Nunnery Walk,
Buttgarden, evidently comprise the whole of the chief
streets of the towTi, and all of them with the exception of
*' Dick Lane " are known to the present day by the same
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BIDBFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 315
names. Two of the sites — " Near the Stocks *' and " Near
the Pitt Dore " I am unable to locate ; but up to some
forty years ago the Stocks were kept in an Arcade under
the old Bridge Hall, and are now preserved in a small
local Museum in the Town HaU.
The use of empty Tobacco hogsheads for such primitive
but public sanitary purposes, is a direct corroboration of
the historical statement that Bideford long ago was an
important centre for the importation and distribution of
the fragrant weed, the general use of which had only
been introduced into this coimtry some hundred years
before.
Notwithstanding these stringent orders, most of the
evils they were to remedy continued unabated ; and I will
bring this part of my paper to an end by giving a procla-
mation in 1685, showing that no improvement had taken
place in the intervening years in the condition of the
town.
** These are to give notice unto all inhabitants of this
towne that Mr. Mayor doth hereby straightly charge and
command them and every one of them that before Saturday
Night next They doe remove and carry away or cause to
be removed and carried away all Dimg, Sweepings of
Streets, Coalashes, rubbish and loose stones from out of
the Streets, Lanes and Key of Bideford and also from their
respective Houses, Courtlages, Wall or Garden Wall
within this Towne, and that no inhabitant doe from
henceforth throw, permitt or cause to be thrown any
sweepings, dung filth or other nuisance whatsoever in any
of the Streets, Lanes or upon the Key of Bideford afore-
said, upon payne that every person soe offending shall be
proceeded against in Such Manner as the law directs in
pursuance of an order made at the Generall Sessions of
the Peace, holden for the Burrough Towne and Mannor of
Bideford upon the three and twentieth day of Aprill in
the twenty fifth year of the raigne of our late most gracious
Soveraigne Charles the Second, late King of England,
Scotland, France and Ireland.
GOD SAVE KING JAMES THE SECOND."
We turn now to another aspect of the '* internal
economy " of the Borough in noting some particulars
relating to the '' Drink Question " of those days* During
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316 BIDEFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY.
several of the preceding reigns, and under the Common-
wealth, many Acts of Parliament for regulating the sale of
**Ale and Beare " with the conditions imposed upon License
holders had been placed on the Statute Book, which had
gradually increased in stringency ; and it was through the
Court of Sessions that the laws were administered.
A full record of all the licenses granted is entered each
year ; and taking the earliest, bearing date the 9th day
of May, 1660, as an example, we find 27 were then granted
and seven more the following month, making a total of
34. Assuming the population to be 1950 this works out at
just under one licensed house for every 55 of the estimated
population. Of these holders of Licenses of " Ale and
Tippling " houses no less than nine are women, of whom
eight are described as *' widdows." Most of the males
appear to have followed some other occupation, one-third
of the number being "marriners." Each Licensee was
bound in the sum of ten pounds, and had to find two
sureties in five pounds each, as is seen in the following
case for which I give in full the text of his recognizance.
*' John Young of Bideford aforesaid Tipler is 1 £ jq
bound unto the Keepers of the Liberty of England i
by Authority of Parliament.
Nicholas Land of Bideford, Miller and David I £g
Hoyle of the same.*' i
The condition of this recognizance is such that whereas
you the said John Young are licensed to keep a common
Ale house or Tipling house untill the Feast of Easter
next and no longer, in your new dwelling house in Bideford
aforesaid and not elsewhere.
If therefore the said John Young shall not during the
tyme aforesaid permitt or suffer or have any playings att
Dice, Cards or any other unlawful game or games in his
house, yard or garden, nor suffer any person or persons
except his ordinary house-hold servants upon any Sabath
or Lords Day, Day of Humiliation and Thanksgiving to
be or remain in Ws house during the tyme of publique
worship of God, nor shall suffer any person to lodge in
his house above one day or one night, but whose names
and surnames you shall deliver to some one of the Constables
of this Towne unless well known unto him the said John
Young, and will answer for his and their forthcomings,
nor suffer any person to remain in his house Tipling or
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BIDEFORD XTNDBR THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 317
drinking contrary to the law — ^and also if he shall keep
the true measure of Beare, Ale and Bread that he shall
sell during the tyme aforesaid, and doe not suffer in his
said house any Drunkards Disolute persons or other
disorder, and if any shall happen to be thereon if the said
John Young or some one on his behalf forthwith give
notice thereof unto some one or other of the Constables
of this Towne that the same persons soe offending may be
punished according to the law, and shall during all that
tyme keep good order & rule in his said house and doe
aU such other things according to the Statute in that behalf
his present recognizances to be void, otherwise the several!
sums of £10, £10 and £5 is to be levyed on yr goods and
chattels lands & tenements to the use of the Keepers of
the Liberty of England by Authority, etc."
By the following year Charles II. was on the throne, and
the recognizances were enlarged by a new clause imder the
authority of a Royal Proclamation. The same Licensee
is again dealt with on this occasion :
" That if the above bounden John Young doe not or
shall not kill, dresse, sell or putt to sale, or permitt or
cause to be killed, dressed, eaten or putt to sale any kind
of flesh in his house during the season of Lent, or any other
fish days and days prohibited out of Lent according to the
Statute in that behalf provided and his Ma^^^s Proclama-
tion that this Recognizance to be void and of none effect,
otherwise to be of full power, force and virtue."
For how many years this peculiar clause was inserted
in the conditions of Licenses cannot be traced, but cer-
tainly in those granted in 1670 it is omitted, so probably
it was of a temporary character.
No entries show what these keepers of Tipling houses
paid to the Excise for their respective Licenses, but some
instances are given of ** convictions for brewinge and
sellinge of Ale & Beare and not giving security unto the
office of Excise according to the 32nd Article of Parlia-
ment of the 14th August 1649 upon the oath of William
Horsham and Thomas Maine for wh. they have forfeited
40s. twice by virtue of wh. act the said Justices did issue
the severall warrants directed to the Constables of Bide-
ford, to levy the said 40s. upon each of the said defendants,
and to pay the same unto John Sutton sub Commissioner
for Excise in the County of Devon."
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318 BIDEFOBD UNDBB THE BBSTOBED MONABCHY.
Again in 1681 :—
** Peter Bagilhole forfeited 20/- for selling Ale without
License and 10/- for suflfering Tipling in his house."
Besides the loyal address of welcome to King Charles
the Second on his restoration, there are copies of several
other addresses from the inhabitants of Bideford on
different occasions to King Charles and his successor
James the Second. The most remarkable for its outspoken
language and its extraordinary length is the one sent to
Charles, following the discovery and exposure of what is
generally known as the " Rye House Plot."
" To the Kangs most Excellent Ma**« The most humble
address of the Mayor, Aldermen, Capitall Burgesses,
Recorder, Towne Clerke and other the loyaU inhabitants
of your Ma**«8 ancient Burrough and Mannor of Bideford
in the County of Devon.
Most Gratious and Dread Soveraigne,
We yr. Ma^*®^ most dutifull and loyall subjects seriously
reflecting upon that most Danmable and HeUish con-
spiracy, that most Trayterous and Impious designe of
compassing the death of your most Sac<* Ma"® and your
dearest brother the most Ulustrious prince James Duke of
York, Thereby and by other Devilish designes directly
contrary to aU Laws Sacred and Civill and one against
thereby to have subverted the Ancient and flourishing
Monarchic of this and all other yr. Ma"®^ Kingdoms and
Dominions, To have reduced the same unto Anarchie
and confusion and to have involved and en wrapt the same
into Blood and infinite other unavoydable mischiefs
which would inevitably have attended such as were
hatched in Hell, and were ever ready to have bin acted by
such undutifull ungratious and most disloyaU persons who
never were, and it is too obvious neither would or will
be obliged by Yr. Ma^^s gratious Indulgences nor bound by
sacred and indispensible oathes.
For these Miraculous Deliverances vouchsafed by
Heaven unto y^ Ma"® and y"" said dearest brother and
therein to the preservation of the best and most refined
Church in the whole imiverse, together with our Liberties
and Tranquility from such barbarous, inhuman and blood
thirsty hands we have (as our bounden duty was) paid
our most unfeigned and solemn thanks imto Almighty
God.
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BIDBFOBD UNDER THE BESTOBED MONARCHY. 319
And now, Dread Soveraigne with hearts repleated with
joy we prostrate ourselves before the Royafi Sceptre of
your Ma"« most humbly beseaching y^ Ma**® that we may
be pennitted (amongst the many multitudes of y^ duitifuU
and loyall subjects) to express our abhorence of such
damnable practises and withall we doe assure y^ Ma"«
That whatever the boldness and licentiousness of some
persons (now and heretofore residing within the limits
of this y' Corporation may have been) yett we the present
subscribers hereunto being truly sensible of that Loyalty
and obedience which is due only unto your Ma**® y^ Heirs
and lawfull successors, Doe humbly beg leave to repeat and
in and by this most solemn manner to tender unto y^
Sacred Ma"« our Allegiance and we shall and will with the
hazard of our lives defend y^ Sacred Ma"® y' Heirs and
Successors and your just and undoubted Title to the
Government both in Church and State as tis now Estab-
lished by just good (and as indeed they are) the best Whole-
some Laws against all traiterous associations, pretended
Solemn League and Covenants of unwarrantable unquiet
fanatical and disloyall conspiracies and attempts what-
soever.
We have no more at present to add but that our prayers
shall be ever for y' Ma"®^ long life and prosperous Baigne
over us and that Almighty God would accumulate his
choicest blessings upon you in this world and after this
give you the fruition of his most Glorious Presence in his
Heavenly Kingdom to all Eternity.
In testimony of all which we have hereunto sett our
hands and caused the Common Seal of this y*" Burrough
Towne and Mannor to be affixed in y^ full and Generall
Quarter Sessions of the Peace held in the GuildhaU of the
Burrough aforesaid the eighteenth day of October in the
five and thirtieth year of y' said Ma"®^ Baigne.
Thomas Gearing Mayor
Nicholas Dennys Becorder
John Hill Towne Clerke.
followed by the names of 84 Burgesses.
Whitehall This address was presented to his Ma"® by
Dec. the Bight Hon"® John Earle of Bathe which
8th. his Ma"® rec^ very graciously and afterwards
was published in the Gazette of the number
1884."
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320 BIDEVOBD UNDER THE BESTOBED MONABCHY.
A year or so after the foregoing address was presented
to King Charles a copy is given of one from the Mayor,
Aldermen and ** Capitall Burgesses " in their Common
Hall assembled surrendering all and singular, the *' Man-
nors, Messuages, Rents, Gk)ods, Chattells, Bonds, Bills,
Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments,*' also ** all Fran-
chises, Letters Patent of Corporation, power, priviledg^,
Liberties whatsoever at any time or times heretofore
granted to or held or enjoyed by the said Mayor, Aldermen
and Capitall Burgesses Humbly beseaching his Ma**« to
grant them a New Charter with such Reservations, altera-
tions and Conditions as his Ma"® in his greate wisdom
shall think fitt " and authorizing the Right Hon**'® John
Earle of Bathe to present the same.
Owing, however, to the death of Charles, on the sixth
day of February, 1684, this petition was not presented,
and nothing further is recorded of the matter.
The loyal address from the inhabitants of Bideford
on the accession of James the Second comes next in order :
" The most Humble Address of the Mayor, Aldermen,
CapitaU Burgesses, Recorder, Rector of the Parish, Towne
Clerke and other Inhabitants of your Ma"®s Ancient
Burrough & Towne of Bideford in the County of Devon.
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY,
As we were most deeply sensible of the exceeding
great loss of your Ma"®^ Deare and most entirely Beloved
Brother Charles the Second, our late most Gracious Eang
soe our hearts are enlarged and repleted with abounding
Joy for your Ma"®^ Settlement in your just hereditary
and royal Throne of Government, over us wherein the
Divine Providence . hath most conspicuously manifested
it so often in most wonderful manner y'^ Royall name and
Dignity, we have upon the first motion thereof in the
presence of y*" Ma"®^ High SheriflE for the County with all
possible and most ardent assurance proclaymed, and now
by this PubUque Instrument in writing we doe most
humbly assure y^ Sacred Majesty that every of us in our
several! stations and capacities shall and will defend y'
imdoubted rights Crowns and Dignitys against all opposers
thereof whatsoever in the mayntenance of the present
Government both in Church and State. We agayne with
utmost duty assure y^ Ma"^ that you shall never want the
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BIDEFOBD XTNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 321
prayers and assistance together with our lives and fortunes
for the maytenance of your Crown & Dignity.
In Testimony whereof we most DuitS ully and Heartily
have hereunto sett our hands and have affixed the Common
Seal of this y"" Ma^'^s Corporation on the three and Twen-
tieth day of February in the first year of your Majesties
Raigne Anno Dom. 1684.
William Titherly Mayor
Michaell Ogilby Rector
Nicholas Dennis Recorder
John Hill Towne Gierke ''
and in addition the names of 307 inhabitants of the town.
The Earl of Bath was desired to present the address
and a copy of the letter requesting him to do so is also
given, and is worth transcribing.
" Our Ever Honourable Lord
The inclosed address to his most Sacred Majesty be-
speaks the Ardency of our zeale and entire affectionate
duty towards him, Our most humble request unto your
Honor is that you would be pleased to deliver the same
unto his Majesty in the behalfe of our Selves and of the
rest of the Subscribers, and to assure his Majesty that we
have not observed soe wonderfull a readynesse of the
inhabitants to testify their Loyalty and most ready
inclinations to serve and humbly to obey his Majesty as
now upon this occasion. You may please to inform his
Majesty that a very great part of the inhabitants of this
Towne doe trade into severall parts of the world and it is
obvious to all persons that make an inspection therein, to
what greate sums of Money his Ma"^ receives in his customes
doe amount into yearly in this part, and doubtless it will
be increased much more by his Ma^^^s most Gracious
support, we have no more to add at present but remayne
Your Lordships most humble Servants
William Titherly Mayor
Thomas Gearing
John Davie
John Frost
Bideford
24th February 1684.''
VOL. XLVII.
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322 BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY.
The festivities of the townspeople in celebration of the
Coronation of King James were fixed for the 23rd April,
1685, and invitations were addressed to the High Sheriff
of the County and " divers other worthy gentlemen "
inviting them to be present on the occasion. The High
SheriiSf at the time was Mr. Richard Coffin, the then
representative of a family long and intimately associated
with Bidef ord and North Devon ; and the following is a
copy of the letter sent to him.
" Worthy Sir,
As you were pleased to honour the Corporation
with y^ presence in proclayming his Most Sacred Majesty
soe wee humbly desire y^ worshipps good company on
the three and twentyeth day of this month which will be
St. George's Day, being the day appointed for his Corona-
tion, Soe wee intend to Solemnize that day with all possible
demonstrations of Loyalty, Joy and Cheerfullness as is
most fitting to be done, and it will add much unto its
Lustre if y*" worshipp will please to vouchsafe y^ good
presence together with such other gentlemen as will be
invited hither that day also, this being the needful at
present. I remajme
Y^ Worshipps most humble Servant
WiU°^ Titherly.
Bideford 8th April, 1685."
How the event was " Solemnized " is not recorded.
Turning from these long-winded and fulsome addresses,
some interesting side-lights are thrown on the adminis-
tration of the laws, both ecclesiastical and civil, which ruled
and restricted the everyday life of the people at large.
The reigning monarch and his Ministers and Parlia-
ments appear to have held the view that only those in
authority were the proper judges of what the people
ought to believe, and how they ought to worship. Hence
the numerous, and in too many instances, severe Acts
of Parliament enacted during the reigns of Charles the
Second and James the Second, dealing with religious
beliefs and forms of worship. A few examples of the
entries in this category may be given : —
"In 1671 The Bishopps License to eat flesh in Lent.
,, 1671 The oaths of Allegiance, Supremecy, receiving
the Sacrament and other Testations performed
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BIDBFOBD UNDER THE BBSTOBED MOKABOHY. 323
by publique officers within this Towne in
pursuance of an Act of Parliament against
dangers which may happen by Popish Re-
cusants.
In 1675 Travellers on the Lords Day punished.
„ 1681 Mr. Michael Ogilby, Rector of the Parish
Church of Bideford took all the Tests.
„ 1685 Informations and Convictions of a Conven-
ticle in the house of Samuell Johns.
Henry Parsons that preached att the late
Conventicle at Grange was sent by a Mitti-
mus to the Common Groal."
The harsh and continuous efforts of the Government by
persecutions, fines and imprisonments to bring the whole
of the people of England and Scotland into complete
uniformity of doctrine and ritual, together with the fear
that behind aU was the set purpose to re-establish Roman
Catholicism as the national religion, roused grave mis-
givings throughout both countries. The hearty and
indulgent loyalty shown at the Restoration was rapidly
vanishing before the death of the ** Merry Monarch " ;
and imder his successor may be said to have almost dis-
appeared. To such an extent was this the case, and the
rising discontent as weU as disaffection so general, that
King James in 1687 tried to stem the tide by issuing a
Proclamation virtually granting liberty of conscience.
A few Bidefordians together with others in different
parts of the county were at the time in danger of severe
penalties under the old laws, so the proclamation came
at an opportune time for them. The document is lengthy,
so I have curtailed it to some extent while retaining the
more important passages.
" JAMES R.
Whereas we have now good testimony of the peaceable
behaviour of [here follows a list of those accused] we have
thought fitt to signifie our will and pleasure to you, that
they shall not be persecuted nor molested for not taking
or refusing to take the Oath of Allegiance and Supremicie
or either of them, or upon the Long Writt of the Exchequer
for the penalty of twenty pounds for the cause aforesaid
or for not coming to Church or not receiving the Sacrament
of the Lords Supper or by reason of their convictions
for or exercise of their religion, nor otherwise persecuted
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324 JBIDEFOBD UNDEB THE BBSTOBED MOKABCHT.
as recusants, nor for any of the causes aforesaid, and wee
doe hereby command you and every of you in your re-
spective places to Absolve and Sett at Liberty all those
named and to forbear all proceedings, commenced or
issued by reason of any the causes aforesaid against them
or any of their Lands, Goods or Chattels while our RoyiJ
Pleasure shall be further known. Given at Whitehall
the tenth day of February 168? in the Third year of our
^^^' By his Maties Commands
Sunderland P."
As is well known this yielding to the pressure of public
opinion came too late to save the situation. The year
following James abandoned his country and throne,
fleeing to the Continent, and William and Mary began their
reign amid national hopes of greater freedom in religious
matters than had prevailed under their predecessors.
Let me now refer to a civil characteristic of the years
following the Restoration. There is no doubt a very large
majority rejoiced at the passing of the Commonwealth,
but at the same time a turbulent section of the community
gave much anxiety to the new government in conspiracies
and seditious conduct. It is therefore not to be wondered
at that the authorities kept strict watch on the movements
of the people, to prevent unlawful assemblies. It will
be remembered that one condition, embodied in Licenses
granted for "Ale or Tipling" houses, required the holder
to report to the constables the name of every stranger
lodging in his house for more than a single night. In addi-
tion to this all persons travelling had to be provided with
what are called ** Letter Passes.'* Scores of such are re-
corded as being granted, not only for places at a distance,
but even to towns in the immediate neighbourhood such
as Barnstaple, South Molton, etc. These entries appear
chiefly between the years 1683 to 1686, covering the time
of the Monmouth Rebellion.
A few exajnples of these " Passes " may be given,
culled at random.
** A Lett Pass granted to William Elliott of Ireland,
William Thomas a guide and eight horses to travel to the
towne of Launceston."
'* A Lett Pass to Peter Townsend, Merchant, to travel
from this towne to Exeter."
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BIDBFOBD UNDBR THB BESTOBBD MONABOHY. 325
'* A Lett Pass to John Pound of this towne to travel to
South Molton."
"A Lett Pass to Edward Bayliss of Bosse in Ireland to
travell to Barnstaple."
"A Lett Pass to Catherine Collins and her daughter to
traveU to Tiverton and come from Ireland."
" A Lett Pass to Theophilus Allen a French Chyrurgion to
travell to Stratton in the County of Cornwall."
Those without passes were apprehended, as for instance :
" Thomas Harris and John Baglery taken upon the
watch having no passes."
Curiously, the sale and purchase of horses in the town
seem to have been under some regulation, for there are
several instances of the transactions being carried through
in the presence of the Town Clerk. One or two of such
cases may be of interest : —
** Memorandum. That upon the fifth day of October
1674 about two of the clock in the afternoon Thomas
Johns of Penzance in Cornwall, Butcher as he named
himself, sold one dark Bay Nagg Bob Tayle about 13
hands high to Robert Browne the Plymouth carrier in the
publique streets of Bideford."
''21 January 1677.
This day Mr. John Boddy brought to me a note of the
sale of a Grey Nagg by one William Trigiony imto Bennett
Dimscombe as forthwith. I have sold one Grey Nagg on
Satturday last past, which is about thirteen or fourteen
hands high and fley bitten about the head, with one
supposed blind eye which doth trott, together with a
saddle &c. for five pounds & ten shillings which money I
acknowledge I have rec^. William Tregioney."
Among the many and varied matters of local history
(of more or less value) to be foimd in these records of
Quarter Sessions, perhaps the entries relating to the
" Bideford Witches " will have the greatest interest.
Although very brief, it certainly is a satisfaction to know
there is still in existence the written record of a terrible
tragedy of the seventeenth century, when three imf ortunate
women of Bideford were tried, convicted and executed
for " practising witchcraft." The belief in " witches
and witchcraft " was very general among all classes of the
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326 BIDEFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY.
community in this country during many centuries, and in
" Stuart Times " perhaps more so than at any othiN
period of our history ; and many are the cruel deeds
recorded against those who fell imder suspicion of prac-
tising the " dark art."
In Watkins' Essay towards a History of Bideford long
extracts are given of the evidence of various witnesses
along with so-caUed " confessions " of the accused at the
enquiry held in the town. So it is only necessary for the
purpose of this paper to give the entries as they appear
in the Sessions record. The three women were Temperance
Lloyd, Mary Trembles and Susanna Edwards ; and they
were put on trial at Exeter in July, 1682. Prior, however,
to this trial, in 1679, one of the imfortunate women —
Temperance Lloyd — was accused of " practising witchcraft
upon Anne Fellow, the daughter of Thomas Fellow, Gent.
Gauger of Excise. Evidences against her were Anne
Fellow, the mother, Olliver Ball Apothecary, Elizabeth
Coleman, Dorcas Lidston and Elizabeth Davie. Upon
the 17th of May the said Temperance Lloyd was searched
by Sisly Galsworthy and others. xhe papers filed."
There is no trace of this prosecution having been carried
further, but according to Watkins, the same woman at the
examination in 1682 confessed that she was indicted in
1670 for a similar offence, but was then acquitted, so in
her case suspicion of evil doings had long been held.
With reference now to the trial at the Assizes at Exeter,
the passages are as follows : —
** 8th July 1682. Severall informations together with
the confessions of Temperance Lloyd for practising witch-
craft upon the body of Grace Thomas — Sent by a Mittimus
unto Goal — ^found guilty at the Assizes holden 14th August
and executed on the 25th. xhe papers filed.
18th July 1682. Mary Trembles and Susanna Edwards
their confessions together with severall informations ag'
them for practising witchcraft upon the bodies of Grace
Barnes the wife of John (Barnes) Bideford aforesaid yeo-
man, and Dorcas Coleman the wife of John Coleman of
Bideford aforesaid Marryner — 19th sent by a Mittimus
unto Goal — found guilty and executed as next above.
The papers filed.
Searches of their bodies upon oath then returned.
Filed.
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BIDEFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 327
26 July. Severall informations against the said Susanna
Edwards for practising witchcraft upon the body of
Dorcas Coleman the wife of the said John Coleman of
Bideford, Marryner. Filed."
Some doubt seems to have arisen in the minds of the
official concerned in the three trials and awful results as to
how they should be recorded ; for at the foot of the page
containing the foregoing entries there is a very curious
** Memorandum.
The said Susanna Edwards and Mary Trembles having
severally confessed upon their examinations that they had
bewitched the said Grace Barnes, they could not be
indicated for the same crimes severally wherefore the
said Mary Trembles was judicated only for practising
witchcraft upon the said Grace Barnes and the said
Susanna was severally judicated for practising witchcraft
upon the body of the said Dorcas Coleman.'*
The only other case of accusations of witchcraft occurs in
1686.
" Severall informations ag^ Abigail the wife of Robert
Handford concerning the suspicion of witchcraft."
Of this charge nothing further is recorded.
These brief and bald entries bring very vividly to our
minds the awful story of the Bideford Witches. Whether
the tragedy roused public indignation and abhorrence at
laws which sanctioned such terrible punishment is not
certain ; but at any rate, these three miserable women,
the victims of gross superstition — in which even judges
shared — were the last persons executed in England for
alleged witchcraft.
Having now given some rather lengthy extracts from
these old pages of such as may be considered of the
greatest interest and value, it only remains to deal with
and string together a varied collection of minor happenings
connected with the old life of the Borough.
The one that looms most largely is the unhappy relations
existing between the Rev. Michael Ogilby, the Rector of
the Parish, who was inducted to the living in 1679. His
name figures frequently in accounts of quarrels with
individuals, and in disputes with the town authorities
or the parishioners, culminating in 1679 with a series of
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328 BIDEFOBD UNDSB THE BESTOBBD MONABCHY.
grave charges against the reverend gentleman. At a
Sessions in that year the jurors then empanelled and sworn,
presented to the Court their indictment against the Rev.
Michael Ogilby, with the opening preamble as follows : —
** And although we the Jiu-ors aforesaid cannott nor
doe nott expect to have any releise from this Court con-
cerning the strictures hereafter expressed against Mr.
Michaell Ogilby Clerke and Rector of the Parish Church
of Bideford, and therefore more particularly pertayne to
the Ecclesiastical Court of the Diocese of Exon, yet we
cannott avoyd the mentioning and presenting thereof in
soe publique a manner hopeing thereby the Court will take
the same into their consideration, and in due time will en-
deavor a reformation there of soe much as in them lyes."
The charges appear under eight heads ; but as they
are too lengthy to give in full, I only give the leading
feature of each, except in the eighth, which deals with
the charges claimed for Births, Marriages and Deaths.
** 1. The permitting excummunicated clergymen to
administer Holy Communion in the Parish Church while
the Rev<* MichaeU Ogilby was sitting in a chaire on the
north side of the Communion Table.
2. We doe present the said Michaell Ogilby did alto-
gether omitt his duty either in person or by some lawfull
Minister in the Publique Chiu-ch upon EsrSter which was
the 20th day of April 1679.
3. We the jurors upon our oaths present that upon
Sunday 28th day of September 1679 whilst the congre-
gation were there assembled for Divine Service Mr. Michaell
Ogilby in most indecent manner did rayle and vilify Mr.
Robert Mayhutt to the great griefe of the people then and
there assembled.
4. For delaying and refusing to publish his Ma"*«
gracious letters patent for a generall collection for the
Redemption of English Captives in Turkey.
5. That Michaell Ogilby upon Sunday the eighth day of
October 1679 did rayle at Mr. John Hill Towne Clerke,
as he was going out of the Church and did bestow much
unchristian-like language, holding out of his staflfe and
threatening and assualtinge him therewith.
6. That the said Mr. Ogilby did say and utter many
imbecoming words against the Rev^ Father in God Thomas
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BIDEFOBD UNDBB THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 329
Lord Bishopp of Exon his Surrogate and Rev<* Clergy
belonging to the Cathedral Qhurch saying they should not
order him to putt any Curate' into his Chiu-ch, and swearing
ofttimes in a very profane manner that they were knaves
or words to this purpose or affect.
7. That the said Mr. Ogilby for the space of three or
fower years past hath been much given to raylings and
vilifying the Clergy in the County of Devon and Magis-
trates of Bideford and also for being a lover of wine and
strong drinks, etc.
8. Also we doe present that Michaell Ogilby within the
space of three or fower .years hath infringed and broken
the ancient customs of this parish and Towne of Bideford
by demanding, extorting of and from severall of the
inhabitants and parishoners imreasonable, inordinate and
unjust fees for marryings, baptizings and burialls, viz.
from Abraham Holmes and John Coleman of Bideford for
marryinge them and their respective wives the sum of five
shillings a piece, from George Donnard Marryner for
baptizeing of his child two shillings and sixpence, from
Christopher Howard the same although the offices were
performed by a neighbour Minister with Mr. Ogilbys
consent — and as for buryalls for buryinge the wife of
Phillip Cornish of this Towne one shilling, for buryinge
child of Edward Fellow one shilling and for the buryinge
of child of George Donnard the sum of one shilling of lawf iJl
money of England."
What may have been the outcome of all these grave
charges is not indicated, nor have we any guide to show
to what extent the fees for the offices of the Church were
inordinate and unjust !
But leaving these quarrels and disturbances, I will
give a few facts recorded here and there relating more
particularly to the topography of the town. During the
Mayoralty of Mr. William Reeve in 1670 : —
*' The Right Hon*'*^ John Earl of Bathe (Lord of the
Manor of Bideford) purchased from Mr. Willett a house
and garden for the making of a new streete or passage
between Maiden Street and High Street."
This is very probably the one now known as Butt-
garden Street.
" My Lord gave a plott of the garden of the old place house
for enlarging the Churchyard on the north side thereof."
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330 BIDEFOBD UNDER THE BBSTOBBD MONABCHT.
In 1673 we find :—
"Mr. Thomas Gearing Mayor.
The Bight Reverend Father in God Anthony Sparrow
Bishopp of Exeter consecrated the plott of ground given
by the Bight Hon^'* the Earl of Bathe for enlarging the
Church yard of Bideford."
From two or three entries it is clear the Market house
or place was in the High St. prior to 1675, for in that year :
" The Markett Bell from the Old Markett place m High
St. removed to the new Markett Place in the Buttgarden."
In other places it is described as " Markett House " ; so
it may be assumed there was a substantial building of
some kind, as well as the open market in the street.
From time to time orders were issued by the Court
with the view of safeguarding the town against the dangers
of fire. As early as 1659 Mr. John Hill gave
" Twelve Water Bucketts for the use of the Towne."
In 1673 an order was made : —
" That the Con^**^^^ of this Towne do forthwith cause
f ower watchmen to be sett every night to prevent as much
as in them lyeth all danger which may happen by fire
to the houses of this Towne or Shipps Ijdng at the Keys."
The Court in 1679 was again engaged in taking steps
against the risks of fire, for we find : —
*' The Jurors at the Sessions then empanelled and sworn
presented that it is a common and publique danger com-
mitted by divers persons practising the trades of Potters,
Bakers, Brewers who erect great piles and ricks of Furze
in greater quantities than necessity doth require to the
greate danger of the houses and goods of severall of the
inhabitants if the same should happen by any neglect to
be on fire. For prevention it is ordered that none of those
following the trades mentioned should have a greater
quantity of Furze than three hundred faggotts and to be
kept at not less than one hundred and forty feet from their
respective Kilns, etc. and for the saving of the inhabitants
and their goods which may happen by fire (which God
prevent) it is ordered that all the Water Bucketts of
leather be with all speed amended and made serviceable."
The householders were also ordered '' to place hogs-
heads or Tubbs filled with water from the first day of May
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BIDBFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 331
unta the tenth day of September." The Common Cryer
was instructed " to forthwith publish these orders after
sounding his Common Bell."
Although Bideford had been incorporated for about a
hundred years the town did not possess a suitable prison
for the pimishment of offenders, and they had to be sent
elsewhere to serve their time. Prior to 1687 there was
a house of Correction or BrideweU at Great Torrington, to
which criminals from Bideford were sent ; but this appears
for some reason to have been dismantled and closed.
The Bideford Corporation thereupon addressed the fol-
lowing petition to the County Justices : —
** These may certifie all whom it may concern that the
Corporation of Bideford having no Bridewell or house of
Correction for the punishment of offenders that may or
shall happen within the Towne aforesaid, and that formerly
when there was occasion for the punishment of any persons
they were sent to Great Torrington, and now that Bride-
well being taken away the Towne of Bideford hath no
place to send offenders imto, but the house of correction
of the County and the said Towne doth pay yearly to the
Goal and Hospital the sum of two pounds sixteen shillings
and eight pence, soe that it is the desire of us that sub-
scribe hereimto (in the name of the whole Corporation)
to have the privelidge of the said County BrideweU to send
such there as were deserving when and as often as the said
Corporation shall have occasion, and further our desire is
that the certificate be passed at the next Generall Sessions
of the Peace of the County of Devon then and there to
have this order made as is desired.
Witness our hands this 30th day of March 1687.
John Darracott Mayor.
Rich<i Giles Alderman.
Wee believe the above written
Certificate to be true and doe
desire that the said Towne of
Bideford may have the privilege
which is therein prayed for.
Amos PoUard
Thomas Berry
Sa: Rolle
Richard Coffin
Jona: Prideaux."
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332 3IDEF0BD UNDBB THE BISTOBED MONABCHY.
This petition was duly granted — " as it was recom-
mended unto this Court of Sessions by five Justices of the
Peace under their hands residing in that part of the County.
. . . This Court doth think fitt order and allow the Mayor
and Justices of Bideford for the tjme being may hence
forth have the Privelidge of sending to the said house of
Correction at St. Thomas such offenders as by the Law
ought so to be sent. Hugo Vaughan
Clerk of the Peace."
The difficulty of conveying prisoners such a long distance
in those days is shown in an entry in the Mayoralty of Mr.
Richard Giles. ** John Budd of the parish of Bennett
Fink in London an upholsterer a dangerous Quaker
refusing to take the oath of Allegience was sent from
here by a Mittimus to the Common Goal at the Castle of
Exeter, but on the way thither he escaped."
The last two years of the reign of James the Second were
marked by the number and variety of Proclamations
issued and reported as having been published in the town.
While these were national in purpose and effect, and not
relating to. Bideford specially, they may be included in
my extracts as bringing afresh to our minds some useful
light on the political and economical questions of the
time.
May 1687. "A Proclamation published the 27th
September prohibiting the importation of Foreign needles."
January 1687. ** An Act for Putting in Execution the
Act for Improvement of Tillage."
January 1687. " A Proclamation for putting in Exe-
cution the Law against Importing and Selling Foreign
Buttons."
January 1687. " A Proclamation appointing a Tyme
of Publique Thanksgiving throughout the Kingdom for
the Queen being with Child."
April 1688. " A Proclamation for the more Effectual
Reducing and Suppressing of Pirates and Privateers in
America."
April 1688. ** A Proclamation for Preventing and
Supressing Seditious Books and Pamphlets."
April 1688. "A Proclamation prohibiting his Ma**^^
Subjects to enter into the service of Foreign Princes and
States."
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BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 333
April 1688. ** A Proclamation Commanding the retmn
of all his Mat*®8 Subjects who have taken arms under and
are now in the Service of the States Generall of the United
Provinces of the Netherlands by Sea or Land."
Considering the circumstances and conditions of national
life of those days, the number of criminal cases, assaults,
robberies, etc., appearing in the business of the successive
Sessions is comparatively few, and none of them have any
special feature except, it may be, in the quaintness of the
evidence tendered.
It may seem somewhat captious to indulge in a grumble
against the clerks of the Court, considering the pages
they have filled ; but all the same, many of them were
sadly neglectful of their duty in entering up the minutes.
From the arrangement of the book it was evidently in-
tended to have full records, and in addition each individual
case or special matter tabulated for reference in what is
called ** The Table." In it, imder the name of the Mayor
and the year, is given a ** page number," where the trans-
actions of the Coiut were to be entered. Here ofttimes
comes the disappointment ; for in some years the pages
are blank, and in others appear only some formal " Pre-
sentments from the Jurors now empanneled," or a list
of Licenses granted, whereas according to the entry in
** The Table " minutes of other and more interesting
matter should have been recorded, which in certain in-
stances would have added further to our knowledge of the
passing events in Bideford.
I am fuUy aware that the contents of the old chronicle,
and the extracts I have given, will be of more direct
interest to Bidef ordians than to members of the Devonshire
Association in general ; but perhaps to some small extent
in affording glimpses of the life and doings of so long ago,
they may also attach a little value to what is here brought
to notice. It is this thought which has prompted me to
prepare and submit this paper ; and if it is thought of
sufficient value to be included in our Transactions the
labour of many leisure hours will be well repaid.
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HOOKER'S SYNOPSIS CHOROGRAPHICAL OF
DEVONSHIRE.
WILLIAM J. BLAKB, M.A.
(Read at Exeter, S2nd July, 1915.)
To the student of the history of Devon in the time of the
Tudors, few names are better known than that of John
Vowell, alias Hooker. Like his friend and contemporary
Richard Carew, the author of the famous Survey of Com-
wall. Hooker was one of the leading antiquaries of his day.
Bom in 1526, he was present at the siege of Exeter in 1549,
Chamberlain of that city in 1555, and apparently its
representative in Parliament in 1577. He died in 1601.
His chief literary works were {a) the Revision of Holin-
shed^s Chronicle, to which he contributed a most valuable
account of the Western Rebellion in 1549 ; (6) a Biography
of Sir Peter Carew, to whom he was solicitor, and on whose
affairs he spent some time in Ireland ; and (c) the Synopsis
Chorographical of Devonshire. This last work has un-
fortunately never been printed ; a MS. copy exists in
the British Museiun (Harleian MS. 5827). It is a folio
volimie of 171 pages and would appear to be the author's
original copy, as in his description of Devonshire Worthies,
among whom he quite rightly includes himself, in the
enumeration of his works he writes, -'and now lately this
Synopsis, and is living 1599," the 1599 being crossed out
and 1600 written above.
A description of this volimie is given in the journal of
the Archaeological Association, Vol. 18, pp. 138 seq., by
Edw. Levien, m.a., f.s.a., who quotes Hooker's description
of the yeomen and states that Westcote's View of Devon-
shire has many passages copied verbatim from this
work.
Below will be found a transcription of the first eleven
pages. They give a general description of the county, its
products, grades of people, trade, etc. The account of the
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hooker's synopsis. 335
methods of agriculture is very important and closely
resembles that of Cornwall in Carew's Survey, while his
description of the woollen manufacture is most interesting
to the economic student. The rest of the book is con-
cerned with Devonshire Worthies (ff. 38-62), a Description
of Exeter (52-76), a Survey of Spiritualities (76-91), a
Survey of Temporalities, with short accounts of the
principal towns (91-140), an Alphabet of -Arms (140-162),
Parks (162-166), Monasteries and Castles (166-171).
It is much to be hoped that this valuable work will one
day be printed in full.
Synopsis Chorographical of Devonshire by John Hooker.
A discourse of Devonsh and Cornwall with Blazon of
Arms and the Bishops of Exeter the revenues of the
Deneries and parsonages and other gentlemen.
The comonen welthe some pte
w^^ by axmcient demesne or for some other causes
they be priveleged and exempted. Also there be within
the province XXXVIII markett townes bysides the citie
of Excester of w^^ eleven be incorporated. The nombre
of parkes be verye miche impeared and of many remayne
not above or about XX bysydes the twoo forestes of
Dartemore and pte of Exemore w^i* some tymes was
replenished w^^ Redd deere but now the game is very
small and litle regarded. And as for waters no one pticular
province in this land is more or better stored then is this
countie for of rylls brookes Lakes and springes the nombre
is as it were infinite or verye hard to be nombred. And
theise by reason they do fall into greate streames and
rjrv^ers they do make theym verie greate and some of
theym to be navigable as namely Exe Darte Plyme
Thamar Tawe. In theise rivers is greate abundance of
sundry and many kindes of fyshes as namely trowte,
peny cotes, dace, roche tenche lamprys. Also — perche,
flounders, but especially salmones and that greate store
but none to be compared to the salmon of the ryver of
Exe for there yo" shall at aU tymes of the yere fynde some
to be newe come from the seas w*** lyce upon theire backes
and then they be best in season for they be ffatt, swete
and cruddie so that they be boyled w*** in syx houres after
they be taken whereof more at large hereafter shalbe
spoken. As for the countrie itselfif it is very strongely
seated and if the loyaltie faythe and obedience due imto
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336 hooker's synopsis
the sovereigne be yelded. It is not then verye safe — be
gotten nor invaded, flfor one the northe and southe sides
it is . * . and hedged w*** ... brittishe seaes and on the
west it bords . . . upon the river of Tamar w^^ is now
the bounde betwene the twoo provinces of Devon and
Comewall and so three ptes it is inclosed w*^ the seas and
waters only the Easte pte lyeth open upon the meane
lande and bordures of Durotrigia and Belgia and theise
marches beinge also full of dales hills rockes and stone is
verie safylie to be made stronge and fortified agaynst the
invasion of any enemye if the disloyalties of the subjectes
do not cause the contrarie. The Whole province and
countrie w^ in theise boundes is in greatenes the seconde
to the greatest in this Land and is altogether' or for the
most pte wilde full of wastes heths and mores uphill and
downehill emonge the rockes and stones and the pennette [?]
longe craggye and very paynfull for man or horse to
travell as all strtingers travellinge the same can wytnes it.
ffor be they ever so well monted upon theire fyne and
deyntie horses out of other countries after that they have
travelled in this countrie but one Journey they can
forbeare the second. And therefore so miche the lesse
passable for the enemy w^ his troopes and impedimentes
of warres. It was in tymes past all forest and full of
woodes brakes and thickets and called the forest and
woodland countrie even as the now citie of Excester w«*»
is the metropole ... of the same can wittnesse it w«**
was called caerpenhuelgoyte that is to saye the cliff citie
in the woodes or forest and so it contynued even from the
first untill the tyme of kinge Henry the seconde sonne to
William the conqueror [sic] who dyd alltogether dysforest
the same. And kinge John in his tyme confirmed it but
excepted and pvided that the wastes of dartemore and
Exmore should styll remayne and be forest. And kinge
Henry the 3 for avoydinge of sundrye inconveniens dyd
appoynt sett downe and lymett the boundes of the same.
The soyle of this countrie to the outward shewe is very
thinne barren and unprofitable servinge to smale use other
then for salvages and wylde beastes and as William of
Malmsbury writeth it scarse yeldeth any come other than
otes and pulsses and that but sklenderly w^*^ maye be trew
if you have respect to the former ages when men lived as
salvages w*^ out any nurture or civiUtie when the grounde
was not manured or tyUed when there was no stayed rule
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CHOEOQBAPHICAL OF DBVONSHIRB. 337
of government and when all was in intestyne broyles and
wanes and overlayed w^ foreyne enemyes and daylye
vude the change of newe conquerors and oppressors and
that when men in those dayes were contented w^ a
thynne dyet and w*^ suche foode as wherew"^ they might
kiU hunger €md meaneteane lyffe. But if yo" looke and
consider the existent state and conferre it w"^ the ages and
tymes past you shall see a mervelose metamorphosis and
chaunge for it doth and it hath so playsed God that when
the sonnes of Adam do accordinge unto his ordynances
mannure and dresse the earth and in the sweate of their
owne browes do eate theire breade he doth blisse their
travells. And as the same doth most appeare in this land
so especially in this comer and nook of the same for it
was sometymes inhabited w**» a few salvages and barbarose
myscreantes who knowenge no God lyved more lyke brute
beastes then re€ksonable men. But now it is become to be
a populose and a great multitude of such as do feare and
serve God in true religion and accordinge to his Love.
And everyeone leadinge a civill lyfife do travell for their
lyvinge accordinge to his callinge in all mutuall love and
conmion societie. The soil it selffe w^** was fuU of craggie
hills and aUtogether full of stones and playnes w^^ were
full of heathes and sedges and the vallyes w^^ weare
alltogether full of bryers and brambles ar by mannes
travell and industrie be become fertile and frutefull and
do yelde greate varieties and plenties and plentie of herbes
frutes and come for the ease of man and goodly feedinge
and pasture for beastes of the feeld Greate abundans of all
kindes of frutes aples peares quynces and suche lyke
wallnuts medlers and others inniunerable. Greate store
of catle both for neciessitie and for pleasure. The abound-
ance of foules both wilde and tame and of sea fishe and of
the lyke varietie and aboimdance as in no other countrie
the lyke freshwater fyshe and of all other thinges wci» the
«arth in no countrie the lyke and w^** if severally to be sett
downe requireth a greater volimie. And lykewyse the
belly of the earthe their be founde and digged sondrye
riche mynes some of Gold and Sylver some of tynne and
leade some of iron and other mettalls. Bysydes that of
late in the yeare 1699 iii speciall stones very fayre
beautyf ull and of estimacon whereof too do growe in the
East syde of the Ryver of Darte in Berry pomeroy pk.
Theon of theym is of dunneshe or Murry coullor intermixt
VOL. XLvn. Y
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338 hooker's synopsis
with blewe and greene couUor and havinge very fayre
vaynes in it of whyte coullor w^^ beinge pullyshed is
oompted to be a purphure as good as any can be. And of
the scoples or stones thereof the castle of berry is ptly
buylded. The other is of a marble coullor intermixt w**^
whyte coullor of dyverse formes and faysions very fayre
and beautifuU to behold. They do ryse three feete and
fewer feete of lengeth w^ biggnesse accordinge. And
whereof be made coUomber pyllars pylasters and cartheses
by the cunninge of the good and curiouse free masons in
their workes and do beautifie the same very mich. The
third stone groweth one the west syde of the darte Ryver
in the land of John Gyles of Bowden Esquier and is a
very naturall touchstone and ryses in length about nyene
foote and eight foot and in breadth fyve foote and four
foote and halflf in thickness a foote or more as you lyst.
ffjmally it is blessed plentyf ully w*** infynete good thinges
w^^ land and water do comonly yelde. And if I might
speake w^out offense I dare avouche that w^** on wiyteth
of generally of this land. That England maye better lyve
of selffe wt'^out any other nation then any other nation
w^out it. And even so also this lytle comer of this land
can Lyve better of it selffe w***out the rest of the Land
then all the resydue can lyve w^out it. And yet I knowe
that all or the most pte of the other provinces and sheres
be rich profitable and stored some w*** come and catle
some w^ frutes some w^ sheepe and woUs and some w^
one conmioditie or other. But yet generally they cannot
compare w^ so many as this litel comer yeldeth in sundry
respects both for the publyke welth and private profiStes
and specially for come and cattell for clothe and woU for
tynne and mettalls and for fishe and sea comodities all
w^^ out of this have passaged into all nations and be verie
beneficiall to the whole conmion welthe. And this I do
not speake upon a bravery or a vayne ostentation of my
countrie but to advise and to admonish everie man that
he be thankefull to God for the greate and good blessinges
wch he hathe so bountyfully geven theym and to consider
w^ theym selffes that the more that they have receaved
the more shall and wilbe required at theire handes. And
therefore they ar in all sobrietie modestie thankefulness
and temperance to be used accordinge to the will of God
and the good of his churche and the behoffe of echo one.
unto another.
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CHOEOGRAFHICAL OF DIVONSHIBE. 339
And not to be spent in watonnes prodygalitie and
lyccencioselye nor to be layed and horded up greedylie or
in any manner wayes to be abused lest the talent also (the
kingdome of Grod geven unto us) be cleene taken from us
and be geven unto another nation w^ shall bringe f orthe
the frutes of the same. This mich superficially be it
spoken w^ hereafter as occasion shall serve shall more
^cularly be sayed and so now to the matter. This
countrie or province as ia before sayde is verye populose
and very well inhabited as no pte of the realme more or
better. The people ar well compacte and of good stature
and be very stronge and apte to all good exercises and
weU inclyned to aU honestie and vertue and some to be
framed to any action either civill or martiall whereof
there hath benne and yet is a conmion proverbe lett a
devonshere man come but ones to the courte and he wilbe
a courtier at the first. In matters of knoledge leminge
and wisedome they be of a deepe Judgment ; in matters
civill and for the common welth they be wise pregnant
and polytuyque : In matters of martiall, they be very
valiant and prudent : In all tra veils and paynes they be
verie laboriose : and in all actions ether of the bodie or
of the mynde they be very excellent.
The people Theise be of iiij sortes and degrees, noble-
be of iiij man and gentleman : the Merchaimte, the
degrees. yeoman and the laborer. tJnder the name of
the gentlemen I do comprehend aU noble men knightes
and esquiers and aU such who by birthe are descended of
auncyent and noble parentes and such as for theire virtues
and good deserts be by the prince and sovereigne ad-
vaunced to nobilitie. The gentlemen for the most pte are
very civill curtuose gentle affable and of good virtue
temperat and modest in all theire gestures and no more
seemelye then moderate in theire apparell w"*out any
sumptuosnes pryde or excesse, flfor it is weU known that
many auncient gentlemen left to theire posteritie a velvet
gowne or a sylke garment w^** hath contynued iij or iiij
descentes w^^out alteration or new devises w^ auncient
and good order so longe as they kept they were never in
any Merchaunte bookes intangled in any statutes nor
bowned in any recognysans, nether was the Lawer ever
busied to drawe up bookes and conveyances feoffments
bargaynes morgages sales and sellinge of landes fynes
and Recoveries. They were not beholdinge to any userer
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340 hooker's synopsis
or money monger but dysposed and geven unto vertue
leminge and knoledge : and all good endevers : some to
honest and good studies ; and some to f eates of wanes
and chyvalrie : and some to good hospitalitie and house-
keepinge : good to theire tenates frendly to theire neigh-
boures and lyberall to the powere and needie and by such
meanes they were beloved and honored and lyved in
credite worship and honor in the commonwelth. Theire
•exercises were hawkinge, huntinge, Bidinge, shootinge,
hurlinge and such like as whereby the mindes were no more
recreated then theire bodies were inseamed and hardened to
all activities and good excercises. And not gyven unto
pryde luxe and excesse unto gaiSuynges fonde playes
wantonnes night watchinges, riotnes, surflEyttinges
bankettinge, incontynences and such other disorders and
fylthines as be founde in the courtes of Bacchus and
pallaces of Venus and w^^ be the speciall causes why so
many noble houses be overthrowen so many gentlemen
consTuned and so many men in theise dayes be brought to
miserye and to beggery : for by the luxe and lyke meanes
drawen out of Asia the Boman nobilitie was destroyed,
and by the lyke this countrie; this now the fertile countrie,
and such lyke in this land, by usinge the lyke losenes shall
receve the lyke confusion, and lose theire wonted grace
and honor, w^^ heretofore they have ever had : ffor in the
former ages they were so renewed for theire wisdome
prowes and virtues that both the Bomans and all other
good commonwelthes emonge aU nations were governed
by the noble men of the same, and by theym, yonger
gentlemen were chosen and apointed to be governors in
the conmion wealthe untyll by theire pride oppressions
covetusenes and such lyke enormities w^^ when the Boman
plebeyans were not hable to indure they fell from the
auncient senators considls and theire governors : and
made othere new magistrates of the inferior and plebian
sorte and so nobilitie by theire owne folyes were dis-
graced.
The seconde degree or sorte ar the merchauntes who
for the most pte do dwell in Townes and Cities and havinge
attayned to some welthe they do become greate adventures
and travellers by seas imto aU nations and countries :
from whense any profl&te or gayne is to be had, and
thereby they do attayne to greate welthe and riches : w<*
for the most pte they do imploy in purchasinge of land
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CHOBOQBAPHICAL OF DEVONSHIBE. 341
and by litle and litle they do creepe and seeke to be
gentlemen : w^^ breedeth an emulation or rather a
dysdayne betwene theym : But if they were so carefful to
avoyde the occasions of offences and dyspleasures as they
be to muche addicted to privat lucre and desyre to clyme
to higher advaimcement : the love and goodwill wold be
more betwene theyme then it is but l^de of nobilitie
untyll by vertue and good desertes the same be enoblysed
and by segnell descentes be confirmed. The thirde degree
is the yeomanry of this countrie w^^ consisteth of farmers
husbandmen and freeholders w^^ be men of a ffree nature
and of good condicions and do lyveof such growndes and
lande as w^^ they do hold freely and for terme of lyffe of
others for a rent or some of theire owne freeholde beinge
at the least of a cleere valewe by the yere of XL*. Yet
they be caUed Legales homines because commonly they
be returned in aU tryalls or criminaU or civil, and upon
theire othes be to sett downe the very truthe as neere as
they can of the matter geven imto theym in chardge w^
beinge allowed and sentenced by the Judge ; aU con-
troversies be decided and the lawe hath his ende. Theise
albeit they be not so well accompted of nor had in due
reputacion as they in tymes past were wont to be, because
every man is now of an aspiringe mynde and not con-
tented w^ theire owne estate do lyke better of anothers
even as Poete saieth nemo sua sorte contentus vivit sed
laudat diversa sequentes. Yet after theire porcions they
are not much inferior imto the gentlemen who be theire
lordes : for his f yne beinge ones payed he lyveth as
merylie as doth his Lande Lord and geveth him selffe for
the most pte to such virtues condicions and qualities as
doth the gentleman and deliteth in good house-kepinge
fareth well, seemely in his apparell, curtiose in his be-
havior, and frendly to his neighbours, and when tyme
serveth is geven to the lyke exercyses of huntinge, shoot-
inge, &c. But accordinge to his callinge his cheeffe
travells be most in matters of his husbandrie wherein he
leaveth no paynes to make his best proffite, whether it be
by tyllinge, grasinge, buyenge and sellinge of cattail or
whatsoever he can fynde to be for his gayne and profl&te :'
and by theise meanes he groweth to such welthe and
habUitie that his lande Lord is many tymes beholdinge
unto him. And now of late they have entred into the
trade of usurye buyenge of clothes and purchasinge and
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342 hookbb's synopsis
merchandifles clymmynge up daylye to the degrees of a
gentleman and do bringe up theire children arccordingly.
The iiijth degree be the dayle laborers who do serve for
wages whether they be artyficers w<* for the most do dwell
in cities and Townes or of such as do serve and do dwell in
the countrie for wages and theyse be of twoo sortes. The
one is called the spader the daylie worker or laborer in the
tynn-workes, and theire is no laborer to be compared unto
him : for his apparell is course, his dyet sklender, his
lodginge harde, his feedynge comonly course breade and
hard cheese, and his drincke is water, and for lacke of a
cuppe he diynketh it out of his spade or shoveU : and he
goeth so nere the weather as no man can lyve more
frugally and nerer than he dothe. His lyffe most commonly
is in pyttes and caves under the grounde of a greate depth
and in greate daunger because the earthe above his hedd
is in sundry places crossed and posted over w^ tymber, to
keepe the same from fallinge.
The other is also a dayly laborer at husbandry and
other servile workes for theire daylye wages and hires :
but he serveth at more ease and more delycatly. Not-
withstandinge they be both of a mightye and a stronge
bodye, hable to endure all laboures and paynes : and
upon the holie dayes €md tymes of leasure they do geve
theym selffes imto such exercises and pasttymes as
wherew"^ they do rather inseme theire bodyes w^ hardenee
and strengthe, then otherwyse As w^ shotynge wrastel-
ynge and hurlynge and they so well framed to any kinde
of service, as they will sone atteyne to the use and know-
ledge thereof and as experiens teacheth that a small
treyninge will sone frame them to whatsoever he be
imploy^ whether it be to be a seylder or a perfect servinge
man. And albeit theise laborers be of the most inferior in
degree yet they be liberi homines and of a free condicion
no villanes no bonde slaves.
And as theire be theise dyversities of degrees of people
so there be iiij or the lyke nombres of speciall and principedl
comodities whereupon this countrie dothe depende w^ by
mannes Industrie be procured and bettered ffor albeit the
countrie it selffe be fiUl of hills montans and cragges. And
the valleys lyenge warmer then the rest do yelde some
better ffeedinge and pastures. Yet by the travells and
paynes of the good husbond man the same is daylye
bettered and enriched.
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CHOBOQBAPHICAL OF DEVONSHIRE. 343
The travells ^^^ where in tymes past the coxintrie was
of the but bare and barren of come and cattail and
husbandman. ^^^ sufficient to serve and satisfie it selffe.
Yet now such is the increase thereof that they have not
onely sufficient store and plentie for theym selfEes but be
also hable and do daylye fumishe no small nombre of
shippes w^^ from tyme to time do harborew theym selfEes
in the havens and creekes of that coimtrie w*^ beefes
barons and porkes but also w"^ byskett and beere and
syder beanes and peasons and lyke beverege as w^*^
be meete and necessarye for theire voyages at the seas
whether it be at new founde lande for fishinge or the
Ilondes and coimtries for merchandyse or for any other
trade whatsoever. The meanes and wayes how theise
things be thus compassed and brought to passe is cheefly
the great industrie and travell of the husband man w^^
spareth no chardges, forbeareth no paynes, nor leaveth
any thinge undonne whereby he may enriche and make
his growndes fertyle and profytable. And therefore
accordinge to the nature of his grownde he useth these
helpes as be most fytt for the same. For in the places
w^^ be somewhat remote and farr from the seas and the
grownd is but thynne they do use to beate the same that
is they do cutt it into turffes w^^ beinge made drye they
do bringe the same into hyllockes and do bume it and the
ashes thereof they do cast and sprinkle abroade upon the
grownde. And the forelandes of the same growndes next
to the hedges they dygge one sullon of some XX foote
broade and the same they do carry into the grownde and
do also dunge the same w^^ such donge as they do make
w"^ there strawe feames and out of the stables and houses
and by theise meanes they do worthe theire groundes and
made theym profytable. In some places neere the sea-
sydes there groweth a weede called oare and this myngled
with some earthe or donge they do cary into theire groundes
and it doth mich good for the tyme. In some places they
have a kynde of slymye or sea sande w^ at the ebbynge
seas and lowe waters they do digge out of the salte water
and there is no donge to be compared unto it nor w^^ doth
more inrich the grownde both for come and grasse. In
some places there be greate Rockes and Quaries of stone
called marie and of vr^^ stone the best lyme is made and
also they brake the same into small scoples or stones and
do scatter the same upon theire grownde and this stone
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344 hooker's synopsis
doth everie yere cast a scale w^^ doth geve a fatness unto
the earthe. They have other kindes of marles w<* be of
the earthe some in white lyke chalke some blue lyke ashe
coolor : and some Redd lyke imto claye and everie one of
theyse beinge myxt w^ some other helpe be very good and
profytable. But now adayes they do use sope ashes w^^
most comonly they do bestowe it in lowe and russhe
growndes and in some of these places they do cast and
strowe . . . lyme.
And in lowe groundes where the waters do lye and
stande they do by gurtes and dytohes drawe awaye the
waters and do mengle the earthe w^ sope ashes and
thereby the russhes do quayle and the grasse thereof
waxeth sweete but if theire growndes be higher then
theire greatest industrie is howe to conveye some nmninge
ryll or streame of water into it : w<* if they do carie it
throughe some wayes the same is the fatter and better
w"^ the shoures and raynes : but if the waters be standinge
pooles and a hungrye water they do amende the same by
castinge of donge and lyme into it and this they do sturre
with a staffe and so carye it throughe the growndes and
medowes. They have also orchardes and aple gardens
w<* be stored w^ all kindes of good frutes and theyse in
the tymes of the yere they do dresse prune and trymme
by openinge the rootes by paringe awaye the waterie
howes and by graffinge of theym by w^** meanes they be
made verye frutefull and do not onely serve theire owne
householdes and fumyshe the markett but also they do
make greate store of syder w^ the nearer the sayes the
more profitable they be for shippinge : whose owners do
buy greate store for beverage and is a profitable drynke
in the shipps. Theise and suche other lyke comodities do
growe and increase to the good of the common welthe if
the growndes be well used and manured : w^^ be all the
more profitable because all theise growndes for the most
part be devided and severed w^^ mightie greate hedges
and dytches w^^ yelde a doble comoditie : the one for
theire cattal because by theire often chaimges they feede
styll as it were upon a new springnynge grasse : and the
other is theire fewell for when the hedges be to be newe
made they do yeld good store of woode and f ueU : And
this miche is conceminge theire wastes and Innegrowndes :
ffor there be not many wastes but what they be converted
and changed into tillage and keepinge of sheepe. Of these
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CHOBOGBAPmCAL OF DEVONSHIRE. 345
the most princypall and cheeffest is named Dartemore
w^^ is some XVI myles one waye and about XII myles the
other waye. And this dartemore yeldeth iiij speciall
comodities, pasture, come tynne and turff cole : con-
ceminge pasture it is cheefflye in the sommer : ffor in the
winter by reason of the coldenes continuall stormes and
wetnes of the grownde . . . feedinges at all but in the
somer tyme the more drye the grownde is the better is
theire feedinges bysides that the husbonde men w^^^ do
dwell w^in VI or VII myles have theire pasturinge and
feedinge of theire cattails therein. And in the meane
tyme theire Innegrounds be kept and reserved for the
feedinge of theire cattail in the winter. Conceminge come
theire tyllages be most conmionly in the Marches and the
utter sydes of the sayed more and by reason of the harde
wether and greate and contynuall stormes the harvest is
verie late : And this one thinge is to be observed that all
the yere through out commonly it rayneth or it is fowle
wether in that more or desert. And albeit the husbonde
man in that countrie be verie skyllflfull in theire husbandrie,
and do dresse theire groundes verie well ; yet in the north
pte thereof about Okehampton, Hatherly, Idesley
Chylmeyle and other places there aboutes the otes w^^^
they sowe be all spoyled otes and the drincke w^^^ they do
make therpf is spoyled drincke for be it never so well pre-
pared and dressed yet what creature soever do eate or
tast thereof be it man or horse or hogge it will make him
to vomyte and for the tyme verye sycke notw^^^standinge
the people of that countrie beinge used thereat do endure
the same very well : but yet if the sayed otes be shelded
and converted to geyrthes or to Otemell it is verie good
and wholesome : The reason hereof no man can certeynly
defyne whether it be by the greate mystes w^^ comonlye
be there or by vapores w^^ the groimde do yelde there :
it is rather conjectured then certenly knowen. fifor in
and in the same fourrough you shall have both good and
badd otes : and in the one end of one Rudge good otes
and in the other badd otes. As for the tynne it groweth
and is digged in and throughe the whole mores and in
sundry partycular growndes w^*^ do yeld yerely greate
welth and aboundans as also they do digge in simdrye
meete and convenyent places greate turffes w*^** beinge
dryed is a verye good fuell and is spent in blowenge of
theire tynne and other fuell they have not.
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346 hooker's synopsis
The second comoditie of the countrie is clothe and woU
of clothe there be foure sortes or kjnides the pyne whites
fEryses and newe bayes : but the cheflfest is the kersey
clothe and this so comon a clothe that there is no market
nor village nor scarse any privat mannes house where in
theise clothes be not made, or that there is not spynninge
and cordinge for the same : as the daylye travellers can
so witnes it for wheresoever any man doth travell you
shall fynde at the hall dore as they do name the foredore
of the house he shall I saye fynde the wiffe theire children
and theire servantes at the tume spynninge or at theire
cardes cardinge and by w<^ comoditie the comon people
do lyve. In this sheere there be about some XXXVIII
markets and in everie of theym for the most pte is a
market of kerseys woll and voime[?] to be solde and
whereof the traffuyke is greate and everie one yeldeth
present money, ffor first the marchant or clothier buyeth
of the weaver his cloth and payethe present monye the
weaver byethe his yame of the spynster and payeth his
ready money. And the spynster buyethe her woll and
paieth her p*^nte monye. The clothier he sendethe his
clothes to the Tucker or fuller and he when his worke is
fjmeshed hathe lykewyse his monye. And then the
Marchant or Clother dothe or dye theym in coolers for the
sayes, or send theym to London and ells where to his best
advantage. The quantities of theise clothes be very
greate for comonly in Excester weklye there be sold about
some XXV or XX packes, some at XX" some at XXVI"
and some at XXX". The lyke also be doune in other
market townes after theire rate and all theise be dys-
patched to London or in foreyne nations and have verie
good sale and utterans. And all theise clothes w^^ is
striinge : be made for the most pte of the woUs growen in
this countrie w^*^ a man will thincke it verie straunge
oneles he were acquented w^^^ the state of this countrie.
The reason is the countrie is large and the most pte is
inclosed and everie one who dothe holde any pticular
bargayn and severall growndes, as he hathe cattails oxen
horsses and kyne so accordinge to that rate he hathe also
sheepe w^^ allthough they be not seeime in greate flockes
as they be in the open countries yet in multitude they be
more and greater, ffor the husbond mann be he poore or
riche be his bargayn greate or small, he hathe all wayes
some sheepe be they more or lesse : and it is supposed and
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GHOBOORAPHIOAL OF DBVONSHIBB. 347
by some affirmed that the nombre of sheepe in this comitrie
is as greate or greater then in any sheere in this Lande :
and some probabilitie (bysides experience) dothe so
appere for comenly there be fewe pishes whose tythe
wolls be not worthe XX*^ nobles by the yere and some
XX" or more. And in some places worthe I<2" or better
w<^ I could name were it not for offendinge of the owners
of the sayed benefices. The woU of this countrie is verie
good and carieth so longe a staple as there be no wolls
doth or can so well serve for makeinge of kerseys stockyns
wersted grogrones and suche kinde of clothes as this
comitrie dothe use : ffinally it is the best comoditie that
this countrie dothe yelde and w^ kepethe most pte of the
people in worke (for travellinge through the countrie you
shall fynde at everie house the good wiffe her children and
servantes allwayes some spyninge and some cardinge).^
The third comoditie also is the nomber of the mjnies in
this countrie of which some do yelde gild sylver some
Ledd some copper and some Iron : but the cheeffe is Tynne.
The sylver mynes have layne dedd, savenge of late by the
traveU & industry of Mr. Adrien Gilbert great quantity
hath bynn gathered of fyne silver about cume marten,
from the tjnne of Kinge Edwarde the thirde but suche is
the Industrie of man that of late and at theise p'^nte they
do verie diligently sett in worke Grod send successe. The
Tynne mynes be verie auncient and were sett in worke in
the old tymes of the Britanes and Saxons but yet by reason
of the iniquitie of the tyme they layed dedd many yeres
untyll the tyme of kinge Edward the first and then
Edward Erie of Comewall soune to Richarde kinge of
Romans, brother to the saide kinge Edward dyd by the
good will and consent of the kinge renewe and sett the
sayde mynes on worke, gave orders, sett lawes for theire
government and dyd apoynte a courte ... to be kept
in severall places namely plympton, Tavistoke, Asheperton,
Cheggford and Lydfford and where the sayed Tynne
sholde be coyned and an ordinary custome be payed for
the same and all thinges in theise courtes to be decyded
accordinge to the course of the comon Lawes.
The stannary thus establyshed hath ever synes w^^^out
breache or intermyssion benne contynued in workinge to
the greate increase of the Revenues of the saide Erledome
* Crossed out in MS.
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348 hooker's synopsis.
or Duchie and the meanetennce of greate nombres of
householdes, f amylies and inhabitantes bothe* of the saide
countrie and of sundrie Townes w^^^in this reahne but
especially of London and of the merchauntes of the same
who do not onely worke the same but do also transporte
the same into other countries and nations then w^ there
is not a better merchandyse.
The iiiith comodities is the navye and of the seaf aringe
men as well for marchundyse as for fyshinge. ffor this
province is bounded in the north and south sydes w*^ the
seas w^^ do yeld greate store and varietie of all sortes of
fyshe as the lyke not in any other countrie and bysides it
is full of many good havens and creekes and stored w^
all kyndes and sortes of shippinges servinge as well for the
trade of merchandyse as also for fishinge. And the
coastes lykewyse be inhabited and replenyshed w^ greate
housholdes and f amylies of sea f aringe men : w^^ Do
travell farre and neere as well in marchundyse as in
fyshinge in all places bothe farre and neere in deepes and
places of the best fyshinge. And w^ theire sayde fyshe so
taken they do not onely f umishe this theire countrie and
the whole Realme but also by waye of marchundyse they
do transporte the same into f oreyn nations by w<^ meanes
the navie is meanetened, they and theire famylies sustened,
and the whole comon welthe inriched and bettred : This
miche generally conceminge the soyle and the severall
comodities of this Lande and now to the govermente and
rulinge of the same w^ is in the lyke proportion also of
iiij principall degrees.
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THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON.
pabt m.
BY MISS KATE M. GLABKE.
(Read at Bxeter, 22nd July, 1915.)
Tbansformed Tub-Fonts.
In the two papers that have gone before this, Nonnan
tub-fonts, plain and girdled shapes, were described : but
there remain two fonts, which, though they hav^ come
down to us from the Norman period, have been worked
on at a later date to such an extent that their original
characteristics are all but obliterated. Therefore, before
entering on the next section we must notice these two
fonts.
31. High Bray,
As it stands a circular pedestal font of Devonian rock ;
it has clearly been transformed from an earlier shape.
The bowl bears the stamp of two far-removed periods of
workmanship.
It is encircled \\ inches below the rim by a band of
incised saw-tooth ornament ; the obtuse angle points to
an early date in the Norman period ; the groimd is filled
with irregidar hatched markings. Below are two flat,
square-edged mouldings an inch wide, with 3 inches of plain
surface between them. All this is worked with the axe.
The lower part of the bowl has a row of shell ornament
of sixteenth-century Renaissance type, worked with the
chisel. It has no relation whatever to the Romanesque
type of palmetto which is found on the font of West
Anstey, a few miles away, and which appears on fourteen
fonts in South Devon.
The appearance of the High Bray font suggests that it
was originally a bucket shape of early Norman period,
plain, except for the band of saw-tooth and square mould-
ings ; the church was rebuilt early in the sixteenth
century, and possibly at that time the font was sawn in
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350 THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OP DEVON.
two ; the upper half cut to the bowl fonn, and the shell
ornament then so much in vogue chiselled on it, while the
lower half was shaped into a cylindrical shaft, and the
surface dressed smooth with the chisel. But a curious
point is, that the shell ornament is abruptly cut through,
and only about half the depth of the foot scroll remains.
By this treatment the bottom of the bowl, instead of being
rounded as usual, is flat, like the bottom of a flower-pot,
and projects about an inch all round beyond the shaft on
which it rests. It is evident, therefore, that the bowl was
deeper when it was originally remodelled, and no doubt
was fitted to the shaft. It must at some time have sujffered
severe damage, for l£u*ge patches of slate have been
inserted to repair the upper part of the bowl. If the
lower part were damaged to the same extent it might
have been thought that the simplest plan would be to cut
away the faulty portion.
In its present form the proportions of the font are not
satisfactory, as the shaft is much too slight, so the effect
is top-heavy. The base of the shaft and two platforms
are modem, of very poor design ; the church was restored
in the last century, and most likely the font was then re-
mounted, with the lower two inches of the bowl cut off.
The upper part was patched with slate, and the zigzag
ornament incised on the new pieces, to carry the design
of the old work throughout. The zigzag is more regular
than the original, and of course the axe-dressings are absent.
The inside of the bowl is cut roughly to quatrefoil
shape ; it is not lined.
With regard to the date I have assigned to the shell
ornament on the lower part of the bowl, it is supported
by the capital of a pillar close by the font, which is
sculptiured with typical Renaissance ornament ; himian
heads with no bodies, but arms and hands holding cables
terminated by knots of fruit and flowers. The sculptor
who did that could certainly achieve the ornament on the
font. The work on the other capitals is simpler in design
and rougher in execution.
32. Bickleigh (Tiverton).
This also appears to have been a Norman tub-font,
though of later date than that of High Bray. Unhappily,
of the Norman work nothing remains but a border of star
and pellet moulding, 5 inches deep, similar to the top band
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THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON. 351
on St. Mary Steps and Farringdon fonts, though bolder and
larger. Below this the tub has been worked into an octagon
shape, the eight sides tapering towards the base, fimshed
by a series of indeterminate mouldings, which lead to the
conclusion that this unfortunate achievement took place
about 1840. The star and pellet ornament has been
entirely worked over with the chisel, and the horizontal
face of the rim, 4J inches wide, has also been worked over,
all but obliterating the axe marks, but of these there is
just enough left to show by their fineness that the original
construction was late twelfth century. The ornament
also is clearly of that period. Some of the rim has been
broken away ; it has been repaired in three places by
inserted patches of stone, and four other gaps are filled
with cement. On the eastern side are two holes where a
staple was formerly inserted. It is lead lined.
IV.
The incipient Pedestal-Bowl.
In our survey of girdled tub-fonts we noticed a gradual
modification of shape. In the later examples the girdle is
placed above the centre instead of below it, while the part
below the girdle instead of spreading like an inverted
bowl, assumes the baluster form. We now come a step
farther. The bowl retains the same form and the same
relative proportions as that of the girdled tub, but the
lower portion on which it rests is a cylindrical shaft,
though it is still very thick, usually in diameter only three
or four inches less than the bowl.
Another point to differentiate it from the developed
pedestal bowl is that it still keeps the heavy cable twist
or other moulding between the bowl and the shaft. This
of course liTika it to the girdled tub. With the few fonts now
to be enumerated the girdle practically disappears ; their
successors rest on a small shaft, at first without any
connecting member, later with a plain necking.^
33. Topsham.
This font shows markedly the process of evolution. The
bowl is carved in late Norman style, but it has a definite
cylindrical shaft, which however is too thick to allow the
* There is an importGmt group of fonts with fluted bowls, in a few of
which the heavy cable reappears, as will be noted later.
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352 THE BAPTISMAIi FONTS OP DBVON.
font to be placed in the pedestal class. Another significant
modification is that the encircling cable has quite dis-
appeared ; its place is taken by a bold round moulding
between bowl and shaft ; this is repeated at the base of
the shaft. Bound the xim of the bowl is a flat moulding.
The material is freestone. The main feature of the
ornament is a dragon which holds a round object in its
mouth. The font of St. Kea, Cornwall, has a similar
dragon, and there is another on the tympanum of Eglos-
kerry in the same county. The font of East Meon in
Hampshire has a representation of the Fall of Man ; the
dragon is very much like the one at Topsham, and holds
in its mouth an apple, which Eve is taking. It is not
improbable that the Topsham font is intended to represent
the same incident, though Adam and Eve are not shown.
The rest of the bowl is adorned with a deep band of
cones with acute pyramids between. The date appears
to be about the middle of the twelfth century.
The circular base below the shaft is another sign of the
transitional character of the font ; the upper surface has
a sloping chamfer.
The font has been repaired on the western side ; it
stands on a modern plinth of black and chocolate tiles,
with the text ** Suffer little children," in yellow. There is
a beautiful but sadly incongruous pyramidal cover in
perforated brass, copied from a Flemish example. Dated
1880.
34. Conibe-in'Teignhead.
This interesting font is adorned with seven medallions,
which may be compared with those on the lower part of
the font of Buckland-in-the-Moor. Starting from the
eastern side they are as follows : —
1. Rose of fluted petals enclosed in a circle.
2 and 3. Six-pointed star in circle ; between the points
the space is made convex, with a circular perforation in
each space.
4 and 5. Palmetto enclosed in heart-shaped panel ;
5 is very lop-sided.
6. Six-pointed star ; the fillings between the points are
flat and have no perforations.
7. Four-pointed sunk star with perforated fillings in
the centre, surrounded by a chaplet of large pellets each
with a circular perforation.
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THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON. 353
Bound the rim of the bowl is a band of star ornament,
and between bowl and shaft is a cable twist, 3 J inches
thick. The bowl is lead lined.
The bowl and shaft are of Caen stone ; the base, which
is modem, of Ham Hill stone. The font is in an excellent
state of preservation.
35. CoffinsweU.
The bowl of this font both in dimensions and ornament
closely resembles that of Buckland-in-the-Moor ; it is not
impossible that originally the whole font followed that
pattern, and that at some relatively recent date the por-
tion below the girdle was cut down to a vertical shaft. At
present the original stone of the shaft only remains to the
depth of 7 inches ; below this the rest of the shaft, 9 inches
deep, is of a different stone ; probably Ham Hill stone.
Below the rim of the bowl is a band of Norman star
ornament ; on both north and south sides the rim was
broken by the staples of the cover, and the star ornament
also. The damaged portions have been repaired by
inserting new stone ; on the south side the new piece
measures 13x4 inches, and on the north 7x4. In both
cases the star ornament is a restoration, as well as the
rim. On the south the stone has started away a little.
The central part of the bowl is sculptured with palmetto
in panels formed by the curved stems, and pointed trefoils
filling the top spaces between. Below is a band of plantain-
leaf ornament, graduated in height, so as to accommodate
itself to the irregular space. A broad cable twist unites
bowl and shaft.
The bowl and 7 inches of the shaft are of Caen stone ;
the bowl is lead lined.
36. Abbot's Bickington (not in v^e).
This font was for some time lying in a broken condition
in the churchyard ; quite recently it was rescued and
placed in the tower.
Although it is broken most of the parts are preserved,
so it ought not to be difficult to repair it very satisfactorily ;
it is hoped this will soon be done and that it will be
restored to use, instead of the poor modem font now in
the church.
It consists of a plain bowl — at present in three pieces —
VOL. XLvn. z
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354 THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON.
with a cable at the lower edge, with a plain strip beneath,
as at West Putford ; there is a thick shaft, which it was a
surprise to find is hollow, an absolute cylinder.
37. Bulkworthy,
The three churches of West Putford, Abbot's Bickington
and Bulkworthy form the points of an isosceles triangle,
West Putford at the apex, and it would appear that their
fonts were all made by the same hand. In the case of
Bulkworthy it is clear to the most cursory glance that the
font has been altered. The bowl looks as though it had
originally been part of a girdled tub hke West Putford ;
it has nearly the same dimensions, and though the contour
has been altered in a futile attempt to cut it to a polygon
the resemblance is evident. Again, as at West Putford the
bowl is not, and never was, a true circle. It stands on a
modern shaft, which however is composed of the same stone,
so perhaps it is the original lower block, cut into a shaft.
At the foot of the bowl is a cable of uneven width,
varying from 2| to 3 J inches ; it twists the reverse way
from that of West Putford, but resembles it in that on the
north side is a strip of plain stone below the cable. The
same feature has just been noted at Abbot's Bickington ;
and I have only observed it in these three fonts. It seems
sufficient grounds to assign them all to the same hand.^
The rim of the Bulkworthy bowl is axe-dressed ; it is
broken on the north and south sides. The inside is rough,
and the lead lining has disappeared.
The shaft is square with the corners chamfered ofif,
and has a base and plinth both following the same plan.
It stands on a platform inlaid with coloured tiles.
38. Ymlmptoyi (bowl only ; not in use).
Of this Norman font only the bowl remains ; no support
appeais to have been preserved, but its shape, style and
proportions are those of the upper part of a gircUed tub-
font ; it ib so broad at the base that it can hardly have
stood on a shaft, or at any rate only on a very thick one,
so this seems to be the best place to mention it.
It is carved in low relief ; the design is unusual. Round
the upper part are courses of ornament which are neither
herringbone nor nebula, but a combination of both.
^ Bideford font has a plain strip below the cable at the foot of the shaft.
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YEALMPTON.
From photo hy Mr. T. Clarice.
SPREYTOX.
Baptismal Fonts of De yon.— To face p. 355,
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THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON. 355
There are two rows of the ornament ; the individual
parts are carefully and evenly worked, but the bands
themselves fall into irregular wavy lines. Below is a
series of oblique strips about an inch wide, most of them
terminating in a curl ; a sort of pothook shape, something
like the figure 6 in written hand.
Hitherto I have not found anything in ecclesiastical
art resembling this font bowl except the " discs of Creation "
at La Sainte Chapelle, Paris, and Rouen Cathedral, in
which clouds are represented by bands of nebule similar
to those on the bowl ; but there the resemblance stops.
On some Norman fonts are representations of the
Baptism of our Lord ; the font of St. Nicholas, Brighton,
is a well-known instance. The water is conventionally
represented by several rows of scallops. It is of course
possible that the intention at Yealmpton was to convey
the idea of water, but unless another example could be
found resembling it sufficiently to support the suggestion
it carries little weight.
A good deal of the work is in very good condition, but
on one side the ornament has been obliterated, evidently
with intention. The bowl is not a perfect circle, and the
interior is very irregularly hollowed out, but it is clear
that it really was a font, for in the rim are remnants of
the staples which once held a cover.
The ornament is worked with the axe ; the tooth marks
are fine, indicating a rather late Norman period ; this also
accords with the close twist of the cable which finishes the
bowl.
At present this very interesting bowl stands on a stool
in a comer of that part of the north transept which is used
as a vestry ; it would be a good thing if it could be so
placed as to be accessible on all sides ; it is now very
difficult to see the part next the walls. •
39. Spreyton (not in use).
In the churchyard of Spreyton is an interesting granite
bowl, which may have been the predecessor of the font
now in the church. It is roughly hewn, not perfectly
circular, and the drain-hole, which is 3 J inches deep, is
towards the side, as at Poltimore.
The bowl now rests on three stones which were found in
the glebe. They are all diessed stones, and were perhaps
part of a cross.
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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT.
PART IV.
THE TUDOR PERIOD (1486-1603).
BY J. J. ALEXANDER, M.A., J.P.
(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1915.)
I. Introduction.
The study of Devon members of parliament imder the
Tudor dynasty is disappointing in more than one respect.
Very little can be added to what is already well known of
the county history of that period.
The chief difficulty is of the opposite kind to that which
confronted us in the earlier papers of this series. There
we had names enough, but were not always able to identify
the persons named. In the sixteenth century, on the other
hand, material for identifications is always copious,^ if
not always as complete as we could wish it, but many of
the names seem to have been lost beyond recovery.
Between 1478 and 1529, a half -century which witnessed
great intellectual movements both in England and on the
Continent, the official returns of members of parliament
are entirely wanting, and except for a few places like
Exeter where the names are recorded in the local archives,
we have no means of knowing who they were. There are
also several gaps and imperfections in the returns between
1536 and 1562.
The compilers of the official return (Blue Book 69)
have not in every instance made the best use of the avail-
able information, and we are indebted to that painstaking
antiquary, Browne Willis, for many particulars of the
parliaments between 1542 and 1660. One parliament,
that of 1571, is omitted entirely from the Blue Book, but
the list of its members, with those of 1584 and 1593, was
* e.g. Pole, Risdon, Westcote, and Prince.
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368 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT.
taken by Browne Willis from the collections of Peter
Le Neve, another eminent antiquary.
There is no definite evidence of interference by the
Tudor sovereigns in any of the Devon elections. It is well
known that these naonarchs were generally successful in
packing parlianaents with men of their own choice. Mary
in 1654 sent letters to all the sheriflFs commanding them
to admonish such ** our good loving subjects as by order
of our writs " choose knights, citizens and burgesses that
such should be *' of their inhabitants, as the laws require,
and of the wise, grave and Catholic sort."^ But the Tudors
were able to achieve their ends more simply and less
clumsily by the creation of small boroughs, in Ck)mwall
and elsewhere, on property belonging to the Crown or to
Court favourites.
Only one new borough of this sort was created in Devon
during the Tudor period (Bere Alston, 1684). Seven
others (Exeter, Barnstaple, Totnes, Tavistock, Plympton,
Plymouth, and Dartmouth) retained the privileges which
they had possessed in the fifteenth century, and, with the
exception of Plymouth, also in the fourteenth. Apparently
the degradation of the borough representation, which the
Court encouraged, tended to sever the connection which had
previously existed between borough and county elections.
It will be remembered that, especially in the fourteenth
century, this connection was very intimate. ^ Frequently
the elections were made at the same assembly, the county
court over which the sheriff presided, and the knights of
the shire were largely chosen from the same class of
persons as the burgesses of the towns.
Under the Tudors the knights of the shire continued to
occupy a position of importance and dignity among their
fellow landowners and county magnates, and with the
partial extinction of the old nobility in the Wars of the
Roses their importance an^ dignity were relatively en-
hanced. But in the boroughs, and particularly in the
smaller ones, the members chosen were for the most part
court nominees, aspiring lawyers, and needy dependents of
the newer nobles.
The patronage system also required a complete isolation
of the borough election, and its being held locally under
the eye of the patron or his agent. From the year 1553
^ Ponitt's Unreformed House of Commons, I., 374.
» See Trans., XLV., p. 248, and XL VI., p. 480.
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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 359
onward we notice that the borough and county elections
in Devon were held at different dates. In 1477 and
previously they were all held on the same day, though in
some other counties this was not the case after 1445.
Cornwall shows a divergence between borough and county
dates first in 1467. As no election dates (and indeed very
few election returns) are preserved for Devon between
1477 and 1553, we are quite unable to say when or under
what circumstances the divorce between county and
borough elections took place in Devon. But we shall
probably be right in thinking that this was one of the last
counties in England to retain the plan of combined elec-
tions.
The Tudor period can for our purpose be divided into
three portions, the first including the pre-Reformation
epoch up to 1529 ; the second the Reformation move-
ment between 1529 and 1570 ; and the third the time
between 1570 and 1603, which has been aptly called the
" epoch of national triimiph."
There were seven parliaments in the reign of Henry VII.,
all except one in the first twelve years of it, and four in
the first twenty years of Henry VIII. No returns have
been preserved, and it is indeed disappointing that we
are unable to trace those of our representatives who were
contemporary with statesmen like Henry VII. and Cardinal
Wolsey, scholars like Erasmus, and navigators like Se-
bastian Cabot.
Between 1529 and 1570 we have fourteen parliaments,
five in the last eighteen years of Henry VIII., two in the
reign of Edward VI., five in that of Mary, and two in the
first twelve years of Elizabeth. Eleven returns have been
fully preserved and one return of a by-election.
The other three returns are defective, and the names
given are also doubtful. The fourteen returns involve
the names of thirteen individuals, but of these thirteen
ten were connected either by birth or by marriage
with the three important families of Carew, Courtenay,
and Denys. The other three were John Prideaux, James
Bassett, and, if a defective return is correctly conjectured,
Richard Pollard, also members of notable Devon families.
These fourteen parliaments are remarkable in more
ways than one. There is great diversity in their durations
and in the intervals which occurred between them. The
1529 parliament sat for six years and a half, those of 1547
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360 DEVON- COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT.
and 1663 for about four years each, periods which resemble
later modem usage and show a great departure from the
practice of the medieval parliaments, which usually
lasted only a few weeks. Then we find in the early years
of Henry VTII. two intervals each exceeding six years,
and in his later years intervals of less than a year between
parliaments. The parliaments of Mary follow the medieval
custom of being short and frequent. Mary was less tactful
and less capable of securing compliance with her wishes
than the other Tudor monarchs ; she was also more often
in need of money.
But the chief feature of these parliaments was the
action they took, or were induced to take (for they must
be in the main regarded as bodies willingly accepting the
royal decision on high matters of state), in the various
phases of the Reformation movement. Our only concern
here is to discover what were the deeds performed, or
duties undertaken, by the Devon members. And as some
of them were soldiers, we may expect to hear of them in
the French and Irish wars of the period.
Sir William Courtenay and Sir Thomas Denys, the
members of the 1529 parliament, were both men of in-
fluence and distinction, and appropriate representatives in
the assembly which sanctioned so important a step as the
severance of the Anglican Church from the Papacy.
Courtenay, who was siunamed " the Great," took part
in the French war of 1522-1525. Denys, who had the
remarkable experience of living under nine sovereigns,
was in 1540 chancellor in the household of Queen Anne of
Cleves, and in 1541 received the lands of St. Nicholas
Priory, Exeter. Both these members acted as com-
missioners for Devon in 1532, when the ecclesiastical im-
posts of tenths and first-fruits were being investigated.
Courtenay died in 1536, a few months before this lengthy
parliament came to an end, and his place was taken by
his sister's son. Sir George Carew, who, nine years later,
was drowned through the foundering of the troopship
Mary Rose outside Portsmouth Harbour on the way to
France.
The 1542 return is defective ; one name is entirely
missing and the other reads ** Richard [Polle ?], armiger."
There were in Devon then only about three persons of
importance named Richard below the rank of knight,
Chudleigh, Edgcumbe, and Pollard. The fragmentary
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DBVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 361
surname of the return obviously suggests the last of the
three, and other considerations tend to confirm this sup-
position. Pollard had made himself serviceable to the
King ; as one of Cromwell's Visitors he had been very
active in suppressing the monasteries of the West, and at
Glastonbury he displayed his zeal by executing the aged
abbot, Richard Whiting, on a pretended charge of treason. ^
He had been rewarded in 1539 by a grant of Ford Abbey ;
and in 1642, the same year as this parliament, he received
the honour of knighthood.
In 1545 Sir George Carew and his uncle, Gawen Carew,
were members. His younger brother, Sir Peter Carew,
was member in 1552 and 1553. The two latter were
prominent with Lord Russell in the suppression of the
Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549, and later in life Sir Peter
took an active part in Irish wars. The aged Sir Thomas
Denys, his son Robert, and his two sons-in-law, John
Fulford and George Kirkham, were also members during
the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary ; and the other mem-
bers of these reigns include James Courtenay, nephew of
Sir William the Great ; John Chichester, husband of Sir
William's granddaughter ; James Bassett, a member of
Queen Mary's Privy Coimcil ; and John Prideaux, sergeant-
at-law (or his namesake of Modbury).
We have alluded to the Dissolution of the Monasteries,
by which Denys and Pollard were enriched, and to the
Prayer Book Rebellion, which Peter and Gawen Carew
assisted to put down by a series of acts of a harsh and
provocative nature. The episode, however, which brings
the largest number of these Devon members on the scene
as actors is the abortive Carew rising of January, 1554.
Devon folk, as the 1549 events showed, had never taken
kindly to the Protestant innovations, and so were able
heartily to support the cause of Mary against Lady Jane
Grey. But the projected marriage of the Queen with
Philip of Spain excited opposition, the more so because
Edward Courtenay, the Earl of Devon, had been suggested
as a suitable Consort. Acting in conjunction with Sir
Thomas Wyatt and others in various counties. Sir Peter
Carew engaged to raise the West. The plot was incon-
tinently disclosed by Coiutenay himself, and Carew,
accused of treason, made a premature attempt, in which
* Letters relating to Suppression of Monasteries (Camden Soc.), pp.
255 and 261.
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362 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT.
his uncle Gawen, Sir John Chichester, and others were
involved, to assemble the Devon insurgents. The De-
vonians, however, had not forgotten the " bams of Credi-
ton " and similar unpleasant incidents in which the
Carews had figured, and they refused to respond. Other
leading men like Denys, Prideaux, and Sir John
St. Leger exerted themselves to prevent trouble. Denys,
who was charged with the Queen's commands, was not a
man of blood. Twenty-two years before when he was
Sheriff of Devon it had fallen to his lot to put a Protestant
named Bennet to death for heresy, and he is supposed to
have felt remorse for this act. At any rate he warned
Sir Peter of his impending arrest, and allowed him to
escape. Gawen Carew and a few others were arrested
but escaped with imprisonment, and the insurrection
quietly fizzled out.
The remaining portion (1570-1603) of the Tudor period
is so well known that there can be no difficulty in dis-
covering facts about each of its Devon members. They are
eleven in all, and they fill the returns for nine parliaments.
William Courtenay, Arthur Bassett, and Thomas Denys
are relatives of previous Tudor members ; Bampfylde,
Gary, and Chudleigh of old Plantagenet members. Sir
John St. Leger, already mentioned, wa« father-in-law of
the famous Sir Richard Grenville ; Peter Edgcumbe was
an ancestor of the Mount Edgcumbe family ; Edward
Seymour was a grandson of the Protector Somerset ; and
William Strode was the father of the intractable parlia-
mentarian whom Charles I. could not overawe. One
name remains to complete the list, the most famous of
them all, Walter Ralegh.
The most conspicuous activities of the members of the
earlier group, outside Devon itself, were displayed in the
Reformation struggles and the French wars ; those of the
later group are notable chiefly in the contest with Spain
and the pacification of Ireland.
With the exception of Ralegh none of the members, so
far as can be ascertained, took part in the naval warfare of
the Armada days, but several, Sir William Courtenay the
younger, Sir Thomas Denys the younger. Sir Arthur
Bassett, and Sir George Gary, were active in connection
with the land forces.
The main facts of Ralegh's career are outside the scope
of a paper like this, and it will be almost sufficient for our
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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PAMJAMBNT. 36J
present purpose to refer to his work in parliament. He
was member for Devon when the Bond of Association, to
secure the personal safety of Queen Elizabeth, was con-
verted into an Act of Parliament. He sat in subsequent
parliaments for Dorset, for Cornwall, and for the absurd
little borough of Mitchell. While sitting for Cornwall in
1601, he had the disagreeable experience of listening to
speeches directed against the holders pi monopolies, of
whom he was known to be one, and it is stated by Towns-
hend (Historical Collections, p. 232) that during the
debate he was observed to blush ; a few minutes later he
interposed with a fiery harangue, in which he defended the
tin monopoly. Speaking as lord warden of the Stannaries,
he explained that since the granting of his patent the
wages of the tinners had been increased from two shillings
to four shillings a week, and that the wages were indepen-
dent of the amoimt of tin raised. When he concluded his
speech, so we are told, a great silence fell upon the House.
Ralegh was a frequent, but not a popular, speaker. He
was generally in opposition to moral improvement legisla-
tion, and not always happy in the matter or occasion of
his objections. Himself a wine monopolist, he opposed a
Bill for the Reform of Abuses in Inns and Taverns. He
treated with ridicule a stringent measure to enforce church-
going. He once incurred the displeasure of the House for
attempting to speak whUe a vote was being taken, and on
another occasion was sharply taken to task for a candid
avowal that he often put pressure on fellow-members to
compel them to vote on his side. At this distance of time
his frank audacity often impresses one more favourably
than the unctuous rectitude of certain of his colleagues.
The last topic touched upon in connection with our
Tudor members will be the parts which some of them
played in Irish aflFairs. Sir Peter Carew, always something
of a swashbuckler, set up in 1568 a claim to certain Irish
estates, and in prosecuting it he carried on a civil war with
the powerful Butler family. He closed his turbulent
career in Ireland seven years later.
Sir Walter Ralegh held a command in the capture of
Smerwick fort from the Spanish and Italian invaders, and
in the subsequent massacre of the surrendering garrison,
an action which constitutes a grave blemish on his reputa-
tion. It has been put forward in his defence that he acted
under orders, but his critics — ^and these are not confined,
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364 DEVON COUNTY MEMBilRS OF PARLIAMENT.
as some apparently imply, to Catholic Irishmen — ^fail to
find that he ever expressed dislike or disapproval of these
orders, or felt any remorse for such a piece of savagery.
A few years after he undertook the task of colonising a
portion of Munster with English settlers. It is not alto-
gether surprising that he takes a prominent place among
the English notabilities whom Irish tradition holds id
bitter remembrance.
Sir William Courtenay the younger wa«, like Ralegh,
an ** undertaker," who in return for a large grant of Irish
land, promoted English colonisation thereon. Some years
later Sir George Gary was employed in Ireland, of which
he became treasurer in 1598, and Lord Justice in 1603.
In the following year another Devon knight, Sir Arthur
Chichester, second son of Sir John, became lord deputy,
an office which he held for ten years, and during that
period he directed the momentous achievement known as
the '' Ulster Plantation."
There is one rather remote district of Ireland which
has some slight claim to be looked upon as a Devonshire
colony. The barony of Innishowen in North Donegal was,
on the confiscation of the lands held by the O'Doherty
clan, granted to Sir Arthur himself, and he placed in it
a number of Devon settlers. There is still to be found
on the shores of Lough Foyle and Lough Swilly a con-
siderable sprinkling of Devonshire names, though their
owners have long since replaced the Devon dialect by
the rugged blend of Scottish accent and Hibernian idiom
which marks the speech of the north-western Irish.
We have now exhausted the list of our twenty-four
Tudor members. Four of them (Sir Peter Carew, Sir
George Gary, Sir Thomas Denys I., and, of course. Sir
Walter Ralegh) are found in the Dictionary of National
Biography ; not a large number siu-ely, considering the
distinguished position which Devonians occupied in the
history of the sixteenth century.
As in the three preceding parts, a Schedule of Members
and Index of Names is appended.
II. Schedule of Members.
To prevent needless verbiage the following abbrevia-
tion is used : —
(s) = elected previously for Devon ; refer to first election.
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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 365
HENRY VII.
(Seven parliaments, no returns extant.)
HENRY VIII.
(Nine parliaments, two returns extant, one doubtful).
1529-1536.
October, 1529. William Coiulieny (a).
Thomas Denys (b).
4th January, 1536. . George Carew (c) vice Courteney,.
deceased.
(a) Sir William Courtenay (c. 1480-1535) of Powderham,.
third of the name ; elder son of Sir William II. (c. 1455-
1512) ; served in the French war 1523 ; sheriff of Devon
1526 and 1534 ; pensioned by Exeter city 1532 ; with
Sir Thomas Denys, commissioner for Devon on Tenths
and First-fruits 1532-1534 ; sumamed ** the Great."
(b) Sir Thomas Denys (c. 1480-c. 1560) of Holcombe
Bumel and Bicton, eldest son of Thomas ; custos rotu-
lorum of Devon and sheriflF 1507, 1508, 1512, 1518, 1522,
1527, 1531, 1550, and 1554 ; knighted 1513 ; recorder of
Exeter 1514-1544 ; chancellor to Queen Anne of Cleves
1540 ; received lands of Buckfast and St. Nicholas Priory,
Exeter, 1541 ; arranged the defence of Exeter against the
projected rising of Sir Peter Carew 1654 ; life in D.N.B.
[q.v.].
(c) Sir George Carew (c. 1510-1545), eldest son of Sir
William and Jane, sister of Sir William Courtenay, M.P.
1529 [q.v.] ; sheriff 1536 and 1642 ; appointed naval
commander against the French 1545 ; drowned in the
Mary Rose outside Portsmouth Harbour.
1542-1544.
January, 1542. Richard [Polle ?] (a).
(Name missing.)
(a) Probably Sir Richard Pollard (c. 1500-c. 1544) of
Ford in Thomcombe, second son of Sir Lewis Pollard of
Kingsnympton, judge of common pleas ; sheriff 1537 ;
commissioner for monasteries 1539 ; received the estate of
Ford Abbey ; knighted 1542 ; Surveyor-General 1543 ;
dead before 1646 (Acts P.C, 6 June, 1546).
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366 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OP PARLIAMENT.
1545-1547.
20th January, 1546. George Carew (s).
Gawin Carew (a).
There is no record of a by-election to fill the vacancy
caused by the drowning of George Carew, 20th July, 1645.
(a) Sir Gawen Carew (c. 1606-1583) of Wood in Kentis-
beare, fourth son of Sir Edmund (1465-1513), and uncle of
Sir George ; admonished before the council for " eating
off flesshe during the Lent,'' 1643 (Acts P.C., 20 April) ;
commissioner for the survey of chantries in Devon, Corn-
wall, and Exeter 1646 ; sheriff 1648 ; helped to suppress
the Prayer Book Rebellion 1549 ; implicated in the
Spanish Marriage Rebellion 1564, and was imprisoned but
released.
EDWARD VI.
(Two parliaments, one return extant, one doubtful.)
1647-1662.
October, 1547. John Prideaux (?).
(Name missing.)
This return, with the query attached, is given only by
Browne Willis. See under March, 1664.
1563.
February, 1553. Peter Carew (a).
John Fulford (b).
(a) Sir Peter Carew (1512-1576) of Mohuns Ottery,
third son of Sir William and younger brother of George,
M.P. 1536 [q.v.] ; in the service of Philibert, prince of
Orange, 1525-1530 ; served in the French war 1544 ;
M.P. for Tavistock 1545 ; knighted 1646 ; sheriff 1546 and
1547 ; took a prominent and unpopular part against the
Prayer Book Rebellion 1549 ; unsuccessfully attempted to
gain support in Devon for Spanish Marriage Rebellion
1554 ; arrested in Antwerp, and imprisoned in the Tower
1556 ; M.P. for Exeter 1566 ; carried on civil war with the
Butlers in Ireland 1568 ; constable of the Tower 1572 ;
life in D.N.B. [q.v.].
(b) Sir John Fulford (c. 1524-1580) of Fulford in Duns-
ford, son of Sir John (1503-1544), sheriff in 1534 and 1540,
who obtained the manor of Dunsford after the Dissolu-
tion ; knighted 1554 ; sheriff in 1557 and 1576 ; built
Fulford House ; married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas
Denys.
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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 367
MARY.
(Five parliaments, five returns extant.)
1553.
September, 1553. Peter Carew (s).
Thomas Dennys (s).
This parliament reversed the ecclesiastical legislation of
the two which preceded it.
1554.
March, 1554. John Chichester (a).
John Prideaux (b).
(a) Sir John Chichester (1521-1569) of Ralegh, son of
Edward and Elizabeth, daughter of John, Earl of Bath ;
employed in the French war 1544 ; sheriff in 1551 and
1578 ; married Gertrude, daughter of George Comtenay
(c. 1505-c. 1532), son of Sir William the Great, and had
five sons, of whom the eldest (Sir John) died in 1586 of
gaol fever contracted at the Black Assizes, the second (Sir
Arthur) became lord deputy of Ireland in 1604, and the
other three were also concerned in Irish affairs.
(b) John Prideaux (1519-1558) of Nutwell in Lymp-
stone, son of Thomas of Ashburton ; sergeant-at-law ;
purchased Nutwell from Lord Zouch. Another John
Prideaux (1505-1577) of Orchardton in Modbury, son of
another Thomas, was contemporary with him.
1554.
November, 1554. James Bassett (a).
James Courteney (b).
(a) James Bassett (1523-1558) of Umberleigh in Ather-
ington, third son of Sir John, and grandson of Sir John
(1462-1529), of Umberleigh ; M.P. for Taunton 1553, for
Downton 1554 ; a privy councillor to Queen Mary.
(b) James Courtenay (c. 1515-c. 1560) of Upcott in
Cheriton Fitzpaine, son of Sir James, younger brother of
Sir William the Great, and of Anne, daughter of Sir John
Bassett (1462-1529) ; M.P. for Dartmouth 1555 ; sheriff
of Devon 1555.
1555.
17th September, 1555. James Bassett (s).
Robert Denys (a).
(a) Sir Robert Denys (c. 1515-1592) of Bicton, son of
Sir Thomas of Holcombe Bumell, M.P. 1529 [q.v.] ; sheriff
1558 and 1568.
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368 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT.
1558.
January, 1658. James Bassett (s).
Greorge Kirkham (a).
(a) George Kirkham (1524-1582) of Blagdon in Paign-
ton, son of Thomas of Blagdon ; married Margaret,
daughter of Sir Thomas Denys.
ELIZABETH.
(Ten parliaments, nine returns extant, one doubtful.)
1559.
January, 1559. John Prideaux (s).
(Name missing.)
This return is given by Browne Willis, but must be re-
garded as incorrect if it refers to Prideaux of Nutwell,
who died in September, 1558. It may, perhaps, refer to
Prideaux of Orchardton. (See under 1554.)
1563-1567.
December, 1562. John Chichester (s).
Gawin Carew (s).
1571.
March, 1571. John St. Leger (a).
Peter Edgcombe (b).
(a) Sir John St. Leger (c. 1520-c. 1595) of Annery in
Monkleigh, son of Sir George, sheriff in 1530, and Anne
Knyvett ; M.P. for Dartmouth 1555, for Arundel 1563,
for Tregony 1584 ; sheriff 1561 ; his daughters married
Sir Richard Grenville, Edmund Tremayne, and Tristram
Arscott.
(b) Peter Edgcumbe (1536-1607) of Mount Edgcumbe,
son of Sir Richard (c. 1500-1562) and grandson of Sir Peter
(1469-1539); M.P. for Totnes 1555; for Cornwall 1563,
1572, 1586, 1588, and 1592 ; for Liskeard 1584 ; sheriff in
1566.
1572-1583.
6th May, 1572. John Sentleger (s).
Arthur Bassett (a).
(a) Sir Arthur Bassett (c. 1527-1586) of Umberleigh in
Atherington, son of John and Frances, daughter of Arthur,
Viscount Lisle, natural son of Edward IV. ; nephew of
James Bassett, M.P. 1554 [q.v.] ; M.P. for Barnstaple
1563 ; sheriff in 1576 ; deputy-warden of the Stanneries ;
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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OP PARLIAMENT. 369
married Eleanor, daughter of Sir John Chichester, M.P.
1554 [q.v.] ; like his brother-in-law, Sir John Chichester,
a victim of gaol fever at the Black Assizes 1586. (See
Trans., XVI., p. 601.)
1584-1685.
November, 1584. William Courtney (a).
Walter Rawleighe (b).
(a) Sir William Courtenay (1553-1630) of Powderham,
son of Sir William (1529-1557) ; grandson of George
(c. 1505-c. 1532), and great-grandson of Sir William the
Great, M.P. 1529 [q.v.]; sheriff in 1580; an "undertaker"
in Ireland 1585.
(b) Sir Walter Ralegh (c. 1552-1618) of Sherborne, son
of Walter of Hayes in East Budleigh ; lord warden of the
Stanneries 1584; M.P. for Mitchell 1592, for Dorset
1597, and for Cornwall 1601 ; executed in Old Palace
Yard, Westminster, 1618. For other particulars of his
life see D.N.B. and papers by the late Dr. Brushfield in
D.A. Trans.
1586-1587.
October, 1586. Walter Raleigh (s).
John Chudleigh (a).
(a) John Chudleigh (1564-1589) of Ashton, son of
Christopher, and father of Sir George (c. 1585-1657), the
parliamentary general [see D.N.B. ] ; supposed to have
perished in the Straits of Magellan while attempting to
sail round the world. (See Trans., XXXI., p. 196.)
158g-1589.
29th October, 1588. William Courtney (s).
George Carye (a).
(a) Sir George Cary (c. 1540-1617) of Cockington, son
of Thomas and Mary, daughter of John Southcot of Bovey
Tracy ; M.P. for Dartmouth 1586 ; knighted 1597 ;
treasurer at war in Ireland 1598 ; lord justice 1603. See
D.N.B.
1593.
February, 1593. Thomas Dennys (a).
Edward Seymor (b).
(a) Sir Thomas Denys (1560-1621) of Bicton, eldest son
of Sir Robert ; knighted in Holland 1586 ; sheriflf in 1595 ;
VOL. XLvn. 2 A
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370 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARTJAMENT.
from his daughter Anne, married to Sir Henry Rolle, were
descended the Bolles of Stevenstone.
(b) Sir Edward Seymour (c. 166&-1613) of Berry
Pomeroy, son of Lord Edward and grandson of Edward,
Duke of Sctoaerset and lord protector 1647 ; sheriff in
1596; created baronet 1611.
1597-1698.
18th October, 1697. WilUam Strode (a).
Amias Bampfeilde (b).
(a) Sir William Strode (1562-1637) of Newnham in
Plympton St. Mary, son of Richard ; sheriff in 1594 ;
krdght 1597 ; an executor of Sir Francis Drake's will ;
M.P. for Plympton 1601 and fpur times subsequently; for
Plymouth 1614 ; married Mary, daughter of Thomas
Southcot of Bovey Tracy ; his second son was one of the
** five members."
(b) Sir Amias Bampfylde (1659-1626) of Poltimore,
second son of Richard (sheriff in 1677) and Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir John Sydenham of Brjrmton in Somerset ;
elected also to this parliament for Minehead, but preferred
Devon ; sheriff in 1604 ; his son married a niece of Sir
Francis Drake.
1601.
13th October, 1601. William Courtney (s).
Edward Seamour (s).
Summary : — 33 parliaments, 21 returns for Devon (of
which 3 are doubtful and 1 is a by-election), 38 names, and
about 24 separate individuals.
III. Index of Names.
The number of times elected for Devon is prefixed to
each name, and the date of the first election is appended.
(1) Bampfylde, Sir Amias, of Poltimore (1697).
(1) Bassett, Sir Arthur, of Atherington (1572).
(3) Bassett, James, of Atherington (1664).
(2) Carew, Sir Gawen, of Kentisbeare (1546).
(2) Carew, Sir George, of Mohuns Ottery (1536).
(2) Carew, Sir Peter, of Mohuns Ottery (1563).
(1) Cary, Sir George, of Cockington (1536).
(2) Chichester, Sir John, of Ralegh (1554).
(1) Chudleigh, John, of Ashton (1586).
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DEVON COUNTY BfBMBBRS OF PABUAMBNT. 371
(1) Courtenay, James, of Cheriton Fitzpaine (1664).
(1) Courtenay, Sir William I., of Powderham (1629).
(3) Courtenay, Sir William II., of Powderham (1584).
(1) Denys, Sir Robert, of Bicton (1556).
(2) Denys, Sir Thomas I., of Holcombe Bumell (1629).
(1) Denys, Sir Thomas 11., of Bicton (1693).
(1) Edgcxtmbe, Peter, of Mount Edgcumbe (1571).
(1) Fulford, Sir John, of Dunsford (1663).
(1) Kirkham, George, of Paignton (1558).
(1) PoUard, Sir Richard, of Thomcombe (1642).
(3?)Prideaux, John, of Lympstone (T Modbury) (1547 ?).
(2) Ralegh, Sir Walter, of Sherborne (1584).
(2) St. Leger, Sir John, of Monkleigh (1571).
(3) Seymour, Sir Edward, of Berry Pomeroy (1593).
(2) Strode, Sir William, of Plympton St. Mary (1597).
Of the twenty-four members in this list two (Seymour
and Strode) achieved one election each in the parliaments
of James I. Adding these two to the thirty-eight returns
in the Schedule, we get the total of the numbers in the
brackets, forty.
rV. Addenda.
Note A. — Leading men of Devon, 1544. The following list is
preserved among the State Papers in the Record Office (1543-1544,
No. 622) : — " 12th Feb. 1544. Commission of peace — Devon.
Audeley, Norfolk, Suffolk, Henry Marquis of Dorset, Russell,
John Earl of Bath, John Bishop of Exeter, John Lord Zouche,
Sir Thomas Wylloughby, Sir Humphrey Brouhe, Sir Thomas
Dennys, Sir Hvigh Pawlett, Sir Richard Grynfyld, Sir Hugh
Pollard, Sir John Fulforde, Sir Philip Champemon, Sir John
Arundell, Sir Richard Egecombe, Sir Jc^ Pawlett, Lewis Fortes-
cue, b£u*on of the Exchequer, John Rowe €uid John Harrys, ser-
gecmts-at-law, Bartholomew Fortescue, Richard Hales, Wymond
Carewe, Hvigh Stewkley, Henry Fortescue, Richard Ciiidley,
Henry Beamond, Robert Chidley, Greorge Roles, John Polku-d,
Humphrey Prydyaux, John Grynfeld, John Amadas, Robert
Brytt, John Whyddon, Antony Harvy, Roger Bleuett, John
Drake, jun., Richard Turbervyle, John B€u*nehows, John Hull,
Alexander Woode, Thomas Stewkley, Antony Bery, John Ryge-
way, John Pasmer, John Charles, Robert Dulyn, Williewn Rowpe,
Henry Wallron, Hugh Yoe, Thomas Tremayne " (8 peers, 11
knights, 3 legal luminaries, 32 esquires, in all 54). Similar lists
for 1592, 1614, 1647, €uid 1653 have already been given in these
Tmnsactions (A. H. A. Hamilton, Trans,, VIU. 517, IX. 404, and
X. 309).
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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY.
SECOND SERIES.
BY J. J. ALEXANDER, M.A., J.P.
(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1915.)
V. A Tavistock Chronology.
The following table of Tavistock events was prepared for
the 1914 meeting. In deference to a request that it should
be preserved in pennanent form it is reproduced here
with a few additions and corrections.
It will be noticed that the record stops short at the year
1866. Occurrences within the la«t fifty years might, if
given, be exhibited without due regard to perspective, and
with a certain amount of personal bias. They have been
therefore omitted.
A few remarks on the authorities for the dates will be
of interest.
The first date suggested, that of circa 800 for St. Rumon,
is very doubtful. It has some support from Rev. J. F.
Chanter (Trans,, XLII., p. 602), but other writers locate
Rumon early in the seventh century.
The next three dates relate to Egbert, to whom local
tradition has commonly ascribed some strenuous fighting
in the Tavistock district, near the town itself as well as on
Kingston Down. It will therefore not be out of place to
consider the meaning and extent of Egbert's western
campaigns, and some other considerations which help us
in fixing their dates.
Students of chronology are well aware that at least
three sets of dates are given in histories for the years
between 730 and 860. These are : (1) the dates of the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Parker MS.), which are generally
(but not always) supported by the other Chronicle MSS.
and by Florence of Worcester, and may be called the
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SOBiE NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 373
Southern Chronology ; (2) the dates given by Symeon of
Durham and other Northumbrian writers, which may be
similarly called the Northern Chronology ; (3) a dight
modification of (2) to accord with the soundest results of
modem research, which we may call the Revised Chron-
ology.
The Southern Chronology has been largely followed by
members of the Devonshire Association writing 6n Anglo-
Saxon topics, but as the best recent standard histories
have invariably adopted the Revised Chronology, there
hardly seems to be any justification for clinging to dates
which are demonstrably incorrect. To take one example :
it is stated in the Winchester Chronicle (the Parker MS.)
that Egbert succeeded in 800, reigned 37 years 7 months,
and died in 836. These statements are manifestly in-
consistent, and the Northumbrian writers, whose authority
on these matters is at lectst as good, give 802-838 as
Egbert's dates. A minute examination of the charters
and of the contemporary writers of the period enables us
to say that Egbert's accession may be placed in or shortly
after January, 802, and his death about August, 839.
He was undoubtedly alive in November, 838 (Birch C.S.
419). The Winchester Chronicle dates for his reign may
be taken as generally two years, and in a few cases three
years, too early.
'A Southampton Charter granted by him just after
Christmas, 825 (Birch C.S. 393), contains the phrase " in
the twenty-fourth year of Egbert's reign and the four-
teenth year of his suzerainty (dv/Mtua) ." Thus a suzerainty
was assumed about 812, and the only suzerainty he was
capable of assuming at that date was that of Dumnonia
(or West Wales, as it was then called). William of Malmes-
bury, though we cannot always accept his statements in
detail, states explicitly (Oesta Begum, Book II, Chapter I)
that Egbert " first manifested his power against those
Britons who inhabited that part of the island which is
called Cornwall." He may have been encouraged to take
this step by the success of his old mentor, Charlemagne,
against the Britons of Armorica, a few years earlier.
According to other historians the claim to suzerainty,
which seems to have met with resistance, was made
effective in Egbert's fourteenth year (815). Under date
813 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (which is as usual a year
or two too early) states that he " harried in West Wales
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374 SOMJB NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTOBT.
from eastward to westward." West Wales at this tkne
may be taken to mean Cornwall ; a century later the
same term is applied to the Demetian kingdom south of
Cardigan Bay. Florence of Worcester in writing of the
same event does not put it so strongly ; he states that
Egbert ** ravaged the Western Britons on their eastern
frontier." It is a moot point whether Devon was or was
not entirely in Saxon hands before Egbert's time. North
Cornwall, the Triconshire district, almost certainly was,
and so was all Devon except the South-west. What
Egbert seems to have achieved in this campaign in 81^
815 was: (1) the undisputed possession of Devon and
North Cornwall ; (2) the addition of South-east Cornwall
(Wellshire), now known as East and West ; and (3) the
suzerainty of the remainder. Tavistock as a border
district between South-west Devon and South-east Corn-
wall may have seen a great deal of the fighting.
• Here one might pause to inquire why some of the old
Cornish divisions are called shires, as Triconshire, Well-
shire, and Pydarshire ; and what significance is to be
attached to the note in Symeon of Durham (Ed. Hinde I.
221), which throws some light on the use of the word
"shire":—
" Anglia habet XXXII sciras extra Cumberland et Come-
walas. In Comewalas sunt sex parvae scirae. Scotland,
Bretland, Wict excipiuntur. Sunt hae scirae divisae per tres
leges, Westsexenlaga, Denelaga, Merchenlaga. Westsexenlaga
habet IX sciras : Sudsexa, Suderrei, Kent Berrocscire, Wilte-
scire, Sudhamptescire^ Sumersetscire, Dorsetscire, Devena-
scire," etc.
Egbert's second campaign can be assigned with reason-
able certainty to August, 826 ; the writers who adopt
822 or 823 are clearly contradicted by two charters of
date 19 August, 826 (Birch, 389-390), " scriptum quando
Ecgbertus rex exercitum Gewissorum movet contra
Brittones ubi dicitur Creodantreow." It is not known
with certainty where Gafulford was, but the expedition
seems to have marched westward from Crediton, probably
crossing the Tamar a few miles north of Tavistock. Thia
campaign was necessarily brief, as Mercia was pressing
WBssex on the northern border.
The third campaign in 837 or 838 (here again the date
is often wrongly given as 836) completed the conquest of
Cornwall, and was probably followed almost immediately
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SOBiE NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 375
by the submission of the Cornish Bishop Kenstec to
Ceohioth of Canterbury. The Battle of Kingston Down,
Egbert's last great victory, certainly brought Tavistock
within the area of active warfare.
Tavistock then may claim to be associated with the
principal events in the Saxon Conquest of Cornwall, and
may have acquired its present name during, and through
its military importance in, that conquest. It should be
remarked here that very little credence can be given to
the statements based on the speculations of sixteenth-
century writers, attributing the conquest of Western
Devon and Cornwall to Athelstan. We know that in
Devon and Cornwall local tradition has been busy with
Athelstan's name. Visitors to Umberleigh have been in-
formed that Athelstan had a palace there which he
bequeathed to John of Gaunt ! All writers of repute
previous to 1200 who refer to the conquest of Cornwall
invariably mention Egbert in connection with it, and the
only definite statement we get about Athelstan is that in
931 he gave Cornwall a separate bishopric (Crawford
Charters VII).
The next group of Tavistock dates relate to the early
history of the Abbey. It is probable that this was founded
later than 961, the traditional year, and before 975, the
conclusion of Edgar's reign. Ramsey Abbey was founded
in 968, the mean between these two, and the Tavistock
foundation may have been about the same time. The
suggestion that its object was to pray for the souls of
those slain in battles with the Britons of Cornwall is
hardly tenable, for there is no evidence of any fighting in
this region after the time of Alfred. This is another out-
growth of what may be termed the ** Athelstan myth,"
so dear to the antiquaries of the past four centuries.
Ordulph, who completed the monastery in 981, does
not seem to have held, as it is often thought, the position
of Alderman. In 997, the year when the Danes destroyed
the first Abbey, Ethelwerd was Alderman. Yet in 1006
the name of Ordulph appears as witness to a charter
(Crawford Collection, ed. Napier and Stevenson). His
survival to this date is consistent with the statement that
he lived to a very great age, for his sister. Queen Elfthryth,
who died about 1000, was then less than sixty years old.
Ordulph may have had some share in the restoration of
the Abbey after the Danish raid.
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376 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY.
The next date of importance is that of Henry I.'s
Charter, which constituted a separate Hundred of Tavis-
tock, and confirmed the status of Tavistock as a market
town. There are four clues to this date in the subscrip-
tion : " Done at Odyham, and witnessed by Ralph,
archbishop of Canterbury, by William, the king's son,
and by Robert, Count of Mellent." Strangely enough,
two of these clues have been overlooked by Oliver and
other writers. They point out that Ralph d'Escures
became Archbishop of Canterbury in April, 1114, and
that Prince William was drowned in November, 1120.
They failed to notice that Robert de Beaumont, Count
of Mellent (Meulan) died in June, 1118, which narrows
the limits to four years. Studying the King's movements
as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, we find that
he held a Council at Christmas, 1113, and no other during
the following twelve months. From September, 1114, to
July, 1115, he was absent in Normandy, exacting homage
to Prince William as heir to the dukedom. Ftom just
after Easter, 1116, to November, 1120, he was absent in
France carrying on his second French war. Councils
were held by him in England between July, 1115, and
Easter, 1116, but the only reference to Odiham (a village
seven miles east of Basingstoke, where there was a royal
residence in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries) is as the
meeting-place of the Council held at Easter, 1116, and in
all probability the Tavistock Charter was granted on that
occasion.
The remainder of the chronology calls for no special
comment. It may not be amiss here, when one is detect-
ing motes in one's neighbours' eyes, to confess to two
rather obvious errors which a perusal of last year's note
on portreeves reveals. It is there stated that the office
lapsed in 1895, and that an imsuccessful attempt was
made in 1899 to get the town incorporated. These two
dates should of course be 1885 and 1889. Such slips
illustrate very well the danger of trusting to living memory,
and the possibility that the most recent history is not
always the most free from mistakes.
C.800. St. Rumon Bishop of Dumnonia.
C.815. Egbert's First Campaign. Saxon Conquest of South
Devon and East Cornwall.
825. Egbert's Second Campaign. Battle of Gafulford
(? Galford).
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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 377
838. Egbert's Third Campaign. Battle of ffingston Down.
964. Marriage of Edgar and Elfthryth.
C.968. Tavistock Ben^etine Abbey founded (SS. Mary and
Rumon).
971. Death of Ordgar. Ordulph succeeded him.
981. Etheked granted Charter to Tavistock Abbey. Aimer
Abbot.
997. Tavistock Abbey destroyed by the Danes.
c.lOOO. Tavistock Abbey rebuilt. Lyfing Abbot.
1016. The Atheling Edwin buried at Tavistock.
1032. Aldred succeeded Lyfing.
1046. Sithric succeeded Aldred.
1068. Norman conquest of Devon.
1116. Henry I. granted market charter to Tavistock. . Con-
stitution of Tavistock Hundred.
1184. Tavistock Parish Church (St. Eustachius) first con-
firmed to the Abbey.
1281. Market charter confirmed. Tavistock created a
Stannary town.
1286. Earliest dated vestry record.
1296. Tavistock first elected members of parliament.
1309. John de Camelford instituted as Vicar.
1318. Tavistock Church rebuilt.
1347. Market charter again confirmed.
1386. Earliest Churchwarden's account preserved.
C.1460. Tavistock Church enlarged (Clothworkers' aisle).
1467. Tavistock cloth manufacture protected by statute.
1471. First recorded mayor of Tavistock.
1613. Abbot of Tavistock created Baron Hurdwick.
1626. Printing press in Tavistock (the ninth in England).
1639. Tavistock Abbey dissolved.
1640. Act for rebuilding decayed houses at Tavistock.
C.1642. Francis Drake bom at Crowndale.
Do. John Glanville (the judge) bom.
1646 (or 9). Drake's family fled to Kent.
1650. Lord Russell created Earl of Bedford.
1662. Earl of Bedford endowed Grammar School.
1686. John Glanville (the sergeant) bom.
1690. William Browne (the poet) bom.
1691. Assizes held at Tavistock.
1696. Francis Drake died at sea.
1698. John Glanville made a judge.
1600. John Glanville died.
1602. Oliver Maynard endowed a charity.
C.1603. John Maynard (the sergeant) bom.
1614. Tavistock Parish Register begins.
1624. John Pjrm first elected member for Tavistock.
1626. Plague at Tavistock.
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378 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCaB: HISTORY.
1642. Beginning of Civil War. Tavistock held for the
Parliament.
643. John Pym died.
644. Earl of Essex besieged Fitzford. Charles I. visited
Tavistock.
645. Prince Charles (Charles II.) stayed in Pjrm Street,
Tavistock.
648. Thomas Larkham appointed Vicar.
649. Sergeant Glanville endowed an exhibition.
660. Restoration. Lord William Russell first elected
member for Tavistock.
661. Larkham ejected. Beginning of Nonconformity in
Tavistock.
669. Thomas Larkham died.
671. Lady Howard died.
675. Nicholas Watts endowed charities.
677. Sir William Com^tenay endowed a charity.
682. Tavistock incorporated by charter.
683. Lord Russell beheaded.
688. Charter of Incorporation revoked.
694. Earl of Bedford created a Duke.
702. Society of Friends founded in Tavistock.
752. Duke of Bedford re-endowed Grammar School.
761. Portreeve created a magistrate. Maces presented.
762. Abbey Bridge built.
763. Ford Street Charity established by Act.
772. Widening of road to Moreton sanctioned by Act.
789. Church Sunday School founded.
794. Congregational Church founded in Tavistock.
799. Tavistock Library founded.
803. Tavistock Canal Act.
813. Lord John Russell first elected member for Tavistock.
817. Tavistock Canal completed.
831. Tavistock first lit by gas.
832. Borough enlarged to include nearly aU the ancient
parish.
835. Tavistock Com Market erected.
837. Grammar School reopened in Russell Street.
845. Bannawell waterworks constructed.
846. Dolvin Road Schools opened.
848. Tavistock Guildhall rebuilt.
856. New British Schools opened in Pljrmouth Road.
857. Tavistock Gazette first published.
859. Tavistock Market Act.
Do. Great Western Railway opened here.
862. New Markets completed.
864. To\^Ti Hall opened.
865. Kil worthy watem^orks constructed.
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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 379
VI. An Old Vbstby Book.
It is a curious characteristic of English public life that
efficiency in national administration and efficiency in
local administration are seldom found together at any
period in our history. They can be almost regarded as
complementary functions of our civic aptitude, if one may
use a mathematical term. Thus during the Restoration
period, when our national prestige was at its lowest, and
the highest offices of state were for the most part held by
corrupt and incapable adventurers, a creditable amount
of energy and capacity seems to have shown in the manage-
ment of local affairs. Conversely in the middle of the
eighteenth century, when the nation was strong and
prosperous, interest in local government seems to have
dwindled.
An old churchwardens' book, in a fair state of preserva-
tion, kept among the Tavistock vestry records, and
described in Worth's Calendar (pp. 51-64), contains many
interesting facts about the eighty years 1655-1734. Aa
Tavistock was an incorporated town for only six years of
that period, there is a very special interest in the dis-
position, which many of the entries reveal, on the part of
leading inhabitants towards some form of municipal
organisation.
The parish of Tavistock at that time comprised (a) the
borough ; (6) the eastern rural portion ; and (c) the
western rural portion, probably with the little river
Lumbum as a dividing line. There was a duality of
control in the parish.
The Vestry, with the Vicar at its head, appointed
churchwardens, overseers, collectors, masters, surveyors
of highways, and wardens of parish lands. They managed
the affairs of the church, the almshouses, the charities,
the poor law, and the highways.
The Manor Court for the town, with the Bedford Office
Steward at its head, appointed a portreeve, constables,
clerks of markets, bread weighers, searchers and sealers,
ale tasters, and pig drivers. The rural portions were
similarly, though less elaborately, officered by the Manor
Court of Hurdwick, the old name given to the greater
part of rural Tavistock. These manor officials had the
supervision of market and sanitary matters, and some
petty magisterial duties.
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380 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY.
This dual form of government perhaps impresses us as
having been clumsy and needlessly complicated, but have
we not still Boards of Guardians working alongside of,
and often at cross purposes with, County and District
Councils ?
It is not intended to repeat the extracts given by
Worth. He has obtained from the entries an almost
complete list of the churchwardens during the eighty
years. He has not, however, foimd space for the other
oflScials, of whom the overseers and collectors are given
for most years, the highway supervisors, the masters, and
the wardens of lands for only a few occasions.
Parish overseers were first instituted by an Act of
Elizabeth in 1601 to relieve cases of distressing poverty
(a duty since 1834 performed by Boards of Guardians),
and to levy parish rates for that purpose. A speaker at a
recent Devonshire parish meeting, where the question of
rates was being warmly discussed, pointed out that 1601
was also the time when Shakespeare first began to write
the gloomiest of his tragedies !
The collectors do not seem to have had a statutory
origin, but were apparently appointed, as their name
implies, to assist the overseers with the less blessed portion
of their functions. They were usually three in number,
one for the town, one for the eastern rural division, and
one for the western rural division, and an entirely new set
of persons was chosen each year. In 1727 they ceased to
have a separate existence, and their office was merged in
that of the overseers.
During most of the seventy-two years when the over-
seers and collectors existed separately, a curious relation
appears to have existed between the holders of the two
offices. With some slight modifications between the years
1683 and 1688, when, as is now known, Tavistock pos-
sessed a mayor and corporation, the overseers consisted
of either four or five persons, made up as follows : (a), (6),
and (c) the three retiring collectors ; (d) a person named
first on the vestry return, who thus appears to have been
their senior or president, and who, in every case where a
current list of masters is available for comparison, appears
to have been one of the masters or ** eight men " of the
borough ; and, except between 1676 and 1720, (e) another
person from the town, not always a master, whose name
stands either second or fifth on the list.
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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 381
No inference can be drawn from the overseer (e), whose
appointment seems to have followed no definite rule,
except that he was added at the annual vestry meeting ;
but the appointments of (a), (6), and (c) seem to have
been automatic, except when a collector died or resigned
during his year of office, and the appointment of (d) was
probably made by the masters themselves from their
number and notified at the vestry meeting. It is a fair
inference to assume that (d) was, in the undetermined as
well as in the determined cases, a master or ** eighth
man."
Omitting the six years 1683-1688, which are exceptional,
and the year 1690, the returns of which are missing, we
have between 1656 and 1726 a list of sixty-four senior
overseers, most of whom certainly, and all of whom
presumably, were masters of the town. Such a list enables
us to construct fairly well the names of the masters or
" eight men '* of any required year within the period
which the old book covers.
We should like to know more about the progress of
local affairs during the six years of incorporation 1682-
1688. Unfortunately our churchwardens' records do not
help us much. The churchwardens' account for 1684-
1686, given on pp. 4^49 of Worth's Calendar, is not a
Tavistock accoimt at all, but clearly refers to some other
parish ; none of the names mentioned therein are those
of contemporary Tavistock people. The only really
interesting personal touch among the records of this period
is a petition against the Vicar, Jasper Cann {Calendar, pp.
115-117), charging him with various abuses of his office.
It appears from this that the masters and officers claimed
to choose both the churchwardens, and that they ap-
pointed Andrew Doidge for the town and John Row for
the rural parish ; Cann took it upon himself to set aside
their decision, and obtruded one William Gaunter, whom
he swore in as a warden. As the town was incorporated
less than three months after, and Gaunter was one of
the Aldermen named in the Gharter, it would appear that
the petitioners were supporters of the Earl of Bedford,
and that Gann's friends belonged to the Tory opposition
who procured the Gharter. Next year (1683) there was
again a contest, Ambrose Manaton and William Doidge
being chosen by the masters and parish ; but Matthew
Gudlipp, also an Alderman, seems to have been obtruded,
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382 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTOEY.
and to have acted instead of Doidge. In 1684 it is recorded
that Dawbeny Williams and William Doidge were chosen
and that ** Edward Ward stood." He was one of the
" Assistants " or ** Common Councillors " named in the
Charter. Clearly there were two factions at least in the
place, the Bedford faction being more powerful at the
Vestry meetings, and the Corporation faction having the
support of the Court, which was probably used to quash
the proceedings against Cann, for he remained Vicar till
his death in 1690. Caunter was Mayor in 1684, and
Cudlipp in 1686.
The comparisons of collectors and overseers during
those years show that at the 1682 vestry (held before the
incorporation) four overseers and three collectors were
chosen as in the years preceding ; in 1683 three overseers
(James Leare, a master, and two of the three ex-collectors ;
the third ex-coUector may have died or retired) and only
two collectors ; in 1684 two overseers (the two collectors
of 1683) and two new collectors ; in 1686 two overseers
(the two collectors of 1684) and two new collectors (both
from the rural portion) ; in 1686 four overseers (the two
collectors of 1686 and two additional persons from the
town, not masters), and three collectors (one from the
town) ; in 1687 three overseers (the 1686 collectors) and
three new collectors (one from the town). The 1688 and
1690 lists are missing, but in 1689 there were five over-
seers (two of them masters) and in 1691 four overseers
(one a master), so that we can presume the three collectors
for each of the two missing years 1688 and 1690.
The senior overseers were then men of high importance
in the town, and for the period 1666-1726 a list of them is
certainly of more value as a guide to the leading inhabitants
than a list of the portreeves within the same period. For
the latter were not the free choice of the chief residents,
but were selected because of their being acceptable to the
Bedford Office. Some of them, such as Thomas Harvey,
portreeve in 1710, and Arthur Lumley, portreeve in 1721,
are not known to have held any other public office, whereas
all the senior overseers are frequently foimd among the
lists of feoffees, churchwardens, and other local officials.
As their names have not been previously published it
seems advisable in the interests of local history to give
them here. The name of James Leare is added for 1683,
as he was then a person of importance (Calendar, p. 105,
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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY.
383
line 11) ; and the seniors of the consolidated body between
1727 and 1734 are also given*
1666. John Gerry.
1657. John Jacob.
1658. Micheus Willesford.
1659. John Gerry.
1660. Francis Toller.
1661. John Jacob.
1662. Walter Godbeare.
1663. John Cudhpp.
1664. Micheus Willesford.
1665. John Leare.
1666. Francis Toller.
1667. John Gerry.
1668. Micheus Willesford.
1669. John Cudlipp.
1670. Richard Spry.
1671. WiUiam Saxfen.
1672. David Sargent.
1673. Micheus Willesford.
1674. John Gerry.
1675. John Cudlipp.
1676. Richard Spry.
1677. David Sargent.
1678. Richard Doidge.
1679. John ToDer.
1680. John Cudlipp.
1681. Richard Spry.
1682. David Sargent.
1683. James Leare.
1689. Edward Payne.
1690. (Name missing.)
1691. John Rowe.
1692. Nicholas Cudlipp.
1693. David Sargent.
1694. John ToUer.
1695. James Leare.
1696. Edward Payne.
1697. John Rowe.
1698. David Sargent.
1699. John ToDer.
1700. James Leare.
1701. Henry Vesper.
1702. William Spry.
1703. Nicholas Cudlipp.
1704. Nicholas Hunt.
1705. John Cunningham.
1706. David Sargent.
1707. John Rowe.
1708. James Leare.
1709. WiUiam Spry.
1710. Henry Vesper.
1711. Nicholas Hunt.
1712. John Edgcumbe.
1713. William Condy.
1714. John Cimningham.
1715. John Rowe.
1716. WiUiam Spry.
1717. John Edgcumbe.
1718. Wmiam Condy.
1719. Hugh Pyne.
1720. John Edgcumbe.
1721. Francis Manaton.
1722. John Rowe.
1723. wmiam Spry.
1724. John Edgcumbe.
1725. WiUiam Condy, sen.
1726. Hugh Pyne.
1727. Stephen Maddaford.
1728. WiUiam Spry, jun.
1729. Arthur Cake.
1730. John Rowe, sen.
1731. wmiam Spry.
1732. wmiam Condy, jun.
1733. wmiam Spry, jun.
1734. John Herring.
Most of the names given above are those of weU-known
Tavistock families, some of which are stm found in the
neighbourhood. Willesford, Gerry, Leare, and Edgcumbe
are mentioned in Vivian's Visitations ; Pjnie and Herring
were Bedford Office stewards ; Jacob was an officer of the
Tavistock Stannary royalist troops in the Civil War, and
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384 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY.
tenant of Crowndale farm ; Manaton was the owner of
Kilworthy ; Sargent and Richard Spry were tanners ;
the Tollers and William Spry were mercers ; Godbeare
and Cimningham were clothiers ; Rowe was a yamjobber,
and Hunt a maltster.
In her Tavistock book, Home Scenes (first edition, 1848),
Miss Rachel Evans of Parkwood states that some of the
leading Tavistock families are of German origin, their
progenitors having been invited over as expert miners in
the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; and she instances (among
others) the names Cudlipp and Sleeman as being derived
from the German surnames " Goitlieb " and '* Selieman."
These derivations are very far-fetched ; the name Cudlyppe
is mentioned in an Extent of the Manor of Morwell dated
1st October, 1414, and the name Seleman is found in a
well-known Tavistock deed dated 30th September, 1325.
The admiration felt for Germany in early Victorian days
is perhaps responsible for such a curious tradition.
VII. The Eight Men.
" Who were the Eight Men of Tavistock ? " was a
question asked by a Charity Commissioner at an inquiry
held in Tavistock in December, 1906. The answer given —
" the Prehistoric Urban Council " — ^was perhaps more
pithy than accurate.
There is a reference to them in the Survey and Valua-
tion taken by Humphrey Smith, the estate surveyor, for
the Bedford Office in June, 1726, probably on the occasion
of the third Duke's marriage. The introductory page is
as follows : —
"Tavistock is a Burrough by prescription and of Great
Antiquity. It consists of a Portreeve and abo*. 110 free-
holders living within the said Burrough, His Grace the Duke
of Bedford being Lord of the said Borough. His Grace's
Steward holds a Court Leet and Court Baron twice a year
Viz^ Michaelmas and Lady Day. At the first Court the Jury
presents Four persons out [of] which the Steward nominates
One for Portreeve and Swears him in for that year.
" The members of parliament are elected by the majority of
the Freeholders and returned by the portreeve.
*' Weekly markets Frydays very considerable. Five Fairs
viz*. St. Mark's Fair 23rd Aprill and 2 days following. St.
Andrew's Fair 28th Nov. and 3 days following. Michaelmas
Fair the Eve and 2 Days following, St. John's Fair 29th Aug.
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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. . 386
the Eve and 2 Days following. Twelfth Fair 6th Jan.ry and
the Day following.
" Note. Three of the Fairs with the Markett and Tolls are
granted to the Schoole for 200 years (Vide the preface to the
Scite of the Abby) which Expires 1763 and is worth Comibz
annis 22 £.
" The other Fairs viz^ St. John's and Twelfth Faks with
the Weights are still in the Lord's hands and worth abo*. 60
pound.
" This Borough is Governed by Eight Masters, the Duke of
Bedford's Steward at the Head of them, there is [sic] Lands
belonging to the same worth per annum 60 £ which these
masters appropriate mostly to the Repairs of the Church, they
have a Magistraticall power of committing offenders etc.
" The Lord has a Goal [sic] in this Borough and two Sergeants
at mace one of which is keeper of the prison and has a house
to live in Rent Free and 6 £ a year Salary for attending the
Sessions and assizes.
*' There is also a Weekly Court of Record held every Tuesday
at the Guildhall of the said Borough."
The passages in the preface to The Scite of the Abbey,
which was surveyed about the same time (2-21 June,
1726), though not altogether relevant to the subject in
hand, are of sufficient general interest to be quoted : —
*' The Abby Church is demolished. It stood on the South
side of the Parish Church and the Ground is now in the Church-
yard saving that part where the Steeple or Tower stood [on]
which William the first Duke of Bedford Built a house for the
Schoolmaster to Live in. It contains two Rooms on a floor
with a backhouse and a little Herb Garden, and is worth to be
lett 8 lb. per annum. The Schoole Mar. enjoys the same Rent
free and the Duke of Bedford keeps it in Repair.
** Adjoining to the same within the Chiu-chyard is a School
House belonging to the Town which John Earl of Bedford by
his writing or Deed poll dated 20th May 6 Edward 6 granted
for 200 years with the Tools and profits of three fairs in the
year with a court of pypowder and a weekly market every
Friday, since which the Town has built a Market House where
the (>08S stood ; all which profits and liberties within the
borough of Tavistock are for the use of the Schoolmaster and
may be worth Comibz Annis 22 lb. which Lease expires Anno.
Dom. 1753.
"The Vicarage of Tavistock is appendant to the Manor
endowed with a House & Garden worth 6 £ a year. And there
is paid an ancient pension of 11 £ per annum — Mr. Nathaniel
Beard Vicar aged 60.
" The Duke of Bedford has the Impropriation of all tithes
VOL. XLVII. 2 B
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386 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY.
great and small within the parish of Tavistock. A composition
for the same has been usually taken one year with another and
amounts to 318 £. 12s. 2d. out of which his Grace pays to the
Vicar as a free gift 49 £.
"Easter Offerings & Surplus fees may be worth to the
Vicar Combiz Ann. ...... 14
His House as above ..... 6
Antcent pension 11
Free Gift 49
80."
An extract from the Terrier of 1755 will complete this
series of quotations : —
*' N.B. May 20th 1662. John Earl of Bedford granted to
Feoffees for Charitable Uses the said lower Market House and
the Profits of 3 Fairs in the Year Vizt. St. Marks Michs. & St.
Andrews which the said Feoffees applied to the Schoolmaster
for teaching Poor Boys. But when the same fell in hand
May 20th 1752 His Grace the present Duke of Bedford was
pleased of his usual Benevolence to pay to the Schoolmaster
yearly more than an equivalent for the Profits of the same, to
be continued during his Grace's pleasure."
.The foregoing extracts fix the years 1552-1752 (not
1753) as the i)eriod during which the Grammar School
was partly maintained by the Market revenues. It will
be subsequently shown that the payment of this subsidy
was at one time within the province of the Eight Men.
Incidentally we learn facts about the position of the Abbey
Chapel, the Vicar's income, and the existence of Maces in
1726 (perhaps the old Corporation maces of 1682, and
perhaps also the same maces which were presented to the
portreeve in 1761, and are now the property of the Urban
District Council).
The late Mr. R. N. Worth {Trans., XXI. pp. 309-310)
gives a brief account of the Eight Men, so far as he could
glean it from the Tavistock vestry records. Most of this
paper wall be confined to information from sources not
indicated by him.
The habit of describing a governing body or quasi-
governing body of a non-chartered locality by a numerical
term was not confined to Tavistock. Thus we hear of the
" Twenty Men of Torrington," and, in a record dated
24th December, 1705, of the " Six Masters of Cudliptown.''^
^ Of. also the '* douzainiers " of the Guernsey parishee, bodies of
twelve men, whose functions resemble those of English District Councils.
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90HB KOTSS OK TATISTOOK HISTOBT. 387
All these bodies seem to have been anticipatory of the
Local Govemm^mt Act of 1894.
In medieval times it was the rule for every mnall town
to have twelve representatives at the County court, and
the twelve bui^esses of Tavistock mentioned in the 1370
deed (Calendar, p. 109) may be an example (A this. Many
lists of feoffees of property for religious uses are given in
the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, but the number
of feoffees is large, usually more than twenty, and the first
occasion on which we find eight persons acting together is
in 1540, the year after the Dissolution. Six of th^ eig^t
are described as feoffees in a deed of 1533.
The next reference is taken from the British Museum : —
" 12 May 1652. Deed Poll whereby John Earl. of Bedford
granted the profits of 3 several fairs & Courts of pypowder to
be held yearly in the Borough of Tavistock ... * to William
Pojmter, William Grills, Henry Wylley, John Glanfeilde the
elder, John Badge, Walter Master, John Glubbe, John Comysh,
A; others then habitants of my sd Towne of Tavystocke,' " etc.
It would appear from this that the deed of 12th (not
20th) May, 1552, placed certain revenues from the markets
in the hands of these eight toiinismen for the use of the
poor, and that they devoted the funds to educational
purposes ; thus the actual decision to endow the Grammar
School should be credited, not to the Earl, but to these
townsmen.
Now in a lease of 6th November, 1553, the same eight
persons are described as the " eight men of Tavystoke,"
and here we have the first definite reference to that title,
which during the following two hundred years occurs so
frequently in Tavistock documents and then abruptly
disappears. The same eight men's names are found on
three other leases of 1553 and 1554 ; but on 2 July, 1552,
eight men, not so-called, take a grant " for the sole use
and profit of the Tavistock poor," and these eight include
seven of the names just given, John Touker taking the
place of Comysh. Touker's name stands first on the list,
but no rea>son can be discovered why he replaces Comysh
here, and is again replaced by the latter in all subsequent
deeds.
Three theories at once suggest themselves : were the
** eight men " (^) * continuation of a medievcJ governing
body, possibly one set up during the late fifteenth century.
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388 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY.
when we read of a ** mayor " ; or (6) called into being
just after the Dissolution, as the 1540 deed might imply ;
or (c) constituted by the market revenues grant of May,
1562, and then entrusted with other powers ? The third
theory is rendered plausible by the considerations that
we hear nothing of them after 1748, and know for certain
that they were non-existent in 1763, both of which facts
are consistent in the light of this theory with the Duke's
resumption of the market revenues in 1752.
These " eight men " were, as we learn from the Calendar^
persons of importance in the town. Badge was the Earl's
steward ; Wylley and Grills represented the parish at the
Commission held in 1556 by the Bishop of Exeter and
others, probably with reference to the restoration of
Chiu'ch properties imder the Romanist regime of Queen
Mary ; Comysh was concerned in the collection of the
Schoolmaster's salary ; and John Glanfeilde, a local
merchant, was the father of the eminent Judge Glanville.
In 1585 the ** eight men " have their powers and duties
defined as fallows : —
" By gen'all assent & consent of the pishe of Tavistock to be
Supvisors and dispensators to & for the behouf and use of the
saide Churche & pishe of Tavistock & of the poore people of
the same, and also of the lazar and poore people of the hospitall
there, namelie for appointinge, doinge, usinge, dispensinge,
and ordringe the yerelie Revenewes, pfitts, lands tenemts,
goods, chattels, and other afifares that any waie touche belong
or concern the said Chiu-che & pishe."
They were in fact a sort of standing committee of the
vestry, acting between its meetings, and joining with, or
confirming the decisions of, the parish officials in various
executive acts. In addition to those already given the
following names occur as members or presumable members
of this body before 1600 : William Nycoll, William
Houghton, Thomas Lybbe, John Biu'gys, Edward Denys,
Richard Drake, Charles Grills (a Bedford Office steward),
Robert Moore, Roger Upcote, Nicholas GlanviUe, and
Thomas Sowton ; perhaps also John Fitz, the grandfather
of the notable Lady Mary Howard, and Thomas Mohun,
another Bedford Office steward.
Between 1600 and 1650 there is only one allusion to
the " eight men " as such, but we find mentioned small
groups of persons, eight or fewer in number, with duti^
resembling those just defined. The names include Sir
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Francis Glanville, William Kedley alias Poynter, Matthew
Edgcombe, William Grills, junior, John Gove, John Cole,
Walter Trowte, junior, John Gerry, Thomas Edgcombe,
Richard Willesford, Francis Glanville, junior, John Moore,
and John Maynard. The two Glanvilles were the judge's
son and grandson, who in succession held Kilworthy.
It is always possible in reading through the records to
mistake some body of feoffees for the " eight men."
Different sets of feoffees seem to have co-existed. It was
the practice in those days for a parcel or group of charity
lands to be separately vested in the same body for about
thirty years, and at the end of that time the survivor or
survivors (if any) would execute a revesting deed creating
a new body of feoffees. By this slipshod method no doubt
some charity proi)erty was lost to the parish ; but the
existence of a body like the ** eight men," the current
members of which were usually included among the new
appointments, tended to preserve the continuity of these
trusts. A considerable number of revesting deeds were
made in 1646 ; again in 1683, when Sir John Majniard,
the octogenarian Sergeant, was the sole survivor of the
1646 feoffees ; and again in 1712, 1738, and 1751. An
account of these feoffments will be found in the preamble
to the Private Act of 1762,^ which merged all the various
trusts into the present Ford Street Charity.
The ** eight men " had apparently a continuous existence
during the seventeenth century, for we find that in 1649
Sir John Glanville, son of the judge and Speaker of the
Short Parliament of 1640, made a deed of gift of certain
lands at Brentor to found a University exhibition for
Tavistock youths, vesting the endowment in eighteen
trustees, ten relatives and friends of the Glanville family,
and the *' eight magistrates of the borough of Tavistock,
masters or governors," of whom Matthew Edgcombe was
one. The others are not named in the abstract of the deed,
but they probably included, by comparison with con-
temporary lists, William Grills, John Gerry, John Gove,
John Pointer, William Pointer, Walter Godbeare, and
Francis Toller.
It will be noticed that Sergeant GlanviUe dignifies them
with the title of " magistrates." Not so Thomas Larkham,
the Commonwealth vicar, who refers thus (Bodleian
Tract, 1658, The Tavistock Naboth proved Nabal) to " Mr.
1 8 George III., c. 27.
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John Pointer, one of the antientest magistrates of our
Town and Parish " :—
''As to that ridiculous flourish of his being one of the
antientest magistrates of the Town and Parish of Tavistock ;
this Defendant said it is beyond the memory of man to know
any magistrates in Tavistock except Justices of Peace of the
County. True it is that the silly people of the Town account
the eight men that take accounts by custom to be Masters ot
the Town and of late since such were by a section of Malignants
as are enemies to Godliness and to the present Government^
and poor indigent fellows, chosen ; they have assumed to them
power to chuse Parish-Officers contra^ to Law and Ordinances
of Parliament (as particularly about Qiurch wardens so called)
and have been countenanced in opposition to the rigid faction
(as Mr. Glanville calls the godly) by the said Mr. Glanville, who
hath caused much trouble to honest men and much expence of
money."
(Note. '' John Jacob hath lately been chosen by a prophane
malignant party to be one of the masters of our Town who
was in the late King's Army a Major and stands bound and
pays his tenth," etc.)
It further appears that Mr. Larkham himself proposed
two candidates for the body, and excommunicated William
Hore, one of the churchwardens, for opposing their election.
Clearly the " eight men " of the Commonwealth were
leaders of the royalist faction, and must have held a
strong position in the town after the Restoration. The
next reference to them is from the old Churchwarden's
book : —
" The 9th day of July, 1660. Memorandum that it is this
day agreed by the Masters of the Towne & parish of Tavistocke
that ttiey will meet together in the church every first Monday
in the month to consult of & consider about the business of the
parish. John Pointer, Richard Cudlipp, Jo. Jacob, John
Leere, Micheus Willesford."
Worth reads ** Henry Pointer," which is clearly in-
correct ; the three who did not sign were presumably
John Gerry, Francis Toller, and Walter Godbeare.
References to the ** eight men," both in the deeds and
in the old vestry book, are, except during the troublous
six years 1682-1688, copious and fairly continuous up to
1711. On 6th August, 1666, they are named with four
other persons as trustees of the almshouse given by
Elizabeth Moore ; in February, 1775, they are appointed
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SOME NOTBS ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 391
under the will of Nicholas Watts to direct the annual
distribution of ** practical books of divinity, purchased
with the ground rent (156.) of '' the house wherein Thomas
Frost then dwelt," to " the poorer sort of householders
in the town and parish " ; in 1680 they are joined with
Sir William Courtenay and others in a new trust deed of
the Glanville exhibition. The last-named deed, which
contains eighteen names in all, would appear to imply
that the ** eight men " had now grown to twelve, but the
addition of supernumeraries may be accounted for in
two ways : (1) in certain transactions it was probably
deemed prudent to join with the regular body one or two
local magnates, a Fitz, a Courtenay, a Glanville, or a
Manaton for instance, whose influence might for the time
be useful ; (2) at a later period probationers, sons, or
personal friends of the ** eight men," who were evidently
intended to fill subsequent vacancies in the body, were
joined in trust deeds. Thus in 1711 James, son of John
Edgcumbe and then about six years of age, is named as a
feoffee ; apparently family connections counted for much
in these appointments.
On p. 64 of the Calendar there are several references to
the ** eight men," who from the time forward have the
alternative titles of ** masters " and'** governors." Under
date 19th May, 1673, five of them authorise the offer of a
reward of 3s. 4d. for every fox killed in the parish ; in
another 1673 entry seven names are given. The names of
these seven help us in fixing the date of the petition,
quoted by Kempe, from the ** portreeve and masters " to
the Earl of Bedford. Kempe suggests 1677 as the date,
but the petition contains all the 1673 names, and one
additional, Francis Toller, who died in 1671 ; 1670 would
therefore be a better conjecture. It may also be suggested
that the portreeve was one of the masters, and probably
signed as such ; the conjunction of portreeve and masters
is an incongruous one, as they derived their authority
from two distinct and heterogeneous sources.
It has sometimes been asserted that these ** masters "
or "eight men" were abolished in 1711. Worth says,
*' the masters of 1705 cannot be traced as a distinct body
after 1711, after which we get the acts of ordinary feoffees
only." He based his observation solely upon the vestry
records, and from that standpoint his statement is quite
correct, but subsequent writers have interpreted it
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392 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY.
wrongly. Several of the deeds between 1711 and 1725
contain lists of feoffees described as '' Masters or Governors
of the Town and Parish." Their number varies from
twelve to fourteen and apparently consists of the ** eight
men " reinforced with youthful probationers, whose in-
clusion might have been justified on the consideration
that, their expectation of life being higher, the deeds
would probably stand longer without renewal. The 1711
deed was renewed in 1738, the youthful James Edgcumbe
being then one of three survivors.
The 1726 survey quoted at the beginning of this note
shows that the ** eight men " (** eight masters " they are
now called) did then exist ; the churchwardens' book
(quoted by Worth) mentions the election of John Herring
(the Duke's steward) and Thomas Doidge at the 1731
annual vestry meeting. There is a reference to ** magis-
traticall " powers also in the 1726 survey, and a less compli-
mentary entry in the same volume, stating that they were
seven years in arrears with certain chief rents of 15s. 2d.
per annum.
The succession of John, fourth Duke, to the title
presages to those who have studied his career the " decline
and fall " of the " eight men " or of any individuals or
body of men who ventured to assert themselves in his
borough of Tavistock. We can picture his steward, John
Herring, creating bogus freeholds for election purposes in
1734 ; his surveyor, John Wynne, computing the voting
value of ducal and non-ducal properties in 1752 ; and his
agent, Robert Butcher, directing the whole machinery of
gentle compulsion on the local Naboths to part with their
vineyards. There was no hurry or violence, but the work
was done thoroughly. The " eight men " had some power
and influence locally, they had certain proi)erties vested
in them, and at times, as when Larkham was vicar, had
made themselves felt. Therefore they had to go.
A new manuscript book, like a new year, often begins
with good resolutions. The second churchwarden's book
(1734-1802) ojpeuB with the following entry : —
** 16th April 1734. We whose names are Subscribed do
hereby agree that the first Tuesday in every month shall be a
Publiek Vestry in the Parish Church of Tavistock to consult
the necessary affairs relating to the sd. Parish.
"To forfeit Is. Od. every time of absence. To meet at 2
o'clock afternoon.
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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 393
" Wm. Condy, Stephen Maddaford, Wm. Spry, Thomas
Doidge, Jno. Herring, S. Manaton, Jo. Edgcumbe."
Alas for good resolutions
" May 7th. Absent Sampson Mannaton, Esq and Mr. John
Herring. June 4th. Absent Sampson Mannaton, Esq."
There is no further mention of this meeting.
Here we have plainly the ** eight men" minus one.
The lists of ** eight men '* between 1660 and 1734 can be
roughly determined for any required year by a reference
to the list of senior overseers (p. 383), and so it has not
been necessary to name them.
In 1738 there is a significant new departure in the
inclusion of the Duke himself among the feoffees of
parish lands. Two more steps only are required ; another
vesting deed in 1751 in which the feoffees are nominees of
the Duke ; and the Act of 1763 replacing the charity
property in the borough, which might in a remote contin-
gency be used to create votes, by an annual payment
chargeable on property outside the borough, this Act
being passed with the consent of the surviving 1751
feoffees.
There is only one more record of the ** eight men," a
foolscap memorandum preserved in the Bedford Office.
*' A Vestry held in the Parish Church of Tavistock June 13,
1748 for electing an Eighth Man, Master or Governor of the
said Town & Parish to succeed "Mr, Richd. Edgecombe Lately
'* And for the purpose aforesaid we the surviving Masters
Do Nominate —
** Wm. Spry Esqr. My. Jno Edgcombe."
A poll was then taken, in which thirty-six persons
(whose names are given) voted. The result was : —
** For Mr. Spry 33. For Mr. Edgcombe 3. Mr. Spry duely
elected.'*
From this point the records are silent. There was, as
has been said, a creation of new feoffees in 1751 ; in May,
1752, the grant of market tolls to the Grammar School
was replaced by a fixed annual payment. The most
definite fact we have, however, is that in the preambles
to the BiU of 1762 and Act of 1763 relating to the Tavistock
Charities no reference is made to the existence of masters
or governors or eight men ; nor are they mentioned in
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394 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY.
the Terriers of 1752 and 1765. In the Brougham Report
(1821) on Tavistock charities, it is stated that the ground
rent of 15s. arising from Frost's house (Watts' gift) was
paid to the churchwardens up to 1751, but that in an
estate map of 1752 the house is coloured as if it had been
purchased by the Duke from Sir William Courtenay in
1751. The Report adds ** no account of the receipt of any
rent for the parish lands appears in the churchwardens'
book after 1754."
All this negative evidence points to the conclusion that
the " eight men " disappeared within a few years of 1750.
We are now in a position to summarize results about
these ** eight men, masters, or governors."
(a) Appointment — by the Vestry, to whom names were
probably submitted by those aheady on the body (see
under 1731 and 1748).
(b) Tenure — ^tiU death or resignation ; removal from
town or parish apparently did not disqualify.
(c) Number — eight usually, but possibly (in spite of the
name) sometimes a few more.
(d) Qualification — ^a person of substance residing in the
town or parish, and acceptable to existing members.
(e) Powers — various and variable; but apparently
including (1) the inspection of certain parish accounts;
(2) the sanctioning of certain payments ; (3) the giving of
advice as to church repairs and charity distributions ;
(4) the care of certain parish lands ; (5) the transmission
of certain market tolls to the school endowment ; (6) the
nomination of certain Vestry oflicers ; (7) a magisterial
power of committing to prison for i)etty oflEences against
good order ; (8) the right to certain seats in the church.
if) Origin— between 1539 and 1553, probably 1552.
(g) Cessation — between 1748 and 1763, probably 1752.
(h) Place of meeting — ^the parish church.
Some people may consider that too much ink has been
shed about this defunct and almost forgotten body. But
many have expressed a strong desire to know its meaning,
and to one who studies the history of local government an
arresting picture is herein presented. He sees a small
town with some claim to antiquity slowly progressing from
medieval to modem conditions. He sees its efforts at self-
government restrained by a family of patrons determined
for political reasons to retain full control over the place.
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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 395
He sees the residents, like a valorous army equipped with
antiquated weapons, striving to adapt their primitive
organisation to the changing requirements of the time.
They fail, but may we not perceive in their attempt a
germ of that national civic spirit which in later days has
evolved so much activity throughout England in the
management of local affairs ?
Whether we discover in the " eight men " a prehistoric
Urban Council or a prehistoric Church Council, a prehistoric
School Trust or a prehistoric Charity Trust, or a medley of
all f 01U-, we should feel duly grateful to these old Tavistock
worthies for the interest and curiosity they have aroused
by their quaint attempts at regulating the public affairs of
the place in which they lived.
Addenda.
Mr. H. P. Morria, Charity Commissioner, has kindly supplied some
further facts, mainly from the evidence taken by the Brougham Com-
mission in September, 1820.
It appears that the 1680 deed (p. 391) really described only five of
the eighteen Qlanville trustees as " masters." The implication that the
eight masters had grown to twelve is due to an erroneous interpretation
of the deed in the Commissioners' Report.
Some of the witnesses were under the impression that the 1763 Act
abolished the "eight men." If they still existed at that date, their ex-
istence was in name only, and it is probably more accurate to say that
the 1 763 Act prevented their bein^ resuscitated. One witness (Charles
Crapp) alleffea that certain seats m the church were formerly appro-
Sriated to the " eight men " and that he had applied for one of these to
lichard Vivian Willesford (d. 1792) and John Garland (d. 1796), the
last survivors.
There were at one time " eight men of Landkey " (a parish near Bam^
staple).
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SOME POINTS OF INTEREST ON THE NATURAL
fflSTORY OF THE PLATEAU KNOWN AS
THE SORS OR S^ WARES (A.-S. DWELLERS
BY THE SEA).
BY EDMUND A. S. ELLIOT, M.E.C.S., M.B.O.U.
(Read at BxeUr, 2Sii(l July, 1915.)
Not long ago the word was locally spelt sewers, and a
visitor coming to a signpost with the word on it begged
of a person passing, whereabouts the sewers were, as he
had had quite enough stinks where he came from and
wanted to avoid more. The word on the signpost was
quickly altered when the great panjandrum of the town
got to learn of this : altered that is to Sors.
From a botanist's point of view there is perhaps little to
interest, because the tableland is mostly covered with
furze and heather, but there are one or two things deserving
notice. For instance, the stork's-bill geraniimi will be
found flowering profusely in the immediate neighbour-
hood, and it may not be amiss here to point out the word
geranium is derived from the Greek y€/)ai/09=a crane:
the fruit being supposed to be somewhat suggestive of
the bill of a crane. The generic name of the whole family
of the cfane's-bill is Geranium, and in like manner the
generic name of the present species Erodium is taken from
the Greek word epwSio^, for a heron. The specific name
(cicutarium) of the stork's-bill is derived from the Latin
word for the hemlock plant (cicuta)^ and is bestowed on
this plant from a certain resemblance between the forms
of the leaves of the stork's-bill geranium and those of the
hemlock, the poison plant you will remember which was
partaken of by Socrates, when he shuffled off this mortal
coil by order of the State.
The resemblance is, however, a somewhat superficial
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS. 397
one, and points of difference are at once apparent on any
real investigation and comparison. Cicuta is the classic
name for the hemlock, not the scientific one : botanically
it is the coniuniy a name of very fanciful origin. The
plant was thus named by Theophrastus from the Greek
word for a cone or top, the whirling motion of which object
was supposed to indicate something of the giddiness that
seized those who were so imprudent as thoughtlessly to
taste this poisonous plant or so unfortunate as to find it
their death penalty for treason to their country.
Like many other seaside plants it is not unf requently met
with in inland mountainous districts, occurring plentifully
on Dartmoor many miles from the sea.
Wherever there is a clear bit of turf the little blue squill
will be seen and demands attention not only because of its
modest growth and pale blue flowers, but because also of
the medicinal virtues contained in its root. I dare say
many of you have blessed Oxymel of Squill when you have
had a bad cold.
Up to within a few years ago the Oamunda regcUis grew
quite abundantly wherever there was a rill of water, and
a patch I used to visit quite high up under the crest of one
of these tors close by, whenever this way — ^that is gone
now I find. I am bound to say that with the advent of
temporary or casual visitors obsessed with an absolute
disregard for the rights of residents, objects of interest to
the Natural Historian have suflEered severely.
White heather is also abundant, the exact locality it
being, perhaps, imprudent to reveal.
That handsome little fern, the Marine Spleenwort, will
also be foimd growing in profusion and throwing fronds
nearly a foot in length. Although seen in quantity along
the face of the cliff, on the tors, and on the sides of the
pits sunk in search of iron ore years ago, few plants are
within reach, all such having been removed by the ubiquit-
ous collector.
There is another plant of engrossing interest, a parasite,
and therefore allied to the Orchids, which is found growing,
in profusion on every furze bush one passes along the
cliffs. I mean the Lesser Dodder (Cuscvia epithymum =^
upon the thyme), the most widely distributed of all
parasitic plants, extending all over Eiu*ope and Asia even
to Japan and southwards as far as Algiers. Just a short
description.
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308 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THS SORS.
'* If it has had the good fortune to cling to a host with
green foliage, which generates an abondance of organic
compounds, such as the luxuriant juicy stems of the Hop
or the Nettle (this refers to another species, Europcea, but
the description will answer our purpose), with its plentiful
dark green leaves, which are shunned by grazing animals
on account of their unpalatable stinging hairs, the pajrasite
continues to grow with extraordinary rapidity, and puts
forth a number of branches immediately above the lowest
group of haustoria. All these again feel around with their
tips, develop a stender thread-like growth. For a few
days this shoot is sustained by the nutriment which was
present in the seed, and also by means of the moisture
which a temporary root secures from the soil. The deli-
cate thread grows at a great pace, and all the time it is
maintaining a constant movement from side to side until
it gets a fresh point of attachment just as if it were search-
ing for a victim. Sooner or later the fate of the dodder is
decided. If there are no suitable plants within reach the
little would-be parasite finally dies, although it has a
marvellous power of vitality which may keep it going for
a number of weeks. If it has the good fortune to come up
against a suitable host, such, for instance, as a clover
plant, the slender thread of the dodder at once encircles
the stem of its victim, thus earning its well-known local
name of Hell bind.
"Very little happens for a while, save that the dodder
absolutely separates itself from the soil, and henceforth
it starts upon a life of the most shameless blood-sucking.
At this stage the development of certain sucker-like pro-
cesses by the dodder is the most important thing. These
have the power of penetrating the tissue of the unhappy
plant which is being attacked almost like a number of
teeth. As soon as the first hold has been secured the
robber plant grows amazingly. Its long, wire-like stems,
now of a reddish colour, shoot out in all directions, and
wherever these touch the stem of the host fresh batches of
suckers are developed. In a few weeks the whole of the
victim may be enveloped, and the robber pkuit often
enough does it work so well that its miserable host is
killed, having been literally bled to death. But the dodder
does not mind very much, for its long stems have probably
already seized hold of some fresh victims and its future
well-being is thus assured. Late in the summer the dodder
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS. 399
produces clusters of small white flowers. These, of course,
set seed, the whole business being done at the expense of
the host plant, and in this way provision is made for the
following year."
The description from Johnson's dictionary is interesting.
Dodder, n.s. [touteren — ^to shoot up]. Dodder is a singu-
lar plant : when it first shoots from the seed it has little
roots, which pierce the earth near the roots of other plants :
but the capillaments of which it is formed soon after
clinging about these plants, the roots wither away. From
this time it propagates itself along the stalks of the plant,
entangling itself about them. It has no leaves, but con-
sists of capillaments or stalks, brownish with a cast of
red, which run to great lengths. They have tubercles which
fix them fast down to the plant, and by means of which
they absorb the juices destined for its nourishment.
By the way, I believe I am right in stating this plant
is the only native Orchid the British Isles possesses.
Again, should the word be guscuta, i.e. derived from
gusttis—B, tasting of food, a partaking slightly or eating
a little, as I can find no ctis in either Greek or Latin dic-
tionaries, and, of course, cutis =the skin.
The common Statice or Sea-pink is f oimd in flower during
almost every month in the year, not only on the sea-
shore, but in waste places and on Dartmoor. It takes its
name from the Greek <rTaT/fo=I staunch, from the use
of this plant as a styptic. All through the summer and
autumn the top and face of the cliflfs are empurpled with
masses of Ling or Heather (CaUuna) and Heath (Erica),
and many patches of the White Heath will be found
scattered about, enabling one to pick great handfuls of it,
the only other place where I have found it growing plenti-
fully being in the neighbourhood of that old-time camp,
Wooston Castle. It is interesting to note that Devonians
reverse the naming of the species, calling Heath, Heather,
and Heather, Ling.
Another plant of interest is the Samphire = cri<Amwm,
from the Greek KplOrj, barley, from a fancied resemblance
to its fruit, which word is corrupted out of all shape and
form, for literally it means the herb of St. Peter, evidently
a name given because of its luxuriant growth directly from
the rocks, where not an atom of soil is to be found. If any
of you are curious and desire a fresh flavour let me recom-
mend, firstly, a samphire tart.
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400 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SOBS.
I am not much in the culinary art, but I will give you
to the best of my ability how it is made ; it is the hereditary
dish of our family. First gather your samphire, break it up,
and three-quarters fill a pie dish with it, put in a teacupful
of milk or water, place over this a layer of dried currants
to within two inches of top of dish, cover with pastry :
place in hot oven for half an hour : take out and lift
pastry lightly and pour on the top a pound or two of
clotted cream, serve at once. This is a dish for kings.
Samphire pickle is simple : put some in a pot with
vinegar and sprinkle with salt : one of the best of pickles.
Vide Flowers of the Field, by the Rev. C. A. Johns.
There is a legend also relating to this strange weed of
His Satanic Majesty, and why he never entered ComwaU,
but preferred to remain in Devonshire. ** On the siunmit
of Yes Tor, a lofty peak overlooking the Cornish county,
he sat down on a rock. The salt wind blew keen over the
narrow land from the North Sea to the South ; Satan
shivered, and tucked his tail round his cloven hoofs, for
the evenings were getting chiQy and he was accustomed
to a warm climate. Then he turned himself to survey
Cornwall from his coign of vantage. Telescopes had not
yet been invented, but that was of no importance to the
Devil. He who can detect every weak point in a human
heart did not need glasses to see through the rugged
granite masses of the Cornish moimtains, Rowtor and
Brown Willy, which rose before him a few miles away.
At the first glance the country seemed a pleasant one and
a profitable, for it was well peopled in those days, and by
folks with no less original sin than their neighbours.
But as he watched their occupations he was struck by
the fact that they made everything into pies. There was
rooky pie, samphire pie, conger and tattie pasty, star-gazey
pie, with the heads of pilchards sticking up through the
crust. His Satanic Majesty grew thoughtful : he was
half afraid to risk himself among a people possessed by this
strange mania. What if they took a fancy to * devily
pie ' ? The idea was alarming : he felt he could not be
spared. What would become of the world without him ?
He shook his head regretfully and turned away. Crossing
Cranmere Bog in a single stride, he returned to Devon as
the shades of night were faUing. That is the true history
why the Devil never came into Cornwall."
Passing now from Botany to Entomology, I would
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS^ 401
remind you that you are on classic ground as regards the
large blue butterfly (Polyommatua arion). Years ago this
insect was as common on the Downs as the Meadow Brown,
but the zeal of the collector overcame them and they are
now only a memory of the past.
My brother, the Rev. F. R. Elliot, was a great butterfly
man ; I believe he personally collected in his college days
every 'fly that was on the British list, mounted them in
suitable glass cases and presented them to the museum
of his native town, where, after a few years, the glass got
broken and the insects were all destroyed by moth. So
much for the Goths who looked after the museum in those
days. I quote his letter, to hand a few days ago : —
** My ' butterfly ' days are so much of the past that they
have almost gone from my memory, but if it is of any use
I have dotted down what I have written in an old book.
" The first year that I caught Polyommatus arion was
June, 1856, when I was with a friend, Mr. H. Young.
Then I went to Bolt Head with him again in 1857. In my
third and last year, 1858, I caught five dozen. They were
very rapid on the wing, and it seemed almost impossible
to catch them, except when at rest. When flying they were
in appearance very unattractive and dull, and only
recognizable by the rapidity of their flight. 'Twas on
this account perhaps Linnaeus called them Polyommatus,
many eyed. I am sorry that I can add no more."
What ! more indeed ? No wonder the insect became
extinct, especially when the local taxidermist caught them
as well and made half a crown apiece of them.
By the way, they were found on the opposite side of
the harbour as well,- under Riekham.
I have indicated why Linnaeus gave the generic name to
this butterfly. I will give you the account why he adopted
the specific name Arion. I quote from Herodotus, Clio,
L:—
"Periander was the son of Cypsflus — /a;>/reXo9 =
haunting hollow places, c.f. The Swift — he it was who
acquainted Thras^bulus with the answer of the oracle.
Now, Periander was king of Corinth, and the Corinthians
say (and the Lesbians confirm their account) that a
wonderful prodigy occurred in his lifetime. They say that
Arion of Methymna, who was second to none of his time
VOL. XLvn. 2 c
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402 THE NATtTBAL HISTOBY OF THS SOBS.
in accompajiying the harp> and who was the first, that we
are acquainted with, who composed, named, and repre-
sented the dithyrambus at Corinth, was carried to Tsenarus
on the back of a dolphin. They say that this Arion,
having continued a long time with Periander, was desirous
of making a voyage to Italy and Sicily ; and that having
acquired great wealth he determined to return to Corinth :
that he set out from Tarentum, and hired a ship from
certain Corinthians, because he put more confidence in
them than in any other nation ; but that these, when
they were in the open sea, conspired together to throw
him overboard and seize his money, and he being aware
of this offered them his money, and entreated them to
spare his life. However, he could not prevail on them ;
but the sailors ordered him either to kill himself, that he
might be buried ashore, or to leap immediately into the
sea. They add that Arion, reduced to this strait, entreated
them, since such was their determination, to permit him
to stand on the poop in his full dress and sing, and he
promised when he had sung to make away with himself.
The seamen, pleased that they should hear the best singer
in the world, retired from the stem to the middle of the
vessel. They relate that Arion, having put on all his robes
and taken his harp, stood on the rowing benches and went
through the Orthian strain ; that when the strain was
ended he leaped into the sea as he was, in full dress ; and
the sailors continued their voyage to Corinth : but they
say that a dolphin received him on his back and carried
him to Tsenarus : and that he, having landed, proceeded
to Corinth in his full dress, and upon his arrival there
related all that had happened ; but that Periander, giving
no credit to his relation, put Arion under close confine-
ment, and watched anxiously for the seamen : that when
they appeared he summoned them and inquired if they
could give any account of Arion : but when they answered
he was safe in Italy, and that they had left him flourishing
at Tarentum, Arion in that instant appeared before them
just as he was when he leaped into the sea : at which
they were so astonished that, being fully convicted, they
could no longer deny the fact.
''These things are reported by the Corinthians and
Lesbians ; and there is a small brazen statue of Arion at
Tsenarus, representing a man sitting on a dolphin. Lin-
nseus never gave either fish, bird, beast or flower a name
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS- 403
without a reason, and I think here he named this 'fly arum
because of its ebisiveness."
I have run on to another note referring to the Large
Blue given me by an old friend, long ago passed over to
the majority.
" Thirteen specimens of this 'fly were taken by a collector
on the Bolt Head about Jime 30th, 1856 : this insect
seems to be very local in its habits and has been taken but
in a few places in England. In the summer of 1869 I took
as many as a hundred specimens in a day."
These specimens were sold for half a crown apiece.
(E. E.)
If not weary of hearing about butterflies I will give
you a short extract from my notebook about another 'fly,
the Clouded Yellow.
"August, 1900. This is a Clouded Yellow year, and
tho' not a butterfly man I couldn't resist the opportunity.
I noticed a lot first in a clover field near Thurlestone
Sands and caught some, and, to my great joy, amongst them
some Helice. In response to a request from my friend
Mr. Frohawk I went out again to the same field and caught
no less than twelve Helice, which were to be sent alive to
him : however, six escaped from the basket before I
knew what they were up to, and I also missed eight.
Helice seems to be taking the place here of the variety
HycUe, which is reported as abundant in the eastern coun-
ties. I have seen no HycUe but six or seven pale ones, one
or two of which I caught and which proved to be Helice.
I may add I heard from my friend a few weeks afterwards
that the insects began depositing their ova as soon as
ever they got to the clover provided for them in boxes,
and that an extraordinary number were raised, shewing
all three types, and which were exhibited and a most
interesting paper read at a meeting of the Entomological
Society in London."
We have here in 'flies an analogous state to that of the
Juncos (a genera of very many species of birds in N.
America), they are making species, i.e. you are constantly
finding a type, differing from the original, in newly ex-
plored ground. To describe as some do anything in nature
as aberrant ia misleading.
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404 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS.
Along here I used to collect my finest specimens of
Wheatears in the spring. I remember once after sitting
up all night with a patient desiring a breath of fresh air
when morning broke. Instructing the nurse to wave a
towel from the window if I was wanted, I took my gun
and wandered to the face of the cliff nearly a mile away.
Looking round just after getting there I saw to my horror
a red tablecloth being frantically waved from the window.
I hurried back, and hardly had breath to mount the stairs
and to my annoyance found things as they were. On
remonstrating with the nurse for her want of consideration
in thus hurrying me, she replied : ** I did it a purpose ;
us didn't know how long you'd be once you got in with
they birds."
As might be expected, this wild rugged coast provides
us with much that is of interest in Avian life. First we
wiQ consider the birds of prey.
The Hen harrier and its first cousin Montagu's harrier
still maintain a foothold in the cliffs, and come every
spring, I believe from the Continent, to nest above the
cliffs. The former species finds plenty of food in the way
of stock-doves and gulls, whilst the latter no doubt finds
snakes' and larks' eggs more to its taste. The birds breed
on the groimd, but I have never found a nest, although I
have searched for hours, about Kingsbridge. More than
one pair of peregrine falcons breed in the cliffs, and
there seems a mutual understanding between these birds
and the buzzards, which breed there also.
The rock pigeon is seldom seen, although on the other
side of the Start it is commonly met with, breeding in the
quarry pits there. It is an open question whether these
are not descendants from domesticated birds, reverting
again to their natural conditions of life. You can
always tell the difference between this species and
the stock-dove in flight by the former's white upper tail
coverts.
The stock-dove is quite a common breeding species in
the cliffs, having been driven there apparently from the
destruction of old stumps, stocks or boles of trees. Whence
their name.
The oyster-catcher, with his conspicuously pied plumage
as he takes to wing, will often startle the contemplative
angler who drifts too near his haunts on the mussel-
clad rocks in search of pollack with his shrill metallic
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS. 405
whistle, whilst the purple sandpiper will at first by the
casual observer be mistaken for rats or mice crawling about
the rocks within reach of each incoming wave, which often
washes them from their foothold, to be carried back
again, however, by the next pne.
The raven comes back to his old nesting haunts year
after year, and the sites are quite as inaccessible as are
those of the peregrine or buzzard, which nest also in these
cliffs. Many years ago when visiting ' professionally a
fishing hamlet I casually expressed a great desire to obtain
a clutch of raven's eggs ; imagine my surprise not many
days after at having a handsome set of five quite fresh
raven's eggs left at my house by an unknown donor :
thus a Hope fisherman, ab una disce omnes, they are good
fellows. I would like to have said a few words about the
superstitious awe this bird has always inspired, but time
is too short. It must suffic^if I quote briefly Shakespeare
from OtheUoy Act iv. : —
As doth the raven o'er the infected house
Boding to cdl, — he had my handkerchief.
Again, Chatterton : —
King Edward saw the ruddy strecUss
Of light eclipse the grey.
And he€u*d the raven's croaking throat
Proclaim the fated day. (Scott, TcUisman,)
And from Ivanhoe, chapter X. : —
Thus, like the sad presaging raven, that tolls
The sick man's passport in her hollow beak.
And in the shadow of the silent night
Doth shake contagion from her sable wings :
Vex'd and tormented, runs poor Beurabas,
With fatal curses towards these Chnstieuis.
The chough is no longer to be found nesting along the
cliffs, the last pair having been shot off the nest under
Folly Cliffs some years ago. Why this species should have
been so sought after passes man's comprehension, for it
is a most companionable species to humans, and often its
cheery chough, chou, chou cheered me when traversing
the sandy dunes in North Cornwall, miles in extent, to visit
patients in outlying districts.
The robin is a common species around the homesteads
on the Downs, and is regarded with superstitious awe ;
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406 THB NATURAL HISTORY OF THB SORS.
should one enter a house by the open door or window some
dire calamity is sure to occur — such as a death, as I have
in a previous paper recorded. Some such thoughts must
have been running in Longfdlow's mind when he wrote
in his poem to the potter : —
Turn, turn, my wheel ! All life is brief ;
What now is bad will aoon be leaf,
What now is leaf will soon decay ;
The wind blows east, the wind blows west ;
The blue eggs in the robin's nest
Will soon have wings and beak and breast
And flutter and fly away.
However, this refers to the American robin, which is really
a thrush, but has a red breast like our more familiar
species, and is migratory in habit, hence its name Turdus
mignUorius.
The tableland we have beei\ traversing is wild unculti-
vated land lying between the Bolt Head and the Bolt Tail ;
furze and bracken strewn with huge fantastically shaped
rocks of granite and mica schist and swept oftentimes by
storms of unparalleled severity, it is no wonder the crofters
build huge stone walls to prevent their cattle and sheep
straying on to it. In many respects it resembles the
wildest part of Dartmoor, of which a poet wrote : —
The fancicul designs I've zeed
To make all zoorts o' trade
Out heer upon the moor I zim
An't many vorchins made ;
Vur when the genelmen com* out
Ole Darty moor to 'tack
They vind they've of 'en got to pay
Vur scratehin' ov his b€M;k.
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LIST OF MEMBERS.
p Indioatee Fast Presidents.
* Indicates Life Members. t Indicates Honorary Memben.
X Indicates Members who retire at the end of the corrent year.
The Names of Members of the Oooncil are printed in small capitals ;
and of Members whose addresses are not known, in italics.
Notice of Changes of Residence, of Resignations, and of Decease of Members
should be sent to the General Secretary.
Year of
Election.
1913*H.R.H. Thk Prinob op Walks, k.g., etc. {All communica-
tions to he addressed to Walter Peacock^ Esq.^ M.V.O.^
Ducky of Cornwall Office, Buckingham Gate, London, S. W,)
1913 Abell, G. J., 8, Rolle Street, Exmouth.
1901 Acland, Sir C. T. D., Bart., m.a., d.l., j.p., Killerton Park,
near Exeter.
1913*Adain8, E. Amery, 186, Sheen Road, Richmond, Surrey.
1896 Adams, Maxwell, c/o Messrs. William Brendon & Son,
Ltd., Plymouth (Hon. General Secretary).
1900*Adam8, S. p., Elbury Lodge, Newton Abbot.
1908 Albert Memorial Library, etc. (The Royal), Exeter, per
H. Tapley Soper, p.r.hist.8.
1886*Aldridge, C., m.d., BeUevue House, Plympton.
1909 Alexander, J. J., m.a., j.p.. Grammar School, Tavistock.
1896*Allhusen, G. Wilton, Pinhay, Lyme Regis.
1869 Ambrt, J. S., Druid, Ashburton (Hon. General Treasurer).
1901 Andrew, SroNEY, 18, West Southemhay, Exeter (Vice-
President).
1894 Andrews, John, Traine, Modbury, Ivy bridge.
1912 Anstey, A., 13, Lyndhurst Road, Exeter.
1914 Applegate, MissM. A., 95,EastStreet, South Molton, N.Devon.
1912 Astor, Waldorf W., m.p., Cliveden, Taplow, Bucks.
1912 Axe, Rev. Arthur, Heavitree, Exeter.
1912*Babbage, Gilbert, 16, Cathedral Close, Exeter.
1911 Ball, Edwin Jennings, ph.d., 6, Adelphi Terrace, Paignton.
1914 Balleine, Rev. James A., m.a.. Elm Brae, Seaway Lane,
Cockington, S. Devon.
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408 LIST OJf MEMBERS.
1915 Barber, James, Colintraive, Cranford Avenue, Exmouth.
1912 Baring, Sir Godfrey, Bart*, m.p., 32, Lowndes Square,
London, S.W.
1878*pBARiNG-GouLD, Eev. S., m.a., Lew Trenchard, Lewdown.
1902*Barratt, Sir Francis Lay land, Bart., m.a., 68, Cadogan Square,
London, S.W.
1915 Bartlett, Rev. Lewis Edward, The Vicarage, Countess Weir,
Exeter.
1898*Bayley, Arthur R., b.a., f.r.Hist.8., St. Margaret's, Great
Malvern.
1903 Bayly, John, Highlands, Ivy bridge.
1913*Bedford, His Grace The Duke of, e.g., Wobum Abbey,
Bedfordshire.
1914 Beebb, Rev. W, N. P., m.a.. The Vicarage, Whitchurch,
Tavistock.
1912 Benn, A. Shirley, m.p., 18, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W.
1905 Bennett, Ellery A., 17, Courtenay Street, Plymouth.
1912 Bickersteth, Rev. H. L., b.a., Cleveden, Glanville Road,
Tavistock.
1904 Bird, W. Montagu, j.p., Dacre House, Ringmo're, Teign-
mouth.
1912 Birdwood, Allan Roger, 18, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth.
1889 Birmingham Free Library, Birmingham.
1886 Blaoklbr, T. A., Royal Marble Works, St Marychurch,
Torquay.
1915tBLAKB, W. J., M.A. (Lond.), The Grammar School, Norwich.
1909 Body, Martin, Rockmount, Launceston.
1912 Bond, Francis William, 40, Loughborough Park, Brixton,
S.W.
1901 Bond, P. G., 105, Union Street, Plymouth.
1901 Bond, Miss S. C., 22, Ehn Street, Rockland, Knox Co.,
Maine, U.S.A.
1906 Bond, Rev. W. F., m.a.. Lancing College, Shoreham,
Sussex.
1913 Boston Public Library, U.S.A., c/o Mr. Bernard Quaritch,
11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W.
1912 Boucher, John Bishop, Rosemont, Heavitree Road, Exeter.
1906 Bovey, Thomas William Widger, m.ro.s., l.r.c.p.Loko.,
Castle House, Bampton, N. Devon.
1912 Bowden, John F., F.8.I., Crossways, West Avenue,
Exeter.
1898 Boyer, Commander F., r.n., Whitehall, Padstow, Cornwall.
1911 Boyle, Mrs. C. Vicars, Cheldon Rectory, Chulmleigh, North
Devon.
1900*Bradridge, C. Kingsley, 62, Plasturton Avenue, Cardiff.
1912 Brant, Captain, r.n., St. Martins, Budleigh Salterton.
1905 Brendon, Charles E., 6, Hillsborough, Plymouth.
1892 Brendon, W. T., The Anchorage, Grand Parade, Plymouth.
1905 Briggs, C. A., p.b.8.. Rock House, Lynmouth, North
l3evon.
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LIST OF MEMBERS. 409
1911*Brushfield, Miles Nadauld, 13, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth
Common, Surrey.
1911 Buckfast, The Right Rev. The I^rd Abbot of (Dom
Anscar Vonier, O.8.B.), Buckfast Abbey, Buckfast, S.
Devon.
1912 Buriace, J. B., 38, Corf ton Road, Ealing, W.
1911 Bum, Colonel C. R., m.p., 77, Cadogan Square, London,
S.W.
1887pBuBNARD, Robert, j.p., f.s.a., Stoke-in-teignhead, Teign-
mouth.
1887 Burnard, Mrs. F. L., Stoke-in-teignhead, Teignmouth.
1914 Butcher, Francis J., The Manor House, Tavistock.
1914 Butcher, Mrs. Francis J., The Manor House, Tavistock.
1902 Calmady, Charles Calmady, Stoney Croft, Horrabridge.
1908 Card, F. F., Broadlands, Newton Abbot.
1915 Carey, N. M., 37, Sea View Avenue, Lipson, Plymouth.
1891*Carpenter, H. J., m.a., ll.m., Penmead, Tiverton.
1866*Carpenter-Garnier, J., j.p., Rookesbury Park, Wickham,
Hants.
1908 Carr-Smith, Miss Rose K, Hay tor, Avenue Road, Stratford-
on-Avon.
1902 Carter, Miss E. G., Hartland, North Devon.
1899 Cartwright, Miss M. Anson, 11, Mont-le-Grand, Heavitree,
Exeter.
1895*Ca8h, A. Midgley, m.d., Limefield, Torquay.
1898 Cave, Sir C. D., Bart., Sidbury Manor, Sidmouth.
1910 Chalk, Rev. E. S., m.a., Kentisbeare Rectory, Cullomp-
ton.
1911 ♦Chalmers, R. W. S., Holcombe, Moretonhampstead.
1899*Champemowne, A. M., m.a., j.p., Partington Hall, Totnes.
1890 Chanter, C. E. R.> Broadmead, Barnstaple.
1901 Chanter, Rev. J. F., m.a., f.8.a., Parracombe Rectory, Barn-
staple.
1884 Chapman, H. M., St. Martin's Priory, Canterbury.
18812)Chapman, Rev. Professor, m.a., ll.d., Crofton, Byronshill,
Torquay.
1906 Ch APPLE, W. E. PiTPiBLD, The Shrubbery, Axminster.
1906 Chappie, Miss Pitfield, The Shrubbery, Axminster.
1902 Charbonnier, T., Art Gallery, Lynmouth.
1908 Chennells, Rev. A. W., b.a., ll.d.. The College, Newton
Abbot.
1911 Chichester, Miss, Arlington Court, Barnstaple.
1914 Chilcott, Edward W., b.a., ChoUacott Lane House, Tavis-
tock.
1896 Chope, R. Pearse, b.a.. The Patent Office, 25, Southampton
Buildings, London, W.C. (Vice-President).
1912 Clapp, Cecil Robert Main waring, m.a., ll.m. (Cantab.),
2, Bedford Circus, Exeter.
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410 LIST OF MElfBBBS.
1905 Clarke, Miss Kate, 2, Mont-le-Grand, Exeter (Vici-
Pbbsidbnt).
1901^Claydbn, Principal A. W., M.A., p.as., Royal Albert Memorial
College, Exeter (President).
1903 CLiY-FiNCH, Mrs., Bark Hill House, Whitchurch, Salop.
1881*/?Clippord, Right H^on. Lord, m.a., j.p., Ugbrooke, Chod^
leigh.
1912 CuppoRD, Colonel E. T., v.d., 6, Cranley Gardens, South
Kensington, London, S.W. (Vice-President).
1909 Colborne, The Hon. Mrs. Mabel, Venn, Ivybridge.
1898»2>CoLBRiDGE, Right Hon. Lord, m.a., The Chanter's House,
Ottery St Mary.
1894 Collier, George B., m.a., Whinfield, South Brent
1896 Collings, The Right Hon. Jesse, m.p., Edgbaston, Bir-
mingham.
1915 Commin, H., 230, High Street, Exeter.
1910 Conybeare, H. C. A., m.a., j.p., Platway, Shaldon, Teign-
mouth.
1912 Cornish, Frederick John, 44, Magdalen Road, Exeter
l8Sl*Comi8h, Rev. J, F,
1908 Comish-Bowden, Peter, Zaire, Newton Abbot
1910 Cornwall Polytechnic Society, The Royal (per the Secretary,
E. W. Newton, Camborne).
1904 Coryndon, R, T., Mbabane, Swaziland, S. Africa.
1895 Cowlard, C. L., Madford, Laimceston.
1911*Crabbe, Herbert Ernest, f.r.g.8., Teignbridge House, Kings-
teignton, S. Devon.
1908 Crang, W. H., 11, CoUingwood Villas, Devonport
1911 Cree, W. E., m.d., Penryn, Watts Road, Tavistock.
1904 Crespin, C. Legassicke, 51, West Cromwell Road, London,
S.W.
1907 Crbsswell, Miss Beatiux F., 23, Wonford Road, Exeter.
1898/?Cropt, Sir Alprbd W., k.c.i.e., j.p., m.a., Rumleigh, Bere
Alston, R.S.O. (Vice-President).
1886 Gumming, Stephen A., The Corbyn, Wheatridge Lane,
Cockington, Torquay.
1911 Davey, G. W., 16, John Street, Bedford Row, London,
W.C.
1911 Davie, G. C, j.p., c.c. The Elms, Bishop's Tawton, Barn-
staple.
1897JDavi8, J. W,, Doneraile, Exmouth.
1902 Daw, Mrs., Yeoldon, Northam, N. Devon.
1912 Depree, Mrs. Lilian May, 65, Portland Court, London, W.
1911 Devon and Exeter Club, Exeter {per Hon. Sec).
1905 Dewey, Rev. Stanley D., m.a., Rectory, Moretonbamp-
stead.
1902 Dimond-Churchward, Rev.Preb., m.d.. The Vicarage, Northam,
North Devon.
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LIST OV MElfBBBS. 411
1882 Doe, Gborgb M., Enfield, Great Torrington.
1912 Donald, Major-General C. E., St. Loyea, Exeter.
1898*Donald8on, Rev. E. A., Pyworthy Rectory, Holsworthy, North
Devon.
1913 Downes, Harold, M.B., Ditton Lea; Ilminster, Somerset.
1907 Drake, F. Morris, Cathedral Yard, Exeter (Yiob-Prbsidbnt).
1904 Drake, Major William Hedley, Bryn willow, Polsham Park,
Paignton.
1902 Drayton, Harry G., 201, High Street, Exeter.
1910 Drewe, Julius C, j.p., Wadhurst Hall, Sussex.
1910 Drewe, William Francis, Broadhembury House, Honiton.
1909 Duke, H. E., The Rt. Hon., P.O., k.c, m.p., 37, Alleyn Park,
Dulwich^ London, S.E.
1889 Duncan, A. G., j.p., South Bank, Bideford.
1913 Dunn, Miss Mary Rouse, Riverside, Bideford.
1898*i>im«%, Sir K H.y Knt,, j.p.
1901*Durnfor(l, Greorge, j.p., c.a., p.ca.can., Greenhythe, West-
mount, Montreal, Canada.
1879 Dymond, Arthur H., 24, Burton Court, Chelsea, London,
S.W. (Vice-President).
1902 Dymond, Mrs. Rohert, The Mount, Bideford.
1908 Eames, Miss Kate, Cotley, near Chard.
1907 Eames, Miss Maria Deane, Cotley, near Chard.
1901 Earle, The Right Rev. Alfred, d.d., Bishop of Marlborough,
Dean of Exeter, The Deanery, Exeter.
1909 Eastabrook, Miss, 17, Tavistock Street, Devonport.
1898 Eccles, J. A. J., Stentwood, Dunkes well Abbey, Honiton.
1901 Edye, Colonel L., Stanley Court, Stanley Street, Montreal,
Canada.
1896 Elliot, Edmund A. S., m.&c.s., m.b.o.u., Slade House, near
Kingsbridge.
1911 Elliot, Mrs. W. li., Roundham View, Paignton.
1909 Elliot, Rev. F. R, m.a., m.v.o., Tregie, Paignton.
1888 Ermen, Miss, St. Katharine's, Torre, Torquay.
1911 Evan-Thomas, Rear- Admiral Hugh, R.N., m.v.o., Redlap
House, near Dartmouth.
1898*Evan8, Arnold, 4, Lithfield Place, Clifton.
1904 Evans, Major G. A. Penrhys, Furzedene, Budleigh Salterton.
1895 Evans, H. Montagu, 2, Mount Tamar Villas, St. Budeaux,
Devon.
1886 Evans, J. J. Ogilvie, 1, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth.
1914 Evans, Rev. A. C, m.a.. The Vicarage, Lamerton, Tavi-
stock.
1880*Evan8, Parker N., Park View, Brockley, West Town, RS.C,
Somerset.
1913 Evans, Wilfrid J. C, West Street, Ashburton.
1902*Eve, The Hon. Sir H. T., Yamer, Bovey Tracey.
1901 Every, Rev. H., m.a.. Holy Trinity Vicarage, Barnstaple.
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412 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1904 Every, Richard, Marlands, Heavitree, Exeter.
19052?ExBTER, The Rt. Rbv. Thb Lord Bishop of, The Palace,
Exeter (Vicb-Prbsidbnt).
1912 Fairbrother, G. H., Whitehall, Bideford.
1905 Falcon, T. A., m.a., Hill Close, Braunton, Devon.
1896 Firth, H. Mallaby, Knowle, Ashburton.
1896*Firth, R. W., Place, Ashburton.
1903 Fisher, Arthur, St. Aubyns, Tiverton.
1911 Fleming, George Mcintosh, c.c, Loventor Manor, Totnes.
1906 Fortescue, Rt. Hon. the Earl, Castle Hill, South Molton.
1910 Foster, M. T., Fore Street, CuUompton.
1867*Fo8ter, Rev. J. P., m.a., Cotswold Park, Cirencester.
1876*Fowler, Rev. Canon W. W., Earley Vicarage, Reading.
1876*Fox, Charles, The Pynes, Warlingham-on-the-Hill, Surrey.
1914 Fox, Colonel Reginald Wilson, j.p., Grimstone, Whitchurch,
Tavistock.
1892 Francis, H., o.b., 12, Lockyer Street, Plymouth.
1900 Francken, W. A., Okehampton,
1914 Frost, Miss Dorothy, Regent Street, Teignmouth.
1912pFROUDB, AsHLBT A., O.M.G., CoUapit Creek, Kingsbridge,
S. Devon.
1908 Fulford, Francis A., Great Fulford, Dunsford, Exeter (Vicb-
Prbsidbnt).
1880 Fumeaux, J., Tor View, Buckfastleigh, Devon.
1908 GaUsworthy, Frank, Wellesley Buildings, Wellington Street,
Leeds.
1906 Gardiner, John, The Elms, Rudgeway, R.S.O., Glos.
1913 Gates, Dr. Mabel, m.d., b.8. (jlond.), 15, York Road, Exeter.
1901 Gauntlett, George, 27, Dix's Field, Exeter.
1909 Geen, Harry, Brandize, Avenue Road, Torquay.
1910 Geen, Henry, j.p., Tenby House, Okehampton.
1908 Gervis, Frederick H., Roborough House, Torquay.
1900*Gervis, Henry, m.d., p.r.c.p., p.s.a., j.p., 15, Royal Crescent,
Bath.
1910 Gidley, G. G., m.d., Heyford House, CuUompton.
1909 Giflfard, Edward Walter, 13, Chesham Place, London, S.W.
1892*Gill, Miss, St. Peter Street, Tiverton.
1877*Glyde, K R, p.R.Mrr.soc., 323, Ross Street, Edmonton, Alta,
Canada.
1902 Goaman, Thomas, j.p., 14, Butt Gardens, Bideford.
1913jGould, Sir Alfred Pearce, K.C.V.O., f.r.c.8., 10, Queen Anne
Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.
1911 Grant, W. J., Parade House, Dartmouth.
1871 Gregory, A. T., Gazette Office, Tiverton.
1913*Grigg, H. W., Cann House, Tamerton Foliot, Crownhill,
S.O., Devon.
1896 Grose, S., m,d., f.rc.s., Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth.
1910 Gundry, Lieut.-Col., H. B., j.p.. The Grange, Honiton.
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LIST OF MEMBERS. 413
1892pHAL8BURY, The Eight Hon. the Earl of, 4, Ennismore Gardens,
London, S.W.
1895*Hambleden, The Right Hon. Viscount, 3, Grosvenor Place,
London, S.W.
1889 Hamling, J. G., f.g.s., The Close, Barnstaple.
1880*Hamlyn, Joseph, FuUaford, Buckfastleigh.
1895 Harding, T. L., Elmington, Ghelston, Torquay.
1912 Hardy, Francis James, Gittisham Hill, Honiton.
1893 Harris, Miss, Sunningdale, Portland Avenue, Exmouth.
1905 Hartb, Prof. Walter J., Royal Albert Memorial College,
Exeter (Vicb-Presidbnt).
1909 Hart-Smith, C. L., Castle Street, Launceston.
1908 Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., per
Messrs. Edward G. Allen and Son, Ltd., 14, Grape Street,
Shaftesbury Avenue, London, W.C.
1898*Harvey, Henry Fairfax, Croyle, near Cullompton.
1900 Harvey, Sir Robert, d.l., j.p., Dundridge, Totnes.
1875*Hatt-Cook, Herbert, Hartford Hall, Cheshire.
1913 Hawker, Henry Gore, Strode, Ivy bridge, S. Devon.
1910 Hawkins, Rev. Edward J., b.a., 18, Marlborough Road,
Exeter.
1912 Heam, Mrs. Eliza Christine, Ford House, Alphington Road,
Exeter.
1909JHebbert, Ernest, Berrynarbor, near Ilfracombe.
1890*Heberden, W. B., c.b., Elmfield, Exeter (Vice-President).
1888*Hepburn, Sir T. H., Knt., j.p., c.a., Dunmore, Bradninch,
Cullompton.
1907 Herron, H. G. W., c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parlia-
ment Street, S.W.
1908 Hext, George, Kingstone, Newton Abbot.
1882*HiBRN, W. P., M.A., F.R.S., J.P., C.A., The Castle, Barnstaple.
1909 Hill, Rev. H. A., Worlington Rectory, Morchard Bishop,
North Devon.
1892*Hing8ton, C. A., m.d., 3, The Esplanade, Plymouth.
1907 Hitchcock, Arthur, Bettysground, Shute, Axminster.
1912 Hitchcock, Walter M., 48, Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street,
London, E.C.
1898 Hodgson, T. V., Municipal Museum, Plymouth.
1901 Holman, H. Wilson, P.8.A., 4, Lloyd's Avenue, Fenchurch
Street, London, E.C.
1901 Holman, Herbert, m.a., ll.b., Haldon Lodge, Teignmouth.
1893 Holman, Joseph, Downside House, Downlewne, Sneyd,
Bristol.
1906 Holman, Francis Arthur, Jerviston, Streatham Common,
London, S.W.
1906 Holman, Ernest Symons, Portland Square, London, S.W.
1914*Hooper, H. Dundee, m.a., Ardvar, Torquay.
1910 Hooppell, Rev. J. L. E., St. Peter's Vicarage, 10, Hoxton
Square, London, N.
1911 Hopper, A. E., Queen Anne's Chambers, Barnstaple.
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414 LIST OF MEMBEBS.
1896*Hosegood, S., Chatford House, Clifton, Bristol
1912 Houghton, Mrs. Mary J., St. Kemans, Exeter.
1895*HuGHB8, T. Cann, m.a., f.s.a.. Town Clerk, Lancaster.
1906 Hunt, Rev. Jas. Lyde, Eflford, Paignton.
1876 Hurrell, J. S., The Manor House, Kingsbridge.
1886 Huxtable, James, 51, The Avenue, Kew Gardens.
1908 Hyde, The Venble. H. B., The Vicarage, Bovey Tracey.
1893 Iredale, A., Strand, Torquay.
1890* Jackson, Mark, Homelea, Purley, Surrey.
1904 Jackson, Rev. Preb. P., St. Martins, Exeter.
1912 James, C. Carkeet, The Ministry, Cairo, Egypt.
1908 James, S. Boucher, Hallsannery, Bideford.
1912 Jenkins, Rhys, m.i.m.e., The Patent Office, 25, Southampton
Buildings, London, W.C.
1901 Jerman, J., p.r.i.b.a., p.e.m.8., The Bungalow, TopshamRoad,
Exeter.
1911 JocB, Thomas James, 3, Manor Crescent, Newton Abbot.
191 3* Jones, Evelyn Llewellyn Hustler, Fishwick, Kingsteignton,
Newton Abbot.
1913 Jordan, Mrs. Flora, The Cedars, Teignmouth.
1883 Jordan, W. F. C, The Cedars, Teignmouth.
1899* Julian, Mrs. Hester Forbes, Redholme, Torquay.
1913 Keene, Rev. E. G. Perry, Dean Prior, Buckfastleigh.
l879*Kelland, W, H.
1912 Kelly, E., Clifton, Torquay Road, Newton Abbot.
1872*Kennaway, The Rt. Hon. Sir J. H., Bart., M.A., Escot,
Ottery St Mary.
1880 King, C. R. Baker, a.r.lb.a., 35, Oakley Square, London,
N.W.
1912 Knapman, Theophilus, Dennysmead, Exeter.
1901 Knight, Mrs. J. H., The Firs, Friar's Walk, Exeter.
1914 Knight, N. Hine, 5, Borringdon Terrace, Plympton.
1911 Knollys, Major L. F., c.m.g.. The Wilderness, Dart-
mouth.
1903 Laing-Oldham, Philip M. T., m.a., Mount View, Oke-
hampton.
1871 Lake, William Charles, m.d., Benton, Teignmouth.
1913 Lane, Rev. W. H. Cecil, m.a., 2, Haldon Terrace, Dawlish.
1907 Lane, John, The Bodley Head, Vigo Street, London, W.
1904 Lang, Charles Augustus, The Shiel, Elgin Road, Wey bridge.
1898 Langdon, Rev. F. E. W., Membury, near Chard.
1903 Langley, Miss Helen, Postbridge, Princetown.
1906 Labter, Miss C. Ethelinda, f.l.s., 2, Summerland Terrace,
St. Marychurch, S. Devon.
1913 Lavie, Arthur, Brimhill Lodge, Maidencombe, Torquay.
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LIST OF MEMBERS. 415
1905 Layoock, C. H., Cross Street, Moretonhampstead.
1889»Lee, Col. J. W., Budleigh Salterton, South Devon.
1915 Lethbridge, Kingsford, Wood, near Okehampton.
1897j9Lbthbiudob, Sir Ropbr, k.o.i.b., d.l., j.p., m.a., The Manor
House, Exboume, R.S.O., Devon (Viok-Prbsidewt).
1914 Lewin, L. H.. Willowby Park Villas, Yelverton, S. Devon.
1911 Lindsay, W. A., j.p., d.l., k.c, m.a., f.s.a., Windsor Herald,
College of Arms, London, E.C., and Deer Park, Honiton.
1915 Little, J. Hunter^ Lisnanagh, Exmouth.
1906 Llewellin, W. M., c.b., 8, Lawn Road, Cotham, Clifton.
1912 Long, Rev. Ernest Charles, Priory Cottage, The Mint,
Exeter.
1890»Long8taff, G. B., M.D., Twitcham, Mortehoe, R.S.O.
1912 Loram, A. T., j.p., Rosamondford, Aylesbeare, Devon.
1911 Lort-Phillips, E., j.p., Gunfield, Dartmouth.
1898 LowB, Harford J., Avenue Lodge, Torquay.
lSQZ*Lyte, F. Mcmcdl, m.a.
188 6* Mac Andrew, James J., j.p., p.l.s., Lukesland, Ivybridge.
1908 MacCormick, Rev. F., f.8.a.8cot., m.r.a.s., Wrockwardine
Wood Rectory, Wellington, Salop.
1906 MacDermot, E. T., Lillycombe, Porlock, Somerset.
1894 Mallet, W. R, Exwick Mills, Exeter.
1904 Manchester Free Reference Library, King Street, Manchester.
1905 Manisty, George Eldon, Nattore Lodge, Budleigh Salterton.
1903 Manlove, Miss B., Moor Lawn, Ashburton.
1901 Mann, F., Leat Park, Ashburton.
1913 Mann, Jonathan, Wavelet, Sands Road, Paignton.
1914*Mardon, Evelyn John, b.a., ll.b., f.b.g.8.. New Court,
Topsham, Devon.
1897*Mardon, Heber, 2, Litfield Place, Clifton.
1901 Marines, The Officers Plymouth Division R.M.L.I., Royal
Marine Barracks, Stonehouse, Devon.
1904 Marshall, James C, Oak Hill, Stoke-on-Trent.
1871*Martin, John May, aE., f.m.s., Musgrave House, 6, Denbigh
Gardens, Richmond, Surrey.
1908 Matthews, Lieut.-Colonel Alfred, Gratton, Bow, N. Devon.
1887 Matthews, Coryndon, f.b.8., Stentaway, Plymstock, S. Devon.
1894 Maxwell, Mrs., Lamoma, Torquay.
1909 May, W. H., 23, Lockyer Street, Plymouth.
1907 McLennan, Frank, Lynch Villa, Axminster.
1898 Melhuish, Rev. George Douglas, m.a., Ashwater Rectory,
Beaworthy.
1902 Messenger, Arthur W. B., Staff Paymaster R.K, 4, Mount
Tamar Villas, St. Budeaux.
1900 Mildmay, F. B., m.p., Flete, Ivybridge.
1910 Monkswell, Right Hon. Lord, 117, St. James's Court,
London, S.W.
1905 Moon, W. J., j.p., 20, Home Park Villas, Devonport.
1906 Morley, The Rt. Hon. the Earl of, Saltram, Plympton.
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416 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1909 Morris, R. Burnet, m.a., ll.b., 24, Bramham Gardens,
London, S.W.
1914 Morris, Miss E. A., Nirv&na, Ivybridge, S. Devon.
1908 Morrison-Bell, Major E. F., m.p., Pitt House, Chudleigh.
1910 Morrison-Bell, Major A. C, m.p., 13, Seymour Street, Portman
Square, London, W,
1898 MoRSHBAD, J. Y. Anderson, Lusways, Salcombe Kegifl^
Sidmouth (Vicb-Prbsidbnt).
i886*Mortimer, A., 1, Paper Buildings, Temple, London.
1912 Mortimer, Fleet-Surgeon, Edgar F., r.n.. Rock Mounts
Torrington, N. Devon.
1874*Mount Edgcumbe, Right Hon. the Earl of, Mount Etlgcumbe,
Plymouth.
1915 Mullins, Alfred G., Newlands, Lympston, S. Devon.
1904 Murray, 0. A. R., The Admiralty, London, S.W.
1885*Neok, J. S., J.P., Great House, Moretonhampstead.
1912 Newberry Library, Chicago (per Messrs. B. F. Stevens and
Brown, 4, Trafalgar Square, London, W.C.).
1912 Newman, Sir Robert, Bart., d.l., j.p., Mamhead Park, Exeter.
1902 Newton Club (per T. W. Donaldson, Esq., Hon. Sec),
Newton Abbot.
1913 New York Public Library (per Messrs. B. F. Stevens and
Brown, 4, Trafalgar Square, London, W.C).
1908 Nisbet, A. T., m.d., The Laurels, Powderham Road, Newton
Abbot.
1909 Norman, W. C, St. MichaePs Mount, Honiton.
1908 Northcote, Gordon Stafford, Willowmead, Budleigh Salterton.
1909 Northcote, The Rt. Hon. Lady Rosalind, Pynes, near Exeter
( Vice-President).
1915 Northmore, John, 49, Manor Park, Redland, Bristol.
1915 Notley, Rev. J. T. B., b.a., The Rectory, Diptford, S. Brent.
1904 Nourse, Mrs. Stanhope M., Shute Vicarage, Axminster.
1904 Nourse, Rev. Stanhope M., Shute Vicarage, Axminster.
1903 Nowell, Capt. S., 17, Rock Park, Rock Park Ferry, Liverpool.
1914 Odell, Rev. F. J., r.n.. Hill View, Lapford, Morchard Bishop,
N. Devon.
1914 Openshaw, Oliver, The Grange, Kentisbury, near Barnstaple.
1912 Owen, J. G., Minalto, Barnfield Road, Exeter.
1193 Paige, Henry, Broomborough, Totnes.
1910 Palmer, Frederick William Morton-, m.d., m.a., b.c. (Cantab. )»
13, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth.
1911 Pannell, Rev. A. P., Bulmer Vicarage, Sudbury, Suffolk,
1906 Parry, H. Lloyd, b.a., b.Sc., ll.b., Guildhall, Exeter (Vicb-
Presidknt).
1912 Pastfield, John Robinson, 7, Victoria Terrace, Magdalen
Road, Exeter.
1908 Pateman, Arthur F., Braeside, Belle Vue Road, Exmouth.
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LIST OF MEMBERS. 417
1902 Patey, Rev. Charles Robert, Sowton Rectory, Exeter.
1903 Peacock, H. G., l.r.c.p., m.r.c.8., Mem. Brit. Mycol. Soc.,
Hareston Lodge, Ash Hill Road, Torquay.
1914 Pearse, Captain A. B. Rombulow, 6th Gurka Rifles, c/o Messrs.
Cox and Co., 16, Charing Cross, London, S.W.
1901 Pearse, James, 11, Salutary Mount, Heavitree, Exeter.
1896 Pearson, Rev. J. B., d.d., 35, Marlborough Road, Bourne-
mouth, W. (Vick-Presidbnt).
1910 Peck, Miss Charlotte L., Maidencombe House, St. Mary-
church, Torquay.
1911 Peek, C, Dean^s Lodge, Dartmouth.
1913 Peel, F. S., Kilbury House, Buckfastleigh.
1882 Penzance Library, Penzance.
1908 Peter, Claude H., Craigmore, Launceston.
1897 Peter, Thurstan C, Redruth.
1883 Petherick, J., 8, Clifton Grove, Torquay.
1910 Pilditch, Philip E., Weybridge, Surrey.
1912 Pinder, William Henry, Shillingford Lodge, near Exeter.
1899 Pinkham, Charles, j.p., c.a.. Linden Lodge, 7, Winchester
Avenue, Brondesbury, N.W.
1879 Plymouth Free Public Library, Plymouth,
1880 Pode, J. D., Slade, Com wood. Ivy bridge.
1892/?PoLLOCK, Sir F., Bart., ll.d., f.s.a., etc.,. 21, Hyde Park
Place, London, W.
1900*Ponsonby, Rev. Preb. Stewart Gordon, m.a.. Rectory, Stoke
Damerel, Devonport.
1900*Pope, John, Coplestone House, Copplestone.
1878*Powell, W., m.b., p.rcs., HUl Garden, Torquay.
1909 Prance, H. Penrose, "Whitchurch, Mannamead, Plyjuouth.
1915 Prideaux, Charles S., f.r.S-M., l.d.s. Eng., Ermington, Dor-
chester, Dorset.
1901*Prideaux, W. de C, F.R.8.M., l.d.8.bko., f.s.a., 12, Frederick
Place, Weymouth.
1912 Pring, T. C, Maryland, Spicer Road, Exeter.
1912 Pring, W. J., Spreytonway, Exeter.
J887 Prowsb, Arthur B., m.d., f.r.c.8., 5, Lansdown PJace, Clifton.
1891 Prowse, W. B., l.r.c.p., m.r.c.s., 31, A^ernon Terrace,
Brighton.
1894*Pryke, Rev. Canon W. E., m.a., The Close, Exeter.
1893 Punchard, Rev. Canon E. G., d.d., St. Mary's Vicarage, Ely.
1901 Radford, A. J. V., f.s.a., Vacye, College Road, Malvern.
1898*Radford, Arthur L., f.s.a., The Manor House, Bi-adninch,
Devon.
1889 Radford, Sir C. H., j.p., 4, The Crescent, Plymouth.
1888 Radford, Mrs. G. H., p.r.hist.s., Chiswick House, Ditton
Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.
1915 Record Office Library, The Public, c/o ^lessrs. Wyman and
Sons, Ltd., Ireland Yard, St. Andrew's Hill, London, E.C.
VOL. XLVII. 2 D
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418 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1896 Rebd, Harbottle, f.r.i.b.a., 12, Castle Street, Exeter (Vice-
President).
1912 Reed, Herbert, Thornlea, Cowley Road, Exeter.
1912 Reed, William Henry, Thornlea, Cowley Road, Exeter.
1909 Reform Club, Pall Mall, London, S.W. {per Librarian).
1885*Reichel, L. H., Beara Court, Highampton, North Devon.
1872 Rbighel, Rey. Oswald J., acu, f.s.a., A la Ronde, Lyni|>-
stone, Devon (Vice-President).
1911 Rendell, Dr., 19, Norfolk Crescent, Hyde Park, London, W.
1904 Revnell, B., 152, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London,
*S.E.
1898*Reynell-Upham, W. Upham, 10, Willoughby Road, Hami>-
stead, London, N.W.
1914 Roberts, Herbert James, Redgate, Pastbridge, Prince town,
S. Devon.
1906 Roberts, Rev. R. 0., East Down Rectory, Barnstaple.
1909 Rogers, R. B., Hexworthy, Lawhitton, near Launceston.
1902*Rogers, W. H., j.p., Orleigh Court, Bideford.
1906 Ross, H. M., Seawood House, Lynton.
1914 Rowe, Miss Flora A. M., Wonwood, Tavistock.
1909 Rowe, Mrs. J. Brooking, Castle Barbican, Plynipton.
1912 Rowe, Thomas Bitwiley, Lafrowda, Exeter.
1912 Rowley, F. R., f.r.m.s.. Royal Albeit Memorial Museum,
Exeter.
1899 Rudd, E. E., 7, Inglewood Road, West End Lane, West
Hampstead, London, N.AV.
1905*Rundell, Towson William, f.r.Mkt.s.k;., 25, Castle Street,
Liverpool.
1914 Rylaads Library (The), Manchester.
1912*pST. Cyres, The Rt. Hon. Viscount, j.p., m.a., Pynes, near
Exeter (Vice-President).
1898*St. Maur, Harold, d.l., j.p., Stover, Newton Abbot.
1910 Salter, Miss Mary, Romsdal, Torquay.
1904 Sanders, James, j.p., c.c, 21, South Street, South Moltou.
1912 Satow, The Rt. Hon. Sir Ernest M., p.c, g.c.m.g., Beaumont,
Ottery St. Mary (Vice-President).
1881 ♦Saunders, Ernest 6. Symes, m.d., 20, Ker Street, Devon-
port.
1877*Saunder8, George J. Symes, m.d., Lustleigh, Burlington Place,
Eastbourne.
1910 de Schmid, E. H., 21, Warwick Square, Carlisle.
1906 Scott, S. Noy, d.p.h. ix>nd., l.r.c.p. ix>nd., m.r.c.s. Exg.,
Elmleigh, Plymstock.
1900*Scrimgeour, T. S., Natsworthy Manor, Ashburton.
1906 Segar, Richai-d, 64, St. Gabriers Road, Cricklewoo<l,
London, N.
1914 Setten, Harold, Rolle Street, Exmoutli.
1894 Shapland, A. E., j.p.. Church House, South Molton.
1912 Shapland, John, 8, Topsham Road, Exeter.
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LIST OF MEMBERS. 419
1906 Sharland, A., 25, Gharleville Circus, West Hill, Sydenham,
LondoD, S.K
1909 Sheldon, Gilbert, 70, Longton GroTe, Sydenham, London,
S.E.
1910 Sheldon, Miss Lilian, 70, Longton Grove, Sydenham, Iy)ndon,
S.E.
1882 Shelley, Sir John, Bart., d.l., j.p., Shobrooke Park, Crediton
(Viob-Prbsidbnt).
1915 Shepherd, Captain E., 2, Cornwall Road, London, S.W.
1907 Shepperson, Claude, a.r.w.8., 18, Kensington Court Place,
Ix)ndon, W.
1885 Sibbald, J. G. E., Mount Pleasant, Norton S. Philip, Batli.
1913 Simmons, Sydney, j,p., Okehampton, Torrington Park, Friern
Barnet, London, N.
1914 Simpkin, MarshaU, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd., 4, Stationers'
Hall Court, London, E.C.
1907 Simpson, S., Cleeve, Christow, near Exeter.
1902 Skinner, A. J. P., Colyton.
1906 Skinner, Miss Emilt, 21, St. Peter Street, Tiverton.
1878 Slade, S. H., 65, Westbury Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Glos.
1914 Small, A., 34, Goldsmith Road, Leyton.
1914 Smyth, Mi's. E. Johnson-, Ballykeel, Cowley, near Exeter.
1905 Snell, M. B,, j.p., 5, Copthall Buildings, London, E.G.
1909 Snell, William D.", 27, Chapel Street, Stonehouse, Plymouth.
1912 Soper, H. Tapley, f.rhist.s., The Monastery, Waverley Avenue,
Exeter.
1891 Southcomb, Rev. H. G., m.a.. Orchard Dene, Budleigh
Salterton.
1906 Sparks, Miss F. Adeline, Suffolk House, Putney Hill,
London, S.W.
1906 Sparks, Miss Hilda Ernestine, Suffolk House, Putney Hill,
London, S.W.
1913 Stabb, John, Clanmarina, Torquay.
1868*/?Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., m.a., f.rs., Ephraini I^dge, '1 lr<»
Common, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
1915 Stevens, Mrs. John, 50, St. David's Hill, Exeter.
1900 Stiff, J. Carleton, Alfoxden, Torquay.
1885*Strode, George S. S., d.l., j.p., c.c, Newnham Park, PJympton.
1911 Stuart, Capt. J. F., r.n., Fairlea, Bidefonl.
\S7 b*StUivan, Miss,
1899 Symonds, F. G., The Firs, Sturminster Newton, Dorset.
1896 Swansea Devonian Society (^?er S. T. Drew), Swan.sea.
1899*Tanner, C. Peile, B.A., Chawleigh Rectory, Chulmleigh.
1890 Tavistock Public Library, Bedford Square, Tavistock.
1900 Taylor, Alfred, The :Mi8sion House, Sehorc, Bhopal State,
Central India.
1886 Taylor, Arthur Fumeaux, Ingleside, Hanwell, London, W.
1868 Thornton, Rev. W. H., m.a.. Rectory, North Bov(\y, Moretou-
hampstead.
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420 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1912 Thurgood, Ernest Charles, Beverley, Dagmar Hoad, Exmoutb.
1910 Tilley, Miss Edith, Elmfield, Coombeinteignhead.
1903 Tindall, J., Marino, Sidmouth.
1906 Toley, Albert, Devonia, Golden Manor, Hanwell, W.
1908 Torquay Public Library, Torquay.
1908 Treglohan, William Thomas, b.a., Conington, Clarendon Road,
Watford, Herts.
1902 Trelawny-Ross, Rev. J. T., d.d.. Ham, near Devonport.
1902*rrwrf, Pendarves.
1887 Troup, Mrs. Frances Rose-, West Hill, Harrow-on-the-Hill.
1876 Tucker, Major R. C, j.p., c.a.. The Hall, Ashburton (Hon.
Auditor).
1910 Tuker, Miss M. A. R., Ashe House, Musbury, Devon.
1905 Turner, Alfred, m.d., Plympton House, Plympton.
1906 Turner, C. S., Kelbuie, Westboume Terrace, Budleigh
Salterton.
1912 Turner, Mrs. Richard, c/o G. Radford, Esq., m.p.,- Chiswick
House, Surbiton, Surrey.
1911 TJlyat, William Francis, Port Meadow, Totnes.
1910 Upcott, Colonel Sir Frederick, O.8.I., k.c.v.o., 227, St. James*
Court, Buckingham Gate, London. S.W.
1881 Varwell, H. B., j.p., Sittaford, West Avenue, Exeter.
1912 Veitch, Peter C. M., j.p., Elm Grove House, Exeter.
1884 Vicary, W., The Knoll, Newton Abbot.
1902*Vidal, Edwin Sealy, 32, Stigklepath, Barnstaple.
1893 Wainwright, T., The Square, Barnstaple.
1893 Walker, Robert, M.D., 7, East Terrace, Budleigh Salterton.
1907 Wall, Mrs., Watcombe Priors, St. Mary church, S. Devon.
1895 Walpole, Spencer C, Church Farm House, Lancing, Sussex.
1901 Ward, Rev. Joseph Hbald, m.a., 16, Hartley Road, Exmouth.
1913 WaterfaU, Charles, F.L.S., Dalmeny, Shavington Avenue,
Chester.
1908 Watkin, Hugh R., Chelston Hall, Chelstoii, Torquay.
1904 Watts, Francis, Laureston Lodge, Newton Abbot.
1907 Watts, H. V. I., m.a., Edgemoor, BoveyTracey, S. Devon.
1900 Watts, Mrs. R. I., Greenbank, Yelverton, S. Devon.
1908 Waymouth, Cecil, 33, Park Road, St. Mary Church, Torquay.
1900*Weeke8, Miss Lega-, f.r.hist.8., Sunny Nook, Rugby Man-
sions, West Kensington, London, W.
1911 Wellacott, Rev. Thomas William, m.a.. The Vicarage,
Totnes.
1911 Wells, Lionel Bury, Stonehanger, Salcombe, Kingsbridge.
187Q*Were, T. Kennet-, m.a., j.p., c.a., Cotlands, Sidmouth.
1915 Westlake, W. N., Hollacombe, West Avenue, Exeter.
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UST OF MEMBERS. 421
1900*Wethey, Charles Henry, The Green, Shaldon, Teigninouth.
1912 Wheaton, Frederick, 18, Powderham Crescent, Exeter.
1872tWhitaker, W., B.A., p.r.8., p.g.s., Assoc. Inst. C.E., F. San.
Inst, 3, Carapden Road, Croydon.
1893 White, T. Jeston, 39, Burne Street, London, N.W.
1875 Whitk-Thomson, Col. Sir R. T., k.c.b., d.l., j.p., Broomford
Manor, Exbourne, North Devon.
1907 Whiteway- Wilkinson, W. H., f.r.o.s.b., Inverteign, Teign-
mouth.
1897 Whitley, H. Michbll, m.in8t.c.e., Broadway Court, West-
minster (Hon. General Secretary).
1914 Wickham, Rev. H. M., St. John's Vicarage, Bovey Tracey,
Devon.
1883*Willcocks, A. D., m.r.c.8., Park Street, Taunton.
1877*Willcocks, G. Waller, c.b., m.inst.c.b., Redthorn, 9, Rodway
Road, Roehampton, London, S.W.
1876*Willcock8, W. K., m.a., 6, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn,
London, W.C.
1912*Willey, Mrs. Emilie L., Pennsylvania Park, Exeter.
1914 Williams, Robert B. Powell, Edgemoor, Tavistock.
1913 Williams-Lyouns, H. .F., Great Inglebourne, Harberton,
Devon.
1893 Willis, W. H.. Ivanhoe, 28, Keswick Road, East Putney,
London, S.W.
1912 Wills, Sir E. Chaning, Bart., m.a., f.c.s., Harcombe,
Chudleigh, S. Devon (Vice-President).
1911 Wilson, A. H., Sandridge Park, near Totnes.
1875*Windeatt, Edward, j.p., c.c, Heck wood, Totnes.
1896 Windbatt, Captain Geougb K, Totnes (Hon. General
Secretary).
1896 Winget, W., Glen Almond, Cockington, Torquay.
1872*Winwood, Rev. H. H., m.a., f.g.s., 11, Cavendish Crescent,
Bath.
1884*Wolfe, J. E., 24, Belsize Crescent, Hampstead, N.W.
1884*WooDHOU8E, H. B. S., 7, St. Lawrence Road, Plymouth.
1907 WooUcombe, Rev. A. A., Leusden Vicarage, near Ash-
burton.
1904 WooLLCOMBE, Gerald D., Cranmere, Newton Abbot.
1901* WooUcombe, Robert Lloyd, m.a., ll.d., f.i.inst., f.r.o.s.,
P.R.E.8., P.S.S., 14, Waterloo Road, Dublin.
1891* Worth, R. Hansford, Mem.inht.c.e., f.g.s., 32, Thornhill Road,
Plymouth.
1913;?WoRTHiNGTON, ProfessoT A. M., C.B., F.R.8., 5, Louisa Terrace,
Exmouth (Vice-President).
1909 Worthington, Rev. Jeffery, Chudleigh Cottage, Cullompton.
1912 Worthington, Robert, m.a., f.r.c.s., 30, East Southernhay,
Exeter.
1895*Wykes-Finch, Rev. W., m.a., j.p.. The Monks, Chaddesley
Corbett, Kidderminster; and North Wyke, near North
Taw ton.
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422 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1897 Yacht Club, The Royal Western, The Hoe, Plymouth.
1910 Yale University Library, New Haven, U.S.A., per Messrs.
Edward G. Allen and Son, 14, Grape Street, Shaftesbury
Avenue, London.
1900*Yeo, Miss Mary E. J., Holsworthy, Rossi Street, Yass, New
South Wales.
1900 Yeo, W. Curzon, 10, Beaumont Avenue, Richmond, Surrey.
1895 Young, E. H., m.d., Darley House, Okebampton.
1906 Young, Thomas, m.r.c.s., Coly House, Golyton, N. Devon.
The following Table eontaint a Snmmary of the foregoing List.
Honorary Members ... 1
Life Members . . . 97
Annual Members . . . 417
Totol, Ist November, 1915 . . . 516
EREATA IN VOL. XLVI.
Page 44, line 24. For "sixty-five" read " seventy-eight."
Page 128, line 27. For " de Courtenay " read ** Grandisson."
Page 169, line 11 from bottom. For ** 1896 " read " 1885."
Page 169, line 8 from bottom. For " 1899 " read ** 1889."
Page 173, line 16 from bottom. Add ** 1721. Arthur Lumley (r)."
Page 173, line 7 from bottom. For ** Skipton " read ** Shipton."
Page 174, line 6 from top. For " Gaylard " read ** Garland."
Page 174, line 14 from top. For ** Gayland " read ** Garland."
Page 213, line 12 from bottom. For •* of 7 January" read " on 7 January."
Page 216, line 10. For "William Mylaton and Jane his wife {Lacy, f.
178a)," read "Richard Miletou and Gunnota hiK wife {Leun/,
488)."
Page 220, line 7. After " explanation " add the figure " 1 " and the follow-
ing footnote at the foot of the page, ** Tram, xxviii. 466, n. 8."
Page 267, line 10. For " abbeys" read "abbey."
Page 846, lines 25, 26. Substitute the following diagram for the one
printed : —
/\ y\
\/ Kingskerwell \/
-< 21 feet. >
Page 386. The title of the ^mper is " The Anglian Invasion of Devon," etc,
not "Anglican" as printed, and should be corrected throughout
in the page headings of the paper (pp. 386-410) ; in the Table of
Contents (p. 6) and in the Index (pp. 539 and 554).
Page 425. After line 5 and before "1912-13 Charles Peek" insert
" 1911-12 Charles Peek."
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INDEX.
By maxwell ADAMS.
, Note. — The Rev. O. J. Reichers papers, being separately indexed on
pp. 237-47, are not fully indexed here. The chief subject entries are
printed in small capitals.
Abbot's Bickington (Font), 353,
354
Abboteham, 88, 90
Abbotskerswell, 173
Aberdeen, Lord, 64
Aberystwith College, 76
Accounts, Statement of, 22, 23
Acland, H. W. Dyke, 9
Adams: Maxwell, 8, 24-6, 29, 134;
S. P., 8
Address of the President, 62
Alexander : J. J., 8, 96 ; on Devon
County Members of Parliament,
357 ; on Some Notes on Tavistock
History, 372
Alford : L. H., 86 ; W., 89
Algae (Fresh-water), 161
Allen : E. J., 83 ; Theophilus
(French Chjrrurgion), 325
Alphington : 188, 189 ; Cross at,
188
Amery, J. S., 8, 24, 25, 83, 93, 134,
171, 173, 265
Anderson-Morshead, J. Y., 8
Andrew, Sidney, 8, 27, 35;' vote
of themks to, 35
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 372
Anne : Queen of Richard III, 33 ;
of Cleves, 360
Anstey's Cove, 269
Appledore, 88, 90
Archaeological Societies, Congress
of, 19
Archbishops (Canterbury), Memo-
rial to, 55 ;
Aristotle : Ethics, 42 ; Poetics, 42
Life of, 42
Arlington, 90
Armstrong, Sir W., 51
Amell, Jane, 154 |
Arscott, Tristram, 368 j
Ashburton : 46, 171, 173 ; Meeting,
9 ; Arms of Borough, 255 ;
Gild of St. Lawrence, 255 ;
(Asheperton), 347 i
Ashford, 86, 88
Ashreigney, 135
Athelstane : 375 ; Palace (Exeter),
28
Auditor, Hon. (Major Tucker), 8
Avonwick, 300
Axminster : 299, 301 ; Meeting, 9
Babbacombe, 262
Badge, John, 387, 388
Bagilhole, Peter. 318
Baglery, John, 325
Baker, Sir Samuel White, 9
BaU, Olliver, 326
Balleine, Rev. J. A., 26
Bcimpfylde : Sir Amias, 370 ; Cople-
stone, 308; Elizabeth, 370;
Richard, 370
Bampfylde House, Exeter, 37
Bangor College, 76
Baring-Gould, Rev. S., 8, 9, 24, 25,
131, 255
Barnes : Grace, 326. 327 ; John,
326
Barnstaple : 19, 88, 89, 173, 306,
324, 326, 358; Castle, 286; Cross,
303 ; Meeting, 9 ; Calendar of
Wilis in Archdeaconry of, 19
Barran, Charles, 174
Barrows, Report of Committee on,
131
Bassett : Anne, 367 ; Arthur, 308 ;
Sir Arthur, 362, 368, 370;
Eleanor, 369 ; Frances. 368 ;
James, 359, 361, 367, 368, 370 ;
John, 368 ; Sir John, 367
Bate, C. Spence, 9 •
Bateman : Anne, 147 ; William,
147
Bath, 299
Bath : John, Earl of, 311, 319-21,
329, 330, 367 ; Lord of Borough
and Manor of Bideford, 311
Battle, Odo, Bishop of, 249
Bayliss, Edward, 325
Digitized by
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424
INDEX.
Bayly : Miss Agnes, 41 ; obituary
of, 41 ; Anna, 41 ; John, 41 ;
Richard, 152 ; Robert, 41
Beaford, 55
Beale, Thomas, 311
Beard : Nathaniel (Vicar of Tavis-
tock), 386 ; T., 89
Beatrix, wife of Otho, brother of
Bishop Grandisson, 32
Beauchamp, Eudo de, 248
Beaulieu (Riviera), 52
Beaumont, Robert de. Count of
Mellent, 376
Bedford : Duke of, 384 ; John
(4th Duke). 392; William (1st
Duke), 385 ; Earl of, 391 ; John,
Earl of, 385-7
Beebe, Rev. W. N. P., 8
Beer, 294
Belebuche, Philip, 248
Belmont, Mr., 90
Bennett: E. A., 174; William
Jacob Early, 153
Bennett Fink, parish of (London),
332
Bere AJston, 173, 358
Beri. See Berry
Berry, Beri, Bury : 285, 286 ;
manor of, 285 ; owners of, 285,
286; parish church, 287. See
also Berry Pomeroy
Berry : Sir Thomas, 166 ; Thomas,
331
Berrydown Cross, 91
Berrynarbor, 91
Berry Pomerey. See Berry Pom-
eroy
Berry Pomeroy : 286, 287, 370 ;
Castle, 285, 287 ; Buck's draw-
ing of, 289, 291 ; St. Margaret's
Tower, 287, 288, 291, 293
Berry Pomeroy Castle (Whitley), 285
Bickington, 88
Bickleigh, 302 ; (Font), 350
Bicton : 365 ; Denys of, 365
Bidder, G. P., 9
Bid^ford : 88, 90, 306-9, 315,
316, 320, 322, 323 ; Buttgarden,
329, 330; Market House, 330;
Quays, 330; Westcombe, 311;
population in 1660, 309 ; local
history, 325-9; John, Earl of
Bath, Lord of Borough and
Manor, 311 ; topography of,
329-32 ; religious matters in,
322-4; civil matters in, 324,
325 ; travelling permits, 324,
325 ; protection against fire in,
330 ; arrangements for prisoners,
331, 332 ; tobacco imports, 315 ;
,Ucense8 to sell Hquor, 316; Ad-
dresses from burgesses to Charles
II and James II, 318-20 ; festivi-
ties in celebration of Jeunes II's
Coronation, 322 ; Procleunations
issued tempo, James II, 332, 333 ;
Rector of (Rev. M. OgUby), 323 ;
his differences with parishioners,
327-9 ; Meeting, 9
Bideford, Mayors of : Darracott,
John, 331; Davie, John, 314;
Gearing, Thomas, 319, 330;
Giles, Richard, 332; Reeve,
WilUam. 329; Thomaa, John,
309; Titherly, WilUam, 321;
Tucker, Hugh, 310, 311
Bideford under the Restored Mon-
archy, with some Extracts from a
*' Sessions of the Peace Book " for
tlie Borough of Bideford, 1669 to
loss (Duncan), 306
Bideford : Liber Sessionis Pads de
Bideford, 1659-1709, 307. 308;
History of (Watkin). 326
Bideford Witches, 325
Birmingham : 263 ; University
College, 68 ; Mason s College, 68
Bittadon, 90
Blaokdown, 70, 301
Blackler, T. A., 8
Blackpool, 50
Blake, W. J. : 8 ; on Hookers
Synopsis Chorographical of Devon-
shire, 334
Blizzard at Princetown, 172
Blue Friars' Papers, 60
Bodetune, Warin de, 254
Body, Martin, 8
Boddy, John, 325
Bolt Head: 401; habitat of the
Polyommatus arion, 401
Bolt Tail, 83
Bondleigh, 135
Bonney, Rev. Prof. : 283, 284 ; on
W. Pengelly's work, 283
Bonville, Lord William, of Shute,
33
Borness, 50
Bosan family : 38 ; Arms of, 38
Bos lonyifrons (short-homed ox),
262
Botanical Districts : BcuTistaple,
160; Exeter, 164; Honiton,
164 ; Plymouth, 168 ; South
Molton, 163; Tavistock, 169;
Torquay, 165 ; Torrington, 162
Botanical Records, 160
Botany : 396-400 ; Report of
Committee on, 160 ; Pheno-
logical Observations, 167 ; Fresh-
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
42S
water Alg», 161 ; North Devon
Botanical Record Committee,
56 ; Journal of, 56. See also
under Botanical Districts and
Records
Bourchier, Dorothy, 38
Bourges (France), 52
Bovey : 207 ; House, 294, 298
Bovey Tracey : 277 ; lignites, 257,
275
Bowden-Smith, William, 54
Bowhill, Exeter: 36, 37; de-
scribed, 36
Bowman, Sir Henry, 280
Bowring, Sir John, 9
Brakespeare, Mr., 28
Brampford Speke, 191
Brandis Comer, 173
Brcmtyngham, Bishop : 36 ; builds
College for Priest- Vicars, 36
Braunton, 87, 89
Brecon^ Hist, of (Theo. Jones),
249
Breton, Rev. H., 133
Brett, Arms of, 295
Brewer, Bishop, 36, 251
Brewster, Dr., 257
Bridestowe, 304
Bridgman, Edward John, 61
Bristol : 70 ; University College,
68, 78
Brixham: 48, 259, 263, 277;
Cavern, 257, 268
Broad Clyst, 92
Broadway, 301
Broca, Dr. Riviere M., 272
Bronescombe, Bishop, 31. 37, 191 ;
consecrates Ottery St. Mary
Church, 31 ; Register of, 249. 250,
253
Brooking-Rowe, J., 9, 43
Brown, Mr., 133
Browne, Robert, 325
Brown Willey, 400
Bruce-Clarke, W., 50
Brushfield, T. N., 9, 369
Brushford, 134, 135
Buckfast, Abbot of, 254
Buckfastleigh : 259 ; Meeting, 9
Buckingham : Duke of, 33 ; Rev.
M. D., 135 ; W., 137 ; W. A., 90
Buckland-in-the-Moor (Font), 352,
353
Budd, John, 332
Budleigh Salterton, 201
Bulkworthy (Font), 354
Bunnerford's Cross, 302
Burden, George, 311
Burges, W., 55
Burgys, John, 388
Bumard, Robert, 8, 9, 24, 25. 27,
83, 131
Burrington, 135
Burrow Cross, 191
Bvu-y. See Berry
Bury Pomery, Bury Pomerey. See
Berry Pomeroy
Butcher, Robert, 392
Butterfield, Mr>, 31, 32; restorer
of Ottery St. Mary Church. 31. 32
Butterflies : Large Blue, 401-3 ;
Clouded Yellow, 403
Buxted, 61
Buzzards, 404
Bye-laws of the Association. 15
Bywater: Ingram, 41, 42; obitu-
€ury of, 41 ; his works, 42; John
Ingram, 41
Cabot, Sebastian, 359
Cadbury, 302
Cadhay House : 33 ; visited by
Association, 33. 34 ; described
by Mrs. Whetham, 34 ; various
owners of, 34 ; statues at. 34
Cairns : Drizzlecombe, 131 ; Giant's
Basin, 131. 133
Calendar (Tavistock). See Worth
Camborne : 71, 77 ; School of
Mines, 71, 72, 73
Cambridge : 49, 58 ; University, 82
Camden, 299
Cann, Jasper (Vicar of Tavistock),
381, 382 ; his abuses of office, 381
Canonsleigh, 37
Canterbury : Archbishops of. Me-
morial to, 55 ; Ralph d'Escures,
Archbp. of, 376
Capellini, Prof., 279
Cardif, Walter de, 251
Cardiff College, 76
Carew : family of, 359 ; Sir
Edmund, 366 ; Gawen. 361, 362 ;
Sir Gawen, 366, 368, 370 ;
George, 365, 366; Sir George,
360, 361, 366, 370 ; Jane, 365 ;
Sir Peter, 361, 363-7, 370 ; Sir
William, 365, 366
Carew, Sir Peter, 361, 363-7, 370 ;
his claim on Irish estates, 363 ;
his turbulent career in Ireland,
i 363 ; Biography of (Hooker), 334
Carew, Richard, 334 ; his Survcif
of ComwaU, 334, 335
Carnegie, Mr., 59
Carnivores, 84
Ccurr, Henry Foster, 42; obituary
of, 42, 43
Carr-Smith, Miss Rose E., 25, 160
Castle Neroche, 301
Digitized by
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426
INDEX.
Cartulary of St. John's Hospital,
Exeter, 249
Gary : Sir George, 362, 364, 369,
370 ; Mary, 369 ; Thomas, 369
Caunter, WiUiam, 381, 382
Cave, Right Hon. S.. 9
Ceolnoth of Canterbury, 375
Cervtis elephas (sta^), 262
Chacepore, Peter, 251
Chad wick, James, 154
Chagford : 54 ; (Cheggford), 347
Chalk, Rev. E. S., 8
Champemowne, Arthur, 50, 261
Chanter, Rev. J. F., 8, 19, 24-6,
37, 39, 93, 131, 134, 372;
describes Dimsford Church, 37,
38 ; Moretonhampstead Church,
39 ; Drewsteignton Church, 39 ;
representative at Congress of
Archaeological Societies, 19 ; Rev.
William. 152
Chapman: Rev. C, 8, 9, 26;
S. C, 174
Chappie ; J., 89 ; W. E. Pitfield,
8, 25
Charlemagne, 373
Charles I, 39, 362 ; portrait of, 39
Charles II, 306, 308, 309, 317, 318,
320 ; Addresses to from
Bideford, 318-20
Charley, T., 91
Charter of Henry I, 376
Chichester : Sir Arthur, 364 ; Ed-
ward, 367 ; Eleanor, 369 ; Ger-
trude, 367 ; Miss, 174 ; John, 308,
361 ; Sir John, 362, 364, 367-70
Chilcott, E. W., 8
Cholweli, Thomas, 151
Chope, R. Pearse, 8, 24-6, 93, 94,
96, 151
Choughs, 405
Chronicles: Anglo-Saxon, 372; Win-
chester, 373
Chronology of Tavistock, 372
Chudleigh : Christopher, 369 ; Sir
George, 369; John, 369, 370;
Richard, 360 ; William, 362
Chudleigh, 259, 300
Chulmleigh : Rural Deanery of,
134 ; parishes of, 134 ; church
plate in, 134, 135
Church PiiATE : Report of the
Conunittee on {Chanter)^ 134 ; in
the Chulmleigh Deanery : Ajsh-
reigney, 135; Bondleigh, 136;
Brushford, 136 ; Burrington,
137 ; Chawleigh, 138 ; Cheldon,
138 ; Chulmleigh, 138 ; Coleridge,
139; Eggesford, 139; Lapford,
140; Nymet Rowland, 140;
Thelbridge, 141 ; Wembworthy.
141 r Wmkleigh, 142 ; Worlington
East, 142; Worlington West.
143 ; Zeal Monachorum, 143 ;
Elizabethan church plate, 135.
144 ; in the Hartland Deanery :
Abbotsham, 145 ; Alwington,
146 ; Appledore, 147 ; Bideford.
147 ; Bideford (St. Peter's). 149 ;
Buokland Brewer, 149 ; Buck's
MiU, 150; CloveUy, 150; Hart-
land, 151 ; Hartland (St. John's),
152; Hartland (St. Martin's),
153 ; Landcross, 153 ; Littleham,
153 ; Lundy Island, 154 ; Monk-
leigh, 155 ; Northam, 155 ; Park-
ham, 156; Wear Giffard, 157;
Weloombe, 158 ; Woolfardis-
worthy, 159
Chylmeyle, 345
Cicely, daughter of Lord William
Bonville, of Shute, 33
Cirencester, 299
Clannaborough, 303
Clarke, Kate M., 8, 193 ; on The
Baptismal Fonts of Devon, 349
Clayden, Principal A. W., 8, 9, 25.
29-31, 34-7, 62; President, 8;
Address by, 29, 30, 62 ; his dis-
covery in Poltimore Queurry, 25 ;
his telescope, 34, 35 ; his recepn
tion of members, 34 ; Exeter
Museum, 37
Clay-Finch, Mrs., 8. 20
Cleve (Exeter), 53
Clifford : Lord, 8, 9 ; Colonel E. T.,
8, 29 ; introduces President, 29, 30
Climate of Devon : Report of
Conmiittee on (Worth), 171 ; list
of observers,* 173, 174 ; list of
observing stations, 173, 174 ;
statistics for 1914, 175-86 ; sum-
mary of statistics for 1914, 187 ;
blizzards, 172; weather table,
173
Clinton, Lord, 9, 46
Clyst, William de Bozun de, 252
Coffin, Richard, 322, 331
Coffinswell (Font), 353
Colbome, Hon. Mrs., 25, 160
Cole, John, 389
Colebrooke, 303
Coleford, 303
Coleman : Dorcas, 326, 327 ; Eliza-
beth, 326 ; John, 326, 327, 329
Coleridge : Lord, 8, 9 ; J. D., 9
College Hall, Exeter, 36
Colleges in Devon and Cornwall :
72-6 ; proposed grouping of, 77,
78
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INDEX.
427
ColUer, Sir R. P., 9
Collins, Catherine, 325
CoUumpton : 52, 91, 92, 173, 298,
301, 302 ; Church, 298 ; Arms in,
298; Meeting, 9; St. Andrew's
Hill, 302. See also Cullompton
Colombo, 54
Combebow, 304
Combe-in-Teignhead (Font), 352
Combe Martin, 85, 87, 90, 91 ;
(Cume Marten), 347
Commin : James George. 43, 44 ;
his obituary, 43, 44 ; James, 43
Committees : List of, 24-6 ; An-
cient Moniunents, 25, 26 ; Annual
Meetings, 24 ; Biutows, 24 ;
Bibliography, 19, 26; Botany,
25; Camps, 25; Chvu-ch Plate,
25 ; Climate, 24, 25 ; Dartmoor,
25 ; Association Dinner, 24 ;
Folk-lore, 24; Index to Trans-
actions, 25 ; Place - names and
Field-names, 19, 26 ; Provincial-
isms, 24 ; Records, 25 ; Scientific
Enquiry, 24 ; Reports of : Bar-
rows, 131 ; Botany, 160 ; Church
Plate, 134; Climate, 171; Pro-
vincialisms, 93 ; Scientific Memo-
randa, 83
Comyn, Nicholas, 154
Contents, Table of, 5
Coombes, John E., 174
Cope, A. S., 281 ; his portrait of
W. Pengelly, 281
Coplestone Cross, 303
Corbet, Sir Gerald, 173
Cornish: C. J., 42; Philip, 329.
See also Cornysh
Cornish Fossil Fish, 267
Comutus, Ralph, of Brecon, 249
Cornwall : Earl of, 253 ; Edwjtrd,
Earl of, 347 ; Richard. Earl of,
255 ; King Stephen, Earl of, 255
Cornwall, Survey of (Carew), 334,
335
Cornysh, John, 387, 388
Corrie, Adam, 50
Cotley, Andrew, 143
Cotton, John, 145, 146
Coudy, WilUam, 393
Coimcil : Members of, 8 ; Report of,
19
Courtenay family : 38, 359 ; Arms
of, 38 ; Anne, 367 ; Edward
(Earl of Devon), 361 ; George,
367, 369 ; Gertrude, 367 ; James,
361, 367, 371; Jane, 365;
William, 362 ; Sir William, 360-
2, 364, 365, 367, 369-71, 394
Cowley, 191
Cowsic Valley, 174
Cowie, Dean, 9
Cranmere Bog, 400
Crapp, Charles, 395
Creaghe, Stephen, 54
Crediton : 19, 27, 302, 303 ; pro-
posed meeting at, cancelled, 27 ;
Meeting, 9 ; Church of, 253 ;
Grant to, 253
Creek, Mrs., 89
Cresswell, Miss B. F., 8, 25, 26;
on Churchyard and Wayside
Crosses, 188
Crosses : Churchyard and Way-
side, near Exeter (Cresswell) :
Alphington, 188; St. Thomas,
189; Little John's, 189; Hol-
combe Bumel, 189 ; St. Eloyes*.
189; Pinhoe, 190; Poltimore,
190; Rewe, 190; Burrow, 191 ;
Upton Pyne, 191 ; Shillingford
St. George, 192; Windy Cross,
192 ; Whitstone, 192 ; on Dart-
moor {Crossing), 188
Crossing, William, 1 88 ; his MS,
History, 249
Croft, Sir Alfred W., 8, 9, 24, 25,
171, 173
Cullompton: 52, 91, 92. 173, 298,
301, 302; Meeting, 9; Church,
298 ; Arms in, 298 ; St. Andrew's
Hill, 302. See also Collumpton
Cutcliffe, Mr., 89
Cudlipp : Matthew, 381 ; Richard,
390
Cudliptown, " Six Masters " of, 386
Dallinger, Rev. W. H., 9
Darracott, John, 331
Dartmoor : Preservation Associa-
tion, 27 ; reported destruction
of tumulus on Hookner Tor, 27 ;
Leusdon Vicarage (climate ob-
serving station), 173
Dartmoor, Perambulation o/(Rowe),
43
Dartmouth : 45, 46, 49, 50, 255,
358 ; Meeting, 9
Dartrey, Earl of, 46
Daubeny, C. G. B., 9
Davie : EUzabeth. 326 ; John, 314,
321 ; Joseph, 150
Davies, William, 44 ; obituary of,
44, 45
Davson : A. M., 46 ; Frederick
Adams, 45, 46 ; obituary of, 45,
46; Rev. H. F. P., 46; Capt.
H. J. H., 46
Dawkins, Prof. Boyd, 262, 268
Dawlish :^ 96 ; Meeting, 9
Digitized by
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428
INDEX.
Dawson, Hon. Richard Maitland
Westenra, 46 ; obituary of, 46
Dennis, Nicholas, 321
Dennys : Nicholas, 319 ; Sarah,
311
Denton Manor (Lines.), 63
Denys : family of, 359 ; Anne, 366,
370; Edward, 388; Margaret,
368 ; Robert, 361 ; Sir Robert,
367, 369, 371 ; Sir Thomas, 360-
2, 364-7, 369, 371
Derling. William, 248
d'Escures, Ralph, Archbp. of Can-
terbury, 376
Devil's Tor, 174
Devon : Earl of, 9 ; (Edward
Courtenay), 361 ; Lord, 39
Devon and Exeter Institution, 19 ;
membership discontinued, 19
Devonia, 60
Devo7iian Year Book^ 285
Devon : Its Moorlands, Streams,
and Coasts (Northcote), 43
Devon Notes and Queries, 43
Devon and Cornwall Notes and
Queries, 43, 66
Devonport, Meeting, 9
Devonshire Association, 258
Devonshire : County Members of
Parliament (Alexander), 357 ;
Schedule of Members, 364 ; Lead-
ing Men of, in 1544, 371 ; Synop-
sis Ckorographical of (Hooker),
334
Dialect. See Provincialisms
Dickenson, Rev. J., 33
Dictionaries : Halliwell, 95 ; Nares,
95; Wright, 95; Chope's Glos-
sary, 94 ; National Biography
(Devon names in), 364
Dinnington, 301
Diocesan Colleges, 72, 73
Diodorous Siculus, 264
Dodder {Cuscuta epithymum), 397-9
Doe, G. M., 8, 24, 25, 83, 85, 91,
174 ; Report of Sci. Mem. Com-
mittee, 83
Doidge : Andrew, 381 ; Thomas,
392, 393 ■; William, 382
Donald, Mrs., 189 ; Cross in her
garden, 189
Donnard, George, 329
Dorling, William, 248
Dorset, Marquis of, 33
Dorweek, 302
Downe, Arms of, 294
Downton, 367
Drake : Sir Francis, 60, 370 ;
statue of, 60; F. Morris, 8;
Richard, 388
Drew (or Drogo), 39
Drewsteignton : 37, 39 ; church
described, 39
Drizzlecombe : 131 ; Kistvaen, 131 ;
Cairn, 131
Drogo (or Drew), 39
Dugdale's Monasticon, 249
Dumnonia, 373
Duncan : A. G., 8 ; on Bideford
under the Restored Monarchy, with
Some Extracts from a *' Sessions
of the Peace Book " far the
Borough of Bideford, 1659 to 1683 ^
306 ; Prof. Martin, 260
Dunheved hill-fort (Launoeston),
304
Dimn, J., 86
Dunscombe, Bennett, 325
Dunsford: 37, 192; Church. 37.
38; described, 37, 38; Fulford
monuments in, 38 ;. Font, 38 ;
Arms in, 38 ; Manor of, 366
Duprez, Mr., 61
Dymond, A. H., 8, 24
Earle, Archdeeicon, 9
Eastdown, 88, 89
East Meon, Hants (Font), 352
Ecclesiastical Antiquities (Oliver),
189
Edgecombe, Edgcumbe : James,
392 ; John, 393 ; Matthew, 389 ;
Peter, 362, 368, 371 ; Sir Peter.
368; Richard, 360, 393; Sir
Richard, 368 ; Thomaa, 389
Edinburgh, 57
Education : The Future of Higher
Education in Devon, 62
Edmonds, Rev. Chancellor, 9
Edward the Confessor, 31 ; grants
Charter to Ottery, 31 ; Edward I,
249, 347; Edw. Ill, 255. 347;
Edw. VI, 359, 361
Edwards, Susanna, 326, 327
Egbert, King, 372-5
Eggesford, 135
Egloskerry (Font), 352
Egmont, Count, 39 ; portrait of,
39
Elftliryth, Queen, 375
EUzabeth, Queen, 33, 359, 363, 380,
384
Ellicombe, Rev. Richard, 188, 189
Elliot : E. A. S., 8, 24, 83, 85 ; on
Some Points of Interest on the
Natural History of the Sors or
See Wares, 396; Rev. F. R..
401 ; on the Polyommatus arion,
401
Elliott. William, 324
Digitized by
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INDEX.
429
Elston: John, 143, 147, 152;
PhiUp, 169
Elworthy, F. T., 9, 96
Englefield, WiU. de, 253
English Plate, HisL of, by Jackson,
153
Entomology : 401-3
Enys, John D., 9
Erasmus, 359
Errata in Vol. XLVI, 422
Eschrichtius robustus, 262
Ethelwerd, 375
Evans : H. M., 8, 24, 83 ; Sir John,
262, 267 ; W. J. O., 171. 173 ;
Rachel, Home Scenes, 384
Exe Bridge of Walter Gervayse,
36
Exeter : 30, 32, 40, 43, 44, 54, 70,
71, 75-7, 80, 96, 135, 174, 189,
190, 192. 249, 300, 304, 305, 324,
326. 334, 335, 346, 358; Pro-
ceedings at Annual Meeting
held at, 27 ; Council Meetings at,
19 ; Meeting, 9 ; trial of " Bide-
ford Witches " at, 326 ; siege of,
in 1549, 334
Exeter : Athelstane's Palace, 28 ;
Bowhill, 36; Exe Bridge, 36;
City Seal, 248, 256 ; Church of
St. Lawrence, 261 ; Church of
St. Thomas-the-Martyr, 36 ; Old
Clock, 32 ; College Hall, 36, 37 ;
Jail, 332; St. John's Hospital,
36, 249 ; Kalenderheie, 36 ; Old
House in King Street, 29 ; Law
Library, 36, 37 ; New Inn. 37 ;
Bampfylde House, 37 ; St. Nicho-
las Priory, 28, 37, 360 ; described,
28, 29; University College, 68,
69, 71, 78; Tucker's Hall, 28;
described, 28 ; House of Correc-
tion at St. Thomas, 332
Exeter : Bishops of : Lacy, 36,
38 ; Oldham, 33, 36 ; Phillpotts,
38 ; Robertson, 8, 9 ; Anthony
Sparrow, 330 ; Temple, 9, 64
Exeter ; Churchyard and Wayside
Crosses (Cresswell), 188; First
City Seal (Lega-Weekes), 248;
Civic Seals (Lloyd Parry), 248 ;
Inscription on City Seal. 248 ;
Elucidation of Devices on City
. Seal, 256 ; Exeter Domesday, 285 ;
Prudom, Prodom, etc, and the
First City Seal (Lega-Weekes),
248
Exeter Diocesan Architectural and
Archseological Society, 39
Ex Libris Society, Journal of,
60
Exminster Hundred : Early His-
tory of the Principal Manors in
(Reichel), 210 ; The Hundred in
Early Times (Reichel), 194 ; In-
dex to (Reichel), 237-47
Exmouth : 56 ; Meeting, 9
Exmyster. See Exminster
Falmouth, 71
Fareham, 48, 49
Farringdon (Font), 351
Fatherford (Fvulherford), 303
Fellow : Anne, 326 ; Edward, 329 ;
Thomas, 326
Finch, Mrs. Clay-, 8, 20
Firth College, Sheffield, 68
Fitz, John, 388
Fitz Ralph, Fitz Ralffe : family of.
249 ; Richard, 249 ; William, 249,
250
Fitzurse : family, 38 ; Arms of,
38
Fitzwarren, John, 2nd Lord, 38
Florence of Worcester, 372, 374
Flowers of the Field (Johns), 400
Fonts : East Meon (Hants), 352 ;
Egloskerry (Cornwall), 352 ;
Rouen Cathedral, 356 ; St. Kea
(Cornwall), 352; St. Nicholas
(Brighton), 365 ; La Sainte
Chapelle (Paris), 355
Fonts of Devon : Transformed
Tub-Fonts, 349; Pedestal-Bowl
Fonts, 349 ; Abbots Bickington.
353, 354 ; West Anstey, 349 ;
Bickleigh (Tiverton), 350 ; Buck-
land - in - the - Moor, 352. 353 ;
Bulkworthy, 354 ; Coffinswell,
363 ; Combe-in-Teignhead, 352 ;
Farringdon, 351 ; High Bray.
349, 350 ; Poltimore, 355 ; West
Putford, 354; St, Mary Steps
(Exeter), 351 ; Spreyton, 355 ;
Topsham, 351, 352 ; Yealmpton,
354, 355 ; Dimensions of Fonts,
356
Fonts, Baptismal, of Devon (Clarke).
349
Ford Abbey, 361, 365
Fosse Way, Secret of, 299
Fossil Fish, 267
Fossil Forest (Torquay), 262
Foster, M. T., 8, 25, 91, 173
Founteuns Abbey, 65; Survey of.
65
Fouracre : J. Leighton, 47 ; J.
Thomfiw, 47 ; Papers by, 47 ;
obituary of, 47
Franck, 39; his picture of Battle
of GraveUnes, 39
Digitized by
Google
430
INDEX.
Francken, W. A., 25
Fremington, 88
Freeman, Edward, 275
Frere : C., 66 ; Catherine Vansit-
tart. 66
Frost : John, 321 ; Thomas, 391
Froude : Ashley A., 8, 9 ; James
Anthony, 9, 276
Fulford, 37, 38
Fulford : Anne, 366 ; Baldwin (the
Crusader), 38 ; Lieut. -Colonel,
39 ; Col. Francis. 38 ; Francis,
38 ; Sir Francis, 38 ; Francis A.,
8 ; John, 361 ; Sir John, 38, 39,
366, 371 ; Sir Thomas, 38 ; Ur-
sula, 38
Fulford House : 38, 39, 366 ; built
by Sir John Fulford, 38, 366;
described by Miss Fulford, 38, 39
Gallsworthy, Frank, 99
Galsworthy, Sisly, 326
Gambon, Richard, 263
Garland, John, 396
Garrard, Robert, 146, 157
Gaudry, M., 279
Gearing, Thomas, 319, 321, 330
Geen, Mr., 89
Geikie, Prof., 262
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 299
George V, 44, 268
Geranium : (Stork*s-bill), 396 ; de-
rivation of the term, 396, 397
Germany, Richard, King of, 254
Gerry, John, 389, 390
Gervayse, Walter, 36 ; his Exe
Bridge, 36
Giant's Basin, 131, 133
Gibraltar, 83
Gifford, Arthur, 309
Gilbert, Adrien, 347
Giles, Richard, 331, 332
Gill : Rev. John, 174 ; J. H., 62 ;
R. B., 62
Gladstone, W. E., 42
Glanfeilde (Glanville) : Sir Francis,
389, 390; John, 387, 388; Sir
John, 388-90 ; Nicholas, 388
Glanville. See Glanfeilde
Glastonbury, 361
Glossaries. See Dictionaries
Glubb, Glubbe : Mrs. Dorothy,
155 ; John, 387
Godbeare, Walter, 389, 390
Good, Walter, 261
Goodenough, Mr., 89
Gosse, Philip Henry, 60
Gove. John, 389
Grandisson, Bishop, 31, 33, 36,
250 ; Arms of, 33 ; grants col-
legiate dignity to Ottery St.
Mary Church, 31 ; commemo-
rated in chimsh, 32
Gravelines, Battle of, 39 ; picture
of, by Franck, 39
Great Torrington : 68, 86, 88. 174,
331 ; Meeting, 9 ; Bridewell at,
331. See also Torrington
Great Yarmouth, 57
Greenwell, Canon, 275
Grenfell, Field-Marshal Lord, 50
Grenville : Hugh, 34 ; Sir Richard,
362, 368
Grey : Henry, Duke of Suffolk, 33 ;
Lady Jane, 33,361
Grills: Charles, 388; William,
387-9
Grimspound, 27
Grover, C, 174
Guernsey, " Douzainiers " of, 386
Guiana, British, 46
Guineaford, 89
Gumbleton, Miss, 61
Guyer, Jeunes Brett, 47 ; obituary
of, 47, 48
Gyles, John (of Bowden), 338
Hach, Haohe : 297 ; Arms of, 294
Haddy. Seunuel Peek. 48 ; obituary
of, 48
Hake, Arms of, 296
Haldane, Lord, 67
HaUfax, Lord, 151
Halsbury, Earl of, 8. 9
Halse, Dorothea, 312
Hamdon, 301
Hames : Jemima Hajrter, 54 ;
Rev. William, 54
Hamilton, A. H. A., 9
Handford : Abigail, 327 ; Robert,
327
Hanec, Lucas, 254
Hansford, R. W.. 174
Happaway Hill, Torquay, 269
Hutlwicke, Henry, 146, 156
Hare, Mrs. Marcus, 173
Harley, Rev. Prof., 283
Harpesfield family, 38 ; Arms of,
38
Heupley, Rev. W., 9, 66
Harris, Thomas, 325
Harrogate, 61
Harvey : T. H., 48 ; obituary of,
48, 49 ; Thomas, 382
Harte, W. J., 8
Hartland : 90 ; Rural Deanery of,
144 ; parishes of, 144 ; Church
Plate m, 144
Hastement, WilUam, 248, 251
Hatheriy, 345
Digitized by
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INDEX.
431
Hawker, Rev. Treasurer, 9
Haydon : John, 34 ; Richard, 34 ;
builds Cfiuihay House, 34 ;
Robert, 34
Heanton, 86, 87
Heard, Hugh, 143
Heath {Erica), 390
Heather (CaUuna)^ 399
Heaven, Rev. H. G., 154
Heberden, W. B., 8
Heiman, Abraham, 148
Hembury, 301
Hemlock {Conium) : 397 ; its occur-
rence on Dartmoor, 397
Hen-harriers, 404
Henry I, 376; Charter of, 376;
Hen. II, 336 ; Hen. Ill, 265, 336 ;
Hen. VII, 359 ; Hen. VIII, 33,
359, 360
Henry of Huntingdon, 299
Hensley, Rev. E., 156
Heraditus, Fragments of, 42
Heraldry : 34, 36, 38, 294, 297 ;
Arms of — Ashburton, 255 ; Brett,
295 ; Downe of East Downe, 294 ;
Hach, Hache, 294 ; Hake, 295 ;
Holbeame, 295; Speke, 295;
Stowford of Stowfoni Colyford,
294 ; Walrond of Bovey, 294
Herring, John, 392, 393
Hewett, Mrs., on Peasant Speech of
Devon, 98
Hiem, W. P., 8, 25, 56, 160
High Bray (Font), 349, 350
Hill, John, 309, 319, 321, 328, 330
Hine. J., 9
Hingeston- Randolph, Preb., 250
Hingston Down : 372 ; Battle of,
375
Historic Collections (Oliver), 249
Historic Devices (Mrs. Palliser), 255
Hodgson, T. V., 8, 25
Holbeame : 297 ; Arms of, 295
Holeombe Bumel : 365 ; Denys of,
365 ; Cross at, 189
Hole : Alfred, 157, 158 ; EUzabeth,
157, 158; Rev. N. J* B., 137;
Thomas, 143
Holinshed^s Chronicle, Revision of
(Hooker), 334
Holl, Dr. Harvey. 261
HoUey, Maj.-Gen. E. H., 174
Holmes, Abraham, 329
Holne, 174
Home Scenes (Rachel Evans), 384
Honiton : 301, 303 ; Meeting, 9
Hook, Dr., 67
Hooker, John. See Vowell
Hooker*s Synopsis Chorographical
of Devonshire (Blake), 334
Hookner Tor : Tumulus on, 27 ;
reported destruction of, 27
Hope Cove, 261
Hope's Nose, 263
Hore, WilUam, 390
Horridge, 86
Horsacott Farm, 88
Horsham, William, 317
Hospital of St. Alexius : 240, 250 ;
its Founder, 250
Houghton, WilUam, 388
Howard : Christopher, 329 ; Lady
Mary, 388
Howarth: F. W., 171, 174; Sir
Henry, 275, 276 ; his corre-
spondence with W. Pengelly, 276
Howley, Arehbp. of Canterbury, 55
Hoyle, David, 316
Huccaby, 172, 174
Hudleston^ W. H., 9
Hughes : Prof. MeKenny, 2«1, 208,
277, 281 ; Thomas Cann, 8, 24,
25, 134
Hunt : Arthur Roope, 49, 50, 258,
282 ; obituary of, 49, 50, 51 ;
C. A., 51 ; Muriel, 51
Hurdwick : 379 ; Manor Coiut of,
379
Huxley, Prof., 267
Ictis of Diodorus Siculus : 263 ;
identification with St. MichaeFs
Mount, 263
Ide, 188, 189, 192
Iddesleigh (Idesley), 345
Ilchester, 299, 301, 303
Ilfracombe : 174 ; Meeting, 9
Index to Papers on Exminster
Hundred cmd the Manors in the
scuiie (Reic?iel), 237 ; to Reports
on Devonshire Provincialisms,
103
Innishowen (North Donegal) : 364 ;
Devonian settlement at, 364
Instow, 87, 88
Jackson's History English Plate,
153
Jacob, John, 390
James II, 306, 318, 320, 322, 324 ;
Addresses to, from Bideford, 318,
320, 321 ; Coronation festivities
at Bideford, 322
Jan Stewer, 97, 98
Jelly Fish, 83
Jenkins, Rhys, 8
Jermyn, Fremcis, 309, 311
Jim and Nell, by W. F. Rock, 99
Joce, T. J., 8, 96; on The Secret of
the Fosse Way, 299
Digitized by
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432
INDEX.
John, King, 336 ; visit to Dart-
mouth, 255
Johns, Rev. C. A., Flowers of the
Field, 400 ; Thomas, 325
Johnston - Lavis, Henry James,
51 ; obituarv of, 51, 52
Joll, Capt. H.H., 174
Jones : Charlotte Caroline, 68 ;
Charles Richard, 58 ; John, 135,
145; Chalices by, 135; R. B.,
57 ; Theoph., 249 ; his History of
Brecon, 249
Jordan ; Mrs. Flora, 8 ; W. F. C, 8
Jowett, Prof., 42
Jukes-Browne, A. J., 50
Julian, Mrs. Hester Forbes, 8,
257 ; on WiUiam PengeUy, 257
Kalenderheie (Exeter), 36 ; Fra-
ternity of, 36
Kedley {alias Poynter), Willicun,
389
Kelly, 52
Kempe, 391
Kenstec, Bishop of Cornwall, 375
Kent; A. P.. 85
Kentisbeare : 92 ; Moor, 301 I
Kent*8 Cavern, 50, 257, 259, 263, '
268, 277 I
Keyham, 59
Kilworthy, 389
King, R. J., 9
Kinge, Mrs. Dorothy, 311
Kingford, William, 157
Kingsbridge : 44, 94 ; Grammar
School, 44 ; Duncomb's Charity, ,
44 ; Meeting, 9 |
Kingsheanton, 89
Kingsnympton, 365
Kingsley, Rev, Canon C, 9
Kingswear, 55
Kingwell. Miss C. M., 174 1
Kh-kham : George, 361, 368, 371 ; i
Margaret, 368 ; Thomas, 368 I
Knyvett, Anne, 368 !
!
Lacy, Bishop, 36, 38 ; Arms of, 38 I
Lake, W. C, 174
Lamerton, 52 '
Land, Nicholas, 316 I
Langford, 92
Langport, 300 ,
Leu'kham, Thomas (Viceur of Tavis- ■
tock), 389, 390, 392 i
Larter, Miss C. Ethelinda, 8, 24, 25, {
93, 96, 160 I
La Sainte Chapelle, Paris (Font),
355
Launceston : 304, 305, 324 ; Meet- :
ing, 9 I
Lausanne Cathedral : 32 ; monu-
ments of Grandisson family in,
32
Law Libreury, Exeter, 36, 37
Law-Hussey : Alice, 61 ; Henry S.,
61
Lawrence : Northmore H. P., 54 ;
Olympia H. M., 54
Laycock, C. H., 8, 24-6, 93, 96,
160
Leare : James, 382 ; John, 390
Lee : John Edward, 50, 261 ;
Timothy, 158
Lee-on-Solent, 48
Leeds University College : 68 ;
Yorkshire College, 68
Leeke, Rev. T. Newton, 145
Leere : James, 382 ; John, 390
Lega-Weekes, Miss E., 8, 97 ; on
Prudum, Prodom, etc., of Exeter
and the First City Seal, 248
Legenda Sanctorum, 250
Leigh, 91
Leighton, Lord, 58
Leland, 299
Le Neve, Peter, 358
Lesser Dodder (Cuscuta epithy-
mum), 397-9
Lethbridge : Sir Roper, 8, 9, 24-7,
134 ; Thomas, 142
Levien, Edward, 334 ; his descrip-
tion of Hooker's MS. of Synopsis
Chorographical of Devonshire, 334
Lew Down, 304
Leworthy, William, 89
Lias, Charles, 152
Lidston, Dorcas, 326
Lifton, 304
Lignites of Bovey Trcwjey, 257, 275
Lincoln, 299
Ling {Calluna), 399
Lisle : Arthur, The Viscount, 368 :
Frances, 368
List of Members, 407
Lister, Lord, 284
Littleham, XIV Cent. Chalice at,
144
Little Hempston, 287
Little John's Cross, 189
Liverpool : 52 ; University College,
68
Lloyd, Temperance, 326
London, Bishop of (Temple), 64
London University, 68, 75, 77, 78,
82
Longdown, 189, 192
Long : Gilbert, 252 ; John, 262
Lonsdale, Walter H., 55
Lough Foyle : 364 ; Devon names
at, 364
Digitized by
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INDEX.
433
Lough Swilly : 364 ; Devon names
at, 364
Lovejoy, H., 1.71
Lowe, Harford J., 8
Lumley, Arthur, 382
Luttrell : Nicholas, 152 ; Mary, 152
Luxton, John, 311
Lybbe, Thomas, 388
Lydford (Lydfford), 347
LyeU, Sir Charles, 262, 263, 267, 281
Lyme-Regis : 19 ; invitation to, 19,
27
Lynmouth, 174
Lynton, Meeting, 9
Lyons, 52
McCoy, Professor, 267
MacEnery, Rev. J., 259
Machairodu8 laHdens (sabre-toothed
tiger), 276
Maddaford, Stephen, 393
Madden, Matthew, 162
Maddox, R. Willes, 66
Magdala (Abyssinia), 54
Maine, Thome^, 317
Mahnesbury, William of, 336, 373
Manaton : Ambrose, 381 ; Samp-
son, 393
Manchester : 59, 262 ; University
College, 68
Manname€td, 58
March, Frederick, 1 74
Marie, Grand Duchess, 268
Marine Biological Station, Ply-
mouth, 71, 73
Marine Spleen wort (fern), 397
Marlborough, Bishop of (Dean
Cowie), 8
Marr, Prof., 277
Marshall, Bishop, 36
Marshall's Rural Economy oj S, W,
Devon, 102
Martin, J. M., 8
Marwood, 89, 91
Mary, Queen, 33, 44, 359-61
Mary Rose (troopship) : 360, 365 ;
founders. 360
Melon's College, Birmingham, 68
Master, Walter, 387
Mathew, Thomas, 145, 151, 158
Mayhutt, Robert, 328
Maynard : John, 389 ; Sir John,
389
Mayors of Bideford. See under
Bideford
Mead-Briggs, T. H., 174
Meetings : Plewses of, 9 ; Council,
27, 36 ; General, 27, 35 ; Exeter,
27 ; Proceedings at, 27
Meldon, 304
Melhuish : Rev. G. D., 24, 93, 96 ;
John, 156
Mellent (Robert de Beaumont),
Count of, 376
Members, List of, 407
Mendip Hills, 70
Mentone Caverns, 259
Merivale, Very Rev. C, 9, 276
Meteorology : Report of Com-
mittee on Climate of Devon
{Worth), 171. See also under
BUzzards, Climate, Thunder-
storms
Middletown, 89
Mildon, 303
Mill, T. H. v., 156
Miller : Alfred Newton, 52 ; obitu-
ary of, 52 ; Hugh, 281
Mines, School of, CambomCi^ 71-3
Mohun, Thomas, 388
Mohim's Ottery, 366
Monastery of St. Nicholas : 249,
260 ; Cartulary of, 252
Monasticon (OUver), 249
Monk, W. J., 174
Monkswell, Lord, 9
Montagu's harrier, 404
Moore, of Moorshayes : 298 ; Eliza-
beth, 390; John, 389; Robert,
388 ; Stuart, 261, 262
Moretain, Earl of (King Stephen),
265
Moretonhampstead : 37, 39, 63, 97,
98, 100; Church, 39; described, 39
Morison, James, 146
Morris: Rev. A. C, 25, 160;
H. P., 396 ; Prof. John, 61 ; R.
Burnet, 8, 26
Morrison, Rev. Thomas Hooper,
146
Morse, Rev. H. G., 144, 154
Morshead : Rev. H. J.. 52 ;
J. Y. A., 8 ; Reginald, 62 ;
obituary of, 52, 53
Mount E({gcumbe, Lord, 280
Mouson, James, 158
Muddiford, 89
Munday, Mrs. W. L., 57
Munro, Dr. 273
Murat, Prince, 268
Murchison, Sir Roderick, 262, 267
Naples. 51, 52
Napoleon III, Emperor, 268 ; ex-
cursions with W. Pengelly, 268
Natural History of the Plateau
known as the Sors or See Wares
(ElUot), 396
Nautilus in S. Devon and Cornwall,
83
VOL. XLVn.
2 E
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434
INDEX.
Neck, J. S., 8, 24
Nether Exe, 191
Nework-on-Trent, 52, 299
New Inn, Exeter, 37
Newport : (Shrops.), 57 ; (Devon),
88
Newton Abbot : 71. 101, 174, 258 ;
Meeting, 9 ; Seale-Hayne Apji-
cultural Ck)llege, 71, 73, 74, 77
Newton, William, 52
Norman, William, 89
Northcote, The Lady Rosalind, 8,
43 ; on Devon : its MoorlandSy
Streams, and Coasts, 43
North Devon Journal, 86, 91
Northmore : John, 53, 64 ; obitu-
ary of, 63, 64 ; Olympia, 54 ;
Sarah Selina, 54 ; Thomas, 53 ;
Rev. Thomas Welby, 53
North Tawton, 102
Nottingham : 68, 80 ; University
College, 67, 68, 80
Nourse, Rev. S. M., 25
Nut well (Lympstone), 367
Nycoll, WilUam. 388
Nymet Rowland, 1 35
Obituary Notices, 41
Ockment : East, 303 ; West, 303
Odell, Rev. O. J., 27 ; reports de-
struction of tumulus on Hook-
ner Tor, 27
Odo, Bishop of Battle, 249
O'Doherty Clan, 364
0*Donovan : Olympia, 54 ; Rev.
R. H., 54
Odyham (Odiham, Hants), 376
Officers of the Association, 8
Ogilby : Rev. Michael (Rector of
Bideford), 148, 321, 323, 327-9 ;
disputes with parishioners, 327-
9 ; William, 302
Okehampton : 1 74, 345 ; Meeting,
9 ; Castle, 285
Oldham, Bishop, 33, 36
Old way, 301
Oliver, Dr. : 1 89 ; his Ecclesiastical
Antiquities, 189 ; Historic Collec-
tions, 249
Oporto, 49
Orchard: Paul, 152; Mary, 152;
Rev. William, 152
Orchardton (Modbury), 367
Oreston, 259
Ormerod, G. W., 261
Ornithology : 404-6 ; Wheat-
ears, 404 ; Hen Harriers, 404 ;
Montagu's Harriers, 404 ; Rock
Pigeons, 404 ; Stock-doves, 404 ;
Oyster - catchers, 404 ; Purple
Sandpipers, 405 ; Ravens, 406 ;
Choughs, 405 ; Robins, 406, 406 ;
Peregrine Falcons, 404 ; Buz-
: zards, 404
I Orpington, 48
! Osmunda rcgalis, 397
Otho, brother of Bishop (JrandiK-
I son, 32
lottery St. Mary: 31, 32; Col-
' legiate Church at, 31, 32 ;
I described, 31 ; restored by Biit-
terfield, 31, 32 ; consecrated by
Bp. Bronescombe, 31 ; raised to
Collegiate dignity by Bp. Gran-
j disson, 31 ; grant of Charter
I by Edward the Confessor, 31 ;
Hejrwood's plan of, 32 ; Canopi€»d
Tombs in, 32 ; Bosses in, 32 :
Old Clock in, 32; Minstrels'
Gallery, 33 ; Family Badges. 33 ;
I Arms in, 33 ; Vaulting in, 32, 33
t Oxford University, 82
; Oyster-catchers, 404
i
I Paignton, Meeting, 9
I Palliser, Mrs., on Historic Deviees,
255
, Palmer, Col. John, 58
Parkham, 88, 90
I Parliament, Devon County Members
I of (Alexander), 357
Parry : George, 174 ; H. Lloyd, 8.
25, 254; on The Exeter Cif^ir
Seals, 248
Parsons, Henry, 323
Partridge, J., 174
Pater, Walter, 41
Peach, Charles, 267
I Peacock, H. G., 25, 160
Pearce, Mrs., 90
Pearson, Rev. J. B., 8, 20
Feasant Speech of Devon, by Mrs.
Hewett, 98
Pease, Mr., 67, 70
Peck, Miss C, 25, 160
Pedigrees : Whitinge, 296 ; Wal-
rond, 296 ; Speke, 296
PengeUy : J., 89 ; W., 89 ; WiUiam.
9, 50, 258, 260, 263, 267, 268.
273 ; publications by, 260-2, 273.
278-80 ; his numerous corre-
spondents, 275 ; correspondence
on ecclesiastical subjects, 275 ;
studies in anthropology, 272 ;
correspondence on ethnology
with Sir H. Howarth, 276 ; his
climatic observations, 263 ; at-
tendances at Brit. Assoc, meet-
ings, 279 ; founds Devon. Assoc.,
258 ; Torquay Nat. Hist. Soc,
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INDEX.
436
258 ; Treasurer, Devon. Assoc,
280 ; President, Falmouth Poly-
technic, 280 ; awarded Lyell
Medal, 278 ; excursions with
Royal Visitors. 268 ; with Prof.
McKenny Hughes, 277 ; his
hanuner presented to Sedgwick
Museum, 281 ; portrait painted
by A. S. Cope, 281 ; death, 284 ;
memorial to, 284 ; character, 283,
284 ; work and genius, 283, 284
appreciation of, 282, 283
PengeUy^ William, Father of Devon-
shire Association (Julian), 257
Pengelly Hall, Torquay, 284
Penzance, 71, 267, 325
Perambulation of Dartmoor (Rowe),
43
Peregrine falcon, 404
Perry, Blanche Emma, 147
Persse, Sarah Selina, 54
Petherton Bridge, 301
Pevensey, Seal of, 255
Phear, Sir J. B., 9
Philibert, Prince of Orange, 366
Phillips, Prof., 262, 267
Phillpotte, Bishop, 38
Physalia CarnveUa (Portuguese
man-of-war), 83
Pidgeon, Daniel, 50
Piers Ploughman's Creed, 97
Pinhoe : 43 ; Cross at, 190, 193
Plaistow Barton, 89
Plates, List of, 7
Plymouth : 47, 49, 57-9, 71, 74-7,
81, 358 ; Meeting, 9 ; Guildhall,
47 windows in, 47 ; Head Weir,
1 74 ; Institution, 60 ; Marine
Biological Station, 71, 73 ; Ob-
servatory, 174
Plympton : 57, 280, 358 ; Meeting, 9
Plym Valley, 131
Pode, J. D., 26
Pointer : John, 390 ; WiUiam, 389
Pole, Sir Willieum, Collections To-
wards a Description of the County
of Devon, 295
Pollard : -Amos, 331 ; Sir Lewis,
365 ; Richard, 359-61 ; Sir
Richard, 366, 371
Polle, Richard, 360, 365
Pollock, Sir F., 8, 9
Poltimore, Lord, 37
Poltimore : 370 ; Cross, 190 ; Font,
365; Quarry (near Exeter), 35, 37;
Mr. Clayden*s discoveries in, 37
Polyommalus arion (Blue Butter-
fly), 401 ; found on Bolt Head,
401 ; explanation of name, 401,
402
Pomerey, Pomeroy : family of,
286-8 ; Arms of, 288, 289 ;
Elizabeth, 286; Henry de la,
286; Ralph de, 285; Richard,
286 ; Sir Thomas, 286
Portgate, 304
Portsmouth Harbour, 360, 365
Portuguese man-of-war {Physalia
CarnveUa), 83
Postbridge, 174
Pound Down, 302
Pound, John, 325
Powderham : 365, 369 ; Sir William
Courtenay of, 365
Poynter {alias Kedley), W^illiam,
387, 389
Prance, Justinian, 311
Prayer Book Rebellion, 1549, 366
Presidential Address (Clayden), 62
Presidents of the Association, List
of, 8, 9
Prestwich, Sir Joseph, 267
Prideaux : F. W., 54 ; Jonathan,
331 ; John, 359, 361, 362, 366-8.
371 ; Thomas, 367 ; Colonel Wil-
liam Francis, 54 ; obituary of,
54
Prigg, H. Victor, 174
Prince, Rev. John, 287 ; Vicar of
Berry Pomeroy, 287 ; his Worthies
of Devoti, 249, 287
Princetown : 98, 172, 174 ; Blizzard
at, 172 ; Meeting, 9
Prinsep, Valentine, 58
Priscianus Lydus, 42
Prixford, 89
' Probus : Isabel, 251 ; William,
I 264 ; Walter, 251
, Probushomo, son of Segar, 25 1
Proclamations issued in Bideford
{tempo. Jas. II), 332, 333
Prodom, Proddome, Prodome, Prod-
homme, Prodhumme, Produm,
Prudom, Prudum: Martin, 261-3;
William, 248-53; derivation of
name, 250, 251 ; name found in
Episcopal Registers, 254
Prodhomme, Martin (Canon of
Exeter), 251
Provincialisms : Report of Com-
mittee on {Laycock), 93 ; Index
to Reports of, 103 ; Rules and
Regulations of Committee on,
94-6 ; Glossaries, etc., to : Chope's,
94 ; HalUwell's, 95 ; Nare8\ 95 ;
Wright's, 95
Prowse : Arthur B., 8, 25, 26, 160 ;
C, 174
Pruz, Willelmus le, 253
Pundinge, John, 248
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436
INDEX.
Puzzuoli, 51
Pynes, 191
Quiller-Couch, Sir A. T., 258
Radford : A. J. V., 26, 134 ; A. L.,
8, 25 ; Miss Constancse M., 174 ;
Mrs. G. H., 8, 24-6
Radford, A. L., on The Walrond
Screen in Seaton Church, 294
Ralegh, Sir Walter, 362-4, 369, 371
Ralph d*£^ures. Archbishop of
Canterbury, 376
Ramsay : Sir Andrew, 267 ; Rev.
H. F., 174
Ramsey Abbey, 375
Ravens, 405
Rayleigh, Lord, 50
Reading, University College, 68
Reed : C. A., 87 ; Harbottle, 8,
25. 27, 28, 31, 35-7, 134; on
Old Exeter, 28, 36, 37; on
Church of Ottery St. Mary, 31 ;
vote of thanks to, 35
Reeve : Rev. Andrewes, 55 ; Cath-
erine, 55 ; Joseph Arthur, 65 ;
obituary of, 66 ; his Survey
of Fountains Abbey, 65 ; his
restoration of Ramsbury (Sarum)
Cathedral Church, 55 ; designs
memorial to Archbishops of
Canterbury, 66 ; William (Mayor
of Bideford), 329
Reichel, Rev. O. J., 8, 20, 24-6,
93, 134, 192; on the Hundred
of Exminater in Early Times,
194 ; General Remarks, 194 ;
Townships, 199; Tithings, 200,
201 ; Constituents of the Domes-
day Hundred, 202-7 ; evidence
of Geldroll, 208; on the Early
History of the Principal Manors I
in Exminster Hundred, 210 ; '
Index to the Papers on the
Exminster Hundred and the
Manors in the same, 237
Reports : of Council, 19 ; of j
Committees, see Committees
Rewe : 191 ; Rewe Cross, 190
Reynolds : Sir Joshua, 68 ; Prof.,
277
Richard I, 38, 265 ; Arms of, 38 1
Richard, King of the Romans, 347 !
Ripon, Marquess of, 66
Robert of Gloucester, 299
Roberts, Hugh, 136 '
Robertson, Dr. (Bishop of Exeter), 9
Robin, American, 406 i
Roborough : (Reservoir), 1 74 ; Si- !
ward's Cross, 174
Robson, Rev. F., 191
Rock, W. F., Jim and Nell, 99
Rock pigeons, 404
Roemer, Prof., 267
Rof, Martin, 253
Rogers, W. H. Hamilton, 297,
298, 311 ; on Sepulchral Effigies
in the Parish Churches of Devon,
294
Rolle : Anne, 370 ; Sir Henry,
370 ; Samuel, 331
Rooker : Alfred, 67 ; James, 306,
307
Rosse (Ireland), 325
Rossiter, G., 174
Rouen Cathedral (Font), 365
Rousdon, 172-4
Routclifif, Mr., 90
Row, John, 381
Rowe, S., 43 ; his Perambulation of
Dartmoor, 43
Rowley, F. R., 26, 37 ; displays
Exeter Museum, 37
Rowtor (Cornwall), 400
Rules of the Association. 10
Rural Economy of S,\V, Devon
(Marshall), 102
Russell, The Earl, 9, 361
Ryde, 47
Rye House Plot, 318
Ryse, John, 36 ; rebuilds College
Hall, Exeter, 36
Sabonadiere, Frank, 54
Saddler : Richard, 251 ; William,
261
St. Alexius, Hospital of (Exeter),
249, 250 ; its Foimder, 250
St. Cyres, The Viscoimt, 8, 9
St. Eloyes* : Chapel (Exeter), 189 ;
Cross (Wonford), 189
St. John's Hospital (Exeter), 36.
250-4 ; Cartulary of, 249
St. Kea, Cornwall (Font), 352
St. Lawrence : Church of (Exeter),
251 ; Gild of (Ashburton), 265
St. Leger : Anne, 368 ; Sir George,
368 ; Sir John, 362, 368, 371
St. Loyes House (Mrs. Donald),
Cross at, 189
St. Luke's Diocesan College, Exeter,
72-4
St. Marychurch : 280 ; Meeting, 9
St. Mary Steps, Exeter (Font), 361
St. Michael's Mount : 262-4 ; the
Ictis of Diodorus Siculus, 263
St. Nicholas, Brighton (Font), 355
St. Nicholas Priory, Exeter: 28,
37, 249, 260, 360 ; Cartulary of,
262 ; description of, 28, 20
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INDEX.
437
St. Peter's, Kent, 64
St. Rumon, 372
St. Thomas (Exeter) : Cross at,
189, 193 ; House of Correction,
,332
St. Thomas the Martyr, Church of
(Exeter), 36
Saint Walpurga, 192
Saloombe, 174
Saloombe Regis, 42
Salisbury Pledn, 70
Salteme, Thomas, 146
Sampford Beacon, 303
Samphire {crithmum) : 399 ; the
herb of St. Peter, 399
Sampson, Thomas, 157
Sancto Martino, Walto de, 249
Satow, The Right Hon. Sir Ernest
M., 8
Saunders : Helen, 65, 94, 97 ;
obituary of, 56 ; Paj>er8 by, 56
Saunton, 87
Sayce, Professor, 275
Scapfuispis ComubictiSf 267
School of Mines, Camborne, 71-3
Seals : of Exeter, 248 ; elucida-
tion of devices on, 256 ; of
Pevensey, 265
Seale-Hayne Agricultural College,
Newton Abbot, 71, 73, 74, 77
Seamor, Edward (Duke of Somer-
set), 286
Sea Pink {StcUice), 399
Seaton: 294, 297; Church, 294;
the Walrond Screen in, 294 ;
Wah-ond Chapel in, 294, 297 ;
Meeting^ 9
Secret of the Fosse Way ( Joce), 299
Secretaries : Hon. General, 8 ;
Hon. Local, 8
Sedgwick, Prof., 281
Sedgwick Museum : 281 ; Pengelly*8
hammer presented to, 281
Septdchral Effigies in the Parish
Churches of Devon (Rogers), 294
Seymour : Edward, 362 ; Lord
Edward, 286, 370 ; Sir Edward,
369-71
Sliaftesbury, 304
Shanks, H. H.. 67
Shapland : John Dee, 56 ; obituary
of, 56, 57 ; Mr., 87
Sharland, A., 25, 160
Sheepstor, 133
Sheffield : Firth CoUege, 68 ; Uni-
versity College, 68
Shelly : John, 57 ; obituary of, 57 ;
Rev. John, 57
Shelley, Sir John, 8
Shepton Mallet, 299
Shilhngford : 192, 249 ; St. George
Cross, 192
ShiUingford Abbots, 192
Short, Mrs. Margaret, 311
Sidmouth : 62, 174 ; Meeting, 9
Simonsbath, 174
Siphonophons (Jelly Fish), 83
Si ward's Cross, 174
Skeat, Professor, 276
Skinner : A. J. P., 296, 297 ; Miss
E., 8
Slade, Danniell, 310
Smale, Thomad, 143
Smerwick Fort, captiure of, 363
Smfles, Dr. Samuel, 267
' Smith : Colonel, 67 ; Ernest, 51 ;
Hvunphrey, 388 ; his Survey and
Valuation of Tavistock, 384
Smyth, Warrington, 262
Snake, Two-headed, 86
Sobey, Isacu; Parkin George, 137
Somerset : Duke of (Edward Sea-
mor), 286, 370; The Protector,
362
Somervail, Alexander, 50
Sors {Sob Wares), Natural History of,
(EUiot), 396
, Sotheby, Hans W., 42
I Southampton University College, 68
• South Brent, 174
' Southcot : John, 369 ; Mary, 369,
370 ; Thomas, 370
South Molton : 56, 56, 324, 325 ;
Meeting, 9
I South Tawton, 101
! Sowton, Thomas, 388
I Spain, Philip, King of, 361
I Sparrow, Anthony (Bp. of Exeter),
I 330
! Speke : Arms of, 295 ; Pedigree of,
• 296
; Sperhng, H. G., 63
Sponges of Cornwall, 267
, Sprague, 55
I Spreyton (Font), 366
I Spry : Richard, 384 ; WiUiam, 384,
' 393
Squill : 397 ; Oxymel of Squill, 397
Stafford, Henry, Earl of Wiltshire,
33
Stanbury, Edwin, 97
Standing Orders of tlie Association,
16
Stapledon : Bishop, 255 ; Maria
Glode, 48
Start Point, 261
Statice (Sea Pink), 399
Stawell : Charlotte Caroline, 58 ;
George, 68 ; obituary of, 58
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., 8, 9, 60
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438 INDEX.
Steepbere, 301 j Tawuey, E. B., 50
Ste(janodictyum Cornubicum : 267 ; I Tedbum St. Mary, 40
Devonian fossil, 265 ; contro- ' Teignbridge, 300
verey regarding, 267 j Teignmouth : 61, 172-^; Meeting. 9
Stephen, King, 255 ; Earl of More- | Teign Naturalists' Field Club, 39
tain and Cornwall, 255 t Temple, Dr. (Bishop of Exeter), 9,
Stewer, Jan. 97, 98 64
Sticklepath, 301 , Thelbridge, 135
Theodore, King of Abyssinia, 54
Tliomas : Grace, 326 ; John, 309 ;
William, 324
Stock-doves, 404
Stoke Canon, 191
Stokeleigh Pomeroy, 303
Stonehouse, 47 | Thomson, Basil H., 9
Stoneyford, 302 • Thomcombe, 365
Stowford of Stowford Colyford. ; Thornton, Rev. W. H., 8
Arms of, 294 * ; Thorold, Ehzabeth, 156
Strange ; A., 147 ; D., 147 • Thimderstorms : 85 ; in X. Devon,
Stratton, 325 . 85, 86
Strode ; Mary, 370 ; Richard, 370 ; | Thurlestone Sands, 83
William, 362 ; Sir William, 370, i Thum, Sir Everard im, 275
371 Titherly. William, 321, 322
Stubbs, Dr. (Bishop of Truro), 9 Tiverton : 325 ; Meeting, 9
Suger, John, 155 Toller, Francis, 389-91
Sumner, Archbp. of Canterbury, 55 i Toller : (Dorsetshire), 38 ; residence
Sus scroja (wild boar). 262 of Fulford family, 38
Suthedon, Nicol de, 254 Tonar, L. T., 28, 29, 37
Sutton : John, 317; Manners Topsham (Font), 351, 352
(Archbp. of Canterbury), 55 Tor : 41 ; Abbey of, 192
Sydenham : Elizabeth, 370 ; Sir Torbay : 50, 264 ; Encroachments
John, 370 ' of the Sea in, 263
Symeon of Durham. 373, 374 Torquay : 45-50, 71, 174, 268 ;
Meeting, 9 ; Fossil Forest, 262 ;
Tait. Archbp. of Canterburjs 55 Happaway Hill, 259 ; Pengelly
Tapley-Soper, H., 25, 26 Hall, 284 ; CUmatic Observations
Tavistock : 43, 48, 53, 54, 99, 174, by W. PengeUy, 273
347, 358, 374 ; Meeting, 9 ; Torquay Natiu-al History Society :
Council Meetings at, 19 258 ; founded by W. Pengelly. 258
Tavistock : Some Notes on the Torrell, Frof. Otto, 279
History of (Alexander), 372 ; Torridge, River, 85
A Chronology of, 372; the "Eight Torrington : 58, 85, 88, 174, 331 ;
Men '* of, 384, 387 95 ; Brougham Bridewell at, 331 ; " Twenty
Commission, 394, 395 ; Glanville Men " of, 386 ; Meeting, 9. See
Trustees, 395 ; Overseers, 380, also Great Torrington
383; Churchwardens' Book, 379; Totnes : 171, 174, 300, 358 ; Meet-
Vestry Book, 379 ; Vestry iny, 9
Records, 379 ; Parish of, 379 ; Touker, John, 387
Manor Court, 379 ; Bedford Townisend, Peter, 324
Office, 379 ; Grammar School, Townshend's Historical Collections,
386; its grant of Market Tolls 303
withdrawn, 393 ; Tavistock Training Colleges : 71, 72 ; Exeter,
families mentioned in Vivian's i 72 ; St. Luke's Diocesfui College,
Visitations, 383, 384 ; families 72, 74 ; Truro Diocesan College,
of German origin, 384 ; Hum- 72. 73
phrey Smith's Survey of, 384 ; Transactions : Societies receiving
Vicars of — Jasper Cann, 381 ; free copies of, 20 ; stock of, 20, 21
Thomas Larkham, 389, 390, 392 Treasurer, Hon. General, 8 ; Report
Tavistock Abbey, 375 ; restored of Receipts and Expenditure, 22,
by Ordulf, 375 ; The Scite of the 23
Abbey, 385 , Trelawny, Sir W. L., 52
Tavistock Naboth proved Nabal Tremayne : Edmund. 368 ; Louis,
(Bodleian Tract). 389 142
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INDEX.
439
Trembles, Mary, 326, 327
Trigiony, William, 325
Troup, Mrs. Rose, 8, 24-6, 93
Trowte, William, 389
Truro: 71, 72, 76; Diocesan
College, 72, 73 ; Bishop of (Dr.
Stubbs), 9
Tucker : Major R. C, 8, 24 ; Mr.
(of Bowden), 90 ; Hugh, 309-1 1
Tucker's Hall, Exeter, 28; de-
scribed, 28
Tud, WilUam, 287 '
Tuite, William, 149 i
Turdus migrcUorius (American '
Robin), 406 I
Turner : E. J., 55 ; Mr., 89 \
Uffculme, 92, 297
Ugbrook, 300
Umberleigh (Atherington), 367
UngulateSy 84 I
Unite, George, 157
University : Definition of, 67 ; of
South Africa, 82 ; of Victoria, i
68 ; of Whales, 68, 82 I
University Colleges : Bristol, 68 ;
Exeter, 68, 71, 72 ; Liverpool,
68 ; Reading, 68 ; Nottingham,
68, 80 ; Southampton, 68
Upcote, Roger, 388
Upcott (Cheriton Fitzpaine), 367
Uppacott, 89
Upton Pyne : 191 ; Cross, 191
Ussher, W. A. E., 50 |
Vandyck, 39 ; his portrait of
Charles I, 39
Vaughan : Bishop, 59 ; Hugo, 332 '
Veysey, Bishop, 33
Vicary, WilUam, 261
Vice-Presidents of Association, 8
Vidal, E. Sealy, 311
View of Devonshire (West cote), 334
Vincent, Sir Edgar, 9
Vittel (Vosges), 52
Vivian, E., 9
Vivian's Visitations, 383 ;
Vowell, John {alias Hooker), 334 ; |
his Revision of Holinshed's
Chronicle^ 334 ; Biography of I
Sir Peter Carew, 334 ; Synopsis i
Chorographical of Devonshire, 334
Wainright, Captain Laurence Au-
gusten, 58 ; obituary of, 58
Wainwright, T., 24, 25, 56, 160, .
171, 173
Walrond •: of Beer, 294 ; of Bovey,
294 ; Arms of, 294 ; Pedigree of,
296 ; of Bradfield, 294 ; of Soaton,
294; John (of Bovey), 297;
Henry (of Bradfield), 297 ; Hon.
Lionel (of Bradfield), 52
Walrond Chapel (Seaton Church) t
294, 297; Shields of Arms
formerly in, 294, 297
Walrond Screen in Seaton Church
(Radford) : 294 ; builders of,
297 ; date of, 297
Walter, Archdeacon of Cornwall,
248
Ward : Edward, 382 ; Rev. J. H., 8
Warner, Rev. Townsend, 49
Waterford County, 51
Watkin, H. R., 8, 26
Watkin's History of Bideford, 326
Watling Street, 299, 304
Watts : H. V. I., 8 ; Nicholas, 391
Wayside and Churchyard Crosses
near Exeter {Cresswell) : 188 ; as
boundaries, 193
Weavers and Tuckers of Exeter,
Corporation of, 28
Webber, John, 146
Weekes, Miss E. Lega-, 8, 97 ; on
Prudum^ Prodom, etc., of Exeter
and the First City Seal, 248
Weekes, Phillips &, Co., firm of, 58
Welby, Sir William Earle, 53
Well, S. Tawton, 53
Wells, Lionel B., 97
Wells : 32 ; old clock at, 32
Wembworthy, 135
West Anstey (Font), 349
Westcombe (Bideford), 311
Westcote's View of Devonshire, 334
West Putford (Font), 354
Western Antiquary, 60
Western Weekly News, 97, 98
Weymouth, R. F., 9
Wliale, Lesser Rorqual, 84
Wheatears, 404
Whetham : W. C. D., 33, 34 ;
Mrs. W. C. D., 34 ; describes
Cadhay House, 34
Whidbome, Rev. G. F., 50
Whipham, Thomas, 142, 155
Whitchurch, 39
Whitefield Barton, 89
White-Thomson, Sir R. T., 8
WTiiting : Pedigree of, 296 ; Richard,
361
Whitley, H. Michell, 8, 30, 31 ;
moves vote of thanks to Presi-
dent, 30, 31 ; on Berry Pomeroy
CasUe, 285
Whitsand Bay, 83
WTiitstone Cross, 192
Widdicombe-in- the- Moor. 249
Widgery, F. J., 43
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440
INDEX.
Wilcooks : Horace Stone, 58 ;
obituary of, 58, 59 ; James
Blackmore, 58
Willoocks : Alice, 61 ; Roger, 61 ;
Roger Henry, 61 ; obituary of, 61
Willesford : Micheus, 390 ; Richard,
389 ; Richard Vivian. 396
William the Conqueror, 286, 336
William and Mary, 324
William of Malmesbury, 373
William, Prince of Normandy, 376
Williams : Dawbeny, 382 ; William
Peere, 34
Willis, Browne, 367, 358, 366, 368
Wills : Calendar of, in Barnstaple
Archdeaconry, 19 ; stock of, 20,
21 ; Societies receiving free copies,
20
Wills, Sir E. Chaning, 8
Wiltshire, Earl of (Henry Stafford),
33
Wimbledon, 61
Wimbome Minster : 32 ; old clock,
in, 32
Winchester Chronicle, 373
Windeatt: E., 8, 25, 44; Capt.
George, 8, 19, 25, 134
Windwhistle, 301
Windy Cross, 192
Winterton (Linoolnsh.), 53
Wishart, Mrs. Alton, 47
Withecombe, Mr., 88
Withycombe, 56, 67
Wolferstan : Edward, 152 ; Hester,
162 ; Nicholas, 162
Wolsey, Cardinal, 359
Wonford, 189
Woodbury : 34 ; Richard Haydon
of, 34 ; builds Cadbury House, 34
I Woodhouse, H. B. S., 8, 24, 83
Woolacombe, 174
IWooUcombe: Rev. A. A., 173;
G. D., 8, 25
I Woolley Barton, Beaford, 55
Wooston Castle, 399
j Worlington : East, 135 ; W^est, 135
Worth : R. N., 9, 50, 359, 386 ; his
Calendar of Tavistock, 379. 381 ;
R. Hansford, 8, 24. 25, 131. 133,
I 137 ; his Report of the Com-
mittee on the Climate of Devon,
171-87
j Worthies of Devon (Prince), 249, 287
I Worthington, Prof. A. M., 8, 9, 20
I Wrafton, 87
Wright: Charles, 142, 155; Prof.
Joseph, 95 ; Mary Ann, 59 ;
William, 59 ; Willi€un Henry
Kefiurley, 59-61 ; obituary of,
59-61 ; publications by, 60
i Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 361
'WyUe, E. D., 174
! WyUey, Henry, 387, 388
Wyndiesore, John de, 263
Wynne, John, 392
Yarmouth (Great), 57
Yeabnpton : 259 ; (Font), 354, 365
Yelverton : 41 ; site of new church
at, 41
Yes Tor, 400
Yorkshire College, Leeds, 68
Young: Dr. E. H., 285; on
Okehampton Castle, 285 ; H.. 401 ;
John. 316, 317 ; licensed to sell
Uquor in Bideford. 316, 317
Zouch, Lord, 367
WILLIAM BRENDON ANU SON, LTD., I'RINTEKS, PLYMOUTH
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