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REPORT AND TRANSACTIONS 



DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION 



THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE, 
AND ART. 



[EXETER, JULY, 1915.] 



VOL. XLVII. 

[VOL. VII THIRD SERIES.] 



PLYMOUTH: 
W. BRENDON AND SON, Ltd., PRINTERS. 



1915. 

Copyright 1015. 



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i<i(=,IL 





ly-^7 



The Council and the Editor desire it to be understood that 
they are not answerable for any statements, observations, or 
opinions appearing in any paper printed by the Society ; the 
authors only are responsible. 

The Transactions of the Society are not published, nor 
are they on sale to the public. They are printed for 
Members only. 



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X 



[ 5] 



CONTENTS. 



Page 

List of Plates ... 7 

list of Officers ... ... 8 

Places of Meeting . . , . 9 

Rules . . . . ... 10 

Bye-laws and Standing Orders . . . . 15, 

Report of the Council . . . . . 19 

Balance Sheet . . . . . . 22, 28 

Selected Minutes of Council appointing Committees . 24-26 

Proceedings at the Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting . . . 27 

Obituary Notices . . . . ... 41 

President's Address . . ... 62 

Twenty-eighth Report of the Committee on Scientific Memoranda . 8S 

Twenty-eighth Report of the Committee on Verbal Provincialisms . 9H 

Thirty-fourth Report of the Committee on Barrows in Devonshire . .131 

Sixth Report of the Church Plate Committee . . 184 

Heventh Report of the Botany Committee . . . 160 

Thirty-third Report [3rd Ser.] of the Committee on the Climate 

of Devon . . . ... 171 

Churchyard and Wayside Crosses in the Neighbourhood of Exeter. 

Hiss Beatrix F. Cresswell . ... 188 

The Hundred of Exminster in Early Times. Rev. 0. J. Reichel, B.aL. 

and M.A., F.8.A. . ... 194 

The Early History of the Principal Manors in Exminster Hundred, 

with Index. Rev. O. J. Reichel, b.c.l. and m.a., f.s.a. . . 210 

Pnidam, Prodom, etc., of Exeter : and the First City Seal. Miss Ethel 

Lega-Weekes, f.iuhist.s. . . . . 248 

William Pengelly, F.R.S., f.g.s., Father of the Devonshire Association. 
Part III. : Miscellaneous Scientific Work. Mrs. Hester Forbes 

Julian (nia Pengelly) . ... 257 

Berry Pomeroy Castle. H. Michell Whitley, m.inst.c.e, . . . 285 

^^lA 474225 



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6 CONTENTS. 

Page 
The Walrond Screen in Seaton Church. Arthur Locke Radford, f.s.a. 294 

The Secret of the Fosse Way. T. J. Joce , . . 299 

Bideford under the Restored Monarchy ; with some Extracts from a 
''Sessions of the Peace Book" for the Borough of Bideford, 1659- 
1688. Alexander G. Duncan , ... 306 

Hooker's Synopsis Chorographical of Devonshire. William J. Blake, m. a. 331 

The Baptismal Fonts of Devon. Part III. Miss Kate M. Clarke . . 349 

Devon County Members of Parliament Part TV. J. J. Alexander, 

M.A., J.p. . . . . ... 357 

Some Notes on Tavistock History. 2ud Series. J. J. Alexander, 

M.A., J.p. . . . . ... 372 

Some Points of Interest on the Natural History of the Plateau known 
as the Sors or Sos Wares (A.-S. Dwellers by the Sea). E. A. S. 
Elliot, M.R.O.8., M.B.O.U. . . 396 

List of Members . ... 407 

Index . ... 423 



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[ 7] 



PLATES. 



To face 


,». 85 






181 




" 


131 






137 




•1 


149 



SciEMTinc Memoranda Rkport— 

Two-headed Snake. Caught near the Torridge, Great TorriDgton . 

Barrow Report— 

Figs. 1 and 1a. Knife trom Cairn in Drizzlecombe. (Full size) . 
Fig. 2. Cairn in Drizzlecombe. (After excavation) .... 

Chdrch Plate Report— 

Pre- Reformation Paten. Circ a.d. 1470. St. Bridget's, Brushford 
Modem Chalice. Medieval style. St. Peter's, Bideford . 
. Caroline Chalice, a.d. 1684. In the Elizabethan style. St Necten's, 

Hartland ,,151 

Chdrchtard and Wayside Crosses, etc.— 

Cross, St. Thomas, Exeter ....... ,,189 

Churchyard Ooss, Pinhoe ....... ,,189 

Frudum, Prodom, etc., ok Exeter— 

Exeter City Seal ,,248 

Back of Matrix ,,248 

First Seal of St. John's Hospital ,,254 

Second Seal of St. John's Hospital ,,254 

(Reproduced by kind permission of Mr. H. Lloyd-Parry.) 

Bbrrt Pomeroy Castle— 

Pton of the Ruins of Berry Pomeroy Castle . . . . . ,,288 

The Walrond Screen in Seaton Church— 

PUn of Seaton Church ........ ,,294 

Arms on the Walrond Screen . . . . . . . „ 295 

Walrond Screen in Seaton Church . . . . . . ,,297 

The Secret ok the Fossk Wat— 

Sketch Map ,,299 

Baptishal Fonts op Devon— 

Fonts at High Bray and Bickleigh ,,350 

„ Topafaam and Gombe-in-Teigniieftd .... „ 362 

„ Cofflnswell and Bulkworthy . . . . . ,,358 

„ Yealmpton and Spreyton . . . . . . ,, 365 



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OFFICERS 

1915-16. 



PRINCIPAL A. W. CLAYDEN, m.a.. K.n.s. 

Ftrr-flresilients. 

THE RIGHT WORSHIPFUL THE MAYOR OF EXETER. 

THE SHERIFF OF EXETER. 

THE RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF EXETER. 

THE RT. REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF MARLBOROUGH, DEAN OF EXETER. 

H. LLOYD PARRY, Esq., b.a., b.sc., 

LL J. 

The Rev. J. B. PEARSON, d.d. 
HARBOTTLE REED, Esq., f.r.i.b.a. 
The Rev. 0. J. REICHEL, b.c.i. k 

M.A., F.S.A. 

The Right Hon. the Viscount ST. 

GYRES, J. p., M.A. 
The Right Hon. Sir ERNEST M. 

SATOW, P.O., G.C.M.G. 

Sir JOHN SHELLEY, Bart., d.l., j.p. 
H. MICHELL WHITLEY, Esq., 

M.INST.(;.K. 

Sir E. CHANING WILLS. Bart., 
Professor a! *M^ WORTHINGTON, 

C.B., F.R.S. 



SIDNEY ANDREW, Esq. 

R. PEARSE CHOPE, Esq., b.a. 

Miss KATE M. CLARKE. 

Colonel CLIFFORD, v.d. 

Sir ALFRED W. CROFT, k.c.i.e., 

J. p., M.A. 
F. MORRIS DRAKE, Esq. 
ARTHUR H. DYMOND, Esq. 
FRANCIS A. FULFORD, Esq. 
Professor WALTER J. HARTE, 

M.A. 

W. B. HEBERDEN, Esq., c.b. 

Sir roper LETHBRIDGE, k.c.i.e., 

D.L.*, J. P., M.A. • 

J. Y. ANDERSON - MORSHEAD, 

Esq., J.P. 
The Lady ROSALIND NORTHCOTE. 



f^on. (feneral treasurer. 

J. S. AMERY, Esq., Druid, Ashburton. 

|l(on. General i^erretarirs. 

MAXWELL ADAMS, Esq., do Messrs. Jr. Brendan it- Sou , Ltd., Printers, Phjnumth. 

Capt. GEORGE E. WINDEATT, TIu Elnis, Totnes {On Service). 
H. MICHELL WHITLEY, Esq., m.in8T.c.e., Broadway Court, iVeMminster, S, W. 

%nn. 3,ocal il^errrtarirs. 

SIDNEY ANDREW, Esq., 10, Bedford Circus, Exeter. 

HARBOTTLE REED, Esq., f.r.i.b.a., 12, Castle Street, Exeter, 

|l(on. Auditor. 
ROBERT C. TUCKER, Esq., j.p., c.a., The Hall, Ashburton. 



ADAMS, MAXWELL. 
•ADAMS, S. P. 

ALEXANDER, J. J. 

AMBRY, J. S. 

ANDREW. SIDNEY. 
*BARING-GOULD, Rev. S. 

HEEBB, Rbv. W. N. P. 

BLACKLER, T. A. 

BLAKE, W. J. 

BODY, MARTIN. 
♦BURNARD, R. 

('HALK, Rkv. E. S. 

CHANTER, Rev. J. F. 
♦CHAPMAN, Rev. C. 

CHAPPLE. W. E. PITPIELD. 

CHILCOTT, E. W. 

CnOPE, R. PEARSE. 

CLARKE. Mrss K. M. 
•CLAYDEN, A. W. 

CLAY-FINCH, Mb». 
•CLIFFORD, Lord. 

CLIFFORD, CoLowKL E. T. 
•COLERIDGE. Lord. 

CRE8SWELL, Mihs B. F. 
•CROFT, Sir A. W. 

DOE. O. M. 



<touncil. 

DRAKE, F. MORRIS. 

DUNCAN, A. G. 

ELLIOT, E. A. 8. 

EVANS, H. M. I 

•EXETER, The I^rd Bishop! 
OK (Dr. ROBERTSON). 

FOSTER, M. T. 
•FROUDE, ASHLEY A. , 

•HALSBURY, Lord. : 

HARTE, W. J. 

HIBRN, W. P. 

HODGSON, T. V. 

HUGHES, T. CANN. 

JENKINS, RHYS. 

JOCE. T. J. I 

JORDAN. Mr«. FLORA. 

JORDAN, W. F. C. I 

JULIAN, Mrs. FORBES. I 

LARTER. MisbC. Etheunda. ; 

LAYCOCK, C. H. 
•LETHBRIDGE. Sir ROPER. 

LOWE, HARFORD J. 

MARTIN, J. M. 

MORRIS, R. BURNET. 

MORSHEAD, J. Y. A. 

NECK, J. S. 



PEARSON, Rkv. J. B. 
•POLLOCK, Sir F. 

PROWSK, ARTHUR B. 

RADFORD, A. L. 

RADFORD, Mrs. G. H. 

REED, HARBOTTLE. 

REICHEL, Rev. O. J. 

SKINNER, Mi88 E. 
•ST. CYRES, Viscount. 
•STEBBING, Rkv. T. R. R. 

THORNTON, Rev. W. H. 

TROUP. Mrs. ROSE- 
TUCKER, Major R. C. 

WARD, Rkv. J. H. 

WATKIN. H. R. 

WATTS, H. V. I. 

WEEKES, Miss LEGA.. 

WHITLEY, H. MICHELI^ 

WHITE-THOMSON, Sir R. T. 

WINDEATT, E. 

WINDEATT, G. E. 

WOODHOUSE, H. B. S. 

WOOLLCOMBE, G. D. 

WORTH, R. HANSFORD. 
♦WORTHINGTON, A. M. 



• Permanent ^femhers (\f the Council. 



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[ 9] 



PLACES OF MEETING 

OK 

THE DEVONSHIKE ASSOCIATION. 





Place of Meeting. 


1862. 


EXETKR 


1863. 


Plymouth 


1864. 


TOBQUAY 


1865. 


Tiverton 


1866. 


Tavistock 


1867. 


BARKSTAI'LK . 


1868. 


HONITON 


1869. 


Dartmouth . 


1870. 


Devon PORT . 


1871. 


BiDEFORlJ 


1872. 


Exeter 


1878. 


SlDMOUTII 


1874. 


Trignmouth . 


1875. 


Torrington . 


1876. 


Ash BURTON . 


1877. 


KlNGSBRIDGK . 


1878. 


Paigntok 


1879. 


Ilfraoombe . 


1880. 


TOTNE.S 


1881. 


Dawlish 


1882. 


Crbditon 


1883. 


Exmouth 


1884. 


Newton Abbot 


1885. 


Sbaton 


1886. 


St. Marychurch 


1887. 


Plympton 


1888. 


Exeter 


1889. 


Tavistock . 


1890. 


Barnstaple . 


1891. 


Tiverton 


1892. 


Plymouth 


1893. 


Torquay 


1894. 


South Molton 


1895. 


Okrhampton . 


1896. 


Ash BURTON . 


1897. 


Kingsbridoe . 


1898. 


HONITON 


1899. 


Torrington . 


1900. 


TOTNKS 


1901. 


EXETKR 


1902. 


BiDEFORD 


1903. 


SlDMOlTH 


1904. 


Teionmouth . 


1905. 


PRINCETOWN . 


1906. 


Lynton 


1907. 


Axminster . 


1908. 


Newton Abbot 


1909. 


LaUN€E8TON . 


1910. 


Cullompton . 


1911. 


Dartmouth . 


1912. 


Exeter 


1913. 


Buckfastleigh 


1914. 


Tavistock 


1915. 


Exeter 



PreHideiit. 
Sir John Bowring, ll.d., f.r.s. 
C. Si»ence Bate, Esq., f.r.s., f.l.s. 

E. Vivian, Esq., m.a. 

C. G. B. Daubeny, m.d., ll.I)., f.r.s. 

Earl Russell, k.g., k.o.c, f.r.s., etc. 

W. Pengelly, Esq., F.R.S., f.o.s. 

J. D. Coleridge, Esq., Q.c, m.a., m.p. 

G. P. Bidder, Esq., c.e. 

J. A. Froude, Esq., M.A. 

Rev. Canon C. Kingsley, m.a., f.l.s., f.g.s. 

The Lord Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Temple). 

Right Hon. S. Cave, m.a., m.p. 

The Earl of Devon. 

R. J. King, Esq., m.a. 

Rev. Treasurer Hawker, m.a. 

Ven. Archdeacon Earle, m.a. 

Sir Samuel White Baker, m.a., f.r.s., f.r.o.s. 

SirR. P. Collier, m.a. 

H. W. Dyke Aclaud, m.a., m.d., ll.d., f.r.s. 

Rev. Professor Chapman, m.a. 

J. Brooking- Rowe, Esq., F.8.A., f.l.s. 

Very Rev. C. Merivale, D.D., d.c.l. 

Rev. T. R. R. Stcbbing, m.a. 

R. F. Weymouth, Esq., m.a., d.lit. 

Sir J. B. Phear, m.a., f.g.s. 

Rev. W. H. Dallinger, ll.d., f.r.s., f.l.s., etc. 

Very Rev. Dean Cowie, d.d. 

W. H. Hudleston, Esq., m.a., f.r.s., f.g.s., etc. 

Loi-d Clinton, m.a. 

R. N. Worth, Esq., f.g.s. 

A. H. A. Hamilton, Esq., m.a., j.p. 

T. N. Brushfield, m.d., f.s.a. 

Sir Fred. Pollock, Bart, m.a. 

The Right Hon. Earl of Halslmry. 

Rev. S. Baring-Gould, m.a. 

J. Hine, Esq., f.r.i.b.a. 

Lord Coleridge, m.a. 

Rev. Chancellor Edmonds, b.d. 

Lord Clifford, m.a. 

Sir Roper Lethbridge, k.c.i.e., m.a., d.l. 

Rev. W. Harpley, m.a., f.c.p.s. 

Sir Edgar Vincent, k.c.m.g., m.p. 

Sir Alfred W. Croft, k.c.le., m.a. 

Basil H. Thomson, E^j. 

F. T. Elworthy, Esf^., f.s.a. 

The Lord Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Robertson). 

Lord Monkswell, d.l., ll.b. 

The Lord Bishop of Truro (Dr. Stublw). 

John D. Enys, Esq., f.g.s. 

Robert Burnard, Esq., f.s.a. 

The V^iscount St. Cyres, m.a. 

Ashley A. Froude, Esq., c.m.(;. 

Professor A. M. Worthington, o.b., f.r.s. 

Principal A. W\ Clayden, m.a., f.g.s. 



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I 10] 



RULES. 



1. The AssociatioD shall be called the Devonshire Association 
for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art. 

2. The objects of the Association are — To give a systematic 
direction to scientific inquiry in Devonshire ; and to promote 
the intercourse of those who cultivate Science, Literature or Art, 
in different parts of the county. 

3. The Association shall consist of Members and Honorary 
Members. 

4. Every candidate for membership, on being nominated by a 
member to whom he is personally known, shall be admitted by 
the General Secretary, subject to the confirmation of the General 
Meeting of the Members. 

5. Every person, admitted to membership under Rule 4, shall 
forthwith receive intimation that he has been admitted a Member, 
subject to confirmation at the next General Meeting of Members ; 
and the fact of the newly admitted Member's name appearing in 
the next issue of the printed List of Members, will be a sufficient 
intimation to him that his election has been confirmed. Pending 
the issue of the volume of Transactions containing the Rules of 
the Association, the newly admitted Member shall be furnished by 
the General Secretary with such extracts from the Rules as he 
shall deem necessary. 

6. Persons of eminence in Science, Literature, or Art, or those 
who have rendered any special service to the Association, may, 
at a General Meeting of the Members, be elected Honorary Members 
of the Association: but such Honorary Members shall not be 
entitled to take any part in the management of the Association. 

7. Every Member shall pay an Annual Subscription of Half a 
Guinea or a Life Composition Fee of Seven and a Half Guineas* 
But Members of not less than Ten Years' standing, whose Sub- 
scriptions are not in arrear, may compound by a single payment of 
Five Guineas. 

8. Annual Subscriptions shall be payable in advance, and shall 



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EULES. 11 

be due in each year on the first day of January ; and no person 
shall have the privileges of a Member until the Subscription for 
the current year or a Life Composition has been paid. 

9. Any Member who does not, on or before the first day of 
January, give notice, in writing, to the General Secretary of his 
intention to withdraw from the Association, shall be regarded 
as a Member for the ensuing year. 

10. Whenever a Member is in arrear in the payment of his 
Annual Subscription, the Treasurer shall apply to him for the 
same. 

11. Whenever, at an Annual Meeting, a Member shall be two 
years in arrear in the payment of his Annual Subscriptions, the 
Council may, at its discretion, erase his name from the List of 
Members. 

12. Every MeivJber, whose Subscriptions are not in arrear, 
shall be entitled to a copy of the volume of the Transactions 
for the year. 

13. Every Member shall be entitled to a lady's ticket for the 
Annual Meeting. 

14. Only ladies shall be eligible for admission as Associates to 
an Annual Meeting, on payment of the sum of Five Shillings each. 

15. The Association shall meet annually, at such a time in July 
or August and at such place as shall be decided at a previous 
Annual Meeting. 

16. One month at least before the Annual Meeting eftch Mem- 
ber shall be informed by the General Secretary, by circular, of the 
place and date of the Meeting. 

17. The affairs of the Association shall be managed by a Council, 
which shall consist exclusively of the following Members of the 
Association : — 

(a) Those who fill, or have filled, or are elected to fill, the offices 
of President, General and Local Treasurers, General and Local 
Secretaries, and Secretaries of Committees appointed by the 
Council. 

(6) Authors of papers which have been printed in extenso in 
the Transactions of the Association. 

The Council so constituted shall have power to make, amend, 
or cancel the Bye-laws and Standing Orders. 

18. With the exception of the ex-Presidents, every Councillor 
who has not attended any Meeting of the Council for twenty-four 
calendar months, shall forfeit his place as a Councillor, but it 
shall be competent for him to recover it by a fresh qualification. 



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12 RULES. 

19. The Council shall hold a meeting at Exeter in the month 
of February in each year, on such day as the General Secretary 
shall appoint, for the due management of the affairs of the Asso- 
ciation. 

20. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, all Meetings of 
the Council shall be held at Exeter, unless some other place shaU 
have been decided on at a previous Council Meeting. 

21. Every Meeting of the Council shall be convened by circular, 
sent by the General Secretary to each Member of the Council not 
less than ten days before the Meeting is held. 

22. The General Secretary, or any four Members of the Council, 
may call extraordinary Meetings of their body for any purpose 
requiring their present determination, by notice under his or 
their hand or hands, addressed to every other Member of 
the Council, at least ten clear days previously, specifying the 
purpose for which such extraordinary Meeting is convened. No 
matter not so specified, and not incident thereto, shall be deter- 
mined at any extraordinary Meeting. 

23. The officers of the Association shall be a President, two or 
more Vice-Presidents, a General Treasurer, one or more General 
Secretaries, one or more Auditors, a Local Treasurer, and one or 
more Local Secretaries. 

24. A Committee shall be appointed annually by the Council 
to consider at what place the Association shall hold its Annual 
Meeting, and who shall be invited to fill any official vacancies 
which may from time to time occur, as follows : — 

(a) The President subject to confirmation by the Council. 

(6) All other officers (except Vice-Presidents, the Local Treasurer, 
and Local Secretary or Secretaries) subject to confirmation at a 
General Meeting of the Members of the Association. 

25. The Vice-Presidents, Local Treasurer, and Local Secretary 
or Secretaries shall be elected by the local Reception Committee 
appointed by the Authorities of the city or town issuing the in- 
vitation to the Association, subject to confirmation by the Council 
of the Association ; and the Council shall have power to add to 
the number of Vice-Presidents elected by the Local Authorities 
from among the Members of the Association. 

26. The President shall enter on his duties at the Annual Meeting 
for which he has accepted office : the General Treasurer, General 
Secretary or Secretaries, the Vice-Presidents and Local Officers shall 
enter on their duties as soon as convenient after their election. 

27. The Council shall have power to fill any official vacancy 
which may occur in the intervals of the Annual Meetings, on the 
recommendation of the Committee appointed under Rule 24. 



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RULES. 13 

. 28. The President shall be eligible for re-election, provided that 
the same person does npt hold office in two consecutive years. 

2&. The General Treasurer shall receive all sums of money due to 
the Association ; he shall pay all accounts due by the Association 
after they shall have been examined and approved ; and he shall 
report to each Meeting of the Council the balance he has in hand, 
and the names of such Members as shall be in arrear, with the 
sums due respectively by each. 

30. The Accounts of the Association shall be audited annually, 
by one or more Auditors appointed at each Annual Meeting, but 
who shall not be ex-ofjUcio Members of the Council. 

31. All investments of the funds of the Association shall be 
made in the names of three trustees to be elected by the Council, 
in securities authorized by law for the investment of Trust 
Funds. 

32. The Association shall have the right at its discretion of 
printing in extenso in its volume of Transactions all papers read at 
the Annual Meeting. The copyright of a paper read before any 
Meeting of the Association, and the illustrations of the same which 
have been provided at his expense, shall remain the property of 
the Author ; but he shall not be at liberty to print it, or allow it 
to be printed elsewhere, either in extenso or in abstract amounting 
to as much as one-half of the length of the paper, until after 
the issue of the volume of Transactions in which the paper is 
printed. 

33. The Association shall, within a period not exceeding six 
months after each Annual Meeting, issue to each Member and 
Honorary Member its volume of Transactions, which shall in- 
clude the Eules, a Financial Statement, a List of the Members, 
the Report of the Council and of the Proceedings, the President's 
Address, and such Papers, in abstract or in extenso^ read at the 
Annual Meeting, as the Council shall decide to print, together 
with, if time allows, an Index to the volume. 

34. Should the extra charges for small type, and types other 
than those known as Roman or Italic, and for the author's correc- 
tions of the press, in any paper printed in the Transactions, 
amount to a greater sum than in the proportion of ten shillings 
per sheet, such excess shall be borne by the author himself, and not 
by the Association ; and should any paper exceed three sheets, 
the cost beyond the cost of the three sheets shall be borne by the 
author of the paper. 

35. If proofs of papers to be printed in the Transactions are 
sent to authors for correction, and are retained by them beyond 
four days for each sheet of proof, to be reckoned from the day 



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14 RULES. 

marked thereon by the printers, but not including the time need- 
ful for transmission by post, such proofs shall be assumed to require 
no further correction. 

36. The authors of papers printed in the Transactions shall, 
within seven days after the Transactions are issued, receive 
twenty-five private copies free of expense, and shall be allowed to 
have any further number printed at their own expense. All 
arrangements as to such extra copies shall be made by the authors 
with the printers of the Association. The Honorary Secretaries of 
Committees for special service for the Association, may, on appli- 
cation, be supplied with fifteen additional copies, free of expense, 
should they be required, of the Keports of their Committees printed 
in the Transactions. 

37. No Rule shall be altered, amended, or new Rule added, except 
at an Annual General Meeting of Members, and then only pro- 
vided that notice of the proposed change has been given to the 
General Secretary, and by him communicated to all the Members 
at least one month before the Annual General Meeting. 

38. Throughout the Rules, Bye-laws, and Standing Orders 
where the singular number is used, it shall, when circumstances 
require, be taken to include the plural number, and the masculine 
gender shall include the feminine. 



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[ 15 J 



BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS. 



1. It is desirable that a copy of the President's Address shall 
be in the hands of the General Secretary not later than the twenty- 
fourth day of June in each year, in order that it may be printed 
and distributed to the Press in time for publication in newspapers 
issued on the day after its delivery. The President's Address 
shall be considered a confidential document until after its delivery. 

2. Papers to be read at the Annual Meetings must strictly relate 
to Devonshire, and the procedure for the submission, selection 
and reading of papers shall be as follows : — 

(a) Papers and Reports of Committees to be read at any Meeting, 
together with all drawings, photographs, maps, etc., to illustrate 
the same, must be submitted to the General Secretary, so as to 
reach him not later than the twenty-fourth day of June in each 
year. 

(6) All Papers and illustrations considered unsuitable shall be 
returned to the authors as soon as possible. 

(c) The General Secretary will obtain from the printers of the 
Association for presentation to the Council a statement showing 
the number of pages each Paper and Report will occupy when 
printed, the estimated extra cost of printing tables, of the use of 
special type or change of type, and of all other extra charges, if 
any, in each Paper and Report, as well as the estimated cost of 
all charges connected with the preparation, binding and issue of 
the volume of Transactions. 

{d) The General Secretary will communicate the printers' report 
and estimates to the Council, at the Meeting of that body on the 
first day of the Annual Meeting. The Council will then select the 
Papers and Reports to be read on the two following days. 

3. Papers which have already been printed in eoUenso cannot be 
accepted unless they form part of the literature of a question on 
which the Council has requested a Member or Committee to 
prepare a Report. 

4. The reading of any Report or Paper shall not exceed twenty 
minutes, or such part of twenty minutes as shall be decided by the 



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16 BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS. 

Council as soon as the Programme of Reports and Papers shall 
have been settled, and in any discussion which may arise no speaker 
shall be allowed to speak more than five minutes. 

5. The Council will arrange Papers for reading to meet the con- 
venience of the authors, as far as possible. Papers shall be read 
in the order appointed by the CoimcU, but in the event of the author 
of any Paper not being present to read his Paper, and in the absence 
of any arrangement by the author of a Paper for its reading by 
some Member present at the meeting, such Paper or Papers, if 
more than one, shall be held over till the conclusion of the reading 
of the Papers, when it shall be put to the vote of the Meeting 
whether such Paper or Papers shall be read by substitute or not. 

6. Papers which have been accepted by the Council cannot be 
withdrawn without the consent of the Council. 

7. Papers communicated by Members for Non-Members, and 
accepted by the Coimcil, shall be placed in the List of Papers for 
reading below those furnished by Members themselves. 

8. In the event of there being at an Annual Meeting more 
Papers than can be disposed of in one day, the reading of the 
residue shall be continued on the day following. 

9. At the close of the Annual Meeting in every year there 
shall be a Meeting of the Council, and the Council shall then 
decide what Reports and how many of the Papers accepted for 
reading the funds of the Association, as reported by the Treasurer, 
will permit of being printed in the volume of Transactions. 

10. All Papers read to the Association which the Council shall 
decide to print in extenso in the Transactions, shall be sent to the 
printers, together with all drawings required for illustrating them, 
as soon as possible after the close of the Annual Meeting at which 
they were read. 

11. All Papers read to the Association which the Council shall 
decide not to print in extenso in the Transactions, shall be returned 
to the authors as soon as possible after the close of the Annual 
Meeting at which they were read ; and abstracts of such Papers 
to be printed in the Transactions shall not exceed such length 
as the General Secretary shall suggest in each case, and must be 
sent to him within seven days after such Paper has been returned 
to the author. 

12. The printers shall print the Papers in the volume of Trans- 
actions in the order in which they were read, unless there is any 
special reason for the contrary, and shall return every Manuscript 
to the author as soon as it is in type, hut not before. They shall be 
returned intact, provided they are written on one side of the paper 
only and each sheet numbered. 



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BYE-LAWS AND STANDING OEDBES. 17 

13. Excepting mere verbal alterations, no Paper which has been 
;read to the Association shall be added to without the written 
approval and consent of the General Secretary, or in the event of 
there being two Secretaries of the one acting as Editor ; and no 
additions shall be made except in the form of footnotes or brief 
postscripts, or both. 

14. The author of every Paper which the Council at any Annual 
Meeting sliall decide to print in the Transactions shall pay for the 
preparation of all such illustrations as in his judgment and that of 
the Council the said Paper may require. That is to say, he shall 
pay for the preparation of all necessary drawings, blocks, litho- 
graphic transfers or drawings on stone ; but the Association will 
bear the cost of printing (by the Assobiation's printers), paper and 
binding ; provided that should any such illustrations be in colours 
or of a size larger than can be inserted in the volume with a single 
fold, or be desired to be executed in any other process than printing 
from the block or lithography, then in each and either of these 
cases the author shall himself bear the whole cost of production 
and printing, and should the Council so decide shall also pay any 
additional charge that may properly be made for binding. 

15. The pagination of the Transactions shall be in Arabic 
numerals exclusively, and carried on consecutively, from the 
beginning to the end of each volume ; and the Transactions of 
each year shall form a distinct and separate volume. 

16. The Council shall from time to time, when deemed advisable, 
revise the prices fixed for each volume of the Transactions and all 
other publications of the Association. 

17. The General Secrietary shall report to each Annual Meeting 
of the Members the number of copies in stock of each volume of 
the Transactions, and other publications of the Association, with 
the price per copy of each volume ; and such Report shall be printed 
in the Transactions. 

18. The General Secretary shall prepare brief Obituary Notices 
of Members deceased during the previous year, and such notices 
shall be printed in the Transactions. 

19. All Resolutions appointing Committees for special service for 
the Association shall be printed in the Transactions. 

20. The following are the Rules for reprinting Reports of 
Conmiittees other than the reprints supplied to authors under 
Rule 36 :— 

(a) The printers of the Association alone are permitted to reprint 
any Report. 

(6) The written permission of the General Secretary is required 
VOL. XLvn. B 



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18 BYE-LAWS AND STANDING OBDBBS. 

before any Report may be reprinted, the copyright of all Reports 
printed in the Transactions being vested in the Association. 

(c) The printers shall pay to the General Secretary on behalf rf 
the Association, as royalty, a sum of sixpence per fifty copies for 
each half-sheet of eight pages, any number of copies less than fifty 
or between two exact multiples of fifty being regarded as fifty, 
and any number of pages less than eight or between two exact 
multiples of eight, being regarded as eight. 

(d) Each copy ot the reprint shall hare printed on the first page 
the words, " Reprinted from the Transactions of the Devonshire 
Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art, 

for by permission of the Council of the Association," 

the year in which the Report was originally printed being indicated. 

(e) The reprint shall be an exact copy of the Report as originally 
printed in the Transactions, without addition, abridgment or 
modification, the necessary corrections for printer's errors and 
changes in pagination alone excepted. 

21. An amount not less than eighty per cent, of all Compositions 
received from Life Members of the Association shall be invested. 

22. At each of its Ordinary Meetings the Council shall deposit at 
interest, in such bank as they shall decide on, and in the names of 
the General Treasurer and General Secretary of the Association, 
all uninvested Compositions received from Life Members, all 
uninvested pi:epaid Annual Subscriptions, and any part, or the 
whole of the bdance derived from other sources which may be in 
the Treasurer's hands after providing for all accounts passed for 
payment at the said Meeting. 

23. The (General Secretary is authorized to spend any sum not 
exceeding Twenty Pounds per annum in employing a clerk for 
such work as may be found necessary, and any sum not exceeding 
T%/fo Guineas for the preparation of an Index to each annual volume 
of the Transactions. 

24. Only Members and Ladies holding Ladies' tickets are 
admitted to the Association Dinner, when one is held. Members 
and Ladies intending to dine must send in their names to the 
Honorary Local Secretary not less than two clear days before the 
date of the Dinner. 



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[ 19 ] 



REPORT OF THE COUNCIL; 

Presented to the General Meeting held at Ex€ter, 20th July, 1915. 



The Council have the honour to present their Report for 
the past year. 

The ordinary meetings of the Council were held at 
Tavistock on the 21st and 23rd July, 1914, and at Exeter 
on the 18th February, 1916. 

Owing to unforeseen circumstances arising out of the 
War, the local authorities of Crediton were obliged to 
withdraw their invitation to the Association to hold the 
meeting of 1915 in that town. In order, therefore, to 
transact the necessary business of the Association and tD 
preserve the continuity of the TransactionSy it was decided 
to hold the meeting of 1915 in Exeter, without invitation. 

It was also resolved to accept the cordial invitation 
given by the Mayor and Corporation of Lyme-Begis to 
hold the meeting of 1916 in that town. 

Additional Committees were formed for collecting and 
recording information concerning Place-Names and Field- 
Names in Devon and for the compilation of a Bibliography 
of Devon, respectively. Captain George E. Windeatt was 
appointed a second Hon. General Secretary and the Rev. 
J. F. Chanter was selected to represent the Association 
at the Congress of Archaeological Societies. 

The oflfer of the British Record Society to undertake 
the publication of a Calendar of Wills and Administrations 
registered in the Archdeaconry of Barnstaple, provided 
the Association would arrange for the transcription, was 
accepted. 

Owing to the little use made by the Members of the 
Association of the Devon and Exeter Institution, it was 
decided to discontinue the subscription paid by this 
Association to the Institution, with effect from 29th 
September, 1915, but the offer of the authorities of the 
Institution to house the records of the Association and to 



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20 BBPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 

allow the Council the use of a room for its meetings for 
an annual payment of five guineas was accepted. 

The thanks of the Council were ordered to be tendered 
to Mrs. Clay-Finch and the Rev. Dr. Pearson for their 
generous donations towards the cost of printing Vol. XLVI 
of the Transcu^tions. 

The ReV. O. J. Beichel having complained of the amount 
charged to him for " Extras/' under Rule 34, on his papers, 
printed in Vol. XLVI of the TranaactwnSy the matter was 
referred to the President, Prof. Worthington, for arbitra- 
tion. 

The Hon. General Secretary tendered his resignation at 
an extraordinary meeting of the Council held in Exeter on 
29th April, 1916, which the Council declined to accept. 

A copy of Vol. XLVI of the Transactions and of Part 
XIII of the WiUa has been sent to every Member not in 
arrear with his subscription, and to the following Societies, 
namely — ^the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries, 
the Idnnean Society, the Royal Institution, the Royal 
Anthropological Institute, the Geological Society, the 
Library of the British Museum, the Natural History 
Museum (Cromwell Road), the Bodleian Library, the 
University Library, Cambridge, the Devon and Exeter 
Institution, the Plymouth Institution, the Natural History 
Society, Torquay, the North Devon Athenaeum, Barn- 
staple, the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro, the 
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 
Taunton, and the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian 
Field Club (c/o Rev. Herbert Pentin, m.a., Hon. Secretary, 
St. Peter's Vicarage, Portland). 

The stock of Transa^ctions, Wilis, etc., now in hand is 
as follows : — 

1902 Transactions, Vol. XXXIV 
Wills, Part IV 
Index to Vol. XXXIV . 

1903 Transactions, Vol. XXXV 
Wills, Part V . 

1904 Transactions, Vol. XXXVI 
Wills, Part VI 

1906 Transactions, Vol. XXXVII 
Wills, Part VII 

1906 Transactions, Vol. XXXVin 
Wills, Part Vni 

1907 Transactions, Vol. XXXIX 
(No Wills issued) 



68 copies 


. 62 


9f 


. 80 


>t 


26 


» 


24 


»» 


41 


»» 


. 41 


99 


. 67 


tt 


. 68 


»» 


. 21 


»» 


24 


»» 


. 60 


>> 



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BBPOBT 07 THE OOUKOIL. 



21 



1908 


Transactions, Vol. XL 
Wills, Part IX 




68 copies. 
66 „ 


1909 


Transactions, Vol. XLI 
(No Wills issued) 




68 „ 


1910 


Trans€bctions, Vol. XLII 
Wills, Part X . 




43 „ 
62 „ 


1911 


Transactions, Vol. XLIII 
Wills, Part XI 




33 „ 

69 „ 


1912 


Transactions, Vol. XLIV 
Wills, Part XII 




26 .„ 
7 „ 


1913 


Transactions, Vol. XLV 
(No Wills issued)' 




63 „ 


1914 


Transactions, Vol. XLVI 
Wills, Part Xni . 




70 „ 
76 „ 




Maxwell Adams, 






Hon, 


General Secretary. 



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[ 22] 



Treasurer's Report of Receipts and JExpendUure 



1914. 'Keceipt0. 

By Subscriptioiis : — 

1918 (2) ... 

1914 (428) 

Lady Associates (IS) 

„ Life Compositions — 
8 at £7 178. (Jd. . 

„ Dividends — 

£400 India 3 per cent Stock . 
£800 Consols 2} per cent Stock 
Bank Interest 



Donations towards Papers— 
,, Dr. Pearson 
„ Mrs. Clay-Finch 
„ The Rev. W. Beebe . 

„ Discount from Messrs. Brendon and Son, Ltd. 
„ Sale of Transactions 



Balance from 1918 



£ s. d. £ s. d, 

110 
224 14 
8 5 0- 



229 



28 12 6 



11 8 8 

7 9 

8 8 2 



Authors* Extras under Rule 84 :— 




Mrs. Radford 


1 2 10 


The Rev. 0. J. Reichel, B.C.L. (part) . 


8 10 


The Rev. J. F. Chanter, m.a. 


9 6 


MissK. Ckrke 


8 


Mr. Rhys Jenkins . 


6 6 


Mr. C. H. Layoock . 


14 6 



28 12 6 



21 7 2 



6 11 4 



5 12 
1 10 
11 



7 

10 2 6 


2 


2 


8 6 6 






18 


9 





£801 


2 


2 


. 42 


5 





£84» 


7 


2 



JOHN S. AMERY, Son, Chneral Treasurer. 



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[ 23] 



for the Year ending Z\st December, 1914 



1914. 



BspenDttttcc. 



To Messrs. Brendon and Son, Ltd., Printing Notices, 
CircnlarB, etc» . . . 

„ Dent, 168. 3d. ; Pearse, Ss. . 

„ Expenses of Evening Lecture 
„ Secretary's Expenditure 

and Clerical Assistance 
„ Treasurer's Expenditure 

„ Subscription to Devon and Exeter Institution 

„ Messrs. Fry, Devon Wills . 

„ Messrs. Brendon and Son, Ltd. : — 

Printing Vol. XLVI, 610 copies, 666 pp. 

Authors' Reprints, 26 oopies each 

Addressing, packing, and postage 

„ Insurance of Stock to 31 st December, 1916 



£, t. d. £, s, d. 



7 17 
18 3 



16 10 2 

16 1 6 

3 12 6 



189 6 
13 10 6 
21 6 



8 15 
3 9 



35 4 
15 15 
15 12 



224 

1 



Balance 



£303 19 11 
. 39 7 8 



£343 7 2 



Examined toith Vouchers, etc., atid found to he correct, with a balance of 
£89 7». Zd. in favour of the Association, Dated this Bth day of July, 1916. 



{Signed) 



ROBERT C. TUCKER, Son, Audit^fr, 



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[ 24 ] 



SELECTED MINUTES OF COUNCIL APPOINTING 
COMMITTEES. 

Passed at the Meeting at Exeter, gOth July, 1915, 



That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. Robert Burnard, Sir A Croft, 
Sir Roper Lethbridge, and Mrs. G. H. Radford be a Committee 
for the purpose of considering at what place the Association shall 
hold its Annual Meetings, and who shall be invited to fill any 
official vacancy or vacancies which may occur; and that Mr. 
Maxwell Adams be the Secretary. 

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. Robert Bumard, Mr. G. M. Doe, 
Mr. E. A. S. Elliot, Mr. H. Montagu Evans, and Mr. H. B. S. 
Woodhouse be a Committee for the purpose of noting the discovery 
or occurrence of such facts in any department of scientific inquiry, 
and connected with Devonshire, as it may be desirable to plate on 
permanent record, but which may not be of sufficient importance 
in themselves to form the subjects of separate papers; and that 
Mr. G. M. Doe be the Secretary. 

That Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Mr. G. M. 
Doe, Mr. T. Cann Hughes, Mr. J. S. Neck, Mrs. G. H. Radford, 
Mrs. Rose-Troup, and Mr. H. B. S. Woodhouse be a Committee for 
the purpose of collecting notes on Devonshire Folk-lore ; and that 
Mrs. G. H. Radford be the Secretary. 

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Rev. J. F. Chanter, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, 
Miss C. E. Larter, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Rev. G. D. Melhuish, 
Rev. 0. J. Reichel, and Mrs. Rose-Troup be a Committee for the 
purpose of noting and recording the existing use of any Verbal 
Provincialisms in Devonshire, in either written or spoken language ; 
and that Mr. C. H. Laycock and the Rev. O. J. Reichel be the 
Secretaries. 

That Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. R. Burnard, Rev. J. F. Chanter, 
and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee to collect and record 
facts relating to Barrows in Devonshire, and to take steps, where 
possible, for their investigation ; and that Mr. R. Hansford Worth 
be the Secretary. 

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. A. H. Dymond, and Major R. C. 
Tucker be a Committee for the purpose of making arrangements 
for an Association Dinner or any other form of evening entertain- 
ment as they may think best in consultation with the local 
Committee; and that Major R. C. Tucker be the Secretary. 

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Sir Alfred W. Croft, Mr. Thomas 
Wainwright, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee to collect 



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MINUTES APPOINTING COMMITTEES. 25 

and tabulate trustworthy and comparable observations on the 
Climate of Devon; and that Mr. R Hansford Worth be the 
Secretary. 

That Sir Roper Lethbridge, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Mr. T. Cann 
Hughes, and Mr. E. Windeatt be a Committee for the purpose of 
investigating and reporting on any Manuscripts, Records, or Ancient 
Documents existing in, or relating to, Devonshire, with the nature 
of their contents, their locality, and whether in public or private 
hands ; and that Mr. E. Windeatt be the Secretary. 

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. R. Bumard, Rev. S. Baring- 
Gould, Mr. J. D. Pode, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a 
Committee for the purpose of exploring Dartmoor and the 
Camps in Devon; and that the Rev. S. Baring-Gould be the 
Secretary. 

That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Rev. J. F. Chanter, 
Rev. Professor Chapman, Mr. R Pearse Chope, Sir Alfred W. Croft, 
Mr. C. H. Laycock, Rev. O. J. Reichel, Mrs. Rose-Troup, Dr. Arthur 
B. Prowse, and Mr. W. A. Francken be a Committee, with power 
to add to their numbers, for compiling complete Indexes to the 
First and Second Series of the Transactions; and that the Rev. 
J. F. Chanter be the Secretary. 

That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. T. Cann Hughes, 
Sir Roper Lethbridge, Rev. 0. J. Reichel, Mr. A. J. V. Radford, 
Mr. Harbottle Reed, Mr. George E. Windeatt, and Rev. J. F. 
Chanter be a Committee, with power to add to their number, to 
prepare a detailed account of the Church Plate of the Diocese of 
Exeter ; and that Mr. Harbottle Reed and the Rev. J. F. Chanter 
be the joint Secretaries. 

That Miss Rose E. Carr-Smith, the Hon. Mrs. Colborne, Mr. W. P. 
Hiem, Miss C. E. Larter, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Rev. A. C. Morris, 
Mr. H. G. Peacock, Miss C. Peck, Dr. A. B. Prowse, Mr. A. 
Sharland, and Mr. T. Wainwright be a Committee, with power to 
add to their number, for the purpose of investigating matters 
connected with the Flora and Botany of Devonshire; and that 
Mr. W. P. Hiem be the Secretary. 

That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Rev. S. Baring- 
Gould, Mr. Robert Burnard, Rev. J. F. Chanter, Mr. W. E. P. 
Chappie, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Mr. A. W. Clayden, Miss B. F. 
Cresswell, Mr. G. M. Doe, Mr. M. T. Foster, Mr. T. V. 
Hodgson, Sir Roper Lethbridge, Rev. S. M. Nourse, Mr. 
H. Lloyd Parry, Dr. A. B. Prowse, Mr. A. L. Radford, Mrs. 
G. H. Radford, Mr. Harbottle Reed, Mr. F. R. Rowley, Mr. H. 
Tapley-Soper, Mr. H. R. Watkin, Mr. E. Windeatt, Mr. G. D. 
Woollcombe, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee for pre- 
paring a list of "Ancient Monuments" in the county of Devon, 
which it is considered desirable should be handed over, with the 
consent of their owners, to the custody of the First Commissioner 



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26 BmnjTBS appointino committbbs. 

of Works, under the proTisions of the Acts of 1882, 1900, and 
1913, with the view to their preservation and protection; and that 
Mr. Maxwell Adams he the Secretary. 

That the Rev. J. A. Balleine, Rev. J. F. Chanter, Mr. R. Pearse 
Chope, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Sir Roper Lethbridge, Dr. Arthur B. 
Prowse, Rev. O. J. Reichel, and Mrs. Rose-Troup be a Com- 
mittee for the purpose of collecting and recording information 
concerning Place-Names and Field-Names in Devonshire; and 
that Dr. Arthur B. Prowse be the S^retary. 

That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Miss B. F. 
Cresswell, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Mr. R. Burnet Morris, Mrs. G. H. 
Radford, and Mr. H. Tapley-Soper be a Committee for the com- 
pilation of a Bibliography of the County of Devon ; and that Mr. 
R. Burnet Morris be the Secretary. 



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[ 27 ] 



PROCEEDINGS AT THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL 
MEETING, HELD AT EXETER, 20th TO 23bd 
JULY, 1916.1 

Notwithstanding the sad circumstances under which it 
was held, the Meeting of 1915, at Exeter, thanks to the 
excellent arrangements made by the Honorary Local 
Secretaries, Messrs. Sidney Andrew and Harbottle Reed, 
will rank as one of the most interesting in the annals of 
the Association. As stated in the Report of the Council 
(p. 19), it was originally intend^ that the Meeting of 
1915 should be held at Crediton, but owing to the country 
being in a state of War, the local authorities were obliged 
to withdraw their invitation to the Association to visit 
that town, whereupon the Council of the Association 
decided that the City of Exeter — ^the birthplace of the 
Association — ^would be a suitable place for the Meeting, 
and resolved, with the consent of his Worship the Mayor 
of Exeter, to hold the Meeting in that city, for the trans- 
action of the business of the Association, for the reading 
of the Reports and Papers submitted, and for visits to 
some of the ancient buildings and places of interest in the 
city and its neighbourhood. 

At 2 p.m. on the 20th July, a meeting of the Council 
was held in the Fisher Library, Royal Albert Memorial 
University College, which was followed by a General 
Meeting of the members at 3.30 p.m. in Room No. 27, 
with Sir Roper Lethbridge in the Chair, at which, among 
other matters, it was decided to accept the cordial invita- 
tion of the Mayor and Corporation of Lyme Regis to hold 
the meeting of 1916 in that town, and the Hon. Secretary 
read a letter from Mr. Robert Bumcuxi, Hon. Secretary of 
the Dartmoor Preservation Association, reporting the 
partial destruction of the ancient tumulus crowning the 
summit of Hookner Tor, near Grimspound, which had 
been brought to his notice by the Rev. 0. J. Odell, r.n., 

^ I am indebted to the President, Mr. Harbottle Reed, the Rev. J. F. 
Chanter, and Mr. Hugh R Watkin for their kind assistance in the compilation 
of theae Proceedings.— £d. 



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28 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL BiEBTING. 

a member of this Association, and that he had taken steps 
to suspend its further destruction. 

At 4 p.m., the members inspected some portions of Old 
Exeter, under the guidance of Mr. Harbottle Reed, who 
also very kindly pointed out the chief features of interest 
in the buildings visited and gave a sketch of the history 
of each. Starting from the Museimi, which is opposite the 
traditionary site of King Athelstane's palace, and turning 
into Paul Street, one side of which is in process of demoli- 
tion — several ancient houses, including Oriental plastered 
ceilings and half-timbered fronts, already having been 
pulled down — ^the Roman mosaic pavement discovered in 
1887 on the site of the new police station was inspected. 

Passing on to 170 Fore Street, by courtesy of Mr. 
Pearse, the very fine Jacobean oak-panelled dining-room 
and elaborate strapwork plaster ceilkig of the large room 
ovet were viewed. 

The Tuckers' Hall was then visited. This was originally 
a chapel and connected with Plympton Priory. A record 
refers to its building in 1471, and in 1523 the Fraternity of 
the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was responsible 
for the repairs, and the support of the chaplain. 

After the dissolution of religious houses, it was used as 
a store, about 1576. It came into the hands of the Tuckers 
in 1602, who probably converted it into the present two- 
story building. 

The Weavers and Tuckers were very prominent in the 
old trade incorporations of the city ; we hear of them in 
1452, and in 1490 the Weavers and Fullers were incor- 
porated, and the grant renewed in 1602. 

The Tuckers evidently panelled the walls between 1634 
and 1638 — ^the latter date being over the mantelpiece ; 
and they seem to have used the lower room for a poor 
school. 

The ancient corporation is still existing and consists of 
two wardens and twenty -four assistants* They were 
granted arms in 1564. 

St. Nicholas Priory proved unusually full of interest, 
as it has been acquired by the City of Exeter with the 
object of restoring and preserving this ancient building, 
the work being now in progress under the advice of Mr. 
Brakespeare and the local supervision of Mr. Tonar. 

The parts now reverting to the city (for they purchased 
it once before in 1549) are the conventual buildings on 



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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 29 

the west side of the cloister, with portions of the original 
foundation in 1089 as an appanage of Battle Abbey. 

The undercroft remains, having two low circular piers 
with scalloped caps, from which spring plain transverse 
vaulting ribs and similar ribs on one groin of each com- 
partment, only without intersection. The diflSculty of 
vaulting a bay of two unequal spans is clearly shown in 
the winding surfaces and crooked ribs, which is possibly 
one of the earliest attempts at groined vaulting in England. 
Since acquirement by the city, chimneys, floors, and 
walls which had been inserted to convert the buildings 
into small houses, have been removed, and the fine roof 
and much ancient oakwork revealed in the large hall as 
well as in the old kitchen. Traces of later work, including 
ornamental plaster ceilings and fragments of frescoes, 
indicate the occupation as a house in Elizabethan days. 
Mr. Tonar very courteously pointed out the old work 
which had been laid bare, as he also did at the old house 
in King Street next visited, where some remains of Norman 
work have been discovered, especially noticeable being the 
Norman carved internal stone cornice. 

At 9 p.m. the members met in the Royal Albert Me- 
morial University College for the Address of the incoming 
President, Principal A. W. Clayden, m.a., f.g.s. 

Colonel E. T. Clifford, who, in the absence of the retiring 
President, introduced Principal Clayden, said : — 

*' When the Association last met in Exeter in 1912, 
I said I accepted the invitation to preside as a compliment 
to the London Devonian Association, of which I have the 
honour to be Chairman, and as showing your approval of 
its objects. In responding to the wish of your Council 
that I should preside this evening, I do so in the belief that 
the views I expressed last time still hold good, and it affords 
me an opportunity for stating that the London Devonian 
Association is progressing satisfactorily and doing excel- 
lent work for Devonian Societies and Devonians all over 
the world ; indeed, including those in Devon itself. 

" I would also like to add how gratifying it is to us in 
London to feel that such cordial relations exist between 
the two Associations, the Devonshire Association and the 
London Devonian Association ; a relationship which, I 
submit, should be productive of good to both. 

" Mr. Maxwell Adams assures me that my duties to- 
night are purely formal, but he points out that in intro- 



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30 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL BfBETING. 

ducing the new President I am expected to make some 
appropriate remarks. 

" Well, Ladies and Gentlemen, there is nothing I can 
say about Principal Clayden that you do not already 
know. He and his good works are well known to you all. 
We read that a prophet hath no honour in his own country, 
nor amongst his own kin. I do not propose to throw any 
doubt upon any statement which is made under an 
authority which most regard with awe and reverence, but 
at any rate we have to-day an illustration which goes to 
prove that there are exceptions to every rule, and in 
inviting Principal Clayden to be our President at this 
year's Meeting in Exeter, your Council's act will be appre- 
ciated, not only by our own members, not only by the 
authorities of the building in which we are so hospitably 
housed, but by the inhabitants of this city which gave 
us birth. 

" What occurs to me at the moment is, what will be the 
subject of the new President's address ? Well, I have 
not the honour of his confidence, but it is more than likely 
that any man in such circumstajices will speak on the 
subject which is nearest his heart, and of which he has the 
greatest knowledge ; and as Mr. Principal Clayden stands 
for Education, it is fair for us to assume that liis address 
will be on this subject. 

" Ladies and Gentlemen, it is entirely beyond my com- 
petence to speak on such an important matter as educa- 
tion ; but in general I, and I am sure you all, hold the 
strongest views on the advantage, indeed the necessity, of 
education. 

** The government of this world is founded on force, 
and will be founded on force unless and until the highest 
system of education, properly applied education, com- 
bined with intelligence, supersedes it. The arbitrament 
of the sword obtains to-day ; it is the mightiest factor, 
and that sword will not be sheathed until it is superseded 
by education. 

" In inviting Mr. Principal Clayden to occupy this 
Chair for the ensuing year, I can, I know, in your name, 
assure him that we look to him and to sudi as he to show 
us the way." 

The President then delivered his Address (see p. 62), 
on the conclusion of which Mr. H. Michell Whitley, who 



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PBOCEBDINQS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 31 

moved a hearty vote of thanks to Principal Clayden, said 
** that the Address in dealing as it did with technical edu- 
cation was well timed, for when the Allies had won their 
victory, it will be necessary, if we are to profit by it, as* 
we should do, to imitate our enemy and apply ourselves 
to the development of our industries by a fuller use of 
technical education. He had seen," said Mr. Michell 
Whitley, " in his travels abroad how much we had been 
hampered by this failing." 

On Wednesday, the 21st July, the reading of the Re- 
ports and Papers in the Royal Albert Memorial University 
College was commenced at 10 a.m., and continued, with 
an interval for lunch, till 4 p.m., when the members 
motored to Ottery St. Mary, where Mr. Harbottle Reed 
described the Collegiate Church to the members as follows : 
In a Saxon charter of 1060 Edward the Confessor granted 
Ottery to the Virgin Mary of Rouen, and there is no record 
in Domesday of any church here, but in the restoration 
of 1850 the base of a Norman iont is said to have been dug 
up. A church was consecrated by Bishop Bronescombe in 
1259, and although much of the present church has a 
suggestion of that date, when examined the details seem 
to tell another story, and it is rather to the time of Bishop 
Grandisson that we are to assign the date ; for he elevated 
the Parish Church to Collegiate dignity with a Warden, 
Minister, Precentor, Sacristan, and four Canons, all to 
rank as Canons or Prebendaries. He acquired the property 
from the Canons of Rouen in 1335 and shortly afterwards 
began the reconstruction and enlargement of the church. 
The parishioners were relegated to the nave and aisles and 
perhaps to the north tower. 

The arrangements of the church, with the peculiarities 
of the vaults, its screen in the Lady Chapel, the alteration 
of the floor levels by Mr. Butterfield and the removal of 
the stone choir screen, and the erection of the Dorset 
aisle and other features, were described by Mr. Reed. 

There are two transeptal Towers, and Freeman, in his 
Exeier Cathedral, says : " There are, it seems, but three 
Cathedral churches in the world that have two towers in 
exactly that position." One of these to which he referred 
is Barcelona, but anyone who knows this Spanish church 
will fail to see much similarity. 

The resemblance to Exeter is very striking. Although 
Ottery has only five bays each to nave and choir against 



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32 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 

seven bays each to nave and choir of the Cathedral, yet 
there are at Ottery, chapels in each tower, and at the east 
end of each aisle transeptal chapels to the choir with 
Chambers over, and a three-bayed lady chapel. In old 
pictures of Exeter a lead-covered spire to north tower is 
shown as here. 

One of the destructive innovations of Mr. Butterfield, 
in 1851, was the alteration of the floor levels. T|;iat of the 
nave of the parish church extended into the eastern bay 
of the nave, and at the back of the altar was a wood 
screen division from the collegiate portion with a rise of 
three steps ; then came the stone rood screen in a position 
similar to that at Exeter ; it was ten feet high and four 
feet wide, and furnished with an organ. In the last cen- 
tury the boys of King's School sat on it before its removal 
in 1830. 

While in the nave we may note the vaulting, of which 
there are seven or more varieties : the type seen in the choir 
is also at Wells. The niches over the nave arcade, which 
in a degree suggest a triforium, are not original, but a 
somewhat conjectural restoration. 

Conspicuous in the nave are the fine canopied tombs of 
the brother of Bishop Grandisson, Otho, and his wife 
Beatrix. In Lausanne Cathedral are many monuments to 
members of this powerful family. Grandisson himself is 
commemorated in the central boss of the vaulting, and con- 
tinuing eastward is a fine series of bosses, the first being 
St. John the Baptist ; second, St. Ann presenting the 
Blessed Virgin before the Temple ; third, the Annuncia- 
tion ; fourth, the Holy Mother and Child ; fifth, over the 
altar screen, the Assumption of the Virgin (the annual 
feast day of the College being on the 15th August). Con- 
tinuing the Story of Our Lady, the bosses in the lady 
chapel indicate Our Lord offering to His Mother the orb 
of sovereignty as Queen of Heaven, and Our Lord enthroned 
as Judge. 

In the south transept is a clock, probably of 1340 date, 
showing the earth as centre of the solar system, restored 
in 1907. It is one of the four Wessex old clocks, the others 
being at Exeter, Wells, and Wimbome Minster. 

Entering the choir Butterfield's alteration of the floor 
is apparent, for in a plan by Heywood of 1843 the old floor 
levels are shown, three steps being at east end of nave, 
then level through, crossing to east side of third bay 



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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 33 

of choir, followed by one step and three more to the 
sanctuary. 

The lady chapel has a very unusual feature, a minstrels' 
gallery, and also a carved wooden lectern with the arms 
of Grandisson, the modem stalls being given by the late 
Reverend J. Dickenson, who, living in the Manor House, 
knew the church so well and wrote so lovingly of it. 

The North or Dorset Aisle was built between 1504 and 
1530 (probably 1520) by Cicely, daughter and heiress of 
Lord William Bonville, of Shute, a cousin of Anne (of 
Warwick), Queen of Richard III. She married the Marquis 
of Dorset, who died in 1501, and, secondly, the Earl of 
Wiltshire, Henry Stafford, second son of Henry Stafford, 
Duke of Buckingham (died 1523). 

Cicely the Marchioness was one of the godmothers of 
Queen Elizabeth, and died 1530 about seventy years old, 
the last of her name and race — ^Bonville. On the moulding 
of the parapet outside are the family badges : Harrington, 
fret ; Stafford, knot ; Hastings, bull's head ; Bourchier, 
knot ; and the Bonville mullet is in the arms over the 
door. Henry Grey, Cicely's grandson, became Duke of 
Suffolk, was the father of Lady Jane Grey, executed 1554, 
and possibly the arms over the porch were defaced by 
Queen Mary's orders. 

The ceiling of this aisle is one of the finest specimens of 
fan vaulting in the west ; the pendentives being very 
ingenious. The aisle would replace the north porch, which 
would be the parishioners' entrance, the cloister being on 
the south side, and consequently the south door would not 
be accessible to them. The Dorset north porch has a 
watchers' chamber over, as at Durham Cathedral. 

On the pillars of the Dorset aisle arcade are commem- 
orated Bishops Oldham (1504-19) and Veysey (1619-51). 

Bishop Grandisson's statutes for the regulation of the 
College are most elaborate, entering very minutely into 
details of ceremonial and conduct. 

The College was dissolved by Henry VIII. in 1545, and 
the church became parochial with a corporation of four 
governors, who were to provide a schoolmaster for the 
King's new Grammar School. 

Of the Collegiate buildings scarcely any portion remains. 

The party then proceeded to Cadhay House, which was 
visited by the kind permission of W. C. D. Whetham, Esq., 
M.A., F.R.s. Mrs. Whetham received the members, and, 

VOL. XLVII. c 



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34 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 

assisted by her daughters and Mr. Whetham, took the 
party over the house and gave them a succinct historical 
description of the building, with its phases of ownership 
beginning in the reign of Edward I., when it belonged to 
the Cadhay fainily, passing in the fifteenth century through 
the female line to Hugh Grenville. His granddaughter 
married John Haydon (1645-87), son of Richard Hay- 
don, of Woodbury, who, according to Risdon, ** builded 
there a fair new house and enlarged his demesnes," portions 
of which, notably the east front, remain to this day. John 
Haydon was succeeded by his great-nephew, Robert, who 
continued the work, and his initials and the date, 1617, 
appear under the statue of Queen Elizabeth. In 1737 the 
estate was in the possession of William Peere Williams, 
who made great alterations internally. Early in the nine- 
teenth century the western portion was converted into 
a farm-house. In 1910 many interesting features were 
uncovered by the present owner, Mr. Whetham, who, 
with great judgment, has conserved rather than restored 
the old work, altering its Tudor and Georgian character as 
little as possible. 

John Haydon, who used a good deal of the materials 
from the suppressed college at Ottery, was responsible for 
the major portion of the house, which has, for Devonshire, 
the rather unusual inner courtyard plan. Each front 
facing the courtyard has a niche containing the statues of 
Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, contem- 
porary with the date of the original house. Some altera- 
tions were made in Georgian times. The house contains 
several Tudor chimneypieces and a fine Georgian plaster 
ceiling. In the Dining Hall the arms of Poulett, Grenville, 
Harvey, Southcott, Haydon, and Every are displayed, 
and on a chimneypiece in one of the bedrooms are the 
arms of Poulett and Poulett impaling Kenn. 

The base of the old Ottery Cross and parts of the shaft 
were also shown. 

On the evening of Wednesday, 21st July, the members 
of the Association were cordially welcomed by the Presi- 
dent and Mrs. Clayden, at their residence, 5, The Crescent, 
Mount Radford, where they were shown many objects 
of scientific and literary interest. The large telescope with 
6' 8-inch lens has historic value from the fact that it was 
the first lens of that diameter to be successfully ground, 
and was made by Tulley from a disc of flint glass pre- 



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FBOCSEDINOS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 35 

aented to the Astronomical Society of London by Guinand, 
who discovered how to manufacture suitable material. 

The finished lens was submitted to a Committee of the 
leading astronomers of the day, including Sir John Her- 
schel, Dr. Pearson, and Mr. Dollond, and their report is 
printed in the memoirs of the Society. The telescope is 
mentioned in numerous astronomical papers and books. 

The atmosphere of a country like England limits the 
number of the nights in the year on which delicate 
observations can be made, and on the evening of the visit 
the sky was unfortunately too overcast for members to 
profit by the use of this valuable telescope, so beautifully 
poised that a finger could move the 2 cwt. which it was 
estimated the instrument weighed. Diagrams, with 
which Principal Clayden had decorated the walls of his 
Observatory, were explained and the interest of his 
guests specially aroused in two new instruments, in- 
vented and made by the President, to record the radiation 
of heat to and from the earth's surface. The extra- 
ordinary variations, in which so many factors must take 
part, are clearly shown by the course of the pen on the 
" actinograph," the accuracy of which is proved by com- 
parison of the diagrams on the two instruments. 

Principal Clayden's wonderful discovery in the Polti- 
more quarry, near Exeter, of the footprints of hitherto 
unknown and almost unexplainable early reptiles of the 
Permian age, is already well known to geologists. The 
slabs of sandstone, so skilfuUy split and carefully pre- 
served, showing so distinctly some of the earliest imprints 
made by creature life on this planet, may be considered 
among the most historically interesting and valuable 
records in the world. Many literary treasures were also 
shown to the members by the President, Mrs. and Miss 
Clayden, and a most enjoyable and instructive evening 
was spent, thanks to the hospitality of their kind host and 
hostess. 

On Thursday, 22nd July, the reading of the Papers was 
resumed at 10 a.m. in the Royal Albert Memorial Uni- 
versity College, and was followed by a General Meeting cf 
members, at which cordial votes of thanks were passed 
to the College authorities for the use of the rooms so 
kindly placed at the disposal of the Association for the 
Meeting ; to the Hon. Local Secretaries, Messrs. Sidney 
Andrew and Harbottle Reed, for the excellent arrange- 



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36 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 

ments made by them for the convenience and comfort 
of the members during the meeting ; and to the President, 
Mr. Principal A. W. Clayden, for the able manner in which 
he conducted his duties from the Chair. At 2 p.m. a 
meeting of the Council was held, at which the General 
Secretary reported the casualties in the Council during 
the year and the names of members who had qualified for 
the Council, and who were duly elected to that body. 

In the afternoon of Thursday, Mr. Harbottle Reed 
kindly showed the members some further interesting 
features of Old Exeter, beginning at BowhiU, a fifteenth- 
century manor house belonging to the Hollands. The 
large Hall still retains its original windows and very fine 
oak roof, with moulded ribs and arched braces. Other 
rooms with their oak ceiling beams or arched trusses 
remain, and a good kitchen with huge fireplace. 

Returning from Bowhill, Mr. Reed pointed out an old 
granite cross in Cowick Street, also the church of St. 
Thomas the Martyr and the old Exe Bridge of Walter 
Gervayse (1250). At the crossing of North Street and 
High Street the statue of St. Peter was noticed as one of 
the four figures which belonged to the old conduit at this 
crossway. 

College Hall. The brothers and sisters of Kalenderheie 
are mentioned in 1271, and a deed refers to twenty in the* 
twelfth century. This was an episcopal almshouse and 
the fraternity had a seal. On refounding St. John's 
Hospital, Bishop Grandissqn removed the Brethren there. 
His successor. Bishop Brantyngham, then built the 
College for the Priest- Vicars of the Cathedral. Among 
the benefactors have been Marshall, Brewer, Lacy, and 
Oldham, and their arms are shown in the Hall as well as 
their painted portraits. 

In 1529, Treasurer John Ryse rebuilt the College Hall, 
and 1647 saw it turned into a common wool store. It has 
returned to part of its original uses and owners — ^the 
College of Priest- Vicars of the Cathedral. Originally the 
disposition of the buildings resembled somewhat that of 
Wells, an eastern gateway, then a narrow quadrangle with 
the Vicars' small houses on either side, and the common 
Hall with its kitchen and offices at the South Street end. 
Now little except the Hall remains, with its panelled walls 
and sturdy roof trusses. 

In the Law Library was seen a still finer oak roof than 



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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 37 

that of Bowhill, the College Hall or Cadhay House. This 
is of the hammer-beam type, and bears a strong resem- 
blance to that of Westminster Hall (1397), although only 
one-third the span. The building forms part of one of the 
old halls of the Close, and seems to have been connected 
with the Chancellor of the Cathedral, the entrance arch 
bearing his arms. 

The New Inn was next visited. These premises, now in 
the possession of Messrs. Green and Son, have in several 
forms occupied a prominent position in Exeter. A wooUen 
market, then as the New Inn, of which the Apollo Room 
with magnificent plaster- work enrichments, dated 1695, 
has been used as a banqueting hall by Judges and visitors 
of note. 

Bampfylde House (1590) was the Exeter residence of 
the Bampfyldes, ancestors of Lord Poltimore, by whom 
it is now owned. The carved oak panelling, ceilings, glass, 
and lead were pointed out. 

On Thursday evening, 22nd July, many members of 
the Association availed themselves of the opportunity 
to visit the Museum on the invitation of the President 
and Curator, where Principal Clayden and Mr. Rowley 
most kindly explained objects of interest in the collections. 
The model of Exeter attracted attention with reference 
to the position of St. Nicholas' Priory, the old Norman 
house, so fortunately saved from destruction by the City 
Council, and other sites visited by the members, under the 
guidance of Mr. Harbottle Reed and Mr. L. T. Tonar. 
The President showed further examples of footprints in 
the sandstone of Poltimore quarry, and explained why the 
topographical position of the rock suggested the possi- 
bility to him of such a discovery. 

On Friday, 23rd July, a motor excursion was planned 
to Dunsford, Fulford, Moretonhampstead, Chagford, and 
Drewsteignton, but owing to a somewhat late start and 
the need of an early return to catch trains, the visit to 
Chagford had to be omitted. 

At Dunsford the church, in the absence of the Vicar, 
was described by Rev. J. F. Chanter, f.s.a., who said that 
the church formerly belonged to Canonsleigh, and was 
dedicated 29th July, 1262, by Bronescombe in honour of 
the Blessed Virgin, but as we see it now is mainly Per- 
pendicular ; the chancel was rebuilt and the rest restored 
in 1846. The chief points of interest to be noticed were 



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38 PBOCBEDINQS AT THB ANNUAL MESTING. 

the Fulford moniunents — ^that in the north aisle was a 
good example of highly decorated Jacobean work, it 
represented Sir Thomas Fulford, Ursula, his wife, and 
their seven children. Sir Thomas in steel armour, wearing 
a red velvet tunic and pantaloons with. Elizabethan ruffle 
and wristbands ; his wife also in a dress of the Eliza- 
bethan period ; over the monument hung an old helmet 
and sword. The font might be dated circ, 1430, and 
bears shields of the arms of Richard I. and of Bishop Lacy, 
and of the Fulford, Fitzurse, Harpesfield, Courtenay, and 
Bosan fami^es. In the upper lights of the windows was 
some good ancient glass, and inside the altar rails a fine 
Bishop's chair ; it was given by a former Rector who 
was son-in-law of Bishop Phillpotts, and was said to have 
been brought from Calver, but no particulars of its history 
were known. ^ 

At Fulford the party was received in the Great Hall 
by Miss Fulford, who after expressing her brother's 
regrets at being unable to be present, gave an interest- 
ing account of the Fulford Family and their house. 
The house, she said, was built by Sir John Fulford, who 
married Dorothy Bourchier, daughter of John, 2nd Lord 
Fitzwarren ; the marriage settlement was dated 2nd 
October, 1533, and his son. Sir John Fulford, was Sheriff 
of Devon, 5th Mary and 19th Eliz. ; the Bourchier knot 
appears on several of the panels in the hall ; it is the latter's 
son who is represented on the tomb in Dunsford Church. 
Colonel Francis Fulford, afterwards Sir Francis, held the 
house for the King during the Civil War ; his name is 
on the roll of those to be appointed Knights of the Royal 
Oak. After the Restoration, the family went to reside at 
Toller, in Dorsetshire, which accounts for there being 
little mention of the Fulford family in Devonshire records 
of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. 
They returned to Fulford in 1729, and Francis Fulford 
was Sheriff in 1744. 

The HaU as they saw it now had been lengthened by 
taking in the archway that led to the second court, 
and at that time the present plaster ceiling was sub- 
stituted for the old one, which, however, was not an 
open timber one like most halls, owing to there having 
been a story over the haU ; at the end of it were figures of 

^ See also Devon Notts and Queries^ Vol. I. 



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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 39 

Baldwin Fulford, the Crusader, and the two Saracens he 
fought and slew, and also the colours of the Devon Militia, 
of which another Baldwin Fulford was Lieutenant-Colonel, 
which were placed there when the regiment was disbanded 
in 1817. In 1780 the grand staircase was destroyed by 
the fall of the ceiling during some alterations and the 
present one fixed ; at the same time the gables were re- 
made, the present battlements erected, and the bays at 
the comers of the house thrown out. 

Miss Fulford then conducted the party over the other 
portions of the house, pointing out in particular a i)ortrait 
of a lady in Elizabethan dress, holding a medal by Floren- 
tius Junius, the portrait of King Charles I. by Vandyck, 
portrait of Count Egmont (executed in 1568), and pre- 
sented by him to Sir John Fulford, and the large picture, 
8x12, of the Battle of Gravelines by Franck, showing 
Coimt Egmont on horseback in the foreground ; also the 
fine bedstead of the Elizabethan period.^ 

The President having welcomed the Teign Naturalists' 
Field Club and the Exeter Diocesan Architectural and 
Archaeological Society, whose members had joined the 
Devonshire Association, the party drove to Moreton- 
hampstead, where lunch was served, and afterwards the 
church was described by Rev. J. F. Chanter. It consists 
of a nave, 54x18, chancel, N. and S. aisles, and western 
tower ; the five arches have heavy rude octagonal shafts 
with plain capitals ; the roof line of an earlier nave can 
be seen against the tower ; there is a new screen — the 
old one was taken down in 1857 and purchased by Lord 
Devon, who gave it to Whitchurch, where it was re- 
erected ; the old screen had a newel staircase in a turret 
on the north side that still remains ; in the churchyard 
were some curious carved stones of a pre-Norman period 
that till lately formed part of the paving of the tower. 

The remains of the market cross and the site of the 
dancing tree were also visited. The party then drove to 
Drewsteignton, where the church was described by the 
Rev. J. F. Chanter. He said he supposed nobody need 
be told now that Drewsteignton had nothing to do with 
Druids, but took its name from Drogo or Drew, who 
possessed the manor in the time of Henry II. The church, 
built of granite, consisted of chancel, nave, N. and S. 

^ Full illustrations of the house and its contents can be seen in Country 
Life, August Ist, 1914. 



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40 PBOCEEDINOS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 

aisles, western tower, and S. porch with room over ; 
like most of Devon churches it was mainly Perpendicular ; 
several of the shafts of the five arches were monoliths ; the 
south wall was embattled, but the north side had a much 
finer elevation and the tracery of the windows was far 
more elaborate ; the roofs were cradle, that of the nave was 
plastered, but in the aisles old wall plates and good bosses 
remain ; the old font was a fine Norman, tub-shaped — ^it 
was now in the Rectory garden injured by rough treat- 
ment and covered with laurels. Its place had been taken, 
he trusted, only for a time by the present monstrosity. 
The screen had disappeared and no trace left of its exist- 
ence except the rood loft door ; the chancel was rebuilt 
in 1863. 

Tea was partaken of at the Inn, after which the party 
drove back via Tedbume S. Mary to Exeter, which was 
reached about 6.30 p.m. 

The Meeting of 1915 was brought to a conclusion with 
this day's excursion. 

Maxwell Adams. 



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[ 41 ] 



0bitnwc^ ^otues; 



Miss Aqnes Bayly. Miss Agnes Bayly, who joined 
the Association as a life member in 1894, was the second 
daughter of the late Mr. John Bayly, of Plymouth, and 
sister of the late Mr. Robert Bayly, of Torr. Of a most 
sympathetic nature and philanthropic disposition, Miss 
Bayly was during the whole of her life a generous supporter 
of most of the charitable institutions of Plymouth. In 
particular, she was actively associated with the Devon and 
Cornwall Female Orphanage in Lockyer Street, and the 
Friendless Girls' Help Association, Portland Square. As 
a member of the congregation of St. Andrew's Church, 
Plymouth, she took an active interest in the parochial 
work of the church, and was associated with her sister, 
Miss Anna Bayly, in the gift of a site for the new church 
at Yelverton. Both were large contributors to the building 
fund of the new church, and had lately given choir stalls 
to it. After an illness of about six weeks. Miss Agnes 
Bayly died on 29 July, 1915, in her 80th year, of 
pneumonia. 

Ingram Bywatee. By the death of Mr. Bjrwater the 
Association has lost one of its most distinguished members, 
and the world one of the most learned and scholarly of 
modem Hellenists. 

The son of John Ingram Bjrwater, a clerk in the Customs, 
he was bom in London in 1840, and was educated at 
King's College and University Schools. Thence he passed 
to a scholarship at Queen's College, Oxford, where he was 
a contemporary with Walter Pater, whom he knew 
intimately, and having successively taken first classes in 
classics in Moderations and in the Final Schools, he was 

^ I am greatly indebted to Mr. H. B. S. Woodhoiise, Mr. Thomas 
Wednwright, Miss C. E. Larter, Miss M. A. Applegate, Mr. G. M. Doe, 
Mr. J. J. Alexander, Mr. John Northmore, Mr. E. W. Chilcott, Mr. 
Arthur Davson, Mr. Cecil Hunt, and the Rev. B. Guyer for their kind 
assistance in collecting materials for the compilation of these obituaries. 
(Ed.) 



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42 OBITUARY NOTICES. 

elected to a Fellowship at Exeter College in 1863. For 
many years he held a tutorship in that college, and in 
1883 he was appointed University Reader in Greek and 
relinquished work for the college in order to devote him- 
self exclusively to the study of Greek literature. Before 
this, however, he had already established a European 
reputation by his critical edition of the Fragmenis of 
Heraclitus, This is a small book in bulk, but it represents 
the result of years of study and research. 

In 1886, Bywater edited Priacianv^ Lydv^, an early 
Peripatetic, for the Berlin Academy, and in 1890 he 
published a new recension of the text of Aristotle's Ethics. 
In 1892 he published a tract on the Textual Criticism of 
Aristotle's Ethics^ and in 1893, on the death of Jowett, 
he was appointed by Mr. Gladstone to succeed him as 
Regius Professor of Greek. In 1897 appeared his critical 
edition of the text of Aristotle's Poetics, on which he had 
been engaged for many years. He had made this treatise 
one of the leading subjects of his lectures delivered from 
the Regius Chair of Greek and had devoted to it all his 
ripest powers of criticism, exegesis and illustration. In 
1909 the Clarendon Press published his final edition of his 
magnum opus, containing not merely his critical recension 
of the text, but an Introduction, Translation, and Com- 
mentary. 

He also privately printed an edition of the Life of 
Aristotle contained in Diogenes Laertius, The weekly 
meetings of the Oxford Aristotelian Society in his rooms 
were renowned, and did much to further the study of 
Aristotle in Oxford. 

He married the second daughter of Mr. C. J. Cornish, of 
Salcombe Regis, and widow of Mr. Hans W. Sotheby, who 
was herself a good Greek scholar. Mr. Bywater joined 
the Association in 1906, and died on 17 December, 1914, 
at the age of 74. 

Henry Foster Carr. Mr. Carr, who was chairman of 
the firm of Messrs. Carr and Quick, Ltd., wine merchants 
of Exeter, was a keen sportsman and a familiar figure in 
the hunting field, being a member of both the East Devon 
and of the Silverton Himts. He also took a great interest 
in archaeological and kindred studies. Joining the Devon- 
shire Association in 1907, he followed its work and pro- 
ceedings with keen interest, and was a regular attendant 



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OBITUARY NOTICES. 43 

at its annual meetings. He was taken ill during the 
meeting of the Association held at Tavistock in July, 1914, 
and died after a few days' illness on 26 July, 1914, at 
his residence, Broadparks, Pinhoe, at the age of 66, 
deeply regretted by aU who knew him, being courteous to 
a degree and of a kindly and sympathetic nature. He 
leaves issue two sons and three daughters. 

James George Commin. Mr. Commin belonged to a 
family whose members had been citizens of Exeter for 
upwards of three centuries. His father, Mr. James 
Commin, was a solicitor and conveyancing barrister, 
whose chambers were situated on the site on which the 
tower of St. Mary Major now stands. Mr. James George 
Commin was bom in Exeter on 3 December, 1856, and 
as a young man was apprenticed first to Messrs. Drayton 
and Sons, the well-known booksellers of High Street, 
Exeter, and afterwards to Messrs. Sotheran and Co., of the 
Strand and Piccadilly, London, with which firm he com- 
pleted his business training, and on his return from 
London set up as a. bookseller at 230 High Street, Exeter, 
and remained in the same premises during the whole of 
his business career. But Mr. Commin was no mere book- 
seller, and, although a keen business man, he was rather 
more a book-lover. His knowledge of books, their authors, 
titles, bindings and formats was exceptional, and under 
his direction his establishment soon gained a world-wide 
reputation, and he himself was well known to aU book- 
lovers and book-coUectors. 

Mr. Commin was the publisher of several works. He 
imdertook the publication of Devon and Cornwall Notes 
and Queries (originally Devon Notes and Queries) in 1900, 
and the success this periodical has attained is mainly due 
to his enterprise. Among his many other publications 
may be mentioned the third edition of the Perambulation 
of Dartmoor, by S. Rowe, edited by Mr. J. Brooking-Rowe, 
and Devon : Its Moorlands, Streams, and Coasts, by Lady 
Rosalind Northcote, illustrated from water-colour draw- 
ings especially drawn for this work by his friend, Mr. F. J. 
Widgery, of Exeter. 

Mr. Commin will also always be gratefully remembered 
by those who take an interest in the history and antiquities 
of Devonshire for his encouragement of local research 
work and the publication of a large number of local 



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44 OBITTTAEY NOTICES. 

monographs, many of which, though of the highest value 
to antiquaries, must have proved of little account from a 
commercial point of view. 

Mr. Commin became a member of the Association in 
1900, and it was through him that the Association was 
invited to celebrate its jubilee in 1912 in Exeter, its birth- 
place. He took an active part in the arrangements for 
the reception and entertainment of its members, and 
contributed greatly to the success of the meeting, at which 
he was one of the Vice-Presidents. 

Early in life Mr. Commin interested himself in public 
affairs, and more particularly in those pertaining to his 
native city, of which he was chosen Mayor in 1908, and 
discharged the duties of chief magistrate with great dis- 
tinction and conscientiousness. His year of office was 
notable for many important events, including the visit 
to the city of H.M. King George V and Queen Mary, 
then Prince and Princess of Wales, and the holding in 
Exeter of the Bath and West of England Agricultural 
Show. 

Mr. Commin also took an active interest in, and was a 
great supporter of, most of the public institutions of 
Exeter, including the Exeter Literary Society, and the 
Royal Albert Memorial College, Library and Museum. 
Besides presenting many books himself to the library, he 
wa« largely instrumental in obtaining the Fisher and 
Brooking-Rowe bequests for it. 

Mr. Commin married a daughter of Mr. Webber, of Hills 
Court, Longbrook Street, Exeter, who predeceased him. 
He died on 16 September, 1914, leaving two sons, who 
carry on his business, and two daughters. 

William Davibs. Mr. W. Davies, who died on 5 Janu- 
ary, 1915, at the age of 72, at his residence, Bellfield, 
Kingsbridge, was a solicitor by profession, and an able 
advocate, and for forty years had a considerable practice 
in the local courts. For many years he was sub-agent 
for the Kingsbridge district of the Totnes Division, 
under Mr. Edward Windeatt, the Unionist agent. He 
took an active part in political aflPairs, and was in touch 
with the Unionist committees throughout the locality. 
Mr. Davies was also clerk to the Governors of Kingsbridge 
Grammar School and to the trustees of Duncombe*s 
Charity, and formerly secretary of the Kingsbridge Town 



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OBITTJARY NOTICES. 46 

Association, and at one time was a member of the Kings- 
bridge Urban District Council. He was an antiquary of 
considerable attainment, making a hobby of folk-lore and 
historical records. He joined the Association in 1896 
and contributed several papers to its Transactions, and 
frequently lectured on the ancient history of Kingsbridge 
and its neighbourhood. 

Frederick Adams Davson. Dr. Davson, of Mount 
Galpine, Dartmouth, was bom in British Guiana, and 
received his early education in Germany, subsequently 
proceeding to England, where he became a medical student 
at St. George's Hospital, later entering Aberdeen Uni- 
versity. In 1867 he took the degrees of M.B. and CM., 
and in 1868 the further degree of M.D. and M.R.C.S., Eng. 
His first official appointment was in H.M. Emigration 
Service. On his health breaking down, he returned to 
England, and in 1870 came to reside at Dartmouth, where 
he continued in practice until his retirement in August, 
1914, which unhappily he was not destined to enjoy long. 
Dr. Davson had made all arrangements to take up Ms 
residence at Torquay, when his final illness overtook 
him. 

During recent years Dr. Davson had not actively 
associated himself with local municipal life, but a number 
of years ago he served a^s councillor, subsequently being 
elected to the aldermanic bench. For many years he was 
a Justice of the Peace for the borough, and at the time 
of his death was senior justice. He was a member of the 
medical staflF of the Dartmouth and Kingswear Cottage 
Hospital, an institution in which he always took great 
interest, and he was intimately associated with various 
other charitable organizations. He was a member of the 
Dartmouth Old Age Pensions Sub-Committee, and was a 
trustee of Townstal Church Lands. He was formerly 
Medical Officer to the Great Western Railway staff, and 
until the passing of the Insurance Act was one of the 
Medical Officers to the local court of the Ancient Order 
of Foresters. He was also previously a surgeon in the 
Dartmouth Battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery 
Volunteers. 

Dr. Davson joined the Association in 1878, in the work 
of which he took the greatest interest, and was mainly 
instrumental for the issue of the invitation of the Mayor 



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46 OBITUARY NOTICES. 

and Corporation to the Association to hold the annual 
meeting of 1911 in Dartmouth. 

Dr. Davson in his day had been a prominent Free- 
mason. He held the provincial rank of P.P.G.S.D., was a 
Past Master of " Hauley " Lodge, 797, a founder of *' The 
Dart" Lodge, 2641, a member of "The Three Pillars" 
Lodge, 2808, Torquay, the Royal Sussex Preoeptory and 
Priory of Malta, No. 25, and a former member of the Rose 
Croix. 

He died on 6 November, 1914, in St. George's Hospital, 
London, where failing health had necessitated his be- 
coming a patient in October, 1914. 

Dr. Davson was a man of a singularly amiable nature, 
and his dignity of character, his gentle manner, and his 
unfailing courtesy endeared hinri to all who had the privilege 
of his acquaintance or came into contact with him pro- 
fessionally or otherwise. 

A widow, three sons, the Rev. H. F. P. Davson, Vicar 
of Cadmore End, Bucks, Mr. A. M. Davson, Dartmouth, 
and Captain H. J. H. Davson, 82nd Punjabis, India, and 
one daughter survive him. 

The Honble. Richard Maitland Westenra Dawson. 
The Hon. R. Dawson, of Holne Park, Ashburton, and 
brother of the Earl of Dartrey, was ex-High Sheriflf of the 
Coimty of Devon, Deputy-Lieutenant and County Magis- 
trate for the Ashburton sub-division of the Teignbridge 
Petty Sessional Division. He was also a member of the 
Dart Fishery Board, president of the Ashburton and 
Buckfastleigh Cottage Hospital, chairman of the governors 
of. Ashburton Grammar School, and a vice-president of 
the Ashburton Constitutional Club and the Mid-Devon 
Unionist Association. A Freemason, he was one of the 
founders of Ashburton Lodge, No. 2189. On the sale by 
Lord Clinton of his Ashburton property he became lord 
of the manor and borough of Ashburton. He was formerly 
county councillor for Ashburton district, and on one 
occasion was Unionist candidate for the Mid-Devon or 
Ashburton Division. For many years he was a director 
of the Devon and Cornwall Bank, and on its amalga- 
mation with Lloyd's Bank he was elected on the 
directorate. 

He became a life member of the Association in 1888, 
and has on more than one occasion officiated as Vice- 



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OBrnJARY NOTICES. 47 

President. His death took place in London on 7 August, 
1914, at the age of 69, following an operation. 

J. Thomas Fouracre. Mr. Fouracre, who died on 
20 July, 1916, at the age of 71, was bom at Stonehouse, 
where his father carried on the business of a painter and 
decorator. Having learnt the business, he succeeded his 
father in due course, but having developed artistic tastes 
and being an artist of no mean ability, particularly in 
water-colours, he became, for business purposes, an artist 
in stained glass, and many churches and public buildings, 
particularly in the West of England, contain fine specimens 
of his work. All the windows in the Plymouth Guildhall, 
with one exception, were designed by him and are among 
the best examples of his talent, as also the window in the 
Plymouth Club depicting the siege of Plymouth. Mr. 
Fouracre's forte was figures in mediaeval costumes, and 
among the many pictures painted by him perhaps the 
best is the one in oik, ** The Traitor," which hangs in the 
Plymouth Art Gallery. He did much for Art in Plymouth. 
*He wa« one of the founders of the late Plymouth Art 
Club for study from life, and assisted in the establishment 
and building of the Plymouth Technical School. He 
frequently lectured on Art, and rendered useful service 
for the Museimi and Art Gallery in Pljntnouth. 

Mr. Fouracre joined the Association in 1908, and 
contributed a paper on OmamentcU Lime-Plaster Ceilings 
and the Plasterer's Craft in Devonshire to the Transactions 
in 1909. He was twice elected President of the Plymouth 
Institution. In 1911 his name was placed upon the 
Commission of the Peace for the Roborough Division in 
the County of Devon and he sat at Stonehouse. 

He leaves a son, Mr. J. Leighton Fouracre, f.r.i.b.a., 
and a daughter, Mrs. Alton Wishart. 

James Brett Guyer. Mr. Guyer, who was a member 
of a Ryde family, settled in Torquay fifty-three or fifty- 
four years ago, died at his residence there, Wrentham, 
on 6 April, 1914, aged 85. 

He had served in the Army Medical Corps during the 
Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny. He was invalided 
home from India, owing to his health completely failing, 
and he retired. He was awarded two medals — one by the 
British Government and one by the Turkish Grovemment. 



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48 OBITUARY NOTICES. 

Soon after he settled in Torquay he married Miss Maria 
Glode Stapleton, of Orpington, Kent. Mr. and Mrs. 
Guyer celebrated the " golden *' anniversary of their 
marriage in June, 1912. Mr. Guyer was actively identified 
with the Torquay Young Men's Christian Association for 
many years, and twice served as its president. 

Mr. Guyer became a life member of the Devonshire 
Association in 1873, and was a member of the Torquay 
Natural History Society for forty-five years, and in 1875-6 
and 1876-7 he served as president of the Society. During 
the second year of his services the museum was opened, and 
he delivered the inaugural address. He was also elected a 
Eellow of the Chemical Society on account of his original 
work in connection with wax and paraffin. For about 
twenty years Mr. Guyer was a member of the Board of 
Management of the Torbay Hospital, in which institution 
he evinced deep interest. He was from its foundation a 
member of St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, of which 
he served as an elder and as hon. treasurer for many years. 
Mr. Guyer was a gentleman of old-world courtesy, with 
transparent kindliness and goodness of heart. He enjoyed 
the high esteem of all who fcaew him: 

Samuel Peek Haddy. Mr. Haddy, who joined the 
Association for the meeting held at Tavistock in 1914, 
was bom at Brixham in 1846. From 1874 to 1913 he held 
the position of relieving officer for the southern parishes 
in the Tavistock Union, and was widely respected as a 
capable and conscientious official. A devout Churchman, 
he took an active part in Church affairs, and from 1901 
to the. time of his death was vicar's churchwarden. As 
an antiquary and a student, he was well versed in old 
Church documents and vestry records, and took a keen 
interest in them. Being personally popular and a 
methodical man of business, he was much sought after 
to act on local committees. He was a school manager 
for several years, a trustee of several charities, a director 
of the Tavistock Gas Company, and during the last year 
of his life, a member of the Tavistock Board of Guardians. 
He was twice married. He died on 13 July, 1915, at the 
age of 69, and was buried at Torquay on 17 July, 1916. 

T. H. Harvey. Mr. Harvey, of Blackrock Grove, 
Fareham, who died on 15 April, 1915, at Lee-on-Solent, 



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OBITUARY NOTICES. 49 

joined the Devonshire Association as life member in 
1892. Formerly he carried on business in Plymouth as a 
tar distiller, sat on the bench of Plymouth magistrates, 
and represented Sutton Ward in the Town Council. He 
was also a member of the Water Committee about the time 
that the Burrator Reservoir was begun, and served on 
the Sanitary Committee, the Technical Instruction Com- 
mittee, and the Finance Committee. In 1899 he removed 
to Fareham and interested himself in Church work, was 
vicar's warden at the Holy Trinity Church, Fareham, for 
many years, a great benefactor to the church, and a 
supporter of all good causes in the town and district. He 
also took part in the politics of the district, represented 
Fareham on the Hampshire County Council, and a few 
days before his death was appointed to the Commission 
of the Peace for the County of Hants, 

Arthur Roope Hunt. Mr. Hunt was descended from 
an old Devonshire family who had resided for generations 
in or near Dartmouth. He was the son of Mr. Arthur 
Hunt, a partner in the firm of Messrs. Hunt, Roope and 
Teage, wine exporters of Oporto, where Arthur Roope 
Hunt was bom on 8th January, 1843, but which place, 
owing to a revolution endangering the lives of British resi- 
dents, he left, with his parents, in a British war vessel, when 
eight or nine years of age. His family settled in Torquay 
in 1852, and he was educated by the Rev. Townsend 
Warner, matriculating at Trinity College, Cambridge, at 
the age of 18, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1864, 
and was afterwards called to the Bar by the Hon. Society 
of the Inner Temple, though he never practised. He was 
elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1870, and in 
1884 became a Fellow of the Linnean Society. 

After spending a few years in the business house of a 
cousin in London, he settled in Torquay, at Southwood, 
and devoted himself for the remainder of his life 
to many and diverse pursuits, but chiefly to those 
of a scientific nature. His contributions to geological 
literature were nimoierous and varied, and among his 
many writings may be mentioned a series of valuable 
papers deaUng with the age of Dartmoor granites and 
the Devonshire schists. He was an authority also on the 
formation of ripple-mark, on coast erosion, and wave- 
action on sea-beaches and sea-bottoms, and in particular 

VOL. XLvn. D 



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50 OBITUARY NOTICES. 

on the raised beaches and the submerged forest of Torbay, 
and the submarine geology of the English Channel. The 
products of his fertile pen appeared in the Transactions 
of the Devonshire Association, in the Oeohgical Magazine, 
the Journal of the Torquay Natural History Society, in 
the Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, of the 
Linnean Society, of the British Association, and in the 
Westminster Review. His first contribution to the Trans. 
Devon. Assoc, was written in 1873 on some gold coins found, 
in 1889, at Blackpool, near Dartmouth. Altogether he 
published nearly one hundred papers in the Transactions 
of various learned societies, while his letters on scientific 
and general subjects, which appeared in the Torquay 
Directory and other newspapers, probably reached setveral 
hundreds. His paper on '* Ripple-mark " was read by 
Lord Rayleigh before the Royal Society in 1882. 

Among his school and college fellows were Lord Ray- 
leigh and Field-Marshal Lord Grenfell, and in manhood 
he numbered among his most intimate scientific friends, 
William Pengelly, Philip Henry Gosse, John Edward Lee, 
E. B. Tawney, Daniel Pidgeon, R. N. Worth, Arthur 
Champemowne, W. A. E. Ussher, A. J. Jukes-Browne, 
Alexander Somervail, and the Revs. T. R. R. Stebbing 
and G. F. Whidbome. 

In company with William Pengelly he devoted much 
time to the exploration of Kent's Cavern and wrote 
many papers thereon, and later, with the co-operation of 
Adam Corrie and W. Bruce-Clarke, he explored the cave 
at Bomess, Kirkcudbrightshire, a description of which, 
together with six plates from photographs by A. R. Hunt, 
appears in the Pros, of the Society of Antiquaries of 
Scotland, vol. x., 1873-74. 

Mr. Hunt became a life member of the Devonshire 
Association in 1868, and was one of the largest contributors 
to its Transa^ctions, and one of its most valued members, 
and the loss his death occasions will be most keenly felt 
by its members. 

But Mr. Hunt's attainments were not limited to science 
alone, for he was a clever boat sailer, a good shot and golfer, 
an enthusiastic musician, an accomplished photographer, 
and displayed much knowledge of engineering. ' He had 
been a member of the Royal Dart Yacht Club, Captain of 
the Torquay Golf Club, and Captain of the Miniature Rifle 
Club at Torquay. He was also past President of the 



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OBITUARY NOTICES. 51 

Torquay Natural History Society, one of the founders 
and managers of its museum, and a frequent benefactor, 
and, on no less than three occasions, he was offered the 
ofBice of President of the Devonshire Association, an 
honour which he found himself iinable to accept. 

Mr. Hunt married Miss Gumbleton, of County Waterf ord, 
who survives him together with a son, Mr. C. A. Hunt, 
barrister-at-law, and Member of the Royal Society of 
British Artists, and a daughter, who is the wife of Mr. 
Ernest Smith, the Yorkshire cricketer. Another daughter, 
Miss Muriel Hunt, famed as a painter of cats, died in 1910. 

Mr. A. R. Hunt died on 19 December, 1914, in his 72nd 
year. 

Henry Jambs Johnston-Lavis, M.D., M.R.C.S., B.^sSc, 
F.G.S. Henry James Lavis,* who was descended from a 
Huguenot family, settled in Devonshire, and added his 
mother's name to his own, was bom on 19 July, 1866. 
After receiving his early education in a private school, 
Mr. Johnston-Lavis commenced his medical education at 
University College, London, and here came under the 
influence of Prof. John Morris, from whose teaching he 
acquired a passion for geological studies. 

Joining the Geological Society when only nineteen 
years of age, he had written several geological papers, one 
of which was published in the Journal of the Oeological 
Society, before he was twenty-one. After becoming a 
Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, and 
holding some minor medical posts in this country, he 
proce^ed in 1880 to Naples, where he established himself 
as a consulting physician, taking the degree of M.D. in 
the University of Naples in 1884, and acting as medical 
officer to Sir Wm. Armstrong's works at Puzzuoli from 
1892 to 1897. 

While at Naples, besides keeping a diary with photo- 
graphic records of the action of Vesuvius, he prepared a 
valuable geological map illustrating the past history of 
the volcano, with penological studies of its ejected material, 
and in addition to his studies of Vesuvius, he did much 
useful work in connection with the vulcanology and 
seismology of the whole South ItaUan region. Between 
the years 1892 and 1897 Dr. Johnston-Lavis was in the 
habit of spending his summers at Harrogate, where he 
acted as a consulting physician. 



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62 OBITUARY NOTICES. 

In 1896 he left Naples and, having taken a degree of 
M.D. at Lyons, established a practice on the Riviera at 
Beaulieu, while in 1909 he added to this a summer practice 
at Vittel in the Vosges. 

He was a contributor to many scientific societies, and 
issued more than 160 papers on volcanoes, earthquakes, 
mineral waters, and medical subjects. He joined the 
Devonshire Association in 1901 ; and when the Society 
instituted the popular lectures, which are now given at its 
annual meetings, he delivered the first of the series, at 
the meeting held at Sidmouth in 1903, the subject being 
" Vesuvius : the type volcano." 

He was unfortunately killed in a motor accident near 
Bourges, France, on 10 September, 1914, at the age 
of 68, 

Alfred Newton Miller. Mr. Miller was born at 
Liverpool on 21 January, 1872, and was educated at 
Retford Grammar School and University College School. 
He was articled to the late William Newton, solicitor, of 
Newark-on-Trent, and practised in Collumpton for about 
twenty years. As sub-agent for the Hon. Lionel Walrond, 
M.P., he was well known and highly respected. He was a 
member of the Devon and Exeter Law Association, and 
was keenly interested in archaeological research, joining 
the Devonshire Association in 1910. His death occurred 
on 17 May, 1915, after only a fortnight's illness, following 
an operation. He leaves a widow and daughter. 

Reginald Morshead. Mr. Morshead, of Hurlditch 
Court, Lamerton, was the fourth son of the Rev. H. J. 
Morshead, Rector of Kelly, his mother being the eldest 
daughter of Sir W. L. Trelawny, of Trelawne, who was 
Lord-Lieutenant of Cornwall. He was educated at Marl- 
borough and St. John's College, Cambridge, and graduated 
wrangler in the tripos of 1872. In 1874, on the death of 
Mr. J. H. Gill, he joined Mr. R. B. Gill as partner in the 
Tavistock Bank. He retired from business in 1889, and 
devoted his time and abilities to public work. He repre- 
sented Tavistock on the Devon County Council for twenty- 
three years, was chairman of the Tavistock bench of 
magistrates, chairman of the trustees of Kelly College, 
vice-chairman of the Governors of Tavistock Grammar 
School, an Income-Tax Commissioner, member of the 



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OBITUARY NOTICES. 63 

Devon Education Committee, chairman of the Lamerton 
Hunt, and member of the Tamar and Plym Conservators. 
in 1880 he married the elder daughter of Mr. H. G. Sperling, 
of Edgeworth Manor, Gloucestershire, and leaves four 
*8ons and three daughters. 

He joined the Association for the first time in 1889, 
and acted as honorary local treasurer when it met in 
Tavistock in that year, rejoining the Association for the 
meeting held in Tavistock in July, 1914. He died on 
28 September, 1914. 

John Noethmorb. Mr. Northmore, who was a member 
of an old Devonshire family originally settled at Well in 
the parish of South Tawton, and citerwards at Cleve, 
near Exeter, was bom on 1 June, 1826, and was the younger 
son of the Rev. Thomas Welby Northmore, m.a., formerly 
a captain in the 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards (Scots 
Fusilier Guards), and afterwards Vicar of Winterton in 
Lincolnshire, grandson, on the paternal side, of Thomas 
Northmore, m.a., f.s.a. {ob. 1861), antiquary, politician, 
and inventor, and, on the matemeJ side, grandson of Sir 
WiUiam Earle Welby, Bart., of Denton Manor, Lincoln- 
shire. Mr. John Northmore was educated at Eton and 
Brasenose College, Oxford, and entered the Ceylon Civil 
Service in 1846, which service he resigned on 15th February, 
1864, after holding several high appointments with dis- 
tinction ; and purchasing the Lola Montez CoflPee Estate 
and renaming it Whyddon, he commenced his career as a 
coffee planter. Not long afterwards, Mr. Northmore 
purchased from his elder brother the estate of Cleve, near 
Exeter, which had been in the family for upwards of 
two hundred years, and returning to England in 1867 
he took up his residence, first, at Hayne House, near 
Moretonhampstead, and afterwards at Rockbeare Court, 
near Exeter (Cleve being in the occupation of a tenant), 
became a magistrate for the County of Devon, and received 
a commission as comet in the Royal 1st Devon Yeomanry 
Cavalry. In 1860, the tenant of Cleve having died, he, 
with his mother, moved into the family property, and 
entered into public life, becoming a visiting justice of the 
county prison, an ex-officio guardian of St. Thomas' 
Union, and one of the foimders of the Western Coimties 
Idiot Asylum at Starcross. 

In 1863 he married his first wife, Miss Jemima Hayter 



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64 OBITUAEY NOTICES. 

Hames, daughter of the Rev. William Hames, Rector of 
Chagford, and in 1864 went back to Ceylon to look after 
his coflFee estate there, returning to England in 1867. Hi^ 
wife dying at Torquay on 7 April, 1869, he soon after 
entered the newly founded business of Mr. Frank Sabona- • 
diere, as estate and commission agents for coflPee pro- 
prietors, at Colombo, and, in 1872, b^me a partner in the 
firm, Mr. Sabonadiere's other partner being Mr. William 
Bowden-Smith. 

Returning again to England, he married, on 20 February, 
1873, his second wife. Miss Olympia H. M. Lawrence, 
daughter of Mr. Northmore H. P. Lawrence, of Launceston, 
by whom he had two children, John, who is a member of 
the legal profession, and Olympia, wife of the Rev. R. H. 
O'Donovan, r.n., who both survive him. Mr. Northmore's 
second wife died at Colombo on 1 September, 1875, and 
some years afterwards, upon the collapse of the coffee 
industry in Ceylon, the deceased re-entered the Ceylon 
Civil Service as a police magistrate of Hatton, which 
appointment he held for ten and a half years, finally 
retiring from the public service on a special pension in 
1896. He returned to Devonshire, where he resumed his 
magisterial duties, and became a member of the Devon- 
shire Association, marrying his third wife, Sarah Selina 
Persse, daughter of Mr. Stephen Creaghe, on 16 February, 
1899, who survives him. 

He died at Tavistock in his 89th year on 28 January, 
1915, and was buried in the family vault in St. Thomas' 
Church, Exeter. 

Mr. Northmore was a ripe classical scholar, a good 
linguist, an artist, an expert herald, and an antiquary of 
no mean order. 

Colonel William Francis Peidbaux. Colonel William 
Francis Prideaux, who died on 5 December, 1914, at 
his residence, Hopeville, St. Peter's, Kent, aged 74, 
joined the Association in 1911. He was the eldest son of 
the late Mr. F. W. Prideaux, Revenue Secretary, India 
OflSce, served in the India Office in 1859 and joined the 
Bombay Army as an ensign in the following year, entering 
the Indian Staff Corps in 1866. He was attached to the 
mission to Kong Theodore of Abyssinia in 1864, and was 
confined as a prisoner at Magdala from 1866 to 1868. He 
subsequently served in various capacities under the 



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OBITUARY NOTICES. 55 

Foreign Department of the Government of India, re- 
ceiving the C.S.I, in 1895. He was also a Fellow of the 
Royal Geographical Society. 

Joseph Aethub Reeve. Mr. Reeve was the second 
son of the Rev. Andrewes Reeve (an amateur musician 
and composer), and was bom in 1850 at Yarrow Bank, 
Kingswear, the house which his brother, the Rector of 
Lambeth, afterwards bequeathed to him, and where he 
died on 10 May, 1915. Mr. Reeve was a great architect. 
He first became the pupil of Mr. E. J. Turner, and 
afterwards went into the ofl&ce of Mr. W. Burges, where 
he met and became the friend of Walter H. Lonsdale, 
R. Willes Maddox, and others. In 1873 Mr. Burges 
recommended him to the Marquess of Ripon for the work 
of surveying and making drawings of the ruins of Foun- 
tain's Abbey, which residted in a folio volume containing 
forty-six plates, a general plan of the abbey, sketches of 
conjectural restoration of various parts of the building, 
historical notes, and a full description. This was printed 
by Sprague, and issued to subscribers in 1892. Among 
the many notable works carried out by him, which are too 
nimierous to detail in this notice, the restoration of 
Ramsbury, formerly the Cathedral church of the diocese 
of Sarum, and the design and construction of the memorial 
of the five Archbishops of Canterbury (Maimers Sutton, 
Howley, Sumner, Longley, and Tait) buried in Addington 
churchyard may be mentioned. By his death the Church 
of England particularly has lost a great and sjonpathetic 
architect. 

He became a member of the Devonshire Association in 
1911, and although he is the author of many professional 
papers, he contributed none to its Transactions, 

He married, in 1886, Miss Catherine Vansittart Frere 
(daughter of Mr. C. Frere, of the Middle Temple, Examiner 
for Standing Orders to both Houses of Parliament and 
Taxing Master), who survives him. 

Miss Helen Saunders. Miss Saunders was descended 
from yeomen ancestors who resided at WooUey Barton, 
Beaford, from the year 1639 imtil about two centuries 
later, when they removed to South Molton, where Miss 
Saunders was bom in 1830. She received part of her 
education in France and Germany, and on returning to 



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66 OBITUABY NOTICES. 

England was engaged as governess to a family in London 
for a few years, and on resigning this post returned to 
South Molton. During the rest of her life, she devoted 
herself to work in connection with the charitable and 
educational organizations of the parish, including chiirch 
work and literary pursuits. 

Miss Saunders joined the Devonshire Association in 
1895, and was elected a member of the Council in 1896. 
She was also a member of the Folk-lore and Botanical 
Committees of the Association, and besides taking an 
active part in the work of those Committees, she con- 
tributed the following papers to the Transctctions, viz. : 
A List of Plants growing Wild in the Parish of South Molton 
and some Neighbouring Parishes (communicated by the 
Rev. W. Harpley, m.a.), 1894 ; Devonshire Revels, 1896 ; 
Botanical Notes, 1898, 1901, and 1908 ; A History of Rose 
Ash, 1900 ; A History of the- Church and Manor of South 
Molton, 1903 ; Double Daffodils, 1910. She was also a fre- 
quent contributor to Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries. 

Miss Saunders was a keen botanist, and for upwards of 
twenty years made one of the party in the botanical 
walks of the North Devon Botanical Record Committee, 
conducted by Mr. W. P. Hiem and Mr. Thomas Wain- 
wright, which were first instituted in 1881. In the year 
1909 she made the first Report in the Journal of Botany 
of the existence in England of the Euphrasia minima, 
which had been found by her in August, 1908, on a spot 
on the Somersetshire portion of Exmoor, a little more 
than a mile from the boundary line dividing it from 
Devon; and again, in the October, 1914, Nimoiber of the 
Journal of Botany was reported the discovery by her in 
the previous September, in a district of Exmoor, from 
which it had not been reported before, of Crowberry 
(Empetrum nigrum). 

Miss Saunders died at South Molton on 6 October, 
1914, at the age of 84. She was a very regular attendant 
at the annual meetings of the Devonshire Association, at 
which she will be much missed by her many friends and 
admirers, to whom her gentle, modest ways had much 
endeared her. 

John Deb Shapland. Dr. Shapland, of Bumside, 
Withycombe, Exmouth, who died at the age of 75 on 
23 January, 1915, joined the Devonshire Association in 



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OBITUAKY NOTICES. 67 

1902. He had resided at Withycombe for twenty-five 
years, and up to twelve years of his death had practised 
in the village, and for many years had been medical officer 
for the parish of Withycombe, under the St. Thomas' 
Board of Guardians. He was twice married, and leaves 
two sons by his first marriage and a young family by the 
second. 

John Shelly. Mr. Shelly, who was bom in February, 
1840, at Great Yarmouth, was educated at the Edinburgh 
High School, and came to Plymouth in 1867, when he was 
articled with Mr. Alfred Rooker, solicitor, afterwards 
joining the firm. When Mr. Rooker died the partnership 
of Rooker, Matthews, and Shelly was dissolved, and 
subsequently Mr. R. B. Johns joined Mr. Shelly. 

For a number of years after coming to Plymouth Mr. 
SheUy was a member of SherweU Congregational Church. 
He subsequently joined the Church of England, and for 
about a quarter of a century he was one of the church- 
wardens of St. John's. The Church schools of the parish, 
of which he was secretary and correspondent, received 
generously from him. He represented the diocese of 
Exeter in the House of Laymen, was a most valued member 
of the Three Towns Ruridecanal Conference, and was 
chairman of the local branch of the E.C.U. for over twenty- 
five years. 

Mr. SheUy took a close interest in local affairs. In 1880 
he was elected an alderman of the Council, and two years 
later he became Mayor. He remained in the Council until 
1906, having served for twenty-five years. 

Mr. SheUy was identified with practically every philan- 
thropic society in Plymouth, as chairman or ex-chairman. 
He served twice as chairman of the Plymouth Chamber of 
Commerce, and he was the oldest member of the Plymouth 
Institution, of which he was a past-president. He was a 
fine scholar, an impressive speaker, and the most courteous 
and chivalrous of gentlemen. He joined the Association 
in 1879. 

Mr. SheUy was twice married, his first wife being the 
daughter of Colonel Smith, of Plympton, and his children 
the Rev. John SheUy, Newport, Shropshire, and Mrs. 
W. L. Munday. His widow is the daughter of Mr. H. H. 
Shanks, j.p., Plymouth. 

He died on 19 March, 1915, at the age of 75. , 



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58 OBITUABY NOTICES. 

Geobgb Stawbll. Mr. Stawell was the youngest son 
of Mr. Charles Richard Jones, m.d. (a medical practitioner 
in Torrington and a member of the Devonshire Association 
1875-79), and Charlotte Caroline Jones {nee Stawell). 
Through the latter he was related to the old Quantock 
family of Stawells and Palmers — ^names weU known and 
respected in Devon. Bom at Torrington in March, 1854, 
and educated at Epsom CoUege, he chose the law as his 
profession and for some years practised in Plymouth. 
After the death of his uncle. Colonel John Palmer, of 
Torrington, who left him his house, he took up his residence 
therein, and continued to practise in the town. As a 
young man, and being a distant relative of Sir Joshua 
Reynolds, the artist, he joined the Artists Corps in London, 
under Lord (then Sir IVederick) Leighton, colonel of the 
corps, and Mr. Valentine Prinsep, the captain. Mr. 
Stawell's last speech in public was made only a few weeks 
before his death, outside the Town HaU, Torrington, when 
he made a stirring appeal for recruits to join Lord 
Kitchener's Army. He held a high position in the Free- 
masons' *' Lodge Sincerity," Plymouth, and for many 
years was one of the managers of the Great Torrington 
Council Schools. 

Mr. StaweU became a member of the Association in 
1899. He died suddenly of heart disease at his residence, 
Penhallam, on 10 December, 1914. 

Captain Laubbnce Augustbn Wainbioht. Captain 
Wainright, who joined the Association in 1907, obtained 
his commission in the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in 1874, 
afterwards exchanging into the 2nd West India Regiment. 
He attained the rank of captain in 1885, and retired from 
the Army in 1894. During the South African War, he 
served with Roberts' Horse and Kitchener's Fighting 
Scouts. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Geographical 
Society. He died on 14 April, 1915. 

Horace Stone Wilcocks. Mr. Wilcocks, of Chieveley, 
Mannamead, who died on 24 October, 1912, was the 
son of Mr. James Blackmore Wilcocks, j.p., of Pljmiouth 
(a founder of the shipping firm now known as Weekes, 
Phillips and Co.), was bom in 1834, and became a Ufe 
member of jbhe Association in 1890. Mr. Horace Wilcocks 
was an M.A. of St. John's College, Cambridge, and was 



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OBITXTARY NOTICES. 69 

ordained in the Church of England, and served successively 
in the parishes of St. Luke, Heywood, Manchester, St. 
James, Keyham, and St. Peter, Plymouth. In 1872 he 
was preferred to the Vicarage of St. James-the-Less, 
Plymouth, where he remained until 1876. In 1880 he 
was received into the Roman Catholic Church by Bishop 
Vaughan at Plymouth and, till his death, was the leading 
layman of the congregation of Plymouth Cathedral, and 
President of the Society of St. Vincent and St. Paul. 
Mr. Wilcocks represented the Roman Catholics on the old 
Plymouth School Board, and from 1890 to 1910 was a 
member of the Plymouth Board of Guardians. He was 
also honorary secretary of the Plymouth Branch of the 
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, a 
member of the Committee of the Plymouth Dispensary 
and of the Public Library in Cornwall Street, and a 
Director of the Plymouth and Stonehouse Gas Company. 

WiLUAM Hbney Kearlby Wrioht. Mr. Wright was 
the son of William and Mary Ann Wright, and was bom 
in Plymouth on 15 September, 1844. He received his 
education at the Plymouth Public School, and later 
entered the service of the Bank of Deposit, Plymouth. 
This concern failed, and 'Mr. Wright then received an 
appointment with the South Devon Railway Company. 

WhUe thus engaged he acted as honorary librarian of 
the Plymouth Working Men's Association and of the 
Railway Servants' Library, and acquired experience in 
the general working of a library. He always had a love 
of books, and was especially interested in the literature 
and history of the West. 

The Fr^ Libraries Act was adopted by the Plymouth 
Corporation in 1876, and Mr. Wright was appointed 
librarian and made the library what it is to-day. A 
lasting memorial to him is to be found in the special 
collection of Devon and Cornwall literature at the library. 
It was the work of years, and it is now probably the most 
complete in existence. He was also mainly instrimiental 
in persuading Mr. Carnegie to give the £15,000 towards 
providing the fine set of buildings for the library in 
Tavistock Road. The Saturday afternoon lectures insti- 
tuted by him were highly popular, not the least when 
Mr. Wright himself read one of his carefully prepared 
papers. 



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60 OBITUARY NOTICES. 

Mr. Wright was a man of varied interests. Apart from 
his work as borough librarian, he was a singer, a writer, 
and a lecturer. He also identified himself with many 
public movements and organizations. He was a fellow 
and original member of the Library Association, of which 
for some years he acted as a vice-president, as well as a 
member of the Council of that body. The Transactions of 
the Association contain many interesting and practical 
papers by Mr. Wright, who also contributed articles to 
magazines and newspapers. He was the founder, hon. 
secretary, and general editor of the Ex-Libris Society, a 
Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a member of the 
Devonshire Association (which he joined in 1876), and of 
the Somersetshire Archaeological Society. 

Among his publications are visitors' handbooks of 
Plymouth, of Newquay and Cornwall (various editions), 
guide to Mount Edgcimibe, etc. ; the Blue Friars' Papers^ 
two vols., 1889-91 ; West Courvtry Poets, 1896 ; Oay's 
Fables, 1889 ; Picturesque South Devonshire, 1905 ; and 
the Story of Old Plymouth, 1908. He was the originator 
and editor of the Western Antiquary, a periodical devoted 
to the collection of interesting biographical and topo- 
graphical information respecting the Western Counties. 
It ceased to be published in 1895. He was editor of The 
Ex-Libris Journal from 1891 to 1909, and of Devonia, the 
official organ of the United Devon Association, from 1902 
to 1908. He edited in 1890 the History of Okehampton. 

Mr. Wright was also a verse-writer to whom many 
fugitive pieces are ascribed. 

It was due largely to Mr. Wright's advocacy that a 
statue of Sir Francis Drake was placed on the Hoe in 
1884, and he displayed unwearied exertion in the move- 
ment to celebrate the Armada Tercentenary Commemora- 
tion in July, 1888. A past president of the Plymouth 
Institution, Mr. Wright was included among the lecturers 
at the Athenaeum. He was president of the local branch of 
the Dickens Society, in which, as a great lover of the 
novelist, he took the keenest interest, and as a vice- 
president of the Plymouth (Sir Francis Drake) Bowling 
Club, with which he had been associated since it was 
started, he was an enthusiastic and hard-working member. 
When the club decided to arrange an Elizabethan pageant 
in Plymouth Guildhall in 1910, Mr. Wright, with his wide 
knowledge of local history, was of invaluable assistance. 



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OBITUARY NOTICES. 61 

Mr. Wright was a most effective elocutionist. He 
was, perhaps, best in his Dickens recitals. A lover of 
music, he was for many years a member of St. Andrew's 
choir. 

Mr. Wright died on 27 April, 1915, at the age of 71. 
He leaves a widow (a daughter of the late Mr. Duprez, 
of Plymouth), but he had no children. 

Roger Henry Willcocks. Mr. Willcocks was the 
third son of the late Mr. Roger Willcocks, a former member 
of the Association, and was bom at Teignmouth in 1849. 
Educated at first privately, and afterwards at King's 
College, London, he chose the profession of the law as a 
career, and, after serving his articles in London, was 
admitted as a Solicitor in 1872, and in the following year 
graduated, with honours, as Bachelor of Laws at London 
University. He practised alone for several years in Great 
George Street, Westminster, where he had a considerable 
connection among Engineers, and was successively Hon. 
Solicitor of the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society 
and one of the Hon. Solicitors of the Society of Engineers. 
He read a paper before the former Society, in 1875, on 
the subject of '* Railway Companies as Carriers," dealing 
with the legal rights and liabilities of railway companies as 
carriers in relation to the State, the public, and each other, 
and this contribution to the proceedings of the Society 
was reprinted in full in Engineering of June 11th and 25th, 
1875. 

In 1890 he entered into partnership with Mr. Edward 
John Bridgman, at 4 College Hill, E.C., and, on Mr. Bridg- 
man's death in 1906, became the senior partner in the firm 
of Bridgman, Willcocks, Cowland, Hill, and Bowman, and 
so continued until 1914, when ill-health compelled his re- 
tirement. He died at his home at Wimbledon on January 
27th, 1915, and was buried at Buxted, in Sussex. Mr. 
Willcocks, who became a life member of the Association 
in 1877, always took much interest in its proceedings. 

He married, in 1888, Alice, the yoimgest daughter of 
the late Mr. Henry S. Law-Hussey, of New Square, 
Lincoln's Inn, and was left a widower in 1912. Two 
children — a son and a daughter — survive him. Mr. 
Willcocks was a man of vigorous intellect, well-read in 
history and general literature, and a soimd lawyer, and 
his loss is regretted by a wide circle of friends. 



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ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT, 

ARTHUR W. CLAYDEN, M.A., F.G.S. 
20th JULY, 1915. 



THE FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN DEVON. 

Ladies and Gentlemen, 

We meet this year under circumstances so entirely 
unprecedented in the history of the world, that when I 
was honoured by an invitation from the Council to preside 
over your deliberations, I was, for some time, at a loss to 
know upon what subject I might suitably speak to-night. 
My predecessors in the Presidential chair have generally 
addressed you on some topic connected with the history 
or archflBology of our county, or else upon some scientific 
aspect of its present or past condition. In more normal 
times I should have followed their example and should 
have liked to draw your attention to some stage in the 
development of the scenery around us. 

But our hearts and piinds just now are so dominated by 
the shadow of the vast ev ts which are taking place, and 
by the effects they must inevitably produce upon the whole 
future of civilization, that it seemed to me it would be 
almost improper to attempt to consider any topic entirely 
divorced from current events. At any rate the effort 
would be altogether beyond my powers. 

I therefore sought inspiration from the rules of the 
Association, and rule two sets out that — 

" The objects of the Association are to give a stronger 
impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific 
inquiry in Devonshire ; and to promote the intercourse 
of those who cultivate Science, Literature, or Art in 
different parts of the County." 

How, I said to myself, could those objects be better 



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A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 63 

served than by considering what could and should be 
done to advance the knowledge of Science and Arts by 
perfecting the educational opportunities for all who live in 
and near to Devon ? 

Moreover, such a subject exactly defines the task upon 
which I have been engaged since June, 1893; it is most 
plainly closely related both to the destructive agencies 
now let loose upon Society and to the long laborious period 
of reconstruction which must follow the close of the great 
war. 

I propose, therefore, to put before you this evening a 
broad outline of what more than twenty years of study 
has convinced me should be the arrangements for Higher 
Education in Devon and the neighbouring counties if we 
are to give every boy and every girl a chance to do the best 
of which each is capable. 

The word education is often incorrectly understood. It 
does not mean only the acquisition of knowledge. I look 
it up in a large dictionary and find this definition : 

" Properly the educing, leading out, or drawing out the 
latent powers of an individual. From the philosophic 
point of view everyone is educated, his powers being 
developed for good or evil by aU he sees, hears, fefels or 
does. Education in this sense begins when one enters the 
world, and continues all the time he is in it. In a more 
specific sense, it is used of a premeditated effort on the 
part of parents, teachers, and professors to draw out 
one's intellectual and moral endowments, encouraging 
what is good to oneself and to society, and discouraging 
what is hurtful. With this is combined an effort to give 
more or less of technical training to fit the scholar or 
student for the occupation by which he desires, or is 
likely to support himself in life. This necessitates a 
sjTstem of elem^itary day schools for the multitude, of 
secondary schools for a smaller number, and of Universities 
for the favoured few." 

Hook, in one of his works, says, " Education and 
Instruction are the means to make our natural faculty of 
reason both the better and the sooner to judge rightly 
between truth and error.*' 

The last clause of the foregoing definition of education 
needs one comment. By the " favoured few " for whom 
Universities are required we ought not to understand the 
few who are so favoured by fortune that they can afford 



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64 A. w. clayden's pbbsidential addbess. 

such a luxury, but rather the few who are so favoured by 
nature as to possess abilities of an order high enough to 
profit from the most advanced training. 

The himian body is the most complicated and most 
delicate machine we know, and one which can be adapted 
to an endless variety of purposes. But like all simpler 
machines, the person to whom it belongs has to learn how 
to use it properly. Indeed, when we consider its great 
adaptabiUty to widely different ends, perhaps it would be 
a closer analogy to say that a man in his entirety is like a 
large manufactory in which the machines must be properly 
adapted to their special ends. Those machines must be 
correctly driven by the operatives, the workmen must 
know and understand their work, they must be rightly 
directed by foremen and departmental managers who 
must in turn be wisely directed by their chief. The man 
himself is the chief, his nervous system his assistants, and 
his bodily mechanism the machinery. Just as factories 
differ in their suitabiUty for particular processes, even so 
aU human beings are not suited for every purpose. We 
differ from our birth in our individual capacities. Some 
are fitted only for the simpler and easier tasks of life, 
others for operations of a more complicated order, others 
again, the favoured few, for the most difficult problems 
we are called upon to face. 

The great function of education is to train and develop 
all parts of the bodily mechanism, all parts of the brain 
and nerve system by which the body is directed, and also 
the conscious owner of the whole, so that he shaU be able 
to make the best and most efficient use of his natural 
endowments. 

The efficiency of a nation depends upon the average 
efficiency of its individuals. If a district is as a whole iU- 
trained, the presence of a few brilliant persons cannot 
save it if it should come into competition with another 
district where everyone had learnt to do the best of which 
he is capable. 

Some people are so richly endowed that in whatever 
circumstances they may be placed they are sure to come 
to the front and reach high positions in life. I remember a 
good many years ago I was at a meeting in Lord Aberdeen's 
house in London, a meeting convened to consider the 
foundation of the National Home Beading Union. Bishop 
Temple, then Bishop of London, related how he, in his 



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A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 66 

youth, used to sit reading after his day's work was done. 
The speaker who followed remarked that the example was 
excellent, " but," said he, " you must remember, my 
Lord, that you were bom to be a Bishop ! " We are not 
all fit for such a destiny, but many of us are fit for higher 
things than we ever attain. 

Examples of what are called self-made men are numerous. 
No doubt everyone could point out several among his circle 
of acquaintances. But how often we meet with others who 
might easily have been trained to fill some office of far more 
value to the State than the simple tasks it has always been 
their duty to perform. 

The " mute inglorious Miltons " of whom the poet speaks 
are but typical of thousands of men and women who go 
through life uneducated and untrained, and therefore 
imable to perform anything but simple menial work in spite 
of natural endowments which only needed discovery, 
practice, and opportunity to have rendered those same 
people of far greater service to themselves and their fellow- 
citizens. 

Let it never be forgotten that it is not only to the personal 
advantage of the individual that he should be able to make 
the best possible use of himself, it is quite as much to the 
advantage of all with whom he may be brought into direct 
or indirect contact. 

We are but slowly waking up to a fact that other nations 
realized many years ago, namely, the power which general 
education gives a people. But we are waking up. It is no 
secret that a year ago the Grovemment was engaged in 
completing a great scheme of educational reform by which 
a broad and easy road would have been opened so that any 
boy or girl of suitable ability might have travelled step by 
step right from the elementary schools up to the highest 
educational training there is. When I went away for my 
summer holiday last year I had good reason to believe that 
a few more months would see the full fruition of the work of 
years, and that the aim of half a lifetime was upon the point 
of fulfilment. 

The outbreak of the war altered it all. The Government 
scheme depended upon a large allocation of national funds, 
and although we know very little of what the next few 
years may bring forth, we may be certain that it wiU be 
long before the wreckage and ruin of warfare will be so 
repaired that it will be possible to start again financially 

VOL. XLVII. E 



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66 A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 

where we were last summer. Greatly increased grants 
were to have been distributed in such a way as to give 
opportunities for the highest education to all parts of the 
country. For some years to come it will now be idle to look 
for such central assistance, and even if it were to be forth- 
coming, we may be perfectly certain that those grants 
would be in some way proportioned to local effort and the 
proved local demand. Whatever party may hold the reins 
of oflSce when the right day comes, we may rest assured 
that those who help themselves will be those most readily 
helped. 

Let us pause for a moment to inquire, How have the 
people who have set the world ablaze acquired the necessary 
power ? How is it that they dared aspire to dictate to all 
mankind ? The answer is that they have long realized 
the value of education, and particularly the teaching of 
scientific methods in all walks of life. For a couple of 
generations they have been trained to reason out what- 
ever they undertake, and move from stage to stage in 
strict scientific order. Thus have they built up a great 
fabric of commercial prosperity which is the foundation of 
their strength. 

The thought flashes into one's mind that if deeds such as 
have been done in Belgium and elsewhere are the outcome 
of such an education the less we have of it the better. 
But those deeds were not the necessary consequence of 
that education. Most good things can be perverted to 
ignoble ends, and education may be used to develop a 
man's powers for good or evil. The same scientific method 
might have been used for the permanent good of humanity. 
Unfortimately the power it gave fell under the direction of 
a group of unscrupulous men who so warped it as to enable 
them to use a whole people in an effort to impose their will 
on all. 

If we are to hold our own in the open markets of the 
world, we must train our youth at least as well as they 
train theirs, that is, we must have at least as good a system 
of educational machinery. If this was so before the war,, 
it is even more certainly true to-day. The arts and 
manufactures of peaceful times are everywhere falling into 
arrears. Many are almost at a standstill. Meanwhile the 
wear and tear of time and the active waste of warfare are 
busy destroying in all directions. Peace will be the 
beginning of a long process of rebuilding ; of the 



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A. w, claydbn's presidbntial address. 67 

reorganization of disorganized industries and a remaking 
of all that has been destroyed. But things will not faU 
wholly back into their former places. Some of those 
places will exist no more, and new relationships will have 
come into being. There wjjl be many new social problems 
to be faced, problems which wiU tax to the uttermost the 
abilities of statesmen and the inteUigence of the people. 
Bearing in mind Hook's definition of education, surely of 
all times in the history of this nation this is the time when 
we ought to bestir ourselves to see that the young people 
of to-day are given every opportunity possible for the best 
and highest type of education, so as to make their " natural 
faculty of reason both the better and the sooner to judge 
rightly between truth and error." Let us see to it that we 
are ready for the results of peace even as we were unready 
for war. 

Now I am not in the secrets of the Board of Education. 
It has never published the details of the great scheme 
actually contemplated. But Lord Haldane and Mr. Pease 
have lifted a comer of the curtain, and we do know that 
an essential feature was the estabUshment of more 
Universities and University Colleges, so as to bring their 
advantages within everyone's reach. 

A University is a body incorporated by Royal Charter 
with powers duly specified in that Charter, including 
the ability to hold property and the right to confer 
degrees. 

A University College is less certainly definable. It used 
always to be understood to be any pubUc institution 
providing courses of instruction for adult students such 
as would enable them to pass the examinations qualifying 
for the degrees of a University. Thus the CoUege at 
Nottingham -was known as University College for many 
years before it even apphed for a Charter of Incorporation. 
All the other older University Colleges are incorporated as 
such, and are therefore self-governing bodies like the 
Universities. But their powers are more limited, and do 
not include the right to confer degrees. To the students 
of a University College the only way of getting the hall- 
mark of a degree is to enter as an external candidate for 
the examinations of the University of London. Hence in 
all such Colleges not also component parts of a University 
the courses of lectures are arranged so as to prepare 
their students for London degrees. Most, if not aU, of our 



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68 A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 

younger Universities have passed through their University 
College stage. Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, 
Birmingham, and Bristol, as well as the Welsh CoUeges, 
can all look back to the days of their youth when their 
students had to graduate by means of London examina- 
tions. • 

But fits the years wore on the Colleges grew larger and 
richer. They were enabled to add new departments, to in- 
crease their staff of Lecturers and Professors, and to attract 
men of higher qualifications. Then some grouped them- 
selves together, raised the necessary endowments from 
their respective districts, and secured Charters constituting 
them into composite Universities. Hence the University 
of Wales and the Victoria University. 

More recently we have seen the same result of growth 
in the way in which Mason's College, Birmingham ; the 
Yorkshire College, Leeds ; Firth College, Sheffield, and 
University College, Bristol, have been transformed by 
the liberality and local patriotism of local people into 
fully chartered Universities. 

Four University Colleges still exist, Nottingham, Read- 
ing, and Southampton holding a right to that title under 
their respective Charters, and Exeter not yet incorporated 
and holding its title exactly as Nottingham did for the 
first fourteen or fifteen years of its existence. All these 
four Colleges are worked in conjunction with the external 
degrees of London. 

None of the Colleges, none of the Universities began their 
existence as they are. All have been the result of slow 
growth, built up little by Uttle from comparatively small 
beginnings. From time to time each has had a new 
stimulus in the way of new endowments or new demands 
for its help, and each addition to its income has meant the 
opening up of new activities, and therefore wider in- 
fluence on the education and intellectual life of its district. 

A University College is necessarily the result of growth. 
Time and money are equally essential for it to attain to 
the proper position in relation to secondary schools and 
other institutions of its neighbourhood. The most princely 
endowment can only provide lecture rooms, laboratories, 
and staff. Students will only come in adequate numbers 
when the young College has won its way into the public 
confidence, when the teaching staff have come to be a 
powerful factor in the intellectual life of the district. 



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A. W. CLAYDEN*S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 69 

closely in touch with the secondary schools and with all 
local institutions for the spread of knowledge and the 
encouragement of research. Probably the slowest and 
most difficult task of all is to get parents to realize that 
their own local College can and does supply the sort of 
training they want their children to receive. After all the 
years we have been at work in Exeter I am constantly 
meeting people who have gone to great expense to send 
their sons and daughters to distant places, simply because 
it had never occurred to them as possible that exactly the 
same training could have been obtained at a small fraction 
of the cost close to their own doors. 

I have said that money is essential to success. But it is 
only fair to point out that there is another way of looking 
at the same fact. If it needs a large annual outlay to 
maintain a College, success brings a substantial profit. 
Every student attracted to it from outside is a source of 
income to the town possessing it, and every local student 
who is relieved from the necessity of going elsewhere 
means the retention of a considerable sum which would 
otherwise have been lost to the district. Some time ago I 
had occasion to make a rough computation of the saving 
to Exeter people resulting from the existence of the 
CoUege. I need not trouble you with the exact figures, 
but on reasonable estimates of the different factors I find 
that every year there are spent in Exeter on account of the 
College and its students sums which amount to four and a 
half times as much as the grants from the Civic purse. In 
addition to this the City is gradually acquiring the freehold 
of two large and valuable buildings, and the parents of 
Exeter students are between them saved an amount 
about equal to a penny rate on the whole City. Regarded 
simply as a business venture it seems that a CoUege 
which meets a sufficient demand is one of the most 
profitable investments possible, entirely apart from those 
intangible and indirect advantages which, after aU, are 
the principal objects of its existence, and are worth vastly 
more to the community than any financial balance. 

Now how would the Grovemment scheme be likely to 
affect Devon and Cornwall ? Should any of these pro- 
jected Colleges be placed within our borders ? If so, to 
what University should they be attached, to what centre 
should they look for advice, encouragement, inspiration, 
and the highest branches of research ? 



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70 A. w. clayden's presidential addbess. 

To answer these questions let us take a fairly large scale 
map of South-western England showing the railways and 
towns. Let us colour it according to the density of popu- 
lation, paying special attention to the towns served by 
those railways. 

\Vhat do we find ? 

In the first place we see a broad strip of country with 
few important towns and very thin population extending 
from the Mendips to the Blackdown Hills in the West, and 
from Salisbury Plain and Central Dorset to the confines of 
Devon in the East. This broad strip of open country is 
crossed by the main lines of the Great Western and London 
and South Western railways, which are the only important 
lines of communication between the South-west and the 
rest of England. The South-west is clearly cut off as a 
distinct province, contrasted strongly industrially and 
ethnologically from the districts North and East of the 
dividing belt. If the South-western counties are to share 
in the advantages of the highest type of education, it must 
be provided for them in their midst. Indeed in June, 
1914, Mr. Pease himself expressed the conviction that there 
certainly ought to be opportunities for it further west than 
Bristol. 

Now examine the map. See how the railways converge 
on Exeter. Living close to the stations within an easy 
journey of the capital there are in round numbers 328,000 
people, to say nothing of those who hve in the numerous 
villages with which the coimtry-side is dotted. The in- 
tellectual, sodal, professional, and commercial activities of 
all this population have always centred around Exeter, 
and it has always been the administrative capital. If 
Devonshire is to have but one University College, it 
must evidently be at Exeter with its unrivalled railway 
concentration and its long-established position as the 
Capital. 

Moreover, here is the CoUege, the growth of many years, 
already doing University work, whose results compare well 
with those of other Colleges. 

But in the South-western comer of Devon there is 
another great centre of population concentrated around 
Plymouth Sound. Though this is the largest single aggre- 
gation of people, amounting to about 200,000 in all, it is 
separated from the populous areas of East and Central 
Devon by broad wastes of empty moorland and a railway 



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A' W. CLAYDEN'S presidential ADDJRESa. 71 

journey more tedious than the map or distances suggest 
from the heavy gradients involved by the contours of the 
country, Plymouth is cut off irremediably from the 
Exeter, Torquay, and Newton Abbot district so effectively 
that a CoUege in one area can never completely satisfy the 
educational needs of the other. 

I think there is no doubt that there ought to be two 
Colleges, one at Exeter, the other at Plymouth. But the 
interests and occupations of the two districts are widely 
different. The presence of the Cathedral has always given 
an academic tiun to Exeter, while Plymouth is primarily 
naval and mihtary. To command success the two Colleges 
should be constituted on widely different lines, so as to 
combine the necessary mental training with advanced in- 
struction suited to the particular destinies of their students. 

Next turn to Cornwall. Here the population is more 
scattered, the greatest aggregation being in the district 
of Camborne and Redruth with Penzance, Truro, and 
Falmouth near at hand. 

The summer before last I paid a brief visit to the Cam- 
borne School of Mines, and was most f a vom^ably impressed 
with what I saw. Here is an institution doing good work of 
its special kind already ; the nucleus, and more than the 
nucleus, of yet a third College, suitably situated for a much 
wider field of usefulness. 

The Exeter College and the Camborne School of Mines 
by no means exhaust the list of existing places for Higher 
Education within our province. Near Newton Abbot 
there is the splendid foundation of the Seale-Hayne 
Agricultural CoUege now ready to take its part in the 
higher branches of Agricultural Science. At Plymouth 
we have in the Marine Biological Station an institution 
already of world-wide repute, to which students are sent 
from some of our most famous Universities ; and the 
Technical Schools are beginning to do some higher work 
with the ablest among their students. 

Nor must we forget the Training Colleges. One of the 
most important functions of a University or University 
CoUege is the training of those who intend to practise the 
profession of teaching, and this is one of the most effective 
ways in which the influence of the University or CoUege 
is handed down to the great mass of the people, and so 
transmitted to thousands who will never fall more directly 
under its inspiration. 



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72 A. w, claydbn's presidential address. 

Teachers who propose to teach in elementary schools 
have long been accustomed to submit to a course of pro- 
fessional training, and every year it becomes more and 
more difficult for the untrained and uncertificated teacher 
to secure an appointment. There is no doubt that the 
time is drawing near when the untrained teacher will 
vanish entirely from our primary schools. 

The practice of training is spreading upwards to the 
Secondary and Technical Schools with great advantage to 
their average efficiency. We often hear quoted the saying 
that the teacher is bom, not made. But there are limits to 
its truth. Some people are bom teachers, the power of 
lucid exposition and the knack of maintaining discipline 
come natural to them, but training is none the less useful, 
as it helps them to avoid many of the mistakes they would 
otherwise be certain to make, and starts them in fife with 
the advantages of experience. Others will never make 
teachers, and the effect of attempting to train them is to 
discover their ineptitude, and turn them aside to some 
more suitable callhig. The great majority make efficient 
teachers when they have learnt their business, but if they 
were left to their own devices without guidance they might 
do irremediable harm to a generation of pupils before they 
found out the proper methods to adopt. - 

One of the greatest faults of our Secondary School 
system is the way in which young graduates from Oxford 
and Cambridge are appointed to masterships with no 
other guide than their recollection of the way in which 
they were taught in their own school-days. Secondary 
training is certainly a step which will be much more 
widely recognized and required in the near future. 

In the South-west we already have three Training 
Colleges for elementary teachers. Our University College 
training department is recognized for 150 students, of 
whom about 90 are women and 60 men. St. Luke's 
Diocesan College is recognized for 120 men, and the 
Diocesan College at Truro for 60 women. These three 
Colleges between them will suffice to meet all local demands 
for some time to come. 

There is not, at present, any large demand for secondary 
training. We have a few such students from time to time, 
and they form a valuable link between the College classes 
and the best equipped secondary schools in which their 
practical training is carried on. 



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A, w. claydbn's presidential address. 73 

Let us sum up the list of all the institutions in our 
province which are doing, or are capable of doing, some 
pari of what are nowadays understood to be the f imctions 
of a University. 

First we have the Exeter College, already preparing 
students for London degrees, a College linked closely to a 
Library and Museum such as few Colleges possess, having 
buildings adequate for its present students and an Endow- 
ment Fund well started. 

Next St. Luke's College, also suitably equipped and 
with good buildings. 

At Newton Abbot there is the Seale-Hayne College for 
agricultural work. 

At Plymouth the Marine Biological Station and the 
Technical Schools, while in Cornwall we have the Truro 
Training College and the Camborne School of Mines. 

No one can say we have done nothing. We are doing a 
good deal. But the different factors are entirely distinct, 
each following its own course, €l8 if the others did not 
exist. They ought to be co-ordinated, so as to help each 
other actively to their own mutual advantage. Do not 
misunderstand me to mean that they should be brought 
under the same admiiaistration. I mean nothing of the 
sort, but simply that they should be brought into intimate 
relations with each other, in order to avoid unnecessary 
duplication and overlapping effort. 

A great opportimity occurred some time ago in drawing 
up the scheme for the Seale-Hayne College. No reasonable 
outsider can fail to see that it ought from the outset to 
have been linked with the work carried on in our labora- 
tories under our highly qualified staff. I did what I could 
in the matter, but unfortunately if I make any suggestion 
of the sort I am at once suspected of endeavouring to gain 
some advantage for my own College at the expense of the 
other. The real fact is that I clearly recognize that our 
joint future will be greatly affected by the amount of help 
we give each other. Each can help itself best by assisting 
the other. 

Again, take the case of St. Luke's College and our own 
training department. I am not alone in thinking that the 
two ought to be closely related. The present Principal of 
St. Luke's and his predecessor cordially agreed with me, 
and I know it would meet with the approval of many of 
the governors on both sides. But it takes time to change 



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74 jL, w. claydbn's presidential adixbe^. 

the established order of things, and we can only arrange 
for closer relations as opportunities occur. We shall, some 
day, have several lectures in common, something like' the 
system of inter-collegiate lecturers which has long been at 
work at Oxford and Cambridge, and which is not found in 
any way detrimental to the individual life of each College, 
but to be a great economy and advantage to the students 
of each. 

St. Luke's is here, at our very doors, and the Seale-Hayne 
College is only a short distance away. As distance increases 
the difficulties in the way of co-or(Unation grow apace, and 
it has to be devised on totally different lines. 

Consider the case of a new College being established at 
Plymouth, as I have no doubt will be the case at no distant 
date. What principles should control the scheme of its 
foundation ? 

Bearing in mind that the object of the community 
should be to give every boy and girl belonging to that 
community an opportunity of being so trained as to convert 
them into the best and most useful men and women, and, 
moreover, that this should be done in such a way as to 
attain that end with the least possible cost, we find a basis 
on which to work. 

It is largely a matter of demand. What are the local 
numbers who are fitted by their previous training and 
natural ability for a certain course of Higher Education ? 
Whatever the answer may be, whether few or many, it is 
to the undoubted advantage of all that they should have 
that training. 

The end can be gained in either of two ways : by sending 
them elsewhere at the expense of their parents or by means 
of scholarships at the cost of all — ^a method which has the 
disadvantage of sending the money out of the district, so 
that little of it can find its way back again, or by appoint- 
ing the necessary staff of teachers and erecting the requisite 
buildings, so that the desired training can be supplied at 
home. This latter method means that the great bulk of 
the cost is retained locally. If the numbers are large 
enough, this is the cheaper course, but if they are small, 
the former is the better ; it is then less costly, and is better 
for the students, for competition with others is one of the 
most valuable factors in CoUege life. 

This is such an important point that perhaps I should 
make my meaning clearer by taking a concrete example 



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A. w. claydbn's presidential addbess. 76 

from our own experience. In Arts we have at present the 
staff of Professors and Lecturers sufficient to take students 
through courses in preparation for the ordinary degree of 
London, and also for Honours in certain subjects. In 
Science we can do all and more than all which is necessary 
for the ordinary B.Sc. degree, but in some branches of 
Science we do not yet possess the large stock of costly 
appliances and apparatus required for an Honours course. 
Hitherto we have had little demand for such advanced 
courses, and until that demand becomes larger it would 
be more economical to meet it by scholarships than 
by providing the necessary equipment and additional 
staff. 

Li Engineering we have all that is necessary to prepare 
young men for the Litermediate Examination, but cannot 
carry them beyond that stage. Such machinery as we 
have is very necessary for much technical work, and so 
far as the Intermediate Examination is concerned, I am 
confident that we are doing the work at least as well as 
anyone. But Exeter is not a great engineering centre. 
The local demand for higher work may increase when we 
get a more satisfactory building, but will probably always 
be too small to warrant the establishment of a complete 
engineering department. What we ought to have is a 
sufficient system of scholarships whereby a student who 
has passed the Intermediate Examination could be 
handed on to complete his course at some other place 
where he would find all needful appliances, and have the 
healthy competition of numerous fellow-students. 

Plymouth offers a marked contrast with Exeter. There 
Engineering, Applied Physics, and Marine studies should 
be the chief objectives. They would find a congenial 
atmosphere in the bustle of a great naval, military, and 
seafaring population whose life teems with their results. 
But it is far less suited for advanced teaching in Arts. 
History, Language, Literature, and such Sciences as 
Botany and Geology would be much more at home in 
Exeter with its exceptional resources for such studies. 

I have already remarked that the three local Training 
Colleges appear to be sufficient to ineet all local demands. 
Indeed, many of their " places " are now occupied by 
students from other parts of the country. Evidently there 
is no need for another, and if one should be estabUshed it 
could only succeed by drawing off some of those who now 



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76 A. w. claydbn's presidential address, 

go to Truro or Exeter. The training of teachers goes 
admirably with University work in Arts, but except for 
technical teachers it does not fit into the schemes of those 
applied aspects of Physical Science which ought to be the 
principal feature of any College at Plymouth. If any 
attempt should be made to found a CoUege there on the 
same lines as we have followed in Exeter, without regard 
to the special characters of the place and people, the result 
must be disappointing to all concerned. 

This College has been built up, little by little, following 
carefully the indications of demand. It therefore fits 
properly into the general scholastic and intellectual life of 
the City and its surroundings. We began by taking a 
number of educational factors, collecting them into a 
single institution, and then added to them class by class 
and department by department, until we reached our 
present condition. 

This is the course which should always be followed. The 
people of Plymouth should take it, and when they do we 
may look forward with confidence to the time when they 
will send their most advanced and promising students in 
some subjects to us, while we, in return, shall send to them 
our picked scholars in other branches of study. 

This is to look far ahead. Some may say too far ahead 
to be worth discdssing. But many things have come to 
pass which seemed even more visionary ten or twenty 
years ago. When I first came to Exeter and talked to 
people of the CoUege which would be, they often smiled at 
me in a kindly way which was fuU of meaning. The true 
way to attack any problem is to make up your mind to 
work towards some definite end, and pursue your course 
step by step. As time goes on aU sorts of things will 
happen, some hindering, some helping you, and you must 
be prompt to modify your final aim if circumstances should 
arise to make that change desirable. 

The South-western province is much more like Wales 
than any other part of Great Britain. In Wales they have 
solved the problem of Higher Education by establishing 
a Composite University with Constituent Colleges at 
Aberystwyth, Bangor, and Cardiff, actively co-operating 
with each other, and closely related to the secondary 
schools. 

A similar scheme is the only possible solution for the 
same problem in the South-west— and when the world's 



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A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 77 

progress is resumed things are sure to move towards that 
result. In a few years we may have the Government 
scheme resuscitated, or any day some large-minded 
millionaire may come forward as the wealthy men of 
Bristol did some years ago. Therefore we shall do wisely 
to consider what it is we want. 

I suggest, then, that following the example of Wales, 
there ought to be a College in each of the three principal 
centres of population — ^Exeter, Plymouth, and Camborne. 
Each of the three should have a general curriculum, pro- 
viding courses of instruction in Arts, Science, and Applied 
Science up to Intermediate standard. Beyond that 
standard the local demand should determine in what 
branches of study each College should attempt to go. In 
Exeter we have some departments providing preparation 
for Honoiurs, others at present limited to the Pass Examina- 
tions, while in Engineering we should be content for some 
time to come if we had the wherewithal to send deserving 
pupils somewhere else to complete their course. 

At Plymouth the C#Uege should, to begin with, be 
designed so as to take the best students turned out by the 
Technical Schools and carry the abler among them up to 
the Engineering and Applied Science degrees of London. 
Arts students wiU probably be too few for some years to 
come to justify the maintenance of fuU courses. 

I say, advis^y, at first, because as the Secondary Schools 
now being established all over the district begin to make 
their presence felt, an increasing number of boys and girls 
will show that their abilities are such that they are well 
worth training much further than school life can carry 
them. The demand for higher teaching will increase, and 
the Colleges will have to extend their scope by adding new 
departments, and raising those they have to higher 
levels. 

Camborne would, of course, specialize on the subjects it 
has always made its own, but it and the Seale-Hayne 
College should both be brought into some kind of relation- 
ship with the others, such as, for instance, a reciprocal 
exchange of certificates and in any other way which would 
not tend to subordinate one to the other. 

In time such a group of Colleges would be amply strong 
enough to take their stand as a University. But that time 
is not yet. I have already pointed out that time is an 
essential factor in the growth of a University College, and 



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78 A. w. claydbn's presidbntial address. 

they would need to have reached a full maturity before 
they could reasonably aspire to University powers. In 
the meantime students demand degrees, and unless our 
Colleges could be included as component units in some 
other University, the only way in which that demand 
can be satisfied is by preparing them for London Ex- 
aminations. 

Some years ago a movement was begim with the object 
of centring the Higher Education of all the South and West 
of England aroimd Bristol as an academic centre. But the 
scheme received little support, and since the College at 
Bristol has been merged in the University the idea of 
co-operating with Colleges in other towns seems to have 
died away. For a long time I thought that some such plan 
might be the best aim for our own College at Exeter, and I 
have therefore taken some pains to ascertain its possibility. 
I confess the prospect seems to me entirely blank. 

In the first place, I can discover no single way in which 
Bristol has ever acted as the inspiring centre for any of 
the activities of Devon and Cbmwall. Commercially, 
Industrially, Ethnologically its sympathies are with the 
Midlands rather than the South-west, from which it has 
been cut off by that broad belt of sparsely populated 
country to which I have already called attention. It is 
separated from Devon and Cornwall far more effectively 
than it is from Wales or Birmingham, or even London. 

In the second place, it is doubtful if the Charter would 
allow the University to recognize a College in Devonshire as 
a place of instruction within the University ; and the 
ordinances adopted by the Court of Governors appear to 
definitely exclude any such possibility. Inquiries I have 
made have yielded no encouragement to suggest that such 
recognition would be approved by even a considerable 
minority of the present rulers of Bristol University. 

In the third place, the main object of any such recognition 
would be the admission of the students at the South-western 
Colleges to the examinations and degrees of Bristol. But 
it is no reflection on the value of those degrees to say that 
they are not of greater value to the holder than the external 
degrees of London. 

As long as London continues to grant external degrees it 
would be incomparably better for young Colleges such as 
ours to continue their present course, and prepare their 
students for degrees whose value has world-wide apprecia- 



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A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 79 

tion, until they are large enough, rich enough, and, above 
all, established 6n a basis broad enough, to be independent 
of too narrowly local influences. 

This is the course which all Colleges have followed 
hitherto. It has proved satisfactory to them, and there is 
no reason apparent why it should not be equally satis- 
factory to us. It is wiser to postpone any consideration of 
the exact University centre to which the South-western 
Colleges should be attached until they are strong enough to 
join, if they must join, with others on a footing of equality, 
which would mean that they would be strong enough to 
stand alone } or until we definitely know that they cannot 
continue working under the inspiration of London. 

Now how should these Local Colleges be financed ? 
Four sources of income are open to them — Endowments, 
Students' fees. Government grants, and grants from local 
Public Authorities. 

It is often ruled that " he who pays the piper has a right 
to call the tune," and this is true in relation to the main- 
tenance of a University CoUege. If it fails to satisfy the 
students they cea^ to come. The time must meet with 
their approbation. Government grants are somewhat 
curiously awarded ; some are based mainly on the number 
of students and the number of attendances they make, 
others are apportioned on the general results of the work, 
while the highest are distributed in proportion to the local 
eflFort as measured by the revenue raised locally. In return 
for these grants, which are very substantial, the College 
has to submit to numerous visits of Inspectors or Special 
Commissioners, who supervise its work on behalf of the 
Board of Education. 

With regard to endowments and grants from local public 
bodies, the same end is attained by arranging the member- 
ship of the governing body of the CoUege more or less on a 
basis of representation in proportion to contribution. 

In order to bring our local Colleges up to the desired 
level of efficiency in a reasonably short time each should 
be subsidized from three local sources — an endowment 
fund formed from private subscriptions, grants from the 
civic authorities, and grants from the County Council. 
The control of the College expenditure should rest with a 
governing body principally consisting of representatives 
of these three bodies, but also containing a fair number of 
co-opted persons chosen for their special knowledge of 



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80 A. W. CLAYDBN^S PRESIDENTIAL ADDBBSS. 

academic matters, their influential position in the district, 
and other particular qualification. 

At first there is no need for a Charter of Incorporation if 
one of the co-operating authorities can be foimd willing to 
incur the whole responsibility. But sooner or later as the 
others join in, the exact relations between the contributors 
will need precise definition, and then a Charter becomes 
desirable. 

Little by little, as the College grows, trust funds, legacies 
accepted for special purposes, subscriptions raised for 
particular objects, accumulate until the College property 
could only be alienated and used for some other purpose 
with the greatest diflSculty. Then it ought to be incor- 
porated. The local authorities would go on appointing 
their representatives as before, but they would appoint 
them imder the Charter, instead of doing so by mutual 
agreement. The change would be immaterial to the 
contributing bodies, for property owned and held for a 
specific purpose has little value as a general asset, and the 
governing body would always be amenable to pressure 
through the simple process of withholding supplies or 
changing the personnel of their representatives. A Charter 
confers individuality on a governing body, and is a guarantee 
of the permanence of the Institution, such as is an absolute 
condition required for the highest type of government 
grant. 

Nottingham University College went on for many years 
entirely under the control and direction of the Town 
Council, until a Charter became a necessity of its position, 
and an ingenious scheme was devised by which the change 
of status was effected without any real alteration between 
the Council and the College. 

We in Exeter must look forward to a similar change, but 
the Nottingham scheme is not quite suited to our needs. A 
large part of our work reaUy exists for the benefit of aU 
East and Central Devon — ^the whole, in fact, of that large 
concentration of population of which Exeter is the focus. 
The Devon County Council should do for the County 
students who come to us as much as the City does for its 
children, and the County Council should take a pro- 
portionate share in the College government. 

Again, the endowment fund should be made more worthy 
of the cause. It ought to be large enough to ensure that 
no vicissitudes in the composition of either County Council 



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A. w. clayden's presidential address. 81 

or City Council could put an end to the existence of the 
College. 

So far as our future is concerned these are the objects at 
which we ought to aim, but increase of the endowment 
fund can hardly be looked for just at present. We must 
wait for that until the world resumes its normal progress. 
The co-operation of the County CJouncil may well be con- 
sidered and discussed so that action may be taken as soon 
as circumstances permit. 

At Plymouth there is much more to do before they can 
have a College suited to their needs. It has taken twenty- 
two years to bring us to our present condition, and if they 
can reach a similar end in half that number of years, they 
will have been singularly successful. Rival interests have 
to be consulted and reconciled, the different factors have 
to be brought into their proper relations with each other, 
and when these initial difficulties have been overcome, 
there must still be left time for that slow and healthy 
growth essential to real success. It is time to start in order 
to be ready for the great reform when it comes, ready to 
take the place which Devon and Cornwall ought to take 
in the education of the coming race. 

The existing institutions of our province have all been 
seriously shaken by the War. The large number of young 
men students withdrawn from their studies necessarily 
means grave financial difficulties which must soon be 
faced. Now is the time to see how we can help each other, 
to take to heart the common difficulty and realize our 
mutual dependence. Some small steps in the direction of 
co-ordination have already been taken, and it is my earnest 
hope that we shall soon do more. 

I am confident that something like the scheme I have 
sketched to you to-night is needed now, and will become 
more urgently necessary year by year. We had good solid 
beginnings of it before the War, Let us see that no part 
of what we had is lost through present difficulties, but that 
we hold them better organized and more closely related 
than they have been in the past — ^ready for further and 
rapid development when the day of renewed progress 
dawns with the coming of peace. 

It is not too soon for each one of our institutions to 
consider carefuUy what part it ought to take in a provincial 
scheme — ^to think how it may best qualify itself to play 
that proper part — ^bearing in mind that far away in the 

VOL. XLVII. F 



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82 A. w. claydbn's presidential address. 

distance there is the ultimate goal, namely, a composite 
and self-contained University of the South-west. To 
reach that goal may require another generation, but its 
attainment is certain if all concerned will keep it ever in 
view, will put aside unworthy rivalries, do away with 
needless duplication of effort, and substitute active co- 
operation for competition. Above aU, let us avoid any 
question as to which should be the centre and focus of the 
whole. The University of Wales has no centre. The 
University of South Africa has no centre. Why need there 
be a special centre here ? Moreover, years must pass 
away before any such question could really arise. Years 
during which we should look to London for our degrees, 
and to Oxford, Cambridge, and London for guidance and 
inspiration. These are the years for which we should 
labour now, for they cover the immediate future — ^the 
strenuous time which must necessarily come when the 
immeasurable catastrophe of the present has passed. 



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TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC 
MEMORANDA COMMITTEE. 

Twenty-eighth Report of the Scientific Memoranda 
Committee — consisting of Mr, J, 8, Amery, Mr, Robert 
Bumard, Mr, G. M. Doe, Mr. E. A. 8. Elliot, Mr. H. 
Montagu Evans, and Mr, H, B. 8. Woodhouse, 

Edited by George M. Doe, Secretary of the Committee. 
(Re»d at Exeter, 2l8t July, 1915.) 



Though this Report contains but four contributions, they 
are deemed of suflScient interest to be specially recorded. 

nautilus in south DEVON AND CORNWALL. 

Towards the end of March, 1912, the coast of South 
Devon and Cornwall in a limited area was strewn with 
the bodies of the Nautilus, They were found literally 
in hundreds all along the coast between the Bolt Tail 
and Whitsand Bay. Having been told there were quantities 
washed up on Thurlestone Sands, I motored out and was 
quite unprepared to find such a number, exhibiting not 
only every colour of the rainbow, but every conceivable 
blend of such colours, blues, pinks, and purples being the 
predominant ones. Thinking the occurrence might interest 
the authorities of the Marine Biological Laboratory I sent 
some down and received the following reply : — 

Dear Sir, — ^The creatures are Siphonophons, a kind of jelly 
fish seldom seen on these coasts. The form is known as the 
Portuguese Man-of-war — (Physalia CamveUa), It is a southern 
form, the most northerly record I have seen being Gibraltar. 
We had a few here last week, and they have been seen in 
Whitsand Bay. I think we should have heard of it if the 
animal had been in the Channel in any numbers during the 
last twenty years, but there is no single record of it that I 
know of. — Yours faithfully, E. J. Allen. 

E. A. S. Elliot. 



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84 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF THE 

LESSER RORQUAL WHALE. 

On the 18th of November, 1908, a Lesser Rorqual was 
caught in the nets by the Hallsands fishermen, and as 
can be imagined did very considerable damage to them. 
The species is cosmopolitan in habit, revelling alike in the 
warm waters of the Pacific or in the icy cold of the Arctic 
Ocean, and never attaining a greater length than thirty 
feet- The length of this specimen was twenty-two feet 
and girth nine feet. 

The first thing that strikes the casual observer is the 
bulk of the beast, and next the enormous capacity ot the 
mouth. The object of the baleen or whalebone is to 
strain the water from the small animalcvloB, on which the 
whale feeds (the food of some of the whales is almost 
microscopical), and its mode of action is as follows : 
In feeding, the immense mouth is filled with water con- 
taining shoals of these small creatures, and then, on the 
whale closing the jaws and raising the tongue, so as to 
diminish the cavity of the mouth, the water streams out 
through the narrow intervals between the hairy fringe 
of the whalebone blades, and escapes through the lips, 
leaving the living fry to be swallowed. The next thing to 
be noticed will be the horizontal position of the tail as 
against that of the vertical which obtains in aU species ct 
fish, and it was this that led to the invention of the screw for 
the propulsion of steamers. Of course all our readers are 
aware that whales are mammals, warm-blooded and 
breathing air like ordinary terrestrial animals, such as a 
pig or horse, and it is interesting to try to trace why an 
animal now leading a purely aquatic existence could have 
become so modified in the course of evolution to a form 
that is to the ordinary observer fish-Uke in character. It 
is a disputed point whether the whale's ancestors were 
UngvlateSj such as the pig or hippopotamus, or Camirx>res, 
such as the lion or tiger, but of this there is no doubt — 
many portions of the body have been exceedingly altered 
since a whale entered into existence as known to us from 
remains left in the upper portion of the Eocene division 
of the Tertiary period. For instance, the whale has no 
hind limbs and only the very rudiments can be found in 
the skeleton. The number of cervical vertebrae in all 
mammals is the same, namely, seven, yet in the whale, 
whose neck is extremely short, the bodies of the vertebrae 



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SCIKNTIFIC MkMORANDA RkI'ORT.— 7o /<»Ct; J). S'j. 



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SCIENTIFIC MEMOBAKDA COMMITTEE. 85 

are merely thin discs, whereas in the giraffe they are a 
foot thick, both mammals be it noted. Again, the eyes and 
ears of the whale are extremely rudimentary and small, 
differing entirely from those organs which are so essential 
to a terrestrial existence. The reason why denizens of 
the deep are usually darker in colour on their backs 
than on their bellies is due to the incidence of the re- 
flection of light ; in this whale it will be noted the back 
was grey, the reason being that this colour is invisible 
from above, whilst the belly being white renders it equally 
eo from below. Pages could be written to show how 
Nature adapts her creatures to an entirely different ea- 
vironment and mode of existence, for the whale finding 
himself the hugest mammal in existence took to an 
aquatic life simply because he could not get enough to 
feed on upon the earth. 

E. A. S. Elliot. 

TWO-HEADED SNAKE. 

Some years ago a relative of mine gave me a curious 
specimen of the common ringed c»* grass snake which was 
captured in Great Torrington on the banks of the River 
Torridge. Since his death I pres«ited it to the Royal 
Albert National Museum at Exeter, and as no formal 
record of it has till now appeared, I am by the courtesy 
of the Museum Authorities giving a photograph of the 
snake. Judging from its size, which is that actually given 
in the photograph, as well as from its perfect development, 
it must have lived for some little while before its capture. 
It will be noticed that the two heads are quite perfect and 
c(nnpletely distinct from one another, each having a small 
pcniion at neck before attachment to the common body. 
For the rest the illustration will speak for its^. 

Geoboe M. Doe. 

thunderstorm. 

There occurred in North Devon on Sunday, the 4th July, 
a thunderstorm of so severe and phenomenal a character, 
that it is worthy of special notice. Its path extended from 
the Burrows side of Instow, via Murwood, to Combe 
Martin. A full and accurate account of the storm, and 
the damage done in various places in the affected district, 



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86 TWBNTY-BIGHTH REPORT OP THB 

appeared in the North Devon Journal of the 8th July 
instant, from which the following extracts are taken : — 

Portions of North Devon were on Sunday visited by a 
thunderstorm which in some respects was the most terrible 
known in Uving memory. The early morning was briUiantly 
fine, but towards midday in the Barnstaple district heavy 
stormclouds were seen approaching from a position approxi- 
mately west-south-west. Accompanied by a violent gale of 
wind, which sprang up suddenly and as suddenly ceased, the 
storm burst over a wide district about one o'clock, and for 
close on twenty minutes there was a bombardment of hail- 
stones in some localities, while in others rain fell in torrents. 
The hailstones were of abnormal size, many of those which 
fell turning the scale at two ounces. It was also noted that a 
number of the hailstones were very irregular in shape, with 
jagged edges, and being described by those who saw them as 
resembling broken stones. The rounder hailstones varied in 
size from marbles to large walnuts. As the result of the extra- 
ordinary visitation, many thousands of pounds' worth of 
damage was done to growing com and field and garden crops, 
whilst greenhouses were wrecked, and windows in scores of 
private houses smashed. Young poultry were killed in scores 
by the hailstones, whilst (judging by the unprecedented scene 
presented at certain spots) thousands of birds on the wing 
must have perished in the storm. 

The full force of the storm was felt at Ashford, near Barn- 
staple. At Mr. A. P. Kent's, Ashford House, the roofs of the 
two large conservatories were battered in by the hailstones, 
less than two dozen panes of glass of the four hundred panes 
constituting the two roofs being left intact. At the western 
end of one greenhouse glass was smashed by hailstones which 
first passed down through a large fig tree growing by the side. 

Some bags had been placed over one cucumber frame as a 
protection from the sun ; the hailstones went clean through 
these and reduced the glass in the lights to splinters. Loads 
of leaves were torn from the trees surrounding Ashford House, 
and in the road leading direct to the house, as well as the main 
road at different points, the thoroughfare was a carpet of 
foUage on Monday. At Horridge, Mr. L. H. Alford was a very 
heavy loser, the whole of the root and com crops being seriously 
damaged, the greater part of the corn being absolutely spoilt. 
All the damage was done in about ten minutes, " pieces of ice 
descending in torrents as large as tennis balls." At Mr. Alford's 
residence seventy panes of glass were broken, and in addition 
many chicken were killed. 

A tremendous amount of damage was caused at Heanton, the 
agriculturists of the parish being heavy sufferers. Mr. J. Dunn, 



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SCIENTIFIC MBMOKANDA COMMITTEE. 87 

of Heanton Court, informed our representative that he saw 
the storm approaching apparently from the direction of 
Instow, in the form of a huge cloud resembling a bottle in 
shape, and, immediately preceded by a violent wind, rain fell 
in torrents, accompanied by huge hailstones. As a result, he 
had forty acres of wheat greatly damaged, the stalks being 
either completely blown over or fractured a few inches below 
the ear, whilst sixteen acres of oats were absolutely ruined. 

At the School House, Heanton, every pane of glass in three 
windows on the western side of the house was smashed. 

Some of the hailstones were three inches in circumference. One 
hailstone which fell at Heanton Hill was four inches in circum- 
ference. In the roads and fields near, Mr. Shapland subse- 
quently found a large number of thrushes, blackbirds, and 
sparrows which had been killed in the storm, some of the birds 
having had their eyes knocked out by the hailstones. Eight 
dead chicken (also victims of the storm) were found in a field 
near, these belonging to Mr. Dunn, of Heanton Court. 

Mr. C. A. Reed, of Chivnor, Wrafton, is a heavy loser in 
consequence of the thunderstorm. His sixty acres of growing 
com were raked and beaten down by the hailstones, and on 
his holding scarcely a sound acre of cereals can now be seen. 

Many windows in Mr. Reed's house were smashed, and 
hailstones knocked the facings off the walls, and also caused 
large dents in a perforated zinc panel fixed in the window of 
the dairy. Mrs. Reed lost between seventy and eighty chicken, 
most of the number being killed instantaneously by the hail- 
stones. In a field not far from the house a nest of young 
partridges was found dead, the parent birds being close by in 
their last gasp. 

Whilst the lightning was very vivid at Saunton, so far as 
can be ascertained comparatively little damage was caused 
in that part of the district. 

The storm swept over Braunton on Sunday soon after the 
people had left the various places of worship. The thunder was 
terrific and the lightning extremely vivid, whilst the hails 
which fell were of extraordinary size. Some of the inhabitants 
received injuries to the head as a result of pieces of ice about 
three inches in length striking them. 

Almost all the skylights in the township were smashed, and 
greenhouses, cucumber frames, and upright windows suffered 
considerably. 

In some cases telegraph wires were severed during the storm. 

Accounts from all parts of the affected area agree as to the 
phenomenal size of the hailstones. Many spectators state 
that large pieces of ice fell, in one case a piece scaling nearly a 
quarter of a pound. In some districts, a heavy wind accom- 
panied the storm, but at Combe Martin, where grave damage 



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88 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF THE 

was done, there was practically no wind at the time of the 
visitation. At Ashford a hailstone, carefully measured with 
callipers, was found to have a diameter of 1^ inch. 

The storm was felt with great violence at CJomborough 
House, Abbotsham, where hails fell as large as pigeons' eggs. 
The glass of the conservatories was smashed and practically 
everything in both the flower and vegetable gardens was 
destroyed. 

Between thirty and forty panes of glass were broken in the 
conservatories at the Holt, Appledore, and the gardens were 
badly damaged. 

At Parkham exceptionally large hailstones fell, but the 
damage done was not serious. 

At Barnstaple ram fell in torrents for about a quarter of an 
hour, but there were no hailstones. There was a curious 
eicperience at the top of Newport, for whilst at one point 
wMch caught the end of the storm rain fell in torrents, at 
another point not more than 250 yards distant the fall was 
limited to a few drops of rain. Like Barnstaple, Bideford and 
Torrington escaped the worst features of the storm. 

The Burrows side of Instow experienced the full force of 
the storm. At the Black House eleven panes of glass were 
Inroken, and rain which beat through the smashed windows 
flooded the bedrooms. Some greenhouses in the district 
suffered severely, and great damage was done to gardens and 
farm crops. 

The water in the estuary was quite calm at one o'clock, but 
with the storm heavy waves arose, and some boats were 
swamped, while others broke from their moorings. The rain- 
fall at Instow during the storm was '15 inch. 

On the southern side of the Taw the path of the storm 
extended from Instow to Fremington village, but at Bickington 
there were no hails, only rain. Farm lands and gardens suffered 
a good deal of damage. At Horsacott Farm three panes of 
glass were broken, and in many residences windows suffered 
damage. Some ducks were killed at Fremington. Mr. Withe- 
oombe, blacksmith, weighed twelve hailstones, which scaled 
2 lb. Many of the hailstones had jagged edges — ^indeed, they 
were described by many spectators as *' jimks of ice." Some 
glass was broken at Mr. Withecombe's house. 

A very violent hailstorm swept over Eastdown just after 
1 p.m. on Sunday last, causing considerable damage to crops, 
etc. One or two sheep, at least, were killed. Several himdreds 
of poultry were also killed, and numbers of rabbits could be 
seen lying about the fields dead. The havoc played in many 
of the com and root fields is terrible, in some cases whole 
fields being rendered almost worthless, while fruit and veget- 
ables in many of the gardens have been hopelessly damaged. 



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SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA COMMITTEE. 89 

In one house alone nearly a hundred panes of glass in the 
windows were smashed, and similar damage was done to glass 
in many other houses. Large numbers of slates on the roofs 
were smashed and cast to the ground. Trees and brushwood 
were stripped of the majority of their leaves, and small branches 
were cut clean away. A large hail cut through a stout felt 
hat which was being worn by a man named Coates, causing 
a nasty bruise and swelling on the head. The hails ranged in 
size from one to two inches in diameter, and in shape were, in 
the main, round and smooth. 

The inhabitants of Marwood (especially those at Muddiford, 
Guineaford, and Prixford) will long have cause to remember 
the dreadful storm, appalling damage having been caused in 
that part of the district. 

At Muddiford Mr. W. Pengelly lost several head of poultry, 
and whilst the family were at dinner the glass from the windows 
was hurled on to the table. 

Mr. J. Chappie lost two fields of com, whilst a field of man- 
golds was terribly cut about, his vegetable garden suffering 
similarly. Over sixty panes of glass were demolished in the 
three cottages occupied respectively by Mr. Goodenough, 
Mr. Wm. Norman, and Mrs. (>eek. 

Mr. W. Alford lost seventeen chicken and a brood of turkej^ 
at Kingsheanton. Mr. Cutcliffe had altogether ten windows 
completely smashed, whilst in the house of Mr. Geen not a 
single window was left sound after the storm. In this locality, 
the produce in nearly all the gardens was levelled by hailstones 
and rain. 

At Middletown Mr. Wm. Leworthy lost his garden crops, 
as well as several chicken. Mr. Turner, of Whitefield Barton, 
had a field of wheat badly damaged, and sustained several 
other losses. At Plaistow Barton (lifi*. T. Beard's) and Uppacott 
(Mr. J. Pengelly's) a good deal of damage was caused to the 
crops, and there were considerable losses in poultry. 

At Prixford (where there are about fifty dwellings) 'windows 
were smashed in nearly every house. 

Lai^e numbers of young ducks, turkeys, and chicken were 
killed. 

Six of the hailstones subsequently picked up weighed three- 
quarters of a pound. One hailstone measured 4f inches round. 
He foliage was completely swept off numbers of the trees in 
tiie parish, and leaves and twigs lay three inches deep on some 
of the roads after the storm. 

At two or three points on the main road between Barnstaple 
and Braunton telegraph wires were broken by huge hailstones. 

Terrible damage was caused at Eastdown. 

The hailstones were of enormous proportions, and included 
among them was a block of ice two inches thick and a foot 



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90 TWBNTY-BIQHTH REPORT OP THE 

long. Mr. Belmont, of Eastdown, had a field of wheat 
destroyed, and Mr. Tucker, of Bowden, lost sixty head of 
his well-known prize poultry, besides sustaining other damage. 

Westdown shared in the havoc wrought by the storm, 
several farmers having their cereal crops considerably damaged, 
the labourers' gardens also suffering greatly. At Mr. W. A. 
Buckingham's at Bittadon a glass porch was demolished, 
whilst other damage was caused ; and windows were battered 
in by hailstones at Mrs. Pearce's Halfway House. A hailstone 
picked up by Mr. Eoutcliff, postman, near Halfway House on 
Monday, the day after the storm, was nearly six inches in 
circumference. 

At Pippacott, Braunton, hailstones bigger than walnuts 
fell so rapidly that in a few minutes the ground was covered 
to a depth of several inches. The storm wrought fearful havoc 
with all classes of crops. In wheat fields the stalks were 
broken and frequently the ears were knocked off. A field 
of oats and barley was ruined. Mangolds were smashed, 
potato stalks were beaten off in gardens and in the fields the 
crop was spoilt, turnips were washed out, and broad beans 
were hopelessly damaged. In the orchards all fruit was knocked 
off the trees. 

At Arlington much glass was broken and scores of poultry 
were killed. Some of the hailstones were more than four inches 
in circumference. There was a heavy downpour of rain. 

At Abbotsham and Parkham many panes of glass were 
smashed. Telegraphic communication between Bideford and 
Hartland was stopped, and was not resumed until Monday 
afternoon. 

Although hailstones of large size fell at Appledore during a 
thunderstorm on Sunday, not much damage was done. Heavy 
rain, however, resulted in houses in the lower part of the town 
being flooded. 

Our Combe Martin correspondent writes : — 

Soon after one o'clock big drops began to fall, and masses 
of black clouds appeared in the south-west, whilst overhead 
was a continuous rumble of thunder, which sounded like echoes 
of big gim firing. About ten minutes past one the peal and 
crash of thimder burst over the town, and the lightning flashes 
were intensely vivid. 

Then suddenly there came a mighty down-rush of hail. 
One has often read of such storms with the stones the size of 
marbles or pigeon eggs, but while the greater part were about 
that size, a very considerable quantity were quite as large as 
hen's eggs. Some were measured and found to be 4, 4J, 6, 
and even 5^ inches in circumference, and hard as bullets. In 
one instance, a zinc pail, which had been turned upside down, 
was pierced in three places as if by bullets, and strange to say, 



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SOIENTIBIO MEMORANDA COMBfTTTBB. 91 

in several infitances, panes of thick glass were served in the 
same way, the stones passing clean through. The severity of 
the storm lasted only from ten to fifteen minutes, but in that 
brief space enormous damage was done — damage of the value 
of thousands of pounds. At the western end of the town, very 
little of the storm was experienced, and no damage done. 
But from the Post OfSce upwards to Higher Leigh, the 
devastation needs to be witnessed in order to gain an3rthing 
like a full and correct conception of it. 

From an eye-witness of the storm and desolation, and one 
of the sufferers, we have obtained further particulars. There 
was practically no wind at the time of the visitation, and all 
the damage was caused by a fusillade of huge hailstones. 
Near Leigh a hail which was picked up was found to be over 
five inches in circumference. Ten hailstones picked up casually 
were found to weigh a pound. Many of the hails were flat, 
with jagged edges. The fall was preceded by a "fearful 
rushing sound," which had a terrifying effect. 

The area of damage was at the higher end of the town, 
where most of the market gardens are situated ; in the district 
below the King's Arms Hotel little damage was done. Scores 
of heads of poultry were killed. Many wild birds, including 
crows, were killed. The torrent of hails put out the kitchen 
fires in some houses. 

The effects of the storm can be seen at its worst on Hen- 
stridge Farm, Berrynarbor, in the occupation of Mr. T. Charley. 
Fields of com are absolutely ruined, and the laid-up grass is 
hopelessly beaten down. Numbers of ducks and fowls were 
killed. The district between Combe Martin and Berrydown 
Cross felt the force of the storm, but between Berrydown and 
the middle of Whitefield Hill, Marwood, little damage was done. 

Ill the North Devon Journal of the following week it is 
stated that in several places in Combe Martin the hail- 
stones had passed clean through the slates of the buildings 
without smashing them, ** just like bullet holes." 

As an outcome of the damage done at Combe Martin, 
a special meeting of the Parish Council was held on the 
following Wednesday, when it was decided to send a 
memorial to the Board of Agriculture appealing for some 
pecuniary help for the sufferers. — George M. Dob. 

The following notes of the storm in the district of 
Cullompton have since been contributed by Mr. Murray 
T. Foster, F.R.Met.Soc. :— 

The reading of the dry thermometer at 9 a.m. was 72-7° 
on this Sunday, July 4th, 1915, the sky being overcast 



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92 SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA COMMITTEE. 

with cumulo - stratus clouds, and the general climatic 
conditions most oppressive, indicating the on-coming of 
a thunderstorm. At about 2.16 p.m. it became very dark, 
and heavy nimbus clouds began to roU up from the S.S.W., 
thunder was heard in the distance, and lightning flashes 
became frequent ; the thermometer now register^ 78-5° ; 
but at 2.35 a very peculiar roar was heard, similar to the 
noise of a heavUy laden timber waggon going slowly over 
a rough road ; rain and hail then commenced falling, and 
lasted for some fifte^i to twenty minutes ; the hail con- 
sisted mostly of roxmded solid lumps having a tranfi^rent 
outer coating with opaque centre, and also some flat 
pieces, many of them two inches in diameter. Luckily in 
CuUompton itself little damage was done, but in a tract 
about a mile wide, and extending for some six miles, the 
devastation was terrific. The cloud burst on the N.E. 
outskirts of Broad Gyst, continuing its course through 
Langford and Kentisbeare to the borders of Uflculme 
parish. Every field of com in the -pskth of the storm was 
rained. Oats were sheUed out, only the stalks being left 
standing ; while barley and wheat were cut cleanly off 
as if by a scythe ; peas and other upstamding crops in 
gardens were absolutely spoilt, and the glass in all windows 
facing S. or S.W. was broken, even leaded panes being 
smashed, and the lead work indented by the forceful 
blows. Over J-inch of rain fell during the passing of the 
thundercloud, and heaps of the hail were stiU unmelted 
fcHiiy-eight hours later. 



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TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF 

THE COMMITTEE ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL 

PROVINCIALISMS. 

WITH INDEX. 

Twenty-eighth Report of the Committee— consisting of 
Mr. J. 8, Amery, Mr. S. Pearse Chope, Mr. C. H. 
Laycock, Rev. J. F. CharUer, Rev. O. D. Melhuish, Rev. 
O. J. Reichely Miss C. E. Larter, and Mrs. Rose-Troup ; 
Mr. C. H. Laycock and Rev. O. J. Reichel being Joint 
Secretaries— for the purpose of noting and recording 
the existing use of any Verbal Provincialisms in Devon- 
shire, in either written or spoken language, not included 
in the lists already published in the Transactions of the 
Association. 

Edited by Charles H. Latcock. 

(Read at Exeter, 2l8t July, 1915.) 



ly presenting this, their Twenty-eighth Report, your 
Committee have now, so to speak, served four full terms 
of apprenticeship, and it has seemed to them expedient 
to again bring their Index up to date, as they did after 
the issue of their Fourteenth and Twenty-first Reports, 
which course they propose to continue once every seven 
years, thereby enabling future Contributors to see at a 
glance what has already been recorded, though it is hoped 
that they will not be deterred from sending in any con- 
tributicHi, merely because that particular word happens 
to appear in the Index, as it is most desirable that a 
record should be made of every existing use of any par- 
ticular provincialism, and a glance at the Index will 
show that the same word has frequently been recorded 
more than once ; for instance, the word Plum occurs no 
less than seven times in various Reports, but if reference 
be made to each instance of its use, it will be found that 
there is a difference of meaning, in some instances perhaps 



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94 TWENTY-BIGHTH BEPOBT OP THE COMMITTBE 

only a slight, while in others a well-marked difference; 
while some words, such as Suite, Chicket, etc., are used in 
two totally different senses. It is therefore hoped that 
Contributors will in every instance refer to the Report, 
or Reports, in which any particular provincialism is re- 
corded, before deciding to reject it ; and should they not 
possess copies of the earlier Reports, it is hoped that they 
will send in any and every provincialism they meet with, 
leaving it to the Committee to decide what shall be printed, 
remembering always, if possible, to give the whole sentence 
in which the provincialism was used, as by this means 
only can the true significance of any provincialism be 
accurately determined. 

As proposed in Vol. XLV, p. 77, the words treated in the 
Glossary to the Devonshire Dialect Letter, read by Mr. R. 
Pearse Chope in 1913, are included in the present Index, 
in addition to those recorded in Reports 1-28 (inclusive) 
of your Committee. 

And in order that the present Report may serve as a 
model, for reference, to future Contributors, your Com- 
mittee have decided once more to reprint their Rules and 
Regulations, which were last reprinted in their present 
form in 1909, Vol. XLI, pp. 64-66, with a slight modifica- 
tion of Rule 6. 

Owing to the amount of space occupied by the Index, 
the present Report has had to be kept very short. Your 
Committee deeply regret the loss they have sustained by 
the death of one of their oldest and most valued members. 
Miss Helen Saunders. 

RESOLUTIONS. 

In the year 1877, at the Kingsbridge meeting (Vol. IX, 
p. 123), the following Resolutions were passed for the 
guidance of contributors : — 

I. To regard as a Devonshire Provincialism, if used by a 
speaker or writer in Devonshire, irrespective of its being or 
not being used elsewhere : 

(a) Every word not found in a good English dictionary 
of the present day. 

(6) Every word which, although found in such dictionary 
is used in a sense differing from any meaning of the word 
given in that dictionary. 

(c) Every provincial pronunciation of a word, even if 
the word iteeU is not a provincialism. 



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ON DEVONSHIRE VEKBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 96 

(d) Every provincial phrase or combination of words. 

(e) Every provincial name of an animal, vegetable, or 
other object. 

II. To state where and when each recorded provincialism 
was heard in speech, or seen in writing ; and to accept nothing 
at second-hand. 

III. To state, if possible, the sex, occupation, birthplace, 
residence, and approximate age of the person using each 
recorded provincialism. 

rV. To give the meaning of each recorded provincialism, 
and to illustrate that meaning by embodying the word or 
phrase in a sentence, if possible the very sentence in which it 
was used by the speaker. 

V. To give, in all cases requiring it, some well-known word 
with which the provincialism rhymes, so as to show clearly 
its pronunciation. 

VI. To leave it to the discretion of the Committee to decide 
whether any attempts at the derivation of any provincialism 
shall be printed. 

VII. To state of each provincialism, if possible, whether it 
has been noted by Halliwell, Nares, or by Professor Joseph 
Wright in the English Dialect Dictionary, 

VIII. To write each recorded provincialism on a separate 
sheet of paper, to write on one side of the paper only (leaving 
a margin on the left), and to initial and date each communi- 
cation. 

IX. To make each communication as short as possible, 
without sacrificing clearness to brevity. 

X. To draw up the commimications so as to correspond as 
nearly as possible with the following examples : — 

"Flbbches= large flakes (rhymes with 'breeches'). 
A servant girl, native of Prawle, South Devon, residing at 
Torquay, and about twenty- three years of age, stated in 
March, 1877, that the snow was * vallin' in fleeches,* 
meaning in large flakes. She added that the small flakes 
were not * fleeches.' 19 March, 1877. X. Y.'* 

** Halse =hazel (the ' al,' having the same sound as in 
' malice,' not as in ' false '). A labouring man, native of 
Ashburton, residing at Torquay, and about fifty-five years 
of age, said in my hearing that he had put ' a 'alse 'andle ' 
into his hammer, meaning a handle made of hazel wood. 
(See HaUiwell, and Williams.) 19 March, 1877. X. Y." 

It was resolved also : — 

1. That the Report of the Committee to be presented at the 
next Annual Meeting shall include all suitable communications 
(or as many as space will permit) received by the Secretary, 



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96 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE 

not later than 1st of June next, and that all communications 
received after that date shall be held aver for another year. 

2. That all meetings of the Committee shall be held in Exeter ; 
that the Secretary shall convene them by separate notices to 
each member, posted not later than seven clear dsLys before 
the dates of the meetings ; and that two members shall be 
sufficient to form a quorum. 

3. That a meeting of the Committee shall be held not later 
than the 21st of June next, to receive and decide on a Report 
to be prepared and brought up by the Secretary. 

At a subsequent meeting, at Dawlish, in 1881 (Vol. 
Xni, p. 80), Mr. Elworthy thought it desirable to draw 
the attention of contributors more particularly to : — 

1. Pronunciation. — e.g. to note more carefully the difference 
in vowel sounds, as in '' shall," " gate," " father," " wall " ; 
and also in consonants, as " smalldest " for smallest, " loav " 
for loaf, " baily " and *' plainty " for baUiff and plaintiff, 
" zull " for self, and so on. 

2. Grammatical peculiarities. — Such as plurals in " -en," or 
" -n," like *' shoe'n " for shoes, " tree'n " for trees, " housen *' 
for houses. Possessives, as " the head o'en," for his head. 
Variations from literary English in the comparison of adjec- 
tives. Peculiarities in the use of pronouns, and in the con- 
jugation of verbs. 

CONTRIBUTIONS. 

Each provincialism is placed within inverted commas, 
and the whole contribution ends with the initials of the 
observer. All remarks following the initials are Editorial. 

The full address of each contributor is given below, 
and it must be understood that he or she only is responsible 
for the statements bearing his or her initials. 

CONTRIBUTORS. 

J. J. A. = J. J. Alexander, The Grammar School, 

Tavistock. 
R. P. C. =R. Pearse Chope, 30 Blythwood Road, 

Crouch Hill, N. 
T. J. J. =T. J. Joce, 3 Manor Crescent, Newton Abbot. 
C. E. L. =Miss C. E. Larter, 2 Summerland Terrace, 

St. Marychurch. 
C. H. L. =Charles H. Laycock, Cross Street, Moreton- 

hampstead. 
G. D. M. =Rev. G. D. Melhuish, Ashwater Rectory, 

Beaworthy. 



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ON DEVONSHraE VEBBAIi PROVINCIALISMS. 97 

H. S. =The late Miss Helen Saunders. 

E. S- =Edwin Stanbury, North Wyke, North Tawton. 

E. L.-W- =Miss Ethel Lega-Weekes. 

L. B. W. =Lionel B. Wells, Stonehanger, Salcombe. 

" Anshttnt= ancient. (First syllable rhymes with 
* pan.') Used redundantly. * Tis a vurry ole anshunt 
place, sure 'nuff.' Said to me by a labouring man, aged 
about sixty, of an old farmhouse near Moretonhampstead, 
August, 1914. C. H. L." 

This is no corruption, but the true old pronunciation of 
the word. M.E. auncien, Fr. ancien. One more instance 
of the conservatism of the dialect in retaining the original 
pronunciation, where the literary language has corrupted 
it. Cf. the words stranger, danger, angel, pronounced 
eirdnnjur, ddnnjuVy dnnjid in the dialect. 

" Belvb =to bellow. * Outzide I yerd the cows belvin' 
an' the calves answerin' vrom inzide the courtledge.' Jan 
Stewer in Western Weekly News, Sept., 1910. R. P. C." 

Always so pronounced. Written belwe in Piers Plough- 
man, p. 222. 

In many words ending in -ow, e.g. the verbs to swallow, 
follow, the termination is thinned off to -y, zioaMy, volly ; 
but in bellow, wallow, and sometimes in harrow, it is 
changed to -ve, helve or helvy, malve or walvy, harve or 
harvy, the first being the transitive, the second the in- 
transitive form of the verb. While again the subst. 
swallow (the bird), window, and the adj. sallow become 
zwdUer, vnnder, sailer in the dialect. 

" Cave. Pronounced Kedve or Keeve. To * cave ' 
potatoes, mangold, turnips, etc., is to dig a trench for 
them, and then cover them over with ferns or * stroil,* 
and finally with earth, to protect them from the frost. 
E. S." 

Usual term. As a noun it implies a heap of roots so 
covered. ** Farmer Hodge got a fine cave o' taties up'm 
he's fiel'." 

" DisHYBiLLS= untidy, or in working garb. Used in 
various parts of the county. Fr. en deshabiUe. T. J. J." 

Quite common in both senses. Sometimes it implies 
literally half -dressed ; "I was in my dishibles wen Pass'n 
'Come kackin' to vore door, zo I zend my Bessie down to 

VOL. XLVII. G 



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98 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE 

zee wat 'twas he come vor." This was said to me by a 
workiag woman at Moretonhampstead, 1914. She meant 
that she was in the act of changing from her working dress 
into a better one, a process usually known among that 
class as dainin^ (cleaning), which includes washing of 
hands and face, and possibly neck, no more ! 

Not a few words of distinct French origin have crept 
into our dialect, and have been adapted by natives to 
their own local pronunciation. In quite remote villages 
on Dartmoor it is not uncommon to hear such a remark 
as, ** I'U jnake en 'oUy mor-hlu if he don't mind wat he's 
about." Fr. mort bleu. Sometimes the meaning is also 
somewhat changed, e.g. " There was a proper rendyvH 
o'm there," means that there was quite a large number 
or gang of them ; the meaning being transferred from the 
meeting-place (rendezvo%L8) to the collection of men them- 
selves. Among other adaptations of French words may 
be mentioned (ibrepoas (A propos), coochy, left-handed, 
awkward (gauche). 

Possibly some of these may be legcwiies from the French 
prisoners of war at Princetown in the early years of the 
19th century. 

" Ear-hole =the ear. * Ben gied'n a scat'n the yer- 
ole.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News. R. P. C." 

** Fakement =a contrivance. ' That-there idd'n 'alf 
a bad fakement now.' Said to me by a cari)enter, aged 
about thirty-five, at Moretonhampstead, with reference 
to a particular kind of dry glazing in the lights of a green- 
house. C. H. L." 

The verb to fake (? Lat. facere), or fake up, implies to 
make up, alter, or concoct, hence the noun fakement = 
the thing concocted. 

Mrs. Hewett in Peasant Speech of Devon gives fakement 
for a muddle or confusion. 

See Facum, 24th Report, Vol. XUII, p. 81. 

"GREEP=a grip. Applied to a bundle or faggot of 
sticks, as much as a woman can carry in her arms. H. S." 

A.S. grfpa, a handful, a sheaf. 

An armful of hay is frequently spoken of as "a greep 
o' hay." It implies grasping or embracing. 

" Half-knack = a half-witted person. Commonly used 
in Tavistock. The adj. * Knacky '= witless. A certain 



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ON DBVONSHIBB VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 99 

notorious character in the town is known by the nick- 
name of * Sammy Knacky.' He is a drunken half-witted 
fish- vendor, at present in the workhouse, June, 1914. 

" A worked-out mine is called in Tavistock a * knack'd 
bal.' J. J. A." 

" Moot =to shoot out from the root. * The wait (wheat) 
be mootin' fine.' The farmer who used this expression 
said the word came from * moot,' a root. C. E. L." 

Very common. See Moaty, 16th Report, Vol. XXIX, 
p. 68. 

Moot, mooty is the usual pronimciation in South Devon, 
moat, moaty in North Devon and West Somerset. 

"NESTLB-TRiP=the youngest or smallest child of a 
family. Mr. Frank Gallsworthy writes : ' A Devon hair- 
dresser spoke of himseU as the nesOe'trip of his family, 
meaning youngest or least.' 

" The more usual form is ' nestle-tripe,' but in the 
Hartland district they speak of a * nestle-draft ' (pro- 
nounced nissle-draff). 

" See Dial, of HarOand, p. 60. 

" See also Nuzzletripe, 18th Report, Vol. XXXII, p. 64. 
R. P. C." 

In W. F. Rock's poem Jim and NeU, v. 87, the word is 
used in the above sense. 

" A panking, pluflfy nestledraff, 
He'm too good havage vor'n by half." 

It most commonly implies the smallest in a litter, 
especially of pigs. 

** Plumpib =plump. Servant, middle-aged, when pick- 
ing a goose, * He's a nice plumpie bird.' 

"A good instance of the use of the termination -ic or -y, 
added to an adjective to strengthen it. C. E. L." 

It has the force of ** like," plump-like. Cp. the adverbial 
termination 4y in the literary language, e.g. properiy = 
proper-Zifcc ; and it is interesting that the latter form, 
with full termination, like, is retained in the dialect, and 
is preferred to the literary -ly. A Devonian would say, 
" I reck'n yii done that job proper Ki;e," rather than 
properly. " He's vurry bad off like" rather than " he is 
very badly off." " I'll dii it present like,*' rather than 
presently. 

See under Rootie, 22nd Report, Vol. XLI, p. 79. 



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100 TWENTY-EIGHTH REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE 

'^ Rabbet =a rebate, in stone or wood. T. J. J." 

" BiBBET =a rivet, to rivet. Woman servant, aged 
about forty, at Moretonhampstead, of a dish which had 
been riveted, * I zee that-there deesh bin ribbetted.' 
C. H. L." 

B and V are very frequently interchangeable in the 
dialect. Curve is often sounded curb, valve valb ; on 
the other hand, curbstone is pronounced ct^rw-stone, 
disturb disturvCy and so on. 

" Spab-gads =the bent and pointed sticks, usually of 
withy, used to fasten down the reed in thatching. Used 
in North Devon. Is this really ' spear-goads,' a duplica- 
tion ? T.J.J." 

Most probably. In South Devon they are called simply 
" spears." 

" Sprawl =€M3tivity, agility. Of a person unable to 
move about without difficulty ; * 'Er han't a-got no 
sprawl in 'er.' 

" The survival, in Devon, of the noun, the verb being 
in general use throughout the country. T. J. J." 

Common, so pronounced, in North Devon and West 
Somerset. In South Devon it is usually pronounced 
SproU. 

See Sproil, 19th Report, Vol. XXXIV, p. 101. 

" Squinchbs =narrow spaces between floor-boards. Used 
in North Devon. T.J.J." 

Very common throughout the county. The word is 
applied to any narrow cracks or chinks in wooden doors, 
partition walls, fencing, etc. A boy informed me that 
he saw " all wat was gwain on (at a football match), by 
lookin' drii the squinches " (in the fencing round the 
playing-field). 

" Troy-Town =a state of great disorder. (Cp. Aen. U.) 

" Used by a native of Kingsbridge. Somewhat com- 
monly used. The word * hectoring ' is also used for 
domineering. 

** Can these be survivals, useful descriptives, of the 
Gassical Renaissance ? T. J. J." 

Hectoring is not dialect, the word may be found in any 
standard English dictionary. 

Eng. Dial. Diet, gives lioy-Town, a maze, a labyrinth 



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Ojr DBVONSHIBB VBBBAL PROVINCIALISBIS. 101 

of streets. Dorset, Devon, and C!omwall. Also, a state 
of confusion, disorder, a litter. 

A room with its furniture disarranged is said to be '' like 
Troy-Town." 

" TuRB =a tub. * 'Er bin stan'in' to the warsh-turb aul 
day.' Agricultural labourer, at South Tawton, 1911. 
E. S." 

It is not uncommon to find an r inserted after short u, 
especially when emphasis is laid on the word. I weU 
remember a cabman at Newton Abbot, to whom I had 
given a gratuity, saying to me : " Thank'e varry murch, 
I'm sure." He repeated it twice, and each time he sounded 
a distinct r in much. 

Cp. also the superfluous r in vxirsh in the above example, 
though this word is in South Devon more usually pro- 
nounced tvaish, but vxirsh is common in West Somerset. 

" Ungodly =unsightly, objectionable. 'Wat 'ave 'e 
got that ungodly thing there vor ? ' Used by a native of 
North Devon. 

Is this a survival from the Reformation period, when 
images, etc., were spoken of as ungodly ? T. J. J." 

" Vanging-post (pronounced vangirC- pavs*) =the post 
against which a gate falls and to which it is fastened, as 
opposed to ' hanging-post,' or the post on which it is 
hung.* G. D.M." 

" Vang " is a common word in the dialect, meaning to 
take or receive, so that the " vanging-post " is the post 
which receives the gate when shut. 

*' VoRYBR. To * dig voryer ' is a practice of good 
husbandry in hilly or sloping fields ; it implies conveying 
the soil from alongside the bottom hedge, and spreading 
it on the top of the field. L. B. W." 

In many parts of Devon the term Fore-head (pro- 
nounced vorrtd), is used for the strip of land at each end of 
a ploughed field, which, being too close to the hedge for 
the horses to plough, is usually dug with a spade or shovel, 
and in the case of " sidelin' " fields, the soil dug from the 
lower " vorrid " is carted up to the top of the field. 

Probably ** voryer," and *' voyer " (as it is also some- 
times pronounced) are merely variants of Fore-head, i.e. 
the headland, or land at the head of the field. 

Another common synonym, also used in Devon, is 



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102 DEVONSHIBE VERBAL PBOVINOIALISHS. 

" Earth - ridge." Marshall, in his Rural Economy of 
8.W. Devon, says : '* Earth-ridges are formed in the field, 
either with mold hacked from the borders of it, or with the 
soil of the area raised with the plow." 

** Wad =a bmich. ' Goo up arter a li'l wad o' grass to 
veed the bullicks wi'.' Said by a North Tawton farmer, 
middle-aged. E. L.-W." 

Hal. has Wad, a wisp of straw ; also, a bmidle or quantity 
of anything. West. 

"Zedgy stuff is what grows in low -lying marshy 
ground. E. S." 

Sedge is always pronoimced zadge in Devon, in accord- 
ance with the rule that 8 in native words is sounded z in 
the dialect. 

A.S. 8ecg. 

Sayings : — 

" ' The third time pays for all.' Explained as meaning 
that, if, for instance, you had two falls, neither of which 
hurt you, should you have a third, you would be seriously 
injured. C. E. L." 

" ' The kettle's zingin', he'll ziine be dancin' ' ( =boiling). 
C. E. L." 



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INDEX 

TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS OP THE COMMITTEE ON 
DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 

Including also the words contedned in the Glossary to A Devonshire 
Dialect LeUer, read by Mr. R. Pearse Chope in 1013. 

The figures in brackets immediately after each provincialism 
refer to the Report, or Reports, in which that provincialism 
is recorded; following which is a reference to the Trans- 
actions, volume and page in Roman and Arabic numerals 
respectively. In the case of words recorded in the glossary 
to the Devonshire Dialect LeUer, the initials D.L. are inserted 
in brackets immediately after them. 

The following Table will show the Volume in which each 
Report may be found, together with the date, and the place 
at which it was read. 



Report 1. Vol. 


ix. p. 


123 . 


1877 


. . Read at Kingsbridge. 


>» 


2. „ 


X. p. 


112 . 


1878 




Paignton. 


» 


3. „ 


xi. p. 


122 . 


1879 




Ilfracombe. 


>> 


4. M 


xiii. p. 


78 . 


1881 




Dawlish. 


f» 


6. „ 


xiv. p. 


128 ., 


1882 




Crediton. 


»> 


6. „ 


XV. p. 


76 . 


1883 




Exmouth. 


»» 


7. „ 


xvi. p. 


86 .. 


1884 




Newton Abbot. 


f» 


8. „ 


xvii. p. 


77 .. 


1885 




Seaton. 




9. „ 


xviii. p. 


78 .. 


1886 




St.MaryChurch. 


>• 


10. „ 


xix. p. 


63 . 


1887 




Plympton. 


>» 


11. ., 


xxi. p. 


84 . 


1889 




Tavistock. 


» 


12. „ 


xxiii. p. 


125 . 


1891 




Tiverton. 


»» 


13. „ 


XXV. p. 


181 . 


1893 




Torquay. 


„ 


14. „ 


xxvii. p. 


40 . 


1895 




Okehampton. 


,, 


16. „ 


xxviii. p. 


67 .. 


1896 




Ashburton. 


»» 


16.- „ 


xxix. p. 


45 .. 


1897 




Kingsbridge. 


>» 


17. „ 


XXX. p. 


56 . 


1898 




Honiton. 




18. „ 


xxxu. p. 


55 . 


1900 




Totnes. 


>> 


19. „ 


xxxiv. p. 


90 .. 


1902 




Bideford. 


»» 


20. „ 


xxxvii. p. 


122 . 


. 1905 


• • »» 


Princetown. 




21. „ 


xl. p. 


64 . 


1908 




Newton Abbot. 


»» 


22. „ 


xli. p. 


64 . 


1909 




Launceston. 


»» 


23. „ 


xlii. p. 


64 . 


1910 




Cullompton. 


y» 


24. „ 


xliii. p. 


75 . 


1911 




Deurtmouth. 


>» 


26. „ 


xliv. p. 


69 . 


. 1912 




Exeter. 


»» 


26. „ 


xlv. p. 


77 . 


1913 




Buckfastleigh. 


>» 


27. „ 


xlvi. p. 


79 .. 


1914 




Tavistock. 


ft 


28. .. 


xlvii. p. 


93 . 


1915 




Exeter. 


DialeotLetter,, 


xlv. p. 


276 . 


. 1913 


ff 


Buckfastleigh. 



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104 



INDBX TO THE TWENTY-BIOHT BEFOBTS 



A, prefix, (4) xiii. 85; (12) 

xxiii. 126 
A, An, before a number, (14) 

xxvii. 42 
Amany, (2)x. 116 
A nine, (2) x. 117 
About to go, (16) xxixk 46 
Abraham, (1) ix. 136 
A-braukt, (3) xi. 127 
Abroad, (2) x. 117 ; (3) xi. 127 ; 

(D.L.) xlv. 281 
Abuseful, (7) xvi. 94 
Ack-maul, (10) xix. 64 
A-crook, (24) xliii. 76 
Act, (7) xvi. 94 
Adam and Eve, (7) xvi. 94 
Adger, (18) xxxii. 57 
A-doned up, (17) xxx. 57 
After that, (22) xli. 67 
Again, (2) x. 117 
Against, (3) xi. 127 ; (7) xvi. 

95 ; (23) xlii. 66 
Aggies, (13) XXV. 182 
Agin, (D.L.) xlv. 281 
Ago=gone, (9) xviii. 89 
Agone=ago, (2) x. 127; (9) 

xviii. 89 
Ale Tuesday, (13) xxv. 182 
A-left, (18) xxxii. 57 
All about the go, (7) xvi. 94 
All mops and brooms, (1) ix. 

127 
All of a quirk, (16) xxix. 47 
Allen Summer, (17) xxx. 58 
Aller=alder, (22)xli.67 
Aner=a boil, (22) xli. 67 
Alley, (8) xvii. 86 
AUis's, (2) X. 117 
AUow, (1) ix. 127 
AU-vore, (7) xvi. 95 
Along, (11) xxi. 85 
Alse, (1) ix. 131 
Am=are, (2) x. 117; (22) 

xU. 67 
Ammit, (7) xvi. 95 
A-neest, (18) xxxii. 57 
Angle-dog, (11) xxi. 85 
Angle-twitch, (14) xxvii. 42 



Angry, (22) xli. 68 
Anointed, (5) xiv. 133 
Anshunt, (28) xlvii. 97 
Answerable, (10) xix. 65 
Any, (2) x. 118 
Anybody, (13) xxv. 183 
A-paid, (2) x. 117 
Apple-drane, (24) xliii. 77 
Apple-geam, (D.L.) xlv. 281 
Apple-mock, (25) xliv. 70 
Apple-shrub, (8) xvii. 87 
Apse=abscess, (7) xvi. 96; 

(D.L.) xlv. 282 
Apse=to fasten, (12) xxiii. 126 
Arch-angel, (7) xvi. 96 
Are=am, (6) xv. 80 
Arg, Argy, (23) xlii. 66 
Arm-a-crook, (24) xliii. 76 
Armed, (27) xlvi. 80 

Arm-wrist, (8) xvii. 87 

Ar-rabbits, (7) xvi. 96 

Arrant, (26) xlv. 79 

Arrast, (19) xxxiv. 91 

Artful, (26) xliu. 77 

Ash-cat, (10) xix. 65 

Ass'ard, (11) xxi. 86 

A-stopt, (17) xxx. 58 

At=in, (2)x. 118 

Atchett, (12) xxiii. 127 

Ate, (5) xiv. 134 

Athurt, (D.L.) xlv. 282 

Atomies, (6) xv. 80 

Attackted, (8) xvii. 87 

A-used, (3) xi. 127 

Avore, (4) xiii. 85; .(9) xviii. 
90 

Avrore, (D.L.) xlv. 282 

Ax, (2) X. 118 

B from a Bull's Foot, (5) xiv. 

134 
Babber, (16) xxix. 47 
Back-along, (10) XIX. 65 ; (11) 

xxi. 86 ; (16) xxix. 47 
Back-an'-vore, (9) xviii. 91 
Backer, (18) xxxii. 57 
Back-house, (12) xxiii. 127 
Back-long, (1) ix. 127 



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105 



Backsyfore, (23) xlii. 66 
Bacon-eater, (16) xxix. 47 
Baffled, (26) xUv. 70 
Bagavel, (14) xxvii. 43 ; (16) 

xxix. 48 
Baible-back, (23) xlii. 67 
Baig, (5) xiv. 134 
Bail, (18) xxxii. 67 
Baint, (3) xi. 127 
Bairge, (14) xxvii. 43 
Baisier, (8) xvii. 87 
Balch, (10) xix. 66 
Baled, (27) xlvi. 80 
Balker, (7) xvi. 96 ' 
Balm, (22) xU. 68 
Balsh-rope, (13) xxv. 183 
Bandpot, (19) xxxiv. 91 
Banisters, (1) ix. 127 
Barley.gout, (3) xi. 127 
Barley-iles, (17) xxx. 68 
Barm-cakes, (25) xliv. 71 
Barney, (9) xviii. 91 
Barnstaple Fair weather, (13) 

xxv. 183 
Barras urpons, (12) xxiii. 127 
Barriels, (16) xxix. 48 
Bat, (14) xxvii. 44 
Bate, Beat, (23) xlii. 67 
Bate=to decrease, (26) xliv. 71 
Batey, (10) xix. 66 
Battery, (6) xiii. 85 
Batts, (27) xlvi. 80 
Batts and Fores, see Ridges, 

(24) xliii. 88 
Bautch, (2) X. 118 
Bawdrye, (20) xxxvii. 124 
Bawker, (13) xxv. 183 
Bay back, (4) xiii. 85 
Bazzomed, (24) xliii. 77 
Be=am, are, (2) x. 118 
Be=been, (D.L.) xlv. 282 
Beards, (13) xxv. 184 
Beared, (27) xlvi. 80 
Beastle, (3) xi. 127 
Beastly, (D.L.) xlv. 282 
Beating the streets, (13) xxv. 

184 
Be-at's-will, (9) xviii. 91 



Beauty of Abram, (11) xxi. 86 
Bed, (19) xxxiv. 92; (20) 

xxxvii. 124; (23) xlii. 68; 

(D.L.) xlv. 282 
Bed-layer, (8) xvii. 87 
Bed-tie, (2) x. 119 
Been, (4) xiii. 86 
Been, Bean, (6) xiv. 134 ; (6) 

XV. 81 
Been to, (6) xv. 81 
Bee-plant, (7) xvi. 96 
Beer, (5) xiv. 135 
Before =until, (12) xxiii. 127 
Beggars, (2) x. 128 
Begridge, (18) xxxii. 68 
Behope, (5) xiv. 135 
Bekyn, (20) xxxvii. 125 
Bellis, verb, (13) xxv. 184 
Belong to, (20) xxxvii. 126 
Belve, (28) xlvii. 97 
Benderd, (11) xxi. 86 
Bendin', (26) xliv. 71 
Bespoke, (1) ix. 128 
Bess, (2) X. 119 
Best way, (22) xli. 68 
Bethought, (16) xxix. 48 
Better fit, (22) xli. 68 
Bettermost, (23) xlii. 68 
Better-way, (27) xlvi. 80 
Between the lights, (2) x. 119 
Between the two worlds, (13) 

xxv. 184 
Beyun, (6) xv. 81 
Bias, (10) xix. 66 ; (14) xxvii. 

44 

Bib, (24) xliii. 78 
Biddle, (23) xHi. 69 
Bide, (2) x. 119 
Bigative, (27) xlvi. 80 
Billers, (20) xxxvii. 126 
Billery, (11) xxi. 87 
BiUises, (3) xi. 128 
Billizing, (5) xiv. 135 
Binded, (6) xv. 81 
Birchen = breeches, (17) xxx. 

69 

Bu-d's-eye, (7) xvi. 96 
Birin, (10) xix. 66 



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106 



INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT BEPOBTS 



Bisgee, Bizgie, (18) xxxii. 58 
Bit, (9) xviii. 91 
Bittle, (7) xvi. 96 
Bittle, verb, (7) xvi. 97 
Bittle-headed, (2) x. 119 
Biver, (12) xxiii. 128; (18) 

xxxii. 58 
Bivering, (8) xvii. 88 
Black-butter, (14) xxvii. 44 
Black-elder, (24) xliii. 78 
Black-head, (3) xi. 128 
Black-m'n, (6) xv. 82 
Black-ram, (13) xxv. 184 
Black-stocking, (3) xi. 128 
Black-tail, (8) xvii. 88 
Black- worm, (14) xxvii. 45 ; 

(16) xxix. 48 
Blake, (7) xvi. 97 ; (25) xliv. 71 
Blanks, (7) xvi. 97 
Blaring, (11) xxi. 87 
Blauths, (7) xvi. 97 
Blaze, (2) x. 119 
Bleeded, (6) xv. 82 
Blewth, Blooth, (23) xlii. 69 
BHd, (D.L.) xlv. 282 
BUd white, (24) xliii. 78 
Bliddaven, (20) xxxvii. 125 
Blind-mobbed, (8) xvii. 88 
Blind-mopped, (23) xlii. 69 
Blink, (27) xlvi. 81 
Blinket, (6) xv. 82 
Blinks, (26) xlv. 79 
Blooth, see Blewth, (23) xlii. 69 
Blue Betsy, (22) xU. 68 
Blue-buttons, (22) xli. 68 
Blunk, (23) xlii. 69 
Board-cloth, (8) xvii. 88 ; (20) 

xxxvii. 126 
Boarden, (26) xlv. 79 
Bob, (20) xxxvii. 125 
Bobs-a-dying, (22) xli. 69 
Bock up, (13) xxv. 185 
Bocked, (8) xvii. 88 
Bodley, (3) xi. 128 
Boil, (3) xi. 128 
Boldery, (7) xvi. 98 
Bold-making, (4) xiii. 86 
Bolt=to sift, (11) xxi. 87 



Bolt=a bundle, (14) xxvii. 45 ; 

(19) xxxiv. 92 
Bonen, (4) xiii. 87 
Booby, Booby- wad, (14) xxvii. 

45 
Boosie, Biizey, (23) xlii. 70 
Booshop, (2)x. 119 
Boote-hose, (19) xxxiv. 92 
Bottom, (25) xliv. 71 
Boughten, (1) ix. 128 
Bouldering clouds, (11) xxi. 87 
Bouncing Bess, (2) x. 120 
Bowerly-woman, (9) xviii. 92 
Brads, (14) xxvii. 45 
Brandis, Brandires, (24) xliii. 

78 
Brath, (2) x. 127 
Braukt, (3) xi. 127, 128 
Braun, (20) xxxvii. 126 
Brave, (9) xviii. 92 
Brawn, (2) x. 120 
Braythe, (23) xlii. 70 
Bread and point, (3) xi. 128 
Break, (14) xxvii. 45 
Break = to tear, (D.L.) xlv. 282 
Break about, (9) xviii. 92 
Break out, (9) xviii. 92 
Breeth, (27) xlvi. 81 
Bricks, (7) xvi. 98 
Brimble, (22) xli. 69 
Bring going, (D.L.) xlv. 282 
Briss, (22) xli. 69 
Brit, (D.L.) xlv. 283 
Broken, (1) ix. 128 
Broods, (19) xxxiv. 92 
Brook-brimble, (25) xliv. 71 
Brooms, (1) ix. 127 
Broth, (14) xxvii. 45 
Browse, (25) xliv. 72; (26) 

xlv. 79 
Browsing, (11) xxi. 87 
Briisse, (25) xliv. 72 
Buck, (1) ix. 137 
Buckman's-quick, (24) xliii. 79 
Buffet, (10) xix. 66 
Bug-blinding, (11) xxi. 88 
Bull-dogs, (14) xxix. 49 
Bullers, (7) xvi. 98 



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107 



Bull-wallopper, (14) xxvii. 46 
BuUyrag, (D.L.) xlv. 283 
Bum, (7) xvi. 98 
Bungy, (1) ix. 128 
Bunk, (1) ix. 128 
Bunt, (11) xxi. 88 
Burgined, (12) xxiii. 128 
Bum, see Birin, (10) xix. 66 
Bush, (1) ix. 128 
Bushel, under the, (6) xv. 83 
Buss, (22) xU. 69 
Bussicky, (7) xvi. 98 
Butt = to throb, (23) xlii. 70 
Butt, full butt, (24) xliii. 79 
Butt=a cart, (24) xliii. 79 
Butt, Butt-hedge, (9) xviii. 92 
Buttony-hearted, (17) xxx. 69 
Butts, (20) xxxvii. 126 
Buzznacking, (9) xviii. 92 
By=upon, (6) xiv. 135 
By=of, (14) xxvu. 46 
By all reason, (11) xxi. 88 
Bydle, (12) xxiii. 128 
Bye-words, (24) xliii. 80 
ByU, (19) xxxiv. 93 
Byse=bias, (9) xviii. 92 
By-tack, (12) xxiii. 128 
By-vore, (7) xvi. 99 

Cab, (2) X. 120 

Cabbed, (7) xvi. 99 ; (18) 

xxxii. 59 
Cabby, (11) xxi. 88 
Caddling round, (16) xxix. 49 
Cage of Teeth, (1) ix. 128 
Cagery, (6) xv. 83 
CaU-home, (10) xix. 66 
Calum, (5) xiv. 135 
Candlesticks, (16) xxix. 49 
Candlesty, (7) xvi. 99 
Candle-teening, (D.L.) xlv. 283 
Canon-bread, (16) xxix. 49 
Caper, (23) xlii. 70 
Capooch, (4) xiii. 87 
Cappers, (16) xxix. 50 
Car=to carry, (7) xvi. 99 ; (16) 

xxix. 50; (D.L.) xlv. 283 
Carapoose, (19) xxxiv. 93 



Carding, (13) xxv. 185 

Care, (26) xliv. 72 

Carrick, (19) xxxiv. 93 

Carried, (2) x. 120 

Carry, (10) xix. 67 

Caser, Kaser, (23) xlii. 70 

Cask6s, (16) xxix. 50 

Cassier, Cazer, (23) xlii. 71 

Cast on, (24) xliii. 80 

Cafltle, (22) xU. 69 

Cat and Dog, (16) xxix. 50 

Catch'd off to sleep, (3) xi. 128 

Catching a zug, (23) xlii. 71 

Cat-glimmer, (10) xix. 67 

Cauch, (11) xxi. 88 

Caucher, (9) xviii. 93 

Caul, (6) XV. 83 

Cause =case, (3) xi. 129 

Cause =cause- way, (8) xvii. 89 ; 

(13) xxv. 186 
Cave, (28) xlvii. 97 
Cawd, (3) xi. 129 
Cawthy, (3) xi. 129 
Chain, (5) xiv. 135; (20) 

icxxvii. 127 
Chall, (13) xxv. 185; (21) 

xl. 65 
Chamber, (2) x. 120 
Chamlet, (19) xxxiv. 93 
Channiss, (3) xi. 129 
Chatter-bag, (9) xviii. 93 
Chemis'd, (8) xvii. 89 
Cherry-gobs, (12) xxiii. 128 
Chev, (3) xi. 129 
Chewers, (6) xiv. 136 
Chewery, (16) xxix. 50 
Chicket=cheerful, (14) xxvii. 

47 
Chicket-window, (13) xxv. 187 
Chickney-weed, (13) xxv. 187 
Chiel, (3) xi. 130 ; (26) xlv. 80 
Child, (7) xvi. 99 
IChill, (23)xlii. 71 
Chilled, (1) ix. 128 
Chilpot, (D.L.) xlv. 283 
'Chimber, (D.L.)xlv. 283 
'Chinking, (22) xli. 70 
I Chippen, (3) xi. 130 



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108 



INDBX TO THB TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS 



Chissocked, (13) xxv. 187 
Chissom, (13) xxv. 187 
Chitter, (27) xlvi. 81 
Choke, (13) xxv. 188 
ChoUers, (12) xxiii. 129 
ChoUies, (23) xlii. 71 
Chore, (6) xv. 83 
Chuff, (12) xxiii. 129 
Chumped, (22) xli. 69 
Churching, (17) xxx. 59 
Cider-muck, (5) xiv. 136 
Clam=foot-bridge, (1) ix. 129 ; 

(17) xxx. 69 
Clam=to maul, (17) xxx. 59 
Clammar, (16) xxix. 50 
aap, (D.L.) xlv. 283 
Clapper, (D.L.) xlv. 283 
Claps, (18) xxxii. 69 
elapse, (22) xU. 69 
aarient, (11) xxi. 89 
aatter of Rocks, (3) xi. 130 
aatting, (23) xlii. 71 
aavel, (4) xiii. 87 ; (20)xxxvii. 

127 
aean, (3) xi. 130 
aeaning, (2) x. 120 
Clean-legg6d, (19) xxxiv. 94 
aedland, (2) x. 121 
aeeves, (2) x. 121 
Clibby, (17) xxx. 60 
Oick-bed, (1) ix. 129 
Clicketting, (25) xliv. 72 
Clicquer. (11) xxi. 89 
Clint, (8) xvii. 89 
CUp, (22) xli. 70 
aipped, (13) xxv. 188 
Clipper, (5) xiv. 136 
ait, (8) xvii. 89 
Clitch, (22) xli. 70 
Clitched, (13) xxv. 188 
Clitch 'd Bread in the Auv'm, 

(13) xxv. 188 
Clitter, (13) xxv. 188 
cutter. Clutter, (27) xlvi. 81 
aoamen, (3) xi. 130 
aob, (11) xxi. 88 
aoichy, (11) xxi. 90 
aome, (ll)xxi. 88 



Clovel, (11) xxi. 90 
Clubby, (6) xv. 83 
Clum, (23) xlii. 72 
Cliunb, (13) xxv. 188 
Qumming, (19) xxxiv. 94 
Clunk, (22) xU. 70 
Clutter, see Clitter 
Qy, (25) xUv. 72 
Coalshiners, (20) xxxvii. 127 
Coast, (19) xxxiv. 94 
Coathe, (3) xi. 130 
Cobb, (27) xlvi. 81 
Cockabels, (D.L.) xlv. 284 
Cockle-buttons, (22) xli. 70 
Cockly and Ruxly, (22) xli. 71 
Cokynstole, (20) xxxvii. 128 
Cold, (8) xvii. 90 
Collie-cows, (17) xxx. 60 
Colt's-ale, (7) xvi. 99 
Colts'-tails, (7) xvi. 100 
Comb Vore, (14) xxvii. 47 
Come = came, (5) xiv. 136, 137 ; 

(27) xlvi. 81 
Come along, (18) xxxii. 59 
Come to death-bed, (11) xxi. 89 
Concam, (7) xvi. 100 
Conkerbell, (23) xlii. 72 
Conquer, (24) xliii. 80 
Contraig thing, (22) xli. 71 
Contraption, (24) xliii. 80 
Coochey-paw, (10) xix. 67 
Coochie, (26) xlv. 80 
Coochy, (1) ix. 129 ; (11) xxi. 90 
Coolder, (13) xxv. 188 
Coo'se, (D.L.) xlv. 284 
Copes, (18) xxxii. 69 
Corbut, (14) xxvii. 48 
Cordeuant, (19) xxxiv. 95 
Cornders, (13) xxv. 188 
Costfe, (23) xlii. 72 
Cot-house, (23) xlii. 72 
Cough-drop, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Cowflop, (7) xvi. 100; (12) 

xxiii. 129 ; (D.L.) xlv. 284 
Cowflop-oats, (11) xxi. 89 
Cow-pine, (24) xliii. 80 
Cracken, (3) xi. 130; (14) 
xxvii. 48 



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ON DEVONSHIRE VEBBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 



109 



Crackety, (20) xxxvii. 128 
Cradle-land, (23) xlii. 73 • 
Crakeing and Croning, (7) xvi. 

100 
Cram, (1) ix. 129 
Cramming, (3) xi. 130 
Crams, (3) xi. 131 
Cranes, (7) xvi. 100 
Crap, (2) X. 121 ; (8) xvii. 93 
Crave, (8) xvii. 91 ; (D.L.) xlv. 

284 
Craw-tone, (13) xxv. 188 
Crazed, (13) xxv. 189 
Cream, Creamy =to shiver, (11) 

xxi. 89 
Cream =to squeeze, (11) xxi. 90 
Cream=to spread cream, (13) 

xxv. 189 
Crease, (16) xxix. 61 
Creases, (20) xxxvii. 128 
Creek, (13) xxv. 189 
Creemed, (ll)xxi.90 
Creeper, (2) x. 121 
Oess, Half-cress, (6) xiv. 137 
Cricket, (24) xliii. 81 
Criddle, (18) xxxii. 60 
Crime, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Crim up, (11) xxi. 90 
Crippleship, (7) xvi. 100 ; (8) 

xvii. 91 . 
Cripply, (23) xlii. 73 
Crips, (l)ix. 129; (16) xxix. 61 
Crislings, (26) xliv. 73 
Croak out, (D.L.) xlv. 284 
Crockie, (27) xlvi. 82 
Crow-sticks, (11) xxi. 90 
Crub, (26) xliv. 73 
Crucked up, (27) xlvi. 82 
Cruel (D.L.) xlv. 284 
Crumpetty, (14) xxvii. 48 
Cry, (l)ix. 129 
Cuckoo-plant, (22) xli. 71 
Cuckoo-roses, (8) xvii. 91 
Cuckoos, (7) xvi. 100 
Cuit, (6) xiv. 138 
CuUum, (26) xliv. 73 
Curious, (10) xix. 67 
Cute, (1) ix. 129 



Dabbed, (27) xlvi. 82 
Dabberdashed, (2) x. 121 
Dabbered, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Dabrified, (14) xxvii. 48 
Dad-finch, Dap-finch, (13) xxv. 

189 
Dag, (14) xxvii. 48 
Dairy, (10) xix. 67 
Daisy-mores, (13) xxv. 189 
Dander, (16) xxix. 61 
Dane, (21) xl. 66 
Dangerous, (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Dap, (23) xlii. 73 
Daps, (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Dapse, (16) xxix. 62 
Dapster, (3) xi. 131 
Dappy-stones, (16) xxix. 61 
Dase, (1) ix. 130 
Dashels, (16) xxix. 62 
Datch, (6) xiv. 138 
Daunt, (26) xliv. 73 
Davered, (11) xxi. 90; (12) 

xxiii. 130 ; (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Davery-topp^d, (13) xxv. 190 
Day-cat, (10) xix. 77 
Day's Ught, (23) xlii. 73 
Daze, (27) xlvi. 82 
Dead-in-law, (24) xliii. 81 
Deceive, (17) xxx. 60 
Deef, (3) xi. 131 ; (9) xviii. 93 
Deep, (9) xviii. 94 
Deesh, (6) xiv. 138 
Deevin', (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Demand, (8) xvii. 91 
Dempse, (8) xvii. 91 
Denied, (7) xvi. 100 
-der, termination, (2) x. 121 
Dem, (11) xxi. 90 
Detcher, (8) xvii. 91 
Devil's-bit Scabis, (8) xvii. 92 
Devil's-bud, (13) xxv. 190 
Devil's gold ring, (13) xxv. 

190 
Devil's manty-maker, (13) xxv. 

190 
Devonshire coat-of-arms, (7) 

xvi. 101 
Devonshire mark, (7) xvi. 101 



Digitized by 



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110 



INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS 



Devonshire Irishism, (10) xix. 

68 
Dibby, (11) xxi. 91 
Dick, up to, (27) xlvi. 83 
Dig-axe, (2) x. 122 
Dim, (2) X. 122 
Dunity, (7) xvi. 101 
Dimmets, (8) xvii. 92 ; (D.L.) 

xlv. 285 
Dimmie, (13) xxv. 190 
Dimpety, (3) xi. 131 
Dimpsey, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Dirt, (12) xxiii. 130 
Discoorse, (3) xi. 131 
Discoo'se, (11) xxi. 91 ; (D.L.) 

xlv. 286 
Discourse, (10) xix. 68 
Discussion, (25) xliv. 73 
Dish-washer, (7) xvi. 101 ; (13) 

xxv. 191 
Dishybills, (28) xlvii. 97 
Ditch-wall, (17) xxx. 60 
Ditty, (24) xUii. 81 
Diver, (13) xxv. 191 
Do=does, (6) XV. 83 
Doan, (26) xlv. 80 
Docity, (22) xli. 71 
Dogberry, (23) xlii. 73 
Dog-maple, (22) xli. 71 
Doily, (16) xxix. 52 
Dole, (17) xxx. 61 
Dolled, (5) xiv. 138 
Done=damp, (4) xiii. 88 
Done=did, (5) xiv. 138 
Done to Jouds, (14) xxvii. 48 
Donkey 's-years, (22) xli. 72 ; 

(23) xlii. 74 
Doos=doe8, (3) xi. 131 
Doos=doings, (7) xvi. 102 
Dork out, (23) xlii. 74 
Doss=dose, (4) xiii. 88 
Dough-fig, (3) xi. 131 ; (20) 

xxxvii. 129 
Doust, (27) xlvi. 83 
Dout, (11) xxi. 91 
Down-arg, (7) xvi. 102 
Down-house, (9) xviii. 95 
Down-'long, (1) ix. 130 



Doxy-maid, (17) xxx. 61 
Doz6, (6) XV. 83 
Drain, (3) xi. 131 
Drang'd, (3) xi. 132 
Drang- way, (16) xxix. 62 
Drashel, (17) xxx. 61 
Drayshel, (7) xx3^. 62 
Dray-zacking, (8) xvii. 92 
Drazacking, (13) xxv. 191 
Dreamy, (13) xxv. 191 
Dreaten, (27) xlvi. 83 ' ■ 
Drenged, (8) xvii. 93 
Dreshall, Drashel, (27) xlvi. 

83 
Drexil, (11) xxi. 91 
Dricks, (20) xxxvii. 129 
Drim up, (13) xxv. 191 
Dring, (7) xvi. 102; (11) xxi. 

92; (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Dring'd, (1) ix. 130 
Drishel, (18) xxxii. 60 
Drixy, (22) xli. 72 
Drogue, (22) xH. 74 
Drool, Drewel, (23) xlii. 74 
Drooping-willow, (20) xxxvii. 

129 
Drov'd, (6) XV. 84 
Drow=to throw, (6) xv. 84; 

(11) xxi. 92 
Drow=to dry, (11) xxi. 92 
Drownded, (2) x. 122 
Drowsens, (23) xlii. 74 
Druck-stool, (7) xvi. 102 
Druge, (13) xxv. 191 
Drugeing, (13) xxv. 192 
Drum out, (8) xvii. 93 
Drunkards, (11) xxi. 92 
Druxel, (11) xxi. 91 
Dryth, (3) xi. 132 ; (11) xxi. 92 ; 

(26) xliv. 73 
Dubious, (5) xiv. 138 
Ducks'-bills, (7) xvi. 103 
Dug=dog, (6) xiv. 138 
Duke, (7) xvi. 103 
Dummel, (14) xxvii. 49 
Dun-flies, (24) xliii. 81 
Dums, (25) xliv. 74 
Dwall, (1) ix. 130 



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ON DEVONSHIBB VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 



Ill 



E, ee, y, termination, (1) ix. 

130 ; (17) XXX. 62 
Ear-hole, (28) xlvii. 98 
Eaver, (4) xiii. 88 ; (8) xvii. 

93 
Eaving, (12) xxiii. 130 
Ebbet, see Evvet. 
Ee8=ye8, (9) xviii. 95 
Eez=is, (2) X. 122 
Efram quart, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Eithermore, (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Eleming-board, (20) xxxvii. 

129 
EUacum, (2) x. 122 
Else, (25) xUv. 74 
Empt, (3) xi. 132 
Enough to terrify Job, (3) xi. 

132 
Entertain, (17) xxx. 62 
Enti, (2) X. 122 
Estuys, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Every whip's now and then, 

(11) xxi. 92 
Every whip's-while, (12) xxiii. 

130 
Ewet, Ebbet, (24) xliii. 81 
Ewe-neck6d, (25) xliv. 74 

Facket, (26) xlv. 80 
Facum, Vacum, (24) xliii. 81 
Faint, Fainty, (8) xvii. 93 
Faintified, (23) xlii. 74 
Fakement, (28) xlvii. 98 
Fall'd, (6) XV. 84 
Fancy-woman, (22) xli. 72 
Fansical, (9) xviii. 95 
Fardle, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Famicum, (2) x. 122 
Farrol, (16) xxix. 52 
Fast, (7) xvi. 103 
Fat, (9) xviii. 95 
Fat-mouth6d, (27) xlvi. 83 
Faultz, (7) xvi. 103 
Fausse, (27) xlvi. 83 
Fau't, (2) X. 123 
Favoured, (11) xxi. 92 
Fay, (5) xiv. 139 
Feat, (9) xviii. 95 



Feet, (17) xxx. 63 

Feeded, (5) xiv. 139 ; (8) xvii. 

94 
Feeled, (22) xU. 72 
Feeling-hearted, (16) xxix. 53 
Ferrol, (1) ix. 130 
Ferry, (8) xvii. 94 
Fess, (13) XXV. 192 
Fetch, (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Fetching fire, (9) xviii. 95 
Feti, (16) xxix. 53 
Few, (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Few Turps, (l)ix. 130 
Fewe, (20) xxxvii. 129 
Fewster, (10) xix. 68 
Fiddler's-money, (1) ix. 130 
Fiddly, (13) xxv. 192 
Fightable, (12) xxiii. 130 
Fine job, (3) xi. 133 
Finger-cold, (13) xxv. 192 
Fire-scordel, (9) xviii. 96 
Firgets, Virgets, (27) xlvi. 84 
First-along, (1) ix. 131 
Fish-jolter, (26) xlv. 81 
Fistes, (8) xvii. 94 
Flakes, (11) xxi. 93 
Flasket, (24) xliii. 82 
Fleeches, (1) ix. 131 
Fleet, (13) xxv. 192 ; (18) xxxii. 

61 
FUbbets, (24) xliii. 82 
Flick, (27) xlvi. 84 
Flicker-meat, (12) xxiii. 130 
Flickets, (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Flick-tails, (11) xxi. 93 
Flied, (5) xiv. 139 
Flink, (24) xliii. 82 
Flinkmg, (27) xlvi. 84 
Flip, (24) xliii. 82 
FUrt of rain, (27)xlvi. 84 
Flirty, (22) xli. 72 
Flish, (3) xi. 133 
Flisking, (11) xxi. 93 
Flitters, (27) xlvi. 84 
Flood; (22) xli. 73 
Flop-a-dock, (ll)xxi. 93; (13) 

xxv. 192 
Floppy-dop, (25) xliv. 74 



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112 



INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS 



Flour-boys, (22) xli. 73 
Flour-milk, (2) x. 123 
Flower-nat, (17) xxx. 64 
Floxing, (16) xxix. 54 
Flummox, (24) xliii. 83 
Flush, (3) xi. 133 
Flusy-faiver, (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Fluttery, (7) xvi. 103 
Fo'ce-put, (1) ix. 131 
Foot, (6) XV. 86 
Footers, (13) xxv. 192 
Force-put, (D.L.) xlv. 286 
Force-putt, (16) xxix. 54 
Forehead, (11) xxi. 107 
Foreigner, (9) xviii. 96 
Forgot, (8) xvii. 94 
Form, (3) xi. 133 ; (11) xxi. 93 
Fouse, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Foust, (13) xxv. 192 
Foze, (5) xiv. 140 
Frail = weak, (4) xiii. 89 
Frape, (17) xxx. 64 
Frauzy, (2) x. 123 ; (12) xxiii. 

131 
Frawzy, (11) xxi. 93 
Freathing, (17) xxx. 64 
French-furze, (13) xxv. 193 
Frethyn, (20) xxxvii. 130 
Fricket, (7) xvi. 103 ; (8) xvii. 

95 
Fricketty, (3) xi. 133 
Fridg'd, (2) x. 123 
Frighten, (10) xix. 68; (11) 

xxi. 93 ; (13) xxv. 193 
FriU-de-dills, (6) xv. 85 
Frindered up to Ockshuns, (12) 

xxiii. 131 
Frisk, (3) xi. 133 
Frith, (14) xxvii. 49 
Frizz, (8) xvii. 95 
Frizzle, (3) xi. 133 
Frog's march, (8) xvii. 95 
Fuddeley, (11) xxi. 94 
Full-determined, (7) xvi. 104 
Full-grow, (9) xviii. 96 
Fumig, Furniggle, (23) xlii. 75 
Furze-kite, (25) xliv. 74 
Fuz-pig, (25) xliv. 74 



Gad, (5) xiv. 140 
Gait, (l)ix. 131 
Gaketh, (7) xvi. 104 
Gall6d, (11) xxi. 94 
Gallitrap, (8) xvii. 95 
Gambadoes, (25) xliv. 75 
Gape-show, (16) xxix. 54 
Gapping stick, (16) xxix. 54 
Gather, (7) xvi. 104; (18) 

xxxii. 61 
Gawky-pot, (25) xliv. 75 
Gay, (12) xxiii. 131 
Geam, (D.L.) xlv. 287 
Gease, (13) xxv. 193 
Geit, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Gemmys, (26) xlv. 81 
Gerried, (D.L.) xlv. 287 
Getting on the sticks, (8) xvii. 

95 
Giggleting, (16) xxix. 55 
Giglets, (21) xl. 65 
Gimms, (23) xlii. 75 
Ginena, (23) xlii. 75 
Girding, (2) x. 123 
Girlopp, (9) xviii. 96 
Gite, (27) xlvi. 84 
Give, (27) xlvi. 84 
Gived, (6) xv. 85 
Glam, (6) xv. 85 
Glamming, (20) xxxvii. 130 
Glidder, (13) xxv. 193 
Glimpsed, (18) xxxii. 61 
Glorum, (10) xix. 63 
Glue, (26) xlv. 81 
Gn&ing, (5) xiv. 140 
Goat, (13) xxv. 193 
Gob, (6) XV. 85 
Gobs, (3) xi. 133 
Goil, (2) X. 123 
Going all about, (2) x. 124 
Going round my hat, (11) xxi. 

94 
Golden-dust, (3) xi. 134 
Golden-gladdy, (10) xix. 69 
Golden-slippers, (23) xlii. 75 
Gone dead, (16) xxix. 55 
Good-a-Vriday, (3) xi. 134; 

(13) xxv. 193 



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113 



Gooded, (2) x. 124 
Good-natured, (6) xiv. 140 
Good oflFer, (8) xvii. 96 
Goose-chick, (D.L.) xlv. 287 
Goose-flops, (26) xliv. 76 
Goose-gobs, (10) xix. 69 
Gracie-daisies, (11) xxi. 94 
Gradely, (12) xxiii. 131 
Gramfer-griggles, (26) xUv. 76 
Grdnfather, (1) ix. 131 
Grannie's night-cap, (23) xlii. 

76 
Grassy-daisy, (23) xlii. 76 
Gravelin, (14) xxvii. 49 
Graze, (10) xix. 69 
Greech, (22) xU. 73 
Greecums, (10) xix. 69 
Greep=trench, (26) xlv. 81 
Greep= bundle, (28) xlvii. 98 
Gribble, (13) xxv. 194 
Griddle, (22) xli. 73 
Gripling, (20) xxxvii. 130 
Grit, (2) X. 124 
Grizzle, (22) xli. 73 
Groinge, Gronge, (22) xli. 73 
Groot, (22) xli. 74 
Groot-field, (D.L.) xlv. 287 
Ground-ash, (1) ix. 131 
Grouse, (21) xl. 66 
Grove, (26) xlv. 81 
Growed, (8) xvii. 96 
Grungeing, (18) xxxii. 62 
Grutiss, (24) xliii. 83 
Gubby, (7) xvi. 104 
Guch-guch, (11) xxi. 94 
GuUet, (13) xxv. 194 
Gurbage and half-stuff, (6) xv. 

86 
Gurry, (2) x. 124 
Guttering, (4) xiii. 89 
Guzzle, (D.L.) xlv. 287 
Gwain, (2) x. 124 

Hackle, (8) xvii. 96 
Hag, (11) xxi. 94 
Haggagin', (12) xxiii. 131 
HaUer, (7) xvi. 106 
Hailing, (D.L.) xlv. 287 

VOL. XLvn. ] 



Hain'd up, (D.L.) xlv. 288 
Hairen, (13) xxv. 194 
Hairy vethery, (17) xxx. 64 
Half -enough, (11) xxi. 94 
Half-knack, (16) xxix. 66; (28) 

xlvii. 98 
Half -strain, (18) xxxii. 62 
Half -strained-gentry, (1) ix. 

131 
Half -stuff, see Gurbage 
Halse, (1) ix. 131 
Halves, (16) xxix. 66 
Ham, (7) xvi. 104 
Ham o' Pork, (8) xvii. 96 
Hames, (7) xvi. 104 
Hammelled, (16) xxix. 66 
Hammer- bates, (16) xxix. 66 
Handkecher, (10) xix. 69 
Hand-ock, (11) xxi. 96 
Handsome, (12) xxiii. 131 
Hand-wrist6s, (2) x. 124 
Handy, (24) xliu. 83 
Hang up, (D.L.) xlv. 288 
Hanks, (16) xxix. 66 
Hape, (11) xxi. 94 
Hapse, (D.L.) xlv. 288 
Hard, (16) xxix. 66 
Hard-a-baked, (D.L.) xlv. 288 
Harder, (7) xvi. 106 
Harve, Harves, (27) xlvi. 86 
Harvest-men, (23) xlii. 76 
Hat = to germinate, (6) xiv. 141 
Hat = to cover sheaves, (7) xvi. 

106 
Haunch, (6) xv. 86 
Havage, (17) xxx. 66 
Have=has, (2) x. 124 
Haves =has, (2) x. 124 
Hazy, (3) xi. 134 
He=him,it,she, (2) x. 124, 126 
He=she, (D.L.) xlv. 288 
Heable, (11) xxi. 96 
Head, (6) xiv. 141 
Heal, (6) xv. 86 ; (17) xlxx. 66 
Heal over, (7) xvi. 106 
Healer, (7) xvi. 106 
Healing, of a book, (10) xix. 71 
Heart-rendering, (27) xlvi. 86 



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114 



INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT BEPOBTS 



Heat-drops, (13) xxv. 194 
Heaval, (24) xliii. 83 
Heck-a-m&ll, (11) xxi. 96 
Heck-a-noddy, (11) xxi. 96 
Hedge-a-boar, (25) xliv. 76 
Hedge-tacker, (14) xxvii. 49 
Heeling, (12) xxiii. 131 
Heft, (24) xliii. 83 
Hefty, (24) xliii. 84 
Hekketty-pound, (2) x. 126 
Help, (8) xvii. 96 ; (D.L.) xlv. 

288 
Helving, (20) xxxvii. 131 
Hemel, (16) xxix. 56 
Hem on his garment, (2) x. 125 
Hemple, (7) xvi. 106 
Henge, (1) ix. 132 
Her=he, it, she, (2) x. 125; 

(8) xvii. 97 
Her=8he, (8) xvii. 97 
Herding, (23) xlii. 76 
Herevrom, (1) ix. 132 
Het, (16) xxix. 56 
Hidanseek, (1) ix. 132 
Hidy, (13) xxv. 194 
High-by-day, (4) xiii. 89 
High-cockalorum, (23) xlii. 76 
Hilf, (ll)xxi.95 
Him=it, (2)x. 125 
Hinder, verb, (2) x. 125 ; (5) xiv. 

141 
Hinderment, (5) xiv. 141 
Hinned, (13) xxv. 196 
Hire-say, (4) xiii. 89 
Hi8=her, (2)x. 126 
Hoard, (17) xxx. 66 
Hobble, (3) xi. 134 
Hobbler, (3) xi. 134 
Hole in the baUet, (2) x. 126 
HoUin', (7) xvi. 106 
Hohn, (6) xiii. 89 
Holm-screech, (13) xxv. 195 
Home to, (3) xi. 134 ; (5) xiv. 

141 ; (6) XV. 86 
Home-along, (27) xlvi. 85 
Homer, (17) xxx. 66 
Hood- wall; (11) xxi. 95 
Hook-brim'le, (17) xxx. 65 



Hoop=bullfinch, (23) xlii. 76 
Hoop, to go through the, (14) 

xxvii. 56 
Hoop-pins, (13) xxv. 195 
Hoozen, (1) ix. 132 
Horch, (11) xxi. 95 
Homen, (17) xxx. 65 
Homiwink, (23) xlii. 77 
Horse-jessamine, (8) xvii. 97 
Hoss-Protestant, (22) xli. 74 
Hostling, (17) xxx. 66 
House-ified, (23) xlii. 77 
Hove, Hoved, (5) xiv. 142 
Hovers, (7) xvi. 106 ; (16) xxix. 

66 
Howdering, (7) xvi. 106 
Huer, (9) xviii. 96 
Huffle, (16) xxix. 57 
Huflaing, (26) xlv. 82 
Hulder, (20) xxxvii. 131 
Hulk, (4) xiii. 90 
Hum-buz, (3) xi. 134 
Hummick, (10) xix. 71 
Humpy-scrumples, (8) xvii. 98 
Hunt-a-crock, (27) xlvi. 85 
Hurdle, verb, (12) xxiii. 132 
Hurted, (3) xi. 134 ; (25) xliv. 

75 
Husband's-tea, (1) ix. 132 
Huxions, (D.L.) xlv. 288 

If so be, (8) xvii. 98 

lie, (6) XV. 86 

Illegible, see Demand, (8) 

xvii. 91 
Improver, (8) xvii. 98 
In and out, (9) xviii. 97 
In coo'se, (3) xi. 135 
In home, Up home, (10) xix. 71 
In horn, (10) xix. 71 
Infurmation, (D.L.) xlv. 289 
Inkle, (24) xliii. 84 
Inside, (5) xiv. 142 ; (6) xv. 86 
Instanshus, (8) xvii. 98 
Into, (1) ix. 132 
Ippet, (3) xi. 135 
Irishism, see Devonshire 

Irishism 



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116 



Iron prayers, (3) xi. 135 
Item =a trifle, (2) x. 126 
Item=a trick, (10) xix. 72 
Iteming, (D.L.) xlv. 289 
Itemming, (3) xi. 135; (16) 

xxix. 57 
Itemy, (10) xix. 72 
It's a-been, (7) xvi. 106 
Ivy-drum, (6) xv. 87 ; (7) xvi. 

107 

Jabber, (3) xi. 135 

Jack-Jesums, (16) xxix. 57 

Jacob, (11) xxi. 95 

Jakes, (3) xi. 135 

Jerusalem seeds, (7) xvi. 107 

Jet, verb, (1) ix. 132 

Jewel, verb, (10) xix. 72 ; (13) 

XXV. 195 
Jibbed, (26) xlv. 82 
Jigged, (5) xiv. 142 
Joanic, (22) xli. 74 
Joanie, (11) xxi. 96 
Job, see Enough to terrify 
J5b, see Fine job 
Jockery, (6) xv. 87 
Jonnick, (7) xvi. 107 
Josep, (17) XXX. 66 
Josey, (24) xliii. 84 
Jouds, see Done to Jouds 
Jowdered, (26) xlv. 82 
Jubal, (18) xxxii. 62 

Kain, Kainey, Keen, veri, (24) 

xliii. 84 
Keenly, (22) xli. 74 
Keep again, (2) x. 126 
Keepering, (10) xix. 73 
Keepness, (24) xliii. 84 
Keeve, (27) xlvi. 85 
Kettle-hammering, (16) xxix. 

57 
Kickshaw, (23) xlii. 77 
Kid the peas, (10) xix. 73 
Kiddie, verb, (9) xviii. 97 
Kiddly-tope, (27) xlvi. 85 
Killai, (20) xxxvii. 131 
Killed a little pig, (2) x. 126 



Kittermiflter, (19) xxxiv. 96 
Kitty-rock, (13) xxv. 195 
Kitty-tope, (10) xix. 73 
Knacked, (8) xvii. 99 
Knackin' vore, (27) xlvi. 86 
Knap, (17) xxx. 66 
Knob, Knub, (5) xiv. 143 
Knowledgeable, (1) ix. 132; 

(8) xvii. 99 
Knowsy, (26) xlv. 83 
Knucks, (14) xxvii. 49 
Kutch-pawed, (13) xxv. 195 

Lady-day Day, (13) xxv. 195 
Laggate, (26) xlv. 83 
Lain, (13) xxv. 195 
Lairy, (12) xxiii. 132 
Lake, (2) x. 126 
Limpie, (1) ix. 132 
Land-waters, (18) xxxii. 62 ; 

(27) xlvi. 86 
Landy-hay, (27) xlvi. 86 
Lank, (13) xxv. 196 
Lar, Larra, (6) xv. 87 
Larch, verb, (14) xxvii. 49 
Larra, (14) xxvii. 50 
Larraes, (19) xxxiv. 97 
Larrups, (5) xiv. 143 
Larry, (6) xv. 87 
Lash, (27) xlvi. 86 
Last-along, (3) xi. 136 
Last^s, (27) xlvi. 86 
Lattin, (19) xxxiv. 97; (20) 

xxxvii. 131 
Laugh* and Jellaughter, (11) 

xxi. 96 
Launder, (1) ix. 133 ; (5) xiv. 

143 

Lay=lief, (8) xvii. 99 
Lead, verb, (2) x. 126 
Leaping-stock, (1) ix. 133 
Lear, (16) xxix. 57 
Learage, (16) xxix. 57; (22) 

xli. 74 

Learn =to teach, (2) x. 127 
Leary, (18) xxxii. 62; (D.L.) 

xlv. 289 
Leastes', (27) xlvi. 86 



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116 



INDEX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS 



Leastest, (22) xli. 76 
Leather-bird, (D.L.) xlv. 289 
Leer, sttbat, (9) xviii. 97. 
Leery, (11) xxi. 96 ; (17) xxx. 

66; (19) xxxiv. 97; (20) 

xxxvii. 132 
Legs, (D.L.) xlv. 290 
Lekky-brath, (2) x. 127 
Lenge, (2) x. 127 
Lent=loan, (19) xxxiv. 97 
Lenth=loan, (1) ix. 133 
Lenticups, (25) xliv. 76 
Lerripping, (3) xi. 136 
Lerry, (2) x. 127 
Let down, verb, (8) xvii. 99 
Let in to't, (2) x. 127 
Letten, (26) xlv. 83 
Lew, (17) xxx. 66 ; (D.L.) xlv. 

290 
Lew-side, (11) xxi. 96 
Lew't, (10) xix. 73 
Liable, (10) xix. 73 
Lickering, (12) xxiii. 132 
Lie, svhst., (5) xiv. 143 
Lied by the wall, (D.L.) xlv. 

290 
Lifting-stock, (1) ix. 133 ; (7) 

xvi. 108 
Lights, (13) XXV. 196 
Liketty-lik, (3) xi. 136 
Limb, (2) x. 127 
Limned, (22) xli. 75 
Limpem-scrimp, (17) xxx. 67 
Limpet-scrimps, (26) xlv. 83 
Linhay, (4) xiii. 90 ; (D.L.) xlv. 

290 
Limips, (27) xlvi. 86 
Lirruppy, (12) xxiii. 132 
LissonUy, (11) xxi. 96 
Listy, (5) xiv. 143 
Litter-cum-toss, (13) xxv. 196 
Little Fitter, (20) xxxvii. 132 
Little Wyevyn Soonday, (13) 

xxv. 196 
Livier, (8) xvii. 99 ; (10) xix. 

73; (17) xxx. 67 
Livyers, (3) xi. 136 
Lizzum, (14) xxvii. 51 



Load, verb, (7) xvi. 108 
Lodge, svbaC, (7) xvi. 108 
Log=to rock, (25) xliv. 76 
Logic, (6) XV. 87 
Long agone, (2) x. 127 
Long family, (2) x. 127 
Long soft family, (11) xxi. 96 
long with, (1) ix. 133 
Long-biders, (24) xliii. 85 
Long-cripple, (11) xxi. 96 
Loug-dug, (5) xiv. 144 
Loug-sleave Qock, (22) xli. 75 
Looking from under Brent 

Hill, (13) xxv. 196; (14) 

xxvii. 51 
Loos'd, (6) XV. 87 
Lop, (27) xlvi. 87 
LoploUy, (26) xlv. 83 
Lost=to lose, (22) xli. 75 
Lostages, (27) xlvi. 87 
Losting, (7) xvi. 108 
Louster, (D.L.) xlv. 291 
Loustering, (21) xl. 65 
Lovin', (5) xiv. 144 
Low, verby (7) xvi. 118 
Lug, see Yard, (7) xvi. 121 
Lug=lade-pail, (20) xxxvii. 132 
Lugs=logs, see Plugs, (11) xxi. 

99 
Lump, verb, (1) ix. 133 
Lumpus, (13) xxv. 197 
Lur^, (3) xi. 136 

Maden, (3) xi. 136 
Mafflities, (18) xxxii. 62 
Mag, (22) xU. 75 
Mahl-scralls, (8) xvii. 99 
Maiden-comb, (7) xvi. 108 
Maiden's-ruin, (14) xxvii. 51 
Maiden-tree, (1) ix. 133 
Main, stibat, (10) xix. 73 
Mainly, (18) xxxii. 63 
Maister, (3) xi. 136 
Make use of, (6) xiv. 144 ; (8) 

xvii. 100 
Make-wise, (23) xlii. 77 
Malancholy, (1) ix. 133 
MaU, (11) xxi. 97 



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117 



Mammy-gog, (7) xvi. 109 
Man-tie, (4) xiii. 00 
Many-hearted, (5) xiv. 144 
Mapsing, (12) xxiii. 132 
Martin, (13) xxv. 197 
Martin-heifer, (14) xxvii. 51 
Ma'sh, (25) xUv. 76 
Maskells, (19) xxxiv. 97 
Massy, (D.L.) xlv. 291 
Master cows, (3) xi. 136 
Masterpiece, (13) xxv. 197 
Maurs, (D.L.) xlv. 291 
Maw-guts, (16) xxix. 58 
Mawn, (11) xxi. 96 
May, (3) xi. 137 
May-blossom, (22) xli. 75 
May-games, (24) xliii. 85 
Mazed, (24) xliii. 85 
Maze-Monday, (3) xi. 137 
Mazery, (16) xxix. 58 
Mazzards, (23) xlii. 78 
Me=I, (2) X. 128 
Meant, Ment, (9) xviii. 97 
Mease, (16) xxix. 58 ; (17)xxx. 

67 
Measley-beggars, (2) x. 128 
Meat-nut, (24) xliii. 85 
Meeching, (12) xxiii. 132 
Megged, (26) xlv. 84 
Mell, (11) xxi. 97 
Mellum, (9) xviii. 97 
Mellumy, Mallamy, (27) xlvi. 

87 
Melted bread, (3) xi. 137 
Merry- Anders, (24) xliii. 85 
Merry-Mokus, (13) xxv. 197 
Michard, (14) xxvii. 51 
Miching, (2) x. 128 
Mickled, (22) xU. 76 
Middling and, (6) xv. 88 
Midge, (1) ix. 133 
Mild, (6) XV. 88 
Milk, verb, (1) ix. 134 
Milk-maids, (7) xvi. 109 
Milky-dashels, (16) xxix. 58 ; 

(18) xxxii. 63 
Mind, (3) xi. 137 ; (6) xv. 88 ; 

(D.L.) xlv. 291 



Mind in it, (2) x. 128 
Minding, (3) xi. 137 
Mischevious, (1) ix. 134 
Misk, (4) xiii. 90 ; (27) xlvi. 87 
Mixy-coloured, (23) xlii. 78 
Miz-wet, (5) xiv. 145 
Moat, (22) xU. 76 
Moaty, Motty, (16) xxix. 58 
Mograge, (6) xv. 88 
Mommet, (23) xlii. 78 
Money-in-both-pockets, (4) xiii. 

90 
Monstrous, (24) xliii. 86 
Moody-hearted, (27) xlvi. 87 
Moor an' Mul, (23) xUi. 78 
Moot, subsL, (11) xxi. 97 
Moot, verb, (27) xlvi. 87 ; (28) 

xlvii. 99 
Moot earth, (16) xxix. 59 
Moot out, (7) xvi. 109 
Mooterin', (18) xxxii. 63 
Mop, verb, (23) xlii. 78 
Mopper, (19) xxxiv. 97 
Moppy, (10) xix. 74 
Mops, see All Mops and Brooms 
Mopsed, (12) xxiii. 133 
Mor'n mool, (1) ix. 134 
Mores, (10) xix. 74 
Morganhayes, Morning, (16) 

xxix. 59 
Morte, (23) xlii. 78 
Mounters, (22) xli. 76 
Moimting-stock, (11) xxi. 97 
Mouth-speech, (5) xiv. 145 ; (8) 

xvii. 100 
Mow-barton, (6) xv. 88 
Mowderin', (11) xxi. 97 
Much, (D.L.) xlv. 291 
Much, verb, (22) xli. 76 
Much over, (18), xxxii. 64 
Mucky, (11) xxi. 97 
Muffled, (18) xxxii. 64 
Muffle-fac6d, (17) xxx. 67 
Mulk-visseU, (27) xlvi. 88 
Mully, (D.L.) xlv. 291 
Mully-grubs, (8) xvii. 100 
Mump, (26) xiv. 84 
Mump, verb, (8) xvii. 100 



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118 



INDBX TO THE TWBNTY-BIGHT REPORTS 



Mump-head, Mump, (24) xliii. 

86 
Mun, Min=them, (4) xiii. 90 
Murchy, (24) xliii. 86 
Mure, (14) xxvii. 52 
Mushelrooms, (14) xxvii. 52 
Musicker, (17) xxx. 67 
Mussel-clumbs, (13) xxv. 197 
Muty.hearted, (23) xlii. 79 
Mux, (D.L.) xlv. 292 
Muzzle, (8) xvii. 100 

-N, old plural termination, (26) 

xlv. 85 
Nadgers, (14) xxvii. 53 
Naish, (6) xv. 88 ; (D.L.) xlv. 

292 
Naked, (6) xv. 89 
Naked-Jacks, (16) xxix. 59; 

(27) xlvi. 88 
Nanny-zuU, (7) xvi. 109 
Nap=to snap, (1) ix. 134 
Nap=knap, (18) xxxii. 64 
Narraway, (14) xxvii. 53 
Narrowstaples, (D.L.) xlv. 292 
Natomy, (D.L.) xlv. 292 
Nattled, (14) xxvii. 53 
Naturally, (1) ix. 134 
Nature, (11) xxi. 98 
Natur'-fool, (13) xxv. 197 
Nautical, (19) xxxiv. 97 
Nawz, (6) XV. 89 
Near, (D.L.) xlv. 292 
Neash, Neish, (1) ix. 135 
Neck of the foot, (3) xi. 138 
Neggar, (14) xxvii. 53 
Neighbour, verb, (13) xxv. 198 
Nest, verb, (6) xv. 89 
Nestle-trip, (28) xlvii. 99 
News-hagging, (17) xxx. 67 ; 

(18) xxxii. 64 
Nickleethies, (17) xxx. 68 
Nicknames of places, (10) xix. 

74 
Niddick, (22) xli. 76 ; (D.L.) 

xlv. 292 
Niddle, (6) xv. 88 
Niest, (22) xli. 76 



NiflFed, (22) xU. 77 
Niggelling, (14) xxvii. 54 
Night-times, (2) x. 128 
Mimmet, (1) ix. 135 
Nimping-gang, (12) xxiii. 133 ; 

(D.L.) xlv. 292 
Ninny-wit, (21) xl. 66 
Nissle-draft, (20) xxxvii. 132 
Nistle-thrish, (20) xxxvii. 132 
Nitch, (10) xix. 74 
Nogs, (7) xvi. 109 
Nonsical, (12) xxiii. 134 
Nood, (10) xix. 76 
Nomigging, Nomigig, (14) 

xxvii. 54 
Norting, (14), xxvii. 55 
Notamise, (22) xli. 77 
No-tanaby, (24), xliii. 86 
No-thank'y a-hanged, (7) xvi. 

109 
Nothing, (4) xiii. 91 
No-tino, (23) xlii. 79 
Notomy, (3) xi. 138 
Nub, (3) xi. 138 
Nummatin', (10) xix. 75 
Nusthma, (6) xv. 89 
Nut-'all, (1) ix. 135 
Nuzzle-tripe, (18) xxxii. 64 

Oak-mas', (24) xliii. 87 
Oavfe, (24) xliii. 87 
Obligated, (8) xvii. 100 
Occupated, (8) xvii. 101 
Ockshuns, see Frindered, etc. 
Of, (1) ix. 135 
Of=on, (8)xvii. 101 
Offering for rain, (2) x. 128 
Off-handed, (6) xv. 90 
Office, (1) ix. 135 
Offington, (2) x. 128 
Old, (1) ix. 135 
Old, The old, (20) xxxvii. 132 
Oldness, (9) xviu. 98 
Omission of definite article, 

(6) XV. 90 ; (8) xvii. 101 
On, (D.L.) xlv. 292 
On=at, (1) ix. 135 ; (16) xxix. 

59 



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ON DBVONSHIBE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 



119 



Once, (9) xviii. 98 
Oncest, (7) xvi. 110 
One-beam-barrel, (26) xlv. 86 
Onstummickable, (D.L.) xlv. 

292 
Ooze, (13) XXV. 198 
Ope, (22) xli. 77 
Opeway, Opway, (6) xv. 90; 

(18) xxxii. 65 
Or this, or that, (9) xviii. 98 
Oration, (22) xli. 77 
Orch, (16) xxix. 59 
Ordain, (17) xxx. 68 
Orts, (7) xvi. 110 
Other one, (23) xlii. 79 
Ouchills, (7) xvi. 110 
Oudacious, (2) x. 128 
Oudsun, (12) xxiii. 134 
Out-shells, (13) XXV. 198 
Oven, (3) xi. 138 
Oven-stopper, (19) xxxiv. 98 
Over, (1) ix. 135 
Over=fondof, (7) xvi. 110 
Over-gone, (12) xxiii. 134 
Overlash, (13) xxv. 198 
Owned, (l)ix. 136; (18)xxxii.66 
Ownself , adj,, (9) xviii. 99 
Oyster, (24) xliii. 87 

Padlog, (11) xxi. 98 
Pake, (22) xU. 78 
Pakes, (19) xxxiv. 98 
Pakesing, (11) xxi. 98 
Palch, (22) xli. 78 
Pale-gate, (1) ix. 136 
Pahn, (3) xi. 138 
Pame=pane, (1) ix. 136 
Pame=purlin, (18) xxxii. 66 
Pangers, (13) xxv. 198 
Pannel, (11) xxi. 98 
Paper 'n, (17) xxx. 69 
Pardner=partner, (3) xi. 138 
Pardoner, Pardner, (23) xlii. 79 
Pare, (3) xi. 138 
Parfit, (D.L.) xlv. 292 
Parson, (10) xix. 75 
Parson-in-the pulpit, (11) xxi. 
98 



Parson's fool, (13) xxv. 199 
Pash, (6) XV. 90 
Pa'ssle, (3) xi. 139 
Pass-meals, (10) xix. 75 
Pass the time of day, (17) xxx. 

69 
Path-field, (11) xxi. 98 
Patted in, (13) xxv. 199 
Paws'es =posts, (5) xiv. 145 
Peart, (D.L.) xlv. 292 
Peas, (1) ix. 136 
Peck, verb, (4) xiii. 91 
Peck-headed, (16) xxix. 59 
Pedigree, (23) xlii. 79 
Pee, (17) xxx. 69 
Peended, (22) xli. 78 
Peg-leg, (27) xlvi. 88 
Pellum, see Pakes, (19) xxxiv. 

98 
Perk, (25) xUv. 76 
Persuaded, (17) xxx. 69 
Perted up, (25) xUv. 76 
Pese, (5) xiv. 145 
Peyse, (7) xvi. 110 
Phizgie, (ll)xxi.98 
Pick =a speck, spot, (7) xvi. 1 10 
Pick abroad, (12) xxiii. 134 
Pick along, (24) xliii. 87 
Pick away, (D.L.) xlv. 293 
Kckey.pale, (17) xxx. 69 
Piece, (27) xlvi. 88 
Pierter, (3) xi. 139 
Pig's-looze, (13) xxv. 199 
Piler, (14) xxvii. 55 
PHkey, (6) xv. 90 
PiUum, (16) xxix. 59; (17) 

xxx. 70 ; (D.L.) xlv. 293 
Pilth, (10) xix. 75 
Pin=hip, (2)x. 129 
'Pin tap, (23) xlii. 80 
Pindey, (5) xiv. 145 
Pinnick, (3) xi. 139 ; (12) xxiii. 

134 ; (20) xxxvii. 133 
Pinnicking, (16) xxix. 60 
Pinzwell, (3) xi. 139 
Pippers, (13) xxv. 199 
Pirch, (8) xvii. 101 
Pit=a well, (11) xxi. 98 



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120 



INDBX TO THE TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS 



Pit=a grave, (13) xxv. 199 
Pitch, subst, (10) xix. 75 
Pitch, vcrft, (13) xxv. 200; (20) 

xxxvii. 133 ; (D.L.) xlv. 293 
Pitcher, (20) xxxvii. 133 
Pittish, (8) xvii. 101 
Pixy-led, (18) xxxii. 66 
Place for Abraham to bury his 

wife, (1) ix. 136 
Plain, (7) xvi. Ill 
Plaize t'ev ? (25) xUv. 76 
Planch, (22) xli. 78 
Planchen, (18) xxxii. 66 
Plank, verb, (1) ix. 136 
Plat=to plod, (25) xliv. 77 
Platter-footed, (13) xxv. 200 
Plaunchen vloor, (D.L.) xlv. 

293 
Play=to swarm, (8) xvii. 101 
Played the GaUies, (5) xiv. 146 
Ploizy, (14) xxvii. 55 
Plough =team, (5) xiv. 146 
Plough-path, (8) xvii. 102 ; (9) 

xviii. 99 
Plough-tackle, (8) xvii. 102 
Plowe, (20) xxvii. 133 
Pluckin', (8) xvii. 102 
Pluff, (7) xvi. Ill ; (25) xUv. 

77 
Pluffy, (2) X. 129 
Plugs, Lugs, (11) xxi. 99 
Plum, (5) xiv. 146 ; (6) xv. 91 ; 

(8) xvii. 102 ; (10) xix. 76 ; 

(11) xxi. 99; (13) xxv. 200; 

(16) xxix. 60; (D.L.) xlv. 

294 
Plumming, (D.L.) xlv. 294 
Plumpie, (28) xlvii. 99 
Plushy, (6) XV. 91 
Poach, (8) xvii. 102 
Poached, (4) xiii. 91 
Poaching, (16) xxix. 60 
Point, see Bread and Point 
'Pointment, (8) xvii. 103 
Points, (13) xxv. 201 
Pok6, verb, (!) ix. 136 
Poke, subst.y (14) xxvii. 55 
Poll-parrot, (7) xvi. Ill \ 



PoU-picked, (26) xUv. 77 

Polt, (22) xU. 78 

Pomet lace, (19) xxxiv. 98 

Pool, Pule, (23) xlii. 80 

Poor-ground, (12) xxiii. 135 

Popples, (3) xi. 139 

Popple-stones, (12) xxiii. 135 

Pore, (13) xxv. 201 

Portys, (20) xxxvii. 133 

Pot, (11) xxi. 99 

Pot and Puddmg, (D.L.) xlv. 

294 
Pote, (10) xix. 76 
Pountifee, (19) xxxiv. 98 
Power, (D.L.) xlv. 294 
Prang, (24) xUii. 88 
Prayle, (24) xliii. 88 
Prepositions, (23) xlii. 80 
Presently, (8) xvii. 103 
Perspiration, (6) xv. 91 
Presture, (13) xxv. 201 
Previous, (12) xxiii. 135 
Pricked, (23) xlii. 80 
Primrosen, (3) xi. 139 
Prince's-feather, (7) xvi. Ill ; 

(16) xxix. 60 
Prize, subst, (1) ix. 137 
Proacher, Proaching, (5) xiv. 

146 
Proofy, (13) xxv. 201 
Proper, (1) ix. 137 
Properly, (4) xiii. 92 ; (11) xxi. 

99 
Proverbs, (7) xvi. Ill; (8) 

xvii. 103; (9) xviii. 99; 

(13) xxv. 201; (14) xxvii. 

56; (18) xxxii. 66; (19) 

xxxiv. 98 ; (20) xxxvii. 134 
Pug, Pog, (24) xliii. 88 
Pugs, (26) xlv. 86 
Pullup, (7)xvi. Ill 
Pully-ally, (25) xliv. 77 
Pultry, (8) xvii. 104 
Pummle-vooted, (23) xlii. 80 
Pummy, (18) xxxii. 67 
Pumple-foot, (7) xvi. Ill 
Pump-pit, (7) xvi. Ill 
Punctual, (10) xix. 76 



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ON DBVONSHIBB VBBBAIi PBOVTNCIALISMS. 



121 



Punish, (12) xxiii. 135 

Purdens, (27) xlvi. 88 

Purdle, (27) xlvi. 89 

Purt, (13) XXV. 201 

Purty, (1) ix. 137 

Pussed, (2) X. 129 

Put going, (D.L.) xlv. 294 

Putitdown, (l)ix. 137 

Put out eye, (D.L.) xlv* 294 

Put to bed wi' a showl, (10) 

xix. 77 
Put to buck, (1) ix. 137 
Putch, see Pitch, (D.L.) xlv. 

293 
Putsom, (10) xix. 77 

Quack, (D.L.) xlv. 294 
Quaddle, verb, (5) xiv. 146 
Quaddle, aubsL, (12) xxiii. 135 
Quail, (19) xxxiv. 98 
Quarter of coal, (19) xxxiv. 

98 
Quat, (14) xxvii. 56; (D.L.) 

xlv. 294 
Queen's-feather, (16) xxix. 60 
Quick-beam, (1) ix. 137 
QuiU, (5) xiv. 146 
QuiUaway, (3) xi. 139; (16) 

xxix. 60 
Quilling, (25) xUv. 77 
Quilty, (22) xU. 78 
Quirk, (27) xlvi. 89 

Rab, (26) xlv. 86 
Rabbet, (28) xlvii. 100 
Rabbit, verb, (10) xix. 77 
Rabbit-part, (5) xiv. 146 
Rabin-Urdick, (18) xxxii. 67 
Racket thing, (16) xxix. 60 
Ragg. (1*) xxvii. 56 
Raggart, (12) xxiii. 136 
Ragged- Jacks, (16) xxix. 61 
Ragget, verb, (13) xxv. 201 
Raim, (11) xxi. 99 
Ram-cat, (10) xix. 77 
Rame, (6) xv. 91 
Rame out, (8) xvii. 104 
Rames, (2) x. 129 



Ramping, (1) ix. 137 ; (11) xxi. 

99; (D.L.) xlv. 294 
Ramshackle, (10) xix. 77 
Ranche, verb, (14) xxvii. 56 
Ranes, (16) xxix. 61 
Range =to sift, (12) xxiii. 136 
Rap, syh8t.,=B, strip, (7) xvi. 

112 
Rape, (8) xvii. 104 
Rapid, (3) xi. 140 
Rare, verb, (16) xxix. 61 
Rary-mouse, (23) xlii. 80 
Rash, (11) xxi. 99 
Rasome, (24) xliii. 88 
Rasparated, (14) xxvii. 57 
Ratcher, (11) xxi. 99 
Rattle-backed, (3) xi. 140 
Rattle-cum-scour, (13) xxv. 202 
Raunch, (7) xvi. 112 
Rave, subaL, (12) xxiii. 136 
Raze, (13) xxv. 202 
Ream, (23) xlii. 80 
Rear, verb, (4) xiii. 92 ; (6) xv. 

91 
Reare-mise, (23) xlii. 81 
Reckon, (11) xxi. 100 
Redmas, (23) xlii. 81 
Reds, (11) xxi. 100 
Reed, (25) xUv. 77 
Reeping, (7) xvi. 112 
Regrater, (14) xxvii. 57 
Reign, (8) xvii. 105 
Reigning, (6) xv. 92 
Remains, (26) xlv. 86 
Re-neg, (14) xxvii. 57 
Retaliate, (20) xxxvii. 134 
Reve, (14) xxvii. 57 
Rewer, (11) xxi. 100 
Rexens, (4) xiii. 92 
Ribbet, (28) xlvii. 100 
Riddle, (5) xiv. 147 
Ride, verb trans,, (4) xiii. 92 ; 

(27) xlvi. 89 
Ridges and Fores, (24) xliii. 88 
Rids of, (3) xi. 140 
Rig, (22) xli. 79 ; (24) xliii. 89 
Rigging, (D.L.) xlv. 295 
Right away, (l)ix. 137 



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122 



INDEX TO THE TWENTY-BIGHT REPORTS 



Right- vore bread, (13) xxv. 202 
Ripping = stripping bark, (4) 

xiii. 93; (11) xxi. 100 
Riprended, (1) ix. 137 
Rive, Reive, (4) xiii. 93 
Riving-sieve, (4) xiii. 93 
Rizzled, (24) xliii. 89 
Roach, (13) xxv. 202 
Road-axe, (13) xxv. 202 
Robin- wood, (7) xvi. 112 
Rogue, verb, (5) xiv. 147 
RoUy, (8) xvii. 105 
Roman- jessamine, (7) xvi. 112 
Romantic, (21) xl. 66 
Roo-butt, (26) xlv. 87 
Rooing, (20) xxxvii. 134 
Rooshan, (16) xxix. 61 
Roost in, (9) xviii. 99 
Rootie, (22) xli. 79 
Roozed, A-roozed down, (16) 

xxix. 61 
Rory-tory, (26) xlv. 87 
Rough, (22) xU. 79 
Round-yawing, (13) xxv. 203 
Rouseing away, (11) xxi. ICK) 
Rout=to snore, (1) ix. 138 
Routs =ruts, (8) xvii. 105 
Routy, (8) xvii. 105 
Rove, (23) xiii. 82 
Rovin', (8) xvii. 105 
Rub=torob, (2) x. 129 
Rubbey, (17) xxx. 70 
Rubbige, (1) ix. 138 
Ruck, Rucky, (3) xi. 140 
Ruckey, (3) xi. 140 
Ruckey down, (11) xxi. 100 
Rucksel, (22) xli. 79 
Rudmas, (23) xiii. 81 
Rummagy mess, (11) xxi. 100 
Run along, (18) xxxii. 67 
Run up, (12) xxiii. 137 
Rimabouts, (7) xvi. 112 
Runch, (D.L.) xlv. 295 
Runner, (19) xxxiv. 98 
Runs about, (2) x. 129 
Riishment, (1) ix. 138 
Riishure, (17) xxx. 70 
Rusing, (26) xlv. 87 



Rutty, (22) xH. 79 
Ruzement, (D.L.) xlv. 295 

S, omission of, (13) xxv. 203 
'S, termination, (25) xli v. 78 ; 

(9) xviii. 100 
Safe, (12) xxiii. 137 
Saffron, (4) xiii. 93 
Saft, (D.L.) xlv. 295 
Salary, (D.L.) xlv. 295 
Sailer, (24) xliii. 89 
Samed, (22) xH. 79 
Sand3rman in eyes, (19) xxxiv. 

99 
Sanguelling, (19) xxxiv. 99 
Sar, (23) xiii. 82 
Sarvient, (17) xxx. 71 
Savage, verb, (26) xlv. 87 
Scad=shower, (6) xv. 92 
Scads =turves, (21) xl. 66 
Scaintey, (18) xxxii. 67 
Scaling, (11) xxi. 100 
Scamble-hocks, (24) xliii. 89 
ScamUn, (12) xxiii. 137 
Scammel, (10) xix. 78; (24) 

xliii. 90 
Scantle, (18) xxxii. 68 
Scanter, (3) xi. 140 
Scat, (6) XV. 92 ; (13) xxv. 203 ; 

(23) xiii. 82 
Scat abroad, (8) xvii. 106 
School, (9) xviii. 96, 100 
Scills, (23) xiii. 82 
Scloud, (11) xxi. 101 
Sclum,ver&, (l)ix. 138 
Scoot, avhsLy (8) xvii. 106 
Score, (17) xxx. 71 
Scottled, (8) xvii. 106 
Scourged, (25) xliv. 78 
Scovey, (10) xix. 78 
Scram hand, (7) xvi. 113 
Scran, (22) xli. 80 
Scrap, (8) xvii. 106 
Scrapping, (19) xxxiv. 99 
Scraunched, (3) xi. 141 
Scraunching, (27) xlvi. 89 
Scrawly, (25) xliv. 78 
Screed, (22) xli. 80 



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ON DEVONSHIBB VBBBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 



123 



Scrim, (22) xli. 80 
Scrim'd up, (D.L.) xlv. 295 
Scriptoire, (19) xxxiv. 99 
Scrittick, (27) xlvi. 89 
Scrubby, (16) xxix. 62 
Scrunched, see Scraunched, (3) 

xi. 141 
Scratch, (24) xliii. 90 
Scummer, (9) xviii. 101 
Scun, (16) xxix. 62 
Scute, (20) xxxvii. 136 ; (D.L.) 

xlv. 295 
Scuwle, (2) X. 129 
Seat, (10) xix. 77 
Sebastopol daisy, (13) xxv. 203 
Sedges, (24) xliii. 90 
See=to try, see Devonshire 

Irishism 
Seem, (1) ix. 138 
Seeming, (8) xvii. 106 
Seedy, (22) xU. 80 
Segumber, (7) xvi. 113 
Seldom thing, (25) xliv. 79 
Seller, (19) xxxiv. 99 
Sere, (20) xxxvii. 135 
Seven-sleeper, (11) xxi. 101 
Sdvere, (10) xix. 77 
Sex, (11) xxi. 101 
Shab, (13) xxv. 203 
Shaked, (3) xi. 141 
Shakes, (D.L.) xlv. 295 
Shammel-mait, (12) xxiii. 137 
Shanmiicks, (7) xvi. 113 
Sharps =sharpenings, (1) ix. 

138 
Sharps =shafts, (2) x. 130 
Shaw-free, (21) xl. 66 
She=her, (2) x. 130 ; (8) xvii. 

106, 107 
She=a woman, (9) xviii. 100 
Shear, (12) xxiii. 138 
Shelf, (23) xlii. 83 
Shendel, (20) xxxvii. 135 
Shet, (3) xi. 141 
Shettles, (8) xvii. 107 
Shibbin, (23) xlii. 83 
Shillet, (7) xvi. 113 ; (23), see 

Shelf 



Shilleth, (3) xi. 141 
Shilling-stones, (D.L.) xlv. 296 
Shindals, (18) xxxii. 68 
Shine, verb, (1) ix. 138 
Shippen, (8) xvii. 107; (20) 

xxxvii. 135 
Shoddin' o' water, (11) xxi. 101 
Shoes, see Wipe your Shoes 
Shoes and Stockings, (13) xxv. 

203 

Shords, (3) xi. 141 ; (4) xiu. 93 
Short'n, (2) x. 130 
Should, (11) xxi. 101 
Shourt, (18) xxxii. 68 
Show, verb, (8) xvii. 113 
Shred of grass, (14) xxvii. 57 
Shroudy, (4) xiii. 94 
Shucken, (16) xxix. 62 
Shugg, (11) xxi. 102 
Shuggling about, (7) xvi. 116 
Shule, (27) xlvi. 90 
Shut, verb, (5) xiv. 147 
Shut=to weld, (20) xxxvii. 135 
Shutof=ridof, (2)x. 130 
Shutes, (1) ix. 138 
Shute-trough, (19) xxxiv. 100 
Sidelong, (l)ix. 139 
Sife, (6) XV. 92 
Sifers, (19) xxxiv. 100 
Sight = quantity, (D.L.) xlv. 

296 
Sim, verb, (8) xvii. 106 
Similes, (10) xix. 79 ; (12) xxiii. 

138 
Simlet, (22) xli. 80 
Sunple, (11) xxi. 102 
Sinner =8einer, (9) xviii. 96, 

100; (10) xix. 78 
'SipUs, (D.L.) xlv. 296 
Si8=to throw, (7) xvi. 113 
Siverl, (D.L.) xlv. 296 
Skenter, (25) xliv. 79 
Skiddick, (1) ix. 139 
Skimmety riding, (12) xxiii. 138 
Skinnied, (7) xvi. 113 
Skirmishing, (5) xiv. 147 
Sklum, verb, (12) xxiii. 138 
Sklummed, (10) xix. 78 



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124 



INDEX TO THB TWENTY-EIGHT REPORTS 



Skole, Skoole, (10) xix. 78 
Skouce, (6) XV. 92 
Skriddick, (11) xxi. 102 
Skrump, (11) xxi. 101 
Skute, (13) XXV. 204 
Skwinges, (8) xvii. 107 
Skylarking, (2) x. 130 
Slack-backW, (7) xvi. 114 
SlaggM, (3) xi. 141 
Slainmick,Slaminicky, (9) xviii. 

100 
Slat, (22) xU. 80 
Slat-axe, (20) xxxvii. 136 
Slatter, (25) xUv. 79 
Slay-roof, Slee-roof, (18) xxxii. 

68 
Sleep off, (23) xlii. 83 
Sleeps, (1) ix. 139 
Sleeping, (11) xxi. 102 
Sleepy, (22) xli. 81 
Slews, (19) xxxiv. 100 
SUght, (16) xxix. 62 
Slippage, (11) xxi. 102 
Slippen, (8) xvii. 108 
Slipper =8lippery, (6) xv. 92 
Slip-pigs, (5) xiv. 147 
Slob, (8) xvii. 108 
Slock, verb, (8) xvii. 108 
Slocket, (20) xxxvii. 136 
Sloen, (4) xiii. 94 
Sloidge, (1) ix. 139 
Slope, (23) xlii. 83 
Slotter, (16) xxix. 62 
Slouzer, (8) xvii. 107 
SmaU few, (26) xlv. 88 
Smeech, (8) xvii. 108 
Smeer=to sneer, (7) xvi. 114 
Smeerin', (8) xvii. 108 
Smits and Smats, (22) xli. 81 
Smock-frocks, (22) xli. 81 
Smother, (24) xliii. 90 
Smudder, (3) xi. 141 
Snake's-meat, (16) xxix. 63 
Snap- jacks, (7) xvi. 114 
Snead-togs, (8) xvii. 113 
Snickering, (3) xi. 141 
Snicket, (10) xix. 79 
Sniddle, Snuddle, (22) xU. 81 



Sniffy, (7) xvi. Il4 
Snite=snipe, (14) xxvii. 68 
Snite=door catch, (19) xxxiv. 

100 
Snoodle, (22) xli. 81 
Snorty and Snuffy, verb, (8) 

xvii. 109 
'S'now ! (22) xU. 82 
Snow-on-the-mountain,(22) xli. 

82 
Snuff-box, (10) xix. 79 
Soce, (D.L.) xlv. 296 
Sock, (26) xlv. 88 
Sog, (24) xUu. 90 
Soleing, (25) xliv. 79 
Some with, (3) xi. 142 
Sot, (17) XXX. 71 
Sound-sleeper, (1) ix. 139 
Sow, verb, (22) xli. 82 
Spaggety, (11) xxi. 102 
Spanging, (26) xlv. 88 
Spanging-gate, (26) xlv. 88 
Spar-gads, (28) xlvii. 100 
Spare =slow, (11) xxi. 102 ; 

(12) xxiii. 138 
Sparkey, (8) xvii. 108 
Sparres, (20) xxxvii. 136 
Sparrow- burds, (7) xvi. 114 
Spear, (7) xvi. 114 
Spear-sticks, (17) xxx. 71 
Specie, (3) xi. 142 
Speechman, (8) xvii. 109 
Spended, (8) xvii. 109 
Spicketty, (23) xlii. 84 
Spill, svbst, (13) XXV. 204 
Spill-root, (18) xxxii. 68 
Spilshy, (14)xxvii. 58 
Spine, avhst,, (11) xxi. 102 
Spine, verb, (7) xvi. 114 
Spine-field, (4) xiii. 94 
Spine-ground, (11) xxi. 102 
Spine-pork, (7) xvi. 114 
Spine- turf, (7) xvi. 114 
Spit, (1) ix. 139 ; (11) xxi. 102 
Spize, (11) xxi. 103 
Spizing, (5) xiv. 148 
Sprank, (12) xxiii. 138 
Sprankling, (8) xvii. 109 



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ON DEVONSHIBB VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 



126 



Sprawl, (28) xlvii. 100 
Sprawls =chippings, (6) xv. 93 
Sprawls =disea8e of chicken, 

(13) XXV. 204 
Spring, (14) xxvii. 58 
Sproil, (19) xxxiv. 101 
Spry, (16) xxix. 63 
Spuddling, (D.L.) xlv. 296 
Spyle, (20) xxxvii. 136 
Squat =to squeeze, (D.L.) xlv. 

296 
Squat and a Bruce, (12) xxiii. 

138 
Squilving ground, (13) xxv. 204 
Squinches, (28) xlvii. 100 
Staddle, (24) xUii. 91 
Stag, (12) xxiii. 139; (D.L.) 

xlv. 297 
Staggering-bobs, (7) xvi. 115 
Stagnated, (27) xlvi. 90 
Staid, (22) xli. 82 
Stalk, verb, (27) xlvi. 90 
Stand to, (22) xli. 82 
Standerd, (19) xxxiv. 101 
Standings, (7) xvi. 115 
Standry's-fire, (D.L.) xlv. 297 
Staring, (11) xxi. 103 
Start = bleak, (5) xiv. 148 
Stave, (1) ix. 139 
Steaving, (12) xxiii. 139 
Steeches, (3) xi. 142 
Steen, Stean, (20) xxxvii. 137 
Steeping, (20) xxxvii. 137 
Steeved, (3) xi. 142 
Stem, (8) xvii. 109 
Stemmany, (22) xli. 82 
Stemming, (16) xxix. 63 
Steops, (12) xxiii. 139 
SterHng, (16) xxix. 63; (24) 

xliii. 91 
Stewer, Stuer, (14) xxvii. 58 ; 

(25) xHv. 79 
Stewering, (11) xxi. 103 
Stiche of Rede, (20) xxxvii. 

137 
Stick, (9) xviii. 101 
Stickle, (6) xv. 93 ; (11) xxi. 

103; (26)xHv.80 



Stid, (8) xvii. 109 
Stiddle, (20) xxx\ai. 137 
Stile, (13) xxv. 204 
Stitch, (25) xliv. 80 
Stivered out, (11) xxi. 103 
Stivery, (21) xl. 66 
Stoggy, (22) xli. 83 
Stomach = appetite, (D.L.) xlv. 

297 
Stomachable, (12) xxiii. 139 
Stonin, (l)ix. 139 
Stool-yett, (9) xviii. 101 
Store, (11) xxi. 103; (19) 

xxxiv. 101 
Straddles, (13) xxv. 205 
Strads, (24) xliii. 91 
Strake= straight, (5) xiv. 148 ; 

(6) XV. 93 
Strake=to stroll, (14) xxvii. 58 
Strakes, (7)xvi. 115 
Strakey, (18) xxxii. 69 
Strakmg, (27) xlvi. 90 
Strammer, (11) xxi. 103 
Strapper, (19) xxxiv. 101 
Strare Park, (14) xxvii. 58 
Straume, (13) xxv. 205 
Stretch-gallop, (12) xxiii. 139 
Stribble, (8) xvii. 107 
Strike, (1) ix. 140 
Strip, (9) xviii. 101 
Strob, (6) XV. 93 
Stroil=couch-gra8S, (23) xlii. 

84 
Stroil=agility, (23) xlii. 84 
Strome, (11) xxi. 103; (13) 

xxv. 205 
Strong, (7) xvi. 115 
Stroppy, (7) xvi. 115 
Strub, (D.L.) xlv. 297 
Strubb, (5) xiv. 148 
Strubbed, (3) xi. 142 
Stub, (22) xli. 83 
Stub up, (22) xli. 83 
Stuck it, (6) XV. 93 
Stud, (7) xvi. 116 
Studded, (3) xi. 142 
Stugged, (8) xvii. 110; (11) 

xxi. 103 



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126 



INDEX TO THE TWBNTY-BIOHT BBP0BT8 



Suant, (7) xvi. 116 ; (9) xviii. 

101 ; (23) xUi. 84 ; (D.L.) 

xlv. 297 
Succour, (11) xxi. 104 
Succourable, (17) xxx. 71, 72 
Suddent, (2) x. 130 
Suffennent, (9) xviii. 101 
Super, (10) xix. 79 
Swaddle, (11) xxi. 104 
Swaa, (D.L.) xlv. 297 
Swaling, (7) xvi. 116 
Swank, (17) xxx. 72 
Swart, (16) xxix. 64 
Sweeliiig, (7) xvi. 116 
Sweet, (3) xi. 143 
Swelt, (24) xliii. Ql 
Swill, (27) xlvi. 90 
Sy-need, (7) xvi. 117 
Syve, (25) xUv. 80 

Tablyn, (20) xxxvii. 138 
Tack=a slap, (23) xlii. 85 
Tacker= waxed end, (5) xiv. 

148 
Tacker =8mall boy, (8) xvii. 1 10 
Tackle, (3) xi. 143 
Tad, (11) xxi. 104 
Taffety, (11) xxi. 104 ; (26) xlv. 

88 
Tagster, (8) xvii. 110 
Take company, (18) xxxii. 69 
Takin', Take on, (12) xxiii. 140 
Taking off, (2) x. 130 
Tallet, (1) ix. 140 ; (4) xiii. 94 ; 

(D.L.) xlv. 297 
Tame, (4) xiii. 94 
Tamed, (3) xi. 143 
Tamiletta, (19) xxxiv. 102 
Tanchase, (22) xli. 83 
Tang, Twang, (22) xli. 83 
Tanterboming, (11) xxi. 104; 

(13) XXV. 205 
Tap, verb, (1) ix. 140 
Tare, (17) xxx. 72 
Target, (20) xxxvii. 138 
Tea, (1), see Husband's-tea 
Tear = to break, (19) xxxiv. 102 
Tearing, (22) xli. 83 



Ted, (25) xUv. 80 

Teech, (17) xxx. 72 

Teeth, (1), see Cage of Teeth 

TeU, (5) xiv. 148 

Tell=totalk, (6)xv. 93 

Tell a speech, (8) xvii. 110 

Telling, (3) xi. 143 ; (D.L.) xlv. 

298 
Tender, (12) xxiii. 140 
Terrible, (1) ix. 140 
Terrified, (1) ix. 140 
Terrify, (24) xliii. 91 
Tetch, (9) xviii. 101 
Tetchy, (6) xv. 93 
Tetties, (2) x. 131 
Tetties and Dap, (3) xi. 143 
-Th, inflection, (11) xxi. 105 
That, (2) X. 131 
That-there, (2) x. 131 
Thee=thy, (22) xli. 83 
Them=those, (2)x. 131 
Them=they, (2) x. 131 
Then, (D.L.) xlv. 298 
Therefrom, (7) xvi. 117 
They = them, those, (2) x. 131 
Things, (8) xvii. 110 
This-here, (2) x. 131 
Th6=then, (8) xvii. Ill 
Thorty, (14) xxvii. 59 
Thoughted, (5) xiv. 149 
Throw, (18) xxxii. 69 
Throw abroad, (7) xvi. 117 
Throwed, (22) xH. 84 
Thumb-bind, (10) xix. 80 
Thungeth, (8) xvii. 112 
Thurdle, (10) xix. 80 
Thurle, (20) xxxvii. 138 
Thurrall, (8) xvii. 113 
Tidley, (7) xvi. 117 
Tie, (2), see Bed-tie 
Tie, (8) xvii. 112 
Tiffles, (20) xxxvii. 138 
Tile-stones, (12) xxiii. 140 
TiU, verb, (11) xxi. 104 
TiU, (12) xxiii. 140 
Tillet, (19) xxxiv. 102 
Tilt, (7) xvi. 117 
Timber, Timbem, (1) ix. 140 



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ON DEVONSHIBE VEBBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 



127 



Tin-bag, (17) xxx. 72 
Ting-tang, (13) xxv. 206 
Tisserer, (7) xvi. 118 
Tissicky, Bussicky, (7) xvi. 118 
Tit, (7) xvi. 118 
Titch, (5) xiv. 149 
Titsum, (6) XV. 95 
Tittering, (25) xUv. 80; (26) 

xlv. 88 
Tittery,(ll)xxi. 105 
Titty, (7) xvi. 118 
Tizzick'd, (2) x. 131 
To=at, (1) ix. 140 ; (4) xiii. 95 ; 

(8) xvii. 112 ; (10) xix. 80 
To=in, (7)xvi. 117 
To=this, (2)x. 131 
To=iast, (12) xxiii. 141 
To, omission of before tw/., (10) 

xix. 79 
To and again, (2) x. 132 ; (D.L.) 

xlv. 298 
To and from, (8) xvii. 112 
To a suddent, (2) x. 132 
To doors, (8) xvii. 112 
To house, (8) xvii. 113 
To the Tack, (22) xU. 84 
To-ad, (3) xi. 143 
Toadrockjr, (20) xxxvii. 138 
To-brokt, (4) xiii. 95 
To-day morning, (3) xi. 144 
Toggles, snead-togs, (8) xvii. 

113 
Told it over, (3) xi. 144 
Tom-boy, (1) ix. 141 
Tomflogged, (18) xxxii. 69 
Tom-long-legs, (23) xlu. 85 
Took'd, (6) XV. 95 
Tooked, (22) xli. 84 
Top and tail, (3) xi. 144 
Tope, (10) xix. 73 
Toppy-nat, (25) xliv. 80 
Tord, (5) xiv. 149 
Touser, Touzer, (1) ix. 141 
Touzer urpons, (12) xxiii. 141 
Toy, (21) xl. 66 
Trade =stuff, (2) x. 132; (5) 

xiv. 149; (6) xv. 95; (8) 

xvii. 114; (D.L.) xlv. 298 



Trade =a rash, (6) xv. 95 
Trapes, verb, (25) xliv. 81 
Trammel, (7) xvi. 118 
Travel, (7) xvi. 119 
Traw, (11) xxi. 105 
Treffy, (24) xliii. 92 
Trendle, (14) xxvii. 59 
Trennage, (8) xvii. 114 
Trig, verb, (23) xiii. 85 
Trim-tram, (7) xvi. 119; (13) 

xxv. 205 
Troacher, (13) xxv. 206 ; (14) 

xxvii. 59 
TroUopse, verb, (26) xlv. 89 
Trone, (22) xli. 84 
Trown, (ll)xxi. 105 
Troy-town, (28) xlvii. 100 
Truek-a-muck, (11) xxi. 105 
Truckle, (24) xliii. 92 
Truckley-mux, (10) xix. 80 
Truff, (6) XV. 95 
Trug, (7) xvi. 119 
Try, (4) xiii. 96 
Tub, (5) xiv. 149 
Tubal, (18) xxxii. 69 
Tuck=a blow, (24) xliii. 92 
Tuck up, (11) xxi. 105 
Tudged, (27) xlvi. 90 
Tuffet, (14) xxvii. 59 
Tunner, Tinner, (25) xliv. 81 
Turb, (28) xlvii. 101 
Turmuts, (11) xxi. 105 
Turn, (7) xvi. 119 
Turn off, (11) xxi. 105 
Turn the Stone, (D.L.) xlv. 298 
Tumaways, (2) x. 132 
Turps, (1) ix. 141 
Tuttes, (19) xxxiv. 102 
Tweeny-maid, (12) xxiii. 141 
Twick, (D.L.) xlv. 298 
Twiney-legs, (27) xlvi. 91 
Twitchin' up, (8) xvii. 114 
Twizzle, (12), xxiii. 141 
Two-Bydle, (12) xxiii. 141 
Two-double, (6) xv. 95; (8) 

xvii. 114 
Two-eyed-steak, (24) xliii. 92 
Twos and ones, (8) xvii. 114 



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128 



mDBX TO THE TWBNTY-BIOHT BBPOBTS 



Twoth, (12) xxiii. 142 
Tye-pit, (20) xxxvii. 139 ; (22) 

xU. 84 
Tynning, (24) xliii. 92 

Uckmaul, (10) xix. 64 
Un=him,it, (4)xiii. 96 
Underman, (11) xxi. 106 
Ungodly, (28) xlvii. 101 
Unheel, (6) xv. 96 
Unket, (ll)xxi. 106 
Unstinted, (13) xxv. 206 
Up = quite, (5) xiv. 149 
Up and down, (3) xi. 144 
Up home, (10) xix. 71 
Uplong, (1) ix. 141 
Upping-stock, (7) xvi. 119 
Upright one, (23) xlii. 86 
Uprights, (3) xi. 144 
Uprose. (11) xxi. 106 
Upsides, (10) xix. 80 
Upsise, (7) xvi. 119 
Upstanding, (23) xlii. 86 
Upstore, (8) xvii. 114 
Urges, (2) x. 132 
Urn = to run, (4) xiii. 96 
U8=we, (2)x. 132 
Usen, (17) xxx. 73 

Vacum, (24), see Facum 
Vadey, (3) xi. 144; (5) xiv. 160 
Vady, (3) xi. 144; (11) xxi. 

106; (14)xxvii. 60 
Vagged, (18) xxxii. 70 
Vags, (25) xHv. 81 
Vake, (24) xliii. 92 
VaU, (22) xH. 84 
Vallacing, (11) xxi. 106 
VaUy, (D.L.) xiv. 298 
Vang = to take, (8) xvii. 114 
Vang=to earn, (11) xxi. 106 
Vanging.post, (28) xlvii. 101 
Vant, (D.L.) xiv. 298 
Varried, (D.L.) xiv. 298 
Vaunt, (18) xxxii. 70 
Veak, (1) ix. 141 
Ve^l-pie, (1) ix. 141 
VeUars, (11) xxi. 106 



(26) 
(23) 



Vellum-brokt, (6) xv. 96 
Ven, (13) xxv. 207 
Venge, (25) xUv. 81 
Verables, (10) xix. 80 
Vewer-cow, (13) xxv. 207 
Vigging, (7) xvi. 120; (19) 

xxxiv. 102 
Vigure of nort, (9) xviii. 102 
ViUum, (24) xliii. 93 
Vind, (8) xvii. 116 
Vineyard, (22) xli. 85; 

xiv. 89 
Vinnied, (12) xxiii. 142 ; 

xlii. 86 
Vire, (3) xi. 144 
Visgy, (20) xxxvii. 139 
Vitpence, (18) xxxii. 70 
Vitty, (11) xxi. 106 
Vivers, (25) xUv. 81 
Vlax, (11) xxi. 107 
Vlex, verb, (7) xvi. 120; (11) 

xxi. 107 
Vling, (D.L.) xiv. 299 
Voaging, (D.L.) xiv. 299 
Vogget, (22) xli. 85 
Voitch, (23) xlii. 86 
Vomp, (13) xxv. 208 
Voor, (11) xxi. 107 
Vore, (23) xlii. 86 
Vorehead, (11) xxi. 107 
Vorenoons, (25) xliv. 82 
Vore-putter, (21) xl. 66 
Vore-right, (7) xvi. 120 ; (26) 

xliv. 82 
Voryer, (28) xlvii. 101 
Voth and back, (D.L.) xiv. 299 
Vraith, (11) xxi. 107 
Vrayth, (23) xlii. 70 
Vriday, (3) xi. 145 
Vuzzy-veer, (21) xl. 67 

Wad, (13) xxv. 184 ; (28) xlvii. 

102 
Waddling, (8) xvii. 116 
Wadge, Wage=to wager, (22) 

xli. 85; (D.L.) xiv. 299 
Walks, (11) xxi. 107 
Wall-flower, (22) xK. 86 



Digitized by 



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ON DBVONSHIBE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 



129 



WaUet, (13) xxv. 208 
Walsh, (D.L.) xlv. 299 
Wandering Jew, (13) xxv. 209 
Wandering sailors, (4) xiii. 96 
Waney, (26) xlv. 89 
Wangery, (2) x. 132 
Want=need, (8) xvii. 116 
Want=a mole, (11) xxi. 107 ; 

(20) xxxvii. 139 ; (D.L.) xlv. 

299 
Want-heap, (23) xlii. 87 
Wanting, (D.L.) xlv. 299 
Wantying, (20) xxxvii. 139 
Wapping, (8) xvii. 116 
Wapey, (6) xv. 96 
Warn, (3) xi. 145 ; (D.L.) xlv. 

299 
Warned in, (8) xvii. 116 
Washen, (6) xv. 96 
Water-table, (11) xxi. 107 
Water-tabling, (14) xxvii. 60 
Water-sweet, (12) xxiii. 142 
Waxen-curl, (5) xiv. 160 
Way = with, (17) xxx. 73 
Way-wise, (12) xxiii. 142 
Weather-vaw, (22) xli. 86 
Weeches, (27) xlvi. 91 
Week, (D.L.) xlv. 299 
Weeken-day, (19) xxxiv. 102 
Weekin-days and Sundays, (13) 

xxv. 209 
WeU done !, (5) xiv. 160 
Well zaids !, (18) xxxii. 70 
Went=gone, (18) xxxii. 70 
Werrow !, (2) x. 132 
Whelpy, (3) xi. 145 
While yet, (19) xxxiv. 103 
Whip and turn, (24) xliii. 93 
Whip on, (27) xlvi. 91 
White as a hound's tooth, (2) 

X. 133 
Whitpot, (11) xxi. 107 
Whitpot trade, (7) xvi. 120 
Whit-Sundays, (7) xvi. 120 
Whitsun-Sundays, (11) xxi. 108 
Whitsun-Giri^fleur, (11) xxi. 

108 
Whittle, (19) xxxiv. 103 

VOL. XLVII. 1 



Widow-man, (3) xi. 145; (8) 

xvii. 116 
Widow-woman, (3) xi. 145 
Widdy-waddy, (26) xlv. 89; 

(D.L.) xlv. 300 
Wiggin, (13) xxv. 209 
Wildego, (22) xH. 86 
Wildygo, (23) xlii. 87 
Wilfire, (9) xviii. 102 
Wilger, (5) xiv. 160 
Willis, (11) xxi. 108 
Winding, Twisting, (20) xxxvii. 

139 
Winding-sheet, (18) xxxii. 72 
Wink, (8) xvii. 116 ; (22) xli. 86 
Winky, (22) xli. 87 
Winle, (3) xi. 145 
Winnel,(10)xix.79,81 
Winnick, (16) xxix. 64 
Winter-proud, (4) xiii. 96 
Wipe your shoes, (1) ix. 141 ; 

(11) xxi. 108 
Wippul-squip, (10) xix. 81 
Wisht, (8) xvii. 117; (D.L.) 

xlv. 300 
Wisht poor Ubbard, (12) xxiii. 

142 
Witeh-halse, (4) xiii. 97 
Withness, (23) xlii. 87 
Withy-wine, (25) xliv. 82 
Witty, (5) xiv. 150 
Wntvering, (10) xix. 81 
Wodges, (11) xxi. 108 
Wolgar, (14) xxvii. 60 
Woman-calf, (8) xvii. 117 
Wood- waul, (10) xix. 81 
Wop, (27) xlvi. 91 
Word, Woord, (23) xlii. 87 
Wordle, (6) xv. 97 ; (25) xliv. 

82 
Workman, (12) xxiii. 143 
Wormuth, (13) xxv. 209 
Worrytail, (24) xliii. 93 
Wound, (2) X. 133 
Wove, (2) X. 133 
Wrastle, (4) xiii. 97 
Wug!, Wog!, (24) xliii. 93 
Wuts, (D.L.) xlv. 300 



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130 mPBX TO DBVONSHIRB VBBBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 



Yafful, (D.L.) xlv. 300 
Yanning-time, (4) xiii. 97 
Yard, (7) xvi. 121 ; (13) xxv. 

210 ; (16) xxix. 64 
Yark, (6) XV. 97 ; (10)xix.82; 

(12) xxiii. 143 ; (26) xlv. 89 
Yaw=to hew, (17) xxx. 73 
Yaw=ewe, (D.L.) xlv. 300 
Yawl, (11) xxi. 108 
Yawne, (1) ix. 141 
Ye, (16) xxix. 64 
Yeat, (23) xlii. 88 
Yeele, (23) xlii. 88 
Yellow Archangels, (7) xvi. J.21 
Yen, (11) xxi. 109 
Yestle, (13) xxv. 211 
Yet=heat, (3) xi. 145 
Yeth=hearth, (20) xxxvii. 140 
Yoky, (D.L.) xlv. 300 
Yonder, (2) x. 133 
Youm, (7) xvi. 121 

Zad, (1) ix. 141 
Zam-zawey, (12) xxiii. 143 
Zam-zoaky, (18) xxxii. 72 
Zam-zody, (11) xxi. 109 
Zam-zoed, (18) xxxii. 72 
Zand, (17) xxx. 73 



Zart, (1) ix. 142 ; (7) xvi. 121 
Zary, (10) xix. 82 
Zawny, (23) xlii. 88 
Zawster, (18) xxxii. 72 
Zeary, (14) xxvii. 60 
Zeb'm-slaper, (10) xix. 82 
Zedgy-stuff, (28) xlvii. 102 
Zellup, (13) xxv. 211 
Zeme, (20) xxxvii. 140 
Zim, (1) ix. 142 ; (D.L.) xlv. 

300 
Zimzaad, (D.L.) xlv. 300 
Zindy was wick, (D.L.) xlv. 301 
Zo often, (13) xxv. 211 
Zog, Zug=doze, (26) xlv. 90 
Zole-trees, (20) xxxvii. 140 
Zot away, (D.L.) xlv. 301 
Zounds and Zuggers, (18) xxxii. 

72 
Zour-zobs, (6) xiv. 151 
Zug, Zugs=a bog, (24), see Sog 
ZuU,(ll)xxi. 109 
Zwack, (22) xli. 87 

Sayings, (22) xli. 87 ; (23) xlii. 
88 ; (24) xliii. 93 ; (26) xlv» 
90; (27)xlvi. 91; (28) xlvii. 
102 



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FIG. 1. 



FIG. 1A. 




H.H.W. 



KNIFE FROM CAIRN IN DRIZZLBCOMBB. {FuU size,) 



FIG. 2. 




CAIUN IN DRIZZLECOMBE. (A/ler excamtion.) 
Baiirow Report.— To /rtc« p. 181. 



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THIRTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE BARROW 
COMMITTEE. 

Thibty-fotjrth Rbpoet of the Committee — consisting of 
the Rev. 8. Banng-Ooidd, Mr. R. Bumardy the Rev. 
J. F. Chanter, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth (Secretary) 
— appointed to coUect and record facts relating to 
Barrows in Devonshire, and to take steps, where possible, 
for their investigation. 

Edited by B. Hansford Worth, Secretary of the Committee. 
(Bead at Exeter, 21st July, 1916.) 



YouB Committee's report again has reference to Dartmoor 
and, on this occasion, to remains in the Plym Valley. 

DBIZZLEGOMBE. 

In the Twenty-sixth Report (1907 — xxxix. p. 83) will 
be foimd a description of a rifled kistvaen in the Drizzle- 
combe valley, of which a plan and view are also given. 

The location is lat. 60° 29' 22" N., 3° 59' 5^ W. 

In August last tMs kistvaen was thoroughly examined, 
the interior being cleared out to the full depth of the side 
stones. A few fragments of charcoal were found, no 
interment pit could be traced. The depth of the original 
floor below the top of the side stones proved to be 32 
inches. 

GAIBN DKI2ZLECOMBB. 

A stone circle, of which only about one-half of the 
circumference now stands, lies 676 feet or thereabouts 
distant from the large cairn known as '* Giant's Basin," 
and in a direction somewhat west of north therefrom. 
It will be found marked on six-inch Ordnance Survey of 
Devon, sheet CXTE, S.E., in Ion. 3° 69' 9i^ W., lat. 
60° 29' Hi'' N. It is one of the outlying members of the 
Drizzlecombe group, having as nearest neighbour a large 



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132 THIBTY-FOTJRTH REPORT OP THE BARROW COlfMITTBE. 

kistvaen eighty yards or thereabouts to the north, which 
has been described and figured as *' Drizzlecombe, northern," 
in the Nineteenth Barrow Report (XXXTT, 1900). 

The stones of the circle stand but a few inches above 
the level of the ground, and are so nearly of one thickness, 
so level along the top, and so close set as to give the idea 
of kerbs. The ground within and without the circle was 
at the same level prior to excavation, there being no 
trace of any mound. The internal diameter of the circle 
is 11 feet. 

On the 13th August, 1914, the circumference of the 
original circle was marked out as nearly as it could be 
restored by reference to the half yet remaining, and the 
area thus defined was cleared and excavated. 

Immediately below the turf were found the stones of a 
cairn, and these extended as a layer some foot in thick- 
ness down to the subsoil or calm. All meat earth had 
been cleared from the interior of the circle before these 
stones had been deposited. Almost certainly the " kerb " 
is the retaining circle of a former small cairn, which 
has been robbed, and has thus lost- its characteristic 
form. 

The tops of the stones of the circle stand from 15 inches 
to 20 inches above the calm or subsoil. 

In excavating and removing the stones of the cairn 
three flint fragments were found, all evidently flaked by 
hand, but haviog no recognised implement form. In 
addition to these a well-finished knife or scraper was 
discovered. This has a rounded contour for the most 
part, but about one-third of its worked edge is more 
nearly straight ; only about one-fifth of the margin is free 
from secondary chipping, and this is at the thicker end, 
where the " bulb " of the original flake occurs. The 
greatest diameter of the implement is 55 mm., and its 
least is 44 mm. ; the average thickness is about 6 mm. 
Figures 1 and 1» are from photographs of the two sides, 
and are the same size as the original. 

A little charcoal was found on the surface of the calm. 
There was also disclosed an interment pit, but its excava- 
tion only yielded traces of charcoal. This pit lay 3 feet 
south of the north margin of the circle ; it was irregular 
in shape, extending about 36 inches east and west, having 
a width of 20 inches north and south, and a greatest 
depth of 18 inches below the surface of the calm. 



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THIBTY-POUBTH EEPOET OF THE BABEOW COMMITTEE. 133 

Figure 2 is a view of the circle after the excavation 
had been completed, and before refilling. 

The immediate foreground is a portion of the grass 
and heather surface outside the circle. Over and beyond 
this is seen the interment pit, from which the handle of 
a small spade projects. Between the interment pit and 
the stones of the circle lies the bared surface of the calm 
or subsoil. 

• To the left of the photograph is a heap of stones which 
were taken out from within the circle, between the grass 
and the calm. To the right of this heap, one stone, 
against which the others are piled, is the neajr end stone 
of the portion of the circle yet remaining, the whole of 
which is included in the view ; a mound which shows a 
little behind the retaining circle is earth thrown out in the 
course of excavation. 

In the distance, at the right of the photograph, will be 
seen the cairn known as " Giant's Basin," and somewhat 
to the left of this, on the crest of the same hill, the largest 
of the Drizzlecombe menhirs. There is no sky in this 
view, the rest of the space above and beyond Giant's 
Basin being occupied by the hillside of the southern bank 
of the Plym. 

There were present at the examination of this circle 
the Rev. H. Breton, R. Hansford Worth, and Mr. Brown, 
of Sheepstor. 

[R. Hansford Worth.] 



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SIXTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON 
CHURCH PLATE. 

Sixth Report of the Committee — consisting of Mr. Max- 
well AdamSy Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. T. Cann Hughes^ 
Sir Roper Leihbridgey Rev. O. J. Reichdy Mr. A. J. F. 
Radford, Mr. O. E. Windeatt, and Mr. HarbotOe Reed 
and the Rev. J. F. Chanter (Secretaries)— -to prepare a 
detailed account of the Church Plate of the Diocese of 
Exeter. 

Edited by Bev. J. F. Chantek, M.A., F.s.1.. 
(Bead at Exeter, Slat July, 1916.) 



Thb Seoretary has visited this year all the parishes in the 
deaneries of Chulmleigh and Hartland, and an account 
of the plate in those deaneries is appended. 

THE RURAL DEANERY OF CHULMLEIGH. 

The Deanery of Chulmleigh consists of seventeen pairishes 
and, as noted before, the more important parishes such 
as Chulmleigh, Wiokleigh, Chawleigh and Lapford possess 
nothing but modem plate (in Chulmleigh, however, this 
is owing to a fire in 1867), the oldest pieces being found 
in the smallest parishes. 

The one piece of exceptional interest in this deanery is 
the fifteenth-century paten at Brushf ord ; it is now in a 
very battered and bad condition, and appears to have 
been in regular use for nearly four hundred yeaors up till 
1860, when it was replaced by a modem piece, and laid 
aside as worthless, and it was only enquiry as to whether 
there was not anjrwhere a chalice cover that led to its 
discovery. 

It is specially interesting as the first pre-Reformation 
paten that has been discovered in Devon. It was originally 
parcel-gilt (but from continual wear little of the gilding 



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CHITRCH PLATE OOMMITTEB. 135 

oan now be notioed), 4 in. in diameter, with a narrow 
rim of zigzag ornamentation ; in the centre is a smik six- 
lobed depression, with the vemicle or face of Christ 
surromided by a cruciform nimbus ; outside this is a circle 
of rays with hit-and-miss ornamentation, the parts between 
being iSUed with zigzag ornamentation. It has no marks, 
but may be dated as circ. 1470. 

Elizabethan work is well represented, there being 
chalices by J. Jones of Exeter (1558-1583) at Bondleigh, 
Brushford and Nymet Rowland — ^the latter a curious 
dwarf piece with scarcely any stem — ^two at Eggesf ord and 
Wembworthy with hitherto unrecorded and unknown 
marks, and eajrly Jacobean in the Elizabethan style at 
Burrington, Ashreigney and Thelbridge, all without any 
marks ; also the cups at East and West Worlington retain 
Elizabethan feet ; nearly all have stUl their paten covers, 
and at East Worlington there is a small paten in the 
Elizabethan style. The cover of the Bondleigh chalice, 
though stUl dated 1574, was remade at Exeter in 1740. 
The flagons call for no remark, the oldest is at Zeal Mona- 
chorum, 1739, but many parishes have preserved their old 
pewter ones ; at Burrington the pewter tankard has been 
plated for the purpose of regular use, as also the alms 
bowl. In no less than seven parishes the old pewter alms 
bowls are still in use. 

Domestic plate given for use of the Church is excessively 
scanty as compared with other deaneries, and armorials 
are only found at Eggesf ord and Wembworthy. 

I must acknowledge the kind assistance given by aU the 
clergy, and especially that of the Rural Dean, the Rev. 
M. D. Buckingham, who accompanied me to every parish 
and who by diligent enquiry assisted in unearthing the 
Brushford paten and the Thelbridge chalice cover, each of 
which had been for years laid aside and forgotten. 



ASHBEIGNBY. 

Chalice, — Jacobean, of late Elizabethan type; with 
cover, 7 in. high ; bowl, 3 J in. diameter, 3i in. deep, 
with narrow band of strap work and foliation in centre ; 
stem with usual knop, foot with tongue ornamentation, 
3 in. diameter. 

No marks; on button of cover is inscription, "Ash-|- 
Reiney 1610." 



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136 SIXTH REPORT OF THE 

Patens. — A. Cover to chalice SJ in. diameter, 1 J in. high. 
Button has inscription given above ; no marks. 

B. On stand, with gadroon border on top and foot. 
7 J in. diameter, 2\ in. high ; foot, Z\ in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) maker, Ro in heart (Hugh Roberts) ; (ii.) 
Britannia ; (iii.) lion's head erased ; (iv.) date-letter, 
1700 (London). 

Inscription : " Ex dono Mariae Shute Virginia, 1703." 
• Alms Dish, — Plain modem plate. 

BONDLEIGH. 

Chalice, — Elizabethan, with cover ; small graceful piece, 
approaching more nearly to the Barnstaple type of chalice 
than any I have yet seen of John Jones' make. 6J in. 
high. Bowl very conical, 3| in. diameter, 3| in. deep, 
with band of strap work and foliation ; stem with usual 
knop ; foot circular, 3J in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) Exeter town mark Crowned X in circle 
with stars each side ; (ii.) I ; (iii.) IONS in oblong. 

The cover bears date 1674 on button, but was remade 
in 1740, 

Patens, — A. Cover to chalice, 3| in. diameter, IJ in. 
high. 

Marks : (i.) maker^ ^. S m oval (probably a later mark 
of PhiUp Elston, 1703-1751) ; (ii.) leopard's head crowned; 
(iii.) lion passant ; (iv.) Exeter castle ; (v.) date-letter, 
1740 (Exeter). 

Inscription: on button, *' 1574," in sixteenth - century 
style figures. 

B. On stand, 9 in. diameter, with scallop border, plated. 

Flagon. — Silver and glass ; modem mediaeval style, 
1908. 

Alms Dish, — Plain plate to match paten B. Plated. 

BRUSHFORD. 

Chalice. — Elizabethan, of Exeter type, without cover. 
6| in. high ; bowl, with marked lip, 3| in, diameter, 3| in. 
deep, with usual band ; foot, 3J in. diameter, with egg- 
and-tongue ornamentation. 

Marks : (i.) I ; (ii.) IONS ; no town mark. 

Date is circ, 1571. 



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PRE-RKFORMATIOX PATEN. CiRC. A.D. 1470. 
ST. BRIDGETS, BRUSHFORD. 



Church Platk Rkport. — To face page 137. 



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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 137 

Paten, — A. Though m a very bad condition and much 
battered, an interesting example of pre-Reformation 
period, parcel-gilt. It is 4 in. in diameter, with a narrow 
rim of zigzag ornamentation gilt, within a brim like an 
ordinary plate, within which is a sunk six-lobed depression 
in which is the vemicle or face of Christ, surrounded by a 
cruciform nimbus, outside this is a circle of rays with hit- 
and-miss ornamentation, the parts between being filled 
with zigzag ornamentation, the whole gilt. (See illustration.) 

This paten may be dated as circ. a.d. 1470. No marks. 

B. Plain on foot. 8f in. diameter, 2\ in. high. 

Marks : (i.) I. P., G. S. in square (Isaac Parkin, Gteorge 
Sobey) ; (ii.) SOBEY, in oblong ; this is an Exeter mark, 
circ. 1850. 

Inscription : " Rev. N. J. B. Hole to the parish of 
Brushford, A.D. 1850." 

Alms Dish, — Pewter plate. 9 in. diameter. 

BURRINGTON. 

Chalices, — A. Late Elizabethan style, with cover. 7 in. 
high ; bowl conical, with slight lip, 3f in. diameter, 3J in. 
deep, with narrow border of strap work in centre -{^ in. 
broad ; stem with usual knop, foot circular, S^V in. 
diameter, with tongue and annular decoration. Weight, 
12 oz. 15 dwt. 

No marks. 

Cover plain, 3f in. diameter, 1 J in. high. Weight, 2 oz. 
19 dwt. 

No marks. 

Inscription: "Anno 1634 Burrington, R. L. R. S. 
Wardens" (pricked). 

B. Modem mediaeval style ; 7 in. high ; plated. 

Patens, — A. Cover to chalice, see above. 

B. Plain, on foot. 7| in. diameter. If in. high. 

Marks : (i.) I W (John Wilme) ; (Li.) harp crowned ; 
(iii.) Hibernia ; (iv.) date-letter, 1731 (Dublin). Weight, 
8 oz. 6 dwt. 

Inscription : "An offering to Burrington Church, 
8 March 1884, W. Buckingham." 

Flagons, — A. An old pewter tankard. 16 in. high ; 
12J in. to lid ; diameter, 4 in. at lid, 7 in. at foot ; that has 
been electro-plated. 

B. Modern mediaeval style. 7^ in. high ; plated. 



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138 SIXTH RBPOBT OF THB 

Alms Bowl. — ^A. Old pewter alms bowl. 12 in. diameter, 
2^ in. high ; that has been plated. 
B. Pewter plate, with gadroon border ; 8^ in. diameter. 

OHAWLBIGH. 

Chalice. — ^Late Georgian style. 10 in. high ; bold, 
hexagonal, ogee-shaped, 3} in. diameter, 4} in. deep ; 
baluster stem ; foot, 3| in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) maker, J. A., I. A. (J. & J. Angel) ; (ii.) 
leopard's head ; (iii.) lion passant ; (iv.) King's head ; 
(v.) date-letter, 1832 (London). 

Paten. — On stand, same style. 8 in. diameter, 3^ in. 
high ; foot, 3| in. diameter. 
Marks : 8ts on chalice. 

Flagon. — Similar style to chalice ; 12^ in. high, with 
cross on top ; 9^ in. to lid ; 3^ in. diameter at lid, 5} in. 
at foot. 

Marks : (i.) makers, C. T. F., G. F. (C. T. and G. Fox) ; 
(ii) leopard's head ; (iii.) lion passant ; (iv.) Queen's head ; 
(v.) date-letter, 1846 (London). 

Ahna Dish. — Same style. 8| in. diameter. 
Marks : as on flagon. 

CHELDON. 

Chalice. — Jacobean style. V-shaped bowl, with baluster 
stem, 5 in. high ; bowl, 3^ in. diameter, 2\ in. deep ; foot, 
2} in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) maker, I Y ; (ii.) leopard's head crowned ; 
(iii.) lion passant ; (iv.) date-letter, 1636 (London). 

Paten.— Small plain plate. 4| in. diameter. 

No marks. 

Liscription : '' Cheldon Francis Comeft Churchwarden 
1687." 

CHXJLMLBIGH. 

The old plate, which consisted of a silver chalice and 
cover weigWng 1 lb. IJ oz., and a salver weighing 7^ oz., 
was destroyed by fire in 1867 ; the description and weights 
are taken from the terriers of 1727 and 1745. The ve^els 
at present existing are : — 

Chalice. — Modem mediaeval style, parcel-gilt. 8 in. high ; 
bowl, 3| in. diameter, 3 in. deep ; hexagonal boss to stem ; 
foot, six-lobed, 5 J in. diameter. Weight, 16 oz. 



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OHUBCH PLATB OOMMITTBB. 139 

Marks : maker, E. B., J. B. (E. & J. Burnard), and 
London marks of 1867. 

Patens. — ^A. Parcel-gilt on six-lobed foot, 7 J in. diameter, 
9 in. high ; marks as on chalice. Weight, 9} oz. 

B. Modem mediseval style, parcel-gilt, with sunk 
hexagonal centre, 6 in. diameter. 

Miurks : as before. Weight, 3} oz. 

Flagon. — ^Modern mediseval style. 13 in. high, to match 
chalice and paten ; parcel-gUt. 
Marks : as before. Weight, 36 oz. 

Spoon. — Gilt, with twisted stem and cross-head. 5| in. 
long. 

Marks : as on chalice. 

Alms Dish. — ^Brass. 12 in. diameter ; paten A. was 
doubtless originally the alms dish. 

GOLBBIDQB. 

Here are only a plated chalice and paten of modem 
medisBval style, and a good collection of pewter vessels, 
viz. paten, fliskgon, and alms bowl. 

BOGESFOBD. 

Chalices. — ^A. Elizabethan, of Exeter type, with cover. 
6 in. high ; bowl conical, 3| in. diameter, 3| in. deep, 
with small bands of strap work and foliation f in. wide 
at hp and base; stem with usual knop ; foot, 3 in. diameter, 
with ^g-and-tongue ornamentation. 

No marks. 

Cover. — 1 J in. high, 3| in. diameter ; button with 
Tudor Rose. 



Marks : (i) JVI^ ; (ii) |VIJ 

B. Early Georgian style. 9| in. high ; bowl, 41 in. 
diameter, 5| in. deep. 

Marks : (i.) maker. Ho (John Hobson) ; (ii.) lion's head 
erased ; (iii.) Britannia ; (iv.) date-letter, 1718 (London). 

Inscription : " Gulielmus Fellowes de Eggesford in 
Com. Devon armiger unus magroiP Cur Cane Dns Manerij 
de Eggesford et patronus ecclesise ejusdem. Anno Dom. 
1718." Arms quarterly 1 and 4. Arg. a fesse indented. 
Ermine, between three Hons' heads erased Or, murally 



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140 SIXTH BBFOBT OF THB 

crowned Arg. (Fellowes). 2 and 3. Two dolphins hauriant 
(Martin of London). Weight, 15 oz. 13 dwt. 

Patens. — ^A. Cover of chalice A, see above. 

B. Forms cover of chalice B ; plain, on stand ; 6^ in. 
diameter, 1^^ la. high. 

Marks : as on chalice B. 

Inscription : as on chalice B, and *' In honorem Dei et 
servitium sacramentale Ecclesiae Omnium Sanctor' de 
Eggesforde d. d." Weight, 6 oz. 14 dwt. 

Flagon. — ^Two glass cruets with silver stoppers. 

Alms Dishes. — ^A. Plain plate. 9| in. diameter. 
Marks : 8ts on chalice B. 

Inscription and Arms as on chalice cover. Weight, 
14 oz. 12 dwt. 
B. Mectro-plated bowl. 9f in. diameter. * 

LAPFOED. 

Chalice. — ^Modern mediaeval style. 8 in. high ; bowl, 
3| in. diameter, 3| in. deep ; stem with knop of five bosses 
set with carbuncles ; foot circular. 

Marks : (i.) maker, E. B., J. B. (E. & J. Barnard), and 
London marks, for 1867. 

Paten. — Plain on foot. 6J m. diameter, 2 in. high. 
Marks : (i.) maker, ^. S in circle (? Philip Elston), 
and Exeter marks for 1738-9. 

Flagon. — ^A. Modem mediaeval style. 

Marks : as on chalice. 

B. Fine pewter tankard. 17 in. high ; 17th century. 

NYMBT ROWLAND. 

Chalice. — ^A curious Elizabethan cup, with scarcely any 
stem, but otherwise usual style. 5 in. high ; bowl, 3 in. 
diameter, 3 la. deep, with band of strap work and foliation 
in centre, \ m. wide ; foot circular, 2\ in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) X crowned in circle ; (ii.) IONS. 

Paien. — ^A chalice cover of later date than chalice. 
Z\ in. diameter, li in. high. [^ 

No marks. 
Inscription : " Christopher Stoneman, Nov. 1691." 

Alms Bowl. — ^Pewter. 



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OHUBOH PLATE COMMITTBB. 141 

THELBBIDGE. 

Chalice. — ^Late Elizabethan style. 6J in. high, with 
cover ; bowl conical, with lip, 3^ in. diameter, 3| in. deep, 
with band of foliation round centre, | in. wide ; stem 
with very small knop ; foot circular, with tongue-and- 
dot ornamentation, 3^ in. diameter. 

No marks. 

Chalice Cover. — 3^ in. diameter, 1 in. high, with band of 
hit-and-miss ornamentation ; button perfectly plain. 
No marks. 

Patens.-rA. Chalice cover, see above. 

B. Plain plate. GJ in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) maker, P. B., A. B. (Peter and Anne Bateman), 
and London marks for 1790. 

Inscription : " Parish of Thelbridge e. dono T. Melhuish, 
Rector 1791.'' 

Flagon. — Tankard-shape dome lid. 9J in. high, 7J in. 
to lid, 3f in. diameter at lid, 5^ in. at base. 

Marks : (i.) maker, P. E. in oval (Philip Elston), and 
Exeter marks for 1737. 

Alms Dish. — ^Pewter plate. 9i in. diameter ; inscribed 
Thelbridge. 

WEMBWOETHY. 

Chalices. — ^A. Elizabethan style, with cover, Exeter 
pattern, a good example. 7 in. high ; bowl, 3f in. diameter, 
4 in. deep, with two bands of strap work and foliation; 
a narrow one | in. diameter round lip, and one } in. 
diameter round centre of bowl ; stem with usual . knop, 
on which is hit-and-miss ornament ; foot, 3| in. diameter, 
egg and foliation ornamentation. 

Marks: (i.) im ; (ii.) W. 

These are unascribed marks I have not' met with before. 

Chalice Cover. — Very plain. 3t in. diameter, | in. high, 
with two bands of zigzag ornamentation and Tudor rose 
on button. 

No marks. 

B. Georgian style. 7^ in. high ; bowl, 3^ in. diameter, 
4J in. deep ; foot circular, 3J in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) maker, 5^ ^. (William Grundy), and 
London marks for 1769« 



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142 SIXTH. REPORT OF THB 

Inscription : " The gift of Lewis Tremayne of Heligan 
in the County of Cornwall Esq. Dec* 1769." 

Arms : Gules, three dexter arms, conjoined at the 
shoulder and flexed in triangle, Or, with fists clenched 
arg. (Tremayne). 

Patens. — ^A. Chalice cover, see above. 

B. Plain, on foot ; 4} in. diameter, 1 J in. high. 

Marks : inscription and arms as on Chalice B. 

Flagon, — Shape of hot-water jug, with belly. 
Marks : inscription and arms as on chalice B. 

Alms Dish. — 10 in. diameter. 

Marks : inscription and arms as on chalice B ; also crest, 
two arms embowed, holding a head proper, with hat Sa. 
(Tremayne). 

Pewter : a paten on dtand, 5 in. diameter. If in. high, 
and a tankard, with domed lid, 10^ in. high. 

WINKLEIGH. 

Chalice. — Somewhat curious style, being a kind of 
Georgian attempt at mediaeval style. 7f in. high ; bowl 
shallow, 4f in. diameter, 3 in. high, circular stem, with 
boss of three carbuncles ; foot circular, 4f in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) maker, T. W., C. W. (Thomas Whipham 
and Charles Wright), and London marks of 1763. 

Inscription : " The gift of Thomas Lethbridge, Esq., 
1763." 

Paten. — ^Plain plate. 9 in. diameter. 
Marks and inscription as on chalice. 

Flagon. — ^Tankard shape, with domed lid. 12^ in. high, 
lOf in. to lid, diameters 4 in. and 7^ in. at lid and foot. 
Marks and inscription as on chalice. 

Alms Dish. — ^Plain plate. 9i in. diameter. 
Marks : (i.) maker, ^^ ^. in monogram, and London 
marks for 1684 (?). 

WORUNGTON EAST. 

Chalice. — ^A later bowl and stem have been fixed on an 
Elizabethan foot. 7 in. high ; bowl conical, with lip, 
3i in. diameter, Si in. deep ; stem with slight knop ; foot 
with egg-and-tongue ornamentation. 

Marks : illegible. 



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CHURCH PLATE COMJUTTBE. 143 

Inscription : " Hugh Heard, Warden of Eetst Warlenton 
1662." 
Chalice cover like top of cofiEee-pot ; no marks. 

Paten. — ^Plain plate. 6i in. diameter, with border of 
Elizabethan style, foliation round rim. 

Marks : probably I. T., and London marks for 1628, 
though paten is thoroughly Elizabethan in style. 

Flagon. — ^Domed-lid tankard, with spout. 12 in. high, 
10 J in. to lid, diaiheters 3 J in. at lid, 7 in. at base. 

Marks : J. E. (John Emes), and London marks for 1804. 

Liscription : " Andrew Cotley gave this to the parish of 
East Worlington. Ap. 20, 1804." 

Alms Bowl. — ^Pewter. 7f in. diameter, 2 in. high. 

WORLINGTON WEST. 

Chalice. — ^A curious patched piece of four different 
periods. 7 J in. high ; bowl, 3 in. diameter, 2| in. deep ; the 
oldest part is the foot, which is felizabethan. 

Paten. — ^Plain, on stand. 5f in. diameter. If in. high. 
Marks : (i.) maker, I. E. (John Elston, O. S. mark of 
1720), and Exeter marks for 1723. 

Flagon. — ^A good pewter tankard. 8 in. high. 

ZEAL MONACHORUM. 

Chalice. — Seventeenth-century style. 8 in. high ; stem 
with ring instead of knop ; foot, 3| in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, £1, with crown (John Elston), and 
Exeter marks for 1716. 

Liscription : " Zeale Monachorum Church." 

Paien. — On stand, with cable border. 7| in. diameter. 
If in. high ; foot, 3 J in. diameter. 
Marks : as on chalice, but date-letter 1712. 
Inscription : " Zeale Monachorum Parish." 

Flagon. — ^Tankard-shaped, domed lid. 11 J in. high, 
9J in. to lid ; diameters 4J in., 6| in. at lid and base. 

Marks : maker, P E in oval (Philip Elston), and Exeter 
marks for 1729. 

Inscription : ** Zeale Monachorum Church. Mr. Thomas 
Hole, Thomas Smale, Wardens. Anno Dom 1729." 

J. F. Chanter. 



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144 SIXTH BBPOBT OP THE 

THE RURAL DEANERY OF HARTLAND. 

The Deanery of Hartland consists of seventeen parishes, 
fourteen of which are ancient, one, Lundy Island, an 
ancient parish revived, and two modem. It contains 
three important centres, Bideford, Hartland, and Northam, 
the remainder are mainly small rural districts. Of the 
more important places Hartland alone retains any pre- 
Bestoration plate ; Bideford, the chief town, is remarkable 
for the quantity and variety rather than the quality of its 
plate. The Parish Church possesses five chalices, five 
patens, four flagons, two silver-gilt tazzas, a pyx, a breads 
box, two straining spoons, alms dish, and a fuitmel strainer, 
but the oldest piece is a.d. 1675. At St. Peter's East the 
Water there is with paten and alms dish an exquisitely 
designed ohalice in the mediaeval style, with elaborately 
worked crucifix, whose date ia 1890, while at Northam 
there is nothing older than 1860. It ia difficult to believe 
that during the latter part of the nineteenth century this 
parish should have had in succession two vandalistic 
vicars, and that one was actually made a prebendary of 
Exeter. Between them they sold or destroyed the entire 
ancient plate of the parish, consisting of an Elizabethan 
chalice and cover, three patens, two Queen Anne flagons, 
and a fine presentation salver left by wiU to the Parish by 
a former Vicar, and more surprising still they put their 
crimes on record ; such however was the case. 

The most interesting piece in the deanery is most 
certainly the beautiful fourteenth-century chalice at 
Littleham. Its history is unknown ; it was only given to 
the church in 1889 by the Rev. H. G. Morse, a former 
Rector ; whence he obtained it we have now no means of 
knowing. It has been stated to be of foreign workmanship, 
but it conforms very closely to the English type of the 
period with the exception of the bowl which is extremely 
conical ; running at the base to a narrow section of a cone, 
on each of the six lozenges in the knot there is a letter 
forming the inscription SaptiH, which may give some 
clue to the origioal home of this chalice. On the foot, 
which is circular, there is a cross patt6e on a ground of 
mxirrey in a circle. It has no marks. 

Elizabethan cups are found at Abbotsham, Clovelly, 
Landcross, Littleham, Parkham (two), and Woolfardis- 
worthy, while Hartland has a Caroline reproduction, 



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CHURCH PLATB COMMTTTBE. 145 

nearly all of which have their covers. And they are 
remarkable for the variety of styles and makes they 
represent. John Jones of Exeter hets three examples ; 
Thomas Mathew of Barnstaple, one, and probably was 
maker of th^ original of the existing Hartland cup ; John 
Cotton of Barnstaple, one ; probably Henry Hardwicke 
of Exeter, one ; and one has unknown marks. The patens, 
apart from that at Littleham, are of little interest, the 
oldest being a tazza at Bideford given in 1676, and at 
Hartland one of Exeter make of 1707. 

Flagons are found in most parishes but mostly of late 
date ; the oldest is at Bideford, 1675. 

Alms dishes are of little interest. At Woolf ardisworthy , 
one of wood and silver has the date 1600 — it was probably 
the chalice cover. 

Armorials are very scanty, but domestic plate is above 
the average ; at Welcombe, all the plate is domestic pieces. 
And it is gratifying to find that the spirit which caused 
the dedication of so much interesting domestic plate to 
sacred purposes stiU exists. At Appledore, a parish only 
dating from 1844, according to the Diocesan Kalendar — 
though the foundation stone was laid in 1836 — one of the 
patens is a salver of 1761 ; the flagon is an interesting 
domestic tankard of 1795, and a small waiter was given in 
1903. Wear Giffard possesses a very massive tankard 
given in 1902, beiag the golden- wedding present given to a 
benefactor of the parish by his friends in 1890. 

Buckland Brewer lost its ancient plate by theft in 1768. 
Very little pewter survives in this deanery. I have to 
acknowledge the kind assistance given by all the clergy 
in this deanery, and especially by the Rural Dean, the 
Rev. T. Newton Leeke, Rector of Bideford. 

J. F. Chantbr. 

ABBOTSHAM. 

Chalice. — Elizabethan, of Barnstaple t3rpe. Height, 
7 in. ; bowl, tall and very conical, 4 in. diameter, 4^ in. 
deep, with band of strap work and foliation ^ in. wide 
near the top ; stem is formed of two connected spool-like 
sections (see illustration of Trentishoe chalice in 1st Report); 
foot circular, 4J iu. in diameter, with two bands of orna- 
mentation, one hit-and-miss work J in. wide, second strap 
work and foliation J in. wide. 

VOL. XLvn. K 



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146 SIXTH REPORT OP THE 

Mark : I C in square (probably John Cotton, Barnstaple, 
working from 1668-1601 ; the same mark is found at West- 
downe). 

Patens. — A. Plain, on stand. 7} in. diameter, 2 in. high. 

Marks : (i.) maker, S. M., mullet over (Samuel Smith) ; 
(ii.) lion's head erased ; (iii.) Britannia ; (iv.) date-letter, 
1720 (London). 

B. Plain plate. 4J in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) M. H. & Co., and Sheffield marks for 1864. 

Flagon. — Tankard-shaped domed lid. 11 in. high, 9j% 
in. to lid, 4 in. diameter at lid, 6i in. at foot. 

Marks : maker, I W, crown over (John Webber of 
Pljrmouth), and Exeter marks for 1736. 

Inscription : " Thomas Salteme Armig de Stone in 
Parkham in usiun hujus ecclesiae D.D." 

Alma Dish. — A. A bason. 6} in. diameter, 2i in. high, 
with rounded rim. 

Marks and inscription as on flagon. 

B. Pewter, a plain plate. 8f in. diameter ; inscribed 
I.H.S. with a London pewterer's marks. 

ALWINGTON. 

Chalice. — ^Puritan style. 6f in. high ; bowl very broad 
with straight sides and slight lip, and flat bottom, 4} in. 
diameter, 4J in. deep ; stem and foot trumpet-shaped. 

Marks : maker, a mullet over an escallop and six pellets 
in shield, and London marks for 1664. 

Patens. — ^A. Cover to chalice. 4^^ in. diameter, 1 in. 
high ; foot, 2| in. diameter ; marks as on chalice. 

B. Plain, on stand. 6J in. diameter, \\i in. high ; foot, 
3tV hi. diameter. 

Marks: no makers, but all other London marks for 1814. 

Inscription : ** E dono Rev<>^ ThomsrC Hooper Morrison. 
Li usiun sacro sanctae Eucharistiae 1816.'' 

Flagon. — ^Tankard-shaped, with domed lid. 9f in. high, 
8 J in. to lid ; 6^ in. diameter at foot ; Sf in. at lid. 

Marks : maker, R. G. (Robert Garrard), and London 
marks for 1817. 

Inscription : " E dono Reverendi Thomae Hooper 
Morrison, M.A., in usum Sanctae Eucharistiae." 

Two cruets, silver and glass. 

Alms Dish. — ^Brass. 



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CHTJRCH PLATE COBiMITTEE. 147 

APPLEDORE. 

ChcUtces. — A. Cup-shaped. 6J in. high ; bowl, 3f in. 
diameter, 4i in. deep. 

Marks : maker, A. B., W. B. (Anne and William Bateman), 
and London marks for 1799. 

Inscription : ** S. Mary's Church Appledore. 
MDCCCXXXVIII." 

B. Replica of A. Marks and inscription the same. 

Patens. — ^A. Small waiter on three legs, with shell and 
scroll border. 8J in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, J. M. (James Morison, ent. 1744), and 
London marks for 1751. 

Inscription : ** Presented by D. and A. Strange 1838 
S* Mary's Church Appledore." 

B. Plain round waiter on 3 legs. 6J in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, J. C. and Co. Lt., and Birmingham 
marks, 1893. 

Inscription : "In memory of Blanche Emma Perry 
1906 S. Mary's Church Appledore." 

Flagon. — Small embossed tankard, with domed lid. 
8| in. high ; 7 in. to lid ; 4J in. diameter at lid ; 4J in. at 
foot. 

Marks : maker, P. B., A. B. (Peter and Anne Bateman), 
and London hall marks for 1796. " S. Mary's Church 
Appledore." 

BIDEPORD. 

Chaiices. — A. Late Puritan style, silver-gilt (modem 
gilding). 8 J in. high ; bowl with slight lip, straight sides, 
and flat bottom, 4J in. diameter, 4iV in. deep ; stem, with 
ring for knop ; foot, 4J in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, W G, with crescent below, and London 
hall-marks for 1676. 

B. Similar style and shape, gilt. 9 J in. high ; bowl, 
4i in. diameter, 4| in. deep ; foot, 4f in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, EI, with crown over (John Elston 
of Exeter), and Exeter marks for 1703. 

C. Modem mediaeval style. 6J in. high ; bowl, shape 
of half-egg, 2^ in. deep, 3^ in. diameter ; stem hexagonal, 
with large knop and six bosses ; foot, six-lobed with foliated 
cross, 4J in. diameter. 

Marks : maker T P in oblong, and London marks for 
1896. 



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148 SIXTH REPORT OP THE 

D. Modem mediaeval style ; plated. 

E. Modem mediaeval style ; plated. 

Patens. — ^A. Plain, on foot gilt. 6f in. diameter; 1 in* 
high. 

Marks : as on chalice A, 1675. 

B. Plain on foot. 5f in. diameter, J in. high. 
Marks : as on chalice B, 1703. 

C. Plain plate. 6 in. diameter, with foliated cross on rim. 
Marks : as on chalice C, 1896. 

D. A tazza, silver-gilt. 9 in. diameter, 2^ in. high ; 
foot, 4J in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, 7. G. in monogram, and London marks 
for 1683. 

Inscription : " Deo Sacrum. Given by the Towne of 
Bideford in the Comity of Devon for ye sendee of Grod in 
the Church of Bideford in the yeare of our Lord 1684, Mr. 
Michfiiel Ogilby Chaplaine to his sacred Majesty Eong 
Charles the second then rector." 

E. A tazza, similar shape to D. 8^^^ in. diameter, 3 in. 
high ; foot, 4| in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) I P with pellet over ; (ii.) lion rampant ; 
(iii.) fleur-de-lys. 

Inscription : " Mr. Abraham Heiman of this toivne 
gaue this plate to the Church in the yeare 76." 

Abraham Heiman died last day of Dec, 1681. M.I. in 
the Church. 

F. Plain plate ; modem mediaeval style to match 
chalice D ; plated. 

G. Plain plate to match chalice E. 

Flagons, — ^A. Tankard shape, flat lid. 9J in. high ; 
8 J in. to lid, 4J in. diameter at lid ; 7 in. at base. 
Marks : as on chalice A, 1675. 
Inscription : ** Bideford in the county of Devon 1676." 

B. A replica of flagon A, marks and inscription the same. 

C. Modem mediaeval style ; a set with chalice E and 
paten G. 

D. Pair of cruets, glass and silver stoppers. 

Alms Dish, — Brass. 

Straining Spoons, — ^A. T3rpe of ordinary old English 
pattern tablespoon, with pierced bowl. 9| in. long. 

Marks: ^(5 in oblong (Thomas England ent. 1739)^ 
and London mark 1744 (?). 



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MODERN' CHALICE. MEDIiEVAL STYLE. 
ST. PETERS, BIDEFORD. 



Churoh Plate Report.— To face page 149. 



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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 149 

Inscription : " E dono George Buck. Arm. AD. 1784." 

B. Teaspoon size, with long round stem, with barbed 
and pointed end ; the bowl with minute perforations. 
Length of spoon, 6 in. 

London marks for 1739 ; makers indistinct. 

These two spoons are two tjrpes of class of spoon 
described on p. 636, Jackson's lUustraied English Pkite. 

Funnel Strainer. — 4 in. long ; marks indistinct. 

Pyx. — Urn-shaped cup. 2 J in. high ; with bayonet top ; 
formed by a round box, If in. diameter, and IJ high, with 
cross on top. In use for reserved sacrament. 

Marks : maker, PD over W, and London marks for 
1913. 

Breads Box. — ^Plain silver. London marks 1912 (?). 

ST. Peter's, bidepord. 

Chalice, — A finely designed example of the modem 
mediaeval style ; silver-gilt. 8J in. high ; the bowl* is 
conical, 4| in. diameter, 2| in. deep, around which is an 
engraved border with the inscription ** HIC EST SANGUIS 
MEUS * " ; stem hexagonal, with large rounded knop 
with four bosses ; foot hexagonal of shape, which Jackson 
describes as a mullet of six points, has on it an elaborately 
traceried crucifix. 

Marks : maker, T T & Co, and Birmingham marks for 
1890. (See illustration.) 

Paten, — ^To match chalice, plain plate. 6J in. diameter, 
with border, on which is inscription " HOC EST CORPUS 
MEUS." 

Marks : as on chalice. 

Alms Dish, — Originally a paten, on stand. GJ in. 
diameter. 

Marks : maker, E J. & W B (E. J. & W. Barnard), and 
London marks for 1848. 

BUCKLAND BREWER. 

Chalice. — Poor example, Georgian style. 8yV in. high ; 
bowl, 4 in. deep, 3 If in. diameter; slender stem with small 
knop ; foot, 4 in. diameter. 

Marks: maker, W.T (William Tuite), and London 
marks for 1768. 

Inscription : ** Deo et Ecclesise." 



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■f 



150 SIXTH REPORT OF THE 

Paten. — Plain, on stand. 5f in. diameter, IJ in. high; 
foot, 2 J in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, T T & Co, and Bumingham marks for 
1901. 

Inscription : "To the glory of God a thank ofiEering 
B.G.R 20 Nov 1901." 

Flagon, — Large pitcher shape. 13 in. high; no lid; 
4 J in. diameter on top, 9 J in. at foot. 

Marks : as on chalice. 

Inscription : " Donum Josephi Davie de Orleigh Com 
Devon Arm'"* Sacrilega quadam vi cum sacris aliis surrep- 
tum vasis Anno Dom 1767 sed recuperatum et Johannis 
Davie Arm. impensis refectum Anno Dom 1768." 

Alms Dish. — Plain plate. 8 J in. diameter. 
Marks : as on chaHce and flagon. 
Inscription : '' I.H.S." 

Pewter. — Alms Dish. 

BtrCKS MILL. 

Here are only a — 

Chalice, paten, and flagon, all electro-plated. 

CLOVELLY. 

Chalice. — Elizabethan, Exeter type, with cover. Height, 
7J in. ; bowl, with narrow bands of strap work at rim and 
centre, 4 in. deep, 3| in. diameter ; stem with usual knop ; 
foot, 3f m. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) in dotted circle, X crowned, with fleur-de- 
lys on each side ; (ii.) IONS ; (iii.) first mark repeated. 

Cover : 3| in. diameter, IJin. high; button has date 1577. 

Marks : two indistinct. 

Patens. — A. Chalice cover, see above. 

B. Plain on foot. 6]^| in. diameter, IJ in. high; foot, 
2 1 in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, TW. CW in oval (Whipham and Wright), 
and London marks for 1761. 

Arms : Gules, a lion rampant, ducally crowned Or, per 
fesse wavy Arg, & Erm. (Hamlyn Williams). 

Flagon. — Tankard shape, with flat lid. 8| in. high, 
4i in. diameter at lid, 7f in. at base. 

Marks : maker, T E with coronet over, and London 
marks for 1682. 



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CAROLINE CHALICE. A.D. 1(>34. IX THE ELIZABETHAN STYLE. 
ST. NECTANS, UAUTLAXD. 



Church Platk Rkport.—7'«» /ace page 151. 



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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 151 

Alms Dish, — Plain, on stand. 8 in. diameter, 2 J in. 
high. 

Marks : maker, A.M : M, and London marks for 1897. 

Inscription : *' Presented to All Saints Church Clovelly 
by the commimicants Easter 1900." 

Here are also a small set of Altar Vessels for private 
communions, and four handsome candlesticks, gilt (? on 
wood), presented by Lord Halifax, P.E.C.U. 

HARTLAND, 

Chalice, — Elizabethan style, Matthew type, parcel -gilt ^ 
with cover. Height, 9 in. ; bowl conical, with slight lip, 
5 in. deep, 4| in. diameter, with band of strap work and 
foliation If in. wide; stem circular, with usual knop ; 
foot, 4 J in. diameter, with a band of hit-and-miss work 
I in. wide, and egg and tongue ornamentation. 

No marks. (See illustration.) 

Chalice cover : parcel-gilt. If in. high, 4| in. diameter^ 
with narrow band of ornamentation. On button is 
pricked '' Hartland. T.C Treasurer 1634 " (Thomas 
Cholwell the elder of Luttisford gent, was Treasurer of All 
Saints 1633-4 ; he was also treasurer in 1604-5.) The 
ornamentation on the cover is a later style than that of 
chaUce. The cover itself after being lost for many years 
was recovered by R. P. Chope, Esq., in 1914 ; it had been 
picked up on an old trackway, a mile from the church, 
some years before, bent up and discoloured, and in 1914 
it was brought as a curio for sale to Mr. Chope, who recog- 
nized in it the long-lost chalice cover, and restored it to 
the church. Although proved by the date to be Caroline, 
the chalice is in all respects Elizabethan in type, and is 
probably a reproduction on a larger scale of the original 
Elizabethan chaUce by Thomas Mathew, which had been 
several times damaged, as in the churchwardens' accounts 
we find : — 

*' 1605-6 pd. to Martyn Husband for amending the 

Chalice . . . . . . . iij d. 

1609-10 pd. for amending the Communion cuppe iiij d," 
and in 1634 there is the following entry : — 
" Pd. for a new Challice over and above ye 

allowance for the old wch was 4 li . . 04-03-00 

Pd. William Hodge for his paines and ex- 

pences to fetch ye same from Exon . . 00-06-06 " 



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152 SIXTH REPORT OF THE 

Patens. — ^A. Chalice cover, see above. 

B. Plain, on stand. 7f in. diameter, IJ in. high ; foot, 
2J in. diameter. 

Marks : maker jSh crown over (John Elston), and 
Exeter marks for 1707. 

Inscription : " Rev<»«8. Guls. Orchard Deo et ecclesi» 
suae Dec. 11 1707 (William Orchard was perpetual curate 
of Hartland 1677-1707)." 

C. Plain, on stand. 8i in. diameter, 2J in. high ; foot, 
3 J in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, Ba (Richard Bayley), and London 
marks for 1720. 

Inscription : « y g ». 

Flagons, — A and B. A very massive pair, shaped like 
coffee-pots. 11 in. high, 8} in. to lid, 3 in. diameter at lid, 
4 in. at foot. 

Marks : M A with leaves and mullet (Matthew Madden), 
and London marks for 1698. 

Arms : impaled Dexter, Az. a fesse arg. between three 
pears Or (Orchard) ; Sinister, Or a bend between six 
martlets sable (Luttrell). Paul Orchard, of Kilkhampton, 
who married Mary, daughter and heiress of Nicholas 
Luttrell, of Hartland Abbey. 



ST. JOHN S, HARTLAND. 

Chalices, — A. Late Georgian style. 7 J in. high ; bowl 
ogee-shaped, 4 in. diameter, SJ in. deep ; stem with small 
knop ; foot circular, 3J in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, C L (Charles Lias), and London marks 
for 1841. 

Inscription : " Given to the chapel of S* John by 
Hester Wolferstan a native of Hartland." 

Arms : Sa. a fesse wavy Or between three wolves' heads 
erased. Hester Wolferstan, sister-in-law of Rev. William 
Chanter, b.a., perpetual curate of Hartland, and daughter 
of Edward Wolferstan, of Berry Hartland. His father, 
Nicholas Wolferstan, oiE Statfold, Staffs., was brought to 
Hartland by his aunt, Mary, wife of Nicholas Luttrell. 

B. Originally a replica of A ; has had a new spherical 
bowl fixed in place of inconvenient ogee-shaped one. 
Height, 6 in. ; bowl, 3J in. diameter. 

Marks : (i.) maker, W K, and London marks for 1909. 



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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEB. 163 

PcUen, — ^Plain plate. 8 in. diameter. 
Marks and inscription as on chalice A. 



ST. martin's, hartland. 

Chalice, — Parcel-gilt, a good example of the modem 
mediaeval style. 7 J in. high ; bowl conical, 3f in. diameter, 
2i in. deep ; stem hexagonal, with knop ; foot with crucifix 
hexagonal. 

Marks : maker, A. & B. Co, and London marks for 
189J0. 

Inscription : ** Gulielmus Jacobus Early Bennett. 
Sacerdos Die 7 Aug 1886.'* 

Paten, — To match. 5 in. diameter. 
Marks : as on chalice. 

Alms Dish, — Latten. 12 in. diameter. 

LANDCROSS. 

Chalice. — Elizabethan, a small cup with very short 
stem. 5J in. high ; bowl, 3 in. diameter, 2| in. deep, with 
band of strap work and iEoliation i in. wide ; foot, 2J in, 
diameter, with egg ornamentation. 

Marks : (i.) IONS ; (ii.) B ; (iii.) crowned X with two 
stars. 

Chalice Cover, — 3J in. diameter, 1 in. high, with band 
of hit-and-miss work | in. wide ; button has date 1576 and 
foliation. 

Patens, — A. Chalice cover. 
B. Plain plate, electro-plate. 

Flagon, — Like small cofifee-pot. 6 in. high; electro- 
plate. 

UTTLEHAM. 

Chalices, — A. Silver-gilt, a mediaeval chalice of Type D 
of Jackson's Classification (History English Plate, p. 333), 
perhaps of foreign workmanship. 5| in. high ; bowl, 
very conical, 4,^ in. diameter, 2 J in. deep ; stem hexagonal, 
with large knot with six lozenges on each of which is a 
letter forming the inscription *' Sapcia." 

The foot is circular, 4f in. diameter, on which is a cross 
patt^ on diaper work or murrey in a circle. 

No marks. 



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154 SIXTH REPORT OP THE 

This chalice was presented by the Rev. H. 6. Morse in 
1889, but it is not known whence he obtained it. 

Inscription : '' Littleham 1889. Ex dono Bectoris ora 
pro anima ejus." 

Arms : Per pale a chevron between three mullets all 
countercharged. 

B. Elizabethan, Exeter type, with usual lip. 6^ in. 
high, with cover ; bowl conical, 3i in. diameter, 3} in. 
deep, with band of strap work and foliation f in. wide ; 
foot circular, 3} in. diameter ; stem with usual knop. 

Marks : (i.) IONS ; (ii.) B in square ; (iii.) crowned X 
in circle. 

Chalice Cover : 3^ in. diameter, 1 in. high, with band of 
strap work and foliation i in. wide. 

Marks : as on chalice, and on button date 1576. 

Patens, — ^A. Plain plate, gilt. 6 in. diameter, with 
Maltese cross as on chalice A. 

Marks : (i.) A saltire on a shield ; (ii.) I H in circle. 

B. Cover to chalice B. 

C. Plain on foot. 7 J in. diameter, 2 in. high. 

Marks : maker, I C crown over (James Chadwick), and 
London marks for 1696. 

Inscription : ** Presented by Jane Amell 1726." 

Pair of silver and glass cruets. 

Marks : maker, J.C.S., and London marks for 1877. 

Candlesticks, — Fine pair, brass. 3 ft. 6 in. high, made 
after pattern of pair dredged up near Newstead Abbey. 

LUNDY ISLAND. 

An ancient parish to which, as far as I am aware, no 
institution is recorded since 1365, when Nicholas Comyn 
was collated, till 1886, when Rev. H. G. Heaven, Lord of 
the Island, and its licensed curate since 1864, was formally 
instituted as Vicar. The ancient church of St. Helen, long 
a ruin, though occasional services had been held in it up 
to 1747, has been rebuilt, and a handsome set of altar 
vessels in the • modem mediaeval style provided ; these 
consist of : — 

Chalice, — ^A very good example of modem imitation 
mediaeval work. S^ in. high ; the bowl, almost hemi- 
spherical, 4^ in. in diameter and 2| in. deep, has a broad 
band with engraved inscription in Old English capitals. 



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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTEE. 155 

" Calicem salutaris accipiam et nomen Domini invocabo " ; 
stem hexagonal, with open-work and large knop ; foot> 
six-lobed, with I.H.S. in circle. 

Marks : maker, E. B. & J. B. (E. & J. Barnard), and 
London marks for 1860. 

PcUen. — ^Mediseval style, with hexagonal depression. 
7 J in. in diameter ; round border is engraved ** Agnus dei 
qui toUis peccata mundi da nobis tuam pacem," with 
cross patt^e and other ornamentation ; sacred monogram 
in centre of depression. 

Marks : as on chalice, but date-letter is 1866. 

Flagon, — ^Mediaeval style, llf in. high, 9i in. to lid, 
1} in. diameter at lid, 5 in. at foot ; pointed lid, set with 
stones ; and ornamental border round belly set with 
amethysts, and engraved with inscription ** Sanctus> 
Sanctus, Sanctus." 

Marks : maker, H.E.W., and London marks for 1895. 

MONKLEIGH. 

Chalice, — Georgian style. 7 J in. high ; bowl, 3i in. 
diameter, 3 in. deep. 

Marks : I S. (John Suger), and Exeter marks for 1732. 
Weight, 7 oz. 5 dwt. 

Paten, — ^Plain, on stand. 4| in. diameter, 1 in. high. 
Marks : as on chalice. Weight, 3 oz. 13 dwt. 

Flagon, — ^Tankard shape, with domed lid. 11^ in. high, 
9| in. to lid, 3^ in. diameter at lid, 6} in. at foot. 

Marks : maker, T y^ W. (Thomas Whipham and Charles 

Wright), and London marks for 1758. 

Inscription : " The gift of M" Dorothy Glubb." 
Weight, 39 oz. 1 dwt. 

NORTHAM. 

Here all is now modern, see introduction and inscription 
on Alms Dish. 

Chalices, — ^A. A modem and tasteless reproduction of 
the Elizabethan style. 8 in. high ; bowl, 4tV in. diameter^ 
4i in. deep, with an imitation Elizabethan border. 

Marks : maker, M. H. & Co. (Martin, Hall & Co.), and 
Sheflaeld marks for 1860. 

B. Replica of A with inscription. In memoriam. ET. 



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166 SIXTH REPORT OP THE 

Patens. — A. Plain on foot. TyV ui- high, 7| in. diameter, 
with debased imitation Elizabethan ornamentation. 
Marks : maker, G L T, and London marks for 1860. 
Inscription : ** Northam Parish Church." 
B. Replica of A, marks and inscription same. 

Flagon. — Tankard, dome lid. 13 in. high, imitation 
Elizabethan style ornamentation. 
Marks and inscription a>% on paten A. 

Alms Dish. — ^Modern mediaeval style, with hexagonal 
centre. 1 1 1 in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, A.S., and London marks for 1874. 

Inscription on rim : ** Qui dat pauperi non indigebit. 
This alms dish was purchased with part value of a silver 
salver presented by the parishioners of Northam to T. H. V. 
Mill, Vicar in 1834, and left to them in his will for Sacra- 
mental use — ^the other vessels, excepting the chalices, have 
been provided from the remaining value of such salver, 
and of three patens together with that of the flagons 
presented to the parish by Sir Thomas Berry and Johane 
Melhuish, the chalices were provided in 1865 one remade 
an exact (?) copy of an old one the other presented by the 
parishioners in memory of Elizabeth Thorold." 

Straining Spoon. — ^With cross on top. 6J in. long. 
Marks : maker, C S, and London marks for 1874. 

PARKHAM. 

Chalices. — A. Elizabethan style, with cover, rude and 
early type and in bad condition ; bowl very conical, 4^ in. 
diameter, 3| in. deep, with band of hit-and-miss work 
1| in. deep ; stem circular, with rounded knop, ornamented 
with hit-and-miss work ; foot, 4^^ in. diameter, with 
tongue ornamentation. 

Mark : HH conjoined, egg under in circle, probably 
Henry Hardwicke of Exeter, 1570-1570 — this mark has 
not been noted previously. 

B. Elizabethan style, with cover. 7J in. high; bowl 
slightly conical, with band of strap work and foliation 
f in. wide, 3^ in. diameter, 4iV in. deep; stem with small 
plain knop ; foot, 4iV in. diameter, with egg ornamentation. 

Mark : (i.) a six-pointed star ; (ii.) indistinct, something 
in a circle ; (iii.) a small cross. 

This chalice was purchased in London by Rev. E. 
Hensley. 



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CHURCH PLATE COMMITTBE. 157 

Patens. — ^A. Cover of chalice A. 4} in. diameter, li in. 
high, with border of dot-and-miss ornamentation, i in. 
wide on rim. 

Mark : as on chalice. 

B. Cover to chalice B. 4 J in. diameter, IJ in. high ; on 
button is the date 1574. 

Three marks as on chalice B. 

Flagon, — ^Tankard-shaped, domed lid. 11 in. high, 8| 
to lid, 4i in. diameter at lid, 6 in. at base. 

Marks : maker, T.S. in oval (Thomas Sampson), and 
Exeter marks for 1730. 

Inscription : ** Deo et Ecclesise Parkhamensi Gulielmus 
Kingford Rector DDD. MDCCXXXI." 

Arms : mantled Arg. a chief and barry of six pieces 
Erm. and Arg. in chief a double-headed eagle between two 
crowns. Crest an eagle displayed with a rose in its beak 
(Bangford). 

Alms Dishes. — ^A. A plain decent bason. 7 in. diameter,. 
2| in. high. 

Marks and inscription as on flagon. 

B. A fine silver bleeding bowl, with pierced handle. 
5J in. diameter, 2^ in. high ; length of handle, 3 in. 

Marks : maker indistinct, and London marks for 1681. 

Crest of Kingford on handle, 

WEAR GIFFORD. 

Chalices, — ^A. Late Georgian style. 7 in. high ; bowl,. 
3| in. diameter, 3J in. deep, with cross, halo, and nails. 

Mark : maker, M ^ crown over (Robert Garrard), and 
London marks for 1843. 

B. Silver-gilt, wine-glass shape. 8J in. high ; bowl, 
3J in. diameter, 4J in. deep ; very slender stem, with 
slight knop ; foot, 3i in. diameter. 

Marks : Maker, G U (George Unite), and Birmingham 
marks for* 1871. 

Inscription : "To the glory of God and in memory of 
Alfred and Elizabeth Hole. Presented to the Church of 
Holy Trinity, Wear Gifford, 1902." 

Patens, — A. Plain, on stand. 6J in. diameter, 2 in. 
high. 

Marks : as on chalice A. 

B. Silver-gilt plate. 6|f in. diameter ; a cross on border*. 



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168 SIXTH REPORT OF THE 

Marks : maker, SB. FW. and London marks for 1894. 
Inscription : " Presented to the Church of Holy Trinity, 
Wear GiflFord, 1902." 

Flagons, — A, Small coffee-pot shape. 7 J in. high, 6J in. 
to lid. 

Marks : as on chalice A. 

B. A massive tankard, silver-gilt, with fluted sides and 
other ornamentation. 8 in. high, 6J in. to lid, 6J in. 
diameter at lid, 6 in. at base. 

This is a composite piece ; the handle bears the maker's 
mark of Timothy Lee ent 1697 — ^the remainder, which has 
no marks, is modem. Weight, 40 oz. 

Inscription : " A golden wedding gift Jan 7^ 1840-1890 
with good wishes to Alfred and Elizabeth Hole and in 
affectionate regard from many old friends. Presented to 
the Church of Holy Trinity, Wear Gifford, 1902." 

Alms Dish, — Brass. 

WBLCOMBB. 

Here the plate consists of two domestic pieces, a handle- 
less flat-bottomed mug or beaker used as a chalice, and a 
salver on three legs used as a paten. 

Cup. — 5f^ in. high, 4 in. diameter, with band of leaves 
in scroll form. 

Marks : maker, 'J.C. in monogram, and London marks 
for 1653. 

Salver, — 8 in. diameter, 1 in. high. 
Marks : maker, J.M. (James Mouson), and London 
marks for 1751. 

Inscription : ** Alice Blighe 1758." 
Arms : three moons in a circle. 



WOOLFARDISWORTHY. 

Chalice, — Elizabethan, a plain example of the work of 
Thomas Mathew of Barnstaple (1569-1611). 6yV in., high ; 
bowl, slightly conical, 3y\ in. diameter, 3| in. deep, with 
band of strap work and foliation J in. wide ; stem with 
small knop which has hit-and-miss ornamentation — ^bottom 
of stem has ornamentation of circles with pellet. 

Marks : (i.) a pomegranate slipped ; (ii.) T ; (iii.) 
MATHEV. letters interlinked. 



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CHUBCH PLATE COMMITTEB. 169 

What appears to be the cover is set as bottom of wooden 
alms dish ; it has a narrow band of foliation and date 1600. 

Paten. — ^Plain, on stand. 6 J in. diameter, IJ in. high ; 
foot, 2| in. diameter. 

Marks : maker, P E in oval (Philip Elston), and Exeter 
marks for 1728. 

Flagon. — ^Tankard-shaped, with domed lid. 10 J in. 
high, 7} in. to lid, 3^ in. diameter at lid, 5f in. at foot. 
Marks : as on paten. 

Alms Dish. — See chalice cover above. 



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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 

Seventh Report of the Committee — consisting of Miss 
Rose E. Carr-Smith, the Honble, Mrs. Colbome, Miss 
C. E, Larter, Mr, C. H. Laycock, Rev, A. C, Morris^ 
Mr, H, 0. Peacock, Miss C, Peck, Dr, A. B. Protvse, 
Mr, A, Sharland, Mr, T, Wainwright, and Mr. W. P. 
Hiem (Secretary), with power to add to their number — 
for the purpose of investigating matters connected with 
the Flora and Botany of Devonshire. 

Edited by W. P. Hiern. 
(Read at Bxet<>r, 21st July, 1015.) 



RECORDS. 

1. Barnstaple Botanical District. 

Ranunculus confusus Godr. Braunton. Accompanjring this 
form (which bears floating as well as submerged leaves) 
were numerous specimens (without floating leaves), which 
scarcely agreed with the form salsuginostis and which 
very closely resembled R. circinatus Sibth. 

Mathiola incana R. Br. Braunton (Mr. G. C. Druce). 

Alyssum alyssoldes L. Bishop's Tawi^n (Mr. R. Taylor). 

Crawbe maritima L. "On the cliflFs of the . . . coast ... of 
Devonshire very frequent, where it has long been used by 
the inhabitants as an agreeable esculent,the young shoots, 
nearly buried beneath the sand, being white, tender, and 
sweet. ... It was introduced into Covent Garden by the 
late Mr. Curtis (who had observed it about Barnstaple) in 
1792." Withering, Arr. Brit, PL, ed. 7, iii. p. 752 (1830). 

Viola agrestis Jord. Kentisbury. 

V. ohtusifolia Jord. Tawstock. 

SUene quinquevulnera L. Braunton (Mr. W. A. Harford). 

Vida hiihynica L. Martinhoe (Miss Lightfoot, teste G. C. 
Druce). 

Laihyrus sylvestris L. Hfracombe (Mr. G. C. Druce). 



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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 161 

PotentiUa procumbens x reptans = P. mixta Nolte. Northam 
(Mr. G. C. Druce). 

Ribes nigrum L. Bideford. 

Pamassia palvstris L., var. condensata. Braunton (Messrs. 
Travis and Wheldon). I have not seen a specimen and 
have doubts about it. 

Artemisia SieUeriana Bess. Morte-hoe (Mr. G. C. Druce). 

Senecio Cineraria DC. Braunton (Mr. W. A. Harford). 

Jasione montana L., var. major Koch. Clovelly (Countess 
Fortescue and Mr. W. A. Harford). 

lAnaria arenaria DC. Braunton : alien. 

Melittis Melissophyllum L. Braunton (Mr. W. D. Miller). 

Empetrum nigrum L. High Bray. 

Orchis Morio L. Ilfracombe. Tawstock. 

Neottia Nidus-avis Rich. Bishop's Tawton (Leslie Taylor). 

Colchicum autumnale L. Tawstock (Mr. J. Kicking) ; garden- 
escape ? 

Arum maculatum L., var. Tetrdii Corb. Barnstaple. 

Carex vikingensis C. B. Clarke. Instow. 

C acutiformis Ehrh. Braunton. 

Setaria viridis Beauv. Pilton, East (Mr. J. Hicking). 

Daclylis glomerata L., var. abbreviata Bemh. Braunton. 

Festu>ca ovina L., var. glauca Hack. Georgeham (Mr. E. Vidal). 

Lastrea cemula Brack. Stoke Rivers. 

PolysHchum aculeatum Roth. Ashford. 

Ceterach offlcinarum DC. Northam. 

Botrychium Lunaria Sw. Ilfracombe. 

Ophioglossum vtUgatum L. Ilfracombe. 

Nitdla opaca Ag. Goodleigh. 

Ptilota plumosa Ag. Combe Martin (Miss C. E. Larter). See 
Joum. Bot., 1914, p. 77 ; 1915, pp. 171, 172. 

The following list of fresh-water algse, mostly collected 
by Mr. F. A. Brokenshire, of Barnstaple, is contributed 
by him ; the classification is in accordance with that of 
G. S. West in his treatise on the British Fresh-water Algae, 
1904 :— 

Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth. Challacombe. 
Chantransia pygm/jea Kutz. Braunton. 
Bvlbochaite gigantea Pringsh. Atherington. 
Vlothrix zonata Web. & Mohr. Tawstock (Identified by Mr. 
F. R. Brokenshire, of Exeter). . 
VOL. XLVn. L 



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162 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 

Myxonema tenue Rabenh. Branntou. 

Chcetophora degans Ag. Groodleigh. 

Drapamaldia glomerata Ag, Bideford (Rev. G. Warren). 

Bishop's Tawton. 
EtUeromorpha intestinalis Link. Barnstaple. 
Vaucheria sesailis DC. Goodleigh (galled A^itli the Rotifer, 

Notommata Wemechii), Barnstaple. 
Mougeoiia graciUima Wittr. Bishop's Tawton. 
Spirogyra inflata Rabenh. Braunton (Identified by Rev. T. 

Read). Barnstaple. 
S. majuacvla Kiitz. Atherington. 
Sphcerdla lacuatris Mull. -Braunton. 
Crucigenia rectangularis Gay. Atherington. 
Scenedesmus quadricauda Br6b. Braunton. 
PalmeUa mv^cosa Kiitz. Bishop's Tawton. 
Aptocyatis Brauniana Nag. Braunton. 
Miacococcvs confervicola Nag. Braunton. Instow. 
Ophiocytium cochleare A.Br. Braunton (Identified by Mr. F. R. 

Brokenshire). 
Tribonema bombycinum Derb. & Sol. Braunton (Identified by 

Rev. T. Read). 
Nosioc mxiscorum Ag. Braunton (Identified by Mr. F. R. 

Brokenshire). 
Gloiotrichia natana (Hedw.). Braunton (Identified by Mr. P. R. 

Brokenshire). 

2. TORRINGTON BOTANICAL DISTRICT. 

Geranium pimllum L'Herit. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Prunus domestica L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Sanguisorba officinalis L. High Biekington (Mr. J. Hicking). 
PoteniiUa procumbens xreptans=P. mixta Xolte. Great Tor- 

rington (Mr. G. C. Druce). 
Bosa tomentosa Sm. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Valeriana diolca L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Chrysanthemum segetum L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Myosotis versicolor Sm. Cookbury. Beaford. 
LittoreUa uniflora Aschers. Tetcott (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Chenopodium urbicum L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
8alix fragilis L. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Orchis prcetermissa Druce. Holsworthy (Mr. G. C. Druce), 
Carex vesicaria L. High Biekington (Mr. R. Taylor). 



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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 1C3 

Lastrea spinulosa Presl. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Dicranum Bonjeani De Not. West Putford (Rev. H. H. 
Harvey). 

Bamalina fastigiata Ach. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Parmelia tiliacea Ach. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Lobaria pulmonaria HoflFm. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Exidia glandulosa Pr. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
TremeUa mesenterica Retz. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Xylaria Hypoxylon Grev. Clawton (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 
Spirogyra majuscvla Kiitz. High Bickington. 

3. South Molton Botanical District. 

Mr. G. C. Druce, of Oxford, has kindly sent to me a 
revised list of 176 species collected by Miss Lightfoot, 
1834^1868, chiefly from the neighbourhood of Stockleigh 
Pomeroy ; a selection is here taken : — 

Ranunculus acris L., var. /?. Borcmnus Jord. Stockleigh 
Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot). 

R, parviflorus L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot). 

Barharea vema Aschers. Stockleigh Pomeroy. (Miss Lightfoot). 

Erysimum cheiranihoides L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Light- 
foot). 

Teesdalia nudicavlis R.Br. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Light- 
foot). 

Reseda LiUeola L. Crediton Hamlets (Miss Lightfoot). 

Viola odorata L. West Buckland. 

Saponaria officinalis L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot). 

Linum vsitatissimum L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot). 

Trifolium fragiferum L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot). 

PotentiUa procumbens Sibth. Molland (Mr. G. C. Druce). 

Ribes rubrum L. Shobrooke (Miss Lightfoot). 

Sedum Telephium L. Shobrooke (Miss Lightfoot). 

Epilobium angustifolium L. Crediton (Miss Lightfoot). 

Petroselinum segetum Koch. Crediton (Miss Lightfoot). 

Datura Stramonium L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot). 

Antirrhinum Orontium L. Sto(ileigh Pomeroy (Miss Light- 
foot). 

AnagaUis fosmina Mill, or A. ccervlea Lam. Crediton (Miss 
Lightfoot). 

Chenopodium polyspermum L. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss 
Lightfoot). 



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164 SEVENTH REPORT OP THE BOTANY COMMTTTEB. 

Orchis maculata L., var. trilobata, Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss 
Lightfoot). 

Habenaria virescens Druce. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Light- 
foot). 

Typha angustifolia L. Crediton (Miss Lightfoot). 

Carex disticha Huds. Stockleigh Pomeroy (Miss Lightfoot). 

Agrostis setacea CJurt. Crediton (Miss Lightfoot). 

TrerUepohlia aurea Mart. Bangsnympton. 

BulbochcBte gigantea Pringsh. CJhittlehampton. 

Spirogyra majuscula Kiitz. CJhittlehampton. 

Crucigenia rectangtUaris Gray. Chittlehampton. 

4. ExETBR Botanical District. 

Rhamnus Frangvla L. Exeter (Miss Lightfoot). 

Agrimonia odorata Mill. Cullompton (Mr. A. Sharland). 

Oeum rivale L. UflFculme (Mr. W. D. Miller). 

Sison Amomum L. Kenton. (Miss Lightfoot). 

(Enanthe fistulosa L. Kenton (Mr. W. D. Miller). 

AnagaUia fcemina Mill, or A. C€eruka Lam. Cadbury (]VDss 

Lightfoot). 
Polygonum Bistorta L. Huntsham (Mr. W. D. Miller). 
Narthecium ossifragum Huds. Kenn (Mr. W. D. Miller). 
Carex pendtUa Huds. Exeter (Miss Lightfoot). 
Noetoc commune Vauch. Exminster (Rev. J. B. Williams). 

5. HoNiTON Botanical District. 

The ancient .(rural) civil parish of Axminster was 
divided into two new civil parishes, as from 16 April, 1915, 
by order of the Devon County Council, 24 September, 1914 ; 
that is, into Axminster Town (urban), containing about 
790 acres, and Axminster Hamlets (rural), containing 
nearly 6100 acres. 

Gflaucium flavum Crantz. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot). 
Lotv>8 hispidua Desf. Budleigh (Salterton) (Miss Lightfoot). 
Malva moschata L., var. heterophylla Lej. Axminster Town 

(Mr. A. Sharland). 
Drosera longifolia L. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot). 
Apium graveolens L. Budleigh (Salterton) (Miss Lightfoot). 
Blackatonia perfoliata Huds. Uplyme (Miss Lightfoot). 
Plantago lanceolata L., var. major Syme. Ottery St. Mary. 



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SEVENTH REPORT OP THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 165 

AUium vineale L. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot). 
Scirpus aetaceus L. Coombe Raleigh (Miss Lightfoot). 
Rynchospora alba Vahl. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot). 
Carex flava L., var. minor Towns. Axminster Hamlets (Mr. A* 

Sharland). 
Agrostis selacea Curt. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot). 
Sderochloa diatans Bab. Budleigh (Salterton) (Miss Lightfoot). 
8. rigida Link. Axminster Town (Mr. A. Sharland). 
Chara hispida L. (East) Budleigh (Miss Lightfoot). 
Fissidens rivularts Spruce. Harpford (Mr. G. Harris). 

The last two species are new records for Devon. 



6. Torquay Botanical District. 

Ranunculus parvi floras L. Bickington (Rev. H. H. Harvey). 

Highweek. 
Papaver dubium L. St. Mary Church, 15 Sept., 1914 : hairs of 

peduncle spreading, not adpressed, but fruit oblong and 

corolla pale (Miss C. E. Larter). 
Corydalis claviculata DC. Moretonhampstead (Miss Lightfoot). 
Maihiola incana R.Br. Dawlish (Mr. G. C. Druce). 
Draba vulgaris Rouy & Fouc. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. 

Larter). 
Raphanus maritimus Sm. Teignmouth (Miss Lightfoot). 
Viola sylvestris Lam., var. punctata Rouy & Fouc. Highweek. 
. V. mvlticaulis Jord. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter). 
F. lactea Sm. Chagford (Miss Lightfoot). 
F. lactea Sm., var. intermedia Wats. Hennock (Miss C. E. 

Larter). 
Silene anglica L. Dawlish (Mr. W. D. Miller). Brixham (Miss 

Lightfoot). Moretonhampstead (Miss Pratt). 
8. gaUica L. and 8, quinquevulnera L. Moretonhampstead 

(Miss Pratt). 
8aponaria Vaccaria L. Paignton (Miss C. M. CHfford). 
Althcea hirsuta L. Paignton (Miss C. M. Clifford). 
Geranium pyrenaicum N. L. Burm. Dawlish, West (Mr. W. D. 

Miller). 
Medicago saliva L. Teignmouth (Miss Lightfoot). 
Trigonella omilhopodiotdes DC. Dawlish, West (Mr. W. D. 

MiUer). 
Lotus tenuis W. & K. Brixham (Miss Lightfoot). Tormoham^ 

24 July, 1914 (Miss C. E. Larter). 



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166 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY CX)MMITTBE. 

L. hispidua Desf. Dawlish, West (Mr. W. D. Miller). 

Vida sepium L., state with white flowers. Stokeinteignhead 

(Miss C. E. Peck). 
Lathyrus Nissolia L. Tormoham (Miss C. E. Larter). 
L. aylveatris L. From Dawlish, West, to Teignmouth (Mr. 

W. D. Miller). 
Claytonia perfoliata Donn. Moretonhampstead (Mr. C. H. 

Laycock). High week. 
PimpineUa Saxifraga L., var. dissecta With, and var. poteriifolia 

Wallr. ; both in St. Mary Church, 11 Sept., 1914 (Miss 

C. E. Larter). 
Torilis nodosa Gaertn. Stokeinteignhead. 
Scandiz pecten $ L. Stokeinteignhead. 
Galium tricome Stokes. St. Mary CJhurch, 28 Oct., 1914 

(Miss C. E. Larter). 
>G. ochrolettcum Kit. "This hybrid, recorded in the Fifth 

Report of the Botany Committee, p. 6 (122), as found in 

small quantity at St. Mary Church, still persists in the 

same station where I first collected it on 11 July, 1912. 

On 6 July, 1914, 1 agam gathered it " (Miss C. E. Larter). 
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L., a form with the ray-florets 

absent or nearly so. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter). 

SeTtecio mikanioides Otto. St. Mary Chxwch (Mr. C. Waterfall). 

Centaurea Scabiosa L. Tormoham, 21 Oct., 1914, on calcareous 

/ rocks by the sea. Leaves fleshy and very variously lobed ; 

on one tuft two leaves were quite entire. (])an this be the 

var. Oelmii Briq., or approaching that var. ? (Miss C. E. 

Larter). 
Picris hieracioides L., with the stem of a deep purple colour, 

and the midribs of the lower leaves of a bright carmine, 

such as one sees sometimes in the midribs of certain dock 

leaves. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter). 
Gentiana Awurdla L. Brixham (Miss Lightfoot). 
Menyanthes trifoliata L. Chagford (Miss Lightfoot). 
Lithospermum arvense L. Moretonhampstead (Miss Lightfoot). 
Orobanche amMhystea Thuill. * Dawlish, West (Mr. W. D. 

Miller). 
Linaria vulgaris Mill., var. laiifoUa Bab. St. Mary Church 

(Miss C. E. Larter). 
Linaria vulgaris Mill., var. putcheUa Druce. Tormoham (Miss 

C. E. Larter). 
L, minor Desf. Torbryan with Denbury (Miss Lightfoot). 
Nepeta hederacm Trav., galled with Oligotrophv^ hursariua 

Bremi. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter). 



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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 167 

Salvia Verhenaca L. Stokeinteignhead. 

Pinguicida wlgaria L. Widecombe-in-the-Moor (Mrs. Peacock). 

Anagallis casruka Schrank. Churston Ferrers (Honble. Mrs. 
Colbome). 

Chenopodium V vivaria L. Teignmouth (Miss Lightfoot). 

Daphne Laureola L. Torbryan with Denbury (Miss Lightfoot). 
Tormoham. 

Orchis pyramidalia L. Torbryan with Denbury (Miss Light- 
foot). Tormoham. 

Ophrys apifera Huds. Brixham (Miss Lightfoot). 

Narcissus poeticus L. Torbryan with Denbury (Miss Light* 
foot). 

SdUa aviumnalis L. Brixham (Miss Lightfoot). 

Endymion non-scriptus Garcke, in quantity with white flowers. 
Stokeinteignhead (Miss Peck). 

Carex panicvlata L., and form simplicior And. Stokeinteign- 
head. 

C. hdodes Link. Lustleigh (Mr. C. Waterfall). 

Fossombronia Htisnoti Corb., var. anglica, St. Mary Church 
(Mr. W. E. Nicholson). 

FruUania dilatata Dum. St. Mary Church (Miss C. E. Larter). 

Mycena ienerrirfia Qu61. O>ckington, Nov., 1914 (Dr. H. G. 
Peacock). 

Hygrophorus niveus Fr. St. Mary Church, Dec, 1914 (Dr. H. G. 
Peacock). 

Sparassis laminosa Fr. Milber, Nov., 1914 (Dr. H. G. Peacock). 

Humaria Chateri Sacc. Cockington, Jan., 1915 (Dr. H. G. 
Peacock). 

H. omphalodes Mass. Cockington, Jan., 1915 (Dr. H. G. 
Peacock). 

Miss C. E. Larter, f.l.s., contributes the following : — 
Phenological Observations. 

In 1914 Hdianthemum polifolium MiU. was still flower- 
ing on 26 September, the latest date on which I have 
ever seen it thus. Calluna vulgaris MiU. was in full bloom 
on the coast as late as 3 October ; and on 27 October 
Comus sanguinea L. was but just opening its flower-heads 
in the hedges at St. Mary Church, some of them being 
still in bud. In the same parish on 20 November a 
state of Oeranium Robertianum L. with white flowers, first 
noted on 25 June, was still flowering freely. Scrophvlaria 



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168 SEVENTH REPORT OP THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 

nodosa L. was on 2 December in fine flower ; from its 
fleshy green leaves the plant appeared to be quite a 
young one. 

In 1915 on 10 January Heradeum Sphondylium L. 
showed flower-heads akeady bursting through the spathe ; 
and on 22 January Ranunculus Ficaria L. was in 
abundant flower. On 5 February two plants of Daucus 
Carota L., growing together in a quarry, had, one of them 
45 umbels, the other 36. These were in all stages of 
florescence, from quite young, still closely folded umbels 
to widely open ones. They were intermixed with many 
stems of remnants of last year's flowering, whose seed- 
heads were brown and empty. 

7. Plymouth Botanical District. 

Papaver Argemone L. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot). 

Fumaria capreolata L. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss 
Lightfoot). 

Hesperis matronalis L. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot). 

Brassica alba L. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot). 

Draba vulgaris Rouy & Fouc. Berry Pomeroy (Miss C. E. 
Larter). 

Reseda lutea L. Ivy bridge (Quartermaster H. W. Smith). 

Viola hirta L. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot). 

V. sylvestris Lam. Berry Pomeroy (Miss C. E. Larter). 

Hypericum hircinum L. Stokenham (Rev. J. Miller) ; alien. 

Medicago arabica Huds. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot). 

Trifolium arvense L. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss Light- 
foot). 

LottLs hispidus Desf. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot). 

PotentiUa procumbens xreptans=P, mixta Nolte. Ivybridge 
(Rev. E. S. Marshall). 

P. reptans xerecta. Ivybridge (Rev. E. S. Marshall). 

Riibus egregius Focke, var. plymensis Focke. Plym Valley, 
etc. (Dr. W. 0. Focke). 

Rosa spinosissima L. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss 
Lightfoot). 

Sedum Tdephium L. Ugborough (Honble. Mrs. Colborne). 

Saodfraga granulata L. Harford (Quartermaster H. W. Smith). 

Vibumum^ Lantana L. Ugborough (Honble. Mrs. Colborne). 

Matricaria suaveolens Buchen. Pljnnouth. 

Oentaurium pulchellum Druce. Salcombe (Miss Lightfoot). 



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SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 169 

Polemonium cceruleum L. Plympton St. Mary (Quartermaster 

H. W. Smith). 
Convolvulus Soldanella L. Thurlestone (Miss Lightfoot). 
ScrophtUaria Scorodonia L. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss 

Lightfoot). 
Mimulus rnoschatus L. Brixton (Quartermaster H. W. Smith). 
Laaiopera viscosa HoflFmansegg & Link. Saicombe (Miss 

Lightfoot). 
Veronica Chamcedrys L., with purple flowers, turning bluisli 

after gathering. Plymouth. 
Mentha rotundifolia Huds. Kingsbridge and Dodbrooke (Miss 

Lightfoot). 
M, gentilis L. Brixton (Quartermaster H. W. Smith). 
Lyaimachia vulgaris L. Ermington (Quartermaster H. W. 

Smith). 
L. Nummularia L. Ugborough (Honble. Mrs. Colborne). 
Statice binervosa G. E. Sm., a white- flowered state. Saicombe 

(Miss Lightfoot). 
Daphne mezereum L. Ivy bridge (Quartermaster H. W. Smith). 
Orchis ustulata L. Wembury (Quartermaster H. W. Smith). 
Butomus umbeUatus L. Slapton (Miss Lightfoot). 
Ruscus aculeatus L. Saicombe (Miss Lightfoot). 
Scilla autumnalis L. Saicombe (Miss Lightfoot). 
Allium vineale L. Saicombe (Miss Lightfoot). 
Echinochloa Crus-galli Beau v. Holbeton (Quartermaster H. W. 

Smith). 
Calamagrostis epigeios Gaertn. M. & S. Wembury (Quarter- 
master H. W. Smith). 
Hordeum marinum Huds. Holbeton (Quartermaster H. W. 

Smith). 

The plants given on the authority of Quartermaster 
H. W. Smith, of the Plymouth Institution, are taken 
from a paragraph which appeared in the Western Morning 
News of 27 February, I9I5, under the heading of 
" Plymouth District Flora." The paragraph was kindly 
forwarded to me by Mr. H. B. S. Woodhouse, of Plymouth. 

8. Tavistock Botanical District. 

Malva moschata L., var. laciniata Lej. Tavistock (Mr. A. 

Sharland). 
Laihyrus montana Bernh., var. ienuifolia (Roth). Buckland 

Monachorum (Miss Comber). 



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170 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 

Epilohium neogradiense Borbas. Tavistock (Mr. A. Sharland). 

PimpineUa Saxifraga L., var. disaeda With. Tavistock (Mr. A. 
Sharland). 

Mimvlus nu>8chatu8 L. Bickleigh (Quartermaster H. W. Smith). 

M, Langsdorffii Donn. Shaugh Prior (Quartermaster H. W. 
Smith). 

Stachys ambigtui Sm. Tavistock (Mr. A. Sharland). 

Primula verts L. Banks of the Tavy, in great numbers (Honble. 
Mrs. Colborne). According to the late T. R. Archer Briggs, 
this species grew plentifully at Maristow and about the 
borders of a pasture between Lopwell and Denham Bridge : 
Bere Ferrers and Buckland Monachorum parishes. The 
hybrid, P. officinali-vtilgaris, the " Oxlip '* of some people, 
occurred in the same localities. See Joum. Bot,, 1868, pp. 
206, 207, and FL Plym,, pp. 279, 280 (1880). 

Euphorbia Esula L. Between Bickleigh and Shaugh, one plant 
(Quartermaster H. W. Smith). 

Sparganium simplex Huds. Tavistock (Mr. A. Sharland). 

Phalaris arundinacea L., var. picta L. Tavistock (Mr. A. 
Sharland). 

Asplenium lanceolatum Huds. Whitchurch (Miss Emmie 
Larter). 

Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Lydford (Miss C. E. Larter). 



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THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE 
COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON. 

Thirty-third Report of the Committee — consisting of 
Mr. J. 8, Am^ery, Sir Alfred W. Croft, Mr, Thomus 
Wainwright, and Mr, R, Hansford Worth (Secretary) — 
appointed to collect and tabulate trustworthy and com- 
parable Observations on the climate of Devon. 

Edited hy R. Hansford Worth {Secretary of the Committee), 
(Read at Expter, 21st July, 1U15.) 



One new station appears (temporarily) in the present 
report. At Ashburton Mr. J. S. Amery has obtained the 
assistance of Mr. Wilfred J. O. Evans, who has recorded 
the rainfall at West St., at a height above O.D. of 240 feet. 
This station by way of comparison with '* Druid " at a 
height of 584 feet above O.D. will, it is hoped, appear in 
our report for a few years. 

One station, records for which were not available last 
year, is, it is now known, lost by the death of Mr. H. 
Lovejoy, of Northgate, Totnes. The loss of this observer 
was duly noted in the Transactions, but had not until 
recently become known to the Committee's Secretary ; we 
record it with regret. 

The returns for the Devonport watershed are now 
supplied by Mr. F. W. Howarth, m.i.c.e., who, with the 
extension of the Borough of Plymouth, has become the 
engineer in charge. 

The best thanks of the Association are due to the 
observers, through whose kindness the preparation of the 
report becomes possible. 

The year 1914 in Devon was distinctly wet, with 25 per 
cent, more than the average rainfall. About one in every 
ten years equals or exceeds this percentage. 

The temperature was slightly above the average, but 
the excess was probably not much above one-half degree 
on the mean of the whole year at any one station. 



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172 THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE 

The sunshine was above the average, the additional 
hours at Rousdon being 48. 

Nineteen hundred and fourteen was thus at once very 
wet, rather warm, rather bright. 

The distribution of rainfall in the year was unusual. 
January was very dry, June was distinctly dry, April, 
May, September and October were dry. 

December and March were very wet, February, July 
and November were distinctly wet, August was normal. 

As regarding temperature January was cold and July 
was rather cold, all other months were nearly normal. 

The rainfall at Rousdon, which is one of our drier 
stations, was the largest recprded during 30 years' observa- 
tion. The fall of 3-20 inches measured July 19th at this 
observatory was also a record for the station. This fall 
was part only of a long, continuous storm, which started 
at 8 p.m. on the 18th of July and extended over 30 hours, 
yielding in all 3'70 inches. 

At most stations there were four spells of continuous 
dry weather. Thus no rain fell at Huccaby from 11 
January to 24 January inclusive, fourteen days ; none 
from 1 1 April to 1 May inclusive, twenty-one days ; none 
from 11 May to 21 May inclusive, eleven days ; and none 
from 21 September to 11 October inclusive, twenty-one 
days. It is a curious coincidence that of these four dry 
spells three should have commenced and the fourth ended 
with the eleventh day of a month. 

At Princetown the longest period of dry weather was 
21 days, and on no other occasion were more than 8 
consecutive days without rain. 

A blizzard occurred at Princetown, commencing 2 a.m. 
on the 20th of March and continuing to about 10 a.m. ; the 
snow on level ground measured 15 inches, and drifted to 
between 6 and 8 feet. 

An interesting comparison between the months of 
January and December is made by the observers both at 
Rousdon and Teignmouth. 

January was a very dry month, the rainfall at Teign- 
mouth being but 0*59 inch and at Rousdon 0-84 inch, 
but it was also very dull, the sunshine at Teignmouth 
being 40 hours below the average, and at Rousdon 28 
hours below the average. 

On the other hand, December was a very wet month, 
with rainfall, Rousdon 7-43 inches and Teignmouth 9-02 



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COMMITTBB ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON. 



173 



inches, but it was also rj^ther bright, Rousdon having 
about 9 hours and Teignmouth 17 hours above the average 
sunshine for that month. Dry and dull, wet and bright 
are very possible winter conditions, but perhaps this year 
has afforded an extreme example in contrasts. 

The following table gives in short a comparison of 
the weather of 1914 with the average. The rainfall 
comparison is based upon the Druid record, the period 
taken for average being the 40 years ending 31 December, 
1905. Temperature is also based on the Druid record, the 
period for average being 20 years to the end of 1914. 
Sunshine comparisons are founded on the Rousdon record, 
the period for average being the past 31 years. 



The tceather of 1914 compared with average conditions. 









Rain i. 


Temperature 
Degrees. 


Sunshine % 


January 

February 

March 






28 
184 
223 


-1-7 
+ 3-6 
+ 1*4 


60 . 
55 

78 


April 
May 






79 

84 


+ 3.1 

+ 0-2 


141 
98 


June 






68 


+ 1-6 


128 


July 
August 
September 
October . 






155 

101 

71 

71 


-1-9 
+ 0-4 
±0-0 
+ 0-9 


107 
105 
137 

m 


November 




153 


-0-3 


109 


December 




. 232 


+ 03 


113 


Whole year 






. lJi5 


■\-0'5 


103 



The driest month was June, the warmest month was 
August, the brightest month was June. At the other 
extremes we have : wettest — December ; coldest — January ; 
dullest — January. There are local variations, January 
was the driest month at some stations, and May at North 
Devon stations. 

The stations are as follows : — 



ELKVATION (feet) O.D. 



OB8KRVEB OR AUTRORITT. 



Abbotskersw^l (Court Grange) 150 ... Mrs. Marcus Hare. 



Ashburton (Druid) 

Ashburton (West St.) 

Barnstaple 

Bere Alston (Rumleigh). 

Brandis Comer 

CoUompton 

Dartmoor, Leusdou Vicarage 



584 ... J. S. Aiiiery. 

240 ... W. J. 0. Evans. 

25 ... Thomas Wainwright. 

124 ... Sir Alfred W. Croft, m.a., k.c.i.e. 

400 ... Sir Gerald Corbet, Bart 

202 ... Murray T. Foster, f.R.Met.8oc. 
Rev. A. A. WooUcombe. 



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OB8KRVER OR AUTHORITr. 



174 THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OP THE 

aTATIOK. BLKVATIOM (feet) O. I 

Devonport Watershed : — 

Cowsic Valley (weekly) 1352 ^ 

DeviPs Tor (near Bear- !• 

do>^'ii Man) (monthly) 1785 J 

Exeter (Devon and Exeter 

Institution) . . . 155 ... 

Holne (Vicarage) . . . 650 ... 

Huccaby .... 900 ... 

Ilfracombe . . 20 ... 

Lynmouth (Rock House) . 22 ... 

Newton Abbot (The Chest- 
nuts) . . . . 100 ... 

Okehampton (Oaklands) . 505 ... 

Plymouth Observatory . . 116 ... 



Plymouth Watershed :— 
Head Weir (Plymouth 
Reservoir) . 720 

Postbridge (Archerton) . 1200 
Princetown (H.M. Prison) 1359 
Roborough Reservoir . . 548 
Siwaw's Cross (monthly) 1200 
Kousdon (The Observatory) 516 
Salcombe .... 
Sidmouth (Sidmount) . .186 
Simonsbath . . . 1080 
South Brent (Great Aish) . 500 
Tavistock (L. and S.W. Rly. 

Station) . . . 375 

T^ignmouth Observatory . 20 
Teignmouth (Benton) . . 320 
Torquay Observatory . .12 
Torquay Watershed : — 

Kennick . . . 836 

Laployd . . 1041 

Mardon . , . 836 

Torrington, Great (Enfield) . 336 . 
Totnes (Berry Pomeroy) . 185 . 
Woolacombe (N. Devon) . 60 . 



Frank Howarth, m.inst.c.e. 

John E. Coombes, Librarian. 
, The Rev. John Gill, m.a. 

Capt. H. H. Joll. 
. O. Prowse, a.m.i.c.e. 
. T. H. Mead-Briggs. 

E. D. Wylie. 

Maj.-Gen. E. H. Holley,R.A., j.p. 

H. Victor Prigg, a.m.i.c.e., 
P.R.M1T.80C. 

Frank Howarth, m.inst.c.e. 
E. A. Bennett. 
George Parry. 

Frank Howarth, m.i.c.e. 

C. Grover, observer for Lady Peek. 

J. Partridge. 

Miss Constance M. Radford. 

Rev. H. F. Ramsay. 

Miss C. M. Kingwel]. 

W. J. Monk. 

G. Rossi ter. 

W. C. Lake, m.d. 

Frederick March, F.R.Mrr.Sot. 



S. C. Chapman, m.i.c. E.- 
George M. Doe. 
Charles Barran, j.p. 
R. W. Hansford, for Miss 
Chichester. 



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BEPORT OF THE COMMITTBB ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON. 175 



JANUARY, 1914. 



8TATI0M. 



RAINFALL. 



I 

3 



ORRATBST 

FALLIM 

«4H0UBa. 



i 

& 



TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN. 



I 



Abbotekerewell J 
Ashburt*n(Draid) 
Ashburton 

(West Street) 
Barnstaple . 
Bcre Alston 
Brandis Corner . 
Cowsic Valley . 
Callompton 
Devil's Tor 
Exeter 
Holne 
Huccaby 
Ilfraconibc 
Leusdon 
Ljjmrooatb 
Newton Abbot . 
Okeharopton 
Plymouth Obs. . 
PlymouthWtshd. 

Head Weir . 

Siward's Ci-oss . 
Postbridge 
Princetown 
Roborough 

(S. Devon) 
Roosdon . 
Salcombc . 
Sidmonth . 
Simonsbatb 
South Brent 
Tavistock . 
Teignniouth Obs, 
Teignmouth 

(Benton) 
Torquay Obs. 
Torquajr Wtrshd, 

Kennick . 

Laployd . 

MMrdon . 
Torrington 
Totnes 

(Berry Pomeroy) 
Woolacombe 



ms. 

X.32 

1.62 

1.49 
1.63 
1. 14 
1.79 

asl 
2.85 
0.72 
2.20 

1.76 

2. 12 
2.36 
0.93 
2.44 
1. 18 



ins. 

.39 
.50 

•51 
.26 

.3» 
.33 

•IS 

.27 
.58 
•49 
.30 

'H 
.48 

•23 
.60 

.27 



29 



13 



29;>4 

29*15 
10 ; 15 

291 13 

29ji5 
29 1 15 



2.85 .74 
2.051 ••• 
4.3»l»-2i 
5.1811.15 



deg. 
39.0 



39.5 
39.7 



deg. 
35.6 



35.5 
36.0 

33.0 



29 16 

29 16 1 35.2 



2. XI 

a84 
1.45 
0.71 

4.49 
3-38 
1.90 
0.59 

0.61 1 
0.80! 



.50 
.17 
•39 
.17 
.98 
1.06 

.41 

.14 

.11 
25 



0.94 .17 

1. 31 .26 

1.02! .20 

2.551 -40 



»-55 
1.581 



.55 
.36 



380 33.4 

39.6 ! 36.8 



38.3 
39.1 

37.3 

3V.'8 



41.2 



16 

14 
10 
10 
19 
'5 
16 

9 

'3 
II 

15; 

16 
16 



141 ... 
15I 41.7 



39.0 



39.1 
40.4 

39.3 
41.0 



33.8 
37.1 
35-2 



35-3 
37^4 

35^6 
37.5 



38.1 



deg. deg. I deg. 



43-3 139.5 



44.6 40.1 
44.3 40.2 
42.0 



43.5 
43V8 

4*5.7 
44-1 

44.9 



41.6 



41. 1 



45-1 



27 



37.5 

38.51 20 

40.3 j 26 

42.0 28 



26 



26 



39-5 35-6 19 



41.5 
44.9 
43-0 



44.0 
454 

43.7 
45.1 





~ 1 
25 


41.0 


27 


39.1 


26 


... 


17 


39.7 


29 


41.4 


26 


39.6 


26 


41.3 


29 


... 


1*8 


4i.'6 


25 



54 



deg. 
57 

54 

55 

* 52 

55 

'56 

'56 
55 

53 



51 



53 
53 

55 
50 

55 
56 

55 
54 



0-10 


hour 


8:3 


::: 


8.0 


... 




3».« 


8-2 


32.2 


8!o 


zi's 


9.0 


33-4 



..!8.8 



89 8.0 



87 ; 7.8 
84 1 7.9 

93 i 8.0 
86 8.0 



49 I 



iS 
i'6 



41. 1 15 
38.9 19 
35.6 ,15 



26.9 ' 20 
28.5 18 



83 7.6 30.0 16 



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176 



THIRTY -THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE 



FEBRUARY, 1914. 



8TAT105. 



RAINFALL. 



ORRATK8T 

PALL IK 
84 HOUBa. 



TEMPKRATURK IN SCREEN. 






■i 



I 



Abbotskerawell 

Ashburt'n(Driiid) 

Ashburton 

(West Street) 
Barnstaple . 
Bere Alston 
Bi-andis Corner . 
Cowsic Valley . 
Cullompton 
Devil's Tor 
Exeter 
Holne 
Huccaby . 
llfracombe . 
Lensdon 
Lyninouth . 
Newton Abbot . 
Okehanipton 
Plymouth Obs. . 
PlymouthWtshd. 

Head "Weir 

Siward's Cross . 
Postbridge 
Princetown. 
Roborough 

(S. Devon) 
Rousdon 
Salcombe . 
Sidmouth . 
Simonsbath 
South Brent 
Tavistock 
Tcignmouth Obs. 
Teignmouth 

(Benton) 
Torquay Obs. 
Torquay Wtrshd. 

Ken nick . 

Laployd . 

Mardon . 
Torrington 
Totnes 
(BenyPomeroy) 
Woolacombe 



ins. 

6.71 
8.67 

8.27 

3->3 
5.22 

5.40 

12.55 
3.86 
7.20 
350 
9.65 
8.70 
4.68 

10.54 
5.81 

4.74 
6.44 

5-47 

9-97 
9.10 
11.59 
1493 

7.34 
3.86 

4-5' 
4.55 
6.77 
8.98 
6.79 
392 

3-33 
4.47 

6.49 
7.80 
6.67 
3-90 

5.85 
3.19 



ms. 
1.62 
1.65 

1-93 
.48 
.72 

1. 10 

.'88 i 
1.76 
1.58 
.70 
2.17: 
.80 
.85, 
.92 

.86 i 
1.77 



1.82 7 

2.62 7 

1.14 7 

.60 7 

.86 7 



.97 

1.02 


7 

17 


1.74 
I.I7 


7 
10 


I.CX) 


7 


.81 
1.08 


7 
7 


1.56 
1.85 

1.70 
.72 


7 

7 

7 

12 


1.05 

•45 


7 
20 



18' 

18 
19 

18 I 

... I 

,23^ 

1 191 
20 I 

»91 

;«: 

20 

[6 

^9, 

I 
20 

... I 

23 

21 

20 

19 

20 
20 

23 
18 

21 

17 

20 

18 

22 
21 
22 
20 

20 
20 



deg. 
44.5 



44.0 
44.4 



43-6 
45-0 



46.2 



40.9 



45.2 



44.7 
45.5 

44.8 
46.0 



46.3 



I ' ' I 

deg. I deg. | deg. , deg. ^ deg. 

40.5 I 50.4 '450 34 I 57 



39.2 51. 1 [45.2 ' 28 I 56 
39.8 150.4:45.1 I 29 I 54 
38.0 48.5143-3 25 I 54 



38.7 51.0 1 44.9: 27 j 57 89 
40.3 .50.8! 45-5 i 31 I 57 I ■.. 



42.7 51.8 I 47.3 34 



I 



43.1 45.2 



418 i 50.9 



37.6 I 46.0 

40.0 I 47.8 

42.1 I53-3 
41.0 49.7 



39.3 ,49-7 
42.5 I 52.5 

41. 1 50-7 
42.5 I 51.4 



43.2 51-4 



44.2' 34 



46.31 32 



41.81 30 



I 



43.9 
47.7 
45-4' 



44.5 
47.0 



33 
32 
33 
28 

29 
34 



4591 34 
47.0 35 



... 25 



47.3! 37 



. % 0-10' 

•87I6.5 

I ... ' ... 
83 i 8.0 



58 
56 

55 
52 



5» 
54 
56 
50 

59 
57 

56 



81 



8.1 



hours. 



69.1 6 
49.0 10 



1 95 8.0 



!!. 8.6 



7.0 S2.0 



51 
51 



62.0 9 



92 8.4 I 

' 91 i 7.8 
I 88 I 7.1 

91 i 7.4 
i 87 7.0 

i I I 



48.7 6 
71.0 7 
58.6 , 5 



61. 1 5 
65.0 4 



J... I 



'86; 6.0, 71.4 II 



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COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OP DEVON. 



177 



MARCH, 1914. 





RAINFALL. 


TEMPERATURB IN SCREEN. 




1 

i 

1 

5 








3 








XXTRnCM. 


i. 


STATION. 


94 HOURa. 


1 




1 

a 


1 

1 


1 


s 

d 
i 


i 

s 

1 


1 


1 


S 




t 

& 




1 




ins. 


ins. 






deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


% 0-10 


houi-s. 




Abbotskerswell . 


6.87 


1.06 


8 27 


.•• 


... 


... 












Ashburt'n(Druid) 


8.99 


•94 


19 28 


44.8 


39.0 


51.2 


45.1 


32 


62 


88 6.5: ... 




Ashburton 




















1 j 




(West Street) 


8.82 


I.OI 


19 28 


... 
















Barnstaple . 


5.82 


•75 


8 8 


46.0 


39^2 


50.2 


44^7 


30 


64 


82 8.0' z 




Bere Alston 


7.66 


.80 


8 8 


45.1 


39.5 


50.6 


45.0 


29 


5? 


' 1 




Brandis Corner . 


8.41 


.96 


8 


-9 




37^o 


47.0 


42.0 


26 


56 


;:: ::: < ^i'.^ 


5 


Cowsic Valley . 


13-85 




















... 1 




Cullompton 


6.60 


1.05 


'*8 


30 


44.9 


3'8*3 


51V1 


44.7 


27 


6S 


8717.5 103.9 


8 


Devil's Tor 


7.80 
















... 


... 


1 




Exeter 


4-75 


.62 


19 


28 


46.1 


39^3 


52.3 


45.'8 


30 , 


65 


j I 




Heine 


10.44 


1.07 


8 


29 










... 




... ' ... 1 




Huecaby . 


9-47 


.92 


19 


28 














•••;• 




llfracombe . 


7.07 


.84 


II 


-7 




41.9 


50.2 


46.1 


35 


64 


83 8.0 


93.0 




Leiisdon . 


10.77 


1. 12 


8 


29 


... 






... 











... 


Lynmouth . 


7.75 


.96 


8 


9 




42.0 


49.0 


47^5 


34 


62 








Newton Abbot . 


5-49 


.83 


«9 


6 










... 











Okehampton 
Plymouth Obs. . 


9-93 


1.81 


8 


9 




... 






... 












6.51 


.79 


8 


26 


46*8 


40.7 


50.8 


45-7 


32 


57 


91 


8.0 


120.3 


6 


PlymonthWtshd. 






























Head Weir . 


10.67 


1. 00 


II 


^9 








... 




... 






... 




Siward's Cross . 


11.60 








... 














... 


... 




Postbridge . 


n.84 


1.24 


7 


29 








... 


... 






... 






Princetown 


18.49 


2.20 


8 


-9 


39.7 


36.0 


44.6 


40.3 


39 


51 


!!!i8.6 


... 




Roborongh 






















1 






(S. Devon) 


9.10 


.96 


II 


^9 












... 








Roiisdon . 


5- 15 


.76 


8 


-5 




38."i 


49.1 


43.'6 


29 


5f 





103.0 


^5 


Salcombe . 


694 


1.03 


8 


6 


... 


40.8 


51.3 


46.0 


32 


S8 




... 


134.2 


6 


Sidmouth . 


5.42 


.71 


19 


8 


45^9 


39-6 


51. 1 


45-4 


31 


57 


86 


7-5 


127.9 


3 


Simonsbath 


«3 25 


1.54 


II 


9 










27 


S6 


... 








South Brent 


12.68 


1.38 


8 


8 


... 




... 








... 




... 


... 


Tavistock 


8.61 


1.04 


8 


-9 


44.6 


38.4 


49.2 


4'3.'8 


35 


73 


88 


8"5 






Teignmouth Obs. 


4.89 


.87 


19 


23 


46.1 


40.8 


52.5 


44.6 


32 


65 


83 


6.5 


I23'3 


5 


Teignmouth 






























(Benton) 


4.71 


•54 


8 


5 


45.4 


39.3 


52.0 


45.6 


32 


^3 


86 


?-5 


o" 


... 


Torquay Obs. . 


5.21 


1. 11 


19 


3 


47.1 


41. 1 


52.6 


46.9 


32 


63 


82 


6.5 


128.3 


5 


Torquay Wtrshd. 






























Kennick . 


6.68 


.81 


»9 


29 


... 




... 


... 










... 


... 


Laployd . 


7.22 


.85 


13 


-9 








... 








... 




... 


Mardon . .6.10 


'73 


13 


30 


... 




... 












... 


•.. 


Torrington 


634 


.92 


8 


27 










25 


58 








•*• 


Totnes 






























(Berry Pomeroy)' 7.43 


I.OI ! 8 


26! ... 




... 


... 








... 




... 


Woolacombe 


5.44 


.82 


8 


26 


46.0 

1 


42.1 


50.0 


46.1 


35 


62 


85 


7.4 


91.3 


8 



VOL. XLVn. 



Digitized by 



Google 



178 



THIBTY-THIRD REPORT (THIBD SERIES) OP THE 



APRIL, 1914. 





RAINFALL. 


TEMPERATURK IN 


SCREEN. 


CI 










; 


ORKATK8T 
TXLL IK 




MKA2CS. 


KXTRXMB. 




t 


STATION. 


a4HOUSS. 


1 




1 

a 

i 


1 


1 


i 

E 


1 


s 


m 


i 

1 

s 


& 




1 


1 


: 

• 

a 




ills. 


ins. 






deg. 1 deg. 


deg. 1 deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


% 0-1 0| hours. 


Abbotskerswell . 


X.98 


.41 


4!i3 


... ! ... 


... ... 




... 


, 


Ashburt'n(Druid) 


2.55 


•53 


4 10 


52.9 '43-4 


58.9 '51.2 


'■■ 38 


69 


68 


3.6' ... 


Ashburton 








1 










1 


(West Street) 


2.43 


•48 


4 10 


... 1 ... 




... 


... 




... i ... , - 


Banistaple . 


^•33 


, .61 


IO| 9 


52.7 .41.6 


59.0 50.31 33 


74 


69 


4.0 ! ... ;... 


Bere Alston 


2.08 


.45 


10,10 51.9 ;42.o 


58.8 ! 50.4 


37 


69 




... 1 


BraDdis Corner . 


2.52 


•50 


10 10 ... 38.5 1 58.6 1 48.3 


, 28 


73 


... 


... 244.1 


Cowsic Valley . 


5-05 




... 1 ' ... ... ' ... 


1 ... 








Cnllompton 
DeviFsTor 


1.77 


i -36 


S'li , 53.2 140.0 61.4 50.7 


1 32 


74 


71 ,5.2 230.1 


2.70 


1 ... ;... 


... , ... j 


1 , 




1 1, , 


Exeter 


1.17 


.20 


3 


10 ; 53.1 '42.8 


60.2 '51.5 


' 36 


71 




1 


Holne 


2.94 


.«3 


4 


101 ... 1 ... 










... : 


Huccaby . 


2.71 


•55 


4 


10' ... ; ... 


... 1 ... 


... 




... 


1 
... 1 


Ilfracombe . 


1.82 


.41 


4 


10; ... J45.8 


56.7 5'-3 


41 


66 


77 


4.0,255.2 


Leusdou . 


2.93 


\-M 


4 


II 


... 1 .. 






• .. 




... 1 ... 


Lyn mouth . 
Newton Abbot . 


2.70 


10 


II 


... 44.1 


55.0 49.6 


37 


68 




' ... 


1-43 


.26 


4 


II 








... 


... 


I 


Okehampton 


2.37 


} .49 


5 


10 


... ' ... 


••• ' ..« 


! 


... 




... ... ^Z 


Plymouth Obs. . 


1.97 


! .54 


4 


12 53.9 ;44.7 


58.1 1 51.4 


38 


71 


80 


5.0 240.0 1 


PlyniouthWtshd.1 
aead Weir . 2.86 


1 
















; .64 


4 


12: ... ! ... 




1 








Si ward's Cross . 2. 96 


i *.. 




t ' 






; .„ 


Postbridge. . 3.52 


: .70 ! 9 


J2 ... , ! ... 


i ••• 






** t 


Prince town . 4.36 


:i.i7 


9 


II 47.7 '40.7 54.4:147.6 


1 35 


68 


... 


5.7 ... '..- 


Roborough 






1 










(S. Devon) 2.46 


.58 


4 


12 ... , ... 






... 


Rousdon . .1.40 


; -39 


9 


II ... 142.2 '56.4 49.3 


! 36 


67 


... 


... !24a2 I 


Salcombe . .1.38 


.48 


4 


10 ... .44 I 57.2:49.1 


37 


65 


... 


... .241.0 ' I 


Sidmouth . .1.45 


.28 


9 


II 52.9 '42.6 57.6,50.1 


36 


68 


71 


5.0 256.6 j 1 


Simontbath . 4.66 


.86 ; 5 


II 1 ... , ..-. 


29 


65 




South Brent .' 3.14 


.82 4 II 


, 








; ,. 


Tavistock 2.15 


•45 


10 12 53.6 


42.7 58.6 50.7 


35 


73 


71 


5.3 .... ... 


Teignmouth Obs. i .33 
Teignraouth 

(Benton) 1.05 


.25 


24 10, 51.4 


43.8 58.1 50.9 


i 38 


69 


75 


4.2 235.3 ^ 


.19 


4J10 51.7 


42.4 1 57.8 150. 1 


1 36 


67 


76 


5.0. ... '.-. 


Toi-quay Obs. . 1.20 


i .44 


4' 10 52.6 


45.4 58.3,151.9 


1 38 


67 


76 


4.5 236.5 


Torquay Wtrshd. 
















Kenniek . . 1.99 


•35 


10 10 ... 







1 


... 


. ' ... ! ••• 


Laployd . .| 2.25 


1 .42 


10' 10 






< ... 


... 


1 1 **' 


Mardon .! 2.01 


: .33 iTir'lO, ... 


;.; 










i 1 


Torrington . 2.28 


.56 10 10 ... ' ... 


... 


... 


31 


67 


1 


Totnes ' 




1 ' 














(Berry Pomeroy)' 1.47 


.42 4 II ... 






... 


1 ... 




,.. 1 j... 


Woolacombe 


1.42 


.32 


10 


9 


51.9 


45.9 


S'7.8 


51.9 


40 

i 


70 


75 


3.5 


,246.5 

1 


I 



Digitized by 



Google 



COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OP DEVON. 



179 



MAY, 1914. 







RAINFALL. 


TEMPERATUUK IN SCREEN. 


B 

1 


5 








P 


OR KA TEST 

FALL IN 
34 HOURS. 


1 


M KA NS, 


EXTRfiMEH. 


s 

a 


t. 


BTATION. 




i 


i 


i 


i 
1 

"S 
3 


£ 

3 

B 


a 








1 

a 


Abbotskers 
Ashburt'n(l 
Ashburton 
(Wests 
Barnstaple 
Bere Alstoi 
Brandis Coi 
Cowsic Vail 
Callompton 
Devil's Tor 
Exeter 
Holne 
Hnocaby , 
Ilfracombe 
Leusdon 
Lynmouth 
Kewton Ab 
Dkehampto 
Plymouth ( 
Plymouth^ 
"flead We 
Siward's 
Postbridge 
Prince town 
Roborough 
(8. E 
Rousdon 
Salcombe . 
5idmouth 
Mraonsbath 
>outb Bren 
Tavistock . 
TeignmoUtl 
reignmoutl 

(B€ 

Toiiquay 01 
Torquay Wt 

Kennick . 

Laployd . 

Mardon . 
Torrington . 
Totnes 
(Berry Pon 
ft'oolacomb 


well . 
[)ruid) 

;treet) 

1 
mer . 

bot ; 

n 

)b8. . 

^tshd. 

ir 

Oi-oss. 

teyon) 

i obs! 

jnton) 
»s. . 
trshd. 

leroy) 
e 


ins. 
»-53 

2.23 
2.l8 

i.6o 
2.05 
1.69 
3.90 
2.01 
2.80 
1.51 
2.76 
2.71 
1.90 

2.77 
2.09 

1.74 
2.02 
1.60 

327 
2.94 

1.57 
1.77 
3.56 
3.02 

til 

1.43 
1.38 

2.17 
2.25 
2.23 
1.32 

1*51 
1.62 


ins. 
.70 
.96 

I.OI 

.35 
.61 

.37 

•32 

.41 
.97 

I.OO 

.69 

.66 

•63 
.96 

... 
.79 

1-43 

.79 

t 

.56 

•97 
1. 21 

.75 
.70 

.53 
.56 

.66 
.67 
.67 
.44 

.71 

.54 


3 
3 

3 
3 
3 
3 

3 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

3 

7 
3 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 
3 
3 

3 
3 


II 
14 

15 
14 
15 
14 

17 

15 
15 

'3 
14 
14 
14 
13 
13 
13 

17 

15 
14 

17 
16 
II 
16 

14 
12 
16 
13 

14 
12 

14 
15 
17 
13 

14 
13 


deg. 
54.6 

54-3 
54.1 

55.3 
54.9 

55.'9 

50.4 

54.9 

54.7 
54.7 

54.1 
55.5 

53.6 


deg. 
46.0 

44.2 
45-1 
40.5 

44.0 

46.2 

48*1 
4'6.*3 

4(3.8 

42.5 

43.8 
46.6 

45.3 

44.3 
47.3 

4*7.8 


cTeg. 

6;;.V 

59.7 
61. 1 

59.5 
62.8 
62.2 

57.'6 
60.0 

59.4 

55.7 

58.8 
59.9 
59.9 

59.6 
60.1 

60.2 
60.6 

58.3 


deg. 
53.3 

52.0 

53.1 
50.0 

53.4 
54.2 

52.9 
53.2 

53.1 

49.1 

51.3 
53.2 
52.6 

52.0 
53.7 

52.9 
54.4 

53-1 


deg. 
39 

36 
37 
31 

33 

39 

42 
40 

39 

35 

34 
36 

35 
40 

37 
41 

33 

42 


deg. 
74 

72 
75 
72 

77 

73 

69 
67 

70 

71 

72 

71 
73 

74 
73 

74 
72 

65 
69 


% 

6^ 
70 

71 
78 
71 

72 

70 
73 

71 
69 

7' 


0-10 
5.2 

6.0 
6.3 

6.0 
6!o 

6.1 

6.4 
5.1 

6.1 
5.0 

5.4 


hours. 

1744 
190.0 

214.2 

215.6 

213-5 
221.9 

203.4 

215.6 

2253 

196.5 


i 

!*" 

s 

3 

... 
2 

4 
5 

2 

2 
2 

5 



Digitized by 



Google 



180 



THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OP THE 



JUNE, 1914. 





RAINFALL. 


TKMPERATURK IN 


SCREEN. 


•i 

Ok 


3 








I 


7ALL IN 




MEANS. 


KXTUEUBft. 


• 


STATION. 


34 HOURS. 


1 

1 


I' 


! . 


a 


B 

B 

e 
a 

i 


1 

"5 


2 
"5 

s 

a 


i 
1 


5 




t 
& 




i 


1 

H 


s 

a 




ins. 


ins. 






deg. deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


% 


0-10 


hours. 




Abbotskerswell . 


X.48 


.50 


9 


9 






... 


... 






... 


... 


... 


A8bburt'n(Druid) 


X.52 


.46 


9 


10 


60.8 50.3 


67.'7 


59.0 


41 


79 


70 


3.7 


... 


... 


Ashburton 


























* (West Street) 


1.48 


.47 


8 


10 


... ... 


... 


... 




... 


... 







Barnstaple . 


2.20 


.66 


9 10 


59.7 50.6 


65.6 


58.1 


42 


77 


75 


6.0 




Bere Alston 


1.84 


.67 


9 10 


59.8 50.9 


69.5 


60.2 


H 


53 




... 




Brandis Corner . 


1.88 


.56 


9 10 


... 


47.5 


66.3 


56.9 


38 


80 


... 


... 


22ao I 


Cowsic Valley . 


1-95 






... 


... 












... 








Cullompton 
Devil's Tor 


1.95 


;46 


V 


10 


61.5 


49.4 


69.8 


59*6 


41 


82 


71 


M 


233.1 


2 


2.20 




















... 


... 






Exeter 


1. 17 


'.38 


9 


8 


62.0 ' 52.0 


6^*6 60.8 


43 


'si> 




... 






Koine 


1.32 


.53 


9 


8 




... 


... i ... 




... 


... 


... 






Hnccaby . 


1.69 


•57 


9 


9 


... 




... 


... 


... 




... 




... 




Ilfracombe . 


1.84 


.70 


9 


7 




53.2 


63.6 


58.4 


47 


72 


79 


7.0 


215.6 




Leusdon 


1. 71 


.48 


9 


9 


... 




... 
















Lynmouth . 


2.49 


'.88 


q 


10 


... 


52.2 


64.0 


58.1 


44 


72 






' ... 


Newton Abbot . 


1.38 


•43 


8 


10 


















... 


Okehampton 
Plymouth Obs. . 


2.10 


.48 


20 


8 


















1.18 


•43 


9 


II 


60.8 


52.1 


65.'7 


S"8.9 


42 


75 


75 7.0 


241.5 


PlymouthWtshd. 
:B[ead Weir . 






















! 




2.20 


•55 


9 


14 






... 






... 


...| ... 




Si ward's Cross. 


2.15 








... 


... 


... I ... 


... 









Postbridge 


2.05 


':U 


9 


14 






... 


... 




... 





;;: j;:: 


Princetown 


2.77 


14 


13 


59.2 


48.6 


62.6 


55.6 


38 


77 


••'\6.7 




Roborough 




























(S. Devon) 


1.67 


.58 


9 


12 




... 






... 


... 








Rousdon . 


2.27 


1.04 


14 


10 


... 


48.9 


65*7 


57.3 


39 


74 




... 


27a 2 2 


Salcombe . 


0.87 


.21 


8 


12 


... 


51.2 


67.8 


59.5 


43 


75 






260.9 


Sid mouth . 


1-73 


.78 


9 


9 


60.2! 50.3 


66.3:58.3 


42 


74 


79 


6-'5 


265.9 2 


Simonsbath 


3-52 


.80 


22 


12 


... i ... 




... 


40 


73 








South Brent 


1.47 


.41 


9 


10 




... 




... 








... 


... 


Tavistock 


2.10 


.60 


9 


14 


6<^'3 


49.7 


66.8 


S8.3 


39 


79 


73 6.4 


... 


Teignmouth Obs. 


1.06 


.40 


9 


9 


60.0 


52.5 


67.4 ! 60.0 


45 


76 


75 5.3 


251.7 I 


Teignmouth 














1 00 










(Benton) 


1.08 


.42 


9 


II 


60.7 


50.4 


67.2 58.8 


42 


75 


72 6.8 




Torquay Obs. 


0.78 


•32 


9 


9 


61.3 


52.8 


67.9 60.4 


44 


76 


71 5-0 


261.0 


Torquay Wtrshd. 






















1 




Kenniok 


1-95 


.71 


8 


10 




... 


... 












Laployd . 


2.19 


.75 


8 


10 






... 






... 


... 


... 




Mardon . 


1.74 


.67 


8 


10 






... 




... 


... 


> 






Torrington . 

TnfiiPi* 


1.66 


.63 


9 


II 


... 




... 


... 


37 


87 


.*!!. ... 

1 


... ... 


XULI1C9 

(Berry Pomeroy) 


1-34 


.61 


9 


9 




... 




... 










... 


Woolacombe 


2.15 


.75 


,9 


8 


58.3 


53-2 


63.'7 


58.5 


46 


74 


80 


5-4 


202.9 






Digitized by 



Google 



COMMITTBB ON THE CUMATB OF DEVON. 



181 



JULY, 1914. 





1 


RAINFALL. 


TEMPBRATURE IN SCREEN. 


i 

a 

m 


1 


i 
1 






1 


OBRATIST 

FALL IN 
34 HOURS. 


1 


MCAKS. 




^. 


STATION. 




1 

S 


1 
1 


i 


i 

e 

1 


E 

S 


a 




t 
& 


1 


1 


^bbotskeiw 
iBhburt'n(I 
ishbnrton 

(Wests 
Barnstaple . 
Bere Alston 
Brandis Coi 
3ow8ic Vail 
[)allompton 
Devil's Tor 
Bxeter 
Bobie 
Buccaby 
Bfracombe 
Lensdon 
Lynmouth . 
Newton Ab 
)kekampto 
Plymouth C 
PlymouthlW 
Head We 
Siward's ( 
Postbridge 
Princetown 
^borovgh 
(S. E 
Sonsdon . 
Salcombe 
Sidmouth 
^imonsbath 
fouth Bren 
Tavistock 
Peignmoutl] 
feignmoutl] 
(Be 
Torquay Ob 
Torquay W 
Kennick 
Laployd . 
Mardon 
Torrington 
Totnes 
(Berry Pon 
^oolacomb 


^ell . 
)ruid) 

treet) 

•ner . 
ey . 

bot [ 
n 

)b8. . 

^tshd. 
ir . 
Uross. 

evon) 

fc ! 

I Obs. 

i 

mton) 

6. 

trshd. 

leroy) 
e 


ins. 
3.72 
4.79 

4.47 
4.60 

7.17 
3.58 
5.65 
4.09 
6.85 

3.44 
6.04 
7.07 
3.81 
6.48 

3.91 
3.62 
4.67 
5.63 

7.39 
8.50 
8.06 
9.52 

7.30 
6.12 
3.26 
4.62 

M9 
6.02 

5.99 
3.38 

*3.39 
2.97 

5.21 
5.56 

5.13 
4.67 

3.60 
3.76 


ins. 
2.21 
2. II 

2.14 

1.18 

1.42 

.87 

1*70 

1.87 
2.48 
3.23 
.95 
2.55 

Ul 
1.67 
1.62 

1.70 

2.84 
2.26 

2.01 
1.06 

2.10 

X.88 
1.89 
1.24 
1.70 

1.20 
1-59 

2.39 
2.52 

1.83 

1.02 


19 
19 

19 
19 

4 

19 

19 

19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 

19 

19 
19 

19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 

19 
19 

19 
19 
19 
19 

19 
19 

1 


7 
18 

19 
22 
20 
20 

23 

;i 

16 

17 
16 

14 
14 
16 
20 

22 

22 
20 

22 

16 

19 
20 

II 
17 


deg. 
61V4 

61.5 
61.6 

62.9 

62.S 
S6.4 

61.1 
62.7 

62.2 
63.1 


deg. 
54.2 

52.4 

54.3 
51.0 

5*3.5 
5*5.'4 

56.4 
56.0 

55.3 

50.3 

52.8 
55.5 
54.3 

56.0 

54.1 
56.5 

5'5.'6 


deg. 
66:5 

66.0 
67.6 
66.0 

6'9.'8 

70.4 

65.3 
66.1 

65.9 
6ii.'8 

u:, 

66.6 

68!o 

67.4 
67.8 

65.3 


deg. 

6;;:3 

59.9 
61.0 

58.5 

6V.V 
62.9 

60.9 
6i.*i 

60*6 
56.0 

60.5 

62.0 

60.7 
62.2 


deg. 
46 

43 
44 
40 

41 

45 

50 
50 

46 

45 

45 
47 
44 
39 

41 
46 

45 
49 

39 
49 


deg. 
77 

79 
84 
80 

85 
78 

78 
76 

76 

75 

75 
73 
79 
75 

80 
77 

76 
76 

83 

73 


% 

74 
76 

76 

79 
80 

80 

73 
75 

80 

75 

80 


0-10 
6.3 

... 
7.0 

8.0 
7.0 
8.0 
8.1 

8.0 

7.'8 
5.7 

7.6 
6.0 

6.3 


hours. 

140.0 
158.1 

192.5 
183.5 

166^1 
206.2 
191.7 

176.3 
178.6 

177.6 


I 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 

2 
2 

z 



Digitized by 



Google 



182 



THIRTY -THIRD REPORT (THIRD SBRIBS) OF THB 



AUGUST, 1914. 





RAINFALL. 


TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN. | 


i 


f 








ORKAnST 






KXTuain. 




f ■ 


FALL IW 




1 




Ok 


1 

1 




STATION 


S4BOUB8. 


1 

9 


1^ 


1 


1 


s 


1 


1 




i 
1 




i 


i 




6 


& 


& 


^ 




X 


a 


» a 1 


* 


n 


6 


s . 




ins. 


ins. ' 




deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


deg. 1 % 


0-10 


hours. 


Abbotskerswell . 


3.08 


1. 17 14 


9 




• •• 






... 




... 


... 


A8hburt'n(Druid) 
Ashburton 

(West Street) 


3.91 


.70 r 4 


13 


62:7 


54.8 


68.1 


6V.'5 


SO 


74 78 


4.6 


... 


3." 


•54 25 


13 


... 












... 


... 


Barnstaple . 


4.06 


■75 I 


17 


56.0 


53-1 


6'7.'8 


6^.4 


43 


81 78 


6.0 




Bere Alston 


2.98 


.92 25 


16 


61.2 


53-4 


68.6 


61.0 


43 


77 ; ... 


... 


... 


Brandis Comer . 


329 


.67 I 


16 


... 


50.0 


69.0 


59.5 


40 


82 ... 


... 


205.1 


Cowsic Valley . 


7.10 


... 


... 


... 










..V ... 


... 




•OuUompton 
Devil'sTor 


3- 19 


•73115 


17 


63.7 


si'e 


7^-5 


6'2.*I 


44 


82 179 


6.5 


187.9 


4.70 


... 1... 


... 


















Exeter 


1.90 


.82 15 


12 


ai's 


54.4 


71. 1 


62.7 


48 


79 1 ::: 




... 


Holne 


4.48 


.90 15 


13 














... 


... 


Huccaby . 


357 


.71 


14 


13 







... 






... 




llfracombe . 


4.97 


1.15 


20 


15 


• 57.5 


66.9 


62.2 


53 


82 82 


6.0 


224.1 


Leusdon . 


3-65 


.71 


14 


12 




,, 


... 


••? 







Lyumouth . 
Newton Abbot . 


3-46 


.67 


14 


16 


• 55.3 


66.3 


60.8 


52 


73 1 - < - 




2.38 


•59 


14 


12 






... 








... 


Okehampton 
Plymouth Obs. . 


3-44 


.48 


3 


16 


... 


... 1 ... 













2.32 


.61 


I 


13 


61.8 


55.4 , 67.4 


6v:4 


48 


77 :83 


7.0 


23^ I 


PlymouthWtshd. 












1 






1 






Head Weir . 


4.77 


1.03 


25 


16 


... 




... 


... 


».. 


... ' ... 


... 


... 


Siward's Cross. 


4.83 








... 


• .,, 






... 


... 




... 


... 


Postbridge . 


S.89 


.97 


8 


15 


... 


... 




... 


... 






... 


... 


Princetown 


6.37 


1.45 


25 


15 


58.0 


52.2 


63-4 


57.8 


47 


71 




6.8 


... 


Roborough 




























(S. Devon] 


3.19 


1. 10 


25 


13 




... 


... 




... 


• -• 


... 




... 


Rousdon . 


2.96 


.85 


14 


13 




53.1 


65-9 


59-5 


47 


74 


... 


... 


2II.7 


Salcombe . 


2.44 


.54 


26 


12 


... 


55-2 


66.7 


60.9 


48 


72 




... 


255-9 


Sidmonth . 


2.90 


• 9^^ 


14 


12 


62.S 


54.4 


67.2 


60.8 


48 


77 


83 


6.2 


219.0 


Simonsbath 


527 


■83 


25 


18 








... 


43 


74 




... 




South Brent 


4.41 


1. 12 


25 


14 


... 






... 






... 


... 


... 


Tavistock . 


4.17 


.96 


25 


17 


62.7 


53-3 


6J'.6 


60.5 


44 


78 


79 


5-7 




Teignmouth Obs. 


2.09 


.66 


14 


9 


62. S 


55.9 


69.1 


62.5 


SO 


73 


80 


5-1 


217.1 


Teignmouth 




























(Benton] 


1.98 


•55 


14 


10 


62.6 


54.4 


69.1 


61.2 


50 


74 


80 


5.7 


... 


Torquay Obs. . 


2.39 


1.08 


14 


12 


63-3 


56.7 


68.6 


62.7 


52 


74 


77 


4-5 


230.9 


Torquay Wti-shd. 




\ 
























Kennick . 


2.38 


.46 


14 


14 


... 


... 




... 


... 


... 


... 




... 


Laployd . 


2.69 


•45 


15 


14 


... 


... 


... 


... 


... 






... 




Mardon . 


2.69 


.70 


15 


15 




... 


... 






... 


... 




... 


Torrington 


4.00 


.81 


4 


15 


... 


... 






42 


75 


... 


... 


... 


Totnes 




























(Berry Pomeroy^ 


3.09 


.58 


14 


13 




... 


... 


... 






... 


... 


... 


Woolacombe 


3.80 


.92 


25 


14 


62.'7 


57- 1 


67.3 


62.2 

1 
1 


52 


82 


82 


5.0 


212.6 



Digitized by 



Google 



COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON. 



183 



SEPTEMBER, 1914. 





RAINFALL. 


TBMPBRATURB IN 


SORBEN. 


i 












OBKATEST 




MEANS. 


EXTRKICES. 


i 




4 

0, 

& 


FALL IN 










0* 


• 




STATION. 


34 HOUIta. 


1 




i 


i 


ti 


6 

1 


i 

9 

B 


if 

2 


i 


1 


& 




•S 




1 




3 


1 


1 






i 




1 


i 


M 


§ 


1 


CO 


1 




ius. 


ins. 






deg. : deg. deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


% 


0-10 


hours. 




Abbotskerswell . 3.61 


1.40 


9 


10 


... ... ... 












.. . 




Aflhbiirfii(Dniid) 
Ashburton 

(West Street) 


2.95 


.99 


9 


14 


59.7 50-8 64.7 


57-7 


40 


74 


76 


4.3 






2.68 


I.Ol 


9 


11 













... 




Barnstaple . 


2.79 


.55 


9 


12 


5*8.4 48.6 65.0 


56.8 


32 


78 


80 


4.0 


... 




Bere Alston 


3.2s 


1. 00 


7 


13 


57.4 48.1 64.3 


S6.2 


31 


73 










Brandis Corner . 


3.13 


.75 


>4 


12 










... 


... 199.3 


3 


Cowsic Valley . 


4.60 








... 1 ... ! ... 


... 


... 


... 










Cullompton 


2.32 


.70 


9 


12 


59.5 '46.6 67.2 


56.9 


32 


79 


80 


5-'4 


177.9 


2 


DeTiVsTor . 3.85 


... 




... 


1 








... 






... 


Exeter . J 2.46 


1.50 


9 io| 


59.2 48.2 ' 65.8 


57.0 


36 


76 


... 








Holne . .! 3.30 


1.06 


9 


12 


... , ... 1 ... 








... 


... 






Huccaby . .| 2.27 


1.05 


9 


13 


* ... 






... 


... 




... 




Ilfracombe. .! 2.82 


1.07 


9 


12 


... I54.6 64.9 


59*8 


43 


76 


75 


4.0 


207.3 


... 


Leusdon . .3-34 


.98 


9 


II 


















Lynmouth . . 3.02 
Newton Abbot .1 2.08 


1.60 
.62 


9 
9 


12 
14 


... 52.0 61. 1 


S6.'6 


40 


73 








... 


Okehampton •2.99 
Plymouth Obs. . 3.04 


.65 


9 


12 










... 










... 


.82 


7 


10 


60.8 


51.9 


65.5 


58'7 


38 


77 


79 


5.0 


206.6 


I 


PlymouthWtshd.; 
























Head Weir .3.94 


.64 16 


14 








... 


... 


... 


... 




... 


Siward's Cross. 4.06 










... •... 


... 


... 


... 






... 


Postbridge. .' 5.22 


1. 14 1 9 


>3 


... 


..! 




... 






... 




... 1 ... 


Princetown .1 5.33 


1.00 


13 


12 


55.2 


45.2 


59.6 


52.4 


38 


71 


... 


6.*o 


1 


Roborough 1 
























! 


(S. Devon) 


3.08 


.85 


7 


13 


... 


... 


... 






... 


... 




... .1 ... 


Roosdon . 


2.70 


1. 12 


9 


9 




50.0 


63.0 


56.S 


39 


72 






210. 1 I 


Salcombe , 


3.47 


.68 


7 


II 




52.0 


63.9 


57.9 


39 


71 






209.8 


Sidmouth . 


3.84 


2.15 


9 


10 


6^.3 


51.3 


64.8 


58.1 


40 


76 


76 


4.9 


226. 1 


Simonsbath 


4.64 


1.36 


9 


>3 






... 




31 


69 


... 








South Brent 


5.09 


1.21 


10 


12 


... 












... 


... 


... 


... 


Tavistock 


2.78 


.56 


16 


12 


60.5 


48.6 


64.7 


56.7 


33 


78 


74 


5-2 




... 


Teignmouth Obs. 


2.52 


1. 10 


9 


12 


58.S 


51.6 


65.0 


58.3 


37 


74 


80 


4.2 


188.5 


I 


Teignmouth 






























(Benton) 


2.42 


1.19 


9 


12 


59.2 


51.3 


64.9 


58.1 


38 


75 


83 


5.6 




... 


Torquay Obs. . 


2.53 


1.26 


9 


II 


59-9 


53-0 


65.3 


59.2 


42 


74 


79 


4.5 


198.5 


I 


Torquay Wtrshd. 




1 
























Kennick . 


2-55 


.80 i 9 


14 


... 


... 






... 






... 


... 




Laployd . 


2.91 


.65 


9 


12 


... 








... 






... 




... 


Mardon . 


2.95 


.99 


9 


15 


... 


... 




... 




... 




... 






Torrington . 
Totnes 
(Berry Poraeroy) 


2.42 


.47 


9 


12 




... 


... 


... 


■29 


72 




... 


... 


... 


2.98 


.98 


9 


13 






1 


1 ... 




... 







Woolacomlie 


2.32 


.84 


1 9 
1 


9 


^.■7 


53.9 


65:1 


159.5 


1 45 

t 

1 


77 


74 


3.5 


191. 4 


2 

! 



Digitized by 



Google 



184 



THIRTY-THIBD BBFOBT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE 















OCTOBER, 


1914. 
















RAINFALL. 


TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN. 


i 

1 








I 


GREATEST 

FALL JN 
34 HOURS. 


a 
1 


WIEAMB. 


XXTUKME». 


1 
1 


i 


STATION. 




c 

i 


i 
1 


d 
t 


1 


1 


& 




5 

1 


1 


1 

1 


Abbotskersi 
Ashburt'n(I 
Ashburton 

(Wests 
Barnstaple . 
Bere Alston 
Brandis Coi 
Cowsic Vail 
CuUompton 
Devirs Tor 
Exeter 
Holne 
Huccaby 
Ilfracombe 
Leusdon 
I^nmouth 
Newton Ab 
Okehampto 
Plymoutli ( 
PlymouthW 
Head We 
Siward's( 
Postbridge 
Princetown 
Roborough 
(S. r 
Rousdon 
Salcombe . 
Sidmouth 
Simonsbath 
South Bren 
Tavistock 
Teignmoutl 
Teignmoutl 
(Bi 
Torquay 01 
Torquay W 
Kennick 
Laployd 
Mardon 
Toi-rington 
Totnea 
(Berry Por 
Woolacomb 


«rell . 
)ruid) 

treet) 

•ner . 
ey . 

bot ! 

n 

3bs. . 
"-tshd. 
ir 
>oss. 

>evon) 

t 

iobs! 

1 

Bnton) 

»s. 

trshd. 

iieroy) 
e 


ins. 

3-45 

4.14 

3.79 
2.78 
3.36 
3.36 
2.30 

3.71 
S.00 
2.90 
3.61 
3.13 
2.20 

3.94 
3.80 

4.18 
2.85 

3-59 
4.93 

3.37 
2.97 
5.40 
4.42 
300 

2.66 

4.00 

4.45 
4.1S 
3.62 

3.66 
2.32 


ins. 

.83 
i.os 

I.O'l 

.48 
.84 
•55 

.87 

.92 
.68 
1.20 
.48 
.80 

.75 
.70 

H* 
1.80 

.8s 
•79 

.82 
1.29 

I-7S 
.70 

.62 
.70 

1.33 
I. 19 

.95 

1.02 
.36 


31 
31 

3i 
28 

31 

22 

31 

31 
22 

31 
25 

11 

31 
31 
31 

3> 

31 
3> 

25 
31 
31 
23 
25 
31 
31 
31 

31 
31 

31 
31 
31 
31 

31 
31 


15 

15 
17 
13 
14 
... 

17 

1*6 
14 
14 

lO 

15 
27 

15 
14 
12^ 

14 

1*6 
15 

\l 

12 

;i 

15 
15 
14 

IS 

13 

15 
15 
16 

13 

14 
'3 


deg. 
5*2.9 

5i":6 

50.3 

51.3 
52.9 

5'4.'3 
49.8 

52.9 

53.1 
52.3 

52.6 
53-5 

54.6 


deg. 
47.0 

42.6 
44-4 

42.3 
45.'8 

50.7 
49.0 

4'7.'6 

44.0 

4'4.'8 
47.8 
45-9 

48!o 

47.0 
49.0 

50.0 


deg. 
58:8 

58.0 
57.8 

58.8 
5'8.3 

5'8.2 
59.1 

58'7 

52.9 

56.9 
58.6 
58.1 

si's 
59.3 

58.9 

59-4 
58V5 


deg. 
52.9 

50.3 
51.1 

50.6 
52.0 

54.5 
54.1 

si-i 

48.4 
50.9 

53-2 
52.0 

53.6 

52.9 
54.2 

54.3 


deg. 
37 

34 
32 

31 
35 

41 
40 

36 

34 

35 
37 
36 
32 

38 
37 

29 

52 


deg. 
65 

62 
64 

67 
64 

::: 
62 

62 
64 

... 

60 

t^ 
65 

57 

65 

67 
66 

58 
63 


% 
82 

8s 

79 

84 

84 

85 

!' 
82 

83 


0-10 
6.1 

8.0 

§ 

7.0 
8.0 
6.is 
7.1 

if 

6.6 


hours. 

... 1 

97.5 

80.0 

... 

::: 

9i.'5 

... 
101.7 

103.8 

115.9 

96.4 

93.6 
103.9 

94.7 


4 
7 

... 

... 

3 

8 
5 

4 

3 

4 



Digitized by 



Google 



COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON. 



185 



NOVEMBER, 1914. 





RAI.NKAI.L. 


TEMPERATURE IN 


SCREEN. 





^ 









3 


ORRATK8T 
FALL IN 




MKAMS. 


XXTnCUQ. 


i 


STATION. 


24 HOURS. 






1 

3 


i 
J_ 




1 

a 


a 
S 
'h 

1 


1 


d 

s 


i 
1 


i 




1 




00 




ins. 


ins. 






deg. 


deg. 


deg. 


i 

deg. 


deg. 


dcs. 


% 0-10 


hours. 




Abbc^tskerswell . 


5.73 


1.09 


29 


16 










... 










A8hburt'n(Druid) 


8.59 


1.65 


29 


20 


46.1 


40.9 


51.3 


46.1 


29 


60 


87 1 6.0 






Aahbarton 




























(West Street) 


7.89 


1-55 


29 


20 






... 








... 1 ... 






Barnstaple . 


4.32 


.59 


30 


20! 45.0 


38*5 


52^ 


45.3 


22 


58 


84 1 7.0 






Bere Alston 


4.23 


.78 


I 


21: 43.6 


37.5 


50.8 


44.1 


23 


S8 


...; ... 




... 


Brandis Corner . 


4.39 


.50 


i\ 


18 ... 











1 


62V4 


9 


Cowsic Valley . 


11-55 




14 








... 













Cnllompton 
Devil's Tor 


3.08 


.'38 


ii 


20 


44.2 


37.4 


50.7 


44.1 


21* 


60 


88 8.1 


47- « 


13 


5.10 






... 










... 




... 1 ... 






Exeter 


2-55 


-47 


4 


20 45-5 


39.2 


50.3 44.7 


25 


59 


... ' ... 




... 


Holne 


8.48 


1-75 


29 


18 ... 










...i ... 




... 


Huccaby . ,\ 6.21 


;l 


29 


20 






... 




... 


1 


... 




Ilfracombe . 


4.96 


15 


19 




44.4 


53.1 48.8 


32 


59 


84 '8.0 


55.1 


... 


Lensdon . 


8.96 


■3 


29 


21 








... 






... 


... 






L^mouth 
Newton Abbot . 


5.46 


30 


19 ... 


42.2 


50.2 


46.2 


30 


58 






... 




4-74 


.76 


29 


2o| ... 




... 












..' 


Okehampton 
Plymouth Obs. . 


5- 13 


.66 


29 


17 




... 


... 


... 


... 


...| ... 


.. 


... 


4.21 


1. 10 


I 


21 


47.1 


42.4 


52.0 47.2 


27 


60 


898.0 


68.5 


10 


PlymouthWtshd. 




















1 






Head Weir . 


6.71 


1.72 


29 


23 




... 


... 


... 


... 






... 


Siward*s Cross . 


7.07 








... 


... 


... 






i 




... 


Postbridge . 


10.53 


2.37 


29 


221 ... 


... 








... 1 ... 


... 




Princetown 


10.66 


3-17 


29 


21 141.8 


37-5 


46.7,42.1 


25 


53 


...8.8 






Roborough 




i 


















(S. Devon) 


4.74 


.94 


I 


21 1 ... 


... 


... i ... 


. 


... 








Rousdon . 


3.88 


.77 


2 


19 




39.8 


50.1 145.0 


28 


64 




84.'8 


6 


Salcombe . 


4.48 


.70 


14 


19 


... 


42.2 


52.3 47.3 


29 


59 




75.8 


10 


Sidmouth . 


3.27 


.55 


2 


18 


464 


40.6 


51.31 46.0 


29 


59 


87 7.0 


70.8 


6 


Simonsbath 


8.21 


1.03 


30 


22 1 ... 


... 




23 


54 







... 


South Brent 


8.05 


1.40 


29 


22 1 .. 


... 


i ... 






...1... 


... 


... 


Tavistock . 


5-051 I- 19 


29 


22. 45.1 


38.2 


50,9 ; 44.6 


29 


59 


91 7.1 






Teignmouth Obs. 


4.35 -60 


29 


17 46.1 


42.1 


52.4 47.2 


28 


61 


89 


7.3 


62.6 


*6 


Teignmonth 


























(Benton) 


4.01 


.55 


4 


20 46.1 


40.9 


5-7 46.3 


29 


60 


95 7.7 


... 




Torquay Obs. . 


4.41 .71 


29 


15 ! 47.6 


42.8 '52.9147.9 


32 


61 


86; 7.0 


70.1 


6 


Torquay Wtrshd. 


1 




















Kennick . 


5.16 .87 


29 


25. ... 


... 


... 




... 







... 


Laployd . 


6.31 1.25 


29 


22 ... 








... 


... 1 ... 






Mardon . 


5-65 -97 


29 


22, ... 


... 


... I ... 


... 


... 










Torrington 


4.70 .83 


30 


21 1 ... 




1 


20 


51 




... 


... 




Totnes 


\ 




j 




1 '" 














(Berry Pomeroy) 


6.74' I- «4 


I 


17' ... 


... 


... 1 ... 






... 


... 




... 


Woolacombe 


4.52 


.95 


15 


18 


49.8 


43-8 


52.4 


48.1 


32 


58 


84 


6.5 


62.7 


10 



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186 



THIRTY-THIRD REPORT (THIRD SEBIBS) OF THE 



DECEMBER, 1914. 



STATION 



RATNFALL. 



Abbotskerswell . 
A8hbart'n(Druid) 
Ashburtoii 

(West Street) 
Barnstaple . 
Bere Alston 
Brandis Corner 
Cowsic Valley 
Cullompton 
Devil's Tor 
Exeter 
Holne 
Huccaby 
Ilfracombe 
Leusdon 
L^nmouth . 
Newton Abbot 
Okeharopton 
Plymouth Obs. . 
PlymouthWtshd. 

Head Weir 

Si ward's Cross. 
Postbridge 
Prinoctown 
Roborough 

(S. Devon) 
Rousdou . 
Salcombe . 
Sidmouth . 
Simonsbath 
South Brent 
Tavistock . 
Tcignmouth Obs. 
Tcignmouth 

(Benton) 
Torquay Obs. 
Torquay Wtrshd. 

Kennick . 

Laployd . 

Mardon . 
Torrington . 
Totnes 

(Berry Pomeroy) 
Woolacombe 



ms, 

11.49 
14.88 



OR K A TEST 

FALL IX 
34 HOUKB. 



ins. 
1. 12 

75 



13-991 I 

6.05, 
11.09 

9.381 
12.351 

8.43 I 

9.60 

7.56 I 
14.90 1 I 
14.86 j I 

7.651 I 
16.06 

9.49 

8.54 
11.82 

9.91 



13-26 
14.65 
18.23 
18.74 

11.78 

7.43 

8.86 

8.07 
10.67 
14.30 
11.32 

9.02 

7.74: 
9.51 1 

11.52I1 

13.401 I 

13.60! I 

7.45 1 



11.17 
6.14 



17 i30 



02 
68 
77 
17 
96 
27 
77 
39 
05 

50 

22 

74 

20 
88 

85 
16 

14 
53 
15 
07 

94 
99 

P 

67 
03 

08 
90 



30 

17 
30 

4 
17 

4 
17 
30 
30 

30 

17 
30 

25 

12 

28 

1 28 

28 
!i7 

30 
III 

II 
II 

30 

30 

30 

4 

30 

4 



TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN. 



4i 



42.0 



41. 1 

41.7 



deg. 
3'8.'6 



36.8 
36.2 



40.7 
42. 5 



27 
27 

28 

25 
26 

25 

28 

28 
26 
26 

25 
26 

27 
24 
26 

24 
27 

28 
26 

25 
23 
24 
29 
27 
27 
28 

27 

29 
25 

31 i 

29 1 

28, 



25 ... ! ... 

26 44.9 40.6 



34.9 
36.3 

40.7 
39-1 

45.0 ! 39-4 



38.8 I 34.7 



37.6 
39.9 
37.7 



43-1 



42.2 
43-9 

42.9 
44.4 



36.5 
39-0 

38.7 
40.1 



deg. 


deg. 


48.2 


43-4 


4-8.4 
47.5 


42.6 
41.9 


4*7.1 


41.0 


47.1 


41.7 


49.3 


... 
45.0 


46.2 


42.7 


49.6 


44-5 



deg. 
32 



25 
26 



23 
26 

31 
30 

30 



43.1 38.9 27 



47.0 
49.5 
48.3 



47.8 
49.5 

48.7 
49.4 



48.9 



42.3 
44-7 
43-0 



42.2 
44-2 

43-7 
44.8 



28 

32 
28 

24 

27 
29 

29 

31 



44.8 



33 



deg. 
54 



57 
54 



56 

54 



53 
55 
55 
50 

54 
56 

55 
55 



49 



55 



55 !88 
56 



80 



55 9» 



52 



89 



0-10 

6.4 

8.0 
7.6 

7.0 

8.0 

I 8.'8 

6.9 



7.5 ... . . 

7.1 69.4 I 8 

I 

7.2 ... |... 
6.0 69.6 ! 7 



83 



6.0 



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COHMITTEE ON THE CLIMATB OP DEVON. 



187 



SUMMARY FOR WHOLE YEAR 1914. 



STATION. 



RAINPALL. 



3 
& 



OREATK-MT 

FALL IX 
24 HOUKfi. 



3 



Abbotskerewel] . 
A8hburt'n(Druid) 
Ashborton 

(West Street) 
Barnstaple . 
Bere Alston 
Brmndis Corner 
Cowsic Valley 
CuUoropton 
Devil's Tor 
Exeter 
Holne 
Hnccaby 
Iliracombe 
Lenadon 
Ljjrnmouth . 
Newton Abbot . 
Okohampton 
Plymouth Obs. . 
PlymouthWtahd. 

Head Weir 

Siward's Cross . 
Poetbridge . 
Princetown 
Roborough 

(S. Devon) 
Ronsdon . 
Salcombe . 
Sidmouth . 
Simonabath 
South Brent 
Tavistock 
Teignmouth Obs. 
Teignmouth 

(Benton) 
Torquay Obs. 
Torquay Wtrslid 

Kennick . 

Laployd . 

Mardon . 
Torrington 
Totnes 

(Berry Pomeroy) 
Woolacombe 



ins. 


ins. 


1 


50.97 


2.21 


19/7 


64.84 


2. 1 1 


19/7 


60.60 


2.14 


19/7: 


41.31 


1.18 


19/7 ! 


52.07 


1.42 


4/7 


48.82 


f.IO 


12/2 


83.00 


... 




41.87 


1.70 


19/7 


60.65 






33.63 


I'.'sy 


19/7 


70.12 


2.48 


19/7 


63.98 


3.23 


19/7 


45.48 


1.17 


4/12 


73-29 


2.55 


19/7 


52.34 


1.60 


9/9 


40.44 


1.68 


19/7 


57.53 


1.81 


8/3 


45.87 


1.62 


19/7 


71.48 


1.77 


7/2 


74.84 






91.81 


2:84 


19/7 


106.68 


3.17 


29/11 


58.14 


2.01 


19/7 


42.34 


3.20 


19/7 


42.60 


1.06 


19/7 


41.30 


2.15 


9/9 
19/7 


77.63 


1.88 


74.96 


1.89 


19/7 


56.25 


1-75 


31/10 


37.45 


1.70 


19/7 


34.25 


1.20 


19/7 


38.30 


1.59 


19/7 


51.04 


2.39 


19/7 


58.34 


2.52 


19/7 


53.97 


2.13 


19/7 


44.91 


1.56 


19/7 


50.39 


1.83 


19/7 


38.86 


1.02 


19/7 



202 

208 
203 
200 

224 

188 
195 
195 
193 

196 
210 

194 
191 
195 

224 
225 

213 

215 
191 
182 

J95 

224 

20 

225 

174 

»93 

214 
210 
221 
206 

187 
188 



1= 



.§ I 



a 



S IN SCREEN. 




s- 








«' 


e 






SXTRBIUE8. 






A 


a 












g 


a 


f? 


d 


• 













a 


§ 


1 


i 


2 

a 

a 


1 


00 


X 


i 


X 


S 






dog. 


deg. 


51.8 


45.1 


... 

50.8 
50.9 


43.5 
43-9 


5V.5 


42.'6 


52.2 


44.7 




47.9 




46.7 


53.0 


46.3 


47:8 


4'2.*i 


52.1 


43.7 
46.2 

44.9 



51.8 

52.0 

51.8 
52.9 



63.2 



deg. . deg. deg, 

57-5 151.2! 27 



57.3 I 50.5 ! 21 
57.6 ' 50.8 22 



58.7 I 50.6 

58.4 j5«.5| 25 

56.9 I 52.4 28 

55.5 [5^1 26 



deg. % 0-10 

; ... i ... '... 

I 79 '79 5-6 



hours. 



81 79 I 6.6 

84 ' ... ... , 

... ' ... ' ... :i6i3.i 



85 : 81 7.1 

80 i ;;! I '.'.'. 

82 ! 80 7.0 

76 j ::: ::: 



57.4 51-8 1 26 . 77 , 84 '7.0 



52.4 



55.5 
57.5 
57.0 



43.7! 57.1 
46.4 58.2 



45.1 
47.1 



47.3 

49.6 
51.9 
50.9 



19 77 



50.4 ! 27 
52.3! 26 



! 75 ... ' ... 

, 75 ... ... 

; 79 82 6.8 

' '}. ■ ::: i ::: 

80 i 81 6.9 



57.6 51.3 
58.3 152-7 



47.6 j 57.0 j 52.3 

I 



26 
29 



18 



25 



1549.4 



1713.8 



1772.2 



59 
78 



60 



1719.1 
1894.7 
1821.0 



72 
69 
49 



I •;: 



77 : 81 .6.011721.4 55 

76 I 84 i6.8| ... j ... 

76 I 79 15.9! 1796.2 I 51 



87 

74 81 I 5.8 1636.6 79 



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t^ 



CHURCHYARD AND WAYSIDE CROSSES IN THE 
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EXETER. 

BY MISS BEATRIX F. CRESSWELL. 
(Read at Exeter, Slat July, 1915.) 



The crosses of Dartmoor and its borderland have been 
carefully recorded by Mr. William Crossing, but no attempt 
has been made to collect information respecting the church- 
yard and wayside crosses throughout the rest of the 
count3% which are more numerous than most people are 
aware of. 

One reason for this may be the fragmentary condition 
of these relics, many of which are now but broken 
shafts, imperfect heads, or bases from which the cross is 
missing. 

Another cause can be found in the fact that, with a few 
exceptions, they are all exactly alike. Plain Latin crosses 
with octagonal limbs, chamfered at the edges, spurred at 
the bottom, and standing upon octagonal bases with 
boldly spurred corners, they present none of the variety 
of form and ornament which has drawn so much attention 
to the crosses of Cornwall. 

Alphington Cross^ familiar to many from its con- 
spicuous position at the roadside between St. Thomas, 
Ide and Alphington, is one of the finest and best pre- 
served of our wayside crosses, and a good example of the 
above-mentioned characteristics. It is of granite, as are 
most of the others, the shaft and limbs octagonal, and at 
the top a small cross is incised in the centre between the 
head and arms. 

It is sunk into its original base, which is placed upon 
granite steps. Closer inspection reveals that the top has 
been broken off and replaced. The breakage was the 
effect of a cart being driven against it in 1830, at which 
date the cross stood out on the road. The Rev. Richard 



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i5 



o 
a: 



-< 



s 



5 




&4 



o 



CnCBCHYARD AND WaYSIDK Cr<»8HKS, ¥.TC. — To Jace JHtije IK'.t. 



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CHURCHYARD AND WAYSIDE CROSSES. 189 

Ellicombe, rector of AliDhington, had it repaired, and put 
further back towards the hedge. The steps on which it 
is now elevated were a later addition. 
Height, 6 ft. 6 in. Across arms, 2 ft. 2 in. 

In the parish of St. Tho7nas, built against a house near 
Cowick Street Post Office, is a most curious cross. It is 
but a stumpy fragment, which must have been higher. 
The remarkable feature of this cross is that the top forms 
a double Tau Cross, or cross potent. Looking at it side- 
ways it will be perceived that these double arms are cut 
in a single stone, one rather shorter than the other. 

Total height, 3 ft. 8 in. Shaft to arms, 2 ft. 2 in. 

Arms, 6 in. deep. Width of lower cross-bar, 16 in. 

Width across the top, 15 in. 

LitUe John's Cross stands in St. Thomas parish at the 
top of the hill where the roads fork for Ide and Long- 
down. Originally it was against the hedge by the road- 
side, but has been placed inside a garden wall for safety. 
The situation is not a very happy one ; the head of the 
cross peers over the wall, which is so close to it that it is 
impossible to get either a good drawing or photograph. 

Some preservation was however necessary, for the cross 
has been broken in three pieces and repaired. It stands 
on the old base, three feet above which the shaft has been 
broken off, and the top is entu'ely new. In the '' good old 
times " before railways or motor-cars were invented, the 
Judges on quitting Exeter for the Cornish Assizes were 
escorted in their coach by the Sheriff's Javelin men as far 
as Little John's Cross, where they turned off for the 
Okehampton Road on their way to Bodmin. 

Height, 6 ft. 2 in. Across arms, 2 ft. 2 in. 

At Holcombe Burnel, three miles farther on, the shaft of 
the churchyard cross remains built against a ledge border- 
ing the south wall of the graveyard, just as Dr. Oliver 
described it about 1840. No base remains. 

Length of shaft, 5 ft. 

St. Ehyes' Cross at Wonford, Heavitree, formerly stood 
at the east end of the ruined chapel of St. Eloyes, as is 
shown by the illustration in Oliver's Ecclesiastical Antiqui- 
ties, It is now in the garden of St. Loyes house, where, 
by the kind permission of Mrs. Donald, I examined and 
measured it. Its appearance leads one to suspect that it 



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190 CHURCHYARD AND WAYSIDE CROSSES 

was originally higher, unless indeed the shaft and head 
do not belong to one another. The head is disproportion- 
ately large for the height of the shaft, upon which it is 
awkwardly balanced, with bits of slate to keep it steady. 
On each side of the centre of the head a niche is cut 9x4 
inches, large enough to hold a small wooden image. The 
cross is deeply sunk into the base, so that the spurred 
comers of the shait are nearly hidden. 

Height, 6 ft. 3 in. Across arms, 2 ft. 2 in. 

Height of top, 2 ft. 7 in. Length of shaft, 3 ft. 6 in. 

Depth of top to arms, 1 ft. 

Pinhoe Cross is not only one of the finest near Exeter, 
but has the rare merit of being unbroken. It is said to 
have been buried during the Parliamentary wars and thus 
preserved from mutilation. It stands in situ, in the 
correct place for a churchyard cross, in front of the south 
porch, its base resting on the grassy soil without the 
additional steps so often added to elevate a cross at 
modem restorations. 

Height, 7 ft. 6 in. Arms, 2 ft. across. 

Length of shaft, 6 ft. 3 in. 

Pdtimore. A cross at the east end of the churchyard 
is an old shaft with a new top standing on the remains of 
a base. The new head and arms have been clumsily set 
upon this old shaft, the straight line below the arms 
having a particularly ungraceful appearance. A small 
Latin cross has been cut on both sides at the top of this 
head piece, not centrally as in the case of the old crosses. 
These clumsy reparations lead one to ask why those who 
undertake such repairs never go and look at some existing 
example of original work to see how they ought to be 
done. 

Total height, 5 ft. 8 in. 

Length of old shaft, 4 ft. 

Rewe affords an interesting group of crosses. On the 
south side of the churchyard is a very fine cross, the 
ancient tall shaft having had a new head placed upon it 
some thirty years ago. The lofty steps upon which the 
base is elevated are regarded as dating from the fifteenth 
century, and the new work has been carried out with great 
care and consideration of original proportions, rendering 
this cross extremely dignified and imposing. 

Height, 9 ft. 9 in. Across arms, 3 ft. 



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IS THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EXETER. 191 

Depth of new head, 3 ft. 3 in. 

Length of old shaft, 6 ft. 6 in. 

Base, 18 in. deep. 

At the crossway near the schools the stumpy fragment 
of a cross remains under a tree. These crosses at Rewe 
have particularly massive bases, deeper and with spurs 
more boldly cut than those in other parishes. 

Height of shaft, 15 in. 

Base, 3 ft. square. 1 ft. deep. 

Burrow Cross, not far oflf, is actually in Stoke Canon 
parish, forming the boundary on the old Tiverton road 
between Rewe, Stoke Canon, and Nether Exe. A piece of 
^haft on a moimd, leaning far out of the perpendicular, is 
all that remains. The base, roughly broken away, seems 
never to have been cut with the usual spurs at the comers. 
The head of this cross was found near it in the hedge by 
the Rev. F. Robson, vicar of Stoke Canon, and is pre- 
served in the tower of the church there. It is a very 
battered fragment, scarcely recognizable as the head of a 
cross, but interesting because the form of the top and arms 
seems roimded, as if Burrow Cross had differed from the 
prevailing style of local crosses. 

Length of shaft, 3 ft. 10 in. 

Upton Pyne possesses a fine shaft in the churchyard, 
standing on its base in situ by the south porch. A shaft 
that seems to cry out for careful restoration to make it a 
feature worthy of the beautiful chiu'ch tower above it. 

Length of shaft, 8 ft. 8 in. 

In the Park at Pynes is another cross little known, 
though marked on the ordnance maps. It is particularly 
interesting because it stands on the old church path 
between Cowley and Brampford Speke. In 1269 Bishop 
Bronescombe appropriated a tithe sheaf of Cowley to 
Brampford Speke, ever since which date Cowley has been 
attached to that parish, though separated from it by 
Upton Pyne. A right of footpath between the two places 
passes under Pynes, its boundary marked by this cross ; 
now almost hidden in the thickness of a copse. It is a 
shaft from which the arms are missing, the stone so much 
smoothed by weathering that only the octagonal form 
denotes their previous existence. The base, nearly buried 
in leaves, seem to be quatrefoil in shape. 

Height; 5 ft. 6 in. 



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192 CHURCH YABD AND WAYSIDE CROSSES 

ShiUingford St Oeorge has two crosses in the church- 
yard. On the east side a lofty new granite cross set upon 
an old base of the usual form. 

Height, 7 ft. Across arms, 3 ft. 2 in. 

On the south side of the churchyard is a curious cross 
of local red stone. On one side a circle is raised between 
the arms, which appears to have four small holes in it as 
if something had been fastened there. This cross was 
brought from a garden in the lower part of the parish, 
known as ShiUingford Abbots from its connection with 
Torre Abbey. \^ere it originally stood is not known. 

Height, 4 ft. Across arms, 2 ft. 2 in. 

Whitstone, The shaft of a cross remains here on the 
north side of the churchyard. The position is so unusual 
that it appears to have been moved out of the way. It 
stands on the original base, and has been broken across 
and repaired. 

Length, 4 ft. 8 in. 

Windy Cross can scarcely be described as in the neigh- 
bourhood of Exeter, neither is it in the neighbourhood of 
anywhere else. It stands solitary on a hill-top about two 
miles from Ide, where the roads divide for Longdown, 
Dunsford, ShiUingford, and Exeter. No doubt originaUy 
it was placed prominently at the cross way ; what remains 
of it has now been set back in a copse that borders the 
road. It is only the top of a cross, and even this has been 
broken oflf about 10 in. from the groimd and repaired. 

Height, 4 ft. 7 in. Across arms, 2 ft. 5 in. 

That these crosses date from the fifteenth century, the 
style of their moulding indicates ; and so simUar are they in 
appearance that it must be concluded they aU were erected 
much about the same period. It does not seem unreason- 
able to enquire why a zeal for putting up granite Latin 
crosses prevaUed aU over the county at one particular time. 

Mr. Reichel has told us that Saint Walpurga said : — 

" It is the custom of the Saxon race that on many of 
the estates of nobles and of good men they are wont 
to have not a church but the standard of the holy 
cross dedicated to our Lord and reverenced with great 
honour lifted up on high so as to be convenient for the 
frequency of daily prayer. "^ 

> " Domesday Cliupohes of Devon," Devon. Assoc. Trans., Vol, XXX» 
1898. 



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IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EXETER. 193 

It is well known that the sites of our churches are far 
older than the fifteenth-century buildings standing upon 
them, which are renovations of earlier work ; so also the 
new churchyard cross may have replaced the ruins of a 
cross that had existed from time immemorial. 

The wayside crosses are nearly (if not quite) all boundary 
crosses. By the fifteenth century the ravages of the Black 
Death and the constant wars had led to many changes in 
the ownership of land ; and it is probable that new crosses 
were erected at boimdaries by men anxious to be quite 
certain of the limits of properties. A cross was the simplest 
symbol for illiterate people to understand, and the holy 
sign may not have been without deeper significance to 
those inclined to dispute parish bounds and the rights of 
way. 

The value of the crosses as boundary marks has pre- 
vailed for their preservation. In 1541 a statute was passed 
forbidding the destruction of crosses, enacted, it may be 
supposed, not so much from a religious as from a legal 
point of view. Even the Puritan who smashed the cross 
preserved the broken stone ; and these fragments yet 
serve as landmarks, and are such valuable indications of 
ancient boundaries that the relics are preserved and their 
sites marked on maps to the present day. 

A complete and careful survey of the churchyard and 
wayside crosses of Devon would be of great value and 
interest to the county, and I should like to ask the Devon- 
diiie Association to undertake it. 

In conclusion I will venture upon another suggestion : 
that these broken crosses should be restored by the 
parishes in which they stand when Peace on Earth, which 
we so ardently hope for, is consummated ; as a fitting 
commemoration of the Peace, and a memorial to those 
who will have given their lives to secure the tranquillity 
and liberty of this country. 

(I have to express my thanks to Miss K. M. Clarke for 
kindly photographing the Pinhoe Cross and the cross at 
St. Tliomas for my illustrations.) 



VOL. XLVII. N 



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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES. 

BY REV. OSWALD J. REIGHEL, B.C.L. AND M.A. ; F.S.A. 

(Read at Exeter, Slat July, 1915.) 



I. Oeneral remarks. 

There are two points of special interest about Exminster 
Hundred. One is the early existence of a collegiate church 
there. The other is the indirect evidence which it affords 
of the old moorland Hundred of Moreton, the constituents 
of which were distributed before Domesday between the 
Hundreds of Haytor, Teignbridge, and Exminster. 

1. The evidence for the existence of a collegiate church 
at Exminster is first to be found in the name itself. Ex- 
minster or Exe monastery is so called from the minster or 
collegiate church on the Exe ; and as the estate bore that 
name in King Alfred's time (871-901), the minster must al- 
ready have been there then. When the minster was founded, 
there is no evidence to show. But if the Saxon settlement 
in Devonshire, as evidenced by the Stockleighs and 
Stokes which are foimd in four lines across the county, 
had reached the second line of Stoke Canon, Stockleigh 
English, Stockleigh Pomeroy, and Stockleigh Luccombe 
in Cheriton Fitzpaine by the year 710, when " Ina and 
Nim his kinsman fought against Gerent King of the 
[West] Welsh " (Sax. Chronicle, a.d. 710), it is probable 
that the minster on the Exe was founded in the next 
period of the extension westward, i.e. between the years 
710 and 823. 

The GeldroU of the year 1084 mentions the presbyters 
of Exminster as holding i hide of land. In Domesday^ 
two years later, there is no mention of the presbyters of 
Exminster. The inference from this apparent omission 
is not that the land had been lost to the presbyters, but 
that it was deemed to form part of the ancient crown 
lordship of Exminster, another part of which had been 
taken therefrom to form a county-land, aiterwards known 



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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES. 195 

as Kenton. The diJBference between an ancient crown 
lordship and a county-land as it existed in Saxon times 
wa«, that an ancient crown lordship was an estate set 
apart for the use of the King and the crown, whereas a 
county-land was intended for the use of the Queen or 
some member of the royal family at the King's disposal. 
When therefore King Alfred bequeathed land at Exminster 
to his younger son ^Edelward in 901 (Cod, DipL II. 112, 
No. 314 and V. 130, No. 1067 ; Cart, Sax. H. 182 ; Trans, 
ix. 214), we may conclude that this was not a gift of the 
ancient crown lordship or Hundred manor, for that was 
still in the King's hands in 1086 and for more than a 
century afterwards, but a bequest of that portion of 
Exminster which had been set aside as a county-land, in 
other words Kenton manor. Similarly it is suggested that 
the i hide which the presbyters of Exminster held in 1084 
was not necessarily an estate within the present parish of 
Exminster, although it formed part of Exminster Hundred 
manor, but was the prebendal estate of the church of 
Salisbury within the parish of Kenton. 

From the earliest times two churches between the Exe 
and the Teign, viz. Kingsteignton and Kenton or Ex- 
minster, and three other churches west of the Teign, viz. 
West Alvington, Harberton, and Yealmpton, appear to 
have belonged to the church of Salisbury, or its predecessor 
in title the church of Sherborne. Three of these churches, 
viz. Kingsteignton, Kenton, and Yealmpton, appear to 
have been held by Sherborne when it was the seat of the 
only bishop for the whole of the West of England. The 
positions of Harberton and West Alvington are not quite 
so clear, because of some of the Sarum charters which, 
if genuine, may be original grants or confirmations of a 
state of things ab'eady existing. Thus Adeliza, lady de 
Redvers, about 1130, addressed the following to WiUiam 
[Warelwast] bishop of Exeter (Sarum Charters and Muni- 
ments (Rolls Ser.), p. 5) : 

" We acquaint you, my lord, that when King Henry 
[I] gave to me the manor of Alfinton (West Alvington), 
he granted it to me by virtue of (per) the liberty and 
customs which he had there ; and he granted to me the 
church of the township which previously he had granted 
to augment a certain prebend in Salisbury church so 
that the canon should hold and acknowledge it of God 



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196 THE HUNDRED OF BXMTNSTBR IN EARLY TIMBS. 

and of me as he fonnerly acknowledged it of the King, 
and saving your episcopal rights I would have it so 
confirmed." 

Another charter of " Baldwin earl of Exeter " about 
1150 recites (ibid.y 20) : 

" I earl Baldwin quit claim and without reserve 
(ccUumnia) give to (Jod and blessed Mary and the church 
of Sarum the churches of [Kings] Teigntone, and Her- 
burtone (Harberton)^ and Elvintone (West Alvington) 
with all their appurtenances. I do not intermeddle 
with the church of Kenton and make no claim on it, 
leaving the bishop of Sarum and Exeter to come to an 
agreement." 

Yet another addressed by Richard the Patrician to 
Robert [Warelwast] bishop of Exeter in 1156 {ibid., 55) 
dealing with Yealmpton church which certainly belonged 
to St. Mary of Sarum in 1084 {Oeldrolly xliii. A 3) runs : 

** Be it known to you that we have restored (reddidisse) 
to God and St. Mary of Sarum church and to Lewis 
canon of the said church, the church of Alentona 
(Yealmpton), to hold for ever as freely and peaceably 
as King Henry [I] of good memory bestowed it on the 
aforesaid church." 

It will help to decide the doubt if we remember that on 
the death of bishop Hedda in 705, the bishopric of the 
West Saxons had been divided into two, one at Win- 
chester, the other at Sherborne, Daniel being appointed 
bishop of Winchester and Aldhelm first bishop of Sherborne 
(Baeda, v. 18). Two centuries later in 909 the see of 
Sherborne was subdivided into five new sees, one of the 
five being Crediton, afterwards transferred to Exeter, 
whilst Ramsbury and eventually Old Sarum succeeded to 
the mother see of Sherborne. 

Bearing these facts in mind the simplest way in which 
the possession of churches in the diocese of Exeter by the 
church of Sarum can be accounted for is by supposing 
that these churches were founded at the time when 

^ On 26 November, 1236» cui agreement was concluded between the 
prebendary of Salisbury, who held Kingsteignton chvirch, and the lushop 
and chapter of Exeter, whereby all disputes were compromised on the 
prebendary's luidertaking to pay to the canon of Exeter who held 
Harberton 8 marks a year. Sarum Charters, 239. 



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THE HUNDEBD OF EXMINSTBR IN EARLY TIMES. 197 

Sherborne was the only see in the West, i.e. between 710 
and 909. Apparently the minster on the Exe and probably 
also Kingsteignton church were established after 710 and 
before 823 when the third line of Saxon settlement was 
advancing westwards to Stock in Holne, Hembury castle 
in Buckfastleigh, and Stokenham, whereas West Alvington 
and Yealmton probably date from the final stage of settle- 
ment in the county between 823 and 900. 

However this may be, the presbyters of Exminster were 
in possession of i hide of land in Exminster Hundred on 
behalf of the church of Old Sarum in 1084, and at the 
same date the priests of Alentona or Yealmton held one 
hide at Lyneham on behalf of the same canons of St. Mary 
of Sarum (Vict, Hist 406 and Trans, xxx. 287). 

An interesting document of bishop Briwere (a.d. 1224- 
1244) relating to four of these churches which was rescued 
from loss by William Germyne, registrar from 1578-1594, 
is given in the introductory pages of bishop Bronescombe's 
Register, p. 6, by the late prebendary Hingeston-Randolph. 
This document is also to be found in Sarum Charters and 
Documents (Rolls Ser.), 171, and runs as follows : 

"To all Christ's faithful people to whom this present 
writing shall come WiUiam [Briwere] by divine compassion 
bishop of Exeter health in the Lord. Be it known to you 
all that we having viewed a concession made by favour 
{indvJgentiam) of pope Honorius III [1216-1227] of happy 
memory to the venerable father the bishop of Sarum and 
to the chapter of the same place touching the prebend of 
[King's] Teynton which the church of Sarum enjoys, with 
[the approval of the venerable] father lord R[ichard le 
Poer] bishop of Sarum [1217-1228] and the chapter of the 
same place patrons of the said prebend who of their own 
accord have submitted themselves to our ruling ; taking 
into consideration as was meet the loss of our church of 
Exeter and the needs of the church of Sarum and [the 
t^rms of] this concession, with the advice of discreet and 
God-fearing men, after invoking the grace of the divine 
Spirit have made order as follows touching the churches 
belonging to the said prebend ; to wit that the church of 
[King's] Teynton with the chapel of High Week (Teinng- 
weke) and the church of Yealmton (Yealmintton) with its 
chapel [of Revelstoke] and with all the goods belonging to 
the said churches and chapels shall for the future be 



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198 THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES. 

prebendal,2 and the bishops of Sarum for the tune being 
whenever a vacancy shall occur, shall in future for ever 
bestow them as patrons ; provided always that whoever 
may be collated to the said prebend, shall be instituted 
thereto by us or our successors, saving an adequate 
provision for the vicarages. On the other hand the 
churches of Kenton and West Alvington (AflSngton) with 
their chapels and all the crops (proventtis) and goods 
whatsoever to them belonging and the tithes of Evetruwe 
(Heavitree)^ shall for all time go to the use of the daily 
distribution of the canons of Exeter church in com- 
pensation for the great damage sustained by our church 
of Exeter by the aforesaid concession. And that this our 
ruling may for ever remain firm, in force and unshaken, 
we have caused our seal to be affixed to the present writing 
together with the seals of the venerable father the bishop 
of Sarum and the chapters of Sarum and Exeter." 

According to the Calendar of Papal Registers (I. 97) 
the authority for this conversion was sanctioned by the 
pope in 1224 and the conversion after being effected was 
confirmed by him in 1245 {ibid,, 215). 

The settlement of the vicarages which were thus saved 
was effected by bishop Bronescombe on 1 August, 1270, 
by the following instrument (Bronescombe^ 193) : 

** Be it known to you all that we Walter by divine 
mercy humble administrator of the church of Exeter, with 
the consent of the discreet men the dean and chapter of 
Sarum do settle (taxamus) the vicarages of Kenton and 
West Alvington (Alfintone), churches appropriated to 
them in common, and make order that they be settled in 
form following : viz. that the vicarage of the church of 
Kenton shall consist in all the altar-dues (cUtalagium)* 
other than the tithe of the fishery. Also we ordain that 

' i.e. instead of going into the common fund for distribution among 
the C€mons» it is cissigned to one particular canon as the endowment of 
his canonry. 

* The words in italics are added from the Sarum Charter. 

* AUalagium included all the offerings made at the altar {obloHones) 
and dues paid for services (obveniiones) otherwise ccdled customary fees, 
also the tithe of domestic animals kept at home and of all things raised 
in the garden and curtilage such as garden peas and beans, herbs, butter, 
milk, and cheese. On the other hand, great tithes consisted of the tithe 
of com and hay and things grown in the open field, including peas cmd 
beans when gro\iTi as a field crop. Bronescombe ^ 194 ; Trans, xxxix. 
370 n. 18. 



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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTEE IN EARLY TIMES. 199 

the vicar for the time being shall have a suitable dwelling 
(mansus) to wit the one in which the chaplain of the place 
w€is wont aforetime to dwell together with the curtilage 
(curieUus), to which we add half an acre of the glebe 
(aanctuarium) next to the same curtilage ; and the said 
vicar shall discharge all the due and accustomed burdens 
of the said church.'' 

2. The other point on which an examination of the 
existing Hundred of Exminster throws light is the existence 
of the old moorland Hundred which bore the name of 
Moreton from Moretonhampstead, the county-land of the 
Hundred. The importance of Moreton Hampstead in 
Saxon times is evidenced by the statement in Domesday 
that " with this manor goes the third penny of the Hundred 
of Teignbridge " (Vict Hist, 4106), a survival no doubt 
from the time when Moreton was the head of a separate 
Hundred. The memory of this Hundred still survived 
in the fourteenth century, as we meet in Feudal Aids, 
391, with Hundreds of Haytor and Moreton grouped 
together. 

If the contents of the Hundred of Haytor in 1086 are 
added up, the total assessment is found to be 68 hides 
1 virgate 3 ferlings. But the j^re-Domesday assessment 
of Carsewilla Hundred, as we learn from the GeldroU, was 
only 50 hides (p. xl). The excess 18 hides If virgates 
apparently belonged to Moreton Hundred, to which also 
probably belonged the 1 virgate of Beetor, the 3 virgates of 
Higher and Lower Shapleigh, and the 1 virgate of Venn 
and Jesson (Escapeleia) now in Exminster Hundred. 
Moreton Hundred had therefore probably an assessment 
of 20 hides. But this only in passing. 

II. The townships of Exminster Hundred, 

The following is the list of townships as they were 
grouped to meet the requirements of the Parliament at 
Lincoln on 20 February, 1316 (Feud. Aids, Zll), 

The lord of the Hundred of Exminster is Hugh de 
Cortenay. In it there is no borough, but the following 
townships : 

[87] Township of Ken with Ayshcttmb, Nitherton and 
Teyo St. George members belonging thereto. The lord 
of the same is Hugh de Cortenay. 



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200 THB HTJNDBBD OF SXMINSTEB IN EARLY TIMSS. 

[88] Township of Ayshkbyston (Ashton) with Shaf- 
LEOH, Lbgh Pbvxrel (Doddiscombsleigh) and Donshidsok, 
members belonging to the same. The lord thereof is 
Nicolas Martyn. 

[89] Township of Shillyngford with Peaumer Bollay 
(Peamore), Poudebham, Matford and Toucenynestok 
(Towsington), its members. The lord of the same is 
WiUiam le Speck by reason of the tender age of the heirs 
of Thomas son of Ralf [de Shillyngford], 

[90] Township of Doulysh (Dawlish) with Mottlysh 
(Mowhsh) and Mammeheyede (Mamhead) members belong- 
ing thereto. The dean and chapter of Exeter are the lords. 

[91] Township of Teignton Bishop with Ide of St. 
Peter and Chudleigh its members. Walter [Stapeldon] 
bishop of Exeter is lord of the same. 

[92] The manor of Kenton and the lord of the same is 
lord Edmmid of Wodestok. 



III. The tithings of Exminster Hundred. 

An old Exeter MS. of the date 1384 gives a list of 19 
tithings and 1 hamlet in the Hmidred of Exminster 
{SuppL to Devon Not and Qu., 1907, p. 19). With this 
agrees John Hoker's accomit in his Chirographicai Synopsis 
of the amomits paid for tenths and fifteenths in this 
Hmidred, except that in Hoker's last entries three are 
duplicates, No. 351 of 338, No. 352 of 337, and No. 354 of 
346 (Harl. MSS. 5827, p. 109) : 

HUNDRED OF EXMYSTER. 

Amount Amount 

due. DeductiouB. payable. 

[326] Exmyster . . 32 0.. 28..304 

In thys parysh dwelleth Tothill, Peter of 
Bowye, Wyatt of Shill. Marshal. 
[327] Kenne . . . 38 . . nil . . 38 

Geare and Drewe. 
[328] ShiUingfordandTever- 
shed (Towsington) 

and Ralf Abbotis . 20 0.. 30.. 170 
Southcott. 
[331] Powderham . . 16 . . 3 4 . . 12 8 

Sir W. Courtney, Knt. 



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THB HUKDBBD OF EXMINSTSil IN EABLY TIMES. 201 



Amount 
due. Deductions. 


Amount 
payable. 


[332] Ashecombe . . 26 § . . 3 6. 


. 22 2 


333] Mamhead . . 13 4 . . 4 0. 


9 4 


In thys parysh dwelleth Ball. 




334] Dawlish and 




335] Easttenymuth . . 58 . . 20 . 


. 38 


336] Holecombe . . 12 . . nil . 


. 12 


337] Tyngemouth [Bishop] 110 .. 53 4 . 


. 56 8 


338] Tengton (Bishops- 




teignton) . . 20 . . 6 8. 


. 20 


[339] Chudleigh . . 26 8 . . 6 8 . 


. 20 


Courteney, Ball, Hunt, Wichalse, 


Qyfford 


and Hore. 




340] Tenge St. George . 20d. . . nil . 


20d. 


341] Moulyshe . . . 2 . . nil . 


2 


342] Shapley, Fenner and 




343] Jurdeston . . 13 4 . . nil 


13 4 


344] Trosham . . . 10 . . nil . 


10 


345] Asheton . . . 13 . . 3 4 . 


9 8 


Pollard and Stapehill. 




[346] Leigh Doddescnmb . 7 6.. nU 


7 6 


[347] Yde . . . 11 8 .. nil .. 


11 8 


Carye, Drake and Hyll. 




[348] Donechedeck . . 4 0.. nil 


4 


Peters. 





[349] Hamlet [of Matford 

Immonr] and 
[350] [Matford] Butter . 7 2.. 20 
[351] Teuton Bishop 

Cove. 
[352] Westtyngmouth 
[353] Kenton 

Hurst of Exon and Atwill. 
[354] Dadscomba [Legh] 

Bubb and Dowdney. 



5 2 



22 3 



108 10 16 14 2 



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202 THE HUNDBBD OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES. 



^ T^ ^4 




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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTBR IN EARLY TIMES. 203 



GO «rt 



<M 



O G^ 

o 

CO 



to 

CO 






O O 

O O 

CD .-4 



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o 



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o 
o 



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o 



o 
o 



o 

CO 



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o 



o 



& i 






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^CO 

c 

.s • 



QQ 



ill 

•g '^ -S 2 'e^ 



^ 4^ 



1 r 



o 
£ 



,58' 



fill 






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204 THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTEB IN EABLY TIMES. 




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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTEB IN EARLY TIMES. 205 




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206 THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTEB IN EARLY TIMES. 




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THE HUNDRED OF EXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES. 207 



P 



s 



CO 



o 



£? 



> 
o 






t 



•J 



1-5- 

CO g 

si' 

9 



(M 


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8 

§^ 
Kb 



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i.sl-s| 

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208 THB HUNDRED OF BXMINSTER IN EARLY TIMES. 

V. The evidence of the GddroU. 

From the Geldroll as tabulated by the late Mr. Brooking- 
Rowe we obtain the following information (p. xxxvii) as 
to the Hundred in 1084 : 

Geld had been received from 27 1 1 

A. Exemption was allowed to — 

1. The King in re- 

" 



spect of . 

2. Bishop Osbem in 

respect of 

3. Baldwin 

4. William Capra . 

5. Pulcher 

6. Widow Emma [de 

Helion] . 

7. Abbot of Bucfast 

8. Godbold . 

9. Ralf de Pomaria . 

10. Aderet the forester 

11. Presbyters of Ex- 

minster . 

12. Saulf 



4 2 



7 



2 



1 
1 
1 






B. Geld had not been received from — 


1. 


The fee-gatherers' 










allowance 


1 







2. 


Edwin tenant of 










Half [Paganel] 


2 





[Dunchidiock.] 


3. 


Robert tenant of 










WiUiam Capra 


1 





[Netherton-] 



[Kenton, George Teign, Mani'^ 
head, Peamore, Mowltsh.] 

[Bishopsteignton, Dawlish, 

Ide.] 
[Kenn.] 
[North Shillingford, Tow- 

sington.] 
[Shillingford St. George.] 

[Ashton and added lands.] 
[Trusham.] 

[Doddiscombesleigh, Lowly.] 
[Ashcombe.] 

[The outlying part of Kenton 
in Manaton.] 

[Kenton rectory manor.] 
[Ashford Peverel, South 
Mowlish.] 

20 3 S 



1 3 

60 



We have here a total of 52 hides 3 virgates 3 ferling as 
the assessment of the Domesday estates in this Hundred, 
whereas the Geldroll gives 50 hides as the total. How are 
these totals to be reconciled ? In the first place we must 
exclude the 1 hide of Exminster, that being an ancient 
crown lordship and forming an inland Hundred by itself. 



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THE HUNDRED OF EXMENSTEB IN EABLY TIMES. 209 

It is then further suggested that the assessment of Leuge 
should be taken as 2 virgates instead of 3, and that of 
Leualiga as 3 ferlings instead of 1 virgate to bring the totals 
into agreement with the particulars. That means a 
reduction of 1 virgate and 1 ferling. For the same reason 
the assessment of the Count of Mortain's Matford should 
be put down as i instead of 1 virgate. Also i virgate 
should be deducted from Powderham because it belonged 
to Exminster. 

It is further suggested that the 1 virgate of Beetor, the 
3 virgates of the two Shapleighs, and the 1 virgate of Venn 
and Jesson, in all 5 virgates, should be excluded on the 
ground that in 1084 they belonged to the old Moorland 
Hundred of Morton. These deductions amount to 2 hides 
3 virgates 1 ferling, and when taken from 52 hides 3 
virgates 3 ferlings leave 60 hides and 2 ferlings for the 
Hundred. 



VOL. XLvn. 



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THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE 
PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED. 

' BY REV. OSWALD J. RBICHEL, B.C.L. AND M.A. ; F.S.A. 
(Rewl at Exeter, Slot July, 1915.) 



It is proposed in this paper to trace the several Domesday 
manors as far as possible from the time of the Conquest to 
the middle of the fifteenth centiiry, when the usual county 
histories take up the thread of their descent, and to deal 
with them in the order of the several honours of which 
they were held. 

I. First are the estates held of the honour of PlynUon. 

ExMiNSTBR was an ancient crown lordship in 857 and 
the capital of the Hundred of that name, part of which, 
the county land of Kenton, King Alfred bequeathed to 
his younger son iEdelward in 901 {Trans, ix. 214). At 
the time of the great Survey Exminster was still an ancient 
crown lordship and in the King's occupation, and it 
appears to have continued crown property longer than 
most of the royal estates in Devon. It was still a royal 
estate at the beginning of Henry III.'s reign {A.-D. Inq, 
incerti temporis No. 248, p. 47), but before 1244 two- 
thirds of the manor and Hundred must have come to the 
earl of Devon, as in that year he was buying up rent 
charges there {Devon Fine, No. 419), and in 1263 the 
manors of Breinton, Holdham, and Southwood are re- 
turned as held of earl Baldwin {A.-D. Inq. 47 Hen. ICE. 
No. 17). In 1284 Exminster was one of three manors of 
which Amice countess of Devon died seised {A.-D. Inq. 
12 Ed. I. No. 33). On the death of Isabella de Fortibus, 
countess of Devon, in 1293, Hugh II. Courtenay succeeded 
to her estates, and to him on 1 July, 1305, William de 
Langedon and Amy his wife conveyed the baUiffship and 
a third part of the Hundred of Exminster in consideration 
of £20 sterling {Devon Fine, No. 911). This conveyance 



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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED. 211 

was repeated by William Beneyt of Exemynistre and 
Joan his wife on 25 November, 1311 {ibid,, No. 992). On 
22 February, 1335, Hugh II. Courtney was created Ist 
earl of Devon, and in 1340 died seised of Exminster {A.-D. 
Inq. 14 Ed. III. No. 27). He was succeeded by Hugh III. 
Courtney, 2nd earl of Devon, who was in possession of 
Exminster in 1345 (A.-D, Inq, 19 Ed. III. No. 65), and 
died seised of the same *' on Saturday next after Holy 
Rood Findmg day *' (3 May) 1376 (A,-D, Inq, 50 Ed. III. 
No. 6). In 1419 Hugh III/s grandson, Edward Courtney, 
3rd earl of Devon, died seised of Exminster (A.-D, Inq. 
7 Hen. V. No. 74) ; in 1422 Edward's son, Hugh IV., 
4th earl of Devon {A.-D, Inq, 10 Hen. V. No. 296) ; in 
1458 Thomas Courtney, 5th earl of Devon {A,'D. Inq, 
36 Hen. VI. No. 36), ^ whose son Thomas, 6th earl, was 
attainted and beheaded in 1461 (1 Ed. IV.), ^ when the King 
resumed it. 

Under what circumstances the advowson came into the 
hands of Plymton priory I am not able to say. It is not 
mentioned in the charters of either Henry I. or Henry II. 
(Oliver, Mon. 135), nor in the confirmation of bishop 
John Fitz-Duke (1186-1191, ibid,, 131, 138) ; but as 
Exminster was a royal estate it must have been given to 
the priory by the King. The priory was in possession in 
1214, as in that year prior Antony granted Exminster 
church to Walter de Bisiman for an annual payment of 
5 marks by way of pension (Oliver, Mon. 1316). Plymton 
priory presented to the church in 1274 (Bronescombe, 141), 
in 1317 (Stapledon, 216) and continuously down to the 
dissolution, and regularly received payment of its pensions 
of 5 marks or £3 6s. 8d. a year for rent of the great tithes 
(Oliver, 150). William de Bayonen is mentioned as rector 
of Exminster before the years 1199 and 1215 (Oliver, Mon, 
187a). 

Brbinton or Brenton, a sub-manor " within the manor 
of Exminster," was held in 1241 by Reginald de Brenton 
for I fee of the honour of Plymton {Testa, 718, p. 182a). 
Walter de Brejnigton had succeeded to it before 1303 
{Fetid. Aids, 347), and Adam de Breynton before 1346 
{ibid., 389). In 1428 the freeholders were John Shappeleghe 
and William Bottockysside {ibid,, 482), the last named 
being the owner of Dunchidiock. 

* These dates are from The case in the House of Lords, 1832, p. 15. 

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212 THE EABLT HISTORY OF THE 

Holleham or Holdeham now called Haldon in Kenn 
was another sub-manor of Exminster held in 1263 of 
Baldwin, earl of Devon {A.-D. Inq, 4:1 Hen. III. No. 17), 
and in 1422 of Hugh IV., earl of Devon (A.-D, Inq, 1 Hen. 
VI. No. 63). In 1303 Holleham was held for \ fee by- 
John de Weston (Feud. Aids, 346). Hugh III. Courtney 
at the time of his death held land at Holdham (A.-D. Inq. 
50 Ed. III. No. 6), Exminster and Cotford in Sidbury, of 
which William de Courtney, archbishop of Canterbury, 
died seised in 1396 (A.-D. Inq, 20 Ric. 11. No. 17), and 
Hugh IV. de Courtney in 1422 {A.-D. Inq. 10 Hen. V. 
No. 296 ; Trans, xxvii. 408). 

If the 1 ferling which " Eccha the reeve of Exminster 
allowed a certain priest the benefit of " and which the 
monks- of Battle Abbey held in 1086 is KIenbury, an 
explanation will be found of Kenbury being in clerical 
hands before the Conquest, although the initial grant of 
it is not forthcoming. Coimtess Gjrtha had endowed St. 
Olaf's church, Exeter, in 1057 with Sherford for prayers 
for her deceased husband, earl Godwin (Trans, xxx. 288). 
The Conqueror diverted St. Olaf's estates in Collumpton 
and Sherford, and with them Kenbury to Battle Abbey 
to secure prayers for the souls of those who had fallen in 
the Conquest of England, and at the same time founded 
the priory of St. Nicolas as a cell to that abbey (Dugdale, 
Mon. III. 245; Oliver, Mon. 117). St. Nicolas priory 
very soon advanced from being an administrative cell to 
the status of a dependent priory, and took over at a fixed 
rent payable to the mother-house all the estates of Battle 
Abbey in Devon. ^ Kenbury, having thus passed to St. 
Nicolfiis' priory, continued with the priory until the dis- 
solution, when it w:as held by a tenant, paying a rent for 
it to the priory of £3 6s. 8d. a year. 

It has, however, been urged that an assessment of 1 
ferling. is too small an assessment for the 100 acres of 
rich land which constitute Kenbury (Polwhele, II. 108), 
and that this ferling more probably represents the 16 
acres of Exminster glebe. But to this suggestion there is 
the fatal objection that this 1 ferling was held in 1086 
by Battle Abbey and that Battle Abbey never had any- 
thing to do with the advowson of Exminster. It follows 
that Kenbury, being the only estate in Exminster which 

« The reserved head rent was originally £3, reduced afterwards to 
20/-, but at the time of the dissolution £7 (Oliver, Mon. 113). 



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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED. 213 

Battle Abbey possessed, this 1 ferling must necessarily 
represent Kenbury. If the whole of Exminster was only 
assessed at 1 hide, there is nothing disproportionate in the 
100 acres of Kenbury being assessed at ^V hid© or 1 ferling. 

DuNCHiDiocK, although not mentioned in any list of 
fees held of the honour of Plymton, must have belonged 
to that honour as did all the rest of Balf Paganel's estates 
in Devon. It appears to have passed to Joel de Valletorta, 
who sold it to Robert Foliot, and was acquired from 
Robert Foliot by purchase on 30 May, 1244, by Warin, son 
of Joel, at a fee farm rent of 20 shillings a year {Devon 
Fine, No. 372). From Warin it descended to his son Joel, 
son of Warin, and then to Joel's two daughters coheiresses, 
Joan, wife of Henry Tregoz, and Alice, wife of William de 
Newenton. By a fine levied in 1282 William de Newenton 
and Alice his wife conveyed the entirety to Henry Tregoz 
and Joan his wife (Devon Fine, No. 811). In 1261 the 
patronage of the advowson was in Walter de Pembroke, 
archdeacon of Barnstaple (Bronescombe, 133), but in 1338, 
1342, and 1348 Ralf Tregoz held the manor and in right 
of it presented to the rectory (Orandisson, 1323, 1336, 1374). 
Before 1361 the manor and advowson had passed to the 
family of Budockeside (Polwhele, II. 113 ; Lysons, II. 169). 
In that year Nicolas de Bodekeside presented to the 
rectory (Orandisson, 1477), and again in 1375 (Brantyng- 
ham, 37). In 1410, again in 1411 and 1419, William de 
Buddockysside, gentleman {domiceUus), presented to the 
rectory (Stafford, 164), also in 1425 (Lacy, 29, 83). In 
1447 Ms son Thomas Budokyside presented " in right of 
his lordship of Dimchidiock manor " (La^cy, 325), and 
again two years later (ibid,, 341). 

Godbold's Leuga and Leualiga, now known as Doddes- 
COMBSLEIGH and Lowly, were formerly called Leghe 
Guobol (Bronescombe, 132), or Leigh Peverel (Feud. Aids, 
377). Doddescombesleigh was generally associated with 
and in the same ownership as Lowton Peverel in Moreton 
Hampstead,* variously written Lowedon, Lughedon, and 
Luedon. In 1241 Ralf de Doddescumb held i fee in 
Leudene of the honour of Plymton (Testa, 721, p. 182a), 
this i fee including Doddiscombsleigh as well as Lowton ; 
and he presented to Doddiscombsleigh rectory on 6 
December, 1259 (Bronescombe, 132), and again on 23 April, 

' Or else Lowton in Bridf ord. 



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214 THE EARTiY HISTORY OF THE 

1261. From a fine levied in 1266 it would appear that he 
had no issue, and that Balf, John, and Alan, the three 
sons of another Ralf de Doddescumb, were his next heirs 
(Devon Fine, No. 567). He died before 1268, and on 
22 December in that year his widow, Joan, presented to 
Doddiscombsleigh {Bronescombe, 132). She presented 
again on 23 November, 1272, both times in right of her 
dower (ibid,). In 1303 John de Doddescomb and Hugh 
Gubbewolt held J fee in Legh and Lowedcum (DoddL- 
combsleigh and Lowton) (Feud, Aids, 346). John pre- 
sented to the rectory on 20 December, 1309 (SiapeidoUy 
206). In 1346 John's widow, Cecilia de Dodescumbe, held 
[Doddiscombs] Leghe for J fee (Feud. Aids, 388), and 
Lowton for J fee (ibid., 390), and on 5 February, 1349, 
presented to the rectory (Orandisson, 1038, 1374). 

On Cecilia's death the manor and advowson fell between 
her five daughters, Alice, wife of sir William Bigbury, 
from whom descended lord Brook and Edgecombe ; 
Cecily, wife of Simon de Newenham, from whom sir 
William Strode ; Emma, wife of John Pollard of Harwood ; 
Elisabeth, wife of John Prall, from whom Carswell ; and 
Agnes, wife of Adam Branscombe, ancestor of Thomas 
Wyse (Polwhele, 83). John Newenham presented to the 
rectory on 23 March, 1363 (Grandisson, 1490), and at the 
next turn on 18 December, 1374, Thomas de LittUtone 
(Brantyngham, 35). On 22 January, 1396, William 
Amadas presented in right of Catharine his wife (Stafford, 
164), and on 10 October, 1399, John de Nywenham (ibid.). 

In 1428 the freeholders of the manor are returned as 
the heir of WiUiam Bykebery, Walter Pollerd, Robert 
[Litilton, Roger Honyton, John Strode, Thomas Deneys, 
William] Holbeyne and Elisabeth his wife [Thomas Wyse 
and Joan his wife, and Walter Burgayjn and Joan his 
wife (Feud. Aids, 482). On 24 March, 1436, Thomas 
Wyse esquire presented to the rectory (Lacy, 209) ; on 
31 December, 1448, Robert Burtone esquire and Elisabeth 
his wife (ibid., 336) ; and on 18 March, 1456, John Tressalond 
gentleman and Joan his wife (ibid., 405). Sir William 
Pole reports that in his time, 1630, there is not any of 
Doddescumb descendants living there. 

Shillingford St. George was Fulcher's in 1086. 
Fulcher's successor, according to Pole, 253, was Ralf de 
monte Geroldi. According to the same authority Osmund 



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PRINCIPAL liANORS IN BXMINSTEB HUNDRED. 215 

or Edmund held Shillingford of Ralf de monte Geroldi in 
Henry I.'s reign, and wa,s succeeded by Ralf, son of Ralf. 
In 1241 Richard, son of Ralf, was in possession, and held 
Shillingford for f fee of the honour of Plymton {Testa, 717, 
p. 182a). Before 1303 Thomas le Fyz Raw, or son of Ralf, 
had succeeded to it (Feud. Aids, 346), but he wa^s then, 
and as late as 1316, imder age, and in the wardship of 
William le Speck (ihid., 311) as middle lord (A.-D. Inq. 
46 Ed. m. No. 34). In 1346 Ralf, son of Ralf, otherwise 
known as Ralf de Schyllyngford {Trans, xxxv. 290), held 
Schilyngford for f fee in succession to Thomas, son ot 
Ralf {Feud. Aids, 389), and on 27 March, 1343, he pre- 
sented to the rectory {OrandissoUy 1339). At the next two 
vacancies the bishop presented by lapse {ibid., 1417, 1440), 
but on 9 October, 1358, either the same or another Ralf de 
Shillyngforde presented {ibid., 1450). The next presenta- 
tion on 9 January, 1373, was again made by the bishop by 
lapse {Brantyngham, 25), at a time when presumably 
John, brother of the last Ralf, was in possession ; but in 
1384 master Baldwin de Shillyngford, the third brother, 
having succeeded to the manor resigned the rectory, and 
on 17 December, 1384, presented to it {ibid., 90). Baldwin 
again presented to the rectory on 13 December, 1392 
{ibid., 124), and on 6 June, 1401 {Stafford, 207), and then 
conveyed the whole estate to his natiu^al son, John Shilling- 
ford (Pole, 253). William Schyllyngforde, John's son, was 
in possession of the manor in 1428 {Feud. Aids, 487) and 
presented to the rectory on 17 April, 1422 (Lacy, 49), 
after whom came John Shillyngforde who, on 8 December, 
1453, presented to the rectory {ibid., 381), and died in 
1461 {A.'D. Inq. I Ed. IV. No. 1, App.). William Shelling- 
ford who followed, died in 1480 seised of Shyllingford 
manor {A.-D. Inq. 20 Ed. IV. No. 70), when the estate fell 
between his two daughters coheiresses and was disposed 
of by them. 

Hugh Peverel who, in 1241, held Mamhead {Testa, 651, 
p. 1806), and gave his name at one time to the Leigh now 
called Doddiscombeleigh, also gave his name to the small 
estate which appears in Domesday as Manneheva, and 
was subsequently known as Ashpord Pbvbbbl. In 1241 
Esseford was held by William de Melehywis and Ralf 
Bonvalet for J fee of the honour of Plymton {Testa, 720, 
p. 182a). A year or two later on 12 Jime, 1244, William 
de Mowlish made over to Ralf, son of Peter, a moiety 



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216 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE 

of an oxgang of land in Aysford lying to the north (Devon 
Fine, No. 404). Before 1303 Nicolas de C^rru, who held 
Mamhead, had acquired Ashford Peverel and held it for 
i fee {Feud. Aids, 347). In 1346 Joan Carru held J fee in 
Aysford Peverel of the honour of Plymton which the 
tenants of Aysford formerly held {ibid., 389). It is suggested 
that this is the estate now known as Newhouse in Mamhead 
or else Ashf arm, Lyson in Kenton. 

In the list of Hugh de Courtney's fees held of the castle 
of Plymton {A.-D. Inq. 1 Ric. II. No. 12) is a group of 
3i fees, held aforetime by Robert Helion, consisting of 
Asherton or Ashton, 1 fee ; Clyst St. Mary, i fee, held in 
1241 by Robert Blund's heirs {Testa, 727, p. 182a) ; Hack- 
wcrthy, i fee, held in 1241 by John de Hakeworth {Testa, 
639, p. 1816) ; Cridie Helion, i-fee, held at the same date 
by William de Helihun {Testa, 724, p. 182a) ; Fen next 
Poughill, J fee ; and Wydecumbe and Whiteleigh next 
Farway, i fee, held in 1241 by Robert de Helihun {Testa, 
619, p. 181a). These constituted a small vavassourship 
under the honour of Plymton of which Ashton was the 
capital manor. 

Ashton. was Hervei de Helion's after the Conquest, but 
he died before 1086 and in that year it was held together 
with the other estates named by Ima or Emma his widow. 
According to Pole, 255, the widow was succeeded by 
Robert de Hehon, and Robert by another Hervei, who 
gave land at Sutton Lucy in Widworthy with his daughter 
Mabel to Maurice de Lucy {Devon Fine, No. 128), which, 
on 21 June, 1220, Mabel called on Robert II., son of 
Harvei, to warrant to her (ibid.). Robert 11. was suc- 
ceeded by his son Robert III., who, on 9 May, 1244, 
granted i ploughland in Sutton Lucy to the abbot of 
Quarrere {Devon Fine, No. 407), and on 12 June in the 
same year made over the advowson of Greedy Helion, 
alia^ Upton Helion, to Polslae priory {Devon Fine, No. 374). 
With Alice, daughter of Hervei de Helion, a collateral of 
Robert III., Ashton passed to Fulk Ferrers of Throwleigh 
{Devon N. and Qu. v. 150), and with Alice, daughter of 
Fulk Ferrers, to sir William le Pruz, who died in 1269 
{ibid.). In 1303 his son, William le Pruz (6. 1245 ; d. 1315), 
held Ashton for 1 fee {Feud. Aids, 346), which he after- 
wards gave to his brother Richard by deed {Harleian MS. 
quoted by Polwhele, II. 84 n.). Richard's daughter 



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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 217 

Thomasine carried it to John, son of John Chudleigh of 
Chudleigh, about 1320, in whose family it continued until 
1745 {1^80718, II. 17). 

II. Estates hdd of the Crovm or the Prince, 

Kenton we have seen wa,s already in King Alfred's 
time a county-land, i.e. an estate assigned for the support 
of the queen or some other member of the royal family 
placed at the head of the county. As such it was adminis- 
tered by the sheriflE in 1155, when it produced a revenue of 
£34 (Pipe Roll, 2 Hen. 11.). It contributed 4 marks to the 
aid of 1177 (Pipe R., 23 Hen. II.), and in 1187 the men of 
Kenton owed £7 18s. 8d. by way of gift {ibid., 33 Hen. II.). 
In 1196 an annuity of £24 15s. was given to queen Eleanor 
from Kenton {ibid., 7 Ric. I.). In 1204 the men of Kenton 
paid 40 marks for the right of farming their own town- 
ship at a yearly rent of £60 {ibid., 6 John). In the tallages 
of 1207 and 1214 Kenton contributed £10 each time {ibtd., 
9 and 16 John). In 1218 Henry III. gave the reserved 
rent of £33 from Kenton to Isabel the queen-mother 
{ibid., 2 Hen. III.), and after she had remarried the 
earl of March in 1222 he bestowed it on his brother 
Richard of Allemagne, earl of Cornwall, together with 
the 22 tenements in Manaton parish belonging to it called 
Southteign {Hund. Rolls, No. 23, p. 74). The rights of 
Kenton manor extended out to sea as far as you can espy 
a humber barrel, and included the outliers of Gutteridge 
and Wick, the bed of the river Exe bounded on the east 
by an imaginary line drawn from Darling's rock at Lymp- 
stone to Chickston rock at Exmouth {Survey of the Manor 
of KerUon in 1695, quoted in Polwhele, II. 161), together 
with a tenement in St. Thomas', Exeter (Polwhele, II. 164), 
and a tract of land called Brimley now in East Teign- 
mouth {Trans, xiii. 114), besides 22 tenements in Manaton 
parish. It was also entitled to wreck of the sea if cast up 
on the land of the manor {Hund. RoU, No. 23, p. 74). 
On the death of earl Richard and of his son Edmimd in 
1300 without heir, Kenton reverted to the King. In 1316 
it was in the occupation of Edmimd of Woodstock {Feud. 
Aids, 378), to whom it was given by his brother Edward 
II. on 13 November, 1319 {Exch. Plea Roll, No. 68, 16 
Ed. III.). It was then stated to be worth £80, but let to 
farm to the tenants for £60. In 1331 Edmimd, earl of 



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218 THE BARLY HISTORY OF THE 

Kent, and Margaret his wife died seised of it {A.-D. Inq, 
4 Ed. III. No. 38) ; in 1351 John, earl of Kent {A.-D. Inq. 
26 Ed. III. No. 54) ; in 1399 Thomas de Holand, earl of 
Kent, and Alice his wife (A.-D, Inq. 20 Ric. II. No. 30) ; 
in 1411 Elisabeth, widow of John, sometime earl of Kent 
(A.'D. Inq. 12 Hen. IV. No. 35). It lost its connection 
with the crown when queen Elisabeth sold it to lord 
Clifton (Polwhele, II. 161), and after passing through 
several hands by sale was purchased in 1712 by sir William 
Courtenay of Powderham {ibid.). 

**This manor," says Polwhele, p. 160, "had a pretty 
custom, that if the issue of any of the tenants held their 
tenements three descents, they claimed the inheritance of 
the tenement." Upon which Polwhele observes, *' but this 
custom extended only to the socage tenements of the 
manor ; and hath been of no force since the statute of 
Charles II. which reduced all such tenures to free and 
common socage." 

The barton of Oxton paying a freehold rent of 40 shillings 
to Kenton manor, and Brickhouse paying 3s. 4d. are 
within the manor of Kenton (Polwhele, II. 161). The 22 
tenements in the parish of Manaton which belong to this 
manor probably represent the estate in this Hundred for 
which Aderet the forester was allowed exemption in 
1084. 

The rectory manor, which is a small one, includes part 
of Kenton town and a few other tenements. For the 
reasons already stated it appears to have been given to 
the church of Sherborne before the division of that see in 
909, and to have passed from Sherborne to Salisbury as 
part of the possessions of that see. In 1270 the vicarage 
of Kenton was settled by bishop Bronescombe {Reg., 193). 

On 13 September, 1318, the dean and chapter of Salis- 
bury presented to the vicarage (Stapeldon, 226). On 
3 December, 1333, and again on 25 June, 1349, the locum 
tenens of the dean and chapter presented (Orandisaon, 
1297, 1393). On 17 October, 1392 (Brantyngham, 123) 
and ever since the dean and chapter of Salisbury have 
been the patrons. 

Cheverston, otherwise Cheston, and Kenton Courtney 
are two submanors originally created out of Kenton 
manor, the tenants of which, however, since the time 
when these submanors came into the possession of the 



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PRINCIPAL MAKORS IN EXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 219 

Ck)urtneys, used to do suit at Powderham court (Polwhele^ 
II. 164). Cheverston lies west of Kenton town, and pays 
a chief rent of 40 shillings a year to Kenton. It was held 
by William de Chevereston, who also held Uton and Sewer 
in Marlborough in 1285 (Trans, xlv. 183, 192). His 
descendant, John de Cheverston, married Joan, daughter 
of Hugh III. Courtney, 2nd earl of Devon, and his wife 
Margaret Bohim, and having no issue himself nor yet his 
brother, conveyed Cheverston to his wife and her father, 
from whom it descended to Philip Courtney of Powderham 
(Pole, 258 ; Polwhele, II. 164 n.). Philip Courtney died 
seised of Cheverston in 1406 {A.-D, Inq. 7 Hen. IV. No. 51), 
and it has since continued in his descendants. Kenton 
Courtney, consisting of five houses in Kenton with the 
enclosures belonging to them, has been held by the Courtney 
family by a chief rent payable to Kenton since the four- 
teenth century. 

The fee lists know of three manors called Matford, two 
of which are in Exminster Hundred and one in Wonford 
Hundred (Trans, xliv. 323). The two Matfords in 
Exminster, respectively known as Matford Butter and 
Matford Speke, are both represented in Domesday, Matford 
Butter being then held of the Count of Mortain and subse- 
quently of the honour of Montacute {Feud. Aids, 389), 
Matford Speke being then WiUiam Capra's and subse- 
quently held of the honour of Braneys {A.-D. Inq. 28 
Ed. I. No. 48). On the other hand, Matford in Wonford 
Hundred {Feud. Aids, 345) does not appear in Domesday, 
and being held of the honour of Okehamton {Testa, 478, 
p. 180a) must have been carved out of some estate held of 
that honour. It is therefore probably Matford in Alphing- 
ton {Trans, xliv. 397). All three Matfords were in the 
fourteenth century held by or of the Dynhams, which 
renders it sometimes difficult to prevent confusing them 
(see below, p. 230). 

Matford Butter, which I take to be Matford Barton 
in Exminster, with which is connected Matford Immer,* 
takes its name from the family of Botour or Boter who 
were in possession in the thirteenth century. In 1086 
Matford was one of a group of small estates, the others 
being Frizenham and Woodland in Little Torington, 

* The list of ti things in Exminster Hundred in 1384 (Suppl. to Devon 
Not. and Qu., 1907, p. 19) says " tithing of Matford Botour and Inunour.'* 



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220 THE EAKLY HISTORY OF THE 

Wedfield in West Putford, Stockleigh Luccombe in 
Cheriton Fitzpaine, Chitterleigh in Bickleigh, Densham in 
Woolfardisworthy, and one large one, Sutton Satchvil 
and Upcot {Trans, xxviii. 414), which Alured Pincema 
held of the Count of Mortain. Two of these estates, 
Sutton Satchvil and Upcot, appear to have passed to John 
Mohun of Cadleigh, of whom they were held by Robert 
Satchvil in the thirteenth century (Fevd, Aids, 426), but 
Matf ord hamlet was purchased for 30 marks on 23 February, 
1270, by OHver de Dynham from Robert de Beteliscombe 
and Agnes his wife {Devon Fine, No. 707). Oliver de 
Dynham died seised of Matf ord hamlet in 1299 {A.-D. Inq. 
27 Ed. I. No. 42, 149), and two years later Joce de Dynham 
{A.'D. Inq. 29 Ed. I. No. 56). In 1333 John de Dynham 
died seised of Matf ord {A.-D. Inq. 6 Ed. III. No. 69) ; in 
1383 sir John de Dynham {A.-D. Inq. 6 Ric. II. No. 28) ; 
and in 1468 sir John de Dynham {A.-D. Inq. 7 Hen. VI. 
No. 56). Henry le Botour therefore who held Matford 
for i Mortain fee in 1303 {Fevd. Aids, 346) must have 
held it of John de Dynham. In 1346 John de Djmham 
was in possession in succession to Henry le Botour (Feud. 
Aids, 389). The Botour family, nevertheless, regained 
possession, seeing that on 4 February, 1441, bishop Lacy 
gave licence to Henry Boter and Joan his wife and John 
Mar and Elisabeth his wife to have divine service in their 
manor of Matford Boter (Lacy, 790). 

III. Estates held of the bishop. 

The bishop's Domesday manor of Taintona included 
the present parishes of Bishopsteignton, West Teign- 
mouth, and Chudleigh. In Bishopsteignton are the 
domain of Radway, and the submanors of Venn, Nether 
Rixtail, and Luton. In Chudleigh is Place or the bishop's 
palace, about a quarter of a mile from the town, the 
precentor's seat at Ugbrook and the bartons of Waddon 
and Harcombe. 

Bishopsteignton and West Teignmouth both con- 
tinued to be estates of the see imtil bishop Vesey, imder 
pressure from the crown, made them over together with 
the palace at Radway to sir Andrew Dudley in the year 
1549 (Lysons, II. 490). At Radway the site of the bishop's 
palace is known as Old Walls (Lysons, II. 150). 



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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 221 

Venn or La Fenne in Bishopsteignton was held for 
i fee in 1249 by Walter le Thailleur (Devon Fine, No. 519), 
and in 1303 by Richard le Taillour and Ralf de la Were 
(Fetid. Aids, 347), but I do not find any other notice of it 
in the fee lists. 

Luton, anciently called Limeveton and Lunaton, was 
held for ^ fee of the bishop and in 1303 was in the bishop's 
hands (Feud. Aids, 347), and the bishop also held it in 
1346 (ibid., 389). 

Nytherryxstinele or Lower Rixtail was in 1303 held 
of the bishop for J fee by Roger de Nytherryxstinele 
(Feud. Aids, 347), to whom Nicolas de Kyrkam succeeded 
before 1346 (ibid., 389), and William de Ryxtynell before 
1428 (ibid., 487). 

Chudleigh was one of the bishop's principal residences 
until bishop Vesey at the instance of the crown made it 
over in 1560 to sir Thomas Brydges (Lysons, 11. 105). 

About the same time the precentor's estate at Ugbrook 
was alienated to sir Peter Courtney of Borscombe, Wilts 
(Lysons, II. 105 ; Polwhele, II. 120), ancestor of the 
present lord Clififord. 

A tract of land essarted by the bishop after 1205 con- 
stitutes the manor of Waddon held for i fee of the bishop, 
and appears to be the Wudeton which Gilbert de Wudeton 
sold to Walter de Ralegh on 9 December, 1262 (Devon 
Fine, 625). In 1303 it was in the bishop's possession 
(Feiui. Aids, 347). 

Dawlish, which includes East Teignmouth or Holcombe 
and Southwood, is first heard of in 1044, when it was given 
by King Eadward to his worthy chaplain Leofric, after- 
wards bishop of Exeter (Trans, xiii. 106), ** free from all 
fiscal tribute or impost, saving only field-faring, and 
bridge and stronghold upkeep." Leofric, with King 
William's consent, in 1069 bequeathed Dawlish, Holcombe, 
and Southwood to the church of St. Peter of Exeter 
(Trans, xiii. 124, 127), and these, together with Ide, 
Staverton, and Combe Paflford in St. Mary church, were 
before 1086 set apart for the support of the canons ( Vict. 
Hist. 415). One effect of this setting apart was that on 
a vacancy of the see they did not fall into the hands 
of the crown. The canons appear at an early date to 
have alienated Holcombe to the sherifE of Devon, and 



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222 THE EARLY HISTORY OP THE 

Southwood to the earl of Devon. Thus Holcombe came to 
be held of the honour of Okehamton and Southwood of the 
honour of Plymton. The manor of Dawlish and the fee 
farm rents the canons retained until 1803, when they were 
sold to redeem the land-tax. Three years later, in 1806, 
they were purchased by viscount Courtney, who was 
already in possession of the manor of Teignmouth 
Courtney (Polwhele, II. 146 ; Lysons, II. 488). 

Holcombe, Higher Holcombe or East Teignmouth, 
otherwise Teignmouth Courtney, called by Leland Southern 
Teignmouth or Teignmouth Regis (Itin. Ill, 31), was in 
Domesday included in Dawlish and cannot have been 
granted out at a fee farm rent to Courtney before the end 
of the twelfth century. In the thirteenth century it 
appears held of the honour of Okehamton, the Courtneys 
being then lords of that Jionour. In 1241 Osbert le Bat 
lield i fee in Teignemue or Teignmouth Courtney of the 
honour of Okehamton (Testa, 554, p. 1806). One of the 
then landowners there, Isabella de Kyllebire, on 6 June, 
1249, sold 4 ferling of land in Holcombe and Teignmouth 
to Walter le Thaillur, the then owner of Venn (Devon Fine, 
No. 519). In 1303 Serlo de la Gore had succeeded to the 
^ fee of Holcombe (Feud. Aids, 347), and has apparently 
left his name in Gorway Cross (Trans, xiii. 125), the 
boundary between it and another Holcombe. In 1346 
David atte Gore and Richard de Enton were the tenants 
in possession (Feud. Aids, 389). 

There was another Holcombe in Exminster Hundred, 
Lower Holcombe, which adjoins Higher Holcombe and is 
separated from it by Goreway Cross. This appears in the 
fee lists as held with Upcot in Wonford Hundred of the 
honour of Okehamton (Trans, xliv. 330). ^ This Holcombe 
must have been included in the Domesday Opecota in 
Wonford Hundred held in 1086 by Modbert, son of 
Lambert of Baldwin the sheriff (W. 484, p. 514 ; Vid. 
Hist. 4616), seeing that Kelly, the successor of Modbert, 
was middle lord in the thirteenth century. In 1241 Upcot 
and Holcombe were held by Thomas and Reginald de 
Uppecote and Geoffrey de la Hak for \ fee of the honour 
of Okehamton (Testa, 552, p. 1806) with a middle lord 

^ Fettd. Aids, 346. The heir of Joel de Uppecote holds in Uppecote 
[in Wonford Hundred] along with Holecomb in Exoministre Hundred 
J fee. 



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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED. 223 

between ; in 1285 by Joel de Uppecote and Richard Tirel 
with Nicolas de Filelegh and John de Kelly as middle 
lords of Hugh de Cortenay {Feud, Aids, 314) ; in 1303 by 
Richard de Exton (ibid., 347) ; and in 1346 by Walter 
French, John Colehaie, and Nicolas Cockescomb in succes- 
sion to Joel de Oppacote, Walter Franceys, and Nicolas 
Cockescomb (ibid., 387). 

SoUTHWOOD was also a part of Dawlish in 1086, but 
after being granted by the canons to the earl of Devon, 
appears in the fee lists among estates held of the honour 
of Plymton. In 1241 Thomas Mauduth held it of the 
honour of Plymton for J fee (Testa, 719, p. 182a) ; in 1303 
John Franceys (Fevd, Aids, 347) ; and in 1346 another 
John Fraunceys (ibid., 389). In 1428 it was the estate of 
WiDiam Wenard in succession to John Fraunces (ibid., 
487). 

Idb is stated to have been one of the estates giyen by 
King Aedelstan to the church of St. Mary and St. Peter 
at Exeter (Trans, xiii. 119), and it has been suggested that 
Morkshut, now called Marshal, may be the old name of 
the place before the church of St. Ide was built. It was 
one of the four estates which after the transfer of the see 
from Crediton to Exeter in 1050 was set apart for the 
support of the Exeter canons, and it continued with the 
canons until their estates were taken over by the Ecclesi- 
astical Commissioners. 



IV. Estates held of the honour of Okehamton. 

Besides the two Holcombes which were held of the 
honour of Okehamton and one of them by that honour of 
the canons, the following manors held in 1086 of Baldwin 
the sheriff, were in later times held of his successors the 
barons of Okehamton — Kenn, Gteorge Teign, and Mamhead, 
also Beetor in North Bovey, the three Shapleys in Chagford, 
better known as Higher and Lower Shapley, Venn and 
Jesson ; but Beetor, the three Shapleys and Venn and 
Jesson on the borders of Dartmoor appear to have be- 
longed in 1084 to the old moorland Hundred of Moreton. 

Kbwn, which takes its name from the river Kenne and 
includes the outlier of Perridge, N.W. of Dunchideock, was 
Baldwin the sheriff's in 1086, and descended with the rest 



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224 THE EABLY HISTORY OF THE 

of Baldwin's estates to John de Courtney (Trans, xxxviii. 
355), who died seised of it in 1274 (A.-D. Inq. 2 Ed. I. 
No. 3). In 1341 Htigh 11. Courtenay died seised of Kenn 
and three mills on the Exe (A.-D. Inq. 14 Ed. HI. No. 27), 
and in 1377 Hugh HI. Courtenay (A.-D. Inq. 50 Ed. III. 
No. 6). It continued with the Courtenays, following the 
vicissitudes of that family until the attainder of Henry, 
marquis of Exeter, in 1539 (Lysons, II. 296), when it 
reverted to the crown ; and the crown was still in possession 
of it a century later in Risdon's time (Polwhele, II. 181). 

Teion George, otherwise Teign Geory, cUicts Jory, or 
George Teign, was held by Roger de Molis of Baldwin the 
sheriff in 1086, and by Girard de Spineto for i fee of the 
honour of Okehamton in 1241 (Testa, 548, p. 1806). It 
appears among fees held of Hugh Courtenay in 1292 as 
Tenge manor (A,-D. Inq, 20 Ed. I. No. 58) ; as Tindon 
held by Hugh II. Courtenay in 1330 (A.-D. Inq. 4 Ed. HI. 
No. 107) ; and as Tenge George among fees held of Hugh 
IV. Courtenay in 1422 (A.-D. Inq. I Hen. VI. No. 63). 
John le Noreys was tenant in possession in 1303 (Fevd. 
Aids, 346) ; Margaret Noreys in 1346 (ibid., 389) ; and in 
1428 John Shapewik (ibid., 486). 

Mamhead was held in 1086 by Ralf de Pomeray of 
Baldwin the sheriff, and represented the 1 fee which 
Henry de Pomeray held of Robert the King's son in 1166, 
i.e. of the honour of Okehamton (Black Book, 120). Before 
1241 it had come into the possession of Hugh Peverel of 
Ermington (probably by purchase), who then held it for 
1 fee of the honour of Okehamton (Testa, 551, p. 1806). 
Hugh Peverel's son, sir John Peverel, gave it with his sister 
Amice to Nicolas Carew (Pole-Carew MS. No. 2 ; Polwhele, 
II. 155) ; and Nicolas, son of Martin, who appears to have 
married the widow of Nicolas Carew,* presented to the 
rectory on 27 January, 1263, *' in right of his wife's 
dower " (Bronescombe, 152). In 1303 another Nicolas 
Carew was in possession of the manor (Feud. Aids, 347), 
and presented to the rectory on 13 September, 1309 
(Stapeldon, 233). On his death in 1311 sir John Carew 
succeeded to it, whose widow, dame Joan, presented to 

• Mr. Watkin suggests that Nicolas Martin must have married either 
the daur. or sister of Hugh Peverel ; but if so Mamhecui would have 
gone to the Martin family. Vivian's account of the early Martin family 
is altogether wrong. See Trans, xlv. 171 and Vict, Hist, 565. 



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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN BXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 225 

the rectory on 20 January, 1349 (Orandisson, 1371), and 
again on 18 March in the same year (ibid., 1405). In 1368 
sir John de Goumay was in possession of the advowson in 
right of the lands which he had with Elisabeth his wife 
{Sbid.y 1505). In 1410 Thomas, baron Carew, held Mam- 
head manor, and presented to the rectory {Stafford, 186). 
Sir Thomas Carreu held Mamhead, and presented to the 
rectory on 18 November, 1426 (Lacy, 88) ; in Jmie, 1429 
{ibid., 118) ; and again in July 1434 (ibid., 172). 

Higher and Lower Shaplbigh in Chagford were both 
held in 1086 by Robert [perhaps Robert son of Hervei de 
Helion] of Baldwin the sheriiBF, and appear to be repre- 
sented in 1166 by the 1 fee which Goelmus de Helyun 
held of Robert, the King's son, of the honour of Okehamton 
(Black Book, 120). In 1247 Robert de Hylum or Helion 
held Shaplegh for 1 fee of the honour of Okehamton 
(Testa, 649, p. 1806). With Margaret, daughter of Robert 
de Helion, Shapleigh passed to sir Richard Prouz, whose 
sons William and Hugh le Prouz held Shapleigh for 1 fee 
in 1303 (Fevd. Aids, 346). In 1346 Hugh Prouz was in 
possession in succession to Hugh and William Prouz 
(ibid., 388). In 1428 dame Joan Courtney held ^ fee in 
Shapleghe in dower in succession to Hugh Prous (ibid., 
482), and Thomas Stowford held f fee in Shaplegh in suc- 
cession to the same (ibid., 486). 

Yet another Shapleigh was held by Grodwin in 1086 of 
Baldwin the sheriff. This appears to be the estate now 
known as Venn and Jesson, otherwise Jordaneston in 
Chagford, which Herbert de Cumbe held for J fee in 1241 
of the honour of Okehamton (Testa, 650, p. 1806). Before 
1303 Robert de Valepitte had succeeded Herbert de 
Cumbe, and held La Fenne and Jordaneston for J fee 
(Fevd. Aids, 346), and in 1346 William Prous and Thomasia 
Kirkham held the same J fee in La Fenne and Jordaneston 
of the honour of Okehamton, which had been previously 
held by the free tenants of the same (ibid., 388). 

Respecting Beetor in North Bovey I have been unable 
to obtain any information. In 1086 it was held by Ansger 
of Baldwin the sheriff. All other of Ansger's estates held 
of Baldwin the sheriff appear in later times as held by the 
family of de Esse or Ash of the honour of Okehamton. 
Probably Beetor was also by de Esse. 

VOL. XLvn. p 



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226 THB BABLY HISTORY OF THE 

V. E^atea held of the honour of Berry. 

The estates held of the honour of Berry include four 
manors held by, or of RaJf de Pomeray in 1086, viz. 
Ashcombe, Holcombe, Peamore, and Mowlish. Ashcombe 
and Holcombe Ralf de Pomeray held himself, Roger [son 
of Payne] held Peamore under him, and Richard held 
Mowlish also under him. 

Ashcombe, otherwise called Aylicheston (Feud, Aids^ 
487) and Alleston (ibid,, 346), was held in 1292 by Nicolas 
de Kirkham as a freehold of the manor of Berry by the 
render of a pair of white gloves at Easter (Testa, 966, p. 185a 
in Trans, xxviii. 368). In 1303 Baldwin de Countevill was 
tenant in possession (F&ud. Aids, 346). Before 1346 
Baldwin had been succeeded by Thomasia Kirkham, who 
held Alycheston for i fee (ibid,, 389). In 1428 Thomas 
Kirkham had succeeded Thomasia Kirkham (ibid,, 487), 
and in 1468 Robert Kirkham died seised of Ashcombe 
(A,'D, Inq. 7 Ed. IV. No. 49). 

GrosHn, son of Ralf de Pomeray of Domesday, had about 
1125, with the consent of Emma his wife and Ws five sons, 
Henry, Roger, Philip, Goslin, and Ralf, given to St. Mary 
du Val the tithe of his capital manor of Berry, the manor 
of Canonteign, and all his chapel rights in England (Col. 
Docts. in France, 636, in Trans, xxxix. 375). These chapel 
rights included St. George's Clyst and Ashcombe. In 
1167 Henry de Pomeray the younger confirmed all the 
gifts of Goslin de Pomeray [his grandfather] and of Henry 
his son [his father] to St. Mary du Val ** in advowsons and 
other possessions both in England and Normandy " (ibid., 
537). Owing to the difficulty of oversea communications 
St. Mary du Val found it more convenient to grant the 
tithes of these chapelries to their chaplains serving there 
in consideration of a reserved rent or pension, and thus 
the chaplain of Ashcombe became a rector charged with 
the payment of 6 shillings to St. Mary by way of pension 
(Dugdale, Mon, 2486). 

Some time before 1259 — ^the year in which there is first 
evidence of Merton priory presenting to St. George's 
Clyst — ^the house of St. Mwry du Val had made over their 
lands and church rights in England to the prior and 
convent of Merton in exchange for lands and churches 
belonging to Merton priory in the diocese of Bayeux 



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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN BXMINSTER HUNDRED. 227 

(Oliver, Mon, 65). The exchange was confirmed by Henry 
de Pomeray, heir of the donor on 16 February, 1268 
(Com. Fine, No. 256), and approved by bishop Walter 
Branscombe on 29 May, 1278 (Bronesccmbe, fol. 86), and 
by his successor Peter Quivil on 26 April, 1282 (Oliver, 
Mon. 66). Thus the patronage of Berry Pomeroy, St. 
George's Qyst, and Ashcombe, together with the manor 
of Canon Teign, came into the possession of the prior and 
convent of Merton, and the priory became entitled to the 
chief rents or pensions reserved on the grants of these 
rectories. The prior and convent of Merton presented to 
St. George's Clyst on 29 August, 1269 (Bronescombe, 125), 
and to Ashcombe on 7 June, 1280 (ibid., 108), and from 
that time exercised the patronage continuously until the 
dissolution. 

The chief feature about Pomeray's Holcombb or 
Holcomma was that there were there four salt- workers. It 
must therefore have lain on a stream close by the sea. 
The late Mr. Davidson accordingly identified it with 
Holcombe or East Teignmouth (Trans, xiii. 130). With 
aU respect to so great an authority this identification 
seems to me impossible for two reasons. First, Pomeray's 
Holcomma would be held of the honour of Berry, whereas 
the Teignmouth Holcombe was held of the honour of 
Okehamton (Testa, 564, p. 1806). Secondly, the lords 
paramount of the Teignmouth Holcombe were the canons 
of Exeter, showing that Teignmouth Courtney must have 
originally formed part of their Dawlish estate. 

It is therefore suggested that Pomeray's Holcomma is 
most probably the estate in Combe-in-Teignhead known 
as Combe Cellars or Combe Salterns, Combe being an 
abbreviation of Holcombe and Cellars of salinaria or 
salterns. The same word written Celer is met with as a 
place name in Branscombe in 1270 (Devon Fine, No. 712). 
There are also Clay Cellars in Kingsteignton. I am in- 
debted to Mr. A. J. P. Skinner, of Colyton, for first drawing 
attention to this meaning of the word Cellars, and it is 
confirmed by Mr. R. Pearse Chope (Trans, xliii. 276, n. 4). 
Mr. Davidson had previously explained a saltern as a 
salt-aem or salt-shed (Trans, xiii. 113 n.). 

Peamobe, also called Peamore BoUay, was held in 
Domesday by Roger, son of Pagan, of Ralf de Pomeray. 
There is no mention of it among fees held of Henry de 



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228 THE EARLY HISTORY OP THE 

Pomeray in 1241, and it may be presumed that it had 
been acquired by purchase by William Briewere the elder, 
and had passed on the division of the Briewere estate in 
1235 through his daughter Margaret de Affertis to Patrick 
de Chaworth, because it is subsequently described as held 
of the honour of I^ancaster, Chaworth's honour {Fevd. 
AidSy 389). Chaworth seems to have parted with it to 
Deneys, as Robert le Deneys was in possession in 1289 
{Devon Fine, No. 846), Robert's successor was Nicolas de 
Kirkham, who in 1315 held it as middle lord of Patrick de 
Chaworth (A.-D. Inq. 8 Ed. H. No. 56 (Rolls Ser.) 293). 
Before 1303, when Joan de Bolhay held Peamore for J fee 
(Fevd. Aids, 346), Nicolas Kirkham had sold the manor 
to Bolhay, retaining the lordship of the fee and some 205 
acres which descended in Kirkham's family. In 1431 
Robert Kirkham came into possession (A.-D, Inq. 20 
Hen. VI. No. 51), and in 1443 died seised of 3 messuages, 
200 acres of arable and 5 acres of meadow at Peamore, 
held of the duchy of Lancaster (A.-D. Inq. 22 Hen. VI. 
No. 12). To him succeeded another Robert Kirkham, 
who died seised of the same lands ia 1454 (A.-D. Inq. 33 
Hen. VT. No. 14), and then another Robert Kirkham, who 
died in 1468 seised of the fee of the manor (A.-D. Inq. 7 
Ed. rV. No. 49). As already stated, the actual possessor 
of the manor in 1303 was Joan de Bolhay. Philippa 
Bolhay was next in possession {Feud. Aids, 389). She 
was succeeded by John Cobham, who married Amice, 
daughter and heiress of James Bolhay, and in 1346 held 
Peamore for \ fee of Nicolas Kirkham, Kirkham holding 
it of the honour of Lancaster (Feud. Aids, 389). After 
continuing for several generations in the Cobham family, 
on the death of Elisabeth, heiress of Cobham, without 
issue, the right to it was contested between sir William 
Bonvill and the heirs general of Cobeham, which were 
lord Hungerford, HUle of Spaxton, and Bamfield of 
Poltimore. Sir William Bonvill was the successful claimant, 
through whom it descended to Henry Gray, duke of 
Suffolk, and on his attainder reverted to the crown (Pol- 
whele, n. 107). 

MowLiSH, in Kenton, was in 1086 the estate of Richard, 
who held it of Ralf de Pomeray. Richard's successor 
there in 1166 was Nicolas de Mulhiwis, who held Mowlish 
for i fee of Henry de la Pomeray {Black Book, 129). In 



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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTBR HUNDRED. 229 

1219 William de Mowlish was in possession, and on 24 June 
in that year exchanged a ferling in Mowlish for a f erling in 
Clampit with Robert de Mowlish the owner of Clampit 
{Devon Fine^ No. 110). In 1241 William de Molehywisse 
held Mowlish for i fee of Henry de Pomeray (Testa, 771, 
p. 1826), and on 12 Jmie, 1244, ceded to Ralf, son of 
Peter, a moiety of an oxgang of land at Ashf ord Peverel 
on the north side (Devon Fine, No. 404). Before 1303 
this i fee had passed to John de la Bourne (Fevd. Aids, 
347 ; Pole, 268). 

VT. Estate held of the honour of Marshwood. 

Quite distinct from Pomeray's manor of Mowlish is the 
small quillet of South Mowlish or Milehyuis, which the 
English thane Saulf held of the King along with Manne- 
heva or Ashford Peverel in 1086. In 1241 this quillet was 
held for J fee by Robert de Molehiwis of the honour of 
Marshwood (Testa, 842, p. 183a). In 1303 Henry de 
Moulish was in possession (Fevd. Aids, 389), who on 6 
October, 1310, granted 1 messuage and 2 ferlings at 
Cofiford to Maurice de Coketon or Cofton and Joan his 
wife, with reversion on failure of heirs by Joan to his own 
son Maurice (Devon Fine, No. 976). In 1346 John Garland 
was in possession of this J fee (Fevd. Aids, 389), and in 
1428 Roger Mowlysh was the holder (ibid., 487). 

VII. Estates held of the honour of Braneys. 

The estates held of the honour of Braneys are the four 
which William Capra or his tenants held in 1086. They 
include North Shillingford, Towsington, and Matford 
Speke in Exminster, and Nether Haccombe, otherwise 
Netherton, in Combe-in-Teignhead. Shillingford and Tow- 
sington were held in 1086 by William Capra himself, and 
in 1166 by Roger de Omnibus Sanctis, alias Touz Seynts 
(Black Book, 122). 

In the foundation deed of Tor abbey, which dates from 
1199, William Briewere, the founder, asserts that he has 
purchased from William de Tracy [successor of William 
Capra] for 4 score marks the lordship of North ShHiT.tng- 
FORD, in Exminster, and has given the same to Tor abbey 
(Oliver, Mon. 173). This William de Tracy was the son 
of sir Gervase de Courtney (Tor. Cart, in Oliver, Mon. 187a) 



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230 THE EABLY HISTOEY OF THE 

and his wife Eva, daughter and heiress of William de 
Tracy, who held the honour of Braneys in 1166 and died 
in 1176 {Devon Not. artd Qu, ii. 188). The estate given to 
Tor abbey was in consequence known as ShiUingford 
abbot, and in one place is written Sibbrigeford (Devon 
Fine, No. 201). It included Pengilly and Great and Little 
Bowhays (Polwhele, 107, 108), and being held free from 
mSitary service does not appear subsequently in the fee 
lists. 

TowsiNGTON, simply called Esseministre in Domesday, 
takes its distinctive name from Roger de Touz Seyntz, 
who held it in 1166, along with MidcUeton in Parracombe 
in Shirwell Hundred, for 2 fees of William de Tracy, the 
holder of the honour of Braneys (BUick Book, 122). As 
Middleton was held in 1241 by the heir of Adam de Bame- 
vill for 1 fee of the honour of Barnstaple (Testa, 21, p. 175a)» 
it must have been held by William de Tracy of the honour 
of Barnstaple ; for in the same year Lucas de Tuz Seinz 
and Lucas de Bar[n]evill held Txlz Seinzeston or Towsing- 
ton for 1 fee of the honour of Braneys (Testa, 817, p. 183a). 
Five years later, on 12 November, 1246, Isabella, widow 
of Lucas de Bamevill, surrendered her dower from lands 
in Tuzseinteston and Middleton to John de Weston and 
Joan his wife (Devon Fine, No. 469), who in 1303 were in 
possession (Feud. Aids, 346). John de Weston died seised 
of Towsmgton in 1324 (A.-D. Inq, 17 Ed. II. No. 63). In 
1346 William de Weston held 1 fee in Touzceyneston in 
succession to John de Weston, " and it is parcel of those 
2 fees in respect of which John de Weston was charged 
for his relief " (ibid., 389). " The tenants it is said paid 
for \ fee (ibid,, 437), and William de Weston paid on 1 fee 
for Touzceyneston and on f fee for Middleton in the 
Hundred of ShirweU*^ parcel of the said manor " (ibid., 
440). In 1428 the coimtess of Devon held the 2 fees of 
Towsington and Middleton in dower (ibid., 482). 

Matford Speke, one-half the size of Matford Butter, 
and probably now Higher Matford, was held in 1086 by 
one Half, son of Pagan, who also held Ash Bogus in 
Braunton, Awliscombe Tremenet in Awliscombe, Cobbaton 

' Feud. Aids, 416, a.d. 1346 •. WiUiam de Weaton for f fee in Middle- 
ton, parcel of Tousceiniston held of the honour of Braneys in ohief, whioh« 
John de Weeton aforetime held, and it ia parcel of those 2 fees for which 
John de Weston was charged for his relief. 



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PRINCIPAL MANORS IN EXMINSTER HUNDRED. 231 

in Whimple, and Puddington of the honour of Braneys^ 
besides a small estate annexed to Buckerel (W. 878, p. 718 ; 
Vict. Hist. 506). In 1241 Nicolas le Engimur was tenant 
in possession of Matford Speke, which he held for i fee of 
Hie honour of Braneys through a middle lord {Testa, 818, 
p. 183a). In 1270 Robert &ioel and Petronilla his wife 
were in possession, who on 27 January in that year con- 
veyed 1 ploughland at Matford to Oliver de Dinham 
{Devon Fine, No. 686). In 1303 the heir of Joce Deneham 
had succeeded to it (Feud. Aids, 346). Matford descended 
in the Dinham family, and was held in 1346 by John 
Dynham and Henry Ordolf {ibid., 389). In 1428 John 
Dynham, chivaler, William Boter, and Robert Beste held 
\ fee in Matford Speke in succession to John Dynham and 
Henry Ordolf {ibid., 482). 

The fourth and last estate which belonged to the honour 
of Braneys in this Hundred was Hacoma, Nether Hac- 
COMBE or NiTHERTON in Combe-in-Teignhead. In 1086 
this manor was held by Robert [le Baron], who also held 
Buckland Baron in Haytor Hundred {Trans, xl. 124). 
Nitherton and Buckland Baron constitute the \\ fees 
which Richard le Barun held of William de Tracy in 1166 
(Black Booh, 122). In 1241 Netherton was held for 1 fee 
by John le Barun and Walter per Tut (Testa, 816, p. 183a). 
Before 1303 Netherton had been divided and was held in 
moieties (Devon Not. and Qu. i. 107), Eustace le Baroun 
holding i fee in Nytherecote, and Isabella de Brente. 
holding t fee in Nitherton (Fevd. Aids, 346). Before 1346* 
William Baron had succeeded to Eustace le Baron's i fee 
in Nitheriton or Nytherecote, and Peter Clyfford to 
Isabella de Brenta's J fee in Netherton (ibid., 388). In 
1428 William Baron's i fee was held by Nicolas Carrowe 
and Joan his wife, Matilda, widow of John Fokeray, 
William Fokeray, William Werthe, and William Medbome, 
whilst Peter ClyflEord's \ fee was held by the same persons 
with the addition of Richard ClifiEord (ibid., 482). 

VIII. Estates held of the honour of Hereford. 

Only two estates in this county were held of the honour 
of Hereford, viz. Powderham in the Himdred of Exminster 
and Whitstone in the Himdred of Wonford. William de 
Ow or de Eu was the Domesday lord of both, but on the 
forfeiture of William's son in 1096 the lordship was given 



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232 THB BABLY HISTORY OF THE 

to the earl of Hereford (Bound, Peerage^ 187 ; Polwhele, 
n. 170). The tenant of both, under William de Ow, m 
1086 was Rannulf [de Powderham]. Peter de Poudreham 
was in possession about 1212, and was succeeded by his 
son Thomas de Pouderham (Devon Fine^ No. 80), who 
was in possession in 1219. Roger de Pouderham followed 
in 1249 (ibid.y No. 476), but probably owing to the minority 
of Andrew de Pouderham sir Hugh de Bohun, son of the 
earl of Hereford, presented to the rectory in 1268 {Brcfnes- 
combe, 164). Andrew de Poderham had succeeded to the 
manor and advowson before 1263 (Trans', xliv. 334), and 
in 1271 presented to the rectory (Broneacornhey 164). 

In 1286 John de Powderham succeeded him (Trans. 
xliv. 334). He held Powderham in 1303 by paying to the 
earl of Hereford 2 marks a year (Fevd. Aids, 347). His 
son John, the last of the Powderhams, was under age in 
1321, when Humfrey de Bohun as his guardian presented 
to the rectory (Stapeldon, 244). He di^ soon afterwards, 
and Humfrey de Bohun then gave Powderham manor 
with his daughter Margaret to Hugh III., 2nd earl of 
Devon, who in turn gave it to his son sir Philip Courtney 
(Polwhele, 11. 170). A presentation was made to the 
rectory on 17 February, 1348, by Henry de Nortone " in 
right of the dower of Agnes his wife in the manor of 
Powderham " (Orandisson, 1376). This cannot have been 
Agnes St. John, the wife of the first earl, as suggested by 
prebendary Hingeston-Bandolph, because Agnes St. John 
•had been then dead eight years, having predeceased her 
husband.® Neither the first earl of Devon nor his wife had 
any interest in Powderham. I do not find Agnes' name 
among the numerous daughters of the second earl and 
Margaret. Yet it seems most likely that she was a daughter, 
as Margaret herself presented at the next vacancy in 1391 
only a fortnight before her death (BrarUyngham, 116). 

IX. Estate of the abbot of Bucfast. 

Tbusham is the only estate in this Himdred which the 
abbot of Bucfast held. It was his before the Conquest, 
and it continued to be his until the dissolution of the 
abbey on 26 February, 1638. Although the revenue from 

• Hugh II. Courtney was created earl of Devon on 22 Februarv, 1336, 
and died 23 December, 1340. His wife Agnes, daur. of Jolm lord St. 
John, predeceased him on 11 June, 1340, and was never a widow or 
married a second time (Vivian, Visit. 244). 



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PRINCIPAL liANOBS IN BXMINSTBR HUNDBBD. 233 

assessed rents at Trusham amounted to £10 14s. 10|d., 
yet only 7s. 2d. was derived from free tenants (Oliver, 
Mon. 376). We shall therefore perhaps be right in con- 
cluding that this amount was paid from the estate of 
Staplehill, where a family, taking its name from the place, 
maintained itself from the time of Henry III. to that of 
Elisabeth (Polwhele, II. 117). At Trusham, as on most 
of the Bucfast Abbey estates, the local chaplain held the 
rectory by grant from the abbey. For such a grant the 
rector of Bucklastleigh paid 16s. 8d. a year, the rector of 
Down St. Mary £2 13s. 4d., the rector of Petrockstow 
£1 6s. 8d., and the rector of Trusham 1 lb. of wax (Oliver, 
Mon. 377). The reserved annuity is sometimes called a 
portion {ibid., 376), at other times a pension (ibid., 377). 
The meaning of these terms has been already explained 
(Trans, xxxix. 390). 



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234 



THE SABLY HISTORY OF THE 



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PBINCIPAL MANORS IN BXMINSTSB HUNDRED. 235 



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236 PBIKCIPAL UAISOBS IS BXHINSTBB HXJNDBBD. 



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INDEX TO PAPERS ON EXMINSTER HUNDRED 
AND THE MANORS IN THE SAME. 

(Names of places are in itaUcs.) 



Aderet or Edred the forester, 

208, 218 
Aedelstan, King, 223 
Aedelward, younger son of 

Alfred, 196, 210 
Affertis, Margaret de, 228 
Aimar or Almaer the Saxon, 204 
Aldhehn, bishop of Sherborne, 

196 
AlenUyrui, 196. SeeYealmpton 
Alfred, King, 194, 196, 217 
Algar the Saxon, 204 
Allemagne, Richard of, 217 
AUeston, 226. See Ashcombe 
Alsi the Saxon, 206 
AUalage, 198 

Alured the cupbearer, 203, 220 
Aluric Piga, 204 
Alwy Tabe the Saxon, 203 
Amadas, Catharine, wife of 

William, 214 
Amadas, William, 214 
Ancient Crown Lordships, 194, 

195, 210 
Anger or Ansger, 204, 226 
Aret the Saxon, 204 
Ash Bogus, in Braunton, 230 
Ashcombe, 199, 201, 204, 208, 

226, 234 ; advowson, 226 
Ashfarm, Lyson in Kenton, 206 

216 
Ashford Peverel, 206, 208, 216, 

229 236 
Ashton, 200, 201, 207, 216, 234 
Atwill, 201 

Awliscombe Tremanet, 230 
Aylicheston, 226. See Ash- 
combe 



B 

Baldwin the sheriff, 203, 208, 

222, 223, 224, 226 
Baldwin, earl of Exeter, 4 ; 

earl of Devon, 212 
BaU family, 13, 14 
Bamfield family, 228 
Bamevill, Adam de, 230 
Bamevill, Isabella, widow of 

Lucas de, 230 
Bamevill, Lucas de, 230 
Barnstaple honour, 230 
Barun, Eustace le, 231 
Barun, John le, 231 
Barun, Richard le, 231 
Barun, Robert le, 231 
Barun, WilHam, 231 
Bat, Robert le, 222 
Battle, monks of, 202, 212 
Bayeux diocese, 223 
Bayonen, William de, rector of 

Exminster, 211 
Beaumont, Robert de, 204 
Beetor, in North Bovey, 204,. 

223, 226 

Beneyt, Joan, wife of William,. 

211 
Beneyt, William, of Exminster, 

211 
Berry horumr, 226-228 
Berry Pomeroy, 226 
Beste, Robert, 231 
Bigbury, William, 214 
Bishopsteignton, 200, 201, 202, 

208, 220, 234 
Bisiman, Walter de, 211 
Bitelescombe, Agnes, wife of 

Robert de, 220 
Bitelescombe, Robert de, 220 



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238 INDBX TO FAPSBS ON BXMINSTBB HT7NDBBD 



Blund, Robert, 216 
Bohun, Hugh de, 232 
Bohun, Humphrey de, 232 
Bohun, Margaret, wife of Hugh 

III Courtraiay, 219, 232 
Bolhay, Joan de, 228 
Bolhay, Philippa, 228 
Bonvalet, Half, 215 
Bonvyle, Sir William, 228 
Boter, Botour, Henry le, 219, 

220 
Boter, Botour, Joan, wife of 

Henry, 220 
Boter, William, 231 
Bourne, John de la, 229 
Bowhays in Exminster, 205, 

230, 235 
Bramble, outher of Trusham, 

203 
BraneySy honour of, 219, 220, 

229-231 
Branscombe, Adam, 214 
Branscombe, Alice, wife of 

Adam, 214 
Brente, Isabella de, 231 
Brenton in Exminster, 210, 211, 

235 
Brenton, Adam de, 211 
Brenton, Reginald de, 211 
Brenton, Walter de, 211 
Brickhouse in Kenton, 218 
Bridfard, 213 
Brindey in East Teignmouth, 

217 
Brismar the Saxon, 203, 206 
Briwere, William, bishop of 

Exeter, 197 
Briwere, WilUam, 228, 229 
Bronescombe, bishop, 198, 227 
Brook, lord, 214 
Brooking Rowe, 208 
Brydges, Sir Thomas, 221 
Bubb, 201 
Buefast, abbot of, 203, 208, 

232 
Buckerel, 231 
Buckfastleighy 197 
Buckfast rectory, 232 



Bucldand Baron, 231 
Budockeside, Buttockyside , 

Nicolas de, 213 
Budockeside, William de, 211, 

213 
Budockeside, Thomas de, 213 
Burgayn, Joan, wife of Walter, 

214 
Burgayn, Walter, 214 
Burtone, Ehsabeth, wife of 

Robert, 214 
Burtone, Robert, 214 
Bykebury, WiUiam, 214 



Canons' estates, 203, 221, 223, 

227 
Canonteign, 226 
Canra, William, 205, 208, 229 
Carew, Carru, Amice Peverel, 

wife of Nicolas, 224 
Carew, Joan, widow of John, 

224 
Carew, Joan, wife of Nicolas, 

216, 231 
Carew, John, 224 
Carew, Carru, Carrowe, Nicolas, 

216, 224, 231 
Carew, — , daur. of Nicolas, 

wife of Nicolas son of Mar- 
tin, 224 n. 
Carew, Thomas, baron, 225 
CarsewiUe hundred, 199 
Carswell, 214 
Cary family, 201 
Cekr in Branscombe, 227 
Charlioood in Ashcombe, 205 n. 
Chaworth, Patrick de, 228 
Cheriton FUzpaine, 194, 220 
Cheverston in Kenton, 213 
Cheverston, Joan, daur. of 

Hugh III Courtenay, wife of 

John de, 219 
Cheverston, John de, 219 
Cheverston, William de, 219 
Chickstone rock, Exmouth, 217 



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AKD THS MANORS IN THB SAME. 



239 



Ckitterleigh in Bickleigh, 220 
Chope, R. Pearse, 227 
ChudUigh, 200, 201, 202, 220, 

221,234 
Chudleigh family, 216 
Clampit in Kenton, 229 
Clay CeUara in Kingsteignton, 

227 
CliffOTd family, 201 
Clifford, Peter, 231 
Clifford, Richard, 231 
Clyst St. Oeorge advowson, 226, 

227 
Clyst St. Mary, 216 
CobcxUm alias Cobden in 

Whimple, 230 
Cobham, Elisabeth, heiress of, 

228 
Cobham, John, 228 
Cockescumb, Nicolas, 223 
Cofford in Kenton, 229 
Cofton, Coketon, Joan, wife of 

Maurice de, 229 
Cofton, Maurice de, 229 
Colehaie, John, 223 
Collegiate church at Exminster, 

194 
CoUumpton, 212 
Combe Cellars, Holcomma, in 

Combe - in - Teignhead, 204, 

226,234 
Combe-in-Teignhead, 226, 231, 

234 
Combe Pafford in St. Mary- 
church, 221 
Cornwall, Edmund, earl of, 217 
Cornwall, Richard, earl of, 217 
Cotford in Sidhxiry, 212 
Countevill, Baldwin de, 226 
County lands, 196, 217 
Courtney, Sir Gervase de, 229 
Courtenay family, 201, 219 
Courtenay, Agnes, wife of Hugh 

n, 232n. 
Courtenay, Edward, 3rd earl of 

Devon, a.d. 1377-1419, 211 
Courtenay, Henry, marquis of 

Exeter, 224 



Courtenay, Hugh II, created 
earl of Devon 22 Feb., 1336, 
died 23 Dec., 1340, 199, 211, 
232 n., 224 

Courtenay, Hugh III, 2nd earl 
of Devon, a.d. 1340-1377, 
211, 212, 219, 224, 232 

Courtenay, Hugh IV, 4th earl 
of Devon, a.d. 1419-1422, 
211, 212, 224 

Courtenay, Joan, 226 

Courtenay, John, 224 

Courtenay, Margaret Bohun, 
wife of Hugh lU, 219, 232 

Courtenay, Peter, of Borscombe, 
221 

Courtenay, Philip, of Powder- 
ham, son of Hugh in, 219, 
232 

Courtenay, Thomas I, 6th earl 
of Devon, 211 

Courtenay, Thomas II, 6th earl 
of Devon, 211 

Courtenay, William, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, a.d. 
1380-1396, 212 

Courtenay, sir William of 
Powderham, 218 

Courtenay, sir William, 200 

Courtenay, viscount, 222 

Cove family, 201 

Crediton, see of, 196 

Cridie Helion in Upton Helion, 
216 

Crown or Prince's estates, 217- 
220 

Cumbe, Herbert de, 226 

Custom of Kenton manor, 218 



Daniel, bishop of Winchester, 

196 
Darling's Rock, Lympstone, 217 
Davidson, the late Mr., 227 
Dawlish, 200, 201, 203, 208, 

221, 223 



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240 INDEX TO PAPERS ON SXMINSTBB HUNDRED 



Deneys, Robert le, 228 
Deneys, Thomas, 214 
Densham in Woolfardisworthy, 

220 
Devon, Amice, countess of, 

210 
Devon, earls of, 210, 211, 222, 

223. See Cburtenay 
Devon, sheriff of, 203, 208, 221 
Doddescumbe, Alan de, 214 
Dodescumbe, Cecilia de, 213, 

214 
Dodescumbe, Joan, wife of 

Ralf de, 214 
Dodescumbe, Ralf de, 213, 

214 
Dodescumbe, John, 214 
Doddiscombsleigh, Leigh Pev- 

erel, Leigh Guobol, 200, 201, 

206, 208, 213, 215, 235 
Dowdney, 201 
Down St. Mary rectory, 233 
Drake, 201 
Drewe, 200 

Dudley, sir Andrew, 220 
Dunchidiocky Donshidiok, 200, 

201, 206, 208, 213, 235 
Dynham family, 196 
Dynham, Deneham, Joce de, 

220, 231 
Dynham, John de, 220, 231 
Dynham, Oliver de, 220 



E 

East Teignmouth or Holcombe, 

201, 203, 222, 234 
Echa, reeve of Exminster, 212 
Eddida, queen, 202 
Edgecombe, 214 
Edward the Confessor, 202, 206, 

221 
Edward II, 217 
Edwy the Saxon, 204 
Eleanor, queen, 217 
Elisabeth, queen, 233 
Engimur, Nicolas le, 231 



Erdulf or Eddulf the Saxon, 

204 
Esse alias Ash family, 225 
Ethelward, son of Alfred, 196 
Exe river, 194, 196, 217 
Exe, minster on river, 196, 197 
Exeter, St. Mary and St. Peter, 

223 
Exeler, St. Nicolas priory, 212 
Exeter, St. Olave's church, 212 
Exeter, St, PeUr's, 221 
Exeter, bishops of, 202 
Leofric, a.d. 1060-1073, p. 

221 
Osbem, a.d. 1073-1104, p. 

208 
WilUam Warelwast, a.d. 

1107-1137, p. 196 
Robert Warelwast, a.d. 

1155-1161, p. 196 
John FitzDuke, a.d. 1186- 

1191, p. 211 
William Briewere, a.d. 1224— 

1244, p. 197 
Walter Bronescombe, a.d. 

126^-1280, p. 198 
Peter Quivil, a.d. 1280-1291, 

p. 227 
Walter Stapeldon, a.d. 1308- 

1326, p. 200 
Edmund Lacy, a.d. 1420- 

1465, p. 220 
John Vesey, a.d. 1619-1664, 
p. 220, 221 
Exeter, estates held of the 

bishop of, 220, 221 
Exeter, dean and chapter of, 

198, 200 
Exeter, precentor of, 221 
Exeter, Baldwin earl of, 196 
Exeter burgesses belonging to 

Kenn, 203 
Exminster, ancient crown lord- 
ship, 194, 200, 202, 206, 212, 
236 ; given to earl of Devon, 
210 
Exminster Hundred, 194, 199, 
210 ; bailiffship of, 210 



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AND THE MANOBS JN THE SAME. 



241 



Exminster, collegiate church, 

194 
Exminster, presbyters of, 194, 

208 
Exminster advowson, 211 
ExtoK. Richard de, 222, 223 
ExweU in Powderham, 202 



Fen next Poughill, 216 
Filelegh, Nicolas de, 223 
Fitz Raw, son of Ralf, 215 
Fokeray, John, 231 
Fokeray, Matilda, widow of 

John, 231 
Fokeray, William, 231 
Foliot, Robert, 213 
Fortibus, Isabella de, died 1293, 

210 
Pranceys, Fraunceys, French, 

John, 223 
Franceys, French, Walter, 223 
Frizenham in Little Torington, 

219 
Fulcher, 206, 208, 214 



G 

Garland, John, 229 

Geare, 200 

Gerent, 194 

Germyn, William, registrar of 

Exeter, 197 
Godbold the Saxon, 206, 208 
Godwin, 204 
Godwin, earl, 212 
Gore, David atte, 222 
Gore, Serlo de la, 222 
Qonoay Cross in East Teign- 

mouth, 222 
Goumay, Elisabeth, wife of 

John de, 225 
Goumay, John de, 224 
Grey, Henry, duke of Suffolk, 

228 

VOL. XLVn. 



Gubbewolt, Hugh, 214 
Outteridgey outUer of Kenton, 

217 
Gytha, countess, widow of earl 

Godwin, 212 



H 

Hackworthy in Tedbum, 216 

Hak, Geoffrey de la, 222 

Hakeworth, John de, 216 

Haldon, Holdeham in Kenn, 
210, 212, 236 

Harberton, 195, 196 

Harcombe m Chudleigh, 220,234 

Haytor hundred^ 199 

Heavitree, Evetruwe, 198 

Hedda, bishop of West Saxons, 
196 

Helion, Alan de, 225 

Helion, Alice, daur. of Hervei 
de, 216 

Helion, Emma, widow of Her- 
vei de, 207, 208, 216 

Helion, Goscelm de, 226 

Helion, Hervei de, 207, 208, 
216 

Helion, Margaret, daur. of Alan 
de, wife of Richard Prouz, 
225 

Helion, Robert (several), 216, 
225 

Helion, Helihun, WiUiam de, 
216 

Hembury Castle in Buckfast- 
leigh, 197 

Henry I, 195, 196, 211, 215 

Henry II, 213 

Henry III, 210, 217, 233 

Hereford Honour, 231-233 

Hereford, earl of, 231 

Highweeky Teignwick, 197 

Hingeston, Randolph, pre- 
bendary, 197, 232 

HiU, 201 

Hill of Spaxton, 228 

Hoker, John, 200 



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242 INDEX TO PAPERS ON EXMINSTER HUNDRED 



Holand, Alice, wife of Thomas 

de, 218 
Holand, Thomas de, earl of 

Kent, 218 
Holbeyn, Elisabeth, wife of 

WiUiam, 214 
Holbeyn, WiUiam, 214 
Holcombe, Higher, alids East 

Teignmouth, 201, 221, 222, 

234 
Holcombe in Dawlish, alias 

Lower Holcombe, 201, 222, 

234 
Holcombe, Holcomme, alias 

Combe Cellars in Combe-in- 

Teignhead, 226, 227 
Honorius III, pope, 197 
Honyton, Roger, 201 
Hmigerford, lord, 228 
Hunt, 201 
Hurst, 201 



Ide, 200, 201, 203, 208, 221, 

223, 235 
lUon in Malborough, 219 
Ina, King, 194 
Isabel, queen, 217 



JeaaoUy Jurdaneston, in Chag- 
ford, 199, 201, 204, 223, 225 
Joel, Warin, son of , 213 
John, King, 217 

K 

Kelly, John de, 223 
Kenbury, 202, 212, 213, 235 
Kenn, 199, 200, 203, 208, 223, 

236 
Kenne river, 223 
Kent, Edmund, earl of, 217 
Kent, Elisabeth, widow of John, 

eari of, 218 



Kent, John, earl of, 218 
Kent, Margaret, wife of Ed- 
mund, earl of, 218 
Kenton, a county land belong- 
ing to Exminster, 194, 195, 
198, 201, 202, 208, 217, 236 ; 
boundaries of, 217 ; custom 
of, 218 
Kenton rectory, 208, 218 ; pre- 

bendal, 195, 196, 198 
Kenton vicarage, settlement of, 

218 
Kenton Courtney in Kenton, 

219 
Kingsteignton, 195, 196, 197 
Knoel, Petronilla, wife of 

Robert, 231 
Knoel, Robert, 231 
Kyllebire, Isabella de, 222 
Kyrkham, Robert, 226, 228 
Kyrkham, Nicolas de, 221, 228 
Kyrkham, Thomasia, 225, 226 
Kyrkham, Thomas, 226 



Lancaster, honour of, 228 
Langdon in Ashcombe, 205 n. 
Langedon, Amy,wife of William 

de, 210 
Leigh Peverd, 200. See Dod- 

discombsleigh 
Leofric, bishop of Exeter, 221 
Le Poer, Richard, bishop of 

Sarum, 197 
Leuegar the Saxon, 205 
Leualiga in Doddescombsleigh, 

206,213. See Lowly 
Leuge, 206, 213. See Doddis- 

combsleigh 
Littiltone, Thomas de, 214 
Litilton, Robert, 214 
Liiile Torington, 219 
Lower Holcombe in Dawlish, 

222 
Lotver Bixtail in Bishopst^ign- 

ton, 221, 234 



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AND THE MANOBS IN THS SAME. 



243 



Lower or North Shillingford, 

229 
Lowly Leualiga in Doddes 

combsleigh, 206, 208, 209, 

213, 235 
Lowton Peverd in Moreton 

Hampstead, 213 
Luton in Bishopsteignton, 

Luneveton, 220, 221, 234 
Lyneham in Yealmpton, 197 



M 

Malboroughy 219 

Mamhead, 200, 201, 204, 208, 

223, 224, 236 
Manaton, 208, 217, 218 
Manneheva or Ashford Peverel, 

229 
March, earl of, 217 
Marshal family, 200 
Marshal or Markshut, in Ide, 

223 
Marahwood honour, estate held 

of, 229 
Martin, Nicolas, son of, 200, 224 
Matford Butter or Matford 

barton in Exminster, 201, 

203, 219, 235 
Matford Immer, 203 
Matford Speke or Higher Mat- 
ford in Exminster, 205, 219, 

229, 230, 235 
Matford or Lower Matford in 

Alphington, 219 
Mauduth, Thomas, 223 
Medbome, William, 231 
Melehywis, William de, 215. 

See Mowlish 
Merton priory, 226 
Middleton in Shirwell Hundred, 

230 
Modhert, son of Lambert, 222 
Mohun, John, of Cadeleigh, 220 
Molehiwis, Robert de, 229. See 

Mowlish 
Molis, Roger de, 203, 224 



Monte Geroldi, Ralf de, 214 
Mor, Elisabeth, wife of John, 

220 
Mor, John, 220 

Moreton Hundred, 194, 199, 223 
Morkahut, 223. See Ide 
Mortain, count of, 203, 220 
Mowlish, Bolewis, in Kenton, 

200, 201, 205, 208, 228, 236 
Mowlish, Moulish, Henry de, 

229 
MowUsh, Maurice, son of Henry 

de, 229 
Mowlish, Mulhiwis, Nicolas de, 

228 
Mowlish, Molehiwis, Robert de, 

229 
Mowlish, Roger de, 229 
Mowlish, Molehywisse, WiUiam 

de, 215, 229 
Mulhiwis, Nicolas de, 228. See 

Mowlish 

N 

Nether Rixtail in Bishopsteign- 
ton, 220, 221, 234 

Netherton, Hacoma, in Combe- 
in-Teignhead, 199, 205, 231, 
234 

Newenham, Cecily, wife of 
Simon de, 214 

Newenham, John, 214 

Newenham, Simon de, 214 

Newenton, Alice, wife of 
WilHam de, 213 

Newenton, William de, 213 

Newhouae, 206, 215 

Nithercot, in Combe-in-Teign- 
head, 231 

Nitherton in Combe-in-Teign- 
head, 199, 231. See Nether- 
ton 

Noreys, John le, 224 

Noreys, Margaret le, 224 

North ShiUingford, Shillingford 
Abbot, in Exminster, 205, 
208, 229, 235 



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244 



INDEX TO PAPERS ON BXMINSTEB HUNDRED 



Nortone, Agnes, wife of Henry 

de, 232 
Nortone, Henry de, 232 
Nun, kinsman of Ina, 194 
Nytherecote in Combe-in-Teign- 

head, 231 
Nytherryictele, Roger de, 221. 

See Rixtail 





Okehamptoriy honour of, 222, 

223-225, 227 
Old Sarum, see of, 196 
Old Walls in Bishopsteignton, 

220 
Omnibus Sanctis, Roger de, 230 
Opecote in Tedbum, 222, 234 
Ordolf, Henry, 231 
Otre the Saxon, 205 
Ou, William de, 202, 206, 231 
Oxton in Kenton, 218 



Pagan or Paganel, Ralf, 206, 

213, 230 
Pagan, Roger, son of, 206, 227 
Peamore Bolhay in Exminster, 

200, 205, 208, 227, 235 
Pembroke, Walter de, arch- 
deacon of Barnstaple, 213 
Pengilly in Exminster, 205, 230 
Pensions, origin of, charged on 

rectories, 226, 233 
Perridge, outlier of Kenton, 223 
Peter family, 201 
Peter, Ralf, son of, 215, 229 
Peters family, 201 
Peirockstow rectory, 233 
Peverel, Amice, sister of sir 

John, 224 
Peverel, Hugh, of Ermington, 

215, 224 
Peverel, sir John, son of Hugh, 

224 



Place or Palace, in Chudleigh, 

220 
Plymton, honour of, 210-220, 

222, 223 
PlynUon priory ^ 211 
Plymton, Antony, prior of, 

211 
Pole, Sir WiUiam, 214, 215 
Pollard family, 201 
Pollard, Emma, wife of John, 

214 
Pollard, John, of Harwood, 

214 
Pollard, Walter, 214 
PoUimore, 228 
Pomeray, Emma, wife of Goslin 

de, 226 
Pomerav, Goslin, son of Ralf 

de, 226 
Pomeray, Groslin, 4th son of 

GosUn de, 226 
Pomeray, Henry I, son of 

GosUn, 224, 226 
Pomeray, Henry II, son of 

Henry de, 226 
Pomerav, Henry de (several), 

226, 227, 228, 229 
Pomeray, Philip, 3rd son of 

GosUn, 226 
Pomeray, Ralf de, 204, 205, 

208, 224, 226, 227, 228 
Pomeray, Ralf, 5th son of Gos- 
Un de, 226 
Pomeray, Roger^ 2nd son of 

GosUn de, 226 
Portion, 233 

Pouderham, Andrew de, 232 
Pouderham, John de, 232 
Pouderham, Peter de, 232 
Pouderham, Rannulf de, 206, 

232 
Pouderham, Roger de, 232 
Pouderham, Thomas de, 232 
Powderham, 200, 206, 236 
Prall, Elisabeth, wife of John, 

214 
PraU, John, 214 
Prous, Hugh le, 226 



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AND THB MANORS IN THE SAME. 



245 



Prous, Margaret, wife of 
Richard, heiress of Helion, 
216, 225 

Prous, Richard, 216, 225 

Prous, William, son of Richard 
le, 216, 225 

Pvddington, 231 

Q 

Quivil, Peter, bishop of Exeter, 
227 

R 

Radway in Bishopsteignton, 

220, 234 
Ralegh, Walter de, 221 
Ralf, Raff, son of, fitz Raw, 

215 
Ralf, Richard, son of, 215 
Ralf, Thomas, son of, 215 
Eamsburyy bishopric, 196 
Red vers, Adeliza de, 195 
Revdstoke chapel, 197 
Richard the patrician, 196 
Richard, tenant of Pomeray, 

205 
Risdon the historian, 224 
Rixtail, 221. See Nether Rix- 

tail 
Ryxtynel, William de, 221 
Robert, tenant of Capra, 205 
Robert the king's son, 225 

S 

St. John, Agnes, vnie of Hugh 

II Courtney, 232 n. 
St. Marychurch, 221 
SL Mary du Val, 226 \ 

SL Nicolas, Exeter, 212 
St. Olave, Exeter, 212 
St. Thomas, Exeter, 217 i 

Salisbury church, Kenton a 

prebend of, 195, 218 I 

Salterns, 227 I 

Sarum, bishop of, 196, 197 j 

Richard le Poer, 197 I 



Satchvil, Robert, 220 

Saulf the EngUsh thane, 206, 

207, 208, 229 

Saxon settlement in Devon, 

194 
Sewer in Malborough, 219 
Shapewik, John, 224 
Shapleighin Chagford, 199,400, 

201, 204, 223, 225 
Shappeleghe, John, 211 
Sherborne, church of, 195, 218 
Sherborne, bishopric, 195, 196, 

197 
Sherford, 212 
Shillingford St. Oeorge, alias 

Shillingford Ralf, 200, 206, 

208, 214, 236 
Shillingford Abbot, North 

Shillingford, Sibbrigeford, in 

Exminster, 200, 205, 229. 

See North Shillingford 
Shillingford, Baldwin de, 215 
Shillingford, John de (several), 

215 
Shillingford, Osmund de, 215 
Shillingford, Ralf de, 200, 215 
Shillingford, Ralf, son of Ralf 

de, 215 
Shillingford, William (several), 

215 
Skinner, A. J. P., of Colyton, 

227 
Southcot family, 200 
Southern Teignmouth, 222. See 

East Teignmouth 
Souih Mowlish in Kenton, 

Mylehyuis, 207, 208, 229, 

236 
South Teign in Chagford, 217 
Southwood in Dawlish, 210, 222, 

223, 234 
Spaxton, 228 

Speke, William le, 200, 215 
Spineto, Girard de, 224 
Stapeldon, Walter, bishop of 

Exeter, 200 
Staplehill in Trusham, 233 
Staplehill family, 201, 233 



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246 



INDEX TO PAPERS ON EXMINSTER HUNDRED 



Staverton, 221 
Stock in Holne, 197 
Stocldeigh, 194 
Stocldeigh Englishy 194 
Stockkigh Luccombe in Cheriton 

Fitzpaine, 194, 220 
Stocldeigh Pomeroy, 194 
Stoke €amm, 194 
Stokenham, 197 
Stowford, Thomas, 226 
Strode, John, 214 
Strode, sir William, 214 
Suffolk, Henry Gray, duke of, 

228 
Sutton Satchvil in Cheriton 

Fitzpaine, 220 



Taillour, Richard le, 221 
Taillour, Thailleur, Walter le, 

221, 222 
Teign river, 195 

Teign Oeorge, Geory or Jory, in 
Ashton, 203, 208, 223, 224, 
234 
Teignbridge Hundred, 199 
Teignmouth Courtney or Regis, 

222, 227 

Tirel, Richard, 223 

Tithings in Exminster Hundred , 

200 
Tor abbey, 229 
Torsus or Tossus the Saxon, 

206 
Tothill, 200 

Touz Seyntz, Roger de, 230 
Touz Seyntz, Tuz Seinz, Lucas 

de, 230 
Towsington, Toucenyston,Esse- 

ministre, 200, 205, 208, 230, 

235 
Tracy, Eva, daur. of William 

de, 230 
Tracy, William de (several), 

229, 230, 231 
Tregoz, Henry, 213 



Tregoz, Joan, wife of Henry, 

213 
Tregoz, Ralf, 213 
Tresallond, Joan, wife of John, 

214 

TresaUond, John, 214 
Trusham, 201, 203, 208, 232, 

236 
Tut, Walter per, 231 

U 

Uctred or Ustred the Saxon, 

203 
Ugbrook in Chudleigh, 220, 221, 

234 
Uluric the Saxon, 204 
Upcx)t in Cheriton Fitzpaine, 

220 
Upcot, Opecote, in Tedbum, 

222, 234 
Uppecote, Opecote, Joel de, 

223 
Uppecote, Reginald de, 222 
Uppecote, Thomas de, 222 



Valepttte, Robert de, 225 

Valletorta, Joel de, 213 

Venn in Chagford, 199, 201, 204, 

223, 225 
Venn in Bishopsteignton, 220, 

221, 222, 234 
Vesey, bishop of Exeter, 220, 

221 
Vicarages settled by bishop 

Bronescombe, 198 



W 

Waddon, Wudeton, in Chud- 
leigh, 220, 221, 236 

Warelwast, Robert, bishop of 
Exeter, 196 

Warelwast, WilHam, bishop of 
Exeter, 195 



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AND THE MANORS IN THE SAME. 247 

Warin, Alice, daur. of Joel, son ! Wick, outlier of Kenton, 217 

of, 213 j Wichin the Saxon, 205 

Warin, Joan, daur. of Joel, son I Widecombe in Farway, 216 

of, 213, William the Conqueror, 221 

Warin, Joel, son of, 213 Winchestefy bishopric of, 196 

Wedfidd in West Putford, 220 Wonford Hundred, 219, 222,231 
Wenard, William, 223 Woodhouse in Ashcombe, 205 n. 

Were, Ralf de la, 221 Woodland in Little Tormgton, 

Werthe, William, 231 j 220 

West Alvington, Afiington, 195, 1 Woodstock, lord Edmund of, 

196, 198 200, 217 

Weston, Joan, wife of John de, Woolfardisworthy, 220 

230 Wudeton, Gilbert de, 221 

Weston, John de, 212, 230 ! Wyatt, 200 
Weston, William de, 230 Wyse, Joan, wife of Thomas, 

West Putford, 220 j 214 

West Teignmouth, 200, 201, i Wyse, Thomas, 214 

202, 220, 236 
West Welsh, 194 y 

Whiteleigh m Farway, 216 ' 

Whitstane, 231 j Yealmpton, Alentona, 195, 196, 

Wichalse family, 201 i 197 



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PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF EXETER; 
AND THE FIRST CITY SEAL. 

BY MISS ETHEL LEGA-WEEKES, F.R.HIST.S, 

(Read at Kxeter, 21 st July, 1915.) 



Among the treasures of the City Corporation is the silver 
matrix of the first Common Seal of the City of Exeter, a 
full description and illustration of which will be foimd in 
a Monograph on The Exeter Civic Seals, by H. Lloyd 
Parry, b.a., b.sc, ll.b., Town Clerk (Commin, 1909). 

The earliest impression of this seal yet discovered is 
said to be the one attached to a document in the Chapter 
Archives (No. 293), which is witnessed by WiUiam Derling, 
Mayor, and by Philip Belebuche and John Pundinge, 
Prepositi. Izacke does not give any of these names in his 
list of Mayors and Bailiffs of the period, but Oliver (City, 
p. 228) tells us that he has met with this Mayor between 
the years 1210 and 1216, during Eudo de Beauchamp's 
Shrievalty of Devon. 

Another Chapter document (No. 284), of which I have 
piinted an abstract,^ is witnessed by William Dorling, 
Mayor, William Hastement and Philip Belebuche, Pre- 
posit(?i). This is self-dated 10 John (i.e. May, 120a- 
May, 1209), and declares itself to be " sealed with the 
Common Seal of the City," and with that of Walter, 
Archdeacon of Cornwall. Unfortunately only the latter 
remains. 

On the back of the matrix above referred to, are en- 
graved the names of William Prudum as donor, and Lucas 
as maker, thus : — 

WILL. PRVDVM. ME. DEBIT. CIVITATI. EXONIE. : CVFVS. 

ANiME. PBOPiciETUR. DEVS. A.M. [? Avc Maria or Amen] : 

LVCAS ME. FECIT. 

1 D, <i- C. A\ <j& Q., April, 1915, Appendix, p. 111. 



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BACK OF MATRIX. 
Hepro<luce<l by kind permission of Mr. H. Lloyd.Pariy. 

PRri»LM, PRf)D<iM, CTC, OF EXKTKR.—To faCt 

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PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF EXETER. 249 

It has been supposed, very naturally, that this was the 
same William Prudom who is stated by Oliver to have 
founded in 1170 the Hospital of St. Alexius,^ but I am 
sorry to say investigation of Oliver's authorities has left 
a doubt in my mind whether any Prudom was, in reality, 
connected with that Institution. 

According to St. John's Cartulary (f. 58) the " Hospital 
of St. Alexius, Behind the Monastery of St. Nicholas," 
was founded '* about 1170, xn Hen. Fitz Empress" 
(** XII " being, as Oliver points out, doubtless a slip of 
the pen for xvii), by William Fitz Ralph ; and I have 
seen an original Charter (Corpn. 149) by which Odo, Bp. 
of Battle, confirms a Grant of the site by his predecessor 
Walto de Sancto Martino to William son of Ralph (WilFo 
fir Rad'). , 

Prince (Worthies of Devon, p. 364) writes, *' I find the 
family of Fitz Ralffe to have flourished in these parts 
from the Norman Conquest down to the days of K. Edward 
I . . . when it did not expire, but only exchanged its 
name into that of Shillingford, their new habitation near 
the City of Exeter. They had their first dwelling in this 
County at Widdicombe in the Moor (Sir W. Pole's MS. of 
Devon)." 

Doubtless there were other Fitz Ralphs unrelated by 
blood. For Richard Fitz Ralph and Ralph Cornutus of 
Brecon, see Dugd. Monast. (Index), and Theoph. Jones, 
Hist. Brecon,, 1805 (I, 91). 

Crossing (MS. Hist., written c. 1685, fol. 1) alludes to 
the founder of St. Alexius as " William Fitz Ralph, a good 
Citizen of this Cittie." 

As to the origin of this Hospital, Oliver has printed in 
his Monasticon (p. 302) the section of St. John's Cartulary 
referred to above ; but the document that he cites in his 
Historic Collections (p. 93) is a single sheet of paper that 
has been stitched (side wise) into the Register of Bishop 
Bronescombe (1257-80) between £f. 17-18. It is headed 
*' True Copy of the first and second Foundation of SS. 
Alexius & John Baptist " (Vera Copia p'me ac 2« Fundac' 
Scot' . . . etc), and comprises a verbal transcript of the 
matter beginning on folio 58 of the Cartulary, do\^Ti to 
the words . . . " m rebus suis locandis,^^ with the addition 
of a chronological list of events, not carried farther than 

* See Oliver's City, p. 225 ; his Hist. Colhis., 1820, p. 93 ; and his 
Monasticon y p. 300 ; also Dugdale's Monasticon ^ VI, 697, 



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250 PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF EXETER; 

*' MCCCXLViii " ; but it differs from the Cartulary, in that 
above the name ** WiUielmus fiiius Radvlphi'' as Founder 
of the Hospital of St. Alexius, the word " Produm'' 
has been added ; being interlined in the same hand, and 
with the same pale black ink (contrasting with the dark 
brown ink of the text) as the heading " Vera Copia "... 
etc. (which, by the way, is written upside-down on the 
foot margin of the paper). 

The " Vera Copia " has been printed in full by Preb. 
Hingeston-Randolph (Broneacombe, H.-R., p. 288), who 
remarks of the heading — if not of the whole sheet — ^that 
it is in the handwriting of Bishop Grandisson (1327-69), 
who, he says, recovered the lost Register of Bp. Brones- 
combe in London. (I must own that comparison with the 
unquestionable specimen of Grandisson's hand at the 
beginning of the Legenda Sanctorum in the Cathedral 
Library, leaves me unconvinced.) If it was written by 
any one as early as Bp. Grandisson, it must be copied 
— not from the Cartulary^ — but from some common 
source ; in any case, the word *' Produm '* is an interpola- 
tion. 

This is the only instance! have met with in any docu- 
ment of the name Prodpm, Prudxmi, etc., in connection 
with the Hospital behind St. Nicholas*. 

The interpolator may have been in possession of 
evidence, lost to us, that justified the insertion ; on the 
other hand, he may have mistakenly confounded the 
benefactor of St. Alexius' with a William Prudom who, as 
I shall show, was a benefactor of St. John's Hospital early 
in the thirteenth century. 

The term ** Prohua Homo," with its Norman-French 
variants Probe-, Prode-, Prevd-homme and Preux (whence 
Prouze), seems to have been originally a style recognising 
valour, worth, or position of Civic authority, particularly 
as applied to members of ** an elected body of Citizens 
forming a Common Council, "^ and William Fitz Ralph 

^ The Vera Copia has the same discrepeoicies in two instances between 
the A.D. fluid the Regnal year as the Ccwlulary ; but a few words are 
differently spelt ; e.g. the Copia has *' Illisbery " for " Irlesberi," 
" Emilt '* for " Emild." Oliver makes a few lapada calami^ e.g, " qiuituor " 
for ** iij"," ** mccxliii " for *' mccxliiij," " Hank *' for ** Hanc " ; and he 
inaccurately cites from the Vera Copia " William Prodom son of Ralph 
Prodom " ; the word " Prodom '* is not repeated. 

» See Kelham, Martin, and Round's Cal. of Documents in France 
(p. 84), wherein the Prudhonmies of Pont Audemar (c. 1160) = " persons 
in civic office or authority." 



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AND THE FIRST CITY SEAL. 251 

might possibly have acquired such an additional appella- 
tion by virtue of his own merits or office ; but I am 
inclined to think that by the thirteenth century, at least, 
Prudom had become in Exeter an established hereditary 
surname. 

The earliest deed in which I have found it is one (D. & C. 
319) dated by Stuart Moore *' ? 1150," but I should say, 
rather, 1170,^ whereby Probushomo, son of Segar (fiW 
Segari), with the consent of his spouse and heirs, granted to 
the two (?) Saddlers (dwo) Sellariis), Richard and William,, 
a certain land in St. Martin*s Street for 2^ 8^ per annxmi, 
the grantees giving him a gold ring in acknowledgment. ^ 

A deed (Cal. D. & C. 41) entered in the Calendar as of 
** 1240 " refers to a rent which used to be paid to the 
grantor, Walter de Cardif, by Isabel who was wife of 
Walter Probus, from houses in High Street between the 
houses of the Hospital of St. John opposite St. Lawrence's 
Church. 

A " Walter Probus, Prepositus," witnesses a Grant that 
I have seen in the Archives of the Vicars' Choral, to which 
" William Hastement then Mayor " was another witness 
(indicating the date to be 1248-9). Izacke gives '* Walter 
Good " as BailiflE in 1248. 

A Martin Prodhomme was a Canon of Exeter tempore 
Bp. Brewer (1227-43), and presumably died in 1245^ 
as he was succeeded in his Canonry on 21 January of that 
year by one Peter Chacepore.^ 

A Chapter Rental (D. & C. 3721), apparently of the 
thirteenth century, has (between items of Staverton and 
** Aspertona," the entry, *' From the Lea of M. (? Master 
or Martin) Prudome, 3^ 4<* (De Lega M, fdome, iijs iiij<*).'^ 

A Deed (Corp. 594) [" c. 1200," Stuart Moore ; but I 
say 1219] is witnessed, inter alia, by Martin Prudom and 
William Prodom.* 

1 The date I infer from collation with D. & C. 318 and 3672. 

• This is witnessed by H'bto filio Rog*i, Teobaldo m'catore, Ailwardo 
leureke, WilFo nepote, Joh*e filio Odonis, Godefr' Sellar', Aluredus 
Quinel, Walt' fil' Hen . . . Rog* Burwine, Joel fiF . . . Walt'de 
Mausart, Ric' Caupone, Ric' mauset, Will*o fil' Thome. 

Seai. : — A bird (? eagle or T raven) close, regardant, sioillum. 
PROD. . . . AR. It is endorsed " Warant' Mariote, de Dom' in Exon' in 
Vico Sci Martini." 

» Grandisson's Register, H.-R., p. 1089. QuiviFs Register, H.-R., 
p. 491. 

* Hiis testibJ D"o S. Archid' Exon% D"** S. Archid' Comub\ D^o J. 
Archid' Totton'. D"° H. de Wilton*. Archid' Tanton*. Mag"» Ysaac^ 
Mag«> H. de Warewik, Rogero Cole, Mag'° Will'o de Lingefr', Mag~ Ric* 



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252 PRUDUM, PBODOM, BTC, OF EXETER ; 

Martin Prudom's residence seems to have adjoined — ^if 
not to have been identical with — certain premises between 
High Street and the Cemetery that are specified in the 
Charter of endowment by the brothers Gilbert & John 
Long, of the Hospital of St. John within the East 
Gate. 

A Grant by William de Bozun de Clyst, entered in the 
Cartulary of St. Nicholas' Priory (Collect. Topogr. dc 
OeneaL, Vols. I & II, No. 371), is witnessed by "Martin 
Prodome and William his brother.*' 

William, the brother of Martin, I take to be identical 
with a William Prudom, ** Cleric " (and inferentially 
Canon), who, as I find from the Cartulary of St. John's 
Hospital, etc., occupied part of a tenement^ in St. Martin's 
Street, alias Canons' Street, that had been given to that 
Hospital by one or both of the Brothers Long.^ 

To cite one of the many deeds relating to this property. 
No. 291 in the Chapter Archives is a grant by John Long, 
son of Walter, to William Pro[do]me, Cleric, of the land 
in which the sd. John [? and his father & others] used to 
live in St. Martin's Street, for the annual rent of half a 
Mark (G^ 8^), which after John's death was to be paid in 
perpetuity to the Brethren of St. John's Hospital. 

Mr. Stuart Moore dates this Lease, interrogatively "c. 
1200 " ; and it may well have preceded the Longs' 
general endowment of the Hospital ; but if rightly dated 
would show the Hospital to have been founded even 
earlier than 1225 (the earliest hitherto established period 
of its existence). 

The Cartulary states that ** Afterwards William Produm 
acquired from the sd. hospital, and again resigned to it, 
all his right, before the Chapter of St. Peter, the Mayor of 
Exeter being present " ; and it cites the following deed 
which bears no date, but must have been executed con- 
siderably before 1244, and I think between 1220-1228. 

Albo, Mag'o Barthor, medico, Barthol' nepoti quondam Archid* Comub', 
Dno Yllario tunc p'posito Exon\ Waltero fil' Thurb', Rog' fil* Henr*, 
Sampson' Rof, Joh'e Capun, Nichol' Gervas', Martino pdom, Andrea 
Turri, Martino Rof, Will'o pdom, Rog'o Lidene, Laurencio le taillur, 
Joh'e cl'ico. 

* Prudom's part is proved to have consisted of (or to have included) 
the eventual Residence of the Archdeacons of Totnes, now the " Cathedral 
School " for Boys, behind the house of Dr. Wood, the Cathedral Organist. 

* For authorities and further particulars as to this and other matters 
touched on in this paper see my Studies in the Topography of the Cathedrcd 
Close f Exeter (Commin, 1915). 



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AND THE FIRST CITY SEAL. 253 

Deed : — ^To all Faithful Christians, etc., William 
Produm, Greeting, etc. Kjiow that for love of God, and 
for the help of my Soul and of my predecessors', I give to 
the Hospital House of St. John near the East Gate, in 
pure and perpetual Alms, the Houses with appurts. in 
which I used to live in St. Martin's Street, Exeter, etc. 
Witnessed by Stephen, Chaplain, John & Roger, Chap- 
lains, etc. 

Taking into account, on the one hand, the quasi- 
Norman style of the buildings in the design of the Seal, 
and its occurrence as early at least as 1209, and, on the 
other hand, the approximate date of the relinquishment 
by William Prodome, Cleric, of the property in St. Martin's 
Street, and the fact that he would not have been likely 
to give it up before the close of his life, I consider it highly 
probable that this William was the donor to the Cor- 
poration of the silver matrix, and that this interesting 
object may still date back to the twelfth century. It is 
true that Prudum does not style himself ** Cleric " thereon, 
but then, neither does he so describe himself in his Deed- 
PoU ; and the inscription behind the seal is of a distinctly 
pious character (though, indeed, such would have been 
appropriate enough to a layman in those days, when the 
religious spirit was manifest in even the most secular 
undertakings). 

William the Cleric can hardly be identical, I think, 
with the William who occurs in the following extracts : — 

Grant of 1242 (Bronescombe's Register, H.-R., p. 5) by 
the Bishop to the Church of Crediton, witnessed there 
inter alia by ** Martino Prodhumme, Exonia Canonico," 
and " Willelmo le Pruz, Junior." 

Grant, 1252,i of the Land of Clist by Martin Rof 
(presumably the one who was Mayor between 1233 and 
1252). Witnessed inter alia by Will, de Englefield, Vicecom. 
Devon. (Sheriff of Devon 36-39 Hen. Ill, 1251-4) and 
Will. Pruz, then Bailiff (Ballivo) of the Eari of Cornwall 
in Exeter. 

Grant (D. & C. 314) [? 1267-64] by Richard Gambon to 
John de Wyndlesore, of two marks (36^ 8^) annual rent 
from the tenement that was formerly of Martin Proddome, 

> Cartul. St. Nich. Priory, No. 373, as calendared in Collect, Topogr. 
df Oenealog,, Vols. I and II. 



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254 PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF EXETER ; 

And that extends in length from the High Street to the 
Ce^lete^y of St. Peter, and in width lies between the 
tenement of Floerius and the tenement of Nichol. de 
Suthedon, and the tenement of Lucas Hanec. Witnessed 
by William Probus, Steward, or BailiflE, of the Lord 
Richard, King of Germany (. . . W'Wo ^bo tunc seneacaUi 
d'ni i?5 Reg' Alimann').^ 

A Deed of 1249 of Warin de Bodetune to the Abbot of 
Buckfast, and an Agreement of 1269-70, to which Henry, 
Abbot of Buckfast, was a party, are both witnessed by a 
" Willelmo Prohor 

Many later instances of the name Prudom, variously 
spelt, will be found in the Index to H.-R.'s edition of the 
Episcopal Registers. 

To pass to the subject of the design of the first Common 
Seal, the central building was considered by Oliver to 
represent the Hospital of St. John, but it certainly does 
not resemble the structure (equally early in character) 
that appears on the " second seal " of that Hospital, nor 
does there arise from its roof the cross which would surely 
have distinguished such a rehgious Institution. I should 
rather fancy that it typified (without attempting accurately 
to portray) the City Guildhall — the focus of Corporation 
life ; and that it was more or less faithfully copied on the 
" First Seal " of the Hospital, in allusion to the Mayor and 
Commonalty's patronage of this Foundation ; but perhaps 
this is to allow too much play to the imagination, and 
Mr. Lloyd Parry's surmise may be the truest — that the 
central building on the Common Seal is merely typical of 
the whole City, as encompassed by a Wall, and defended 
by towers. 

The devices in the upper part of the Seal, viz. a disc 
which probably is intended for the sun, though it is 
without rays, a crescent moon and a star, may be, as Mr. 
Lloyd Parry suggests, purely ornamental ; but they 
challenge one to the interpretation of their possible 
significance. 

The date of the document on which this Seal first 

1 Richard, brother of King Henry III, created Earl of Ck)mwall in 
1226 (thougli the County was not bestowed on him till 1231, nor the 
Forest of Dartmoor till 1239), was "given Exeter" in 1227. He was 
elected King of the Romans 1266, crowned 1257, €uid in the same year 
nominated Emperor of Germfimy. {Vide Rev. O. J. R. in Z>. A. Trana, 
xxxiv, 673, etc. Izacke, MemoricUe, p. 7. Haydn, Diet, of Dates.) 



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FIRST SEAL OF ST. JOHN'S HOSPITAL. 




SECOND SEAL OF ST. JOHN'S HOSIMTAL. 
Repnxluced by kind permission of Mr. H. Lloyd-Parry. 

Prudum, Prodom, etc., or Bxktkr.— To fact p. 254. 



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AND THE FIRST CITY SEAL. ' 255 

appears, if unassailable, is fatal to the theory one might 
otherwise have hazarded that these devices were intended 
to honour Richard, Earl of Cornwall, by reference to the 
mines from which he derived his wealth ; but I find it 
hard to relinquish a notion that they are, for some reason 
or another, allusive to the Stannaries. 

The Sun in its Glory and a crescent moon are charges 
in the Arms of the Borough of Ashburton ; and Mr. John 
Amery kindly informs me that these Arms are derived 
from the Seal of the Gild of St. Lawrence of Ashburton, 
and may be seen on the seal attached to the Deed of 
Acceptance by that Gild, of Bishop Stapledon's gift to 
them of a Chantry Chapel, in 1314, now among the 
Chapter Archives. 

The sun and moon (which in the Arms are flanked by a 
teasel, representing the woollen industry) are said to be 
indicative of the mining interests of the place — one of the 
three oldest chartered Stannary Towns of Devon — as 
being the supposed devices of the Phoenicians ; for 
though modem criticism has routed the Phoenicians from 
Cornwall (see Rev. S. Baring-Gould's Cornwall, p. 80, in 
"Cambridge Series of County Geography"), the belief in 
their patronage of the metals of that region would seem 
to be of long standing. 

Dartmouth, " the only Port in Devon whence tin could 
be exported," says Mr. Amery, has in its first corporate 
Seal a King seated in a boat, with dots on the background 
that may be intended for stars, and a crescent near the 
dexter side of his head, commemorating — it is suggested — 
King John's visit and grant of a Mayoralty to Dartmouth 
in 1214 (D. A. Trans, xii. 574). The next seal has also a 
king, resembling Edward III, in a boat, with a crescent on 
one side of his head, and a star on the other. 

The Seal of Pevensey has a ship with a crescent on the 
dexter, and star on the sinister side of the mast (Traill, 
Social England, 367). 

The Kings Richard I, John, and Henry III are all said 
to have used a star (? of Bethlehem), resting between the 
horns of a crescent, as their badge (Heraldic Badges, Fox- 
Davies, 62) ; and we are told that this was assumed by 
Richard I in token of his victories over the Turks (Mrs. 
Palliser's Historic Devices, etc., p. 357), but the explana- 
tion does not cover the fact that the Seal of King Stephen 
(who by the way, was Earl of Moretain and Cornwall 



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256 PRUDUM, PRODOM, ETC., OF-EXETER. 

before he was crowned) has a seven-pomted star on the 
dexter side of his head. 

Pending a more satisfactory elucidation of the devices 
on the Exeter Seal, let me fall back on the text (1 Cor. 
XV. 41) : ** There is one glory of the sim, and another 
glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars," and 
regard them as symbolising the three dominant powers of 
the City — ^the Crown, the Church, and the Commonalty. 



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WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S., 
FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 

Part III. 
BY MRS. HESTER FORBES JULIAN (nee PENGELLY), 

FELLOW OP THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. 
(Read at Exeter, 2lHt July, 1915.) 



Miscellaneous Scientific Work. 

Those who remember William Pengelly and remarked his 
perseverance and industry, and yet how lightly he carried 
his labours — ^for he was a man of exceptional buoyancy 
of spirit — ^may be surprised to learn that his health was 
considered somewhat delicate by the medical men, whom 
he had occasion at different times to consult. In spite 
of their belief, however, he must have possessed a fairly 
vigorous constitution to have been able to carry through 
his multifarious imdertaJdngs unaided ; and, in his case, 
devotion to science was certainly not incompatible with 
healthy longevity. His excavations in Kent's Cavern, 
however, undoubtedly induced the severe rheumatism 
from which he suffered in maturer life. His friend, Dr. 
Samuel Smiles, wrote to him on one occasion : ** What 
labour you must have had ... on the subject of Kent's 
Cavern, and unfortunately you must have martyred 
yoiuself in going into that damp hole so often. You are 
entitled to rank amongst Dr. Brewster's Martyrs to 
Science." 

In addition to his explorations at Brixham Cavern and 
Kent's Hole, and the investigations of the Bovey Tracey 
lignites (described in my former papers), my father devoted 
himself assiduously to several other noteworthy imder- 
takings. Of this miscellaneous scientific activity something 
should now be said. 

During his fifty years of earnest and arduous geological 
research he accomplished a vast amount of admirable 

VOL. XLVn. R 



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258 WILLIAM PENGELLY, P.R.S., F.G.S., 

field work, and helped thereby to strengthen the founda- 
tions of the science to which he devoted his life. Important 
as were his writings — each paper when estimated with 
regard to the position of geology at the time of its issue 
being an effective advance — his influence on his pupils 
was almost as remarkable. Like all true teachers he had 
the gift of readily gaining the affection of his students, 
and arousing their enthusiasm, so that his real power was 
shown not only in his scientific papers, valuable as these 
were, but also in his ability for leading and inspiring other 
men. One of his old pupils, the distinguished novelist 
" Q *' (Sir A. T. QuiUer-Couch), writes to me :— 

" Your father's visits to Newton are amongst the 
pleasantest recollections of my school life there. . . . He 
was, I think, the most inspiriting lecturer I have ever met. 
He simply compelled one to attend. But it is rather as a 
friend that — ^with all the difference of years — I presume 
to remember him." 

Many well-known students, who in times past were his 
pupils, learnt from him those habits of patient enquiry 
And minute observation, to which they attribute the 
position they now hold in the scientific world. Under his 
auspices too, and especially in connection with the two 
Societies he founded — ^the Devonshire Association and 
the Torquay Natural History Society — ^intercourse and 
close friendships between kindred minds were formed, 
which have been productive of lasting good to the cause 
of knowledge. His scientific lectures were also meeting- 
places for many friends. His discourses had generally 
special reference to the geology of his own neighbourhood, 
and were illustrated with numerous suites of specimens, as 
well as with diagrams drawn by his wife. He communicated 
always very clearly the methods for the examination of 
rocks and fossils, which he had elaborated in the field, 
furnishing his hearers with a full knowledge of the means 
by which he had taught himself and others, how best to 
observe and record geological phenomena. He had learnt 
to appreciate Nature in all aspects, and to pursue his 
studies on moor and mountain, in quarry and cavern, down 
deep Cornish mines, and out on dredging expeditions at 
sea. 

Mr. A. R. Hunt, f.g.s., writes : " Mr. Pengelly's wonder- 
ful lectures attracted crowds of hearers of the most 



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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 259 

miscellaneous character, and abstruse questions ... of 
geology, proved attractive to men with no scientific 
training whatever. . . . He seemed to force his hearers 
to form their own conclusions, rather than to accept the 
speaker's opinions. Indeed, these as mere opinions, were 
very seldom allowed a prominent place. . . . As a geologist 
... he was not only an advanced worker, but in the special 
branch of cavern deposits he was an authority. When 
expounding this, his favourite science, his power was 
quite extraordinary, and his courses of elementary lectures 
were more instructive than any text-book could be. He 
used to say that he never wrote his lectures, or delivered 
identically the same lecture more than once. A few 
skeleton notes seemed to suffice for a text, on which there 
was always more to say than time would allow, though 
the mistake was never made of attempting to crowd into 
an hour, more than it could contain^' 

Apart from his long services as a teacher and lecturer, 
he contributed in many other ways to geological progress ; 
for whilst diffusing a taste for scientific pursuits, he did 
not cease to prosecute vigor6usly his own investigations. 
Although his reputation as a Cave explorer rests princi- 
pally upon the great work of his life — a great work in 
any man's life — the exploration of Kent's Hole, yet the 
researches there and at Brixham were not his only exca- 
vations. A small cavern on Happaway Hill, Torquay, 
which was discovered in 1862, at once claimed his atten- 
tion and he undertook its thorough examination. From 
the evidence obtained he considered that it had been 
partly filled in the Palaeolithic age, then nearly emptied, 
and afterwards refilled in more recent times. The results, 
however, were less interesting than those secured from 
his earlier work at Brixham, and the subsequent explora- 
tions at Kent's Hole. The ossiferous fissures and caverns 
near Chudleigh, and the caves at Anstey's Cove, Oreston, 
Yealmpton, Buckfastleigh and elsewhere, also excited his 
scientific energies. His visit to the Mentone Caverns 
has been described in my previous paper. Whilst many 
of his writings were concerned with these various investi- 
gations, he performed (in addition to the long series of 
Reports drawn up for the British Association) much 
useful work as the historian of the Devonshire Caves, by 
collecting accounts of earlier researches ; the labours of 
MacEnery and other pioneers being most generously 



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260 WILLIAM PBNGBLLY, F.R.S., F.G.S., 

acknowledged and narrated. His papers also contfikin 
critical notices of writings which were appearing at the 
time, and some of these included the misstatements of 
authors, to whom the results of his explorations were 
specially unwelcome, as demonstrating the antiquity of 
man. 

His other published papers also relate chiefly to his 
work in the south-west of England, for as an original 
observer William Pengelly devoted himself especially to 
the elucidation of the pakeontological and geological 
problems of Cornwall and Devon. Hence many of his 
writings were published in the Proceedings of the Royal 
Oeological Society of CornvxUl and the Transactions of the 
Devonshire Association. One important series of memoirs 
deals with questions concerning the Devonian system, 
its fossils, its stratigraphy, and its relation to the Old Red 
Sandstone of other parts of Britain. Another set of 
papers, also of considerable scientific merit, has reference 
to the " New Red Sandstone of Devonshire," in con- 
nection with which should be specially noted a striking 
paper on the " Age of the Dartmoor Granites." My father 
came to the following conclusions on this point : Firstly y 
that the granites of Dartmoor are not older than the close 
of the Carboniferous Period. Secondly, that they had been 
stripped bare by denudation when the materials of the 
red conglomerate were being brought together. Thirdly^, 
that this conglomerate and the associated sandstone are 
not of higher antiquity than the lower Trias. 

His accuracy as to the first and second of these con- 
clusions is generally accepted, but as to the third there is 
some difference of opinion, for whilst many competent 
observers support William Pengelly's views, others are 
in favour of assigning these deposits to the Permian 
system. His scientific papers were always much valued 
in the metropolis. Professor Martin Duncan, f.r.s.. 
President of the Geological Society of London, at the 
Anniversary Meeting of 1877, speaks of Mr. Pengelly's 
" long and successful labours in the geology of Devonshire, 
and his untiring devotion to the great task of extending 
scientific knowledge," and goes on to say that " thanks 
to his great energy and perseverance, he has kept up a 
love for geological science in his county ; and this has been 
mainly due to his work among the rocks of Devonshire." 

Other fellow-workers in the county were Dr. Harvey 



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FATHEB OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 261 

Holl, Mr. G. W. Ormerod, and Mr. Arthur Champemowne, 
the last labouring very assiduously at the intimate struc- 
ture of parts of South Devon. Mr. J. E. Lee and Mr. 
William Vicary, were also valued friends and colleagues, 
and their fine collections of fossils did much to illustrate 
the life history of the rocks of Devonshire. 

In various memoirs, my father deals with the probable 
physical geography of part of the south-west of England, 
during the age of the New Red Sandstone, and mentions 
many noteworthy facts concerning the famous Triassic 
conglomerate of Budleigh Salterton, and the way in which 
the pebbles derived from it travel eastward along the 
coast. He also carefully studies the origin of that interest- 
ing deposit of chalcedonic silica, known as " Beekite," so 
often met with in the lower New Red Sandstone of Devon- 
shire, on the limestone fragments. His earliest contribu- 
tion to the British Association in 1856 was a memoir on 
" Beekites," and more than thirty years later, in 1888, we 
find him corresponding with Professor McKenny Hughes 
of Cambridge on this subject. 

Although my father acquired his greatest distinction 
in the borderland between geology and anthropology, he 
possessed in addition a wide and accurate knowledge of 
palaeontology ; which, being the study of ancient life- 
forms, bears much the same relation to geology as archae- 
ology does to history. He had also a varied and extensive 
acquaintance with physical geography. He manifested 
at all times a wonderful power of tinderstanding and 
seizing upon the physical features of a region, and of 
obtaining a general idea of the succession of the deposits, 
and their relation to one another, so that he was able to 
add materially to the advancement of this section of 
scientific enquiry. 

In a paper entitled '* The Metamorphosis of the Rocks 
extending from Hope Cove to Start Point, South Devon," 
which he read at one of the meetings of the Devonshire 
Association, we find him engaged in working out a very 
diflScult and disputed question as to the relation between 
the crystalline schists, which are met with in the southern 
part of the county, and the slaty rocks to the north of 
them ; and he discusses the age of the schists and gives a 
general description of the geology of the district. Other 
memoirs deal with the question as to whether any marks 
of ice-action affording evidence of the Glacial Age are to 



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262 WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S., 

be found in Devonshire. Always much interested in 
glacial phenomena, he records in these papers many 
careful observations concerning boulders, which greatly 
strengthened the glacial evidence, and were considered 
to be of outstanding importance by several of his colleagues, 
including Professor Geikie. Not the least interesting 
series of papers, relate to the ** raised beaches " and 
" submerged forests " of the south-western coasts. The 
well-known fossil forest of Torquay, consists of a dark- 
coloured peaty material, which contains the branches 
and trunks of trees, together with bones of the Celtic 
short-homed ox (Bos longifrons), the wild boar {Sv^ scrofa), 
and the stag (Cervus dephas). The antlers of the last 
were marked with notches, which experts believed to show 
indications of man's handiwork. A mammoth's tooth was 
also dredged up. 

Other memoirs deal with some whale remains, washed 
ashore at Babbacombe, and also dredged up near Torquay ; 
these remains being identified with Eschrichtius robustus, 
which is not now known on our coasts. 

At the British Association Meeting, held in Manchester 
in 1861, William Pengelly contributed four papers, one 
being on " Recent Encroachments of the Sea on the Shores 
of Torbay," and at the Bath Meeting of the Association 
three years later, in 1864, he read another paper on the 
same theme entitled ** Changes of Relative Level of 
Land and Sea in South-eastern Devonshire in connection 
with the Antiquity of Man." The value attached to his 
communication by such eminent experts as Sir Roderick 
Murchison, Sir John Evans, Professor Phillips, and Pro- 
fessor Boyd Dawkins, is shown by the following letter 
from William Pengelly to his wife written from Bath : — 

" I read my paper (* Changes of Level, etc., and An- 
tiquity of Man ') on Thursday, to a densely packed house. 
. . . Murchison complimented me on my ' eloquence 
and clearness.' Harkness declared I had made a * great 
hit.' Etheridge said it was * the best paper I had ever 
written.' Evans backed me up like a brick. Phillips, 
Warrington Smyth, Symonds, Evans, and Boyd Dawkins 
all spoke in unqualified approval." 

A series of papers which aroused the enthusiasm of Sir 
Charles Lyell, related to the insulation of St. Michael's 
Mount in Cornwall ; and on this subject the two friends 



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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 263 

had a long and interesting correspondence, from which a 
few extracts may be given. My father believed the Mount 
might be the Ictis of Diodorus Siculus. Writing to him 
on May 16th, 1866, Sir Charles Lyell says : — 

" Your MS. [on St. Michael's Mount] has arrived and I 
will return it by to-morrow's post. It is well worth printing, 
and some day I hope all those scattered papers of yours, 
which I value much, will be put together in a work on the 
geology and modern changes of the district. . . . After 
reading your paper in the Geologist, which I shall cite on 
the encroachments of the sea in Torbay, one cannot help 
wondering that Ictis and St. Michael's Mount agree so 
well geographically, but they must have been the same ; 
and it only gives one the more respect for the antiquity 
of the Torbay elephant, to say nothing of the beach of 
Hope's Nose and the antecedent Kent's Hole and Brixham 
flint implements, and yours of the remoter glacial." 

In another letter in the following month. Sir Charles 
writes : — 

" In all estimates respecting the rate of waste in past 
times we are apt to err in not allowing for considerable 
pauses. Nature, having infinite time at her disposal, 
proceeds in a most leisurely way, taking up her operations 
with activity for a short spell and then suspending them 
for ages. In going along a coast where waste has occurred 
here and there in the last five centuries, there would be 
long spaces where no work of destruction had been done. 
To strike an average we must take these areas of inaction 
into account." 

Writing at the end of the same year, 1865, Sir Charles 
refers to a paper read by William Pengelly at Birmingham 
and says : — 

" I have just been reading over again my references to 
your papers on Torbay and St. Michael's Mount, for my 
new edition, and referring to a newspaper account or 
abstract of your Birmingham paper on the Mount. I 
suppose no detailed and authorized version of what you 
commimicated to the British Association has yet been 
printed ? If so please let me know. ... St. Michael's 
Mount appears to me most valuable, as showing that in a 
region where the monuments of post-pliocene change are 



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264 WnUAM PBNGBLLY, F.R.S., F.G.S., 

fio rife, and the proofs of oscillations of level so various, 
including the Torbay coa^ as part of the evidence, th^e 
b&6 nevertheless been no important geographical change 
for nearly nineteen centiuies. This does not surprise 
you or me, because we are prepared to allow tens of 
thousands of years for post-elephantine times. If anyone 
could tell us that five thousand, or ten thousand years 
hence, St. MichaeFs Mount would answer to the descrip- 
tion of Diodorus, we should not think that it implied a 
suspension of those causes of subterranean movement 
or of waste, which in the course of ages have so often 
modified our south-western littoral region. My chief 
desire is to know what you have done in the way of publi- 
cation on this subject, and whether I understood correctly 
the conclusions you announced at Birmingham." 

My father visited St. Michael's Moimt on sev«»l 
occasions, and his letters contain nimierous references not 
only to matters of scientific interest connected with 
Cornwall, but also to his attachment to the county, the 
pleasant Cornish friendships which he cherished, and 
the delight that he experienced during recurring visits 
to the west of the Tamar. William Pengelly always re- 
joiced in returning to the free fresh breezes of the Cornish 
coast. On these expeditions to his native county he 
was frequently gratified by the intelligence shown con- 
cerning geological matters by miners, fishermen and 
farmers, and an account of his simple methods of exposition 
to the imleamed, can be given in his own words. He 
writes : — 

" I once requested an innkeeper in a small hamlet, to 
get me a guide to a point on the coast said to be of great 
interest, but difficult to hit. He very soon brought me his 
* brother John ' — a fine stalwart young fellow, the occupier 
of a small adjacent farm — who offered to be my companion 
to the cliffs. The distance was about two miles, over a fine 
table of moorland, and commanding an excellent view of 
the sea. Of course we beguiled the way with talk which 
John thus opened : — 

** * IVe heerd that people think a good deal . of the 
scenery, here about, especially where we're going ; and 
many strangers come from distant parts, quite a good 
way up the country, to zee it. I s'pose that's what makes 
you wish to go there ? ' 



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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIBE ASSOCIATION. 265 

" * Well, the scenery is spoken very highly of, and I 
quite expect to be much delighted with it ; but my main 
object is to examine the rocJks, to see what they are, how 
they lie, and whether they contain any fossils — as I quite 
expect they will.' 

" * Oh ! ' 

" This last word was obviously pronounced in order to 
avoid saying nothing ; but John's puzzled look was much 
more significant, as it unmistakably told me that he had no 
idea of what I had been speaking. ... At length we found 
ourselves at the foot of the cliff ; and almost immediately 
a black patch in the bluish-grey slate presented itself, and 
as I expected, proved to be a fragment of the well-known 
Devonian fossil, Steganodictyum — ^now known to be fish. 
The moment its true character was disclosed, I was down 
on my knees, with hammer and chisel endeavouring to 
extract it ; whilst John exclaimed : — 

'' ' Why, what be about ? ' 

** ' Do you see this black patch ? ' 

** ' Ees, I zee it plain enough.' 

** * Well, that's a fossil, and I'm trying to get it out.' 

'' * Oh, that^s a fossil is it ? What is a fossil ? ' 

"* Sit* down, John, and I'll try to explain. Do you 
suppose there are any dead shells, or fish bones, lying on 
the bottom of the sea yonder ? ' 

** * Of course there is.' 

" * What is the state of the river, in yonder beautiful 
valley, after heavy rain ? ' 

" * Why, very muddy.' 

** * When there's a very heavy gale, throwing violent 
waves on this cliff, does the cliff ever give way ? ' 

" * Oh yes ; there's always some part or other of it 
wasting.' 

** ' Very well. Now, the mud which the river brings 
down from the country, as well as that which the waves 
tear from the cliffs, finds its way to the sea, as you know, 
and sooner or later it settles on the bottom of the sea, 
and buries up such remains of dead animals or vegetables, 
as may be lying there, and forms a new sea bottom ; 
on which by and by other shells and things of that nature 
will find their way ; and these will be buried in their turn. 
Now, if this work goes on for a very long time, the mud 
and sand carried into the sea will form a very thick mass ; 
and if you can suppose it to become more or less hard it 



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266 WILLIAM FENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S., 

will be a rock, with remains of animals in it. And if it 
should from any cause get raised above the sea, the waves 
would begin to break it up, little by little, just as they 
break up the rock on which we are sitting ; and after a 
while any person who carefully looked for them would be 
able to see the shells, and fish bones, and so on, that had 
been buried very long before, and he would call them 
fossils/ 

" * But do you mean to say that that's the way that 
black thing got into the rock ? ' 

Yes ; that's what I mean to say.' 
■ Was this rock mud once ? ' 
Yes.' 

Not made when the world was made ? ' 
Oh dear, no ! It was made very long since. There 
are rocks of very great thickness in other parts of the world, 
made in the same way, and some of them are much older, 
and others much newer, than this.' 

" * Well, you have opened my eyes. I'll tell 'ee what 'tis 
— I've lived longer this morning than in all the years of 
my life before. So that's a fossil, is it ? Was it a shell 
or a fish bone ? ' 

" * There's a difference of opinion about it at present. 
None of them are very perfect ; and some say it's 
a piece of sponge, whilst others think it's part of a 
fish.' 

" * Well, never mind ! 'Tis a fossil ; let me look at 'en 
and then I'll try to find some.' 

" He accordingly proceeded to inspect the rocks, and 
in a few minutes cried out : — 

" * Here's one. Here's another,' and in a short time, 
detected several good specimens. 

" On our journey back, John asked me numerous ques- 
tions, most of them very pertinent and some of them by 
no means easy to answer. At the inn I betook myself to 
the * parlour ' in order to get greater quietude for writing. 
John felt himself happier in the kitchen ; but, as the one 
room opened out of the other, I frequently heard my 
zealous disciple repeat to the viUagers who came in from 
time to time — ^though with sundry modifications and some 
errors — the lecture he had heard in the morning ; the 
invariable peroration being : — 

'* * I'll tell 'ee what 'tis — I've lived longer this morning 
than ever I lived all the years of my life before.' " 



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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 267 

The remains referred to, had first been noted in Cornwall 
as fossil fishes, by William Pengelly's friend, Charles 
Peach. The value of the discovery was immediately 
acknowledged by geologists, but Professor McCoy — a 
high authority — held that the fossils were sponges. William 
Pengelly supported Peach in considering them as being 
fishes, but after eight years' controversy the remains were 
still referred to as sponges, under the name of Stegano- 
dictyum Comuhicum by McCoy ; afterwards to the cephalo- 
poda by Professor Roemer ; and finally (many years later), 
back again to the fishes as ScapJuispis Cornubicus by 
Professor Huxley. Thus in spite of adverse criticism, my 
father and his friend Peach, proved their surmises to have 
been correct, when the controversy closed. The following 
characteristic letter was received by William Pengelly 
from Charles Peach on this question, in 1868 : — 

" 30, Haddington Place, 

** Edinburgh. 

"... By the same post as this I forward to Penzance 
a very short paper for their forthcoming meeting on 
Cornish Fossil Fish. ... It is merely to show them that 
I am aware of the change that has taken place in the 
sponges of Cornwall. Almost as miraculous as that done 
by the Roman Catholic priest, when out at dinner with a 
Protestant, who had forgotten to provide fish for the 
Priest's fast day. ' Never mind,' said the Father, when the 
gentleman apologized. He then passed his hand, making 
the sign of the Cross over a splendid rump of beef, saying, 
* Be thou fish,' and sure enough it became so, and the 
Priest made a hearty dinner oflf it ! Peach said the things 
were fish, and fish they were, until McCoy made them 
sponges, so they remained until Huxley turned them into 
fish again. I hope now they will remain fish ! " 

My father mentions, in one of his papers, that he had 
no fewer than three hundred fragments of these fossil fish, 
from the Devonian of Cornwall and Devon, in his own 
collection. 

Although he was so eminently successful as eyes to the 
blind, and in the instruction of simple and ignorant people, 
his published correspondence with Sir Charles Lyell, Sir 
Roderick Murchison, Sir John Evans, Sir Joseph Prest- 
wich, Sir Andrew Ramsay, Professor Phillips, Professor 



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268 WILLIAM PBNGBLLY, F.R.S., F.G.S., 

Boyd Dawkins, Professor McKenny Hughes, and other 
«mment geologists, proves that he met on equal terms the 
leading men in his own branch of science. He had fre- 
quently the satisfaction of welcoming them as visitors to 
his house at Torquay, and acting as their guide to points 
of interest in the vicinity, and there were few contem- 
poraries of distinction associated with geology with whom 
he was not on terms of familiar friendship. His partici- 
pation in scientific meetings also, brought him into close 
connection both with English colleagues and leading 
savants from other countries, thus strengthening existing 
friendships and weaving the ties of not a few fresh ones. 

The interest in his researches, by which William Pengelly 
was honoured by His Majesty King George, has be^i 
already alluded to in a former paper, and also the visits 
made under the explorer's own guidance, to Brixham 
Cavern and Kent's Hole, by the Emperor Napoleon III., 
with the Prince Imperial and Prince Murat ; as well as 
by members of the Russian Imperial family. The Grand 
Duchess Marie and her sons, when at Torquay, frequently 
accompanied the geologist on pleasant rambles and 
excursions. All foreign princes, in search of scientific 
information, were not, however, as courteous and agreeable 
as those of France and Russia. On one occasion a Germs^ 
prince from one of the smaller States visited Devonshire, 
and requested my father to show him some of the geological 

features of the neighbourhood. Lord , the owner of 

the land where they were geologizing, being a friend of 
my father, asked to be allowed to join them, but was 
persistently ignored by His Serene Highness throughout 
the day. Mistaking some words, spoken in broken English 
by the Prince, for a humorous remark, the nobleman — 
wishing, apparently, to please the distinguished visitor — 
burst into hearty laughter. This was immediately checked 
by the German, who turned angrily on him, exclaiming : 
'* What are you laughing at, you great fool ? " After 
this the unfortunate nobleman pleaded a pressing engage- 
ment, and begged leave to retire. Although creating this 
unpleasant situation, the Prince was particularly polite 
to my father, warmly expressing the interest that the 
expedition had afforded him, but the disagreeable impres- 
sion he left on the geologist's mind was not easily effaced. 

The ample details of scientific observations in William 
Pengelly's notebooks, are enlivened by many amusing 



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FATHER OF THE DBVONSHIBB ASSOCIATION. 269" 

incidents, and these make the diaries good reading, apart 
from their geological interest. On one occasion he gives 
the following account of his difl&culty in securing rooms at 
a country hotel. 

"I spent the morning," he writes, "in. a quarry of 
yellowish argillaceous deposits. The commencement of 
the day was fine but not assured. . . . Soon after noon 
the rain became so very decided and energetic that there 
was nothing for me, but to seek a temporary home. The 
nearest town was several miles distant, but I strode 
rapidly on, through the heavy rain and abundant mud, 
and soon became thoroughly wet through, whilst my 
clothing failed not to testify to the colour of the deposits 
in the quarry where my morning had been spent. Had the 
question been put respecting my appearance, I must have 
replied that it was bedraggled, pitiable, and utterly 
unclean. My only thought, however, was that of reaching 
the town, in which, though an entire stranger, I knew there 
were plenty of inns. At length I stood at the bar of the 
principal hotel, but was told that they were quite full and 
could not make up another bed. Application to the next 
inn produced the same result, and so on to the sixth. 
The case had now become serious ; and at length the 
truth flashed upon me, that my appearance was neither 
respectable nor assuring, and that my ability to pay was, 
probably, doubted. Acting under this idea I placed ten 
sovereigns on my palm, and with open and outstretched 
hand, proceeded to the next house which promised * Good 
entertainment for man and beast,' and asked : ' Can I 
have a bed ? ' The effect was magical. * Certainly, sir,' 
was the immediate response. Everything was done to 
make me comfortable ; and in a short time I was enjoying 
an excellent meal, and laughing over my adventures." 

His geological rambles in Devonshire and Cornwall, 
sometimes brought him into odd situations, and one or two 
of these experiences may also be given in his own words. 
He writes : — 

" It is imnecessary to say that geologists are frequently 
trespassers on other men's lands. Sometimes they remain 
in happy ignorance of the fact ; but, when it is made known 
to them, they generally find the simple statement that 
they are geologists and strangers sufficient to secure a free 



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270 WILLIAM PENGELLY, F-R.S., F.G.S., 

passage. Occasionally, however, the battle is not so 
easily won ; but, if it is ever lost, it may, in all probability, 
be ascribed to defective tactics. . . . 

" A friend and I once spent a good deal of time, in 
studying a very long and fine cliflf section of the Keuper^ 
or Upper New Red Sandstone. We had proceeded in the 
direction of the Dip, until we haid reason to believe that 
the famous Bone Bed was so near at hand that a short 
distance farther would bring it to the level of the beach, 
so that we should be able to investigate it easily. Un- 
fortimately, however, before this point was reached, the 
entire section was concealed by the debris of a great and 
famous landslip, which extended a considerable distance 
along the coast. There was nothing for it, but to ascend 
the cliflf at the first point at which a path could be extem- 
porized, and to seek the outcrop of the bed at the summit. 
Having gained the top of the cliflf, we found it necessarj'' 
to cross a hedge, on which I accordingly got, and was 
about to descend on the other side, when a gentleman 
standing just below me, and whom we had not previously 
seen, said : — 

* You can't come here.' 

* Why not ? ' 

* This is my property ; and I allow no trespassing.' 

* Is the land on this side your property also ? ' 

* No ; that belongs to .' 

' Well, I'm very sorry ; but it can't be helped.' 

" Then turning to my companion, I remarked : — 

* We must give up the search, that's all.' 

'* And I jumped back to the groimd I had just left — 
intending, nevertheless, to get permission to cross the 
hedge, and, if possible, to find the stratum we were 
seeking. 

*' The owner of the adjoining land walked leisiu^ly away 
from the cliflf keeping near the hedge which separated us ; 
and we did the same thing on the other side. 

** At length I ventured to say to him : — 

" ' Allow me, sir, to congratulate you on yoiu* property ; 
and pardon my adding that I really envy you — ^as you are 
the fortunate proprietor of the Bone Bed J 

" * What Bone Bed ? ' 

'* The question was asked in a tone and manner that 
showed a desire for information on it ; and I proceeded 
to explain the leading characteristics of the stratimi, its 



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FATHER OP THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 271 

position in the geological series, and the chief fossils it 
yielded. It was obvious that our new acquaintance had 
some knowledge of geology, and that he was interested in 
the statements to which he had listened. We accordingly 
felt that he was disarmed, and would speedily strike. 
Having put a few pertinent questions on the subject, 
he pointed out a comparatively low part of the hedge, and 
said : — 

" * I think you can cross there, without doing any harm. 
I wish you good luck in your search for the Bone Bed. 
Good day.' 

" ' Good day, and thank you.' 

" With this he left us. We returned to the cliflf, were 
very soon on the Bone Bed, and extracted a large number of 
fossils from it." 

'* On one occasion, the discovery of fossils of a re- 
markable and interesting character in a new locality, 
tempted me to prolong my search to a later hoiu* than I 
intended. At length, just before sunset, I started to walk 
to my temporary home — ^fully eight miles distant. Being 
familiar with the coimtry, I knew that by crossing a 
couple of fields at least a mile would be saved. That this 
had been frequently done, a well-worn path assiured me ; 
and that it was a trespass was rendered equally clear by 
an announcement to that effect on a board erected on a 
pole at the point where I diverged from the highway. 
I had almost cleared the distance, when, to my dismay, 
the farmer who occupied the land — a thorough John Bull 
— was standing in the path awaiting me. Putting a bold 
face on the matter, I marched on, as if his presence in no 
way affected me, until well within earshot, when he 
roared : — 

" * You must go back.' 

" * Go back ! Why^ ' 

** * You're trespassing.' 

" * Trespassing ! I'm extremely sorry.' 

** * Sorry ! Yes, I reckon. You know you're tres- 
passing. Sorry, eh ! ' 

** * What makes you say so ? ' 

" * Dedn't 'ee zee the board back there ? ' 

** * I saw the board on the pole, if you mean that.' 

" ' Ees, I do mean that. I know'd you a zid en safe 
enough. Ded 'ee read what's upon en ? ' 

" * My dear sir, pardon my saying so, but are you not 



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272 WILLIAM FENGBLLY, F.R.S., F.O.S., 

going too fast ? Should you not first prove that I can 
read?' 

" * Oh ! oh ! — ^that's good, that es ! A man like yoa 
not able to read ! Oh ! oh ! — ^that's uncommon good. 
Beats cock-fighting aU to fits. Oh ! oh ! ' — and his sides 
shook with laughter. 

'' Having succeeded in making him laugh, I knew he 
would not turn me back ; so I said : — 

" * I have to go to Lr to-night ; and that, as you 

know, is a long step. Nevertheless, I'll go back at once 
if you insist on it ; but if you'll allow me to go on, I shall 
feel much obliged.' 

** * Well, I don't s'pose you'U do much harm, zo you 
D^^y go on now you've got zo var ; but 'tez uncommon 
hard to have a lot of treapassers 'pon yoiu* ground day 
arter day. Ees, you may go on now.' 

** * Thank you very much. Good evening.' 

** When I had got some distance from him, he shouted 
after me : — 

"'HoUoa! I say!' 

" ' What is it ? ' 

" * B'ant you a Methoday passon ? ' 

" * Oh, dear, no. You flatter me too much.' 

** I presume that he felt he had lost the battle, and had 
sent his question after me as a parting shot." 

Notwithstanding the claims of his geological and 
palaeontological undertakings, William Pengelly also pur- 
sued the study of anthropology, with all the energy and 
perspicacity of his character. The results of his discoveries 
in this line of enquiry were considered by scientists both 
in England and abroad as being of the utmost significance. 
As a member of the Royal Anthropological Institute of 
Great Britain and an Honorary Feflow of the Anthropo- 
logical Society of Paris, he was able to keep in touch 
with the work of many of his illustrious contemporaries. 
One of the pleasant results of his visit to the Mentone 
Caverns, in 1872, was an interesting correspondence with 
Dr. Riviere, M. Broca, and several leading French and 
ItaUan savants. But anthropology — ^which in its broadest 
sense is the study of mankind — ^is naturally, with all its 
various ramifications, far too wide a subject for any one 
student to cover. It was by the gateway of geology 
(through his investigations concerning human antiquity) 



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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 273 

that William Pengelly approached this branch of science. 
In a letter to my mother in 1894, immediately after my 
father's death, the well-known anthropologist and author. 
Dr. Miinro of Edinburgh, writes : — 

" It is only a few days ago that a pang of regret passed 
through the heart of the scientific world with the death of 
your husband. . . . The receipt of a paper containing such 
an appreciative notice of our late distinguished anthro- 
pologist, affords me a fitting occasion to express to you 
how highly I esteem and value his work. ... I trust, 
however, it is but the prelude to a more extended bio- 
graphy — one that will be worthy of so conspicuous a leader 
amongst the founders of the Science of Anthropology." 

Full of sympathy for realms of knowledge outside his 
special domain, the consideration of meteorological 
phenomena, was also one of my father's pursuits, at a 
time when it was little thought of, and he contributed 
several papers on this subject to different scientific journals. 
Torquay owes him much for his careful study of its climate. 
His monthly reports on the rainfall extending over thirty 
years, were greatly appreciated in Devonshire by all 
those interested in climatic changes, and it has been fre- 
quently stated that it was chiefly owing to his papers on 
this topic, that attention was drawn to the value of 
acciurate statistics at health resorts in other English 
counties. These studies ranged also to distant localities, 
and embraced kindred subjects. An important communi- 
cation by William Pengelly on ** The Sahara and the 
North-east Trade Wind," was published in the Quarterly 
Journal of Science and attracted much attention. 

His mastery of mathematical methods contributed 
greatly to his success in science, and enabled him to attack 
and overcome many diflScult problems. He used to tell a 
good story of the penalty that he once had to pay for this 
proficiency, however, when instead of enjoying a pleasant 
conversation with an old friend on one of his geological 
rambles, he was kept hard at work instead, solving trigono- 
metrical problems. He writes : — 

'* I one day learned that my road lay within a couple of 

miles of the rectory of my old mathematical friend D . 

We had been great friends when he was a curate in a 
different part of the country, but had not met for several 

VOL. XLVII. s 



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274 WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S., 

years, during which he had been advanced from a curacy 
of about eighty pounds to a rectory of two hundred pounds 
a-year, and a residence, in a very secluded district. My 
time was very short ; but, for auld lang syne, I decided to 
sacrifice a few hours. On reaching the house, Mr. and 

Mrs. D were fortunately at home, and received me 

with their wonted kindness. 

** The salutations were barely over, when I said : 

'' * It is now six o'clock ; I must reach W to-night, 

and as it is said to be fully eight miles oflf , and I am utterly 
unacquainted with the road, and with the town when I 
reach it, I cannot remain with you one minute after eight 
o'clock.' 

*' * Oh, very well,' said D , * then we must improve 

the shining hours. Jane, my dear, be so good as to order 
tea.' 

" Having so said, he left the room. In a few minutes he 
returned with a book under his arm, and his hands filled 
with writing materials, which he placed upon the table. 
Opening the book, he said : 

" * This is Hind's Trigonometry, and here's a lot of 
examples for practice. Let us see which can do the greatest 
number of them by eight o'clock. I did most of them 
many years ago, but I have not looked at them since. 
Suppose we begin at this one ' — ^which he pointed out — 
' and take them as they come. We can drink our tea as 
we work, so as to lose no time.' 

** * All right,' said I ; though it was certainly not the 
object for which I had come out of my road. 

" Accordingly we set to work. No words passed between 

us ; the servant brought in the tray, Mrs. D handed 

us oiu* tea, which we drank now and then, and the time 
flew on rapidly. At length, finding it to be a quarter to 
eight — 

** * We must stop,' said I, * for in a quarter of an hour 
I must be on the road.' 

" * Very weU. Let us see how our answers agree with 
those of the author.' 

" It proved that he had correctly solved one more than 
I had. This point settled, I said, * Grood-bye.' 

" * Good-bye. Do come again as soon as you can. The 
farmers know nothing whatever about trigonometry.* 

** We parted at the rectory door, and have never met 
since ; nor shall we ever do so more, as his decease occurred 



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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIEE ASSOCIATION. 276 

several years ago. During my late long walk to W- 



my mind was chiefly occupied with the mental isolation 
of a rural clergyman." 

Although devoting so much time to the elucidaticMi of 
scientific questions, my father took considerable interest 
in history, folk-lore, archaeology and other antiquarian 
pursuits. His published papers include discussions on 
stone cists or cairns, on old coins, on provincialisms, and 
numerous kindred topics ; for his mind ranged over 
many regions of learning, and hie showed great pleasure 
in their advancement. This brought him into intercourse 
and intimacy with several famous workers in different 
lines, some of whom could hardly have shared the 
geologist's zeal in inspecting bone beds, or appreciated 
his enthusiasm for the discovery of a relic of the 
sabre-tooth tiger (Machairodtis latidena), or cared very 
greatly as to the Eocene or Miocene age, of the Bovey 
Tracey lignites. 

His correspondence was indeed so large as to sorely 
tax his energies, and it is marvellous that a man so fully 
occupied as he was could keep it in hand for half a century. 
Amongst his numerous correspondents on ethnological 
and antiquarian subjects, were Sir Henry Howorth, Sir 
Everard im Thum, Professor Skeat, Professor Sayce, Dean 
Merivale, Canon Greenwell, Mr. James Anthony Froude, 
and Mr. Edward Freeman. The letters to the last-named 
historian relate chiefly to the Cathedral Churches, both of 
William Pengelly's native, and of his adopted, county. 
One extract may be appropriately quoted at an Exeter 
Meeting, and is noteworthy inasmuch as it shows the 
geologist's versatility, and his varied interests apart from 
science. 

Writing to Mr. Freeman on September 3rd, 1873, he 
says : — 

**...! infer from passages in your paper on * The 
Place of Exeter in English History' (Macmillan's Maga- 
zine, Sept., 1873, p. 476), which I have read with the 
greatest interest, that the Bishoprics of Cornwall and 
Devonshire were first joined in the time of Edward the 
Confessor ; that on the jimction being made Exeter became 
the See ; and that Leofric was the first Bishop of the 
united dioceses. I had previously believed solely on the 
authority of Carew (Survey of Cornwall, pp. 81, 109, 124. 



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276 WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S., F.G.S., 

Ed. 1769) that the Danes having burnt the Church and 
Palace of the Bishop of Cornwall, at Bodmin, the See was 
removed thence to St. Grermans in the same county ; 
that in the time of Canute, the two bishoprics were joined 
at the instance of Livingius, Bishop of Crediton, who 
became Bishop of the united dioceses, and had his See at 
Crediton ; and the See was subsequently translated to 
Exeter. Without questioning your correctness I should 
be gratified if, without much trouble, you would kindly 
refer me to authorities on the points raised. . . ." 

That distinguished author. Sir Henry Howorth, to 
whose teachings and influence ethnology owes so much, 
considered that it was through William Pengelly's example 
that his own thoughts were first drawn to this study. 
In the following letter allusion is made to the matter, and 
also to the ethnologist's regret, at being unable to be 
present, at the British Association Meeting at Southport, 
when my father was to preside at the Anthropological 
Department. Sir Henry writes to him in May, 1883 : — 

** It was a gleam of sunshine to receive a letter from you. 
I am buried elbow deep in Eastern ethnology, and receive 
heaps of letters from all kinds of Eastern sages but from 
none whose acquaintance I hold more dear than the 
famous Troglodyte of Devonshire, whose enthusiasm 
first, I believe, stirred me to think of these subjects. . . . 
I expect to have a whole posse of geological hammers on 
my head before I have done but I mean to go on. . . . 
May you live for ever ; and if any chance brings you 
this way, come and see me. I am afraid I shall not be at 
Southport. . . ." 

William Pengelly threw much heartiness and bright- 
ness, as well as wisdom, into his chairmanship, and some 
of the anthropologists and geologists, who heard his 
Presidential Address at Southport and considered it to be 
of exceptional interest, afterwards took the long journey 
to Torquay, to inspect the Devonshire Caverns under his 
direction. During the following summer of 1884, many 
members of the Geologists' Association of London, visited 
the south-west of England, and although his hands were 
full of work, he undertook (at their urgent request) to 
arrange an exx)edition at Torquay for the party. Writing 
to his friend Mr. Huddlestone, f.g.s., in May, 1884, he 



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FATHBB OF THE DEVONSHIRB ASSOCIATION. 277 

states his views as to the points most worth studying, 
and says : — 

** The following is my programme — I meet you at 
Torquay station, and conduct you along the coast to 
Hope's Nose — ^the northern horn of Torquay — ^pointing 
out the Submerged Forest on Torre Abbey Sands, the 
place of jimction of the Trias and the Devonian Limestone, 
the contortions in the Torquay Limestone, the Slaty 
Cleavage at Meadfoot, the Raised Beach at Hope's Nose, 
and the contorted and cleaved Limestone near it. This 
will be quite as much as we can accomplish if we proceed 
on foot ; but the best plan on every account would be to 
take boats at Torquay, and to land at points of great 
interest (not otherwise accessible) on the way to Hope's 
Nose. In this case we might be able to reach the fine 
junction of the Trias and Devonian in Babbacombe Bay, 
touching perhaps at the Trap of the Black Head on our 
way. ... A month of hard work would give but a super- 
ficial acquaintance with the geology between the Teign 
and the Dart." 

A few years later during the Easter holidays of 1888, 
his old friend. Professor McKenny Hughes, came down to 
Torquay from Cambridge, accompanied by several members 
of his geological class. The party included Professor 
Marr, Professor Reynolds, and others who have since 
achieved distinction. William Pengelly felt a keen interest 
in their field work in Devonshire, and in the various fas- 
cinating problems which they were eager to discuss with 
the veteran geologist. Amongst other expeditions he 
took them to Bovey Tracey, Brixham, and Kent's Hole, 
and to inspect the memorials of a vanished past, as illus- 
trated by his Cavern specimens in the Torquay Museum. 
He displayed to them also the fine selection of Devonian 
fossils which he had collected, and housed in the private 
museum which he had built for that purpose at his residence 
Lamorna, Many of his yoimg companions were greatly 
impressed by the mass of geological information he pos- 
sessed, much of it not obtainable from text-books, but 
the result of his own observations in the field. It was 
his love of truth rather than system, his wide range of 
knowledge and broad view of geological principles, which 
made long walks and excursions with him so instructive to 
those who had the opportunity of taking part in them. 



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278 WILLIAM FBNGBLLY, F.R.S., P.G.S., 

and gave so much charm and value to his lectures and 
papers. He was never more thoroughly happy than 
when rambling over the Devon moors and valleys with 
congenial companions. His unfailing interest in very 
young workers was not the least important of his charac- 
teristics, and shows how little his heart was hardened by 
the passing of the years. His sympathies remained im- 
dimmed until the end of his life, and to the last he rejoiced 
in every onward step taken by science ; whilst his quick 
and cheering perception of early merit, sometimes per- 
petuated tastes which might speedily have perished if 
unobserved and unencouraged. In nothing was his 
career more marked than in the power he possessed, of 
interesting others in scientific studies, and enlisting their 
co-operation in the common cause. 

In 1886 he was awarded the Lyell Medal, as a recognition 
of his original researches. The President of the Geological 
Society, when making the presentation, concluded his 
speech with the following words : ** There is a peculiar 
fitness in the award to you of this medal, as a memorial 
of the fearless and illustrious author of The Principles of 
Geology and The Antiquity of Man.'\ In his reply the 
recipient acknowledged the pleasure which this award 
afforded him, not only as a mark of appreciation from his 
colleagues, but also because it bore the name of a friend and 
fellow- worker whom he had greatly loved and honoured. 

Although the strong tide of life and activity kept my 
father much in Devonshire, yet he visited the metropolis 
whenever possible, entering into the vortex of London 
scientific work with vigour and enthusiasm. He was also 
frequently asked to preside at meetings in different part« 
of the country. These engagements were generally very 
congenial, but sometimes he had to take his seat as umpire 
amongst various veterans in science, and his tact and 
judgment as chairman on such occasions were not less 
remarkable than his kindliness. His friends were often 
ranged on different sides in these stormy debates, and he 
had naturally his own decided views on the questions raised, 
concerning many of the problems over which he had long 
pondered. Yet a well-known geologist writes, that in 
these diflScult circumstances, he acquitted himself to the 
satisfaction of everyone, and adds : — 

** Of his geniality it is enough to say that gatherings at 
which he consented to be present were sure to be successful.'* 



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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 279 

Another old friend and colleague bears the following 
testimony, to the pleasant and important part which he 
took in the debates at the Devonshire Association. 

" At the annual general gathering of the members, 
there was perhaps no gratification so much looked for, 
when Mr. Pengelly was present, as the discussions 
elicited by the reading of the several papers. A charac- 
teristic of Mr. Pengelly on these occasions will be at once 
remembered. There was no mistaking the evident zest 
with which, after the reading of a paper, he initiated, as 
he generally did, a discussion thereon. He took his part 
with unfailing geniality, and his views upon the value of 
facts, upon the importance of precision of language, and 
upon the folly of hasty generalizations, were pretty sure 
to come to the fore." 

At the British Association which assembled at Bir- 
mingham in 1886, my father contributed a paper entitled 
" A Scrobicularia Bed, containing Human Bones, at 
Newton Abbot, Devonshire " ; and during the Man- 
chester Meeting in 1887, he read a paper on " Recent 
Researches in Bench Cavern," which aroused much in- 
terest both at the Geological and Anthropological sections. 

He was also able to be present at the Association when 
it met at Bath in 1888, and at Newcastle in the following 
year. The last important International scientific con- 
ference that he attended, was the Greological Congress, 
which was held in London in the autumn of 1888. This 
was his final meeting with many valued foreign colleagues, 
including M. Gaudry of Paris, Professor Capellini of 
Bologna, Professor Otto Torell of Stockholm, and a band 
of younger but widely known men. 

Although still fairly vigorous, William Pengelly was 
now beginning to feel that the time had come, when he 
must relinquish the active participation in scientific 
matters which he had hitherto taken, but he was so 
warmly greeted both by his foreign friends, and English 
comrades, that he many times expressed the pleasure he 
felt in having made the effort of attending the Congress. 
Geologists and Anthropologists at their gatherings, had 
always a hearty welcome both for him and his communi- 
cations. Belonging to the class of energetic spirits, who 
look for happiness in work, and to whom change of labour 
is more welcome as a recreation, than absolute rest, it 



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280 WILLIAM FBNGELLY, F.R.S., F.Q.S., 

was with a pang of regret that he realised, that henceforth 
he could take but a small share in his favourite pursuits. 
However, the cheerfulness of his temper prevented him 
from dwelling despondently on this disability. Ever 
eager to encourage a love of learning amongst the people, 
and full of sympathy for the institutions of his native 
county, it had been natiurally with considerable reluctance, 
that in the spring of 1886 he had felt obliged to decline 
an invitation from a deputation of the Falmouth Poly- 
technic, asking him to become President in succession to 
Lord Mount Edgcumbe. Another such request from a 
Somersetshire scientific society, had been made to him 
about the same time, and this also he had had to deny 
himself the pleasure of accepting, owing to failing bodily 
strength and pressure of work. 

A few years earlier he had relinquished all professional 
courses of lectures, having to decline an urgent invitation 
in 1884, from Sir Henry Bowman, who was anxious to 
persuade him to lecture once again at the Royal Institu- 
tion of London, where some of his most noteworthy 
discourses had been delivered. However, he was still 
able to give a few lectures gratuitously, in order to assist 
various scientific societies. About the same time he also 
closed his career as a teacher, for which position he had 
always shown so great an aptitude, particularly in his 
power of arousing in his pupils at the very outset, a pre- 
liminary interest in the study they were approaching. 
His last pupil was the present writer. 

In 1886, he resigned his post as Honorary Acting 
Treasurer of the Devonshire Association, but he was 
able to read three papers, which were highly appreciated, 
at the meeting held at St. Mary Chiurch near Torquay, 
in the summer of that year ; and also to read an important 
paper at the Plympton Meeting, in the following year. 
A well-known member of the Association writes in 1894 : — 

" There was, I am sure, only one feeling of regret among 
the members of the society with which Mr. Pengelly had 
been for so many years associated, when he withdrew to 
the retirement which increasing years and infirmities 
imposed upon him. He had finished his work. Yet to 
the last, he retained an almost pathetic interest in the 
Devonshire Association, which he had founded and for 
which he had done so much." 



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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 281 

His final lecture was delivered in the spring of 1889, 
at the Torquay Natural History Society. It was entitled 
*' Archaeological Discoveries at Hele," and was listened to 
with close attention, by a crowded audience. In the follow- 
ing year, 1890, he relinquished the Honorary Secretaryship 
of the Society, this being the last scientific office which 
he held. He still, however, retained so much of his old 
vivacity, that his increasing physical weakness was scarcely 
perceptible to his friends, who hardly realised that the tasks 
which had once been so light and easy to him, had recently 
become a serious and increasing burden and strain. 

Shortly after his retirement he received an illuminated 
address from the members, expressing their deep regret 
at his resignation. So highly was his work esteemed, 
that a few years previously, he had been presented by 
his friends with his portrait, which was painted by the 
well-known artist and Royal Academician Mr. A. S. Cope. 
In the reading room attached to the Museum, there fitly 
hangs this oil painting of the man whose individuality is 
unmistakably marked upon the entire institution. 

In a letter to the present writer (several years later), 
Professor McKenny Hughes, the Woodwardian Professor 
of Geology, requested that WiUiam Pengelly's favourite 
hammer, might be presented to the Sedgwick Museum at 
the University of Cambridge, in order, as he wrote : " that 
it might be placed with those of Hugh Miller, Professor 
Sedgwick, Sir Charles Lyell, and other geological hammers 
with which it had probably been out in the field and thus 
be seen by future generations of students to recall his 
cavern researches and other geological discoveries. . . .'' 

This request was gladly complied with, and the hammer 
is now placed with those belonging to his three old friends 
and correspondents. 

Whilst WiUiam Pengelly's original researches placed 
him in the first rank of British geologists, his kindness 
and geniality endeared him to those who came into close 
contact with him, so that even his antagonists often 
became his admirers. It is difficult at the present day, 
however, to realise the conditions which prevailed in the 
middle and latter part of the nineteenth century, as the 
consequence of the unreasoning prejudice excited in 
some minds, by the rapid advance and development of 
geological enquiry. Any attempt to explain the past 
history of the earth by a reference to the causes stiU in 



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282 WILLIAM PENGBLLY, F.B.S., F.G.S., 

operation upon it, was met — not with argument — but by 
a storm of embittered controversy, and charges of atheism 
against its propounder. The keynote which William 
Pengelly struck almost from the commencement of his 
scientific career, was that in geology, the past can be best 
imderstood through the present, that the forces of Nature 
now in operation, are sufficient to produce changes re- 
sembling those which have taken place in former ages, 
if only that there is a sufficient period of time allowed 
for the work. The pathway of enquiry which he chose 
after careful consideration, and along which he travelled 
until the close of his life, was that of a champion of the 
doctrine that the present alone affords the clue to the past. 
It was characteristic of his extreme accuracy, never to 
cease his investigations till he was fully satisfied, being 
resolute to contend with difficulties till all were overcome. 
He was too truly a lover of knowledge with faith in its 
progress, to be hasty in publishing views on accoimt of 
their novelty, when they might be rendered more valuable 
by further proofs of their truth. 

On the themes which specially engaged his thoughts, 
and on which he had frequently to speak and write, con- 
cerning the question of the great age of the earth, and of 
the antiquity of man, he was throughout the conflict a 
working soldier, not a showy captain, of the cause he 
championed. For the expansion of our geological vision, 
and for the flood of light which has been thereby thrown 
upon our geological history, we stand mainly indebted 
to him and his fellow-workers. The simplicity of his 
language, his careful analysis of facts, and his profound 
and original views, rendered his writings at once attrac- 
tive and impressive. When it was his lot to be engaged 
in controversy (which he avoided as far as possible), he 
never allowed it to hurry him into anything unworthy. 
He possessed singular clearness of judgment and freedom 
from prejudice, and this enabled him to discuss with 
calmness and equanimity opinions directly opposed to 
his own. He was at all times specially careful to render 
full justice to the labours of others, regarding them not 
as rivals, but as fellow-workers in a great cause. 

Mr. A. R. Hunt, f.g.s., writes : — 

" On looking back, I note the absolute trust which he 
always inspired. It was impossible for him to take a 
mean advantage of an opponent. . . . Thus if anyone 



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FATHER OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION. 283 

scored a point off Mr. Pengelly, he would be the first to 
proclaim it." 

In endeavouring to describe some of the work which 
her father accomplished, the writer of this biographical 
sketch, can lay no claim to impartiality ; and is, moreover, 
too conscious of her inability to cope with the subject, 
to presume to oflEer here a detailed or critical estimate, 
of the value of his various scientific writings. This must 
be done by an abler, and also an independent, pen, and 
therefore can be best given in the words of that distin- 
guished geologist and author, the Rev. Professor Bonney. 
Alluding to William Pengelly's published scientific papers 
— which numbered nearly a himdred and twenty, in 
addition to those on antiquarian and kindred subjects — 
the Professor remarks : — 

" It is truly a wonderful record, especially when we 
remember that Pengelly could not be counted among the 
' Men of fortune and of leisure.* Such a number of papers, 
such diverse subjects, and such careful work in all of them ! 
Here and there, perhaps, some inference ultimately may 
have to be modified or set aside ; from this fate no student 
of a progressive science, where the evidence itself is liable 
to imperfections, can hope to escape, but we venture to 
affirm that Pengelly will rarely be found wrong in any 
statement of facts, and it is this characteristic — ^its careful 
and scrupulous accuracy — which gives such a high value 
to his work." 

Another eminent authority states : — 

** Science has never had a more single-minded and 
devoted servant, than the Devonshire Geologist, who 
helped so largely to establish the now universal belief in 
the antiquity of man." 

Concerning his simple but firm faith, the testimony of 
three of his friends may be given. The Rev. Professor 
Harley, f.r.s., the well-known mathematician, writes to 
me in April, 1894 : — 

'* I heard of the death of your dear father with sincere 
regret. He and I were admitted into the Royal Society 
at the same time . . . and whenever we met we found 
that we had many points of contact. . . . He did not 
obtrude his theological opinions but it was easy to see 



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284 WILUA^ PBNOBLLY, F.R.S., F.G.S. 

that he was a man of true religious character ; this was 
shown in his exemplary and upright life." 

Writing to me from London, Lord Lister, the celebrated 
surgeon, and late President of the Royal Society, says : — 

** I had often the privilege of intercourse with your 
father . . . and I recall vividly the impression of his great 
intellectual powers and his genial benevolence. . . . What 
a comfort that his love of science never imdermined his 
faith as a Christian." 

In a letter to my mother the Rev. Professor Bonney, 
F.R.S., LL.D., Canon of Manchester, writes : — 

" From bodily pain he might have suffered, but I feel 
sure he would be upheld in crossing the dark water, by 
the Saviour in whom he had long put his trust. He has 
left as a legacy to all his friends, the memory of a well- 
spent life and a good example. Though I doubt not that 
his life on earth was a happy one, yet I hope and trust 
that now he has entered into a more perfect peace and an 
imchanging joy." 

Immediately after William Pengelly's death in 1894, a 
Committee, which included many distinguished men of 
science, was formed, with the object of providing a lasting 
tribute to his memory. It was unanimously decided that 
this should take the form of a Lecture Hall, adjoining 
the Torquay Natural History Society's premises, to be 
known as the Pengelly Hall, This large and commodious 
building was speedily erected at the rear of the Museum, 
and the tablet over the door of entrance bears the following 
inscription : — 

THIS LECTURE HALL 

was built in the Jubilee Year of 

The Torquay Natural History Society 

1894, 

as a Memorial to 

WILLL^M PENGELLY, F.R.S. 

In appreciation of his services as one of the Founders 

and Honorary Secretary for forty years 

of his contributions to science 

especially as an explorer and expoimder of Kent's Cavern 

and of his worth as a man. 

He was thorough in all things. 



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BERRY POMEROY CASTLE. 

BY MR. H. MICHELL WHITLEY. 

(Read at Exeter, 2l8t July, 1915.) 



Amongst the castles of Devon, two stand out pre-eminent 
for the magnitude of the ruins and beauty of situation, 
Berry Pomeroy and Okehampton. 

Each is built on a rocky spur of the hills, overlooking a 
lovely valley, and each is encircled with finely timbered 
woods, and this is especially the case with Berry Pomeroy, 
which is renowned for the magnificent trees overshadowing 
the glen through which the approach road runs. 

A full, description of Okehampton Castle is given by 
Dr. E. H. Young in the Devonian Year Book for 1914 and 
1915, but no detailed architectural description of Berry 
Pomeroy CarStle has heretofore been published, and the 
object of the present paper, based on an accurate survey 
on a large scale by the author, is to supply this much- 
needed want. 

Ralph de Pomeroy, one of the knights in William the 
Conqueror's army, was liberally rewarded for his services 
by the gift of fifty-six manors in Devon ; the entry in the 
Exeter Domesday with reference to Berry is as follows : — 

" Ralf has a Manor called Beri (Berry) which Alric held on 
the day on which King Edward was alive and dead, and it paid 
geld for two hides. These can be ploughed by 25 ploughs. 
Thereof Ralf has 1 hide and 4 ploughs in demesne, and the 
villeins have 1 hide and 17 ploughs. There Ralf has 45 villeins, 
17 bordars, and 16 serfs, and 8 head of cattle, and 16 swine, 
and 560 sheep, and 100 acres of wood, and 10 acres of meadow, 
and 40 acres of pasture. This is worth 12 poimds, when Ralf 
received it 16 pounds." 

The name of the manor, which means a fortified place, 
shows that the English owner Alric had a castle there for 
his residence, and the protection of his tenants and flocks 
and herds in time of war. 



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286 BEBBY POMEROY CASTLE. 

Such a castle in Saxon times generally consisted of a 
motte or mound thrown up from an encircling ditch, and 
a bailey or base-court, enclosed by a mound and ditch, 
the defences being completed by a timber stockade, 
whilst the houses were of the same material. 

Many of these castles retained their timber stockades 
until the thirteenth century, Barnstaple Castle being a 
Devon instance, the masonry walls of which were being 
built in 1273. 

The castle and manor continued in the Pomeroy famOy 
until the middle of the sixteenth century, when Sir Thomas 
Pomeroy headed the Western . rebellion. Pole, in his 
description of Devon, states that " Sir Thomas consumed 
his estate and decayed his house, he sold Berry with other 
his lands unto Edward Seamor, Duke of Somerset, which 
Duke gave this Berry unto the Lord Edward which he 
had by his first wife," and the castle has remained in the 
Seymour family ever since. 

There are no existing remains of the fortified house of 
Alric the Englishman. Probably a deep ditch, which is 
now filled up, was cut across the narrow neck of land 
connecting the rocky knoll on which the castle is built 
with the steep hillside on the south ; and the enclosure, 
measuring about 250 feet square, was surrounded by a 
stout stockade, which probably remained, as at Barn- 
staple, until the Pomeroys built their castle about the end 
of the thirteenth century. 

There is extant a survey of the lands and tenements of 
Henry de la Pomeroy in Berry, in the county of Devon, 
dated 13 March, 1292. At this date there was at Berry a 
hall with the chambers, the kitchen, grange, other buildings, 
and gardens, worth 40s. per year. A dovecot worth 2s. 6d. 
a year ; also a park" worth yearly in pannage and herbage 
one mark and no more because it is overdone with wild 
beasts. Henry de la Pomeroy came of age in this year, 
and the evidence of the oldest part of the existing ruins 
would show that he erected the castle. 

The boundary of the park can still be traced, enclosing 
an area which measures on the Ordnance Map 340 acres. 

On the 9th Dec, 12th Henry VII (1497), the escheator of 
Devon held an inquisition at Bery Pomerey to settle the 
portion of Elizabeth, late the wife of Richard Pomerey, 
Knight, and assigned for her third of the honor and 
castle of Bury, a great chamber beyond the castle gate, 



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BBBBY POMBROY CASTLB. 287 

with the cellar on the left of the gate, with two chambers 
beyond, and belonging to the same great chamber. A 
kitchen, a larderhouse, and a chamber beyond the kitchen. 
For her third of the capital Messuage of the Manor of 
Bury Pomery, a pantry and buttery up to the chamber 
there called " Stuerdes chambre " (the Steward's Chamber), 
with a moiety of the Bakehouse, Bruhouse, Keychen, and 
Larderhouse : a stable for horses with a loft built over it, 
a bam called Barle bame, and a house called " Kystelys 
Bame." 

Also a third part of the park of Bury Pomerey for a 
third part of the deer, containing by estimation 30 acres 
of land, viz. from " Slade Gate'' to "William Tud is 
Style " to the west up to ** Sonde Gate," and from ** Sonde 
Gate " up to the said " Slade Gate." 

The park was surrounded by a wall about seven feet 
high, built of excellent coursed rubble dry masonry. Three- 
fourths of this wall still stand, but where it ran through 
what is now woodland, the roots of the trees have over- 
thrown it. 

The existing ruins are of two distinct periods ; first, those 
of the castle of the Pomeroys built in the last quarter of 
the thirteenth century, and secondly, those of the stately 
mansion built by the Seymours about the middle of the 
sixteenth century. The original castle probably consisted 
of three towers and a gatehouse, placed at each angle and 
connected by curtain walls ; the work remaining is the 
gatehouse and St. Margaret's tower, with the southern 
curtain wall joining them and a portion of the western 
curtain wall from the gatehouse northwards, the whole of 
the remainder being cleared away for the erection of the 
sixteenth-century buildings. 

The Reverend John Prince, Vicar of Berry Pomeroy, in 
his Worthies of Devon, thus describes the castle ruins ad 
they existed about the year 1700 : — 

" Berry Pomeroy Castle is situate in a deer park upon a 
rock on a rising groimd from the east and north over a pleasant 
rivulet running through the park aforesaid which empties itself 
into the Hemms at Little Hempston. 

" It was a castle standing a mile distant towards the east 
from the parish church of Bery aforesaid. What it was in its 
antique forme can hardly be calculated from what at present 
remains standing, which is only the front facing the south in a 
direct line of about 60 cloth yards in length. The gate standeth 



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288 BERRY POMEROY CASTLE. 

towards the west end of the front, over which carved in moor 
stone is yet remaining Pomeroy's Arms. It had therefore a 
double portcullis, whose entrance is about 12 feet in height and 

30 feet in length, which gate is turretted and embattled, as 
are the walls yet standing home to the east end thereof, where 
answereth yet in being a tower called St. Margaret's, from 
which several gentlemen of this county antiently held their 
lands. Within this is a large quadrangle, at the north and 
east side whereof the honourable family of Seymour (whose 
possession now it is) built a magnificent structure at the 
charges as iame relates it of upwards of twenty thousand 
poimds but never brought it to perfection ; for the west side 
of the quadrangle was never begun. What was finished may 
be thus described. Before the door of the great hall was a 
noble walk whose length was the breadth of the court, arch'd 
over with curiously carved free-stone supported on the fore 
part by several stately pillars of the same stone of great 
dimensions after the Corinthian order, standing on pedestals, 
having cornices or friezes finely wrought, behind which were 
placed in the wall several seats of frieze-stone also cut into the 
form of an escallop shell, in which the company when aweary 
might repose themselves. The apartments within were very 
splendid, especially the dining-room which was adorned, 
besides paint, \\dth statues and figures cut in alabaster \^ith 
admirable art and labour ; but the chimney-piece of polished 
marble, curiously engraven, was of great cost and value. 
Many other of the rooms were well adorned with mouldings 
and fretwork ; some of whose marble clavils were so delicately 
fine that they would reflect an object true and lively from a 
great distance. In short the number of the apartments of the 
whole may be collected hence ; if report be true, that it was a 
good day's work for a servant but to open and shut the case- 
ments belonging to them. Notwithstanding which 'tis now 
demolished and all this glory lieth in the dust buried in its 
own mines, there being nothing standing but a few broken 
walls which seem to mourn their own funeral." 

Passing into details, the annexed plan of the ruins is 
reduced from an accurate survey to a scale of 8 feet to an 
inch and shows Pomeroy's work in black, whilst that of the 
Seymours is hatched. The court of the inner ward is 
about 80 feet from east to west, and varies from 70 to 86 
feet north to south. The gatehouse is 33 feet wide and 

31 feet deep, besides which it has two flanking towers with 
semi-sexagon projections of 5 feet in the front on each 
side of the entrance. 

The entrance passage is 31 feet long, 8 feet 6 inches wide, 
and about 11 feet high, with a plain barrel vault. There 



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BERRY POMBROY CASTLE. 289 

was originally a ditch, probably dry, across the narrow 
neck of land joining the castle to the hill on the south ; 
but this has been filled up, possibly at the time of the 
additions and alterations carried out by the Seymours. 

There was an exterior drawbridge, the sockets for the 
axles and the holes carrying the beams for the lifting chains 
still remain. Ten feet withhi this is the groove for the port- 
cullis, opening into the chamber above. Here, as in many 
other instances, the portcullis groove stops about a foot 
above the door sill, showing that the spikes at the lower 
end of the grate were of this length. 

15 feet 6 inches beyond the portcullis was the portal, 
closed by a gate opening inwards. This entrance has been 
lengthened for a distance of 11 feet 6 inches beyond the 
gate with an inner portal arch, this work apparently dating 
from alterations carried out by the Seymours. The arch 
is of rough masonry, and there are no " meurtrieres " or 
openings into the chambers above through which spears 
could be thrust or missiles thrown on besiegers below. 

The parapet between the two towers flanking the gate- 
way is however carried on an arch between the angles of 
the towers, in advance of the outer wall of the gatehouse, 
forming a machicolation or opening behind, through which 
missiles could be dropped in front of the drawbridge on 
besiegers ; these machicolations were not built in England 
before the latter part of the thirteenth century. 

Prince states that over the gateway the arms'of Pomeroy 
are carved in moor stone, and Lysons says that he was 
informed that they still remained in 1774, although then 
overgrown with ivy ; at present no shield is to be seen. 

The parapet connecting the flanking towers is battle- 
mented, and the latter, although plain now, had battle- 
ments as shown in Buck's drawing taken about 1734. 

Over the entrance is an opening for a window, now 
robbed of its mullions. In Buck's drawing it is shown as 
complete, of two lights with geometrical tracery of the 
Decorated period in the head under a pointed arch, dating 
the work at about the last quarter of the thirteenth century. 

The basement floor of the two towers is at the level of 
the ground outside. 

On each side of the entrance passage is a chamber 
6 feet 3 inches wide, with semicircular ends occupying 
the angular projections of the towers. There are three 
loopholes for cross-bows in both chambers, which are 

VOL. XLvn. T 



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290 BEBBY FOMBBOY CASTLB. 

approached by stone steps from the portcullis room above. 
At the rear of the western tower is a smaU porter's lodge 
opening into the inner ward, lit by a small one-light 
window. 

The portcullis or guard room is 22 feet 6 inches wide 
and 28 feet long and was built or remodelled by the Sey- 
mours in the sixteenth century. 

It is divided into two parts by two octagonal granite 
eolumns, and arches carrying a wall with corbels for the 
roof, the inner portion occupying a width of 16 feet and 
the outer the towers. 

There is a fireplace without hood in the centre of the 
inner wall, an opening for a large window on the east of 
the fireplace and a loophole on the west, both looking into 
the inner ward, and three loopholes in the angles of the 
towers, with the opening for a window over the entrance 
already mentioned. The access to this room is by a door 
with a four-centred sixteenth-century arch in the eastern 
wall opening on to the curtain walk close to the vice by 
which it is approached from the inner ward. 

In the vice leading to the eastern chamber below there 
is also a square opening for musketry which commands 
the rampart walk. 

The side walls of the towers, which are one storey higher, 
are carried by cross arches from the columns resting on 
corbels in the walls. 

The two upper chambers are inaccessible, that on the 
east was reached by steps from the curtain wall. It has 
a fireplace without hood in the south wall and an opening 
to give access to the machicolation over the entrance. 
This could also be reached from the roof of the portcullis 
chamber, on to which the stairs from the curtain walk 
opened through an archway, now destroyed. 

The upper storey of the western tower has no fireplace, 
but a couple of loopholes widely splayed inside in the angle 
wall. These towers, now open, were originally roofed with 
large slate slabs, portions of which remain. A passage in 
the western curtain wall, lit by a couple of loops, leads to 
a turret, in which is a garderobe rudely semicircular, lit by 
three loops. A vice in this turret leads to the top of the 
curtain wall, which is 6 feet thick and 26 feet high above 
the inner ward level. The curtain wall is level with the 
roof of the guard room, the entrance towers rising about 
12 feet above it. 



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BEBBY POMEBOY CASTLE. 291 

The tower at the south-eastern angle of the castle, 
c€tlled by Prince " Saint Margaret's Tower/' has a semi- 
circular projection in front extended with straight walls 
behind, is 22 feet 6 inches long by 17 feet broad within. 
The gorge wall fills up the angle of meeting of the curtains 
and contains the entrance door. 

The basement floor below the level of the inner ward, 
but above the ground outside, is approached by a flight of 
steps from the room above, mainly cut in the solid rock ; 
the roof is arched in rough rubble masonry. There is a 
loophole and two small windows, an angle aumbry, and 
a rude bracket in the north wall. 

The ground floor is lit by two single-light windows 
heavily barred, and has a garderobe recessed in the wall ; 
there is also a loophole in the vice to the basement. Another 
vice close to the entrance door leads to the room on the 
first floor ; a good deal of the original plaster remains on 
the walls. The first-floor room had a wooden floor, a fire- 
place in the east wall, a three-light window in the west, 
and two single-light ones in the east and south walls, all 
heavily barred. The vice opened on to the curtain wall 
by steps from the north-west comer, the vice of the door 
remaining. Buck's view shows a second storey then 
existing above the first floor, the tower being crowned with 
battlements. 

The curtain wall between this tower and the gatehouse 
is 12 feet high on the outside, 8 feet above the rampart 
walk inside, 4 feet 6 inches thick, and loopholed. The 
inner parapet battlement is two feet thick, and the ram- 
part walk between 15 feet wide. All this work from the 
garderobe turret to Saint Margaret's Tower is Pomeroy's, 
built, as already stated, between 1275 to 1300, but rebuilt 
and altered in places by the Seymours in the sixteenth 
century. 

Passing now to the Seymours' buildings, the north side 
of the inner ward was occupied by the hall, which was a 
noble building 90 feet in length and 26 feet in width ; 
along the whole front of this and the adjacent serving 
room to the west ran the colonnade described by Prince. 
Numerous fragments of carved stone have been turned up 
here, and amongst them a corbel in the shape of a ram'B 
head. 

The entrance doorway was in the centre of the south 
wall opening under the colonnade, the jambs being still in 



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292 BERRY POMBROY CASTLE. 

position ; at the east e;id of the hall was the dais, which 
extended all across the upper end, and was probably one 
step above the general floor level ; the fireplace, of which 
the hearth of slate on edge only remains, is in its usual 
position a little below the dais. 

The dais was lit by an oriel window in the north waU, 
which was also used for retiring into for private conver- 
sation ; this was semicircular and 12 feet in diameter, 
its sill being at a short height above the dais level. In the 
north wall of the hall were also three four-light transomed 
windows, the sills of which are 9 feet above the floor line, 
and there is also a small two-light window beneath the 
westernmost. Under the western end of the building is 
a cellar. The walls of the hall are so ruined and ivy-clad 
that it is difficult to say definitely what the internal 
arrangements were ; but from the position of a square 
pillar in the cellar, which corresponds with the socket for 
a beam in the north wall, it is probable that a timber par- 
tition crossed the hall a little to the west of the great door- 
way, shutting off the " screens " or parssage behind for the 
use of the servants ; it would be, however, more usual if 
the hall doorway opened into the screens, the partition 
dividing it from the hall being a little to the east of it, 
access being obtained by a couple of doors. 

The kitchen block adjoins the hall on the west, forming 
the north-west angle of the castle ; between it and the 
hall is a room 26 feet long and 14 feet wide, used probably 
as a serving-room or larder, lit by a large window in the 
north wall, now broken down. Beyond this was the kitchen 
36 feet long and 27 feet wide, with two fireplaces in the 
south wall 11 feet 6 inches and 9 feet in width respectively, 
the smaller of which has an inset oven. The north wall is 
mainly gone ; there is a blocked doorway and the foun- 
dations of an oriel window now also blocked in the west 
wall. 

South of the kitchen are two rooms, the westernmost 
the bakehouse, with two ovens 2 feet 6 inches in diameter, 
the other room being probably used as a store. This 
building is three stories in height. The upper stories are 
inaccessible, without floors, stairs, or roof ; the south wall 
is toothed at the extremities, clearly showing it was in- 
tended to continue the work further towards the gatehouse, 
an intention which was never carried into effect. 

The main block of the Seymour buildings on the eastern 



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BERRY POMBROY CASTLE. 293 

side of the inner ward was built around a small central 
courtyard. The walls of this building are three stories 
in height and are fairly perfect, with the exception of the 
northern wall, which has perished. The floors, stairs, and 
roof are gone, the upper stories being inaccessible. 

The principal rooms were on the north, a continuation 
of the hall overlooking the deep valley below. On the 
groimd and the first floors were two noble rooms 40 feet 
long and 26 feet wide ; the north wall is almost entirely 
destroyed, but in the east wall of the ground-floor room 
is the aperture of a large window, probably of four 
transomed lights. There is in each of these rooms a fine 
fireplace 7 feet 6 inches wide in the south wall. 

The ashlar work of all the Seymour buildings is of granite 
with the exception of that of the colonnade which is of 
Bath stone. 

At the north-eastern angle is a curious collection of walls 
enclosing a triangular space which was approached from 
above by a ladder and lit by a loophole ; this gives access 
through a four-centred arch of sixteenth-century date to 
some steps not fully uncovered, which appear to have led 
to the castle well. 

A revetment wall runs outside the south curtain wall 
from the gatehouse to Saint Margaret's Tower, enclosing 
a narrow strip about 10 feet wide. It is continued beyond 
for a short distance, and then turns northward along the 
eastern front of the mansion about 30 feet from it, enclosing 
the steps to the well ; there are also traces of an outer 
wall now modernised along the north front of the castle. 

Two reasons are given why the castle fell into ruins, the 
first being that it was besieged and was dismantled in the 
Civil War, which Lysons thinks very probable, although 
he had found not a trace of any siege, and the second that 
it was struck by lightning and set on fire and never after 
rebuilt. I am inclined to believe that the latter is correct, 
as practically the whole of the northern range is in ruins 
and overthrown, whilst the walls of the western and eastern 
portions remain intact. 



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THE WALROND SCREEN IN SEATON CHURCH. 

BY ARTHUR LOCKE RADFORD, F.S.A. 

(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1915.) 



In W. H. Hamilton Rogers' Sepulchral Effigies in the 
Parish Churches of Devon, page 185, occurs an account of 
Walrond of Bovey, Seaton and Beer. '* In Seaton church, 
previous to its restoration in 1866, there was a noith 
transept doubtless built by the Walronds of Bovey Beer 
(a junior branch of the Walronds of Bradfield) probably 
as a mortuary chantry, and the arms of the family appear 
on the corbel of the window. This chapel was originally 
enclosed by an oak screen of open tracery, subsequently 
portions of it were employed to give additional height to 
a large squire's pew, and finally, on the complete restora- 
tion of the edifice (1866), the}'- were removed, presumably 
for future preservation, to Bovey House where they still 
remain, but certainly deserve to be reinstated in their 
original position which it is to be hoped may be their 
ultimate fate. 

" The portions consist of open tracery, temp. Henry VIII, 
and are ornamented with the single red and white rose, 
the large double rose, and a series of shields with armorial 
bearings carved in relief, and exhibiting the descent of 
Walrond of Bovey and some of the earlier alliances of 
Walrond of Bradfield emblazoned in colours : — 

1. Argent three bulls' heads afIront6e sable horned, 

gules a crescent for difference (Walrond of Bovey). 

2. Argent a chevron gules between three bulls' heads 

affrontee sable (Stowford of Stowford Colyford) im- 
paling azure a stag's face affrontee argent (Downe ? ). 

3. Walrond of Bovey impaling Stowford and Downe. 

4. Walrond impaling gules two demi-lions passant 

regardant or (Hache). 



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Walroitd Screen in Beaton Church.— To face p. 294. 



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VValboiid Screen in Seaton Church.— 2'o face p. 295. 



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THE WALBOND SCBBEN IN SEATON OHUBCH. 295 

5. Walrond impaling azure a lion rampant argent 

langued gnles (Brett). 

6. Gules a chevron enarched argent (Holbeame). 

7. Sable three fish (Hakes) haurient argent (Hake). 

8. Argent the Stafford Knot azure a crescent for differ- 

ence gules. 

9. (Speke) argent two bars azure over all a double- 

headed eagle displayed or. 

" The devices on these shields are carved in relief and the 
colours appear to have been subsequently added, and are 
erroneous in two or three instances." 

I am much indebted to Mr. A. J. P. Skinner, who has 
very kindly supplied me with the following pedigrees 
from Pole,^ showing how the arms shown on the screen 
came to the Walronds by their marriages. 



* " Collections towards a Description of the County of Devon by Sir 
W™ Pole K»« who died 1636," printed 1791. 



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3' 



296 



THE WALROND SCREEN IN SBATON CHURCH. 



Pole, p. 184. 
Nicholas Whitinge= Margaret, 



Pole, p. 206. 



of Woode, 
Kentisbere. 



sister and cob. of 
Tliomas Prodhonie. 



John Walrond 
of Bradfield. 



John Whitinge= Julian, dau. of 
William Hoi- 
beame. 



John Walrond = 



:Jone, dan. and h. 
of John de Stow^ 
ford, probably by 
his wife, dan. of 
Downe. 



Robert Whitings 



I 
John Whi ting y Alice, dau. of 

I Nicholas Kirkham. 

John Whiting^ Agnes, sister to 
I JohnTorrell. 

I 
Robert Whiting= Isabel, dau. and coh. 
of John Clivedon. 

i 

John Whiting^ Anne, sister and coh. 
of Peter Pancefoot. 

II. Agnes — Henry Walrond 

2nd dau. and coh. I of Brad field, 
died 1550. 



William Walrond =Melior, dau. of 



Pole, p. 174. 

Sir William le Speke.^ Agues, dau. of 
of Eveleigh, Thomas Or- 
Broadclist. chard of 

' Orchard. 

I 

I 

Agne3=Martin Fisliacre. 
dau. and h. 



Agnes ^ John Ufflet. 
dau, and h. 



L Alice = John Walrond 

dau. and h. I of Bradfield, 



William Walrond= Alice, dau. of 
I Walter Hake 
I of Cullompton. 

John Walrond=I. Alice, dau. of 
I John Ufflet and 
I aunt and coh. of 
_ I John Ufflet 

John Walrond =Jennett, dau. of 
♦ ♦ ♦ Gilbard. 



John Walrond = Margaret, dau. of 



8. and h. , 
of Bradfield. 



John Moore of 
Moorhajea. 



Humphrey Walrond == Eleanor, dau. of 
Henry Ogan. 



Wa 



* Henry Walrond =11. Agnes, 2nd 
of Bradfield, dau. and coh. of 
buried Uffculme, John Whiting 
2lJuly, 1550. of Wood. 



William Walrond=Joan, dau. of 
2nd son, of Bovey. John Brett. 



John Walrond=Jone, dau. of Cuth- 



will dat 1563, 
prov. 1567. 



r 



bert Clamsey, bnr. 
Seaton, 8 April, 
1692. 



* John Walrond = Jane, dau. of Lewis 
of Bovey, buried Hach of Aller, 
Seaton, 16 June, buried Seaton, 4 
1611. Nov., 1640. 



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Walrond 8( rees in Skat«»n Chlrch.— 7'o fact j\ 297. 



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THE WALROND SCREEN IN SEATON CHURCH. 297 

Mr. Skinner adds : — 

"As Holbeame and Hach are both on the screen I take it 
that the screen was erected by the above Henry and John 
Wakond unless they were later additions. The three fish 
are Hake not Fishacre, the Downe Arms are Downe of 
East Downe." 

The canopies are six in number ; two have three coats 
of arms (facing), 1st, Walrond centre, Holbeame left, Hake 
right; 2nd, Walrond centre, Speke left, Stafford Knot 
right ; this latter has in addition a red and a white rose on 
each of the spandrels of the arch. These canopies are 
3 ft. 6 in. wide, and the pair exactly fit the arch on the 
south side of the Walrond Chapel. The other four are 
smaller in size, being only 2 ft. 11 in. wide ; they have a 
central shield only and bear on them respectively : Stow- 
ford impaling Downe, Walrond impaling Stowford and 
Downe, Walrond impaling Hache, Walrond impaling 
Brett ; these canopies exactly fit the western arch of the 
Walrond Chapel. As all these canopies have mortice 
holes cut, into which the muUions of the screens were 
fitted, it is clear no entrance or doorway was made in the 
screens themselves, but that the entrance to the chapel 
or pew must have been from the chancel through the 
hagioscope, which is a Tudor arched passage way about 
6 ft. 6 in. high by 3 ft. 6 in. wide, and open down to the 
floor level. 

It is lighted by two rough lancet-headed windows on 
the north side, and is built outside the original church 
wall into what is now the vestry, but which originally 
was the churchyard. This passage served the double 
purpose of an entrance to the chapel and a hagioscope 
(see rough plan of church showing place of screen and 
entrance to chapel). 

The carving of the screen is rather rough work of late 
design, and from the details used in the ornament one is 
inclined to accept Mr. Skinner's view that it is work of 
the time of Elizabeth, and not, as Mr. Rogers states, that 
of Henry VIII. The screen appears to have been carved 
at one date and probably by the same hand ; the ground 
was painted white, and the heraldic charges in their 
proper colours. Mr. Skinner thinks the screen was erected 
by Henry Walrond of Bradfield, buried at Uffculme 
21 July, 1550, or John Walrond of Bovey, buried at 
Seaton 16 June, 1611. 



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298 THB WALROND SCREEN IN SEATON CHURCH. 

This screen must have been somewhat similar to that 
of the Moores of Moorshayes in Cullompton church, which 
also bears the Walrond arms impaling Moore, but as the 
Seaton church arches are low (unlike Cullompton) the 
screen was much lower, and the heraldry carved on a 
smaller scale, being nearer the eye. 

When I went to reside at Bovey House seven years ago 
I recollect Mr. Hamilton Rogers telling me about the screen 
and asking me to see if I could find any trace or fragments 
of it at Bovey ; this I was never able to do. He told me 
that it was removed from the church to Bovey on 5 January, 
1845, and stored there for safety. This will account for 
Mr. Ashworth, the architect, making no reference to it 
either in his manuscript notes on Seaton church, or his 
sketches and plans now hanging in the church, and made 
in 1864-6 before its restoration. 

Soon after leaving Bovey last year (1914) I happened 
to be walking down Bond Street, and saw in an art dealer's 
a canopy of a screen with the Walrond and other arms on 
it. Finding on enquiry that he had several of these, I 
took a note of the arms and on my return home compared 
them with Rogers' account, and discovered I had all but 
four shields. On my next visit to Town I saw the art 
dealer and enquired for the missing pieces ; he stated that 
there were two more, but one had been sold to a gentleman 
at Brighton, and so a visit had to be made there to obtain 
the necessary drawing and measurements. The other 
canopy was in the possession of the art dealer, but its 
shield had been carefully cut out and sold to a gentleman 
who claimed to bear the arms. He had recently had it 
erected in his house, some 1600 miles west of New York, 
on the mantel of an oak-panelled room, originally from an 
old Elizabethan house in Herefordshire. Fortunately the 
shield and arms can be replaced, as a sketch had been 
kept. 

The canopies are now all in my possession except the 
one at Brighton, which will, I trust, before long Join the 
rest, and, in the words of the late Mr. Hamilton Rogers, 
it is to be hoped that at some future date the screen may 
be re-erected in its original position. 

* I desire to acknowledge the valuable architectural assistance I 
have received from Mr. S. Seymour Lucas. 



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298 



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THE SECRET OF THE FOSSE WAY. 

BY T. J. JOCE. 

(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1916.) 



A TWELPTH-century chronicler, probably making use of 
a still earlier writer, describes the four chief highways of 
Britain, and states that the Fosse Way extended from 
the beginning of Cornwall to the end of Scotland, scilicet 
a principio CormigcUliae in finem ScoUiae. This Roman 
work is thus written of by Henry of Huntingdon, and is 
also mentioned by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Robert of Glou- 
cester, and the famous topographers Leland and Camden, 
also by various later writers. 

That a through-route existed which communicated with 
the mineral districts of the Cornish peninsula may most 
certainly be received, but the idea of a Roman road pene- 
trating to the far north of Scotland we may leave to those 
who like to believe it. So far from constructing a way in 
finem ScoUiae, the Romans at the Wall on the Border 
appear to have had quite enough to do to prevent the 
dwellers in Scotland from coming south. 

The great road, known as the Fosse, extending from 
Lincoln, through Newark, to Leicester, crossing Watling 
Street at High Cross, passing through Cirencester, Bath, 
Shepton Mallet and Hchester, is one of the most notable 
features of the map of Roman Britain, and, is even more 
marked than Watling Street. The question of its southern 
ending has for centuries attracted the attention of anti- 
quaries, among them some of the highest eminence, and 
various routes have been suggested. Some have stated 
that the Fosse ended at Axminster or at the mouth of the 
Axe, a port which, even making allowance for the accumu- 
lation there of shingle in recent years, could never have 
been anything but a doubtful harbour. It would seem to 
be but a feeble and unpractical terminus to a military road 
which crosses England with so bold a stride. 



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300 THE SECRET OF THE FOSSE WAY. 

Others have held that the Fosse ended at Exeter, others 
that it went by way of Ugbrook and Chudleigh over 
Dartmoor, others that it passed through Totnes and 
Avonwick into Cornwall. There appears no reason to 
doubt that the broad straight way which leads from 
Exeter southwards and ends in bridge and causeway at 
Teignbridge is a Roman work, and it is the writer's opinion 
that in the scheme of roads it was to be continued to the 
mouth of the Dart, not more than sixteen miles away, 
and the conquering power would thus have had unhindered 
access to a fine natural haven, superior to the estuaries 
of Axe or Exe. 

The various routes suggested, continuing into the S.W., 
have remained suggestions, and the famous old way has 
never been really traced so as to be satisfactorily diown 
as a part of the known system of its time. 

An important factor in the investigation is the physical 
geography of the district, and the suitable groimd over 
which the roads from E. and N. could enter the two 
south-westerly counties is found to be narrowed to a few 
miles, and it is not generally realised how peninsula-like 
were those two counties in days gone by, for the marsh- 
lands of the Parret basin extended from the Severn Channel 
far inland, and only at Langport did the drier lands draw 
sufficiently near for a passage of the river to be made, 
and there are tracts of land twenty-five miles from the 
sea which are yet but a few feet above tide-level, and all 
this region was one vast morass. And, since the swamp- 
land is more of a barrier than water, it can easily be under- 
stood how this condition of the district, coupled with the 
difficult, hilly ground of the Devon and Dorset border, 
aided in keeping the two south-westerly counties so dis- 
tinctly apart from the rest of England. 

Now, in oui; search for a great through-route, we may 
feel sure it is not likely to be entirely lost. We may not 
expect a mathematically straight course where deep and 
tortuous valleys so frequently occur, as that would soon 
bring about impossible situations. Yet it would be 
moderately direct. It would not have the permanent 
difficulty, amounting almost to an obstruction, of having 
to climb and pass an extensive moorland plateau, which 
a Dartmoor course would certainly impose. It would be 
likely to adapt for its use existing British roads, as that 
is known to have been the Roman practice. Such a route 



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THE SECRET OP THE IX>SSE WAY. 301 

would not be found to lead us about from one Saxon 
village to another, and it must form a complete main line, 
convincing to the judgment and fulfilling every reasonable 
condition. 

Starting then on our quest on the southern part of the 
Parret marshland where the Fosse, straight as an arrow, 
leads S.W. from Ilchester, and crossing the river at Pether- 
ton Bridge, we pass shortly a British way going eastward 
to Hamdon and westward by Oldway and Broadway up 
to the great entrenchment of Castle Neroche, and which 
is the ridge or watershed track on the northern edge of 
the Blackdowns, roimd to westward between Tone and 
Culm. With this track, though without doubt of early 
date, we are not further concerned. At a distance of four 
miles from Petherton Bridge the Fosse forks, the village 
of Dinnington being the southern end of the long 
straight line. The southerly branch leads up on to the 
ridge of Windwhistle, passing obliquely into the British 
track there, on to Axminster, and perhaps to the Axe 
estuary. 

The western branch is the one we propose to follow, 
and our road has at once to take rising ground to avoid the 
watery tract where flow the small streams, more than 
twenty in number, which imite to form the. Isle (or He). 
Doing this, we pass up a slope by Steepbere to Crock 
Street and Sticklepath, our way a boimdary for more 
than two miles. At Street Ash the road and boundary 
lead on a gentle curve to the westward, a Roman villa 
lying a mile and a half to the south. Our road passes (still 
a boundary) the steep-sided valley of the Yarty, at a very 
convenient fording-place, and we follow the road to the 
Otter ford, accompanied by coimty as well as by parish 
boundary. That valley, as steep as the Yarty, passed at 
an easy point, we keep to our line and are on the level 
tableland of the Blackdown range. Our road, the course 
of which lay here on open heath, is shown on the old 
Ordnance Survey. It is a watershed line, avoiding the 
steep escarpments to N. and S. Neroche Castle guarded 
the northern curve. Hembury lies two miles S. We 
descend by Orway, a long boundary with us, through a 
deep lane with many indications of antiquity. On the 
plateau and on Kentisbeare Moor great enclosures were 
made, and Orway was diverted into the turnpike road 
from Honiton to CuUompton, but at about a mile and a 



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302 THE SBCBBT OF THE FOSSE WAY. 

half from the latter town there are stretches of the old 
untutored way still to be seen in the original width and 
precisely in Orway direction. 

We are being led towards the Culm, and should find a 
fording-place awaiting us. This we have at Stoneyford, 
a name which, since sJl fords are more or less stony, must 
surely indicate one formerly paved. And now, in the 
town of Cullompton, its principal street lying N. and S., 
we are at a loss for the first time, but transversely under 
that main street, at a depth of about eighteen inches, lies 
the actual pavement of our way, a well-compacted road- 
bed in sound condition, lying in a course unrelated to 
Cullompton Street, unconformable to any alignment.^ It 
was cut into at that depth at the end of Tiverton Lane, 
obliquely imder it, but the paving, of which there must 
be more to be discovered, is precisely in our line. It may 
be mentioned that the Cullompton tradition of an earlier 
church on St. Andrew's Hill is in agreement with the line 
of this road, as the existing church is related to the present 
main road. 

The line of the buried pavement leads by a deep lane 
to the westward, and a short portion of its original width 
is to be seen near Bunnerford's Cross, where we have a 
boundary line, then, continuing our way, we cross the 
Old Exeter and Tiverton road on Pound Down, shown by 
Ogilby in his map of the Dartmouth and Minehead road, 
and in the middle of the seventeenth century he marks 
this crossway thus — eastward, Cullompton, — ^westward, 
Crediton ; a clear and satisfactory indication for us. The 
region is now far from lines of traffic ; a most unvisited 
part of the country. Continuing our course, encouraged 
by Ogilby, we cross the Bum stream at Dorweek, and, 
though passing quite near to Bickleigh, our road does 
not lead through that village, but makes for a ford on 
the Exe near Bickleigh Court. The modem N. and S. 
turnpike crosses our line near the river. 

On the right bank of the Exe the steepness of the hills 
made the ascent difficult and there were two ways up 
from the ford to our road which, for a short distance a 
boundary, leads us by the hill fort of Cadbury. Our 
course is now south-westerly, by the villages of Cadbury 

^ For the information about the old pavement I have to acknow- 
ledge my indebtedness to our fellow-member, Mr. Murray T. Foster, of 
Cullompton. 



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THE SECRET OF THE FOSSE WAY. 303 

and Stokeleigh Pomeroy, each at a little distance from our 
line. As we approach the Greedy we have an important 
fact in our favour, for, ancient as is the settlement of 
Crediton, our road does not enter the town at all, showing 
itself of still earlier date. It is taken as the parish boiuidary 
on th^ north side, and carries a bomidary fo^' three miles, 
passing on high ground to the west at Barnstaple Cross, 
towards Coleford, again a boundary, in the parish of 
Colebrooke, where Roman tiles are visible in the east wall 
of the church. It is very probable that the road which 
leads past the venerable stone memorial of Celtic Chris- 
tianity, known as Coplestone Cross, forms a loop on the 
way we are traversing. It is a boundary, and the entrench- 
ment at Clannaborough overlooked the two roads. There 
are many evidences that our road had a stately width of 
which it has been deprived, for strips have been taken 
into fields adjoining, and houses and gardens occupy 
other strips. We are led on to Bow, very distinctly a 
through-route settlement, not gathered irregularly in a 
cluster of church and village, for it is indeed a great dis- 
tance from its parish church, but resembling such road- 
towns as Ilchester and Honiton. The alignments of houses 
and gardens are related to the road in as defined a manner 
as are the platforms at a railway station. The wide, paved 
side-walks all point to an early-defined road-line. At Bow 
we have a boimdary, and from the Yeo to the Taw the way 
is on well-chosen ground, free from marsh, and then it 
takes to a ridge line near Sampford Beacon, curving 
southward, avoiding a tract of sodden clayland, consisting 
of many thousand acres, most of which, till recent years, 
was wild, open moor, impeopled, impassable save in dry 
weather. We rise steadily on a watershed line to pass 
over a shoulder of Dartmoor. Crossing first the Exeter 
and Okehampton road, a rough-paved track with boun- 
dary leads to Fatherford (or Fartherford) on the East 
Ockment. A camp, very rare on the Moor, is just above 
the track, which it commands for many miles. The pave- 
ment has been destroyed to form newtake walls, but, 
after crossing the road to the Artillery Camp, it is found 
in better condition, till, near Meldon, the paving is pre- 
served entire under the turf. Its width is from ten to 
twelve feet, a low bank on either side. Unfortunately its 
course towards the West Ockment was cut into by the 
construction of the L.S.W.R., and the great quarrying 



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304 THE SBCBBT OP THE POSSE WAY. 

operations at Meldon devour each year more of the old 
paving. But there is enough to show how skilfully the 
road led down from the hill in a direct line with the way 
into Cornwall. 

On the open moor a narrow pavement was all that was 
needed, but in the densely wooded country a wide track 
was cut and maintained, and at many places the original 
bounds of the road can be seen, though strips of more than 
half a mile in length have been enclosed and added to 
private lands. At Bridestowe we have, so far, only the 
second village which may be said to lie on the way. A 
camp is above the road at Combebow and a boundary is 
with us, as also from Lew Down nearly to Portgate, where, 
from the name, and from the tradition, we know there 
was a road market. The down which carries this famous 
great western road is known as Old Street Down, and the 
original width can be seen here as well as anywhere. The 
skilful manner in which it takes the country and holds so 
purposeful a course marks it as much a Roman work as 
Watling Street. 

After Lifton the Tamar and its tributaries have to be 
crossed, and modem alterations have taken place, but we 
are led direct to the notable hill-fort of Dunheved, known 
to us as Launceston, one of the few hill-forts which, like 
Shaftesbury, have retained an unbroken history as man's 
dwelling-place. Launceston stands strategically in such 
a commanding position at the head of the peninsula that 
it may surely claim to be the gateway into Cornwall, and 
to lie on the great through-route from N. to extreme S.W., 
a route composed of adapted British trackway and Roman 
construction. Of the whole line we have traversed, a dis- 
tance of seventy miles, it may here be pointed out that 
not less than twenty-four miles are in use as parish or as 
county boundary, and at least ten camps are within a 
short distance of the way. 

The question may naturally arise — How did it happen 
that this traditional through-route was lost ? Undoubt^y 
in the first place we may put the increasing importance of 
Exeter, as shown by the removal thither of the Bishopstool 
in 1050 from Crediton. The growth of ecclesiastical and 
military power in the city by the Exe, together with its 
predominating influence as the capital of the county, 
would naturally tend to divert traffic to this centre. The 
more fertile lands of the south, the greater population, and 



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THE SECRET OF THE FOSSE WAY. 305 

the trade with the harbours along the coast would bring 
Exeter still more wealth and encourage the use of the 
southern lines of communication with Cornwall. But for 
this, it seems clear that, instead of a small borough of four 
or five thousand people, there would have been a hill-city 
of great importance, controlling an extensive district, the 
centre of many roads, abounding in trade, the finely 
placed town of Launceston. 



VOL. XLvn. 



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BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY; 
WITH SOME EXTRACTS FROM A "SESSIONS 
OF THE PEACE BOOK " FOR THE BOROUGH 
OF BIDEFORD, 1669 to 1688. 

BY ALEXANDBB O. DUNCAN. 

(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1015.) 



The disappearance or destruction of so many of the old 
books and documents belonging to Bideford has been a 
matter of great regret to all interested in the history of the 
town, and hampered the efforts of those who at various 
times have essayed to write the story of the rise and pro- 
gress of this ancient Borough during the past centuries. 

Now and then some solitary book or a few papers 
belonging to olden days have been found in some im- 
expected quarter, and it has been my good fortime to be 
the means of rescuing from oblivion an important, as well 
as interesting volume, which adds considerably to our 
knowledge of Bideford history from the closing year of the 
Commonwealth to the end of the reign of King James 
the Second. 

The story of my " find " really begins about thirty 
years ago, when the late Mr. James Rooker showed me^ 
as an interesting curiosity, a passage in an old parchment- 
bound volume referring to the Restoration of King Charles 
the Second to his ** Crown and Dignity." Beyond the 
pleasure of reading the passage and handling for a 
few moments the old book, it speedily passed from my 
mind. Some three years ago, however, at a gathering 
connected with a very old Charity of the town, reference 
was made to the very scanty number of old records or 
relics of Bideford handed down to the present day, as 
compared with Barnstaple and other Devonshire Boroughs. 
The talk of that evening brought back to me the memory 
of the book I had seen so long ago, and led me to make 



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BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 307 

enquiries about it with the view of examining its pages 
more fully. 

During the intervening years, however, many changes had 
taken place in the firm of solicitors with which Mr. Rooker 
had been associated ; and on appealing to the present 
members of the long-established firm, Messrs. Bazeley, 
Barnes and Bazeleys, found that none of them had any 
knowledge or recollection of the book described, nor after 
a search could it be found. This was a disappointment, 
and I feared in the lapse of time it had gone the way 
of so many others, of a kindred character. My occasional 
references to the incident kept it before the finn and their 
staff, and at a recent removal to new offices the long-hidden 
volume was discovered and brought to me in triumph ! 

On an examination of its contents my hopes were more 
than realized ; for in addition to the particular entry 
which was fixed in my memory, the book has proved a 
mine of valuable and instructive information on the local 
affairs of those bygone days. The quaint, crabbed writing, 
old spellings, and worst of all, the curious abbreviations 
or contractions used in both the English and Latin entries 
(for a great many formal ones are in the latter language) 
made the task of deciphering a trial of patience as well 
as eyesight ; but the result has weU repaid the trouble, 
in enlarging our knowledge of Bideford in the latter half 
of the Seventeenth Century. 

The book is entitled on the outside of its cover : — 

** LIBER SBSSIONIS PACIS 
DB BIDEFORD, 

1659 to 1709.'* 

Unfortunately, however, after the year 1688, no trans- 
actions are entered under the respective dates of the 
Quarter Sessions, so the chief interest is confined to a 
period of about thirty years, except that the names of 
the successive Mayors right up to 1709 are given. This 
in itself is of value, as it fills up a long gap in the list of 
the Mayors hitherto unknown. 

It is generally agreed that Bideford during the century 
following its Incorporation as a Borough, was a growing, 
prosperous seaport, with an active shipbuilding industry, 
and important trading connections with foreign countries. 
Its ships, manned by hardy and daring mariners, sailed 
to many continental ports, and voyaged across to the 



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308 BIDBFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 

newly discovered continent of America ; but no definite 
knowledge has hitherto been available as to its population 
or the size of the town, until, strange to say, from the 
pages of this old volume such information is afforded by 
the entries referring to the Restoration of the Monarchy. 

It is doubtful if the expression of loyalty in the happy 
event from the inhabitants of Bideford was actusJly 
forwarded to King Charles, for it appears as a reason for 
an adjournment of the Sessions. As, however, it was the 
means of bringing the book to our knowledge, and is 
interesting in itself, J give the full text : — 

" BE IT REMEMBERED that the Court of the Sessions 
of the Peace which was appointed to be holden the fower- 
teenth day of May 1660 for this Burrough Towne and 
Manner of Bideford was adjoimied untill the next generall 
Sessions to be holden within one month of the flfejist of 
St. Michaell next following, which was occasioned by the 
most happy Restauration of his most Excellent Ma**® 
Charles the Second by the grace of God of England Scotland 
ffrance and Ireland Kinge Defender of the flfaith &c to 
his Crownes and Dignity who was in most solemne manner 
proclaymed in Bideford upon Tuesday the flfifteenth day 
of May 1660 whose most happy Reestablishment and 
Reasumption in a longe peaceable and prosperous Raigne 
over us God continue to His Glory and these Kingdoms 
welfare. goLI DEO GLORIA." 

With the new relations of the people and the restored 
Monarchy it became necessary to take Oaths of Allegi- 
ance, and along with the whole nation Bideford was called 
upon to take its part, and did so under the following 
warrant issued by the Deputy Lieutenants of the County : — 

" Wee doe command and require you to appoint some 
convenient tyme to tender the Oathes of Supremacy and 
Allegiance to all persons within your Jiuisdiction above 
the age of eighteen years according to the Statutes in that 
behafi provided in witness whereof we have hereunto putt 
our Hands the seventeenth day of January 1660. 

Copleston Bamfylde, Vic. 



To the Maior and Justices 
of the Burrough and Towne 
of Bideford." 



John Chichester. 
Arthur Bassett. 



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BIDEFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 309 

" Afterwards that is to say the three and twentieth of 
January in the Tweleth year of the Raigne of our Sover- 
aigne Lord Charles the Second by the grace of God &c the 
day aforesaid being by the Maior and Justices appointed 
for the purpose in the Guildhall of Bideford, aforesaid. 
The said Maior and Justices to Witt 



John Thomas Maior 
Hugh Tucker Alderman 
Francis Jermyn Esqre 

Recorder 
John Hill Towne Gierke 
Arthur Giflford Rector." 



Did first take the said oathes 
severally and afterwards did 
tender the Same unto these 
persons following. 



To these in authority are added the names of five 
Aldermen and ten " Capitall Burgesses," and following in 
alphabetical order, the general body of the male popula- 
tion over the age specified in the warrant, making a total 
of 524. 

It occured to me that this list would prove a reasonable 
basis upon which a fairly accurate estimate of the popu- 
lation of the town might be made. I therefore wrote to 
the Registrar-General stating the circumstances and giving 
the figures, requesting an approximate estimate from his 
office of the entire population and probable number of 
inhabited houses. In reply I received the following 
particulars : — 

** Assuming the age and sex constitution of the inhabi- 
tants of Bideford to have been the same in 1660 as in 1911 
the population would have been 1950. There is of course 
little doubt that this assumption is an erroneous one, 
but the errors in it would have a tendency to counter- 
balance each other, and it is possible the number given 
would have some approach to accuracy. 

As for the inhabited houses, there are no data in posses- 
sion of this department which would warrant any attempt 
at determining their number, local sources will probably 
furnish better material for forming an estimate on this 
point." 

Our knowledge of the population is thus fairly well 
established. As it is certain the town continued to advance 
in prosperity during the eighteenth century, there would 
be a gradual increase in numbers, reaching in 1801, when 
the first National Census of the country was taken, to 



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310 BIDBFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 

2987 persons, with 582 inhabited houses. This works 
out at about five persons to each house, and taking the 
same average for the year 1660 the number would then be 
390. While passing, it may be noted as a curious fact 
that, in the long list of names there is not a single instance 
of an individual having more than one baptismal name, 
and a large preportion of the surnames enrolled appear in 
the Directory of the present day. 

Like most seaports and coast towns of those days the 
houses of Bideford, with the exception of its High Street, 
were crowded together in very narrow streets. It was 
thirty years later before the Bridge Feofees planned and 
opened up on the north side of the town the fine thorough- 
fare, compared with the others, of Bridgeland Street, at 
the same time building an extension to the Quay. Few, 
if any, of the houses then existing remain to this day, 
although there are many of considerable age in some 
of the old, narrow streets where rich and poor lived in 
close proximity to each other, the wealthy merchants in 
large, commodious houses with the poor in humble cottages 
alongside. 

Although the old town had been provided for more 
than a hundred years with a Corporation of Mayor, Alder- 
men and '* CapitaU Burgesses " for the management of 
its affairs, it would appear that the powers relating to 
the repair of the streets and such sanitary measures as 
were attempted in those days were exercised by the Court 
of Quarter Sessions acting under " Presentments " made 
by the Grand Jury. These " Presentments " and the 
orders thereon issued by the Court furnish a vivid mental 
picture of a deplorable state of things, as will be seen 
from the extracts I submit. 

As the first record is of a Sessions held while the 
** Commonwealth " stiQ existed, it may be of interest to 
give the entry as showing the Authority under which the 
power of the Court was exercised. 

** The Court of the Sessions of the Peace of the Keeper 
of the Liberty of England by Authority of Parliament in 
the Guildhall there holden the Sixth and Twentieth day 
of October in the Year of our Lord 1659 before Hugh 
Tucker Maior of the Burrough Towne and Mannor of 
Bideford aforesaid, Danniell Slade Alderman and FranciB 
Jermyn Esqr. Recorder Justices of the Peace within the 



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BIDBFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 311 

same Burrough Towne & Manner aforesaid to be kept 
according to the Libertyes and Privilidges, etc." 

It is at a subsequent Court that we find the first " Pre- 
sentments," and the list of those *' Presented " for various 
neglects and offences is a long and remarkable one ; some 
for " Broken Causeways and Pavements," others for 
having " Dung heaps " and ** Nasty Places " before their 
houses, walls or gardens, of which the following are a few 
examples : — 

" Mrs. Margaret Short for broken Causeway before her 
door." 

** Mr. Hugh Tucker Maior for a dangerous Market 
House." 

*' Mr. Thomas Beale for Dung before his house near 
the Markett House." 

" Justinian Prance for a dangerous Lyme Pitt at West- 
combe." 

*' Mrs. Dorothy Kinge for stopping a water course at 
the piggs pound whereby it was very noysome." 

** Greorge Burden, Mrs. Sarah Dennys, Mr. John Luxton 
for nasty places at their back doors and garden walls." 

The names of a number of butchers charged for 
** blowinge Swine Meat sold at the last Markett Day " and 
scores of others for " not appearing to repair the High- 
ways." 

There seems to have been made on this occasion a 
serious effort to remedy the disgraceful and unhealthy, 
state of the town, but with what result is not recorded. 
When it is remembered that only about twenty years 
before Bideford had suffered grievously from a terrible 
outbreak of the Plague, the wonder rises in one's mind 
how its toU of death had been stayed under such con- 
ditions as are here indicated. 

The proceedings of the Court from which the foregoing 
extracts are taken are in English, but almost all the later 
entries are in " Court Latin," and I am indebted to Mr. 
W. H. Rogers and Mr. E. Sealy Vidal for one or two 
translations which are equally of interest ; so I give a 
typical one in the year 1673 showing that the highest as 
well as the humblest were charged with similar defaults : — 

** Further the Jury present John Earle of Bathe Lord 
of the Burrough and Mannor of Bideford allowed the 



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312 piDBFOED UNDEB THE BBSTOBBD MONARCHY. 

roftdway and pavement belonging to and in front of hiS' 
house in the occupation of Dorothea Halse widow on the 
East side of the river Torridge to become in a pestilent 
and ruinous state and in particular has allowed a pool of 
filth to remain in front of the aforesaid house to the danger 
of the Kings people passing that way therefore under his 
agreement the Court orders that a day be given him to 
repair and examine the Same within two months following 
under a penalty of 20/- and the pool of filth aforesaid 
within one month under a penalty of 10/-." 

In this year (1673) more energetic action is taken by the 
Court to remedy the prevailing evils, and it issued a 
series of " orders " which although very lengthy, are 
worth giving in full as bringing into clear view the con- 
ditions amidst which the townspeople Uved, transacted 
their business, and took their pleasures. 

" The Court taking into their serious consideration 
the great danger that the inhabitants of this Towne may 
be in as to their bodily health by noysome and stinking 
Dung hills and other filth which too frequently hath been 
cast out in heaps in severaU streets and on the Key of 
this Towne and suffered to lye longe there whereby the 
ayre (especially in the summer time) is apt to be corrupted 
and hoggs and swine have been permitted to run up and 
down in the towne which doth so greatly conduce to breed 
diseases in the bodyes of men and women and children 
inhabiting and residing in this towne. For preventing of 
such diseases as much as in the Court hath remedyinge of 
such evil practice for the future the Court doth think fitt 
and so ordereth as follows : 

Firstly, That every inhabitant of this Towne before 
whose House, Courtlage, WaU, Garden WaU any dung, 
sweepings of streets, coale ashes, loose stones, or other 
filth doth now lye, doe remove or cause the same to be 
removed within seven days next after the publication 
hereof by the Common Cryer of this Towne, upon pain 
that every person offending herein and permitting such 
dung and other filth to remain beyond the time aforesaid & 
being thereof convicted by one sufficient witness upon oath 
before any one of the Justices of the Court above said shall 
be proceeded against in such manner as the law directs. 

Secondly, That within seven days after the publication 
hereof a certain number of Tobacco hoggsheads strongly 



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BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 313 

hooped, or some other fitt vessels without any head be 
provided & from time to time repaired and amended at 
the charge of the inhabitants of this Towne & who have 
not the conveniency of any yards, backsides or Courtlages, 
and shall be placed in such convenient manner as may be 
least offensive to the inhabitants thereof in such Streets, 
Lanes & places within this Towne as shall be thought fitt 
& appointed by Mr. Maior of this Towne, wherein and not 
elsewhere such inhabitants may bring and putt the 
sweepings of their streets, coale ashes or other filth without 
any contradiction or offence & three or fower or more of 
the inhabitants may joyne together in providing of such 
hoggs heads or other vessels as they may consent & agree 
among themselves. 

Thirdly, That when such Hoggsheads or other vessels 
soe placed are filled, that then the Scavanger of the Towne 
or some one on Ms behalf from time to time doe empty 
the same & convey or cause to be conveyed away all such 
filth out of such streets or places into such persons groimds 
or fields as the said scavenger shall sell or dispose of the 
same and then shall not permitt the same to remain in 
any street, back lands or other open place to the nuisance 
of the publique or to the detriment or prejudice of any 
person. 

Fourthly, That all such inhabitants of this Towne as 
have yards, courtlages or backsides wherein they make or 
keep dung or manure & will not contribute with their 
neighbours to provide hoggsheads or other vessels att 
such time as they doe bringe or cause to be brought the 
same out into any of the streets or lanes of this Towne 
with an intent to have the same carried away doe not 
leave or permitt the same to lye in such street or lane 
above three days at the most unless it be in hoggsheads 
or other vessels as aforesaid under the penalty as in the 
first article is above expressed. 

Fifthly, That noe inhabitant of this towne at any time 
after the publication hereof doe permitt or suffer any 
of his, her or their hoggs, piggs or swine to wander about 
or lye or remain in any of the streets or Lanes of this 
Towne upon pain of having such hoggs impounded & not 
from thence to be delivered untill replevined by due course 
of Law. 

Sixthly, That because none of the inhabitants of this 
Towne may pretend ignorance of these orders — It is 



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314 BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 

further ordered that the Towne Clerk of this Towne doe 
write or cause to be written out severall copyes of these 
orders which the Oyer of this Towne is to publish at 
severall the most convenient places of this Towne and 
then to fix them in some open place where all persons 
concerned may the better take notice thereof and perform 
the same accordingly. 

Seventhly, The Court foreseeing that notwithstanding 
these orders and the publication thereof as aforesaid, 
divers of the inhabitants will be apt to slight or contemn 
the same wherefore this Court doth furthermore order 
that whatsoever person shall inform any of the Justices of 
this Court of any person who at any time after the publi- 
cation hereof shall throw or cast or suffer to lye in any 
of the streets or lanes or the Key of this Towne any filth, 
dung, coale ashes or rubbish other than in the hoggsheads 
or vessels, the party or parties soe offending shall be 
comited to the prison of this Towne imtill he or they shall 
find sureties as well for their appearance att the next 
Generall Sessions of the Peace to be holden within this 
Towne to answer such their contempt & breach of these 
orders & also for their good behaviour in the meantime. 

In pursuance of the second article of the order above 
mentioned I doe appoint and direct the number of Tobacco 
Hoggsheads or other vessels for the purpose aforesaid and 
the places where they shall stand and be placed to be as 
f olloweth : — 



In High Street . 
„ Near the Stocks 
„ New Street . 
„ Gunstone Lane 
„ Dick Lane 
„ Mill Street . 
„ New Key 
„ Old Key 
,, Conduit Lane 



3 Near the Pitt Dore . . 1 

1 AUhallon Street . . 2 

2 Bridge Street ... 2 
1 Coldharbour ... 2 
1 Mayden Street ... 2 

3 Silver Street . . . 1 
1 East the Bridge South- 
3 wards .... 2 
1 East the Bridge North- 
wards .... 2 

John Davie Maior." 

This list with a few others mentioned elsewhere about the 
same date : Tower Street, Bull Hill, Nunnery Walk, 
Buttgarden, evidently comprise the whole of the chief 
streets of the towTi, and all of them with the exception of 
*' Dick Lane " are known to the present day by the same 



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BIDBFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 315 

names. Two of the sites — " Near the Stocks *' and " Near 
the Pitt Dore " I am unable to locate ; but up to some 
forty years ago the Stocks were kept in an Arcade under 
the old Bridge Hall, and are now preserved in a small 
local Museum in the Town HaU. 

The use of empty Tobacco hogsheads for such primitive 
but public sanitary purposes, is a direct corroboration of 
the historical statement that Bideford long ago was an 
important centre for the importation and distribution of 
the fragrant weed, the general use of which had only 
been introduced into this coimtry some hundred years 
before. 

Notwithstanding these stringent orders, most of the 
evils they were to remedy continued unabated ; and I will 
bring this part of my paper to an end by giving a procla- 
mation in 1685, showing that no improvement had taken 
place in the intervening years in the condition of the 
town. 

** These are to give notice unto all inhabitants of this 
towne that Mr. Mayor doth hereby straightly charge and 
command them and every one of them that before Saturday 
Night next They doe remove and carry away or cause to 
be removed and carried away all Dimg, Sweepings of 
Streets, Coalashes, rubbish and loose stones from out of 
the Streets, Lanes and Key of Bideford and also from their 
respective Houses, Courtlages, Wall or Garden Wall 
within this Towne, and that no inhabitant doe from 
henceforth throw, permitt or cause to be thrown any 
sweepings, dung filth or other nuisance whatsoever in any 
of the Streets, Lanes or upon the Key of Bideford afore- 
said, upon payne that every person soe offending shall be 
proceeded against in Such Manner as the law directs in 
pursuance of an order made at the Generall Sessions of 
the Peace, holden for the Burrough Towne and Mannor of 
Bideford upon the three and twentieth day of Aprill in 
the twenty fifth year of the raigne of our late most gracious 
Soveraigne Charles the Second, late King of England, 
Scotland, France and Ireland. 

GOD SAVE KING JAMES THE SECOND." 

We turn now to another aspect of the '* internal 
economy " of the Borough in noting some particulars 
relating to the '' Drink Question " of those days* During 



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316 BIDEFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 

several of the preceding reigns, and under the Common- 
wealth, many Acts of Parliament for regulating the sale of 
**Ale and Beare " with the conditions imposed upon License 
holders had been placed on the Statute Book, which had 
gradually increased in stringency ; and it was through the 
Court of Sessions that the laws were administered. 

A full record of all the licenses granted is entered each 
year ; and taking the earliest, bearing date the 9th day 
of May, 1660, as an example, we find 27 were then granted 
and seven more the following month, making a total of 
34. Assuming the population to be 1950 this works out at 
just under one licensed house for every 55 of the estimated 
population. Of these holders of Licenses of " Ale and 
Tippling " houses no less than nine are women, of whom 
eight are described as *' widdows." Most of the males 
appear to have followed some other occupation, one-third 
of the number being "marriners." Each Licensee was 
bound in the sum of ten pounds, and had to find two 
sureties in five pounds each, as is seen in the following 
case for which I give in full the text of his recognizance. 

*' John Young of Bideford aforesaid Tipler is 1 £ jq 
bound unto the Keepers of the Liberty of England i 
by Authority of Parliament. 

Nicholas Land of Bideford, Miller and David I £g 
Hoyle of the same.*' i 

The condition of this recognizance is such that whereas 
you the said John Young are licensed to keep a common 
Ale house or Tipling house untill the Feast of Easter 
next and no longer, in your new dwelling house in Bideford 
aforesaid and not elsewhere. 

If therefore the said John Young shall not during the 
tyme aforesaid permitt or suffer or have any playings att 
Dice, Cards or any other unlawful game or games in his 
house, yard or garden, nor suffer any person or persons 
except his ordinary house-hold servants upon any Sabath 
or Lords Day, Day of Humiliation and Thanksgiving to 
be or remain in Ws house during the tyme of publique 
worship of God, nor shall suffer any person to lodge in 
his house above one day or one night, but whose names 
and surnames you shall deliver to some one of the Constables 
of this Towne unless well known unto him the said John 
Young, and will answer for his and their forthcomings, 
nor suffer any person to remain in his house Tipling or 



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BIDEFORD XTNDBR THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 317 

drinking contrary to the law — ^and also if he shall keep 
the true measure of Beare, Ale and Bread that he shall 
sell during the tyme aforesaid, and doe not suffer in his 
said house any Drunkards Disolute persons or other 
disorder, and if any shall happen to be thereon if the said 
John Young or some one on his behalf forthwith give 
notice thereof unto some one or other of the Constables 
of this Towne that the same persons soe offending may be 
punished according to the law, and shall during all that 
tyme keep good order & rule in his said house and doe 
aU such other things according to the Statute in that behalf 
his present recognizances to be void, otherwise the several! 
sums of £10, £10 and £5 is to be levyed on yr goods and 
chattels lands & tenements to the use of the Keepers of 
the Liberty of England by Authority, etc." 

By the following year Charles II. was on the throne, and 
the recognizances were enlarged by a new clause imder the 
authority of a Royal Proclamation. The same Licensee 
is again dealt with on this occasion : 

" That if the above bounden John Young doe not or 
shall not kill, dresse, sell or putt to sale, or permitt or 
cause to be killed, dressed, eaten or putt to sale any kind 
of flesh in his house during the season of Lent, or any other 
fish days and days prohibited out of Lent according to the 
Statute in that behalf provided and his Ma^^^s Proclama- 
tion that this Recognizance to be void and of none effect, 
otherwise to be of full power, force and virtue." 

For how many years this peculiar clause was inserted 
in the conditions of Licenses cannot be traced, but cer- 
tainly in those granted in 1670 it is omitted, so probably 
it was of a temporary character. 

No entries show what these keepers of Tipling houses 
paid to the Excise for their respective Licenses, but some 
instances are given of ** convictions for brewinge and 
sellinge of Ale & Beare and not giving security unto the 
office of Excise according to the 32nd Article of Parlia- 
ment of the 14th August 1649 upon the oath of William 
Horsham and Thomas Maine for wh. they have forfeited 
40s. twice by virtue of wh. act the said Justices did issue 
the severall warrants directed to the Constables of Bide- 
ford, to levy the said 40s. upon each of the said defendants, 
and to pay the same unto John Sutton sub Commissioner 
for Excise in the County of Devon." 



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318 BIDEFOBD UNDBB THE BBSTOBED MONABCHY. 

Again in 1681 :— 

** Peter Bagilhole forfeited 20/- for selling Ale without 
License and 10/- for suflfering Tipling in his house." 

Besides the loyal address of welcome to King Charles 
the Second on his restoration, there are copies of several 
other addresses from the inhabitants of Bideford on 
different occasions to King Charles and his successor 
James the Second. The most remarkable for its outspoken 
language and its extraordinary length is the one sent to 
Charles, following the discovery and exposure of what is 
generally known as the " Rye House Plot." 

" To the Kangs most Excellent Ma**« The most humble 
address of the Mayor, Aldermen, Capitall Burgesses, 
Recorder, Towne Clerke and other the loyaU inhabitants 
of your Ma**«8 ancient Burrough and Mannor of Bideford 
in the County of Devon. 

Most Gratious and Dread Soveraigne, 

We yr. Ma^*®^ most dutifull and loyall subjects seriously 
reflecting upon that most Danmable and HeUish con- 
spiracy, that most Trayterous and Impious designe of 
compassing the death of your most Sac<* Ma"® and your 
dearest brother the most Ulustrious prince James Duke of 
York, Thereby and by other Devilish designes directly 
contrary to aU Laws Sacred and Civill and one against 
thereby to have subverted the Ancient and flourishing 
Monarchic of this and all other yr. Ma"®^ Kingdoms and 
Dominions, To have reduced the same unto Anarchie 
and confusion and to have involved and en wrapt the same 
into Blood and infinite other unavoydable mischiefs 
which would inevitably have attended such as were 
hatched in Hell, and were ever ready to have bin acted by 
such undutifull ungratious and most disloyaU persons who 
never were, and it is too obvious neither would or will 
be obliged by Yr. Ma^^s gratious Indulgences nor bound by 
sacred and indispensible oathes. 

For these Miraculous Deliverances vouchsafed by 
Heaven unto y^ Ma"® and y"" said dearest brother and 
therein to the preservation of the best and most refined 
Church in the whole imiverse, together with our Liberties 
and Tranquility from such barbarous, inhuman and blood 
thirsty hands we have (as our bounden duty was) paid 
our most unfeigned and solemn thanks imto Almighty 
God. 



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BIDBFOBD UNDER THE BESTOBED MONARCHY. 319 

And now, Dread Soveraigne with hearts repleated with 
joy we prostrate ourselves before the Royafi Sceptre of 
your Ma"« most humbly beseaching y^ Ma**® that we may 
be pennitted (amongst the many multitudes of y^ duitifuU 
and loyall subjects) to express our abhorence of such 
damnable practises and withall we doe assure y^ Ma"« 
That whatever the boldness and licentiousness of some 
persons (now and heretofore residing within the limits 
of this y' Corporation may have been) yett we the present 
subscribers hereunto being truly sensible of that Loyalty 
and obedience which is due only unto your Ma**® y^ Heirs 
and lawfull successors, Doe humbly beg leave to repeat and 
in and by this most solemn manner to tender unto y^ 
Sacred Ma"« our Allegiance and we shall and will with the 
hazard of our lives defend y^ Sacred Ma"® y' Heirs and 
Successors and your just and undoubted Title to the 
Government both in Church and State as tis now Estab- 
lished by just good (and as indeed they are) the best Whole- 
some Laws against all traiterous associations, pretended 
Solemn League and Covenants of unwarrantable unquiet 
fanatical and disloyall conspiracies and attempts what- 
soever. 

We have no more at present to add but that our prayers 
shall be ever for y' Ma"®^ long life and prosperous Baigne 
over us and that Almighty God would accumulate his 
choicest blessings upon you in this world and after this 
give you the fruition of his most Glorious Presence in his 
Heavenly Kingdom to all Eternity. 

In testimony of all which we have hereunto sett our 
hands and caused the Common Seal of this y*" Burrough 
Towne and Mannor to be affixed in y^ full and Generall 
Quarter Sessions of the Peace held in the GuildhaU of the 
Burrough aforesaid the eighteenth day of October in the 
five and thirtieth year of y' said Ma"®^ Baigne. 

Thomas Gearing Mayor 

Nicholas Dennys Becorder 

John Hill Towne Clerke. 
followed by the names of 84 Burgesses. 

Whitehall This address was presented to his Ma"® by 

Dec. the Bight Hon"® John Earle of Bathe which 

8th. his Ma"® rec^ very graciously and afterwards 

was published in the Gazette of the number 

1884." 



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320 BIDEVOBD UNDER THE BESTOBED MONABCHY. 

A year or so after the foregoing address was presented 
to King Charles a copy is given of one from the Mayor, 
Aldermen and ** Capitall Burgesses " in their Common 
Hall assembled surrendering all and singular, the *' Man- 
nors, Messuages, Rents, Gk)ods, Chattells, Bonds, Bills, 
Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments,*' also ** all Fran- 
chises, Letters Patent of Corporation, power, priviledg^, 
Liberties whatsoever at any time or times heretofore 
granted to or held or enjoyed by the said Mayor, Aldermen 
and Capitall Burgesses Humbly beseaching his Ma**« to 
grant them a New Charter with such Reservations, altera- 
tions and Conditions as his Ma"® in his greate wisdom 
shall think fitt " and authorizing the Right Hon**'® John 
Earle of Bathe to present the same. 

Owing, however, to the death of Charles, on the sixth 
day of February, 1684, this petition was not presented, 
and nothing further is recorded of the matter. 

The loyal address from the inhabitants of Bideford 
on the accession of James the Second comes next in order : 

" The most Humble Address of the Mayor, Aldermen, 
CapitaU Burgesses, Recorder, Rector of the Parish, Towne 
Clerke and other Inhabitants of your Ma"®s Ancient 
Burrough & Towne of Bideford in the County of Devon. 

MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY, 

As we were most deeply sensible of the exceeding 
great loss of your Ma"®^ Deare and most entirely Beloved 
Brother Charles the Second, our late most Gracious Eang 
soe our hearts are enlarged and repleted with abounding 
Joy for your Ma"®^ Settlement in your just hereditary 
and royal Throne of Government, over us wherein the 
Divine Providence . hath most conspicuously manifested 
it so often in most wonderful manner y'^ Royall name and 
Dignity, we have upon the first motion thereof in the 
presence of y*" Ma"®^ High SheriflE for the County with all 
possible and most ardent assurance proclaymed, and now 
by this PubUque Instrument in writing we doe most 
humbly assure y^ Sacred Majesty that every of us in our 
several! stations and capacities shall and will defend y' 
imdoubted rights Crowns and Dignitys against all opposers 
thereof whatsoever in the mayntenance of the present 
Government both in Church and State. We agayne with 
utmost duty assure y^ Ma"^ that you shall never want the 



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BIDEFOBD XTNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 321 

prayers and assistance together with our lives and fortunes 
for the maytenance of your Crown & Dignity. 

In Testimony whereof we most DuitS ully and Heartily 
have hereunto sett our hands and have affixed the Common 
Seal of this y"" Ma^'^s Corporation on the three and Twen- 
tieth day of February in the first year of your Majesties 
Raigne Anno Dom. 1684. 

William Titherly Mayor 
Michaell Ogilby Rector 
Nicholas Dennis Recorder 
John Hill Towne Gierke '' 

and in addition the names of 307 inhabitants of the town. 

The Earl of Bath was desired to present the address 
and a copy of the letter requesting him to do so is also 
given, and is worth transcribing. 

" Our Ever Honourable Lord 

The inclosed address to his most Sacred Majesty be- 
speaks the Ardency of our zeale and entire affectionate 
duty towards him, Our most humble request unto your 
Honor is that you would be pleased to deliver the same 
unto his Majesty in the behalfe of our Selves and of the 
rest of the Subscribers, and to assure his Majesty that we 
have not observed soe wonderfull a readynesse of the 
inhabitants to testify their Loyalty and most ready 
inclinations to serve and humbly to obey his Majesty as 
now upon this occasion. You may please to inform his 
Majesty that a very great part of the inhabitants of this 
Towne doe trade into severall parts of the world and it is 
obvious to all persons that make an inspection therein, to 
what greate sums of Money his Ma"^ receives in his customes 
doe amount into yearly in this part, and doubtless it will 
be increased much more by his Ma^^^s most Gracious 
support, we have no more to add at present but remayne 
Your Lordships most humble Servants 
William Titherly Mayor 
Thomas Gearing 
John Davie 
John Frost 
Bideford 

24th February 1684.'' 



VOL. XLVII. 



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322 BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 

The festivities of the townspeople in celebration of the 
Coronation of King James were fixed for the 23rd April, 
1685, and invitations were addressed to the High Sheriff 
of the County and " divers other worthy gentlemen " 
inviting them to be present on the occasion. The High 
SheriiSf at the time was Mr. Richard Coffin, the then 
representative of a family long and intimately associated 
with Bidef ord and North Devon ; and the following is a 
copy of the letter sent to him. 

" Worthy Sir, 

As you were pleased to honour the Corporation 
with y^ presence in proclayming his Most Sacred Majesty 
soe wee humbly desire y^ worshipps good company on 
the three and twentyeth day of this month which will be 
St. George's Day, being the day appointed for his Corona- 
tion, Soe wee intend to Solemnize that day with all possible 
demonstrations of Loyalty, Joy and Cheerfullness as is 
most fitting to be done, and it will add much unto its 
Lustre if y*" worshipp will please to vouchsafe y^ good 
presence together with such other gentlemen as will be 
invited hither that day also, this being the needful at 
present. I remajme 

Y^ Worshipps most humble Servant 
WiU°^ Titherly. 

Bideford 8th April, 1685." 

How the event was " Solemnized " is not recorded. 

Turning from these long-winded and fulsome addresses, 
some interesting side-lights are thrown on the adminis- 
tration of the laws, both ecclesiastical and civil, which ruled 
and restricted the everyday life of the people at large. 

The reigning monarch and his Ministers and Parlia- 
ments appear to have held the view that only those in 
authority were the proper judges of what the people 
ought to believe, and how they ought to worship. Hence 
the numerous, and in too many instances, severe Acts 
of Parliament enacted during the reigns of Charles the 
Second and James the Second, dealing with religious 
beliefs and forms of worship. A few examples of the 
entries in this category may be given : — 

"In 1671 The Bishopps License to eat flesh in Lent. 
,, 1671 The oaths of Allegiance, Supremecy, receiving 
the Sacrament and other Testations performed 



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BIDBFOBD UNDER THE BBSTOBED MOKABOHY. 323 

by publique officers within this Towne in 
pursuance of an Act of Parliament against 
dangers which may happen by Popish Re- 
cusants. 

In 1675 Travellers on the Lords Day punished. 

„ 1681 Mr. Michael Ogilby, Rector of the Parish 
Church of Bideford took all the Tests. 

„ 1685 Informations and Convictions of a Conven- 
ticle in the house of Samuell Johns. 
Henry Parsons that preached att the late 
Conventicle at Grange was sent by a Mitti- 
mus to the Common Groal." 

The harsh and continuous efforts of the Government by 
persecutions, fines and imprisonments to bring the whole 
of the people of England and Scotland into complete 
uniformity of doctrine and ritual, together with the fear 
that behind aU was the set purpose to re-establish Roman 
Catholicism as the national religion, roused grave mis- 
givings throughout both countries. The hearty and 
indulgent loyalty shown at the Restoration was rapidly 
vanishing before the death of the ** Merry Monarch " ; 
and imder his successor may be said to have almost dis- 
appeared. To such an extent was this the case, and the 
rising discontent as weU as disaffection so general, that 
King James in 1687 tried to stem the tide by issuing a 
Proclamation virtually granting liberty of conscience. 

A few Bidefordians together with others in different 
parts of the county were at the time in danger of severe 
penalties under the old laws, so the proclamation came 
at an opportune time for them. The document is lengthy, 
so I have curtailed it to some extent while retaining the 
more important passages. 

" JAMES R. 

Whereas we have now good testimony of the peaceable 
behaviour of [here follows a list of those accused] we have 
thought fitt to signifie our will and pleasure to you, that 
they shall not be persecuted nor molested for not taking 
or refusing to take the Oath of Allegiance and Supremicie 
or either of them, or upon the Long Writt of the Exchequer 
for the penalty of twenty pounds for the cause aforesaid 
or for not coming to Church or not receiving the Sacrament 
of the Lords Supper or by reason of their convictions 
for or exercise of their religion, nor otherwise persecuted 



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324 JBIDEFOBD UNDEB THE BBSTOBED MOKABCHT. 

as recusants, nor for any of the causes aforesaid, and wee 
doe hereby command you and every of you in your re- 
spective places to Absolve and Sett at Liberty all those 
named and to forbear all proceedings, commenced or 
issued by reason of any the causes aforesaid against them 
or any of their Lands, Goods or Chattels while our RoyiJ 
Pleasure shall be further known. Given at Whitehall 
the tenth day of February 168? in the Third year of our 
^^^' By his Maties Commands 

Sunderland P." 

As is well known this yielding to the pressure of public 
opinion came too late to save the situation. The year 
following James abandoned his country and throne, 
fleeing to the Continent, and William and Mary began their 
reign amid national hopes of greater freedom in religious 
matters than had prevailed under their predecessors. 

Let me now refer to a civil characteristic of the years 
following the Restoration. There is no doubt a very large 
majority rejoiced at the passing of the Commonwealth, 
but at the same time a turbulent section of the community 
gave much anxiety to the new government in conspiracies 
and seditious conduct. It is therefore not to be wondered 
at that the authorities kept strict watch on the movements 
of the people, to prevent unlawful assemblies. It will 
be remembered that one condition, embodied in Licenses 
granted for "Ale or Tipling" houses, required the holder 
to report to the constables the name of every stranger 
lodging in his house for more than a single night. In addi- 
tion to this all persons travelling had to be provided with 
what are called ** Letter Passes.'* Scores of such are re- 
corded as being granted, not only for places at a distance, 
but even to towns in the immediate neighbourhood such 
as Barnstaple, South Molton, etc. These entries appear 
chiefly between the years 1683 to 1686, covering the time 
of the Monmouth Rebellion. 

A few exajnples of these " Passes " may be given, 
culled at random. 

** A Lett Pass granted to William Elliott of Ireland, 
William Thomas a guide and eight horses to travel to the 
towne of Launceston." 

'* A Lett Pass to Peter Townsend, Merchant, to travel 
from this towne to Exeter." 



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BIDBFOBD UNDBR THB BESTOBBD MONABOHY. 325 

'* A Lett Pass to John Pound of this towne to travel to 
South Molton." 

"A Lett Pass to Edward Bayliss of Bosse in Ireland to 
travell to Barnstaple." 

"A Lett Pass to Catherine Collins and her daughter to 
traveU to Tiverton and come from Ireland." 

" A Lett Pass to Theophilus Allen a French Chyrurgion to 
travell to Stratton in the County of Cornwall." 

Those without passes were apprehended, as for instance : 

" Thomas Harris and John Baglery taken upon the 
watch having no passes." 

Curiously, the sale and purchase of horses in the town 
seem to have been under some regulation, for there are 
several instances of the transactions being carried through 
in the presence of the Town Clerk. One or two of such 
cases may be of interest : — 

** Memorandum. That upon the fifth day of October 
1674 about two of the clock in the afternoon Thomas 
Johns of Penzance in Cornwall, Butcher as he named 
himself, sold one dark Bay Nagg Bob Tayle about 13 
hands high to Robert Browne the Plymouth carrier in the 
publique streets of Bideford." 

''21 January 1677. 

This day Mr. John Boddy brought to me a note of the 
sale of a Grey Nagg by one William Trigiony imto Bennett 
Dimscombe as forthwith. I have sold one Grey Nagg on 
Satturday last past, which is about thirteen or fourteen 
hands high and fley bitten about the head, with one 
supposed blind eye which doth trott, together with a 
saddle &c. for five pounds & ten shillings which money I 
acknowledge I have rec^. William Tregioney." 

Among the many and varied matters of local history 
(of more or less value) to be foimd in these records of 
Quarter Sessions, perhaps the entries relating to the 
" Bideford Witches " will have the greatest interest. 
Although very brief, it certainly is a satisfaction to know 
there is still in existence the written record of a terrible 
tragedy of the seventeenth century, when three imf ortunate 
women of Bideford were tried, convicted and executed 
for " practising witchcraft." The belief in " witches 
and witchcraft " was very general among all classes of the 



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326 BIDEFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 

community in this country during many centuries, and in 
" Stuart Times " perhaps more so than at any othiN 
period of our history ; and many are the cruel deeds 
recorded against those who fell imder suspicion of prac- 
tising the " dark art." 

In Watkins' Essay towards a History of Bideford long 
extracts are given of the evidence of various witnesses 
along with so-caUed " confessions " of the accused at the 
enquiry held in the town. So it is only necessary for the 
purpose of this paper to give the entries as they appear 
in the Sessions record. The three women were Temperance 
Lloyd, Mary Trembles and Susanna Edwards ; and they 
were put on trial at Exeter in July, 1682. Prior, however, 
to this trial, in 1679, one of the imfortunate women — 
Temperance Lloyd — was accused of " practising witchcraft 
upon Anne Fellow, the daughter of Thomas Fellow, Gent. 
Gauger of Excise. Evidences against her were Anne 
Fellow, the mother, Olliver Ball Apothecary, Elizabeth 
Coleman, Dorcas Lidston and Elizabeth Davie. Upon 
the 17th of May the said Temperance Lloyd was searched 
by Sisly Galsworthy and others. xhe papers filed." 

There is no trace of this prosecution having been carried 
further, but according to Watkins, the same woman at the 
examination in 1682 confessed that she was indicted in 
1670 for a similar offence, but was then acquitted, so in 
her case suspicion of evil doings had long been held. 

With reference now to the trial at the Assizes at Exeter, 
the passages are as follows : — 

** 8th July 1682. Severall informations together with 
the confessions of Temperance Lloyd for practising witch- 
craft upon the body of Grace Thomas — Sent by a Mittimus 
unto Goal — ^found guilty at the Assizes holden 14th August 
and executed on the 25th. xhe papers filed. 

18th July 1682. Mary Trembles and Susanna Edwards 
their confessions together with severall informations ag' 
them for practising witchcraft upon the bodies of Grace 
Barnes the wife of John (Barnes) Bideford aforesaid yeo- 
man, and Dorcas Coleman the wife of John Coleman of 
Bideford aforesaid Marryner — 19th sent by a Mittimus 
unto Goal — found guilty and executed as next above. 

The papers filed. 

Searches of their bodies upon oath then returned. 

Filed. 



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BIDEFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 327 

26 July. Severall informations against the said Susanna 
Edwards for practising witchcraft upon the body of 
Dorcas Coleman the wife of the said John Coleman of 
Bideford, Marryner. Filed." 

Some doubt seems to have arisen in the minds of the 
official concerned in the three trials and awful results as to 
how they should be recorded ; for at the foot of the page 
containing the foregoing entries there is a very curious 

** Memorandum. 

The said Susanna Edwards and Mary Trembles having 
severally confessed upon their examinations that they had 
bewitched the said Grace Barnes, they could not be 
indicated for the same crimes severally wherefore the 
said Mary Trembles was judicated only for practising 
witchcraft upon the said Grace Barnes and the said 
Susanna was severally judicated for practising witchcraft 
upon the body of the said Dorcas Coleman.'* 

The only other case of accusations of witchcraft occurs in 
1686. 

" Severall informations ag^ Abigail the wife of Robert 
Handford concerning the suspicion of witchcraft." 

Of this charge nothing further is recorded. 

These brief and bald entries bring very vividly to our 
minds the awful story of the Bideford Witches. Whether 
the tragedy roused public indignation and abhorrence at 
laws which sanctioned such terrible punishment is not 
certain ; but at any rate, these three miserable women, 
the victims of gross superstition — in which even judges 
shared — were the last persons executed in England for 
alleged witchcraft. 

Having now given some rather lengthy extracts from 
these old pages of such as may be considered of the 
greatest interest and value, it only remains to deal with 
and string together a varied collection of minor happenings 
connected with the old life of the Borough. 

The one that looms most largely is the unhappy relations 
existing between the Rev. Michael Ogilby, the Rector of 
the Parish, who was inducted to the living in 1679. His 
name figures frequently in accounts of quarrels with 
individuals, and in disputes with the town authorities 
or the parishioners, culminating in 1679 with a series of 



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328 BIDEFOBD UNDSB THE BESTOBBD MONABCHY. 

grave charges against the reverend gentleman. At a 
Sessions in that year the jurors then empanelled and sworn, 
presented to the Court their indictment against the Rev. 
Michael Ogilby, with the opening preamble as follows : — 

** And although we the Jiu-ors aforesaid cannott nor 
doe nott expect to have any releise from this Court con- 
cerning the strictures hereafter expressed against Mr. 
Michaell Ogilby Clerke and Rector of the Parish Church 
of Bideford, and therefore more particularly pertayne to 
the Ecclesiastical Court of the Diocese of Exon, yet we 
cannott avoyd the mentioning and presenting thereof in 
soe publique a manner hopeing thereby the Court will take 
the same into their consideration, and in due time will en- 
deavor a reformation there of soe much as in them lyes." 

The charges appear under eight heads ; but as they 
are too lengthy to give in full, I only give the leading 
feature of each, except in the eighth, which deals with 
the charges claimed for Births, Marriages and Deaths. 

** 1. The permitting excummunicated clergymen to 
administer Holy Communion in the Parish Church while 
the Rev<* MichaeU Ogilby was sitting in a chaire on the 
north side of the Communion Table. 

2. We doe present the said Michaell Ogilby did alto- 
gether omitt his duty either in person or by some lawfull 
Minister in the Publique Chiu-ch upon EsrSter which was 
the 20th day of April 1679. 

3. We the jurors upon our oaths present that upon 
Sunday 28th day of September 1679 whilst the congre- 
gation were there assembled for Divine Service Mr. Michaell 
Ogilby in most indecent manner did rayle and vilify Mr. 
Robert Mayhutt to the great griefe of the people then and 
there assembled. 

4. For delaying and refusing to publish his Ma"*« 
gracious letters patent for a generall collection for the 
Redemption of English Captives in Turkey. 

5. That Michaell Ogilby upon Sunday the eighth day of 
October 1679 did rayle at Mr. John Hill Towne Clerke, 
as he was going out of the Church and did bestow much 
unchristian-like language, holding out of his staflfe and 
threatening and assualtinge him therewith. 

6. That the said Mr. Ogilby did say and utter many 
imbecoming words against the Rev^ Father in God Thomas 



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BIDEFOBD UNDBB THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 329 

Lord Bishopp of Exon his Surrogate and Rev<* Clergy 
belonging to the Cathedral Qhurch saying they should not 
order him to putt any Curate' into his Chiu-ch, and swearing 
ofttimes in a very profane manner that they were knaves 
or words to this purpose or affect. 

7. That the said Mr. Ogilby for the space of three or 
fower years past hath been much given to raylings and 
vilifying the Clergy in the County of Devon and Magis- 
trates of Bideford and also for being a lover of wine and 
strong drinks, etc. 

8. Also we doe present that Michaell Ogilby within the 
space of three or fower .years hath infringed and broken 
the ancient customs of this parish and Towne of Bideford 
by demanding, extorting of and from severall of the 
inhabitants and parishoners imreasonable, inordinate and 
unjust fees for marryings, baptizings and burialls, viz. 
from Abraham Holmes and John Coleman of Bideford for 
marryinge them and their respective wives the sum of five 
shillings a piece, from George Donnard Marryner for 
baptizeing of his child two shillings and sixpence, from 
Christopher Howard the same although the offices were 
performed by a neighbour Minister with Mr. Ogilbys 
consent — and as for buryalls for buryinge the wife of 
Phillip Cornish of this Towne one shilling, for buryinge 
child of Edward Fellow one shilling and for the buryinge 
of child of George Donnard the sum of one shilling of lawf iJl 
money of England." 

What may have been the outcome of all these grave 
charges is not indicated, nor have we any guide to show 
to what extent the fees for the offices of the Church were 
inordinate and unjust ! 

But leaving these quarrels and disturbances, I will 
give a few facts recorded here and there relating more 
particularly to the topography of the town. During the 
Mayoralty of Mr. William Reeve in 1670 : — 

*' The Right Hon*'*^ John Earl of Bathe (Lord of the 
Manor of Bideford) purchased from Mr. Willett a house 
and garden for the making of a new streete or passage 
between Maiden Street and High Street." 

This is very probably the one now known as Butt- 
garden Street. 

" My Lord gave a plott of the garden of the old place house 
for enlarging the Churchyard on the north side thereof." 



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330 BIDEFOBD UNDER THE BBSTOBBD MONABCHT. 

In 1673 we find :— 

"Mr. Thomas Gearing Mayor. 

The Bight Reverend Father in God Anthony Sparrow 
Bishopp of Exeter consecrated the plott of ground given 
by the Bight Hon^'* the Earl of Bathe for enlarging the 
Church yard of Bideford." 

From two or three entries it is clear the Market house 
or place was in the High St. prior to 1675, for in that year : 

" The Markett Bell from the Old Markett place m High 
St. removed to the new Markett Place in the Buttgarden." 

In other places it is described as " Markett House " ; so 
it may be assumed there was a substantial building of 
some kind, as well as the open market in the street. 

From time to time orders were issued by the Court 
with the view of safeguarding the town against the dangers 
of fire. As early as 1659 Mr. John Hill gave 

" Twelve Water Bucketts for the use of the Towne." 
In 1673 an order was made : — 

" That the Con^**^^^ of this Towne do forthwith cause 
f ower watchmen to be sett every night to prevent as much 
as in them lyeth all danger which may happen by fire 
to the houses of this Towne or Shipps Ijdng at the Keys." 

The Court in 1679 was again engaged in taking steps 
against the risks of fire, for we find : — 

*' The Jurors at the Sessions then empanelled and sworn 
presented that it is a common and publique danger com- 
mitted by divers persons practising the trades of Potters, 
Bakers, Brewers who erect great piles and ricks of Furze 
in greater quantities than necessity doth require to the 
greate danger of the houses and goods of severall of the 
inhabitants if the same should happen by any neglect to 
be on fire. For prevention it is ordered that none of those 
following the trades mentioned should have a greater 
quantity of Furze than three hundred faggotts and to be 
kept at not less than one hundred and forty feet from their 
respective Kilns, etc. and for the saving of the inhabitants 
and their goods which may happen by fire (which God 
prevent) it is ordered that all the Water Bucketts of 
leather be with all speed amended and made serviceable." 

The householders were also ordered '' to place hogs- 
heads or Tubbs filled with water from the first day of May 



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BIDBFOBD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 331 

unta the tenth day of September." The Common Cryer 
was instructed " to forthwith publish these orders after 
sounding his Common Bell." 

Although Bideford had been incorporated for about a 
hundred years the town did not possess a suitable prison 
for the pimishment of offenders, and they had to be sent 
elsewhere to serve their time. Prior to 1687 there was 
a house of Correction or BrideweU at Great Torrington, to 
which criminals from Bideford were sent ; but this appears 
for some reason to have been dismantled and closed. 
The Bideford Corporation thereupon addressed the fol- 
lowing petition to the County Justices : — 

** These may certifie all whom it may concern that the 
Corporation of Bideford having no Bridewell or house of 
Correction for the punishment of offenders that may or 
shall happen within the Towne aforesaid, and that formerly 
when there was occasion for the punishment of any persons 
they were sent to Great Torrington, and now that Bride- 
well being taken away the Towne of Bideford hath no 
place to send offenders imto, but the house of correction 
of the County and the said Towne doth pay yearly to the 
Goal and Hospital the sum of two pounds sixteen shillings 
and eight pence, soe that it is the desire of us that sub- 
scribe hereimto (in the name of the whole Corporation) 
to have the privelidge of the said County BrideweU to send 
such there as were deserving when and as often as the said 
Corporation shall have occasion, and further our desire is 
that the certificate be passed at the next Generall Sessions 
of the Peace of the County of Devon then and there to 
have this order made as is desired. 

Witness our hands this 30th day of March 1687. 

John Darracott Mayor. 
Rich<i Giles Alderman. 

Wee believe the above written 
Certificate to be true and doe 
desire that the said Towne of 
Bideford may have the privilege 
which is therein prayed for. 
Amos PoUard 
Thomas Berry 
Sa: Rolle 
Richard Coffin 
Jona: Prideaux." 



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332 3IDEF0BD UNDBB THE BISTOBED MONABCHY. 

This petition was duly granted — " as it was recom- 
mended unto this Court of Sessions by five Justices of the 
Peace under their hands residing in that part of the County. 
. . . This Court doth think fitt order and allow the Mayor 
and Justices of Bideford for the tjme being may hence 
forth have the Privelidge of sending to the said house of 
Correction at St. Thomas such offenders as by the Law 
ought so to be sent. Hugo Vaughan 

Clerk of the Peace." 

The difficulty of conveying prisoners such a long distance 
in those days is shown in an entry in the Mayoralty of Mr. 
Richard Giles. ** John Budd of the parish of Bennett 
Fink in London an upholsterer a dangerous Quaker 
refusing to take the oath of Allegience was sent from 
here by a Mittimus to the Common Goal at the Castle of 
Exeter, but on the way thither he escaped." 

The last two years of the reign of James the Second were 
marked by the number and variety of Proclamations 
issued and reported as having been published in the town. 
While these were national in purpose and effect, and not 
relating to. Bideford specially, they may be included in 
my extracts as bringing afresh to our minds some useful 
light on the political and economical questions of the 
time. 

May 1687. "A Proclamation published the 27th 
September prohibiting the importation of Foreign needles." 

January 1687. ** An Act for Putting in Execution the 
Act for Improvement of Tillage." 

January 1687. " A Proclamation for putting in Exe- 
cution the Law against Importing and Selling Foreign 
Buttons." 

January 1687. " A Proclamation appointing a Tyme 
of Publique Thanksgiving throughout the Kingdom for 
the Queen being with Child." 

April 1688. " A Proclamation for the more Effectual 
Reducing and Suppressing of Pirates and Privateers in 
America." 

April 1688. ** A Proclamation for Preventing and 
Supressing Seditious Books and Pamphlets." 

April 1688. "A Proclamation prohibiting his Ma**^^ 
Subjects to enter into the service of Foreign Princes and 
States." 



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BIDEFORD UNDER THE RESTORED MONARCHY. 333 

April 1688. ** A Proclamation Commanding the retmn 
of all his Mat*®8 Subjects who have taken arms under and 
are now in the Service of the States Generall of the United 
Provinces of the Netherlands by Sea or Land." 

Considering the circumstances and conditions of national 
life of those days, the number of criminal cases, assaults, 
robberies, etc., appearing in the business of the successive 
Sessions is comparatively few, and none of them have any 
special feature except, it may be, in the quaintness of the 
evidence tendered. 

It may seem somewhat captious to indulge in a grumble 
against the clerks of the Court, considering the pages 
they have filled ; but all the same, many of them were 
sadly neglectful of their duty in entering up the minutes. 
From the arrangement of the book it was evidently in- 
tended to have full records, and in addition each individual 
case or special matter tabulated for reference in what is 
called ** The Table." In it, imder the name of the Mayor 
and the year, is given a ** page number," where the trans- 
actions of the Coiut were to be entered. Here ofttimes 
comes the disappointment ; for in some years the pages 
are blank, and in others appear only some formal " Pre- 
sentments from the Jurors now empanneled," or a list 
of Licenses granted, whereas according to the entry in 
** The Table " minutes of other and more interesting 
matter should have been recorded, which in certain in- 
stances would have added further to our knowledge of the 
passing events in Bideford. 

I am fuUy aware that the contents of the old chronicle, 
and the extracts I have given, will be of more direct 
interest to Bidef ordians than to members of the Devonshire 
Association in general ; but perhaps to some small extent 
in affording glimpses of the life and doings of so long ago, 
they may also attach a little value to what is here brought 
to notice. It is this thought which has prompted me to 
prepare and submit this paper ; and if it is thought of 
sufficient value to be included in our Transactions the 
labour of many leisure hours will be well repaid. 



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HOOKER'S SYNOPSIS CHOROGRAPHICAL OF 
DEVONSHIRE. 

WILLIAM J. BLAKB, M.A. 

(Read at Exeter, S2nd July, 1915.) 



To the student of the history of Devon in the time of the 
Tudors, few names are better known than that of John 
Vowell, alias Hooker. Like his friend and contemporary 
Richard Carew, the author of the famous Survey of Com- 
wall. Hooker was one of the leading antiquaries of his day. 
Bom in 1526, he was present at the siege of Exeter in 1549, 
Chamberlain of that city in 1555, and apparently its 
representative in Parliament in 1577. He died in 1601. 

His chief literary works were {a) the Revision of Holin- 
shed^s Chronicle, to which he contributed a most valuable 
account of the Western Rebellion in 1549 ; (6) a Biography 
of Sir Peter Carew, to whom he was solicitor, and on whose 
affairs he spent some time in Ireland ; and (c) the Synopsis 
Chorographical of Devonshire. This last work has un- 
fortunately never been printed ; a MS. copy exists in 
the British Museiun (Harleian MS. 5827). It is a folio 
volimie of 171 pages and would appear to be the author's 
original copy, as in his description of Devonshire Worthies, 
among whom he quite rightly includes himself, in the 
enumeration of his works he writes, -'and now lately this 
Synopsis, and is living 1599," the 1599 being crossed out 
and 1600 written above. 

A description of this volimie is given in the journal of 
the Archaeological Association, Vol. 18, pp. 138 seq., by 
Edw. Levien, m.a., f.s.a., who quotes Hooker's description 
of the yeomen and states that Westcote's View of Devon- 
shire has many passages copied verbatim from this 
work. 

Below will be found a transcription of the first eleven 
pages. They give a general description of the county, its 
products, grades of people, trade, etc. The account of the 



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hooker's synopsis. 335 

methods of agriculture is very important and closely 
resembles that of Cornwall in Carew's Survey, while his 
description of the woollen manufacture is most interesting 
to the economic student. The rest of the book is con- 
cerned with Devonshire Worthies (ff. 38-62), a Description 
of Exeter (52-76), a Survey of Spiritualities (76-91), a 
Survey of Temporalities, with short accounts of the 
principal towns (91-140), an Alphabet of -Arms (140-162), 
Parks (162-166), Monasteries and Castles (166-171). 

It is much to be hoped that this valuable work will one 
day be printed in full. 

Synopsis Chorographical of Devonshire by John Hooker. 
A discourse of Devonsh and Cornwall with Blazon of 
Arms and the Bishops of Exeter the revenues of the 
Deneries and parsonages and other gentlemen. 

The comonen welthe some pte 

w^^ by axmcient demesne or for some other causes 
they be priveleged and exempted. Also there be within 
the province XXXVIII markett townes bysides the citie 
of Excester of w^^ eleven be incorporated. The nombre 
of parkes be verye miche impeared and of many remayne 
not above or about XX bysydes the twoo forestes of 
Dartemore and pte of Exemore w^i* some tymes was 
replenished w^^ Redd deere but now the game is very 
small and litle regarded. And as for waters no one pticular 
province in this land is more or better stored then is this 
countie for of rylls brookes Lakes and springes the nombre 
is as it were infinite or verye hard to be nombred. And 
theise by reason they do fall into greate streames and 
rjrv^ers they do make theym verie greate and some of 
theym to be navigable as namely Exe Darte Plyme 
Thamar Tawe. In theise rivers is greate abundance of 
sundry and many kindes of fyshes as namely trowte, 
peny cotes, dace, roche tenche lamprys. Also — perche, 
flounders, but especially salmones and that greate store 
but none to be compared to the salmon of the ryver of 
Exe for there yo" shall at aU tymes of the yere fynde some 
to be newe come from the seas w*** lyce upon theire backes 
and then they be best in season for they be ffatt, swete 
and cruddie so that they be boyled w*** in syx houres after 
they be taken whereof more at large hereafter shalbe 
spoken. As for the countrie itselfif it is very strongely 
seated and if the loyaltie faythe and obedience due imto 



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336 hooker's synopsis 

the sovereigne be yelded. It is not then verye safe — be 
gotten nor invaded, flfor one the northe and southe sides 
it is . * . and hedged w*** ... brittishe seaes and on the 
west it bords . . . upon the river of Tamar w^^ is now 
the bounde betwene the twoo provinces of Devon and 
Comewall and so three ptes it is inclosed w*^ the seas and 
waters only the Easte pte lyeth open upon the meane 
lande and bordures of Durotrigia and Belgia and theise 
marches beinge also full of dales hills rockes and stone is 
verie safylie to be made stronge and fortified agaynst the 
invasion of any enemye if the disloyalties of the subjectes 
do not cause the contrarie. The Whole province and 
countrie w^ in theise boundes is in greatenes the seconde 
to the greatest in this Land and is altogether' or for the 
most pte wilde full of wastes heths and mores uphill and 
downehill emonge the rockes and stones and the pennette [?] 
longe craggye and very paynfull for man or horse to 
travell as all strtingers travellinge the same can wytnes it. 
ffor be they ever so well monted upon theire fyne and 
deyntie horses out of other countries after that they have 
travelled in this countrie but one Journey they can 
forbeare the second. And therefore so miche the lesse 
passable for the enemy w^ his troopes and impedimentes 
of warres. It was in tymes past all forest and full of 
woodes brakes and thickets and called the forest and 
woodland countrie even as the now citie of Excester w«*» 
is the metropole ... of the same can wittnesse it w«** 
was called caerpenhuelgoyte that is to saye the cliff citie 
in the woodes or forest and so it contynued even from the 
first untill the tyme of kinge Henry the seconde sonne to 
William the conqueror [sic] who dyd alltogether dysforest 
the same. And kinge John in his tyme confirmed it but 
excepted and pvided that the wastes of dartemore and 
Exmore should styll remayne and be forest. And kinge 
Henry the 3 for avoydinge of sundrye inconveniens dyd 
appoynt sett downe and lymett the boundes of the same. 
The soyle of this countrie to the outward shewe is very 
thinne barren and unprofitable servinge to smale use other 
then for salvages and wylde beastes and as William of 
Malmsbury writeth it scarse yeldeth any come other than 
otes and pulsses and that but sklenderly w^*^ maye be trew 
if you have respect to the former ages when men lived as 
salvages w*^ out any nurture or civiUtie when the grounde 
was not manured or tyUed when there was no stayed rule 



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CHOEOQBAPHICAL OF DBVONSHIRB. 337 

of government and when all was in intestyne broyles and 
wanes and overlayed w^ foreyne enemyes and daylye 
vude the change of newe conquerors and oppressors and 
that when men in those dayes were contented w^ a 
thynne dyet and w*^ suche foode as wherew"^ they might 
kiU hunger €md meaneteane lyffe. But if yo" looke and 
consider the existent state and conferre it w"^ the ages and 
tymes past you shall see a mervelose metamorphosis and 
chaunge for it doth and it hath so playsed God that when 
the sonnes of Adam do accordinge unto his ordynances 
mannure and dresse the earth and in the sweate of their 
owne browes do eate theire breade he doth blisse their 
travells. And as the same doth most appeare in this land 
so especially in this comer and nook of the same for it 
was sometymes inhabited w**» a few salvages and barbarose 
myscreantes who knowenge no God lyved more lyke brute 
beastes then re€ksonable men. But now it is become to be 
a populose and a great multitude of such as do feare and 
serve God in true religion and accordinge to his Love. 
And everyeone leadinge a civill lyfife do travell for their 
lyvinge accordinge to his callinge in all mutuall love and 
conmion societie. The soil it selffe w^** was fuU of craggie 
hills and aUtogether full of stones and playnes w^^ were 
full of heathes and sedges and the vallyes w^^ weare 
alltogether full of bryers and brambles ar by mannes 
travell and industrie be become fertile and frutefull and 
do yelde greate varieties and plenties and plentie of herbes 
frutes and come for the ease of man and goodly feedinge 
and pasture for beastes of the feeld Greate abundans of all 
kindes of frutes aples peares quynces and suche lyke 
wallnuts medlers and others inniunerable. Greate store 
of catle both for neciessitie and for pleasure. The abound- 
ance of foules both wilde and tame and of sea fishe and of 
the lyke varietie and aboimdance as in no other countrie 
the lyke freshwater fyshe and of all other thinges wci» the 
«arth in no countrie the lyke and w^** if severally to be sett 
downe requireth a greater volimie. And lykewyse the 
belly of the earthe their be founde and digged sondrye 
riche mynes some of Gold and Sylver some of tynne and 
leade some of iron and other mettalls. Bysydes that of 
late in the yeare 1699 iii speciall stones very fayre 

beautyf ull and of estimacon whereof too do growe in the 
East syde of the Ryver of Darte in Berry pomeroy pk. 
Theon of theym is of dunneshe or Murry coullor intermixt 
VOL. XLvn. Y 



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338 hooker's synopsis 

with blewe and greene couUor and havinge very fayre 
vaynes in it of whyte coullor w^^ beinge pullyshed is 
oompted to be a purphure as good as any can be. And of 
the scoples or stones thereof the castle of berry is ptly 
buylded. The other is of a marble coullor intermixt w**^ 
whyte coullor of dyverse formes and faysions very fayre 
and beautifuU to behold. They do ryse three feete and 
fewer feete of lengeth w^ biggnesse accordinge. And 
whereof be made coUomber pyllars pylasters and cartheses 
by the cunninge of the good and curiouse free masons in 
their workes and do beautifie the same very mich. The 
third stone groweth one the west syde of the darte Ryver 
in the land of John Gyles of Bowden Esquier and is a 
very naturall touchstone and ryses in length about nyene 
foote and eight foot and in breadth fyve foote and four 
foote and halflf in thickness a foote or more as you lyst. 
ffjmally it is blessed plentyf ully w*** infynete good thinges 
w^^ land and water do comonly yelde. And if I might 
speake w^out offense I dare avouche that w^** on wiyteth 
of generally of this land. That England maye better lyve 
of selffe wt'^out any other nation then any other nation 
w^out it. And even so also this lytle comer of this land 
can Lyve better of it selffe w***out the rest of the Land 
then all the resydue can lyve w^out it. And yet I knowe 
that all or the most pte of the other provinces and sheres 
be rich profitable and stored some w*** come and catle 
some w^ frutes some w^ sheepe and woUs and some w^ 
one conmioditie or other. But yet generally they cannot 
compare w^ so many as this litel comer yeldeth in sundry 
respects both for the publyke welth and private profiStes 
and specially for come and cattell for clothe and woU for 
tynne and mettalls and for fishe and sea comodities all 
w^^ out of this have passaged into all nations and be verie 
beneficiall to the whole conmion welthe. And this I do 
not speake upon a bravery or a vayne ostentation of my 
countrie but to advise and to admonish everie man that 
he be thankefull to God for the greate and good blessinges 
wch he hathe so bountyfully geven theym and to consider 
w^ theym selffes that the more that they have receaved 
the more shall and wilbe required at theire handes. And 
therefore they ar in all sobrietie modestie thankefulness 
and temperance to be used accordinge to the will of God 
and the good of his churche and the behoffe of echo one. 
unto another. 



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CHOEOGRAFHICAL OF DIVONSHIBE. 339 

And not to be spent in watonnes prodygalitie and 
lyccencioselye nor to be layed and horded up greedylie or 
in any manner wayes to be abused lest the talent also (the 
kingdome of Grod geven unto us) be cleene taken from us 
and be geven unto another nation w^ shall bringe f orthe 
the frutes of the same. This mich superficially be it 
spoken w^ hereafter as occasion shall serve shall more 
^cularly be sayed and so now to the matter. This 
countrie or province as ia before sayde is verye populose 
and very well inhabited as no pte of the realme more or 
better. The people ar well compacte and of good stature 
and be very stronge and apte to all good exercises and 
weU inclyned to aU honestie and vertue and some to be 
framed to any action either civill or martiall whereof 
there hath benne and yet is a conmion proverbe lett a 
devonshere man come but ones to the courte and he wilbe 
a courtier at the first. In matters of knoledge leminge 
and wisedome they be of a deepe Judgment ; in matters 
civill and for the common welth they be wise pregnant 
and polytuyque : In matters of martiall, they be very 
valiant and prudent : In all tra veils and paynes they be 
verie laboriose : and in all actions ether of the bodie or 
of the mynde they be very excellent. 
The people Theise be of iiij sortes and degrees, noble- 
be of iiij man and gentleman : the Merchaimte, the 
degrees. yeoman and the laborer. tJnder the name of 
the gentlemen I do comprehend aU noble men knightes 
and esquiers and aU such who by birthe are descended of 
auncyent and noble parentes and such as for theire virtues 
and good deserts be by the prince and sovereigne ad- 
vaunced to nobilitie. The gentlemen for the most pte are 
very civill curtuose gentle affable and of good virtue 
temperat and modest in all theire gestures and no more 
seemelye then moderate in theire apparell w"*out any 
sumptuosnes pryde or excesse, flfor it is weU known that 
many auncient gentlemen left to theire posteritie a velvet 
gowne or a sylke garment w^** hath contynued iij or iiij 
descentes w^^out alteration or new devises w^ auncient 
and good order so longe as they kept they were never in 
any Merchaunte bookes intangled in any statutes nor 
bowned in any recognysans, nether was the Lawer ever 
busied to drawe up bookes and conveyances feoffments 
bargaynes morgages sales and sellinge of landes fynes 
and Recoveries. They were not beholdinge to any userer 



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340 hooker's synopsis 

or money monger but dysposed and geven unto vertue 
leminge and knoledge : and all good endevers : some to 
honest and good studies ; and some to f eates of wanes 
and chyvalrie : and some to good hospitalitie and house- 
keepinge : good to theire tenates frendly to theire neigh- 
boures and lyberall to the powere and needie and by such 
meanes they were beloved and honored and lyved in 
credite worship and honor in the commonwelth. Theire 
•exercises were hawkinge, huntinge, Bidinge, shootinge, 
hurlinge and such like as whereby the mindes were no more 
recreated then theire bodies were inseamed and hardened to 
all activities and good excercises. And not gyven unto 
pryde luxe and excesse unto gaiSuynges fonde playes 
wantonnes night watchinges, riotnes, surflEyttinges 
bankettinge, incontynences and such other disorders and 
fylthines as be founde in the courtes of Bacchus and 
pallaces of Venus and w^^ be the speciall causes why so 
many noble houses be overthrowen so many gentlemen 
consTuned and so many men in theise dayes be brought to 
miserye and to beggery : for by the luxe and lyke meanes 
drawen out of Asia the Boman nobilitie was destroyed, 
and by the lyke this countrie; this now the fertile countrie, 
and such lyke in this land, by usinge the lyke losenes shall 
receve the lyke confusion, and lose theire wonted grace 
and honor, w^^ heretofore they have ever had : ffor in the 
former ages they were so renewed for theire wisdome 
prowes and virtues that both the Bomans and all other 
good commonwelthes emonge aU nations were governed 
by the noble men of the same, and by theym, yonger 
gentlemen were chosen and apointed to be governors in 
the conmion wealthe untyll by theire pride oppressions 
covetusenes and such lyke enormities w^^ when the Boman 
plebeyans were not hable to indure they fell from the 
auncient senators considls and theire governors : and 
made othere new magistrates of the inferior and plebian 
sorte and so nobilitie by theire owne folyes were dis- 
graced. 

The seconde degree or sorte ar the merchauntes who 
for the most pte do dwell in Townes and Cities and havinge 
attayned to some welthe they do become greate adventures 
and travellers by seas imto aU nations and countries : 
from whense any profl&te or gayne is to be had, and 
thereby they do attayne to greate welthe and riches : w<* 
for the most pte they do imploy in purchasinge of land 



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CHOBOQBAPHICAL OF DEVONSHIBE. 341 

and by litle and litle they do creepe and seeke to be 
gentlemen : w^^ breedeth an emulation or rather a 
dysdayne betwene theym : But if they were so carefful to 
avoyde the occasions of offences and dyspleasures as they 
be to muche addicted to privat lucre and desyre to clyme 
to higher advaimcement : the love and goodwill wold be 
more betwene theyme then it is but l^de of nobilitie 
untyll by vertue and good desertes the same be enoblysed 
and by segnell descentes be confirmed. The thirde degree 
is the yeomanry of this countrie w^^ consisteth of farmers 
husbandmen and freeholders w^^ be men of a ffree nature 
and of good condicions and do lyveof such growndes and 
lande as w^^ they do hold freely and for terme of lyffe of 
others for a rent or some of theire owne freeholde beinge 
at the least of a cleere valewe by the yere of XL*. Yet 
they be caUed Legales homines because commonly they 
be returned in aU tryalls or criminaU or civil, and upon 
theire othes be to sett downe the very truthe as neere as 
they can of the matter geven imto theym in chardge w^ 
beinge allowed and sentenced by the Judge ; aU con- 
troversies be decided and the lawe hath his ende. Theise 
albeit they be not so well accompted of nor had in due 
reputacion as they in tymes past were wont to be, because 
every man is now of an aspiringe mynde and not con- 
tented w^ theire owne estate do lyke better of anothers 
even as Poete saieth nemo sua sorte contentus vivit sed 
laudat diversa sequentes. Yet after theire porcions they 
are not much inferior imto the gentlemen who be theire 
lordes : for his f yne beinge ones payed he lyveth as 
merylie as doth his Lande Lord and geveth him selffe for 
the most pte to such virtues condicions and qualities as 
doth the gentleman and deliteth in good house-kepinge 
fareth well, seemely in his apparell, curtiose in his be- 
havior, and frendly to his neighbours, and when tyme 
serveth is geven to the lyke exercyses of huntinge, shoot- 
inge, &c. But accordinge to his callinge his cheeffe 
travells be most in matters of his husbandrie wherein he 
leaveth no paynes to make his best proffite, whether it be 
by tyllinge, grasinge, buyenge and sellinge of cattail or 
whatsoever he can fynde to be for his gayne and profl&te :' 
and by theise meanes he groweth to such welthe and 
habUitie that his lande Lord is many tymes beholdinge 
unto him. And now of late they have entred into the 
trade of usurye buyenge of clothes and purchasinge and 



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342 hookbb's synopsis 

merchandifles clymmynge up daylye to the degrees of a 
gentleman and do bringe up theire children arccordingly. 

The iiijth degree be the dayle laborers who do serve for 
wages whether they be artyficers w<* for the most do dwell 
in cities and Townes or of such as do serve and do dwell in 
the countrie for wages and theyse be of twoo sortes. The 
one is called the spader the daylie worker or laborer in the 
tynn-workes, and theire is no laborer to be compared unto 
him : for his apparell is course, his dyet sklender, his 
lodginge harde, his feedynge comonly course breade and 
hard cheese, and his drincke is water, and for lacke of a 
cuppe he diynketh it out of his spade or shoveU : and he 
goeth so nere the weather as no man can lyve more 
frugally and nerer than he dothe. His lyffe most commonly 
is in pyttes and caves under the grounde of a greate depth 
and in greate daunger because the earthe above his hedd 
is in sundry places crossed and posted over w^ tymber, to 
keepe the same from fallinge. 

The other is also a dayly laborer at husbandry and 
other servile workes for theire daylye wages and hires : 
but he serveth at more ease and more delycatly. Not- 
withstandinge they be both of a mightye and a stronge 
bodye, hable to endure all laboures and paynes : and 
upon the holie dayes €md tymes of leasure they do geve 
theym selffes imto such exercises and pasttymes as 
wherew"^ they do rather inseme theire bodyes w^ hardenee 
and strengthe, then otherwyse As w^ shotynge wrastel- 
ynge and hurlynge and they so well framed to any kinde 
of service, as they will sone atteyne to the use and know- 
ledge thereof and as experiens teacheth that a small 
treyninge will sone frame them to whatsoever he be 
imploy^ whether it be to be a seylder or a perfect servinge 
man. And albeit theise laborers be of the most inferior in 
degree yet they be liberi homines and of a free condicion 
no villanes no bonde slaves. 

And as theire be theise dyversities of degrees of people 
so there be iiij or the lyke nombres of speciall and principedl 
comodities whereupon this countrie dothe depende w^ by 
mannes Industrie be procured and bettered ffor albeit the 
countrie it selffe be fiUl of hills montans and cragges. And 
the valleys lyenge warmer then the rest do yelde some 
better ffeedinge and pastures. Yet by the travells and 
paynes of the good husbond man the same is daylye 
bettered and enriched. 



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CHOBOQBAPHICAL OF DEVONSHIRE. 343 

The travells ^^^ where in tymes past the coxintrie was 
of the but bare and barren of come and cattail and 
husbandman. ^^^ sufficient to serve and satisfie it selffe. 
Yet now such is the increase thereof that they have not 
onely sufficient store and plentie for theym selfEes but be 
also hable and do daylye fumishe no small nombre of 
shippes w^^ from tyme to time do harborew theym selfEes 
in the havens and creekes of that coimtrie w*^ beefes 
barons and porkes but also w"^ byskett and beere and 
syder beanes and peasons and lyke beverege as w^*^ 
be meete and necessarye for theire voyages at the seas 
whether it be at new founde lande for fishinge or the 
Ilondes and coimtries for merchandyse or for any other 
trade whatsoever. The meanes and wayes how theise 
things be thus compassed and brought to passe is cheefly 
the great industrie and travell of the husband man w^^ 
spareth no chardges, forbeareth no paynes, nor leaveth 
any thinge undonne whereby he may enriche and make 
his growndes fertyle and profytable. And therefore 
accordinge to the nature of his grownde he useth these 
helpes as be most fytt for the same. For in the places 
w^^ be somewhat remote and farr from the seas and the 
grownd is but thynne they do use to beate the same that 
is they do cutt it into turffes w^^ beinge made drye they 
do bringe the same into hyllockes and do bume it and the 
ashes thereof they do cast and sprinkle abroade upon the 
grownde. And the forelandes of the same growndes next 
to the hedges they dygge one sullon of some XX foote 
broade and the same they do carry into the grownde and 
do also dunge the same w^^ such donge as they do make 
w"^ there strawe feames and out of the stables and houses 
and by theise meanes they do worthe theire groundes and 
made theym profytable. In some places neere the sea- 
sydes there groweth a weede called oare and this myngled 
with some earthe or donge they do cary into theire groundes 
and it doth mich good for the tyme. In some places they 
have a kynde of slymye or sea sande w^ at the ebbynge 
seas and lowe waters they do digge out of the salte water 
and there is no donge to be compared unto it nor w^^ doth 
more inrich the grownde both for come and grasse. In 
some places there be greate Rockes and Quaries of stone 
called marie and of vr^^ stone the best lyme is made and 
also they brake the same into small scoples or stones and 
do scatter the same upon theire grownde and this stone 



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344 hooker's synopsis 

doth everie yere cast a scale w^^ doth geve a fatness unto 
the earthe. They have other kindes of marles w<* be of 
the earthe some in white lyke chalke some blue lyke ashe 
coolor : and some Redd lyke imto claye and everie one of 
theyse beinge myxt w^ some other helpe be very good and 
profytable. But now adayes they do use sope ashes w^^ 
most comonly they do bestowe it in lowe and russhe 
growndes and in some of these places they do cast and 
strowe . . . lyme. 

And in lowe groundes where the waters do lye and 
stande they do by gurtes and dytohes drawe awaye the 
waters and do mengle the earthe w^ sope ashes and 
thereby the russhes do quayle and the grasse thereof 
waxeth sweete but if theire growndes be higher then 
theire greatest industrie is howe to conveye some nmninge 
ryll or streame of water into it : w<* if they do carie it 
throughe some wayes the same is the fatter and better 
w"^ the shoures and raynes : but if the waters be standinge 
pooles and a hungrye water they do amende the same by 
castinge of donge and lyme into it and this they do sturre 
with a staffe and so carye it throughe the growndes and 
medowes. They have also orchardes and aple gardens 
w<* be stored w^ all kindes of good frutes and theyse in 
the tymes of the yere they do dresse prune and trymme 
by openinge the rootes by paringe awaye the waterie 
howes and by graffinge of theym by w^** meanes they be 
made verye frutefull and do not onely serve theire owne 
householdes and fumyshe the markett but also they do 
make greate store of syder w^ the nearer the sayes the 
more profitable they be for shippinge : whose owners do 
buy greate store for beverage and is a profitable drynke 
in the shipps. Theise and suche other lyke comodities do 
growe and increase to the good of the common welthe if 
the growndes be well used and manured : w^^ be all the 
more profitable because all theise growndes for the most 
part be devided and severed w^^ mightie greate hedges 
and dytches w^^ yelde a doble comoditie : the one for 
theire cattal because by theire often chaimges they feede 
styll as it were upon a new springnynge grasse : and the 
other is theire fewell for when the hedges be to be newe 
made they do yeld good store of woode and f ueU : And 
this miche is conceminge theire wastes and Innegrowndes : 
ffor there be not many wastes but what they be converted 
and changed into tillage and keepinge of sheepe. Of these 



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CHOBOGBAPmCAL OF DEVONSHIRE. 345 

the most princypall and cheeffest is named Dartemore 
w^^ is some XVI myles one waye and about XII myles the 
other waye. And this dartemore yeldeth iiij speciall 
comodities, pasture, come tynne and turff cole : con- 
ceminge pasture it is cheefflye in the sommer : ffor in the 
winter by reason of the coldenes continuall stormes and 
wetnes of the grownde . . . feedinges at all but in the 
somer tyme the more drye the grownde is the better is 
theire feedinges bysides that the husbonde men w^^^ do 
dwell w^in VI or VII myles have theire pasturinge and 
feedinge of theire cattails therein. And in the meane 
tyme theire Innegrounds be kept and reserved for the 
feedinge of theire cattail in the winter. Conceminge come 
theire tyllages be most conmionly in the Marches and the 
utter sydes of the sayed more and by reason of the harde 
wether and greate and contynuall stormes the harvest is 
verie late : And this one thinge is to be observed that all 
the yere through out commonly it rayneth or it is fowle 
wether in that more or desert. And albeit the husbonde 
man in that countrie be verie skyllflfull in theire husbandrie, 
and do dresse theire groundes verie well ; yet in the north 
pte thereof about Okehampton, Hatherly, Idesley 
Chylmeyle and other places there aboutes the otes w^^^ 
they sowe be all spoyled otes and the drincke w^^^ they do 
make therpf is spoyled drincke for be it never so well pre- 
pared and dressed yet what creature soever do eate or 
tast thereof be it man or horse or hogge it will make him 
to vomyte and for the tyme verye sycke notw^^^standinge 
the people of that countrie beinge used thereat do endure 
the same very well : but yet if the sayed otes be shelded 
and converted to geyrthes or to Otemell it is verie good 
and wholesome : The reason hereof no man can certeynly 
defyne whether it be by the greate mystes w^^ comonlye 
be there or by vapores w^^ the groimde do yelde there : 
it is rather conjectured then certenly knowen. fifor in 
and in the same fourrough you shall have both good and 
badd otes : and in the one end of one Rudge good otes 
and in the other badd otes. As for the tynne it groweth 
and is digged in and throughe the whole mores and in 
sundry partycular growndes w^*^ do yeld yerely greate 
welth and aboundans as also they do digge in simdrye 
meete and convenyent places greate turffes w*^** beinge 
dryed is a verye good fuell and is spent in blowenge of 
theire tynne and other fuell they have not. 



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346 hooker's synopsis 

The second comoditie of the countrie is clothe and woU 
of clothe there be foure sortes or kjnides the pyne whites 
fEryses and newe bayes : but the cheflfest is the kersey 
clothe and this so comon a clothe that there is no market 
nor village nor scarse any privat mannes house where in 
theise clothes be not made, or that there is not spynninge 
and cordinge for the same : as the daylye travellers can 
so witnes it for wheresoever any man doth travell you 
shall fynde at the hall dore as they do name the foredore 
of the house he shall I saye fynde the wiffe theire children 
and theire servantes at the tume spynninge or at theire 
cardes cardinge and by w<^ comoditie the comon people 
do lyve. In this sheere there be about some XXXVIII 
markets and in everie of theym for the most pte is a 
market of kerseys woll and voime[?] to be solde and 
whereof the traffuyke is greate and everie one yeldeth 
present money, ffor first the marchant or clothier buyeth 
of the weaver his cloth and payethe present monye the 
weaver byethe his yame of the spynster and payeth his 
ready money. And the spynster buyethe her woll and 
paieth her p*^nte monye. The clothier he sendethe his 
clothes to the Tucker or fuller and he when his worke is 
fjmeshed hathe lykewyse his monye. And then the 
Marchant or Clother dothe or dye theym in coolers for the 
sayes, or send theym to London and ells where to his best 
advantage. The quantities of theise clothes be very 
greate for comonly in Excester weklye there be sold about 
some XXV or XX packes, some at XX" some at XXVI" 
and some at XXX". The lyke also be doune in other 
market townes after theire rate and all theise be dys- 
patched to London or in foreyne nations and have verie 
good sale and utterans. And all theise clothes w^^ is 
striinge : be made for the most pte of the woUs growen in 
this countrie w^*^ a man will thincke it verie straunge 
oneles he were acquented w^^^ the state of this countrie. 
The reason is the countrie is large and the most pte is 
inclosed and everie one who dothe holde any pticular 
bargayn and severall growndes, as he hathe cattails oxen 
horsses and kyne so accordinge to that rate he hathe also 
sheepe w^^ allthough they be not seeime in greate flockes 
as they be in the open countries yet in multitude they be 
more and greater, ffor the husbond mann be he poore or 
riche be his bargayn greate or small, he hathe all wayes 
some sheepe be they more or lesse : and it is supposed and 



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GHOBOORAPHIOAL OF DBVONSHIBB. 347 

by some affirmed that the nombre of sheepe in this comitrie 
is as greate or greater then in any sheere in this Lande : 
and some probabilitie (bysides experience) dothe so 
appere for comenly there be fewe pishes whose tythe 
wolls be not worthe XX*^ nobles by the yere and some 
XX" or more. And in some places worthe I<2" or better 
w<^ I could name were it not for offendinge of the owners 
of the sayed benefices. The woU of this countrie is verie 
good and carieth so longe a staple as there be no wolls 
doth or can so well serve for makeinge of kerseys stockyns 
wersted grogrones and suche kinde of clothes as this 
comitrie dothe use : ffinally it is the best comoditie that 
this countrie dothe yelde and w^ kepethe most pte of the 
people in worke (for travellinge through the countrie you 
shall fynde at everie house the good wiffe her children and 
servantes allwayes some spyninge and some cardinge).^ 

The third comoditie also is the nomber of the mjnies in 
this countrie of which some do yelde gild sylver some 
Ledd some copper and some Iron : but the cheeffe is Tynne. 
The sylver mynes have layne dedd, savenge of late by the 
traveU & industry of Mr. Adrien Gilbert great quantity 
hath bynn gathered of fyne silver about cume marten, 
from the tjnne of Kinge Edwarde the thirde but suche is 
the Industrie of man that of late and at theise p'^nte they 
do verie diligently sett in worke Grod send successe. The 
Tynne mynes be verie auncient and were sett in worke in 
the old tymes of the Britanes and Saxons but yet by reason 
of the iniquitie of the tyme they layed dedd many yeres 
untyll the tyme of kinge Edward the first and then 
Edward Erie of Comewall soune to Richarde kinge of 
Romans, brother to the saide kinge Edward dyd by the 
good will and consent of the kinge renewe and sett the 
sayde mynes on worke, gave orders, sett lawes for theire 
government and dyd apoynte a courte ... to be kept 
in severall places namely plympton, Tavistoke, Asheperton, 
Cheggford and Lydfford and where the sayed Tynne 
sholde be coyned and an ordinary custome be payed for 
the same and all thinges in theise courtes to be decyded 
accordinge to the course of the comon Lawes. 

The stannary thus establyshed hath ever synes w^^^out 
breache or intermyssion benne contynued in workinge to 
the greate increase of the Revenues of the saide Erledome 

* Crossed out in MS. 



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348 hooker's synopsis. 

or Duchie and the meanetennce of greate nombres of 
householdes, f amylies and inhabitantes bothe* of the saide 
countrie and of sundrie Townes w^^^in this reahne but 
especially of London and of the merchauntes of the same 
who do not onely worke the same but do also transporte 
the same into other countries and nations then w^ there 
is not a better merchandyse. 

The iiiith comodities is the navye and of the seaf aringe 
men as well for marchundyse as for fyshinge. ffor this 
province is bounded in the north and south sydes w*^ the 
seas w^^ do yeld greate store and varietie of all sortes of 
fyshe as the lyke not in any other countrie and bysides it 
is full of many good havens and creekes and stored w^ 
all kyndes and sortes of shippinges servinge as well for the 
trade of merchandyse as also for fishinge. And the 
coastes lykewyse be inhabited and replenyshed w^ greate 
housholdes and f amylies of sea f aringe men : w^^ Do 
travell farre and neere as well in marchundyse as in 
fyshinge in all places bothe farre and neere in deepes and 
places of the best fyshinge. And w^ theire sayde fyshe so 
taken they do not onely f umishe this theire countrie and 
the whole Realme but also by waye of marchundyse they 
do transporte the same into f oreyn nations by w<^ meanes 
the navie is meanetened, they and theire famylies sustened, 
and the whole comon welthe inriched and bettred : This 
miche generally conceminge the soyle and the severall 
comodities of this Lande and now to the govermente and 
rulinge of the same w^ is in the lyke proportion also of 
iiij principall degrees. 



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THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON. 
pabt m. 

BY MISS KATE M. GLABKE. 

(Read at Bxeter, 22nd July, 1915.) 



Tbansformed Tub-Fonts. 

In the two papers that have gone before this, Nonnan 
tub-fonts, plain and girdled shapes, were described : but 
there remain two fonts, which, though they hav^ come 
down to us from the Norman period, have been worked 
on at a later date to such an extent that their original 
characteristics are all but obliterated. Therefore, before 
entering on the next section we must notice these two 
fonts. 

31. High Bray, 

As it stands a circular pedestal font of Devonian rock ; 
it has clearly been transformed from an earlier shape. 
The bowl bears the stamp of two far-removed periods of 
workmanship. 

It is encircled \\ inches below the rim by a band of 
incised saw-tooth ornament ; the obtuse angle points to 
an early date in the Norman period ; the groimd is filled 
with irregidar hatched markings. Below are two flat, 
square-edged mouldings an inch wide, with 3 inches of plain 
surface between them. All this is worked with the axe. 

The lower part of the bowl has a row of shell ornament 
of sixteenth-century Renaissance type, worked with the 
chisel. It has no relation whatever to the Romanesque 
type of palmetto which is found on the font of West 
Anstey, a few miles away, and which appears on fourteen 
fonts in South Devon. 

The appearance of the High Bray font suggests that it 
was originally a bucket shape of early Norman period, 
plain, except for the band of saw-tooth and square mould- 
ings ; the church was rebuilt early in the sixteenth 
century, and possibly at that time the font was sawn in 



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350 THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OP DEVON. 

two ; the upper half cut to the bowl fonn, and the shell 
ornament then so much in vogue chiselled on it, while the 
lower half was shaped into a cylindrical shaft, and the 
surface dressed smooth with the chisel. But a curious 
point is, that the shell ornament is abruptly cut through, 
and only about half the depth of the foot scroll remains. 
By this treatment the bottom of the bowl, instead of being 
rounded as usual, is flat, like the bottom of a flower-pot, 
and projects about an inch all round beyond the shaft on 
which it rests. It is evident, therefore, that the bowl was 
deeper when it was originally remodelled, and no doubt 
was fitted to the shaft. It must at some time have sujffered 
severe damage, for l£u*ge patches of slate have been 
inserted to repair the upper part of the bowl. If the 
lower part were damaged to the same extent it might 
have been thought that the simplest plan would be to cut 
away the faulty portion. 

In its present form the proportions of the font are not 
satisfactory, as the shaft is much too slight, so the effect 
is top-heavy. The base of the shaft and two platforms 
are modem, of very poor design ; the church was restored 
in the last century, and most likely the font was then re- 
mounted, with the lower two inches of the bowl cut off. 
The upper part was patched with slate, and the zigzag 
ornament incised on the new pieces, to carry the design 
of the old work throughout. The zigzag is more regular 
than the original, and of course the axe-dressings are absent. 

The inside of the bowl is cut roughly to quatrefoil 
shape ; it is not lined. 

With regard to the date I have assigned to the shell 
ornament on the lower part of the bowl, it is supported 
by the capital of a pillar close by the font, which is 
sculptiured with typical Renaissance ornament ; himian 
heads with no bodies, but arms and hands holding cables 
terminated by knots of fruit and flowers. The sculptor 
who did that could certainly achieve the ornament on the 
font. The work on the other capitals is simpler in design 
and rougher in execution. 

32. Bickleigh (Tiverton). 

This also appears to have been a Norman tub-font, 
though of later date than that of High Bray. Unhappily, 
of the Norman work nothing remains but a border of star 
and pellet moulding, 5 inches deep, similar to the top band 



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THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON. 351 

on St. Mary Steps and Farringdon fonts, though bolder and 
larger. Below this the tub has been worked into an octagon 
shape, the eight sides tapering towards the base, fimshed 
by a series of indeterminate mouldings, which lead to the 
conclusion that this unfortunate achievement took place 
about 1840. The star and pellet ornament has been 
entirely worked over with the chisel, and the horizontal 
face of the rim, 4J inches wide, has also been worked over, 
all but obliterating the axe marks, but of these there is 
just enough left to show by their fineness that the original 
construction was late twelfth century. The ornament 
also is clearly of that period. Some of the rim has been 
broken away ; it has been repaired in three places by 
inserted patches of stone, and four other gaps are filled 
with cement. On the eastern side are two holes where a 
staple was formerly inserted. It is lead lined. 

IV. 

The incipient Pedestal-Bowl. 

In our survey of girdled tub-fonts we noticed a gradual 
modification of shape. In the later examples the girdle is 
placed above the centre instead of below it, while the part 
below the girdle instead of spreading like an inverted 
bowl, assumes the baluster form. We now come a step 
farther. The bowl retains the same form and the same 
relative proportions as that of the girdled tub, but the 
lower portion on which it rests is a cylindrical shaft, 
though it is still very thick, usually in diameter only three 
or four inches less than the bowl. 

Another point to differentiate it from the developed 
pedestal bowl is that it still keeps the heavy cable twist 
or other moulding between the bowl and the shaft. This 
of course liTika it to the girdled tub. With the few fonts now 
to be enumerated the girdle practically disappears ; their 
successors rest on a small shaft, at first without any 
connecting member, later with a plain necking.^ 

33. Topsham. 

This font shows markedly the process of evolution. The 
bowl is carved in late Norman style, but it has a definite 
cylindrical shaft, which however is too thick to allow the 

* There is an importGmt group of fonts with fluted bowls, in a few of 
which the heavy cable reappears, as will be noted later. 



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352 THE BAPTISMAIi FONTS OP DBVON. 

font to be placed in the pedestal class. Another significant 
modification is that the encircling cable has quite dis- 
appeared ; its place is taken by a bold round moulding 
between bowl and shaft ; this is repeated at the base of 
the shaft. Bound the xim of the bowl is a flat moulding. 

The material is freestone. The main feature of the 
ornament is a dragon which holds a round object in its 
mouth. The font of St. Kea, Cornwall, has a similar 
dragon, and there is another on the tympanum of Eglos- 
kerry in the same county. The font of East Meon in 
Hampshire has a representation of the Fall of Man ; the 
dragon is very much like the one at Topsham, and holds 
in its mouth an apple, which Eve is taking. It is not 
improbable that the Topsham font is intended to represent 
the same incident, though Adam and Eve are not shown. 

The rest of the bowl is adorned with a deep band of 
cones with acute pyramids between. The date appears 
to be about the middle of the twelfth century. 

The circular base below the shaft is another sign of the 
transitional character of the font ; the upper surface has 
a sloping chamfer. 

The font has been repaired on the western side ; it 
stands on a modern plinth of black and chocolate tiles, 
with the text ** Suffer little children," in yellow. There is 
a beautiful but sadly incongruous pyramidal cover in 
perforated brass, copied from a Flemish example. Dated 
1880. 

34. Conibe-in'Teignhead. 

This interesting font is adorned with seven medallions, 
which may be compared with those on the lower part of 
the font of Buckland-in-the-Moor. Starting from the 
eastern side they are as follows : — 

1. Rose of fluted petals enclosed in a circle. 

2 and 3. Six-pointed star in circle ; between the points 
the space is made convex, with a circular perforation in 
each space. 

4 and 5. Palmetto enclosed in heart-shaped panel ; 
5 is very lop-sided. 

6. Six-pointed star ; the fillings between the points are 
flat and have no perforations. 

7. Four-pointed sunk star with perforated fillings in 
the centre, surrounded by a chaplet of large pellets each 
with a circular perforation. 



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THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON. 353 

Bound the rim of the bowl is a band of star ornament, 
and between bowl and shaft is a cable twist, 3 J inches 
thick. The bowl is lead lined. 

The bowl and shaft are of Caen stone ; the base, which 
is modem, of Ham Hill stone. The font is in an excellent 
state of preservation. 

35. CoffinsweU. 

The bowl of this font both in dimensions and ornament 
closely resembles that of Buckland-in-the-Moor ; it is not 
impossible that originally the whole font followed that 
pattern, and that at some relatively recent date the por- 
tion below the girdle was cut down to a vertical shaft. At 
present the original stone of the shaft only remains to the 
depth of 7 inches ; below this the rest of the shaft, 9 inches 
deep, is of a different stone ; probably Ham Hill stone. 

Below the rim of the bowl is a band of Norman star 
ornament ; on both north and south sides the rim was 
broken by the staples of the cover, and the star ornament 
also. The damaged portions have been repaired by 
inserting new stone ; on the south side the new piece 
measures 13x4 inches, and on the north 7x4. In both 
cases the star ornament is a restoration, as well as the 
rim. On the south the stone has started away a little. 

The central part of the bowl is sculptured with palmetto 
in panels formed by the curved stems, and pointed trefoils 
filling the top spaces between. Below is a band of plantain- 
leaf ornament, graduated in height, so as to accommodate 
itself to the irregular space. A broad cable twist unites 
bowl and shaft. 

The bowl and 7 inches of the shaft are of Caen stone ; 
the bowl is lead lined. 

36. Abbot's Bickington (not in v^e). 

This font was for some time lying in a broken condition 
in the churchyard ; quite recently it was rescued and 
placed in the tower. 

Although it is broken most of the parts are preserved, 
so it ought not to be difficult to repair it very satisfactorily ; 
it is hoped this will soon be done and that it will be 
restored to use, instead of the poor modem font now in 
the church. 

It consists of a plain bowl — at present in three pieces — 

VOL. XLvn. z 



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354 THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON. 

with a cable at the lower edge, with a plain strip beneath, 
as at West Putford ; there is a thick shaft, which it was a 
surprise to find is hollow, an absolute cylinder. 

37. Bulkworthy, 

The three churches of West Putford, Abbot's Bickington 
and Bulkworthy form the points of an isosceles triangle, 
West Putford at the apex, and it would appear that their 
fonts were all made by the same hand. In the case of 
Bulkworthy it is clear to the most cursory glance that the 
font has been altered. The bowl looks as though it had 
originally been part of a girdled tub hke West Putford ; 
it has nearly the same dimensions, and though the contour 
has been altered in a futile attempt to cut it to a polygon 
the resemblance is evident. Again, as at West Putford the 
bowl is not, and never was, a true circle. It stands on a 
modern shaft, which however is composed of the same stone, 
so perhaps it is the original lower block, cut into a shaft. 

At the foot of the bowl is a cable of uneven width, 
varying from 2| to 3 J inches ; it twists the reverse way 
from that of West Putford, but resembles it in that on the 
north side is a strip of plain stone below the cable. The 
same feature has just been noted at Abbot's Bickington ; 
and I have only observed it in these three fonts. It seems 
sufficient grounds to assign them all to the same hand.^ 

The rim of the Bulkworthy bowl is axe-dressed ; it is 
broken on the north and south sides. The inside is rough, 
and the lead lining has disappeared. 

The shaft is square with the corners chamfered ofif, 
and has a base and plinth both following the same plan. 
It stands on a platform inlaid with coloured tiles. 

38. Ymlmptoyi (bowl only ; not in use). 

Of this Norman font only the bowl remains ; no support 
appeais to have been preserved, but its shape, style and 
proportions are those of the upper part of a gircUed tub- 
font ; it ib so broad at the base that it can hardly have 
stood on a shaft, or at any rate only on a very thick one, 
so this seems to be the best place to mention it. 

It is carved in low relief ; the design is unusual. Round 
the upper part are courses of ornament which are neither 
herringbone nor nebula, but a combination of both. 

^ Bideford font has a plain strip below the cable at the foot of the shaft. 



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YEALMPTON. 

From photo hy Mr. T. Clarice. 




SPREYTOX. 



Baptismal Fonts of De yon.— To face p. 355, 



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THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON. 355 

There are two rows of the ornament ; the individual 
parts are carefully and evenly worked, but the bands 
themselves fall into irregular wavy lines. Below is a 
series of oblique strips about an inch wide, most of them 
terminating in a curl ; a sort of pothook shape, something 
like the figure 6 in written hand. 

Hitherto I have not found anything in ecclesiastical 
art resembling this font bowl except the " discs of Creation " 
at La Sainte Chapelle, Paris, and Rouen Cathedral, in 
which clouds are represented by bands of nebule similar 
to those on the bowl ; but there the resemblance stops. 

On some Norman fonts are representations of the 
Baptism of our Lord ; the font of St. Nicholas, Brighton, 
is a well-known instance. The water is conventionally 
represented by several rows of scallops. It is of course 
possible that the intention at Yealmpton was to convey 
the idea of water, but unless another example could be 
found resembling it sufficiently to support the suggestion 
it carries little weight. 

A good deal of the work is in very good condition, but 
on one side the ornament has been obliterated, evidently 
with intention. The bowl is not a perfect circle, and the 
interior is very irregularly hollowed out, but it is clear 
that it really was a font, for in the rim are remnants of 
the staples which once held a cover. 

The ornament is worked with the axe ; the tooth marks 
are fine, indicating a rather late Norman period ; this also 
accords with the close twist of the cable which finishes the 
bowl. 

At present this very interesting bowl stands on a stool 
in a comer of that part of the north transept which is used 
as a vestry ; it would be a good thing if it could be so 
placed as to be accessible on all sides ; it is now very 
difficult to see the part next the walls. • 

39. Spreyton (not in use). 

In the churchyard of Spreyton is an interesting granite 
bowl, which may have been the predecessor of the font 
now in the church. It is roughly hewn, not perfectly 
circular, and the drain-hole, which is 3 J inches deep, is 
towards the side, as at Poltimore. 

The bowl now rests on three stones which were found in 
the glebe. They are all diessed stones, and were perhaps 
part of a cross. 



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366 THE BAPTISMAL FONTS OF DEVON. 



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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 

PART IV. 
THE TUDOR PERIOD (1486-1603). 

BY J. J. ALEXANDER, M.A., J.P. 

(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1915.) 



I. Introduction. 

The study of Devon members of parliament imder the 
Tudor dynasty is disappointing in more than one respect. 
Very little can be added to what is already well known of 
the county history of that period. 

The chief difficulty is of the opposite kind to that which 
confronted us in the earlier papers of this series. There 
we had names enough, but were not always able to identify 
the persons named. In the sixteenth century, on the other 
hand, material for identifications is always copious,^ if 
not always as complete as we could wish it, but many of 
the names seem to have been lost beyond recovery. 

Between 1478 and 1529, a half -century which witnessed 
great intellectual movements both in England and on the 
Continent, the official returns of members of parliament 
are entirely wanting, and except for a few places like 
Exeter where the names are recorded in the local archives, 
we have no means of knowing who they were. There are 
also several gaps and imperfections in the returns between 
1536 and 1562. 

The compilers of the official return (Blue Book 69) 
have not in every instance made the best use of the avail- 
able information, and we are indebted to that painstaking 
antiquary, Browne Willis, for many particulars of the 
parliaments between 1542 and 1660. One parliament, 
that of 1571, is omitted entirely from the Blue Book, but 
the list of its members, with those of 1584 and 1593, was 

* e.g. Pole, Risdon, Westcote, and Prince. 



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368 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 

taken by Browne Willis from the collections of Peter 
Le Neve, another eminent antiquary. 

There is no definite evidence of interference by the 
Tudor sovereigns in any of the Devon elections. It is well 
known that these naonarchs were generally successful in 
packing parlianaents with men of their own choice. Mary 
in 1654 sent letters to all the sheriflFs commanding them 
to admonish such ** our good loving subjects as by order 
of our writs " choose knights, citizens and burgesses that 
such should be *' of their inhabitants, as the laws require, 
and of the wise, grave and Catholic sort."^ But the Tudors 
were able to achieve their ends more simply and less 
clumsily by the creation of small boroughs, in Ck)mwall 
and elsewhere, on property belonging to the Crown or to 
Court favourites. 

Only one new borough of this sort was created in Devon 
during the Tudor period (Bere Alston, 1684). Seven 
others (Exeter, Barnstaple, Totnes, Tavistock, Plympton, 
Plymouth, and Dartmouth) retained the privileges which 
they had possessed in the fifteenth century, and, with the 
exception of Plymouth, also in the fourteenth. Apparently 
the degradation of the borough representation, which the 
Court encouraged, tended to sever the connection which had 
previously existed between borough and county elections. 
It will be remembered that, especially in the fourteenth 
century, this connection was very intimate. ^ Frequently 
the elections were made at the same assembly, the county 
court over which the sheriff presided, and the knights of 
the shire were largely chosen from the same class of 
persons as the burgesses of the towns. 

Under the Tudors the knights of the shire continued to 
occupy a position of importance and dignity among their 
fellow landowners and county magnates, and with the 
partial extinction of the old nobility in the Wars of the 
Roses their importance an^ dignity were relatively en- 
hanced. But in the boroughs, and particularly in the 
smaller ones, the members chosen were for the most part 
court nominees, aspiring lawyers, and needy dependents of 
the newer nobles. 

The patronage system also required a complete isolation 
of the borough election, and its being held locally under 
the eye of the patron or his agent. From the year 1553 

^ Ponitt's Unreformed House of Commons, I., 374. 
» See Trans., XLV., p. 248, and XL VI., p. 480. 



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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 359 

onward we notice that the borough and county elections 
in Devon were held at different dates. In 1477 and 
previously they were all held on the same day, though in 
some other counties this was not the case after 1445. 
Cornwall shows a divergence between borough and county 
dates first in 1467. As no election dates (and indeed very 
few election returns) are preserved for Devon between 
1477 and 1553, we are quite unable to say when or under 
what circumstances the divorce between county and 
borough elections took place in Devon. But we shall 
probably be right in thinking that this was one of the last 
counties in England to retain the plan of combined elec- 
tions. 

The Tudor period can for our purpose be divided into 
three portions, the first including the pre-Reformation 
epoch up to 1529 ; the second the Reformation move- 
ment between 1529 and 1570 ; and the third the time 
between 1570 and 1603, which has been aptly called the 
" epoch of national triimiph." 

There were seven parliaments in the reign of Henry VII., 
all except one in the first twelve years of it, and four in 
the first twenty years of Henry VIII. No returns have 
been preserved, and it is indeed disappointing that we 
are unable to trace those of our representatives who were 
contemporary with statesmen like Henry VII. and Cardinal 
Wolsey, scholars like Erasmus, and navigators like Se- 
bastian Cabot. 

Between 1529 and 1570 we have fourteen parliaments, 
five in the last eighteen years of Henry VIII., two in the 
reign of Edward VI., five in that of Mary, and two in the 
first twelve years of Elizabeth. Eleven returns have been 
fully preserved and one return of a by-election. 

The other three returns are defective, and the names 
given are also doubtful. The fourteen returns involve 
the names of thirteen individuals, but of these thirteen 
ten were connected either by birth or by marriage 
with the three important families of Carew, Courtenay, 
and Denys. The other three were John Prideaux, James 
Bassett, and, if a defective return is correctly conjectured, 
Richard Pollard, also members of notable Devon families. 

These fourteen parliaments are remarkable in more 
ways than one. There is great diversity in their durations 
and in the intervals which occurred between them. The 
1529 parliament sat for six years and a half, those of 1547 



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360 DEVON- COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 

and 1663 for about four years each, periods which resemble 
later modem usage and show a great departure from the 
practice of the medieval parliaments, which usually 
lasted only a few weeks. Then we find in the early years 
of Henry VTII. two intervals each exceeding six years, 
and in his later years intervals of less than a year between 
parliaments. The parliaments of Mary follow the medieval 
custom of being short and frequent. Mary was less tactful 
and less capable of securing compliance with her wishes 
than the other Tudor monarchs ; she was also more often 
in need of money. 

But the chief feature of these parliaments was the 
action they took, or were induced to take (for they must 
be in the main regarded as bodies willingly accepting the 
royal decision on high matters of state), in the various 
phases of the Reformation movement. Our only concern 
here is to discover what were the deeds performed, or 
duties undertaken, by the Devon members. And as some 
of them were soldiers, we may expect to hear of them in 
the French and Irish wars of the period. 

Sir William Courtenay and Sir Thomas Denys, the 
members of the 1529 parliament, were both men of in- 
fluence and distinction, and appropriate representatives in 
the assembly which sanctioned so important a step as the 
severance of the Anglican Church from the Papacy. 
Courtenay, who was siunamed " the Great," took part 
in the French war of 1522-1525. Denys, who had the 
remarkable experience of living under nine sovereigns, 
was in 1540 chancellor in the household of Queen Anne of 
Cleves, and in 1541 received the lands of St. Nicholas 
Priory, Exeter. Both these members acted as com- 
missioners for Devon in 1532, when the ecclesiastical im- 
posts of tenths and first-fruits were being investigated. 
Courtenay died in 1536, a few months before this lengthy 
parliament came to an end, and his place was taken by 
his sister's son. Sir George Carew, who, nine years later, 
was drowned through the foundering of the troopship 
Mary Rose outside Portsmouth Harbour on the way to 
France. 

The 1542 return is defective ; one name is entirely 
missing and the other reads ** Richard [Polle ?], armiger." 
There were in Devon then only about three persons of 
importance named Richard below the rank of knight, 
Chudleigh, Edgcumbe, and Pollard. The fragmentary 



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DBVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 361 

surname of the return obviously suggests the last of the 
three, and other considerations tend to confirm this sup- 
position. Pollard had made himself serviceable to the 
King ; as one of Cromwell's Visitors he had been very 
active in suppressing the monasteries of the West, and at 
Glastonbury he displayed his zeal by executing the aged 
abbot, Richard Whiting, on a pretended charge of treason. ^ 
He had been rewarded in 1539 by a grant of Ford Abbey ; 
and in 1642, the same year as this parliament, he received 
the honour of knighthood. 

In 1545 Sir George Carew and his uncle, Gawen Carew, 
were members. His younger brother, Sir Peter Carew, 
was member in 1552 and 1553. The two latter were 
prominent with Lord Russell in the suppression of the 
Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549, and later in life Sir Peter 
took an active part in Irish wars. The aged Sir Thomas 
Denys, his son Robert, and his two sons-in-law, John 
Fulford and George Kirkham, were also members during 
the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary ; and the other mem- 
bers of these reigns include James Courtenay, nephew of 
Sir William the Great ; John Chichester, husband of Sir 
William's granddaughter ; James Bassett, a member of 
Queen Mary's Privy Coimcil ; and John Prideaux, sergeant- 
at-law (or his namesake of Modbury). 

We have alluded to the Dissolution of the Monasteries, 
by which Denys and Pollard were enriched, and to the 
Prayer Book Rebellion, which Peter and Gawen Carew 
assisted to put down by a series of acts of a harsh and 
provocative nature. The episode, however, which brings 
the largest number of these Devon members on the scene 
as actors is the abortive Carew rising of January, 1554. 
Devon folk, as the 1549 events showed, had never taken 
kindly to the Protestant innovations, and so were able 
heartily to support the cause of Mary against Lady Jane 
Grey. But the projected marriage of the Queen with 
Philip of Spain excited opposition, the more so because 
Edward Courtenay, the Earl of Devon, had been suggested 
as a suitable Consort. Acting in conjunction with Sir 
Thomas Wyatt and others in various counties. Sir Peter 
Carew engaged to raise the West. The plot was incon- 
tinently disclosed by Coiutenay himself, and Carew, 
accused of treason, made a premature attempt, in which 

* Letters relating to Suppression of Monasteries (Camden Soc.), pp. 
255 and 261. 



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362 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 

his uncle Gawen, Sir John Chichester, and others were 
involved, to assemble the Devon insurgents. The De- 
vonians, however, had not forgotten the " bams of Credi- 
ton " and similar unpleasant incidents in which the 
Carews had figured, and they refused to respond. Other 
leading men like Denys, Prideaux, and Sir John 
St. Leger exerted themselves to prevent trouble. Denys, 
who was charged with the Queen's commands, was not a 
man of blood. Twenty-two years before when he was 
Sheriff of Devon it had fallen to his lot to put a Protestant 
named Bennet to death for heresy, and he is supposed to 
have felt remorse for this act. At any rate he warned 
Sir Peter of his impending arrest, and allowed him to 
escape. Gawen Carew and a few others were arrested 
but escaped with imprisonment, and the insurrection 
quietly fizzled out. 

The remaining portion (1570-1603) of the Tudor period 
is so well known that there can be no difficulty in dis- 
covering facts about each of its Devon members. They are 
eleven in all, and they fill the returns for nine parliaments. 

William Courtenay, Arthur Bassett, and Thomas Denys 
are relatives of previous Tudor members ; Bampfylde, 
Gary, and Chudleigh of old Plantagenet members. Sir 
John St. Leger, already mentioned, wa« father-in-law of 
the famous Sir Richard Grenville ; Peter Edgcumbe was 
an ancestor of the Mount Edgcumbe family ; Edward 
Seymour was a grandson of the Protector Somerset ; and 
William Strode was the father of the intractable parlia- 
mentarian whom Charles I. could not overawe. One 
name remains to complete the list, the most famous of 
them all, Walter Ralegh. 

The most conspicuous activities of the members of the 
earlier group, outside Devon itself, were displayed in the 
Reformation struggles and the French wars ; those of the 
later group are notable chiefly in the contest with Spain 
and the pacification of Ireland. 

With the exception of Ralegh none of the members, so 
far as can be ascertained, took part in the naval warfare of 
the Armada days, but several, Sir William Courtenay the 
younger, Sir Thomas Denys the younger. Sir Arthur 
Bassett, and Sir George Gary, were active in connection 
with the land forces. 

The main facts of Ralegh's career are outside the scope 
of a paper like this, and it will be almost sufficient for our 



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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PAMJAMBNT. 36J 

present purpose to refer to his work in parliament. He 
was member for Devon when the Bond of Association, to 
secure the personal safety of Queen Elizabeth, was con- 
verted into an Act of Parliament. He sat in subsequent 
parliaments for Dorset, for Cornwall, and for the absurd 
little borough of Mitchell. While sitting for Cornwall in 
1601, he had the disagreeable experience of listening to 
speeches directed against the holders pi monopolies, of 
whom he was known to be one, and it is stated by Towns- 
hend (Historical Collections, p. 232) that during the 
debate he was observed to blush ; a few minutes later he 
interposed with a fiery harangue, in which he defended the 
tin monopoly. Speaking as lord warden of the Stannaries, 
he explained that since the granting of his patent the 
wages of the tinners had been increased from two shillings 
to four shillings a week, and that the wages were indepen- 
dent of the amoimt of tin raised. When he concluded his 
speech, so we are told, a great silence fell upon the House. 

Ralegh was a frequent, but not a popular, speaker. He 
was generally in opposition to moral improvement legisla- 
tion, and not always happy in the matter or occasion of 
his objections. Himself a wine monopolist, he opposed a 
Bill for the Reform of Abuses in Inns and Taverns. He 
treated with ridicule a stringent measure to enforce church- 
going. He once incurred the displeasure of the House for 
attempting to speak whUe a vote was being taken, and on 
another occasion was sharply taken to task for a candid 
avowal that he often put pressure on fellow-members to 
compel them to vote on his side. At this distance of time 
his frank audacity often impresses one more favourably 
than the unctuous rectitude of certain of his colleagues. 

The last topic touched upon in connection with our 
Tudor members will be the parts which some of them 
played in Irish aflFairs. Sir Peter Carew, always something 
of a swashbuckler, set up in 1568 a claim to certain Irish 
estates, and in prosecuting it he carried on a civil war with 
the powerful Butler family. He closed his turbulent 
career in Ireland seven years later. 

Sir Walter Ralegh held a command in the capture of 
Smerwick fort from the Spanish and Italian invaders, and 
in the subsequent massacre of the surrendering garrison, 
an action which constitutes a grave blemish on his reputa- 
tion. It has been put forward in his defence that he acted 
under orders, but his critics — ^and these are not confined, 



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364 DEVON COUNTY MEMBilRS OF PARLIAMENT. 

as some apparently imply, to Catholic Irishmen — ^fail to 
find that he ever expressed dislike or disapproval of these 
orders, or felt any remorse for such a piece of savagery. 
A few years after he undertook the task of colonising a 
portion of Munster with English settlers. It is not alto- 
gether surprising that he takes a prominent place among 
the English notabilities whom Irish tradition holds id 
bitter remembrance. 

Sir William Courtenay the younger wa«, like Ralegh, 
an ** undertaker," who in return for a large grant of Irish 
land, promoted English colonisation thereon. Some years 
later Sir George Gary was employed in Ireland, of which 
he became treasurer in 1598, and Lord Justice in 1603. 
In the following year another Devon knight, Sir Arthur 
Chichester, second son of Sir John, became lord deputy, 
an office which he held for ten years, and during that 
period he directed the momentous achievement known as 
the '' Ulster Plantation." 

There is one rather remote district of Ireland which 
has some slight claim to be looked upon as a Devonshire 
colony. The barony of Innishowen in North Donegal was, 
on the confiscation of the lands held by the O'Doherty 
clan, granted to Sir Arthur himself, and he placed in it 
a number of Devon settlers. There is still to be found 
on the shores of Lough Foyle and Lough Swilly a con- 
siderable sprinkling of Devonshire names, though their 
owners have long since replaced the Devon dialect by 
the rugged blend of Scottish accent and Hibernian idiom 
which marks the speech of the north-western Irish. 

We have now exhausted the list of our twenty-four 
Tudor members. Four of them (Sir Peter Carew, Sir 
George Gary, Sir Thomas Denys I., and, of course. Sir 
Walter Ralegh) are found in the Dictionary of National 
Biography ; not a large number siu-ely, considering the 
distinguished position which Devonians occupied in the 
history of the sixteenth century. 

As in the three preceding parts, a Schedule of Members 
and Index of Names is appended. 

II. Schedule of Members. 

To prevent needless verbiage the following abbrevia- 
tion is used : — 

(s) = elected previously for Devon ; refer to first election. 



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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 365 

HENRY VII. 

(Seven parliaments, no returns extant.) 

HENRY VIII. 

(Nine parliaments, two returns extant, one doubtful). 

1529-1536. 

October, 1529. William Coiulieny (a). 

Thomas Denys (b). 

4th January, 1536. . George Carew (c) vice Courteney,. 

deceased. 

(a) Sir William Courtenay (c. 1480-1535) of Powderham,. 
third of the name ; elder son of Sir William II. (c. 1455- 
1512) ; served in the French war 1523 ; sheriff of Devon 
1526 and 1534 ; pensioned by Exeter city 1532 ; with 
Sir Thomas Denys, commissioner for Devon on Tenths 
and First-fruits 1532-1534 ; sumamed ** the Great." 

(b) Sir Thomas Denys (c. 1480-c. 1560) of Holcombe 
Bumel and Bicton, eldest son of Thomas ; custos rotu- 
lorum of Devon and sheriflF 1507, 1508, 1512, 1518, 1522, 
1527, 1531, 1550, and 1554 ; knighted 1513 ; recorder of 
Exeter 1514-1544 ; chancellor to Queen Anne of Cleves 
1540 ; received lands of Buckfast and St. Nicholas Priory, 
Exeter, 1541 ; arranged the defence of Exeter against the 
projected rising of Sir Peter Carew 1654 ; life in D.N.B. 
[q.v.]. 

(c) Sir George Carew (c. 1510-1545), eldest son of Sir 
William and Jane, sister of Sir William Courtenay, M.P. 
1529 [q.v.] ; sheriff 1536 and 1642 ; appointed naval 
commander against the French 1545 ; drowned in the 
Mary Rose outside Portsmouth Harbour. 

1542-1544. 

January, 1542. Richard [Polle ?] (a). 

(Name missing.) 

(a) Probably Sir Richard Pollard (c. 1500-c. 1544) of 
Ford in Thomcombe, second son of Sir Lewis Pollard of 
Kingsnympton, judge of common pleas ; sheriff 1537 ; 
commissioner for monasteries 1539 ; received the estate of 
Ford Abbey ; knighted 1542 ; Surveyor-General 1543 ; 
dead before 1646 (Acts P.C, 6 June, 1546). 



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366 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OP PARLIAMENT. 

1545-1547. 

20th January, 1546. George Carew (s). 
Gawin Carew (a). 

There is no record of a by-election to fill the vacancy 
caused by the drowning of George Carew, 20th July, 1645. 

(a) Sir Gawen Carew (c. 1606-1583) of Wood in Kentis- 
beare, fourth son of Sir Edmund (1465-1513), and uncle of 
Sir George ; admonished before the council for " eating 
off flesshe during the Lent,'' 1643 (Acts P.C., 20 April) ; 
commissioner for the survey of chantries in Devon, Corn- 
wall, and Exeter 1646 ; sheriff 1648 ; helped to suppress 
the Prayer Book Rebellion 1549 ; implicated in the 
Spanish Marriage Rebellion 1564, and was imprisoned but 
released. 

EDWARD VI. 

(Two parliaments, one return extant, one doubtful.) 

1647-1662. 

October, 1547. John Prideaux (?). 

(Name missing.) 
This return, with the query attached, is given only by 
Browne Willis. See under March, 1664. 

1563. 

February, 1553. Peter Carew (a). 

John Fulford (b). 

(a) Sir Peter Carew (1512-1576) of Mohuns Ottery, 
third son of Sir William and younger brother of George, 
M.P. 1536 [q.v.] ; in the service of Philibert, prince of 
Orange, 1525-1530 ; served in the French war 1544 ; 
M.P. for Tavistock 1545 ; knighted 1646 ; sheriff 1546 and 
1547 ; took a prominent and unpopular part against the 
Prayer Book Rebellion 1549 ; unsuccessfully attempted to 
gain support in Devon for Spanish Marriage Rebellion 
1554 ; arrested in Antwerp, and imprisoned in the Tower 
1556 ; M.P. for Exeter 1566 ; carried on civil war with the 
Butlers in Ireland 1568 ; constable of the Tower 1572 ; 
life in D.N.B. [q.v.]. 

(b) Sir John Fulford (c. 1524-1580) of Fulford in Duns- 
ford, son of Sir John (1503-1544), sheriff in 1534 and 1540, 
who obtained the manor of Dunsford after the Dissolu- 
tion ; knighted 1554 ; sheriff in 1557 and 1576 ; built 
Fulford House ; married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas 
Denys. 



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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 367 

MARY. 
(Five parliaments, five returns extant.) 

1553. 

September, 1553. Peter Carew (s). 

Thomas Dennys (s). 
This parliament reversed the ecclesiastical legislation of 
the two which preceded it. 

1554. 

March, 1554. John Chichester (a). 

John Prideaux (b). 

(a) Sir John Chichester (1521-1569) of Ralegh, son of 
Edward and Elizabeth, daughter of John, Earl of Bath ; 
employed in the French war 1544 ; sheriff in 1551 and 
1578 ; married Gertrude, daughter of George Comtenay 
(c. 1505-c. 1532), son of Sir William the Great, and had 
five sons, of whom the eldest (Sir John) died in 1586 of 
gaol fever contracted at the Black Assizes, the second (Sir 
Arthur) became lord deputy of Ireland in 1604, and the 
other three were also concerned in Irish affairs. 

(b) John Prideaux (1519-1558) of Nutwell in Lymp- 
stone, son of Thomas of Ashburton ; sergeant-at-law ; 
purchased Nutwell from Lord Zouch. Another John 
Prideaux (1505-1577) of Orchardton in Modbury, son of 
another Thomas, was contemporary with him. 

1554. 

November, 1554. James Bassett (a). 

James Courteney (b). 

(a) James Bassett (1523-1558) of Umberleigh in Ather- 
ington, third son of Sir John, and grandson of Sir John 
(1462-1529), of Umberleigh ; M.P. for Taunton 1553, for 
Downton 1554 ; a privy councillor to Queen Mary. 

(b) James Courtenay (c. 1515-c. 1560) of Upcott in 
Cheriton Fitzpaine, son of Sir James, younger brother of 
Sir William the Great, and of Anne, daughter of Sir John 
Bassett (1462-1529) ; M.P. for Dartmouth 1555 ; sheriff 
of Devon 1555. 

1555. 

17th September, 1555. James Bassett (s). 
Robert Denys (a). 

(a) Sir Robert Denys (c. 1515-1592) of Bicton, son of 
Sir Thomas of Holcombe Bumell, M.P. 1529 [q.v.] ; sheriff 
1558 and 1568. 



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368 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 

1558. 

January, 1658. James Bassett (s). 

Greorge Kirkham (a). 

(a) George Kirkham (1524-1582) of Blagdon in Paign- 
ton, son of Thomas of Blagdon ; married Margaret, 
daughter of Sir Thomas Denys. 

ELIZABETH. 
(Ten parliaments, nine returns extant, one doubtful.) 

1559. 

January, 1559. John Prideaux (s). 

(Name missing.) 

This return is given by Browne Willis, but must be re- 
garded as incorrect if it refers to Prideaux of Nutwell, 
who died in September, 1558. It may, perhaps, refer to 
Prideaux of Orchardton. (See under 1554.) 

1563-1567. 

December, 1562. John Chichester (s). 

Gawin Carew (s). 
1571. 
March, 1571. John St. Leger (a). 

Peter Edgcombe (b). 

(a) Sir John St. Leger (c. 1520-c. 1595) of Annery in 
Monkleigh, son of Sir George, sheriff in 1530, and Anne 
Knyvett ; M.P. for Dartmouth 1555, for Arundel 1563, 
for Tregony 1584 ; sheriff 1561 ; his daughters married 
Sir Richard Grenville, Edmund Tremayne, and Tristram 
Arscott. 

(b) Peter Edgcumbe (1536-1607) of Mount Edgcumbe, 
son of Sir Richard (c. 1500-1562) and grandson of Sir Peter 
(1469-1539); M.P. for Totnes 1555; for Cornwall 1563, 
1572, 1586, 1588, and 1592 ; for Liskeard 1584 ; sheriff in 
1566. 

1572-1583. 

6th May, 1572. John Sentleger (s). 

Arthur Bassett (a). 

(a) Sir Arthur Bassett (c. 1527-1586) of Umberleigh in 
Atherington, son of John and Frances, daughter of Arthur, 
Viscount Lisle, natural son of Edward IV. ; nephew of 
James Bassett, M.P. 1554 [q.v.] ; M.P. for Barnstaple 
1563 ; sheriff in 1576 ; deputy-warden of the Stanneries ; 



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DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OP PARLIAMENT. 369 

married Eleanor, daughter of Sir John Chichester, M.P. 
1554 [q.v.] ; like his brother-in-law, Sir John Chichester, 
a victim of gaol fever at the Black Assizes 1586. (See 
Trans., XVI., p. 601.) 

1584-1685. 

November, 1584. William Courtney (a). 

Walter Rawleighe (b). 

(a) Sir William Courtenay (1553-1630) of Powderham, 
son of Sir William (1529-1557) ; grandson of George 
(c. 1505-c. 1532), and great-grandson of Sir William the 
Great, M.P. 1529 [q.v.]; sheriff in 1580; an "undertaker" 
in Ireland 1585. 

(b) Sir Walter Ralegh (c. 1552-1618) of Sherborne, son 
of Walter of Hayes in East Budleigh ; lord warden of the 
Stanneries 1584; M.P. for Mitchell 1592, for Dorset 
1597, and for Cornwall 1601 ; executed in Old Palace 
Yard, Westminster, 1618. For other particulars of his 
life see D.N.B. and papers by the late Dr. Brushfield in 
D.A. Trans. 

1586-1587. 

October, 1586. Walter Raleigh (s). 

John Chudleigh (a). 

(a) John Chudleigh (1564-1589) of Ashton, son of 
Christopher, and father of Sir George (c. 1585-1657), the 
parliamentary general [see D.N.B. ] ; supposed to have 
perished in the Straits of Magellan while attempting to 
sail round the world. (See Trans., XXXI., p. 196.) 

158g-1589. 

29th October, 1588. William Courtney (s). 
George Carye (a). 

(a) Sir George Cary (c. 1540-1617) of Cockington, son 
of Thomas and Mary, daughter of John Southcot of Bovey 
Tracy ; M.P. for Dartmouth 1586 ; knighted 1597 ; 
treasurer at war in Ireland 1598 ; lord justice 1603. See 
D.N.B. 

1593. 

February, 1593. Thomas Dennys (a). 

Edward Seymor (b). 

(a) Sir Thomas Denys (1560-1621) of Bicton, eldest son 
of Sir Robert ; knighted in Holland 1586 ; sheriflf in 1595 ; 

VOL. XLvn. 2 A 



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370 DEVON COUNTY MEMBERS OF PARTJAMENT. 

from his daughter Anne, married to Sir Henry Rolle, were 
descended the Bolles of Stevenstone. 

(b) Sir Edward Seymour (c. 166&-1613) of Berry 
Pomeroy, son of Lord Edward and grandson of Edward, 
Duke of Sctoaerset and lord protector 1647 ; sheriff in 
1596; created baronet 1611. 

1597-1698. 

18th October, 1697. WilUam Strode (a). 

Amias Bampfeilde (b). 

(a) Sir William Strode (1562-1637) of Newnham in 
Plympton St. Mary, son of Richard ; sheriff in 1594 ; 
krdght 1597 ; an executor of Sir Francis Drake's will ; 
M.P. for Plympton 1601 and fpur times subsequently; for 
Plymouth 1614 ; married Mary, daughter of Thomas 
Southcot of Bovey Tracy ; his second son was one of the 
** five members." 

(b) Sir Amias Bampfylde (1659-1626) of Poltimore, 
second son of Richard (sheriff in 1677) and Elizabeth, 
daughter of Sir John Sydenham of Brjrmton in Somerset ; 
elected also to this parliament for Minehead, but preferred 
Devon ; sheriff in 1604 ; his son married a niece of Sir 
Francis Drake. 

1601. 

13th October, 1601. William Courtney (s). 
Edward Seamour (s). 

Summary : — 33 parliaments, 21 returns for Devon (of 
which 3 are doubtful and 1 is a by-election), 38 names, and 
about 24 separate individuals. 

III. Index of Names. 

The number of times elected for Devon is prefixed to 
each name, and the date of the first election is appended. 

(1) Bampfylde, Sir Amias, of Poltimore (1697). 

(1) Bassett, Sir Arthur, of Atherington (1572). 
(3) Bassett, James, of Atherington (1664). 

(2) Carew, Sir Gawen, of Kentisbeare (1546). 
(2) Carew, Sir George, of Mohuns Ottery (1536). 
(2) Carew, Sir Peter, of Mohuns Ottery (1563). 

(1) Cary, Sir George, of Cockington (1536). 

(2) Chichester, Sir John, of Ralegh (1554). 
(1) Chudleigh, John, of Ashton (1586). 



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DEVON COUNTY BfBMBBRS OF PABUAMBNT. 371 

(1) Courtenay, James, of Cheriton Fitzpaine (1664). 
(1) Courtenay, Sir William I., of Powderham (1629). 
(3) Courtenay, Sir William II., of Powderham (1584). 

(1) Denys, Sir Robert, of Bicton (1556). 

(2) Denys, Sir Thomas I., of Holcombe Bumell (1629). 
(1) Denys, Sir Thomas 11., of Bicton (1693). 

(1) Edgcxtmbe, Peter, of Mount Edgcumbe (1571). 
(1) Fulford, Sir John, of Dunsford (1663). 
(1) Kirkham, George, of Paignton (1558). 

(1) PoUard, Sir Richard, of Thomcombe (1642). 
(3?)Prideaux, John, of Lympstone (T Modbury) (1547 ?). 

(2) Ralegh, Sir Walter, of Sherborne (1584). 

(2) St. Leger, Sir John, of Monkleigh (1571). 

(3) Seymour, Sir Edward, of Berry Pomeroy (1593). 
(2) Strode, Sir William, of Plympton St. Mary (1597). 

Of the twenty-four members in this list two (Seymour 
and Strode) achieved one election each in the parliaments 
of James I. Adding these two to the thirty-eight returns 
in the Schedule, we get the total of the numbers in the 
brackets, forty. 

rV. Addenda. 

Note A. — Leading men of Devon, 1544. The following list is 
preserved among the State Papers in the Record Office (1543-1544, 
No. 622) : — " 12th Feb. 1544. Commission of peace — Devon. 
Audeley, Norfolk, Suffolk, Henry Marquis of Dorset, Russell, 
John Earl of Bath, John Bishop of Exeter, John Lord Zouche, 
Sir Thomas Wylloughby, Sir Humphrey Brouhe, Sir Thomas 
Dennys, Sir Hvigh Pawlett, Sir Richard Grynfyld, Sir Hugh 
Pollard, Sir John Fulforde, Sir Philip Champemon, Sir John 
Arundell, Sir Richard Egecombe, Sir Jc^ Pawlett, Lewis Fortes- 
cue, b£u*on of the Exchequer, John Rowe €uid John Harrys, ser- 
gecmts-at-law, Bartholomew Fortescue, Richard Hales, Wymond 
Carewe, Hvigh Stewkley, Henry Fortescue, Richard Ciiidley, 
Henry Beamond, Robert Chidley, Greorge Roles, John Polku-d, 
Humphrey Prydyaux, John Grynfeld, John Amadas, Robert 
Brytt, John Whyddon, Antony Harvy, Roger Bleuett, John 
Drake, jun., Richard Turbervyle, John B€u*nehows, John Hull, 
Alexander Woode, Thomas Stewkley, Antony Bery, John Ryge- 
way, John Pasmer, John Charles, Robert Dulyn, Williewn Rowpe, 
Henry Wallron, Hugh Yoe, Thomas Tremayne " (8 peers, 11 
knights, 3 legal luminaries, 32 esquires, in all 54). Similar lists 
for 1592, 1614, 1647, €uid 1653 have already been given in these 
Tmnsactions (A. H. A. Hamilton, Trans,, VIU. 517, IX. 404, and 
X. 309). 



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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 
SECOND SERIES. 

BY J. J. ALEXANDER, M.A., J.P. 

(Read at Exeter, 22nd July, 1915.) 



V. A Tavistock Chronology. 

The following table of Tavistock events was prepared for 
the 1914 meeting. In deference to a request that it should 
be preserved in pennanent form it is reproduced here 
with a few additions and corrections. 

It will be noticed that the record stops short at the year 
1866. Occurrences within the la«t fifty years might, if 
given, be exhibited without due regard to perspective, and 
with a certain amount of personal bias. They have been 
therefore omitted. 

A few remarks on the authorities for the dates will be 
of interest. 

The first date suggested, that of circa 800 for St. Rumon, 
is very doubtful. It has some support from Rev. J. F. 
Chanter (Trans,, XLII., p. 602), but other writers locate 
Rumon early in the seventh century. 

The next three dates relate to Egbert, to whom local 
tradition has commonly ascribed some strenuous fighting 
in the Tavistock district, near the town itself as well as on 
Kingston Down. It will therefore not be out of place to 
consider the meaning and extent of Egbert's western 
campaigns, and some other considerations which help us 
in fixing their dates. 

Students of chronology are well aware that at least 
three sets of dates are given in histories for the years 
between 730 and 860. These are : (1) the dates of the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Parker MS.), which are generally 
(but not always) supported by the other Chronicle MSS. 
and by Florence of Worcester, and may be called the 



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SOBiE NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 373 

Southern Chronology ; (2) the dates given by Symeon of 
Durham and other Northumbrian writers, which may be 
similarly called the Northern Chronology ; (3) a dight 
modification of (2) to accord with the soundest results of 
modem research, which we may call the Revised Chron- 
ology. 

The Southern Chronology has been largely followed by 
members of the Devonshire Association writing 6n Anglo- 
Saxon topics, but as the best recent standard histories 
have invariably adopted the Revised Chronology, there 
hardly seems to be any justification for clinging to dates 
which are demonstrably incorrect. To take one example : 
it is stated in the Winchester Chronicle (the Parker MS.) 
that Egbert succeeded in 800, reigned 37 years 7 months, 
and died in 836. These statements are manifestly in- 
consistent, and the Northumbrian writers, whose authority 
on these matters is at lectst as good, give 802-838 as 
Egbert's dates. A minute examination of the charters 
and of the contemporary writers of the period enables us 
to say that Egbert's accession may be placed in or shortly 
after January, 802, and his death about August, 839. 
He was undoubtedly alive in November, 838 (Birch C.S. 
419). The Winchester Chronicle dates for his reign may 
be taken as generally two years, and in a few cases three 
years, too early. 

'A Southampton Charter granted by him just after 
Christmas, 825 (Birch C.S. 393), contains the phrase " in 
the twenty-fourth year of Egbert's reign and the four- 
teenth year of his suzerainty (dv/Mtua) ." Thus a suzerainty 
was assumed about 812, and the only suzerainty he was 
capable of assuming at that date was that of Dumnonia 
(or West Wales, as it was then called). William of Malmes- 
bury, though we cannot always accept his statements in 
detail, states explicitly (Oesta Begum, Book II, Chapter I) 
that Egbert " first manifested his power against those 
Britons who inhabited that part of the island which is 
called Cornwall." He may have been encouraged to take 
this step by the success of his old mentor, Charlemagne, 
against the Britons of Armorica, a few years earlier. 
According to other historians the claim to suzerainty, 
which seems to have met with resistance, was made 
effective in Egbert's fourteenth year (815). Under date 
813 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (which is as usual a year 
or two too early) states that he " harried in West Wales 



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374 SOMJB NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTOBT. 

from eastward to westward." West Wales at this tkne 
may be taken to mean Cornwall ; a century later the 
same term is applied to the Demetian kingdom south of 
Cardigan Bay. Florence of Worcester in writing of the 
same event does not put it so strongly ; he states that 
Egbert ** ravaged the Western Britons on their eastern 
frontier." It is a moot point whether Devon was or was 
not entirely in Saxon hands before Egbert's time. North 
Cornwall, the Triconshire district, almost certainly was, 
and so was all Devon except the South-west. What 
Egbert seems to have achieved in this campaign in 81^ 
815 was: (1) the undisputed possession of Devon and 
North Cornwall ; (2) the addition of South-east Cornwall 
(Wellshire), now known as East and West ; and (3) the 
suzerainty of the remainder. Tavistock as a border 
district between South-west Devon and South-east Corn- 
wall may have seen a great deal of the fighting. 
• Here one might pause to inquire why some of the old 
Cornish divisions are called shires, as Triconshire, Well- 
shire, and Pydarshire ; and what significance is to be 
attached to the note in Symeon of Durham (Ed. Hinde I. 
221), which throws some light on the use of the word 
"shire":— 

" Anglia habet XXXII sciras extra Cumberland et Come- 
walas. In Comewalas sunt sex parvae scirae. Scotland, 
Bretland, Wict excipiuntur. Sunt hae scirae divisae per tres 
leges, Westsexenlaga, Denelaga, Merchenlaga. Westsexenlaga 
habet IX sciras : Sudsexa, Suderrei, Kent Berrocscire, Wilte- 
scire, Sudhamptescire^ Sumersetscire, Dorsetscire, Devena- 
scire," etc. 

Egbert's second campaign can be assigned with reason- 
able certainty to August, 826 ; the writers who adopt 
822 or 823 are clearly contradicted by two charters of 
date 19 August, 826 (Birch, 389-390), " scriptum quando 
Ecgbertus rex exercitum Gewissorum movet contra 
Brittones ubi dicitur Creodantreow." It is not known 
with certainty where Gafulford was, but the expedition 
seems to have marched westward from Crediton, probably 
crossing the Tamar a few miles north of Tavistock. Thia 
campaign was necessarily brief, as Mercia was pressing 
WBssex on the northern border. 

The third campaign in 837 or 838 (here again the date 
is often wrongly given as 836) completed the conquest of 
Cornwall, and was probably followed almost immediately 



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SOBiE NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 375 

by the submission of the Cornish Bishop Kenstec to 
Ceohioth of Canterbury. The Battle of Kingston Down, 
Egbert's last great victory, certainly brought Tavistock 
within the area of active warfare. 

Tavistock then may claim to be associated with the 
principal events in the Saxon Conquest of Cornwall, and 
may have acquired its present name during, and through 
its military importance in, that conquest. It should be 
remarked here that very little credence can be given to 
the statements based on the speculations of sixteenth- 
century writers, attributing the conquest of Western 
Devon and Cornwall to Athelstan. We know that in 
Devon and Cornwall local tradition has been busy with 
Athelstan's name. Visitors to Umberleigh have been in- 
formed that Athelstan had a palace there which he 
bequeathed to John of Gaunt ! All writers of repute 
previous to 1200 who refer to the conquest of Cornwall 
invariably mention Egbert in connection with it, and the 
only definite statement we get about Athelstan is that in 
931 he gave Cornwall a separate bishopric (Crawford 
Charters VII). 

The next group of Tavistock dates relate to the early 
history of the Abbey. It is probable that this was founded 
later than 961, the traditional year, and before 975, the 
conclusion of Edgar's reign. Ramsey Abbey was founded 
in 968, the mean between these two, and the Tavistock 
foundation may have been about the same time. The 
suggestion that its object was to pray for the souls of 
those slain in battles with the Britons of Cornwall is 
hardly tenable, for there is no evidence of any fighting in 
this region after the time of Alfred. This is another out- 
growth of what may be termed the ** Athelstan myth," 
so dear to the antiquaries of the past four centuries. 

Ordulph, who completed the monastery in 981, does 
not seem to have held, as it is often thought, the position 
of Alderman. In 997, the year when the Danes destroyed 
the first Abbey, Ethelwerd was Alderman. Yet in 1006 
the name of Ordulph appears as witness to a charter 
(Crawford Collection, ed. Napier and Stevenson). His 
survival to this date is consistent with the statement that 
he lived to a very great age, for his sister. Queen Elfthryth, 
who died about 1000, was then less than sixty years old. 
Ordulph may have had some share in the restoration of 
the Abbey after the Danish raid. 



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376 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 

The next date of importance is that of Henry I.'s 
Charter, which constituted a separate Hundred of Tavis- 
tock, and confirmed the status of Tavistock as a market 
town. There are four clues to this date in the subscrip- 
tion : " Done at Odyham, and witnessed by Ralph, 
archbishop of Canterbury, by William, the king's son, 
and by Robert, Count of Mellent." Strangely enough, 
two of these clues have been overlooked by Oliver and 
other writers. They point out that Ralph d'Escures 
became Archbishop of Canterbury in April, 1114, and 
that Prince William was drowned in November, 1120. 
They failed to notice that Robert de Beaumont, Count 
of Mellent (Meulan) died in June, 1118, which narrows 
the limits to four years. Studying the King's movements 
as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, we find that 
he held a Council at Christmas, 1113, and no other during 
the following twelve months. From September, 1114, to 
July, 1115, he was absent in Normandy, exacting homage 
to Prince William as heir to the dukedom. Ftom just 
after Easter, 1116, to November, 1120, he was absent in 
France carrying on his second French war. Councils 
were held by him in England between July, 1115, and 
Easter, 1116, but the only reference to Odiham (a village 
seven miles east of Basingstoke, where there was a royal 
residence in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries) is as the 
meeting-place of the Council held at Easter, 1116, and in 
all probability the Tavistock Charter was granted on that 
occasion. 

The remainder of the chronology calls for no special 
comment. It may not be amiss here, when one is detect- 
ing motes in one's neighbours' eyes, to confess to two 
rather obvious errors which a perusal of last year's note 
on portreeves reveals. It is there stated that the office 
lapsed in 1895, and that an imsuccessful attempt was 
made in 1899 to get the town incorporated. These two 
dates should of course be 1885 and 1889. Such slips 
illustrate very well the danger of trusting to living memory, 
and the possibility that the most recent history is not 
always the most free from mistakes. 

C.800. St. Rumon Bishop of Dumnonia. 
C.815. Egbert's First Campaign. Saxon Conquest of South 
Devon and East Cornwall. 
825. Egbert's Second Campaign. Battle of Gafulford 
(? Galford). 



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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 377 

838. Egbert's Third Campaign. Battle of ffingston Down. 
964. Marriage of Edgar and Elfthryth. 
C.968. Tavistock Ben^etine Abbey founded (SS. Mary and 
Rumon). 
971. Death of Ordgar. Ordulph succeeded him. 
981. Etheked granted Charter to Tavistock Abbey. Aimer 

Abbot. 
997. Tavistock Abbey destroyed by the Danes. 
c.lOOO. Tavistock Abbey rebuilt. Lyfing Abbot. 
1016. The Atheling Edwin buried at Tavistock. 
1032. Aldred succeeded Lyfing. 
1046. Sithric succeeded Aldred. 
1068. Norman conquest of Devon. 

1116. Henry I. granted market charter to Tavistock. . Con- 
stitution of Tavistock Hundred. 
1184. Tavistock Parish Church (St. Eustachius) first con- 
firmed to the Abbey. 
1281. Market charter confirmed. Tavistock created a 

Stannary town. 
1286. Earliest dated vestry record. 
1296. Tavistock first elected members of parliament. 
1309. John de Camelford instituted as Vicar. 
1318. Tavistock Church rebuilt. 
1347. Market charter again confirmed. 
1386. Earliest Churchwarden's account preserved. 
C.1460. Tavistock Church enlarged (Clothworkers' aisle). 
1467. Tavistock cloth manufacture protected by statute. 
1471. First recorded mayor of Tavistock. 

1613. Abbot of Tavistock created Baron Hurdwick. 
1626. Printing press in Tavistock (the ninth in England). 

1639. Tavistock Abbey dissolved. 

1640. Act for rebuilding decayed houses at Tavistock. 
C.1642. Francis Drake bom at Crowndale. 

Do. John Glanville (the judge) bom. 
1646 (or 9). Drake's family fled to Kent. 
1650. Lord Russell created Earl of Bedford. 
1662. Earl of Bedford endowed Grammar School. 
1686. John Glanville (the sergeant) bom. 

1690. William Browne (the poet) bom. 

1691. Assizes held at Tavistock. 
1696. Francis Drake died at sea. 
1698. John Glanville made a judge. 
1600. John Glanville died. 

1602. Oliver Maynard endowed a charity. 
C.1603. John Maynard (the sergeant) bom. 

1614. Tavistock Parish Register begins. 

1624. John Pjrm first elected member for Tavistock. 
1626. Plague at Tavistock. 



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378 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCaB: HISTORY. 

1642. Beginning of Civil War. Tavistock held for the 
Parliament. 

643. John Pym died. 

644. Earl of Essex besieged Fitzford. Charles I. visited 
Tavistock. 

645. Prince Charles (Charles II.) stayed in Pjrm Street, 
Tavistock. 

648. Thomas Larkham appointed Vicar. 

649. Sergeant Glanville endowed an exhibition. 

660. Restoration. Lord William Russell first elected 
member for Tavistock. 

661. Larkham ejected. Beginning of Nonconformity in 
Tavistock. 

669. Thomas Larkham died. 

671. Lady Howard died. 

675. Nicholas Watts endowed charities. 

677. Sir William Com^tenay endowed a charity. 

682. Tavistock incorporated by charter. 

683. Lord Russell beheaded. 
688. Charter of Incorporation revoked. 
694. Earl of Bedford created a Duke. 
702. Society of Friends founded in Tavistock. 
752. Duke of Bedford re-endowed Grammar School. 

761. Portreeve created a magistrate. Maces presented. 

762. Abbey Bridge built. 

763. Ford Street Charity established by Act. 
772. Widening of road to Moreton sanctioned by Act. 
789. Church Sunday School founded. 
794. Congregational Church founded in Tavistock. 
799. Tavistock Library founded. 
803. Tavistock Canal Act. 

813. Lord John Russell first elected member for Tavistock. 

817. Tavistock Canal completed. 

831. Tavistock first lit by gas. 

832. Borough enlarged to include nearly aU the ancient 
parish. 

835. Tavistock Com Market erected. 

837. Grammar School reopened in Russell Street. 

845. Bannawell waterworks constructed. 

846. Dolvin Road Schools opened. 
848. Tavistock Guildhall rebuilt. 

856. New British Schools opened in Pljrmouth Road. 

857. Tavistock Gazette first published. 
859. Tavistock Market Act. 

Do. Great Western Railway opened here. 
862. New Markets completed. 

864. To\^Ti Hall opened. 

865. Kil worthy watem^orks constructed. 



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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 379 

VI. An Old Vbstby Book. 

It is a curious characteristic of English public life that 
efficiency in national administration and efficiency in 
local administration are seldom found together at any 
period in our history. They can be almost regarded as 
complementary functions of our civic aptitude, if one may 
use a mathematical term. Thus during the Restoration 
period, when our national prestige was at its lowest, and 
the highest offices of state were for the most part held by 
corrupt and incapable adventurers, a creditable amount 
of energy and capacity seems to have shown in the manage- 
ment of local affairs. Conversely in the middle of the 
eighteenth century, when the nation was strong and 
prosperous, interest in local government seems to have 
dwindled. 

An old churchwardens' book, in a fair state of preserva- 
tion, kept among the Tavistock vestry records, and 
described in Worth's Calendar (pp. 51-64), contains many 
interesting facts about the eighty years 1655-1734. Aa 
Tavistock was an incorporated town for only six years of 
that period, there is a very special interest in the dis- 
position, which many of the entries reveal, on the part of 
leading inhabitants towards some form of municipal 
organisation. 

The parish of Tavistock at that time comprised (a) the 
borough ; (6) the eastern rural portion ; and (c) the 
western rural portion, probably with the little river 
Lumbum as a dividing line. There was a duality of 
control in the parish. 

The Vestry, with the Vicar at its head, appointed 
churchwardens, overseers, collectors, masters, surveyors 
of highways, and wardens of parish lands. They managed 
the affairs of the church, the almshouses, the charities, 
the poor law, and the highways. 

The Manor Court for the town, with the Bedford Office 
Steward at its head, appointed a portreeve, constables, 
clerks of markets, bread weighers, searchers and sealers, 
ale tasters, and pig drivers. The rural portions were 
similarly, though less elaborately, officered by the Manor 
Court of Hurdwick, the old name given to the greater 
part of rural Tavistock. These manor officials had the 
supervision of market and sanitary matters, and some 
petty magisterial duties. 



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380 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 

This dual form of government perhaps impresses us as 
having been clumsy and needlessly complicated, but have 
we not still Boards of Guardians working alongside of, 
and often at cross purposes with, County and District 
Councils ? 

It is not intended to repeat the extracts given by 
Worth. He has obtained from the entries an almost 
complete list of the churchwardens during the eighty 
years. He has not, however, foimd space for the other 
oflScials, of whom the overseers and collectors are given 
for most years, the highway supervisors, the masters, and 
the wardens of lands for only a few occasions. 

Parish overseers were first instituted by an Act of 
Elizabeth in 1601 to relieve cases of distressing poverty 
(a duty since 1834 performed by Boards of Guardians), 
and to levy parish rates for that purpose. A speaker at a 
recent Devonshire parish meeting, where the question of 
rates was being warmly discussed, pointed out that 1601 
was also the time when Shakespeare first began to write 
the gloomiest of his tragedies ! 

The collectors do not seem to have had a statutory 
origin, but were apparently appointed, as their name 
implies, to assist the overseers with the less blessed portion 
of their functions. They were usually three in number, 
one for the town, one for the eastern rural division, and 
one for the western rural division, and an entirely new set 
of persons was chosen each year. In 1727 they ceased to 
have a separate existence, and their office was merged in 
that of the overseers. 

During most of the seventy-two years when the over- 
seers and collectors existed separately, a curious relation 
appears to have existed between the holders of the two 
offices. With some slight modifications between the years 
1683 and 1688, when, as is now known, Tavistock pos- 
sessed a mayor and corporation, the overseers consisted 
of either four or five persons, made up as follows : (a), (6), 
and (c) the three retiring collectors ; (d) a person named 
first on the vestry return, who thus appears to have been 
their senior or president, and who, in every case where a 
current list of masters is available for comparison, appears 
to have been one of the masters or ** eight men " of the 
borough ; and, except between 1676 and 1720, (e) another 
person from the town, not always a master, whose name 
stands either second or fifth on the list. 



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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 381 

No inference can be drawn from the overseer (e), whose 
appointment seems to have followed no definite rule, 
except that he was added at the annual vestry meeting ; 
but the appointments of (a), (6), and (c) seem to have 
been automatic, except when a collector died or resigned 
during his year of office, and the appointment of (d) was 
probably made by the masters themselves from their 
number and notified at the vestry meeting. It is a fair 
inference to assume that (d) was, in the undetermined as 
well as in the determined cases, a master or ** eighth 
man." 

Omitting the six years 1683-1688, which are exceptional, 
and the year 1690, the returns of which are missing, we 
have between 1656 and 1726 a list of sixty-four senior 
overseers, most of whom certainly, and all of whom 
presumably, were masters of the town. Such a list enables 
us to construct fairly well the names of the masters or 
" eight men '* of any required year within the period 
which the old book covers. 

We should like to know more about the progress of 
local affairs during the six years of incorporation 1682- 
1688. Unfortunately our churchwardens' records do not 
help us much. The churchwardens' account for 1684- 
1686, given on pp. 4^49 of Worth's Calendar, is not a 
Tavistock accoimt at all, but clearly refers to some other 
parish ; none of the names mentioned therein are those 
of contemporary Tavistock people. The only really 
interesting personal touch among the records of this period 
is a petition against the Vicar, Jasper Cann {Calendar, pp. 
115-117), charging him with various abuses of his office. 
It appears from this that the masters and officers claimed 
to choose both the churchwardens, and that they ap- 
pointed Andrew Doidge for the town and John Row for 
the rural parish ; Cann took it upon himself to set aside 
their decision, and obtruded one William Gaunter, whom 
he swore in as a warden. As the town was incorporated 
less than three months after, and Gaunter was one of 
the Aldermen named in the Gharter, it would appear that 
the petitioners were supporters of the Earl of Bedford, 
and that Gann's friends belonged to the Tory opposition 
who procured the Gharter. Next year (1683) there was 
again a contest, Ambrose Manaton and William Doidge 
being chosen by the masters and parish ; but Matthew 
Gudlipp, also an Alderman, seems to have been obtruded, 



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382 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTOEY. 

and to have acted instead of Doidge. In 1684 it is recorded 
that Dawbeny Williams and William Doidge were chosen 
and that ** Edward Ward stood." He was one of the 
" Assistants " or ** Common Councillors " named in the 
Charter. Clearly there were two factions at least in the 
place, the Bedford faction being more powerful at the 
Vestry meetings, and the Corporation faction having the 
support of the Court, which was probably used to quash 
the proceedings against Cann, for he remained Vicar till 
his death in 1690. Caunter was Mayor in 1684, and 
Cudlipp in 1686. 

The comparisons of collectors and overseers during 
those years show that at the 1682 vestry (held before the 
incorporation) four overseers and three collectors were 
chosen as in the years preceding ; in 1683 three overseers 
(James Leare, a master, and two of the three ex-collectors ; 
the third ex-coUector may have died or retired) and only 
two collectors ; in 1684 two overseers (the two collectors 
of 1683) and two new collectors ; in 1686 two overseers 
(the two collectors of 1684) and two new collectors (both 
from the rural portion) ; in 1686 four overseers (the two 
collectors of 1686 and two additional persons from the 
town, not masters), and three collectors (one from the 
town) ; in 1687 three overseers (the 1686 collectors) and 
three new collectors (one from the town). The 1688 and 
1690 lists are missing, but in 1689 there were five over- 
seers (two of them masters) and in 1691 four overseers 
(one a master), so that we can presume the three collectors 
for each of the two missing years 1688 and 1690. 

The senior overseers were then men of high importance 
in the town, and for the period 1666-1726 a list of them is 
certainly of more value as a guide to the leading inhabitants 
than a list of the portreeves within the same period. For 
the latter were not the free choice of the chief residents, 
but were selected because of their being acceptable to the 
Bedford Office. Some of them, such as Thomas Harvey, 
portreeve in 1710, and Arthur Lumley, portreeve in 1721, 
are not known to have held any other public office, whereas 
all the senior overseers are frequently foimd among the 
lists of feoffees, churchwardens, and other local officials. 
As their names have not been previously published it 
seems advisable in the interests of local history to give 
them here. The name of James Leare is added for 1683, 
as he was then a person of importance (Calendar, p. 105, 



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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 



383 



line 11) ; and the seniors of the consolidated body between 
1727 and 1734 are also given* 



1666. John Gerry. 

1657. John Jacob. 

1658. Micheus Willesford. 

1659. John Gerry. 

1660. Francis Toller. 

1661. John Jacob. 

1662. Walter Godbeare. 

1663. John Cudhpp. 

1664. Micheus Willesford. 

1665. John Leare. 

1666. Francis Toller. 

1667. John Gerry. 

1668. Micheus Willesford. 

1669. John Cudlipp. 

1670. Richard Spry. 

1671. WiUiam Saxfen. 

1672. David Sargent. 

1673. Micheus Willesford. 

1674. John Gerry. 

1675. John Cudlipp. 

1676. Richard Spry. 

1677. David Sargent. 

1678. Richard Doidge. 

1679. John ToDer. 

1680. John Cudlipp. 

1681. Richard Spry. 

1682. David Sargent. 

1683. James Leare. 



1689. Edward Payne. 

1690. (Name missing.) 

1691. John Rowe. 

1692. Nicholas Cudlipp. 

1693. David Sargent. 

1694. John ToUer. 

1695. James Leare. 

1696. Edward Payne. 



1697. John Rowe. 

1698. David Sargent. 

1699. John ToDer. 

1700. James Leare. 

1701. Henry Vesper. 

1702. William Spry. 

1703. Nicholas Cudlipp. 

1704. Nicholas Hunt. 

1705. John Cunningham. 

1706. David Sargent. 

1707. John Rowe. 

1708. James Leare. 

1709. WiUiam Spry. 

1710. Henry Vesper. 

1711. Nicholas Hunt. 

1712. John Edgcumbe. 

1713. William Condy. 

1714. John Cimningham. 

1715. John Rowe. 

1716. WiUiam Spry. 

1717. John Edgcumbe. 

1718. Wmiam Condy. 

1719. Hugh Pyne. 

1720. John Edgcumbe. 

1721. Francis Manaton. 

1722. John Rowe. 

1723. wmiam Spry. 

1724. John Edgcumbe. 

1725. WiUiam Condy, sen. 

1726. Hugh Pyne. 

1727. Stephen Maddaford. 

1728. WiUiam Spry, jun. 

1729. Arthur Cake. 

1730. John Rowe, sen. 

1731. wmiam Spry. 

1732. wmiam Condy, jun. 

1733. wmiam Spry, jun. 

1734. John Herring. 



Most of the names given above are those of weU-known 
Tavistock families, some of which are stm found in the 
neighbourhood. Willesford, Gerry, Leare, and Edgcumbe 
are mentioned in Vivian's Visitations ; Pjnie and Herring 
were Bedford Office stewards ; Jacob was an officer of the 
Tavistock Stannary royalist troops in the Civil War, and 



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384 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 

tenant of Crowndale farm ; Manaton was the owner of 
Kilworthy ; Sargent and Richard Spry were tanners ; 
the Tollers and William Spry were mercers ; Godbeare 
and Cimningham were clothiers ; Rowe was a yamjobber, 
and Hunt a maltster. 

In her Tavistock book, Home Scenes (first edition, 1848), 
Miss Rachel Evans of Parkwood states that some of the 
leading Tavistock families are of German origin, their 
progenitors having been invited over as expert miners in 
the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; and she instances (among 
others) the names Cudlipp and Sleeman as being derived 
from the German surnames " Goitlieb " and '* Selieman." 
These derivations are very far-fetched ; the name Cudlyppe 
is mentioned in an Extent of the Manor of Morwell dated 
1st October, 1414, and the name Seleman is found in a 
well-known Tavistock deed dated 30th September, 1325. 
The admiration felt for Germany in early Victorian days 
is perhaps responsible for such a curious tradition. 

VII. The Eight Men. 

" Who were the Eight Men of Tavistock ? " was a 
question asked by a Charity Commissioner at an inquiry 
held in Tavistock in December, 1906. The answer given — 
" the Prehistoric Urban Council " — ^was perhaps more 
pithy than accurate. 

There is a reference to them in the Survey and Valua- 
tion taken by Humphrey Smith, the estate surveyor, for 
the Bedford Office in June, 1726, probably on the occasion 
of the third Duke's marriage. The introductory page is 
as follows : — 

"Tavistock is a Burrough by prescription and of Great 
Antiquity. It consists of a Portreeve and abo*. 110 free- 
holders living within the said Burrough, His Grace the Duke 
of Bedford being Lord of the said Borough. His Grace's 
Steward holds a Court Leet and Court Baron twice a year 
Viz^ Michaelmas and Lady Day. At the first Court the Jury 
presents Four persons out [of] which the Steward nominates 
One for Portreeve and Swears him in for that year. 

" The members of parliament are elected by the majority of 
the Freeholders and returned by the portreeve. 

*' Weekly markets Frydays very considerable. Five Fairs 
viz*. St. Mark's Fair 23rd Aprill and 2 days following. St. 
Andrew's Fair 28th Nov. and 3 days following. Michaelmas 
Fair the Eve and 2 Days following, St. John's Fair 29th Aug. 



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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. . 386 

the Eve and 2 Days following. Twelfth Fair 6th Jan.ry and 
the Day following. 

" Note. Three of the Fairs with the Markett and Tolls are 
granted to the Schoole for 200 years (Vide the preface to the 
Scite of the Abby) which Expires 1763 and is worth Comibz 
annis 22 £. 

" The other Fairs viz^ St. John's and Twelfth Faks with 
the Weights are still in the Lord's hands and worth abo*. 60 
pound. 

" This Borough is Governed by Eight Masters, the Duke of 
Bedford's Steward at the Head of them, there is [sic] Lands 
belonging to the same worth per annum 60 £ which these 
masters appropriate mostly to the Repairs of the Church, they 
have a Magistraticall power of committing offenders etc. 

" The Lord has a Goal [sic] in this Borough and two Sergeants 
at mace one of which is keeper of the prison and has a house 
to live in Rent Free and 6 £ a year Salary for attending the 
Sessions and assizes. 

*' There is also a Weekly Court of Record held every Tuesday 
at the Guildhall of the said Borough." 

The passages in the preface to The Scite of the Abbey, 
which was surveyed about the same time (2-21 June, 
1726), though not altogether relevant to the subject in 
hand, are of sufficient general interest to be quoted : — 

*' The Abby Church is demolished. It stood on the South 
side of the Parish Church and the Ground is now in the Church- 
yard saving that part where the Steeple or Tower stood [on] 
which William the first Duke of Bedford Built a house for the 
Schoolmaster to Live in. It contains two Rooms on a floor 
with a backhouse and a little Herb Garden, and is worth to be 
lett 8 lb. per annum. The Schoole Mar. enjoys the same Rent 
free and the Duke of Bedford keeps it in Repair. 

** Adjoining to the same within the Chiu-chyard is a School 
House belonging to the Town which John Earl of Bedford by 
his writing or Deed poll dated 20th May 6 Edward 6 granted 
for 200 years with the Tools and profits of three fairs in the 
year with a court of pypowder and a weekly market every 
Friday, since which the Town has built a Market House where 
the (>08S stood ; all which profits and liberties within the 
borough of Tavistock are for the use of the Schoolmaster and 
may be worth Comibz Annis 22 lb. which Lease expires Anno. 
Dom. 1753. 

"The Vicarage of Tavistock is appendant to the Manor 
endowed with a House & Garden worth 6 £ a year. And there 
is paid an ancient pension of 11 £ per annum — Mr. Nathaniel 
Beard Vicar aged 60. 

" The Duke of Bedford has the Impropriation of all tithes 

VOL. XLVII. 2 B 



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386 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 

great and small within the parish of Tavistock. A composition 
for the same has been usually taken one year with another and 
amounts to 318 £. 12s. 2d. out of which his Grace pays to the 
Vicar as a free gift 49 £. 

"Easter Offerings & Surplus fees may be worth to the 
Vicar Combiz Ann. ...... 14 

His House as above ..... 6 

Antcent pension 11 

Free Gift 49 

80." 

An extract from the Terrier of 1755 will complete this 
series of quotations : — 

*' N.B. May 20th 1662. John Earl of Bedford granted to 
Feoffees for Charitable Uses the said lower Market House and 
the Profits of 3 Fairs in the Year Vizt. St. Marks Michs. & St. 
Andrews which the said Feoffees applied to the Schoolmaster 
for teaching Poor Boys. But when the same fell in hand 
May 20th 1752 His Grace the present Duke of Bedford was 
pleased of his usual Benevolence to pay to the Schoolmaster 
yearly more than an equivalent for the Profits of the same, to 
be continued during his Grace's pleasure." 

.The foregoing extracts fix the years 1552-1752 (not 
1753) as the i)eriod during which the Grammar School 
was partly maintained by the Market revenues. It will 
be subsequently shown that the payment of this subsidy 
was at one time within the province of the Eight Men. 
Incidentally we learn facts about the position of the Abbey 
Chapel, the Vicar's income, and the existence of Maces in 
1726 (perhaps the old Corporation maces of 1682, and 
perhaps also the same maces which were presented to the 
portreeve in 1761, and are now the property of the Urban 
District Council). 

The late Mr. R. N. Worth {Trans., XXI. pp. 309-310) 
gives a brief account of the Eight Men, so far as he could 
glean it from the Tavistock vestry records. Most of this 
paper wall be confined to information from sources not 
indicated by him. 

The habit of describing a governing body or quasi- 
governing body of a non-chartered locality by a numerical 
term was not confined to Tavistock. Thus we hear of the 
" Twenty Men of Torrington," and, in a record dated 
24th December, 1705, of the " Six Masters of Cudliptown.''^ 

^ Of. also the '* douzainiers " of the Guernsey parishee, bodies of 
twelve men, whose functions resemble those of English District Councils. 



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90HB KOTSS OK TATISTOOK HISTOBT. 387 

All these bodies seem to have been anticipatory of the 
Local Govemm^mt Act of 1894. 

In medieval times it was the rule for every mnall town 
to have twelve representatives at the County court, and 
the twelve bui^esses of Tavistock mentioned in the 1370 
deed (Calendar, p. 109) may be an example (A this. Many 
lists of feoffees of property for religious uses are given in 
the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, but the number 
of feoffees is large, usually more than twenty, and the first 
occasion on which we find eight persons acting together is 
in 1540, the year after the Dissolution. Six of th^ eig^t 
are described as feoffees in a deed of 1533. 

The next reference is taken from the British Museum : — 

" 12 May 1652. Deed Poll whereby John Earl. of Bedford 
granted the profits of 3 several fairs & Courts of pypowder to 
be held yearly in the Borough of Tavistock ... * to William 
Pojmter, William Grills, Henry Wylley, John Glanfeilde the 
elder, John Badge, Walter Master, John Glubbe, John Comysh, 
A; others then habitants of my sd Towne of Tavystocke,' " etc. 

It would appear from this that the deed of 12th (not 
20th) May, 1552, placed certain revenues from the markets 
in the hands of these eight toiinismen for the use of the 
poor, and that they devoted the funds to educational 
purposes ; thus the actual decision to endow the Grammar 
School should be credited, not to the Earl, but to these 
townsmen. 

Now in a lease of 6th November, 1553, the same eight 
persons are described as the " eight men of Tavystoke," 
and here we have the first definite reference to that title, 
which during the following two hundred years occurs so 
frequently in Tavistock documents and then abruptly 
disappears. The same eight men's names are found on 
three other leases of 1553 and 1554 ; but on 2 July, 1552, 
eight men, not so-called, take a grant " for the sole use 
and profit of the Tavistock poor," and these eight include 
seven of the names just given, John Touker taking the 
place of Comysh. Touker's name stands first on the list, 
but no rea>son can be discovered why he replaces Comysh 
here, and is again replaced by the latter in all subsequent 
deeds. 

Three theories at once suggest themselves : were the 
** eight men " (^) * continuation of a medievcJ governing 
body, possibly one set up during the late fifteenth century. 



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388 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 

when we read of a ** mayor " ; or (6) called into being 
just after the Dissolution, as the 1540 deed might imply ; 
or (c) constituted by the market revenues grant of May, 
1562, and then entrusted with other powers ? The third 
theory is rendered plausible by the considerations that 
we hear nothing of them after 1748, and know for certain 
that they were non-existent in 1763, both of which facts 
are consistent in the light of this theory with the Duke's 
resumption of the market revenues in 1752. 

These " eight men " were, as we learn from the Calendar^ 
persons of importance in the town. Badge was the Earl's 
steward ; Wylley and Grills represented the parish at the 
Commission held in 1556 by the Bishop of Exeter and 
others, probably with reference to the restoration of 
Chiu'ch properties imder the Romanist regime of Queen 
Mary ; Comysh was concerned in the collection of the 
Schoolmaster's salary ; and John Glanfeilde, a local 
merchant, was the father of the eminent Judge Glanville. 

In 1585 the ** eight men " have their powers and duties 
defined as fallows : — 

" By gen'all assent & consent of the pishe of Tavistock to be 
Supvisors and dispensators to & for the behouf and use of the 
saide Churche & pishe of Tavistock & of the poore people of 
the same, and also of the lazar and poore people of the hospitall 
there, namelie for appointinge, doinge, usinge, dispensinge, 
and ordringe the yerelie Revenewes, pfitts, lands tenemts, 
goods, chattels, and other afifares that any waie touche belong 
or concern the said Chiu-che & pishe." 

They were in fact a sort of standing committee of the 
vestry, acting between its meetings, and joining with, or 
confirming the decisions of, the parish officials in various 
executive acts. In addition to those already given the 
following names occur as members or presumable members 
of this body before 1600 : William Nycoll, William 
Houghton, Thomas Lybbe, John Biu'gys, Edward Denys, 
Richard Drake, Charles Grills (a Bedford Office steward), 
Robert Moore, Roger Upcote, Nicholas GlanviUe, and 
Thomas Sowton ; perhaps also John Fitz, the grandfather 
of the notable Lady Mary Howard, and Thomas Mohun, 
another Bedford Office steward. 

Between 1600 and 1650 there is only one allusion to 
the " eight men " as such, but we find mentioned small 
groups of persons, eight or fewer in number, with duti^ 
resembling those just defined. The names include Sir 



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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 389 

Francis Glanville, William Kedley alias Poynter, Matthew 
Edgcombe, William Grills, junior, John Gove, John Cole, 
Walter Trowte, junior, John Gerry, Thomas Edgcombe, 
Richard Willesford, Francis Glanville, junior, John Moore, 
and John Maynard. The two Glanvilles were the judge's 
son and grandson, who in succession held Kilworthy. 

It is always possible in reading through the records to 
mistake some body of feoffees for the " eight men." 
Different sets of feoffees seem to have co-existed. It was 
the practice in those days for a parcel or group of charity 
lands to be separately vested in the same body for about 
thirty years, and at the end of that time the survivor or 
survivors (if any) would execute a revesting deed creating 
a new body of feoffees. By this slipshod method no doubt 
some charity proi)erty was lost to the parish ; but the 
existence of a body like the ** eight men," the current 
members of which were usually included among the new 
appointments, tended to preserve the continuity of these 
trusts. A considerable number of revesting deeds were 
made in 1646 ; again in 1683, when Sir John Majniard, 
the octogenarian Sergeant, was the sole survivor of the 
1646 feoffees ; and again in 1712, 1738, and 1751. An 
account of these feoffments will be found in the preamble 
to the Private Act of 1762,^ which merged all the various 
trusts into the present Ford Street Charity. 

The ** eight men " had apparently a continuous existence 
during the seventeenth century, for we find that in 1649 
Sir John Glanville, son of the judge and Speaker of the 
Short Parliament of 1640, made a deed of gift of certain 
lands at Brentor to found a University exhibition for 
Tavistock youths, vesting the endowment in eighteen 
trustees, ten relatives and friends of the Glanville family, 
and the *' eight magistrates of the borough of Tavistock, 
masters or governors," of whom Matthew Edgcombe was 
one. The others are not named in the abstract of the deed, 
but they probably included, by comparison with con- 
temporary lists, William Grills, John Gerry, John Gove, 
John Pointer, William Pointer, Walter Godbeare, and 
Francis Toller. 

It will be noticed that Sergeant GlanviUe dignifies them 
with the title of " magistrates." Not so Thomas Larkham, 
the Commonwealth vicar, who refers thus (Bodleian 
Tract, 1658, The Tavistock Naboth proved Nabal) to " Mr. 

1 8 George III., c. 27. 



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3W SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 

John Pointer, one of the antientest magistrates of our 
Town and Parish " :— 

''As to that ridiculous flourish of his being one of the 
antientest magistrates of the Town and Parish of Tavistock ; 
this Defendant said it is beyond the memory of man to know 
any magistrates in Tavistock except Justices of Peace of the 
County. True it is that the silly people of the Town account 
the eight men that take accounts by custom to be Masters ot 
the Town and of late since such were by a section of Malignants 
as are enemies to Godliness and to the present Government^ 
and poor indigent fellows, chosen ; they have assumed to them 
power to chuse Parish-Officers contra^ to Law and Ordinances 
of Parliament (as particularly about Qiurch wardens so called) 
and have been countenanced in opposition to the rigid faction 
(as Mr. Glanville calls the godly) by the said Mr. Glanville, who 
hath caused much trouble to honest men and much expence of 
money." 

(Note. '' John Jacob hath lately been chosen by a prophane 
malignant party to be one of the masters of our Town who 
was in the late King's Army a Major and stands bound and 
pays his tenth," etc.) 

It further appears that Mr. Larkham himself proposed 
two candidates for the body, and excommunicated William 
Hore, one of the churchwardens, for opposing their election. 
Clearly the " eight men " of the Commonwealth were 
leaders of the royalist faction, and must have held a 
strong position in the town after the Restoration. The 
next reference to them is from the old Churchwarden's 
book : — 

" The 9th day of July, 1660. Memorandum that it is this 
day agreed by the Masters of the Towne & parish of Tavistocke 
that ttiey will meet together in the church every first Monday 
in the month to consult of & consider about the business of the 
parish. John Pointer, Richard Cudlipp, Jo. Jacob, John 
Leere, Micheus Willesford." 

Worth reads ** Henry Pointer," which is clearly in- 
correct ; the three who did not sign were presumably 
John Gerry, Francis Toller, and Walter Godbeare. 

References to the ** eight men," both in the deeds and 
in the old vestry book, are, except during the troublous 
six years 1682-1688, copious and fairly continuous up to 
1711. On 6th August, 1666, they are named with four 
other persons as trustees of the almshouse given by 
Elizabeth Moore ; in February, 1775, they are appointed 



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SOME NOTBS ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 391 

under the will of Nicholas Watts to direct the annual 
distribution of ** practical books of divinity, purchased 
with the ground rent (156.) of '' the house wherein Thomas 
Frost then dwelt," to " the poorer sort of householders 
in the town and parish " ; in 1680 they are joined with 
Sir William Courtenay and others in a new trust deed of 
the Glanville exhibition. The last-named deed, which 
contains eighteen names in all, would appear to imply 
that the ** eight men " had now grown to twelve, but the 
addition of supernumeraries may be accounted for in 
two ways : (1) in certain transactions it was probably 
deemed prudent to join with the regular body one or two 
local magnates, a Fitz, a Courtenay, a Glanville, or a 
Manaton for instance, whose influence might for the time 
be useful ; (2) at a later period probationers, sons, or 
personal friends of the ** eight men," who were evidently 
intended to fill subsequent vacancies in the body, were 
joined in trust deeds. Thus in 1711 James, son of John 
Edgcumbe and then about six years of age, is named as a 
feoffee ; apparently family connections counted for much 
in these appointments. 

On p. 64 of the Calendar there are several references to 
the ** eight men," who from the time forward have the 
alternative titles of ** masters " and'** governors." Under 
date 19th May, 1673, five of them authorise the offer of a 
reward of 3s. 4d. for every fox killed in the parish ; in 
another 1673 entry seven names are given. The names of 
these seven help us in fixing the date of the petition, 
quoted by Kempe, from the ** portreeve and masters " to 
the Earl of Bedford. Kempe suggests 1677 as the date, 
but the petition contains all the 1673 names, and one 
additional, Francis Toller, who died in 1671 ; 1670 would 
therefore be a better conjecture. It may also be suggested 
that the portreeve was one of the masters, and probably 
signed as such ; the conjunction of portreeve and masters 
is an incongruous one, as they derived their authority 
from two distinct and heterogeneous sources. 

It has sometimes been asserted that these ** masters " 
or "eight men" were abolished in 1711. Worth says, 
*' the masters of 1705 cannot be traced as a distinct body 
after 1711, after which we get the acts of ordinary feoffees 
only." He based his observation solely upon the vestry 
records, and from that standpoint his statement is quite 
correct, but subsequent writers have interpreted it 



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392 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 

wrongly. Several of the deeds between 1711 and 1725 
contain lists of feoffees described as '' Masters or Governors 
of the Town and Parish." Their number varies from 
twelve to fourteen and apparently consists of the ** eight 
men " reinforced with youthful probationers, whose in- 
clusion might have been justified on the consideration 
that, their expectation of life being higher, the deeds 
would probably stand longer without renewal. The 1711 
deed was renewed in 1738, the youthful James Edgcumbe 
being then one of three survivors. 

The 1726 survey quoted at the beginning of this note 
shows that the ** eight men " (** eight masters " they are 
now called) did then exist ; the churchwardens' book 
(quoted by Worth) mentions the election of John Herring 
(the Duke's steward) and Thomas Doidge at the 1731 
annual vestry meeting. There is a reference to ** magis- 
traticall " powers also in the 1726 survey, and a less compli- 
mentary entry in the same volume, stating that they were 
seven years in arrears with certain chief rents of 15s. 2d. 
per annum. 

The succession of John, fourth Duke, to the title 
presages to those who have studied his career the " decline 
and fall " of the " eight men " or of any individuals or 
body of men who ventured to assert themselves in his 
borough of Tavistock. We can picture his steward, John 
Herring, creating bogus freeholds for election purposes in 
1734 ; his surveyor, John Wynne, computing the voting 
value of ducal and non-ducal properties in 1752 ; and his 
agent, Robert Butcher, directing the whole machinery of 
gentle compulsion on the local Naboths to part with their 
vineyards. There was no hurry or violence, but the work 
was done thoroughly. The " eight men " had some power 
and influence locally, they had certain proi)erties vested 
in them, and at times, as when Larkham was vicar, had 
made themselves felt. Therefore they had to go. 

A new manuscript book, like a new year, often begins 
with good resolutions. The second churchwarden's book 
(1734-1802) ojpeuB with the following entry : — 

** 16th April 1734. We whose names are Subscribed do 
hereby agree that the first Tuesday in every month shall be a 
Publiek Vestry in the Parish Church of Tavistock to consult 
the necessary affairs relating to the sd. Parish. 

"To forfeit Is. Od. every time of absence. To meet at 2 
o'clock afternoon. 



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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 393 

" Wm. Condy, Stephen Maddaford, Wm. Spry, Thomas 
Doidge, Jno. Herring, S. Manaton, Jo. Edgcumbe." 



Alas for good resolutions 



" May 7th. Absent Sampson Mannaton, Esq and Mr. John 
Herring. June 4th. Absent Sampson Mannaton, Esq." 

There is no further mention of this meeting. 

Here we have plainly the ** eight men" minus one. 
The lists of ** eight men '* between 1660 and 1734 can be 
roughly determined for any required year by a reference 
to the list of senior overseers (p. 383), and so it has not 
been necessary to name them. 

In 1738 there is a significant new departure in the 
inclusion of the Duke himself among the feoffees of 
parish lands. Two more steps only are required ; another 
vesting deed in 1751 in which the feoffees are nominees of 
the Duke ; and the Act of 1763 replacing the charity 
property in the borough, which might in a remote contin- 
gency be used to create votes, by an annual payment 
chargeable on property outside the borough, this Act 
being passed with the consent of the surviving 1751 
feoffees. 

There is only one more record of the ** eight men," a 
foolscap memorandum preserved in the Bedford Office. 

*' A Vestry held in the Parish Church of Tavistock June 13, 
1748 for electing an Eighth Man, Master or Governor of the 
said Town & Parish to succeed "Mr, Richd. Edgecombe Lately 

'* And for the purpose aforesaid we the surviving Masters 
Do Nominate — 

** Wm. Spry Esqr. My. Jno Edgcombe." 

A poll was then taken, in which thirty-six persons 
(whose names are given) voted. The result was : — 

** For Mr. Spry 33. For Mr. Edgcombe 3. Mr. Spry duely 
elected.'* 

From this point the records are silent. There was, as 
has been said, a creation of new feoffees in 1751 ; in May, 
1752, the grant of market tolls to the Grammar School 
was replaced by a fixed annual payment. The most 
definite fact we have, however, is that in the preambles 
to the BiU of 1762 and Act of 1763 relating to the Tavistock 
Charities no reference is made to the existence of masters 
or governors or eight men ; nor are they mentioned in 



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394 SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 

the Terriers of 1752 and 1765. In the Brougham Report 
(1821) on Tavistock charities, it is stated that the ground 
rent of 15s. arising from Frost's house (Watts' gift) was 
paid to the churchwardens up to 1751, but that in an 
estate map of 1752 the house is coloured as if it had been 
purchased by the Duke from Sir William Courtenay in 
1751. The Report adds ** no account of the receipt of any 
rent for the parish lands appears in the churchwardens' 
book after 1754." 

All this negative evidence points to the conclusion that 
the " eight men " disappeared within a few years of 1750. 

We are now in a position to summarize results about 
these ** eight men, masters, or governors." 

(a) Appointment — by the Vestry, to whom names were 
probably submitted by those aheady on the body (see 
under 1731 and 1748). 

(b) Tenure — ^tiU death or resignation ; removal from 
town or parish apparently did not disqualify. 

(c) Number — eight usually, but possibly (in spite of the 
name) sometimes a few more. 

(d) Qualification — ^a person of substance residing in the 
town or parish, and acceptable to existing members. 

(e) Powers — various and variable; but apparently 
including (1) the inspection of certain parish accounts; 
(2) the sanctioning of certain payments ; (3) the giving of 
advice as to church repairs and charity distributions ; 
(4) the care of certain parish lands ; (5) the transmission 
of certain market tolls to the school endowment ; (6) the 
nomination of certain Vestry oflicers ; (7) a magisterial 
power of committing to prison for i)etty oflEences against 
good order ; (8) the right to certain seats in the church. 

if) Origin— between 1539 and 1553, probably 1552. 
(g) Cessation — between 1748 and 1763, probably 1752. 
(h) Place of meeting — ^the parish church. 

Some people may consider that too much ink has been 
shed about this defunct and almost forgotten body. But 
many have expressed a strong desire to know its meaning, 
and to one who studies the history of local government an 
arresting picture is herein presented. He sees a small 
town with some claim to antiquity slowly progressing from 
medieval to modem conditions. He sees its efforts at self- 
government restrained by a family of patrons determined 
for political reasons to retain full control over the place. 



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SOME NOTES ON TAVISTOCK HISTORY. 395 

He sees the residents, like a valorous army equipped with 
antiquated weapons, striving to adapt their primitive 
organisation to the changing requirements of the time. 
They fail, but may we not perceive in their attempt a 
germ of that national civic spirit which in later days has 
evolved so much activity throughout England in the 
management of local affairs ? 

Whether we discover in the " eight men " a prehistoric 
Urban Council or a prehistoric Church Council, a prehistoric 
School Trust or a prehistoric Charity Trust, or a medley of 
all f 01U-, we should feel duly grateful to these old Tavistock 
worthies for the interest and curiosity they have aroused 
by their quaint attempts at regulating the public affairs of 
the place in which they lived. 



Addenda. 

Mr. H. P. Morria, Charity Commissioner, has kindly supplied some 
further facts, mainly from the evidence taken by the Brougham Com- 
mission in September, 1820. 

It appears that the 1680 deed (p. 391) really described only five of 
the eighteen Qlanville trustees as " masters." The implication that the 
eight masters had grown to twelve is due to an erroneous interpretation 
of the deed in the Commissioners' Report. 

Some of the witnesses were under the impression that the 1763 Act 
abolished the "eight men." If they still existed at that date, their ex- 
istence was in name only, and it is probably more accurate to say that 
the 1 763 Act prevented their bein^ resuscitated. One witness (Charles 
Crapp) alleffea that certain seats m the church were formerly appro- 

Sriated to the " eight men " and that he had applied for one of these to 
lichard Vivian Willesford (d. 1792) and John Garland (d. 1796), the 
last survivors. 

There were at one time " eight men of Landkey " (a parish near Bam^ 
staple). 



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SOME POINTS OF INTEREST ON THE NATURAL 
fflSTORY OF THE PLATEAU KNOWN AS 
THE SORS OR S^ WARES (A.-S. DWELLERS 
BY THE SEA). 

BY EDMUND A. S. ELLIOT, M.E.C.S., M.B.O.U. 

(Read at BxeUr, 2Sii(l July, 1915.) 



Not long ago the word was locally spelt sewers, and a 
visitor coming to a signpost with the word on it begged 
of a person passing, whereabouts the sewers were, as he 
had had quite enough stinks where he came from and 
wanted to avoid more. The word on the signpost was 
quickly altered when the great panjandrum of the town 
got to learn of this : altered that is to Sors. 

From a botanist's point of view there is perhaps little to 
interest, because the tableland is mostly covered with 
furze and heather, but there are one or two things deserving 
notice. For instance, the stork's-bill geraniimi will be 
found flowering profusely in the immediate neighbour- 
hood, and it may not be amiss here to point out the word 
geranium is derived from the Greek y€/)ai/09=a crane: 
the fruit being supposed to be somewhat suggestive of 
the bill of a crane. The generic name of the whole family 
of the cfane's-bill is Geranium, and in like manner the 
generic name of the present species Erodium is taken from 
the Greek word epwSio^, for a heron. The specific name 
(cicutarium) of the stork's-bill is derived from the Latin 
word for the hemlock plant (cicuta)^ and is bestowed on 
this plant from a certain resemblance between the forms 
of the leaves of the stork's-bill geranium and those of the 
hemlock, the poison plant you will remember which was 
partaken of by Socrates, when he shuffled off this mortal 
coil by order of the State. 

The resemblance is, however, a somewhat superficial 



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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS. 397 

one, and points of difference are at once apparent on any 
real investigation and comparison. Cicuta is the classic 
name for the hemlock, not the scientific one : botanically 
it is the coniuniy a name of very fanciful origin. The 
plant was thus named by Theophrastus from the Greek 
word for a cone or top, the whirling motion of which object 
was supposed to indicate something of the giddiness that 
seized those who were so imprudent as thoughtlessly to 
taste this poisonous plant or so unfortunate as to find it 
their death penalty for treason to their country. 

Like many other seaside plants it is not unf requently met 
with in inland mountainous districts, occurring plentifully 
on Dartmoor many miles from the sea. 

Wherever there is a clear bit of turf the little blue squill 
will be seen and demands attention not only because of its 
modest growth and pale blue flowers, but because also of 
the medicinal virtues contained in its root. I dare say 
many of you have blessed Oxymel of Squill when you have 
had a bad cold. 

Up to within a few years ago the Oamunda regcUis grew 
quite abundantly wherever there was a rill of water, and 
a patch I used to visit quite high up under the crest of one 
of these tors close by, whenever this way — ^that is gone 
now I find. I am bound to say that with the advent of 
temporary or casual visitors obsessed with an absolute 
disregard for the rights of residents, objects of interest to 
the Natural Historian have suflEered severely. 

White heather is also abundant, the exact locality it 
being, perhaps, imprudent to reveal. 

That handsome little fern, the Marine Spleenwort, will 
also be foimd growing in profusion and throwing fronds 
nearly a foot in length. Although seen in quantity along 
the face of the cliff, on the tors, and on the sides of the 
pits sunk in search of iron ore years ago, few plants are 
within reach, all such having been removed by the ubiquit- 
ous collector. 

There is another plant of engrossing interest, a parasite, 
and therefore allied to the Orchids, which is found growing, 
in profusion on every furze bush one passes along the 
cliffs. I mean the Lesser Dodder (Cuscvia epithymum =^ 
upon the thyme), the most widely distributed of all 
parasitic plants, extending all over Eiu*ope and Asia even 
to Japan and southwards as far as Algiers. Just a short 
description. 



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308 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THS SORS. 

'* If it has had the good fortune to cling to a host with 
green foliage, which generates an abondance of organic 
compounds, such as the luxuriant juicy stems of the Hop 
or the Nettle (this refers to another species, Europcea, but 
the description will answer our purpose), with its plentiful 
dark green leaves, which are shunned by grazing animals 
on account of their unpalatable stinging hairs, the pajrasite 
continues to grow with extraordinary rapidity, and puts 
forth a number of branches immediately above the lowest 
group of haustoria. All these again feel around with their 
tips, develop a stender thread-like growth. For a few 
days this shoot is sustained by the nutriment which was 
present in the seed, and also by means of the moisture 
which a temporary root secures from the soil. The deli- 
cate thread grows at a great pace, and all the time it is 
maintaining a constant movement from side to side until 
it gets a fresh point of attachment just as if it were search- 
ing for a victim. Sooner or later the fate of the dodder is 
decided. If there are no suitable plants within reach the 
little would-be parasite finally dies, although it has a 
marvellous power of vitality which may keep it going for 
a number of weeks. If it has the good fortune to come up 
against a suitable host, such, for instance, as a clover 
plant, the slender thread of the dodder at once encircles 
the stem of its victim, thus earning its well-known local 
name of Hell bind. 

"Very little happens for a while, save that the dodder 
absolutely separates itself from the soil, and henceforth 
it starts upon a life of the most shameless blood-sucking. 
At this stage the development of certain sucker-like pro- 
cesses by the dodder is the most important thing. These 
have the power of penetrating the tissue of the unhappy 
plant which is being attacked almost like a number of 
teeth. As soon as the first hold has been secured the 
robber plant grows amazingly. Its long, wire-like stems, 
now of a reddish colour, shoot out in all directions, and 
wherever these touch the stem of the host fresh batches of 
suckers are developed. In a few weeks the whole of the 
victim may be enveloped, and the robber pkuit often 
enough does it work so well that its miserable host is 
killed, having been literally bled to death. But the dodder 
does not mind very much, for its long stems have probably 
already seized hold of some fresh victims and its future 
well-being is thus assured. Late in the summer the dodder 



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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS. 399 

produces clusters of small white flowers. These, of course, 
set seed, the whole business being done at the expense of 
the host plant, and in this way provision is made for the 
following year." 

The description from Johnson's dictionary is interesting. 

Dodder, n.s. [touteren — ^to shoot up]. Dodder is a singu- 
lar plant : when it first shoots from the seed it has little 
roots, which pierce the earth near the roots of other plants : 
but the capillaments of which it is formed soon after 
clinging about these plants, the roots wither away. From 
this time it propagates itself along the stalks of the plant, 
entangling itself about them. It has no leaves, but con- 
sists of capillaments or stalks, brownish with a cast of 
red, which run to great lengths. They have tubercles which 
fix them fast down to the plant, and by means of which 
they absorb the juices destined for its nourishment. 

By the way, I believe I am right in stating this plant 
is the only native Orchid the British Isles possesses. 
Again, should the word be guscuta, i.e. derived from 
gusttis—B, tasting of food, a partaking slightly or eating 
a little, as I can find no ctis in either Greek or Latin dic- 
tionaries, and, of course, cutis =the skin. 

The common Statice or Sea-pink is f oimd in flower during 
almost every month in the year, not only on the sea- 
shore, but in waste places and on Dartmoor. It takes its 
name from the Greek <rTaT/fo=I staunch, from the use 
of this plant as a styptic. All through the summer and 
autumn the top and face of the cliflfs are empurpled with 
masses of Ling or Heather (CaUuna) and Heath (Erica), 
and many patches of the White Heath will be found 
scattered about, enabling one to pick great handfuls of it, 
the only other place where I have found it growing plenti- 
fully being in the neighbourhood of that old-time camp, 
Wooston Castle. It is interesting to note that Devonians 
reverse the naming of the species, calling Heath, Heather, 
and Heather, Ling. 

Another plant of interest is the Samphire = cri<Amwm, 
from the Greek KplOrj, barley, from a fancied resemblance 
to its fruit, which word is corrupted out of all shape and 
form, for literally it means the herb of St. Peter, evidently 
a name given because of its luxuriant growth directly from 
the rocks, where not an atom of soil is to be found. If any 
of you are curious and desire a fresh flavour let me recom- 
mend, firstly, a samphire tart. 



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400 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SOBS. 

I am not much in the culinary art, but I will give you 
to the best of my ability how it is made ; it is the hereditary 
dish of our family. First gather your samphire, break it up, 
and three-quarters fill a pie dish with it, put in a teacupful 
of milk or water, place over this a layer of dried currants 
to within two inches of top of dish, cover with pastry : 
place in hot oven for half an hour : take out and lift 
pastry lightly and pour on the top a pound or two of 
clotted cream, serve at once. This is a dish for kings. 

Samphire pickle is simple : put some in a pot with 
vinegar and sprinkle with salt : one of the best of pickles. 
Vide Flowers of the Field, by the Rev. C. A. Johns. 

There is a legend also relating to this strange weed of 
His Satanic Majesty, and why he never entered ComwaU, 
but preferred to remain in Devonshire. ** On the siunmit 
of Yes Tor, a lofty peak overlooking the Cornish county, 
he sat down on a rock. The salt wind blew keen over the 
narrow land from the North Sea to the South ; Satan 
shivered, and tucked his tail round his cloven hoofs, for 
the evenings were getting chiQy and he was accustomed 
to a warm climate. Then he turned himself to survey 
Cornwall from his coign of vantage. Telescopes had not 
yet been invented, but that was of no importance to the 
Devil. He who can detect every weak point in a human 
heart did not need glasses to see through the rugged 
granite masses of the Cornish moimtains, Rowtor and 
Brown Willy, which rose before him a few miles away. 
At the first glance the country seemed a pleasant one and 
a profitable, for it was well peopled in those days, and by 
folks with no less original sin than their neighbours. 
But as he watched their occupations he was struck by 
the fact that they made everything into pies. There was 
rooky pie, samphire pie, conger and tattie pasty, star-gazey 
pie, with the heads of pilchards sticking up through the 
crust. His Satanic Majesty grew thoughtful : he was 
half afraid to risk himself among a people possessed by this 
strange mania. What if they took a fancy to * devily 
pie ' ? The idea was alarming : he felt he could not be 
spared. What would become of the world without him ? 
He shook his head regretfully and turned away. Crossing 
Cranmere Bog in a single stride, he returned to Devon as 
the shades of night were faUing. That is the true history 
why the Devil never came into Cornwall." 

Passing now from Botany to Entomology, I would 



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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS^ 401 

remind you that you are on classic ground as regards the 
large blue butterfly (Polyommatua arion). Years ago this 
insect was as common on the Downs as the Meadow Brown, 
but the zeal of the collector overcame them and they are 
now only a memory of the past. 

My brother, the Rev. F. R. Elliot, was a great butterfly 
man ; I believe he personally collected in his college days 
every 'fly that was on the British list, mounted them in 
suitable glass cases and presented them to the museum 
of his native town, where, after a few years, the glass got 
broken and the insects were all destroyed by moth. So 
much for the Goths who looked after the museum in those 
days. I quote his letter, to hand a few days ago : — 

** My ' butterfly ' days are so much of the past that they 
have almost gone from my memory, but if it is of any use 
I have dotted down what I have written in an old book. 

" The first year that I caught Polyommatus arion was 
June, 1856, when I was with a friend, Mr. H. Young. 
Then I went to Bolt Head with him again in 1857. In my 
third and last year, 1858, I caught five dozen. They were 
very rapid on the wing, and it seemed almost impossible 
to catch them, except when at rest. When flying they were 
in appearance very unattractive and dull, and only 
recognizable by the rapidity of their flight. 'Twas on 
this account perhaps Linnaeus called them Polyommatus, 
many eyed. I am sorry that I can add no more." 

What ! more indeed ? No wonder the insect became 
extinct, especially when the local taxidermist caught them 
as well and made half a crown apiece of them. 

By the way, they were found on the opposite side of 
the harbour as well,- under Riekham. 

I have indicated why Linnaeus gave the generic name to 
this butterfly. I will give you the account why he adopted 
the specific name Arion. I quote from Herodotus, Clio, 
L:— 

"Periander was the son of Cypsflus — /a;>/reXo9 = 
haunting hollow places, c.f. The Swift — he it was who 
acquainted Thras^bulus with the answer of the oracle. 
Now, Periander was king of Corinth, and the Corinthians 
say (and the Lesbians confirm their account) that a 
wonderful prodigy occurred in his lifetime. They say that 
Arion of Methymna, who was second to none of his time 

VOL. XLvn. 2 c 



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402 THE NATtTBAL HISTOBY OF THS SOBS. 

in accompajiying the harp> and who was the first, that we 
are acquainted with, who composed, named, and repre- 
sented the dithyrambus at Corinth, was carried to Tsenarus 
on the back of a dolphin. They say that this Arion, 
having continued a long time with Periander, was desirous 
of making a voyage to Italy and Sicily ; and that having 
acquired great wealth he determined to return to Corinth : 
that he set out from Tarentum, and hired a ship from 
certain Corinthians, because he put more confidence in 
them than in any other nation ; but that these, when 
they were in the open sea, conspired together to throw 
him overboard and seize his money, and he being aware 
of this offered them his money, and entreated them to 
spare his life. However, he could not prevail on them ; 
but the sailors ordered him either to kill himself, that he 
might be buried ashore, or to leap immediately into the 
sea. They add that Arion, reduced to this strait, entreated 
them, since such was their determination, to permit him 
to stand on the poop in his full dress and sing, and he 
promised when he had sung to make away with himself. 
The seamen, pleased that they should hear the best singer 
in the world, retired from the stem to the middle of the 
vessel. They relate that Arion, having put on all his robes 
and taken his harp, stood on the rowing benches and went 
through the Orthian strain ; that when the strain was 
ended he leaped into the sea as he was, in full dress ; and 
the sailors continued their voyage to Corinth : but they 
say that a dolphin received him on his back and carried 
him to Tsenarus : and that he, having landed, proceeded 
to Corinth in his full dress, and upon his arrival there 
related all that had happened ; but that Periander, giving 
no credit to his relation, put Arion under close confine- 
ment, and watched anxiously for the seamen : that when 
they appeared he summoned them and inquired if they 
could give any account of Arion : but when they answered 
he was safe in Italy, and that they had left him flourishing 
at Tarentum, Arion in that instant appeared before them 
just as he was when he leaped into the sea : at which 
they were so astonished that, being fully convicted, they 
could no longer deny the fact. 

''These things are reported by the Corinthians and 
Lesbians ; and there is a small brazen statue of Arion at 
Tsenarus, representing a man sitting on a dolphin. Lin- 
nseus never gave either fish, bird, beast or flower a name 



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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS- 403 

without a reason, and I think here he named this 'fly arum 
because of its ebisiveness." 

I have run on to another note referring to the Large 
Blue given me by an old friend, long ago passed over to 
the majority. 

" Thirteen specimens of this 'fly were taken by a collector 
on the Bolt Head about Jime 30th, 1856 : this insect 
seems to be very local in its habits and has been taken but 
in a few places in England. In the summer of 1869 I took 
as many as a hundred specimens in a day." 

These specimens were sold for half a crown apiece. 
(E. E.) 

If not weary of hearing about butterflies I will give 
you a short extract from my notebook about another 'fly, 
the Clouded Yellow. 

"August, 1900. This is a Clouded Yellow year, and 
tho' not a butterfly man I couldn't resist the opportunity. 
I noticed a lot first in a clover field near Thurlestone 
Sands and caught some, and, to my great joy, amongst them 
some Helice. In response to a request from my friend 
Mr. Frohawk I went out again to the same field and caught 
no less than twelve Helice, which were to be sent alive to 
him : however, six escaped from the basket before I 
knew what they were up to, and I also missed eight. 
Helice seems to be taking the place here of the variety 
HycUe, which is reported as abundant in the eastern coun- 
ties. I have seen no HycUe but six or seven pale ones, one 
or two of which I caught and which proved to be Helice. 
I may add I heard from my friend a few weeks afterwards 
that the insects began depositing their ova as soon as 
ever they got to the clover provided for them in boxes, 
and that an extraordinary number were raised, shewing 
all three types, and which were exhibited and a most 
interesting paper read at a meeting of the Entomological 
Society in London." 

We have here in 'flies an analogous state to that of the 
Juncos (a genera of very many species of birds in N. 
America), they are making species, i.e. you are constantly 
finding a type, differing from the original, in newly ex- 
plored ground. To describe as some do anything in nature 
as aberrant ia misleading. 



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404 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS. 

Along here I used to collect my finest specimens of 
Wheatears in the spring. I remember once after sitting 
up all night with a patient desiring a breath of fresh air 
when morning broke. Instructing the nurse to wave a 
towel from the window if I was wanted, I took my gun 
and wandered to the face of the cliff nearly a mile away. 
Looking round just after getting there I saw to my horror 
a red tablecloth being frantically waved from the window. 
I hurried back, and hardly had breath to mount the stairs 
and to my annoyance found things as they were. On 
remonstrating with the nurse for her want of consideration 
in thus hurrying me, she replied : ** I did it a purpose ; 
us didn't know how long you'd be once you got in with 
they birds." 

As might be expected, this wild rugged coast provides 
us with much that is of interest in Avian life. First we 
wiQ consider the birds of prey. 

The Hen harrier and its first cousin Montagu's harrier 
still maintain a foothold in the cliffs, and come every 
spring, I believe from the Continent, to nest above the 
cliffs. The former species finds plenty of food in the way 
of stock-doves and gulls, whilst the latter no doubt finds 
snakes' and larks' eggs more to its taste. The birds breed 
on the groimd, but I have never found a nest, although I 
have searched for hours, about Kingsbridge. More than 
one pair of peregrine falcons breed in the cliffs, and 
there seems a mutual understanding between these birds 
and the buzzards, which breed there also. 

The rock pigeon is seldom seen, although on the other 
side of the Start it is commonly met with, breeding in the 
quarry pits there. It is an open question whether these 
are not descendants from domesticated birds, reverting 
again to their natural conditions of life. You can 
always tell the difference between this species and 
the stock-dove in flight by the former's white upper tail 
coverts. 

The stock-dove is quite a common breeding species in 
the cliffs, having been driven there apparently from the 
destruction of old stumps, stocks or boles of trees. Whence 
their name. 

The oyster-catcher, with his conspicuously pied plumage 
as he takes to wing, will often startle the contemplative 
angler who drifts too near his haunts on the mussel- 
clad rocks in search of pollack with his shrill metallic 



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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SORS. 405 

whistle, whilst the purple sandpiper will at first by the 
casual observer be mistaken for rats or mice crawling about 
the rocks within reach of each incoming wave, which often 
washes them from their foothold, to be carried back 
again, however, by the next pne. 

The raven comes back to his old nesting haunts year 
after year, and the sites are quite as inaccessible as are 
those of the peregrine or buzzard, which nest also in these 
cliffs. Many years ago when visiting ' professionally a 
fishing hamlet I casually expressed a great desire to obtain 
a clutch of raven's eggs ; imagine my surprise not many 
days after at having a handsome set of five quite fresh 
raven's eggs left at my house by an unknown donor : 
thus a Hope fisherman, ab una disce omnes, they are good 
fellows. I would like to have said a few words about the 
superstitious awe this bird has always inspired, but time 
is too short. It must suffic^if I quote briefly Shakespeare 
from OtheUoy Act iv. : — 

As doth the raven o'er the infected house 
Boding to cdl, — he had my handkerchief. 

Again, Chatterton : — 

King Edward saw the ruddy strecUss 

Of light eclipse the grey. 
And he€u*d the raven's croaking throat 

Proclaim the fated day. (Scott, TcUisman,) 

And from Ivanhoe, chapter X. : — 

Thus, like the sad presaging raven, that tolls 
The sick man's passport in her hollow beak. 
And in the shadow of the silent night 
Doth shake contagion from her sable wings : 
Vex'd and tormented, runs poor Beurabas, 
With fatal curses towards these Chnstieuis. 

The chough is no longer to be found nesting along the 
cliffs, the last pair having been shot off the nest under 
Folly Cliffs some years ago. Why this species should have 
been so sought after passes man's comprehension, for it 
is a most companionable species to humans, and often its 
cheery chough, chou, chou cheered me when traversing 
the sandy dunes in North Cornwall, miles in extent, to visit 
patients in outlying districts. 

The robin is a common species around the homesteads 
on the Downs, and is regarded with superstitious awe ; 



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406 THB NATURAL HISTORY OF THB SORS. 

should one enter a house by the open door or window some 
dire calamity is sure to occur — such as a death, as I have 
in a previous paper recorded. Some such thoughts must 
have been running in Longfdlow's mind when he wrote 
in his poem to the potter : — 

Turn, turn, my wheel ! All life is brief ; 
What now is bad will aoon be leaf, 

What now is leaf will soon decay ; 
The wind blows east, the wind blows west ; 
The blue eggs in the robin's nest 
Will soon have wings and beak and breast 

And flutter and fly away. 

However, this refers to the American robin, which is really 
a thrush, but has a red breast like our more familiar 
species, and is migratory in habit, hence its name Turdus 
mignUorius. 

The tableland we have beei\ traversing is wild unculti- 
vated land lying between the Bolt Head and the Bolt Tail ; 
furze and bracken strewn with huge fantastically shaped 
rocks of granite and mica schist and swept oftentimes by 
storms of unparalleled severity, it is no wonder the crofters 
build huge stone walls to prevent their cattle and sheep 
straying on to it. In many respects it resembles the 
wildest part of Dartmoor, of which a poet wrote : — 

The fancicul designs I've zeed 
To make all zoorts o' trade 
Out heer upon the moor I zim 
An't many vorchins made ; 
Vur when the genelmen com* out 
Ole Darty moor to 'tack 
They vind they've of 'en got to pay 
Vur scratehin' ov his b€M;k. 



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LIST OF MEMBERS. 



p Indioatee Fast Presidents. 

* Indicates Life Members. t Indicates Honorary Memben. 

X Indicates Members who retire at the end of the corrent year. 

The Names of Members of the Oooncil are printed in small capitals ; 

and of Members whose addresses are not known, in italics. 

Notice of Changes of Residence, of Resignations, and of Decease of Members 

should be sent to the General Secretary. 



Year of 
Election. 



1913*H.R.H. Thk Prinob op Walks, k.g., etc. {All communica- 
tions to he addressed to Walter Peacock^ Esq.^ M.V.O.^ 
Ducky of Cornwall Office, Buckingham Gate, London, S. W,) 



1913 Abell, G. J., 8, Rolle Street, Exmouth. 

1901 Acland, Sir C. T. D., Bart., m.a., d.l., j.p., Killerton Park, 

near Exeter. 
1913*Adain8, E. Amery, 186, Sheen Road, Richmond, Surrey. 
1896 Adams, Maxwell, c/o Messrs. William Brendon & Son, 

Ltd., Plymouth (Hon. General Secretary). 
1900*Adam8, S. p., Elbury Lodge, Newton Abbot. 

1908 Albert Memorial Library, etc. (The Royal), Exeter, per 

H. Tapley Soper, p.r.hist.8. 
1886*Aldridge, C., m.d., BeUevue House, Plympton. 

1909 Alexander, J. J., m.a., j.p.. Grammar School, Tavistock. 
1896*Allhusen, G. Wilton, Pinhay, Lyme Regis. 

1869 Ambrt, J. S., Druid, Ashburton (Hon. General Treasurer). 
1901 Andrew, SroNEY, 18, West Southemhay, Exeter (Vice- 
President). 
1894 Andrews, John, Traine, Modbury, Ivy bridge. 
1912 Anstey, A., 13, Lyndhurst Road, Exeter. 

1914 Applegate, MissM. A., 95,EastStreet, South Molton, N.Devon. 
1912 Astor, Waldorf W., m.p., Cliveden, Taplow, Bucks. 

1912 Axe, Rev. Arthur, Heavitree, Exeter. 

1912*Babbage, Gilbert, 16, Cathedral Close, Exeter. 
1911 Ball, Edwin Jennings, ph.d., 6, Adelphi Terrace, Paignton. 
1914 Balleine, Rev. James A., m.a.. Elm Brae, Seaway Lane, 
Cockington, S. Devon. 



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408 LIST OJf MEMBERS. 

1915 Barber, James, Colintraive, Cranford Avenue, Exmouth. 
1912 Baring, Sir Godfrey, Bart*, m.p., 32, Lowndes Square, 

London, S.W. 
1878*pBARiNG-GouLD, Eev. S., m.a., Lew Trenchard, Lewdown. 
1902*Barratt, Sir Francis Lay land, Bart., m.a., 68, Cadogan Square, 

London, S.W. 
1915 Bartlett, Rev. Lewis Edward, The Vicarage, Countess Weir, 

Exeter. 
1898*Bayley, Arthur R., b.a., f.r.Hist.8., St. Margaret's, Great 

Malvern. 

1903 Bayly, John, Highlands, Ivy bridge. 

1913*Bedford, His Grace The Duke of, e.g., Wobum Abbey, 

Bedfordshire. 
1914 Beebb, Rev. W, N. P., m.a.. The Vicarage, Whitchurch, 

Tavistock. 
1912 Benn, A. Shirley, m.p., 18, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W. 

1905 Bennett, Ellery A., 17, Courtenay Street, Plymouth. 

1912 Bickersteth, Rev. H. L., b.a., Cleveden, Glanville Road, 
Tavistock. 

1904 Bird, W. Montagu, j.p., Dacre House, Ringmo're, Teign- 

mouth. 
1912 Birdwood, Allan Roger, 18, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth. 
1889 Birmingham Free Library, Birmingham. 
1886 Blaoklbr, T. A., Royal Marble Works, St Marychurch, 

Torquay. 
1915tBLAKB, W. J., M.A. (Lond.), The Grammar School, Norwich. 
1909 Body, Martin, Rockmount, Launceston. 

1912 Bond, Francis William, 40, Loughborough Park, Brixton, 

S.W. 
1901 Bond, P. G., 105, Union Street, Plymouth. 
1901 Bond, Miss S. C., 22, Ehn Street, Rockland, Knox Co., 

Maine, U.S.A. 

1906 Bond, Rev. W. F., m.a.. Lancing College, Shoreham, 

Sussex. 

1913 Boston Public Library, U.S.A., c/o Mr. Bernard Quaritch, 

11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W. 
1912 Boucher, John Bishop, Rosemont, Heavitree Road, Exeter. 
1906 Bovey, Thomas William Widger, m.ro.s., l.r.c.p.Loko., 

Castle House, Bampton, N. Devon. 
1912 Bowden, John F., F.8.I., Crossways, West Avenue, 

Exeter. 
1898 Boyer, Commander F., r.n., Whitehall, Padstow, Cornwall. 

1911 Boyle, Mrs. C. Vicars, Cheldon Rectory, Chulmleigh, North 

Devon. 
1900*Bradridge, C. Kingsley, 62, Plasturton Avenue, Cardiff. 

1912 Brant, Captain, r.n., St. Martins, Budleigh Salterton. 

1905 Brendon, Charles E., 6, Hillsborough, Plymouth. 

1892 Brendon, W. T., The Anchorage, Grand Parade, Plymouth. 
1905 Briggs, C. A., p.b.8.. Rock House, Lynmouth, North 
l3evon. 



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LIST OF MEMBERS. 409 

1911*Brushfield, Miles Nadauld, 13, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth 
Common, Surrey. 

1911 Buckfast, The Right Rev. The I^rd Abbot of (Dom 

Anscar Vonier, O.8.B.), Buckfast Abbey, Buckfast, S. 
Devon. 

1912 Buriace, J. B., 38, Corf ton Road, Ealing, W. 

1911 Bum, Colonel C. R., m.p., 77, Cadogan Square, London, 

S.W. 
1887pBuBNARD, Robert, j.p., f.s.a., Stoke-in-teignhead, Teign- 

mouth. 
1887 Burnard, Mrs. F. L., Stoke-in-teignhead, Teignmouth. 
1914 Butcher, Francis J., The Manor House, Tavistock. 
1914 Butcher, Mrs. Francis J., The Manor House, Tavistock. 



1902 Calmady, Charles Calmady, Stoney Croft, Horrabridge. 
1908 Card, F. F., Broadlands, Newton Abbot. 
1915 Carey, N. M., 37, Sea View Avenue, Lipson, Plymouth. 
1891*Carpenter, H. J., m.a., ll.m., Penmead, Tiverton. 
1866*Carpenter-Garnier, J., j.p., Rookesbury Park, Wickham, 

Hants. 
1908 Carr-Smith, Miss Rose K, Hay tor, Avenue Road, Stratford- 

on-Avon. 
1902 Carter, Miss E. G., Hartland, North Devon. 
1899 Cartwright, Miss M. Anson, 11, Mont-le-Grand, Heavitree, 

Exeter. 
1895*Ca8h, A. Midgley, m.d., Limefield, Torquay. 
1898 Cave, Sir C. D., Bart., Sidbury Manor, Sidmouth. 

1910 Chalk, Rev. E. S., m.a., Kentisbeare Rectory, Cullomp- 

ton. 

1911 ♦Chalmers, R. W. S., Holcombe, Moretonhampstead. 
1899*Champemowne, A. M., m.a., j.p., Partington Hall, Totnes. 
1890 Chanter, C. E. R.> Broadmead, Barnstaple. 

1901 Chanter, Rev. J. F., m.a., f.8.a., Parracombe Rectory, Barn- 

staple. 
1884 Chapman, H. M., St. Martin's Priory, Canterbury. 
18812)Chapman, Rev. Professor, m.a., ll.d., Crofton, Byronshill, 

Torquay. 
1906 Ch APPLE, W. E. PiTPiBLD, The Shrubbery, Axminster. 
1906 Chappie, Miss Pitfield, The Shrubbery, Axminster. 

1902 Charbonnier, T., Art Gallery, Lynmouth. 

1908 Chennells, Rev. A. W., b.a., ll.d.. The College, Newton 
Abbot. 

1911 Chichester, Miss, Arlington Court, Barnstaple. 

1914 Chilcott, Edward W., b.a., ChoUacott Lane House, Tavis- 
tock. 

1896 Chope, R. Pearse, b.a.. The Patent Office, 25, Southampton 
Buildings, London, W.C. (Vice-President). 

1912 Clapp, Cecil Robert Main waring, m.a., ll.m. (Cantab.), 

2, Bedford Circus, Exeter. 



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410 LIST OF MElfBBBS. 

1905 Clarke, Miss Kate, 2, Mont-le-Grand, Exeter (Vici- 

Pbbsidbnt). 
1901^Claydbn, Principal A. W., M.A., p.as., Royal Albert Memorial 

College, Exeter (President). 

1903 CLiY-FiNCH, Mrs., Bark Hill House, Whitchurch, Salop. 
1881*/?Clippord, Right H^on. Lord, m.a., j.p., Ugbrooke, Chod^ 

leigh. 
1912 CuppoRD, Colonel E. T., v.d., 6, Cranley Gardens, South 
Kensington, London, S.W. (Vice-President). 

1909 Colborne, The Hon. Mrs. Mabel, Venn, Ivybridge. 
1898»2>CoLBRiDGE, Right Hon. Lord, m.a., The Chanter's House, 

Ottery St Mary. 

1894 Collier, George B., m.a., Whinfield, South Brent 

1896 Collings, The Right Hon. Jesse, m.p., Edgbaston, Bir- 
mingham. 
1915 Commin, H., 230, High Street, Exeter. 

1910 Conybeare, H. C. A., m.a., j.p., Platway, Shaldon, Teign- 

mouth. 
1912 Cornish, Frederick John, 44, Magdalen Road, Exeter 
l8Sl*Comi8h, Rev. J, F, 
1908 Comish-Bowden, Peter, Zaire, Newton Abbot 

1910 Cornwall Polytechnic Society, The Royal (per the Secretary, 

E. W. Newton, Camborne). 

1904 Coryndon, R, T., Mbabane, Swaziland, S. Africa. 

1895 Cowlard, C. L., Madford, Laimceston. 

1911*Crabbe, Herbert Ernest, f.r.g.8., Teignbridge House, Kings- 

teignton, S. Devon. 
1908 Crang, W. H., 11, CoUingwood Villas, Devonport 

1911 Cree, W. E., m.d., Penryn, Watts Road, Tavistock. 

1904 Crespin, C. Legassicke, 51, West Cromwell Road, London, 

S.W. 
1907 Crbsswell, Miss Beatiux F., 23, Wonford Road, Exeter. 
1898/?Cropt, Sir Alprbd W., k.c.i.e., j.p., m.a., Rumleigh, Bere 

Alston, R.S.O. (Vice-President). 
1886 Gumming, Stephen A., The Corbyn, Wheatridge Lane, 

Cockington, Torquay. 



1911 Davey, G. W., 16, John Street, Bedford Row, London, 
W.C. 

1911 Davie, G. C, j.p., c.c. The Elms, Bishop's Tawton, Barn- 

staple. 
1897JDavi8, J. W,, Doneraile, Exmouth. 
1902 Daw, Mrs., Yeoldon, Northam, N. Devon. 

1912 Depree, Mrs. Lilian May, 65, Portland Court, London, W. 
1911 Devon and Exeter Club, Exeter {per Hon. Sec). 

1905 Dewey, Rev. Stanley D., m.a., Rectory, Moretonbamp- 

stead. 
1902 Dimond-Churchward, Rev.Preb., m.d.. The Vicarage, Northam, 

North Devon. 



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LIST OV MElfBBBS. 411 

1882 Doe, Gborgb M., Enfield, Great Torrington. 

1912 Donald, Major-General C. E., St. Loyea, Exeter. 
1898*Donald8on, Rev. E. A., Pyworthy Rectory, Holsworthy, North 

Devon. 

1913 Downes, Harold, M.B., Ditton Lea; Ilminster, Somerset. 
1907 Drake, F. Morris, Cathedral Yard, Exeter (Yiob-Prbsidbnt). 
1904 Drake, Major William Hedley, Bryn willow, Polsham Park, 

Paignton. 

1902 Drayton, Harry G., 201, High Street, Exeter. 

1910 Drewe, Julius C, j.p., Wadhurst Hall, Sussex. 

1910 Drewe, William Francis, Broadhembury House, Honiton. 

1909 Duke, H. E., The Rt. Hon., P.O., k.c, m.p., 37, Alleyn Park, 
Dulwich^ London, S.E. 

1889 Duncan, A. G., j.p., South Bank, Bideford. 

1913 Dunn, Miss Mary Rouse, Riverside, Bideford. 

1898*i>im«%, Sir K H.y Knt,, j.p. 

1901*Durnfor(l, Greorge, j.p., c.a., p.ca.can., Greenhythe, West- 
mount, Montreal, Canada. 

1879 Dymond, Arthur H., 24, Burton Court, Chelsea, London, 
S.W. (Vice-President). 

1902 Dymond, Mrs. Rohert, The Mount, Bideford. 



1908 Eames, Miss Kate, Cotley, near Chard. 

1907 Eames, Miss Maria Deane, Cotley, near Chard. 
1901 Earle, The Right Rev. Alfred, d.d., Bishop of Marlborough, 
Dean of Exeter, The Deanery, Exeter. 

1909 Eastabrook, Miss, 17, Tavistock Street, Devonport. 
1898 Eccles, J. A. J., Stentwood, Dunkes well Abbey, Honiton. 
1901 Edye, Colonel L., Stanley Court, Stanley Street, Montreal, 

Canada. 

1896 Elliot, Edmund A. S., m.&c.s., m.b.o.u., Slade House, near 
Kingsbridge. 

1911 Elliot, Mrs. W. li., Roundham View, Paignton. 

1909 Elliot, Rev. F. R, m.a., m.v.o., Tregie, Paignton. 

1888 Ermen, Miss, St. Katharine's, Torre, Torquay. 

1911 Evan-Thomas, Rear- Admiral Hugh, R.N., m.v.o., Redlap 
House, near Dartmouth. 

1898*Evan8, Arnold, 4, Lithfield Place, Clifton. 

1904 Evans, Major G. A. Penrhys, Furzedene, Budleigh Salterton. 

1895 Evans, H. Montagu, 2, Mount Tamar Villas, St. Budeaux, 
Devon. 

1886 Evans, J. J. Ogilvie, 1, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth. 

1914 Evans, Rev. A. C, m.a.. The Vicarage, Lamerton, Tavi- 
stock. 

1880*Evan8, Parker N., Park View, Brockley, West Town, RS.C, 
Somerset. 

1913 Evans, Wilfrid J. C, West Street, Ashburton. 

1902*Eve, The Hon. Sir H. T., Yamer, Bovey Tracey. 

1901 Every, Rev. H., m.a.. Holy Trinity Vicarage, Barnstaple. 



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412 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1904 Every, Richard, Marlands, Heavitree, Exeter. 
19052?ExBTER, The Rt. Rbv. Thb Lord Bishop of, The Palace, 

Exeter (Vicb-Prbsidbnt). 

1912 Fairbrother, G. H., Whitehall, Bideford. 

1905 Falcon, T. A., m.a., Hill Close, Braunton, Devon. 
1896 Firth, H. Mallaby, Knowle, Ashburton. 
1896*Firth, R. W., Place, Ashburton. 

1903 Fisher, Arthur, St. Aubyns, Tiverton. 

1911 Fleming, George Mcintosh, c.c, Loventor Manor, Totnes. 

1906 Fortescue, Rt. Hon. the Earl, Castle Hill, South Molton. 
1910 Foster, M. T., Fore Street, CuUompton. 
1867*Fo8ter, Rev. J. P., m.a., Cotswold Park, Cirencester. 
1876*Fowler, Rev. Canon W. W., Earley Vicarage, Reading. 
1876*Fox, Charles, The Pynes, Warlingham-on-the-Hill, Surrey. 
1914 Fox, Colonel Reginald Wilson, j.p., Grimstone, Whitchurch, 

Tavistock. 
1892 Francis, H., o.b., 12, Lockyer Street, Plymouth. 

1900 Francken, W. A., Okehampton, 

1914 Frost, Miss Dorothy, Regent Street, Teignmouth. 
1912pFROUDB, AsHLBT A., O.M.G., CoUapit Creek, Kingsbridge, 

S. Devon. 
1908 Fulford, Francis A., Great Fulford, Dunsford, Exeter (Vicb- 

Prbsidbnt). 
1880 Fumeaux, J., Tor View, Buckfastleigh, Devon. 

1908 GaUsworthy, Frank, Wellesley Buildings, Wellington Street, 

Leeds. 
1906 Gardiner, John, The Elms, Rudgeway, R.S.O., Glos. 

1913 Gates, Dr. Mabel, m.d., b.8. (jlond.), 15, York Road, Exeter. 

1901 Gauntlett, George, 27, Dix's Field, Exeter. 

1909 Geen, Harry, Brandize, Avenue Road, Torquay. 

1910 Geen, Henry, j.p., Tenby House, Okehampton. 

1908 Gervis, Frederick H., Roborough House, Torquay. 
1900*Gervis, Henry, m.d., p.r.c.p., p.s.a., j.p., 15, Royal Crescent, 

Bath. 

1910 Gidley, G. G., m.d., Heyford House, CuUompton. 

1909 Giflfard, Edward Walter, 13, Chesham Place, London, S.W. 
1892*Gill, Miss, St. Peter Street, Tiverton. 

1877*Glyde, K R, p.R.Mrr.soc., 323, Ross Street, Edmonton, Alta, 
Canada. 

1902 Goaman, Thomas, j.p., 14, Butt Gardens, Bideford. 
1913jGould, Sir Alfred Pearce, K.C.V.O., f.r.c.8., 10, Queen Anne 

Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. 

1911 Grant, W. J., Parade House, Dartmouth. 
1871 Gregory, A. T., Gazette Office, Tiverton. 

1913*Grigg, H. W., Cann House, Tamerton Foliot, Crownhill, 

S.O., Devon. 
1896 Grose, S., m,d., f.rc.s., Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth. 

1910 Gundry, Lieut.-Col., H. B., j.p.. The Grange, Honiton. 



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LIST OF MEMBERS. 413 

1892pHAL8BURY, The Eight Hon. the Earl of, 4, Ennismore Gardens, 

London, S.W. 
1895*Hambleden, The Right Hon. Viscount, 3, Grosvenor Place, 

London, S.W. 
1889 Hamling, J. G., f.g.s., The Close, Barnstaple. 
1880*Hamlyn, Joseph, FuUaford, Buckfastleigh. 
1895 Harding, T. L., Elmington, Ghelston, Torquay. 

1912 Hardy, Francis James, Gittisham Hill, Honiton. 
1893 Harris, Miss, Sunningdale, Portland Avenue, Exmouth. 

1905 Hartb, Prof. Walter J., Royal Albert Memorial College, 

Exeter (Vicb-Presidbnt). 

1909 Hart-Smith, C. L., Castle Street, Launceston. 

1908 Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., per 
Messrs. Edward G. Allen and Son, Ltd., 14, Grape Street, 
Shaftesbury Avenue, London, W.C. 

1898*Harvey, Henry Fairfax, Croyle, near Cullompton. 

1900 Harvey, Sir Robert, d.l., j.p., Dundridge, Totnes. 
1875*Hatt-Cook, Herbert, Hartford Hall, Cheshire. 

1913 Hawker, Henry Gore, Strode, Ivy bridge, S. Devon. 

1910 Hawkins, Rev. Edward J., b.a., 18, Marlborough Road, 

Exeter. 
1912 Heam, Mrs. Eliza Christine, Ford House, Alphington Road, 

Exeter. 
1909JHebbert, Ernest, Berrynarbor, near Ilfracombe. 
1890*Heberden, W. B., c.b., Elmfield, Exeter (Vice-President). 
1888*Hepburn, Sir T. H., Knt., j.p., c.a., Dunmore, Bradninch, 

Cullompton. 

1907 Herron, H. G. W., c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parlia- 

ment Street, S.W. 

1908 Hext, George, Kingstone, Newton Abbot. 
1882*HiBRN, W. P., M.A., F.R.S., J.P., C.A., The Castle, Barnstaple. 

1909 Hill, Rev. H. A., Worlington Rectory, Morchard Bishop, 

North Devon. 
1892*Hing8ton, C. A., m.d., 3, The Esplanade, Plymouth. 
1907 Hitchcock, Arthur, Bettysground, Shute, Axminster. 
1912 Hitchcock, Walter M., 48, Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street, 

London, E.C. 
1898 Hodgson, T. V., Municipal Museum, Plymouth. 

1901 Holman, H. Wilson, P.8.A., 4, Lloyd's Avenue, Fenchurch 

Street, London, E.C. 
1901 Holman, Herbert, m.a., ll.b., Haldon Lodge, Teignmouth. 
1893 Holman, Joseph, Downside House, Downlewne, Sneyd, 

Bristol. 

1906 Holman, Francis Arthur, Jerviston, Streatham Common, 

London, S.W. 
1906 Holman, Ernest Symons, Portland Square, London, S.W. 
1914*Hooper, H. Dundee, m.a., Ardvar, Torquay. 

1910 Hooppell, Rev. J. L. E., St. Peter's Vicarage, 10, Hoxton 

Square, London, N. 

1911 Hopper, A. E., Queen Anne's Chambers, Barnstaple. 



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414 LIST OF MEMBEBS. 

1896*Hosegood, S., Chatford House, Clifton, Bristol 
1912 Houghton, Mrs. Mary J., St. Kemans, Exeter. 
1895*HuGHB8, T. Cann, m.a., f.s.a.. Town Clerk, Lancaster. 

1906 Hunt, Rev. Jas. Lyde, Eflford, Paignton. 
1876 Hurrell, J. S., The Manor House, Kingsbridge. 
1886 Huxtable, James, 51, The Avenue, Kew Gardens. 
1908 Hyde, The Venble. H. B., The Vicarage, Bovey Tracey. 

1893 Iredale, A., Strand, Torquay. 

1890* Jackson, Mark, Homelea, Purley, Surrey. 
1904 Jackson, Rev. Preb. P., St. Martins, Exeter. 
1912 James, C. Carkeet, The Ministry, Cairo, Egypt. 
1908 James, S. Boucher, Hallsannery, Bideford. 

1912 Jenkins, Rhys, m.i.m.e., The Patent Office, 25, Southampton 

Buildings, London, W.C. 
1901 Jerman, J., p.r.i.b.a., p.e.m.8., The Bungalow, TopshamRoad, 
Exeter. 

1911 JocB, Thomas James, 3, Manor Crescent, Newton Abbot. 
191 3* Jones, Evelyn Llewellyn Hustler, Fishwick, Kingsteignton, 

Newton Abbot. 

1913 Jordan, Mrs. Flora, The Cedars, Teignmouth. 
1883 Jordan, W. F. C, The Cedars, Teignmouth. 
1899* Julian, Mrs. Hester Forbes, Redholme, Torquay. 

1913 Keene, Rev. E. G. Perry, Dean Prior, Buckfastleigh. 
l879*Kelland, W, H. 

1912 Kelly, E., Clifton, Torquay Road, Newton Abbot. 
1872*Kennaway, The Rt. Hon. Sir J. H., Bart., M.A., Escot, 

Ottery St Mary. 
1880 King, C. R. Baker, a.r.lb.a., 35, Oakley Square, London, 
N.W. 

1912 Knapman, Theophilus, Dennysmead, Exeter. 

1901 Knight, Mrs. J. H., The Firs, Friar's Walk, Exeter. 

1914 Knight, N. Hine, 5, Borringdon Terrace, Plympton. 

1911 Knollys, Major L. F., c.m.g.. The Wilderness, Dart- 
mouth. 

1903 Laing-Oldham, Philip M. T., m.a., Mount View, Oke- 

hampton. 
1871 Lake, William Charles, m.d., Benton, Teignmouth. 

1913 Lane, Rev. W. H. Cecil, m.a., 2, Haldon Terrace, Dawlish. 

1907 Lane, John, The Bodley Head, Vigo Street, London, W. 

1904 Lang, Charles Augustus, The Shiel, Elgin Road, Wey bridge. 
1898 Langdon, Rev. F. E. W., Membury, near Chard. 

1903 Langley, Miss Helen, Postbridge, Princetown. 

1906 Labter, Miss C. Ethelinda, f.l.s., 2, Summerland Terrace, 

St. Marychurch, S. Devon. 
1913 Lavie, Arthur, Brimhill Lodge, Maidencombe, Torquay. 



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LIST OF MEMBERS. 415 

1905 Layoock, C. H., Cross Street, Moretonhampstead. 
1889»Lee, Col. J. W., Budleigh Salterton, South Devon. 
1915 Lethbridge, Kingsford, Wood, near Okehampton. 
1897j9Lbthbiudob, Sir Ropbr, k.o.i.b., d.l., j.p., m.a., The Manor 

House, Exboume, R.S.O., Devon (Viok-Prbsidewt). 

1914 Lewin, L. H.. Willowby Park Villas, Yelverton, S. Devon. 

1911 Lindsay, W. A., j.p., d.l., k.c, m.a., f.s.a., Windsor Herald, 

College of Arms, London, E.C., and Deer Park, Honiton. 

1915 Little, J. Hunter^ Lisnanagh, Exmouth. 

1906 Llewellin, W. M., c.b., 8, Lawn Road, Cotham, Clifton. 

1912 Long, Rev. Ernest Charles, Priory Cottage, The Mint, 

Exeter. 
1890»Long8taff, G. B., M.D., Twitcham, Mortehoe, R.S.O. 

1912 Loram, A. T., j.p., Rosamondford, Aylesbeare, Devon. 
1911 Lort-Phillips, E., j.p., Gunfield, Dartmouth. 

1898 LowB, Harford J., Avenue Lodge, Torquay. 
lSQZ*Lyte, F. Mcmcdl, m.a. 

188 6* Mac Andrew, James J., j.p., p.l.s., Lukesland, Ivybridge. 
1908 MacCormick, Rev. F., f.8.a.8cot., m.r.a.s., Wrockwardine 
Wood Rectory, Wellington, Salop. 

1906 MacDermot, E. T., Lillycombe, Porlock, Somerset. 
1894 Mallet, W. R, Exwick Mills, Exeter. 

1904 Manchester Free Reference Library, King Street, Manchester. 

1905 Manisty, George Eldon, Nattore Lodge, Budleigh Salterton. 

1903 Manlove, Miss B., Moor Lawn, Ashburton. 
1901 Mann, F., Leat Park, Ashburton. 

1913 Mann, Jonathan, Wavelet, Sands Road, Paignton. 
1914*Mardon, Evelyn John, b.a., ll.b., f.b.g.8.. New Court, 

Topsham, Devon. 
1897*Mardon, Heber, 2, Litfield Place, Clifton. 

1901 Marines, The Officers Plymouth Division R.M.L.I., Royal 

Marine Barracks, Stonehouse, Devon. 

1904 Marshall, James C, Oak Hill, Stoke-on-Trent. 
1871*Martin, John May, aE., f.m.s., Musgrave House, 6, Denbigh 

Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. 

1908 Matthews, Lieut.-Colonel Alfred, Gratton, Bow, N. Devon. 
1887 Matthews, Coryndon, f.b.8., Stentaway, Plymstock, S. Devon. 
1894 Maxwell, Mrs., Lamoma, Torquay. 

1909 May, W. H., 23, Lockyer Street, Plymouth. 

1907 McLennan, Frank, Lynch Villa, Axminster. 

1898 Melhuish, Rev. George Douglas, m.a., Ashwater Rectory, 
Beaworthy. 

1902 Messenger, Arthur W. B., Staff Paymaster R.K, 4, Mount 

Tamar Villas, St. Budeaux. 
1900 Mildmay, F. B., m.p., Flete, Ivybridge. 

1910 Monkswell, Right Hon. Lord, 117, St. James's Court, 

London, S.W. 

1905 Moon, W. J., j.p., 20, Home Park Villas, Devonport. 

1906 Morley, The Rt. Hon. the Earl of, Saltram, Plympton. 



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416 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1909 Morris, R. Burnet, m.a., ll.b., 24, Bramham Gardens, 

London, S.W. 

1914 Morris, Miss E. A., Nirv&na, Ivybridge, S. Devon. 
1908 Morrison-Bell, Major E. F., m.p., Pitt House, Chudleigh. 

1910 Morrison-Bell, Major A. C, m.p., 13, Seymour Street, Portman 

Square, London, W, 
1898 MoRSHBAD, J. Y. Anderson, Lusways, Salcombe Kegifl^ 

Sidmouth (Vicb-Prbsidbnt). 
i886*Mortimer, A., 1, Paper Buildings, Temple, London. 
1912 Mortimer, Fleet-Surgeon, Edgar F., r.n.. Rock Mounts 

Torrington, N. Devon. 
1874*Mount Edgcumbe, Right Hon. the Earl of, Mount Etlgcumbe, 

Plymouth. 

1915 Mullins, Alfred G., Newlands, Lympston, S. Devon. 
1904 Murray, 0. A. R., The Admiralty, London, S.W. 

1885*Neok, J. S., J.P., Great House, Moretonhampstead. 
1912 Newberry Library, Chicago (per Messrs. B. F. Stevens and 
Brown, 4, Trafalgar Square, London, W.C.). 

1912 Newman, Sir Robert, Bart., d.l., j.p., Mamhead Park, Exeter. 

1902 Newton Club (per T. W. Donaldson, Esq., Hon. Sec), 

Newton Abbot. 

1913 New York Public Library (per Messrs. B. F. Stevens and 

Brown, 4, Trafalgar Square, London, W.C). 

1908 Nisbet, A. T., m.d., The Laurels, Powderham Road, Newton 

Abbot. 

1909 Norman, W. C, St. MichaePs Mount, Honiton. 

1908 Northcote, Gordon Stafford, Willowmead, Budleigh Salterton. 

1909 Northcote, The Rt. Hon. Lady Rosalind, Pynes, near Exeter 

( Vice-President). 
1915 Northmore, John, 49, Manor Park, Redland, Bristol. 
1915 Notley, Rev. J. T. B., b.a., The Rectory, Diptford, S. Brent. 
1904 Nourse, Mrs. Stanhope M., Shute Vicarage, Axminster. 
1904 Nourse, Rev. Stanhope M., Shute Vicarage, Axminster. 

1903 Nowell, Capt. S., 17, Rock Park, Rock Park Ferry, Liverpool. 

1914 Odell, Rev. F. J., r.n.. Hill View, Lapford, Morchard Bishop, 

N. Devon. 
1914 Openshaw, Oliver, The Grange, Kentisbury, near Barnstaple. 
1912 Owen, J. G., Minalto, Barnfield Road, Exeter. 

1193 Paige, Henry, Broomborough, Totnes. 

1910 Palmer, Frederick William Morton-, m.d., m.a., b.c. (Cantab. )» 

13, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth. 

1911 Pannell, Rev. A. P., Bulmer Vicarage, Sudbury, Suffolk, 
1906 Parry, H. Lloyd, b.a., b.Sc., ll.b., Guildhall, Exeter (Vicb- 

Presidknt). 

1912 Pastfield, John Robinson, 7, Victoria Terrace, Magdalen 

Road, Exeter. 
1908 Pateman, Arthur F., Braeside, Belle Vue Road, Exmouth. 



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LIST OF MEMBERS. 417 

1902 Patey, Rev. Charles Robert, Sowton Rectory, Exeter. 

1903 Peacock, H. G., l.r.c.p., m.r.c.8., Mem. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 

Hareston Lodge, Ash Hill Road, Torquay. 

1914 Pearse, Captain A. B. Rombulow, 6th Gurka Rifles, c/o Messrs. 

Cox and Co., 16, Charing Cross, London, S.W. 
1901 Pearse, James, 11, Salutary Mount, Heavitree, Exeter. 

1896 Pearson, Rev. J. B., d.d., 35, Marlborough Road, Bourne- 

mouth, W. (Vick-Presidbnt). 

1910 Peck, Miss Charlotte L., Maidencombe House, St. Mary- 

church, Torquay. 

1911 Peek, C, Dean^s Lodge, Dartmouth. 
1913 Peel, F. S., Kilbury House, Buckfastleigh. 

1882 Penzance Library, Penzance. 

1908 Peter, Claude H., Craigmore, Launceston. 

1897 Peter, Thurstan C, Redruth. 

1883 Petherick, J., 8, Clifton Grove, Torquay. 
1910 Pilditch, Philip E., Weybridge, Surrey. 

1912 Pinder, William Henry, Shillingford Lodge, near Exeter. 
1899 Pinkham, Charles, j.p., c.a.. Linden Lodge, 7, Winchester 

Avenue, Brondesbury, N.W. 

1879 Plymouth Free Public Library, Plymouth, 

1880 Pode, J. D., Slade, Com wood. Ivy bridge. 
1892/?PoLLOCK, Sir F., Bart., ll.d., f.s.a., etc.,. 21, Hyde Park 

Place, London, W. 
1900*Ponsonby, Rev. Preb. Stewart Gordon, m.a.. Rectory, Stoke 

Damerel, Devonport. 
1900*Pope, John, Coplestone House, Copplestone. 
1878*Powell, W., m.b., p.rcs., HUl Garden, Torquay. 

1909 Prance, H. Penrose, "Whitchurch, Mannamead, Plyjuouth. 

1915 Prideaux, Charles S., f.r.S-M., l.d.s. Eng., Ermington, Dor- 

chester, Dorset. 
1901*Prideaux, W. de C, F.R.8.M., l.d.8.bko., f.s.a., 12, Frederick 

Place, Weymouth. 
1912 Pring, T. C, Maryland, Spicer Road, Exeter. 
1912 Pring, W. J., Spreytonway, Exeter. 

J887 Prowsb, Arthur B., m.d., f.r.c.8., 5, Lansdown PJace, Clifton. 
1891 Prowse, W. B., l.r.c.p., m.r.c.s., 31, A^ernon Terrace, 

Brighton. 
1894*Pryke, Rev. Canon W. E., m.a., The Close, Exeter. 
1893 Punchard, Rev. Canon E. G., d.d., St. Mary's Vicarage, Ely. 

1901 Radford, A. J. V., f.s.a., Vacye, College Road, Malvern. 
1898*Radford, Arthur L., f.s.a., The Manor House, Bi-adninch, 

Devon. 
1889 Radford, Sir C. H., j.p., 4, The Crescent, Plymouth. 
1888 Radford, Mrs. G. H., p.r.hist.s., Chiswick House, Ditton 

Hill, Surbiton, Surrey. 
1915 Record Office Library, The Public, c/o ^lessrs. Wyman and 

Sons, Ltd., Ireland Yard, St. Andrew's Hill, London, E.C. 

VOL. XLVII. 2 D 



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418 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1896 Rebd, Harbottle, f.r.i.b.a., 12, Castle Street, Exeter (Vice- 
President). 

1912 Reed, Herbert, Thornlea, Cowley Road, Exeter. 

1912 Reed, William Henry, Thornlea, Cowley Road, Exeter. 

1909 Reform Club, Pall Mall, London, S.W. {per Librarian). 

1885*Reichel, L. H., Beara Court, Highampton, North Devon. 

1872 Rbighel, Rey. Oswald J., acu, f.s.a., A la Ronde, Lyni|>- 
stone, Devon (Vice-President). 

1911 Rendell, Dr., 19, Norfolk Crescent, Hyde Park, London, W. 
1904 Revnell, B., 152, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London, 

*S.E. 
1898*Reynell-Upham, W. Upham, 10, Willoughby Road, Hami>- 

stead, London, N.W. 
1914 Roberts, Herbert James, Redgate, Pastbridge, Prince town, 

S. Devon. 
1906 Roberts, Rev. R. 0., East Down Rectory, Barnstaple. 
1909 Rogers, R. B., Hexworthy, Lawhitton, near Launceston. 
1902*Rogers, W. H., j.p., Orleigh Court, Bideford. 
1906 Ross, H. M., Seawood House, Lynton. 
1914 Rowe, Miss Flora A. M., Wonwood, Tavistock. 

1909 Rowe, Mrs. J. Brooking, Castle Barbican, Plynipton. 

1912 Rowe, Thomas Bitwiley, Lafrowda, Exeter. 

1912 Rowley, F. R., f.r.m.s.. Royal Albeit Memorial Museum, 

Exeter. 
1899 Rudd, E. E., 7, Inglewood Road, West End Lane, West 

Hampstead, London, N.AV. 
1905*Rundell, Towson William, f.r.Mkt.s.k;., 25, Castle Street, 

Liverpool. 
1914 Rylaads Library (The), Manchester. 

1912*pST. Cyres, The Rt. Hon. Viscount, j.p., m.a., Pynes, near 

Exeter (Vice-President). 
1898*St. Maur, Harold, d.l., j.p., Stover, Newton Abbot. 

1910 Salter, Miss Mary, Romsdal, Torquay. 

1904 Sanders, James, j.p., c.c, 21, South Street, South Moltou. 

1912 Satow, The Rt. Hon. Sir Ernest M., p.c, g.c.m.g., Beaumont, 
Ottery St. Mary (Vice-President). 

1881 ♦Saunders, Ernest 6. Symes, m.d., 20, Ker Street, Devon- 
port. 

1877*Saunder8, George J. Symes, m.d., Lustleigh, Burlington Place, 
Eastbourne. 

1910 de Schmid, E. H., 21, Warwick Square, Carlisle. 

1906 Scott, S. Noy, d.p.h. ix>nd., l.r.c.p. ix>nd., m.r.c.s. Exg., 
Elmleigh, Plymstock. 

1900*Scrimgeour, T. S., Natsworthy Manor, Ashburton. 

1906 Segar, Richai-d, 64, St. Gabriers Road, Cricklewoo<l, 
London, N. 

1914 Setten, Harold, Rolle Street, Exmoutli. 

1894 Shapland, A. E., j.p.. Church House, South Molton. 

1912 Shapland, John, 8, Topsham Road, Exeter. 



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LIST OF MEMBERS. 419 

1906 Sharland, A., 25, Gharleville Circus, West Hill, Sydenham, 

LondoD, S.K 

1909 Sheldon, Gilbert, 70, Longton GroTe, Sydenham, London, 

S.E. 

1910 Sheldon, Miss Lilian, 70, Longton Grove, Sydenham, Iy)ndon, 

S.E. 
1882 Shelley, Sir John, Bart., d.l., j.p., Shobrooke Park, Crediton 

(Viob-Prbsidbnt). 
1915 Shepherd, Captain E., 2, Cornwall Road, London, S.W. 

1907 Shepperson, Claude, a.r.w.8., 18, Kensington Court Place, 

Ix)ndon, W. 

1885 Sibbald, J. G. E., Mount Pleasant, Norton S. Philip, Batli. 

1913 Simmons, Sydney, j,p., Okehampton, Torrington Park, Friern 

Barnet, London, N. 

1914 Simpkin, MarshaU, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd., 4, Stationers' 

Hall Court, London, E.C. 
1907 Simpson, S., Cleeve, Christow, near Exeter. 
1902 Skinner, A. J. P., Colyton. 

1906 Skinner, Miss Emilt, 21, St. Peter Street, Tiverton. 
1878 Slade, S. H., 65, Westbury Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Glos. 
1914 Small, A., 34, Goldsmith Road, Leyton. 

1914 Smyth, Mi's. E. Johnson-, Ballykeel, Cowley, near Exeter. 

1905 Snell, M. B,, j.p., 5, Copthall Buildings, London, E.G. 
1909 Snell, William D.", 27, Chapel Street, Stonehouse, Plymouth. 

1912 Soper, H. Tapley, f.rhist.s., The Monastery, Waverley Avenue, 

Exeter. 
1891 Southcomb, Rev. H. G., m.a.. Orchard Dene, Budleigh 
Salterton. 

1906 Sparks, Miss F. Adeline, Suffolk House, Putney Hill, 

London, S.W. 
1906 Sparks, Miss Hilda Ernestine, Suffolk House, Putney Hill, 
London, S.W. 

1913 Stabb, John, Clanmarina, Torquay. 

1868*/?Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., m.a., f.rs., Ephraini I^dge, '1 lr<» 
Common, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. 

1915 Stevens, Mrs. John, 50, St. David's Hill, Exeter. 
1900 Stiff, J. Carleton, Alfoxden, Torquay. 

1885*Strode, George S. S., d.l., j.p., c.c, Newnham Park, PJympton. 
1911 Stuart, Capt. J. F., r.n., Fairlea, Bidefonl. 
\S7 b*StUivan, Miss, 

1899 Symonds, F. G., The Firs, Sturminster Newton, Dorset. 
1896 Swansea Devonian Society (^?er S. T. Drew), Swan.sea. 

1899*Tanner, C. Peile, B.A., Chawleigh Rectory, Chulmleigh. 
1890 Tavistock Public Library, Bedford Square, Tavistock. 

1900 Taylor, Alfred, The :Mi8sion House, Sehorc, Bhopal State, 

Central India. 

1886 Taylor, Arthur Fumeaux, Ingleside, Hanwell, London, W. 
1868 Thornton, Rev. W. H., m.a.. Rectory, North Bov(\y, Moretou- 

hampstead. 



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420 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1912 Thurgood, Ernest Charles, Beverley, Dagmar Hoad, Exmoutb. 

1910 Tilley, Miss Edith, Elmfield, Coombeinteignhead. 

1903 Tindall, J., Marino, Sidmouth. 

1906 Toley, Albert, Devonia, Golden Manor, Hanwell, W. 

1908 Torquay Public Library, Torquay. 

1908 Treglohan, William Thomas, b.a., Conington, Clarendon Road, 

Watford, Herts. 
1902 Trelawny-Ross, Rev. J. T., d.d.. Ham, near Devonport. 
1902*rrwrf, Pendarves. 

1887 Troup, Mrs. Frances Rose-, West Hill, Harrow-on-the-Hill. 
1876 Tucker, Major R. C, j.p., c.a.. The Hall, Ashburton (Hon. 

Auditor). 
1910 Tuker, Miss M. A. R., Ashe House, Musbury, Devon. 

1905 Turner, Alfred, m.d., Plympton House, Plympton. 

1906 Turner, C. S., Kelbuie, Westboume Terrace, Budleigh 

Salterton. 
1912 Turner, Mrs. Richard, c/o G. Radford, Esq., m.p.,- Chiswick 
House, Surbiton, Surrey. 



1911 TJlyat, William Francis, Port Meadow, Totnes. 

1910 Upcott, Colonel Sir Frederick, O.8.I., k.c.v.o., 227, St. James* 
Court, Buckingham Gate, London. S.W. 

1881 Varwell, H. B., j.p., Sittaford, West Avenue, Exeter. 

1912 Veitch, Peter C. M., j.p., Elm Grove House, Exeter. 
1884 Vicary, W., The Knoll, Newton Abbot. 
1902*Vidal, Edwin Sealy, 32, Stigklepath, Barnstaple. 



1893 Wainwright, T., The Square, Barnstaple. 

1893 Walker, Robert, M.D., 7, East Terrace, Budleigh Salterton. 

1907 Wall, Mrs., Watcombe Priors, St. Mary church, S. Devon. 
1895 Walpole, Spencer C, Church Farm House, Lancing, Sussex. 
1901 Ward, Rev. Joseph Hbald, m.a., 16, Hartley Road, Exmouth. 
1913 WaterfaU, Charles, F.L.S., Dalmeny, Shavington Avenue, 

Chester. 

1908 Watkin, Hugh R., Chelston Hall, Chelstoii, Torquay. 
1904 Watts, Francis, Laureston Lodge, Newton Abbot. 

1907 Watts, H. V. I., m.a., Edgemoor, BoveyTracey, S. Devon. 
1900 Watts, Mrs. R. I., Greenbank, Yelverton, S. Devon. 

1908 Waymouth, Cecil, 33, Park Road, St. Mary Church, Torquay. 
1900*Weeke8, Miss Lega-, f.r.hist.8., Sunny Nook, Rugby Man- 
sions, West Kensington, London, W. 

1911 Wellacott, Rev. Thomas William, m.a.. The Vicarage, 

Totnes. 
1911 Wells, Lionel Bury, Stonehanger, Salcombe, Kingsbridge. 
187Q*Were, T. Kennet-, m.a., j.p., c.a., Cotlands, Sidmouth. 
1915 Westlake, W. N., Hollacombe, West Avenue, Exeter. 



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UST OF MEMBERS. 421 

1900*Wethey, Charles Henry, The Green, Shaldon, Teigninouth. 

1912 Wheaton, Frederick, 18, Powderham Crescent, Exeter. 
1872tWhitaker, W., B.A., p.r.8., p.g.s., Assoc. Inst. C.E., F. San. 

Inst, 3, Carapden Road, Croydon. 
1893 White, T. Jeston, 39, Burne Street, London, N.W. 
1875 Whitk-Thomson, Col. Sir R. T., k.c.b., d.l., j.p., Broomford 

Manor, Exbourne, North Devon. 
1907 Whiteway- Wilkinson, W. H., f.r.o.s.b., Inverteign, Teign- 

mouth. 
1897 Whitley, H. Michbll, m.in8t.c.e., Broadway Court, West- 
minster (Hon. General Secretary). 
1914 Wickham, Rev. H. M., St. John's Vicarage, Bovey Tracey, 

Devon. 
1883*Willcocks, A. D., m.r.c.8., Park Street, Taunton. 
1877*Willcocks, G. Waller, c.b., m.inst.c.b., Redthorn, 9, Rodway 

Road, Roehampton, London, S.W. 
1876*Willcock8, W. K., m.a., 6, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, 

London, W.C. 
1912*Willey, Mrs. Emilie L., Pennsylvania Park, Exeter. 
1914 Williams, Robert B. Powell, Edgemoor, Tavistock. 

1913 Williams-Lyouns, H. .F., Great Inglebourne, Harberton, 

Devon. 
1893 Willis, W. H.. Ivanhoe, 28, Keswick Road, East Putney, 

London, S.W. 
1912 Wills, Sir E. Chaning, Bart., m.a., f.c.s., Harcombe, 

Chudleigh, S. Devon (Vice-President). 

1911 Wilson, A. H., Sandridge Park, near Totnes. 
1875*Windeatt, Edward, j.p., c.c, Heck wood, Totnes. 

1896 Windbatt, Captain Geougb K, Totnes (Hon. General 
Secretary). 

1896 Winget, W., Glen Almond, Cockington, Torquay. 

1872*Winwood, Rev. H. H., m.a., f.g.s., 11, Cavendish Crescent, 
Bath. 

1884*Wolfe, J. E., 24, Belsize Crescent, Hampstead, N.W. 

1884*WooDHOU8E, H. B. S., 7, St. Lawrence Road, Plymouth. 

1907 WooUcombe, Rev. A. A., Leusden Vicarage, near Ash- 
burton. 

1904 WooLLCOMBE, Gerald D., Cranmere, Newton Abbot. 

1901* WooUcombe, Robert Lloyd, m.a., ll.d., f.i.inst., f.r.o.s., 
P.R.E.8., P.S.S., 14, Waterloo Road, Dublin. 

1891* Worth, R. Hansford, Mem.inht.c.e., f.g.s., 32, Thornhill Road, 
Plymouth. 

1913;?WoRTHiNGTON, ProfessoT A. M., C.B., F.R.8., 5, Louisa Terrace, 
Exmouth (Vice-President). 

1909 Worthington, Rev. Jeffery, Chudleigh Cottage, Cullompton. 

1912 Worthington, Robert, m.a., f.r.c.s., 30, East Southernhay, 

Exeter. 
1895*Wykes-Finch, Rev. W., m.a., j.p.. The Monks, Chaddesley 
Corbett, Kidderminster; and North Wyke, near North 
Taw ton. 



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422 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1897 Yacht Club, The Royal Western, The Hoe, Plymouth. 
1910 Yale University Library, New Haven, U.S.A., per Messrs. 

Edward G. Allen and Son, 14, Grape Street, Shaftesbury 

Avenue, London. 
1900*Yeo, Miss Mary E. J., Holsworthy, Rossi Street, Yass, New 

South Wales. 
1900 Yeo, W. Curzon, 10, Beaumont Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. 
1895 Young, E. H., m.d., Darley House, Okebampton. 
1906 Young, Thomas, m.r.c.s., Coly House, Golyton, N. Devon. 



The following Table eontaint a Snmmary of the foregoing List. 

Honorary Members ... 1 

Life Members . . . 97 

Annual Members . . . 417 

Totol, Ist November, 1915 . . . 516 



EREATA IN VOL. XLVI. 

Page 44, line 24. For "sixty-five" read " seventy-eight." 

Page 128, line 27. For " de Courtenay " read ** Grandisson." 

Page 169, line 11 from bottom. For ** 1896 " read " 1885." 

Page 169, line 8 from bottom. For " 1899 " read ** 1889." 

Page 173, line 16 from bottom. Add ** 1721. Arthur Lumley (r)." 

Page 173, line 7 from bottom. For ** Skipton " read ** Shipton." 

Page 174, line 6 from top. For " Gaylard " read ** Garland." 

Page 174, line 14 from top. For ** Gayland " read ** Garland." 

Page 213, line 12 from bottom. For •* of 7 January" read " on 7 January." 

Page 216, line 10. For "William Mylaton and Jane his wife {Lacy, f. 

178a)," read "Richard Miletou and Gunnota hiK wife {Leun/, 

488)." 
Page 220, line 7. After " explanation " add the figure " 1 " and the follow- 

ing footnote at the foot of the page, ** Tram, xxviii. 466, n. 8." 
Page 267, line 10. For " abbeys" read "abbey." 

Page 846, lines 25, 26. Substitute the following diagram for the one 
printed : — 

/\ y\ 

\/ Kingskerwell \/ 
-< 21 feet. > 

Page 386. The title of the ^mper is " The Anglian Invasion of Devon," etc, 
not "Anglican" as printed, and should be corrected throughout 
in the page headings of the paper (pp. 386-410) ; in the Table of 
Contents (p. 6) and in the Index (pp. 539 and 554). 

Page 425. After line 5 and before "1912-13 Charles Peek" insert 
" 1911-12 Charles Peek." 



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INDEX. 



By maxwell ADAMS. 



, Note. — The Rev. O. J. Reichers papers, being separately indexed on 
pp. 237-47, are not fully indexed here. The chief subject entries are 
printed in small capitals. 



Abbot's Bickington (Font), 353, 

354 
Abboteham, 88, 90 
Abbotskerswell, 173 
Aberdeen, Lord, 64 
Aberystwith College, 76 
Accounts, Statement of, 22, 23 
Acland, H. W. Dyke, 9 
Adams: Maxwell, 8, 24-6, 29, 134; 

S. P., 8 
Address of the President, 62 
Alexander : J. J., 8, 96 ; on Devon 

County Members of Parliament, 

357 ; on Some Notes on Tavistock 

History, 372 
Alford : L. H., 86 ; W., 89 
Algae (Fresh-water), 161 
Allen : E. J., 83 ; Theophilus 

(French Chjrrurgion), 325 
Alphington : 188, 189 ; Cross at, 

188 
Amery, J. S., 8, 24, 25, 83, 93, 134, 

171, 173, 265 
Anderson-Morshead, J. Y., 8 
Andrew, Sidney, 8, 27, 35;' vote 

of themks to, 35 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 372 
Anne : Queen of Richard III, 33 ; 

of Cleves, 360 
Anstey's Cove, 269 
Appledore, 88, 90 
Archaeological Societies, Congress 

of, 19 
Archbishops (Canterbury), Memo- 
rial to, 55 ; 
Aristotle : Ethics, 42 ; Poetics, 42 

Life of, 42 
Arlington, 90 
Armstrong, Sir W., 51 
Amell, Jane, 154 | 

Arscott, Tristram, 368 j 

Ashburton : 46, 171, 173 ; Meeting, 

9 ; Arms of Borough, 255 ; 

Gild of St. Lawrence, 255 ; 

(Asheperton), 347 i 



Ashford, 86, 88 
Ashreigney, 135 
Athelstane : 375 ; Palace (Exeter), 

28 
Auditor, Hon. (Major Tucker), 8 
Avonwick, 300 
Axminster : 299, 301 ; Meeting, 9 

Babbacombe, 262 
Badge, John, 387, 388 
Bagilhole, Peter. 318 
Baglery, John, 325 
Baker, Sir Samuel White, 9 
BaU, Olliver, 326 
Balleine, Rev. J. A., 26 
Bcimpfylde : Sir Amias, 370 ; Cople- 

stone, 308; Elizabeth, 370; 

Richard, 370 
Bampfylde House, Exeter, 37 
Bangor College, 76 
Baring-Gould, Rev. S., 8, 9, 24, 25, 

131, 255 
Barnes : Grace, 326. 327 ; John, 

326 
Barnstaple : 19, 88, 89, 173, 306, 

324, 326, 358; Castle, 286; Cross, 

303 ; Meeting, 9 ; Calendar of 

Wilis in Archdeaconry of, 19 
Barran, Charles, 174 
Barrows, Report of Committee on, 

131 
Bassett : Anne, 367 ; Arthur, 308 ; 

Sir Arthur, 362, 368, 370; 

Eleanor, 369 ; Frances. 368 ; 

James, 359, 361, 367, 368, 370 ; 

John, 368 ; Sir John, 367 
Bate, C. Spence, 9 • 
Bateman : Anne, 147 ; William, 

147 
Bath, 299 
Bath : John, Earl of, 311, 319-21, 

329, 330, 367 ; Lord of Borough 

and Manor of Bideford, 311 
Battle, Odo, Bishop of, 249 
Bayliss, Edward, 325 



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424 



INDEX. 



Bayly : Miss Agnes, 41 ; obituary 
of, 41 ; Anna, 41 ; John, 41 ; 
Richard, 152 ; Robert, 41 

Beaford, 55 

Beale, Thomas, 311 

Beard : Nathaniel (Vicar of Tavis- 
tock), 386 ; T., 89 

Beatrix, wife of Otho, brother of 
Bishop Grandisson, 32 

Beauchamp, Eudo de, 248 

Beaulieu (Riviera), 52 

Beaumont, Robert de. Count of 
Mellent, 376 

Bedford : Duke of, 384 ; John 
(4th Duke). 392; William (1st 
Duke), 385 ; Earl of, 391 ; John, 
Earl of, 385-7 

Beebe, Rev. W. N. P., 8 

Beer, 294 

Belebuche, Philip, 248 

Belmont, Mr., 90 

Bennett: E. A., 174; William 
Jacob Early, 153 

Bennett Fink, parish of (London), 
332 

Bere AJston, 173, 358 

Beri. See Berry 

Berry, Beri, Bury : 285, 286 ; 
manor of, 285 ; owners of, 285, 
286; parish church, 287. See 
also Berry Pomeroy 

Berry : Sir Thomas, 166 ; Thomas, 
331 

Berrydown Cross, 91 

Berrynarbor, 91 

Berry Pomerey. See Berry Pom- 
eroy 

Berry Pomeroy : 286, 287, 370 ; 
Castle, 285, 287 ; Buck's draw- 
ing of, 289, 291 ; St. Margaret's 
Tower, 287, 288, 291, 293 

Berry Pomeroy Castle (Whitley), 285 

Bickington, 88 

Bickleigh, 302 ; (Font), 350 

Bicton : 365 ; Denys of, 365 

Bidder, G. P., 9 

Bid^ford : 88, 90, 306-9, 315, 
316, 320, 322, 323 ; Buttgarden, 
329, 330; Market House, 330; 
Quays, 330; Westcombe, 311; 
population in 1660, 309 ; local 
history, 325-9; John, Earl of 
Bath, Lord of Borough and 
Manor, 311 ; topography of, 
329-32 ; religious matters in, 
322-4; civil matters in, 324, 
325 ; travelling permits, 324, 
325 ; protection against fire in, 
330 ; arrangements for prisoners, 
331, 332 ; tobacco imports, 315 ; 



,Ucense8 to sell Hquor, 316; Ad- 
dresses from burgesses to Charles 
II and James II, 318-20 ; festivi- 
ties in celebration of Jeunes II's 
Coronation, 322 ; Procleunations 
issued tempo, James II, 332, 333 ; 
Rector of (Rev. M. OgUby), 323 ; 
his differences with parishioners, 
327-9 ; Meeting, 9 

Bideford, Mayors of : Darracott, 
John, 331; Davie, John, 314; 
Gearing, Thomas, 319, 330; 
Giles, Richard, 332; Reeve, 
WilUam. 329; Thomaa, John, 
309; Titherly, WilUam, 321; 
Tucker, Hugh, 310, 311 

Bideford under the Restored Mon- 
archy, with some Extracts from a 
*' Sessions of the Peace Book " for 
tlie Borough of Bideford, 1669 to 
loss (Duncan), 306 

Bideford : Liber Sessionis Pads de 
Bideford, 1659-1709, 307. 308; 
History of (Watkin). 326 

Bideford Witches, 325 

Birmingham : 263 ; University 
College, 68 ; Mason s College, 68 

Bittadon, 90 

Blaokdown, 70, 301 

Blackler, T. A., 8 

Blackpool, 50 

Blake, W. J. : 8 ; on Hookers 
Synopsis Chorographical of Devon- 
shire, 334 

Blizzard at Princetown, 172 

Blue Friars' Papers, 60 

Bodetune, Warin de, 254 

Body, Martin, 8 

Boddy, John, 325 

Bolt Head: 401; habitat of the 
Polyommatus arion, 401 

Bolt Tail, 83 

Bondleigh, 135 

Bonney, Rev. Prof. : 283, 284 ; on 
W. Pengelly's work, 283 

Bonville, Lord William, of Shute, 
33 

Borness, 50 

Bosan family : 38 ; Arms of, 38 

Bos lonyifrons (short-homed ox), 
262 

Botanical Districts : BcuTistaple, 
160; Exeter, 164; Honiton, 
164 ; Plymouth, 168 ; South 
Molton, 163; Tavistock, 169; 
Torquay, 165 ; Torrington, 162 

Botanical Records, 160 

Botany : 396-400 ; Report of 
Committee on, 160 ; Pheno- 
logical Observations, 167 ; Fresh- 



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INDEX. 



42S 



water Alg», 161 ; North Devon 
Botanical Record Committee, 
56 ; Journal of, 56. See also 
under Botanical Districts and 
Records 

Bourchier, Dorothy, 38 

Bourges (France), 52 

Bovey : 207 ; House, 294, 298 

Bovey Tracey : 277 ; lignites, 257, 
275 

Bowden-Smith, William, 54 

Bowhill, Exeter: 36, 37; de- 
scribed, 36 

Bowman, Sir Henry, 280 

Bowring, Sir John, 9 

Brakespeare, Mr., 28 

Brampford Speke, 191 

Brandis Comer, 173 

Brcmtyngham, Bishop : 36 ; builds 
College for Priest- Vicars, 36 

Braunton, 87, 89 

Brecon^ Hist, of (Theo. Jones), 
249 

Breton, Rev. H., 133 

Brett, Arms of, 295 

Brewer, Bishop, 36, 251 

Brewster, Dr., 257 

Bridestowe, 304 

Bridgman, Edward John, 61 

Bristol : 70 ; University College, 
68, 78 

Brixham: 48, 259, 263, 277; 
Cavern, 257, 268 

Broad Clyst, 92 

Broadway, 301 

Broca, Dr. Riviere M., 272 

Bronescombe, Bishop, 31. 37, 191 ; 
consecrates Ottery St. Mary 
Church, 31 ; Register of, 249. 250, 
253 

Brooking-Rowe, J., 9, 43 

Brown, Mr., 133 

Browne, Robert, 325 

Brown Willey, 400 

Bruce-Clarke, W., 50 

Brushfield, T. N., 9, 369 

Brushford, 134, 135 

Buckfast, Abbot of, 254 

Buckfastleigh : 259 ; Meeting, 9 

Buckingham : Duke of, 33 ; Rev. 
M. D., 135 ; W., 137 ; W. A., 90 

Buckland-in-the-Moor (Font), 352, 
353 

Budd, John, 332 

Budleigh Salterton, 201 

Bulkworthy (Font), 354 

Bunnerford's Cross, 302 

Burden, George, 311 

Burges, W., 55 

Burgys, John, 388 



Bumard, Robert, 8, 9, 24, 25. 27, 

83, 131 
Burrington, 135 
Burrow Cross, 191 
Bvu-y. See Berry 
Bury Pomery, Bury Pomerey. See 

Berry Pomeroy 
Butcher, Robert, 392 
Butterfield, Mr>, 31, 32; restorer 

of Ottery St. Mary Church. 31. 32 
Butterflies : Large Blue, 401-3 ; 

Clouded Yellow, 403 
Buxted, 61 
Buzzards, 404 

Bye-laws of the Association. 15 
Bywater: Ingram, 41, 42; obitu- 

€ury of, 41 ; his works, 42; John 

Ingram, 41 

Cabot, Sebastian, 359 

Cadbury, 302 

Cadhay House : 33 ; visited by 

Association, 33. 34 ; described 

by Mrs. Whetham, 34 ; various 

owners of, 34 ; statues at. 34 
Cairns : Drizzlecombe, 131 ; Giant's 

Basin, 131. 133 
Calendar (Tavistock). See Worth 
Camborne : 71, 77 ; School of 

Mines, 71, 72, 73 
Cambridge : 49, 58 ; University, 82 
Camden, 299 
Cann, Jasper (Vicar of Tavistock), 

381, 382 ; his abuses of office, 381 
Canonsleigh, 37 

Canterbury : Archbishops of. Me- 
morial to, 55 ; Ralph d'Escures, 

Archbp. of, 376 
Capellini, Prof., 279 
Cardif, Walter de, 251 
Cardiff College, 76 
Carew : family of, 359 ; Sir 

Edmund, 366 ; Gawen. 361, 362 ; 

Sir Gawen, 366, 368, 370 ; 

George, 365, 366; Sir George, 

360, 361, 366, 370 ; Jane, 365 ; 

Sir Peter, 361, 363-7, 370 ; Sir 

William, 365, 366 
Carew, Sir Peter, 361, 363-7, 370 ; 

his claim on Irish estates, 363 ; 

his turbulent career in Ireland, 
i 363 ; Biography of (Hooker), 334 
Carew, Richard, 334 ; his Survcif 

of ComwaU, 334, 335 
Carnegie, Mr., 59 
Carnivores, 84 
Ccurr, Henry Foster, 42; obituary 

of, 42, 43 
Carr-Smith, Miss Rose E., 25, 160 
Castle Neroche, 301 



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426 



INDEX. 



Cartulary of St. John's Hospital, 
Exeter, 249 

Gary : Sir George, 362, 364, 369, 
370 ; Mary, 369 ; Thomas, 369 

Caunter, WiUiam, 381, 382 

Cave, Right Hon. S.. 9 

Ceolnoth of Canterbury, 375 

Cervtis elephas (sta^), 262 

Chacepore, Peter, 251 

Chad wick, James, 154 

Chagford : 54 ; (Cheggford), 347 

Chalk, Rev. E. S., 8 

Champemowne, Arthur, 50, 261 

Chanter, Rev. J. F., 8, 19, 24-6, 
37, 39, 93, 131, 134, 372; 
describes Dimsford Church, 37, 
38 ; Moretonhampstead Church, 
39 ; Drewsteignton Church, 39 ; 
representative at Congress of 
Archaeological Societies, 19 ; Rev. 
William. 152 

Chapman: Rev. C, 8, 9, 26; 
S. C, 174 

Chappie ; J., 89 ; W. E. Pitfield, 
8, 25 

Charlemagne, 373 

Charles I, 39, 362 ; portrait of, 39 

Charles II, 306, 308, 309, 317, 318, 

320 ; Addresses to from 

Bideford, 318-20 

Charley, T., 91 

Charter of Henry I, 376 

Chichester : Sir Arthur, 364 ; Ed- 
ward, 367 ; Eleanor, 369 ; Ger- 
trude, 367 ; Miss, 174 ; John, 308, 
361 ; Sir John, 362, 364, 367-70 

Chilcott, E. W., 8 

Cholweli, Thomas, 151 

Chope, R. Pearse, 8, 24-6, 93, 94, 
96, 151 

Choughs, 405 

Chronicles: Anglo-Saxon, 372; Win- 
chester, 373 

Chronology of Tavistock, 372 

Chudleigh : Christopher, 369 ; Sir 
George, 369; John, 369, 370; 
Richard, 360 ; William, 362 

Chudleigh, 259, 300 

Chulmleigh : Rural Deanery of, 
134 ; parishes of, 134 ; church 
plate in, 134, 135 

Church PiiATE : Report of the 
Conunittee on {Chanter)^ 134 ; in 
the Chulmleigh Deanery : Ajsh- 
reigney, 135; Bondleigh, 136; 
Brushford, 136 ; Burrington, 

137 ; Chawleigh, 138 ; Cheldon, 

138 ; Chulmleigh, 138 ; Coleridge, 
139; Eggesford, 139; Lapford, 
140; Nymet Rowland, 140; 



Thelbridge, 141 ; Wembworthy. 
141 r Wmkleigh, 142 ; Worlington 
East, 142; Worlington West. 
143 ; Zeal Monachorum, 143 ; 
Elizabethan church plate, 135. 
144 ; in the Hartland Deanery : 
Abbotsham, 145 ; Alwington, 
146 ; Appledore, 147 ; Bideford. 
147 ; Bideford (St. Peter's). 149 ; 
Buokland Brewer, 149 ; Buck's 
MiU, 150; CloveUy, 150; Hart- 
land, 151 ; Hartland (St. John's), 
152; Hartland (St. Martin's), 
153 ; Landcross, 153 ; Littleham, 
153 ; Lundy Island, 154 ; Monk- 
leigh, 155 ; Northam, 155 ; Park- 
ham, 156; Wear Giffard, 157; 
Weloombe, 158 ; Woolfardis- 
worthy, 159 

Chylmeyle, 345 

Cicely, daughter of Lord William 
Bonville, of Shute, 33 

Cirencester, 299 

Clannaborough, 303 

Clarke, Kate M., 8, 193 ; on The 
Baptismal Fonts of Devon, 349 

Clayden, Principal A. W., 8, 9, 25. 
29-31, 34-7, 62; President, 8; 
Address by, 29, 30, 62 ; his dis- 
covery in Poltimore Queurry, 25 ; 
his telescope, 34, 35 ; his recepn 
tion of members, 34 ; Exeter 
Museum, 37 

Clay-Finch, Mrs., 8. 20 

Cleve (Exeter), 53 

Clifford : Lord, 8, 9 ; Colonel E. T., 
8, 29 ; introduces President, 29, 30 

Climate of Devon : Report of 
Conmiittee on (Worth), 171 ; list 
of observers,* 173, 174 ; list of 
observing stations, 173, 174 ; 
statistics for 1914, 175-86 ; sum- 
mary of statistics for 1914, 187 ; 
blizzards, 172; weather table, 
173 

Clinton, Lord, 9, 46 

Clyst, William de Bozun de, 252 

Coffin, Richard, 322, 331 

Coffinswell (Font), 353 

Colbome, Hon. Mrs., 25, 160 

Cole, John, 389 

Colebrooke, 303 

Coleford, 303 

Coleman : Dorcas, 326, 327 ; Eliza- 
beth, 326 ; John, 326, 327, 329 

Coleridge : Lord, 8, 9 ; J. D., 9 

College Hall, Exeter, 36 

Colleges in Devon and Cornwall : 
72-6 ; proposed grouping of, 77, 
78 



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INDEX. 



427 



ColUer, Sir R. P., 9 

Collins, Catherine, 325 

CoUumpton : 52, 91, 92, 173, 298, 
301, 302 ; Church, 298 ; Arms in, 
298; Meeting, 9; St. Andrew's 
Hill, 302. See also Cullompton 

Colombo, 54 

Combebow, 304 

Combe-in-Teignhead (Font), 352 

Combe Martin, 85, 87, 90, 91 ; 
(Cume Marten), 347 

Commin : James George. 43, 44 ; 
his obituary, 43, 44 ; James, 43 

Committees : List of, 24-6 ; An- 
cient Moniunents, 25, 26 ; Annual 
Meetings, 24 ; Biutows, 24 ; 
Bibliography, 19, 26; Botany, 
25; Camps, 25; Chvu-ch Plate, 
25 ; Climate, 24, 25 ; Dartmoor, 
25 ; Association Dinner, 24 ; 
Folk-lore, 24; Index to Trans- 
actions, 25 ; Place - names and 
Field-names, 19, 26 ; Provincial- 
isms, 24 ; Records, 25 ; Scientific 
Enquiry, 24 ; Reports of : Bar- 
rows, 131 ; Botany, 160 ; Church 
Plate, 134; Climate, 171; Pro- 
vincialisms, 93 ; Scientific Memo- 
randa, 83 

Comyn, Nicholas, 154 

Contents, Table of, 5 

Coombes, John E., 174 

Cope, A. S., 281 ; his portrait of 
W. Pengelly, 281 

Coplestone Cross, 303 

Corbet, Sir Gerald, 173 

Cornish: C. J., 42; Philip, 329. 
See also Cornysh 

Cornish Fossil Fish, 267 

Comutus, Ralph, of Brecon, 249 

Cornwall : Earl of, 253 ; Edwjtrd, 
Earl of, 347 ; Richard. Earl of, 
255 ; King Stephen, Earl of, 255 

Cornwall, Survey of (Carew), 334, 
335 

Cornysh, John, 387, 388 

Corrie, Adam, 50 

Cotley, Andrew, 143 

Cotton, John, 145, 146 

Coudy, WilUam, 393 

Coimcil : Members of, 8 ; Report of, 
19 

Courtenay family : 38, 359 ; Arms 
of, 38 ; Anne, 367 ; Edward 
(Earl of Devon), 361 ; George, 
367, 369 ; Gertrude, 367 ; James, 
361, 367, 371; Jane, 365; 
William, 362 ; Sir William, 360- 
2, 364, 365, 367, 369-71, 394 

Cowley, 191 



Cowsic Valley, 174 

Cowie, Dean, 9 

Cranmere Bog, 400 

Crapp, Charles, 395 

Creaghe, Stephen, 54 

Crediton : 19, 27, 302, 303 ; pro- 
posed meeting at, cancelled, 27 ; 
Meeting, 9 ; Church of, 253 ; 
Grant to, 253 

Creek, Mrs., 89 

Cresswell, Miss B. F., 8, 25, 26; 
on Churchyard and Wayside 
Crosses, 188 

Crosses : Churchyard and Way- 
side, near Exeter (Cresswell) : 
Alphington, 188; St. Thomas, 
189; Little John's, 189; Hol- 
combe Bumel, 189 ; St. Eloyes*. 
189; Pinhoe, 190; Poltimore, 
190; Rewe, 190; Burrow, 191 ; 
Upton Pyne, 191 ; Shillingford 
St. George, 192; Windy Cross, 
192 ; Whitstone, 192 ; on Dart- 
moor {Crossing), 188 

Crossing, William, 1 88 ; his MS, 
History, 249 

Croft, Sir Alfred W., 8, 9, 24, 25, 
171, 173 

Cullompton: 52, 91, 92. 173, 298, 
301, 302; Meeting, 9; Church, 
298 ; Arms in, 298 ; St. Andrew's 
Hill, 302. See also Collumpton 

Cutcliffe, Mr., 89 

Cudlipp : Matthew, 381 ; Richard, 
390 

Cudliptown, " Six Masters " of, 386 

Dallinger, Rev. W. H., 9 

Darracott, John, 331 

Dartmoor : Preservation Associa- 
tion, 27 ; reported destruction 
of tumulus on Hookner Tor, 27 ; 
Leusdon Vicarage (climate ob- 
serving station), 173 

Dartmoor, Perambulation o/(Rowe), 
43 

Dartmouth : 45, 46, 49, 50, 255, 
358 ; Meeting, 9 

Dartrey, Earl of, 46 

Daubeny, C. G. B., 9 

Davie : EUzabeth. 326 ; John, 314, 
321 ; Joseph, 150 

Davies, William, 44 ; obituary of, 
44, 45 

Davson : A. M., 46 ; Frederick 
Adams, 45, 46 ; obituary of, 45, 
46; Rev. H. F. P., 46; Capt. 
H. J. H., 46 

Dawkins, Prof. Boyd, 262, 268 

Dawlish :^ 96 ; Meeting, 9 



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428 



INDEX. 



Dawson, Hon. Richard Maitland 
Westenra, 46 ; obituary of, 46 

Dennis, Nicholas, 321 

Dennys : Nicholas, 319 ; Sarah, 
311 

Denton Manor (Lines.), 63 

Denys : family of, 359 ; Anne, 366, 
370; Edward, 388; Margaret, 
368 ; Robert, 361 ; Sir Robert, 
367, 369, 371 ; Sir Thomas, 360- 
2, 364-7, 369, 371 

Derling. William, 248 

d'Escures, Ralph, Archbp. of Can- 
terbury, 376 

Devil's Tor, 174 

Devon : Earl of, 9 ; (Edward 
Courtenay), 361 ; Lord, 39 

Devon and Exeter Institution, 19 ; 
membership discontinued, 19 

Devonia, 60 

Devo7iian Year Book^ 285 

Devon : Its Moorlands, Streams, 
and Coasts (Northcote), 43 

Devon Notes and Queries, 43 

Devon and Cornwall Notes and 
Queries, 43, 66 

Devonport, Meeting, 9 

Devonshire Association, 258 

Devonshire : County Members of 
Parliament (Alexander), 357 ; 
Schedule of Members, 364 ; Lead- 
ing Men of, in 1544, 371 ; Synop- 
sis Ckorographical of (Hooker), 
334 

Dialect. See Provincialisms 

Dickenson, Rev. J., 33 

Dictionaries : Halliwell, 95 ; Nares, 
95; Wright, 95; Chope's Glos- 
sary, 94 ; National Biography 
(Devon names in), 364 

Dinnington, 301 

Diocesan Colleges, 72, 73 

Diodorous Siculus, 264 

Dodder {Cuscuta epithymum), 397-9 

Doe, G. M., 8, 24, 25, 83, 85, 91, 
174 ; Report of Sci. Mem. Com- 
mittee, 83 

Doidge : Andrew, 381 ; Thomas, 
392, 393 ■; William, 382 

Donald, Mrs., 189 ; Cross in her 
garden, 189 

Donnard, George, 329 

Dorling, William, 248 

Dorset, Marquis of, 33 

Dorweek, 302 

Downe, Arms of, 294 

Downton, 367 

Drake : Sir Francis, 60, 370 ; 
statue of, 60; F. Morris, 8; 
Richard, 388 



Drew (or Drogo), 39 

Drewsteignton : 37, 39 ; church 
described, 39 

Drizzlecombe : 131 ; Kistvaen, 131 ; 
Cairn, 131 

Drogo (or Drew), 39 

Dugdale's Monasticon, 249 

Dumnonia, 373 

Duncan : A. G., 8 ; on Bideford 
under the Restored Monarchy, with 
Some Extracts from a *' Sessions 
of the Peace Book " far the 
Borough of Bideford, 1659 to 1683 ^ 
306 ; Prof. Martin, 260 

Dunheved hill-fort (Launoeston), 
304 

Dimn, J., 86 

Dunscombe, Bennett, 325 

Dunsford: 37, 192; Church. 37. 
38; described, 37, 38; Fulford 
monuments in, 38 ;. Font, 38 ; 
Arms in, 38 ; Manor of, 366 

Duprez, Mr., 61 

Dymond, A. H., 8, 24 

Earle, Archdeeicon, 9 
Eastdown, 88, 89 
East Meon, Hants (Font), 352 
Ecclesiastical Antiquities (Oliver), 

189 
Edgecombe, Edgcumbe : James, 

392 ; John, 393 ; Matthew, 389 ; 

Peter, 362, 368, 371 ; Sir Peter. 

368; Richard, 360, 393; Sir 

Richard, 368 ; Thomaa, 389 
Edinburgh, 57 
Education : The Future of Higher 

Education in Devon, 62 
Edmonds, Rev. Chancellor, 9 
Edward the Confessor, 31 ; grants 

Charter to Ottery, 31 ; Edward I, 

249, 347; Edw. Ill, 255. 347; 

Edw. VI, 359, 361 
Edwards, Susanna, 326, 327 
Egbert, King, 372-5 
Eggesford, 135 
Egloskerry (Font), 352 
Egmont, Count, 39 ; portrait of, 

39 
Elftliryth, Queen, 375 
EUzabeth, Queen, 33, 359, 363, 380, 

384 
Ellicombe, Rev. Richard, 188, 189 
Elliot : E. A. S., 8, 24, 83, 85 ; on 

Some Points of Interest on the 

Natural History of the Sors or 

See Wares, 396; Rev. F. R.. 

401 ; on the Polyommatus arion, 

401 
Elliott. William, 324 



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INDEX. 



429 



Elston: John, 143, 147, 152; 
PhiUp, 169 

Elworthy, F. T., 9, 96 

Englefield, WiU. de, 253 

English Plate, HisL of, by Jackson, 
153 

Entomology : 401-3 

Enys, John D., 9 

Erasmus, 359 

Errata in Vol. XLVI, 422 

Eschrichtius robustus, 262 

Ethelwerd, 375 

Evans : H. M., 8, 24, 83 ; Sir John, 
262, 267 ; W. J. O., 171. 173 ; 
Rachel, Home Scenes, 384 

Exe Bridge of Walter Gervayse, 
36 

Exeter : 30, 32, 40, 43, 44, 54, 70, 
71, 75-7, 80, 96, 135, 174, 189, 
190, 192. 249, 300, 304, 305, 324, 
326. 334, 335, 346, 358; Pro- 
ceedings at Annual Meeting 
held at, 27 ; Council Meetings at, 
19 ; Meeting, 9 ; trial of " Bide- 
ford Witches " at, 326 ; siege of, 
in 1549, 334 

Exeter : Athelstane's Palace, 28 ; 
Bowhill, 36; Exe Bridge, 36; 
City Seal, 248, 256 ; Church of 
St. Lawrence, 261 ; Church of 
St. Thomas-the-Martyr, 36 ; Old 
Clock, 32 ; College Hall, 36, 37 ; 
Jail, 332; St. John's Hospital, 
36, 249 ; Kalenderheie, 36 ; Old 
House in King Street, 29 ; Law 
Library, 36, 37 ; New Inn. 37 ; 
Bampfylde House, 37 ; St. Nicho- 
las Priory, 28, 37, 360 ; described, 
28, 29; University College, 68, 
69, 71, 78; Tucker's Hall, 28; 
described, 28 ; House of Correc- 
tion at St. Thomas, 332 
Exeter : Bishops of : Lacy, 36, 
38 ; Oldham, 33, 36 ; Phillpotts, 
38 ; Robertson, 8, 9 ; Anthony 
Sparrow, 330 ; Temple, 9, 64 
Exeter ; Churchyard and Wayside 
Crosses (Cresswell), 188; First 
City Seal (Lega-Weekes), 248; 
Civic Seals (Lloyd Parry), 248 ; 
Inscription on City Seal. 248 ; 
Elucidation of Devices on City 

. Seal, 256 ; Exeter Domesday, 285 ; 

Prudom, Prodom, etc, and the 

First City Seal (Lega-Weekes), 

248 

Exeter Diocesan Architectural and 

Archseological Society, 39 
Ex Libris Society, Journal of, 
60 



Exminster Hundred : Early His- 
tory of the Principal Manors in 
(Reichel), 210 ; The Hundred in 
Early Times (Reichel), 194 ; In- 
dex to (Reichel), 237-47 
Exmouth : 56 ; Meeting, 9 
Exmyster. See Exminster 

Falmouth, 71 
Fareham, 48, 49 
Farringdon (Font), 351 
Fatherford (Fvulherford), 303 
Fellow : Anne, 326 ; Edward, 329 ; 

Thomas, 326 
Finch, Mrs. Clay-, 8, 20 
Firth College, Sheffield, 68 
Fitz, John, 388 
Fitz Ralph, Fitz Ralffe : family of. 

249 ; Richard, 249 ; William, 249, 

250 
Fitzurse : family, 38 ; Arms of, 

38 
Fitzwarren, John, 2nd Lord, 38 
Florence of Worcester, 372, 374 
Flowers of the Field (Johns), 400 
Fonts : East Meon (Hants), 352 ; 

Egloskerry (Cornwall), 352 ; 

Rouen Cathedral, 356 ; St. Kea 

(Cornwall), 352; St. Nicholas 

(Brighton), 365 ; La Sainte 

Chapelle (Paris), 355 
Fonts of Devon : Transformed 

Tub-Fonts, 349; Pedestal-Bowl 

Fonts, 349 ; Abbots Bickington. 

353, 354 ; West Anstey, 349 ; 
Bickleigh (Tiverton), 350 ; Buck- 
land - in - the - Moor, 352. 353 ; 
Bulkworthy, 354 ; Coffinswell, 
363 ; Combe-in-Teignhead, 352 ; 
Farringdon, 351 ; High Bray. 
349, 350 ; Poltimore, 355 ; West 
Putford, 354; St, Mary Steps 
(Exeter), 351 ; Spreyton, 355 ; 
Topsham, 351, 352 ; Yealmpton, 

354, 355 ; Dimensions of Fonts, 
356 

Fonts, Baptismal, of Devon (Clarke). 

349 
Ford Abbey, 361, 365 
Fosse Way, Secret of, 299 
Fossil Fish, 267 
Fossil Forest (Torquay), 262 
Foster, M. T., 8, 25, 91, 173 
Founteuns Abbey, 65; Survey of. 

65 
Fouracre : J. Leighton, 47 ; J. 

Thomfiw, 47 ; Papers by, 47 ; 

obituary of, 47 
Franck, 39; his picture of Battle 

of GraveUnes, 39 



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430 



INDEX. 



Francken, W. A., 25 

Fremington, 88 

Freeman, Edward, 275 

Frere : C., 66 ; Catherine Vansit- 
tart. 66 

Frost : John, 321 ; Thomas, 391 

Froude : Ashley A., 8, 9 ; James 
Anthony, 9, 276 

Fulford, 37, 38 

Fulford : Anne, 366 ; Baldwin (the 
Crusader), 38 ; Lieut. -Colonel, 
39 ; Col. Francis. 38 ; Francis, 
38 ; Sir Francis, 38 ; Francis A., 
8 ; John, 361 ; Sir John, 38, 39, 
366, 371 ; Sir Thomas, 38 ; Ur- 
sula, 38 

Fulford House : 38, 39, 366 ; built 
by Sir John Fulford, 38, 366; 
described by Miss Fulford, 38, 39 

Gallsworthy, Frank, 99 

Galsworthy, Sisly, 326 

Gambon, Richard, 263 

Garland, John, 396 

Garrard, Robert, 146, 157 

Gaudry, M., 279 

Gearing, Thomas, 319, 321, 330 

Geen, Mr., 89 

Geikie, Prof., 262 

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 299 

George V, 44, 268 

Geranium : (Stork*s-bill), 396 ; de- 
rivation of the term, 396, 397 

Germany, Richard, King of, 254 

Gerry, John, 389, 390 

Gervayse, Walter, 36 ; his Exe 
Bridge, 36 

Giant's Basin, 131, 133 

Gibraltar, 83 

Gifford, Arthur, 309 

Gilbert, Adrien, 347 

Giles, Richard, 331, 332 

Gill : Rev. John, 174 ; J. H., 62 ; 
R. B., 62 

Gladstone, W. E., 42 

Glanfeilde (Glanville) : Sir Francis, 
389, 390; John, 387, 388; Sir 
John, 388-90 ; Nicholas, 388 

Glanville. See Glanfeilde 

Glastonbury, 361 

Glossaries. See Dictionaries 

Glubb, Glubbe : Mrs. Dorothy, 
155 ; John, 387 

Godbeare, Walter, 389, 390 

Good, Walter, 261 

Goodenough, Mr., 89 

Gosse, Philip Henry, 60 

Gove. John, 389 

Grandisson, Bishop, 31, 33, 36, 
250 ; Arms of, 33 ; grants col- 



legiate dignity to Ottery St. 

Mary Church, 31 ; commemo- 
rated in chimsh, 32 
Gravelines, Battle of, 39 ; picture 

of, by Franck, 39 
Great Torrington : 68, 86, 88. 174, 

331 ; Meeting, 9 ; Bridewell at, 

331. See also Torrington 
Great Yarmouth, 57 
Greenwell, Canon, 275 
Grenfell, Field-Marshal Lord, 50 
Grenville : Hugh, 34 ; Sir Richard, 

362, 368 
Grey : Henry, Duke of Suffolk, 33 ; 

Lady Jane, 33,361 
Grills: Charles, 388; William, 

387-9 
Grimspound, 27 
Grover, C, 174 

Guernsey, " Douzainiers " of, 386 
Guiana, British, 46 
Guineaford, 89 
Gumbleton, Miss, 61 
Guyer, Jeunes Brett, 47 ; obituary 

of, 47, 48 
Gyles, John (of Bowden), 338 

Hach, Haohe : 297 ; Arms of, 294 
Haddy. Seunuel Peek. 48 ; obituary 

of, 48 
Hake, Arms of, 296 
Haldane, Lord, 67 
HaUfax, Lord, 151 
Halsbury, Earl of, 8. 9 
Halse, Dorothea, 312 
Hamdon, 301 
Hames : Jemima Hajrter, 54 ; 

Rev. William, 54 
Hamilton, A. H. A., 9 
Handford : Abigail, 327 ; Robert, 

327 
Hanec, Lucas, 254 
Hansford, R. W.. 174 
Happaway Hill, Torquay, 269 
Hutlwicke, Henry, 146, 156 
Hare, Mrs. Marcus, 173 
Harley, Rev. Prof., 283 
Harpesfield family, 38 ; Arms of, 

38 
Heupley, Rev. W., 9, 66 
Harris, Thomas, 325 
Harrogate, 61 
Harvey : T. H., 48 ; obituary of, 

48, 49 ; Thomas, 382 
Harte, W. J., 8 
Hartland : 90 ; Rural Deanery of, 

144 ; parishes of, 144 ; Church 

Plate m, 144 
Hastement, WilUam, 248, 251 
Hatheriy, 345 



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INDEX. 



431 



Hawker, Rev. Treasurer, 9 
Haydon : John, 34 ; Richard, 34 ; 

builds Cfiuihay House, 34 ; 

Robert, 34 
Heanton, 86, 87 
Heard, Hugh, 143 
Heath {Erica), 390 
Heather (CaUuna)^ 399 
Heaven, Rev. H. G., 154 
Heberden, W. B., 8 
Heiman, Abraham, 148 
Hembury, 301 

Hemlock {Conium) : 397 ; its occur- 
rence on Dartmoor, 397 
Hen-harriers, 404 
Henry I, 376; Charter of, 376; 

Hen. II, 336 ; Hen. Ill, 265, 336 ; 

Hen. VII, 359 ; Hen. VIII, 33, 

359, 360 
Henry of Huntingdon, 299 
Hensley, Rev. E., 156 
Heraditus, Fragments of, 42 
Heraldry : 34, 36, 38, 294, 297 ; 

Arms of — Ashburton, 255 ; Brett, 

295 ; Downe of East Downe, 294 ; 

Hach, Hache, 294 ; Hake, 295 ; 

Holbeame, 295; Speke, 295; 

Stowford of Stowfoni Colyford, 

294 ; Walrond of Bovey, 294 
Herring, John, 392, 393 
Hewett, Mrs., on Peasant Speech of 

Devon, 98 
Hiem, W. P., 8, 25, 56, 160 
High Bray (Font), 349, 350 
Hill, John, 309, 319, 321, 328, 330 
Hine. J., 9 

Hingeston- Randolph, Preb., 250 
Hingston Down : 372 ; Battle of, 

375 
Historic Collections (Oliver), 249 
Historic Devices (Mrs. Palliser), 255 
Hodgson, T. V., 8, 25 
Holbeame : 297 ; Arms of, 295 
Holeombe Bumel : 365 ; Denys of, 

365 ; Cross at, 189 
Hole : Alfred, 157, 158 ; EUzabeth, 

157, 158; Rev. N. J* B., 137; 

Thomas, 143 
Holinshed^s Chronicle, Revision of 

(Hooker), 334 
Holl, Dr. Harvey. 261 
HoUey, Maj.-Gen. E. H., 174 
Holmes, Abraham, 329 
Holne, 174 

Home Scenes (Rachel Evans), 384 
Honiton : 301, 303 ; Meeting, 9 
Hook, Dr., 67 
Hooker, John. See Vowell 
Hooker*s Synopsis Chorographical 

of Devonshire (Blake), 334 



Hookner Tor : Tumulus on, 27 ; 

reported destruction of, 27 
Hope Cove, 261 
Hope's Nose, 263 
Hore, WilUam, 390 
Horridge, 86 
Horsacott Farm, 88 
Horsham, William, 317 
Hospital of St. Alexius : 240, 250 ; 

its Founder, 250 
Houghton, WilUam, 388 
Howard : Christopher, 329 ; Lady 

Mary, 388 
Howarth: F. W., 171, 174; Sir 

Henry, 275, 276 ; his corre- 
spondence with W. Pengelly, 276 
Howley, Arehbp. of Canterbury, 55 
Hoyle, David, 316 
Huccaby, 172, 174 
Hudleston^ W. H., 9 
Hughes : Prof. MeKenny, 2«1, 208, 

277, 281 ; Thomas Cann, 8, 24, 

25, 134 
Hunt : Arthur Roope, 49, 50, 258, 

282 ; obituary of, 49, 50, 51 ; 

C. A., 51 ; Muriel, 51 
Hurdwick : 379 ; Manor Coiut of, 

379 
Huxley, Prof., 267 

Ictis of Diodorus Siculus : 263 ; 

identification with St. MichaeFs 

Mount, 263 
Ide, 188, 189, 192 
Iddesleigh (Idesley), 345 
Ilchester, 299, 301, 303 
Ilfracombe : 174 ; Meeting, 9 
Index to Papers on Exminster 

Hundred cmd the Manors in the 

scuiie (Reic?iel), 237 ; to Reports 

on Devonshire Provincialisms, 

103 
Innishowen (North Donegal) : 364 ; 

Devonian settlement at, 364 
Instow, 87, 88 

Jackson's History English Plate, 

153 
Jacob, John, 390 
James II, 306, 318, 320, 322, 324 ; 

Addresses to, from Bideford, 318, 

320, 321 ; Coronation festivities 

at Bideford, 322 
Jan Stewer, 97, 98 
Jelly Fish, 83 
Jenkins, Rhys, 8 
Jermyn, Fremcis, 309, 311 
Jim and Nell, by W. F. Rock, 99 
Joce, T. J., 8, 96; on The Secret of 

the Fosse Way, 299 



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432 



INDEX. 



John, King, 336 ; visit to Dart- 
mouth, 255 

Johns, Rev. C. A., Flowers of the 
Field, 400 ; Thomas, 325 

Johnston - Lavis, Henry James, 
51 ; obituarv of, 51, 52 

Joll, Capt. H.H., 174 

Jones : Charlotte Caroline, 68 ; 
Charles Richard, 58 ; John, 135, 
145; Chalices by, 135; R. B., 
57 ; Theoph., 249 ; his History of 
Brecon, 249 

Jordan ; Mrs. Flora, 8 ; W. F. C, 8 

Jowett, Prof., 42 

Jukes-Browne, A. J., 50 

Julian, Mrs. Hester Forbes, 8, 
257 ; on WiUiam PengeUy, 257 

Kalenderheie (Exeter), 36 ; Fra- 
ternity of, 36 

Kedley {alias Poynter), Willicun, 
389 

Kelly, 52 

Kempe, 391 

Kenstec, Bishop of Cornwall, 375 

Kent; A. P.. 85 

Kentisbeare : 92 ; Moor, 301 I 

Kent*8 Cavern, 50, 257, 259, 263, ' 
268, 277 I 

Keyham, 59 

Kilworthy, 389 

King, R. J., 9 

Kinge, Mrs. Dorothy, 311 

Kingford, William, 157 

Kingsbridge : 44, 94 ; Grammar 
School, 44 ; Duncomb's Charity, , 
44 ; Meeting, 9 | 

Kingsheanton, 89 

Kingsnympton, 365 

Kingsley, Rev, Canon C, 9 

Kingswear, 55 

Kingwell. Miss C. M., 174 1 

Kh-kham : George, 361, 368, 371 ; i 
Margaret, 368 ; Thomas, 368 I 

Knyvett, Anne, 368 ! 

! 
Lacy, Bishop, 36, 38 ; Arms of, 38 I 
Lake, W. C, 174 

Lamerton, 52 ' 

Land, Nicholas, 316 I 

Langford, 92 

Langport, 300 , 

Leu'kham, Thomas (Viceur of Tavis- ■ 

tock), 389, 390, 392 i 

Larter, Miss C. Ethelinda, 8, 24, 25, { 

93, 96, 160 I 

La Sainte Chapelle, Paris (Font), 

355 
Launceston : 304, 305, 324 ; Meet- : 

ing, 9 I 



Lausanne Cathedral : 32 ; monu- 
ments of Grandisson family in, 
32 

Law Libreury, Exeter, 36, 37 

Law-Hussey : Alice, 61 ; Henry S., 
61 

Lawrence : Northmore H. P., 54 ; 
Olympia H. M., 54 

Laycock, C. H., 8, 24-6, 93, 96, 
160 

Leare : James, 382 ; John, 390 

Lee : John Edward, 50, 261 ; 
Timothy, 158 

Lee-on-Solent, 48 

Leeds University College : 68 ; 
Yorkshire College, 68 

Leeke, Rev. T. Newton, 145 

Leere : James, 382 ; John, 390 

Lega-Weekes, Miss E., 8, 97 ; on 
Prudum, Prodom, etc., of Exeter 
and the First City Seal, 248 

Legenda Sanctorum, 250 

Leigh, 91 

Leighton, Lord, 58 

Leland, 299 

Le Neve, Peter, 358 

Lesser Dodder (Cuscuta epithy- 
mum), 397-9 

Lethbridge : Sir Roper, 8, 9, 24-7, 
134 ; Thomas, 142 

Levien, Edward, 334 ; his descrip- 
tion of Hooker's MS. of Synopsis 
Chorographical of Devonshire, 334 

Lew Down, 304 

Leworthy, William, 89 

Lias, Charles, 152 

Lidston, Dorcas, 326 

Lifton, 304 

Lignites of Bovey Trcwjey, 257, 275 

Lincoln, 299 

Ling {Calluna), 399 

Lisle : Arthur, The Viscount, 368 : 
Frances, 368 

List of Members, 407 

Lister, Lord, 284 

Littleham, XIV Cent. Chalice at, 
144 

Little Hempston, 287 

Little John's Cross, 189 

Liverpool : 52 ; University College, 
68 

Lloyd, Temperance, 326 

London, Bishop of (Temple), 64 

London University, 68, 75, 77, 78, 
82 

Longdown, 189, 192 

Long : Gilbert, 252 ; John, 262 

Lonsdale, Walter H., 55 

Lough Foyle : 364 ; Devon names 
at, 364 



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433 



Lough Swilly : 364 ; Devon names 

at, 364 
Lovejoy, H., 1.71 
Lowe, Harford J., 8 
Lumley, Arthur, 382 
Luttrell : Nicholas, 152 ; Mary, 152 
Luxton, John, 311 
Lybbe, Thomas, 388 
Lydford (Lydfford), 347 
LyeU, Sir Charles, 262, 263, 267, 281 
Lyme-Regis : 19 ; invitation to, 19, 

27 
Lynmouth, 174 
Lynton, Meeting, 9 
Lyons, 52 

McCoy, Professor, 267 

MacEnery, Rev. J., 259 

Machairodu8 laHdens (sabre-toothed 
tiger), 276 

Maddaford, Stephen, 393 

Madden, Matthew, 162 

Maddox, R. Willes, 66 

Magdala (Abyssinia), 54 

Maine, Thome^, 317 

Mahnesbury, William of, 336, 373 

Manaton : Ambrose, 381 ; Samp- 
son, 393 

Manchester : 59, 262 ; University 
College, 68 

Manname€td, 58 

March, Frederick, 1 74 

Marie, Grand Duchess, 268 

Marine Biological Station, Ply- 
mouth, 71, 73 

Marine Spleen wort (fern), 397 

Marlborough, Bishop of (Dean 
Cowie), 8 

Marr, Prof., 277 

Marshall, Bishop, 36 

Marshall's Rural Economy oj S, W, 
Devon, 102 

Martin, J. M., 8 

Marwood, 89, 91 

Mary, Queen, 33, 44, 359-61 

Mary Rose (troopship) : 360, 365 ; 
founders. 360 

Melon's College, Birmingham, 68 

Master, Walter, 387 

Mathew, Thomas, 145, 151, 158 

Mayhutt, Robert, 328 

Maynard : John, 389 ; Sir John, 
389 

Mayors of Bideford. See under 
Bideford 

Mead-Briggs, T. H., 174 

Meetings : Plewses of, 9 ; Council, 
27, 36 ; General, 27, 35 ; Exeter, 
27 ; Proceedings at, 27 

Meldon, 304 



Melhuish : Rev. G. D., 24, 93, 96 ; 
John, 156 

Mellent (Robert de Beaumont), 
Count of, 376 

Members, List of, 407 

Mendip Hills, 70 

Mentone Caverns, 259 

Merivale, Very Rev. C, 9, 276 

Meteorology : Report of Com- 
mittee on Climate of Devon 
{Worth), 171. See also under 
BUzzards, Climate, Thunder- 
storms 

Middletown, 89 

Mildon, 303 

Mill, T. H. v., 156 

Miller : Alfred Newton, 52 ; obitu- 
ary of, 52 ; Hugh, 281 

Mines, School of, CambomCi^ 71-3 

Mohun, Thomas, 388 

Mohim's Ottery, 366 

Monastery of St. Nicholas : 249, 
260 ; Cartulary of, 252 

Monasticon (OUver), 249 

Monk, W. J., 174 

Monkswell, Lord, 9 

Montagu's harrier, 404 

Moore, of Moorshayes : 298 ; Eliza- 
beth, 390; John, 389; Robert, 
388 ; Stuart, 261, 262 

Moretain, Earl of (King Stephen), 
265 

Moretonhampstead : 37, 39, 63, 97, 
98, 100; Church, 39; described, 39 

Morison, James, 146 

Morris: Rev. A. C, 25, 160; 
H. P., 396 ; Prof. John, 61 ; R. 
Burnet, 8, 26 

Morrison, Rev. Thomas Hooper, 
146 

Morse, Rev. H. G., 144, 154 

Morshead : Rev. H. J.. 52 ; 
J. Y. A., 8 ; Reginald, 62 ; 
obituary of, 52, 53 

Mount E({gcumbe, Lord, 280 

Mouson, James, 158 

Muddiford, 89 

Munday, Mrs. W. L., 57 

Munro, Dr. 273 

Murat, Prince, 268 

Murchison, Sir Roderick, 262, 267 

Naples. 51, 52 

Napoleon III, Emperor, 268 ; ex- 
cursions with W. Pengelly, 268 

Natural History of the Plateau 
known as the Sors or See Wares 
(ElUot), 396 

Nautilus in S. Devon and Cornwall, 
83 



VOL. XLVn. 



2 E 



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434 



INDEX. 



Neck, J. S., 8, 24 

Nether Exe, 191 

Nework-on-Trent, 52, 299 

New Inn, Exeter, 37 

Newport : (Shrops.), 57 ; (Devon), 
88 

Newton Abbot : 71. 101, 174, 258 ; 
Meeting, 9 ; Seale-Hayne Apji- 
cultural Ck)llege, 71, 73, 74, 77 

Newton, William, 52 

Norman, William, 89 

Northcote, The Lady Rosalind, 8, 
43 ; on Devon : its MoorlandSy 
Streams, and Coasts, 43 

North Devon Journal, 86, 91 

Northmore : John, 53, 64 ; obitu- 
ary of, 63, 64 ; Olympia, 54 ; 
Sarah Selina, 54 ; Thomas, 53 ; 
Rev. Thomas Welby, 53 

North Tawton, 102 

Nottingham : 68, 80 ; University 
College, 67, 68, 80 

Nourse, Rev. S. M., 25 

Nut well (Lympstone), 367 

Nycoll, WilUam. 388 

Nymet Rowland, 1 35 

Obituary Notices, 41 

Ockment : East, 303 ; West, 303 

Odell, Rev. O. J., 27 ; reports de- 
struction of tumulus on Hook- 
ner Tor, 27 

Odo, Bishop of Battle, 249 

O'Doherty Clan, 364 

0*Donovan : Olympia, 54 ; Rev. 
R. H., 54 

Odyham (Odiham, Hants), 376 

Officers of the Association, 8 

Ogilby : Rev. Michael (Rector of 
Bideford), 148, 321, 323, 327-9 ; 
disputes with parishioners, 327- 
9 ; William, 302 

Okehampton : 1 74, 345 ; Meeting, 
9 ; Castle, 285 

Oldham, Bishop, 33, 36 

Old way, 301 

Oliver, Dr. : 1 89 ; his Ecclesiastical 
Antiquities, 189 ; Historic Collec- 
tions, 249 

Oporto, 49 

Orchard: Paul, 152; Mary, 152; 
Rev. William, 152 

Orchardton (Modbury), 367 

Oreston, 259 

Ormerod, G. W., 261 

Ornithology : 404-6 ; Wheat- 
ears, 404 ; Hen Harriers, 404 ; 
Montagu's Harriers, 404 ; Rock 
Pigeons, 404 ; Stock-doves, 404 ; 
Oyster - catchers, 404 ; Purple 



Sandpipers, 405 ; Ravens, 406 ; 
Choughs, 405 ; Robins, 406, 406 ; 
Peregrine Falcons, 404 ; Buz- 
: zards, 404 
I Orpington, 48 
! Osmunda rcgalis, 397 
Otho, brother of Bishop (JrandiK- 
I son, 32 

lottery St. Mary: 31, 32; Col- 

' legiate Church at, 31, 32 ; 

I described, 31 ; restored by Biit- 

terfield, 31, 32 ; consecrated by 

Bp. Bronescombe, 31 ; raised to 

Collegiate dignity by Bp. Gran- 

j disson, 31 ; grant of Charter 

I by Edward the Confessor, 31 ; 

Hejrwood's plan of, 32 ; Canopi€»d 

Tombs in, 32 ; Bosses in, 32 : 

Old Clock in, 32; Minstrels' 

Gallery, 33 ; Family Badges. 33 ; 

I Arms in, 33 ; Vaulting in, 32, 33 

t Oxford University, 82 

; Oyster-catchers, 404 

i 

I Paignton, Meeting, 9 
I Palliser, Mrs., on Historic Deviees, 

255 
, Palmer, Col. John, 58 
Parkham, 88, 90 

I Parliament, Devon County Members 
I of (Alexander), 357 
Parry : George, 174 ; H. Lloyd, 8. 
25, 254; on The Exeter Cif^ir 
Seals, 248 
Parsons, Henry, 323 
Partridge, J., 174 
Pater, Walter, 41 
Peach, Charles, 267 
I Peacock, H. G., 25, 160 
Pearce, Mrs., 90 
Pearson, Rev. J. B., 8, 20 
Feasant Speech of Devon, by Mrs. 

Hewett, 98 
Pease, Mr., 67, 70 
Peck, Miss C, 25, 160 
Pedigrees : Whitinge, 296 ; Wal- 

rond, 296 ; Speke, 296 
PengeUy : J., 89 ; W., 89 ; WiUiam. 
9, 50, 258, 260, 263, 267, 268. 
273 ; publications by, 260-2, 273. 
278-80 ; his numerous corre- 
spondents, 275 ; correspondence 
on ecclesiastical subjects, 275 ; 
studies in anthropology, 272 ; 
correspondence on ethnology 
with Sir H. Howarth, 276 ; his 
climatic observations, 263 ; at- 
tendances at Brit. Assoc, meet- 
ings, 279 ; founds Devon. Assoc., 
258 ; Torquay Nat. Hist. Soc, 



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436 



258 ; Treasurer, Devon. Assoc, 
280 ; President, Falmouth Poly- 
technic, 280 ; awarded Lyell 
Medal, 278 ; excursions with 
Royal Visitors. 268 ; with Prof. 
McKenny Hughes, 277 ; his 
hanuner presented to Sedgwick 
Museum, 281 ; portrait painted 
by A. S. Cope, 281 ; death, 284 ; 
memorial to, 284 ; character, 283, 
284 ; work and genius, 283, 284 
appreciation of, 282, 283 

PengeUy^ William, Father of Devon- 
shire Association (Julian), 257 

Pengelly Hall, Torquay, 284 

Penzance, 71, 267, 325 

Perambulation of Dartmoor (Rowe), 
43 

Peregrine falcon, 404 

Perry, Blanche Emma, 147 

Persse, Sarah Selina, 54 

Petherton Bridge, 301 

Pevensey, Seal of, 255 

Phear, Sir J. B., 9 

Philibert, Prince of Orange, 366 

Phillips, Prof., 262, 267 

Phillpotte, Bishop, 38 

Physalia CarnveUa (Portuguese 
man-of-war), 83 

Pidgeon, Daniel, 50 

Piers Ploughman's Creed, 97 

Pinhoe : 43 ; Cross at, 190, 193 

Plaistow Barton, 89 

Plates, List of, 7 

Plymouth : 47, 49, 57-9, 71, 74-7, 
81, 358 ; Meeting, 9 ; Guildhall, 
47 windows in, 47 ; Head Weir, 
1 74 ; Institution, 60 ; Marine 
Biological Station, 71, 73 ; Ob- 
servatory, 174 

Plympton : 57, 280, 358 ; Meeting, 9 

Plym Valley, 131 

Pode, J. D., 26 

Pointer : John, 390 ; WiUiam, 389 

Pole, Sir Willieum, Collections To- 
wards a Description of the County 
of Devon, 295 

Pollard : -Amos, 331 ; Sir Lewis, 
365 ; Richard, 359-61 ; Sir 
Richard, 366, 371 

Polle, Richard, 360, 365 

Pollock, Sir F., 8, 9 

Poltimore, Lord, 37 

Poltimore : 370 ; Cross, 190 ; Font, 
365; Quarry (near Exeter), 35, 37; 
Mr. Clayden*s discoveries in, 37 

Polyommalus arion (Blue Butter- 
fly), 401 ; found on Bolt Head, 
401 ; explanation of name, 401, 
402 



Pomerey, Pomeroy : family of, 
286-8 ; Arms of, 288, 289 ; 
Elizabeth, 286; Henry de la, 
286; Ralph de, 285; Richard, 
286 ; Sir Thomas, 286 

Portgate, 304 

Portsmouth Harbour, 360, 365 

Portuguese man-of-war {Physalia 
CarnveUa), 83 

Postbridge, 174 

Pound Down, 302 

Pound, John, 325 

Powderham : 365, 369 ; Sir William 
Courtenay of, 365 

Poynter {alias Kedley), W^illiam, 
387, 389 

Prance, Justinian, 311 

Prayer Book Rebellion, 1549, 366 

Presidential Address (Clayden), 62 

Presidents of the Association, List 
of, 8, 9 

Prestwich, Sir Joseph, 267 

Prideaux : F. W., 54 ; Jonathan, 
331 ; John, 359, 361, 362, 366-8. 
371 ; Thomas, 367 ; Colonel Wil- 
liam Francis, 54 ; obituary of, 
54 

Prigg, H. Victor, 174 

Prince, Rev. John, 287 ; Vicar of 
Berry Pomeroy, 287 ; his Worthies 
of Devoti, 249, 287 

Princetown : 98, 172, 174 ; Blizzard 
at, 172 ; Meeting, 9 

Prinsep, Valentine, 58 

Priscianus Lydus, 42 

Prixford, 89 



' Probus : Isabel, 251 ; William, 

I 264 ; Walter, 251 

, Probushomo, son of Segar, 25 1 

Proclamations issued in Bideford 
{tempo. Jas. II), 332, 333 

Prodom, Proddome, Prodome, Prod- 
homme, Prodhumme, Produm, 
Prudom, Prudum: Martin, 261-3; 
William, 248-53; derivation of 
name, 250, 251 ; name found in 
Episcopal Registers, 254 

Prodhomme, Martin (Canon of 
Exeter), 251 

Provincialisms : Report of Com- 
mittee on {Laycock), 93 ; Index 
to Reports of, 103 ; Rules and 
Regulations of Committee on, 
94-6 ; Glossaries, etc., to : Chope's, 
94 ; HalUwell's, 95 ; Nare8\ 95 ; 
Wright's, 95 

Prowse : Arthur B., 8, 25, 26, 160 ; 
C, 174 

Pruz, Willelmus le, 253 

Pundinge, John, 248 



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436 



INDEX. 



Puzzuoli, 51 
Pynes, 191 

Quiller-Couch, Sir A. T., 258 

Radford : A. J. V., 26, 134 ; A. L., 
8, 25 ; Miss Constancse M., 174 ; 
Mrs. G. H., 8, 24-6 

Radford, A. L., on The Walrond 
Screen in Seaton Church, 294 

Ralegh, Sir Walter, 362-4, 369, 371 

Ralph d*£^ures. Archbishop of 
Canterbury, 376 

Ramsay : Sir Andrew, 267 ; Rev. 
H. F., 174 

Ramsey Abbey, 375 

Ravens, 405 

Rayleigh, Lord, 50 

Reading, University College, 68 

Reed : C. A., 87 ; Harbottle, 8, 
25. 27, 28, 31, 35-7, 134; on 
Old Exeter, 28, 36, 37; on 
Church of Ottery St. Mary, 31 ; 
vote of thanks to, 35 

Reeve : Rev. Andrewes, 55 ; Cath- 
erine, 55 ; Joseph Arthur, 65 ; 
obituary of, 66 ; his Survey 
of Fountains Abbey, 65 ; his 
restoration of Ramsbury (Sarum) 
Cathedral Church, 55 ; designs 
memorial to Archbishops of 
Canterbury, 66 ; William (Mayor 
of Bideford), 329 

Reichel, Rev. O. J., 8, 20, 24-6, 
93, 134, 192; on the Hundred 
of Exminater in Early Times, 
194 ; General Remarks, 194 ; 
Townships, 199; Tithings, 200, 
201 ; Constituents of the Domes- 
day Hundred, 202-7 ; evidence 
of Geldroll, 208; on the Early 
History of the Principal Manors I 
in Exminster Hundred, 210 ; ' 
Index to the Papers on the 
Exminster Hundred and the 
Manors in the same, 237 

Reports : of Council, 19 ; of j 
Committees, see Committees 

Rewe : 191 ; Rewe Cross, 190 

Reynolds : Sir Joshua, 68 ; Prof., 
277 

Richard I, 38, 265 ; Arms of, 38 1 

Richard, King of the Romans, 347 ! 

Ripon, Marquess of, 66 

Robert of Gloucester, 299 

Roberts, Hugh, 136 ' 

Robertson, Dr. (Bishop of Exeter), 9 

Robin, American, 406 i 

Roborough : (Reservoir), 1 74 ; Si- ! 
ward's Cross, 174 



Robson, Rev. F., 191 

Rock, W. F., Jim and Nell, 99 

Rock pigeons, 404 

Roemer, Prof., 267 

Rof, Martin, 253 

Rogers, W. H. Hamilton, 297, 

298, 311 ; on Sepulchral Effigies 

in the Parish Churches of Devon, 

294 
Rolle : Anne, 370 ; Sir Henry, 

370 ; Samuel, 331 
Rooker : Alfred, 67 ; James, 306, 

307 
Rosse (Ireland), 325 
Rossiter, G., 174 
Rouen Cathedral (Font), 365 
Rousdon, 172-4 
Routclifif, Mr., 90 
Row, John, 381 
Rowe, S., 43 ; his Perambulation of 

Dartmoor, 43 
Rowley, F. R., 26, 37 ; displays 

Exeter Museum, 37 
Rowtor (Cornwall), 400 
Rules of the Association. 10 
Rural Economy of S,\V, Devon 

(Marshall), 102 
Russell, The Earl, 9, 361 
Ryde, 47 

Rye House Plot, 318 
Ryse, John, 36 ; rebuilds College 

Hall, Exeter, 36 

Sabonadiere, Frank, 54 

Saddler : Richard, 251 ; William, 

261 
St. Alexius, Hospital of (Exeter), 

249, 250 ; its Foimder, 250 
St. Cyres, The Viscoimt, 8, 9 
St. Eloyes* : Chapel (Exeter), 189 ; 

Cross (Wonford), 189 
St. John's Hospital (Exeter), 36. 

250-4 ; Cartulary of, 249 
St. Kea, Cornwall (Font), 352 
St. Lawrence : Church of (Exeter), 

251 ; Gild of (Ashburton), 265 
St. Leger : Anne, 368 ; Sir George, 

368 ; Sir John, 362, 368, 371 
St. Loyes House (Mrs. Donald), 

Cross at, 189 
St. Luke's Diocesan College, Exeter, 

72-4 
St. Marychurch : 280 ; Meeting, 9 
St. Mary Steps, Exeter (Font), 361 
St. Michael's Mount : 262-4 ; the 

Ictis of Diodorus Siculus, 263 
St. Nicholas, Brighton (Font), 355 
St. Nicholas Priory, Exeter: 28, 

37, 249, 260, 360 ; Cartulary of, 

262 ; description of, 28, 20 



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437 



St. Peter's, Kent, 64 

St. Rumon, 372 

St. Thomas (Exeter) : Cross at, 

189, 193 ; House of Correction, 

,332 
St. Thomas the Martyr, Church of 

(Exeter), 36 
Saint Walpurga, 192 
Saloombe, 174 
Saloombe Regis, 42 
Salisbury Pledn, 70 
Salteme, Thomas, 146 
Sampford Beacon, 303 
Samphire {crithmum) : 399 ; the 

herb of St. Peter, 399 
Sampson, Thomas, 157 
Sancto Martino, Walto de, 249 
Satow, The Right Hon. Sir Ernest 

M., 8 
Saunders : Helen, 65, 94, 97 ; 

obituary of, 56 ; Paj>er8 by, 56 
Saunton, 87 
Sayce, Professor, 275 
Scapfuispis ComubictiSf 267 
School of Mines, Camborne, 71-3 
Seals : of Exeter, 248 ; elucida- 
tion of devices on, 256 ; of 

Pevensey, 265 
Seale-Hayne Agricultural College, 

Newton Abbot, 71, 73, 74, 77 
Seamor, Edward (Duke of Somer- 
set), 286 
Sea Pink {StcUice), 399 
Seaton: 294, 297; Church, 294; 

the Walrond Screen in, 294 ; 

Wah-ond Chapel in, 294, 297 ; 

Meeting^ 9 
Secret of the Fosse Way ( Joce), 299 
Secretaries : Hon. General, 8 ; 

Hon. Local, 8 
Sedgwick, Prof., 281 
Sedgwick Museum : 281 ; Pengelly*8 

hammer presented to, 281 
Septdchral Effigies in the Parish 

Churches of Devon (Rogers), 294 
Seymour : Edward, 362 ; Lord 

Edward, 286, 370 ; Sir Edward, 

369-71 
Sliaftesbury, 304 
Shanks, H. H.. 67 
Shapland : John Dee, 56 ; obituary 

of, 56, 57 ; Mr., 87 
Sharland, A., 25, 160 
Sheepstor, 133 

Sheffield : Firth CoUege, 68 ; Uni- 
versity College, 68 
Shelly : John, 57 ; obituary of, 57 ; 

Rev. John, 57 
Shelley, Sir John, 8 
Shepton Mallet, 299 



Shilhngford : 192, 249 ; St. George 
Cross, 192 

ShiUingford Abbots, 192 

Short, Mrs. Margaret, 311 

Sidmouth : 62, 174 ; Meeting, 9 

Simonsbath, 174 

Siphonophons (Jelly Fish), 83 

Si ward's Cross, 174 

Skeat, Professor, 276 

Skinner : A. J. P., 296, 297 ; Miss 
E., 8 

Slade, Danniell, 310 

Smale, Thomad, 143 

Smerwick Fort, captiure of, 363 

Smfles, Dr. Samuel, 267 
' Smith : Colonel, 67 ; Ernest, 51 ; 
Hvunphrey, 388 ; his Survey and 
Valuation of Tavistock, 384 

Smyth, Warrington, 262 

Snake, Two-headed, 86 

Sobey, Isacu; Parkin George, 137 

Somerset : Duke of (Edward Sea- 
mor), 286, 370; The Protector, 
362 

Somervail, Alexander, 50 

Sors {Sob Wares), Natural History of, 

(EUiot), 396 
, Sotheby, Hans W., 42 
I Southampton University College, 68 

• South Brent, 174 

' Southcot : John, 369 ; Mary, 369, 

370 ; Thomas, 370 
South Molton : 56, 56, 324, 325 ; 

Meeting, 9 
I South Tawton, 101 
! Sowton, Thomas, 388 
I Spain, Philip, King of, 361 
I Sparrow, Anthony (Bp. of Exeter), 
I 330 
! Speke : Arms of, 295 ; Pedigree of, 

• 296 

; Sperhng, H. G., 63 
Sponges of Cornwall, 267 
, Sprague, 55 
I Spreyton (Font), 366 
I Spry : Richard, 384 ; WiUiam, 384, 
' 393 

Squill : 397 ; Oxymel of Squill, 397 
Stafford, Henry, Earl of Wiltshire, 

33 
Stanbury, Edwin, 97 
Standing Orders of tlie Association, 

16 
Stapledon : Bishop, 255 ; Maria 

Glode, 48 
Start Point, 261 
Statice (Sea Pink), 399 
Stawell : Charlotte Caroline, 58 ; 

George, 68 ; obituary of, 58 
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., 8, 9, 60 



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438 INDEX. 

Steepbere, 301 j Tawuey, E. B., 50 

Ste(janodictyum Cornubicum : 267 ; I Tedbum St. Mary, 40 

Devonian fossil, 265 ; contro- ' Teignbridge, 300 

verey regarding, 267 j Teignmouth : 61, 172-^; Meeting. 9 

Stephen, King, 255 ; Earl of More- | Teign Naturalists' Field Club, 39 

tain and Cornwall, 255 t Temple, Dr. (Bishop of Exeter), 9, 

Stewer, Jan. 97, 98 64 

Sticklepath, 301 , Thelbridge, 135 



Theodore, King of Abyssinia, 54 
Tliomas : Grace, 326 ; John, 309 ; 
William, 324 



Stock-doves, 404 

Stoke Canon, 191 

Stokeleigh Pomeroy, 303 

Stonehouse, 47 | Thomson, Basil H., 9 

Stoneyford, 302 • Thomcombe, 365 

Stowford of Stowford Colyford. ; Thornton, Rev. W. H., 8 

Arms of, 294 * ; Thorold, Ehzabeth, 156 

Strange ; A., 147 ; D., 147 • Thimderstorms : 85 ; in X. Devon, 

Stratton, 325 . 85, 86 

Strode ; Mary, 370 ; Richard, 370 ; | Thurlestone Sands, 83 
William, 362 ; Sir William, 370, i Thum, Sir Everard im, 275 
371 Titherly. William, 321, 322 

Stubbs, Dr. (Bishop of Truro), 9 Tiverton : 325 ; Meeting, 9 
Suger, John, 155 Toller, Francis, 389-91 

Sumner, Archbp. of Canterbury, 55 i Toller : (Dorsetshire), 38 ; residence 
Sus scroja (wild boar). 262 of Fulford family, 38 

Suthedon, Nicol de, 254 Tonar, L. T., 28, 29, 37 

Sutton : John, 317; Manners Topsham (Font), 351, 352 

(Archbp. of Canterbury), 55 Tor : 41 ; Abbey of, 192 

Sydenham : Elizabeth, 370 ; Sir Torbay : 50, 264 ; Encroachments 

John, 370 ' of the Sea in, 263 

Symeon of Durham. 373, 374 Torquay : 45-50, 71, 174, 268 ; 

Meeting, 9 ; Fossil Forest, 262 ; 
Tait. Archbp. of Canterburjs 55 Happaway Hill, 259 ; Pengelly 

Tapley-Soper, H., 25, 26 Hall, 284 ; CUmatic Observations 

Tavistock : 43, 48, 53, 54, 99, 174, by W. PengeUy, 273 

347, 358, 374 ; Meeting, 9 ; Torquay Natiu-al History Society : 
Council Meetings at, 19 258 ; founded by W. Pengelly. 258 

Tavistock : Some Notes on the Torrell, Frof. Otto, 279 
History of (Alexander), 372 ; Torridge, River, 85 
A Chronology of, 372; the "Eight Torrington : 58, 85, 88, 174, 331 ; 
Men '* of, 384, 387 95 ; Brougham Bridewell at, 331 ; " Twenty 
Commission, 394, 395 ; Glanville Men " of, 386 ; Meeting, 9. See 
Trustees, 395 ; Overseers, 380, also Great Torrington 
383; Churchwardens' Book, 379; Totnes : 171, 174, 300, 358 ; Meet- 
Vestry Book, 379 ; Vestry iny, 9 
Records, 379 ; Parish of, 379 ; Touker, John, 387 
Manor Court, 379 ; Bedford Townisend, Peter, 324 
Office, 379 ; Grammar School, Townshend's Historical Collections, 
386; its grant of Market Tolls 303 

withdrawn, 393 ; Tavistock Training Colleges : 71, 72 ; Exeter, 
families mentioned in Vivian's i 72 ; St. Luke's Diocesfui College, 
Visitations, 383, 384 ; families 72, 74 ; Truro Diocesan College, 
of German origin, 384 ; Hum- 72. 73 

phrey Smith's Survey of, 384 ; Transactions : Societies receiving 
Vicars of — Jasper Cann, 381 ; free copies of, 20 ; stock of, 20, 21 
Thomas Larkham, 389, 390, 392 Treasurer, Hon. General, 8 ; Report 
Tavistock Abbey, 375 ; restored of Receipts and Expenditure, 22, 
by Ordulf, 375 ; The Scite of the 23 
Abbey, 385 , Trelawny, Sir W. L., 52 

Tavistock Naboth proved Nabal Tremayne : Edmund. 368 ; Louis, 
(Bodleian Tract). 389 142 



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INDEX. 



439 



Trembles, Mary, 326, 327 

Trigiony, William, 325 

Troup, Mrs. Rose, 8, 24-6, 93 

Trowte, William, 389 

Truro: 71, 72, 76; Diocesan 
College, 72, 73 ; Bishop of (Dr. 
Stubbs), 9 

Tucker : Major R. C, 8, 24 ; Mr. 
(of Bowden), 90 ; Hugh, 309-1 1 

Tucker's Hall, Exeter, 28; de- 
scribed, 28 

Tud, WilUam, 287 ' 

Tuite, William, 149 i 

Turdus migrcUorius (American ' 
Robin), 406 I 

Turner : E. J., 55 ; Mr., 89 \ 

Uffculme, 92, 297 

Ugbrook, 300 

Umberleigh (Atherington), 367 

UngulateSy 84 I 

Unite, George, 157 

University : Definition of, 67 ; of 
South Africa, 82 ; of Victoria, i 
68 ; of Whales, 68, 82 I 

University Colleges : Bristol, 68 ; 
Exeter, 68, 71, 72 ; Liverpool, 
68 ; Reading, 68 ; Nottingham, 
68, 80 ; Southampton, 68 

Upcote, Roger, 388 

Upcott (Cheriton Fitzpaine), 367 

Uppacott, 89 

Upton Pyne : 191 ; Cross, 191 

Ussher, W. A. E., 50 | 

Vandyck, 39 ; his portrait of 
Charles I, 39 

Vaughan : Bishop, 59 ; Hugo, 332 ' 

Veysey, Bishop, 33 

Vicary, WilUam, 261 

Vice-Presidents of Association, 8 

Vidal, E. Sealy, 311 

View of Devonshire (West cote), 334 

Vincent, Sir Edgar, 9 

Vittel (Vosges), 52 

Vivian, E., 9 

Vivian's Visitations, 383 ; 

Vowell, John {alias Hooker), 334 ; | 
his Revision of Holinshed's 
Chronicle^ 334 ; Biography of I 
Sir Peter Carew, 334 ; Synopsis i 
Chorographical of Devonshire, 334 

Wainright, Captain Laurence Au- 
gusten, 58 ; obituary of, 58 

Wainwright, T., 24, 25, 56, 160, . 
171, 173 

Walrond •: of Beer, 294 ; of Bovey, 
294 ; Arms of, 294 ; Pedigree of, 
296 ; of Bradfield, 294 ; of Soaton, 



294; John (of Bovey), 297; 

Henry (of Bradfield), 297 ; Hon. 

Lionel (of Bradfield), 52 
Walrond Chapel (Seaton Church) t 

294, 297; Shields of Arms 

formerly in, 294, 297 
Walrond Screen in Seaton Church 

(Radford) : 294 ; builders of, 

297 ; date of, 297 
Walter, Archdeacon of Cornwall, 

248 
Ward : Edward, 382 ; Rev. J. H., 8 
Warner, Rev. Townsend, 49 
Waterford County, 51 
Watkin, H. R., 8, 26 
Watkin's History of Bideford, 326 
Watling Street, 299, 304 
Watts : H. V. I., 8 ; Nicholas, 391 
Wayside and Churchyard Crosses 

near Exeter {Cresswell) : 188 ; as 

boundaries, 193 
Weavers and Tuckers of Exeter, 

Corporation of, 28 
Webber, John, 146 
Weekes, Miss E. Lega-, 8, 97 ; on 

Prudum^ Prodom, etc., of Exeter 

and the First City Seal, 248 
Weekes, Phillips &, Co., firm of, 58 
Welby, Sir William Earle, 53 
Well, S. Tawton, 53 
Wells, Lionel B., 97 
Wells : 32 ; old clock at, 32 
Wembworthy, 135 
West Anstey (Font), 349 
Westcombe (Bideford), 311 
Westcote's View of Devonshire, 334 
West Putford (Font), 354 
Western Antiquary, 60 
Western Weekly News, 97, 98 
Weymouth, R. F., 9 
Wliale, Lesser Rorqual, 84 
Wheatears, 404 
Whetham : W. C. D., 33, 34 ; 

Mrs. W. C. D., 34 ; describes 

Cadhay House, 34 
Whidbome, Rev. G. F., 50 
Whipham, Thomas, 142, 155 
Whitchurch, 39 
Whitefield Barton, 89 
White-Thomson, Sir R. T., 8 
WTiiting : Pedigree of, 296 ; Richard, 

361 
Whitley, H. Michell, 8, 30, 31 ; 

moves vote of thanks to Presi- 
dent, 30, 31 ; on Berry Pomeroy 

CasUe, 285 
Whitsand Bay, 83 
WTiitstone Cross, 192 
Widdicombe-in- the- Moor. 249 
Widgery, F. J., 43 



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440 



INDEX. 



Wilcooks : Horace Stone, 58 ; 

obituary of, 58, 59 ; James 

Blackmore, 58 
Willoocks : Alice, 61 ; Roger, 61 ; 

Roger Henry, 61 ; obituary of, 61 
Willesford : Micheus, 390 ; Richard, 

389 ; Richard Vivian. 396 
William the Conqueror, 286, 336 
William and Mary, 324 
William of Malmesbury, 373 
William, Prince of Normandy, 376 
Williams : Dawbeny, 382 ; William 

Peere, 34 
Willis, Browne, 367, 358, 366, 368 
Wills : Calendar of, in Barnstaple 

Archdeaconry, 19 ; stock of, 20, 

21 ; Societies receiving free copies, 

20 
Wills, Sir E. Chaning, 8 
Wiltshire, Earl of (Henry Stafford), 

33 
Wimbledon, 61 
Wimbome Minster : 32 ; old clock, 

in, 32 
Winchester Chronicle, 373 
Windeatt: E., 8, 25, 44; Capt. 

George, 8, 19, 25, 134 
Windwhistle, 301 
Windy Cross, 192 
Winterton (Linoolnsh.), 53 
Wishart, Mrs. Alton, 47 
Withecombe, Mr., 88 
Withycombe, 56, 67 
Wolferstan : Edward, 152 ; Hester, 

162 ; Nicholas, 162 
Wolsey, Cardinal, 359 
Wonford, 189 
Woodbury : 34 ; Richard Haydon 

of, 34 ; builds Cadbury House, 34 



I Woodhouse, H. B. S., 8, 24, 83 
Woolacombe, 174 
IWooUcombe: Rev. A. A., 173; 

G. D., 8, 25 
I Woolley Barton, Beaford, 55 
Wooston Castle, 399 
j Worlington : East, 135 ; W^est, 135 
Worth : R. N., 9, 50, 359, 386 ; his 
Calendar of Tavistock, 379. 381 ; 
R. Hansford, 8, 24. 25, 131. 133, 
I 137 ; his Report of the Com- 
mittee on the Climate of Devon, 
171-87 
j Worthies of Devon (Prince), 249, 287 
I Worthington, Prof. A. M., 8, 9, 20 
I Wrafton, 87 

Wright: Charles, 142, 155; Prof. 
Joseph, 95 ; Mary Ann, 59 ; 
William, 59 ; Willi€un Henry 
Kefiurley, 59-61 ; obituary of, 
59-61 ; publications by, 60 
i Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 361 
'WyUe, E. D., 174 
! WyUey, Henry, 387, 388 
Wyndiesore, John de, 263 
Wynne, John, 392 

Yarmouth (Great), 57 

Yeabnpton : 259 ; (Font), 354, 365 

Yelverton : 41 ; site of new church 

at, 41 
Yes Tor, 400 

Yorkshire College, Leeds, 68 
Young: Dr. E. H., 285; on 

Okehampton Castle, 285 ; H.. 401 ; 

John. 316, 317 ; licensed to sell 

Uquor in Bideford. 316, 317 

Zouch, Lord, 367 



WILLIAM BRENDON ANU SON, LTD., I'RINTEKS, PLYMOUTH 



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