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■/^'ii
OSPE fr^'^Y COUNTY
n>\p NO. I
CIRCLX3 rNOtCATC TOTA^L
LrNCTH or Jf^uH-J If^ ThC
Report of the Department of
Entomology of the New ...
Dept of Entomology, New Jersey Agricultural
College Experiment Station
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
OF THE
Museum of Comparative Zoology
r
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REPORT
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPAKTMENT
OF THE
New Jersey Agricultural
College Experiment Station
New Brunswick, N. J.
BY
THOMAS J. HEADLEE, Ph.D.
For THE Year 1914
PATEBSON, N. J.
The N6W8 Printing Co., SUt« Printers.
1915.
Ji- Digitized by Google
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' c-i
REPORT
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT
OF THE
New Jersey Agricultural
College Experiment Station
New Brunswick, N. J.
BY
THOMAS J. HEADLEE. Ph.D.
For the Year 1914
PATERSON, N. J.
The News Printing Co.. SUte Printers.
1916.
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Table of Contents.
X VI. Report ob' the Entomoixkukt 339-399
General Outline of Work 339
Staff Personnel and Acknowledgements 339
Correspondence 339-345
General Statement 339
Tabular Statement 340-345
Insects of the Year •. . . . 345-354
Grape Leaf-hopper. 345-346
Pear PsyJla 346-347
Plant Lice 347
San Jose Scale 347
Oyster-shell Scale 348
False Apple Red-bug 348
Potato Flea-beetle 348
Rose Bug 348
June Bugs or May Beetles 348
Strawberry Weevil 349
White Pine Weevil 349
Hickory Bark Beetle 349
An Unusual Greenhouse Insect 349
Army Worm 350-352
Apple-tree Tent Caterpillars 352-353
Florida Fern Caterpillars 353
Argentine Ant. 353
Fleas 353
Grape Vine Potato Gall 354
Narcissus Fly 364
Miscellaneous Species 354
Another Method of Rearing Silk Worms 354-355
Insect Collections 355-356
Increase 355
Exhibition 355-356
Anti-Poach-Borcr Coatings 356
(Combinations of Nicotine with Ordinary Spraying Mix-
ture 356-35?
Materials Used. . . , 356-357
Laboratory Methods 357
Effect on Spray Mixtures 357-359
Effect on Nicotine 359
Conclusions 359
Potato Spraying and Dusting 359-381
Potato Spraying and Dusting Experiments for the
Year 1914 361-381
Introduction 361-363
Plan of Experiments and Arrangement of
Plots 363
Methods of Experiments 363-365
Discussion of Individual Experiments 365-374
At Elmer 365-368
At Freehold 368-371
At Robbinsville 371-374
Cost of Spraying and Dusting 374-375
Control of the Potato Flea-beetle 375-389
A Parasite of the Flea-beetle 381
(iii)
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iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XVI. Repobt of the E:«itomologist — Continued. pages
Fly Control 381-399
Fly Control on the College Farm 382-399
Introduction 3^2
Studies on the Fly Fauna of the College Farm 382-389
Species Which Are Attracted to Milk 383
Breeding Plaoes •. . 384
Annotated List of the Fleas Seen Upon
the College Farm 384-389
Experiments With Baits for Fly Traps 389-390
Studies on Larvicides 390-394
Laboratory Experiments 390-391
Outdoor Experiments With Iron Sulphate
and Borax 391-392
Effect of Larvicidal Doses of Iron Sul-
phate and Bleaching Powder on the
Growth of Barley 392-393
Experiments With Pyroligenous Add. . . . 393
Control of the Fly Bre^dtmg in Horst
Stalls : 394
Flight Experiments 394-396
Why Flies Do Not Breed in Old Compost 396-399
Ammonia Experiments 397
Experiments With Manure Extracts 398-399
Practical Methods Used to Exterminate Flies 399
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Report of the Entomologist.
THOMAS J. HEADLEE, PH. D.
GENERAL OUTLINE OF WORK.
The attention of the entomologist has been devoted this year to fur-
nishing information and other assistance, insofar as his means would per-
mit» as the need arose. He has also carried forward investigations of
anti-peach-borer coatings, of the effect of various sprays and dusts on
potato foliage and yield, and of the problems of house fly and mosquito
control.
Staff Personnel and Acknowltdomtnts.
The present year has seen a considerable amount of change in the staif.
Miss Augusta E. Meske has continued her efficient management of the
clerical affairs of the office. Mr. C. H. Richardson, Jr., took up and car-
ried on the work against the house fly and its allies. On April 1st Mr. A.
B. Cameron, who holds a scholarship of the Board of Agriculture of Eng-
land, Joined the force for the purpose of gaining practical experience in
field methods of insect control. He was given charge of the potato
foliage work and carried it forward in an eminently satisfactory manner.
Mr. Herman H. Brehme, chief inspector in mosquito extermination work,
resigned on November 80, 1913. Mr. Joseph S. Obecny resigned on March
3lBt to take up the management of his farm and greenhouse plant on Long
Island. On June let Mr. Charles S. Beckwith was appointed as temporary
assistant in mosquito work and has been appointed a member of the per-
manent force; his appointment is to take effect November 1st
CORRESPONDENCE.
General Statement
The correspondence of the present year has involved the handling of
approximately 6,000 regular letters, about one half of which were
written in this office. In addition to this, work at least 2,000 circular
letters have been sent out. 915 letters concerning specific pests have
been written for the purpose of giving requested information relative to
habits and methods of control.
(339)
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340 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Tabular Statement.
ARACHNIDA.
BnrobU prateoas. Gannan Clpver Mite. ^eokwh. Mmt
Enopliycii aenigma. Mit« Keansburg Juhr
gSSSsp^^ GaUMite S^^l^y?* "J*^
^^ ^ Red ^ider. Newark July
•• •• . . Mite Quinton Oct.
••;;;;;;.;; •• weatviue oct.
•• •• . " Madison Sept.
.Dog Tick. Cream Ridge June
INSECTA.
LOCULUTT.
. Englewood
Dermacentor amerioanut. L.
TfATiM Namb. CoiiMON Nams.
Thermobia domeitioa Pack. SUver Fiah.
Thripa tabaoi. linden.
Apbit braMioe, linn. .
Aphis gompi. Glover.
•« •• ••
Aphis mali, Fahr.
Aphididae,
Atpidiotua'h«d8ro. Vail
AipidiotuB pernioiotua. Vail.
Aulaoanni row,
Bonche
25
15
27
20
1
12
DATS.
.Sept. 1
TBTSANOmBA.
Onion Thript E. Moriches, L.I.,N.Y.Aug. 13
HOMOPTERA.
Cabbage Aphis Paterson Oct.
Mekm AphisTT Dias Creek July
** ** Arlington July
•• •* Somerville Sept.
Apple ApUs. Bloomfield June
• •• ^T. Deal June
•• •• Somerville. June
" " Dias Creek. July
*• Scotch Plains. Sept.
Plant lice Mt. Holly June
" Chatsworth Sept.
" " Middletown ,May
Root lice MuUica Hill June
Plant lice Elisabeth June
** *' So. Bound Brook. . .. .June
Green lice. Rockaway July
Green Root Louse Pahnyra. July
Plant lice. . .
J«
Jersey aty.
.... Elisabeth. .
Rahway . . . .
. ...Pennington.
... .Orange
Somerville. .
Trenton
Metuchen...
Trenton
Trenton
Lakewood. .
Oleander Scale Montolair
San Jose Scale Mason aty, W. Va.
...July
...July
...July
. . .July
. . .Aug.
. ..Aug.
...Aug.
...Aug.
...Aug.
...Sept.
...Oct.
...Mar.
Jan.
. Watchung Mar.
. .Princeton May
. .Haddonfiekl June
. .Springfield June
. .New York aty June
Haddonfield June
^^^ .RoseScale Vineland Mar.
/^!|!!^r^if(ChermM)abieticolens.Thos. Spruce Gall Louse. . . .Rutherford Sept.
^^^^^^ pinioorticis Pitch Pine Bark Aphid Salem Jan.
•* *• •* ** *• New Brunswick May
East Orange June
LambertvUle Sept.
.Enonymous Scale Tenafly Mar.
*• Ocean aty May
** *• Moorestown July
OkioQuma furfurus. Fitch §««^ S<»le. Jersey aty. ., June
rdonarois pinUoHs. Fitch Pme Leaf Scale New Brunswick May
ColoDha vOmiook. Fitch Cox^Comb QaU-Louse hooust June
DuSSSTcarueU, Targ Juniper Scale ^^- 'Vi-. AF"
uwrnv^ ,. .. .. jj^^ Brunswick May
•• •♦ ** ,* •* Convent June
Eulecanium tuUplfenu, Cook Tulip^Soft Scale Jenafly Feb.
Qliionaspis enoE^S^mi, Comst. .
Eulecanium sp.
Soft Scale Trenton.
.July
^SS^S^^^iA^/Uod:\ EbnScale. Mt. Holly. ..... i i ! i ij^T.
iMrya purchasu. Mask Cottony Cushion Scale Prmceton Feb.
15
8
20
2
1
4
11
8
24
30
14
24
19
25
29
1
7
15
18
20
30
7
10
18
20
31
16
23
17
26
6
14
8
19
22
24
11
26
29
21
3
11
31
5
31
22
21
22
30
6
14
19
13
30
16
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 341
Tabular 8tat«m«nt — Continued. i
HOMOPTERA— Cootmued.
Latin Namb. Common Nams. Locautt. Dats.
LtpidoMpbM olmi. linn Oyster-Shell Scale Pine Brook. April 17
•* Whippany April 2
*• - •• Jenoydty April 27
*• " " " WcetfieW May 16
" Plainfield June 2
•• New York a^ June 2
•• •• •• •• ** *• Haokenaaok June 6
" •• - •* Springfielcl June 19
*• WoodcliffonHud«»..Ang. 24
•• OoeanQrove. 8ept.2»
Mysua persioM. Suls. Qreen Peaoh Aphia. Hooreetown Oet. 17
iCrsua ribia, Lum Currant Aphia. Mooreatown Oct. 12
*• • •* EaatOrange. May 4
" " Johnaonburg May 7
" " EastOranfe May 11
•• ** •• Weatfieki May 18
•* •• " •• •♦ Dunelien. May 18
•* •• •• " •• Rooelle. June 21
" •• Haddonfield. June 24
Neetaxophora piri, Kalt. Pea Loum Budds Lake May 11
" " " Grenloch. June 17
Neetaxophora ioa», Lum Roae Aphie. Patenon May 27
Pemphicua ip Poplar Gall-Louee East Orange. June 24
Pbeoaeooeus aoerieola, Kina. Mi^ Pseudooocua. Tenafly Feb. 10
Phylkoerm yaatatrix, Planeh. . . .Grape Phylknura. WeatEnd. July 17
- " " .... ^^ " WestfieW Jubr 30
•* .... " •* Madison Aug. 19
Pseudoouocus sp Mealy Bug 8pring6eld July 8
•^ " " Newton. Sept. 16
Payila p3rriook^ Forst. Pear PqyUa Magnolia. , Jufir 7
^ *• •• •• " ln5feV»- Sept. 14
Rhopalosiphum solani, Thos Tomato Aphis Phillq>sburg Ju& 10
^^^^^ •' *•.... " *• Clifton. Ju& 18
" .... " •• MtEphraim Ju& 16
" .... " " Ariingtoo Ju5 20
" " .... " " Newark. Ju£e28
V "....•• " Elmer June 29
Saissetia hemisphiorica, Targ .. . .Hemispherical Scale. Verona. July 4
Saissetia sp Soft Scale. .Rahway June 17
Sohisoaeura lanigera, Hausm. . ..Wooley Apple Aphis Deal June 4
**.... Locust. June 22
" .... •• - " Passaic June 1
"...." M .. Elisabeth June 22
• New York aty .July 6
•• • «... Swainton Oct. 13
•• Vineland Oct. 16
IVphlocyba comes, Say Grape Leaf-hopper Hightstown. Sept. 23
^^ - *^ *'^ •• ^^ Glassboro Sept 29
" MerchantviUe. S^t.29
l^rphlocyba rose* linn Rose leaf-hopper Dover. June 12
l^phlocyba rosn. Linn Rose leaf-hopper Montolair June 17
HEMIPTERA.
Anaaa tristis. De G Squash Bug. W. ColHngswood July 13
Arilus cristatuB, linn Wheel Bug Freehokl March 24
" " •• Burlington Aug. 16
MiridflB iCbpsidflB) Plant Bug. Plainfieki June 29
Coreidae. • Bug Swedeaboro Aug. 8
Hordaa goniphorus. Say Hamden July 2
Leptobyrsa. ezplanta Heid Rhododendron Lace Bug. . . . Lambertville. Oct. 16
lygua Kalmii, otal. Elmer June 29
Paloik>oapaus hneatus, Fab Foux^lined Leaf-bug East Orange. Bfay 4
*• •• •• ^^ .♦ •• M New Brunswick. June 6
Hamden July 2
ORTHOPTRA.
Afli!i*H^*" Grasshoppers. Medford Aug. 29
Blatta oiientalis linn Oriental Cockroach. New Brunswick May 21
Blattide. Roaches Richwood July 8
Diapheromeca fsmorata. Say. . .. Walking Stick. Westfield Sept. 16
Gryl^ domestious, Linn House Cricket Highland Park Aug. 24
Loeustidv Meadow Graashopper Medford Aug. 29
Ificrooentrum sp Katydid Bound Brook MKr. 3
Paratenodera nnensis. Sauss. . . .Chinese Mantis Palmyra Aug. 24
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342 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Tabular Statement — Continued.
OOLEOPTERA.
Latin Namk. Common Namb. Locautt. Date.
Agrilus rufioolliB, Fab Red-neoked Oineborer SeweU Feb. 10
AJJorhina nitida, Linn Patenon July 16
** " " Lambertviile. July 18
Amphioerus bioaudatus, Say. . . .Apple twigborer Hammonton May 8
Antaonomufl signatua, Say Strawberry Weevil Medford May 17
*• •• '* Moorestown May 18
•• •' *• " *• Hammonton May 10
*• ....^. •• " MUlviUe Majr 10
Apion nigrum, Herbet Black Loouat Apion New York City June 1
Attagenus pioeus, Oliv BJaok Carpet beetle New Brunawiok April 22
" *• *• •* *' *• Nutley Aug. 4
Nutkiy AugT 17
Bupreatidffi Flat-headed borer Rutherford Aug. 6
Oawndra orysie, Linn Rice Weevil Butler April 27
Oaloeoma scrutator, Fabr Firey Searcher Wiklwood May 18
Gbauliognatua marginatua, Fabr. lAmpyrid Far Hills June 2
Gbrysomelidft Leaibeetle Westfield Aug. 18
CocdneUkUe. Lady Bird sp Trenton Aug. 31
Oonotraohelus nenuphar. Hbst. ..Plum curouuo Middletown May 28
Camden June 2
PlainfiekL June 4
Ogdensburg. June 10
U. Montdau* June 15
Glementon June 17
Pennington June 22
Glementon July 8
U. Montdair July 6
Short Hills. Ju& 8
Montdair July 10
Now York Cily JuJfy 20
Franklinville Aug. 3
Crepkiodera nifipes. linn.
.South OnuBge Sept.
'^— York aty.
i,r«pKiuu«t« >uuiM>a, *--»». ;•••.• •J?*'' York Q^ June 1
Crioceiis asparagi, Linn Asparagus beetle Greenwich. May 18
•• " " " " Trenton June
Cydooephala villosa. Bums June Bug. Paterson. May
IJennsatide Carpet Beetles Port Norris Sept. 23
Diabrotica vittata, Fab Striped Cucumber beetle. . . .Grenloch June 4
" " " " ....Bay Head June 23
*• W. Collingswood July 13
..New York aty S^ 3
Elaphidion viUosum, Fab Oak twig Pruner Red Bank June 22
" •• '* ** " " Convent. Aug* 17
" " " Ramsey j^ Ig
New York aty July 18
Bdleplain Sept H
EJaterid«,sp Wbeworma M.**J?^^- ^ug. 29
fiUateridie sp Wire worms. Short Hills. Sept. 6
Epiuix .ucum-U, Hip. . . .... .Potato Fk. B^. ....... g^^J^- • • ■■■■■■^ f
•' ". Moorestown Mur 28
•* ** •• Newark. June 23
Epitrix parviUa. Fab FJea Beetle. New Brunswick. May 20
oSSSoffia luteola, MuU Elm Lwif Beetle. M t. Holly. JiSe 30
SoDodamia convergens, Guer. . .Lady Bird Hackensack July 27
^fodamia gUcialS. Fab. .... . Lady Bird ?'''^u W. S«Pt- 1«
U^SruTnova-boracensIs, Forst.. New York City May 11
L^Sbnostema tristis. Fab. . . . .•• .May Beetle. Pomptpn Plains May 16
;;;;; •• " puunfiew j,Se 4
*• ** Princeton June 12
.. *.; •• " MulUcaHiU. June 19
LADtinotarsa lO-Hneata. Say Colorado Potato-beetle Haokettotown July 14
*^*^ M •• •• •• •• " ** Sussex. July 20
.• «• •• " " *• ** Swedesboro Au«. 8
*• " " Short Hills Sept. 16
Lyctus striatus, Mels. .Powder Post Beetle ^fnM>ny Aug. 13
aSodactyhisiubspinoeus.Fabr.Rose Chafer SS25„ {««« S
i« " •• west vine. June 10
•i ** ** " ** Haddon Heighto June 10
•• •♦ •• *• •* Vineland June 14
.. •• Hamilton Square June 16
LAchnostera sp.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 343
Tabular Statement — Continued.
OOLEOPTERA— OoDtinued.
LATm Nams. Common Namb. Localitt. Datb.
Macxodaotyhiii subapinosua, Fabr.Roae Chafer Bay Head June 23
Elmer June 29
Lady Bird Swedeeboro Oct. 19
Bfitter Beetles Roeelle Park July 7
Tenafly June 5
\y Soolytid Tenafly June 5
IS. Elaterid Olaasboro JuJty
Leaf Beetle Prinoeton June 1
Leaf Beetle Fair Lawn June 29
New York aty June 1
r Peach Bark Beetle Farminfldale Oct. 28
White Pine Weevil Bemar^ndlle July 10
'* " *• Lsmnfield, Maae. Aug. 17
" ." " ^ " " " LynnfieW. Maae Sept. 16
Pterooyolon mah, Fitoh Soolytid Tenafly June 5
Soolytua quadrispinomifl. Say Hickory Bark Beetle. N. ArUnirton July 22
8ool3rtus quadriapinosus. Say Hickory Bark Beetle Convent Aug. 17
Scobrtua ruguloeus. Rati Fruit Bark Beetle Nutley June 28
8oo&tu8 ruffukMUs Rats Fruit Bark Beetle U. Montdair July 8
SeolytoB ruguk>su0. Rats Fruit Bark Beetle Mahwah Sept. 15
Soolytua rufuk>8ua. Rats Fruit Bark Beetle Farmincdale Oct. 29
Berica trociformis Burm Cedar (^eet May 11
Tribofiuxn femudneus, Fab Butler April 27
Txichiua piger. Fab MerohantviUe June 27
Triehobaris tnnotata, Say Potato Stalk Borer Flemington July 11
Trichobaiis trinotata, Say Potato Stalk Borer Maya Landinjc, June 27
Trocodenna ap Dermeatid New Brunswick. June 25
Xytoterea pohtua. Say Soolytid Tenafly June 15
LEPIDOPTERA.
Aoronyeta oblinita, Sm-Abb Dagger Moth Swedeeboro Oct. 12
Anaowa lineateUa, Zell Metuchen Aug. 29
Arehipa roaaoeana, Harr I .Bas^nne June 1
CaUoeamia promethea, Dm F N^w York aty May 15
Csfdia pomoncJla, Linn C Somerville July 14
Ceratomia oataljpcB, Bdv C Swedeaboro Sept. 15
Otheronia regaUa, Fab I BerHn Sept. 8
Coleophora fletcherella. Fern C W.Virginia Jub^ 15
Datana integernma(Q. A R E er Hackettatown Aug. 23
Deamia fumeraHa, Hbn G New Brunawiok May 29
GoometridiB . r C Dover June 12
H^botiiia obaoleta, Fab C Hackenaack June 5
*' ** " Somers Point June 22
•• '* *• " Great Meadowa. July 20
Hemeroeampa leuooatigma, S. A. . White-marked Tuaaock Moth Newton June 26
Hypfaantria eunea, Dnr Fall Web-worm New York dty Sept. 3
Leucania unipuncta* Harr Army Worm Shrewabury June 16
" '* " Ocean Grove. July 13
•' " " Atlantic aty July 13
" ** .. « Trenton July 15
" •• " MuUicaHiU. Jufy 16
** " ** " ** Trenton July 16
•• •• " " " Richwood July 16
" ..i-... " " • Blackwood July 17
" " " Hackenaack July 17
" " •• Haddonfield Jufy 17
" " " " " Newton July 17
" " " Philadelphia Juty 18
•• *• ** " •' Bordentown July 18
•• •• •• Little Silver Ju^ 20
•• •* •' ** •' Long Branch July 21
" " " New York July 21
•• •• •• " '* New Brunswick July 21
" " •• New York aty July 21
" " " *' •' New Brunawick July 22
•• " " " " WeatEnd July 22
•• " " '* *' Belmar July 23
" •• •* •• " Morriatown July 23
" *• " " " Grantwood Juty 24
** " " •* '• Hammontoq July 24
" •• " " •• New York aty Jqly 21
•* " " " ...New Brunawiok July 22
" " " Weat End July 22
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344 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Tabular Statement — Continued.
LEPIDOPTERA— Coatinued.
Latin Namb. Common Namx. Locautt. Datb.
Leucaoia unipuocta Harr Army Worm Belmar July 23
" . •' " " Morristown July 28
'* •• " Qrantwood July 24
'• " " Hammonton July 24
; " *• " New York aty Ju& 24
; ;* " Tenafly July 25
" " " Princeton July 26
." •• " Weetfield JvSr 26
• " " JerseyCity July 28
" " " New York aty Ju& 81
; " •• " PlainfieW....: Au«. 28
" " " Atlantic Hicfalanda. . .Sept. 14
Maoronoctua onueta, Grt. Nootuid Orange. June 14
Malacoeoma americana, Fabr.. . .Apple-tree Tent-cateipillar. .. Phalanx Feb. 20
" *• •• ... ^ ...Allendale. May 18
;;... ; ...AUendale. May 22
"... ...New York aty June 2
" .... " " " " ...Oxford .: July 1
"... " " " •• ' ...Hackettetown July 14
"... • " ...Lodi Sept. »
Malacoeoma duetria, Hbn Forest Tent Caterpillar Newton June 6
Meltttia aatyTinifonnis, Hbn Squash Borer I^dhurat. Aug. 27
Bfineola vaocinii, Riley Cranberry-fruit Worm New York City Aug. 17
" " PlainfieW. ...: Aug. 18
Nootuidae sp Cut Worm New Brunswick. May 8
•^ •* " East Moriches,
Lone Island. N. Y. Jfay 26
•*..•. Noctuid Asbury Park June 26
Oxyptihis perisoelidactyhis,Fitch.Qrape Plume Moth Nutl^ May 26
Papaipema nitela. On DahHa stalkborer Trenton July 14
" " " Sterling. Aug. 10
PapiUo polyxenus, Fab SwaUow-tail Butterfly Cater-
pillar Jamesburg. Aug. 1
Phlegethonttus oaioUna, linn. . .Tomato Worm Qlen Qardner Aug. 21
".... •• " Washington Aug. 28
Rhyadonia fhistrana, Scudd ^ Trenton Aug. 10
RhyaokMiia sp Bass Rirer. F^. 21
Mineola indianelU, ZeU Rascal Leaf-crumpler New York City May 11
Pieris rap», linn Imported Cabbage Worm. .. .OaUfon. July 16
PInipestris simmermanni, Qrt. . .Pine Tip Moth New Brunswick May 21
PodosBsia S3^ring», Harr lilac Borer. Rirerton. June 20
Sanninoidea eodtosa Sur Peach Borer. Mendham % May 22
" ^*^ " •• New York aty May 26
" •* •• New York aiy Ju£e 1
" " •• Tltusville. June 2
" " •• CaHfon June 6
" " " Morristown July 7
•* " " RosellePark. Ju& 7
" '• " NaughbriAt Aug. 1
•• •• " Broatb^nTN.Y Aug. 31
" " " HaddonHeigfato Sept. 7
" " " Woodbridge. S^t. 21
" " " Interlaken Oct. 6
•• •• " New York aty Oct. 12
" " " PhilUpsburg Oct. 27
Sohisura conohina, S. and A Red-Humped Apple-cater-
pillar Hackensack July 17
Sesia tipuUformis, linn Imported Currant Borer Haddonfield June 24
Sibine stimulea, Clem Saddle-back Caterpillar Roeedale Aug. 18
•' •* Trenton Sept. 24
Thsrxidopteryx ephemeneformis,
Stepb Bag Worm ...Passaic July 18
Thyiidopteryx ephemeneformis,
Steph •• •* PWnlleW. Aug. 10
Thyridoptersrx ephemeneformis, . . -^ . .
Steph..... " - AtlanticHighlands. . .Aug. 28
Vanessa antkypa. linn Spiny EUm Caterpillar Riverton. Aug. •
Zeusera psrrina. Fab .^. .Leopard Moth Iiong Branch June 16
HYMENOPTERA.
" " Atsion Mar. 11
Apis melUfera. linn Honey Bee Morgan)rille. ..• July IS
CaUroa limaoina, Reti Pear Slug Somerville. June 11
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 345
Tabular Statement — Continued.
HYMENOPTERA— Continued.
Latin Nams. Common Namb. Locautt. Date.
OunpoDotus hflfftrolwinui penn-. .
qrhraiiieiis, DtO Carpenter Ant New York City 8«pt 10
CbryadkUe ep Cuckoo Bee Hishlande July 16
EiMlelomyia »thiope. Fab Roee Shig Dover June 12
Formkida op .\ Ante. Nutley Aus. 17
" ^' Black Ante WeetfieW May 9
'* '* Ante. MerehantviUe June 1
Tdmeumooidv ep lohneunon Fly Princeton Auc. 17
Mesarhyaw lunator, Fab Long-tailed Ichneumon LambertviUe Aug. 17
•• ^' •• NewBrunwrick Aug. 21
MoDophodnoidee oaryie, Nort. . .Hickory Woolly Worm Belfonl Aug. 17
IfoiM^hadnoklee rubi, Harr Baapberry Saw Fly Hammonton May 26
Odynerua tigris, Sanae. Wasp Highlands. July 26
Bhoditee roar, linn. Moev Roee-gall little Falls. May 4
Tomoetethus bardus, Say Saw Fly Far Hilk. June 2
SPHONAPTERA.
Cteoooephalus eanis. Curt Cttt and Dog Flea. Rahway July 31
^ " " •• *^ •• Ridgefiekl Aug. 16
" " •• *• ..Red Bank- Aug. 26
17
DIPTERA.
Aedes eantator, Coq Brown Salt Marsh Mosquito. .Pat^rson May 27
** Brown Salt Marsh Mosquito.. Elisabeth July 21
CalHphora erythzooephala Blow Fhr Morristown July 20
Taeioptera vitis O. S Grape Vine Potato Qall Rutherford Jui^ 30
Ceoidoinyiidae sp West End July 17
^ " Titusville Aug. 14
•* Mahwah Aug. 17
" Mahwah Aug. 24
Cootarinia pyrivora, Riley Pear Midge New Brunswick Aug. 6
Cules pipiens, linn House Moequito Pateraon May 27
Cafioidae sp Moaquitoe Fon Du Lac. Wis May 27
Daflmeura leguminicola, lint. . .Cbver Seed Midge Bound Brook June 12
Lo^iia cnaar, linn Green Bottle Fly Morristown July 20
MajretioU deatructor, Say Heesian Fly Hampton May 29
" " Eaat Orange May 31
•* Frenchtown June 12
" Newark June 24
" Hackettatown July 14
" Flemington Aug. 26
Mttsoa domestioa, linn Houae Fly Leonia June 2
Fhoibia braaaton, Bouche Cabbage Maggot. Hightatown May 28
•• •• ^^ Medford June 9
" •• " WeetviUe June 10
Phorbia cepetorum, Meig Imported Onion Maggot New York City July 9
" '* " ^ Hackettatown Oct. 16
Phorbia ap Onion Maggot Grenloch May 23
Phorbia q> *' * Manahawkin June 18
INSECTS OF THE YEAR.
Grape Leaf-Hopper.
iTyphlocyha comes Say)
Tne grape leaf-hopper has this year been unusually abundant and has
done a large amo|Lnt of damage. Indeed, the writer is convinced that not
only this year but for several years passed, the damage done by this in-
sect has been much larger than most of the grape growers suspect
Many of the vineyards of south central New Jersey were this summer so
badly infested that disturbing the vines in late August and early Sep-
tember caused the hoppers to rise in clouds. The fact that these creatures
are sucking insects and do not cut or chew the foliage is probably the
condition that has led growers to disregard them. It is interesting to note
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346 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
that Hartzel* found the vines protected from leaf-hopper attack to hare
from 8 to 68 per cent more sugar In the berries than had the fruit from
the unprotected vines.
Spraying experiments in New Yorkf have clearly shown that "Black-
leaf 40" used at the rate of 1 part to 1,600 parts of water or Bordeaux
destroyed the hoppers. To get best results this treatment should be ap-
plied while the hoppers are Immature, and must be made with sufficient
care to wet all individual insects. Owing to the fact that the young hop-
pers congregate on the lower shoots, which are of little value and hard to
spray, it is recommended that these shoots be removed Just before the
application is made.
Pear Psylla.
iPsylla pyricola Porst)
For several years past this insect has been giving serious trouble at
various points in the state. From Riverton, Vineland, Moorestown and
Phalanx formal complaints have been received by the writer and in many
other places he has seen evidence of its work.
Taking care not to injure the trees, the rough bark should be scraped
from the trunks and larger branches and all trash about the orchard
should be cleaned up in order that the psyllas may have no good shelter
in which to pass the winter. This scraping may be done at any time when
time is available. It is probable, however, that the best time for the
operation, from all standpoints, is the early fall. At this time the living
bark is hardening and psyllas are not yet in hibernation. The studies of
Hodgkisst show that during warm spells in November and December the
adult psyllas emerge from the crevices in which they have sought shelter
and move sluggishly about over the trees, and that at such times a thor-
ough treatment with a mixture composed of three-fourths of a pint of
"Black-leaf 40" to 100 gallons of water with soap added at the rate of
three to five pounds will destroy all that are hit The delaying of the dor-
mant treatment with lime-sulphur for San Jose scale until the buds are
about ready to open has been shown to destroy such eggs as have been
laid. By the time the petals have fallen most of the eggs have hatched
and the young have concentrated about the bases of the fruit stems and
leaf stalks. A thorough treatment at this time with a mixture composed
of three-fourth of a pint of "Black-leaf 40" to 100 gallons of water to which
from 3 to 5 pounds of soap have been added will destroy all that are hit
Thorough work at this time will usually destroy nearly all of the insects.
In badly infested orchards it is advisable to use the four treatments
mentioned — scraping, fall spraying, delayed winter strength lime-sulphur
treatment and blossom fall spraying. In view of the success in using the
"Black-leaf 40" combined with Bordeaux or summer strength lime-sulphur
against aphis and red bug the writer sees no reason why the last of the
♦New York (Geneva) Station Bull. No. 359.
tU C.
tNew York (Geneva) Station Bulletin No. 387.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 347
four treatments cannot be combined with the regular bloeeom ttM spray-
ing for chewing insects and diseases. If such practice were adopted the
tobacco probably should be used at the rate of 1 part to 600 parts of the
spraying mixture.
Plant Lice.
(Aphidid€B)
Although not nearly so abundant as last year Tarious species hare done
enough harm to 'attract attention. The apple plant lice (particularly
AphiM mali DeG,) haye done much harm to foliage and fruit Although
reports reeeired and obsenrations made are rather meagre they agree
that "BlaCk-leaf 40" used with soap and water or with the ordinary spray-
ing mixtures (Bordeaux and arsenate of lead or summer lime-sulphur and
arsenate of lead) destroys the lice and does not injure the trees.
In this connection it should be said that Mr. Charles S. Beckwith, a
senior student in Rutgers (Allege, deyoted a large part of his thesis time
to an elementary study of the various combinations of nicotine solutions
with common spraying mixtures for the purpose of determining whether
the uniting seriously altered the physical make up of the combination or
combined the nicotine in such a fashion as to make it inefrective. The
results he obtained are set forth in a special section of this report
Tests of standard tobacco extracts have gone far enough and have
shown such results that persons having trouble with plant lice would do
well to consider them as methods of controL
The wooly apple aphis iSchizoneutu lanigera Hausm) appeared in un-
usual numbers and occasioned much complaint. It should be remembered
that this insect lives both on the roots and on the upper parts of the
tree, and that the elimination of the above-ground form contributes to the
control of the below-ground form. Root treatments of orchard trees for
destruction of lice have 40t proven very successful i^nd it seems that
elimination of the above-ground form by use of soap or nicotine and soapy
sprays accompanied by proper pruning* cultivation and fertilization, is
likely to give best results. In the nursery row, however, the elimination
of the above-ground form may be profitably accompanied by a root treat-
ment 6t the many that have been suggested at various times by various
persons, it seems likely that running a liberal amount of tobacco dust in
trendies along the rows, just over the roots will prove most satisfactory.
The tobacco when carried by water down to the roots destroys the lice,
acts as a repellant and is thought to have a fertilizing effect
San Jooe Scale.
{AspidiotuM pericious 0>mst)
This species is not so frequently received in correspondence as are many
ot the older formerly-oonsidered-less-troublesome kinds. It has been this
year less frequently- complained of than the oyster-shell scale. This is
partly due to widespread knowledge of its recognition marks and methods
of oontroU but also partly due to a great and widespread reduction in its
malignity. It is obviously experiencing a period of depression. The writer
does not believe, however, that spraying for it can safely be neglected.
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348 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Oytter^Kell Scale.
{Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.)
This Insect seems to be increasing -In numbers and in amount of damage
it does. This year, in addition to the usual trouble with it In nurseries
and orchard plantings, it was found on birches growing in the woods at
Westwood, New Jersey, and it was exceptionally abundant on poplar and
black walnut at SomervlUe. On cultivated trees it is easily controlled by
proper washes. Persons having trees infested with this scale should look
after them carefully.
False Apple Red-Bug.
{Lygidea mendax Reut)
This Insect appeared in considerable numbers In various orchards about
New Brunswick, but readily succumbed to treatment outlined In the 1918
report of the entomologist
Potato Flea-Beetle.
(Epitrix cucumeris Harr.)
Without doubt this Insect has been, during the past year* from the
standpoint of potatp foliage Injury, the most serious insect problem of the
white-potato grower. During the entire season the writer did not see a
patch free from injury. In most places the beetles were feeding on plan-
tain and other weeds about the fields before the potatoes emerged from the
soil. Scarcely were they above the ground before perforating the leaves
began. This continued throughout the season. Between broods the dam-
age was small. Even the second crop suffered much harm from this pest.
Rose Bug.
i Macrodaotylus auhspinoaus Fab.)
The damage done by this species was sufficient to occasion complaint
Arsenate of lead and glucose again proved an efficient spray. The five
pounds of lead arsenate in the usual formula was in some cases Increased
to eight
June Bugs or May Beetles.
While the history of these insects shows instances of as great or greater
abundance, the writer has never seen May beetles so numerous as they
have been this year. Every warm quiet night during the season of their
abundance (June) the trees on the writer's lawn were each a roaring
swarm. Very generally over the state the tender leaves of forest, shade
and fruit trees were eaten off. The injury occasioned much speculation
as to the cause, and some complaint
It seems likely that these beetles came from the white grubs that were
so troublesome in the summer of 1912. That year it will be remembered
the damage was so great as to cause it to be designated as the "White
Grub Year."
Whether this extraordinary number of beetles foreshadows unusual
damage by white grubs cannot at present be told. A careful watch will be
kept and warning Issued as soon as the danger can be definitely discerned.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 349
strawberry W*«vil.
{Anthonomu$ signatus Say.)
This inaeet has this year done more harm than It usually does, and none
of the measures tried thus far glye promise of entirely satisfactory re*
suits. The growing of the stamlnate varieties as a trap does not appear
to have had serious trial by our growers. Those to whom the writer has
mentioned the possibility have found the suggestion totally new, or have
decided that the disadvantages of the pistillate varieties are too great
Some aver that the berries from the pistillate varltles are not equal In
flavor to those grown from the perfect flower; others that the berries do
not stand shipment as welL
Mr. J. L. Pursuer In a letter dated May 14th called attention to the
work of this Insect at Cologne. The Inspections whlph followed on May
20th showed In many Instances a loss of 50 per cent The variety known
as "Manhattan" seemed especially susceptible. The Injury was marked
at Egg Harbor, Hammonton and MUlvllle.
White Pine Weevil.
iPiiiodes itrobi Peck)
This Insect has been much In evidence this season. Its work was noted
at BemardsvlUe, South Orange, and Morris Plains. Adults were emerging
on August 7th, when the detailed examinations were made.
Persons experiencing this trouble were advised to keep the terminal
shoots sprayed during May and June with whale oil soap (1 pound to 6
gallons of water) to which one-half pound of arsenate of lead has becfh
added. They were also warned to keep a sharp lookout for a slight yel-
lowing of the tips and to examine promptly for signs of feeding. If
punctures are found each should be probed with a soft wire to kill the
larva. If the feeding has gone on to such an extent as to render recovery
doubtful, the shoots should be promptly cut out and burned.
Hickory Bark Beetle.
( 8colytu$ quadrispinoiUM Say)
This Insect has been Just as Injurious this year as last and Is really a
terrible pest of the hickory In the northeastern part of the state. It Is a
matter of great regret to the writer that his funds have not permitted him
to take up the study of this species, for the present measures of control are
not practical under the local conditions.
Ah Unusual Greenhouse Insect ^
In a greenhouse In North Jersey a calandrld new to our collection was
taken and sent to the Bureau of Entomology for Identification. Mr.
Schwarz determined It as Eucactophagus graphipterus Champion and
remarked that It was a native of Costa Rica and the United States of
Colombia. He further said there were only three specimens known.
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350 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Army Worm.
{Leucania unipuncta Harv.)
During May and early June reports of tremendous numbers of moths
flying about the lights came from various cities throughout the state, the
greatest Interest being manifested by towns and cities along the coast
from Sandy Hook to Atlantic City. The few specimens which we had a
chance to examine were all army worm moths.
A little after the middle of June reports of army worm damage to
com, wheat and potatoes came In. In all cases the worms migrated from
adjacent fields of grass. Early In July reports of extensive lawn Injury
by the same species began to arrive from nearly all parts of South
Jersey. On July 17th the writer observed the worms at work In the light-
house lawn at Atlantic City. They consumed all blue and other tender
grasses, leaving the weeds and coarse grass. At that time they ranged
from one-half an Inch long to fully grown. The lawn was dry and brown,
except In spots where coarse grass and weeds gave It a green color. Four
days later complaints were pouring In from all parts of the state.
As Is usually the case the rare parasitism visible at the beginning of the
outbreak Increased until almost all the worms that could be found were
Infested.
Arsenate of lead was sprayed on Infested grass plots and killed many
worms, but proved totally Insufficient to stop an advancing horde. Poi-
soned bran mash likewise destroyed many, but could not stop the armies.
In ditching across the line of march was found the successful method of
stopping their progress. Ditches 12 to 20 Inches deep with the smooth
perpendicular side toward the field to be protected and furnished with
slx-to-elght-lnch-deep post holes along their bottoms at distances of ten
feet proved very efficient The worms fell Into the ditches, gathered In
the holes, and were killed by pouring kerosene upon them or by crush-
ing them with a flat-ending staff.
In North Arlington It was found that a hard roadway recently cov-
ered with the usual coating of road oil acted as a very efficient barrier,
absolutely preventing the worms from crossing. Mr. Miller, flndlng this
to be true, kept the road running between his place and the invading
host covered with oil and practically none succeeded In crossing It
The eggs seem to have been laid by the moths, probably the members of
the flights mentioned earlier. In grasslands generally. Including lawns.
The larve fed upon the grass until the supply became exhausted, and then
started out In search of food. Their night feeding habits prevented peo-
ple from noticing them, and the work which they were doing was at-
tributed to other agents. When, however, they began to migrate they
were discovered at once and calls for help were sent In.
Persons, whose lawns and plants had been Injured, were advised as
follows: "If the worms have already turned the lawn reddish brown itnd
have disappeared the Injured grass should be liberally watered and fer-
tilized In order that It may recover from the attack. For one acre of
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 351
medium-light to heavy soil a fertiliier* oomposed of 150 pounds of bons
meal and 160 pounds of nitrate of soda should be satisfactory, while for
the same sized plot of very light soil a fertilizer composed of 100 pounds
of bone meal, 150 pounds of nitrate of soda and 50 pounds of muriate of
potash should be used. The fertilizer should be applied jus( before a good
rain, or be followed promptly by copious watering. It must be evenly dis-
tributed. Trees, bushes, and vines injured by this insect should be like-
wise furnished with food and water in order that they may recover from
the attack."
In Monmouth County the Farm Demonstrator, Mr. W. B. Duryee, Jr.,
carried on a warfare against this pest and the report of his experience
follows:
"The presence of army worms was first reported to this oflloe on June
22nd, although they had been noticed in considerable numbers since June
18th. The area infested comprised perhaps 500 acres in the vicinity of
Bailey's Comer, near Allenwood. The insects first appeared in the grass
fields and in many cases were not noticed until the grass was cut when
they made their way into other crops in search of food.
"The worms were also reported in numbers at East Freehold at about
the same time (June 28rd). The crops damaged were grass intended for
hay, potatoes, com and wheat, the destruction of the last three not being
severe owing to prompt measures of prevention. Four or five fields of
timothy were rendered practically valueless, only the bare stalks being
left"
The ditch method was adopted. A furrow was plowed across the worms'
line of march. The loose soil which fell back into it after the plow passed
was carefully cleaned out and the side toward the field to be protected
was made smooth and perpendicular. "In these trenches holes were dug
with a spade at intervals of twenty feet. These holes were cut eight or
nine inches deep and as wide as the trench, with straight sides. The
worms collected in these holes rapidly and to make their destruction doubly
sure were sprayed with kerosene, which was very effective. In some cases the
soil was so gravelly that it was impossible to make the side sheer enough
to keep the worms from climbing out In these cases a second trench,
like the first, was made five or six feet in front of the first
"It was found impossible to control the worms when feeding on plants.
Arsenate of lead was fairly effective although slow in action; Paris green
applied heavily enough to be effective burned the foliage. Kerosene emul-
sion was found useless at any dilution, because it injured foliage of com
when applied sufilciently concentrated to kill the worms. The worms were
present in decreasing numbers for two weeks after they first appeared."
It is probable that they were present for some time before the farmers
saw evidence of their work.
*l'he formula is one devised by Dr. Jacob G. Lipman, Director of the
Experiment Stations, at the request of the writer.
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352 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
"The next serious outbreak was reported on July 16tlu On inyestigation
they were found to be very numerous along the coast from Sea Girt to Sea
Bright, the infestation extending only a mile or two west They were
somewhat abundant at Red Bank and along the Rumson Road leading
from Red Bank to Sea Bright Isolated cases were reported as far west
as Freehold. Lawns suffered principally from this attack, especially
those that had been seeded during the last year or two."
Infested lawns were sprinkled or sprayed with arsenate of lead, poi-
soned bran mash was scattered, and air slaked lime and gasoline were
employed. "The first was not very effective, seeming to operate merely
as a repellant The second was fairly effective in some cases, but not so
in others because the worms refused to eat the bran when they could get
grass. The third seemed most successful. Narrow depressions were made
along the edge of walks, gardens, and buildings. The lawn was sprinkled
with lime not allowing any to get into the trenches. The worms hid in
these depressions during the morning to avoid the lime and by sprinkling
them with gasoline great numbers were killed. Gasoline was better than
kerosene as it did not stain the buildings or pavements and the odor
disappeared. The worms menaced lawns in this section for ten days after
they were first reported.
"The next report of damage was at Farmingdale on July 23rd. This
was not serious and they soon disappeared.
* '*The number of parasitized specimens increased from rare instances,
when the worms were first reported to almost 100 per cent during the
latter part of the infestation. The number of tachina files increased cor-
respondingly."
Appie-Tree Te«it Caterplllart.
{Malacosoma americana Fabr.)
Late in April and early in May this species occasioned much complaint
throughout the northeastern part of the state. Much of the land within
reach of New York City is apparently held by speculators, and little
effort is made by the owners to cultivate or even to preserve its decent ap-
pearance. Much of it is covered with scrub growth, including wild cherry
bushes. Apple trees are found along fence rows and in old neglected or-
chards. This wild, uncared-for growth of cherry and apple became cov-
ered with webs of this insect Allendale, Westwood, Hillsdale, Hillsdale
Manor and Woodcliff Lake were among the towns worst infested. The
species was mistaken for gypsy moth and newspaper reports of the oc-
currence of this insect were circulated.
The unusual number caused the foliage on these waste lands to become
exhausted while yet many of the worms were only partly grown. Con-
sequently apple, cherry and peach were defoliated and much garden truck
consumed on places whose owners had used all possible care in destroy-
ing their own infestation.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 353
Some evidence of the work of this speoieB was found In South Jersey
at Hammonton.
In limited localiUes this Insect is readily controlled by cutting out the
offending nests, or better still by spraying the foliage about the nest thor-
oughly with arsenate of lead (8 pounds) and water (50 gallons). When
the outbreak covers a large territory and involves much growth on wild
lands community action is advisable. In all such cases the aid of the en-
tomologist should be sought and a well-planned campaign against the in-
sect undertaken.
Florida Fern Caterpillar.
{Eriopus floridetiMis Quen.)
On September 18th this insect was found troublesome on ferns at
Riverton. The firm on whose premises the injury was occurring had re-
ceived some Nephrolepis from Florida, and it is probable that the species
came with them. They were feeding on Adiantum, sp., Cyrtomium sp.,
Blechnnm sp. and Atparagus sprengeri. Blechnum seemed to suffer most.
Argentine Ant.
ilridomyrmex humulis Mayr.)
This species was taken in the packing from a case of nursery stock
from Germany. Dr. W. M. Wheeler, who kindly 'determined the species,
was at a loss to understand its occurrence in Germany, unless It was con-
fined strictly to greenhouses. This suggested that perhaps the species was
a member of the greenhouse-insect life of New Jersey. Systematic collec-
tions failed to show It, but did reveal three species new to the greenhouse
fauna of the state. These were determined by Dr. Wheeler as Tetra-
morium guineense Fabr., Prenolopis fulva Mayr., and Pheidole anastasii
Emery. All were taken at Rutherford, the first, April 9th, 1914, and the
others on April 14th, 1914.
Fleas.
(CtenocephaluM canis Curt)
The cat and dog fiea occasioned a considerable amount of trouble in the
houses of the well-to-do. In every case It was found In connection with pet
cats or dogs. In some cases the fieas seemed to be breeding In the house
after the animals had been denied access for a long time. In one Instance
the particular breeding place seemed to be behind a loose base-board in a bed
room. Elimination of the pets as fiea carriers by regular treatment with
soap and water or pyrethrum followed by liberal treatment of all cracks
and crevices in the infested rooms with gasoline will eventually relieve
and prevent further difllculty. Proper treatment of the pets followed by
thoroughly fumigating the infested rooms with hydrocyanic add gas
should give immediate and permanent relief.
Some of the persons troubled were convinced that the troublesome fieas
were not cat and dog fieas but "sand fieas." Subjecting specimens to a
careful microscopic examination resulted in every Instance in showing
them to be the cat and dog fiea.
13 AG
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354 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Grape Vine PoUto-Gall.
This peculiar and interesting malformation was taken at West £!nd
and Rutherford. The casual agent is a small dipterous insect, Lasioptera
vitU O. S.
Naroitsut Fly.
{Merodon equestris L.)*
Daring October, 1918, this species was found by Bliss Morlod[, of
Orange, working in the roots of her Iris. Although this is its first record
in New Jersey it is recognized as a pest in British Columbia and in Europe.
The infested plants were pulled up and destroyed.
Miscellaneous Species.
Among the arthropods doing noticeable but merely local injury may be
mentioned the following siiecies: (1) June 24th, mlUipeds feeding on
potato plants at the base where the stems were in contact with moist
soil; (2) July 10th, red spider injuring phlox at Red Bank; (3) July 13th,
onions about Hightstown slightly injured by onion thrips {Thrips tabaci
Linden); (4) July 6th, mealy bugs (probably Paeudococcus trifolii
Forbes) attacking the base of Weigelia in F. & F. Nurseries at Springfield;
(5) July 15th, currants on College Farm, New Brunswick, Injured by the
four-lined leaf-bug {Pdcilocapsus lineatus Fabr.); (6) July 7th, ''Black
Diamond" blackberries at Cologne injured by the bramble fiea louse
{Trioza tripunctata Fitch); (7) July 17th, elm trees in SomerviUe consid-
erably Injured by plant lice (probably OalHpteruM ulmifoUi Monell); (8)
June 15th, potatoes at Mullica Hill attacked by plant lice; (9) July
17th, euonymus at SomerviUe injured by the euonymus scale iChionoM-
pU euonymi Comst); (10) July 6th, July 17th, catalpa at Hammonton
and other South Jersey towns and at Somerville attacked by the catalpa
sphinx caterpillar (Ceratomia catalpos Bdv.); (11) July 17th, elm in Som-
eryllle injured by wood leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina Fab.); (12) June
26th, iris at Orange Injured by Macronoctua onu$ta Grt; (13) July 6th,
scrub oak (Quercus pumila) in North and South Jersey woods injured by
the common oak caterpillar {Aniaota senatoria Abb ft Sm.) ; (14) July 7th,
the blackberry plants at Cologne injured by the blackberry crown borer
{Bemhecia marginata Harr.); (15) July 8th, pussy willow in Hammonton
injured by the poplar borer (Saperda calcarata Say); (16) June 24th,
cucumbers and melons in Monmouth County injured by the striped cucum-
ber beetle {Diabrotica vittata Fab.); May 18th, asparagus at Green widi
injured by asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparaffi Linn.); (18) July 30th,
tomatoes at Centre Square attacked by Colorado potato beetles {Leptino-
tarsa decemlineata Say); (19) June 8th, maple at Passaic injured by
petiole miner, a saw fiy (Priophorus acericauUs McG.).
Another Method of Rearing Silk Worms.
Mr. Elias Mead of Passaic, N. J., approached the entomologist with
a plan for testing a better method of rearing silk worms. Mr. Mead
>» Determined by Nathan Banks through kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 355
would like to have selected some mulberry trees at New Brunswick
and carried on the test close to the entomologist's office. The lack
of mulberry trees prevented this, however, and Mr. Mead then made
the test in his own yard at Passaic, the entomologist or his representa-
tive visiting the scene of operations at intervals. Mr. Mead explained
that the method had been devised by his son, Mr. M. H. Mead,* and
that its particular merit lay in the high percentage that came to ma-
turity and the unusually low labor cost involved in caring for them.
Accordingly on June iith, Mr. H. B. Weiss visited Mr. Mead's
home and witnessed the placing of two colonies of caterpillars on a
small mulberry tree. The method involved the following operations:
(i) slipping an elongated, double-walled and blind-ending cloth sack
over several leafy branches; (2) introducing the caterpillars at open
end; (3) replacing the cage and contents on fresh food if the amount
of foliage enclosed proved too small; (4) removal of the cage after
pupation and harvesting of the cocoons.
In the cages under observation, the food was sufficient and no
change was made during the course of the experiment. On July loth,
Mr. Weiss examined the two cages and found the caterpillars practi-
cally full grown and the foliage almost consumed. On July i8th,
Mr. Weiss again saw the cages and found that all caterpillars had
pupated. On July 21st, the entomologist examined and removed
the cages with the following results. The first cage started with 65
caterpillars and produced 57 good cocoons. The second cage started
with. 55 caterpillars and produced 47 cocoons.
At Mr. Mead's request the writer removed two other cages, neither
of which we had had under observation. In one according to Mr.
M. H. Mead, 56 caterpillars had been placed. In the other 55 had
been placed. In the first 55 cocoons were found, one of which was
weak. In the second 50 cocoons were found.
INSECT COLLECTIONS.
Increase.
The insect collection has been increased by the addition of some
Coleoptera from Mr. C. A. Frost and by the addition of a collection
of California Coccida,
Exhibition.
An exhibition collection of injurious insect species has been started.
The specimens are placed in Riker mounts, because of the ease and
safety with which this form of collection can be transported. The
following mounts have been prepared: 2 cases of California scales,
3 cases showing different types of insect injury to leaves, 2 cases of
New Jersey scales, 2 cases showing insect injury to stored products,
3 cases showing some of the galls of New Jersey, i case of Cicadidse,
I case of pear psylla, i case of pear leaf blister mite, i case of potato
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356 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
stalk borer, i case of elm leaf-beetle, i case of rose chafer, 2 cases of
insect work in bark layers.
Anti'Pftftch-Borer Coatings.
The work this year has been devoted' to a general test of hard
asphaltum, soft asphaltum, air slaked lime, "government whitewash,"
"Boro-wax," sulfocide, etc., as outlined in last year's report. All
substances failed to obtain complete control. The soft asphaltum gave
the most encouraging results, because it withstood the weather for
a full season and allowed borers to penetrate only below its lower
edge. All other coatings showed borers just above or were penetrated
by them. One full year of trial has shown no asphaltum injury
to any age of trees. Further experiments looking toward the effecting
of a sufficiently complete coating with this and other similar substances
will be made.
COMBINATIONS OF NICOTINE WITH ORDINARY SPRAYING
MIXTURE
At various times in the past several years the combination of nico-
tine preparations with summer strengths lime-sulphur and arsenate
of lead or with bordeaux and arsenate of lead has been recommend-
ed. In no case, however, docs the recommendation seemed to have
been based on extensive studies. Among New Jersey fruit growers, a
few have used "Black-leaf 40" combined with Pyrox, but the state of
nund is apparently one of indecision.
Complaints from more or less reputable sources have indicated
that the combination may result in forming a mass of troublesome
precipitate. It was decided therefore in connection with a study of
the false apple red bug and its control to determine in a laboratory
way whether a combination of nicotine solution with the ordinary
spraying mixtures produced any undesirable change which could be
readily detected. Mr. Charles S. Beckwith, a senior student, who
had chosen as his thesis the study of the false apple red bug and
its control undertook this investigation and his statement of procedure
and results follows herewith.
"An inyestigatlon into tbe effect of combining nicotine with the common
spraying mixtures for our purpose seemed naturally to divide itself into
two phases — effect on the spray mixture and effect on the nicotine. By
force of circumstances investigation of the first phase was limited to the
amount of precipitate that is formed, while the second dealt with the
ability of the nicotine to stay in solution and therefore to retain its effect-
iveness.
Material Used.
"'Black-leaf 40' is perhaps the most widely tested of the standard
strength nicotine preparations and 'Nikotiana' is a new product made at
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 357
Madison, New Jersey, by the Aphine Manufacturing Ck>mpan7. Both of
these were used In the experiments, the former being diluted one part
to 600 parts water and the latter at the rate of one part to 180 parts water.
'The action of nicotine was tested with the following mixtures: Lead
arsenate; zinc arsenlte; Bordeaux mixture; lime sulphur; Bordeaux mix-
ture and lead arsenate; Bordeaux mixture and sine arsenlte; lime sulphur
and lead arsenate; lime sulphur and xlnc arsenlte; 'Pryox'; 'Electro
Bordo-lead.'
Laboratory Methods.
"All mixtures were made up in the same proportions as In common
orchard practice, using distilled water. The nicotine was added to the
solution In the proportion given above. All liquid measurements of 60 cc.
or less were made with a pipette. The solution was carefully mixed and
100 cubic centimeters were passed through a Gooch filter. The precipi-
tate was washed once with cold water and then dried at the temperature of
100 *" c for four hours. It was then cooled and weighed.
"The filtrate was tested for nicotine by adding a solution of Iodine and
potassium Iodide, which gives a red precipitate In the presence of nico-
tine. When there was lime sulphur in the mixture the nicotine was dis-
tilled by a steam distillation process and the distillate tested for nicotine.
EfTect on Spray Mixtures.
"The effect of the nicotine preparations upon the other Ingredients In
the mixture was studied and the precipitate from 100 cubic centimeters of
mixture was' weighed.
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358 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 3S9
"in no case does the nicotine make any marked change in the amount
of precipitate. The small variations may be due to a number of causes
but they are not large enough in any case to affect the usefulness of the
mixture.
Effect on Nicotine.
"The filtrate from all the nicotine spray mixtures gave a red precipitate
when a mixture of iodine and potassium iodide was added. This proves
that the nicotine remained in solution as nicotine or nicotine sulphate. It
is effective in either case. Even the very strong lime sulphur solutions
failed to break up the nicotine or combine with It in an unsatisfactory
way.
"In order to determine the effectiveness of the nicotine when combined
with other substances, observations were taken in two orchards infested
with the false apple red bug. One was on the College Farm in New
Brunswick, the other was on the farm of Mr. J. A. Cortelyou at Princeton.
On the former,, a mixture of lime sulphur, lead arsenate and 'Black-leaf
40' was used and on the latter, lead arsenate and 'Black-leaf 40.' No more
care than usual was taken in the sprayng of the trees, the only difference
being in the addition of the nicotine. In both cases, the infestation was wiped
out so that a half hour search failed to reveal a single nymph whereas,
before the spraying, nymphs in the first and second stages were numerous..
A second search a week later failed to reveal any nymphs or any of their
characteristic work.
Conclusion.
"It is evident that the two nicotine preparations, 'Black-leaf 40' and
'Nikotiana,' can be mixed with the common spray mixtures without a
serious precipitate forming and without any apparent detriment to the
nicotine."
Potato Spraying and Dusting.
This second year of potato spraying and dusting has seen the scope
of the work greatly increased. Instead of one field, three, each locat-
ed in a typical potato growing section of the State have been used.
Instead of eleven acres sixty acres have been involved. Instead of
one variety, three have been tested. As stated in our previous report
the purpose of this work is: (i) to determine in a -large practical
way the relative value of spraying and dusting mixtures in getting
a maximum yield of tubers through control of injurious insects and
plant diseases and through growth stimulus imparted to vines; (2) to
devise a satisfactory method of controlling the potato flea beetle
(Epitrix cucumeris Harr).
This work was carried forward as a co-operation between the
Experiment Station and the potato growers concerned on the one
hand and the Experiment Station and certain commercial concerns on
the other. The Experiment Station directed and assisted in making
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36o NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
the 'applications and made the necessary observations on the results.
The potato growers, Mr. J. Harry Kandle, of Elmer, Mr. Frank P.
Jones, of Freehold^ and Mr. Robert M. Dilatush, of Robbinsville,
made the applications and in some cases helped in taking the data on
yields.
The principal group of commercial concerns co-operating were
headed by Mr. F. H. Pough, of the Union Sulphur Company. With
Mr. Pough, were associated representatives of the Corona Chemical
Company and the Dust Sprayer Manufacturing Company. Mr.
Charles Carpender, of the Vreeland Chemical Company, associated
with representatives of the Bateman Manufacturing Company, co-
operated with the Station in its work in Robbinsville. The Thomsen
Chemical Company co-operated with the Station in its Robbinsville
work, the Ansbacher Insecticide Company in its work at Freehold
and the Kil-tone Company in its work at Elmer.
The Union Sulphur Company furnished the sulphur and made up
all the dust mixtures; the Corona Chemical Company furnished the
arsenate of lead; the Dust Sprayer Manufacturing Company, the
dusting machines; the Vreeland Chemical Company, the Bordo-lead;
the Bateman Manufacturing Company a potato sprayer for work at
Robbinsville; the Thomsen Chemical Company the arsenite of zinc;
the Ansbacher Insecticide Company the Bordeaux-lead, used at Free-
hold ; the Kil-tone Company the Kil-tone, used at Elmer.
In return for this aid from commercial concerns, the Station
obligated itself to arrange for and carry out the test, and to furnish
a statement of results. It was further, distinctly understood that,
while any of the co-operating concerns might use the facts discovered
for planning future work, no use was to be made of it for publicity
purposes until the results had been printed by the Experiment Station.
In this co-operation the Experiment Station was represented by its
departments of Plant Pathology and Entomology. Owing to the fact
that the problems of protecting potato foliage from parasitic injury
seemed to be mainly entomological, the Department of Entomology
assumed complete charge of carrying out the plans that were made in
conference. Mr. Alfred E. Cameron, a scholar of the Board of
Agriculture of England, who at the time when this work began was
studying with the entomologist, was given charge of it, and his report
of the investigation follows herewith.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 361
"Potato Spraying and Dusting Experiments
for the Year 1914.
BY
ALFRED E. CAMERON, M. A., M. Sc.
Board of Agriculture Scholar, England.
Introductiorv.
"I hare had the pleasure of deriylng from many farmers, well versed In
the most up-to-date methods of agriculture, their personal experiences in
the matter of spraying. Although in a few cases there was a certain
chariness in expressing an opinion, the general trend of their ideas has
been hitherto essentially antagonistic to the adoption of spraying with
Bordeaux, in the first place as entailing more trouble than it was thought
to be worth and in the second place as failing to prove of any advantage
when the final profits came to be reckoned up. This seemed more than
interesting to me in view of what was the experience of others, both in
other states of this country and in other countries of the world, and I
finally concluded that either some climatic or soil factor or perhaps some
ifiethod of agriculture counteracted or obscured the otherwise admittedly
beneficial effect of the application, or that there was a slipshodness or
carelessness in the manner of its preparation and treatment
"Three places were secured for the accomplishment of the work, namely,
at Freehold, Robbinsville and Elmer, in the counties of Monmouth, Mer-
cer and Salem, respectively, districts which may be considered fairly repre-
sentative of the potato growing sections of ^e State, and at all three
places satisfactory returns showed the benefits to be obtained from the
employment of Bordeaux. At Freehold, however, the increase in yield
as compared with the other treatments, hereafter discussed, was not
marked. Indeed, so little was the difference in any of the treatments and
so uniform the yield that I am inclined to look for the reason of apparent
failure here in the fact that peculiar methods of culture may infiuence the
final result Here the surface soil is a sandy loam— CoUington sandy loam
containing a large amount of potash (2.5 per cent) — underlaid by a green-
ish-yellow, sticky marl, and on this particular farm a system of deep-
plous^ing enriching the top soil has been adopted with the most satis-
factory results. Added to this we have to meet the fact that our co-
operator is in the habit of feeding his soil with abundant supplies of barn-
yard manure as well as commercial fertilizer, which may secure such
strong and vigorous plants that the Bordeaux-effect is entirely lost In
other words, what I would tentatively suggest in view of the evidence
obtained is that under certain conditions, with which we are as yet not en-
tirely familiar, the potato vines may arrive at an optimum of vigor beyond
which they may fail to be stimulated, a critcal point in fact At Freehold
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362 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
then the slightly Increased yields on the Bordeaux as compared with those
obtained on the sulphur and proprietary Bordeaux plots may be Justly
ascribed to its more efficient control of the flea beetle {Epitrix cucumeris
Uarr.) which in dry seasons like that Just past levies in New Jersey at
least a higher tax on the crop than any of its vegetable parasites. In-
deed here we have a reason for the comparatively poor showing of Bor-
deaux in New Jersey. One dry season follows another with such regu-
larity that the early {Macroaporium Solani E. ft M.) and Late Blights
iPhytophthora infestans De Bary), exacting such a toll in the more north-
em states, here in only odd humid seasons favorable to the germination
of the spores of the latter, get the opportunity to exert their ruinous in-
fluence. Therefore it is only natural to assume that Bordeaux, which is
specific against these potato blights, will be more likely to demonstrate
its capabilities in seasons favorable, to the generation of blights, and this
indeed has been the experience of several New Jersey farmers.
"The use of sulphur in these experiments marks an innovation in the
application of this material as a fungicide of potato leaf diseases in this
state at least. In Europe, especially Southern France, and in Northern
Africa, in Algeria, sulphur has been extensively used in combatting the
odium and other fungous diseases of the grape vine with most encourag;-
ing results. According to Bourcart*, sulphur has also a direct action on
the grape vine which it renders more vigorous. That this is probably
true also of the potato vine under certain circumstances is shown by the
results obtained at Elmer on blocks dusted with a mixture of sulphur and
lead arsenate. These yielded 21 bushels per acre more potatoes than those
treated with arsenate of lead alone. This was, however, but a third of the
increase derived from the use of Bordeaux lead arsenate mixture.
''A series of experiments carried out by Bourcartt showed that sulphur
virtue of the supposed generation of the sulphur dioxide or sulphuretted
hydrogen, but by reason of Its own vapours.
"The comparative aspect which this year's experiments are intended to
bear out must not be lost sight of and the differences in yields obtained
on the differently treated plots are worthy of strict attention. Besides
the fact that the home-made Bordeaux mixure gave the best return as
regards yields in all three experiments, it also proved to be the most
economical in application, excepting, of course, the lead arsenate used on
the check plots at Freehold and Elmer and Intended only to check the rav-
ages of the Colorado potato and flea beetles.
"The experiments at Geneva have also come to the conclusion that there
are several factors which might have an Important Influence on the results,
amongst which are mentioned differences of locality and soils. t The aver-
ages for the ten-year experiments at Geneva and Riverhead reveal the fact
that the average increase for sprayed potatoes per acre at the former is
♦Insecticides, Fungicides and Weed Killers— E. Bourcart, London, 1913,
p. 46.
tLoc. Cit. p. 46.
tBull. 290, N. Y. Agri. Exper. Sta., F. C. Stewart, 1907.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 363
more tiiaii douUe the increaae for the Utter. At (Geneva the soil is rather
a heavy clay loam, at Rirerhead a sandy loam, interesting; in yiew of what
has been said about the experiments at Freehold, New Jersey. Sheltered
rather than exposed conditions give better results and in the final reckon-
hig op the fertility of the land and the variety of the potato are factors
of no mean importance. But, probably as the author remarks, most atten-
tion must be paid to thoroughness in spraying.
Plan of the Experiments and Arrangements of Plots.
"The idea was to carry out the experiments on as large a scale as pos-
sible so that the objection which is often advanced, of the futility of form-
ing correct conclusions from the yields of rows treated singly would not
hold good. Therefore at Robbinsville and Elmer the fields were divided
up into plots of 20 rows and six of these plots formed a series. Within ttie
series each alternate plot was a check treated at Robbinsville with a mix-
ture of zinc arsenite and gypsum calculated to repress the activities of the
flea beetle and Colorado beetle, and at Elmer to this same end, arsenate
of lead was employed. The other treatments in the block or series varied:
at Elmer, Bordeaux Mixture combined with arsenate of lead, Kiltone, and
a mixture of sulphur and lead arsenate; at Robbinsville, Bordeaux com-
bined with lead arsenate, Vreeland's "Electro" Bordo-Lead, and a mixture
of sulphur and zinc arsenite. At Robbinsville where the field contained
slii^tly more than twenty-four acres this series of plots was repeated
four times, so that any inconsistancies, due to the nature of the soil, might
be eliminated as far as possible. At Elmer where there was approximately
ten acres, there was only space for a single repeat
"The arrangement at Freehold was slightly different, the field of about
twenty-four acres being divided up into blocks of but eight rows so that
many more che^ plots could be inserted. Then again every alternate
plot was a check, the other plots in the series of six being treated with
Bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate, a mixture of sulphur, lead arsenate
uxd gypsum, and Ansbacher's Bordeaux. It will be noted that at each
plaoQ a different proprietary spraying mixture was used.
Methods of Experiments.
"In applying the wet preparations, two types of spraying machines were
employed. At Elmer, the Watson Sprayer, made by the Field Force Pump
Company of Elmira, N. T., gave eminently satisfactory results. The only
objection that could be made was the fluctuation in the maintenance of
the pressure from sixty to eighty pounds. It is desirable to aim at get-
ting a higher pressure than this so that the spray-liquid may be deliv-
ered as a fine mist on the leaves. At Freehold and Robbinsville the power
spraying machine made by the Bateman Manufacturing Ck>mpany, of
Grenloch, N. J., gave the requisite pressure of 100 pounds, ensuring a uni-
form application of the fluid. In all eases the nozzles were adjusted so
that four rows could be covered at one time, and these machines all gave
the Miamond' effect in their delivery of the spray, a fact of the utmost im-
portance, seeing that it is necessary to cover the under as well as the
n^er surfaces of the leaves with the mixture.
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364 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
"In applying the dust mixtures of sulphur combined with gypsum, ar-
senite of zinc and arsenate of lead, the Potato Duster made by the Dost
Sprayer Manufacturing Ck>mpany, of Kansas City, Mo.» was used. Here
it is necessary to state that the original plan was not carried out in
its entirety and whereas it was intended to apply the lead arsenate to the
checks as a dry powder, so much difficulty was experienced that event-
ually it was decided at Elmer and Freehold to apply it wet at the rate of
six pounds per 100 gallons.
"In all cases the application of the sulphur mixtures was successfully
undertaken, except at*Freehold, where no treatment was made for the first
spraying, and for the second a mixture of hydrated lime and lead arsenate
was used in dry form in the proportion of sixty-nine pounds of the former
to thirty-one pounds of the latter.
."Comment must be made on the fact that the potato dusting machine
did not give complete satisfaction, but a certain amount of blame must
also be addicted to the materials which frequently cohered to such an
extent within the delivery pipes that mechanical blocking ensued. It was
on account of this reason mainly that the lead arsenate was applied wet*
otherwise a great deal of valuable time would have been wasted.
"Bven as it was a lot of trouble was experienced in regulating the
quantity of dust that was being applied, but finally, after making some
adjustments, we were enabled to feed out the sulphur-gypsum-lead-arae-
nate, the sulphur-zinc-arsenite and the sulphur-lead-arsenate mixtures In
the required amounts of about 30-36 pounds per acre.
"Most up-to-date farmers who find it necessary to use Bordeaux mixture
are acquainted with its method of preparation, so that it seems superfluous
to repeat what is a very old story here. Suffice it to say that the formula
of the mixture employed in our experiments was the same in all three,
namely, 6-5-50, and to every 100 gallons of the mixture six pounds of ar-
senate of lead were added as a poison for the Colorado potato-beetle
(Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) and the flea beetle iEpitrix CucumerU
Harr.). This same poison served to control the ravages of these pests at
Elmer and Freehold, but at Robbinsville zinc arsenite was tried, with what
results win be hereafter set forth in the section of flea beetle control
"In the case of the proprietary Bordeaux preparations, Ansbacher's was
applied at the rate of 20 pounds per 100 gallons, which sufficed to cover
Just about two acres. Vreeland's Electro Bordo-Lead was applied at the
rate of about 18 pounds per acre suspended in 100 gallons, an intention-
ally rather heavy application, while 13 pounds of Kil-Tone, of which 18
pounds were suspended in 100 gallons, served to treat one acre at Elmer.
"It was so arranged that an interval of 8 to 12 days should elapse be-
tween each treatment, this being considered the outside limit for safety,
since the new shoots which are springing up ran serious risk of damage
both from insect destroyers and fungous parasites if a longer period was
allowed to intervene between the applications. Assiduous attention to
spraying and thoroughness of application are important factors for good
results, and it has been shown by the experiments of the New York Agrl-
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 365
cultural Experiment Station* that the more aprayings one makes the
greater are likely to be the yields, and therefore the profits. In New
Jersey, the Tines begin to oyerlap in the rows about the end of June, mak-
ing it difficult for the operator to drive a team into the field without in-
flicting mechanical injury to the vines. It is quite posMble to have made
four applications previous to this, but the vines continue to grow on for
a month later. In cases where cireumstances are fttvorable to the ap-
pearance of the late blight, it would be absolutely essential to make at
least two further treatments before the vines die.
"The scheme of the treatments was as follows, the locality appearing
first, then the dates of the four applications, then the four treatments:
"Blmer, May 21-22, June 1-2, June 10-11, June 24-25; Bordeauz-Lead-
Arsenate, Kil-Tone, Sulphur-Lead-Arsenate 5-.5, Lead Arsenate.
"Freehold. May 21-22, June 5-6. June 16-17, June 27-28: Bordeaux-Lead-
Arsenate, Ansbacber's-Bordeaux-Lead, Sulphur-Oypsum-Lead-Arsenate (2-
3-1), Lead Arsenate.
"Robbinsville, Blay 27-28, June 10-11, June 28-25, June 30 1, July 1; Bor-
deaux-Lead-Arsenate, Vreeland's "BHectro" Bordo-Lead, Sulphur-Zino-Ar-
senite (5-1), Gypsum-Zinc-Arsenite (5-1).
DI8CU88I0N OF THE INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS.
AT ELMER.
"From the middle of May until the middle of August there were eleven
inches of rainfall with periods of prolonged drought during which there
was quite a lot of tip-bum, a physiological condition of the leaves for
which no proper reason can be assigned. Probably it is a case of the
plant suffering from mal-nutrition activated by some climatic or atmos-
pheric condition. We cannot say that drought is the only cause because
it has been observed to be prevalent during wet spells. On that date,
May 27, when the first treatment was made, the fiea-beetle had already
been at work for several days, although the vines were not more than
six inches high. The damage being done was considerable, and added to
this there were large numbers of eggs of the Colorado beetle, some of
which had already hatched, betokening injury to come.
*Bull. 823 N. T. Agri. Exper. Sta., Geneva, p. 323. 1910.
tOn this date an application of Sulphur-Zinc-Arsenite was made on the
sulphur plots of the first and second series — there being four series in all
at Robbinsville — and on sixteen rows of the third series when an accident
rendered the machine useless and so no further spraying was done. At
Robbinsville, therefore, with the exception of these plots mentioned, only
three applications of the various treatments were made.
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366 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The plan of the field was as follows:
Plan 1.~The Experiment at Elmer.
r
Bbribs I.
Bordeaux Mixture and Arsenate of Lead.
Arsenate of Lead.
Kil-Tone.
Arsenate of Lead.
Sulphur and Lead Arsenate Mixture.
Arsenate of Lead.
8BRIE8 IL.
Kil-Tone.
Arsenate of Lead.
Bordeaux Mixture with Arsenate of Lead.
Arsenate of Lead.
Sulphur and Lead Arsenate Mixture.
"The field was divided into two blocks in one of which there were six
plots of twenty rows each, in the other five, each plot measuring 0.89
acre except the last Arsenate of Lead plot, which had only fifteen rows
and measured 0.68 acre.
"On June 2nd, the field was examined for flea-beetle. The numbers had
been greatly reduced, and, curious to relate, an adjacent field of potatoes
which had not been treated, was badly infested with this small pest It
would appear that it had been repelled to this neighboring field. On some
of the Tines a few aphides Rhopaloaiphum aolani Thos., were observed at
work, but not in sufficiently great numbers to cause uneasiness or to make
it worth while to go to the expense and trouble of a special treatment.
At this stage the Kil-Tone plots compared favorably with the others aa
regards insect control and indeed, so far as observations could be trusted,
this proprietary preparation seemed to give quite satisfactory results.
"On June 24th a rather curious phenomenon was observed. The potato
plants were now in blossom, but the flowers had died off quickly on all
the plots except on the checks sprayed with Arsenate of Lead. What was
the exact significance of this cannot be stated, but that there was no ulti-
mate detrimental effect is shown by the yields, which were greater on the
plots than on the controls. On this date, too, there was a slightly trace-
able recrudescence of the fiea-beetle, especially noticeable on the sulphur
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 367
plots, but after the treatmnt had been made they were effeetlrely repelled.
Perhaps the reason for their greater number on these plots was the fact
that the dust does not adhere to the vines for such a long time as the wet
sprays, and therefore more frequent applications would haye to be made
to maintain its efficiency.
"On July 7th, in addition to Epitrix cucumeris Harr. there was present
in appreciable numbers another species of the flea-beetle, Epitrix fmcula
Cr., which, according to the late Dr. Smith, is supposed to be rarely found
in New Jersey. The recurrence of the flea-beetle at this period led me to
the belief that there is a second brood, if not a third, in this State, for
after a decided diminution a second time there was an increase on Aug-
ust 26th on the late crops in the southern regions. These periods of
great infestation alternated with periods of absence of attack are gteerally
characteristic of multi-brooded species.
"As regards fungous diseases, cases of early blight were very rare on the
first crop, and late blight was not observed, but on the second crop in
August, early blight seemed to be rather general, appearing first when the
plants were yet small.
"During the early days of August the old-fashioned potato beetle, Epi-
cttuta vittata Fab. appeared suddenly in the fields of South Jersey, strip-
ping the vines of all leaves that were yet green. This was considered
.peculiar in view of the fact that not a* single specimen was met with in the
northern parts of the State. Its occurence in the south can be associated
with the greater prevalence of grasshoppers, on the eggs of which the
meloid beetle thrives in its larval stages. It is a commonly cited example
of an insect which undergoes a hypermetamorphosis from an incipient
active predaceous larva hunting for its fodd voraciously, to a sluggish
grub stage. This marked change in habit is Induced by its latterly finding
ample provender in the grasshopper burrow dug for the reception of the
eggs, without having to be energetic in satisfying its appetite.
"Throughout the season the plots sprayed with Bordeaux mixture gave
every promise of large yields, as the 'vines had a healthy deep green color
while they retained their vigor at the end of the season for almost ten
days longer than those in the other plots. From an examination made
July 24th, the order of value of the various treatments was as follows:
(1) Bordeaux Mixture and Arsenate of Lead; (2) Sulphur and Lead
Arsenate Mixture; (3) Kil-Tone; (4) Lead Arsenate.
"That this order as Judged from the vines had some significance can be
Judged from the yields as obtained when the potatoes were dug on Au-
gust 10th.
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368 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Yield From Plot* Sprayed Experimentally.
Table I. — Elmer. Var. Cobbler.
Nature of Applioatioa.
Bordeaux-Lead-AneQaie .
Lead Anenate-Cheok. . . .
Sulphur^Lead-AnMiate (lh.5).
Kil-Tone
Yields in Im. per acre.
Seriee I.
252.85
133.25
222.7
189.4
222.1
200.2
_SerieB II.
298.35 ~
239.1
235.25
256.65
245.0
228.8
Average of the
twoplotB.
275.6^
212.725
233.5
214.5
Average gain in bu. per aere of Bordeaux over oheek plots
Average gain in bu. per acre of Bordeaux over Sulphur plots
Average gain in bu. per acre of Bordeaux over Kil-Tone lAoia
Gain in bushels per acre of Sulphur- Lead-Arsenate plots over check plots.
Gain in bushels per acre of Sulphur- Lead- Arsenate plots over Kil-Tone
62.875
42.1
61.1
20.776
19.00
'Two years preylously the same field had been planted in potatoes.
Then followed a rotation of grass, cloyer and timothy, which was mowed
in the summer following for hay. Late in the fall it underwent ploughing, the
soil being turned up to a depth of eight inches, and then in the spring
worked with a Clark cut-away harrow. Fertilizer of the formula 4^10
was administered at the time of seed-planting at the rate of about a ton
and a quarter to the acre.
AT FREEHOLD.
"From June 21st until the end of July, representing the most important
period of growth of the yines, there was only 4.8 inches of rain, and al-
though the weather was excessively dry and warm at times the planta
made such headway that the profuse vines of the Giant variety were
meeting in rows almost at the time of the fourth treatment on June 16th.
Here there was a fair amount of tip-bum, and also some Fuaarium o«y#-
porunif the fungus of dry rot There was no late blight and only an in-
finitesimal amount of early blight, which appeared first late in the season*
about July 20th. Practically none was to be found on the plots sprayed
with Bordeaux mixture or with the Ansbacher preparation, but the Lead
Arsenate and Sulphur dust plots had quite a little. However, not a great
deal of damage was committed as the vines were already dying.
''As has already been said, there were eight series of six plots at Free-
hold, with a snudler series, IX, of but two plots. The area of the field
was 24.57 acres and each plot had but eight rows. At no time throughout
the season could the eye observe any dilference in the vines of the various
plots that could be supposed to be due to difference of treatment, and as
the probable reasons for this remarkable fact have already been detailed
it will not be necessary to take up the discussion again at this point
"The same phenomenal fiuctuation in the presence of the fiea-beetle
was likewise observed here as at Elmer and also at Robbinsville lending
further support to my belief of there being three broods of this pest in
New Jersey. Johannsen* is quite emphatic in his assertion that there is
•Bun. 211, Maine Agr. Exper. Sta. Potato Flea-Beetle, 1913, pp. 39-40.
O. A. Johannsen.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 369
but a single brood in Maine, or at least a partial second, and quotee 8ir-
rine'8 experience in New York aa supporting his statement This, how-
ever, does not argue that single-broodedness is an inseparable and uni-
versal characteristic of the species.
"The yields as obtained at Freehold are set forth in the table, and a
glance at the last column will readily show how little .advantage there was
in spraying or dusting. Still something was achieved in that the home-
made Bordeaux mixture vindicated itself, if ever so little, here as at El-
mer, but on this occasion the Lead Arsenate check plots came out some-
what ahead of the proprietary Ansbacher Preparation. Perhaps the re-
sults would have worked out somewhat differently had it been possible to
apply the Sulphur-Gypsum-Lead-Arsenate in a more satisfactory fashion
for the non-application of this material during the first and second treat-
ments also militated against a true comparison of the results.
"At Freehold the variety most grown is the "Giant" and the tubers
are sold mixed, there being no separation into firsts and seconds, or mar-
ketable and culls.
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370 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 371
"It is of interest to note the general uniformity of the figures, there be-
ing v^ry little variation in yield in the plots of each individual series,
except perhaps in series I, where the Bordeaux plot out-yielded the average
of the check plots by 18 bushels per acre. In this series, too, the Sulphur-
Oypsum- Lead- Arsenate plot also gave an increase of twelve bushels per acre
over the check plots, while the plot sprayed with Ansbacher's Bordeaux-
Lead lagged behind the check plots to the extent of 4.5 bushels. But
this only serves to show how little confidence can be placed in the results
when the figures of only a single series are considered. The truth can only
be ascertained by averaging up two or more series, indeed, the greater
number of series the more certainly can we arrive at a general conclusion.
"The field at Freehold, as regards previous cultivation, presented three
distinct sections. Six acres had been planted in potatoes for four years,
and each year wheat and crimson clover had been ploughed under as
a green manure. Nine acres had been planted with com during the two
previous years and cow-peas sown out amongst the com. Here there had
been a rotation of wheat, clover and timothy, and com. The remaining
nine acres had borne a potato crop continuously for six or seven years,
and on this particular section a system of deep ploughing had been prac-
ticed. It has already been mentioned how radical cultivation of this type
might obscure the effects of spraying.
AT R0BBIN8VILLE.
"On the whole the weather was very dry in this district of the State
during the summer, but frequent showers helped to bring the rainfall up
to about ten inches, extending over a period of about three months from
May 27th, when spraying started, until the potatoes were dug. Shortly
after the first treatment was made there were neither many flea-beetles
nor Colorado beetles to be seen, although in all conscience the infestation
was quite severe on other fields planted with early Cobbler seed. The
variety here treated was the "Green Mountain."
"The plan of the plots on the field of 24.57 acres is outlined in the fol-
lowing scheme:
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372
NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Plan III— The ExpeHment at Robbintville.^'
Bordeaux Mixture and Lead Araenato.
Zino-Araenite-Gypsum.
Sulphu>Zino-AiBenite.
Srribs I.
^o>Arseaite-Qyp0Um.
Electro Uordo-Lead.
Zioc-Araenite-Gypsum.
SBRnu II.
SulphiusZino-Anenite.
Zinc-Araenite-Gsrpsum.
Electro Bordo-Lead.
Zinc-Arsenite-Gypsum.
Bordeaux Mixture and Lead Axsenat«.
Zino-Arsenite-Gypaum.
SCRIRB III.
Srrim IV..
Sulphur-Zino-Arsenite.
Zinc-Arsenite-Gypeum.
Electro Bordo-Lead.
Zinc- Arsenite-Gypsum .
Bordeaux Mixture and Lead Arsenate.
Zino>AraeniteXiyp8um.
Electro-Bordo-Lead.
Zinc- Araenite-Gypsum .
Bordeaux Mixture and Lead Arsenate.
Zinc-Arsenit«-G3rp8um.
Sulphur-Zinc- Araenit«.
Zinc-Arsenite-Gypeum .
*Plan II. has been omitted.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
373
'There were four series of plots all approximately of the same size ex-
cept those of series IV, which were less than half the area of the others.
The general contour of the field was rather irregular, but this did not
affect the results at alL Throughout the growing period, the vines on the
Bordeaux plots were easily superior to the vines on the other plots with
the exception of that in the first series where, for some inexplicable reason,
there was quite a lot of tip-bum, especially evident about June 80th.
Early and late blights were conspicuous by their absence, while only a few
hills were affected bjr Dry Rot (Fu$arium oxyiporumj. Bxamination
of the field on August l€th revealed the plants on the Bordeaux plots still
green and quite vigorous, while on the other plots they were quite dead.
The potatoes were dug on September 1st, and the following days, and an
observer casting his eye over the field could with a little discrimination,
pick out the plots treated with Bordeaux mixture by reason of their being
less over-grown with weeds. This in itself would point to the invigorating
eCTeet of the mixture. The potato vines become so sturdy by reason of
ItB application that they suffer less from competition with inimical weeds,
especially crab-grass.
Yield DeUlled According to Series.
Table IV— Robblnsvllle.
Nature of the AppUcation.
Avg. of the
Series I.
SerieBlI.
Series III.
Series IV.
four series.
Bordeaux Mixture and Lead Arsenate.
Gyp«um-Zlne-Ar8enite
233.88
249.52
231.74
273.13
273.60
266.93
310.75
225.24
259.49
249.99
266.19
241.59
328.31
258.71
245.19
314.34
260.16
312.30
290.62
228.10
223.94
228.44
160.38
253.12
290.89
248! 98
Sulphur-Zinc-ArMnite
246!68
Electro Bordo-Lead
265.98
Average gain in bushels per acre of Bordeaux plots over check plots 41 .41
Average gain in bushels per acre of Bordeaux plots over Sulphur plots 50.31
Average gain in bushels per acre of Bordeaux plots over Electro Bordo Lead 24. 41
Average gain in bushels per acre of Bordeaux plots over ail others 38 . 71
Yields Oetalled Aocordlng to Firsts and Seconds.
Table V— Robblnsvllle.
YIBLO IN BUSHCUS PBS ACRE.
Aver, of the
Nature of Application.
Series'!. | Series IL | Series IIL
Series IV.
four series.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
Bordeaux-Mix ture-
Lead-Araenate ....
223.06
241.66
222.02
259.25
263.88
247.68
8.86
7.86
9.72
13.88
9.72
9.25
297.85
217.58
252.85
240.62
256.94
234.79
12.90
7.66
6.61
9.37
9.25
6.80
317.99
248.23
240.04
296.20
245.71
297.34
10.32
10.48
5.15
18.14
14.45
14.96
265.62
202.07
202.07
217.11
142.69
228.12
25.00
26.03
21.87
11.33
17.69
25.00
276.13
14.27
236.64
12.34
Sulphur-Zino-Arsenite
Electro-Bordo-Lead. . .
224.31
251.98
12.77
14.00
"It will be observed by a glance at tbe last column that there is very
little difference in the average number of bushels per acre of seconds,
the divergence in yields being practically confined to the first
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374 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
"An examination of the yield on the Bordeaux plot of the first series
causes surprise by its very low figure, indeed no other plot in this block
did so poorly except one of the check plots where the yield was practically
the same. Had it not been for the adverse conditions obtaining on this
plot the average yield in the Bordeaux plots as a whole would have been
at least 20 bushels per acre more. Similarly the adverse conditions whidi
prevailed on the Sulphur plot of series IV helped to reduce the average
yield of tubers per acre on all the Sulphur plots very materially. On the
whole, however, experiments carried out on a largb field such as this are
of more practical value tan if only a few rows were treated. The varia-
tions in yield due to varying conditions of soil and fertility would some-
times seem to confute all accepted theories. But in order to demonstrate
fully the capabilities of any spraying material as well as those of the field
on which the treated crop is grown, one must be fully acquainted with the
several conditions which might influence the results either beneficially or
adversely.
"As regards previous cultivation, the field at Robbinsville had borne a
potato crop for three years (1912-13-14). In the fall of 1912 it had been
sown in rye, which was ploughed in the following spring. After the potato
crop had been dug this same operation was repeated in the fall of 1913
and the spring of 1914. Fertilizer of the formula 4-8-10 was applied with
the seed at the rate of 1,500 pounds per acre.
Cost of Spraying and Dusting.
"The expense attached to the operation of applying insecticides varies
with the kind of material and the type of machine employed in spraying
or dusting as the case may be. Even if we consider Bordeaux mixture
alone it would not be possible to state a cost which would hold good for
all localities and for the various stages in the growth of the same crop
within the same locality, because the luxuriance of the vines must be
taken into account with regard to the amount of material necessary to
cover them satisfactorily. Jones*, formerly of Vermont, states the average
cost of sprajrlng one acre of potatoes three times using 200-500 gallons at
one cent per gallon as |7.00.
"The following table will give one an idea of this year's expenses at
Freehold, Robbinsville and Elmer:
♦L. R. Jones, Sixth Annual Rept. Vermont Agr. Exper. Sta., 1892.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 375
Table of Comparative Coats of Materials.
Table VI.
1. At Robbinsville onlv three applicatione were made except on the Sulphui^Zino-Ar-
eenite plots where those of Series I and II received four treatments, as also 16 rows of the oor-
respondiDjE plot in Series III.
The figures in the last column speak for themselves and at once show one how the cost of
similar treatments may vary in different places in the same State.
Control of the Potato Flea-Beetle,
"In New Jersey as well as most of the potato growing states, this
diminutive pest has long been recognized as a serious pest, detrimental
not only because of the damage committed directly by its fenestrating the
leaves, but also indirectly in that the tiny injuries serve as a means of in-
cursion for early blight When one considers that in cases of severe
attack anything from 10 per cent, to 20 per cent, of the leaf surface on a
single hill might be destroyed one can form a somewhat rough idea of the
adverse effect on the yield which this reduction in the assimilating power
of the leaves causes.
"Probably on account of its insignificant size, very little attention has
been paid to the life-history or means of control of the flea-beetle, and
one author seems to accept without test what another has experienced.
Indeed it is only quite recently that the true facts of its larval behavior
have been diagnosed and whereas it was generally accepted by Harris,*
Riley t and Packard t that the larva was a leaf miner like others of its
♦Harris, T. W., Insects Injurious to Vegetation, p. 127, 1862.
tRiley, C. V., Missouri Kept. State Ent I, p. 101, 1869.
tPackard, A. S., N. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of Colorado and Adjacent
Territory, 1875, p. 732.
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376 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
congeners, such as Haltica nemorum, the flea-beeUe of turnips and other
CrucifersB in England, It has been only within recent years that it has been
found to feed on the subterranean tubers and roots of the potatoes as well
as the roots of the tomato* and allied solanaceous plants. The attack on
the tuber gives rise to a condition known as' "pimply/' formerly assigned
to the activities of the scab organism, the real cause being discovered by
Stewart t The same author (loc cit.) says that in 1895 in Long Island
the damage was so noticeable that potatoes suffered a reduction in price
of five cents.
"The omniverous habit of the adult is well known and although the
species has a dietetic preference for the SolanacecB, yet it can satisfy its
appetite on almost any of the commoner weeds found near the margins
of potato fields. The following are some of the food plants cited by various
authors, the list being by no means exhaustive: potato, tomato, eggplant
and pepper (0. Luggert)* Jamestown weed, nightshade (F. H. Chitten-
den§), radish, turnip, cabbage, raspberry, sunflower and various members
of the squash family (C. M. Weedll). beets (A. S. Packardf ).
"An attempt was made during the season to arrive at some idea of the
comparative intensity of the flea-beetle injury by making counts of the
fenestrations on the leaves of individual shoots. Although a short table
has been prepared showing the averages of these results, it is very doubt-
ful if this method of measuring the degree of infestation is very success-
ful unless one can make daily records. This was impossible because
the spraying and dusting of the potatoes allowed only a short stay at a
time at each place. However, the results, such as they are, have been
tabulated in the hope that they might be of some use in stimulating others
who have opportunity to attack the matter along this line.
♦Chittenden. P. H., Bull. No. 19, N. S.. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1899, p. 89.
tStewart. P. C, Bull. 113. N. S., N. Y. Agri. Exper. Sta., Geneva, 1896,
p. 311.
tLugger, O., Bull. 66, Minn. Agr. Exper. Sta., 1890, p. 247.
fChittenden, F. H., Loc cit, p. 90.
IWeed, C. M.. Bull. 29, N. H. Coll. Agr. Exper. Sta., p. 3, 1893.
fPackard, A. S., Loc cit, p. 732.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
Table VII.
377
Nature of Application.
Date.
Untreated
Bordeauz-Lead-Arsenate
Kil-Tone
Lead Aneaate
Sulphur-Lead-Areeoate
Bordeauz-Lead-Araenate
Vreeland's Electro Bprdo-Lead .
Uypeum-Zinc-Arseoite
Suiphur-Zinc-Arsenite
Untreated
Untreated
Bordeaux-Lead-Areeoate
Ansbaoher's Bordeaux Lead
Lead Araeoate.
Sulphui^-Qypeum Lead-Arsenate
Bordeaux-Lead-Areenate
Vreeland's Electro Bordo-Lead .
Qypeum-Zino-ArBenjte
Su4>hur-Zinc-'Ar8enite
Bordeaux-Lead-ArBeoate
Kil-Tone
Lead Anenate
Sulphui^Lead-Axaenate
Untreated (Late crop)
Locality.
No. oi
shoote.
Aver. No.
ol leavea
per shoot.
June 10
.4
..
*'
'•
June 29
«,
**
July
1
9
..
July
••
10
July
••
13
Jujly
16
Aug.
22
Elmer
20
15
20
15
•*
20
15
••
20
15
"
20
15
Robbinaville
20
14
20
15
Robb|naville
23
14
Robblnsville
1«
13
Freehold
23
13
•♦
24
13
••
26
8
••
29
9
••
29
9
23
23
9
Robblnsville
33
30
22
11
3
8
•*
21
9
Elmer
27
13
••
28
14
••
25
15
••
29
14
"
23
9
Aver. No. of
leneetratious
per leal.
154.5
92.
142.
138.6
208.4
9.3
9.7
8.3
11.
7.7
9.
4.9
7.15
6.3
7.7
8.9
. 21.5
13.54
13.
15.
28.
21.
28.
32.
"Ab has been said before a great deal of confldence cannot be placed on
these figures as it is almost impossible to Judge the gross intensity of the
seasonal attack of the flea-beetle, because the numbers which are present
in some definite locality at any given time, are determined by several con-
ditions amongst which the most important are temperature and humidity.
It will thus be readily understood why it is important to make continuous
daily counts. If these extend only over a short period, the figures only
hold good for that one period and cannot be expected to indicate the in-
tensity except for the time stated.
"In one case, at Robbinsville, the Bordeaux Mixture seemed to be less
eflident than the Gypsum-Zinc-Arsenite in warding off the flea-beetle and
it almost appears as if dry poisons for the time they remain on the leaves
are more effective in their repelling function than wet poisons. In the
long run, however, by reason of their greater powers of adherence, the
latter give the best results, which accounts for the better showing of the
Bordeaux Mixture and the Liead Arsenate. At Freehold, July 9th, the Bor-
deaux plots had the least injury and similarly again at RobbinsviUe on
July 13th and Elmer July 16th. Unsprayed vines, as is to be expected, are
more liable to flea-beetle injury, and at Elmer August 22nd, on the late
crop the average number of holes per leaf was during the second worst
attack of the season. The intensity of the infestation at Elmer when the
plants were yet young can be judged by results obtained on June 10th
at the same place. Here the Bordeaux-Lead-Arsenate combination proved
its qualities in keeping the pest at bay.
"The fact that the average number of injuries, as judged from the table,
were much greater at Elmer on June 10th is due to the fact that the counts
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378 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
were made on the large radical leaves of the ylnes, which, on account of
their having appeared first, suffer greater cumulative damage than the
younger leaves on the top shoots, which alone were considered in the
later reckonings.
"The control of any insect pest by such measures as time and experience
have so far taught must be reduced, for practical purposes, to a basis of
dollars and cents. The total destruction of the flea-beetle, like that of any
other insect pest, would mean unlimited expenditure and is practically
impossible. As an insect indigenous to the United States, this pest will
for ever, as long as potatoes are grown, levy a tax upon the farmer so that
the question resolves itself into one of reducing the tax to a minimum
by some measure of control. Three principal methods of attack have
been employed in abating injurious insect pests, classified as follows: (1)
Treatments which kill the insects; (2) measures that will restrict their
abundance and act temporarily as repellants; (3) natural checks, such
as insect or fungus parasites.
"Hitherto it has been the general plan to tackle the problem of fiea-
beetle control by means of repellants, and although Arsenate of Lead and
Bordeaux Mixture have on many occasions proved efllcient, many of the
inert powders and dusts recommended are practically of little benefit.
Because of its activities and peculiar habits, the problem of killing the
Insect outright presents many difficulties, for it is essential that, for
the rapid administration of a lethal dose, the material employed must
actually hit the insect and be retained there until the animal is paralyzed
beyond recovery. What I have in mind is pyrethrum mixed with an ad-
hering agent such as gelatin, glue, or soap. After some experiments had
been carried out in the laboratory with several different substances here-
after tabulated, it was decided to try several of these on some early and
late potatoes with a view to discovering an agent capable of killing the
beetles quickly. After several failures an infusion of pyrethrum mixed
with Lead Arsenate in which gelatin is incorporated gave most satis-
factory results and seemed to fulfill one's best expectations. This com-
bination of insecticides is made up in the proportion of 6 pounds of
pyrethrum to 60 gallons of water to which sufficient gelatin or soap is
added to ensure that a film of the liquid when grayed on the leaves will
adhere readily. In preparation, the pyrethrum is first made into a paste
by the addition of hot boiling water, then diluted with hot water and
cooled, and then further diluted to the required strength with cold water,
the gelatin solution being previously stirred in. To get the best results
this insecticide should be applied at 100 pounds pressure so that it hits
the vines as a fine mist
"The laboratory experiments were carried through in lamp-globes cov-
ered with muslin. Inside the globes a small vessel for holding water was
placed into which slips cut from the vines and treated with the various
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 379
preparations tabulated, were cut Flea-beetles in varying numbers which
were always previously counted were introduced and the effects noted
after a period of hours or days as the case might be. The penultimate
oolmnn of the table, which follows, records the percentage mortality, but
this is only of interest in so far as it gives one an indication merely of
the value of the insecticides. The conditions were too unnatural to allow
of the experiments being a real test
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 381
A Parasite of the Flea^Beetle.
"Throughout the summer from the middle of July until the beginning
of September when a period of rather low temperature was experienced,
sending the flea-beetle into hibernating quarters, a small species of brac-
onld iPerilitus epitricis Viereck)* was often observed in close associa-
tion with it on the potato vines. The following observations were made
on July 80th. As the flea-beetle moved over the leaf surface the hymen-
opteron follows closely in the rear with its two antenna outstretched, one
on each side of the beetle. Whenever the latter stops, the braoonid fol-
lows suit and remains often quite motionless. Sometimes, however, it be-
comes quite excited and rapidly encircles its host When about to at-
tack the hymenopteron orients itself either anteriorly or posteriorly in a
direct line with the flea-beetle and artfully recurving its abdomen down-
wards and forwards, strikes it in the weak part of its armour, the inter-
segmental portion of the abdomen. Thus the act of oviposition is com-
pleted and in many cases it was repeated three or four times in the same
host by the same parasite. From several specimens of flea-beetles cai>tured
daring the summer the same insect was reared, thus verifying my field ob-
servations. The point of emergence usually is a hole found at the pos-
terior end of the parasitized beetle in the anal region in the shape of a
tiny aperture.
"In Bulletin 19, N. 8., Chittendent dealing with the flea-beetle, attack-
ing solanaceous plants, says that adult beetles (E. cucumeris) collected
near Washington were parasitized evidently by the same species which is
mentioned, (loc cit p. 85) as preying upon E, parvula, the tobacco flea-
beetle."
Fly Control.
This work is a continuation of that undertaken last year. At the
end of the season of 1913 the writer felt, that in view of the fact that
after all known breeding places had been eliminated in so far as was
practicable on the college general and dairy farms a considerable number
of flics were still present in the pig house, horse barn and cow barn,
investigations of a more fundamental type were needed. Accordingly,
attention was turned sharply to the species concerned and to their
breeding and other habits. Further studies were made of baits, manure
disposal, and prevention of breeding in stalls.
It was not financially practicable for the New Brunswick Board
of Health to carry on a fly campaign and attention was concentrated on
the college general and dairy farms.
*This was identified by Mr. J. C. Crawford, of the Bureau of Entomology,
U. S. Dept of Agric, and is a new record for New Jersy.
tChittenden, P. H.. Bull. 19, N. S.. U. S. Dept. Agrtc., 1899, p. 89.
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382 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Fly Control on the College Farm.
BY
C. H. RICHARDSON, Assistant Entomologist
Introduction.
"The Board of Health of the City of New Brunswick being unable finan-
cially to undertake a fly campaign it was thought best to concentrate the
work in some rather isolated locality where fly breeding could be prac-
tically eliminated. The College Farm, where a part of the work of last
year was conducted, was again chosen as the best available place for these
inyestigations. The work was started on April 24th and terminated about
November Ist
"These studies were made under the supervision of Dr. T. J. Headlee,
to whom the writer wishes to express his appreciation for many helpful
suggestions. He is also indebted to Mr. J. V. Bissett, formerly Assistant
in Chemistry, Rutgers College, for aid during July and August, to Dr.
C. H. T. Townsend and Dr. Frederick Knab, of the Bureau of Entomology,
and to Mr. R. R. Parker and Mr. C. W. Johnson for the identification of
specimens. • I !
"The investigations of the Department of Entomology of this station
during the summer of 1913 showed that complete fly control could not be
effected by the use of fiy traps as ordinarily constructed, that at most they
could be only an adjunct The elimination of breeding places was held
to be highly important and it was found that iron sulphate and carbon
bisulphide were useful larvicides and that sulphur was an effective fumi-
gant of adult files. The great importance of co-operation in anti-fiy work
was brought out as well as the effectiveness of partially complete fly-
breeding controL
"The work undertaken this year was largely a continuation of last
year's investigations, but more emphasis was given to the study of the fly
fauna of the farm, especially to those species which frequent milk, and
thus are possible carriers of infectious human diseases. A careful survey
of the entire farm was made and all breeding places were regularly
cleaned and inspected. The work on larvicides was directed rather to dis-
cover new materials and to formulate new methods than to test the older
ones. Minor studies were made on fly-trap baits, on the distance flies can
travel, and on compost
Studies on the Fly Fauna of the College Farm.
"This work was undertaken to furnish data on the number of species
of flies which inhabit a typical New Jersey farm, especially those species
which, because of their omnivorous feeding habits or their blood-sucking
propensities are a source of danger or annoyance to the farmer and his
live stock. Particular attention was given to the flies which were cap>
tured regularly in milk-baited traps, and because of their dung fiecdlng
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 383
habits, might, through the medium of milk, convey germs of yarioua
diseases to man. Flies were also hred from the various manures on the
'*™- Species Which Arc Attracted to Milk.
"Fly traps 12 inches in diameter and 30 inches high were employed in
this work. They were placed in the following locations: in the pig bam
above the feed troughs; at the poultry plant brooder house near an open
window and in the feed house; at the compost heap near the greenhouses;
la the horse bam and at the horse bam manure pit; in the cow bam, the
calf bam and at the cow bam manure pit The pig bam, the houses of the
poultry plant, the greenhouses and the horse bam form a group of build-
ings which lie close to the residential section of the City of New Bruns-
wick. The cow bam and calf bam form another group given up entirely
to dairying about one mile distant from the horse bam.
"About fourteen traps were maintained from May 6th until October 5th,
after which the number of flies was so reduced that the trapping was not
profitable. The traps at the feed house, compost heap, horse bam and cow
bam manure pit were removed at various times because of the small
size of the catch, and were taken to the other places to increase the
number of traps there.
"Fresh milk and bread or bran were used for bait, which was usually
renewed every other day, although this program was not always strictly
adhered to. The traps were emptied once a week and estimates were
taken of the different species caught. The following is a list of the flies
which were caught often enough to indicate that their capture was not
accidental:
Abundant species: Calliphora erythrocephala Meig., Lucilia sericata
Meig., Phormia regina Meig., Musca dome$tica L., Muscina stabulans Fall.,
Fannia canicularii L.
Species less abundant: Ravinia communis Parker, Ravinia latUetosa
Parker, Sarcophaga lyullata Mans., Sarcophaga hoBmorroidaliSt Meig., 8ar-
cophaga helicii Town., Pollenia rudis, Fab., Cynomyia cadaverina Desv.,
Lucilia ccB^ar L., Morellia micans Macq., Oraphomyia americana R. D.,
Muscina assimilis Fall., Ophyra leucostoma Wied., Fannia scalaris Fab.,
Scatophaga stercoraria L.
"The first list includes species which were captured regularly and in
abundance throughout the season, the second list, species of which less
than fifty were captured during the season. Several species of anthomyids
cannot now be included, because of a question as to their identity.
"Four species in the list of those designated as abundant, namely,
CaiUpTiora erythrocephala Meig., Musca domestica L.. Muscina stahulans
Fall, and Fannia canicularis L., have been bred from or found upon
human excreta by Howard* and the same author has likewise incriminated
Cynoymia cadaverina Desv., Lucilia ccesar L., Morellia micans Macq.,
Ophyra leucostoma Wied., and Scatophaga stercoraria L. Thus nearly one-
half of the flies which visited milk on the College Farm are known to
visit human excrement.
*A contribution to the study of the insect fauna of human excrement
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 1900. Vol. 2, pp. 541-604.
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384 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Breeding Places.
"An effort was made to locate the breeding places of the different
species of flies found on the farm. Horse manure, cleanings from beneath
horse staUs, cow manure, pig manure, chicken manure, compost and rot-
ting ensilage were examined for fly larvs and pups from time to time.
When evidences of breeding were found, samples of the manure or com-
post were placed in breeding cages and the adult flies were reared. A
number of flies remain unidentified and are omitted from the following
listo:
• Horse manure: From manure pit — Musca domeitica L., 8tomoxy$ cdl*
citrana L., Fannia canicularia L.; cleanings from underneath stall boards
— Musca domeatica L., Muscina stabulans Fall., Fannia canicularis L.,
Fannia scalaria Fab.
Cow manure. Eristalis tenax L., Ravinia communis Parker, Ravinia
latisetosa Parker, Pseudopyrellia comicina Fab., Morellia micans Macq.,
Musca domestica L., Lyperosia (Hasm^atohia) irritans L., Muscina stabu-
lans Fall., Myospila meditabunda Fab., Scatophaga stercoraria L., Lon-
chcBa dcutschi Zett., Sepsis sp.
Pig manure: Oulicoides specularis Coq., Ravinia communis Parker,
Ravinia latisetosa Parker, Musca domestica L., Myospila meditabunda
Fab., Scatopha^a stercoraria L., Borborus sp., Bepsis sp.
Chicken manure: Musca domestica L.
"From the standpoint of the number of species bred, cow manure was
the most important producer of flies, chicken manure the least But under
ordinary conditions, horse manure breeds the largest Urumber of house
flies (Musca domestica L.), which exceed all others in abundance and,
therefore, it must be considered the substance most desirable for elimina-
tion. House flies were bred not only from horse manure, but from oow
manure, pig manure and chicken manure. They did not in any instance
issue from cow droppings in the pasture and only bred in this
substance when it was mixed with straw. All the other species reared
from cow manure came from droppings gathered from the cow pasture.
Chicken manure offered a breeding place for house flies only when moist
It is, however, a substance which must be considered in any sanitary
operations.
"About one-half of the species which were regularly attracted to milk
were bred from various kinds of animal manure on the College Farm and
are therefore liable to be a source of contamination for any milk improp-
erly protected.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE FLIES SEEN UPON THE COLLEGE
FARM.
"This list makes no claim to completeness since it contains largely those
species which frequented the dwellings or bred in the various manures
of farm animals. A number of tabanids were observed at the oow bams
during mid-summer but they are not included here. A few species, chiefly
anthomylds. are still unidentified and are not mentioned in this 4tBt
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 385
4. Chirondmidw,
CuliooideB tpeoula^it, Cpq.
Two specimens of this minute mosquito-liJce gnmt emerged July 11th from a pic dune
which was placed in a breeding cage June 3wh,
CuHooides variipennis, Coq.
This biting gnat was abundant on the windows at the oow bam, May 10th. Many fe-
males were gorged with blood which they had taken from the cows.
Bihionidw.
Scatopee, sp.
An unidentified re p rese n tative of this genus was captured in a net on May lOtb.
aimulidw.
Simulium hirtipes, Fries.
This "black fly" was captured on the farm. May 10th. but not seen later.
Stratiomyidw,
milk-baited tn
Syrphidw,
Ptectious trivitatus. Say. . ^ . •
A single specimen was captured in a milk-baited trap at the oow bam manure pit. July lOth.
Eristalis tenax, L.
This drone fly bred in the oow bam manure pit during May and June. It was nersr
taken in the traps.
Sarcophagidce.
Bottcheria latistema, Parker (1)
A singJe specimen resembling this ^>ecies was captured at the horte bam manure pit
September 28th.
Ravinia communis, Parker.
Thirteen individuals were captured at the big bam and the horse and cow bam manure
pits from May l^th till etoptember 28th. Also reared from oow dung isolated June 5th, during
July and on August 27th, and from pig dung isolated August 26th.
Kavinla hitisetOBa. Parker.
Four specimens wore captured on the farm gnd at ^e horse bam and cow bam manure
pits from May 19th till August 7th. The species was bred from cow and pig dung isolated in
cages on August 2dth and 27th, respectively.
Saroophaga assidua. Walk.
One specimen from a trap in the horse bom July 10th.
Saroophaga buUata, Mans.
Three specimens from the farm dated May 19tb. One taken from a trap at the cow
bam manure pit, July ISth.
Saroophaga falculata. Pand.
One specimen from a trap in the brooder house, July 27th.
Saroophaga dalmatina, Schiner.
One specimen from the brooder house, August 21st.
Saroophaga h»morrhoidalis, Meig.
Four specimens from the horse bam manure pit, August Ist, 7th, 2l8t, and September
2Sth, and one from the brooder house, August 7th.
Sarcophaga helicis. Towns.
First captured on the farm on May 10th, and subsequently during July and August at
the horse bam manure pit and the eow bam. Seven specimens obtained.
Saroophaga sooparia, Pand.
One specimen, cow bam manure pit, July 18th.
Saroophaga sarraoenic. lliley.
Taken once at the cow bam manure pit, .August Ist, imd once at the pig bam, August 21st.
Sarcophaga utilis, Aldrich.
One specimen from the farm May 25th, and another from the horse bam manure pit,
October 5th.
MUMCidCB.
PoUenia rudis, Fab.
The cluster fly was caught in milk-baited traps at two places: the hotM bam manoie pit
and the oow bam manure pit. The first individual was taken June 3rd, the last, August vth.
Ten specimens were captured in all; the largest number taken from a single trap was five.
Cynomsria cadaverina, Desv.
This blow-fly-Iike species was not detected at the College Farm till May 13th, although
specimens were collected in New Brunswick on April 24th, 26th, 29th and May Ist and 12th.
It seemed to reach its maximum abundance late m May. Eleven specimens were taken from
14 Ad
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386 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
tnepB on May 10th and 25th. One was taken on June 3rd and the spedeB was not seen acarn
tiuSeptember 28th when two specimens were captured in a trap at the horse bam manure pit.
The records from the CoUcm Farm agree in genecal with Ihose from the entire Stated
which show that Cynomyia cadaverina is present during May, and again during September
and October. What becomes of this species during July and AugustV
' Calli^ora erythrocephala, Meig.
This common blow-4y was cwturea in the milk4>aited tr^>s throui^out the p|eriod cov-
ered by these investigations. Seldom more than four or five were taken from a single trap.
The first individuals were captured on April 24th, the last seen on October 20th. Althou^
never present in large numbers in a single catch, it is, on account of its dung feeding habits
and its continual presence throughout the season, a species to be feared.
Calliphora vomitoria, L.
This bbw-fly was captured but twice, on May 19th and 26th. although it was expected
to be abundant. It is said to occur everywhere in New Jeney at all aeasonsf but was far sur-
passed in numbers on the College Farm by Calliphora erythrocephala, Meig.
I^dlia cesar, L.
lliis green bottle fly is closely allied to the next species, and is supposed to be more abund-
ant in New Jersey. Only seven out of about fifty specimens of Ludlia which were saved,
showed distinctly the character of Lucilia cae«ar, L. They were collected from traps during
July and August.
Lucilia sericata, Meig.
This fly was obwrved on the farm in considerable abundance from May 19th till October
5th. During June about 200 q>ecimens were taken from one trap at the cow bam manure
pit. After that time it was not so plentiful and a trap seldom contained more than fifteen or
twenty. This is an important species early in the summer before house flies are present in
large numbers.
Phormia regina. Meig.
During June this species appeared in considerable numbers. About 250 were removed
from a trap at the cow bam on June 3rd and on June 30th in a single trap at the cow bani
manure pit, which had not been emptied since June 3rd, contained approximately 200 of these
flies. After that time a single trap seldom contained more than four or five. It was first
captured on May 25th, and was present at least till September 5th. The records indicate
that this is an important species early in the summer and that it is present till well into the
faU.
Pseudopyrellia oomidna. Fab.
Bred from cow dung isolated in breeding ca^ August 5th and 27th: about twelve indi-
viduals issued. It was not captured in milk-baited traps.
MorelUa micans, Macq.
First captured on June 3rd in a trap at the cow bam manure pit from which four speci-
mens were taken. Another was captured at the horse bam manure pit on September 28th.
EUeven specimens were reared from cow manure taken from the cow pasture on the fol-
lowing dates: July 22nd: Augiist 25th; August 27th. Many larvie were found in cow manure
in the pasture on August 5th.
Musca domestica. Ij.
The house fly or typhoid fly wa^ by far the most abundant species on the tarm. The fol-
lowing table was compiled frcMn Uapj>ed ^ledmens and from observations made at inter-
vals throughout the season. While making no claims to absolute accuracy, it is believed, the
table gives, in a general way, a true picture of the relative abundance of house flies and other
flies on the College Farm in 1014.
•Smith "Injects of New Jersey' , Ann. Kept. N. J. State Mus. 1909. p. 786.
fSmith. k>c. cit., p. 786.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
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388 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
" Home fliM were neaa at the oow bam on Uuy 13th and by May 19Ui they had appeared
in small numbers at the pig bam. Th«y graduaJly increased during May and June, and by
Juiy Ist were more abundant than any other spedes. By the middle of September th^ had
begun to decrease perceptibly. On October 5th, six traps stationed at thej>ig bam, brooder
house and horse bam manure pit caught only 210 flies, and on October 20th, the reduction
was still greater.
"The pigbam and calf bam sustained the highest percentage of house flies thoughout
the season. This was due to a large and constant supply of food in the form of milk, oraa,
tankage and other materials which remained in the troughs and pails after the animam were
fed or was spilled on the floor. The cow bam also attracted a large number of house flies,
but late in July, Stomoxvs calcitrans, L., appeared in force and tne relative percentage of
house flies dropped considerably. The horse bam and cow bam manure pits did not prove
as attractire, since the manure was regularly removed from them, and consequently fewer
house flies were captured there. This was also tme to a lesser extent of the brooder house
and horse bam. It thus appears that wherever house flies found an abundance of food, they
were present almost to the exclusion of all other species, but where their food was present in
small quantity, they were largely displaced by oUier species. Whether this repkeliant effect
was due to their numerical preponderance or to their pugnacity was not determined. How-
ever, house flies were obeerved in pursuit of little house flies (Fannia canicularis, L.) about
traps on several occasions.
"Breeding was first discovered in horse manure at a small stable near the cow bam on
June 2nd. On June 2.5th, a few larvm were found beneath the stall boards in the horse bam.
Breeding was detected in moist chicken dung at the poultry plant on July 3rd, and on July
7th myriads of lar\fe infested the cleanings from brooder pens (a mixture of chicken dung
and sand) which had been used to fill depressions in a road and which a rain had dampened.
A few house flies were bred from pig manure taken from the pig yards on August 2dth, and
in large numbers from the same material gathered September 23ni. Larv» and pupe were
reported October 15th in a mixture of cow manure and straw beneath a crate from which
calves were fed. Larv» could nearly always be found in the horse ham manure pit, but ex-
cept in a very few instances, the manure was removed before they had reached large sise.
Graphomyia amerieana, R. D. ^maculata, Scopoli).
Six specimens of this strikingly-marked fly were captured in traps at the cow bam ma-
nure pit from June 3rd till July 18th.
•'^tnmoxys calcitrans, L.
The stable fly was not seen till May 0th wh(»n five or six were fmind on cows and one on
a hog. It did not appear in large numbers till about the middle of July, and from that time
it increased so that by July 27th it was as abundant at the cow bam ns the house fly. On
August 10th three counts were made in the cow bam and 97% of the flies present were sta-
ble flies. By September 28th, however, this percentage had dropped to about 75, and on
October 20th, when the last observation was made the numbers were very greatly reduced.
A few stable flies were bred from horse manure from the horse bam manure pit on Sep-
tember 14th. Breeding pUces could not be found near the oow bam, but. as they may breed
in accumulations of straw and grass, it would have been easy to overlook them.
Lyperosia (Hsmatobia) irritans, Linn.
The hom fly was first seen on cows at the cow bam on May 10th. On Msy 10th, it was
estimated that 150 hom files were present on forty cows, but they were not evenly distributed,
some cows having ten or twelve on their shoulders, others two or three and still others none
at all. Only two of the twenty cows on the eut side of the bam were fly infested at 4:00 p.
m., the hom flies preferring the cows in the strongest light. Bv June 6th there had been a
jpreat increase in the number of hom flies and ih^ irregular distribution was not so apparent.
This increase continued until the middle of July when the maximum was reached. A marked
decrease was observed on September Idth and again on Seotember 28th when many of the
cows were entirely free from flies. A few hom flies were still present on October 20th.
Hom files were bred from oow dung which came from the cow pasture on June 30th. but
I am confident they were breeding before this date. They were reared again from oow dung
isolated in breeding csgee on August 27th. Pupfe were collected in considerable numbers on
several other occasions during August.
Muscina stabulans. Fall.
The trap records showed that this species reached iif* height of abundance during June-
On June 2nd, fifty specimens were taken from a trap in the brooder house; on June 3rd, 350
were captured in traps in tJie cow bam and at the manure pit nearby: 235 were taken from
ihe same traps on June .30th. Muscina stabulans. Fall, wa^ also a common species through-
out July and August, but diminished in numbers during September. Three snecimens were
taken on October 5th in the brooder house and at the horse bam manure pit, the latest date
they were captured.
Muscina stabulans wa^ only bred twice during th^ season. A single fly emerged from
manure which had been taken from undemeath a horse stall on July 15th. and two speci-
mens issued from cow dung isolated in breeding jars on June 5th.
Muscina assimilis. Fall.
Apparently occuring throughout the summer, but not abundant. Seven specimens wer*
trapped on the following dates: June 3rd, .July 10th and September 28th. Five of these wer*
captured on September 28th.
Myospila meditabunda. Fab.
A single specimen issued from cow dung which was placed in a breeding cage on August
27th; another was bred from pig dung isolated in breeding cages September 23rd.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 389
Anthompida.
Ophyn leuoostoma, Wiad.
Thw little metalUo black fly was obeerved and trapped on the Collefce Farm from June
3rd "Titil September 28th. Nearly one-half of the trapped specimens were captured in the
brooder houso, and the fact that individuals were observed about chicken dung on two occa-
sions, sugcests that th^ might breed in this substance. Examinations* howevert failed to
produce any Oi^iyra larv».
Tea is the largest number of specimens of this species caught in a single day.
Fumia canicubuis, L.
From May 6th till the middle of June, the little house flv was one of the most abundant
species on the farm. The traps contained 71% of flies of this species on May 19th. By June
^id, about 50% of the flies at the pig bam and brooder house were of this species and the
next day about 40% of those counted at the cow bam were little house flies. It rapidly de-
creased after this date, espedallv in the pig barn and cow bam, but it was observed and
trapped there throughout July. August and September in small numbers. In the horM bam .
it was still preeent in considerable numbera on October 5th, and on October 20th was the most
abundant fly in the horse bam. but still outnumbered bv the house fly at the pig bam.
A number of larva>, some of which undoubtedly belonged to this species, were found
beneath the stall boards in the horse bam on June 25th. It was bred from horse manure
taken from beneath the horse stalls on July 15th, and from horse dung taken* from the horse
bam manure pit September 9th.
Fannia scalaris Fab.
This species, closely allied to the little house fly, was not as abundant as the preceding' .
It was seen from May 6th till August 7th and reached its greatest abundance on Juno 25tn
at the horse bam. Twenty-six specimens were caught in traps or by means of nets.
A single adult of this form was reared from deamngs gathered from beneath a horse stall
on July 15th. It emerged on July Slst.
Scatophagidcd.
Scatophaga sterooraria, L.
During t^e first two weeks in May this yellow dung fly laid its eggs in cow and pig dung
in the pastures and in compost near the greenhouses. It was exceeding abundant at this
time. Three specimens were taken in trape during Juhr, and four dunng the early part of
August. The spedes was last seen in the cow pasture August 25th.
Borboridis, *
Borborus sp.
Two distinct species are included under this head — one captured on the farm on April
24th and another reared from pig dung isolated June 30th.
Spherocera subsultans. Fab.
There was one specimen taken at the horse bam manure pit. April 23rd, but this species
or one nearly like it was seen at the above locality throughout the summer. It was found
within manure heaps.
SapromyzidCB.
Lonehea deutschi, Zett.
This snmll black fly was bred from cow dung taken from the cow pasture on July 22nd
and August 25th. It was never caught in traps.
OrtadidcB,
Tetanops Iiiridipennis, Lw.
A single specimen was taken from a trap at the horse bam manure pit on July 10th.
SepsidcB.
Tbls small By was bred from cow dung taken from the cow pasture on July 5th, July 22nd
August 5th and September 24th, and from pig dung from the pig yards on June 30th, July
3rd and September 23rd. It was captured in the poultry plant dung house and at the win-
dows in the cow bam, but never in the traps. Neither have I ever seen it about traps, al-
though it may have entered them at times and escaped again through the meshes of the wire.
Experiments With Baits for Fly Trape.
'Idilk and bran or milk and bread were used as baits for tbe fly traps
throughout the summer. Sweet milk was used wheneyer obtainable. Ex-
perimental work done by Morril* showed that fresh beer was a better
liquid than milk for fly bait. Three experiments were conducted, each for
•Joum. Econ. But, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1914, pp. 268-273.
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390 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
a number of days, to prove whlcn was the better of these two substance&
Two traps (12x30 inches), one baited with milk and bread, the other
with beer and bread were placed about ten feet apart in the pig bam.
The baits were placed in tin pie plates and were renewed every other day.
Results were taken by comparing the number of dead flies in the bottom
of each trap at the end of the time, as follows: (1) July 6-8< beer two
times as many flies as milk; (2) July 10-15, milk two times as many flies
as beer; (3) July 13-15, milk two times as many flies as beer.
In experiment 2 the two traps were almost even on July 14, but by the
next day the milk baited trap had again taken the lead. Beer is unques-
tionably attractive to flies, but these experiments indicate that milk is
even a better bait
Studies on Larvicldes.
. "The work on larvicldes consisted largely in an attempt to flnd new
chemicals suitable to control house fly larvs in manure. Iron sulphate,
borax and pyroligneous acid, which have recently been investigated by
Cook, Hutchinson and Scales* were also given some attention.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS.
"Seven new compounds besides iron sulphate and borax which haTe
been previously investigated were used in the laboratory tests, the results
of which are given in the table below. The larvae were placed in 60 mm.
glass dishes with one ounce of fresh horse manure. The tops were eoT-
ered with pieces of cotton doth held by means of rubber bands. Unless
otherwise stated, 5cc of each larvicide solution was applied to each ounce
of manure, an amount which gave it a thorough wetting. The dilutions
were generally such as would be near a practical one flnancially should
they show larvicide properties; An attempt was made to place ten larvaB
in each dish, but was not successful because of the number of eggs and
minute larvoe scattered throughout the manure. This will account for
the difTerences in the number of adults which emerged in the experiments.
"None of these compounds except borax, iron sulphate and mercuric
chloride was effective at the strengths tested. Mercuric chloride used
at the dilution of one part to flfty parts of water is a violent poison and
its cost would render the applications too expensive. None of the three
successful compounds was of sufilcient strength to* kill all of the larve
and some always reached the pupal stage. It is also signiflcant that one
seemingly perfect adult fly emerged from a borax and iron sulphate dish.
Even under experimental conditions the control with these lanriddes is
not perfect
*Experiments in the destruction of fly larvae in horse manure — U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bui. 118, 26 pp., 1914.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 391
Experimwit I— 8«t 8/24— Examined 9/11, 1914.
«>
'$
1
3
1
1
1
1
CHEMICAL.
5^
h
11
Cootrol water
6cc.
loi.
None.
None.
17
23
•• »*
I
I
••
I
11
27
Sodium suli^io-carbonate
1:200
1:200
20
24
Mercuric Chkmde
l:lfiOO
•*
**
*•
'*
24
•t ••
l:lfiOO
•*
**
*'
8
«• •*
1:6000
1:6000
1:200
•;
•;
ti
.,
♦15
•• ««
14
Oxalic Acid
16
1:200
**
•*
13
0.46 grm:
Borax
6cc. H2
«•
13
8
1
Iron Sulphate
2 lbs.: 1 gal
^1:200
5 cc.
•;
8
6
1
3
6
None.
1
Lead Acetate
9
^1:200
**
*'
None.
"
13
Alum
1:100
*•
**
**
17
1:100
*•
**
*•
^\
••
1:200
**
*'
*'
11
"
1:200
*•
'*
**
**
10
Ferric Chloride
1:200
1:200.
1:100
1:100
1:200
1:200
<•
4 ••
1
• None.
16
11
Potasiium Carbonate
9
17
M •«
10
" ••
17
Experiment II— Set 9/23— Examined 10/2$, 19
14.
Contiol water
5 cc.
1 OS.
••
None.
4
None.
9
4
8
10
Mercurie Chloride
1:50
1:50
,'
•» •«
'
* (2 live pupffi) . I (Stomoxys calcitrans) .
"While these experiments did not furnish a new larvlcide, they gave
valuable data on the resistance of house fly larvs to a number of com-
pounds which will be useful In future work.*
OUTDOOR EXPERIMENTS WITH IRON SULPHATE AND BORAX.
"On August 3rd, three piles of horse manure containing 200 pounds each
(about four bushels) were placed In a row ten feet apart near the horse
bam manure pit One pile received the Iron sulphate treatment used suc-
cessfully on cow manure last year^ I.e., 1 gallon of the stock solution to 30
pounds of manure or 6 2/3 gallons for the 200 pounds. The stock solution
was made up at the rate of 2 pounds of iron sulphate to 1 gallon of water.
The applications were made with a sprinkling can to the surface of the
pile. Another pile received 0.31 pounds (amount recommended by Cook,
Hutchinson and Scales, loc. clt p. 24) of commercial borax which was
crinkled over the pile and washed In with 6 2/3 gallons of water. The
third pile was used as a control. On August 7th a count was made of a
half-bushel sample from each pile with the following results: Iron sul-
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392 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
pliate plle» 400 live larvaB; borax pile, 252 live larvaB; control pile, 215
live larvsB. No water was applied to the check and It had dried out con-
siderably.
''The piles were treated again on August 7th, the amount of larvldde
being doubled In each case so that the Iron-sulphate pile received 18 VZ
gallons of' the stock solution, the borax pile 0.62 pounds washed In with
13 gallons of water, and the control 13 gallons of water. An examination
was made again on August 12th with the following results: Iron-sulphate
pile, a few pups and quite a few young flies; control pile, a few larve,
pup8B and young flies; borax pile, quite a number of pups black^ied,
elongated and apparently dead and a few young flies. The number of
larvee, pupee and young flies found was so small that it did not seem worth
while to make exact counts. Although the borax pile showed fewer live
flies a^d more dead pupee than the others, it cannot be said that the num-
ber of larvee and pupse killed was entirely satisfactory.
"Two other experiments conducted in boxes with open tops covered by
wire screen were negatived by what was apparently a bacterial disease
and the activities of a hymenopterous parasite, Spalangia muscidarum
Richardson, which attacked the larve or pupse In the iron-sulphate and
borax treated manure as well as In the controls so that very few of the
larvsB or pupse matured.
"Results obtained from experiments last year show that house fly larve
can be killed if the iron-sulphate is carefully mixed with the manure.
The work of the past summer, while not conclusive, indicates that surface
treatment of manure piles with iron-sulphate will not result in the total
elimination of the larvse therein contali\ed.
THE EFFECT OF LARVICIDAL DOSESXpF IRON SULPHATE AND
BLEACHING POWDER (CaOCIa) ON ThV GROWTH OF BARLEY.
"An experiment was undertaken last year by 5?r. Headlee to determine
the effect of manure treated with larvlcidal dot^s of iron-sulphate and
bleaching powder upon the growth of barley. Ten ^arge pots were filled
with various mixtures of eartl|, manure and the larvicides and were sown
to barley. The crop was gathered when matured and through the kind-
ness of Prof. A. W. Blair, Associate Soil Chemist, dry Vweights of the
plants were determined. \
S
Pot Number.
Fertilizer.
Larvidde.
Diy\ Weight of
Planiti ui grama.
Indiv. \ Aver.
1
No manure
No manure
♦Manure.
No treatment
7.6
10.6
11.0
9.6
8.0
11.6
13.0
8.6
1.8
0.4
i
i. ..,:..::.:. .
No treatment.
\ 9.0
3
Fe S04— 2 lbs. to 30 Iba. manure.
Fe 804— 2 lbs. to 30 Iba. manure.
Fe S04— 2 Ibfl. to 16 Ibe. manure.
Fe 804 — 2 Ibe. to 16 lbs. manure.
No treatment. . .
4
\ 10.2
5
«t
.
6
t<
\ ^-7
7
«•
8
•«
No treatment.
10.7
9
«•
1 lb. bleaching powder to 8 qta.
»«anure-
„
10
1 lb. bleaching powder to 8 qta.
manure.
Ml
♦Manure waa alwa3ra uaed at the rate of H lb. to 18 Iba. of aoil.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 393
Iron sulphate eyen when used at the rate of 2 pounds to 15 pounds of
manure gaye better results than when neither manure nor iron sulphate
were applied. The pots containing manure alone gaye slightly better re-
sults than those to which iron sulphate was applied. Bleaching powder
had a yery disastrous effect on the growth of barley.
Cook, Hutchinson and Scales* found that iron sulphate greatly reduced
the bacterial count in manure. The results of the present experiment do
not indicate that the fertilizer yalue of the manure is greatly harmed.
EXPERIMENTS WITH PYR0LIQNE0U8 ACID.
"Pyroligneous acid has recently receiyed praise as a fly destroyer from
a number of sources. Its champions claimed that it would not only destroy
the eggs and the laryse, but that its fumes would eyen kill the adults. To
ascertain the truth of tt^se assertions a number of experiments were un-
dertaken. A barrel of crude pyroligneous add was kindly furnished
throui^ the Yreeland Chemical Company for this purpose. The following
test was made June 18th: A quart of undiluted pyroligneous add was
applied to a quantity of manure in a horse stall about which many flies
were hoyering. In one-half hour practically as many flies were crawling
oyer the manure as before the treatment. The odor of the add was yery
strong. It was apparent that pyroligneous add did not possess any unu-
sual repellant qualities.
^As a -further test, flye adult flies were captured and placed in a large
stoppered bottle into which a rag saturated with undiluted pyroligneous
add had been inserted. A Mason jar containing a water«oaked rag and
flye flies was used as a check. After 45 minutes exposure, three flies
were able to leaye the bottle containing pyroligneous acid and two others
although wetted by flying against the saturated rag, ultimately flew ofL
The flies seemed to be slightly inactiyated by the fumes, but they recoy-
ered when exposed to the air. The flies in the check behayed normally
and flew away when the cover was removed from the Jar.
"In order to prove whether pyroligneous add would destroy eggs and
larvs another experiment was made. Two boxes of approximately equal
size were fllled with 1,700 cubic inches of horse manure one day old. An
examination was made to see that no large larvae were present
''The boxes were placed several feet apart in an exposed position on
July 9th. One box was treated with one pint of undiluted pyroligneous
add, applied with a sprinkling can; the other served as a dieck. Three
additional pints of add were applied on July 11th, 18th and 15th, re-
spectivdy. Examination was made on July 18th with these results:
Chedc box — 28 larvs and 2 pup» found in the upper two inches of the
manure. Treated box— 90 pupce counted in the upper two inches of the
manure. Fbur or flve times as many were found but not counted. They
appeared to be normal in every way.
''Since pyroligneous acid failed to repel the adult house fly, or to pre-
Tent it from breeding in manure, further experiments were not conddered.
Recently Cook, Hutchinson and Scales t arrived at similar conclusions.
•Loc dt, p. 11.
tLoc dt, p. 9.
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394 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
CONTROL OF THE FLY BREEDING IN HORSE STALLS.
"The stalls at the horse barn are floored with 12-inch planks laid on a
foundation of smooth cement Under these planks, house flies-bred in
abundance last year, and to prevent a recurrence of this, experiments
were conducted with a number of compounds. Nine stalls were chosen
for this purpose and the applications were made by removing the stall
boards and spreading the lanricides evenly over the cement floor.
"On June 18th, stall 1 received two sixteen-qu^ pails of dry iron sul-
phate and stall 2 one-half pail of the same. On June 22nd stall 5 was given
two pails of acid phosphate and on June 24th and 25th, stalls 3, 4, 6 and
7 received two pails of acid phosphate ^ach and stalls 8 and 9, two pails
each of air-slaked lime. Many Fannia larvee and a few house fly larvae
were found on these days.
"Examination of stalls 1 and 2 was made on June 2nd and they were
found to be free from larvae. July 2nd, stall 1 (iron sulphate) showed
no larvse, stall 2 (iron sulphate) showed a few Fannia and one house
fly larvse. In this stall the iron sulphate had largely disappeared. The
other stalls were free of larvs. July 9th, stalls 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 contained
no larvse. July 15th, stalls 1, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9 were carefully searched and
Fannia larvse were found in stall 5 (acid phosphate) house fly larvse
in stall 8 (air-slaked lime) and Fannia and house fly larvse in stall
9 (air-slaked lime).
"Up to this time only a few larvse were found in one iron sulphate
treated stall which had received but one-half pail of larvicide. Each stall
received a pail and a half of iron sulphate on July 16th. TEis was applied
by lifting up the stall boards and throwing the iron sulphate under the
ends where it was thought it would pass into solution and disseminate
over the cement floor. On July 27th, however, house fly larvse were found
in stall 8 above the point where the iron sulphate had penetrated. On
July 30th all the stalls except numbers 1 and 2 received one pail of iron
sulphate or about 50 pounds each. Stalls 2, Z, 6 and 9 were examined on
August 25th, when house flies were still abundant and only two Fannia
larvse were found in stall 2. Fly breeding had been practically eliminated
by the use of iron sulphate.
"One hundred pounds or less of iron sulphate properly applied would
undoubtedly keep a stall cleared of larvse through the fly season. The
cost would be less than one dollar per stall.
Flight Experiments.
"The number of flies at the pig bam remained fairly constant during
the greater part of July and August As it was certain that all places
on the farm where flies could breed in large numbers were practically
under perfect control, it was surmised that many must come from outside
sources. A number of experiments were made to ascertain how many
flies would return to the pig bam when released at points known distances
from it. Flies were captured in traps at the pig batn and the number
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 395
ccmtained in eadi was roughly estimated in the followlzig way: A twenty-
squu^inch piece of wire screen was carefully placed against the trap
screen in five or six different places and an average of the number of
flies covered by it was taken. With this average and the total area of the
traps, the total number of flies could be approximately estimated.
"A trap containing about 3,000 flies was taken to a point 1,715 feet (not
quite a third of a mile) southwest of the pig bam on July 22nd. A small
quantity of rouge (ferric oxide) was placed on the lid of the trap as it
stood upside down. The trap was shaken up and down and with a rotary
motion so that the flies were well dusted with the powder. They were
liberated at 9:45 A. M. The following results were obtained:
July 24 — 1 marked fly in trap at pig bam.
" »' — 1 " " reported by workman at brooder house.
" 27—11 " flies in traps at pig bam.
" — 1 " fly in traps at horse bam manure pit
Aug. 1 — 1 " " " " " " " " "
Total 15
"Fifteen flies were accounted for out of the entire lot of about 3,000.
Of course, it is possible many more returned to the farm and were not
seen or caught. The rouge wears oft in time so that only a trace persists
on the dorsum, or it may disappear from that region entirely, but it always
stains the alulse permanently a pale red color.
"About 11,600 flies were marked and liberated on August 4th. Four
thousand of these were marked with rouge and liberated at 11 A. M. from
the southwest station (1,715 feet) used for the experiment of July 22nd.
Three t&ousand flies were marked with pulverized chalk and released
at 9:50 A. M. from a point 1,715 feet northeast of the pig bam. One
thousand six hundred flies marked with a powder composed of carmine
and chalk (30 grains of carmine to 1 ounce of chalk) were freed at 11:45
A. M. from a point 1,715 feet northwest of the pig bam. Three thousand
flies colored with yellow aniline dye and chalk (120 grains of dye to 1
ounce of chalk) were liberated at 11 A. M. at a distance of 1,715 feet south-
east of the pig bam.
"The following flies marked with rouge were accounted for:
August 7th — 4 marked flies from traps at pig bam.
" —1 " fly " " " horse bam manure pit
" 9th — 2 " flies " " " " " " "
Total 7
"Several flies marked with powdered chalk were seen in the trap at the
horse bam manure pit on the afternoon of August 4th, but it is not certain
wliether they were from the northeast or southeast stations. The yellow
aniline dye-chalk preparation gave a poor color which rubbed ofT easily
and when pale could hardly be distinguished from the chalk. When this
trap was examined several days afterward none of the flies marked with
<^halk or aniline dye-chalk could be found and no other flies so marked
were ever observed.
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396 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
"The carmlhe-chalk mixture gave a good color though not as vlyid as tt^e
rouge preparation. The flies colored by it, however, were never again
seen. This same result came from a preliminary experiment undertaken
on July 2nd when about 3,000 flies were marked with carmine-chalk and
liberated at the horse bam manure pit None were recovered. It seems
probable that either the carmine or the chalk or both caused the death
of these flies or that the color vanished rapidly.
"The last flight experiment was made on August 26th at 8 P. M. with
4,000 rouge-marked flies. They were liberated at the northwest station,
1,715 feet from the pig bam. The following were captured in the traps
or seen on the tarm:
August 26th — 9 marked flies in traps at pig bam.
»• »' — 8 " " seen " " "
28th— 2 " " in traps " " "
31st— 2 " " " " " " "
Total 16
"A comparison of the longevity of flies marked with rouge in traps
with those unmarked showed in the one experiment that the unmarked
flies lived one day longer than the marked flies. All but about fortj
marked flies were dead out of over 1,000 after two days confinement,
while a few of the unmarked flies were alive at the end of three
days in a trap containing about 1,000. Both lots were fed with moist
bread. The flight experiments showed that marked flies may live con-
siderably longer when at liberty. Still, as the above experiment indicated,
they probably do not live as long even under natural conditions as the
unmarked flies.
"While a very small portion of the marked flies found their way into
the traps again, it must be remembered that the pig bam lay in only on«
of the many directions which marked flies were free to take. This and the
fact that many were probably injured by the process of marking will
account for the small number that returned.
"The experiments show that flies came from a considerable distance to
the pig bam, horse bam and brooder plant. Since the poultry plaAt
borders on the edge of a rather thickly populated area and the pig bam
and horse bam are not fair distant, it is certain that many flies came from
this neighboring territory throughout the season. Although the cow bam
is more isolated, undoubtedly many of its flies came from outside sources
also.
Why Flies Do Not Breed in Old Ccmpost
•
"A close watch was kept for house fly breeding in compost heaps
throughout the summer. Those at the greenhouses and one near the pear
orchard were under continual surveillance and the benches in the green-
houses were examined from time to time. All of this compost, a mixture
of horse manure and straw or cow manure, ensilage and other debris, was
left out of doors over winter. No house fly breeding was found in it at
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 397
any time. Considerable numbers of house fly larv» were reported in com-
post and bench soil last year* but it developed that this compost was made
up with fresh manure which; in the warm atmosphere of the greenhouses,
offered an excellent breeding place.
"Two striking differences were observable between the old compost and
fresh manure heaps. First, compost gave oft no perceptible amount of
ammonia gas while fresh manure piles gave it ofT in quantities easily
detected; second, compost lacked the characteristic fecal odor of fresh
manure. These observations suggested that the pregnant female house
fly might be attracted to fresh numure either by the odor of ammonia or
by the fecal odor and that the compost was not frequented because of
the lack of one or both of these odors.
AMMONIA EXPERIMENTS.
"The attractiveness of ammonia to house flies was tested in the follow-
ing manner: Two small Hodge fly traps of dke type adapted to garbage
cans were selected for this experiment The pans of both were fllled level
with the top with coarse saw dust, which, it was thought, would simulate
horse manure. In one trap, the check; the saw dust was dampened with
water while the other received twenty-flve drops of concentrated ammo-
nium hydroxide; The traps were placed fifteen feet apart in the pig bam
at 5 P. M., August 5th. Flies were abundant at the time. At 10 A. M. the
following day, the odor of ammonia could not be detected in the experi-
mental trap, which, however, held three flies. No flies had entered the
chedk trap.
''Another experiment was made with a single small Hodge trap in the
pan of which a large piece of ammonium carbonate was placed. The
following morning three flies were found in this trap.
"The third experiment was an attempt to Induce house flies to oviposit
in saw dust from which ammonia was arising. Eight tin pie plates were
placed in a row near the horse bam manure pit where house flids' eggs
and larva could be found at the time (August 6th about 8 P. M.). One
hundred and thirty-six grams of coarse saw dust were placed in each. 8ix
IMUis received 1, 2, 8, 4, 6, and 10 per cent by weight of ammonium car-
bonate and enoui^ water to moisten the mixture. Two pans were used as
controls and the saw dust was moistened only. The next day at 8:80 A. M.,
the odor of ammonia had disappeared. There was no evidence that flies
bad oviposited. The saw dust was moistened daily and on August 10th
another examination was made for eggs or small larve, but none was
found. Flies were not seen on or near the pans at any time.
"If ammonia had been volatilized throughout a longer period in these
experiments, the results might have been difTerent But I believe the
attractiveness of ammonia must be feeble, because the experiments were
conducted at a time when flies were abundant and in places where they
were always present
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398
NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
EXPERIMENTS WITH MANURE EXTRACTS.
"Human feces derive their fecal odor from two bacterial decompoBition
products, skatol and lndol*» largei)r the former* but I am not aware that
these compounds have been isolated from horse or cow numure. That
they exist in horse and cow manure appears certain, howeyer, from the
presence of colon bacilli, the indol and skatol forming bacteria, in the
alimentary tract of the horse and cow.
"It was desired to see what effect known solyents of skatol and indol
*would have upon fresh samples of horse ma9ure and to test the reactions
of flies to the extracts and residues. Skatol is slightly soluble in water
and soluble in alcohol; indol is moderately soluble in hot water and very
soluble in ether and alcohol.
"Four two hundred gram lots of fresh horse manure were placed in
covered Jars. The first lot was macerated in 750 cc of cold water for
thirty hours, then filtered by suction and washed with two liters of water.
The second lot received 760 cc of hot water, was placed on a water bath
for thirty hours, then removed, filtered and washed like the first lot
The third lot was given 750 cc of alcohol for thirty hours, then filtered
by suction and washed with two liters of alcohol. The fourth lot received
500 cc of ether for thirty hours, then was filtered and washed with 500
cc. of ether. The washings from each lot were thrown away. The ex-
tracts and residues were kept in covered receptacles until used in the
experiments.
"All the extracts possessed a marked fecal odor except the ether extract,
which had a very feeble odor, but the alcohol extract was mu<di more
odoriferous than the others. The residues all possessed a fecal odor
except the alcohol residue, which was practically odorless.
''Bqual amounts of the extracts and residues were placed in small Hodge
traps and exposed on the south window sills of the laboratory at New
Brunswick, July 24th. The results obtained July 27th are here tabulated:
Manure Extracts.
Extnot.
Amount
in traps.
Number of Flies Caught.
Remarks.
Cold water
30 oc.
None. .
Not all evaporated.
Hot water.
1 MuBcina etabulana Fall
2 Muaona stabulanB FalL
Akohol •
1 Poilenia rudis Fab
•» <• *t
Ether
1 Saroophaga utilb Aldrich
None
Evaporated.
•This was slightly more oonoantrated than the others.
Manure Residues.
Extmeted With:
Cold water
Hot water
Aioohol
Ether.
Amount in Traps.
.Pto filled None.
.Pan filled None.
.Pan filled None.
Pan filled : . . . .None.
Number of Flies Caught.
•Howell— Text Book of Physiology, Philadelphia, 1909. p. 781.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 399
"The aleohol extract was attractive to a larger number of flies than the
others because it contained the largest quantity of the compounds which
produced the fecal odor. This fecal odor is probably due to two com*
pounds, skatol and indol, known to result from the activities of various
colon bacilli, which flourish in the intestinal tract of the horse. Alcohol
is a solvent of both of these compounds.
"The manure residues were apparently not present in sufficient quanti-
ties to attract flies. Larger amounts would probably show difTerent re-
salts. I believe, however, that the alcohol and water residues would be
less inviting than the ether residues as the ether appears to remove less
of the odor producing compounds.
"It is not clear why house flies did not visit the alcohol extract Pos-
sibly they are not as keen of scent as the species caught They were
never very abundant about the laboratory.
"Skatol and indol deserve a. trial as baits for fly traps, although their
present cost would probably limit their use to rather weak solutions.
Practical Methods Used io Exterminate Fliea.
"All manure from the horse and cow bams was consigned to cement pits
every day. These pits were emptied with a few exceptions at least once a week
and usually twice or even three times in the case of the cow bam pit The
stalls in the horse bam were treated with iron sulphate as described above.
Three horse stalls in a stable near the cow bam were cleaned with some reg-
ularity, but undoubtedly bred flies early in the season. They were so con-
structed that iron sulphate could not be used to advantage under them
and larvse matured in the spaces between the boards until they were
cleaned regularly twice a week. The voidings in the pig yards were spread
with a rake so that they would dry, a method which gave good results in
dry weather but which would not absolutely prevent breeding. Chicken
manure, in the one instance in which it was infested by larvs, was treated
with unslaked lime and water which* raised the temperature of the mass
to 140'' F., killing all the larvae. Whether this destraction was due to
the direct action of the lime or to the heat there was no way of deter-
mining. This procedure cannot be recommended, aci it undoubtedly drives
off most of the ammonia from the manure. Sulphur was used for fumigat-
ing adult flies in the cow bam and calf bam on a number of occasions.
One pound of sulphur to 1,000 cubic feet of space, the formula used last
year, Vas effective in the cow bam, but more was required for the calf
bam, which was not nearly so tight
"The writer feels confldent that the control measures greatly reduced
the number of flies. Comparatively few could be found at the horse bam
i^ poultry plant even in mid-summer and although the pig bam and cow
and calf bams always harbored more than were desired, the trap catches
could never be measured by the quarts as they were last year. Just how
much this reduction was due to the season or to a difTerence in the number
of parasites, it is, of course, impossible to say."
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Report on the Mosquito Work
for 1914.
(BY THOMAS J. HEADLEB. PH. D.)
General Outline.
The attention of the Entomologist has been devoted to the study
and the prosecution of salt marsh mosquito control, to aiding boards
of health as requested to do so, and to general oversight and supple-
menting the work of the county mosquito extermination commissions.
It must be said at the outset that this record is only approximately
complete for, while the writer has a rather complete knowledge of the
different broods in that part of the State north of Sandy Hook, his
knowledge of the succession to the south is only partial. Still by
means of personal inspection trips and by utilizing the records of other
observers, a picture of the general conditions in that section of the
State can be drawn.
The mosquito breeding season of 191 4 has given the drainage systems
established on the salt marshes, a very severe test — the most severe for
many years.
Early Important Brood.
At the outset the season of 1914 was quite normal, but the unusu-
ally long-continued low temperature delayed the development of the
early spring brood, which the flooded condition of the salt marsh in
early spring usually produces, until it emerged after warm weather
set in instead of getting out while the temperature was low enough to
prevent biting and quickly to destroy it. As a result of this delay
people were annoyed by this brood to some extent.
The species composing this brood were mostly Aedes cantator Coq.
even as far south as Cape May County. Aedes cantator Coq. was
practically alone along the coast as far south as Bay Head. South
of this point it was associated with Aedes sollicitans Wlk.
The early brood came this year from the meadows of Newark
Bay and the Hackensack in early May and spread to the north and
northwest over the upland to the mountains northwest of Paterson
and southwest along their ridges to Summit. In the south, this brood
winged its way from the marshes far out into the pines. On May
22nd the writer met members of it in the pines twenty-five miles back
from the coast.
As is usually the case, the shut-in meadows in North Jersey were
the prolific breeders of this brood. The rains and high tides left such
(401)
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402 ^ NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
a quantity of water on them that the outlets were totally inadequate
for its discharge. Also, as is usually the case, in early spring the
water in these shut-in marshes was almost or quite destitute of fish,
which in the more open marshes played so large a part in eliminat-
ing this brood. From Barnegat Bay head north to Newark Bay the
numbers of mosquitoes escaping, owing to the open character of the
marshes and the consequent more rapid drainage and more complete
penetration by killifish, was negligible; while from the shut-in marshes
of Newark Bay and the Hackensack River the number produced was
sufficient to cause some annoyance.
The troublesome part of this infestation appeared in northwestern
Hudson, southern and southwestern Bergen, easitern ami northern
Essex and southern Passaic Counties. Following the mosquitoes along
their line of migration to places where they were bred showed rather
conclusively that the bulk of the eariy spring brood, which proved
troublesome in the territory above specified, came from the shut-in
marshes of the northern part of Newark Bay and of the Hacken-
sack River. It is interesting to note that the line of migration was,
as it is usually the case, westward and northwestward and that that
portion of Hudson County lying to the east of the Hackensack marshes
had scarcely a single mosquito until the middle of July.
In wooded sections this brood remained in evidence for about eight
weeks, growing constantly less and less noticeable until at the end of
this period specimens were difficult to obtain.
Second Important Brood.
From the issue of the early brood until the 15th of July the num-
ber of mosquitoes emerging from the drained salt marsh was negligible
and the number coming from the undrained marshes was no greater
than normal at that period of the year.
About June 26th the tides began to run high, reached their max-
imum about July 9th and did not return to low until about July 25th.
During much of this time the weather was cloudy and rainy. At
first, the large amount of water on the marshes by reason of its low
temperature prevented immediate hatching and rendered the growth
of the wrigglers very slow. In spite, however, of the low tempera-
ture, from one end of the salt marsh to the other, a tremendous
brood of wrigglers hatched and started to grow to maturity.
For purposes of considering the development of this enormous brood
the marshes may be divided into drained and undrained and each of
these classes into the shut-in and open types. On the undrained
marsh vast stretches are separated from easy drainage by the slight-
ly higher ground which lies along the banks of the natural creeks and
streamlets. These areas, which lie on what would be considered in
a drained marsh as open meadow, together with a few more inacces-
sible places, constitute the shut-in portions of the undrained marsh and
forms the vast breeding grounds characteristic of such marshes. The
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 403
really open meadow on the undrained marsh is that portion which is
covered by every tide that is a little higher than the normal. These
shut-in sections of the undrained marsh were full of wrigglers, which
were not confined to salt holes but occurred everywhere among the
stems of the partly submerged grasses. The kiUifish were abundant
in the creeks and streams of the undrained marshes and were usually
plentiful in the salt holes, but proved unable to penetrate the grassy
breeding grounds or more inaccessible breeding areas in sufficient num-
bers to eliminate the developing pest.
On the drained meadow the only shut-in portions are those from
which some artificial (roadways, railroads, or fills) or natural (shitt-
ing sand beach) barrier prevents the escape of the water. The open
meadow is all that portion of the salt marsh where by means of ditch-
ing the water normally penetrates at every high tide and escapes at
every low water. In contrast with the salt marsh condition of nearly
all South Jersey, in Atlantic 0)unty from Somers Point to Absecon,
in parts of the Barnegat Bay marsh where the drainage system were
operating, and from Bay Head to the Arthur Kill the breeding was
almost completely eliminated by the killifish which the drainage sys-
tems enabled to penetrate the marsh. To some extent, the rapid es-
cape of the water, which the drainage systems of these open meadows
permitted, aided in the destruction of this brood. Certain shut-m
areas in that portion of the marshes just described which lie in Ocean
and Monmouth Counties the killifish failed to penetrate and the mos-
quito emerged. In similar areas in Middlesex County the County
Mosquito Extermination Commission destroyed the breeding at small
cost by use of oil.
The drained meadows along the Arthur Kill to the Rahway River
arc with the exception of those at Woodbridge and Sewaren of the
open type and the breeding was almost completely eliminated. At
Sewaren and Woodbridge, however, the breeding was too extensive to
succumb to oil and a stfiall brood escaped.
From the Rahway River north to the Peddie Street sewer, the mea-
dows are more shut-in, the railroads being mainly responsible. These
conditions rendered the control of breeding more difficult and a good
sized brood escaped in spite of all efiForts to the contrary.
From Peddie Street sewer north along Newark Bay to the Hacken-
sack and Passaic Rivers and up the Hackensack Valley the shut-in
character of the marsh becomes very marked. Railroads, roadways,
and fills cut it up into basins, the drainage of which is exceedingly
difficult. To make matters worse, sewage is poured into several of
these basins. The drainage systems, which w^ould ser^e to remove
the water under normal conditions of tide and weather proved wholly
inadequate. The use of oil proved impracticable not only because of
the enormous area to be covered but because the men in some areas
sunk to the hip at every step. From these shut-in marshes and from
other undrained or incompletely drained portions of the Hackensack a
large brood escaped.
\
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404 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The wrigglers began to produce mosquitoes from about the middle
of July. Since a mosquito collecting trip, made from the 15th to the
1 8th of July covering the whole coast from Jersey City to Port Norris,
well indicates the relative abundance of mosquitoes at different points
along the coast and brings out rather clearly the efiFect of the drainage
on tKe number produced, an account of the trip and its findings will
be introduced.
The inspection trip began on July 15. Stops of ten minutes were
made at regular intervals throughout the trip. The collecting period
from West Creek on was much shortened for, with the exception of
a few stations in Atlantic county and one in Cape May, the pest was
so numerous and blood-thirsty as to render long stops unbearable.
Practically all mosquitoes taken from the point of starting to station
No. 12, in Newark were Aedes cantator Coq., while all taken after
that were Aedes sollicitans Wlk. At station No. 10, both specimens
belonged to the latter species. Inasmuch as it was necessary to drive to
Jersey City to make the start, it seemed best to examine mosquito con-
ditions in the back parts of Union and Essex Counties, in the lower
part of Bergen, and in the eastern part of Hudson.
The stations and number of salt marsh mosquitoes caught at each
are set forth in the following statement:
(1) .5 of a mile northeast of Newmarket on Vail Avenue, no mosaui-
toes; (2) 1 mile northeast of Plainfield on J. R. Van Ness property, no
mosquitoes; (3) South Mountain Reservation, three mosquitoes; (4)
Rutherford, no mosquitoes; (5) Paterson Plank Road about half way from
western high ground to Secaucus, four mosquitoes; (6) Leonard Gordon
Park in Jersey City, no mosquitoes; (7) Park at east end of Jersey City
Plank Road, seven mosquitoes; (8) Swift Packing Plant Just east of Har-
rison, fifteen mpsquitoes; (9) Davis Memorial Church in Harrison, seven
mosquitoes; (10) Frelinghuysen Avenue at Prest-o-lite Works, two mos-
quitoes; (11) on paved road between Elizabeth and Rahway, no mos-
quitoes; (12) shore highway Just out of Rahway and south of Pennsyl-
vania Railroad, one mosquito; (13) shore highway Just west of Sewaren,
four mosquitoes; (14) edge of marsh at south end of Perth Amboy, South
Amboy highway bridge, no mosquitoes; (15) Shore Road Just below
Laurence Harbor, no mosquitoes; (16) Keyport, marsh edge at Shore
Road, no mosquitoes; (17) near Keansburg, no mosquitoes; (18) marsh
edge of south side of north branch of Shrewsbury River, no mosquitoes;
(19) Bay Head, four mosquitoes; (20) White's bog near Browns-Milla-
in-the-Pines, thirteen mosquitoes; (21) on high road from Lakehurst to
Toms River, a little southeast of the former, three mosquitoes; (22) on
Shore Road, one and one-half miles south of Toms River, seven mosqui-
toes; (23) Shore Road Just south of Forked River, fifteen mosquitoes;
(24) Meadow Road Just east of Bamegat, fifteen mosquitoes; (25) Shore
Road at West Creek, fifty-four mosquitoes (almost eat you alive); (26)
on Shore Road, north side of Mullica River, fifty mosquitoes; (27) on Shore
Road in woodland south of Mullica River, thirty-two mosquitoes, (28)
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 405
on Shore Road near dab house Just north of Absecon, fifteen mosquitoes;
(29) Light house- lawn in Atlantic City, one mosquito; (30) Somen Point,
ten mosquitoes; (31) on Shore Road at Marmora, fifty-nine mosquitoes;
(32) Shore Road at Avalon Road, fifty mosquitoes; (33) Shor^ Road at
Ck)ld Spring Church, south of C^pe May Court House, one mosquito; (34)
Green Creek on Delaware Bay shore, thirty mosquitoes; (85) Just east
of Croshen at edge of the marsh, forty-five mosquitoes; (36) three-fourths
of a mile west of Dennisville, near edge of marsh, forty-five mosquitoes;
(37) Just west of Leesburg, forty-seven mosquitoes; (38) Just west of
Port Norris, forty-six mosquitoes; (39) high road between Newport and
Bridgeton, ten mosquitoes; (40) in Bridgeton, two mosquitoes; (41) in
Elmer, no mosquitoes.
1. Mosquitoes found at points between New Brunswick and the park at
the Jersey City end of the Newark and Jersey City Plank Road, with the
exception of the few taken along the Paterson Plank Road, were much
worn and were members of the early May brood.
2. The mosquitoes found in the above park, at Swift's plant and at Har-
rison were perfectly fresh and, therefore, must have come directly from
the adjacent shut-in and imperfectly drained marshes.
8. The mosquitoes found in Newark, Elizabeth, Rahway and Sewaren
were of different species but were also fresh and must, therefore, have
come from adjacent shut-in and imperfectly drained marshes.
4. The almost total absence of salt marsh mosquitoes from Perth Amboy
to Bay Head can be ascribed to nothing other than to fairly satisfactory
drainage systems established in the marshes of that territory.
6. The greater number of mosquitoes found near Browns Mills must be
attributed to migrations from the MuUica River marshes.
6. The moderate increase in mosquitoes from Lakehurst south to Bame-
gat must be attributed to less satisfactory drainage of the marshes along
the Bay and to its proximity to the undrained marshes below Manahawkin.
7. The comparatively small number of mosquitoes taken between Jersey
City and West Creek must be attributed to the more or less perfect marsh
drainage that has been established, for no sooner did we pass from terri-
tory adjacent to the drained marsh into territory adjacent to the un-
drained marsh (which we did between Bamegat and West Creek) than
the mosquitoes collected increased many times in number. Nor does the
number collected tell the full truth, for the mosquitoes were so thick that
less than five minutes were spent in collecting. Their bloodthirstiness
was too great to be borne.
8. The thinning out in the number collected in Atlantic County occurred
in territory adjacent to drained marshes.
The members of this brood which emerged from the undrained and
incompletely drained marshes spread themselves through the pines and
the farming lands for many miles (thirty or more) back from the
coast. The mosquitoes escaping from the drained marshes of Manas-
quayi north to Laurence Harbor were not abundant and gave very
slight trouble indeed. Those that escaped from Laurence Harbor to
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4o6 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Sewaren were negligible. Those that came out from Scwarcn to
Rahway River were few in number and gave little trouble. Those
that came out from Rahway River to Peddie Street sewer were con-
siderable in number, but lasted only a short time. Those that came
from Peddie Street sewer northward were large in number and gave
much annoyance. Especially was this true of the Aedes cantator Coq.,
that escaped from the Hackensack.
The brood which came from the marshes bieginning at the Rahway
River and extending up Newark Bay and the Hackensack River was
sufficiently large to sweep over adjacent upland to the mountains.
That portion of it from the Rahway River to Peddie Street sewer did
not last long or excite much complaint, while that from the shut-in
marshes north of Peddie Street sewer and along the Hackensack River
especially the latter, lasted a long time and gave great trouble. The
issue from the Newark Bay section appeared to trouble Irvington and
South Orange particularly, while that from the Hackensack infested
western Hudson, southern and southwestern Bergen, eastern and
northern Essex and southern Passaic Counties. To a less extent it ap-
peared in eastern Hudson and eastern Bergen.
Later Broods.
The brood, which issued during the latter half of July from the un-
drained marshes of South Jersey, augmented and replaced by later is-
sues continued extremely troublesome throughout August and Septem-
ber. Even as far north as Bay Head the pest was bad.
The brood, which issued from the Hackensack Valley marshes and
spread over western Hudson, southern and southwestern Bergen,
southern Passaic, and eastern and northern Essex remained trouble-
some throughout August. The supply in this region was replenished
by later issues. The writer personally observed the emergence of
Aedes cantator Coq., in large numbers on two different later occasions,
from the Frank Creek Section of the Kearny marsh.
The brood which issued from the shut-in marshes just north of the
Peddie Street sewer was replaced at different times from apparently
the same source in such a fashion as to keep Irvington and South
Orange supplied throughout most of August.
BROODS OF C. PIPIEN8 LINN AND C. SALINARIU8 COQ. FROM
SALT MARSHES
From the polluted marshes of northwestern Newark Bay, particu-
larly that portion lying north of Peddie Street, sewer and west of the
Central Railroad of New Jersey, which is known as the "Ebling Sec-
tion" large numbers of Culex pipiens Linn., and Culex salinartus Coq.,
escaped, infesting South Newark, including the Weequahic Park sec-
tion, and a part of North Elizabeth. This infestation was first noted
on July 1 6th.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 407
From the northwestern section of the Frank Creek, part of the
Kearny marsh and from the territory lying just north of the Green-
wood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad, Culex pipiens Linn., and
probably also Culex salinarius Coq., escaped early in July in sufficient
numbers to establish a zone of infestation extending from the marsh
edge westward across northwestern Hudson and southwestern Bergen
into Essex County to approximately a north and south line running
along the western border of Branch Brook Park. The southern
border of this infestation appeared to be a line running westward
through north Kearny and Riverside to Branch Brook Park. The
infestation extended far enough north to trouble Nutley to some extent.
A number of sewers from the cities on the highland to the east-
ward empty into that section of the Hackensack marsh which lies
along Pen Horn Creek from the County Road to the Paterson
Plank Road, converting it into a sewage-polluted marsh. From vari-
ous parts of this marsh Culex pipiens Linn., emerged and made its
way into the adjacent cities. No data on the first appearance of C.
pipiens from this source are available, but the beginning was proba-
bly about the middle of July.
These flights of C pipiens from its sewage-soaked salt-marsh breeding
places ceased only after they were dried up by weather and additional
drainage. \
Work Previous to 1914.
Any full discussion of this subject must include a review of the
splendid study of the mosquitoes and their habits which preceded the
actual work of extermination. Indeed, such a discussion could not
fail to include the thorough and fundamental study of methods of
control on which the later practical work has been based. But, in
view of the fact that this phase of the subject has been rather adequately
treated in past reports, it appears desirable merely to recount those
facts upon which recent work has thrown new light. These facts all
pertain to the practical work of cutting ditches and the treatment of
this subject will therefore be limited to that phase.
The number of feet of ditching reported for each of the years to
191 3 is only approximate and the actual amount cut is probably less
than that listed. The work was largely done under a form of con-
tract (see annual report for 1907) in which the contractor under-
took for a lump sum to drain a stated area of marsh, provided he was
not required to cut more than a stated maximum number of feet.
Under this form of contract the contractor knew the maximum work
that could be required to him and probably habitually figured on the
maximum number of feet at about so much per foot. The contractor
also knew that if he could drain the given area of marsh to the satis-
faction of the inspector in charge with a less number of feet than the
maximum his profits would be larger.
As a natural and normal result of this form of contract, the num-
ber of feet cut on some marshes has been less than the specified maximum.
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4o8 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
During the summer of 191 3 the attention of the Entomologist was
drawn by Mr. C. H. Cranmer and Mr. Theo. A. Corliss, of Mana-
hawkin, to the fact that the ditching was not being cut in that part
of the marsh represented by the maps referred to in the contracts.
* * * Later in the season the Entomologist stopped at Manahawkin
and saw Mr. Cranmer, He soon became thoroughly convinced that
these gentlemen were right in a part at least of their contention. A
thorough personal investigation was then set on foot and the territory
covered by Stafford Township Map No. i, which was supposed to
have been ditched and had been paid for, was found to be practically
undrained and not a foot of ditching could be discovered in Marsh
Elder Island.
When the chief inspector, Mr. Herman H. Brehme's attention was
called to the matter, he at first asserted that the maps were incorrect,
and after becoming convinced that the maps were substantially right,
said that a mistake had been made and the ditching put in other terri-
tory. The contractor, when his attention was drawn to the matter,
followed a similar course of explanation.
Examination of the territory having shown that the marsh in dis-
pute was a part of a large natural division with its northward be-
ginning in Union Township, the Entomologist decided tp have the
entire area examined — all the ditching measured and mapped — for
the purpose of seeing wherein the mistake had been made. ♦ • •
Accordingly all ditching in Union Township was measured and mapped,
amounting to 384,169 linear feet of 10x30 inch ditches or their
equivalent. The salt marsh in Union Township was covered by three
maps. All the salt marsh covered by these maps with the exception
of Marsh Elder Island was satisfactorily ditched. On the territory
covered by Map No. i, 186,840 linear feet 10x30 inch ditching was
cut; on territory covered by Map No. 2, 110,024 feet; on territory
covered by Map No. 3, 87,30s feet. The ditching actually cut in the
territory covered by Stafford Township Map No. i was found to be
15,105 linear feet of 10x30 inch ditches or their equivalent.
Investigation of the records showed that the dftching work in Union
Township and in Map No. i, of Stafford Township had been done
under the following contracts :
1. Contract for ditching marshes of Union Township, Ocean County, dated July
26, 1912 $2,900.00
2. Agreement to drain salt marsh area IjnnK between Gunning River and south-
em branch of Gunning River, Ocean County, dated September 16, 1912. . 700.00
3. Agreement to drain salt marsh area lying between Gunning River and northern
branch of Gunning River. Ocean County, dated September 16, 1912 500.00
4. Agreement to drain Marsh Elder Island. November 1. 1912 900.00
5. Contract for ditching salt marshes comprehended in Stafford Township Map
No. 1, dated December 16, 1912 6.800.00
Total $11 .300.00
A careful scrutinizing of the papers connected with this ditching
revealed the fact that the contract for ditching the salt marshes of
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 409
Union Township carried a maximum of 166,000 linear feet of 10x30
inch ditches or their equivalent and referred to Maps i and 2 only.
Our measurements show 296,864 linear feet of 10x30 inch ditches or
their equivalent in the marsh covered by these two maps. It has seemed
impossible for the Entomologist to locate with certainty the territory
comprehended in agreements 2 and 3 of the preceding list. It is, how-
ever, easy to locate the territory referred to as "Marsh Elder Island"
and comprehended in Item No. 4, of the preceding list. It is also easy
to locate the territory comprehended by Map No. i, of Stafford Town-
ship.
The facts then are these — the contractor undertook to drain the
territory comprehended in Union Township Maps Nos. i and 2,
providing he was not required to cut more than 162,000 linear feet
of 10x30 inch ditches or their equivalent. As a matter of fact the
measurements show that he cut 296,864 linear feet of 10x30 inch
ditches or their equivalent in this territory. The contractor further
undertook to drain two additional pieces of illy defined territory, bor-
dering in one instance the north side of Gunning River and in the
other instance the south side of Gunning River. Whether this territory
lies wholly in Union Township Map No. 3, or in Maps 2 and 3, the
Entomologist is unable to determine. At any rate the drainage of the
territory comprehended in Map No. 3, was completed, involving the
cutting of 87,305 linear feet of 10x30 inch ditches or their equivalent.
When we take the fact that the contractor cut about 384,169 linear
feet of 10x30 inch ditching or its equivalent in the marshes of Union
Township, as laid down on the maps used, excluding Marsh Elder
Island for which he was supposed to receive only $4,100.00 it is clear
that something is wrong. It is clear that something is wrong because
this means a cost of 1.06 cents a foot as compared with a normal price
of about 2.5 cents a foot.
As a matter of fact, however, the contractor received $7,200.00
additional for doing this work and I5)I05 linear feet, making the sum
of $11,300.00 for cutting 399,274 linear feet of 10x30 inch ditches
or their equivalent. This means a cost of 2.8 cents per foot instead of
ix>6 cents. The contractor appears to have realized the additional
sum of $7,200.00 for this work by getting his money ($900) for the
Marsh Elder Island job, without doing any work and his money for
the Stafford Township Map No. i job, by cutting only 15,105 linear
feet of 10x30 inch ditches or their equivalent.
It may be that the real cause for the mistake of the inspector and
the contractor lay in the fact that a few years back the marsh section
of the division line between Union Township and Stafford Town-
ship was changed and made to meander along Fresh Creek into the
Gunning river and to follow the Gunning river to Barnegat bay,
while the maps followed the earlier survey and took no account of the
change. Even this seems hardly sufficient to explain the failure to
ditch Marsh Elder Island, which is plainly marked and named on all
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410 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
the larger survey maps as well as on the Map No. 3 of the Union
Township series. The 15,105 feet in territory covered by Stafford
Township, Map No. i appear to have been cut by the contractor on
the following job while he and the inspector were endeavoring to locate
themselves.
This mistake resulting in a failure to drain Marsh Elder Inland and
the salt marsh covered by Stafford Township Map No. i was called
sharply to the attention of the inspector in charge and the contractor.
The. latter was requested to drain Marsh Elder Island and to complete
the drainage of the territory covered by StaflFord Township Map No. i.
At still a later date, January 12th, 19 14 the contractor's attention was
called to the matter and he was requested to do the work. He simply
did nothing and in fact paid no attention to the last communication.
In late January or early February of 191 4 the whole matter was
laid before the Attorney General and action requested. While the
Attorney General had the matter under consideration the contractor
suddenly and without notifying this office began, about June 4th, 191 4,
the work of cutting additional ditching on the territory covered by
Stafford Township Map No. i. He continued this work without ask-
ing or permitting any direction from this office until June 23, 191 4,
when he ceased and removed his gangs. In this period he cut 75,273
linear feet of 10x30 inch ditches or their equivalent, giving the area a
little better than one-half the drainage it needed.
This additional work when taken with that already recounted in Union
Township and that already on marsh covered by StaflFord Township
Map No. I shows that the contractor cut 474,547 linear feet of 10x30
inch ditches or their equivalent, for which he received the total sum of
$11,300.00 or 2.38 cents linear feet.
On July 1 6th, 19 14, the Attorney General issued an order to con-
tractor to complete the drainage of the area covered by StaflFord Town-
ship Map No. I. On July 28th information was received from the
Attorney General's office to the eflFect that the contractor requested a
conference. The conference was granted and the contractor main-
tained that he was not to blame for the mistake, for he put the ditches
where the inspector instructed him to, that much ditching had been
placed under the inspector's orders in territory not under any contract
but in territory which would later have had to be ditched, and that the
total ditching cut was an amount equal to what could be obtained for
the money he had received. The truth of the first contention was
borne out by the inspector's written testimony and the correctness of the
second and thTrd contentions was proven by the Entomologist's own
investigations.
With all these facts in hand the Attorney General ruled on the case
as -follows :
"On December 16, 1912, Jene P. Bianahan entered into a contract for ditching salt
marshes coinprehended in Stafford Township, Ocean County, on Map No. 1, for the sum of
$6,300.00. The contract provided that he should drain the territory shown on the map, but
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 4« i
ahould not be required to out more than 253,000 feet of ditch 30 inches in depth. During
the Spring or Summer of 1913, Mr. Manahan actually drained a small part of the area shown
on Map No. 1. and out 15,106 feet of ditching. He was paid the whole contract price,
$6,300.00, by virtue of four separate certificates of the Inspector in charge of the work, Her-
man H. Brehme. each for SI, 575.00. In the Summer of 1014, between June 4th and 23rd,
after your attentidli had been called to the matter, and while the matter was under investi-
Stion, Mr. Manahan, without being required, did further ditching within the area shown on
&p No. 1, and has now drained a considerable part of the area, and cut, altogether, about
90,378 lineal feet of ditch, 30 inches deep. It further appears that Mr. Manahan has done a
large amount of draining and ditching outside of, but adjoining the area covered by Map No.
1, amounting, altogether, with the 00,378 feet cut within tiie area, to fully the 253.000 feet
called for- by the contract. It further appefirs that this adjoining area was mosquit'O breed-
ing swamp needing draining, and that the work on this adjoining area has been for the benefit
of the State, and wouki have been done and paid for had Mr. Manahan not done it. Mr. Man-
ahan states that he supposed that he was doing this ^ork within the area shown on Map No.
1. and that the mistake arose from misapprehension of the township line, and the diflSculty
pf locating the boundaries of the map actually on the ground. He also states that the ditch-
ing was done under the direction of the Inspector in charge of the work, Herman H. Brehme.
and where directed by him. The letter of Mr. Brehme, enclosed in your letter of the 15th,
states that Mr. Manahan put in the ditches as directed by him, and that he personally ex-
amined the ditching before certifying that the work contemplated undm* the contract was
completed in accordance therewith. He further says that there was a general mix-up with
the township line and lay of the land, and, to make the best of it, under the circumstances,
he kejit on and cleaned up the moret phu;es for mosquito breeding, as far as the feetage would
aUow in the contract, and that they were still working in Union Township, when thcry thought
they were doing work in Stafford Township.
" Under these circumstances and facts. I beg to say that, in my judgment, the State has
no remedy against Mr. Manahan, or his bondsmen. Mr. Manahan appears to have acted in
good faith, and under the direction of the Inspector in charge of the worx, and, while the work
was not done strictly in accordance with the contract, yet the work was done where both he
and the Inspector, acting for the State, supposed the contract called for it. The State received
the whole benefit of the work, and. I think, would be bound by the direction and action of
the Inspector. It would certainly seem to be impossible, even if legal, to require Mr. Mana-
han to do additional work, under the contract, and to take advantage of his mistake and not
pay him for that work.'*
This apparently docs not dispose of the failure to ditch Marsh Elder
Island and that case is still in the hands of the Attorney General.
The experience of the past two years has clearly demonstrated that
the form of contract under which the contractor undertook for a lump
sum to drain a specified ar^a, providing he cannot be called upon to cut
more than a certain specified number of feet, is one for the proper and
adequate carrying out much expensive survey work must be undertaken,
for if the number of feet necessary is overestimated the State loses money
and if underestimated the area fails of complete drainage. It is surely
much Wtter simply to ask the contractor to cut a specified number of
feet in a given area and to pay him for the actual number of feet cut,
neither more nor less. The Entomologist by and with the consent of
die Director of the Station has changed the form of contract in such a
fashion that the contractor is paid for the number of feet cut, — no more
or less.
Summary Work Previous to 1914.
The fundamental investigations of habits and life history and of
general methods of control have been completed. The attitude of the
public mind has been changed from one of ridicule to one of serious
consideration — indeed to one of strong belief in many quarters. A
workable law under which the State could proceed with the drainage of
the salt marsh had been passed. Care and upkeep of the ditching systems^
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412 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
established on the Hudson, Essex, Union and Middlesex County
marshes had been turned over to the mosquito extermination commis-
sions of those counties. In co-operation with the mosquito commission
of Atlantic about eight miles of the costal marshes in that county have
been freed from mosquito breeding.
WORK OF 1914.
Tabular Statement of the SaSt-Marth Ditching Work From
the Beginning to and Including the Year 1914.
Supervision.
Part salary and expenseB of Executive Officer SI ,200.00
Salary and expenses of inspectors (Herman H. Brehme, J. S. Obecny. Henry H.
Brehme and C. S. Beckwith) 3.360.51
Advertisng, material, equipment and labor 656 . 14
•5.213. 65
Tabular Statement of 1914 Salt iVIarsh Ditching Work.
MEADOW.
No. of
acres.
No. of feet of
10x30
ditches or
their equivalent.
Ditching. Cleaning.
Kearnv (Frank Creek Section)
$1.182.00
North Elisabeth
60.000
136.500
135.101
475.00!
Patconff Creek . .
1.600
2.400
3.000.00
Patcong Creek and Great Egg Harbor
River
2.876.86'
4.000
321.601
S7.533.86
In addition to work outlined in the preceding table, Atlantic County
has cut 828,367 feet and the Property Owners' Association of Rumson and
surrounding places 245.872 feet. A considerable amount of ditching was
cut in Hudson County, but the report of it is not at hand.
Frank Creek.
Frank Creek is a small stream extending northward from the
Passaic River for a little less than one and one-half miles at a
distance of about one-half mile east of the highland on which Har-
rison and Kearny are built. At one time it must have been a strong
tidal creek, thoroughly draining its section of the meadow. Since that
time, however, its channel has been crossed near the mouth by a great
railway grade, bearing the four regular tracks of the Pennsylvania Rall-
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 413
road, the two regular tracks of the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Rail-
road and a number of siding tracks. The creek penetrates this grade
through a concrete culvert which has an upstream opening twelre feet
wide and six feet high. In this opening ar^ fitted two large tide gates,
by means of which the water passes out at low tide.
As one proceeds upstream, one finds its (^annel crossed Just south of
the Swift Packing Plant by two railway sidings. The crossing is effected
in these instances on wooden culrerts that do not appear to impede the
flow of water. Just north of the Swift plant it is crossed by the Hanrison
Turnpike and another railway Biding. The Harrison Turnpike crosses it
on a concrete culvert which is so narrow as greatly to impede the progress
of the water. The railway siding crosses on a wooden culvert and does
not materially interfere with the fiow. North of this point three railway
grades cross its channel, each on a concrete culvert of capacity sufficient
to permit rather free flow of the water.
In addition to the interference which the various grades crossing it set
up, by the converging of the various railway grades and roadways the
creek is called upon to drain a very much larger area than formerly, and
to make matters still worse it is expected to carry the raw sewage of
Kearny from that town to the Passaic River.
The natural and normal result followed — the channel of Frank Creek
became filled with sediment and the sewage spread over sections of the
marsh along the banks. This filled-up condition of the creek not only
caused the several hundred of acres of salt marsh depending upon Frank
Creek for outlet to hold water long enough to turn out far more than its
share of the early spring brood of salt marsh mosquitoes, but caused those
parts lying adjacent to the banks (involving perhaps fifty acres) to re-
main wet throughout the breeding season and constantly to throw off
Aedes cantator Coq. and Culex pipiens Linn.
This very serious condition led the station to Join with the Common
Council of Kearny and the Hudson County Mosquito Extermination Com-
mission in an effort to remedy the trouble. After consultation with the
town engineer of Kearny, Mr. H. P. Kriener, and the chief inspector of
the Hudson Commission, Mr. William Delaney, the Entomologist drew up
a plan for the improvement This plan included the cleaning of Frank
Creek from the point Just south of the Swift Packing Plant, where the
sidings crossed it, to a point twenty-five feet north of the last railroad
culvert From a point twenty-five feet north of the last culvert the creek
was to be cleaned to thirty-six inches below the level of the upper edge of
the opening in the north end of the culvert From this point south the
bottom of the finished creek was to exhibit an even and regular fall.
From the point of beginning to the Harrison Turnpike the bottom of the
creek was to be five feet wide and from that point to the southern end
of the improvement eight feet wide.
Knowing that the solid sewage had filled the creek channel it was de-
cided to try to settle the sewage before delivering the water to the cleaned
out creek). Two ditches each thirty inches wide and thirty inches deep
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414 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
were to be cut — one along each side of the creek from the north point of
cleaning northward to or almost to the highland. Each ditch was to ran
along the creek from fifty to. one hundred feet from its bank. A dam
was to be placed across the creek at a point one hundred and fifty feet
north of the last culvert over the creek channel, and the sewage-charged
water thereby to be compelled to flow over certain spillways across the
settling basin into the ditches.
All this matter was embodied in formal specifications, and proposals
advertised for, the understanding being that the work was to be done
under the direction of the Common Council of Kearny and the cost to be
borne equally by Kearny, the Hudson County Mosquito Extermination
Commission, and the Experiment Station. The contract was awarded to
Mr. Jesse P. Manahan, of Red Bank, and the work was completed in a sat-
isfactory manner by April 6th, 1914. ^
The past summer has shown that the settling basin has been only partly
successful, much sewage floating across it into the ditches and that the
cleaned ditches' could not take care of all the water on the several hundred
of acres.
It has, however, dried up the sewage soaked areas and prevented the
fifty acres before mentioned from continually breeding as was formerly the
case. The area which depends upon it as an outlet is entirely too large to
be drained into it by gravity. Other outlets must be provided or the water
in the distant part of the marshes raised by means of a pump.
Little Silver Work.
The occasional appearance of salt marsh mosquitoes in that beautiful
summer-home section along the Navesink and Shrewsbury rivers led the
property owners of the Rumson Road district to start a movement looking
toward the elimination of the last breeding places from which the pest
could come.
It was decided that if all breeding places for salt marsh mosquitoes
within a radius of four miles from Little Silver railway station were
eliminated, the secton already mentoned would be free from further trouble.
The contract for doing this work was awarded to the United States
Drainage and Irrigation Company of New York City for the sum of $8,000.
The contract provided for a yearly maintenance — the first year to cost
1700 and each year thereafter the sum of $1,000 for a period of nine years.
The contract provided that any year the Property Owners' Association
could void the maintenance clauses.
The Entomologist's attention was called to the matter by Mr. Ira Bar-
rows acting for the association concerned. On June 20th, 1914, Mr. Bar-
rows and Mr. Adams formally requested the Entomologist to examine the
ditching and to report on its efilciency, holding that the State could afford
to furnish advice when private money was being expended for doing part
of the work to which it stood committed. The Entomologist assured Bir.
Barrows and Mr. Adams that as soon as the opportunity offered he would
cause a careful survey of the territory to be made. Accordingly on Sep>
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 415
tember 2l8t Mr. Charles S. Beckwith began a detailed examination of the
territory covered by this contract and on October 22nd completed it
In general Mr. Beckwith's study showed that the work had been well
done. The contractor on being informed in the nature of certain serious
faults undertook to remedy them and is at this writing engaged in their
correction. All ditches were measured, tested for width and depth, and
examined for workmanship. They were plotted on careful maps of the
entire district Mr. Beckwith's report follows:
Report of the Salt Marth Work Done Under the Little Silver Contract.
Mr. Charles S. BECKwrrH, B. Sc,
Assistant to the Entomologist in Mosquito Extermination.
"The territory covered by the Little Silver contract includes all the
marsh lying along the Navesink with its branches and the Shrewsbury
with its branches as far north as the Navesink Highlands. Part of these
marshes had already been ditched but the trenches were so badly filled up
that cleaning them required as much or more labor as did new work.
"The inspection started on September 21st and continued until October
22nd. The width and depth of all ditches as well as the plan and method
of ditching was studied with an object of determining their efficiency. In
some cases where there was a large number of short spurs, they were not
mapped but their length was added in to make the total number of feet.
The gaieral condition of the territory was looked into and all breeding
places or likely breeding places were noted.
"After having carefully inspected and mapped the territory, I should
say that the drainage work was well done and the mosquito places nearly
eliminated. The contractor showed great skill in surveying the ground
and finding breeding marsh so that little ditching was wasted, but all
dangerous places were drained. I have divided the territory into sections
80 that it can be described more clearly and fully.
"Section one consists of all the marsh land lying on the banks of Swim-
ming River between the upper bridge at Red Bank and the bridg:e crossing
near the pumping station. This covers about a mile and a half of terri-
tory in which there are 52,394 feet of ditching. The marsh on the north
side is covered chiefly with salt grass and is drained by a system of
parallel ditches, in no case more than 150 feet apart Around the edge
of the marsh is an extra ditch called an upland ditch. The purpose of
this is to cut off the numerous small fresh water streams which would
normally run out on the marsh and make large pools close to the upland.
There is no standing water on this section now, except at the extreme
western end where cows are pastured. Here there is water in the hoof
prints and mosquito larvae were found developing in it To improve the
drainage in this field is a difficult matter, because of the impervious texture
of the soil. The ditches are already as close as fifty feet and the only thing
to do seems to be to deepen the present ditches. Even then this place should
be carefully watched. The marsh lying on the south side of the river is a
cat-tail area and would- not usually be considered a breeding place, but,
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4i6 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
. because of the water standing on the upland edge, tbfi whole place was
drained.
"Section two consists of that marsh lying on Swimming River above the
bridge at the pumping stfition. The river in this section contains less salt
and the marsh begins to assume a fresh water character. The first half
mile of marsh on the north side of the river is brackish enough to breed
the salt marsh varieties and it has been ditched in the same fashion as
section one. Seven thousand five hundred and twenty-seven feet of ditch-
ing were needed to drain this area. The contractor has had the same dllD-
culties to meet here as he did on the east side of the bridge — a cow pas-
ture in a field where there is little or no seepage. • Deepening the present
ditches is apparently the best method of improving it, but if more outlets
are needed, underdrainage should be resorted to. Above this field, the
vegetation indicates a fresh water swamp and It is not likely to breed the
salt marsh mosquitoes. No ditching has been cut in It
"Section three consists of the marsh land lying along the creeks run-
ning into the north side of the Navesink between the upper bridge at Red
Bank and the Navesink Highlands. The first is Nut Swamp Brook, which
Is a small creek having the same problem as Swimming River on a small
scale. It was met in a Uke manner, ditches being dug as far up as the
salt marsh extended, while the remaining swamp is undrained. The second
creek is Porln Brook. This goes under the railroad about 200 feet from
its mouth and although the first 200 feet is carefully drained, that above
the railroad is untouched. No breeding was found there on the day it was
inspected, but it has the characteristics of a breeding place, so I place it
as dangerous. Ten thousand forty-six feet of ditching were used along
these two creeks, but there are three other creeks in this section, none of
which are drained. Any of them under unfavorable weather conditions
might become breeding places. They are small, however, and can be
easily watched.
"Section four consists of the south bank of the Navesink from Red Bank
to the Shrewsbury River and from there to the Sea Bright bridge. There
are few low spots on the south side of the Navesink between Red Bank
and Oceanic One at Fair Haven was of sufficient importance to be
ditdhed. Just below Oceanic, however, is a large island known as Black
Point Sedge. This and the mainland ' immediately adjacent comprise a
large marsh which is partly drained, but which beciuse of interference of
owners it was impossible to ditch completely. It is one of the dangerous
spots of the territory, especially on the mainland but, as is the case often,
it must be watched to find actual breeding. At the Junction of the Shrews-
bury and the Navesink rivers is a marsh -located on Mr. Remain's pn^
erty. It has been drained and the ditches were in first class condition
when inspected. Taking in the two places there are 8,811 feet of ditching
in this section.
"Section five consists of all the marsh on the north side of the Shrews-
bury between the Sea Bright bridge and Oceanport This includes many
small bits of marsh which were drained before, but the ditches were in
bad condition. The object of the contractor in this place seemed to be to
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 417
follow these old ditches, no difference how crooked they were and to effect
a drainage through the old openings. New ditches were put in whereyer
necessary, making a total of 36,004 feet for this section. Many of the
cleaned ditches are shallow and the bottoms uneven. The openings of the
ditches just north of the club house are all choked up with sea weed,
which is washed in heavily at this point, making the cost of maintenance
much higher than it normally would be. The contractor deserves great
credit for cleaning out aU the creeks and old ditches extending far back
on the upland. This work was not called for in the contract, but it helped
control many fresh water kinds of mosaaitoes, especially of the malarial
sort. One small place that was missed is at the head of Parker Creek,
opposite the residence of Bir. Bell. It is a small piece of salt grass marsh
and three or four parallel ditches would put ft out of harm's way. The
large cat-tail area at the head of this creek is not likely to send out any
salt marsh mosquitoes.
"Section six includes that marsh on the south side of the Shrewsbury
and its south branches between Oceanic and Low Moor. This again is a
combination of old and new ditches and, while the new ones are care-
fully placed, the old ones seem to be dug in a hit or miss style, making a
poor looking result The ditches that open directly into the. river between
Blackberry Creek and Pleasure Bay are subject to a wave action which
fills the openings with sand. The upkeep here is rather more than is jus-
tified for a permanent piece of work, and the contractor should correct
the fault. There is a very small piece of marsh Just north of Mr. Beck's
property at Low Moor which has not been drained, thereby causing con-
siderable criticism. One ditch would drain the entire place and stop all
danger of breeding. This section is by far the largest and 124,613 feet
of ditching were used in its drainage.
"Section seven takes in the islands in the Shrewsbury. They are low
and need only ditches to the holes where breeding is common in summer.
Six thousand four hundred and twenty-seven feet were sufficient to do
this thoroughly.
"I have mentioned that several doubtful places should be carefully
watched, but this applies in a sens^ to every section of the marsh. It is
impossible to say definitely whether mosquitoes will or will not breed in
a certain area. The State and the counties engaged in such work have
found that the only way to be sure a salt marsh is not breeding is to
have an inspector on it all the time. This man must be one who under-
stands mosquito work and must be able to get over all the territory within
a week after high tides. Of course the contractor will maintain an in-
spection, but if the association is to get the benefit of its expenditure, it
lUiould have a representative who will see that there is no breeding of mos-
quitoes within the drained area.
"This inspection work should be carried on between March 1st and
October 1st, including the entire breeding season.
"The total number of feet of ditching in the territory amounts to
246,822, which, at |8,000, makes the price per foot about 3.2 cents. The
15 AG
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4i8 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
average price is about 2^ per foot, but the scattered character of this
marsh must have made Its ditching more expensive.
"The marsh is now free from breeding pools and all ordinary breeding
in the grass except as mentioned on Swimming River. There is no reason
why the territory along the Navesink and Shrewsbury rivers should not
be entirely free from salt marsh mosquitoes."
North EliubMh Meadow Work.
For two breeding seasons the Entomologist has observed that a very con-
siderable amount of breeding occurs on that part of the Union County
meadow which lies east of the Central Railroad of New Jersey and south
of Bound Creek. This breeding occurred between the ditches already con-
structed in water which lay on the surface long enough to produce the
adult mosquitoes.
The present ditches are not only very far apart (500 feet) but so long
that the water in them has little movement at any time. The meadow is
an open one and but for these conditions should be as free from breed-
ing as any well trenched meadow.
Believing that the practical solution of the problem lay in more ditches
and in better outlets the Experiment Station offered to pay ore-half the
cost of improving the northwest comer of this section. The Union County
Mosquito Extermination Commission accepted the offer and undertook
the work. The plan was to cut two wide ditches paralleling tbe Central
Railroad of New Jersey, each forty inches wide, running from Bound
Creek southward to the oyster road ditch in one instance and into oyster
creek in the other. The rest of the ditching wa sto be cut as 10x30 inch
ditching between the old ditches and to drain into the new wide north
and south channels.
The total ditching amounted to 50,000 linear feet of lOxSO inch ditches
or their equivalent
The contract was awarded to Mr. Jesse P. Manahan of Red Bank for the
sum of 1950, and was completed in a satisfactory manner. The bid of 1.9
I cents per foot was notable as being the lowest received for this work for
several years.
Patcong Creek Work.
The work of the Mosquito Extermination Commission of Atlantic County
and the Experiment Station had, before the station was ready to cut any
ditching this season, eliminated the breeding places from Absecon to
Somers Point — a distance of almost eight miles. This fact taken with the
additional fact that salt marsh mosquitoes bred any considerable distance
north of a given point rarely infest that point, led the chief inspector of
that commission to request that further ditching placed in Atlantic County
by the station be cut in marshes westward of Somers Point. As this
seemed the best way to obtain the maximum protection for the money ex-
pended, the station decided to place its ditching on Patcong Creek and
Great Egg Harbor River.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 419
Aeoordingly on July 21ai, 1914, a ocmtraot tor eotting 120,000 linear feet
of lOzSO inch ditches or their equiralent on the meadows of Patoong
Cre^ was awarded to the United States Drainage and Irrigation Company.
The salt marsh from Somers Point to the new roadway across Patcong
Creek is ao frequently swept by the tide that breeding apparently does not
bccnr. Along both sides of Patcong Creek from the new road almost to
Ste^mansTille bridge the breeding was found to be Tory prolific. The
Patoong Creek marsh had been under obsenration for some time before
the ditching began and by the time the gangs were on the ground the
breeding spots had nearly all been indicated by white stakes.
The Patcong Creek section extends about three miles upstream &x>m
Great En Harbor River, the marsh ayeraging from 800 to 1,000 feet wide
on each side of the creek. There are a few small creeks and very few of
the "farmers' ditches." A border of high ground about seventy-five feet
wide runs along the banks of the creeks and ditches, behind which the
marlBh is from six to twelve inches lower. The poor drainage of the lower
portions of the marsh permitted only the growth of coarse sedge grasses
while the higher parts supported a good crop of salt hay. Breeding pools
are few 4n number and the breeding observed took place in the water sur-
rounding the partially submerged sedge. High tides sweep over the
meadow, and after all had run off that would readily do so, two or three
inches would remain among the sedge until it had time to escape by
seepage or evaporation. Tides, which under ordinary meadow conditions
would destroy the developing brood by current and killiflsh, here failed
to do their work, because the sedge stems protected the wrigglers from
the current and screened them from the fish. Even when the water was
drained away the wrigglers lived as long as the soil protected from the
sun by the grass remained damp. For periods of forty-eight hours the
wrigglers have been observed to. persist in the moist mud needing during
this time only the return of the water to continue life and development
Owing to these rather unusual conditions it was necessary to drain the
Patcong Creek marsh in such a fashion as to remove all water from the
surf^tce. At first an effort was made to drain by running ditches through
the low spots but it quickly appeared that regardless of care in placing
ditches there was always some spot more than 100 feet away in which the
water stood for days. Parallel ditching was resorted to to overcome this
difliculty and proved very satisfactory.
Mr. Charles S. Beckwith was appointed inspector in charge and carried
the work thtough in a very satisfactory manner. Ditching began on the
east side of the creek. Just above the new road and continued up stream
almost to Steelmansville Bridge. Eighty-one thousand two hundred and
sixty-eight linear feet or their equivalent were cut in this side of the
creek. The gangs were then transferred to the west side and beginning
on the first breeding mar^h worked down stream until the 120,000 feet
ran out.
Just before the work contemplated in this Job was completed it was de-
cided to complete the expenditure of $3,000 in Atlantic County during the
fiscal year and the contracting company was asked whether it would cut
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42b NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
a.n additional 16,500 linear feet of 10x80 inch ditchee or their equivalent
in Patcong Greek marshes at the same rate per foot and according to same
specifications. Being promptly assured of the contractor's wilUngnees the
job was awarded.
Within the time limited the contractor finished the worlL comprehended
in the regular contract in a highly satisfactory manner. At the end of
this job the additional ditching was cut Although warned against doing
so, the contractor cut 1,270 feet more thietn the total. Including these
extra feet, 56,502 linear feet of 10x30 inch ditching or Its equivalent was
cut in the marshes along the west side of Patcong Creek.
It should be said in passing that at the request of the chief inspector
of the Atlantic County Commission a certain amount of very short spur-
ring was left for his men to do when they went on the area for the pur-
pose of filling all holes with sods.
All told, 137,770 linear feet of 10x30 inch ditches have been cut in the
salt marshes of Patcong Creek at a cost of |3,000, relieving 1,600 acres
from mosquito breeding.
Patcong Cre^k and Great Egg Harbor River Work.
Owing to the fact that the necessary steps preliminary to advertising
and awarding of contract for drainage in the salt marses of Bergen
County could not be completed before the dose of the present fiscal year
the sum of two thousand eight hundred and seventy-six dollars and
eighty-six cents ($2,876.86) became available for further ditching on these
areas in Atlantic County.
On October 20th, 1914, a contract for cutting 135,701 linear feet of 10x30
inch ditches, or their equivalent, in the salt marshes of Patcong Creek
and Great Egg Harbor River was awarded to the United States Drainage
and Irrigation Company. The work began on the west side of Patcong
Creek where the previous job had left off and continued along its border
until all the marsh on the west side of the creek and north of the new
road was drained. From Patcong Creek the gangs began the drainage
along the east side of Great Egg Harbor River proceeding upstream. All
told, more than 134,431 linear feet of 10x30 inch ditches, or their equiva-
lent, were cut in this location. The work relieved 2,400 acres from mos-
quito breeding.
It should be said at this point that the contractor asked to have the extra
1,270 feet inadvertently cut during the former job accepted ^is a part of
this contract, and that the request, appearing to be a reasonable one, was
granted.
Hackensack Valley Inspection Work.
The conviction that the Hackensack Valley threw off several trouble-
some broods of mosquitoes in the breeding season of 1913 induced the
Entomologist to make plans for watching it during the season of 1914.
Mr. Henry H. Brehme was sent over the entire marsh area in the fall of
1913 and his findings indicated that while not the entire marsh surface
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 421
was likely to breed, there were places located in all sections which would
be likely to produce mosquitoes. For the reason that the funds of the
Experiment Station were inadequate to meet the calls made upon it and
that the territories of Hudson, Essex, and Union Counties were invaded
by these swarms, the aid of these counties was sought and obtained.
It was agreed that Essex County should contribute the serrices of Mr.
Wilbur Walden, one of its deputy chief inspectors and an engineer by
training, and one regular inspector, that Hudson County should contribute
two inspectors and Union one, and that the Experiment Station should
devote the time of its regular inspector, Mr. Henry H. Brehme. It was
understood that Mr. Walden should be in charge of the work, and that he
should be assisted by Mr. Brehme. It was also understood that a report
of progress made in each week of work should be submitted to the chief
inspectors of the counties concerned and to the Entomologist
The inspection began on April 13th and continued for one month. In
this time, with the exception of a small section of marsh in Harrison
lyii^g between the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Passaic River, the
entire Hackensack Valley salt marsh was examined.
Nearly all the breeding found by Mr. Walden was that of Aedes cantator
Coq., but a few samples of A. sylvestris were taken. Breeding was found
in the 3rd, 4th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th. 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th,
19th, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd districts* out of a total of 27. In some cases the
breeding covered the whole area of certain sections in a given district
but usually it was confined to limited portions of the different sections.
Mr. Walden's reports having demonstrated that the Hackensack Valley
salt marsh was likely to prove a very prolific source of mosquitoes, it
seemed only wise to keep it under observation throughout the breeding
season. In this way it was hoped much of the breeding might be elimi-
nated with oil and the facts necessary to proper drainage accumulated.
Accordingly, a force composed of inspectors from Essex and Union Coun-
ties headed by Mr. Henry H. Brehme covered the entire valley every ten
days or two weeks. The following cases of breeding were discovered.
District No. 1. — Area between the Hackensack River and the Passaic
River extending from the Newark Bay northward to the Newark and
Jersey City Plank Road.
May 12 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvae found in 15 small holes on
the south side of the Newark and New York branch of the Central Railroad
of New Jersey.
May 20 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvae found in 5 holes south of
Central Railroad of New Jersey.
June 2 — Scattered breeding of C pipiens larvae found in 2 old cans near
the Chemical Company plant south of the Newark and Jersey City Plank
Road.
*The districts referred to are described on succeeding pa^es,
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Digitiz
422 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
June 10 — Light breeding of A. soUicitans larvae found in a number of
pools north of the Newark and New York branch of the Central Railroad
of New Jersey.
July 6 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvae found in overgrown ditch
north of the Newark and New York branch of the Central Railroad of New
Jersey.
July 29 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvae found in five small
holes on the south side of the Newark and New York branch of the Cen-
tral Railroad of New Jersey. Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvie found
in a overgrown ditch on the north side of the Newark and New York
branch of th^ Central Railroad of New Jersey.
August 22 — Light breeding of A. sollicitans larvae found in an overgrown
ditch on the north side of the Newark and New York branch of the Cen-
tral Railroad of New Jersey.
District No. 2. — Area between the Hackensack River and the Passaic
River extending from he Newark and Jersey City Plank Road northward
to the Jersey City branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
May 12 — Light breeding of A. cantator found in ten holes along Arling-
ton Water Company's pipe line and in holes along telegraph poles south of
Jersey City branch of Pennsylvania Railroad.
May 20 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvae found in five small
holes east of Passaic Avenue and three pools about 300 feet west of the
Hal^kensack River south of the Jersey City branch of the Pennsylvania
Railroad.
June 10 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvae found in three holes
along the Arlington Water Company's pipe line and in six holes along the
telegraph poles soiith of the Pennsylvania Railroad east of Psussaic Avenue.
Scattered breeding of C pipiens larvae was found in one barrel along edge
of dumping ground.
June 24 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvae was found in holes
along old railroad ties and double row of telegraph poles south of Jersey
City branch of Pennsylvania Railroad and scattered breeding of A. canta-
tor larvae found in two holes along the Arlington Water Company's pipe
line.
July 6 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvae found in cattails on the west
side of Passaic Avenue. Heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. sollicitans
larvae found in hole^ ditches and foot prints south of the Jersey City
branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Light breeding of A. cantator larvae
found in seventeen holes along the Arlington Watef pipe line. Scattered
breeding of C. pipiens larvae found along the edge of the dumping ground.
July 17 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvae and pupae found in the cat-
tails along the south side of the Jersey City branch of the Pennsylvania
Railroad east of Passaic Avenue. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larv«
found along the edge of garbage dump north and south of the Arlington
Water Company's pipe line for about 250 feet. Light breeding of C. pipieni
and A. sylvestris larvae found in eight pools on the garbage dump just
north of the Newark and Jersey City Plank Road.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 423
July 29 — Scattered breeding of A, cantator lanre found in six sign post
boles south of the Jersey City branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad east
of Passaic Avenue. Scattered breeding of C. pipien$ and C. saliiMrius
larvse found in four holes along the Arlington Water Company's pipe.
Scattered and heavy breeding of C. ptptent larvs and pups fdund along
edge of garbage fill at the Arlington Water Company's pipe line.
August 11 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larve found in six sign
post holes south of the Jersey City branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad
east of Passaic Avenue. Light and heavy breeding of C. pipie$^s larviB
and pupflB found in two holes and at the dumping ground along the Ar-
lington Water Company's pipe line. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvs
found along the edge of the dumping ground and in four pools just north
of the Newark and Jersey City Plank Road«
August 22 — Light breeding of C. pipienM found in one pool about 400
feet north of the Newark and Jersey City Plank Road. Light and heavy
breeding of O. pipiens larvtt and pupe found in six holes and for 200 feet
west of the garbage fill along the Arlington Water Company's pipe line.
September 5 — Light breeding of C, pipiens larve found along the edge
of the garbage fill at the Arlington Water Company's pipe line. Scattered
breeding of O. pipiens larvse found along the garbage fill just north of the
rendering plant
September 16 — Scattered breeding of C, pipiens larve found in one hole
and aloBg garbage fill at the Arlington Water Company's pipe line.
October 9 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvse found al<mg the edge
of the garbage fill at the Arlington Water Company's pipe line.
District No. 3, Section A. — Area between the Jersey City branch of the
Pennsylvania Railroad and Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad,
extending from the Hackensack River westward to the junction of the
grades of these lines.
May 12 — ^Very little breeding; only about a dozen A, cantator larvse found.
May 20 — One acre, light breeding of A. cantator larvse found and 10 per
cent pupse found at the Dloxygen sign board.
July 6 — Heavy breeding of A, cantator and A, sollicitans larvse found in
blind ditches and at nine sign boards.
July 17 — ^Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvse and pupse found in post
holes at ten sign boards.
July 29 — ^Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvse found at 11 sign post
holes. Heavy breeding of A. cantator and (7. pipiens larve found along the
old Jersey City water pipe line west of the Hackensack River.
August 11 — Light breeding of C, pipiens found along the old Jersey City
water pipe line west of the Hackensaick River.
August 21 — ^Light breeding of C. salinarius larvse found in a ditch at
the Remington sign board and in depressions at the Remington sign
board. Light breeding of 0. pipiens larvse found in seven holes along the
old Jersey City water pipe line west of the Hackensack River.
September 7 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvse found along the old
Jersey City water pipe line.
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424 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
DisTBiCT No. 3, Section B. — ^Area between old branch of Erie Railroad,
Hackensack River, and the Thirty-Second Street line of the Pennsylyanla
Railroad.
May 12 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvse in all stages in almost
every pool and hole west of the Hackensack River to the railroad spar.
June 10 — Scattered breeding of A. cfintator larvs found in scattered tree
stump holes.
July 6 — Heavy breeding of A, cantator and A, solUcitans larve found in
every overgrown ditch and tree stump hole.
July 29 — Scattered A. cantator larvae found in a few tree stump holes.
District No. 3, Section C. — ^Area between the Delaware, Lackawanna and
Western Railroad and the old branch of the Erie Railroad, extending from
the Hackensack River westward to the Belleville Turnpike.
May 20 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvae and 80 per cent pupe in
ditch 1,500 feet long and 10 feet wide about 1,200 feet west of Hackensack
River and light breeding of A. cantator larvse and 15 per cent pupe in'
four pools and a blind ditch 20 feet long at the Coward Shoe sign.
June 10 — Light brewing of A. cantator larvae found at the Vulvullx and
Kabo sign boards east of the junction of the Harrison Turnpike and the
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad.
June 24 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvae found In three sign post
holes and a ditch at the Gray and Henry sign and one pool at the Mos-
quito Tavern.
July 6 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. sollicitans larvae found in
every ditch and sign post hole on this section.
July 17 — ^Light breeding of A, cantator larvae and pupae found at the
Kabo sign and in 100 feet of ditch at the Kelley Loan Company sign.
July 29 — Light breeding of C pipiens and O. salinarius larvae found in a
wide ditch on the west side of the levee along the Hackensack River.
Light breeding of A, cantator iarvie found in a blind ditch at the second
signal tower of the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad and at the
Haig ft Haig sign board.
August 12 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae found along the north
side of Belleville Turnpike in pools west of the Mosquito Tavern.
August 24 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvae found in three holes
along the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad 700 feet east of the
Harrison Turnpike.
District No. 3, Section D. — Area between the Harrison Turnpike and the
Belleville Turnpike, extending from the Junction of the Harrison and
Belleville Turnpike westward to the Thirty-Second Street line of the Penn-
sylvania Railroad.
July 7 — Scattered breeding of A, cantator larvae found just east of
Thirty-Second Street line of Pennsylvania Railroad.
July 18 — Heavy breeding of A, cantator larvae and pupae found in si^n
post holes.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 425
District No. 3, Section E. — Area between the Delaware, Lackawanna ft
Western Railroad, the Thirty-Second Street line of the Pennsylvania Rail-
road, and the Harrison Turnpike.
June 11 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens lanrn found In a ditch at Roe
and Conoyer sign board east of Kearny Junction.
June 24 — Light breeding of A, cantator lanrsB found in seven holes at
the sign boards and (7. pipiens larv» in two holes at the Jap-a-lae sign
board.
July 30 — Heavy breeding of C. pipiens larvsB and puimb found over
about one and one-half acres just east of where the Thirty-Second Street
line of the Pennsylvania Railroad runs over the Delaware, Lackawanna
ft Western Railroad.
August 12 — ^Heavy breeding of A. cantator and (7. pipien$ larve and
pups found. One acre at the Chambers sign board.
August 24 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvs found at the sign board
east of where the Pennsylvania Railroad runs over the Delaware, Lacka-
wanna ft Westerly Railroad.
District No. 4, Section A — Area between the Belleville Turnpike and the
Arlington Water Ck>inpany's pipe line extending northward from the old
Newark and Paterson branch of the Erie Railroad to the present Newark
and Paterson branch of the Erie Railroad.
May 12 — ^Very little breeding of A. cantator larv© found.
July 7 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvs found over this whole area,
August 12 — Light breeding of C pipiens and (7. salinarius larvae found
hi the cattails east of the third culvert
District No. 4, Section B. — Area between the Delaware, Lackawanna ft
Western Railroad, the Thirty-Second Street line of the Pennsylvania Rail-
road and Harrison Turnpike, extending from the junction of the Thirty-
Second Street line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and Harrison Turnpike
westward to the upland.
May 12 — ^Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvae and pupae and many
adults on the wing west of the Old Fish Road.
May 23 — ^Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvae and about 76 per cent
pupae were found between Swift's Railroad spur and Frank Greek south
of the Swift Plant, which covered about two acres.
June 11 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvae found in ten-inch
ditch at the Clysmic sign board and one hole north of the Remington
Typewriter sign board.
July 7 — ^Light breeding of A. cantator and 0. sollincitans larvae in every
hole and depression west of the Old Fish Road.
. July 30 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvae found in six holes west
side of the Old Fish Road.
District No. 4, Section C. — Area between Harrison Turnpike and old
Newark and Paterson branch of the Erie Railroad extending from the
Thirty-Second Street branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad westward to
Frank Creek.
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426 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
May 12 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvR found east of Frank
Creek.
July 7 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvs found over this whole area.
July 18 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvs and pups found over this
whole section.
July 30 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvse found in cattails east-
ward from the first culvert east of Frank Creek and in a pool Just west
of the Thirty-Second Street line of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
August 12 — Light breeding of C pipiens and O. salinarius larvse found
in the cattails for 2,000 feet along the old Newark and Paterson branob
of the Brie Railroad. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larv« found In
pools along the Harrison Turnpike.
August 24 — Scattered breeding of C pipiens larvse found in the cattails
for 150 feet just west of the Arlington Water Company's pipe line.
District No. 4, Sectiow D. — Area between Harrison Turnpike and the old
Newark and Paterson branch of the Erie Railroad extending from Frank
Creek westward to the upland.
May 12 — Only an occasional A. cantator larvse found.
May 26 — Only seven A. cantator larvse found at Wobum Degreaalns
Company's plant
June 11 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvse found in a pool on
the north side of the Wobum Degreasing Company's plant.
June 24 — Scattered breeding of C pipiens larvse found in a ditch on the
west side of the Wobum Degreasing Company's plant
July 7 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvse found in a ditch and In
the cattails west of the Wobum Degreasing Company's plant
July 18 — Scattered and heavy breeding of A. cantator throughout
July 30 — ^Light suid heavy breeding of C. pipiens larvse and pupse found
in the cattails west of the Wobum Degreasing Company's plant to the
dumping ground at the upland.
District No. 4. Section E. — Area between the old Newark and Paterson
branch of the Erie Railroad and the present Newark and Paterson branch
pf the Erie Railroad extending from Frsuik Creek westward to the upland.
May 12 — Only an occassional A. cantator larva found.
Distbict No. 4, Section G. — Area between the old Newark and Pater-
son branch of the Erie Railroad and the new Newark and Paterson branch
of the Erie Railroad extending from the Arlington Water Company's
pipe line westwsird to Frank Creek.
May 12 — Scattered to heavy breeding of A. cantator larvse and SO per
cent pupse found from Frank Creek eastward for about 1,000 feet.
July 7 — ^Light breeding of A. cantator and O. pipiens larvse found OTer
this whole section.
July 18— Scattered and heavy breeding of A. cantator larvse and pnine
found over this whole section.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 4^7
DisTBiCT No. 5, Section A. — Area between the Newark and Paterson
branch o( the Erie Railroad and the Duke Street sewer extending from
Frank Greek westward to the upland.
July 7 — ^Ldght breeding of A. cantator laryn found in the cattails and
scattered breeding of C. pipietu larvae found in cattails along the north
side of the Newark and Paterson branch of the Erie Railroad.
July 80 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens found in the cattails north of
the Newark and Paterson branch of the Erie Railroad.
August 12 — Light breeding of C pipiens lanre found in cattails 76 feet
north of the Newark and Paterson branch of the Erie ftailroad.
DiSTsiOT No. 6, Section B. — Area between the Duke Street sewer and the
Bergen Ayenue sewer extending from the Junction of the Duke Street
and Bei:gen Avenue sewers westward to the upland.
July 7 — Scattered breeding of A. Mylvestris larvs found along the upland
north of Tappan Street in cattails.
July 30 — Light breeding of C pipiehM larvae found in the Bergen Avenue
sewer.
District No. 5, Section C. — Area between the Bergen Avenue sewer and
Frank Creek» extending from the Newark and Paterson branch of the Erie
Railroad westward to the upland.
June 24 — ^Twelve C. pipiens egg boats found in a ditch south of Kearny
Gun Club house.
July 7 — Light breeding of C, pipiens and scattered breeding of A, «y^
ve$trU larvae found in a ditch at woodland north of the Kearny Gun Club
house.
July 20 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvse found in a ditch at the wood-
land north of the Kearny Qun Club house.
DiSTBiCT No. 5, Section D. — Area between the new Newark and Paterson
branch of the Erie Railroad and the New York and Greenwood Lake
branch of the Erie Railroad, extending from the Belleville Turnpike west-
ward to Frank Creek and the upland.
May 13 — Light breeding of A, cantator larvae and pupse found between
Frank Creek and the second culvert east of Frank Creek, north of the
Erie Railroad and scattered A. cantator larvse were found about 800 feet
west of the Belleville Turnpike south of the New York and Greenwood
Lake branch of the Erie Railroad.
May 25 — Heavy breeding of C. pipiens larvae found along the edge of the
dumping ground south of the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of
the Erie Railroad.
June 12 — Scattered breeding of C pipiens larvse found along the edge
of the dumping ground south of the New York and Greenwood Lake
branch of the Erie Railroad.
June 24 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvse found at the edge of the
dumping ground south of the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of
the Erie Railroad.
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428 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
July 7 — ^Ldght breeding of C. pipiens larve found at the edge of the
dumping ground south of the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of
the Erie Railroad. Scattered breeding of A. gylvestrU larre found In
hoof prints and holes south of the Oakwood Avenue dumping ground.
July 20 — Light breeding of C, pipiens larve found along the edge of the
dumping ground south of the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of
the Erie Railroad. Light breeding of A, slyvestrit lanrsB and pups in
holes south of the Oakwood Avenue dumping ground.
July 80 — ^Slight breeding of A, sylvestris larre found In pools and cattle
hoof prints south of the Oakwood Avenue dumping ground along the up-
land.
August 4 — Light breeding of A. cantator and C. pipiens larvsB and pupe
found over three-fourths of the section.
August 12 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens found along the edge of the
dumping ground south of the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of
the Erie Railroad.
September 8 — Light breeding of 0, pipiens found along the edge of the
dumping ground south of the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of the
Erie Railroad.
DiSTUCT No. 6, Section A. — ^Area between the Belleville Turnpike and the
New York and Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad extending
from the Junction of the Newark and Paterson and the New York and
Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad westward to the Belleville
Turnpike.
July 8 — Scattered to light breeding of A, cantator and A. aylvestris lar-
v» found along the south side of the New York and Greenwood Lake
branch of the Erie Railroad.
July 20 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvs found which covers
about five acres.
District No. 6, Section B. — Area between the Belleville Turnpike. Thirty-
Second Street line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York and
Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad, extending from the old
railroad spur westward to the Newark and Paterson branch of the Brie
Railroad.
July 6 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvse found in very many old
tree stump holes.
District No. 6, Section C. — ^Area between the Thirty-Second Street line
of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York and Greenwood Lake
branch of the Erie Railroad, extending from the Hackensack River west-
ward to the old railroad spur.
July 6 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. sollicitans larvae found in
old tree stump holes.
July 20 — Light breeding of A. cantator larvae found which covers about
one-half an acre.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 429
D18TBICT No. 7, Section A. — Area between the New York and Greenwood
Lake branch of the Erie Railroad and the Belleyille Turnpike, extending
from the Junction of the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of the
Erie and the Belleville Turnpike westward to the upland.
May 14 — Scattered breeding of A. sylvestrit lanre found along upland
north of the Arlington Company's plant
June 12 — ^Heavy breeding of C. pipiena larvae and pup» found along the
Arlington Company's fill. Scattered breeding of C. pipieiu and Anopheles
larve found in two pools 7x26 and 6x30 feet east of the Arlington cemetery.
June 25 — Heavy breeding of C, pipien$ larvs and pups found along the
Arlington Company's fill.
July 8 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larve found in a ditch and along
the Arlington Company's fill. Scattered breeding of C. pipient larvs found
in the two pools east of the Arlington cemetery. .
July 20 — Light breeding of O. pipien$ larvse found along the edge of
Arlington Company's fllL Light breeding of C. pipiens larve found in a
ditch 100 feet long south of the Arlington Cemetery.
July 31 — Scattered breeding of 0. pipiens and O. salinarius larve found
along the Arlington Water Company's pipe line 300 feet east of Saw Mill
Creek. Heavy breeding of 0, pipiens larvs and pups found in the cat-
tails east of the Arlington Company's ash-flll for 500 feet Scattered breed-
ing of C pipiens larvse found along the edge of the Arlington Company's
ash-flU. Light breeding of C pipiens, C, salinarius and A. sylvestris larvse
found in a ditch 75 feet long south of the Arlington cemetery. Scattered
Anopheles larvse found in one pool on the east side of the Arlington ceme-
tery.
August 18 — ^Heavy breeding of C. pipiens larvse and pupse found wher-
ever water was found. Light breeding of C. pipiens larvse and pupse found
at telegraph pole No. 96 east of Saw Mill Creek on the north side of the
Belleville Turnpike.
August 25 — Scattered and heavy breeding of C pipiens larvse found
along the edge of the Arlington Company fill. Scattered breeding of (7.
pipiens larvse found in the lily pond on the east side of the Arlington
cemetery.
September 8 — Heavy breeding of C pipiens larvse found in the cattails
and along the Arlington Company's All. Scattered breeding of C, pipiens
larvse found in the lily pond on the east side of the Arlington cemetery.
September 19 — Scattered breeding of 0. pipiens larvse found along the
edge of Arlington Company's ash-fllL
DiSTBiOT No. 7, "Section B. — Area between the New York and Greenwood
Lake branch of the Erie Railroad and Saw Mill Creek» extending from the
Hackensack River westwsird to the Belleville Turnpike.
May 13 — Scattered A. cantator larvse breeding Just west of the Hacken-
sack River.
June 12 — Scattered breeding of A, cantator larvse found in two ditches
and at the Major Cement Company's sign west of the Hackensack River.
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430 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
June 26 — Light breeding of A. cantator lanre found in the ten-inch
ditches Just west of the Haokensaek Riyer.
July 8 — Scattering and heavy breeding of A, cantator and A. solHdtant
larvn found over an area of about 30 acres west of the HaclLensack River.
August 13 — Scattered breeding of A, cantator larvae found in a diteh at
switch No. 20 and in a pool at signal tower No. 42.
District No. 8, Section A. — Area between the Belleville Turnpike and
Meadow Road east of Astor Avenue, extending from Saw Mill Creek west-
ward to the upland in Arlington.
June 13 — Scattered breeding of C. fnpiens and Anopheles larvse found in
four pools along the Arlington Water Company's pipe line north of the
Belleville Turnpike.
June 25 — ^Scattered \breeding of C pipiens larvse found in three small
pools along the old Jersey City water pipe line west of Saw Mill Creek.
July 9 — Scattered breeding of A, sylvestris larvie found south of Meadow
Road east of Astor Avenue, which covers about two acres.
July 20 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A. aylvestris larvse and
pupee found south of Meadow Road which covers about ten acres. Heavy
breeding of C. sylvestris larvae and pupee found in pool on north side of
Belleville Turnpike west of Saw Mill Creek.
July 31 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens and A, sylvestris larvs found
along the edge of the upland south of the Meadow Road east of Astor
Avenue.
August 13 — Scattered breeding of C, pipiens larvsB found in depressions
south of the Meadow Road east of Astor Avenue along the upland.
August 25 — Scattered breeding of C pipiens larvae found in the large
pool on the north side of the Belleville Turnpike opposite the Arlington
Cemetery gate.
District No. 8, Section B. — Area between the Meadow Road east of Astor
Avenue and the Boonton branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna k Weetem
Railroad, extending from the southern branch of Kingsland Creek west-
ward to the upland in Kingsland.
July 8 — Heavy breeding of A. sylvestris ktrve and pupae found abomt
800 feet north of Meadow Road east of Astor Avenue along the upland.
Light breeding of A. cantator and A. sylvestris larvae fdund in cattails oast
of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad shops.
July 21 — Light breeding of A, cantator and A. sylvestris larvae found in
the cattails east of the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad shops.
July 31 — Soattered breeding of C. pipiens larvs found in one pool about
800 feet north of the Meadow Road east of Astor Avmue along the upland.
August 13 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae and pupae found in the
cattails at the foot of Gast Avenue.
August 26 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvae found in a pool east
of the foot of Oast Avenue.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 431
D18TBICT No. 8, Sscmox C. — Area between Saw Mill Creek and Kingsland
Creek, extending from the Haokenaaek RiTer weatward to the MeaAow
Road aaat of Astor Ayenue.
District No. 8, Section D. — Area between Kingsland Creek and the Boon-
ton branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, extending
from the contact of the two westward to the northern branch of Kingsland
Creek.
May 22 — Six small holes had breeding of about one-half a dozen A. can-
Uiar larv» and pupe going on in them.
July 9 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. 9plve9tria larv» fMuid Just
south of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad embankment.
July 21 — Light breedfaig of A, cantator larvs found for about 700 feet
east of the northern branch of Kingsland Creek.
District No. 8, Section E. — Area between Kingsland Creek and the Boon-
ton branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad Company,
extending westward from the Hackensack Rirer to the contact of the two.
District No. 9, Section A. — Area between the Boonton branch of the Dela-
ware, Lackawanna k Western Railroad and the Jersey City water pipe line,
extending &x>m the Hackensack River westward to the upland in Kings-
land.
May 14 — ^About one dozen small A. cantator larv» f6und breeding akmg
the water pipe line.
May 22 — ^About ane-lialf dosen A, cantator larrsft found along the Dela-
ware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad embankment
July 9 — Light breeding of A, cantator and A. sylvestria lanr« found
along the north side of the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad
enfcankment and the south side of the Jersey City water pipe line about
1,800 fibet wast of the Hackensack Rirer.
August 26 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. tplvestris found in
cattails along the Jersey City water pipe line for a distance of 1,000 feet.
District No. 9, Section B. — Area between the Jersey City water pipe lin**
and the embankment area, extending from the Hackensack River and
Berry's Creek westward to the upland in Kingsland and Lyndhurst.
May 14 — ^About one dozen A. cantator and A. sylveatrig larva found in
cattails along the upland.
May 22 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. 9ylve9tri8 in cattails along
the upland.
June 8 — Scattered A. cantator and A. sylvestris larvse and pupte found
in two small holes along the upland.
June 15 — ^Heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. sylveatria larvsB found
on the north side of the Jersey City water pipe line at the small wood-
land west of the Hackensack River. There was light breeding of A. can-
tator and A. tylveatm larv» found going on on the south side of the water
pipe line.
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432 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
June 26 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larre found along the north
side of the Jersey City water pipe line for a distance of 800 feet.
August 1 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larre found In cattails along
the upland. it
August 26 — Heavy breeding of A, cantator and A. sylveatria larvae found
in cattails along the Jersey City water pipe line for a distance of 1,000
feet
District No. 9, Section C. — Area between the dike at Lyndhurst and the
dike at Rutherford, extending from Berrys Creek westward to the upland
at Lyndhurst and Rutherford.
May 22 — ^Light breeding of A, cantator and A. 9ylve$tri9 larvss In two
pools and a ditch a foot wide about 800 feet north of the Klngsland Brick
Plant
July 9 — Light breeding of A, cantator and A, sylvestria larve found In
overgrown ditch about 400 feet north of the Klngsland Brick Works.
August 26 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. $ylv€8tri$ lanm found
in the cattails and overgrown ditch about 800 feet north of the Klngsland
Brick Works. Light breeding of C. pipiens larvs found along the edge of
garbage fill south of the main line of the Erie Railroad.
District No. 9, Section D. — Area between the diked area and the main
line of the New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad, extending from
Berry's Creek westward to the upland in Rutherford.
June 3 — One C. pipiens egg boat found In an old dstem Just south of
the Columbia Button Works east of Meadow Road.
District No. 10, Section A. — Area between the New Jersey and New York
branch of the Erie Railroad and the upland In East Rutherford, extending
from the main line of the New York, Lake Erie ft Western Railroad north-
ward to the Paterson Plank Road.
June 26 — Scattered breeding of C. pipien$ larve found at dumping
ground south of Clser's Ice house.
June 27 — ^Llght breeding of C pipiens larvn and pups found along the
north and south sides of Stanley Street in the cattails. Scattered breeding
of C. pipiens larvn found in a ditch on the east side of the Hackensack
car bam.
July 9 — ^Llght breeding of C. pipien$ larvs found along the edge of
dumping ground south of CIser's Ice house.
July 22 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvs and pupe found alons
the edge of the dumping ground south of CIser's Ice house.
August S — ^Llght breeding of O. pipiens larvse found In one pool on the
east side of the Hackensack trolley car bam. Light breeding of C. pipiens
larve found in cattails at the dumping ground south of CIser's Ice houne.
August 14 — Scattered breeding of O. pipiens larvs found In m sewer
ditch east of the dumping ground south of CIser's Ice house.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 433
District No. 10, Section B. — Area between Berry's Creek and the New
York and New Jersey branch of the New York, Lake Brie ft Western
Railroad, extending from the main line of the New York, Lake Erie ft
Western Railroad northward to the Paterson Plank Road.
May 19 — Scattered breeding of* A, 9ylve$tri$ lanm found Just east of the
New Jersey and New York branch of the Erie Railroad.
June 16 — ^Light breeding of A. cantator larvae found in 25 sign post
holes north of the Junction of the main line and the New Jersey and New
York branch of the Erie Railroad.
July 9 — ^Heavy breeding of A, cantator and A. sylvestrig larvs found
going on in 96 sign post holes and in two small depressions.
July 10 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. MylveatrU larvn and
pupee found in a ditch south of the Paterson Plank Road 500 feet east of
the New ^rsey and New York branch of the Erie Railroad.
August 3 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvse found at the sign
boards north of the Junction of the New Jersey and New York branch of
the main line of the Erie Railroad. Scattered breeding of A, cantator and
A, 9ylv€8tri8 found in an overgrown ditch east of the Hasselhunes coal
pockets.
Distbict No. 10, Section C. — Area between the Hackensack River and
Berry's Creek, extending from the new canal northward to the Paterson
Flank Road.
June 17— Light breeding of A. cantator larvn found in ditch about 8 by
300 feet along the Paterson Plank Road, 500 feet west of the Hackensack
River.
July 10 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larve found over about ten
acres of meadow. Light breeding of A. cantator larvse found in a ditch
about 400 feet long, 600 feet west of the Hackensack River. Light and
ueavy breeding of A. sylvestrU larve in every pool found in the woodland.
August 5 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens and C. aalinariua larvn found
in a ditch along the Paterson Plank Road 500 feet west of the Hackensack
River.
Distmct No. 10, Section D. — Area between the Hackensack River and
Berry's Creek, extending from the main line of the New York, Lake Erie
ft Western Railroad northward to the new canal.
June 16 — ^Light breeding of A. cantator larvse found in 42 sign post
holes west of the Hackensack River and north of the main line of the
Erie Railroad.
June 26 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larve and pupse found in 13
sign post holes west of the Hackensack River north of the main line of the
Erie Railroad.
July 9 — Scattered and heavy breeding of A. cantator larvs found in 227
sign post holes and in depressions which cover about one and one-half
acres.
Distbict No. 10, Section E. — ^Area between the Hackensack River and
Berry's Creek south of the main line of the New York, Lake Erie ft West-
em Railroad. '
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434 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
June 16 — Light breeding of A, oantator larv» and pup» found which
ooyers an area of about two acres jnst east of the place where the main
line of the Erie Railroad crosses Berry's Creek; and scattered breeding of
A. cantator larvte were found in 10 sign post holes west of the Haekensack
River.
July 9 — Light breeding of A. cantator lanrse found going on in ISO sign
post holes west of the Haekensack River and light breeding of A. otmtmtor
lanrse found Just east of where Berry's Creek flows under the main line of
the Brie Railroad which covers about two and one-half acres.
August 3 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larve found in an |Over-
grown ditch at telephone poles Nob. 107 and 108.
District No. 11, Section A. — Area between the Haekensack River and the
upland in Secausus, extending from the Paterson Plank Road ^uthward
to the main line of the New York, Lake Brie ft Western Railroad.
District No. 11, Section B — ^Area between the old iron works road and the
county road, extending from the Paterson Plank Road southward to the
New York, Lake Erie ft Western Railroad.
July 15 — ^Heavy breeding of A. cantator and C BOlHcitans larv» and
pup» found in holes and depressions about 400 feet north of where the
New York, Lake Erie ft Western Railroad crosses County Avenue.
July 27 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvse found in holes and
depressions 400 feet north of where the New York, Lake Brie ft Western
Railroad crosses County Avenue.
District No. 12, Section A. — Area between the County Road and the
Erie and Susquehanna Railroads, extending from the Paterson Plank
Road southward to the Secaucus Road.
May 18 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvs found which covens an
area of about three-fourths of an acre east of the schoolhouse along the
County Road.
Blay 27 — Scattered breeding of C. pipien$ larv» found in a ditdi about
300 feet long, about 700 feet north of the Secaucus Road east of the New
York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad.
June 6 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens found in a pool about 400 feet
north of the Secaucus Road west of the New York, Susquehanna ft Western
Railroad, and heavy breeding of C. pipiens larvse found in barrel at 171
Tounele Avenue.
June 19 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiena larv» found in two pools north
of the Secaucus Road, west of the New York, Susquehanna ft Western
Railroad and scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvs found Just south of
the Homestead Station, east of the New York, Susquehanna & Western
Railroad.
July 1 — ^Light breeding of O, pipient larvn found in small pools 700 f^t
north of the Secaucus Road along the New York, Susquehanna ft Western
Railroad. Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvK found at the sign
boards north of the Secaucus Road, east of Pen Horn Creek. Light breed-
ing of A. cantator found along the south side of the Paterson Plank Road
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 435
for «00 feet in a diteh which was cut from Koch's' Hotel to Pen Horn
Creek. Light breeding of A. 9ylve§trU and C pipieuM lanm found in cat-
tails about 500 feet north of the Secaucus Road east of the New York, Sus-
quehanna ft Western Railroad.
July 14 — Light breeding of A, cantator larve and pups found along the
west side of the New York, Susque^nna ft Western Railroad in the cat-
tails south of the Jagee ft Beldls coal pockets. Light breeding of C.
pipietiM and A, sylveatria lanrie found in the cattails about 1,200 feet north
of the Secaucus Road east and west of the New York, Susquehanna ft
Western Railroad. Light breeding of O. pipieng larvse were found in the
cattails and an open ditch Just east of Koch's Hotel on the south side of
the Paterson Plank Road.
July 25 — Light breeding of C. pipieng larvse found in the cattails for
500 feet south of the Thirty-Second Street Line of the Pennsylvania Rail-
road west of the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad. Scattered
breeding of C. pipient larvse found along the edge of the garbage pile oa
the north side of the Secaupus Road Just east of the Pen Horn Creek.
lAf^t breeding of A. cantator larve found in the cattails along the south
side of the Paterson Plank Road east of Koch's Hotel. Scattered breeding
of A, cantator larv» found in the ditch Just west of Koch's HoteL
August 7 — ^Heavy breeding of C. pipient larvse and pupe found west of
the day pits ai^d in the cattails surrounding the old dumping ground
south of the Jagee ft Bellis' coal pockets. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens
larvae found in cattails for 300 feet south of the Thirty-Second Street Line
of the Pennsylvania Railroad, west of the New York, Susquehanna ft
Western Railroad. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvse found in the cat-
tails south of Koch's Hotel, on the south side of the Paterson Plank Road.
Light breeding of C pipiens eggboats and larvse found in a ditch and cat-
tails between Homestead and Tyler Park east of the New York, Susque-
hanna ft Western Railroad.
August 19 — Light breeding of C, pipieng larvse found in a ditch beween
eastern and western tracks of the New York, Susquehanna ft Western
Railroad south of the Homestead Station. Heavy breeding of C. pipiens
larvse found in two pools 400 feet west of the New York, Susquehanna ft
Western Railroad north of Secaucus Road. Scattered breeding of C.
pipiens larvse found in small pools about 600 feet south of the Homestead
Station east of the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad. Heavy
breeding of C, pipiens larvse and pupse found in the Pen Horn Creek at the
Thirty-Second Street Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
September 4 — Scattered breeding of A, cantator larvae found in the cat-
tails on the south side of the Paterson Plank Road for 100 feet east of
Koch's HoteL Scattered breeding of C, pipiens found in three pools on the
north side of the Secaucus Road. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvse
found between the eastern and western tracks of the New York, Susque-
hanna ft Western Railroad, south of the Homestead Station.
September 25 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae found In Pen Horn
Creek on the north side of the Secaucus Road at the Thirty-Second Street
Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
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436 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
October 12 — Scattered breeding of C, pipiens larvse found in four pools
on the north side of the Secaucus Road.
DiSTKiCT No. 12, Sectio:? B. — Area between the County Road and the
Erie and Susquehanna Railroads extending from the Secaucus Road south-
ward to County Line.
May 18 — Scattered A, cantator larvse breeding north of buildings at
Lundy's Lane.
May 27 — Scattered breeding of A, sylve$tri8 larvse and pupie in a ditch
about 25 feet north of Lundy's Lane east of the New York, Susquehanna
& Western Railroad.
June 19 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiena larv« found in two ditches
south of the Secaucus Road and light .breeding of C, pipiens larvae In a
ditch along the north side of the County Line west of the New York. Sus-
quehanna ft Western Railroad.
July 1 — Light breeding of A, cantator and C, pipien$ larvs found along
Secaucus Road from dumping ground westward to Pen Horn Creek. Scat-
tered breeding of C. pipiens larvs found in two pools at Weigan*s Lane,
one pool at Lundy's Lane and one culvert under the New York, SusQue-
.hanna & Western Railroad.
July 14 — ^Heavy breeding of C pipieng larv» found along Weigan's Lane
in two pools. Heavy breeding of C. pipiens found in cesspool overflow at
Weigan's Lane. Heavy breeding of C pipiena larvae found in a pool 3x30
feet on the east side of the New York, Susuehanna ft Western Railroad,
200 feet south of the Secaucus Road. Heavy breeding of C, pipiens larvae
found in the cattails between Lundy's Lane and County Line, for 800 to
1,000 feet Scattered breeding of A, cantator and C. pipiens found in the
scattered cattails on the north side of the County Line.
July 26 — Heavy breeding of C pipiens larvae and pupe found in pool at
Weigan's Lane and Secaucus Road. Scattered breeding of C, pipieni larvae
found at edge of garbage fill on the south side of Weigan's Lane. Heavy
breeding of C. pipiens larvae and pupae found in a pool on the north side
of the garbage fill at the Secaucus Road and the New York, Susquehanna
ft Western Railroad. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvae found in two
pools 200 feet north of Lundy's Lane. Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae
found in cattails south of Lundy's Lane and along the County Line west
of the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad.
August 7 — Light breeding of C. pipieng larvae found in three pools at
Weigan's Lane. Scattered breeding of C, pipiens larvae found under four
culverts along the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad from
Secaucus Road to Lundy's Lane. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvae
found in two pools on the north side of Lundy's Lane. Scattered breeding
of. C pipienM larvae found in the cattails on the west side of the New
York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad and the north side of County
' Line south of Lundy's Lane.
August 19 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae and pupae found in a
ditch and a pool at the edge of the dumping ground along Weigan's Lane.
Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae found under the second railroad culvert
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 437
north of Lundy's Lane. Scattered breeding of C pipienM lanm found in
a pool ISO feet south of Lundy's Lane west of the New York, Susquehanna
k Western Railroad.
September 4 — Scattered and heavy breeding of C. pipiens lanr» and
pup«e In three pools and one gutter along Weigan's Lane. Heavy breed-
ing of C. pipiens larv» and pupe found In the cattails on the south side
of the Secaucus Road east of the Pen Horn Creek. Heavy breeding of
C. pipient larve and pupe found at the old dumping ground on the south
of the Secaucus Road east of Pen Horn Creek. Heavy breeding of
found In a pool and ditch at the garbage dump just south of the Paterson
Line sewer. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larve found under two cul-
verts of the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad, two pools just
south of Lundy's Lane and in the gutter along the north side of the County
Une.
September 21 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larv» found In three
pools along the edge of the old dumping ground on the south side of the
Secaucus Road.
i
DiSTSioT No. '13, Section A. — Area between the Public Service Power
Plant and Pen Horn Creek, extending from the Hackensack River east-
ward to the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad.
Hay 16 — ^About one dozen A, cantator larve found in a few holes.
June 16 — Scattered breeding of A, cantator larvse found just north of the
Public Service Power Plant in two holes.
July 2 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A. soUicitans larvae found
in three pools Just north of the Public Service Power Plant
July 16 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. sollidtans larve found in
lix pools along the row of telegraph poles on this section.
July 27 — Scattered breeding of A. sollidtans larve found in six holes
on the north side of the Public Service ash-fllL
August 20 — Heavy breeding of C. pipiens larvie and pup» found in a
ditch on the Public Service property.
DiSTBiGT No. 13, Section B. — Area between the New York and Greenwood
Lake branch of the Brie Railroad and the Boonton branch of the Dela-
ware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad, extending from the junction oT
the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad and the
Boonton branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad north-
ward to Pen Horn Creek.
June 8 — flight breeding of A. sollidtans larv» found In a pool just north
of the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad and in
a blind ditch about ten feet long about 100 feet south of Pen Horn Creek.
July 2 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A. sollidtans larvse found
in an overgrown ditch 100 feet south of Pen Horn Creek.
July 15 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. sollidtans larvse found
in 33 pools and in an overgrown ditch about 100 feet south of Pen Horn
Creek.
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438 NtW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
July 27 — Scattered breeding of A, BolHcitans larvse found in eight l^oles
and an overgrown ditch 100 feet south of Pen Horn Creek.
August 8 — Scattered breeding of A. sollicitans larvse found in one pool
and an overgrown ditch about 100 feet south of Pen Horn Creek.
District No. 13, Section C. — ^Area between Pen Horn Creek and the
Thirty-Second Street Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad extending north-
ward from the Hackensack River to the New York and Greenwood Lake
branch of the Erie Railroad.
July 2 — Scattered breeding of A, cantator and A, $olHcitans larv» In
overgrown ditch 600 feet east of Thirty-Second Street Line of Pennsylvania
Railroad. Light breeding of A, cantator and A. aollicitariM larv» found
in sign post holes 200 feet east of Thirty-Second Street Line of the Penn-
sylvania Railroad.
July 15 — Light breeding of A, cantator and A. aollicitans larvse found In
post holes and in overgrown ditch 600 feet east of the Thirty-Second
Street Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
District No. 13, Section D. — Area between Pen Horn Creek and the
Thirty-Second Street Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, extending from
the New York and Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad to the
Boonton branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad.
May 15 — Light breeding of A. cantator larv» in holes along telegraph
poles west of Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad.
July 2 — L'ight breeding of A. cantator and A. $ollicitan$ larvae found in
12 sign post holes at the Alabastine and Monticello signs.
July 15 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. 8ollicitan$ larve found
in sign post holes and in the cattails south of the Alabastine and Monti-
cello sign boards.
July 27 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. 8oUicitan$ larv» found
in sign post holes and in the cattails south of the Monticello sign board.
August 8 — Scattered breeding of A. 8ollicitan8 larv» found in cattails
and sign post holes at the Monticello sign board.
August 20 — Scattered C. salinarius eggboats in a pool near Little Snake
Hill.
Distbict No. 13, Section E. — Area between the Boonton branch of the
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad and the main line of the New
York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad, extending from the New York ft
Greenwood Lake Railroad freight spur northward to Pen Horn Creek.
June 8 — Scattered A. sollicitans found along railroad spur south of
Pen Horn Creek.
June 20 — Light breeding of A. 8oUicitan8 larvse found along railroad
spur south of Pen Horn Creek.
July 2 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A. 8olUcitan8 larvse fbund
on west side of Erie Railroad spur south of Pen Horn Creek.
July 15 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. 8oUicitan8 larvae and
pupse found along the old Erie Railroad spur. Heavy breeding of A.
cantator and A. sollicitans larvsB and pups found in pools along the east
side of the Boonton branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western
Railroad.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 439
AugiiBt 8 — Light breeding of C. pipiena larvs and pupe found in pools
on the west side of the old Erie Railroad spur south of Pen Horn Creek.
District No. 13, Section F. — Area between main line of the New York.
Lake Erie & Western Railroad and County Road extending from the New
York ft Greenwood Lake Railroad freight spur northward to Pen Horn
Creek.
June 8 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvs found in sewage overflow
north of the New York & Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad
spur.
June 20 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvse found in sewage over-
flow north of the New York & Greenwood Lake Railroad spur.
July 2 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvs found in sewage overflow
north of the New York & Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad
freight spur.
July 14 — Light breeding of C. pipiens found in cattails along the north
side of County Road 600 feet east of Pen Horn Creek.
July 15 — Scattered breeding of C pipiens larvse found in sewage over-
flow north of the New York & Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Rail-
road flight spur.
July 25 — Scattered breeding of C pipiens larvse found in a pool 600 feet
east of Pen Horn Creek.
July 27 — Heavy breeding of C. pipiens larvse and pupse found in sew-
age north of the New York ft Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad
freight spur.
August 8 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larve found in the sewage
north of the New York ft Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad
spur.
August 20— Heavy breeding of C pipiens larvn and pupee found in the
Mwage north of the New York ft Greenkood Lake branch of the Erie Rail-
road freight spur.
September 16 — ^Light breeding of O. pipiens larvs found in the sewage
north of the New York ft Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad
freight spur.
October 10 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvm and pups found in the
sewage north of the New York ft Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Rail-
road spur.
DiSTMCT No. 13, Sbction G.— Area between the Boonton branch of the
Delaware Lackawanna ft Western Railroad and the main line of the New
York. Lake Erie ft Western Railroad, extending from the Thirty-Second
Street Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad northward to County Road.
Distbict No. 13, Section H. — Area between the Thirty-second Street Line
of the Pennsylvania Railroad and Snake Hill, southward from the Boon-
ton branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad Station.
Jtly 15 — ^Light breeding of A, cantator and A, solUcitans larv» found in
blind ditches.
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440 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
District No. 13, Section I. — Area between the Thirty-second Street Line
of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Hackensack River extending south-
ward from the New York & Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad.
May 15 — Heavy breeding of A, cantator and A, BollidtariM lanm in about
100 holes.
July 2 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A, Bollidtan* larve found
In a dozen holes.
Distbict No. 13, Section J. — Area between the Thirty-second Street Line
of the Pennsylvania Railroad and Snake Hill, extending northward from
the New York & Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad.
May 29 — Light to heavy breeding of C. pipiens larvae and pups found in
two ditches Just north of the New York ft Greenwood Lake branch of the
Erie Railroad.
July 2 — Scattered breeding of A, cantator larvse found in a pool 75 feet
north of the New York & Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad.
July 15 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae found in a blind ditch.
July 27 — Light breeding of A, cantator and C. pipient larvs found In
two blind ditches.
August 20 — ^Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae found in a pool and one
blind ditch.
District No. 13, Section K. — Area between the Boonton branch of the
Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad and the main line of the New
York, Lake Erie ft Western Railroad, extending from Pen Horn Creek
northward to the Thirty-second Street Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
June 8 — Scattered breeding of A, sollidtans larvae found in six holeB on
the south side of the Thirty-Second Street line of the Pennsylvania Rail-
road.
August 8 — Scattered breeding of A, sollidtans larvae found in one pool
on the west side of the old Erie Railroad spur north of Pen Horn Creek.
August 20 — Scattered breeding of A. sollidtans larvae found in poolff
at the foot of the Thirty-Second Street Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad
embankment Light breeding of C pipiens larvae found in pools at the
amchor post of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
District No. 14, Section A. — Area between the Boonton branch of the
Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad and the Jersey City Water
pipe line extending from the County Road northward to the Hackensack
River.
Distbict No. 14, Section B. — Area between the Hackensack River and
the Boonton branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad
extending from the County Road northward to the Boonton branch of
the Delaware, Lackawanna ft Western Railroad bridge over the Hacken-
sack River.
District No. 14, Section C— Area between the Jersey City water pipe
line and the main line of the New York, Lake Erie ft Western Railroad
extending from the old Iron Works Railroad spur northward to the ^aek-
ensaek River.
May 15 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvae found which covered about
ten acres.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 441
D18TBICT No. 14, SEonoN D. — Area between the Jersey City water pipe line
and the main line of the New York, Lake Erie ft Western Railroad, extend-
ing from the County Road northward to the old Iron Works Railroad spur.
May 29 — ^Heavy breeding of A. cantator lanr» and pupe found for a dis-
tance of about 300 leet between Anderson's and Cssar's Creek.
July 2 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larrse found in pools and an
overgrown ditch just east of the Jersey City water pipe line.
July 15 — Heavy breeding of A, cantator and A. $oUicitanM larvae and
pups found over the whole meadow between Anderson's and Cesar's
Creek and County Road.
July 27 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator lanm found in depressions
between Anderson's and Cesar's Creeks.
District No. 16, Section A. — Area between the Hackensack River and the
upland in Jersey City, extending from Newark Avenue southward to the
Newark and Jersey City Plank Road.
May 26 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvs found along the edge of the
Logan Avenue dumping ground.
June 9 — Light breeding of A. aollicitana larvce found on all parts of the
meadow.
June 22 — ^Heavy breeding of C pipiens larve found at Logan Avenue
dumping ground and along the west side of the Cemetery Just south of the
Sip Avenue sewer.
July 3 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. sollicitans larvie over the
whole area.
July 16 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. solUcitana larvs found
in six sign post holes east of Mengle's box plant, ten small pools 300 feet
south of the old shooting range, and two ditches between the Sip Avenue
sewer and the race track. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvae found
along the edge of the Logan Avenue dumping ground.
July 28 — Light and heavy breeding of A. $ollicitan$ larvs found In very
many pools over the whole section. Heavy breeding of C, pipiens larvie
and pupe found along the edge of Logan Avenue dumping ground.
August 10 — ^Light breeding of A,' sollicitans larvs found in three sign
post holes east of Mengel's box plant. Light and heavy breeding of C,
pipiens larvs and pups found at Logan Avenue dumping ground. Light
breeding of A. eantator larvie found in two pools south of the race track.
August 21 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvse found in six pools at
the Mengel's box plant Scattered A. sollicitans larve found at the sign
boards east of Mengel's box plant Light and heavy breeding of C. pipiens
larvie and pupe found in the cattails and at the edge of the Logan Avenue
dumping ground. Scattered breeding of C, salinarius larvie found in six
pools at Dallis Avenue south of the Jersey City branch of the Pennsylvania
Railroad.
September 3 — Scattered breeding of C, pipiens larv» found along the
edge of the Logan Avenue dumping ground.
September 22~>Scattered breeding of A. sollicitans larva found in about
50 per cent of the pools along the Hackensack River.
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442 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
District No. 15. Section B. — Area between the Hackensack River and
the Morris Canal, extending from the Newark and Jersey City Plank Road
southward to Danforth Avenue.
May 26 — Light breeding of A, cantator larvse and pups and C. pipienM
larvee was found in a good many holes along the Arlington Water Company
pipe line west of the Morris Canal.
June 9 — Light breeding of A. BMidtana larvie found in two pools sottth
of the Newark and Jersey City Plank Road, in a good many pools south
of the Newark and New York branch of the Central Railroad of New Jer-
sey in three pools south of the Mutual Chemical Company plant
June 22 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and C pipiena and C. «altj»-
arius larvs was found in six holes along the Arlington Water Company
pipe line.
July 3 — Scattered and light breeding of A. cantator and A. aoUicitans
larvse in very many pools over this area. Scattered breeding of C. pipient
eggboats and larvae found in three holes along the Arlington Water Com-
pany pipe line.
July 16 — Light breeding of A, cantator and A. soUidtans larvae found in
a few holes and pools south of the Newark and New York branch of the
Central Railroad of New Jersey. Scattered and heavy breeding of A. can-
tator and C. pipiens larvae and pupae found in 75 per cent of the holes
along the Arlington Water Company pipe line.
July 28 — Scattered breeding of A. sollicitans larvae found in a few holes.
August 10 — Scattered breeding of C. pipicna larvae found in six holes
along the Arlington Water Company pipe line.
August 21 — Scattered breeding of A. sollicitans larvae found in three
pools along the Arlington Water Company pipe line, at the Hackensack
River.
September 22 — Scattered breeding of A. aoUicitans larvae found in 12
pools, south of the Newark and New York branch of the Central Railroad
of New Jersey.
District No. 16. — Area between the Paterson Plank Road and Moonachie
Creek, extending from the Hackensack River westward to the Moonadile
and Little Ferry Road.
May 19 — Scattered A. cantator larvae found over about one-half an acre,
and in overgrown ditch about 1,000 feet west of the Haekensack Rtrer
north side of Paterson Plank Road.
June 17 — ^Heavy breeding of A. cantator larvae was found covering about
two acres and also in a ditch which runs along the north side of t^e
Paterson Plank Road for a distance of about 1,200 feet. Scattered breed-
ing of A. cantator larvae was also found.
July 10 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. sylvestris larvae found la
an overgrown ditch along the Paterson Plank Road for about 1,200 feet.
Light breeding of A. cantator and A. sylvestris larvae found about 900 feet
west of the Hackensack River which covered about one and one-half acres.
July 23 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvae found in one pool along
the north side of the Paterson Plank Road 900 feet west of the Hackensack
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 443
River. Heavy breeding of C pipien$ larvae found in manure pool 10 and
12 feet on the east side of the Little Ferry Road, one-fourth mile north
of the Faterson Plank Road.
August ^ — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A. 9ylV€StrU larve
found in depressions and overgrown ditch 900 feet west of the Hacken-
sack River.
District No. 17. Sectton A. — Area of upland along Wood ridge Road and
Moonachie and Little Ferry Road, extending from the Paterson Plank
Road north and westward to Berry's Creek.
August 17 — Heavy breeding of C pipiens larvae and pupie found in the
gutter on the west side of the Moonachie and Little Ferry Road, about one-
fourth mile north of the Patorson Plank Road.
DisTBiCT No. 17, Section B. — Area of woodland located between Berry's
Creek and the upland east of Berry's Creek, south of Woodridge Road.
District No. 17, Section C. — Area between Berry's Creek, the woodland
and the upland west of the Moonachie and Little Ferry Ro^d, extending
from the Paterson Road northward to Woodridge Road.
May 19 — Scattered A, cantator and A. sylve$tris larvae found 1,200 feet
west of Little Ferry Road.
June 27 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A. sylvestris larvae found
over an area of about one and one-half acres. Scattered breeding of A.
sylvestris larvae found In gutter between retaining wall and Grand Street.
Heavy breeding of C. pipiens larvae found in gutter on east side of Grand
Street.
July 11 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A. sylvestris larvae found
in depressions along the Paterson Plank Road.
District No. 18. — Area between Berry's Creek and the New Jersey and
New York branch of the Erie Railroad, extending from the Paterson Plank
Road northward to Woodridge Road.
May 19 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. sylvestris larvae and pupae
was found in cattails north of Broad Street, Carlstadt.; also light breeding
of A. sylvestris Just east of brick works; also 11 acres of light breeding of
A. cantator and A. sylvestris about 500 feet east of the Erie Railroad.
May 28 — Heavy breeding of C, pipiens larvae was found in two wells at
the retaining wall south of Woodridge Road; also in two large lot pools
south of Woodridge Road and east of the New Jersey and New York
branch of the Erie Railroad.
June 16 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A. sylvestris larvae found
north of Broad Street in Carlstadt; covered about one acre.
June 27 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens eggboats and larvae found in
pool 10x75 feet on the southwest comer of Bergen Street and Woodridge
Road.
June 29 — Scattered breeding of C, pipiens larvae found in a ditch about
200 feet east of the Carlstadt Station, north side of Paterson Plank Road.
July 11— Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A, sylvestris larvae found
south of the old brick plant in depressions.
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444 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
District No. 19, Section A. — ^Area between Merhoff Road and the Little
Feny Road, extending from the Hackensack River westward to Merhoff
Road.
DiSTBicT No. 19, Section B. — Area between Merhoff Road and Eckel's
Creek, extending from the Hackensack River westward to the Little Ferrj
Road.
June 17 — Heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. sylvestrig lanm and
pups found which covered an area of about two and one-half acres.
June 20 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A. sylvestris larvse and pups
found.
July 10 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator and A. nylvestris larvie and
I'up83 found over an area of five acres.
August 5 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvs found In a few depres-
sions.
District No. 19. Section C. — Area between Moonachie Creek and Eckel's
Creek, extending from the Hackensack River westward to the upland east
of the Moonachie and Little Ferry Road.
July 10 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvae found south of Eckel's
Creek In small depressions.
District No. 20. — Area between the Hackensack River and the Bergen
Pike, extending from Lodl Road In Little Ferry northward to New York,
Susquehanna ft Western Railroad, In Hackensack.
District No. 21, Section A.— Area between CromakiU Creek and Mill
Creek, extending from the Paterson Plank Road northward to the Hacken-
sack River.
June 30 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvce found In two pools 2x3
feet In diameter about 800 feet north of the Paterson Plank Road.
July 13 — Scattered breeding of C. pipiens larvse found in sewage ditch
on the east side of Mill Creek. Light breeding of C. pipiens larvie and
pupse found over about one-fourth acre opposite the First National Bank
of Secaucus. Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae found In a ditch opposite
Gardner's blacksmith shop.
July 24 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvs found in a ditch 50 feet long
on the east side of Mill Creek.
August 18 — Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae and pupae found in a
sewer ditch east of the Kiesewether building on the north side of the
Paterson Plank Road.
District No. 21, Section B. — Area between the Hackensack River and
Mill Creek, extending from the Paterson Plank Road northward t<A the
moiflh of Mill Creek.
June 5 — Light breeding of A. cantator pupae found In farmers' ditch
near where Mill Creek empties Into the Hackensack River.
July 13 — Light breeding of A. cantator found In the farmers' ditches
near the mouth of Mill Creek.
July 24 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvae found in a farmer's
ditch near the mouth of Mill Creek.
August 6 — Light breeding of C. pipiens and A. sylvestris larvae found
In two ditches along the Hackensack River north side of the Paterson
Plank Road.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 445
August 18 — Ldght breeding of C, pipieuM larvn found in four fanners'
ditehes near the mouth of Mill Creek.
District No. 22. — Area between CromakiU Creek» Hackensack River, and
the Erie Railroad and New York, Susuehanna ft Western Railroad, extend-
ing from the Paterson Plank Road northward to Bellman's Creek*
Ma^ 21 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator lanm found north of Bab-
bitt plant and scattered breeding of A, cantator larvje and pupse was
found south of the Edgewater branch of the Erie Railroad.
June 5 — Heavy breeding of C pipiens larvse and pups found in the ditch
north of New Durham Station and 14 barrels with heavy C. pipiens breed-
ing of larvs and pup®.
June 18 — Scattered breeding of A. sylvestri$ larve found in a pool 300
feet north of the New Durham Station east of the New York, Susquehanna
k Western Railroad.
June 30 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator lanm found in six sign post
holes south of the Babbitt soap plant. Scattered breeding of A. sylvestris
and C pipien$ lanm in a pool 300 feet north of the New Durham Station
east of the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad.
July 13— Scattered and heavy breeding of A. cantator and A. $ylve$tri9
larvae found in holes and depressions on the north side of the New York,
Ontario ft Western Railroad. Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvse
found in depressions Just north of the Babbitt Soap Company's office. Scat-
tered and light breeding of C, pipien$ and A. sylvestri$ larve found in the
pools and cattails on the east side of the New York, Susquehanna ft West-
em Railroad between New Durham and Homestead.
July 24 — Ldght breeding of 0, pipiens larvse found in swamp just north
of the Babbitt Station on the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad.
Light breeding of C. pipieng larvn found in cattails south of the Oranton
Quarries east of the New York, Ontario ft Western Railroad. Scattered
breeding of C, pipiens larvse found in cattails just south of New Durham
Station east of the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad.
August 6 — Scattered breeding of A. cantator larvse found in five sign
post holes south of the Babbitt soap plant. Scattered breeding of C. pipiens
larvae found in the cattails south of the Granton Quarries east of the New
York, Ontario ft Western Railroad. Light breeding of C. pipiens larvae
found in two pools 300 feet north of the* New Durham Station east of the
New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad.
District No. 23, Section A. — Area between the Hackensack River and the
New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad, extending from Bellman's
Creek northward to the first natural creek.
May 21 — ^Light to heavy breeding of A. cantator larvae and about 80 per
cent, pupae found over an area of about one and one-half acres about 1,600
feet east of Hackensack River; also scattered breeding of A. cantator lar-
v» which covers about two acres about 500 feet south of New York, Sus-
quehanna ft Western Railroad and Edgewater freight line crossing.
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446 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
July 13 — Scattered and heavy breeding of A, ecmiator and A. sylvestrU
larvse found in holes and depressions over about one acre about 700 feet
south of where the Edgewater branch of the Erie Railroad runs over the
New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad.
August 6 — Scattered breeding of A, ca^tator larrm found in amall
depressions which cover about two acres.
District No. 23, Section B. — ^Area between the Hackensack River and
the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad, extending from the first
natural creek to the third natural creek north of Bellman's Creek.
June 30 — Scattered and light breeding A. cantator and A, sylvestrU
larvse found for a distance of about 1,000 feet Just west of the Edgewater
branch of the Erie Railroad.
District No. 23, Section C. — Area between the New York, Ontario ft
Western Railroad and the north branch of Bellman's Creek, nortbward
from the Edgewater branch of the Erie Railroad.
May 21 — Light breeding of A. cantator and A, sylvestrig larve and pupe
found in about 100 small holes just north of the Edgewater brandi of the
Erie Railroad.
District No. 23, Section D. — Area between the Hackensack River and the
New York Susquehanna & Western Railroad, extending from the third
natural creek north of Bellman's Creek to the north branch of Bellman's
Creek.
•
District No. 23, Section E. — Area between the north branch of Bellman's
Creek and the Northern Railroad of New Jersey, extending from BeUman's
Creek northward to Overpeck Creek.
District No. 23, Section F. — Area between the Hackensack River and the
New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad, extending from the north
branch of Bellman's Creek northward to Overpeck Creek.
District No. 24, Section A. — Area between the Overpeck Creek and the
upland in Ridgefield Park and Teaneck, extending from the Bergen Pike
northward to the Hudson River Trolley Road.
District No. 24, Section B. — Area between the Overpeck Creek and the
Northern Railroad of New Jersey, extending from the Bergen Pike in
Ridgefield northward to Nordhoff.
District No. 25. — ^Area along both sides of the Hackensack River, extend-
ing from the New York, Susquehanna ft Western Railroad northward to
Chorry HiU.
District No. 26, Section A. — Area between Berry's Creek and the Little
Ferry Road, extending from Woodridge Road northward to the Lodi Road.
District No. 26, Section B. — Area between the New Jersey and New York
branch of the Erie llailroad and Berry's Creek, extending from Woodridge
Road northward.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 447
DisrmiCT No. 2€, Section C. — ^Area between the New Jersey and New York
branch of the Erie Railroad and the upland to the west, extending north-
ward.
District No. 26, Section D. — Area between the New Jersey and New York
branch of the £Me Railroad and the upland to the east, extending from the
Lodl Road northward to Hackensack.
District No. 26. Section E. — Area between the marsh and Bergen Pike
from the Lodl Road to Hackensack.
District No. 27. — Area lying between the Pennsylvania Railroad and the
Passaic River.
The extreme northern end of this salt marsh did not receive the same
careful Inspection as that which lay south of the Paterson Plank Road, and
the total absence of breeding records should not be taken to mean that no
mosquitoes bred there during the past summer.
AID EXTENDED TO BOARDS OF HEALTH.
Allendale.
On June 10th, 1914, at the request of the Board of Health of Allendale
the Entomologist examined the mosquito breeding places in and about Al-
lendale. The following report was prepared and submitted.
"In accordance with our understanding I examined on June 10th the
mosquito breeding territory in and about the town of Allendale. Most of
the mosquitoes troubling Allendale in all probability come from two gen-
eral sources — the breeding places In back yards and on city lots, and the
swampy areas located about town.
"There are many cess-pools, open privies, cisterns, lot pools, open sewer
drains, rain barrels, old tin cans and other receptacles In and about the
Tarious properties composing the town. In these places the house mos-
quito, and to some extent .the malarial mosquito, will breed prolifically.
"In the swamps, five of which I examined yesterday, and the various
ditches and brooks more or less breeding of the house mosquito, the ma-
larial mosquito and swamp mosquito will probably occur.
"The breeding places located in the already built up lots can be at-
tended to only by a house-to-house Inspection and treatment Every prop-
erty in the town would have to be examined at least once ln> ten days and
aU breeding places treated by draining, filling, burying, cleaning, stock-
ing with fish, screening, or regularly covering every ten days with a film
of oU.
"The marsh breeding places, for the most part, would be exceedingly
dlAcult to treat with oil and can best be eliminated by drainage. The
present drainage system is obviously Inadequate to carry the water away,
and I wouM suggest that before any considerable sum of money is ex-
pended on the old drains a surveyor should be employed and directed to
prepare « statement of the methods and the cost of adequate drainage,
and that the authorities in the Borough adopt a definite drainage scheme
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448 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
toward the accomplishment of which all efforts should be directed. Breed-
ing in the brooks and ditches can be prevented by cleaning them in such a
fashion that the side walls shall be free from grass and the bottom shall
have an uninterrupted flow of water.
"I am inclosing a copy of Circular No. 13 on the house mosquito, a copy
of the law under which your body would operate against these mosquito
breeding places and a copy of an outline for an anti-mosquito campaign.**
Dover.
On June 17, 1914, in response to a request from the Board of Health
of Dover, the writer examined the "Mansion House" in that place for the
source of a swarm of €. pipiena that had been infesting the hotel for some
time. It was soon discovered that this was the only house in Dover
seriously troubled. A careful examination revealed a large pool of water
under the freight elevator and a great overflow cess-pool in the cellar.
No breeding was found in the elevator pool, for a heavy coating of oil
had been administered some time before. The breeding conditions in the
cess-pool could not be examined, for it was covered with heavy cement.
The concentration of mosquitoes in these parts of the basement clearly
indicated these places as the source. That this overflow pool had much
water in it and that the breeding was heavy was indicated by Mr. Horgan's
(the proprietor) statement that a short time previously it had been over-
flowing and that a mass of black wrigglers came out through one of the
cracks.
Mr. Horgan was advised to fumigate his rooms with "culicide" or with
hydrocyanic acid gas and to keep the elevator pool, the cess-pool in the
cellar and all surrounding cess-pools and privies oiled. He was further
advised that Mr. John G. Taylor, the local health officer, was the man to
take charge of the operation for him.
In course of these examinations an accident happened which threw light
on the danger of using matches to make examinations of oil-treated recep-
tacles. Mr. Horgan, desiring to show the writer a cess-pool outside the
building, pulled away the stone cover and started to insert a lighted
match. Instantly an explosion occurred and a flash of flame came from
the vent, enveloping Mr. Horgan's head and badly singeing hair and skin.
Fair Haven.
The beginning of this work lies in the year 1913. On request of the
Board of Health of Fair Haven an investigation of certain ponds and
brooks in the borough was undertaken. The inspection began on Septem-
ber 18th, 1913, and ended on the 19th. Mr. Henry H. Brehme, who made
the examination submitted the following report.
"There was an investigation made of the various ponds and brooks in
Borough of Pair Haven, with the assistance of Dr. G. V. V. Warner to
determine what species of mosquitoes were breeding in theih, and the
result of the investigation was that Anopheles larvse or the malarial
carrying species were either found actually breeding or were lik^y to be
found doing so in the following places:
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 449
"Section No. 1 is a pond which is located on the south side of Fair Haven
Road east of LAke Avenue. This place is nothing more than a dirty hole,
and Anopheles larve were found breeding along the edges of this pond.
The beet remedy here Will be to connect the small spring-like stream
which comes from the southwestern section of this pond, with a tile pipe
and run the pipe to the northeastern end of the pond to drain it Then
the place should be filled, otherwise oiling will have to be done.
"Section No. 2 is a pond which is located between the Fair Haven Road
and the Navesink River on the Hess property. This pond, which is used
for cutting ice only, has very dirty edges, there being long grass and lilies
growing along the edges, which make it an ideal Anopheles breeding place.
Anopheles larvw were found along the edges of this pond in fair numbers.
The best remedy will be to keep the edges free of grass, so it will be pos-
sible for the fish to get into all parts of the pond and keep the edges free
of breeding. If this pond has no fish in it at the present time, it should be
stocked with sunflsh or goldfish to make it safe after the edges are cleaned.
"Section No. 3 is a small race-way which is located on the east side of
Section No. 2 north of the ice house. There was a scattering breeding of
Anopheles larvae found going on along the grassy edges of this race-way,
and the best remedy will be to fill this place.
"Section No. 4 is a pond which is located on the south lide of Fair
Haven Road opposite the ice pond. There was scattering breeding of
Anopheles found going on along the grassy edge of this pond, and the best
remedy here will be to keep the edges free of grass. If this pond is not
stodLed with fish, it should be stocked with sunflsh or goldflsh to make it
safe.
"Section No. 5 is a brook which comes from south of Section No. 4,
and which feeds the pond known as Section No. 4. There was scattered
breeding of Anopheles larvie found .going on along the edges of this brook,
which are not very clean. The best remedy here will be to give this
brook a thorough cleaning and keep the edges^ree of grass. If any pools
are found to exist in a dry season andbreeding is found going on in them,
oiling will have to be done.
"Section No. 6 is a brook which comes from the north side of Ridge
Road between Leonard Avenue and Harrison Avenue in the Borough of
Fair Haven, and flows south across Ridge Road into Shrewsbury Town-
ship. This is a dirty brook, being overgrown with grass and brush and a
good many pools form here. There was breeding of Anopheles larv»
found going on along the edges of this brook in the Fair Haven and also
in the Shrewsbury Township territories. The best remedy here will be to
give this brook, a thorough cleaning, and if there are any pools existing
during a dry season and breeding is found going on in them, oiling will
have to be done.
"Section No. 7 is a brook which comes from the Thomas N. McCarter
estate and flows west across Pearl Street, then north across Fair Haven
Road and empties into the Navesink River. There were scattered Ano-
pheles larvs found breeding along the edges of this brook, and the best
remedy will be to give this brook a good cleaning and keep the edges
16 AQ
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450 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
free of grass. If any pools exist in a dry season and any breeding is found
going on in them, oiling will have to be done.
"Section No. 8 is a swamp which is located along Section No. 7, between
the Fair Haven Road and the Naveslnk River. This section, which also
has cattails growing in it is undoubtedly wet a good part of the season.
Found egg boats and larvse of C. pipiens, A. sylveatrig larvce, Anopheles
larvffi and one Anophelea pupa. The best remedy here will be to cut
lateral ditches from this swamp into Section Na 7 and drain it Other-
wise oiling will have to be done.
"Section No. 9 is a swampy place lying along Section No. 7 on the south
side of Fair Haven Road. Although there was no breeding found going
on here at the present time, it will undoubtedly breed C. pipiens and Ano-
pheles in a wet season. The best remedy will be to cut lateral ditches
about every 100 feet apart into Section No. 7 and drain it, otherwise ol^
ing will have to be done If any breeding is found going <m.
"Section No. 10 is a brook which comes from the Hagan estate on the
east side of the Rumaon Improvement Company's property near the Water
Works and flows northwest and north across Fair Haven Road and empties
into the Naveslnk River. This brook will undoubtedly breed (7. pipiens
and Anopheles, No breeding was found going on here at the present time,
which is due to the fact that the heavy rainfall of the last two days washed
out the brook. The best remedy will be to give this brook a good deanlBg
and keep the edges free from grass. If any pools exist In a dry season
in which breeding Is found, oiling will have to be done.
Section No. 11 Is a swampy place lying along the east side of Section
No. 10, on the south side of Fair Haven Road. €. pipiens larvs and scat-
tering Anopheles larvse were found breeding here. The best remedy will
be to cut lateral ditches about 100 feet apart into Section No. 10 and drain
this section. Otherwise oiling will have to be done.
"Section No. 12 is a pond which Is located on the Thomas N. McCarter
estate on the east side of Ptarl Street This pond is safe and has clean
edges with the exception of a small shallow section lying along the eastern
shore, where there is grass growing along its edges. There were a few
scattered Anopheles larvs found breeding here. The best remedy will be
to clean the eastern end of this pond of the grass, so the fish with whldi
It is stocked can keep the edges free of breeding.
"Section No. 13 is a brook which comes from Section No. 12 on the Mc-
Carter estate and feeds the brook In Section No. 7. This brook Is alnuMit
completely overgrown with grass. There were scattering Anopheles larvse
found breeding here, and the best remedy will be to give this brook a
thorough cleaning. If any pools exist during a dry season in which
breeding Is found going on, oiling will have to be done.
"There are catch basins on the McCarter estate which will undoubtedly
breed a good many C. pipiens or house mosquitoes. As 1 am not pre-
pared to say at this time whether these catch basins are oiled during the
mosquito breealng season, I would like to recommend that they be oiled
about every ten days during June, July and August and every fifteen days
from the 15th of May, and' during the month of September.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 451
"As Fair Haven has no sewer system, and undoubtedly has a great many
cess-pools, which will breed a gq^d many €, ptfpietM or house mosquitoes,
I would like to reoommoid that all oess-pools be sealed with cement
around the edges, and that if there be any vent or hole on the surface
or stime cover, it shall be screened with Ane mesh wire ^u* sealed with
c^nent Otherwise oiling will have to be done every ten days during
June, July and August
"From the investigation made of the various breeding places in the
Borough of Fair Haven, Monmouth County, it will be seoi that the prob-
lem is a local <me, and <me over which the Board of Health of Fair Haven
has iuriadiction. This board has power to compel property owners under
the 'Dufileld Amendm^it' to abate the nuisance found existing on their
propMty."
On July 27th, 1914, In response to a further request Mr. Charles 8.
Beckwith was sent to examine the Loew and Ingraham ponds (Sections
1 and 4 of preceding report) for mosquito breeding. Later the Entomolo-
gist himself examined the ponds and personally presented to the board
a report of the findings. The following letter, closing the incident came
to hand about the niiddle of September:
"Deab Sib: —
"With reference to the Loew and Ingraham Ponds which were inspected
by you on August 12th, the Board is pleased to advise that it has had a
meeting with the owner and it now appears that we are in a fair way to
have the entire section improved in accordance with our recommendations.
"Your hearty cooperation in the matter is appreciated.
Yours very truly,
(Signed) D. O. Wolcott,
Secretary."
Franklin Furnace.
On June 26th, 1914, in response to a request from the Boa^ of Health
of Franklin Furnace, the writer delivered an Illustrated lecture on mos-
quitoes and their control. The meeting was held by the local board and
Dr. E. A. Ayres imd Mr. David C. Bowen, of the State Board of Health,
were the other speakers present The principal subject of Interest was
the malarial mosquito (Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say), for the valley
in which this village is located is the scene of the worst malarial fever
outbreaks in the State. At the time the writer was there, the malarial
species was breeding abundantly. The State and local boards of health
undertook some practical work in controlling these species as a means
of reducing the prevalent malaria.
Haworth.
On May 3rd, in response to a request from the Board of Health trans-
mitted by Mr. H. B. Vannote, President of the Bergen County Mosquito
Extermination Commission, the ESntoqiologist met the members of this
board and examined the territory in and about Haworth for mosquito
breeding. The following report of hi^ findings was submitted;
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452 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
"The first problem that oonfronts the people of Haworth is the destine^
tlon of a rather large brood of woodlimd mosquitoes now present in the
wriggler form in the woodland pools throughout the Borough. These
species do not fly far, and it is accordingly to be expected that those houses
situated in the woodlands nearest the breeding places will be the most
frequently visited. In every piece of woodland that I examined, including
that which lies northwest of the Country Club, that which extends almost
continuously eastward to and across the railway, that which is found along
the eastern border of the Borough and that along the southern border,
pools of water containing mosquito wrigglers were found. These wrig-
glers range from one-half to full grown. Providing the pools do not dry
up before the transformations can take place imd providing the weather
stays warm, a brood of mosquitoes will be on the wing in ten days or less.
If the weather at that time should be cold they will give little or no
trouble. If, on the other hand, the weather be warm and people occupy
their porches, considerable complaint may arise.
"The next mosquito problem will be the control of the swamp species.
I found only a few wrigglers of this species dur^g the examinations.
Later in the season, however, it may be expected to breed in the more open
woodland pools and in the open swampy areas. The control of this species
is largely a matter of drainage supplemented by the Judicious use of oil
as the occasion demands.
"The next mosquito problem will be the control of the house species.
Without doubt this is the most serious and diflicult phase of the mosquito
problem in Haworth. Beginning late in May this species, which is now
hibernating in cellars and other protected places, will emerge and begin
breeding. From the time it gets a good start it will, in any water it can
find, produce a brood every ten to fifteen days throughout the season. It
will penetrate the sleeping rooms by working through the screens. This
species can be controlled only by keeping everlastingly at it Beginning
June 1st a mian experienced in such matters should be employed to ex-
amine all possible mosquito places in the Borough and to treat, or cause
them to be treated, in such a way as to destroy the breeding every ten
to twelve days throughout the season to the latter part of September.
"Beginning in July the malarial species will be found breeding in grassy
streams and pools. The drainage which is necessary to get rid of the
swamp mosquitoes, and the careful examination and treatment which
is recommended for the house mosquito will take care of this species
incidentally.
"The mosquito problem at Haworth could be met by the following openu
tions: (1) oiling the pools which will shortly give up a brood of wood-
land mosquitoes; (2) instituting a comprehensive system of economical
and efficient drainage of pools and swampy places; (3) employing an in-
spector who understands such work to examine and treat, or cause to be
treated, the mosquito breeding places within the limits of the borou^
ouce each ten or twelve days.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 453
"To do this It will be necessanr for the borough Itself either through Its
gOTeming body, or through a private organisation to raise funds, and I
would suggest that In this matter the borough request the oo-operatlon
of the Bergen County Mosquito Extermination Conunlsslon.
"I am unable to give you exact figures on the cost of such a oamiMilgn
until I have had a chance to determine fairly accurately the drainage
which will be necessary."
Long Branch.
At the request of the Long Branch Board of Health, on May 6th, 1914,
the Entomologist examined the mosquito breeding conditions in and adja-
cent to that city. Some bad spots for (7. pipient were discovered, besides
the usual city and town places that breed this species. The Board of
Health was Informed that the problem of controlling the local breeding
species was not difficult, but that the good work on that phase of the prob-
lem might largely be annulled by flights from adjacent salt marshes. At
the same time, however, the point was made that the worst breeders of
the adjacent marshes were drained and that unless unusually favorable
mosquito breeding conditions should prevail, there would be no eftectlve
flights from the salt marshes. On May 12th, 1914, at the request of the
Board of Health, the Entomologist gave an illustrated lecture to the high
school on mosquitoes and methods used in their controL
Trenton.
On request the writer made a trip to Trenton for the purpose of exam-
ining some mosquito breeding territory in that city. Dr. A. S. Fell met
the Entomologist and pointed out the suspected spots. The indicated places
were carefully examined and the following report submitted:
"On Saturday, April 18th, 1914, I made an investigation of low terri-
tory which extends between the Belvldere Division of the Pennsylvania
Railroad and West State Street from Parkllne Avenue to the asylum
bridge. That portion between Westfield Avenue and the asylum bridge Is
penetrated with a meandering stream. The banks of this stream are
greatly overgrown, and the malarial mosquito. Anopheles quadrimaculatus
Say, will probably breed along the edges. That portion of the territory
between Parkllne Avenue and Westfield Avenue is not, at the present
time, draining satisfactorily into anything and a considerable amount of
stagnant water was found on it I have no doubt that this stagnant water
will breed the house mosquito, Culex pipiens Linn., and in all probability
the malarial mosquito as well. The east end of this area seems much
better drained than the west end, and I am Informed that some time ago
an effort was made to drain it
"Under the 'Duffield Amendment' to the general health laws, approved
Bfarch 28th, 1904, it becomes the duty of the Board of Health to cause
the abatement of all water in which mosquito larvae breed. While I have
not actually seen breeding In this water, I have no doubt that at the
proper season it will be found. The nuisance from the mosquito stand-
PQlnt Qould easily be abated by the cutting of drainage ditches in such a
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454 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
fashion as to connect this stagnant water with the meandering creek be-
fore mentioned, or with storm sewers should any be in the neighborhood
and lie low enough to render such an operation practicable. Permanent
abatement can be secured, of course, through filling and I would suggest
that if practicable the city's ash garbage be diverted to this point and the
low ground filled. Doubtless some arrangement with the owner of the land
could be affected whereby he would pay the additional expense ineident
to carting the garbage that distance."
COUNTY MOSQUITO EXTERMINATION WORK.
The county mosquito extermination commission has been lortg enough
at work to accomplish results of a character that merit careful consider-
ation and study. In Essex County this organization has been organ-
ized and working three years spending $35,317.23, $65,313.99 and
$62,997.75 the first, second and third years respectively. In Union
County this organization has been at work three seasons, using $15,-
792.54, $31,107.05 and $23,746.35. In Hudson County two seasons
of work have been completed, using $25,917.06 in 1913, $31,063.36 in
1914. In Atlantic County two seasons of work have been completed
involving the expenditure of $16,666.75 in 1913 and $24,702.01 in
1914. In Passaic County there have been two years of demonstration
and educational work, costing $3,061.60 in 1913 and $9,427.78 in 1914-
In Camden County there has been one year (1913) of very limited
educational work, costing $500.Q0 and one year (1914) of demonstra-
tional and educational work, costing $2,929.44. In Cape May County
there was one year (191 3) of educational and survey work costing
$500.00. In Bergen County there has been one year (191 4) of edu-
cational and demonstration^ work, costing $800.00. Middlesex County
has just completed its first season of demonstrational and educational
work at a cost of $5,427.46.
What has been done with this large amount of money* and the results
that have been accomplished are set forth in the annual report of these
counties which either have already been, or soon will be, published and
may be obtained by any one interested.
The Entomologist believes that the time has arrived when the first
comprehensive analysis of the work of the county mosquito extermination
commission can be made, but finds that the data in his possession are not
sufficient to permit satisfactory work of this sort. Such consideration
of county mosquito extermination work will have to await the securing
of the necessary detailed data. A movement looking toward the collec-
tion of this necessary body of facts has already been set on foot.
Enough data are, however, already in the writer's files to show that
the cost of mosquito extermination depends upon the density of the
population, the extent and character of the territory to be protected, and
relation which this territory bears to other breeding territory. ^
Other things being equal as the density of the population increases
the per capita cost of mosquito extermination decreases. Just what the
* These flgrures represent the latest revision and are as accurate as the
writer has been able to obtain.
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Experiment station report. 455
limits of this principle are, data are not at hand to show, but it can be
said that it seems to apply to all the practical work of mosquito control
now going on in the State. The operation of this factor is pretty well
shown by comparing the cost of mosquito extermination in Essex and
Union Counties. Essex County has a population of 4356 per square
mile and Union 1455. Essex expended per capita in the partial year
of 1912, 6.4 cents, in the full years of 1913 and 1914, 11.8 cents and
1 1.4 cents respectively as compared with 10.6 cents, 20.8 cents and 15.9
cents per individual in Union in 191 2, 191 3 and 1914 respectively.
That increase in area of territory under protection when other facton
remain unchanged means increase in cost of protection needs no proof.
It is self-evident. Protection of a territory is more or less expensive as
the prolific breeding; area in it is large or small. A light sandy soil is
conducive to low cost of protection for such soil does not retain pools of
water on its surface long enough to breed mosquitoes. On the other
hand, impervious clay soil usuaOy means high cost of protection for the
reason that pools of water are readily retained long enough to breed
mosquitoes. The presence or absence of large, breeding, fresh or
brackish water swamps means increased or decreased expenditure.
Whether the territory, which it is proposed to protect from mosqui-
toes, is within the flight of mosquitoes breeding in incalcuable numbers
on a salt marsh or a large favorable fresh water swamp determines
whether real protection is possible or not. The best eflPorts, which may
control in a highly satisfactory manner all mosquitoes breeding within
the territory to be protected, will count as nothing if swarms of the pest
come in from points outside the area.
THE MOSQUITO PROBLEM IN ESSEX COUNTY.
The physical surface of Essex County begins at sea level as a 4,000-acre
salt marsh and rises to the height of 600 or more feet Until the north-
eastward ranging hills are reached the height of land rarely exceeds 200
feet All this lower level of land is cut by meandering streams which
afford the somewhat heavy soil pretty fair drainage.
The hilly sections are well forested and have many pools in which the
woodland species of mosquitoes breed, giving to this county an important
woodland-pool-mosquito problem. The streams that meander through both
the hilly and the lowland sections of the county in some cases do not
completely drain all parts of their valleys, thereby creating a considerable
number of swamps from which the swamp species issue in sufficient num-
bers to constitute a problem.
The streams and ponds of this county exhibit a heavy growth of grass
along their edges, and some of the latter when the dry season has lowered
the level are sufficiently shallow to show a growth of coarse grass over
much of their bottoms. In the water behind the screen of t^e grass the
malarial mosquitoes breed and issue in sufficient numbers to demand
attention.
The great bulk of the half million persons living within the limits of tha
county is gathered on the lowland in and adjacent to the city of Newark.
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456 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The changes Incident to the transformation of country into city hare
dammed many of these meandering streams transforming them into vim-
lent breeding places for the house mosquito. These changes have polluted
a large part of the streams, ponds and pools and rendered them bad breed-
ers for the same species. The presence of so many people has meant
necessarily the multiplication of the ordinary house and yard breeding
places. All of these factors have contributed to the breeding throughout
the season of vast numbers of house mosquitoes, the suppression of which
is a very large work.
The 4,000-acre salt marsh has been crossed and criss-crossed by railways
and roadways, and all drains except the great creeks, utterly destroyed.
The marsh has thus been broken up into parts of various sizes, all fur-
nished with insufficient outlets. To make a bad matter worse the city of
Newark dumps in one way or another much of its raw sewage in various
ones of these divisions. ,The blocking up of the drainage insured the
abundant breeding of the salt marsh mosquitoes, and polluting the water
with sewage made certain the breeding of enormous numbers of house
mosquitoes. It is from these separate portions of the original salt marsh
that most of Essex's intraterritorial mosquitoes come. From it in spite of
drainage and the free use of oil came A. cantator to form a part of the early
May brood. From it came the A. cantator that formed a part of the mid-
July issue. From the sewage charged parts came the A. cantator infesta-
tion of South Newark, Irvington, and Union Township of Union County.
From the same cource came the house mosquito troubles in South Newark
and a part of North Elizabeth.
Unfortunately Essex County is located within the reach of the marshes
of the Hackensack Valley and from that source It received that portion of
the early May brood found in eastern and northeastern portions of its .
territory. From the same source came the mid-July infestation of these
parts and from it the supply was kept up until the dry weather of late
summer.
Unfortunately Essex's northern border is close enough to the swampy
places on the Great Piece Meadows to be visited on occasion by species
bred there. Generally speaking, however, the trouble from this soprce
is very limited.
The present methods of mosquito control worked with a little more care
will render the woodland, swamp, malarial and house species negligible fac-
tors in human comfort. But the methods of controlling breeding on the
salt marsh are insufficient
The insufficiency of the present salt marsh drainage was absolutely
demonstrated during July when despite utmost efforts (cleaning ditches,
cutting new ones and oiling) a large brood of mosquitoes escaped. At
this time wherever water stood mosquitoes bred.
Shortly after the issue of the mid- July brood the Entomologist published
the following article in response to a request for information:
"I have been requested to state the source of the salt marsh mosauitofs
now infesting Glen Ridge in Essex County. They, in common with the
salt marsh mosquitoes now infesting to a greater or less extent, parts of
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 457
Hadson, Bergen, Passaic, Essex and Union Counties, escaped from the salt
marshes of the Hackensack Valley and Newark Bay between the 10th and
20th of this month. It should be understood that these dates are approxi-
mate, some emerging before the 10th and some after the 20th.
"About June 2l8t the tides began to run high and continued to do so
for almost twenty days, lacking very little of reaching the level of the
spring tides. During this period the weather was cloudy and considerable
rain fell, preventing rapid evaporation and increasing the volume of water.
The ditching systems could not carry oft the water fast enough, and the
depressions between the ditches which would, under normal conditions,
have dried out promptly, remained filled with water and breeding. On
many of the meadows continuous sheets of water, in some cases many
acres in extent, were breeding.
"The mosquito commissions were fully aware of this condition, but
were practically helpless. They did the only thing which under the cir-
cumstances could be done— placed oil on the meadows to be used as soon
as the water fell sufficiently to render spreading of it practicable.
"On the more open meadows of southern Union and of Middlesex Coun-
ties killifish consumed most of the wrigglers, and the oil spreading left
comparatively few to emerge; but on the low lying, shut-in meadows of
northern Union, Essex, Hudson, Bergen, especially of the last three coun-
ties, the utmost oiling proved insufficient
"The woodland pool, swaimp, house and malarial mosquito breeding on
the upland is now under pretty good control and would, but for certain
sewage-charged salt marshes, be so satisfactory that these species would
be eliminated as a factor in human comfort and health.
"The phase of mosquito breeding which the mosquito commissions have
be^ under extreme conditions of weather and tide able only partially
to control, and which is responsible for the present outbreak, is on the
salt marsh, particularly on the shut-in and low-lying parts of it Shut-in
marshes have been created almost entirely by man's activity. The mak-
ing of streets, roadways, railroad grades, garbage fills, mud and sand fills
and dykes is responsible. The shut-in meadow shrinks and becomes low-
lying. To make matters worse raw sewage is poured into many of these
marshes and so sweetens the brackish water that the house mosquito
breeds in it in enormous numbers and migrates over the adjacent upland,
in some cases to points distant two and one-half miles.
''The normal open high-lying meadows will be rendered free from that
.mosquito breeding which now occurs under extreme conditions by addi-
tional ditching and by enlarging the outlets. The shutrin and low-lying
marshes are being fitted with sluice' gates, by means of which the water
passes out at low tide and is prevented from entering at high tide. In
times of heavy rainfall and high tides during the breeding season power
pumps will have to be used to aid the sluices. In this way all of these
marshes that are not filled can and eventually will be rendered entirely
free from mosquito production.
"When we remember that in round numbers Union County has 4,000,
Essex County 4,000, Hudson County 10,000, and Bergen County 9,000 acres
of salt marsh, it is easy to understand that the prevention of absolutely
all breeding is a very large and difficult problem. Much has already been
done. The drainage systems on all these marshes, except those of Bergen
County (a few limited areas excepted), are such that under ordinary con-
ditions of weather and tide few mosquitoes can get off. Work is constantly
going on to render these meadows mosquito-proof, even .under the most
extreme conditions of weather and tide, but much yet remains to be done.
"Breeding places for mosquitoes are now far less in number than ever
before in Union, Essex and Hudson Counties, and the time is not far di8<
tant when these salt marsh broods will come no more."
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458 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The mosquito commlsBion became convinced that some more effeetlTe
method of handling these marshes must be found. At the suggestion of
the writer the president of the commission, Dr. Ralph H. Hunt, and the
c^ief inspector, Mr. John W. Dobbins, examined an area in the Hacken-
sack Valley under dike and sluice gate and found the surface in spite of
the rainfall and cloudy weather (which had proven so disastrous on the
Essex meadows) dry and free from breeding. This seemed to ofter a solu-
tion for the problem. After having the diking and sluice-gating elsewheie
in the State carefully studied by the consulting engineer, Mr. James
Brooks of Glenn Ridge, the commission empowered the engineer to pro-
ceed with plans for diking and sluice-gating the worst sections of the
Essex salt marshes.
There was, of course, no way in which Essex could by work within its
own limits prevent salt marsh mosquitoes bred on the Hackensack from
entering its territory. The commission did, however, furnish inspectors
to cooperate with the writer for the purpose of determining where the
breeding occurred and caused the concentrated breeding located by this
inspection in the Bergen County section of the Hackensack marsh to be
oiled in the hope of reducing the mosquitoes coming into Essex from that
source.
THE MOSQUITO PROBLEM OF UNION COUNTY.
The physical surface of Union County begins, like that of Essex, at sea
level with a salt marsh of about 4,000 acres (which, however, is divided
into three distinct parts) and rises gently to the northwest to a height
of about 600 feet. From the marsh to the northeastward running range
of hills (the same range as that found in Essex) the height does not for
the most part exceed 200 feet
Streams meander through this area but do not drain it so efflcienly as
Essex. Swamps are larger in size and greater in number.
The swamp mosquito problem is correspondingly more difficult than in
Essex.
The hilly portions of Union CJounty are pretty well wooded and a consid-
erable number of woodland pools are present While the number of wood-
land pool mosquitoes Issuing from them must be reckoned with, the prob-
lem is not so important as in Essex.
The grassy banks of streams and ponds afford breeding places for a con-
siderable number of the malarial mosquitoes rendering them a factor to
be reck<med with.
The 4,000-acre salt marsh is fortunately far less cut up than that of
Essex and has very little sewage contamination. The problem of control
is, therefore, much less difficult The crossing of the marshes by the
Central Railroad of New Jersey and by spur imd sidings thereof has, how-
ever, materially interfered with the original drainage. Small creeps have
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 45<J
been filled and the areas they originally drained left without outlets.
Drainage systems have been established in all the marshes. These with
proper supplementing by additional ditching and killiflsh will probably
be found ample to prevent the issuance of large numbers of mosquitoes
even under such extreme conditions of tide and weather as obtained In
June and July of this year.
In expressing this opinion the writer realizes' that he is running counter
to opinions of others who are as well informed as he. He holds this view
because more open and better drained marshes under just as severe test
have turned out a negligible number of mosquitoes because the killiflsh,
which failed to penetrate these meadows in large numbers, were present
everywhere and consumed the mosquito wrigglers.
At the same time the cost of diking and sluice-gating certain of the
most difficult parts of these meadows is very small and the chance for
keeping the water down excellent In such instances the cost of thus pro-
tecting the meadow is probably less, or at any rate no greater than that
involved in cutting the necessary additional ditches.
The experience of the present yeari has bem sufficient ta demonstrate
that additional ditching is needed on the Union County mii^ marshes for
under the extreme test of June and July many mosquitoes escaped.
To a certain minor extent Union County lies within reach of salt marsh
mosquito flights from the Hackensack Valley and the Essex portion of the
Newark Bay marsh. From the latter, its northeastern bwder was infested
in mid-July by A. cantator and later by that species and O. pipiena,
THE MOSQUITO PROBLEM IN HUDSON COUNTY.
Hudson County covers only forty-three square miles,* much less than half
the space covered by Essex and but little mofe than one-third the space
covered by Union. It consists of two rather broad ridges extending from
southwest to northeast with the broad salt marsh of the Hackensack
River lying between them. The eastern ridge extends from the Kill Van
Kull northeastward along New York Bay and the Hudson River to the
northern boundary of the county. The western ridge extends from the
Passaic River northeastward along its eastern bank to the northern boun-
dary of the county. On the eastern ridge lie the towns of Bergen Point,
Centerville, Bayonne, Saltersville, Greenville, etc, Jersey City, Hoboken,
West Hoboken, Weehawken, etc. This ridge from the southwestern end
to New Durham is almost solidly built up. Beginning at the southern
end of the western ridge the towns of Harrison, Kearny and Arlington
form a continuous city to the northern limit of the county.
On these two ridges are concentrated a half million of people.
Hudson County has no woodlands of any considerable size and conse-
quently practically no woodland pool mosquito problem.
• Land surface.
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46o NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Hudson County's upland consists of ridges that because of tlieir strong
slopes are so well drained that It has practically no fresh water swamps.
The swamp mosquito problem in this county is small; some few A. selves-
tri8 and €, perturhans breed in parts of the Hackensack Valley marsh.
The concentration of its population on these two well-drained ridges
produces the smallest number of breeding places for the house mosquito
possible with such a large' population. If the only mosquitoes Hudson
County has to fight were those bred on the ridges, mosquito control would
be very inexpensive.
Unfortunately, the advantage which Hudson County gains by the concen-
tration of her people on exceedingly well-drained land, is largely lost
through this land lying adjacent to an enormous salt marsh. Approxi-
mately 10,000 acres of salt marsh lie within the Hackensack Valley and a
smfUl amount is found near Constable's Point
This enormous marsh is only partly drained. Its original drainage has
been almost completely ruined by railway and roadway grades and large
fills. Wherever mosquito breeding has been found and the nature of the
marsh rendered the cutting of 10x30 inch ditching likely to prove effective
ditches have been put in with Judgment and are giving excellent servloe.
There are, however, many places where through railway grades and road-
ways or great sand and garbage fills the success of ditching demands the
cutting of large outlets, or the installation of pumping plants, and in such
places little effective drainage has been done. To make a bad matter
worse, in this county as in Essex, certain of these shuMn marshes are
made dumping grounds for raw sewage. In some instances the sewers
empty right into the open marsh, while in others they drain into creeks
that have become clogged and spill over the banks into the meadows.
There yet remains much work to be done before this area can be free from
mosquito breeding.
To a certain minor extent Hudson County is infested by mosquitoes
that breed outside its confines. For instance, the writer has considerable
reason to think that the southwestern end of the eastern ridge was dur-
ing the latter part of the summer this year infested by A. aollicitans bred
on the marshes of Union County just across Newark Bay.
Hudson County's great and practically only problems in mosquito con-
trol are the salt marsh forms bred within its limits and the house mos-
quitoes bred both on its uplands and its sewage-charged marshes. The
control of the house mosquito bred on the upland is simple,, but the control
of A. cantator and C. pipiens breeding on the. marshes is very difficult
indeed.
THE MOSQUITO PROBLEM IN ATLANTIC COUNTY.
Physically, Atlantic County begins at sea level as a low strip of sand
rising from the ocean. Behind this narrow strip lies a salt marsh which
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 461
stands but slightly above mean high tide. Back of this stretch gently ris-
ing to a height of a little more than 100 feet and nowhere really hilly the
county stretches northwestward to its limits. Except where it has been
cleared for agrieoltural or urban purposes the whole face of the county is
coyered with scrubby oak and pine.
Except in cedar swamps and occasional holes the water does not lie on
the sandy and gravelly surface long enough for mosquitoes to breed. The
woodland pool mosquito problem does not apparently exist
The great cedar swamps for some reason, possibly low temperature or
lack of food for the wrigglers, do not breed an appreciable number of mos-
quitoes. The swamp mosquito problem seems to be limited to a few (7.
pertur1>an9 and an occasional A, sylvestris.
Where the population is sufficiently concentrated as is the case in the
cities and towns the improper disposal of human waste and other opera-
tions incidental to transforming country into urban property, create
breeding places for the house mosquitoes. Excavations under houses, cis-
terns, eees-pools, open privies, garbage dumps, barrels, tubs, buckets and
pools serve this purpose. The problem of controlling the house mosquito
is, however, not difficult and has been very satisfactorily handled in the
past two seasons.
It is, however, in the salt marsh and the control of the species it breeds
that Atlantic County has its great problem. Of the 569 square miles ap-
proximately seventy-eight are salt marsh. These seventy-eight square
miles divide the costal strip from the main land by a belt of marsh and
water, ranging from two and one-half miles at the southern end to six at
the northern end. This salt marsh extends along the northeastern border
of the county for twelve or more miles and for a somewhat greater dis-
tance along the southeastern boundary. Although mosquitoes breed over
a small proportion of this total area the breeding spots are scattered
throughout and the problem of eliminating them is a large one. Already
the breeding places on the costal marsh from Absecon to Somers Point
have been eliminated, and recently those on Patcong Creek and the lower
section of the Great Egg Harbor River have been destroyed.
Careful observations of the past two seasons made by Mr. Eaton and his
inspectors have shown that the mosquitoes bred to the northward of a
given point rarely visit that point Acting on this information the north-
em end of the salt marsh adjacent to which few persons live has not been
touched and the whole eftort has been directed to draining the territory
lying to the south and west of the principal centers of population — ^to
eliminating the breeding places from which the mosquitoes that reach
these centers come.
Unfortunately, the salt marshes of northeastern Cape May County are
close enough to the main centers of population in Atlantic County to
furnish a pest of mosquitoes under extreme breeding conditions such as
obtained in June and July of this year. It is not therefore, to be expected
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462 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
that the result of the ezcellenf drainage work done in Atlantic County
will under extraordinarily favorable breeding conditions be as satisf^ustory
as it should until the salt marshes of northeastern Cape May County are
adequately drained and looked after.
THE MOSQUITO PROBLEM IN PASSAIC COUNTY.
Passaic County on the map has roughly the shape of an hour glass with '
the small end to the southeast. All south of Pompton Lakes forms the
southern division and all north the northern portion. Considerably more
than one-half the area lies in the northern section but appro ximatidy
200,000 out of the 215,902 inhabitants live in the southern part
The surface from Paterson south while rolling is not rugged, but from
Paterson north It assumes a rather rugged character.
The hilly portions are well wooded and have many pools. The woodland
pool mosquitoes must form a serious problem in the rougher parts of
the county. No thorough investigations of this point have been made.
Although a very considerable number of small swamps exist in the
southern part of this territory and although the Great Piece Meadows are
only a few miles away the mosquitoes taken during the summer in the
City of Passaic and elsewhere in the county showed few specimens of the
swamp species. It does not look as if the swamp mosquito problem can be
a very important one. At the same time the writer feels that a different
type of season might give a dilTerent result
The population in the southern end of the county is rather concentrated
and the usual breeding places for the house mosquito are abundant In
addition to this the cities of Paterson and Passaic have a very large niun-
ber of factories in which numerous water holding receptacles are kept.
The soil is by nature fairly well drained, but is sufficiently tight to hold
water in depressions long enough for mosquitoes to breed.
The rather careful tests of the past season in the City of Passaic have
shown that the house mosquito and all the other local breeding species
can be satisfactorily controlled.
In view of this fact it is especiallly to be regretted that the past season's
studies have shown with equal clearness that salt man^ mosquitoes (A,
eantatar) were present in the City of Passaic from late July to late Ans-
ust in sufficient numbers to render the occupation of unscreened porches
in shrubbery-filled yards very uncomfortable. These salt marsh mosqui-
toes csme from the Hackensack Valley. That Passaic County would tn
ordinary seasons be free from salt marsh mosquitoes with the exception
of an early spring non-troublesome brood is hardly to be doubted. Nevei^
theless, the fact remains that the good results of the most successful con-
trol of the local species are under unusually favorable breeding condi-
tions on the Hackensack salt marshes likely to be overwhelmed by broods
of salt marsh migrants from that source until that marsh is drained and
rendered tree from mosquito breeding.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 463
THE MOSQUITO PROBLEM OF CAMDEN COUNTY.
Physically Camden County begins at the Delaware Rirer only a few feet
above the sea and rises g^itly to the southeast, reaching in some places
about 200 feet The soil is light, beginning at the river as a loam and
Elding to the southeast in the sand typical of South Central Jersey. Many
streams, some of which lead to the Delaware and others to the Atlantic
Ocean, meander through this slightly rolling country. At various points
before nearing their outlets some of these streams fall to drain their val^
leys BnA swamps of considerable size are formed, llie principal streams
that empty into the Delaware are drowned at their mouths and have
more or less extensive tidal marshes along their courses and about their
openings. The country is sparsely wooded until the typical sand is
reached where the scrub pine and oak appear.
Woodland pools, owing to limited amount of woodland and the pervious
soil are not abundant enough to breed a pest of woodland mosquitoes.
Swamps, on the other hand, are sufficiently numerous to produce a pest
of swamp mosquitoes, if they should become active breeders.
The tidal marshes of the various creeks emptying into the Delaware
might prove bad breeders of the house mosquito and perhaps of salt marsh
mosqultoee, principally AedeM sollicitans Wlk. The sewage-charged ones
are the most dangerous.
The usual breeding places of the house mosquito are present in perhaps
smaller numbers than in places where the soil is less pervious. However,
lot pools, roadside pools, stopped-up ditches, holes in the paved streets,
water-containing privy vaults, cess-pools, sewer catch-basins, overgrown
brooks, ponds, swamps and lakes, unused receptacles, garbage-dump pools,
and sewage polluted streams are sufficient in number to produce an un-
bearable pest at certain points in the county.
Across the Delaware River from Camden County lies a considerable
amount of low marsh land on which the white-banded salt marsh mosquito
(A. BolUcitans) has been found breeding during the past season, and It
seems reasonable that at times the best sort of mosquito control on the
Jersey side will be interfered with by migrants from this source unless
the Pennsylvania authorities destroy these breeding places. Judging
from the extent of the area, however, it does not seem likely that the in-
terference can be of a very serious nature.
Migrations of the white-banded salt marsh mosquito from the breeding
brackish marshes of the coast to the east and its rivers, reach the south-
eastern section of the county in numbers sufficiently large almost to annul
tbe effect of local work.
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464 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
THE MOSQUITO PROBLEM OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY.
Middlesex County begins at sea level and stretches westward to its
boundary lines. Tbe elevation above tbe sea is for the most part only 100
feet or less, although in some cases a height of more than double that is
reached. The surface of the land is rolling rather than level. The north-
. em part of the county lies on the red shale and to the souhwestward it
passes over into a gravelly loam. A part south of the Raritan River below
New Brunswick is made up of typical South Central Jersey sand.
Generally speaking, the woodlands are not very extensive, except in the
sand barren region. Woodland pools are not sufficiently numerous to
produce a serious pest of woodland {K>o1 mosquitoes.
The streams which meander through this territory in many cases do not
drain all parts of their valleys and a considerable number of swamps are
produced. There is reason to anticipate that the control of the swamp
species will prove a considerable problem.
In much of this territory, especially in the red shale, the soil is suffi-
ciently impervious to hold water long enough for mosquitoes to breed.
The population of Middlesex County is not greatly concentrated but enough
water pollution exists when taken wih the ordinary urban breeding places
of the house mosquito to produce a pest of this species in every town of
considerable size.
Evidence has been accumulated to show that a considerable pest of ma-
larial mosquitoes is bred along the grassy banks of brooks, swamps, ponds
and pools.
It is, however, in the. 8,000 acres of salt marsh that Middlesex County
has is great mosquito problem. The marsh is divided in many parts and
scattered in smaller or larger areas along the coast and tributary streams
from the south end to the north end. In the spring the brown salt
marsh mosquito (A, cantator) and during the summer the white-banded
salt marsh mosquito (A, soUidtana) breeds on it.
A fairly complete system of drainage has been established in all parts
of it and the numbers that now emerge are comparatively small. Under
extreme conditions, however, it is conceivable that enoui^ might get out
to cause trouble. To get the best results more drains should be cut and
the drainage systems patrolled throughout the season.
THE MOSQUITO PROBLEM OF BERGEN COUNTY.
The eastern and western ridges of highland with the Hackensack Val-
ley between, so characteristic of Hudson, continue northeastward into
Bergen County. The eastern ridge nms, maintaining its relationship to
the Hudson River, to the northeastern border. The western ridge con-
tinues almost to Cherry Hill where it bends to the northward and con-
tinues in that direction until it finally reaches and joins the broad high-
lands that extend to the State line. The Hackensack Valley continuee
northeastward to the State line, forming some swampy lands in the north-
em part To the northwestward of this ridge and northeast, east and
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 465
sontheast of Pateraon is an area of comparatively low elevation. T6 the
northwest the county becomes ragged.
There is mnch wooded territory and many woodland pools — a condition
which gives to Bergen County a serious woodland pool mosquito problem.
Many swamps of greater or less size exist, some of which undoubtedly
breed the swamp species of mosquitoes proliflcally. Bergen County has a
swamp mosquito problem of some size. The bulk of the population is lo-
cated in the southern part of the county, but is not greatly concentrated.
The water pollution is, however, sufficient when taken with the usual
breeding places of the house mosquito to furnish every town of consider-
able size with a pest of that species.
Although our investigations have ncft yet shown it, there is no reason
why places should not occur in this county where the malarial mosquitoes
breed as abundantly or more so than any other kind, just as an instance
of this sort is known to exist in Sussex County.
In addition to this long roll of fresh water breeding species, Bergen
County has in the Hackensack Valley about 9,000 acres of brackish marsh,
over which, at certain seasons of the year, much breeding of the brown
salt marsh mosquito occurs. Practically no drainage has been established
in this area. All drains have been cut by nature or by the land owners.
In fact, this area with a few minor exceptions was not recognized as a
breeder of salt marsh mosquitoes until the present season, when a careful
season-through series of inspections proved it to be so.
As is usually the case, where undrained or partly drained salt marsh
exists, the control of the breeding on this area of marsh forms the largest
problem with which the county commission will have to deal and one
which if not solved will largely annul the effect of upland work.
In the year 1913 the Bergen County Mosquito Extermination Commission
was granted by the Board of Chosen Freeholders of that county the sum of
1500 for an educational campaign against mosquitoes. The starting of this
work was delayed until the money reverted into the treasury and the
board refused to reappropriate it for that year.
In the year 1914 this commission was granted the sum of |800 for edu-
cational and survey work.
This commission, consisting of the president, Mr. H. B. Vannote, of
Hasbrouck Heights; the treasurer, Mr. T. M. Brewster, of Ridgefleld Park,
and of members Mr. Robert Ballagh and Mr. E. B. Walden, of Hackensack,
Mr. H. H. Goodwin, of Westwood, and Mr. Wm. D. Tyndall, of Waldick,
secured an office in the Court House at Hackensack and employed Mr.
Robert 8/ Cleaver, of Hackensack, as chief inspector.
M08QUIT0E8 OF THE YEAR.
The occurrence and distribution of the principal species of salt marsh
mosquitoes are discussed on pages 401-407 of this report and it >vill not
be necessary to include them in this section. Of the less important, Aedes
ifgniorhynchus Wied., nothing has been said. This species has, however,
appeared in small numbers coincidently with Aedea aolHcitans Wlk.
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466 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The season started off with a small issue of Aedes canade»sis Theob.,
accompanied by Aedea auhcantans Felt, in large numbers. Specimens of
both species were commonly taken in May, but ten A. auhcantans were
captured to one A. canadensis. Aedes sylvestris Theob. began to appear
in late May, and Coquillettidia perturhans Wlk. in late June.
Aedes canadensis Wlk. played a very unimportant part In ihe mosquito
fauna of 1914 in the wooded districts of North Jersey south of the moun-
tains. Aedes suhcantans Felt, on the other hand, proved unusually
troublesome and important, being found from May to the middle of July.
Abundant at the beginning of the season, it thinned out until none oonld
be found.
CoquiUettidia perturhans Wlk. has this year an unusual record. Ap-
pearing in the latter part of June it was present in our collections to the
latter part of August. In some localities during this period it was always
taken and in some of these places it was at times the dominant and almost
the only form. Its occurrence in small numbers was general. There were
at least two places where it covered a large territory and was present in
very considerable numbers. One covered the region of Weequahic Park,
and the other the region including and lying east of Branch Brook Park to
the Hackensack River Valley.
Aedes sylvestris Theob. was troublesome throughout the past summer.
It appeared it. May coincidently with the woodland species and remained
throughout the season. From the end of June it was the most abundant
of the fresh water species with the exception of the house mosquito.
Culex pipiens Linn., appeared in the collections in June and continued
to increase as the season became older until the dry weather of late sum-
mer when its numbers fell off. Culex salinarius Goq. seems to have been
associated with the house mosquito in troubling residences situated near
the sewage-charged salt marsh.
Anopheles crucians Wied. maintained its usual standing in Cape May
County. Anopheles punctipennis Say has been very generally present but
always in small numbers. Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say has been rather
rarely taken in North Jersey south of the mountains. At certain points,
however, it appeared in large numbers. At New Brunswick in late
summer many were taken. At Fair Haven there was much com-
plaint In Sussex County in the valley in which Franklin Furnace and
Hamburg are located this species was rampant. This valley is in New
Jersey's most malarious district.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF MOSQUITO WORK.
Total appropriation $15,000.00
Salt marsh ditching S7 .533.86
Salary and ejcpenses of Executive Officer 2 .063.04
Inspectors (Herman H. Brehme for 1 H months, Henry H.
Brehme for 12 J^ monUis, Joseph A. Obecny for 5 H months.
Chas. H. Richardson for 6 inonths and Chas. S. Beckwith
for 5 months) 4.068.41
aterial, equipment and labor 1 »806.29
Reverting to treasury from October expense requisitions 28.40 — —
$15t000.<M
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REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF ENTOMOLOGY
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Department of Entomology
• Thomas J. Headlee, Ph.D., Entomologist.
Charles H. Richabdson, Jr., M.Sc, Assistant Entomologist
♦Henry H. Brehme, Field Assistant in Entomology.
♦Charles S. Beckwith, B.Sc, Field Assistant in Entomology.
Augusta E. Meske, Stenographer and Clerk.
*On state Station.
CONTENTS.
PAGB
I Introductory 297
II Insects and Other Animals About Which Our Correspondents
Have Written 299
III Insects of the Year 306
IV Investigations 316
Report on Mosquito Work for 1915 339
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MAY 1 1917
Report of the
Department of Entomology
Thomas J. Headlee.
I.
INTRODUCTORY.
The personnel of the staff has remained unchanged and continuity
of the work has been thereby greatly promoted. Miss Augusta E.
Meske has continued her satisfactory service as stenographer and clerL
Mr. Charles H. Richardson has continued his studies of the typhoid
fly and its associates. The results obtained will appear at a later date
in a bulletin of the Experiment Station. He has rendered very satis
factory service in the identification of insects, accession collection, and
correspondence. Until recently all his time ha;s been devoted to Experi-
ment Station work. With the beginning of the present college ycai
he entered upon his duties as Instructor in Entomology and will devote
approximately eig^t hours a week to that work. Mr. Charles S.
Beckwith has continued his work of mosquito control planning the
cutting of 715,000 feet of 10 by 30 inch ditching or its equivalent on the
marshes of Bergen, Cape M^ and Ocean Counties. In addition to
this he took charge of the salt marsh ditch cleaning and extending, and
of the salt marsh patrol for the Ocean County Mosquito Extermination
Commission, affording that section of the county from Toms River
north B^ degree of protection which it has not hitherto known. All these
duties he performed in a highly creditable manner. Mr. Henry H.
Brehme has continued his work as a mosquito inspector spending most
of his time along the shore of Rarita/i Bay, Newark Bay and the Hack-
ensack River. A certain amount of temporary assistance, particularly
in mosquito work, has been 'rendered by vanous persons, the chief of
whom is Dr. Floyd E. Chidester, Associa,te Professor of Zoology in
Rutgers College. Dr. Chidester*s time was devoted to that phase of salt
marsh work concerned with the natural enemies of mosquito larvae and
with the effect of varying salinities on mosquito development. The
results of his investigations will be published as technical bulletins of
the Experiment Station.
The time of the Entomologist and his assistants has been devoted to
attending to correspondence, to investigating certain phases of the effect
of climatic fa/ctors on insect economy, certain phases of nicotine as an
(297)
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298 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
insecticide, anti-peach borer coatings, potato flea beetle control, potato
spraying and dusting, strawberry weevil control, typhoid fly, white
grubs, and miscellaneous species, and to the work of mosquito control.
Ck>rreq[Knid€iioe.
During the past season not far from an average of 30 letters each
working day have been handled, involving a correspondence of 9000
letters a year. Not more than ten of these letters pertained to work of
the State Board of Agriculture and its seems fair to say that this depart-
ment has handled an Experiment Station correspondence of 6000 letters.
Requests for information on 180 species of insects and their near rela-
tives of which 17 were mosquitoes, have been attended to. In addition
about 1000 drcular letters have been mailed.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
IL
INSECTS AND OTHER ANnfAl4S ABOUT WHICH OUR
CORRESPONDENTS HAVE WRITTEN.
299
ARACHNIDA
Latin Namx.
Bryobia pratensia Qarmao.
Enophyea quadripes Shimer
CoiocoN Same. \
Clover Mite
Maiptle pouch gall mite
Red Spider
IX)CAUTT.
Plainfleld
Middletown
Datb.
April 29.
June 3.
June 16.
Tatraoyehua r>
Rahway
Haddonfl Id
March 5.
•• . A
June 14.
«• ««
«• 4<
Red Bank.
June 21.
«• •«
;; ;; ::/::::::::::
Rutherford
June 23.
• « ••
Mendham
June2S.
»• «<
New Brunswick
Petersburg
July 9.
• • <•
« It
July 10.
<« ««
<4 <t
Newark
South Orange
Egg Harbor
July 31.
Termea flavipea KoU
INSECTA.
Iboptera.
White Ant
April 27.
May 18.
Odonata sp, (
*« «• «•
Odonata.
Dragon flies
Thtsanoptera.
Onion Thrips.
•« ••
.1 ••
Thripe.
HOMOPTBRA.
Strawberry Root Louse. . .
Melon Aphis.
Corn Root Aphis.
Green Apjple Aphis.
Rosy Apple Aphis. ..!!!!!
Plant Lice.
Green Plant Oice.
Plant Lice
Pototo Plant Lice
Plant Lice.
Morristown
Bridgeton
Philadelphia, Pa
CedarvUle.
Newport.
E. Moriches, L. I
Great Meadows
lOot. 21.
May 17,
May 21.
May 2L
•« •< ««
•• •• •«
May 31.
Juhr 16.
•« •« <«
Thyaaooptera
March 5
Moorestown
Cologne.
Berlin.
Sept. 20.
Aphia forbeai Weed
" SSSadici^o^i)^ ". : : : :
" mail Fabr
Cape May Court House. .
Atlantic Hig lands
Bordentown
Watchung
Summit
Little Falls
•• •«
" aorbi Kalt.
AphidiHffs
4.
Washington
Montclair
Clifton.
Shenandoah, la.
BerUn.
Paterson
Cape May Court House. .
Summit
Oxford
Passaic
Montclair
Haddon Heights
Jersey City
••
•«
••
•*
••
ti «<
••
•« <•
••
t« ti
••
„ „
••
•*
Aphid Galls
<•
Plant Lice
••
••
Black Plant Lice
Madison
Pitman
Somerville.
Wayne
Rutherford
Mount Holly
«t
Plant Lice
••
••
••
•t «
•«
Root Louse
••
En^ewood
Irvmgton.
South Orange
••
Green Plant Lice.
Plant Lice.
«« i
••
Idlewood
RiegelsviUe
Pattenburg.
Hackettstown
Brookdale.
Rutherford.
SeweU
Lewiston
••
It II
••
Green Plant Lice.
Plant Lice
•«
«*
••
14 II
•»
•1 II
i«
14 14
Red Plant'Lice! .'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.
Plant Lice
It
Cross Keys
««
Irvington
Cream Ridge
• •
••
Green Plant Uoe.
Plant Lice.
Kesrport. .7
FrankUn Park.
• •
"
Montolab
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300 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
HOMOPTBRA— Continued
Latin Namb.
Aph'didsB.
Aspipioiua forbesi Johna ....
perniciosus Comity
Common Namb.
Plant Lice
BUok Plant Lice! '.*.'.'
Plant Lioe
Cherry Scale
San Joae Scale.
Asteroleoanium quercioola Bou^e
Aulaoamjisroen Bouphe.
Cereaa bulbalus Fabr
Chermee sp.
Chermee abietis L
ChionaopiB euonymi ComBt. . . .
Chionaapia furfunis Fitch ....
pInfo'Jft Ftch.
ChrysomphaluB aonidum L
Coccide
Colopha uUmicola Fitch
Eulecanium niirofaeciatum Perg.
'* tuupifere Cook. . . .
Goe^yparia q;>una Mod
Lachnua queroifoliffi Fitch
Lepidoeapnes ulmi Lu.
Lysidea mendax Reut.
Mysua oeraai Fabr. ...
Golden Oak Scale. . .
Roae Scale. ,.
Buffalo Tree Hopper.
Spruce Gall Louae. . .
EuoDj/mua Scale
Scurfy Scale.
P n) leaf Scaie.
Circular Scale
Soft Scale.
Coxcomb Gall Louae.
Tem^iin Scale
Tulip Soft Scale
Elm Scale
Oyater '^eli Scale.' '. '.
Myxuaribia L.
NectaropluHa f>ia' Kalt
Nectarophora roaee L
Pemphigua ap
Phenacoccua acericola King. .
Phylloxera vaatatrix Planch .
Paeudococcua ap.
Peylla pyrioolaForat
Saiaaetia hemiaphsBrica Targ.
Schiaonoura ap
Fa^ Ai^ple Red Bug.
Cherry Plant Louae. . .
Currant Plant Louae
Pea Louae
it ••
Roae Louae
Ma^le Paeudococcua. .
Grape Phylloxera.
Mealy Bug
PearPayUa
lemiaphf
>lant Lot
Plant Louae.
LoGAUTT. Datb.
Downer July 21.
Audubon Jui^ 23.
Bronx Park Aug. 9.
Eatontown Aug. 15.
Somerville Sept. 20.
Union Hill fcepU 20.
Chatham. Jan. 25.
Paulaboro Jan. 29L
Tituaville Feb. «.
Chatham. Feb. IL
Trenton Mweh 26.
Ridgewood June 28.
Elisabeth Sept. 13.
Rutherford Aug. 12.
Lakewood Feb. 24.
Maya Tianding. March 10.
Hopewell Jan. 27.
Metuchen 'Aug. 13.
Newfoundland May 19.
Haddonfield April 24.
Cape May Court Houae. .'July 31.
Oiatham Jan. 25.
Tituaville Feb. 6.
Trenton Feb. 24.
Cape May Court Houae. . May 26.
isumm I Nov. 9, '14,
New York City Dec. 3, '14.
Coa Cob, Conn. Jan. 28.
Summit May 10.
Summit ^fept. 20.
Englewood April 10.
Princeton Dec 7, •14.
Woodbine. June 17.
Camden May 28.
Montclair June 21.
Bloomfield May 13.
Majra Landing Sept. 22.
Mt. HoUy April 5.
New York City. Sept. 22.
Weatmont Nov. 15, *14.
Mooreatown Feb. 2.
Tituaville Feb. 6.
New York City Feb. 11.
OradeU Mar. 8.
Trenton Mar. 28t
Muldca HilL Mar. 80.
HiUadale. April 1.
Waahington April 5.
New York aty April 12.
Englewood. . July 3.
Englewood July 7.
Newark Aug. 12.
Eatontown Aug. 15.
Summit May M.
Dunellen June 12.
Waahington April 5.
Cream Ridge June 16.
Plainfield June 19.
Montclair. June 9.
Suaaex. July 13.
Williamatown April 30.
Weatwood June 10.
New Egypt June 20.
LawrenoeviUe June &
New. Brunawick July 9.
Ridgewood ' JuQr 31.
Hawthorne 'J&n. 14.
Hoboken. 'July 12.
RoaeUe Park July 21.
Glen Ridge. Sept. 27.
Phalanx March 3.
Riverton June 28.
Vineland. June 28.
Riverton July 2.
Eaat Orange Sept. 28.
Hoboken July 12.
Digiti
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
301
HOMOPTERA— Continued
Latin Namb.
Sduxoneura lani^rara Housm. .
Ttbicem septendecim L.
IVphlocyba rosa L.
Common Namk. Locautt.
Wooly Apple Louae I Elisabeth
*• ** iPattenburg
Periodical Cicada Dover
" ** Princeton
Roee Leaf Hopper ISussex.
HEMIPTERA.
Anasa trts'js De G jSquaah Bug.
Cicada axyi Groasb,
(Smez lectulariua L.
Leptobyrsa explaoata Held.
Cicada.
Bed Bug.
Pentatomids 1^ .
Phymata
Rhododendron Lace Bug.
Stink Bug
^ Ambuah Bug ,
ReduviidsD op ' Aasaasin Bug. .
Dover
Freehold
Engliahtown. . . .
Marlboro
Somerville
Morristovm. . . .
Hackenaaok
New York City. .
Croaswicks
'New Monmouth.
Aeridide ap
Blattide n> Cockroach
t* ft ■ •«
ORTHOPTERA
Grasahoppers.
Periplan&ta americana L..
Mjcroeentnim so. .
iSeweO
iNewark.
'Newark
IPreehold,
Paratenodera sinensis Sauss Chinese Mantis 'Moorestown
American Cockroach jPhillipsburg. . .
lElisabeth. . ..
Katydid iNew York City.
'^ "Hopewell.. ....
j Vineland
Garwood
ITitusville
ITitusville
iThree Bridges. .
Antibonomos aignatus Say.
AnthrMius scrophularis L.
Attasenus pioeus OHv. . . .
Bruimus pi8<»iim L
Br chids sp
Carabids
CluyaomeUdn
Coecinellids
Conotrachelos nenuphar Hbst. .
Crioceris asparagi L..
CyDene robinis Forst
Dermeates lardarius L
Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv.
vittato Fab
Drasterius elegans F&br. ,
Elatoidffi n>
Epitrix oucumeris Harris.
Galarucella luteola MuU.
COLEOPTERA.
Strawberry Weevil
Buffalo Beetle
Black Carpet Beetle.
Pea Weevil
Weevil
Ground Beetle
Leaf Beetle
Lady Bug
Plum CurcuHo.
Asparagus Beetle.
Locust Borer
Larder Beetle
12-8pot'd Cucumber Beetle
Striped Cucumber Beetle. .
Wire Worm.
Wire Worm.
PoUto Flea Beetle. .
Flea Beetle
Elm Leaf Beetle
Date.
March 6.
July 8.
June 5.
June 26.
June 5.
Mar. 26.
Aug. 2.
A^ 21
Aug. 14.
A^l.24.
Aug. 28.
April 23.
Sept 2.
Oct. 20.
Aug. 19.
May
July
July
July
Oct.
Mar.
April
Nov.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Mar.
April
Oct
Port Norria Mar.
Moorestown April
Clifton May
New Brunswick May
Federalsburg, Md. May
Moorestown June
Louisville, Ky June
Gordon Head, Brit. Col. Oct.
Collingswood July
Bloomfield May
New Brunswick Jime
Fanwood Dec.
Plainfield July
Moorestown April
Moorestown April
Summit May
Glasaboro Mar.
Berlin Mar.
Somerville June
Dunellen June
Maplewood June
Somerville July
Bridgeport April
TituaviUe June
Summit May
Millington May
Berlin Mar.
Marlton j June
Asbury Park Aug.
Paulsboro j^ept.
Newton June
Elmer 'Jan.
Trenton May.
■ ~ • " ■ Oct.
July
Mar.
Feb.
May
May
Aug.
No. Caldwell.
Montclair. ...
Berlin
Toms Rivo". .,
Bridgeton. . .
Elizabeth
New Egypt . .
5.
24.
10.
23.
25.
25.
15.
28, '14
27.
3.
18.
6.
14.
20.
19.
29.
5.
10.
15.
10.
16.
28.
5.
6.
11.
8, *14.
30.
29.
29.
24.
2
6.
10.
12.
18.
3.
28.
9.
24.
7.
6.
3.
6.
2.
25.
26.
8.
5.
20.
3.
22.
14.
15.
31.
ri
Digiti
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302 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
CJOLEOP I E RA— Con Liuued
Latin Namb.
Ithyoerus novaboraoeasis Forst.
Leptinotaraa 10-lineata Say. . . .
Maerodactylua subspinosus Fabr .
NodoDota puacticollis Say. . . .
Odontata nornii Sm
FliytoDomuB punotatus Fabr. .
PiModas strobi Peck
Prionus laticollis Dm
8M>6rda oandida Fab.
Searabnids sp. (mostly Lachnos.
tema fusca
Froehl. andL .
arcuta Sm.)
Cyolooephala immaoulata Oliv.
SoarabdBids s^
Sool^us rugulosua Rata
** quadrispinoaus Say.
SoolsrtidflB sp.
Silvanufl surinamensia L. . .
Tenebrioidea mauretanica L. .
Xyleborua aaxeseni.
Common Name.
Colorado Potato Beetle. . .
Rose Chafer.
Clover Leaf Weevil
White Pine Weevil
Giant Root Borer
Round Headed Apple Tree
Borer
White Gruba.
Fruit Bark Beetle. . . .
Hickory Bark Beetle. ,
Bark Beetlea
Saw-toothed Grain Beetle.
CadeUe
Arohipa arcyroapila Wlk. .
" "^
ArotiidflB ap.
Autographa braaaicffi Riley.
Carpocarpaa pomonella L.. .
Citheronia regalia Fabr
Crambua caliginoaellua Clem .
Datana integerrima G. & R. .
«• •# ti
Deamia f uneralia Hubner. . . . .
Eulia pinatubana Kearf
*• (4 «•
Haliaidota oarya Harria. . . . .
LEPIDOPTERA.
Fruit Tree Leaf Roller. . . .
Leaf Roller
LOCAUTT.
Newfield
Bridgeport
EngUahtown
Boonton
Bridgeport
Mt. Holly
Silverton
Cape May Court Houae.
Lakewood
Sicklerville
Englewood
Ridgewood
Deal
Upper Montclair
Mmington
Bernardaville
Lakehurat
Oakhurat.
Spott«wood
Bedford.
Vincentown
Marlton
New York aty
Cape May Court House.
Tenafly.
Englewood
Eliaabeth
Hackettatown.
Scotch Plaina.
Eaat Orange
Stockton
Rutherford.
Merchantville.
Trenton
Rahway.
Newton
Rahway.
Deal
Paasaio.
Pateraon
Norma
New Brunawick
Glen Rock.
Roeelle.
Potteraville
Oakhurat
Englewood . .
Freehold
Red Bank.
Trenton
Camden.
Tuckahoe
Flandera. . . .
Oakland
Summit
Lambe tville.
Millburn. .
Cabbage Looper. ....
Coddling Moth. IPlainfield.
*• " Merchantville. . .
" " iDelawanna. . . . .
Elizabeth
Trenton
Newton
Port Monmouth.
Tenafly.
Grape Leaf Folder IPlainfield
Pine-tube Builder Bernardaville. . .
•• •• •• FarHilla
Hickory Tuaaock Moth I Bernardaville. . .
Hickory Horned Devil. . .
Corn-root Web-worm. . . .
Black Walnut Caterpillar.
Date.
May 27.
May 13.
June 16.
June 24.
May 3.
May 4.
May 10.
May 26.
June 8.
June 14.
June 16.
June 16.
June 18.
June 30.
June 16.
Sept. 8.
April 30.
July 28.
Dec. 16, '14.
Oct. 12.
. Feb.
, Mar.
. April
. April
May
May
July
July
July
July
Aug.
. Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept
Sept
Sept.
. Oct
. Oct.
. Oct
. Oct.
. Oct.
. Jan.
. Aug.
. July
. Aug.
. Sept
.July
• Aug.
. Oct
. Oct
. Oct
15.
20.
26.
29.
12.
27.
27.
28
2L
30.
7.
16.
la
21.
2&
6.
7.
10.
18.
21.
11.
14.
16.
13.
36.
21.
11.
13.
. Mar. 17.
.May 18.
. May 24.
.May 18.
. Nov. 8, •14.
. April 10.
. April 22.
Sept. 10.
. Oct. 18.
. Aug. 16.
. June 25.
May 6.
. S^t. 16.
May 25.
July la
Oct 18.
July 12.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
303
LEPIDOPTERA— Continued.
Latin Namb.
HeUothis obaoletA Fab..
Hemerocampa leuoostigma S. & A
Hyphantria eiinea Dm
Lapliy^ina f ruj^iperda 8. & A .
Leaeama albilinea Hbn.
Loxofltege similalis Gn.
Common Namb.
Corn Ear Worm. .
Maeronoctua onusta Grote. Iris Borer. .
White-marked Tussock
Moth.
White-marked Tussock
Moth
White-marked Tussock
Moth
White-marked Tussock
Fall Web Worm.
Fall Army Worm
Wheat-head Army Worm.
Garden Web Worm
Melalopha indusa Hbn 1
Mehttia satsrriniformis Hbn. .
Neptieular pomivorella Pack. .
Nootuidse Bjf>
Oxyptilus periseelidaetylus Fitch
Paleaorita Temata Peck
Papaipema nitella Gn.
Phlegethontius celeus Hbn.
PUyotsenia rubisalis Guen. .
Sainia oecropia U
Sanninoidea exitiosa Say. . .
Poplar Tent Maker.
Squash-vine Borer. .
Serpentine Leaf Minw.
Cut Worms
Dorchester, Mass
Shelton, Conn.
Pemberton.
Cape May Court Housa .
Fauton
Boston, Mass.
Malaoosontka americana Fab Apple-tree Tent^CatorpiUar
LOCAUTT.
Grape Plume Moth.
SpringCanker Worm.
Stalk Borer
PoUto Hawk Moth
Greenhouse I^eaf Tyer.
Cecropia Moth
Peach Borer
Mendham
Woodcliff-on-Hudson .
Trenton
Freehold
Jersey City.
Asburv Park. .......
New Brunswick
New Brunswick
Passaic
Plainfield.
Hackensack
Hackettstown.
Allendale
Peapack.
Pemberton
Trenton
ParkRidse
WoodcliffLake
MiUviUe
Whippany.
Philadelphia, Pa
Cookstown
Summit.
Passaic
New York City
Morristown
Rivolon .
Elisabeth
Mil ington
New York City
East Orange
BrooklynTN. Y
New York aty
Basking Ridge
Peapack
Allendale ...
Cranbury
Andover
Rutherford
Hackensack
Springfield
Berlin
Woodbury
Freehold
Mickleton
Oceanic
Pemberton.
Newark
Ringoes
Klberon
Ancora.
Westfield
Madison
Newton
,Mt. Holly.
' Rahway
New York City
Maywood
I Rutherford
'Hoboken
iLovettsville, Va
Bloomfield
Paulsboro
Ashland
I Burlington.
iPaterson
•14.
•14.
14.
•14.
Digiti
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304 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
H YMENOPTER A— Conti nued.
Latin Naioi.
Sanninoldea exitioaa Say .
j CoiniON Namb.
, Peach Borer
Sibine stimulea Clem. . .
Sitotroga oerealella OUv.
S pKifigidf* sp
T^yiidopteiyx ephemeneformis
Steph.
Tiaoheria malifoliella Clem. .
Zeusera pyrina L
Apis mellif era L. .
Callirhytis orerator O. S.
Dolerus coUaris Say
FormioidoB sp
Lophyrus leoonti Fitch. . . .
Magarhyssa atrata Fab. . .
" lunator Fab. .
Neurotenis batatus Fitch.
Priophonis acericaulis
MaoGillivray
Priophorus acericaulis
MacGillivray
TenthridinidsQ sp
Vespa crabro L.
II ••
Saddle^back Caterpillar. .
<i 44 * "
Angumois Grain Moth. . .
Sphinx Moth. .
Bag Worm. .
Trumpet Leaf Miner.
Wood Leo|>ard Moth.
HYMENOPTERA.
Honey Bee
Wheat Saw Fly.
Ants.
I^ Conte's Saw Fly,
Long-tailed Ichneumon. .
Maple Petiole Borer. .
Saw Fly '[
European Hornet. . .
LOCAUTT.
BerHn
Ridgewood
Taylorsville. Pa. .
Haddonfield
Irvington
Sew^
Kingston
Newark
Sicklervilla . . .
Newark
Annandale
Riegelsville.
Orange.
Hanovor
Freehold
Riverton.
Rivoion
Swedesboro.
Camden
Freehold
Datb.
Mar. 6.
Mar. 28.
April 16.
AprU29.
May 18.
June 10.
July 9.
Sept. 7.
Sept 18.
Oct. 6.
Oct. 18.
Oct. 27,
Aug. 9.
Sept 18.
Oct. 14.
Sept IL
Sept 13.
Sept 21.
Oct 2&
Oct 14.
Toms River
Cranbury
Elizabeth
Elisabeth
Westwood
Newark.
Pennington
Oceanic.
Jamaica Plains, Mass. .
Cambridge, Mass
Hackensask
Whippany.
'^ dge
Bridgeport
Washington
Clinton.
Bloomsbury. . . .
Montclair
Hackensack. ...
Berlin
Bogota.
Plwnfield
Bordentown. . .
Roselle
Bloomfield
Merchantville .
Plainfield
Tuckahoe. .
New York City.
Ocean Grove.
Mar.
June
July
July
July
Aug.
Oct
Nov.
Mar.
Mar.
Aug.
Nov.
May
June
Aug.
Sept
April
AMil
Mar.
April
April
April
May
May
May
June
June
June
June
8.
15.
10.
19.
23.
12.
12.
4, •
17.
23.
11.
4, •
13.
2&
7.
6.
21.
28.
6.
17.
20.
29.
8.
26.
21.
1.
2.
3.
8.
.Westfield. 'June :
IJune 29
July 10.
July 28.
Aug. 2.
Aug. 4.
Oct 12.
Aug 3.
July 10.
July 24.
June 16.
July 12.
Newark.
Rutherford
New York City
Cranford
Paterson
New Rochelle
Chatham.
Bornardsville.
Hasbrouck Heights.
Salem
Hoboken
Tenafly.
New York City. .
Ridgewood. . . . .
New Brunswick.
Petersburg
Montclair
June 1.
June 8.
May 29.
July 9.
July 10.
Sept 26.
SIPHONOPTERA.
Ctenocephalus canis Curt Cat and Dog Flea IChatham iJuly 27.
" IPlainfield iJuly 29.
•* " " iFreehold Oct. 7.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
305
DIPTERA
Latin Namk.
Addia sua vis Loew (7). .
Cecidomyia carym, O. S
" carysecola O.S
" pilulae Walsh.
tubicola O. S
** oxycoccana Johns. .
viticola O. S
Cecidomyia sp
CulicidsD sp
Common Nam*.
Cranberry Tip Worm.
Mosc^ui
LOCAUTT.
EH talis tenax L
Homalomyia sp. ....
Lasioptera vitis O. S..
Lyperosia irritans L. .••••■•
Monarthropalpus buxi I^b.
Musca domeatica L
Horn Fly
Box I^af Miner.
House Fly
Phorbia brassicse Bouche.
Cabbage MagRot.
Phorbia sp
PoUenia rudls Fab.
14.
14.
•14.
•14.
•14.
•14.
•14.
Tabanus sp.
DeKalb,
Cleveland, O.
Blackshear
New York City
Prout's Neck, Me
Oranse
Elizabeth
Rutherford
•Newark
Raleigh. N. C
Vineland
New York City
Drone Fly Bordentown
South Orange
Potato Gall on Grape \V oodbine
•^ RosellePark
Lakewood
Newton
Far Hills
Bayonne
liayonne
liayonne
Detroit. Mich
Passaic
Maitinsville
Fianklin
Rutherford
New York aty
Franklinville
Middle Village, N. Y. ..
Matawan
Hahway
Weston
Cape May Court House.
Woodbine
Paterson
Riverton
Elizabeth
Boonton
Tienton
Hackettstown
Onion Maggot 'Leesburg
'Newark
Cluster Fly j Lebanon ...
. Horse Fly.
Haddonfield Oct. 6. '
V ineland Mar. 1.
Metuchen Aug. 13.
Bernardsville June 2-
Oceanic Nov. 4,
Metuchen Aug. 13.
Hammonton June 13.
Bridgeton July 6.
Newton June 8.
Bayonne Nov. 10,
Bayonne Nov. 10,
Bayonne Nov. 10,
Erie Nov. 1 1,
Bayonne Nov. 12,
Boston, Mass Feb. 27.
Burlington April 16.
Burlington June 2.
Hinsdale, 111 June 26.
Manchester, Mass June 29.
Ne^ Egypt July 1.
",fu July 9.
■ ~ July 10.
July 15.
July 22.
Aug. 6.
Aug. 13.
Aug. 14.
Aug. 16.
Sept. 4.
Sept. 9.
Sept. 14.
Sept. 17.
JuV 14.
Mar. 9.
May 31.
July 21.
July 22.
Sept. 7.
Oct. 18.
Nov. 10, •U.
Nov. 10, '14.
Nov. 10, •14.
May 6.
June 18.
June 23.
Aug. 5.
Aug. 13.
Sept. 21.
Oct. 11.
Dec. 2. •14.
May 16.
May 25.
May 25.
May 26.
May 26.
May 27.
May 28.
June 4.
June 5.
June 6.
June 8.
Feb. 12.
July 18.
iNov. 29, ^14.
Chester Sept. 12.
F.lmer IJune 28.
Datb.
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3o6 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
IIL
INSECTS OF THE TEAB.
This record includes all species except mosquitoes (they are treated
in a special section of this report) that have appeared in sufficient num-
bers to excite serious attention.
American Tent Caterpillar.
{Malacosoma americana Harr.)
Dark broton egg mass about 3/4 of an inch long surrounding a small
ttoig of apple, wild cherry and other trees during the dormant season or
a white web of varying size built in a crotch and sheltering brown hairy
caterpillars in the spring and early summer.
The season of 1915 started off with a tremendous outbreak of this
species. Centering in northeast New Jersey the outbreak included all
the northern half of the State and the species appeared in small numbers
throughout the southern half. The danger of outbreak was forecasted
by scouting the State for egg masses and testing their health in tne
insectary. Warnings were issued and citizens given opportunity to avail
themselves of the State's anti-insect laws.
The warnings were heeded to the extent that many persons cleaned up
their own properties.
In Bergen County where much of the land has been given over to
urban development large acreages grown up to wild cherry are inter-
spersed with or lie adjacent to built-up sections. On this wild cherry a
tremendous brood of caterpillars developed and after consuming the
available foliage migrated into the built-up sections consuming the foliage
of apple, peach and garden truck. Under such conditions as these the
efforts of the small individual land holder to protect his property
adequately were set at naught. Fortunately, such conditions did not
obtain in a large number of cases.
The outbreaks of 1914 and 1915 have shown that under conditions
where food is exhausted before maturity has been reached the caterpillars
will migrate considerable distances in search of food and that at such
periods they will consimie foliage which at other times they would refuse.
The general life history and habits of the species are so well understood
that they will be omitted from this report.
An enormous number of egg masses have been deposited and unless
natural enemies or weather intervenes an outbreak may be expected
next season.
Waging a successful fight against this insect involves education and
organization; education of the people in the infested territory in the
methods which tbe individual can use to protect his plantings, organiza-
tion of people in the infested territory in such a fashion that the enforce-
ment of law against the careless and recalcitrant can be carried out.
Where such action is practicable, children's organization, such as the
boy scouts, should be utilized to remove the egg masses before the next
growing season opens. If, however, the prevention of an outbreak is
to be the work of paid mature labor the hatching of the caterpillars
should be awaited for there are many chances that the eggs or cate^
pillars which hatch from them may be destroyed by natural forces before
the webs reach the size of a man's hand.
Depending upon which is the more practicable under local conditions
the webs with their caterpillar contents should be cut out and burned up
or simply crushed where they hang or the foliage round about them
sprayed with arsenate of lead or dusted with powdered arsenate of lead
Digiti
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 30^
in such a fashion that the leaves will be covered with small closely set
spots of the poison. The best results are likely to follow the application
of the measuresr of control throughout a continuous area, permitting no
nests to remain within its limits. Organized community action is the
only type of action certain to bring about these results.
Apple Plant Lice.
Small dark-green to light and rosy colored lice covering the opening
buds and flower stems and later found on the undersides of the leaves and
upon the apples causing the foliage to curl and the apples to gww
knotted and gnarled.
The American tent caterpillar had barely made a good start when
various species of plant lice nad begun to work. Tne season was coid
and the lice throve while their principal parasitic enemies did not
Soon the apple foliage began to curl and later the young apples to shriveL
and grow knotted and gnarled.
Contrary to previous experience the principal species was the rosy
apple louse {Aphis sorbi Kaltenbach) and again contrary to previous
experience with apple lice they proved very dlflacult to kill.
The life history of the rosy apple louse is much like that of the green
species except that instead of staying on the apple tree the year round it
migrates probably to certain species of plantains and returns to the
apple in the fall. All species of apple plant lice (except the wooly) pass
the winter in the egg state on the smaller branches and twigs of the trees
and hatch about the time the buds open. Until recently it was held that
the best time to destroy the young lice lay between the opening of the
buds and the opening of the blossoms.
As the result of careful and rather conclusive studies Parrott and
Hodgkiss of the experiment station at Geneva, New York, reached the
conclusion that best resiilts follow the treatment which is applied just as
the buds are beginning to show green. These workers hold that nicotine
solutions, oil emiilsions, and soap preparations are the most effective
sprays. They advise a combination of winter strength lime sulphur and
40 per cent nicotine at the rate of 3/4 of a pint of nicotine to 100 gallons
of the lime sulphur. By this combination both the scale and the plant
lice are hit.
In the 1913 report of the Entomologist the writer called attention to
the fact that winter-strength lime^sulphur treatment for San Jose scale
when delayed until the buds were swelling would destroy the green apple
aphis {Aphis mali Fabr.) provided the lice had hatched and the buds
had not yet opened sufficiently for them to find shelter under the scales.
It wo\ild seem that this stage is the most auspicious for apple lice
control because of their tender condition, providing all the lice are
hatched before the buds open sufficiently for them to crawl under the
scales. The complete success of the method hinges directly upon this
phase of their life history.
Assuming that not all the lice do hatch before the buds open sufficiently
to allow them to seek shelter the following facts remain: (1) some and
perhaps the large majority do hatch before shelter can be had; (2) from
95 to 98 per cent of those which do hatch may be destroyed by the com-
bined winter-strength lime-sulphur and 40 per cent nicotine combination,
which treatment also controls the San Jose scale; (3) such lice as are
left may be hit by later sprays with just as good chances of success as if
no treatment whatever had been given when buds began to show green.
If the grower desires to take every possible precaution to destroy the
lice he should treat the trees when they are beginning to show a little
green with winter-strength lime-sulphur to which 40 per cent nicotine
has been added at the rate of 1 part of the nicotine to 1000 parts of the
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3o8 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
lime-sulphur. The mbcture should be applied with sufDcient care to coTer
all parts of the tree, particularly the twigs and smaller branches. Of
course this treatment will serve for the scale as well as the lice. Then
he should keep a sharp lookout for the presence of lice by examining
many specimens of opening buds from difiTerent parts of the orchard.
If the lice appear between the opening of the buds and opening of the
blossoms the orchard should be promptly treated with a mixture com-
posed of 40 per cent nicotine, water and soap. Contrary to the recom-
mendation emanating from other sources the writer believes that the
nicotind should be used at the rate of 1 part to 500 parts of water and
should have soap added at the rate of 2 pounds to fifty g&llons. It is
likely that the 40 per cent nicotine added to the scab spray at this time
would give satisfactory results. The most complete success will follow
only that type of treatment which thoroughly wets all the lice.
From certain work done several years ago against the melon louse
{Aphis gossypii Glover) the writer has felt that best results in spraying
lice, which are somewhat protected by foliage, follow the use of stronger
nicotine mixtures than those which are usually recommended. His belief
that stronger mixtures are better has been strengthened by the present
season's experience.
OUier Plant lice.
The cherry louse {Myzus cerasi Fabr.) occurred practically everywhere
the domestic cherry was grown and curled the leaves badly. There
were very few instances in which the pest was combatted at all. This
inactivity was probably due to the slight importance of the cherry crop.
Both shade and forest tree lice were far from being as abundant this
year as last. The same reduction was seen in the species infesting bush
fruits, but the lice on truck crops were much worse than usual.
Potato lice were very abundant but did little damage. Tomatoes were
tremendously infested with Aphis rumicis Linn., and were probably
weakened in such a fashion as to render them susceptible to the mosaic
disease which followed.
Practically no spraying for control of the potato lice was undertaken
but some successful work with 40 per cent nicotine, water and soap was
carried out against the aphis on tomatoes. The most practical machine
used has been the field potato sprayer. Thorough treatment with a mix-
ture composed of 40 per cent nicotine (1 part), water (500 parts) and soap
at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons has seemed satisfactory.
The gooseberries at Mr. Edward Mechling's place near Moorestown
have exhibited both this season and last a most remarkable malforma-
tion, which is apparently due to the work of plant lice of the species
Aphis houghtonensis Troops. This species' of aphis was brought to atten-
tion by Mr. James Troop who found it in the summer of 1904 on
Houghton gooseberries near the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. Mr. Troop
does not attempt to describe its life history but states that it does not
colonize on other varieties of gooseberry.
Observations made by the writer have served to confirm the pest's
reported fondness for the Houghton. Thus far the life history has proved
a puzzle.
^The writer's Uuinks are due to Mr. John J. DatIs for identiilcaUoii of specimens.
'Entomological News, Feb. 1906, pp. 59-60.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 309
Pear Psylla.
{Psylla pyricola Forst)
Small (1/10 of an in, long) reddish hrown fly-like creatures found on
the trunks and branches during vxirm days in late fall and early spring;
small (1/80 of an inch-\-) yellow nymphs congregating in axils of leaf
and fruit stalks, and later spreading over the undersides of the leaves
causing the tree to drip honey-dew and later to take on a dark sooty color.
The pear psylla has recently thrust Itself into notice by troubling In a
very serious manner several pear growers and by refusing to succumb
to the usual treatments. Briefly stated, the pear psylla winters as an
adult in the cracks and crevices of the bark, moves about more or less
during the warm spells of the dormant season, lays its eggs Just before
the blossoms open, feeds first as a nymph in the axils of the leaf and
fruit stalks, then spreads over the under-sides of the leaves, and reaches
maturity. It is thought there are at least four broods a season.
The damage is done by the insect robbing the tree of sap and food
and by the growing of a black mould which lives upon the honey-dew
produced by the psylla.
Successful control seems to involve the following operations:
1. The rough bark should be scraped off during the fall and winter,
taking care not to injure the live tissue. The scrapings should be
gathered and burned, in order that all hibernating psylla sheltering in it
may be destroyed.
2. During warm days in late fall and early winter or late winter and
early spring many of the adult psylla are crawling about over the bark«
Thoroughly spraying the whole tree before leaving it for another at this
time with winter-strength soluble oil or with 40 per cent nicotine, soap
and water (1 pint nicotine to SOO parts of water with soap at the rate or
1 ounce to the gallon) will destroy many. The liquid must not freeze
on the trees.
3. Thoroughly spraying with winter-strength lime-sulphur Just before
the blossom buds open will destroy many, perhaps most of the eggs.
4. Thoroughly spraying with 40 per cent nicotine, soap and water
win destroy all the n3rmphs that are well wetted. Use here 1 part of
nicotine to 1000 parts of water and add soap at the rate of 1 ounce to the
gallon.
During the last two years in the experience of the writer no one of the
methods has by itself been successful. A combination of the first three
has been eminently so.
White Grabs.
Large fleshy white grubs tvith dark-broum heads, brown sprawlly legs,
enlarged abdomen and bodies that curl into a semi-circle; found in the
soil about the roots of plants.
Three or more species of white grubs have been concerned in the injury
which has taken place. Collections from north and central New Jersey
show Lachnostema fusca Froehl and possibly L. arcuata Smith while
those from the southern portlton show Cyclocephala immaculata Oliv.
and Polyphylla varilosa Hentz^. Doubtless the first species is the one
which has wrought most of the hann.
Injury by white grubs, the young of the June bug and to some extent
of the rose bug has been very noticeable in lawns, golf courses, and
strawberry fields. In some instances the sod has been entirely cut loose
from the soil beneath. In most cases the injury has appeared in spots
only. Strawberry patches in many instances have lost more than 60 per
cent of their plants.
>The species were determined by Mr. John J. Davis.
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3IO NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Brown patches in lawna and golf courses during the past season have
been excellent signs of grub trouble. Reddening and browning of straw-
berry foliage have been indication of the work of white grubs. If the
spots and plants thus showing injury are dug up and carefully examined,
the root system will be seen to be partly or wholly destroyed and white
grubs will usually be found in the soil.
In some places in the red shale soil where the land has been in grass
and weeds for several years the grubs average one for each two square
foot of surface.
The infestation by white grubs is sruch, especially in view of their
large size, as is not likely to give serious trouble next season, for these
almost mature grubs will do only a little feeding next summer and then
pupate. In the summer of 1917 there ought to be a large emergence of
adults and in 1918 grub injury should again be troublesome. Natural
enemies or unfavorable weather may, of course, prevent the beetles from
appearing in large numbers or may destroy their progeny.
While methods of controlling white grubs under field cropping conditions
have been fairly well worked out, practically nothing has been discovered
to prevent their work on lawns and golf courses. With a view of sup-
plying this lack of information studies of control measures adapted to
th^se conditions have been undertaken. An account of the study and its
result is given under the head of "White Grub Remedies."
Rosebug.
(Marcodactylus suhspinosus Fabr.)
Light'hrotpn beetles (1/2 in. in length) with long spint/ sprawly legs
appearing in early summer and feeding vora^ously upon roses, sassafroM,
apple, and many other trees and shruts.
While the young of this insect, which resembles a white grub, has done
a considerable amount of harm to lawns in South Jersey, the adults
seemed to have done still more harm. At times during the rose bug
season the beetles fairly filled the air. Rose bushes, sassafras, apple
trees, grape vines and berry bushes have suffered most of the damage but
com in some cases has been partly destroyed.
The southern part of the State suffered most but the bugs were pres-
ent in sufficient numbers to occasion complaint throughout the central
portion. Practically no reports were received from the northern part of
the State.
On the farm of Mr. John H. Barclay near Cranbury the pest assumed
serious proportions on a variety of apple known as Duchess. Curiously
enough none of the other varieties, which were Mcintosh Red, Twenty
Ounce Pippin, Stayman Winesap, Rome Beauty, Greening, and Fall Pip-
pin, were touched. There were three rows of Duchess — ^two on one side
of the orchard and one on the other. There were scattering trees of this
variety mixed through rows of other varieties. In every instance the
beetles picked out the Duchess. Some. studies of control measures were
made in the course of which the carbolic acid-whale oil soap mixture,
powdered arsenate of lead and sulphur, and self-boiled lime-sulphur were
tried. An account of the results is given under the head of "Rosebug
Remedies."
Flee Beetles. F""* — • =»^ ^"^ — i
(Epitrix sp.)
Bmall (size of a pin head) black beetles found on potatoes, tomatoes
and various solanaceae; they jump like fleas and fill the leaves uHth small
irregular holes.
Never in the writer's experience have the flea beetles (Epitrix cucum-
eH9 Harr.) been go abundant. The potato foliage was filled with holee
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 311
before the planta were six inches high and on at least two other periods
tlie amount of fenestration was large. Tomato foliage suffered severely.
Treatments of various sorts as will be set forth in the section devoted
to the investigation of this insect showed that home-made Bordeaux mix-
ture eliminated about 50 per cent of the injury.
Anny Wonn.
(Leucania unipuncta Harv.)
Dark-gray to dingy-black plump caterpillars with three narrow yellouHah
Mtripes above and a slightly broader and darker one at each side; usually
occurring in large numbers in grass lands, cultivated fields and lawns;
feeds almost entirely at night except when food becomes exhausted then
migrates in armies and feeds in broad day destroying grass and similar
vegetation as it goes.
The army worm has this year been practically absent Absolutely no
complaints of serious injury were received and no cases were observed.
Both the moths and the larvs were occasionally found. This is quite
in accord with the common experience with this insect — a year of great
abundance is usually followed by a year of scarcity.
Angoumols Grain Moth.
{Sitotroga cerealella Oliv.)
Small (1/4 in, long) clap colored moths almost totally unthout color
markings^ found flying about or resting on the walls and grain of bins
and granaries or small (1/5 in. or less) white larvce enclosed in com or
wheat grains.
For the first time in several years the angoumois grain moth, locally
known as the "fiy weevil/' appeared in sufficient numbers to occasion
complaint The damage seems to have occurred mostly along the Dela-
ware River from Trenton south and the principal crop suffering harm has
been com, although some damage to wheat has been reported. Doubtless
the limiting of injury mainly to com is connected with the fact that
comparatively very little wheat is grown in that section.
As might be expected from a knowledge of the angoumois grain moth's
habits the seed com stored in warm places and that part of the 1914
crop held over during the summer of 1915 have been the grain damaged.
The fact, which by the way, is borne out by this year's experience, that
com is not seriously attacked until the summer following the one in
which it is grown, except when stored in heated buildings, narrows the
problem of protection in a highly satisfactory fashion.
To prevent injury to hold-over com it is' necessary to store the new
crop in an uninfested place considerably removed from possible sources
of infestation or to provide means of regular fumigation. To prevent
Injury to com stored in heated buildings adequate provision for fumiga-
tion must be made.
To carry out the first method it is necessary to prepare a new crib or
to clean out the old one together with the surrounding sources of infesta^
tion. Cleaning out the old crib is a matter of removing all grain and
thoroughly freeing all cracks and crevices from grain accumulations and
dusts about 30 days before the new crop is to be stored. Cleaning out
other sources of infestation refers to other grain accumulations in the
same building or other near-by structures in the same manner as that
prescribed for the crib itself. As a matter of fact, it is likely under
ordinary farm conditions to prove difficult if not impracticable to clear
tip the crib and other sources of infestation.
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312 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
To carry out the fumigation it would be necessary to have the crib
sufficiently separate from other buildings to permit its complete enclosure
by a tarpanlin. With this sort of arrangement the farmer has meieiy to
cover hia crib and fumigate whenever the weevils appear in sufficiently
numbers to render the treatment necessary. Com stored In heated
buildings is usrually small in quantity and can therefore be easily enclosed
in a tight box and fumigated whenever infestation appears.
The best fumlgant is carbon bisulphide. Details concerning its use are
published in the Station circulars and may be obtained on request.
Bnropean Pine-^oot Moth.
{Evetria huoliana Schiff.)
Dark hroum larvw with deep hlack head and thoracic shield found
inside dead and dying terminal shoots of pine; presence indicated by
sickly look of shoot and mass of gum.
This insect which was first observed by the writer in the early summer
of 1913 on pine shoots sent in from Long Island, has appeared in large
numbers on Imported nursery stock. In the course of his duties tiie
assistant to the State Entomologist, Mr. Harry B. Weiss, found a sur-
prising infestation on seven shipments from Holland. As many as ten
Infested buds were found on a single small plant. Unfortunately, the
species seems to have been established in the State for several years.
The pine-shoot moth is a well known pest of the pine in Europe and
annually causes serious damage by eating out and destroying the terminal
buds. This results in a distortion of the tree's growth, preventing the
formation of good straight trunks. The insect confines its attention to
conifers and the problem of its control in North Jersey is therefore com-
paratively simple, being merely a question of protecting pines growing
. under cultivation. In South Jersey, however, the question of control
may prove to be very difiTerent While the conmion species of pine in
South Jersey are not listed among its food plants, no one can say
whether it will under our conditions attack them successfully.
Pruning ofT the infested buds in the spring when they are easily seen
and still contain the larvae, and destroying them with fire is the best
method of control thus far discovered. Cutting in the fall is effective but
is attended with more difficulty for the infested buds are harder to detect
at that season than they are in the spring.
The European Mole Cricket.
{Qryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linn.)
Large (2 in, in length) cricket-like creatures found in the soil and tun-
nelling hither and thither cutting off the sterna and roots of plants.
For several years at Rutherford tunnelling by some creature other
than moles and mice has been noted. The tunnels range from 1/4 to 1 inch
in diameter and perforate the soil in every direction. This season the
agent was discovered by Mr. Weiss to be a large mole cricket, which was
later determined by Mr. J. A. G. Rehn as the European mole cricket.
It is interesting to note that this species is regarded by Curtis and
others as a serious pest in many parts of Europe where it appears in
early summer "in myriads" and "nothing in the herbaceous way is proof
against Its ravages."
The life history of this mole cricket has been well known for many
years. At the beginning of summer the female constructs in the neighbor-
hood of her burrows a nest about 6 inches below the surface. It is shaped
like a bottle with a curved neck, 2 inches long and 1 inch wide. The
neck of the bottle communicates with the surface, 300 to 400 eggs are laid
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 313
in it and the entrance closed. The oval brownish-yellow eggs hatch in
July and August, about one month after they are laid, and the young
mole crickets begin to feed on the tender roots of plants whether grass
or vegetables. At thd end of about one month after hatching the group
disperses.
Maturity is reached the following spring after which they pair and lay
eggs. Winter is passed in the soil.
Many measures of control have been suggested by various European
students, among which may be mentioned that of digging in September
three or four pits per 500 to 600 square yards, each two or three feet
deep and a foot wide, filling them with horse dung and covering them
with soil. The mole crickets apparently attracted by the warmth con-
gregate in thes-e pits on the first frost and may be easily destroyed.
Whether the life history or measures of control will be the same in
this country as in Europe is a question which only time and investigation
can ansrwer.
Lawn Ants.
Ants that infest lawns and golf courses have been unusually trouoiesome
this season. Many cases in which the grass has been destroyed have
come to our notice. The species principally concerned is a small reddish
brown ant iTetramorium cespitum Linn.) which constructs small hills
ranging from 1 to 2 inches at their bases, each of which centers at a
burrow about 1/4 of an inch in diameter. In some cases 6 to 10 of these
ant hills could be counted on a square foot The damage did not stop
with the destruction of the grass, but the species made its way into
houses and infested such sweet materials as it could find. The sugar
syrup and tartar emetic described in the last edition of Bulletin No. 203
proved very successful in repelling house invasions.
Onion Thrips.
(Thrips tabaci Linden.)
Very small (1/25 in, long) slender, dark-colored, slowly-moving crea-
tures that appear when the onion leaves are pulled away frovi the stem;
usually quite distinct against the white hack ground of the separated
stem or leaf; presence indicated hy small whitening spots in the leaves.
This insect is playing a large part in onion culture. It was stated to
the writer by Mr. Frank H. Hall of the Campbell Soup Co., that the
growing of onions from seed had been practically eliminated by the
thrips. Everywhere throughout the southwestern part of the State evi-
dence of its work on onions grown from sets could be detected. It seems
obvious that either the measures of control worked out for this insect are
inadequate or that the grower's utilization of them is very unsatisfactory.
From the writer's observation he is inclined to believe that the trouble
lies primarily in the use of measures of control in the proper fashion.
Cabbage Maggot.
iPhorhia hrassicw Bouche.)
Smxtll (S/16 in. long) white maggots either tunnelling in the roots of
cabhage or engaged in skinning them; indication of presence is lack of
growth f wilting and death; best test for presence is careful examination
of the roots of the injured plant.
This year the cabbage maggot appeared in exceptionally large numbers
and did much harm. It seemed as if the growers have had so little
difficulty In recent years that they have ceased to trouble themselves
about measures of control. As a consequence the first Intimation of
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314 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE I
trouble came after the plants were well along and the maggots buried
in the roots. Unfortunately all studies of the subject have shown that
remedies at this stage are practically useless.
Carbon bisulphide fumigation of the soil about the roots followed by
the use of quick acting fertilizer was tried but with slight success. The
carbolic acid emulsion was also tried but without encouragement
It should be remembered by cabbage and cauliflower growers that suo^
cessful treatments begin shortly after the plant is set out
Garden Webworm.
{Loxostege similalis Gn.)
Black-dotted, slightly-hairy caterpillars varying in color from pale
through greenish yellow to dark-yellow^ feeding upon pigweed (Amaran-
thus Bpp.Jy alfalfa and various kinds of garden truck.
In the latter part of the season this insect appeared in the guise of
an alfalfa pest In most instances it was present in ever widening
patches scattered oyer the field. The plants were defoliated and threat*
ened with destruction. The extent of territory covered was such as to
forbid local work. Accordingly, the infested fields were sprayed with
potato sprayers, using 3 pounds of lead arsenate of 50 gallons of water
and using about 100 gallons to the acre. The worms were promptly
destroyed by this treatment
Maple Leaf Stem Miner.
{Priophorus acericaulis MacGillivray.)
Small white larva found mining out the petiole of maple and causing
the leaf vnth the infested petiole to fall from the tree.
This injurious saw fiy appears to be on the increase, two new localitiea
being found. It has now been taken at Hackensack, Bloomfield* Mont-
dair, and Englewood. Kerosene emulsion was applied to the soil as the
larvae were entering it in 1914 and the past summer has shown no
appreciable effect
Wheat-Head Army-Worm.
(Leucania albilinea Hbn.)
Smooth greenish or hrovmish striped caterpillar, an inch or more in
length, feeding upon the heads of wheat and timothy.
This species was reported from two localities — Newton and New
Brunswick — ^not as working upon wheat but timothy. Parts of the field
examined showed the heads completely stripped. Damage by this insect
is unusual and ordinarily accomplished before the grower becomes aware
of its presence.
Periodical Cicada.
Brood No. VI of the periodical cicada which is listed as occurring in
small numbers in the State was represented by very small numbers,
specimens being taken at Cranford, Upper Monclair, Oak Ridge and
Princeton.
Pitted Ambrosia Beetle.
(Corthylus punctalissimu^ Zinlm.)
This ambrosia beetle, which has been recorded from Eagle Rock and
Cape May County, being taken at the later place in the roots of huckle-
berries has this year been found by Mr. Weiss in rhododendrons Kalmda
latifoHa and Azalea mollis at Somerville.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 315
The work of the insect is indicated by a yellowing of the leaves. The
yellowed leaves wilt and drop off the plant The dead stems break off
near the surface of the ground where the tunnelling occurs.
This beetle's attacks appear to be confined to shaded localities where
there is an abundance of mulch. The species is known to attack sugar
maple, sassafras, dogwood, hazel, huckleberry, water beech, ironwood and
rhododendrons.
The only remedy seems to be that of cutting and burning the infested
stems taking care to see that the whole stem is secured and a part not
left in the ground.
BiiseellaiieoiiB.
To a certain extent the tabulated list of insect correspondence seems
to give a notion of the miscellaneous species. Many species, however, do
a type of work which is so common in character or so small in amount
that no one will write in concerning it. The list which follows is based
on direct observation both of the writer and Mr. Harry B. Weiss.
Tetranychus himaculatuSt Harvey, the red spider was scarce, probably
because extraordinary amount of rainfall.
EuJecanium tuUpiferae Cook, the tulip soft scale, seems to be decreasing,
being less abundant this year than last
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., the oyster shell scale has continued to
Increase, especially in the nurseries where it was found on comus, snow-
berry and spirea as well as its usual food plants.
Leptohyrsa explanata Held., the rhododendron lace bug, was plentiful
on rhododendrons throughout the State. A related species was taken at
Palmyra, Arlington, Rutherford and Nutley. It has not yet been deter-
mined.
Phenacoccus acericola King, the maple false scale, has been scarce
during the present season.
Pulvinaria innumerahilis Rathv., the cottony maple scale was rarely
Toumeyella pini King, a species of scale new to New Jersey, waff found
on pine in the woods at Asbury Park on July 26th, seriously damaging
a few trees. The needles badly infested by the scale drop off.
Trioza tripunctata Fitch, the bramble flea louse, was found on July 7th
seriously damaging blackberries of black diamond variety at Cologne and
Hammonton.
Oalerucella luteola Mull., the elm leaf beetle was seen at Plainfleld,
July 14th, Princeton July 12th, Rahway July 13th, Summit June 21st, and
fiackettstown July 6th. The damage in most cases was slight but the
species was generally present
Oastroidea cyanea Mels., one of the leaf beetles, has this year been on
the increase on poplar and willow at Rutherford, Irvington and other
points in North Jersey.
Molasoma scripta Fabr., a leaf beetle on poplar was found July 23rd
and later at MerchantviUe, Pensauken, Camden, Rutherford and Bridgeton.
Baperda Candida Fabr., the round headed apple tree borer, was taken
In small numbers in an orchard at Freehold on June 24th.
Tricho1>ari8 trinotata Say, potato stalk borer, was reported by BenJ.
Barrett as injuring tomatoes.
Alypia octomacuJata Fabr., was numerous on grape vines at Secaucus,
Homestead and Jersey City.
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3i6 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
AnUota senatoria Sm. & Abb., occurred in small numbers on oak in
South Jersey.
Hemileuca maia Dru., was seen in large numbers on oak at Alloway,
May 31st
Ceratomia catalpa Bdv., the catalpa sphinx, has been fairly abundant.
This species was chiefly interesting becaust; it seemed almost totally free
from parasitism.
Crambiis vulvivagellus Clem., corn-root web-worm, was found at work
on July 15th at Oak Ridge. The Infested land had been in sod for several
years just preceding the planting of corn. Similar conditions obtained
on a farm near Newton.
Macronoctua onusta Grt., was found rarely this season.
Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, the apple maggot, was observed on tlie
farm of Mr. Harold Hornor at Mount Holly. The infestation was slight.
IV.
INVESTIGATIONS.
Mushroom Spring-tail.
Early in December, 1914, our attention was called to trouble Mr. Jacobi
of Irvington was having with the mushroom spring-tail {Achoreute*
armatum, Nicolet et al.), and were requested to see what could be done
towards remedying the condition.
Although the best way of avoiding the work of the insect is found in
the practice of sterilizing the soil and manure and the securing of dean
spawn, the fact that the insect was already established in made-up beds
and likely to do much harm, led us to try out a soil treatment with car-
bon bisulphide.
On December 12th a preliminary experiment was set by the wriier on
a badly infested bed. Two of the plots were approximately a square
yard each and the other about 4 square feet. The small plot was desig-
nated as A and had numerous mushrooms on its surface; the others
designated as B and C respectively showed no growth above the soil.
Plot A was treated with the carbon bisulphide at the rate of 1 ounce
to the cubic foot. Holes 2^ inches deep were made at points 12 in. apart
and the liquid poured into each of them closing each as soon as its
charge was introduced.
Plot B was treated with carbon bisulphide at the rate of 1/2 ounce to
the cubic foot and plot C with 1 ounce to the cubic foot
Check plots were interpolated between the treatments.
The temperature of the air in this cellar ranged from 50 to 55 ^'F and
the moisture of the soil was high.
On December 14th the treatments were examined by Mr. Rlcharoson
with the following results:
Plot A. All spring-tails dead; mushrooms softened.
Check between A & B. All spring-tails alive.
Plot B. All spring-tails dead.
Check between B & C. All spring-tails alive.
Plot Ct AU Bpring-tftUe d^ad.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 317
On December 18th the treatments were again examined and with the
I'oUowing results:
Plot A. All spring-tails dead; no mushroom growth; cellar 45 ^'F.
Check, all spring-tails alive; no mushroom growth.
Plot B. All spring-tails dead; no mushroom growth.
Check, all spring-tails alive; no mushroom growth.
Plot C. All m^ring-tails dead; no mushrooms.
On December 2l8t the treatments were again examined and with the
following results:
Plot A. Not examined for spring-tails; no mushrooms.
Check " " " " two "
Plot B. Spring-tails all dead; three "
Check, not examined for spring-tails; two
Plot C " " " " no
Check between C and the wall no "
Thus it appeared that 1/2 ounce of carbon bisulphide to the cubic foot
kills the spring-tails and does not damage the mushrooms. It also
appeared that 1 ounce to the cubic foot is injurious to the mushrooms.
The examination of the 14th served to demonstrate that the minimum
dosage for the spring-tail had not been found. Accordingly a new set
of exi>eriments was set by Mr. Richardson on December 15th. Three plots,
each 7.7 square feet, were treated, the first with 1 ounce to the cubic foot,
the second with 1/2 ounce to the cubic foot, the third with 1/4 ounce to
tlie cubic foot, the fourth with 1/8 of an ounce, and the fifth with 1/10
of an ounce. A check plot was interpolated between each pair of treated
plots. The carbon bisulphide was placed in holes 5 to 7 inches deep.
The plots were examined on December 16th with the following results:
Plot No. 1. All spring-tails dead.
Check No. 1. " " alive.
Plot No. 2. " " dead.
Check No. 2. " " alive.
Plot No. 3. Many spring-tails dead in compost; many alive in surface
soil; not as many present as in Plot No. 2.
Check No. 3. All spring-tails alive.
Plot No. 4. Some spring-tails dead in compost; some alive in surface
soil.
Check No. 4. All spring-tails alive.
Plot No. 5. Some dead; some alive.
Check No. 5. All alive.
On December 18th the treatments were again examined, and with the
following results:
Plot No. 1. All spring-tails dead; no mushroom growth.
Check No. 1. " " alive; "
Plot No. 2. . " " dead; 4 " to the sq. ft.
Check No. 2. ' " " alive; 5-1/2
Plot No. 3. " " dead; 1
Check No. 3. " " alive; 1/2
Plot No. 4. " " " 7
Check No. 4. " " " 4
Plot No. 5. Some alive; sopae d^a^; HP Tnushroopas.
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3i8 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Check No. 5. All alive; 2-1/2 mushrooms to the sq. ft
On December 21st the following results were obtained:
Plot No. 1.
5 mushrooms to the sq. ft
Check No. 1.
2
ft tf ft It
Plot No. 2.
6
tt tt tt tt
Check No. 2.
12
tt It tt ft
Plot No. 3.
•» It *t tt
Check No. 3.
7
tf ft tt tt
Plot No. 4.
8
tt »» tt tt
Check No. 4.
11-1/2 "
tt tt tt tt
•Plot No. 5.
1
tf tt ft tt
Check No. 5.
7-1/2 "
tt t» «t tf
On December 26th the following results
were obtained:
Plot No. 1.
6 mushrooms to the sq. ft
Check No. 1.
4-1/2 "
It »» f» ft
Plot No. 2.
3
It tt It It
Check No. 2.
15
tt tt tt tt
Plot Nd. 3.
2
t» n M »f
Check No. 3.
26
ft tt It tt
Plot No. 4.
12
tt tt tt It
Check No. 4.
20
tt tt It »»
Plot No. 5.
5
tt It It It
Check No. 5.
25
tt It tt It
Desiring further evidence of the effect of treatment on mushrooms
above the surface, a small bed covered with growing stock wasr treated in
the usual way with 1/2 ounce to the cubic foot. The mushrooms were
softened and practically ruined.
Desiring a notion of the soil temperature, tests were made with the
following results:
Dec. 15th 2.15 P.M. 52.7'F and 52.5-P.
5.00 P.M. 53.6*'F and 52.7'F.
Dec. 16th 8.30 A.M. 52.7"»F and 53.6''F.
9.40 A.M. 51.8'*F and 52.7'F.
It thus appears that while carbon bisulphide offers a ready means of
destroying the mushroom spring-tails, its use is attended with such
serious injury to the mushrooms that it cannot be considered as a remedy.
White Grab Remedies.
The problem of controlling white grubs has been mainly attacked from
the standpoint of a field crop pest and comparatively little has been done
with it as a garden, lawn and golf green problem. Yet in this guise the
insect has recently done more damage and occasioned more complaint
than it has as a field pest.
The measures of control as set forth in Circular No. 26 of the E^xperl-
ment Station seem satisfactory from the standpoint of, field crops, bat
without doubt leave much to be desired for protection of g^krdens. lawns
and golf greens.
With the purpose of devising some practicable method of meeting thia
phase of the problem a study of soil disinfection has been undertaken.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 319
At the outset it was plain that a study of soil treatment would have to
take into consideration the minimum dosage for each particular insect
form, the maximum dosage for the useful organisms growing in and on
the soil, and the relation of these dosages to soil texture, chemistry,
temperature and moisture.
Carbon bisulphide, having been extensively considered in Europe,
occurred to us as the substance that should be first examined. Accord-
ingly an efTort was made to determine roughly the minimum dosage in
the red shale soil common at New Brunswick.
Three areas were laid out in a garden on red shale soil where grubs
of Lachonstema fusca Froehl. had been abundant all summer. Plot No.
1 contained 18 square feet and later counts showed grubs at the rate of
1 to each 2.5 square feet Plot No. 2 contained 80 square feet and
showed grubs at the rate of 1 to each 2.5 square feet Plot No. 3 contained
27 square feet, showed grubs at the rate of 1 to each 2.7 square feet
The temperature of the soil at a point three inches below the surface at
mid-day averaged about 76 ^F throughout the first five or six days of the
experiment The soil was just moist enough for good working, not wet
enough to ball and not dry enough to clod. Plot No. 1 received 1 ounce
of carbon bisulphide per square foot. Holes 3 inches deep were made
at points 12 inches apart throughout the plot and 1 ounce of the fluid
poured carefully into each hole, which was at once closed by pressing the
heel upon it Plot No. 2 received 7 c. c of liquid per square foot applied
in the same way. Plot No. 3 received 15 c c. per square foot applied in
the same way. The application was made in the afternoon of September
6th, 1915.
On September 11th the whole of plot No. 1 was dug up and seven
dead grubs were found. A part of plot No. 2, amounting to 32.25 square
feet, was examined and seventeen grubs were found eleven of* which
were alive. On September 25th the balance of plot No. 2, amounting to
47.75 square feet, was examined and sixteen grubs, thirteen of which
were alive were found. Plot No. 3 was also examined on ihist date and
eight grubs, two of which were alive were found.
It thus seems that the minimum dosage for the conditions under which
the test was carried out was not far from 3/4 of an ounce to the square
foot
As the growing season was drawing to a close and the experiments
must soon be transferred to the laboratory it seemed well to see how
the same charge would under outdoor conditions affect the plants which
had suffered so much from the ravages of the grubs. Accordingly three
areas, each one square yard in extent, were laid off in the yard within
fifty feet of the other plots. A mixture of first year blue grass and white
clover formed a vigorous sod over these plots. The soil was identical
with that of the garden with only such difference as the surface cultivation
of a garden through the growing season could produce. The temperature
three inches below the surface averaged about 70 "F for the first ten days
of the experiment. The soil moisture was approximately .the same as
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320 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
in the other experiment, perhaps a little greater. The experiment was
set September 27th, 1915.
Plot No. 1 received 1 ounce of the carbon bisulphide per square foot
applied as outlined In the previous experiment Plot No. 2 received 13
c. c per square foot and plot No. 3, 7 c. c. per square foot
Up to November 1st there was no trace of injury to either the blue
grass or the clover on any of the plots. It seems, therefore, that the
minimum dosage for the grub is probably well below the maxim um
dosage for the blue grass and white clover.
Rosebng Remedies.
The rosebugs appeared in Mr. John H. Barclay's young apple orchard
in sufficient numbers to threaten defoliation of the Duchess variety.
This peculiar varietal preference, which has been mentioned under the
heading "Insects of the Year" has been characteristic of rosebug injury
at Mr. Barclay's place for the last four or five outbreaks.
The abundance of the bugs and the willingness of Mr. Barclay to
cooperate offered a good opportunity to test out some measures of con-
trol. Accordingly it was planned to test a new mixture (consisting of 16
pounds of whale oil soap, 1 pint of crude carbolic acid in 100 gallons of
water), powdered arsenate of lead and sulphur (made up in proportions
in one case 1 part to 1 part and in the other one part of lead arsenate to
5 parts of sulphur), commercial lime sulphur plus arsenate of lead, and
self-boiled lime-sulphur plus arsenate of lead.
The tree rows extended east and west and this infestation came in
from the western end and progressed eastward. Beginning at the western
end of a Duchess row on June 16th, the first tree was coated with powd-
ered arsenate of lead and sulphur ( 1 to 1) the second tree with the car-
bolic-whale-oil-soap mixture, the third with powdered arsenate of lead and
sulphur (1 to 5), the fourth with powdered arsenate of lead and sulphur
(1 to 1), the fifth with carbolic-acid-whale-oil-soap mixture, the sixth
(another variety, Stayman Winesap) untreated, the seventh with powdered
arsenate of lead and sulphur (1 to 5) and the balance of the row with car-
bolic acid-whale-oil-soap mixture. The east half of two Duchess rows on
the north side of the orchard wefre sprayed with self-boiled lime-sulphur
to which arsenate of lead had been added at the rate of 2 pounds to 50
gallons. The west half of the same two rows were treated with com-
mercial lime-sulphur to which arsenate of lead had been added at the rate
of 2 pounds to 50 gallons. The lime-sulphurs had been applied on June
15th.
On June 16th the trees were kept under observation for two hours.
The powdered lead and sulphur treatment shdwed no effect except that
perhaps a few more beetles were found on the ground than under the
untreated trees. The carbolic-acid-whale-oil-soap mixture knocked about
50 per cent of the beetles off the trees, seemed partly to paralyze many,
and to kill some. After the first few minutes the mortality did not seem
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 321
to increase and in fact of the 10 paralyzed beetles which were placed in
a paste-board box and carried to the laboratory, not one died.
The trees treated with the self-boiled and commercial lime-sulphurs
showed a few bugs, nothing like the numbers on the untreated trees.
There were decidedly fewer bugs and absolutely no new feeding on the
trees treated with the former.
On June 17th Mr. Richardson examined the conditions at the Barclay
orchard and found them as follows:
Tree No. 1. Powdered lead arsenate and sulphur (1 to 1), 55 dead
beetles under the tree; many beetles on the tree, some of which were
feeding.
Tree No. 2. Carbolic-acid-whale-oil-soap mixture, 6 dead beetles under
the tree; same conditions on tree as in No. 1.
Tree No. 3. Powdered lead arsenate and sulphur (1 to 5), none dead
under the tree; same conditions on tree as in No. 1.
Tree No. 4. Powdered lead arsenate and sulphur (1 to 1), 11 dead
beetles under tree, fewer beetles and less feeding than in 1, 2, or 3; not
perfect control however.
Tree No. 5. Carbolic-acid-whale-oil-soap mixture, 2 dead beetles under
tree; beetles on tree about as No. 1.
Tree No. 6. Other variety, (Stayman Winesap), no treatment. Only
one beetle found on this tree; no signs of feeding; leaves are stiffer-than
those of Duchess variety.
Tree No. 7. Powdered lead arsenate and sulphur (1 to 5), no dead
beetles under tree; fewer beetles, and less fresh feeding than in No. 1;
not perfect control however.
Trees 8 and so on to end of row, carbolic-acid-whale-oll-soap mixture.
Practically no dead beetles under trees, many beetles on trees but not
as many as at west end of orchard; considerable fresh feeding; odor
of soap still strong.
Trees treated with commercial lime-sulphur plus arsenate of lead aver-
age 5 to 6 dead beetles under each tree; not as many beetles or anything
like the amount of fresh feeding found on trees of plots 1, 2, 3. 4, 5. 7,
and t.
Trees treated with self -boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead; no dead
beetles under tree; few beetles on trees; no fresh feeding.
All later observations served only to confirm the evidence gathered on
the 17th that of all treatments used the self-boiled lime-sulphur plus
lead arsenate was most effective, giving in fact almost perfect protection.
In view of the fact that no dead beetles were found under the trees
treated with self-boiled lime-sulphur, it seems likely that the mixture
acted purely as a repellent and that the lead arsenate had little or nothing
to do with the result.
Potato Flee Beetle.
The prevalent species this year was Epitrix cucumeris Harris., and its
abundance was much greater than usual, attacking seriously both potato
and tomato.
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322 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The mixture recommended by Mr. Cameron^ consisting of one pound
of pyrethrum, 10 gallons of water with enough soap to insure that a film
of the spray will adhere to the leaves after spraying, was given a field
trial. When the early planted potatoes on Mr. J. Harry Handle's place
were about four inches high they were heavily infested with the flea
beetle. Two rows were sprayed with a mixture composed of 1 pound ol
pyrethrum, 10 ounces of whale oil soap and 10 gallons of water and two
other rows with a combination of 10 ounces of whale oil soap and 10
gallons of water. The mixtures were applied under a pressure of about
100 pounds and about 100 gallons per acre were used.
The potatoes treated with pyrethrum, soap and water were freed from
beetles and kept free for fully ten days, and exhibited no traces of spray-
ing injury. The potatoes treated with the soap and water alone were
freed from the beetles for a very short time and were stunted. By the
former large numbers of the insects were destroyed; by the latter very
few were killed.
Although the pyrethrum, soap and water mixture was efTective the
cost of the operation is practically prohibitive. Pyrethrum costs under
present conditions 50 cents a poimd at retail, which means about five
dollars an acre for 10 days' protection.
The tests with Bordeaux mixture on a field scale showed this year as
last a 50 per cent reduction of the beetles' work on plants given four
treatments with home-mixed 5-5-50 Bordeaux. The protection afforded by
Bordeaux was better than that given by the dust mixture, apparently
because of its greater adhesiveness and consequent longer period ot
repellency.
Strawberry WeeviL
The life history, habits and methods of controlling this insect nxe set
forth in New Jersey Bulletin No. 225 and no attempt will be made to
review them in this account. The past season has brought out what
appears to be a new method of hibernating. Many of the patches in
southern New Jersey lie adjacent to woodlands in which popular opinion
says that the beetles pass the winter. In company with Mr. Elwood
Douglass on August 12th the writer searched the field in which the
studies had been made when the weevils were very abundant and
was unable in the course of an hour to find any traces of them. Elxamina-
tion of the golden rod blooming along the edge of an adjacent woodland
revealed a few specimens at work on the blossoms. Search of the wood-
land itself was then undertaken. The forest floor was examined leaf by
leaf, needle by needle, and stick by stick without finding a trace of the
insect The patches of moss growing on the soil about the base? of the
tree trunks and scattered over the soil between were then examined.
Here on the moss stems, about 1/4 of an inch below the simimits, the
beetles were found in abundance indicating that this type of wintering
place was preferred to that which lies prone. The species of moss thus
being utilized for winter quarters proved to be Dicranum acoparium (L)
IN. J. SUUon Beport for 1914, pp. 377-878.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 3^3
Hedw. There is a curious and interesting resemblance between the place
selected by this insect for winter quarters and that used by the chinch
bogs on the plains. The close standing stems of the moss like those of
the bunch grass serve to prevent the insects from experiencing the large
changes of temperature which take place in unprotected places. The
upstanding stems of the moss» again like those of the bunch grass, enable
the insect by moving up and down to regulate at least to some degree its
relation to soil moisture. Approximately every two weeks since the
beetles were found in the moss they have been examined. No changes
have taken place except that they seem slowly to be migrating down the
stems.
A study of the methods of control was undertaken because many of
the growers were losing about 50 per cent of the buds and none of the
measures of control usually advocated appealed to them as practicable. A
summary of the measures of control hitherto proposed shows that the
methods fall into three groups: first, measures intended to prevent the
insect from reaching the plants to be protected ; second, measures intended
to render the protected plants distasteful; third, measures intended to
destroy the insect
Under the first head comes the practice of covering the beds with muslin
or other similar material; a proceeding which is practicable in a garden
but hardly to be considered on a field scale. Cultivating pistillate varie-
ties is a most effective method of circumventing the pest but one which
has few followers because the berries produced by such varieties are
thought not to meet the market conditions well. The planting of pro-
fusely blooming varieties is not adopted by the growers because the
varieties in question are not thought to equal in returns the ones now
in use.
Trap crops in this as in most insect problems is largely an impracticable
solution because of the additional labor involved all of which a change
in the weather or the increase of the weevil's natural enemies may set
at naught
Under the second head come various sprays and dusts such as crude
carbolic acid, Bordeaux mixture, lime, ashes, etc. None of these sub-
stances or any others tried appear to afford a really satisfactory degree
of protection.
Under the third head are included the arsenical treatments. In the
season of 1913 several growers were advised that it might be worth while
to try the arsenate of lead applying it thoroughly with an undershot
nozzle, Jnst before the buds opened. Satisfactory control by this means
was not obtained.
The damage done by the strawberry weevil Is practically all accom-
plished between the opening of the earliest buds and the opening of the
latest and the problem of its control is thereby limited to preventing its
work during that period which is between two and three weeks in extent
If a treatment could be found by means of which the plants could be
protected either by destroying the beetles dr repelling them during this
period the problem of preventing serious harm to the strawberry crop
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324 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
would be solved. The ezperlmeiits of 1915 were laid out with a view to
finding this type of remedy.
The fact that Cameron^ had been able to destroy the potato flea beetle
{Epitrix cucumeria Harr.) with a mixture of pyrethrum, soap and water,
lead us to include this mixture among those to be tested. The recent
development in the production of exceedingly finely divided dry arsenate
of lead and sulphur led to a test of them alone and in combination. The
well known repellent and insecticidal action of tobacco dust and decoction
led us to include tests of these substances. For the sake of comparison
powdered lime and powdered arsenite of zinc and arsenate of lead spray
were included.
The place selected for the work was a three- to four-acre sand field
on the farm of Mr. Oesei^-near Ck)logne. A woodland bordered the
southern and western aspects. All of the work was done on Heritage and
the limited number of rows prevented the interpolation of checks.
The northeast comer of the field was set aside for experimental work
and the blocks were outlined as shown in the following diagram. The
standard length of block was 40 feet. It was planned to start the treat-
ments as soon as the beetles began to work and to maintain the coating
until th^ maximum bloom was past
Table of Treatments and Results.
Plot No.
Tbeatiiknt.
Nature.
Dates of
Percentaee of
Buds Cut
5/5, 191575714, 1915
Effects in
Plants.
Check at
becinninK.
1
2
8
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
Check at
► end
Nothing
Whale oil soap and water, 1 os.
to 1 gal
Whale oil soap (10 oa.) Pyreth-
nim (1 lb.) and water (10 gals.)
Arsenate of lead (3 lbs.) ana
watw (50 gals.)
Arsenate of lead (1 lb.) and sul-
phur (1 lb.) dust
Arsenate of lead (1 lb.) and sul-
phur (5 lbs.) dust
Home-miTed Bordeaux (5-6-50).
Tobacco dust
Powdered arsenate of lead
Powdered arsen te of zinc
Hydrated lime
Whale oil soap (600 ozs.) black
leaf 40 (1 gal.) and water (500
gab.)
Dry pryethrum
Pyrethrum (1 lb.) whale oil soap
(10 OS.) and water 10 gals. . . .
Nothing.
4/30
4/27
4/28
4/30, 5/6.
4/28. 5/6
4/28
4/30
4/30. 5/6
4/30
4/30. 5/6
4/30
4/30.
4/30
20
10
7
6
20
12
7
Badly
6
11
14
38
48
52
42
25
8
12
49
51
19
burned.
41
42
41
53
60
Soorohed
slightly.
Soorohed
slightly.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
None.
Burned
badiy.
None.
Scorched
subtly.
None.
Soorohed
sUi^t^
»Beport N. I Afl, JJxpt. BU., pp. S78-S80. 1914.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 325
Limited application of the two miztoree of anenate of lead and anlpliiir
made on May 18th when the strawberries were in full bloom did not
apparently injure the open blossoma
The field was selected and the plan of work laid out before the buds
were showing at alL Owing to a brief illness and consequent pressure
of routine duties the writer was unable to reach the field again until some
of the first blossoms were beginning to open. At this time (April 27th)
the beetles were present everywhere throughout the field* but were
markedly more numerous as the woodland to the south was approadied.
The whale oil soap, whale oil soap and pyrethrum, '^lackleaf 40," and
whale oil soap having scorched the plants were not repeated. The arse-
nite of zinc burned the plants badly and was discontinued. The arsenate
of lead in water, pyrethrum, Bordeaux, tobacco dust, having proven
relatively ineffective were not repeated. The powdered arsenate of lead
and sulphur combinations, the powdered arsenate of lead and the hydrated
lime having been found to give good protection between April 80th and
May 5th were repeated on May 6th.
Thus it appears that the mixture of powdered arsenate of lead and
sulphur gave better protection than any substances tried and that the.
mixture composed of one part of lead to one part of sulphur is a little
the more effective.
In view of this fact that neither the mixture containing the largest
amount of sulphur nor the pure lead gave so good results as the mixture
which had a smaller amount of sulphur it is obvious that it is neither
the arsenate of lead alone nor the sulphur by itself which is effective but
the mixture of the two.
When the plants reached maximum bloom the effect of the successful
treatments was very marked, the successfully treated blocks being as
white as snow while the checks were green with a sprinkling of blossoms.
There can be no question as to the effectiveness of this year's treat-
ments. Whether these results can be duplicated next year remains to
be seen.
Anti-Peach-Borer CoAtAngs,
Thus far in the study of the peach borer all the really promising
measures of control have been concerned with an effort to prevent the
larvse from gaining an entrance to the tree or to destroy it after it has
entered.
Extensive studies of coatings to prevent the larvse from entering the tree
have been made by PetersS Smith', Sllngerland', Cory*,and others. The
upshot of the whole effort seems to have been that while many of the
coatings do not hurt the trees and do reduce the borers, none of them are
entirely effective.
^Memoirs Phlla. Soc. Prom. Agr. 1, PP 15-19, 190S.
«N. J. Sto. Bull. 128, 1898.
»N. T. Cornell SUtion, Bull, 176, 1899.
'Maryland Station Bull. 176, 1913.
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326 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Of all the agents used for destroying the larvae after it has entered the
tree the knife and wire have proven the most efTectlve and are the
dependence of the most successful peach growers at the present time.
The insistent demand for methods of control whereby the injury done
by the borer before it can be killed and removed may be prevented, has
lead us in spite of the iailures of the past to see what could be done
towards developing a method of preventing the larvae from entering.
A number of the more promising substances were experimented with,
tanglefoot, white wash (government formula), Borowax, sulfocide, white
lead and pure linseed oil, concentrated lime and sulphur, and asphaltum
of both soft and hard grades.
The test with tanglefoot began in 1912 and covered a period of two
years. The first year it greatly reduced the number of borers and did
not apparently injure the trees. The second year of test on the same
tree, it again reduced the borers but killed some of the trees and seriously
injured more.
The test with white wash began in 1913 covered two years ana
reduced the borers without injuring the tree. The test with Borowax
began in 1912 and covered three years. The first year it reduced the
borers but seriously injured the trees to which it had been applied as a
coating. The second and third year it was applied as a collar about the
base of the tree and reduced the borers without injuring the tree. The
test with sulfocide began in 1913, covered two years and reduced the
borers very slightly without injuring the trees. The test with white
lead and pure linseed oil began in 1913, covered two years and reduced
the borers without injuring the trees.
The test with winter-strength lime sulphur began in 1913 covered two
years and reduced the borers without injuring the trees. The test with
asphaltum began in 1913 covered two years and reduced the borers
without injuring the trees.
Thus it appears that this work has simply confirmed that of previous
years — that there are many coatings which reduce the borers without
injuring the tree, but that none of them absolutely or even approximately
prevented infestation. Naturally of course, the question is "Why do
they not prevent?" Here again our experience is quite in accord with
that of other observers that these coatings do not prevent because they
are not sufficiently complete.
All lack completeness within the limits of the coating itself, that is,
uncovered spots exist as the result of imperfect application or weathering.
The coatings made with a soft grade of asphalt when applied with care
appeared to show no uncovered spots but allowed them to appear as the
result of the first season's weathering. In the trials of 1913 and 1914
the material was applied with a brush or a paddle and the obtaining of
a complete coating seemed difficult, but in 1915 a method of pouring the
coating was devised and it was found easy to make it complete.
Matters were at this point when Blakeslee and Scott came out with
their card collar protectors. Both described their protectors before the
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 327
27th annual meeting (1914-1915) of the American Association of Economic
Entomologists, and the pieces of apparatus by means of which they pro-
posed to prevent the entrance of the borer were practically Identical.
Essentially the method consisted in the placing of a wide paper or
fiber collar about the base of the trees having first mounded the soil
about the tnmk to serve as a support, and cementing it firmly to the
tree in such a fashion that the larvae have to crawl over and under the
outer rim before reaching the tnmk of the tree below the coating. The
theory seems to have been that the larvse would not have strength enough
to make this long journey successfully.
A test of these protectors as compared with asphalt coatings was
planned and executed by Mr. Harry B. Weiss and the writer. Cards
were purchased from Scott together with a couple of gallons of sealing
material. Three different orchards were selected — two on very sandy
soil near South Amboy and one on considerably heavier soil near Middle-
town. The first orchard at South Amboy consisted of young peach trees
averaging about 2 1/2 inches in diameter and the second of peach trees
about 5 to 6 inches through. The orchard at Middletown was composed
of peach trees 6 Inches or more in diameter. On June 17th and 18th
the Scott Protector of proper size was applied according to directions to
32 of the five- to six-inch trees at South Amboy. On the same date the
Scott cards were applied to 19 of the two and one half-inch trees. On
June 24th the Scott protectors were placed on 20 of the six-inch trees at
Biiddletown.
At South Amboy three types of soft asphaitum coatings were used,
the first of which was simply a two and one-half to three-inch plate or
collar poured on the soil about the base of the tree, the second a coating
starting 6 to 8 inches above the soil and extending downward to the
surface where it spread out as a collar 2^ to Z inches wide, the third
a coating beginning 6 to 8 inches above the surface of the soil and extend-
ing down to the points where the first large roots came off and then
spreading out to form a two andone-half to three inch-wide collar. The
asphalt treatments were limited to the two and one-half inch trees.
A check stood beside every treated row and where possible a check
row on each side of the treated row was secured.
The summer rains were heavy and the winds strong. The soil was
washed and the trees were whipped about. In the young orchard great
cavities were found about the bases of many of the trees.
The trees at South Amboy were wormed on November 4th and Novem-
ber 5th by Mr. Weiss with the following results.
"LarvK were one-eighth to three-quarters of an inch long, the majority
measuring one-half an inch or less. Many of the protectors have broken
loose and slid down the trunk. Others are twisted. Some have flattened
out following the washing away of the supporting soil. Only one was
perfectly sealed at time of worming. The few cards which were sealed
with soft asphaitum showed imperfections. Sealing materials sticks
to the tree but not to the protector. Many of the flaps are open. Under
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328 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
each protector on the young trees there is a cavity around the trunk due
to swaying. No larvae are found above the protector. All are below,
some just under and others five, six, seven and eight inches below.
Soil under the protectors and close to the trunk is dry. In a grassy
orchard this wQuld make an ideal condition for field mice.
"In the old orchard the protectors have stood up better. There is no
cavity about the trees such as found about the young trees. Many breaks
occur in the sealing material and borers have entered through them.
Flaps have stuck imperfectly. Under protectors were found a nest of
field mice, colonies of sow bugs, crickets, ground beetles, cocoons, angle-
worms, and empty peach borer cocoons. One tree here was found per
fectly sealed and no borers were discovered in it.
"The row treated with asphalt coating and surface collar showed two
trees on which the collar and coating were in good condition. Coatings
on many of the trees have weathered badly. Lenticels show through.
Some of the collars have broken away and slipped down. Many borers
have entered breaks in asi)halt above the collar and at the collar where
it has broken loose.
"The row treated with the asphalt collar showed only the collar slipped
down or broken away and largely covered up with sand.
"The row treated with a coating and below-ground collar showed most
of the borers above the ring where it had broken away from the coating.
Borers also entered lentlcles where, the same had broken through the
asphalt coating."
At Middletown the trees were wormed on November 10th and the
following notes were taken.
"Protectors are in good shape as far as form is concerned. Much
grass is around them. Everyone is imperfectly sealed, especially about
the flap. Sealing material failed to hold the cards close to the trunk.
This orchard has been regularly wormed by the owner for years."
Pa
Character of protector.
Time of
placing — ^worming.
pi
S- Amboy ^
young orchard. . Scott Protector 6/17 & 18 11 /4 A 5 i
** . . None I ** I ** I
*' . . Asphalt coating and surface I |
collar I '* "
'* . . None I *' " I
" . . Surface collar of asphalt . . . ' " *' j
. . None •* *' I
** . . Asphalt coating with below ** "
, ground collar 1
S. Amboy
old orchard .... Scott protector *' i *'
** .... None '* *•
Middletown Scott protector 6/24 1 1 /lO
** None " *• i
19
19
18
19
19
17
13
32
11
20
14
3.3 .7
4.0 ^
I
2.4
4.2 1.8
2.4 4.8
7.2
4.3 29
7.5 5 5
13 ^
1.6 4.8
6.3
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 329
It thus appears that neither the Scott protectors nor the asphalt coat-
ings give satisfactory protection, and that result Is due to Incompleteness
of the covering.
Effect of Moisture Upon lietfaal Hij^ Temperature.
The work of Goodwin^ has shown that moisture In the form of relative
humidity of the air Influences the temperature, at which Insects suc-
cumb, only to a slight extent. He shows that moist heat kills the rice
weevil iCatandra oryzae L.) at from S'C. to 4*C. lower than dry heat,
that as a rule the difference between the lethal temperature with moist
and with dry heat is much less, and that the Indian meal moth {Plodia
interpunctella Hbn.) succumbs somewhat more readily to dry heat than
to moist heat.
The maximum difference between dry and moist heat appears to have
been about 60 per cent, which is probably but not necessarily as large as
would obtain in practical work of utilizing heat as an insecticide. Furth-
ermore, it occurred to the writer, that the introduction of seeds, which
seems a perfectly practical proceeding, into an already heated chamber
with the consequent sudden rise of temperature might give dlfTerent
results.
As the opportunity has arisen in connection with other studies, a
series of tests with the bean weevil {Bruchus obtectus Say.) supple-
mented with a few experiments on the pea weevil {B. pisorum Say.) have
been made. In general the plan has been (1) to determine the lethal
temperature by heating dlfTerent stages of the insect on a water bath
until death resulted, consuming not more than ten minutes In the rise
of temperature from that of room 70 "F. to 80**F. to the lethal degree,
without regard to factors other than temperature; (2) to standardize
the temperature and moisture in the incubatohs using about the lethal
temperature in both Instruments and saturation In one chamber and the
lowest possible relative humidity in the other; (3) to introduce Into
each Incubator wire cages containing as many individuals of the stage
being studied as possible; (4) to remove a wire cage from each incu-
bator at half hour intervals thereafter. The air taken from outside the
building for each machine was drawn through the incubators at the
rate of approximately 1 liter per minute. The water used for saturating
was distilled.
In the case of the bean weevil, twelve adults were subjected to a
rapidly rising temperature. Signs of heat rigor appeared at 104 "F.
(40*C.) and all were dead at 122'*F. (50"C.). The experiment with many
more specimens was reported with the same results. Putting the matter
more in detail we may summarize the first experiment by saying that four
died at 104"^ (40''C.) three more at 113°F. (45''C.) three more at
117.5'F. (47.5''C.) and two more at 122*'F. (50'C.).
In the case of the weevil inside the bean, two lots of beans, composed
of twenty-five each, were subjected to 125''F. (37.40*C.) with no mortality
In larvae, pupae or adults. A lot of 25 was subjected to 135"^ (43*C.) with
Vounial of Kconomic Entomology, Vol. 7, pp. 313-322.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
330 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
a 100 per cent killed of stages above mentioned. A lot subjected to
140'F. (45.7*'C.) showed all infestation dead.
Test of tlie Adnlt Weevils.
Date.
Time exposed.
Temper-
ature.
Relative
humidity.
Number
living.
Number
deeuL
July 16, '15.
30 min. . .
60 min. . .
1 ^ hours,
2 hours. . .
30 min . . .
60 min. . .
1 Vi hours.
2 hours. . .
125°F.
10
10
O
lO
lO
lO
o
lO
lO
lO
Test of Larvae, Papae, and Adults.
Date.
Time exposed.
Temper-
ature.
ReUtive
humidity.
Number of
larvae
aUve-dead
Number of
pupe
aUve^dead
Number o
adulta
afive-deKl
July 16,*15
30 min
135°F
**
100%
100%
aU
aU
aU
a.i
aU
all
all
all
all
Ihr. to2>ghr8.
30 min
1 hr. to 2 H hrs
July 24/15
30 min
I hrto2Hhrs
30 min ...
i35°F,
4%
4%
100%
100%
aU
aU
aU
aU
aU
aU
aU
aU
I hr. to 2.4 hrs
July29,'15,Hto2Hhrs
i>4to2Hhr8
130°F.
.30°F.
5%
100%
aU
all
aU
aU
The first table shows clearly that a difference of from 92 to 94 per
cent relative humidity has practically no effect upon the lethal tem-
perature for the unprotected bean weevil. It also indicates that time of
exposure is an important factor, but comparing this table with the first
item of the next table shows clearly that an increase of 10*F. in the
lethal high temperature is quite sufficient to annul the influence of time.
The second table is more complex and requires closer study. The
July 16th item indicates that 94 per cent increase in relative humidity
has no effect upon the lethal temperature. The July 24th item Indi-
cates that time is a consideration. The July 29th item indicates that a
drop of b^F. in the lethal temperature gives complete inununity. Taking
the second table as a whole it indicates that large increases in relative
humidity — say 94 to 96 per cent — ^have less influence on the lethal tempera-
ture than has a change of S^F.
Test of the Ijarvae of the Pea Weevil Inside.
Date.
Time exposed.
Temper-
ature.
Relative
humidity.
Larvae
dead-afive.
Remarks.
Aug. 4, '15. . .
30 min
60 min
30 min
60 min
135° F.
5.4%
5.4%
100%
100%
9
8
7
9
No pupMor
adults preMnC
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 331
This table seems to indicate that both time and relative humidity
influences the lethal temperature for the pea weevil. As a matter of
fact tbe peas still contained a great deal of moisture and that may
have influenced the result
Potato I>ii8tliig and Spraying.
B^golar Crop.
This year as last the work of dusting and spraying potatoes, while
a cooperative project between the Departments of Plant Pothology and
Entomology, has been carried on under the immediate direction of the
writer. In this case, however, he was assisted by Mr. H. Clay Lint,
Research Fellow in the Department of Plant Pathology, and in view
of the large measure of independence accorded to Mr. Lint, the Ehitomolo-
gist has requested him to write up the detailed results and suggested
that his report be published as a part of Plant Pathologist's report.
Persons who may be interested in the detailed account will flnd it in
that report The writer purposes merely to set forth certain general
phases of this work.
The acreage and distribution of the work this year was slightly
less than last, about 18 acres at Freehold, 25 acres at Mt. Holly and 10
acres at BUmer. The cooperation with Mr. Frank Jones of Freehold and
Mr. J. Harry Handle of Elmer was continued while Mr. John Black of
Mt Holly took the place of Mr. Robert Dilatush of Robbinsville.
The plan of work was not materially changed. The experiments were
so arranged as to show the relative values of the arsenical dusts and
Bordeaux sprays in the control of insects and diseases and in increasing
the yields per acre. The work was again organized as a cooperation
between certain insecticide, fungicide and spraying-machinery manu-
facturers and the Experiment Station on the one hand and between the
Eixperiment Station and certain potato growers on the other. The com-
mercial concerns were the Union Sulphur Company, the Corona Chemical
Company, the Kil-Tone Company, the Dust Sprayer Manufacturing Com-
pany, and the Bateman Manufacturing Company. The Union Sulpnur
Company furnished the sulphur and made up the dust mixtures. The
Corona Chemical Company furnished the arsenate of lead. The Kil-Tone
Company furnished the Kil-Tone. At this point it should be said that
Mr. F. B. Embree, Manager of the Burlington County Farmers' Exchange,
furnished a potato spray called Tonicide, took personal interest in ana
very materially contributed towards the successful issue of the work at
Mt Holly. The Dust Sprayer Manufacturing Company furnished three
dusters. The Bateman Manufacturing Company furnished two new
sprayers — one at Freehold and one at Mt. Holly. The Experiment Station
furnished the materials for Bordeaux, and put on and carried cut the
test The cooperating growers furnished the fields, plants and the
labor necessary to make the applications and helped to keep account of
the results.
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332 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Spraying and dusting started when the potatoes were about six inches
high and was continued at intervals of about two weeks until the vineB
met in the rows and rendered further treatment likely to do more harm
than good.
At Freehold the vines grew so rapidly that only three sprayings could
be given but at both Mt. Holly and Elmer four applications were made.
At Freehold the variety grown was the Giant and at Mt Holly and
Elmer the variety was Cobbler. The mixtures were applied at all places
in such a fashion as to give the potato plants as complete a coating as
practicable. Approximately 100 gallons of spraying mixture was used
in each application for each acre of plants. Approximately 30 pounds of
the dust mixture were used on each acre in each application.
These amoimts meant: (1) 10 pounds of copper sulphate, 10 pounds
of lime and 6 pounds of lead arsenate (30+ per cent arsenic oxide) for
each acre each application of home-mixed Bordeaux; (2) 25 pounds of
sulphur and 6 pounds of lead arsenate (30+ per cent arsenic oxide) for
each acre each application of powdered sulphur lead; (3) 25 pounds of
sulphur and 6 pounds of arsenite of zinc for each acre each application
of powdered sulphur zinc; (4) 6 pounds of lead arsenate (30+ per cent
arsenic oxide); (5) 20 pounds of Kil-Tone, (6) 20 pounds of Tonicide
(7) 2 pounds of Paris Green.
Insofar as practicable a block of potatoes treated as a check was inter-
polated between each of the treatments. At Freehold the check was
Paris green, at Elmer the check was really Bordeaux, and at Mt Holly
the check was arsenate of lead.
Freehold.
Plot Number.
1 Treatment.
1
Yields in Bushels per acre.
Firsts. Seconds Totals
Increase
over Paris
Green.
1 and 7
Bordeaux.
407.75
407.49
403.00
429.50
.26
2, 4. 6, 8. 10, 12
3 and 9
5 and 11
Paris Green
Sulphur Zinc
Sulphur Lead
0.00
4.49
21.76 .
Elmer.
Plot Numb^.
Treatment
Yields in Bushels r er acre.
Increaae
Firsts.
Seconds.
Totals.
over lead.
1 and 11
2, 6, 8, 12
3 and 9
4 and 10
Sand 11
Sulphur Lead. 298.4
Bordeaux 323.275
Sulphur Zinc. . . 338.16
Kil-Tone ! 328.3
J.<ad 303.85
67.22
64.075
63.775
62.835
74.65
365.62
387.35
401.925
391.135
378.50
12.88
8.85
23.42
Mt. HoUy.
Treatment.
Yields
in Bushels per acre.
Increase over
Plot Number.
Firsts.
Seconds.
Totals.
lead alone.
1
Sulphur Lead. .
Bordeaux
Sulphur Zinc. . .
Tonicide
Lead
Bordeaux
238.68
273.85
261.51
220.0
209.95
242.86
34.88
32.16
34.46
34.62
38.65
27 75
273.56
306.01
295.97
254.62
248.60
270.61
24.96
2
57.41
3
47.37
4
6
e.03
0.0 J
6
22.01
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
33S
The dust distributing machines gave satisfactory service. The "Iron
Age" sprayers in use at Freehold and Mt Holly were very satisfactory,
maintaining 100 pounds pressure when covering four rows at « single
trip.
Examining the Freehold table shows that the yields of all treatments
are very similar, repeating the experience of lasit year. Examination
of the Elmer table shows the same slight variation in yield. Examina-
tion of the Mt Holly table shows an increase for all treatments ranging
from 6.02 bushels for "Tonicide" to 57.41 bushels for home-mixed Bor-
deaux.
All insects except the potato flea beetle were satisfactorily controlled
by all treatments.
Some figures on the relative effect of the different dusts and sprays
upon flea beetle feeding have been accumulated and are set forth in the
following table.
nut
No.
Treatment
Total
puneturee.
Number of
leaves.
Average
number of
holea per leaf.
1
Sulphur LecMi
47.828
30.722
39.665
30.638
44.015
19.680
74 .410
358
353
379
336
360
262
360
183.60
2
3
Bordeaux.
Sulphur Zino
87.03
104 66
4
5
•
7
Tonioida.
Lead Araenata
Bordeaux.
Paris Green
117.96
124.76
75.115
206.20
These fttcts confirm the conclusions reached last year by Mr. Cameron
that of all the substances tested Bordeaux gives the best protection and
that it eliminates about one-half the usual injury.
When ft is understood that the difference in flea beetle control exerted
by the different mixtures are about the same in all places it does not seem
likely that the difference is adequate to explain the large increases at
Mt Holly. Insect control exerted by the different treatments must
therefore, be eliminated as the principal cause of the difference in yield.
Likewise because the amount of disease has been inadequate to bring
about these differences, diseases must be eliminated in our search for
the principal cause. Differences in the soil conditions in different parts
of the experimental fields, which are doubtless responsible for small
variations in yield will not explain such differences as now found at Mt
Holly. No doubt the slight amount of insect injury, the small amount
of plant disease injury, and differences in soil conditions may well serve
to explain such variations as were found at Freehold and Elmer, but
they are inadequate to account for such variations in yield as are
exhibited at Mt Holly.
It will be remembered that last year the outstanding difference between
Bhner and Robbinsville on the one hand which showed large increases in
yield in the treated block, and Freehold on the other, which showed only
■light Increases was the greater yield per acre, the lowest yielding block
at Freehold giving 84.93 bushels per acre more than the lowest yielding
12
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iU N£W JERSEY AC^RICULtURAL C6LL£<3E
at RobbinsTille and 62.26 bushels more than the lowest at Elmer. It
would seem that this difference In favor of Freehold must be due to the
better growing conditions with which the potato plant was surrounded
or possibly to the variety (which does not seeifi lilcely), and Mr. Cameron
at the time advanced the idea that the excellent growing conditions at
Freehold may have stimulated the plant to such an extent that the
simulative effect of the mixture was overcome.
This year the same thing seems to have happened at Elmer, the grow-
ing conditions have been so good that the stimulation they afforded tlie
potato plants has ovoMome the stimulative effect afforded by the mixtaree.
In the light of these conclusions — that when extra large yields axe
obtained, the stimulative effect of Bordeaux is likely to be lost — ^it is
significant to examine the Mt. Holly case. Here the Bordeaux yield is
81.3 bushels an acre less than at Elmer, 101.7 bushels less than at Free-
hold and the stimulative effects of the spraying and dusting treatments
is marked. It seems to be very much as Mr. Jones has summed it up
to the writer, "it pays well to spray the roots of the potato."
At the same time we should remember that such growing conditions
as were furnished to parts of New Jersey last year are comparatively
rare, and that such soil conditions as Mr. Jones has at Freehold are still
more rare.
Figures on acre cost of the different dusts and spray depend upon
such variable factors that no really satisfactory notion can be given.
Speaking roughly however, it is safe to say that it will vary from Hve
to ten dollars. There was really very little difference between the cost
of dusting and spraying except when an arsenical was used by itself.
For facts regarding the relative values of dusts and sprays attention
must this year largely be limited to Mt. Holly. It is there shown that
while the returns from sulphur zinc and sulphur lead are not as large
as those from home-mixed Bordeaux, they are good.
Second Crop.
After the preceding discussion was written the data from dusting and
spraying on second crop of Cobblers on Mr. Handle's farm came in.
Briefly stated, the field consisted of fourteen acres planted with last
year's second crop seed which had been kept in cold storage. Although
the time of planting extended over a considerable period — July 27th
to August 10th — the rate of growth was such that effects of the difference
in time of starting were apparently overcome. The following blocks,
consisting of more than one-half acre each, were laid off and treated as
indicated: Plot No. 1 home-mixed Bordeaux (5-5-50) plus 3 pounds of
arsenate of lead (30+ per cent arsenic oxide); Plot No. 2 sulphur (5
lbs.) lead arsenate (1 lb.) (dust); Plot No. 3 lead arsenate (3 lbs. to 50
gals, of water); Plot No. 4 home-mixed Bordeaux; Plot No. 5 sulphur
(6 lbs.) zinc arsenite (1 lb.) (dust); Plot No. 6 lead arsenate; Plot No.
7 Bordeaux; Plot No. 8 sulphur lead arsenate; Plot No. 9 lead arsenate;
Plot No. 10 Bordeaux; Plot No. 11 sulphur zinc arsenite; Plot No. 12
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
335
lead arsenate; Plot No. 13 Bordeaux; Plot No. 14 sulphur lead arsenate.
Three triplications of dusting and spraying mixtures were made, tlie
last occurring at a time when the Tines were meeting In the rows.
The first application came August 23rd, the second September 8th, and
the third September 24th. Approximately 100 gallons of spray were used
on each acre each application and approximately 30 pounds of dust were
used for each acre each treatment.
No Insects other than the Colorado potato beetle were present In
troublesome numbers and that species succumbed to arsenlcals. Early
blight was, however, very abundant The Bordeaux treated plots were
much better protected from blight than any other and remained green
after the others of similar date of planting were dead.
Plot No.
Treatment.
Budiek
perAore.
iDereaeein
budiebper
Aore over lead
236.75
281.34
227.34
229.13
00.00
44.60
-9.41
-7.62
3, 6, aad 12.. . .
4.7. 10 and 12...
Sand 14
Sand 11
Lead Arsenate.
Home-mixed Bordeaux. .
Sulphur Lead
Su^ur Zing
In ealculating the results, plots 1 and 2 have been omitted because
the Colorado beetle damage before the regular treatments were made was
such as materially to affect the yield.
No doubt the substantial increase which followed treatment with Bor-
deaux mixture was the natural result of its better control of early blight
The differences between the yields from lead sulphur and zinc sulphur
on the one hand and lead arsenate alone on the other are easily within
the limits of experimental error.
As a matter of fact, Mr. Handle sold a considerable portion of his
second crop at the rate of $1.12 a bushel and could haye sold all of It
at the same figure if he had cared to do so. In view of the fact that his
Bordeaux application cost him about $8.25 an &cre his net profit on spray-
Ing was In this Instance not less than |40 an acre.
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REPORT ON MOSQUITO WORK
FOR 1915
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Report on Mosquito Work for 1915
Thomas J. Headlee.
The attention of the Entomologist and his field assistants has been
devoted to forwarding the control of the salt marsh mosquito, the exten-
sion of aid to boards of health a;id others interested in mosquito control,
and to furthering in every practical way the work of the county mosquito
extermination conunissions.
Salt Marsh Mosquito Woric
The salt marsh work must be considered under two divisions, the
first of \i^hich is concerned with direct work of survey and drainage in
cooperation with local boards of health, and second with the drainage
of the salt marsh through the work of the county mosquito extermination
commissions.
Salt Bfarsh Drainage by tiie Experiment Station.
Plans have been prepared for six different pieces of work and four
have been carried out. The pieces planned for were: (i) ditching in
Maps I, 2, 3 of Bergen County; (2) diking, sluicing, tide gating, Map
I of Bergen Coimty; (3) ditching in Map 4 of Bergen County; (4)
cleaning of the ditching in Ocean County; (5) ditching in Stafford
Township, Ocean County; (6) ditching in the Borough of Ocean City
and Upper Township of Cape Ma/ County. The pieces of work
carried out a,rc numbers i, 3, 5, and 6.
In Bergen County.
As set forth in last year's report, the inspection service maintained on
the Hackensack Valley throughout the mosquito breeding season of 1914
served to demonstrate that at certain times mosquitoes bred at various
points throughout the entire area and that the Bergen section as well
as the Hudson County section must be drained if the cities and towns
lying along Its edges and for many miles to the north and west were to
be protected. Accordingly, drainage plans were prepared and the Experi-
ment Station decided to spend approximately $7,000. This sum, when
taken with the amount the county mosquito commission expected to
spend on the marsh, it was hoped would prove sufficient to drain the
worst spots.
In order to relieye that portion of Bergen, Essex and Passaic counties,
which In previous years had suffered from flights of Aedea cantator
(339)
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340 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Coq., it was decided to begin work in the southern portion of the county.
Accordingly, after complying with the provisions of Chapter 134, Iawb
of 1906, bids for cutting 200,000 feet or more of ditching on Maps 1, 2, S,
and 4 of Bergen County were advertised for, and on May 22nd, 1915 tluree
bids were presented; that of the U. S. Drainage and Irrigation Company
being the lowest was accepted and a contract entered Into with that oon-
cem to cut 225,000 linear feet of 10 by 30 inch ditching or its equlviaent
On March 31st all preliminaries had been completed and the contractor
was notified to begin work.
Scarcely had the trenching begun when an enormous brood of mosquito
wrigglers was discovered on the central part of Map 1. Throogfaout
about six hundred acres of the tract lying between Klngsland Creek and
Saw Mill Creek the breeding was bad — as bad as any the writer has
ever seen. The ditching of this area was hastened to the utmost extent,
the water run off and a whole brood practically eliminated.
No sooner had this brood been eliminated than another made its
appearance in the north end of the area on Map 3 on the marsh lying
near the woodlands and to some extent in the woodlands themaetvas.
The gangs rapidly worked north putting the minimum amount of ditching
in Map 2 and concentrating on the breeding grounds on Map 3. Here
the utmost speed succeeded in eliminating only about 95 per cent of the
brood.
The very speed with which the territory had been covered. Involving
the cutting of 225,000 linear feet of 10 by 30 inch ditching or its equiva-
lent, prevented the proper operation of the cleaning and deepening; gangs.
In Map 3 that portion of the ditches near the woodlands ran for several
hundred feet over what had apparently only recently been cedar erwamp
and ditches cut with the ordinary patented ditching spade were so full
of roots and obstructions as to be imserviceable. Gangs of men were
then set to work on cleaning out this ditching by cutting out and
removing roots, tree trunks and stumps. This was hard and slow work
and the contractor asked for an adjustment on the ditches about the
woodland. Report from the inspector in charge, Mr. Chas. S. Beckwith.
supplemented by personal study led the writer to conclude that to insist
on putting the ditches down to 30 inches would fail to give better drainage
to the area. Accordingly, he prepared a modification of the specifications
as applied to this particular cedar swamp area and submitted the same to
the Director of the New Jersey State Experiment Station for his approval
After making a personal investigation of the conditions the Director
approved the change and the contractor was promptly informed of the
action. Briefly stated the modification applied to only those ditches about
the central woodlands in Map 3 and required that the ditcfaeff be not
less than 12 Inches at their sources, that they have a regular and even
fall to their outlets, and that they be so cleared of obstructions that water
could lie dead in them nowhere. This modification was granted only
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, 341
wiUi the proviso that they should efficiently drain the area. In ease
they did not do this they should be driven deeper. As a matter of tact
the drainage afforded by them has been efficient.
An immense amount of time was consumed in this work and the time
limit of the contract was reached and passed. As the contractor was
steadily at work and as he made every effort to prevent breeding over
the territory served by the ditching it seemed well to allow him to con-
tinue. In this way all the ditching on Maps 2 and 3 was brought up to
satisfactory compliance with the requirements. By this time the con-
tractor had received two-thirds of the stipulated pay. The question tiien
became one of bringing the ditches on Map 1 up to standard.
The territory comprised in Map 1 was placed under dike and riuiee
gates many years ago, apparently for agricultural purposes. The usual
result followed — the marsh shrank and the surface level was lowered.
Much of the old dike had been washed away and the sluice gates at
KlngBland Creek destroyed. Through a ten to fifteen foot breach Just
south of the Boonton Branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western
Railroad bridge the waters of the Hackensack River poured into the area
from a point a little above low water to high tide, and the monthly
extra high tides poured over the remains of the dike for long distances.
The only outlet for all this inflow in addition to the rainfall waa two
tide sluices each six feet wide by three feet high. Obviously this opening
was barely enough to take care of the inflow through the breach Just
south of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad bridge not to
mention the water which came in the monthly extra high tides and the
rainfall. In normal seasons this area was covered by water in the spring
but by midsummer was usually uncovered by evaporation.
This breach was eliminated by building an earthen dam, and two
sluices were set in the mouth of Kingsland Creek. Thus the daily
intake from the river was stopped and the outlet doubled. Under good
conditions the water fell to a point between four and six inches below the
surface of the low parts of the marsh and from ten to twelve inches
bdow the surface in the central portion.
As most of the roots left in the ditches on Map 1 were fifteen inches
or more below the surface of the sod they were constantly under water
and exceedingly difflciUt to remove.
When formally requested to remove the roots from these ditches, the
contractor mainthined that the drainage was as satisfactory now as it
would be after they were removed, and that their removal, exc^t at
unreasonable cost, was impossible.
Both the Entomologist as Executive Officer and the Director of the
Experiment Station felt that the drainage effected by the ditches in their
present condition was not satisfactory, that conditions would be decidedly
better if they were deepened to conform to specifications, and that the
speelfications upon which the contractor bid gave him due wmmlnc.
Aecordingly the whole matter was turned over to the Attorney General
for advice.
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342 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Realizing the extent to which the drainage of the territory on Bfap 1
depended upon keeping the waters of the Hackensack Riyer out and
providing ample outlets, a plan for completing the dike along the rtfSt
from the mouth of Saw Mill Creek to the Boonton Branch of the Deli-
ware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and the placing of a double
tide gate with necessary bulk-heading at the mouth of Kingsland Creek
and two single gates at other points was worked out Bids for the dik-
ing and tid^gating were called for separately. One bid of practically
fifty cents a linear foot was offered for the diking and two blda— one of
four thousand and another of three thousand dollars — ^for the tide-gating.
The bid on the diking was rejected on the groimd that a single bid did
not constitute competition and the others on the ground that the eon-
struction of the full number of gates without the dike would be an
unwise expenditure of the funds in hand. Later on, Bergen County
placed a pair of tide gates with perhaps one hundred and fifty feet of
bulk-heading in the mouth of Kingsland Creek following more or less
completely the specifications prepared by us at a contract cost of $1,800.
At this juncture, the office of the State Comptroller decided to hold
up all funds for permanent improvement until the exact relation between
the State's income and outgo could be determined. When the funds
for permanent improvement were released we found it impossible because
of technical difficulties in administration of the act of 1906, coupled with
the short period of time left in the fiscal year, to do further work on
Maps 1, 2 and 3, and therefore turned our attention to the salt marsh of
the Borough of Carlstadt which lies just north of Map 3. Sealed pro-
posals for cutting 60,000 feet or more of 10 by 30 inch ditching on this
marsh were opened on October llth, 1916. Three bids were offered, the
lowest of which was 2 2/3 cents a foot.
Mr. Fred. A. Reiley of Atlantic City being the lowest bidder and
having demonstrated that he had the tools and machinery with which to
do the work was awarded the contract, subject to the filing of proper
papers. Mr. Reiley was given a contract for the cutting of 90,000 linear
feet of 10 by 80 inch ditching or its equivalent and at a total cost of
|2,400. Three hundred dollars were reserved with which to do such
additional work on the area as could not be classified under the 10 by
80 inch ditching or its equivalent
All papers relative to the initiation of the work were filed with the
State Comptroller on October 31, 1915, and the contractor was instructed
to begin work. This he did.
The work began promptly and was in progress at the close of the fiscal
year. Owing to the presence of roots and stumps throughout this area the
cutting of the ditching contemplated is certain to prove a difficult matter.
AnUdpation of this cov4iUon doubUess lead the cootra^or^ to bid the
w\ie\i»U7 hi^h fiiwei,
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 343
In Ocean Ooontjr.
Being aware that much of the salt marsh trenching in Ocean County
has become so clogged as not only to fail to drain but actually to increase
the water surface for breeding mosquitoes it was planned to clean the
ditching that had already been installed. It was planned to dean
thoroughly 100,000 linear feet and to remove the blockages from 600,000
more. Proposals were submitted for this work, the lowest of which was
13,400. Bids were rejected because the figures were belieyed to be too
high. Just at this junction the holp-up in funds for permanent improye-
ment occurred and it was decided in conference that the county mosquito
commission (which had Just at Ihat time receiyed a small appropriation)
should do the cleaning with its own labor tod that the money from the
State should be spent in new work. Accordingly, the county undertook
the work of cleaning and coyering all the ditches of the county, which
totaUed 1,349,217 feet, and did the work for about |1,200.
In accordance with the understanding reached with the county author-
ities, as soon as funds were released we adyertised for bids for cutting
150,000 or more linear feet of 10 by 30 inch ditching or its equivalent
on the salt marsh of Stafford Township, Ocean County, as laid down on
'Stafford Township Maps 1, 2, and 3. Four bids were received on September
14th, 1915, and that of the U. S. Drainage and Irrigation Company being the
lowest ($.0148 linear foot) was accepted and a contract for cutting
189489 linear feet of 10 by 30 inch ditching or its equivalent was awarded
to that concern subject to the filing of the necessary papers. Three
hundred dollars were set aside for doing such necessary additional work
as could not properly be included under the 10 by 30 inch ditching or its
equivalent.
On October 26th, 1915, all the papers necessary to the beginning of the
work were placed on file with the State Comptroller and the contractor
waa notified to begin work.
The territory comprised in Stafford Township, Map 1, was already partly
ditched, having on it about 90,378 linear feet of 10 by 30 inch ditching or
its equivalent. The territory comprised in Stafford Township, Map 2, was
also partly drained. About 134,000 linear feet of 10 by 30 inch ditching
or its equivalent had been cut Such footage as may be left after com-
pleting the drainage in the territory covered by Maps 1 and 2 will be
placed in that represented by Map 3. At the end of the fiscal year the
drainage under this contract was going forward.
In Gape May County.
The willingness of Atlantic Coimty to spend its own money in trenching
the salt marsh to the north and south of Atlantic City and Pleasantville
has led us to execute three contracts for salt marsh drainage laid out in
relation to the country work. This year, however, the drainage had
proceeded as far to the south as the county line and mosquitoes breeding
over in Cape May County were found to make their way on occasion into
Longport, Margate and Somer's Point
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344 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
It thus became evident that the next step was to start drainage In
Cape May County. Accordingly, it was planned to spend the available
funds in the Borough of Ocean City and Upper Township. Sealed pro-
posals were received and opened on October 14th, 1915. Three bids were
presented and that of Mr. Fred. A. Reiley of Atlantic City (^.0139 per
linear foot), being the lowest and Mr. Reiley having demonstrated that
he had the tools and machinery with which to do the work, was accepted.
He was given a contract for cutting 209,634 linear feet of 10 by 30 indi
ditching or its equivalent. Four hundred dollars were set aside for
doing such additional work as could not properly be included under the
regular contrart ditching.
At the close of the fiscal year the work under this contract was going
forward.
Other Counties.
The Experiment Station during the present fiscal year has paid for
salt marsh drainage at no other point in the State than at those already
specified, but it has kept in close touch with drainage all along the coa^
and has directed the salt marsh drainage work in Ocean County, ^vhich
was done with the county funds under the authority of the Moequlto
Commission of that county. The Ehitomologist and his assistants have be^
called upon in an advisory function to aid in practically all the salt mash
mosquito drainage undertaken throughout the State.
As a matter of fact from a place in which the Experiment Station paid
for practically all the salt marsh drainage carried out it has reached the
point where it pays for the smallest part. Tet, never before have so
many feet of ditching been cut in a single year, so many rods of dike
be^i built, and so many tide gates been installed.
Local authorities are doing what the State could not be induced to do-
making appropriations of sufficient size to cover their salt marsh territory
rapidly.
TABULAR STATEMENT.
Tabular Statement of the Salt Marsh Ditching Woik From
Beginning to and Tnclnding tfab Year 1915.
Acrea.
Feet of
ditching.
Cost to ths Statv
PERIOD.
Ditohinc.
studies and
publications.
Admiiii*.
tratioo.
Up to 1907, aa reported.
Tn^lOO? mm rsDorted.
15.851
10.961
6.669
2.672
4.660
8.628
6.195
7.174
2.215.524
1.606.524
888.650
365.800
350.000
712.000
1.000.180
1.564.842
1 .293 .840
2.685.071
$19,466.66
15.758.00
9.917.00
4.471.00
19.650.00
21.660.00
21.580.00
7.638.86
13,426.26
$11,000.00
S4'.i66:66
4.242.00
4.6^.00
!1;S
In 1908, as reported
Tn 1000 Ail rcfDorted. .
639.00
Tn'IOlO am reoorted.
Tn 1012 OM remnied.
Tn 1013 fifl reDorted. .
Tn -1014 ma, renorted
In 1916. BM reported. !
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 343
Tabular Statement of 1015 Salt Manh Dltchiiic Work.
MEADOW.
Number of
acres in
area.
Number of feet
of 10x30 ineh
Ditohinaor
iU equivident.
Goer TO THB Sr&TB
T>ifiAing-f!l^yf^>itn
Saw Mill OMk north to the Pstcnon
Plank Road. .
5*500
addi
225.000
tional
•4,218.75
106.50
the Patenon Flank Bead north to the
northern boundaiy of the Borough of
Oarlntadt
2.000
00.000
2,400.00
additional
300.00
Stafford Townahip (OM mirvey)
5.400 189.189
additional
2.800.00
300.00
Soroush of Ocean Citf and Upper Town-
ship from the Meadow Road north to
end of Peek's Island on the east and to
Beaideys Point on the west
1 .500 209 .634
2.900.00
addi tional
400.00
Totals.
14.400
713.823 $13,425.25
Adminietration
AJfSiUsiiiji for proposals $108
MBt> drawinc. blue printing, etc 134 . 16
Eouipment (moton^ele, surves^ioff instruments, and other appcuatus)
Office suppl as and printing
Telephone and
Postf^fe.
Sandnes.
and fi eight ,
id telegr^h
Part of salary and travelling expenses,
derieal work and temporary labor. . . .
.50
535.92
103.05
1.60
44.87
27.20
35.85
682.91
207.34
$4.885.40
Tabular Statement of the Salt Marsh I>niiiiaee Done by the State
Experiment Station and by the County Mosquito
Extermination CommissionB.
DATE.
DrrcBiNO.
COUNTT GoMlflSSIOM
Number'of
feet cut.
Number of
feet cleaned.
Number of
feet out.
Number of
feet cleaned.
1^12.
1.036.1«0»
689,842
321 .601
713.823
289.800
879.365
1.057,167
470,000
1013.
Minimumamount
None
None
1,300.000
1014
919,000
1915
1 .971 .248
3.171,128
'* Maximum figures, probably 25 or more per cent, too high.
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346 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Financial Statement of the Experiment Station's Moequito
Work for 1915.
Total appropriation 120,000.00
Salt marsh ditching (contracts and inci-
dental labor) 113,426.26
Advertising for proposals 108.60
Map making, blue printing, etc 134.16
Equipment, (motorcycle, surveying instru-
ments, and other apparatus) 636.92
Office supplies and printing 103.06
Express and freight 5.60
Telegraph and telephone 44.87
Postage 27.20
Salaries of regular and temporary employees. 3,720.00
Travelling expenses of same 1,462.91
Clerical and laboratory assistance 207.34
Sundries 36.85
Balance reverting to State Treasury 189.36
120,000.00
Aid Extended to Boards of HealtlL, Goimty Mosquito Exteiminallon
OommlssionSf and Others.
BOARDS OF HBAIiTH.
In past years most of the requests for aid in fighting the mosquito
pest came from boards of health, which were located in the coast counties
somewhere between Cape May and Jersey City. Their efforts appear
to have contributed to the formation of active mosquito extermination
commissions under whose direction the work of control has been taken
up in an efficient and vigorous manner.
Still, some boards of health in counties where the county-wide move-
ment for mosquito control does not find favor are actively trying to bring
about local control. As might be expected the interest in such places is
mainly in eliminating the malarial species {Anopheles quadritnaculatu*
Say).
On August 23rd the writer at the request of the Board of Health of the
City of Trenton examined and reported on some breeding plaee& The
first place examined was a branch of a canal which had been cut off by
South Warren street and thus transformed into a dead end. A heavy
growth of spatterdock and other water weeds lined one side and the place
was suspected of breeding malarial mosquitoes. Nearly thirty minutes of
the most careful search failed to reveal any mosquito wrigglers whatever.
In a small tin can partly filled with water and standing on the bank
of this pocket, were large numbers of the house mosquito wrigglers.
Two other areas were examined both lying almost opposite the end
of Hoff Avenue, one on the north and one on the south side of Oakland
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 347
Avenue. Several pools were found in each area. LArvs of the genua
Anopheles and of Uranotaenia sapphirina O. S. were found on the south
side and larvs of Uranotaenia sapphirina O. S. were found on the north
sida
These two depressions are within the building area of the city and th«
process of filling them has already been begun. The water should be
oiled as the breeding appears until the areas are eliminated by filling.
The Board of Health of the Borough of Princeton has this year shown
more anti-mosquito activity than any other similar local organization.
More than 100 cases of malaria were reported in Princeton during the
season of 1914 and that is probably the reason for its activity. The
Borough itself was ready to spend the money for work within its confines
but the Board felt that the best efforts of the Borough Authorities might
go for naught unless the breeding in surrounding townships could be
brought under control.
Accordingly the Entomologist called a meeting of the Board of Health
authorities of the Borough of Princeton and of the surrounding townships
for June 18th. A good representation was present and the problem dis-
cussed from various angles. Dr. A. Clark Hunt of the State Board of
Health presenting the malarial side. A representative committee with
Dr. Ulric Dahlgren as chairman was appointed to take charge of the work
and cooperation of surrounding townships promised.
The first step seemed to be to find out the mosquito breeding condi-
tions. For this survey Mr. W. H. W. Komp was detailed from this office
and Mr. W. T. Eakins from the State Board of Health. The survey
started on June 2l8t and was continued until completed. A formal report
of the finding was prepared and submitted to the conunittee. Through
the activity of the committee a detailed map of Princeton and of adjacent
parts of surrounding townships was prepared. On this map the locations
of the breeding places were indicated.
For the purpose of checking up the results of elimination work under-
taken in and about Princeton and to determine what places most needed
attention, a series of night collections was undertaken. The results of
these studies were placed in the hands of the above committee and. it is
the writer's understanding that this committee proposes to prepare and
perhaps to publish a formal report covering the mosquito extermination
work done by it during the season Just past
Mosquito Commissions.
Throughout the past year the Entomologist has held himself ready to
respond to the needs of the county mosquito commissions. He has filled
54 appointments and spent about 42 days of 10 to 12 hours each. In
addition to this plans of action have been formulated, surveys have been
made, maps and specifications have been prepared. In fact, all the prob-
l^ns incident to starting and carrying on the work of mosquito extermina-
tion both on the salt mash and the uplfoid have had to be met and som^
solutions worked outt
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348 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Olliers.
Two years ago the Entomologist helped to form the New Jersey
Mosquito Extermination Association and has served continuously as its
Secretary-Treasurer. In this capacity he has edited the proceedings oC
the annual meetings for 1914 and 1915.
On July 1st Mr. E. T. Judd who hasr a boys' camp south of New Egypt
complained of mosquito trouble and requested help. A careful inspection
rerealed the fact that the species of mosquito concerned was the white-
banded salt marsh mosquito, which breeding on the salt marshes of the
coast or river had winged its way across the pines to this camp. It was
necessary to report that local work would be useless and to advise him
to move the camp out of the salt marsh mosquito range.
XASt winter at the request of State Entomologist of Connecticut, the
Entomologist appeared before the Committee of Public Safety of the
Connecticut Legislature in behalf of the mbsquito extermination bill
that is now one of the statutes of that State. At the request of Dr. C. B.
Davenport and others interested, he gave a talk on mosquito extermina-
tion work before a representative group of Nassau Coxmty people who
were vitally interested in mosquito controL At the request of one of
the property owners (Mr. E. B. Walden) and with the consent of the
Connecticut authorities he appeared before a large group of property
owners at Sachems Head for the purpose of explaining mosquito eontrol
and its results as carried on and realized in New Jersey.
Many letters have been received from individual citizens of the State
relative to habits and methods of controlling mosquitoes and in every
case the fullest information available has been furnished. A considerable
number of letters have been received from persons and organizations
in other parts of the country requesting information on mosquito control
methods being used in New Jersey. In practically all cases these persons
or organizations were looking for a solution of a particular local problem.
County Mosquito Extermination Work.
The county mosquito work has this year covered the largest territory
in its history of four years. Something like 118 miles of the Atlantic
coast has been patrolled, 850,000 acres of territory have been covered,
and about one and one-half millions of people received a considerable
measure of protection.
Although a large part of the salt marshes in this coastal strip had
been ditched by the Experiment Station before the County unit for anti-
mosquito work had been created it was not until the creation of the
county unit was authorized that the movement for the control of all
species assumed a large enough aspect to be promising. Previousr to 1912
local cooperation over a sufficient extent of contiguous territory to render
the work free from being spoiled by migrations from outside the pro>
tected district seemed impossible.
With the enactment of a bill authorizing the creation of the oovsty
anti-mosquitQ uhUp the rapid growth of local effort began. In 1913
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 349
and Union Counties began work throughout their territories. In 1913
Atlantic and Hudson Counties took up the same work covering all land
within their limits. In 1915 Bergen Joined the above four. Beginning in
a small way with educational work, one or two years previously, active
work covering a part of the territory in each case has been carried on
during the present season In Middlesex (salt marsh only) with all species
in two municipalities, Monmouth (salt marsh only), Ocean (salt mash
only and only the drained part of that), and Passaic (the southern half)
Counties.
Hudson County.
In considering the work of mosquito control in Hudson C:k>unty in any
given season it is necessary to keep in mind the nature of the problem
with which the mosquito commission has to deal. In the 1914 report on
pages 459-460 the writer briefly described the mosquito problem of Hudson
Coimty as he understood It and the following discussion of this years'
work will be based upon that description.
The control of fresh water breeding was continued along the lines of
last year. The number of breeding places exclusive of sewer basins,
owing to the heavy rainfall. Increased from 4,121 in 1914 to 7,468 in 1915.
This merely refers to the number and does not cover the increase in
size which is more important for while the number has been almost
doubled the actual water surface has probably been multiplied by 19.
Of the breeding places mentioned 5,206 or almost 70 per cent were perma-
nently eliminated. The remaining places are old wells, cesspools, and
cisterns.
The control of salt marsh breeding as might be expected from the large
marsh to be covered has proven more difficult. Hudson County originally
had about 11,468 acres of tidal marsh. Something over 1300 acres have
been filled leaving approximately 10,000 acres throughout practically all
of which mosquitoes would breed under proper conditions. Experience
in salt marsh ditching has shown that not much less than 300 linear
feet 10 X 30 inch ditching is necessary to drain an acre of open salt
marsh when good tidal creeks exist. On this basis, the Hudson County
salt marsh would need 3,300,000 linear feet of ditching. As a matter of
fact, about 660,000 feet have been cut. Furthermore much of the Hudson
County salt marsh is not furnished with good outlets. The activity of
man In building roadways, railways, fills and dikes has destroyed the
excellent drainage system established by nature and rendered the removal
of the water from certain parts of this marsh extremely difficult To
make a bad matter worse certain cities along both the eastern and west-
ern ridges have poured sewage Into the marshes adjacent to them and
thereby created enormous breeding areas hundreds of acres in extent
from which the small dark species which penetrates the screens and
troubles the sleeper, migrates into adjacent houses and makes sleep a
nightmare.
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350 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The Ck)unty Mosquito Commission seems to have done everytbing its
funds would permit to eliminate these places but the work is as yet Tery
incomplete. That portion of the marshes at Constable Hook and Port
Johnston, which is still unfilled, appears to have been rather adequately
drained although a small amount of breeding can occasionally be found
on the latter.
The salt marsh extending between the Hackensack River and Jersey
City highland to the east is, with the exception of the Pen Horn Creek
Valley from the Lackawanna and Erie Railroads to the Paterson Plank
Road, fairly open meadow and likely to be mosquito-proofed by the usual
type of marsh ditching. This area which includes between four and flye
thousand acres has 195,000 feet of ditching or less than one-fifth the
amount that would normally be required on bad breeding meadow.
That part of the salt marsh included in the valley of the Pen Horn
Creek is entirely inadequately drained, llie twelve to thirteen hundred
acres not only have less than 1/19 the usual ditching for such areas but
the outlets are stopped up in such a fashion that the accumulated water
from rains simply cannot quickly escape.
To make matters worse many sewers are spilling their contents into
the cattails with which this area is covered.
That portion of the Hudson County marsh which lies west of the
Hackensack River is with the exception of the territory between the
Lincoln Highway and the Central Railroad of New Jersey, entirely
enclosed by dikes and has been so for many years. In addition to this
interference with natural drains many railway grades and roadways
cross and divide this shut-in territory into a considerable number of
more or less independent areas of various sizes and shapes.
The exception, that part laying between the Lincoln highway and the
Central Railroad still depends upon a tidal creek for outlet but even there*
one creek is now doing the work of two.
That area lying north of the Lincoln Highway and extending northward
to the Pennsylvania Railroad, down-town line, is in process of being
filled. The fills extend along each side and shut off proper access to the
river. Temporary work of oiling is the only method of preventing
mosquito development at present possible and naturally leaves much to be
desired.
The area that lies north of the Lackawanna Railroad and extends
northward to the Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad dep^&da
upon two creeks and some ditches for outlets. About 2500 acres are
Included in this tract and it is served by about 65,000 feet of ditching.
To make the drainage yet more difficult a part ot this area is apparently
below sea-level. Along the highland to the east of Kearny and Harrison
several sewers discharge and formerly flooded the meadow Just as the
sewers now flood the Pen Horn Creek Valley. The ditching already cut
when taken with the two centrifugal pumps is sufficient to keep down
heavy breeding under ordinarily moist weather l)yt i§ imtdequat^ 4uri|if
ptasofis of )|eav7 rai^fal).
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 351
That portion of the salt mash lying north of the Greenwood Lake
branch of the Erie Railroad and extending northward to Saw Mill Creek
includes more than 1000 acres, has very little ditching and in parts is a
heayy breeder of mosquitoes. It is one area which demands careful and
extensive drainage.
liong strides have this year been made toward solying certain of the
most difficult problems of the salt marsh. The low lying marsh lying
just east of Harrison and Kearny bounded on the north by the Green-
wood Lake branch of the Brie, and the east by the Bellville Turnpike
and the "uptown" lintf of the Pennsylvania Railroad and on the south
by the mass of tracks rimning east from Manhattan Transfer, and known .
as the Frank Creek section of the Kearny marsh consisting of about
1300 acres has this year, for the first time, been almost eliminated as a
mosquito breeder. The opening of the channel of Frank Creek and the
connecting of the various sewers from Harrison with its channel, had
in 1914, markedly improved conditions.
In the latter part of the season of 1915 a four-inch high-head gasoline
driven centrifugal pump was installed Just east of Frank Creek where
that stream enters the tunnel under the Lackawanna and Pennsylvania
Railroad tracks and was connected with a three hundred acre area by
means of ditching. With one exception during the past season this pump
has kept the 300 acres far from breeding. The exception followed the
heavy rains of midsummer when the pump was taxed beyond its capacity
and six barrels of oil had to be used. In the season before the pump was
operating $300 were expended for labor and sixty barrels of oil were used
on this area.
The entire cost of the pump ready to run and protected by a corru-
gated iron house was about $600.
In the spring of 1915 a twelve-inch low-head electrically driven centri-
fugal pump was installed on the east bank of Frank Creek about one-
half mile north of the four-inch pump at a cost of about |1,300. It was
expected that this pump would draw the water from 800 acres. Am a
matter of fact this pump could never be worked to capacity because the
drainage channels were not so constructed as to bring the water in with
sufficient rapidity. The efficiency of the pump was such as to show that
it could easily take care of 1000 acres if connected with the proper
^annels. In spite of the relatively inadequate arrangements for utilizing
the pumps' full power, the writer has never seen this area in so good
condition.
The Conunission has begun the cutting of drains from the area of
marsh, lying Just east of the Arlington Highland and between the Green-
wood Lake Branch of Erie and the Belleville Turnpike, into the lower
course, of Saw Mill Creek where the same is an active stream.
About 215,000 feet of old ditches have been cleaned and 181,076 feet4>f
now ditching have been cut
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35i NEW JERSEY AGRiCliLfUftAL COLLEGE
Bergen Govmty.
This year Bergen County undertook a general campaign against all
species of mosquitoes. This meant an effort to meet the woodland pool
mosquito, the fresh water swamp species, the house mosquito, and the
salt marsh mosquitoes.
On the salt marsh the County and the Experiment Station together h&Te
cut more than 500,000 feet of ditching, without douht eliminating the
worst breeding places. Nevertheless there is good evldenoe to show that
more is needed. If figured on a three hundred foot to the acre basis more
than 1.500,000 feet more would be needed. The excellent system of tidal
creeks may however, render such a large amount unnecessary.
With the possible exception of an area lying in the extreme south-
western portion of the salt marsh the drainage of the entire 8000 acres
may be had by a gravity flow.
The Commission has installed two excellent tide gates at the mouth
of Kingsland Creek and plans to repair the dike along the Hackensack
River from Saw Mill Creek to the Boonton Branch of the D. L. ft W. Bail-
road. This, together with some additional ditching, should afford the
best gravity drainage possible to the marsh comprised in draina^ Map
Number 1.
The methods of upland work exhibited no features new to mosquito
control work. Owing to the emphasis placed on the salt marsh it was
naturally done less completely than would otherwise have been the case.
Passaic County.
In Passaic County this year the work was limited to the southern half
of the County and largely to the Cities of Paterson and Passaic Perhaps
the most striking development of the season was the finding of heavy
breeding of the house mosquito along the shores of the Passaic River.
This breeding occurred above the dam where the vrater was not affected
by the tide. It was met by shearing off the overhanging weeds and brush
and by regularly oiling.
The other methods used were the same as those already employed in
upland work in previous years and need no comment
Essex County.
This is the fourth season of work in Essex County. The metliods of
fresh water mosquito control have undergone no great change. PwiuuM
the most important innovation was a change in the method of cheeUng
up the work. Under the new scheme a complete record of all permanent
breeding places was kept in the central office and a special small force
proceeded from one part of the country to another following the r^;ular
inspectors; first in this section then in another to see that these prema-
nent places were properly looked after.
The problem of salt marsh breeding has been attacked from a new
angle. Dikes and tide gates have been installed in such a fashion as to
keep the sea off of about 3000 acres and to let the normal water out at
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Experiment station report. 353
every low tide. In order to carry the normal water to the sluices about
879,903 linear feet of ditches ranging from 10 to 50 inches In width were
cleaned. The results of this work have been most gratifying. Never has
the writer seen the Newark marsh so free from breeding.
Union Conn^.
This is the fourth season of work for (Tnion County. No radical
changes have been made in upland work. As previously carried on In
tills county, the practice of placing the bulk of the cost of permanently
eliminating the upland breeding places upon the shoulders of land owners
has been continued and the county in that way is getting an amount of
work done at private expense which represents in a single year as much
as tbe county appropriates for the entire work. This practice of securing
private cooperation cannot be too strongly cdinmended. To give an idea
of the extent of this cooperation the following brief table is submitted.
Year
Estimated Coat
of
Percentage of toi
Private Work,
Inland Drainage.
1912
1 2.000
41%
1913
25,000
77%
1914
25,000
88%
1915
20.000
87%
The Union County Commission has made an attempt to eliminate
moeqnito breeding on several hundred acres of the North Elizabeth
meadow by means of dikes and sluice gates built according to the sug-
gestions of Mr. James E. Brooks. The Chief Inspector's description of
tbe results is quoted as follows. "The observation of the embanked
meadow, west of the Central Railroad of New Jersey shows an interesting
comparison with the meadow exposed to the tide east of the Central
Railroad in the North Elizabeth section. This embanked meadow, after
tbe diking and tide gate work was completed in the late spring, quickly
dried out and the water in the ditches remained at an average of one
foot below the meadow level, even at times when the other meadows
exposed to the tide's action were completely flooded. This same condition
continued with no serious breeding found in the embanked meadows,
up to the first of August although scattered serious breeding had been
observed east of the Central Railroad, which is exposed to the tidal action
and which had been flooded during the monthly high tides.
"The big storm of early August partially flooded the embanked meadow,
and at the same time the water remained at almost constant high water
level outside of the gates, which kept the gates closed for several days
after the big storm and prevented the proper run-off of the water.
In other words, a period of continuous high tides and heavy rain storms
coincided. It was observed that breeding commenced in the ditches and
that fish which were inside of the embanked meadow as well as outside,
did not move out of the deeped holes In the meadow and salt ponds into
the smaller ditching. Efforts were made to attract the fish into the small
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354 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
ditches by baiting these ditches and by other means, but without success.
It then became necessary to oil the ditches which were breeding in the
embanked area, which was done, and a few days later when the tide had
gone down outside of the gates sufficiently so as to flood the meadow as
the gates were raised. The sluices were then opened, more fish were
admitted and the tide allowed to circulate through the ditches, and no
further breeding was then observed for the remainder of the season,
although the gates were again lowered and remained so until the end
of the summer.
"The same condition of inactivity of the fish in the ditches during this
period in August, was noticed all along the Atlantic Coast from Cape
May to the Hadcensack Valley.
"The results of the observation of the diked meadow would tend to
show that by a proper procedure of keeping the gates open for a portion
of each month so as to keep up the fish supply inside of the embanked
meadows, although at the same time preventing the flooding of the mea-
dows, practically no breeding will take place except during a period of
ten days or two weeks in early August, when the fish in the ditches are
inactive, and then only if there is a combination of high tide coincident
with the short period of inactivity of the killi-flsh. In this case it will
be necessary to oil the ditches in the embanked meadow, which is not
an exceedingly difficult matter. If the tide is low during early August
and breeding appears in the ditches, oiling will not be necessary as
breeding can be prevented by flushing out the ditches through raising
the gates for several days. The system of diking and tide-gating there-
fore, through its effect in reducing the water table on the embanked
meadow and in preventing submerging from high tides, seems to keep
the meadow dry and to prevent almost 100 per cent of the normal breed-
ing. It therefore seems advisable as funds will permit from time to time
to continue the diking and tide-gating work on the Union County salt
marsh in order to get better results in cutting down salt marsh mosquito
breeding."
Middlesex County.
This is the second season for Middlesex County and this year as last
the mosquito commissions' attention was devoted primarily to the salt
marsh and secondarily to demonstration campaigns in a municipality
or two.
The work in Middlesex has differed from that in other counties in that
the Freeholders were informed from the start that the mandatory feature
of the law would not be invoked. They were asked to make an appro-
priation in response to popular sentiment
Although the demand this year for larger funds in order that more than
the salt marsh breeding could be prevented was larger and much more
insistant, the Board of Freeholders was under such pressure to cut down
expenditures that it failed to appropriate a larger sum.
The work had therefore to be limited to the salt marsh and to the
supervision of such fresh water mosquito control as Individual munici-
palities would pay for.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 355
The Borough of Metuchen and the Township of Woodbridge were the
only municipalities that made appropriations. The methods employed In
this work were those commonly used and hence deserve no especial con-
sideration. The 8,199 acres of salt marsh have only 541,064 linear feet
of ditching and surely require much more to make them free from breed-
ing. 116,564 linear feet of ditching were cut and 424,500 feet were cleaned.
In Middlesex more perhaps than in any other county the practice of
patrolling all the salt marsh throughout the mosquito breeding season
has given good results. In both 1914 and 1915 it has given the final
touch to efficient mosquito control.
The barrels of oil are distributed throughout the salt marshes at the
beginning of the season and as remnants of developing broods left by
the drainage ditches appear about ready to emerge they are destroyed
by the judicious use of small amount of oil.
In one instance during the past season an Inspector proved inefficient
and allowed the mosquitoes to develop letting off a sufficient brood to dis-
tress greatly residents living within two miles of the neglected section.
This happening served to emphasize the value of efficient patrol.
Monmoutti Covmty.
The Mosquito Problem.
Physically Monmouth County rises rapidly from a rather narrow sand
beach into high lying level or rolling fertile land. A range of low hills
begins at Atlantic Highlands and extends southwestward across the coun-
try to Mt Holly gradually becoming lost in the general elevation. To
the north of this range the land rises from Rarltan Bay and to the south
from the ocean. The beaches on the bay are shallow and salt marsh
areas large and plentiful. Along the ocean the beach runs rapidly into
deep water and the marshes are limited to river courses. In fact, the
vast acreage of the salt marsh of Monmouth County is found along the
Shrewsbury and Naveslnk Rivers and Rarltan Bay. Small marshes are
found on the Shark River and larger ones along the Manasquan. As
one goes southward, the beach widens and shallows. Back of the imme-
diate sandy shore area the soil nms into a fertile loam which is thickly
settled by successful farmers.
The limited woodlands and the porous soil prevent the woodland pool
and to very large extent the fresh water swamp mosquito problems. The
streams give a serious malarial mosquito problem in parts of the county,
the water holding receptacles incidental to settlement of the land by
people give rise to a house mosquito problem, and the salt marshes pro-
vide a salt marsh mosquito problem.
It does not seem likely that the house or malarial mosquito problem
is of sufficient importance anywhere except in the towns and cities to
render county-wide control practicable. It seems therefore best to under-
take the control of the salt marsh species, which fly far and give trouble
over a wide range, with coimty funds and to let the municipalities fiandl^
|he frefh water species iu tbelr own ftrnds, ^ a (o^al problem,
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356 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
This is the first season of anti-mosquito work in Monmouth County
under the direction of its mosquito commission. It is not the first season
of effort against the salt marsh mosquito, however. Some of the earliest
practical work of trenching the marsh to prevent the breeding of the
salt marsh mosquito was done along the Shrewsbury River. This project
was undertaken and carried out for the purpose of getting rid of the
occasional visitations that the imperfectly drained marshes still permitted
to develop.
The work on the Little Silver area was maintained by the same con-
cern which cut the ditching and the Commission kept a patrol on the
marsh as a check on the work of the contractor and did, the writer
understands, a certain amount of oil spreading to kill off bad breeding
in limited spots.
During the present season the attention of the mosquito commission
was given almost wholly to the problem of controlling the salt marsh
mosquito and most excellent results followed wherever the funds permitted
the work to be suflQciently well done. All told 263,441 linear feet of
10x30 inch ditching or its equivalent was dug or re-dug. On the basis
of 300 linear feet per acre, disregarding the Little Silver area altogrether,
about 389,000 linear feet additional will be required to furnish all the
marshes with satisfactory drainage.
An effort was made to interest the various shore towns in locally srup-
ported campaigns against the fresh water breeding species, but no satis-
factory response was obtained and the house mosquito became abundant
in places.
Ocean Oountgr*
The Mosquito Problem.
Physically Ocean County rises from the Ocean as a low narrow strip
of sand beach behind which lies Barnegat Bay with salt marshes border-
ing both sides. Behind the bay the gently rising sand land quickly
passes into the pine woods, which cover almost all of the back lying
portions. To the northeast the county runs into some fertile loam where
the business of farming is practiced with great success. Scattered
through the pines are low-lying water filled cedar swamps, some of which
are enormous in extent.
The porous nature of the soil appears to prevent the woodland pool
mosquito problem and the nature of the cedar swamp water appears to
be hostile to the larvse of all important species.
The mosquito problem of Ocean County is thus limited to the house
mosquito, breeding in water-holding receptacles about human habitations
or in streams and pools polluted with human waste and the salt mash
species bred upon its large costal and river marshes.
The salt marsh mosquito is so completely the all-prevalent species and
the amount of money (|3,000) furnished by the Board of Freeholders
was so small that all of the commission's ellforts were directed to the
control of breeding on the salt marsh.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 357
The county has 40,400 acres of salt marshes, 22,893 of which have been
partly drained and 18,007 have been untouched. The mosquito commis-
sion cleaned 1,349,217 feet of ditching in such a fashion as to put it into
efficient working order. The drained marshes were patrolled and 30,000
additional feet were cut at points where the patrol indicated such work
as necessary.
A great deal of local interest was manifested. Lx)ng Beach cleaned
its ditching and cut such additional ditching as was necessary at its
own expense. Ocean Gate furnished needed supplies of oil for use in
adjacent marshes and the Tribune Company which was engaged in devel-
oping Beech wood, contributed $250. Seaside Park and Bay head made
efforts to destroy their local breeding.
The great need in Ocean County is more salt marsh drainage.
Atlantic Covmty.
This is the third season that Atlantic County has been at work. The
large problem in Atlantic is the control of the salt marsh mosquito, and
to that phase of the problem the principal attention of the commission
has consequently been devoted.
Nevertheless very efficient work has been done in controlling the fresh
water species of which the house mosquito is the principal member. The
beneficial efforts of fresh water control have been felt in Atlantic City,
Ventnor, Margate, Pleasantville and Hammonton, but in May's Landing
and Egg Harbor and smaller places between Hammonton and the coast,
they have been almost swallowed up by the migration of salt marsh
species from the undrained marshes both of Atlantic and adjacent
counties.
The salt marsh work of the present season, amounting to 825,100 linear
feet of 10 X 30 inch ditching or its equivalent has completed the drainage
of the salt marsh from a point 5 miles north of Absecon to Somers Point
and up the Great Egg Harbor River with its northern affluents to Powell's
Creek, a distance of 22 miles freeing approximately 12,000 acres from
breeding. Thus it is seen that two blocks of salt marsh aggregating
18,731 acres, one amounting to about 8,496 acres and lying south of the
Great Egg Harbor River and along both sides of its upper course and the
balance on Brigantine Island, along Great Bay, and the Mullica River,
yet remain to be drained.
Atlantic County deserves great credit for having developed a machine
by means of which the cost of ditching has been reduced from 2.5 cents a
linear foot for 10x30 inch ditching to between .5 and 1 cent. In fact.
it Is this development that has enabled the Commission to cover so large
a territory with so small an amount of money at its disposal.
In spite of the large territory lying within the limits of county adja-
cent thereto which is yet to be covered, the reductions in salt marsh
mosquitoes in Atlantic City, Ventor, Margate and the towns along the
Shore Road from Somers Point to Absecon is remarkable.
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358 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Cape May Gounty.
Physically Cape May County is a low wide penninsula projecting into
the Atlantic Ocean. On the east coast the low narrow strip of sand
beach characteristic of Atlantic County is continued to the end of Cape
May, and back of it lies the usual open water bordered by salt marsh.
To the west the shore is unprotected by a beach strip and the salt marshes
are largely limited to the water courses. As one proceeds northward
along the Delaware Bay coast the marsh strips are seen to widen and
to become confluent.
Cape May County is credited with 53,638 acres of salt marsh, and an
examination of the species of mosquito on the wing during the summer
season shows that the mosquito problem is one of suppressing breeding
on the salt marsh.
Thus far the task of taking up the burden of salt marsh drainage has
been impossible and the Commission has devoted its time to educational
and a little survey work.
Oamden County.
The work in Camden County this year has been very limited. Owing
probably to a determination on the part of the mosquito commission to
have enough funds to cover the County or none at all, it proved imprac-
ticable to obtain any additional funds, and such work as was done had
to be supported on funds left over from the preceding year. This
amounted to about |1,500 the writer understands, and was spent in a
limited campaign in the municipality of Collingswood.
A Summary and Dlscnssion of Expenditures for Mosquito OontroL
For some time there has existed a desire for such a statement of the
facts relative to the cost of mosquito control in the various counties as
would give a real basis for comparing the expenditure of one county com-
mission with that of another. The tabular statement of expenditure
(see table below) will, I hope, give such a basis. The preparation of
this table has been made possible through the willingness of the various
commissions and their employees to fill out the information blanks fur-
nished.
The writer will attempt to give a very brief survey of the expenditures
on the salt marsh and inland work, to state such of the general prin-
ciples upon which the expenditure is based as his study has developed
clearly, and to comment upon the general efficiency of the work.
Up to the year 1912, when the county mosquito extermination commis-
sions were created, the State Experiment Station had expended about
$130,000.00 in salt marsh mosquito work, and municipalities, groups of
individuals and individuals had spent about $70,000.00 more in the same
work. The known breeding places on the salt marshes from Jersey City
to Toms River had been drained and a measure of protection given to
perhaps, a million people. Along the lower part of Newark Bay, the
Arthur Kill, Raritan Bay and the Monmouth shore, owing to the com-
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 359
paratively open and easily drained nature of the marsh, the elimination
of serious breeding was with a few exceptions much more complete than
it was either at the northern or southern end of the area.
Tabular Statement of Bxpenditares.
ESSEX COUNTT.
'-1912, 6 mos.-
Total Expended $35,317.28 %
Administration 4,108.38 12
Inspection 15,846.90 45
Elimination —
Permanent Work 4,412.75 12
Salt Marsh 2,196.25 6
Inland 2,216.50 6
Temporary Work 7,285.49 21
Salt Marsh 1,843.99 5
Inland 5.441.50 16
Equipment 3,211.04 9
Miscellaneous 457.67 1
Per Capita Cost (Cts.) .. 6.37 ..
Cost Per Sq. Mile (|) 278.00 . .
UNION COUNTY.
^1912, 6 mos.-.
Total Expended $15,792.54 %
Administration 1,529.70 9
Inspection 3,829.81 24
Elimination —
Permanent Work 7,202.50 46
Salt Marsh 4,340.93 28
Inland 2,861.57 18
Temporary Work 2,106.04 13
Salt Marsh
Inland 2,106.04 ..
Equipment 988.00 6
Miscellaneoua 136.49 2
Per Capita Cost (Cts.) ... 10.57 .. 20.82 .. 15.89
Cost Per Sq. Mile (I) .... 153.00 .. 302.00 .. 230.00
HUDSON COUNTY.
1913 ► 1914-
Total Expended $25,917.06 %
Administration 3,865.82 15
Inspection 5,173.25 19
Elimination —
Permanent Work 6,524.74 25
Salt Marsh 4,071.09 16
Inland 2,453.65 9
Temporary Work 8,246.92 32
Salt Marsh 1.608.14 . .
Inland 6,638.78 ..
Equipment 1,498.15 6
Miscellaneous 355.12 3
Per Capita Cost (Cts.) 5.08 . .
Cost Per Sq. Mile (|) 675.00 . .
^1913-
< 1914—
_ . ^
$65,313.99
%
$62,997.75
%
8,915.60
14
9,673.46
16
21,354.85
33
19,475.54
31
17,357.84
26
10,447.48
16
14,570.95
22
9,627.23
15
2,786.89
4
820.25
1
14,026.68
21
16,250.58
26
4,040.49
6
5,029.44
8
9.986.19
15
11,221.14
18
3,098.47
5
4,556.78
7
360.55
1
2,592.91
4
11.08
, ,
11.37
514.00
488.00
••
1913 -
. ^1914-
131,107.05
%
$23,746.35
%
3.963.63
13
4,074.26
17
8,696.19
28
7,770.74
33
12,718.31
40
8,753.70
37
4,500.02
14
4,526.81
19
8,218.29
26
4,226.89
18
1,324.62
4
953.75
4
50.00
200.00
1,274.62
, ,
753.75
, ,
1,032.82
6
1,335.96
6
2,573.48
9
857.94
4
$31,063.36
%
4,472.74
15
6,207.30
20
8,377.88
26
5,711.93
18
2,665.95
8
10,542.15
34
3.260.86
21
7,281.29
13
1,108.17
4
355.12
1
5.42
722.00
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36o NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL CXDLLEGE
ATI^imC OOTTNTY.
-1913, 6 mos.- ' 1914
Total Expended $16,666.75 % $24,702.01 %
Administration 2,231.27 13 3,890.22 15
InspecUon 2,672.37 16 4,906.39 20
Elimination —
Permanent Work 9,410.48 57 11,968.47 48
Salt Marsh 9,364.48 57 11,911.47 48
Inland 46.00 .. 57.00 2
Temporary Work 131.77 1 661.06 2
Salt Marsh 7.92 ..
Inland 131.77 1 653.04 2
Equipment 1,292.32 8 2,081.76 8
Miscellaneous 1,058.31 5 1,855.17 7
Per Capita Cost (Cts.) 21.07 . . 32.02 . .
Cost Per Sq. Mile ($) 29.29 . . 43.41 . .
CAMDEN COUNTY.
1913 ' 1914
Total Expended $504.32 % $2,929.44 %
AdministraUon 477.82 99 920.2S S2
Inspection 99 636.63 22
Elimination —
Permanent Work 900.73 81
Salt Marsh
Inland 900.73 31
Temporary Work 163.59 6
Salt Marsh
Inland 163.59 5
Equipment 221.49 6
Miscellaneous 26.50 1 86.65 8
MIDDLESEX COUNTY.
1914
Total Expended $5,427.46 %
Administration 1,043.67 18
Inspection 1.209.91 23
Elimination —
Permanent Work 1.529.23 31
Salt Marsh 1.519.23 31
Inland 10.00 . .
Temporary Work 461.58 7
Salt Marsh 369.47 6
Inland * 92.11 1
Equipment 1,131.97 20
Miscellaneous 51.10 1
In the year 1912 the county mosquito extermination commissions
became active and for the first time the ditching placed by the State
Experiment Station had, at certain points, that maintenance and extension
which experience has shown to be so essential. Most of the active com-
missions, are operating in counties possessing at least 4,000 acres of salt
marsh and a very considerable part of the total expenditure has been
devoted to the elimination of breeding on the marsh. For the initiated
there is little need to explain why year out and year in a large percentage
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 361
of total expenditures is devoted to the salt marsh, but many persons who
may read this report may not understand. In our experience no salt
marsh has ever been so drained that breeding could not later be found
on it When the systems of ditching were installed under the direction
of the Experiment Station the ditches were cut only where breeding
could be found. Later years have revealed that other places, not at that
time supposed to breed, are really heavy breeders. The drainage itself
sets up certain changes that create breeding where none before existed.
A good example of the former is the Bergen County Hackensack salt
marsh. Reported as free from breeding in past years, it has been shown
since 1913 to be a very heavy breeder and to supply much of northeastern
Essex and southern Passaic as well as Bergen Counties with Aedes Can-
tatar Coq. The type of breeding plkce that comes about as the result of
drainage is usually a cat-tail swamp, the drainage of which is incident
to cleaning up breeding areas adjacent to it In such a swamp the water
formerly stood at a fairly constant level, and, as at no time was the
wet mud exposed for deposition of eggs, no breeding occurred. The
drainage allows the water level to rise and fall with the tide, thus
exposing the bottom for egg deposition. Under drainage the cat-tails
eventually disappear and sedges take their place.
In fact, so variable is the location of breeding on a given salt marsh
that the writer has almost reached the conclusion that the only safely
drained marsh is one from which the water is completely removed. It
is not his thought that such complete drainage should be cut as rapidly
as the marsh is covered, for he seriously doubts whether the necessary
funds could be obtained.
The usual practice is to drain those parts where breeding is known to
exist, to keep the ditches already cut open and to install additional ditch-
ing as new breeding places appear. This method seems best from the
standpoint of obtaining necessary fimds and from the standpoint of
expending them most effectively. The writer realizes that some persons
would be inclined to take issue with him on this point, but he feels that
its truth is borne out by experience.
With the creation of the County Mosquito Extermination Commission
a really effective agency for the control of fresh-water breeding species
was formed. The problem facing most commissions has been first, of
obtaining funds; second, of forming an efficient mosquito-fighting machine;
tliird, of finding the local breeding places; fourth, of eliminating them;
and fifth, of combating mosquito invasions.
The first phase has usually been solved by a campaign of education in
tlie course of which the purposes and methods of mosquito control have
been explained and discussed and substantial public support obtained.
The second has been largely determined by the statute itself. Com-
petent persons with a knowledge of the technique of mosquito control
work have been employed as chief inspectors, and the selection and
organization of subordinates, largely left to them.
The third has been met by periodically examining every square yard
of territory of the protected area for water in which mosquito larvQ
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362 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Inreed, and by tracing the moequitoes found on the wing to the places
where they originate.
The fourth has has been met by draining^ filling, cleaning, 8to<^ng
with fish, or oiling at regular intervals all pools in which breeding is
found.
The fifth has never been adequately met» owing principally to the
attitude of Boards of Freeholders that no money should be spent outside
of county limits. Thus far, it has been limited to tracing broods and
oiling. The good results of even such limited extra-territorial work are
shown in the Hackensack Valley marsh report, which forms a part of
the 1914 Report of the Experiment Station. There is given a detailed
statement of the breeding throughout the season of 1914 as determined by
a force of inspectors made up of employees from Union, Essex, Hudson
and the Experiment Station.
In every county having a salt marsh the control of breeding upon It
has proven thus far as least to be the most difficult part of the mosquito
problem. An average of 26 per cent of all expenditures in the counties,
covering their whole territories, has been devoted to salt marsh mosquito
elimination, and as high as 57 per cent was reached in one case.
Tet in spite of all this care from time to time broods of greater or
less size have issued. Ordinarily, from the standpoint of the householder
living near the marsh, the broods have been negligible, yet at times they
have been too large. It is the writer's opinion that the proportion spent
upon the salt marsh is rarely too large and in some cases imdoubtedly
too small.
In every coimty having a salt marsh and attempting to cover only a
part of the problem of mosquito control, the salt marsh has first received
attention.
Any study made for the purpose of finding the general principles under-
lying the cost of mosquito control work must be concerned with an
analysis of the effeet which increase in population has on the mosquito
breeding places, for obviously mosquito control becomes important only
as the land is transformed from a wilderness into homes for people.
Before the settlement of the country there existed the fresh and salt-
water marshes, streams and woodland pools. With the coming of popu-
lation many fresh-water swamps and woodland pools have been drained
or filled, while the drainage of others has been rendered more difficult
and many have been polluted with human wastes. Many streams have
been cleaned and straightened, but others have been stopped up and
swamps created where none before existed. Many have been so polluted
with human wastes that they have become virulent producers of mos-
quitoes. The salt marsh drains established by nature have been stopped
up, the water held on the marsh, and the areas transformed into worse
breeders of mosquitoes than they were formerly. Many of the salt
marshes have become polluted with human wastes. Many entirely arti-
ficial breeding places, such as rain barrels, tubs, buckets, old tin cans,
stopped-up roof gutters, privies, lot and roadside pools; cesspools and
sewer catch-basins, have been created.
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EXPERIMENT STATIOI^ REfOftT. 363
Thus far at least the settlement of the land by man has Increased
rather than diminished the mosquito output Examination of the tabu-
lated list of expenditure shows clearly that on a county-wide basis in
New Jersey the cost of mosquito extermination increases as the population
increases in density. Hudson, with a population of 14,000 per square
mile, spent |675 in 1913, $722 in 1914; Essex, with 5,000, $514 and $488;
and Union, with 1,400, $302 and $230. There is of course, a difference of
opinion as to whether permanent improvement of the mosquito breeding
places incident to increase in population will not eventually overtake
the increase in number and effectiveness of breeding places; and that the
cost of mosquito control from that point will decrease as the population
Increases. From what we see in the most densely populated sections of
our large cities where sewering and grading has reached its highest
perfection it looks as if such a point might be reached.
Thus we have the relation which the cost of mosquito extermination
bears to the whole population, and we have now to examine its relation
to the individual. The tabular statement of expenditures shows clearly
that per capita cost decreases as population increases. Hudson, with a
population of 14,000 per square mile, had a per capita cost of 5.08 cents
in 1913, 5.42 cents in 1914; Essex with 5,000, 11.8 cents and 11.37 cenU;
Union, with 1,400, 20.82 cents and 15.89 cents.
In county units, at least, increase in population means increase in
wealth. Increase in density of population means, therefore, a decrease
in the proportion paid by the individual taxpayer. In no case can the
tax be greater than one mill, and in no case has any mosquito commission
asked for the full amount available under the statute.
The efficiency of mosquito extermination work may be measured by
increased freedom from mosquito-bon^e disease, increased real estate
values, and by the public support accorded to it.
The amount of malaria recorded within the limits of the counties at
work is so small, and the diagnosis so rarely founded on blood tests,
that it is impossible to draw any definite conclusions as to the effect of
the work on public health.
The increase in values is however, a different matter. Unfortunately,
nothing like a complete collection of data has ever been made relative
to it In the course of some studies of the increase in ratables along the
shore alone it was found that since the salt marshes had been drained
there has occurred an increase of $5,600,000 in shore values alone in the
territory from Jersey City to and including Sea Bright and that the
increase ranged from 15 per cent in the manufacturing sections to 300
per cent in some of the residential sections. Statistics set forth by Dr.
Lipman^ serves to show the possibilities of this phase of the work.
With a few minor exceptions, the completion of the first season's work
has been sufficient to enlist the hearty support of the public press.
Repeatedly the legislators from the counties in which the work was
going on have withstood attempts to repeal the law made by representa-
^Upman, J. G., Proceeding ad Ann. Meeting N. J. Mos. Kxter. Aw'n, pp. 6-9-74, 191 S*
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364 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
lives of counties where no work had been done. During the fall of 1914
an inquiry was prepared and sent out for the purpose of ascertaining iB
still another way the attitude of the public toward anti-mosquito work.
From the telephone directories in each of the principal towns and villages
in the protected districts, so many persons whose srumames began with
"A" were selected, so many persons whose surnames began with "B" and
so on through the alphabet. To each of these persons so selected a brief
statement of the expenditures since work began in this county was made,
and he was requested to state whether he had been benefited an amount
equal to the stated per capita cost of the work and whether he favored
its continuance.
Eighty per cent of the persons replied that benefit had been received,
and 95 per cent favored the continuance of the work.
MosquitoeB of the Year.
Neither the time nor the space is available within the limits of this
report to present an adequate discussion of this subject In fact so
large is the mass of accurate data that it is deemed worthy of presen-
tation in a separate paper.
As usual the brown salt marsh mosquito (Aedea cantator Cog.) appeared
this year to our certain knowledge from Cape May 10 Jersey City.
From midsummer on it was replaced from Jersey City soutn by the
white-banded salt marsh mosquito {Aedes aollicitana Wlk.). In the lat-
ter part of summer, the latter became in the territory adjacent to the
undrained marsh a terrible pest. Cape May and Cumberland Counties
suffering especially. In the northern portion of the Hackensack valley
A. cantator bred throughout the season.
Among the fresh water species this was a year when the tmusual
species bred commonly. The heavy rainfall of midsummer multiplied
the breeding water surface by ten and In the unprotected parts of the
State the fresh water species were a veritable scourge. This condition
seems to have obtained practically all over the country.
The principal species concerned in this trouble in New Jersey were
the house mosquito {Culex pipiens Linn.) and the fresh-water swamp
mdsqulto i Aedea aylveatria Theob). Contrary to the usual experience,
the latter bred everywhere.
While the salt marsh species in the protected area as a whole were
imder better control than formerly, being entirely absent from many
places where last year they were bad, the fresh water species were most
unusually hard to control and the local mosquito fighting organizations
were given a most severe test.
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-'-?£. 3
M. Ul ^^PO^T
OF THE
Department of Entomology
OP THE
New Jersey Agricultural
Q)llege Experiment Station
New Brunswick, N. J.
BY
THOMAS J. HEADLEE, Ph.D.
For the Year Ending
October 31, 1916
TRENTON. N. J.
MacCiellish & QuiGLEY Co., State Printert
I917
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REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF ENTOMOLOGY
(465)
30 EX
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Digitiz
Department of Entomology
Thomas J. Headi^e, Ph.D., Entomologist.
*Chari,es H. Richardson, Jr., M.Sc, Assistant Entomologist.
tAi^VAH Peterson, Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist.
§H'ENRY H. Brehme, Field Assistant in Entomology.
♦♦Charles S. Beckwith, B.Sc, Assistant Entomologist,
Augusta E. Meske, Stenographer and Clerk.
♦Resigned September 15, 1916.
t Appointed October i, 1916.
{Resigned January 31, 1916.
tOn State Station.
♦♦Promoted from Field Assistant to Assistant Entomologist February z,
1916.
CONTENTS.
page
I. Introduction, 467
11. Correspondence, 467
Tabular Statement of Insect Correspondence, 1916, 467
III. Insects of the Year, 475
IV. Species of Insects Recently Recorded as Present in the State, 477
V. Investigations, 486
Influence of Atmospheric Moisture on Insect Metabolism, 486
The Strawberry Weevil, 490
Apple Plant Lice, 494
The False Cabbage Aphis, 501
Pear Psylla, 503
Wintering Bees, 504
Miscellaneous, 506
VI. The Response of the House-Fly to Certain Foods and their Fer-
mentation Products 511
Introduction, 511
Methods, 512
Conclusions, • 518
Bibliography, 519
Report of Mosquito Work for 1916, 521
Salt Marsh Drainage Previous to 1916, 521
Salt Marsh Drainage in 1916, 522
Financial Statement of Mosquito Work, 534
Summary of Mosquito Control by Counties, 534
Mosquitoes of the Year, 546
Aid Extended to Organizations and Persons, 551
The Mosquito Exterminator 553
The New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association, 553
Larvicides 554
Conclusions, 557
(466)
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Report of the Department of Entomology
Thomas J. Headlbe
INTRODUCTION
The attention of tiie entomologist and his assistants has been
devoted: (i) to the carr)dng on of correspondence with
Jerseymen in need of information about the control of injurious
insects or the management of beneficial ones, (2) to the in-
vestigation of the influence of atmospheric moisture upon insect
metobolism; (3) to the investigation of the strawberry weevil,
apple aphis, the false cabbage aphis, the pear psylla, and vari-
ous miscellaneous species; (4) to the investigation of the effi-
ciency of certain types of covers for wintering bees; (5) to the
investigation of the food preferences of the common house or
typhoid fly as a basis for making up an efficient poisoned bait;
and (6) to the work of mosquito control.
II
CORRSePONDENCE
The following table serves to show the species about which
inquiries were made. The nimiber of letters relative to each
species has been omitted because such data do not seem to serve
any good purpose. The scientific names are those employed in
"Insects of New Jersey,*' which was issued in 1909.
It is proposed to revise this list in 191 9 and during the
interim to use it as a standard. The changes in nomenclature
are so rapid and extenivc that it seems best to adopt something
and stkk to it.
Tabular Statement of Insect Correspondence, 1916
Ammsuda
Latim Nmm^ C omm§n Name LecoUty Date
umbfkus sp., Earthworm, Moorestown, Mar. 9
" " Wcftficld, Nov. 14, 'xs
OtUSTAOU
Kpoda sp^ .Sow Bufi Newaili, Mar ^9
(467)
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468 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
DXPLOPODA
Latin Namti Common Name Locality Dai*
Julus sp,, Thousand-legged Worm, ...Newton, April 29
Diphpoda sp., " " ...Newark, May 5
Abachnxda
Briophyes pyri FgsL Pear-leaf Blister Mite, Rutherford, June a
" " " " Bound Brook, July xo
Briophyes quadripes Shrimer, Maple Gall Mite Ridgewood, June 30
" Short Hills May 31
Pedicnloidts dianthopkilus, . Mite, Sea Girt, Nov. 8, *t%
Psendoscorpionida sp., . . . . Pseudoscorpion, Millbum Oct- 9
Tetranychtu sp., Red Spider Wcstwood Oct 23
" " " W. Englewood, June 15
** " " Mt HoUy, June 16
" •• •• Salem May 29
" ** " " Caldwell, April 13
" " " Little Silver June 24
" " " Nclsonville. June a6
" •• " Short Hills, Dec 24, 'x$
•* " •* RiTerton, Dec 7, *i5
" " " Westfield, Nov. 17, 'xs
Trombidium sp., Chigger, Lebanon, Sept. xs
Tyroglyphus sp., Mite, Atlantic Highlands, ....Sept. 7
Imsscta
Homoptera
Aphididet sp., Plant Lice, Tottenville, N. Y Oct, x6
" " " Princeton, Sept. x6
" " " Greenlock, Sept 9
" " " Louisville, Ky Nor. 9. 'xS
" " " Morristown, May x8
" '* " " Hammonton, June 24
" " " " Rahway, Juxie 8
" " " " Glassboro April 5
" " " Oxford, May 18
" " " Paterson Not. 39, 'iS
" " " Phillipsburg, Jane x
" " " " Morristown, June 4
" " " Atlantic City, June 6
** " " " Nutley June xo
" " " " Hackensack, Mar. 30
" " " Newark May 24
" " " Elizabeth July 8
" " " Atsion, July 5
" " " Rutherford, July 24
" " " Jersey City, July 20
" *• " New Brunswick, Not. x7, '1$
" " " Riverton Dec. 7. 'xs
" " " " Moorestown, Dec 9, '15
" " " Nutley, June 9
" " " Hackensack, Sept 23
" " " " Blue Anchor, Feb. X4
" " Aphid Gall, New York City June 8
Aphis brassicet Linn., Cabbage Louse, Glassboro, Sept 20
" " AUendale Mar. 30
" " MonroeviUe, Oct 10
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 469
JLaHm Nam4 Common Nmm4 Locality Datg
\phis nuiJi Fabr., Apple Plant Louse, DuneUen, April 17
" " " " " Crowwicks Sept i
" " " " Scwell JtUj 5
\phis p^rsic^-niggr Smith, . Black Peach Louse, Brentwood, Nor. 24, '15
iphis ps^titdobrtMsska DaTis, False Cabbage Louse Freehold, Oct zs
UpidiottAS pemiciotuM
Cotii»t-, San Jos^ Scale, Elltabeth, BCay x$
Itpidiofm^ pemiciosus
CoroMt. " " " Caldwell Aprils
ispidiotM^ p^rniciosus
Conwt. " " " Xew York City UtLj 3
itpidiott^^ pemiciosus
Coexist., " " ** Leonia, Jan. as
isfndiot't^ tsugti Mar., ....Hemlock Scale, Mahwah Feb. 19
Teresa Ifsthalus Fabr., Buffalo Tree Hopper, Caldwell, April 24
Zhemt€s abietis Linn, Spruce Gall Louse, Ridgewood, , May 9
Zk€rm€s pinicorticis Fitch,. . Pine Bark Aphid, Merchantville May 5
" .. " " " Ridgewood, May 9
" .. " " " ..- New Market June as
Chionaspis euonymi Comst, .Euonymous Scale Matawan May 9
Chionaspis pinifolia Pitch, .Pine-leaf Scale Caldwell, April J4
Cocciddt sp., Scale Insect, Livingston, April j6
" " •' MiUington, Oct t8
" " " Newark, Oct 16
Coccms pseudohesperidum, . . Soft Scale, Rutherford,
Coccus hesperidum Unn., .. " " Riverton April 8
Colopha ulmicola Fitch, ...Coxcomb Clm Gall Red Bank, May 30
Diedrocephalc coccinea
Porst., Leaf Hopper, Passaic, Oct 3
BuUcanium nigrofasciaium
Pere., Terrapin Scale Morristown Mar. i
BuUcanium nigrofasciaium
Pcrg. " " Elixabeth, Mar. 12
ButeatUum tulipiftra Cook, .Tulip Soft Scale PUinfield July ao
- " " " Metuchen, Aug. 30
Jassid^ sp., Leaf Hopper, Westwood, Oct J3
" " " Morristown June 4
LepidosaphMS ulmi Linn., . .Oyster-shell Scale, Newton, July 18
- •• " " " Plainfield July 14
*• •• " " " Plainfield, April a8
" •• " •• " Mendham, April 26
•• " - " Sebago Lake, Me., Mar. 30
" .. " " " Leonia, Jan. aa
Longistigma carya Harr., ..Aphid, Merchantville, Sept a8
Macrosiphum pisi Kalt, ...Pea Louse, Riverton Oct i
•* " ** ..." " Hightstown, June 26
My»us cerasi Fabr., Cherry Louse, Crawford, July 13
•• " " J^ewark May 15
Pemphigus vagabundus
Walah, Aphid Gall Newton, July 18
Fhyllaphis fagi Linn., Wooly Beech Aphis, Edgewater Park June 27
Phylloxera carya-canHs
Pitch Aphia Gall, Bloomfield, June 12
Psylla pyricola Porat, Pear Psylla, Vineland, April 13
Puhnnatria acericola W. ft R., Cottony Maple Scale, Hammonton, June 24
Saissetia hsmtsphasrica
Targ., Hemiapherical Scale, Cedar Brook, Dec, 31, '15
SaissetiA hsmisphaeriea
Targ., " " Rutherford Feb. 11
THoma magnolia, Psyllid, Rutherford, June 15
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470 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Hemipiera
Lotim Nam^ Comtncn Nam$ Locality Date
Anasa tristis DeG., Squash Bug, Madison, Oct. 17
Cimex Uctularms Linn., . . . Bed Bug, Jersey City, . Nov. 16, '15
•• - ..." " Moorcstown, Feb. 12
•• ... " " Newark Mar. 23
- ... " " Palmyra, Aug. at
Lfptobyrsa explanata "Hmd, .Rhododendron I<ace Bug, ..Jersey City, Nov. xa, '15
Suphamiis pyw^dis Scott, .Iracc Bug, New York City, Nov. X2, '15
Orthoptera
*Blahtrus discoidalis Say, . Roach, Secaucus,
Blatta orientaHs Linn., Oriental Cockroach, Windsor, June 30
Gryllut sp., Cricket, Red Bank July 26
Oicanthus fasciatus Pitch, . .Tree Cricket, Caldwell, April u
Coltopttra
Anthonomus signatus Say, . . Strawberry Weevil, Frankford, Del., Dec 2, '15
•• .. - " Pleasantville, June 14
" " .. - - Elmira, N. Y June 1
" .. " - Kulpsville, Pa., May 8
" .. " - .., Millvine May 8
" " .. - " North East, Pa. May 6
" .. " « Wading River, May i
" .. " - MiUviUe April 8
" .. " •• Bridgeville, Del., April 6
" .. " - Moorcstown Mar. 9
'*..•* - Merchantrifle, Mar. 6
" " " .. " " ^ Bridgeton, , Feb. 24
•• .. " " Medford Mar. 21
" .. " - Bridgeville, Del Feb. 14
" " .. " - MerchantviUe Dec is, '15
Balaninus rectus Say, Chestnut Weevil, Beverly, Mar. 6
Bruchns obtechts Say^ Bean Weevil May's Landing, Sept 9
Calandra orystf Linn. Rice Weevil, Laurel Springs, Aug. 23
Calandra sp„ Grain Weevil, May's Landing, Oct 18
Cathartus advena Wahh., ..Foreign Grain Weevil, Atlantic Highlands* ....Sept 7
Cerambycidm sp,, Long-honed Borer, New Brunswick, July 19
" " " Ridgewood June 17
Ceratoma trifurcata Torat,. ."Bean-lesii Beetle, Glen Gardner, June 3
Chrysomelidtt sp,, Flea Beetle, Hackensack Sept aj
Coccinellida sp., Lady Bird Beetle, Atlantic Qty June 6
Conotrachelus nenuphar
Hbst Plum Curcullo, New York City, Dec xo, '15
Conotrachelus nenuphar
Hbst " " Belmar ICay x6
Conotrachelus nenuphar
Hbst, " " East Orange, May ix
Conotrachelus nenuphar
Hbst., " " Burlington, June 7
Conotrachelus nenuphar
Hbst, " " Elizabeth, May 19
Conotrachelus nenuphar
Hbst, " " South River, June 17
Conotrachelus nenuphar
Hbst " *• Cresskill, Jnly 7
Criocerjis asporagi Linn., . . . Asparagtis Beetle Glassboro, June 2
•'••«• ... " " Mendham June $
•« ... " " Summit, Sept. 4
* New insects for New Jersey.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
471
DimbroHca vihaia Pabw,
.Striped Cucumber Beetle,
.New York Qty April 4
--..." - - •.den Gardner June 3
... " " " ..Moorertown, July 24
DtrmtsUdtt j#., Dermetted, Cape May Court House, S^t' xa
D^smoctrus pglliahu Forst, Long-homed Beetle, New York City, June a7
Bcdytohpha ituUiciana ZelL, Locust Twig Borer, Spring Lake, Sept 9
Blaphidion vUhsum Fab., . . Maple & Oak Twig Pruner, Vineland, Sept 29
Blattridg sp^ Wire Worm Little Falls Dec 14,
. Uacketutown, April 23
IS
Epiirix eucMtm»is Harr., . . . Potato Plea Beetle^
iMchnostmma sp„
.Glasaboro, June
. " " '• ....Paterson, June
•« ** " Pertli Amboy, July
•••*•• ....Manchester, Conn., ....July
" " " Oradell. July
•Rose Chafer, Glendola,
. " " Bayonne, May
. " " Plainfield, May
»7
M
19
'3
3«
31
X
17
so
S
16
S
IS
18
10
"4
• . . South RiTor, Jan.
...Phillipsburg, May
. " " " New Brunswick July
. " " " Ehntr, May
. • AUentown May
. " " " Bernardsville, May
. " " " PWUipaburg, June
. " " " South River June
. " " " Rocky HUl, June
.White Grubs, Madison, Feb.
. " " PhUaddphia, Pa. May
" " " W. LaFayette, Ind., ....Ju»e
•• ,.. " " W. Englewood, Jnne
" " " Jersey Qty, July
LepHnotorsa dtc^mliwtota
Say, Colorado Potato Beetle,
LtptimoUitsa dtctmHnMota
Say, "
UpHnotarsa dtcgmUmata
Say, "
Ltpiimotmrsa dtcrnnUntata
Say. m H u
Leptinotorsm' dtc^mUnfoia
Say
Macrodactylus subspinosus
Fabr.
Uttcrodaetylus subspinotus
Fabr.,
iiacrodactylus tubspinosus
Fabr.,
Macrodaetylus subfpinosus
Fabr. " " Carmcl, May
Monarikrwn maU Pitch, ...Scolytid Beetle Rutherford, May
Nodonota punctieoUit Say, . .Beetle, Princeto'b, Jime
Oncidtrts cmgulatus Say, ..Hickory Twig Girdler, High Bridge, Oct
Phytononms ^wcfoliii Fabr., Clover-leaf Beetle, Trenton, Sept
Pusodts strobi Teek White Pine WeevU, Far Hills, Sept
•• " " " Rutherford, Jnne
" " " " Ridgewood, May
" " " " Sterlington, N. Y., Jan.
Plagionotus speciosns Say, . .Sugar Maple Borer, Cranford, Sept
PolyphyUa variolosa Henty, . Scarabaeid, Ocean City, Nov. 17,
Scolytus qnadrispmotus S%jtYi\cVovy Bark-borer, Plainfield, June 26
" rugulos$u Rata, ...Fruit-tree Bark-beetle, Paterson June 10
Sihanus surinamensis Linn., Corn Silvanus Trenton, Nov. 6,
Lfpidopt^a
Aneyhs comptana, Strawberry Leaf Roller, . . . Sewell, '. .June 16
Anitota sanatoria Sm. 9c Abb,, Oak Worm, Richmond, Mass., Sept. 2$
Ner. IX, '15
at
«y
9
8
so
a4
as
26
'«S
'«5
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472 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Latin Nam€ Common Namt Locality Date
Arctiid^ sP„ Arctiid Moth, Berlik., Ang. j9
Carposapsa pomonella Linn.» Codling Moth, New Brunswick, May i6
^Castnia ihtrapon Kail., . . .Hesperid (in greenhouse), . .Bound Brook, Feb. 2
CUheronia regaiis Fsbr., .... Hickory Homed Devil Woodbine, i Sept 18
Dtttana integerrima G. & R., Walnut Datana Hasbrouck Heights, Aug. 38
" ministra Dru., Yellow*necked caterpillar, ..Chatham, Sept. i
Desmia funeralis Hubnr., . .Grape-leaf Polder, Hackensack, Jaae t
.. " " *' Bridgeton. Oct 8
Buclea indetermina Bdv., . . Slug Caterpillar, Englewood, Sept u
" .. " " tyndhurst, Sept 11
Heliothis armiger Hbn., ...Com Ear-worm, Westfield Sept 18
" ... " " " Goshen, Mar. m
"... " " " New York City, May 19
•• ... " " " Moorestown, July 24
Hemerocampa leucostigma
S. fit A., White-marked Tussock Moth, Englewood Oct 23
Hemerocampa leucostigma
S. & A " " " " Camden, Dec, a, '15
Hemerocampa leucostigma
S. & A., " " " " Camden, Dec. 4, ''S
Hyphantria cunea Dm., . . . .Fall Web-worm, Dover » Sept 13
Limenitis archippus Cram., Nymphalid Butterfly Newton, Aug. 29
Malacosoma americana Fabr., Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar, Elizabeth, Mar. m
White Plains, N. Y Mar. t
Newark, Feb. 23
Hampton Feb. 13
New York aty May 13
Rahway, June 5
" " " " Avalon May S4
•• " " " Far Hills, April a;
Dover, Jan. j8
" " " " Bridgeton, April 19
** " " " " Millbum, June 16
" " " " " " " Stockton June 8
Marmara salictella Clem., . . Montdair, Sept 14
Melittia satyriniformis Hbn., Squash Vine Borer Phillipsburg, Aug. as
Silverton, June 8
Noctuids sp., Cutworms, Trenton, Oct 7
" " " New York aty Nov. 4. 'xs
" " " " Dorchester, June 12
Oxyptilus periscelidactylus
Fitch, Grape Plume Moth, East Orange, June 13
Papaiptma nitela Gn., Stalk Borer, Atco, July 25
" " " Allendale, July xo
" " " Hamburg, July 5
Papilio polyxenus Fabr Celery Caterpillar, Frenchtown, July 16
Pegomyia brassica Bouche, . Cabbage Maggot, Vineland, .Oct 25
Peridroma margaritosa Haw., Variegated Cut Worm, Trenton, Nov. 24f '*S
Philosamia cynthia Dm., . . Moth, Belvidere June 27
Phobetron piihecium S. & A., Hag Moth, W. Milford, Sept 9
Phlyctaenia ruhigalis Guen., Greenhouse Leaf Tier, W. Norwood, Mar. 23
Pieris rapa Linn., Cabbage Worm Allendale, Mar. 30
" " Bloomfield July x8
Porthetria dispar Linn., ... Gipsy Moth,t Newark, June 6
Prolimacodes scapka Harr., . Slug Caterpillar, New Egypt, Sept i
'Swmia cecropia Linn., Cecropia Moth, Hackensack,
• New insects for New Jersey,
t Request for warning cards.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
473
Latin Nam^ Common Nome LocaUiy Dat0
Sttnninoidea txitiosa Sa7» ..Peach Borer Merchantville, Nov. ii,
Glassboro, April 22
15
SUotrogo certolelh OHt., . . Angoumoia Grain Moth,
Thytidopteryx ephemerae'
formis Steph
Thytidopteryx ephemerae-
formis Steph.,
.MiilviUe, April
.Burlington May
.Brookaide, June
.Pateraon, June
. Summit, July
.Plainfield, Nov.
. Robbinaville, Nov.
.Roselle, Jan.
.New York City, Dec
. Delanco, Nov.
.Woodbine, Feb.
.Allendale, Mar.
. May's Landing, Sept.
. Newton, Sept.
.Trenton, July
. Laurel Springs, Aug.
.Cape May Court House, Sept
*Diprion simile Hartig,
.Pear Slug, Pleaaantville, June
. " " New Brunswick, July
Briocampoides Kmacina
RstM,,
Briocampoides limacina
RstM,,
Briocampoides limacina
RsU., *' " Burlington, July
Bxvtema permundana Clem.» Raspberry Leaf -roller Grantwood, Mar.
Pormidda sp,, Ants, Teaneck, June
" " East Orange June
" " Somerville May
" " Elizabeth, May
" " " Flcmington, May
" " '* Paterson, June
" " Elizabeth July
* Janus abhreviatus Say, ...Saw-fly Bound Brook July
•• ... " " Elizabeth, July
" ... " " Irvington July
" ... " " South Orange. July
" ... " " Springfield, July
Ophion sp., Ichneumon Ply MontcUir, Sept.
Pteronus ribesi Scop., Imported Currant Worm, ..Staten Island, N. Y., ..May
Tenthredinida sp., Saw-fly, Mahwah Sept
" " " Middlebush May
Vespa crabro Linn., European Hornet, Blackwood, Oct
Siphonaptera
CUnocophalus canis LUm., ..Cat and Dog Flea, Cream Ridge, ...June
" .. " " " " Newark, May
" .. " " " " Medford June
Pntex irriians Linn., Human Flea, Cream Ridge, June
. Bag Worm Mount Holly, July
. " " Lakewood, Sept
Hymsnoptera
Apis melUfica Linn., Honey Bee, Branchville, Nov.
Cimbex americana Leach, . .Willow Saw-fly, Newark, June
. European Pine Saw-fly, .... Elizabeth
" " " ....Rutherford
" " ....South Orange,
4
10
5
I
22, 'i$
24. 'is
5
a8. 'is
I
28
«5
15
6
23
12
14
'«5
XI
as
2
6
22
6
2
7
XI
2
8
JO
X4
»S
X4
28
ao
3t
23
* New insects for New Jersey.
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474 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
DipUn
LoUrn ^atfut Common Name Locality D§t$
Acidia 9auvi» Lowe, Trypetid, Bridgeton, Mar. 24
Anophtlo* sp,, Malaria Mosquito, New Brunswick, July 19
Bibionida sp., .....Fly, Irvington, ....May h
Cecidomyia pomum Walsh, . .Cecidomyid, Flemington, Sept 13
Cecidomyiidm sp„ Galls, Daodleii, .Aug. 7
Culicidg, Mosquitoct, Avalon May 24
" Belmar, June 15
" Blythe, CaL, Mar. is
** " Boonton, Feb. as
" " Boston, Mass., April 24
" CaldweU, Feb. ta
" CUffside, Nov. 27. '«5
" Coocord. May 5
" «• Demarest, Dec 17. '15
" " Elwood, Feb. 18
" Highland^ N. Y., May 18
" Ithaca, N. Y., . ." May 9
" New Brunswick, May 8
" " New Haves, Conn., ....May S9
" " New Haven, Conn., . . . .June 10
" New York City, June is
«• ••••••• Biay 26
" " " " June 19
** •• ** - •« Feb. 10
" " •• •« " Jan. 30
" " " •• " Jm. jy
" " " •* Nov. SI. '15
" Palmerton, Pa. May 13
" " Penns Grove, June 5
•* Trtnton, April a6
Dasyntura hguminicota
Lint, ..Fly, Newton, ...Jane 27
Lasioptera viHs P. S., Potato Gall, Mahwah, June as
" •* " " Beach Haven, June ly
•• - - - Elisabeth, Jtme »
- - " " Nutley, June 15
Meromyga omgricono Pitch., Wheat Bulb-worm, Cream Ridge, June 13
" Newton, July ,3
*MoHarthro palpus buxi Lab., Box-leaf Miner, Rumson, Nov. ai, *i5
Musca dom^stica Itirm. House Fly, Highland, N. Y., May 18
•• .... " " St Paul, Minn. Mar. 19
" " .... " " Boonton, Feb. 15
" .... - " New York aty, Jiily«5
•• .... " " Summit, July I,
• .... " " Far Hilhi, ....: April 17
" .... " " Penns Grove. June s
*ParalModiphsis cattleya
Moll Orchid Midge in greenhouse, Chatham, Jan. x8
Pegomyia hrassica Bouche,. .Cabbage Maggot, » . . Garwood May 29
*PAy<0fn3fjra o^wi/f^ Hardy, Columbine Leaf Miner, ....Springfield, July 6
....Rutherford July a9
" - " - M ....Riverton. July 18
....ElUabeth. July 3
Pollenia rudis Fabr., Muscid, Hamburg, Sept t?
Rhagoletii pomonella Walsh., Apple Maggot, New York Oty, Nov. 16, *iS
Sciara sp,, Sciara Army Worm, Bound Brook, .July »S
* New insects for New Jersey.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 475
The volume of correspondence this year has been much the
same as last, but with an evident increase. Not far from an
average of 25 ^ letters have been sent out from the office each
working day. The correspondence related to 146 species of
insects and their near relatives of which 25 were species of
mosquitoes.
HI
INSECTS OF THE YEAR
Some notion of the species which were troublesome may be
obtained by consulting the tabular statement of insect correspond-
ence, but neither the species excessively abundant nor those
which are new to the State get sufficient emphasis in a statement
of this sort.
T«nt Caterpillar
(Malacosoma americana Harr.)
The tent caterpillar was again sufficiently abundant to constitute an out-
breal^ although the amount of damage was considerably lessened. The
distrioution of the outbreak was this year about the same as last— mainly
in the northern part of the State, with its greatest severity in the north-
eastern section, but it was pceseat to some extent in all parts of the State.
Apple Plant Lice
The principal, but not the only, species concerned has been the rosy aphis
(Aphis sorhi Kalt.)- To a less extent the green aphis (Aphis pomi De Gr.)
was a factor. The distribution of the rosy aphis was apparently ^^eral,
and the damage done by it considerable. Especial attention was given to
it by the entomologist in the orchards of Mr. John H. Barclay, of Cranbury,
and of the J. L. Lippincott Co., of Riverton. In both cases complete^
satisfactory control was obtained The results of thb work are set forth
under a special heading elsewhere in this report.
Pear Pay I la
(Psylla pyricola Forst.)
During the last few years the damage done by this species appears to
have been increasing. In ipi4 Mr. J. C. Richdale, of Phalanx, complained
of trouble with it in his Kieffer ^ar ordiards, and sought out aid in con-
trolling it. In 1915 the J. L. Lippincott Co., of Riverton, sought help in
controlling the same speaes in its Kieffer orchards. In 1916 Mr. Wm. H.
Blackwell complained of trouble in his Bartlett orchard at Titusville, and
Mr. Lester Collins, of Moorestown, stated that not only was the psylla
*Last year the correspondence of the State entomologist was mentioned
in speaking of the volume of correspondence. This year the correspondence
of the State entoaologiat is not included.
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476 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
injurious in his Kieffer orchards, but that his control had been unsatbfac-
tory.
It seems that the species has, during the last few years, been experiendngr
one of its periodical increases in numbers, and consequently injurious
power.
An account of the work done against it and of the results obtained will
be fotmd in another part of this report.
The False Cabbage Aphis
(Aphis pseudobrassicae Davis)
For several years the growers of turnips about Freehold have been
troubled with a plant louse which has at times been so abundant as to destroy
the crop. This year the matter was brought to the entomologist's attention
by Mr. Wm. B. Duryea, the Monmouth County farm demonstrator.
The nature and the extent of the infestation were investigated, and the
species, proving to be one of which we had no duplicate, was forwarded to
Mr. John J. Davis and by him pronounced the false cabbage aphis. While
this is the first time it has been taken in the State, there is httle doubt in the
writer's mind that the species has been present in injurious numbers for
several and perhaps many years.
The nature and the results of the work done upon this species are set
forth in a special section of this report.
The Oak Worm
(Anisota senatoria Smith and Abbott)
In the early fall the work of the oak worm attracted much notice. The
outbreak seemed to be limited mainly to the scrub oak in the central por-
tions of the State. Even in this area its distribution was patchy, defolia-
tion appearing in many cases at widely separated points. All the common
species of scrubby oak were attacked, but the birch seemed to be the only
species other than the oak to suffer.
The attack came so late in the season that little real damage was done^
the buds having been largely made before injury began.
The Rose Bug
(Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.)
The species, while not so abundant this year as last, appeared in suffi-
cient numbers to do serious harm. It is mentioned primarily because z^pm
this year the self-boiled lime-sulfur has satisfactorily protected apple foliage
from injury.
The Elm Leaf Beetle
(Galerucella luteola Mull.)
This species has been remarkably reduced this year. The elms on the col-
lege campus were so little infested as not to reqmre spraying.
Sclara Army Worm
{Sciara sciaphila Loew.)
On July 27 the entomologist investigated report of army worm trouble in
Bound Brook. The army worms in question were really in every case
aggregations of fungous gnat larvse. The individual larvae were a half-
inch or less long, but crowded so close together that they formed a con-
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 477
dnuous string, ranging from 2 inches to 24 in length. The largest ones
were about 2 inches wide. These strings ai>peared immediately aiter soak-
ing rains, on lawns, along stone, brick, and cement walks, as well as upon
them, exciting the surprise and interest and in some cases fear of those who
saw them. The larvae were identified by Dr. A. H. Johannsen as Sciara
sciaphUa Loew. They were fully grown and probably m search of a satis-
factory place to pupate.
IV
SPECIES OF INSECTS RECENTLY RECORDED AS PRESENT IN
THE STATE
First List
This list falls into two divisions. The first is concerned with species that
are probably native, or at any rate not certainly known to have been !«n-
ported. The second includes species definitely knorwn to have been imported
within the last ten or twelve years.
Order Thysanura
Achorcutes armatum Nicolet. The Mushroom Spring Tail Occurs in mushroom cellars
in New Jersey.
Order Mallophaca
Docophorus platyrhynchus Nitxsch. From Buteo Uneatus. C H. Richardson.
Order NvumoPTXBA
HfSperoUon placidus Navas. Point Pleasant, July 2$, Bueno. (B'klyn. Bui, ▼. lo, No. 3-)
Conwentsia kageni Banks. Rutherford, May 30, bred from evergreens, E. L. Dickerson.
Conwgntsia angulata Navas. Westfield, August 31, de la Torre Bueno.
Order Mscoptsba
Panorpa latipennis HSne. Hewitt, June 18, Davis. (Bui. B'klyn Soc., v. 10. p. 109.)
Panorpa subfnrcata West. Ramsey, June 23; Hewitt, June 18; Davis. (Bui. B'klyn Soc,
V. 10, p. 109.)
Mtfopt tuber Newman. Chester, Dickerson. (Bui. B'klyn Soc., v. lo, p. 3)
Order TmiCHOPTi«A
Neuronic paradalis Walker. Lakehurst, June 5, 1909. L. B. Woodruff. (Jour. N. Y.
Ent. Soc, V. 21, p. 163.)
Neuronic smfthi. Banks. Lakehurst, July 4. Englehart.
(Ecetina fumosa Bks. Pemberton, June 20. H. B. Scammell.
Plectroenemia cinereus Hg. Pcmberton, June 24. H. B. Scammell.
Order Odokata
Agrion ttquabile Say. Great Notch, May 30. W. T. Davis. (Jour. N. Y. Ent Soc,
Mar., 19x3)
Lestes uneatus Kirby. Newfoundland, August 4. W. T. Davis. (Jour. N. Y. Ent Soc,
Mar., 1913.)
Bnallagma recurvatum Davis. Lakehurst, June 28, 191 3. W. T. Davis.
Bnallagma cyathigerum Charpentier (annexum Hagen) Ramsey, May 20. (Jour. N. Y.
Ent Soc, Mar., 1913.)
Bnallagma ehrium Hagen. Newfoundland, Lake Htopatcong, July. (Jour. N. Y. Ent
Soc, Mar., 1913.)
Gomphus abbreviatus Hagen. Greenwood Lake, June 18, 19x1. P. M. Schott.
Cordulegaster erroneus Hagen. Bear Swamp, Ramapo Mts., August 18, 19x0. Chas. E.
Slight (Jour. N. Y. Ent Soc, Mar., 1913)
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478 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Tttragoneurta spimigera Sclyu Newfoundlmnd, May a8, W. T. DmwU; Greenwood Lake,
June 30, Wauon. (Jour. N. Y. Soc^ Mar^ 1913)
tibettula exusta d»pUmta Rambur. Woodbaty, May X4« igxa. P. Laumit.
iMUku* aUnstylus Hagcn. Bear Swamp, Ramapo Mtt., June, July. C E. SUght Qtmr.
N. Y. £iiL Soc^ Mar., 1913.)
WiiUamsomia Mmin^ Hagcn. Paterson, May 4. J. A. Groatbeck. (BuL Bldyn Bat. Soc.,
V. 8, p. 93.)
Order Thysanoptbra
Cryptothrips gilvipes Hood. Pembcrton, April. 1915. In cocoons of GeUckia trialbama-
CHlella, H. B. Scammell.
Hoplothrips kamyi Hood. Pcmberton, August 29, 1914, on dead tree. H. K. Plank.
Order HoMOPTsaA
Cicada auietes Germar. This should replace C. marginata Say of the 1909 list (Jour.
N. Y. Ent. Sac, v. 33, p. 2) Davis.
Cicada pruinosa var. UUifasciata Davis. Cape May County, Davis. This record should
replace C. pruinosa Say in the 1909 list (Jour. N. Y. Ent Soc, ▼. a3, p. 8)
Davis.
Telamona qu^ci. Summit, F. M. Schott
Cyrtolobus tub^rosus. Summit, F. M. Schott
Phylloscelis otra Germ. Harrisia, New Egypt. Three forms: black, long- winged; black,
short- winged; brown, short-winged. Injurious to cranberry. H. B. Scammell.
Xeitocephaltu tessellatus Van D. Newark. E. L. Dickerson.
Chlorotettix galbanata Van D. Newark. E L. Dickerson.
Livia vemali* Fkch. Tronton, July a. E L. Dickerson.
Pachypsylla celHdis-mamma Riley. Makes leaf galls on Celtis. Riverton, June 35. E. L.
Dickerson.
Trioaa alacris Flor. Rutherford, August 18. On bay trees.
Phylloxera fovela Pergande. New Brunswick and other parts of the State. Common on
leaves of hickory. C. H. Richardson.
Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh. GaH on leaf of Utmus pubescent. H. B. Wdst.
Aphis hedera Kalt In greenhouses on English ivy. Not common. H. B. Weiss.
Aphis houghtonensis Troop. Riverton, on gooseberry. T. J. Headlee.
Aphis nern Fonsc. In greenhousM on oleander. Not oonunan. H. B. Weiaa.
Aphis sorbi Kaltenbacfa. Throughout the State on apple. The rosy apple aphis. T. J.
Headlee and C. H. Richardson.
Mysus rosarum Kalt On roses in greenhouses. H. B. Weisa
Macrosiphum sanbomi Gill. Black aphis of chrysanthemum, in greenhouses. H. B. Weisa.
Aleyrodes mori Quaint, var. maculata Morr. Palmyra, August 6, on tweet gum. E. I«-
Dickerson.
Aleyrodes coryli Britten. Norwood, August, on harel nut. H. B. Weiss.
Aleyrodes packardi Morrill. Wcstwood, May, i9i5» on strawberry. G. Kircher.
Aleyrodes waldeni Britton. Somervllle, July, on leaves of Jugfans 8p. H. B, Weiss.
Pseudococcus pseudonipa Ckll. Occurs in greenhouses on Kentia sp. H. B. WeiM.
Coccus pseudohesperidum CkW. Rutherford, Sotith Orange, Summit, in greenhouses on
(^ttleya orchids and other greenhouse plants. H. B. Weiss.
Sttissetia ole<g Bern. In greehouses on orange and lemon. H. B. Weisa.
Diaspis bromelia Kern. In greenhouses on pineapple. H. B. Weiss.
Aulacaspis samia Morg. On Cycas rej'oluta in greenhouses. H. B. Weiss.
A*pidiotus britianwicut Newst In greenhouses on bay trees. H. B. Weiss.
Chrysomphalus tenebricosus Comst. Rutherford, Nov., 1912. On red maple H. B, Weisi.
Ischnaspis longirostris Sign. Montclair, on palms in greenhouses. H. B. Weiss.
Pseudaonidia paeonite Ckll. Riverton, Princeton. On Japanese azaleas. Not common.
Probably introduced from Japan. H. B. Weiss.
T9%meyeUa pini King. Aabury Park, July 26, on pine. E L. Dickerson and H. B. Weiat.
Bucalymnatus tesseUUus Sign. On palms in greenhouses. H. B. Weiss.
Iccrya purchari Mask. In greenhouses on Acacia sp. H. B. Weiss.
Cerephstes cirripediformis Comst In greenhouses on dtrus trees. H. B. Weisa.
Ceroplastes Horidensis Comst In greenhouses on citrous trees. H. B. Weiss.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 479
Order HSMirmtA
Bonosa sordida Uhl. Hadison. P. M. Schott
Aradus sktmumi Heid. Lakdiorst, May 25- Torre Bueno.
Lygidea tnendax Rent. New Brunswick, High Bridge, Bridgeton and other parts of
the state. False apple red bug.
Drymus crossus VanD. Camden. Torre Bueno.
Jalysus multispinosus Ashm. Lakehurtt, Barber. (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., v. 19, p. «3.)
Corythuca nutrmorata Uhl. Vindand, July 21. E. W. Stafford.
Ranaira kirkaldyi Bno. Totowa, July. Wintersteiner.
AcantholofM dgnticulata StaL Schooley^ Mt.. May 20, F. L. Lntr. (Jour. N. Y. Ent.
Soc., V. ao» p. 138.)
Pseudocntmodus canadensis Prov. Lakehurst, July 11. Davis. (Jour. N. Y. Ent, Soc.,
V. 19, p. 26,)
Sphaerobi9is quadristriata Barber. Lakehurst, July 4, Sept 7. Davia & Barber. (Jour.
N. Y. Ent Soc, v. 19, p. 34.)
Order OiTHommtA
Blaberus discoidalis Serv. New Jersey flreenhouses. H. B. Weiss.
Pycnoscelus surinamensis Linn. Rutherford* in greenhouses. H. B. Weisi.
Order CoutorrttA
Tr^chus boreaUs Schaeffer. New Jersey, Nicolay. (Jour. N. Y. Ent Soc, Mar., 1915.)
Cercyon lateralis. Staten Island, May 25, 1908. Probably occun in New Jersey. Davis.
Atheta virginica Bmhv. Vineland, March 10. H. B. Weiss.
Oxypoda (Sphenoma) obliqua Casey. Vineland, September 14, H. B. Weiss.
Pkilonthus varians Payk. Franklin Furnace. F. M. Schott. (Jour. N. Y. Ent Soc, Mar.,
i9>5.)
Sunius discopunctatut Say. Vineland, March 2. H. B. Weiss.
Baeoccra concohrr Fab. Vineland, March a.
Phalacrus consimiHs Marsh. Vineland, March 2,
Cocdnetla transvtrscgnttata Fabr. Malaga, April 29, 191 1. H. W. Wenzel.
Litargus nebulosus Lee Vineland, March 2.
Ips calatus Eichh. Rutherford, May 10, 191 5. In shoots of Finns mughns. H. B.
Weiss.
Uonotoma paraUela Lee Anglesea, March. H. B. Weiss.
Sandalus niger. New Jersey Palisades. Nicolay.
Agri\us masculinus Horn. Newark. H. B. Weiss.
Agriius crinicomis Horn. Newark. H. B. Weiss.
Trichodea nuttalH Kirby. Red Bank, July 4, 1908. Kaeber.
Dinoiierus punetatus Say. Vineland, May 4. H. B. Weiss.
Aphodius haemotrhoidalis. Snake Hill; Paterson; under cow manure. Wintersteiner.
Dyscinetus (Chalepus) rubra Web. New Egypt, May ai. H. B. Scammell.
Leptnra exigm Newm. Hewitt, June 21, on flowers of Camus paniculata. Woodruff.
(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Mar., 1915.)
Sugnamptns coUaris Fab. var. fuscipes Pierce Egg Harbor, June 15. H. B. Weiss.
Bugnamptus collaris Fa^. var. nigripes Melsh. Egg Harbor, June 15. H. B. Weiss.
Phytonomus mehts Fabr. The clover weevil. Ramsey, Hewitt, Lake Hopatcong, New-
foundland, Rahway, from late May to end of July. Springfield. E. A. Bischoff.
Magdatis barbicomis Latr. Burlington, May. H. B. Weiss.
Ceutorhynchus aMuentus Dietx. This should replace C. rapa Gyll. in the 1909 list as
Mr. Dietz states that C. rapa so-called is not the same as the European species
of that name. C A. Frost
Spkenophorus solitaris, Whitesbog, July t6. H. B. Scammell.
Xyleborus saxeseni, Tuckahoe, October s# in dead sugar maple T. J. Headlee.
Hylecoetns lugnbris Say. Coytesvflle, April 18, 1915. R. P. Dow.
Molamba fasciata Say. Tenafly, June 5, in bark of maple tree H, O. Pond.
Scymnillus aterrimus Horn. Whitesbog. H. B. Scammell.
Zenoa picea Beauv. Red Bank, July 4, 1908. Kaeber. (Ent News, v. 26, p. 238,)
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48o NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Order Lkfidoptbha
Basilcrckia archippus var. lantkanis. Cook and Watson. Athenia, August 13, 1911. F.
E. Watson.
Diacrisia virginica Fab. var. fumosa Strccker. Passaic Park. January 20. 19x5. Found
in house on window. M. H. Mead.
Hyphantria Textot Harris. Passaic Park, June 26. Local, not common. M. H. Mead.
Apantesis intermedia Stretch. Lake Hopatcong, September 15. i9»3. F. Lemmcr.
Apaniesis vittata Fab. form radians Wlk. Passaic Park, June 4, 19*^6. Local, rare,
taken at light. M. H. Mead.
Acronycta radcliffei Harv. Orange Mts., May 4. 191 3- F. Lemmcr.
Acronycta (Apatela) albarufa Grt. Lakehurst, middle of July. O. Buchholz.
Acronycta (Apatela) brumosa Gn. Lakehurst, end of May. O. Buchholr.
Acronycta {Apatela) lanceolaria Grt. Elizabeth, June 22. O. Buchholx.
Apatela (Acronycta) aMicta Grt. Passaic, Rutherford, July 2. M. H. Mead-
Chytonix sensilis Grt Cassville, August 17, 1910. W. T. Davis.
Baileya doubledayi Guence. Passaic, May, June, at light.
Xylophatia nigrior Smith. Passaic Park, July. M. H. Mead.
Hadena misera Grt. Rutherford, August 3, at light. M. H. Mead.
Hadena stipata Morr. Elitabeth, first half of August O. BuchhoU.
Semiphora tensbrifera Wlk. Passaic, April 26: M. H. Mead.
Pachnobia salicarum Walker. Passaic Park, April, 19I4' M. H. Mead.
Noctua fennica Tausher. Passaic, July 2, at light. M. H. Mead.
Noctua rubifera Grt Lakehurst, August and September. O. Buchhols.
Euxoa redimicula Morr. Passaic, July 28, at light. M. H. Mead.
Mamestra assimilis Morr. Rutherford, July at light M. H. Mead.
Mamestra copsularis Guenec. Passaic, May 27, at light M. H. Mead.
Leucania (Heliophila) juncicola Gn. Lakehurst, middle July. O. Buchholz.
Leucania linita Gn. Newark (Ang.); Elizabeth, M^y, August (Bt) ; Five-milc Beach.
August 12 (Haim).
Leucania scirpicola Gn. Eizabcth, Lakehurst, July, August. O. Buchholz.
Leticania minorata Smith. Passaic Park, May and June. M. H. Mead.
Leucania subpuncta Harvey. Lakehurst, October 9, 1914. Shoemaker and Davis.
Xylina baileyi Grt. Passaic, October 12, at light. M. H. Mead.
Xylina disposita Morr. Passaic Park. M. H. Mead.
Xylina petulca Grt Rutherford, May 5, 1914. M. H. Mead.
Xyliva pexata Grt. Passaic Park, April 17,' 1906, Nov., 1911. M. H. Mead.
Nonagtia letta Morr. Elizabeth, 1913. F. Lemmer .
Hydroecia stramentosa Guenee. Passaic Park, September 18. At arc light M. H. Mead.
Papaipema anargyria Dyar. Elizabeth, September 7. Larva in Eupatorium. O. Buchholz.
Papaipema astuta Bird. Union and Essex Counties, September 5 to 22. Larva in horse
balm. O. Buchholz.
Papaipema baptisiae Bird. Union and Essex Counties, September 15 to 30. Larva in
false indigo. O. Buchholz.
Papaipema cerina Grt. Union County, middle September. Larva in Lilium condense.
O. Buchholz.
Papaipema duvoata Bird. Larva in Solidago sempervirens. Elizabeth, September 14 W
30. O. Buchholz.
Papaipema duplicata Bird. Union and Essex Counties, September 15 to 30. Larva in
horse balm. O. Buchholz.
Papaipema eupatorii Lyman. Larva in Eupatorium purpurea. Elizabeth, September JO
to 30. O. Buchholz.
Papaipema frig^da Sm, Larva in meadow rue. Union County, September i to 30. 0.
Buchholz.
Papaipema harrisii Grt Record in 1909 list based on misidentification. Does not occur
south of Maine. O. Buchholz.
Papaipema impecuniosa Grt Larva in Aster puniceus. Union County, September 1$
to 30. O. Buchholz. Passaic Park, September. M. H. Mead.
Papaipema lysimachia Bird. Union County, September 5 to 30. Larva Lysimackia
quadrifolia, O. Buchholz.
Papaipema maritima Bird. Union County, September 20 to October 10. Larva in
Helianthus giganteus and H. tubcrnsus. This record should take the place of
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 481
necopinaHn the 1909 list, which was wrongly identified. Necopina has never been
taken south of Buffalo, N. Y. O. Buchholx.
Papaipema merricata Bird. Eliaabeth, September 20. Larva in May apple. O. Buchholx.
Papaipema moeseri Bird. Union County, end September. Larva in Chelone glabra.
O. Buchholz.
Papaipema necopina Grt. Passaic Park, October. At light. M. H. Mead.
Papitipema pterisU Bird. Larva in Pteris aquilina. Union County, August 25 to
September 5, O. Buchholz; Passaic Park, September, M. H. Mead.
Papaipema rigida Grt. Union County, September s to 30. Larva in Hetiopsis hell-
anthoides, O. Buchholz.
Papaipema stenocelis Dyar. Lakehurst, September 8 to as. Larva in Woodxvardia
vtrginica. O. Buchholz.
Xantihia flavago Fab. Passaic Park, October. M. H. Mead.
Ortkosia lutosa Andrews. Passaic, June 30, at light. M. H. Mead.
Parastichtis disdvaria Wlk. Passaic, July 31, at light. M. H. Mead.
Scopelosoma ceromatica Grt. Passaic Park, April. M. H. Mead.
Bpiglaea apiata Grt New Egypt. Moths taken on cranberry vines. H. B. Scammell.
Bpi^laea pasHUicans Morr. Lakehurst, October lyi Buchholz and Letnmer.
Epifjaea tremula Harv. Lakehurst, September 25. O. Buchholz.
Calymnia orina Guenee. Passaic, July 13, at light. M. H. Mead.
Chhridea virescens Fab. Lakehurst, October 11, 1 914. E. Shoemaker, W. T. Davis.
Derrima henrietta Grt. Passaic Park, July. M. H. Mead.
Schinia obscurata Strk. Elizabeth, June 5 to 30. O. Buchholz.
Plutia simplex Gn. Whitesbog, Pemberton, moths resting on cranberry vines. H. B.
Scammell.
Autographa rogationis Gn. Elizabeth, September 15 to 30. O. Buchholz.
Anomis erosa Hbn. Irvington, November 10, 191 2. Bred from larvae found on hollyhock.
(Food plant new record.) F. Lemmer.
Exyra rolandiana Grt. Spring Lake, Toms River, Pleasantville. Larva in Sarracenia.
F. M. Jones.
Catocala connubialis Gn. South Elizabeth, July 26, 1912. H. H. Brehme.
Catocala fratercula Grt. var. jaguenetta Hy. Edwards, Lakehurst, July. O. Buchholz.
Catocala epione Dru. Irvington, July 12, 191 3. Larvae on butternut (Food plant new
record.) F. Lemmer.
Catocala innubens Gn. var. hinda French. Passaic Park. M. H. Mead.
Anticarsia gemmatilis Hbn. Passaic Park. October 11, 1904. M. H. Mead.
Episeuxis nigellus Strk. Elizabeth, Lakehurst, July. O. Buchholz.
Bomohcka deceptalis Wlk. Passaic, July 26. M. H. Mead.
Melatopha strigosa Grt. Passaic, May 29, at light. M. H. Mead.
Schinira apicalis G. & R. Passaic, May 26, at light M. H. Mead.
Harpyia scolopendrina Bois. Passaic Park, May 3, 1904. Local, rare, taken at light.
M. H. Mead.
Harpyia albicoma Stretch. August 3, 1905, at Passaic Park. M. H. Mead.
Coenocalpe magnoliata Gn. Lake Uopatcong, July i^. Lemmer.
Gypsochroa sitellata Gn. Irvington, August 16, 191 3. F, Lemmer.
Erastria includens Wlk. Elizabeth, July 5 to 20. Larva in Carex striata. O. Buchholz.
Eois demissaria Hbn. Lakehurst, May 30 to June 30, O. Buchholz; Elizabeth, Aug.
15, F. Lemmer.
Synchlora liquoraria Gn. Passaic Park, May, June. Common. M. H. Mead.
Anaplodca remotaria Wlk. Union and Passaic Counties, July 20 to August 20. O.
Buchholz.
OrthoMonia exomata Wlk. Lyons Farms, April 29, May 2. F. Lemmer.
ApaecQsia deductaria Wlk. Eilzabeth, June 7. O. Buchholz.
Cleora indicataria Walk. Orange Mts., July 5, 191 3. F. Lemmer.
Cleora tacenaria Pearsall. Lakehurst, July 17. O. Buchholz.
Metrocampa praegrandnria Guenee. Passaic Park, June 24, 1909, August 26, 1910.
At light and on tomato vine. M. H. Mead.
Xanthotype crocataria Fabr. var. atlaria Hulst Passaic. M. H. Mead.
Plagodis fervidaria H. S. Passaic, April 28, May 3, at light. M. H. Mead.
Plagodis alcodaria Gn. Passaic, May 19, at light M. H. Mead.
31 BX
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482 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
BuchUtna obtusaria Him. Lakeharst, May, July, September. O. Buchhok.
Priccycla decoloraria Hultt Lakehorst, July 3. O. BuchhoU.
Sesia rhododendri Beutm. Somerville, August, 1914. Larva in rhododendron stem.
H. B. Weiss.
Diaihrausta daecktoHs Haimbach. Browns Mills Jc, June 23, 1907. E. Daccke.
(Ent. News. ▼. 26, No. 7.)
Pinipestis simmermanni Grt. Eaton town, August 5* Larvae in terminal shoots of
Austrian and other pines. H. B. Weiss.
Rhyacionia rigidana Pern. Manumuskin. Larvx taken May 21, 191 a. E. Daecke.
Epagoge lycopodiana Kcarf. Pemberton, August 25, September 23, October 7, sweeping
cranberry bog. H. B. Scamraell and H. K. Plank.
Sporganothis violaceana Rob. Pemberton. H. B. ScaramelL
Archips georgiana Wlk. Whitesbog. On cranberry and huckleberry. Elizabeth White.
Tortrix hergmannuma Linn. Whitesbog. H. B. ScammelL
Zelleria oimbachi Busck. Wenonah. Bred from short needle pine. P. Haimbach.
(Proc. Wash. Soc., June, 191 5-)
Geltchia trialbnmacuUlla Cham. Pemberton, among cranberry vines. H. B. ScammelL
Dichomeris vacciniella Busck. Pemberton. Bred from cranberry. H. B. ScamradL
(Proc Wash. Soc., June, 1915-)
Stenoma algidella Wlk. Whitesbog, May 26 , 1914. Adult retting on cranberry vise.
H. B. ScammelL
CoUophora laricella Hbn. Rutherford, on larch. H. B. Weiss. The larch case bearer.
CoUopkora limosipennella Dup. Hackensack, summer of 1914. Oue bearer on ehn.
H. B. Weiss.
Anaphora busckella Haimbach. Jamesburg, July 4. Haimbach. (Ent News, v. 26,
No. 7.)
Anckocelis digitalis Grt Passaic Park, August, 191 3. M. H. Mead.
Callopistra Aoridensis Guenee. Passaic, 1907. M H. Mead; Riverton, Rutiierford. in
greenhouses, larvx doing much damage to ferns, H. B. Weiss.
Cissura spadix Cramer. Passaic, May 6, at light. Probably a visitor. M. H. Mead.
Com^la simpUx Walk. Paaouc Park, July 12, 1906. Taken at light M. H. Mead.
Dasychira pudibunda Linn. European red-taiL Bergen County. Probably intiodnced
on nursery stock. H. Wormsbacher.
Buharveya carbonaria Harvey. Passaic Park, April 7, 1914. At light M. H- Mead.
Graphiphcra garmani Grt Passaic, April, 1901 and 1914- M. H. Mead.
Notolphus antiqtta Linn. Rutherford, on roses in nursery. H. B. Weiss.
Ockria (Gortyna) buffahensis Grt. Elizabeth, end of August O. Buchholz.
Pero marmoratus Grossb. Irvington, August 10. P. Lemmer.
Symmoca novimundi Busck. Montclair. W. D. Kearfott (Proc Wash. Soc, Jane
1915.)
Tornos scohpacinarius Gn. Irvington, August 15, 1914* P> Lemmer.
Xylomiges dolosa Grt Passaic Park, April 24, i9M- M. H. Mead.
Order Hymsnoptsra
Strongylogaster alboannulatus Rohwer. Brown's Mills Jc Daecke. (Proc U. S. Nat
Mus., v. 42, p. 238.)
Pteronus hudsonii Dyar. Rutherford, August 19; Trenton, August 20. Larva on
poplar. H. B. Weiss.
Kaliosysphinga dohmU Tischb. Elizabeth, .\ugust, 191 3 and 1914. H. B. Wdss.
Kaliosysphinga ulmi Lund. Westfield, summer of 191 4. Lead miner of elm. H. B.
Weiss.
Acordulecera carya Rohwer. Fort Lee, larvae on new shoots of pignut hickory. Dyax".
(Proc U. S. Nat Mus., v. 43, p. 248.)
Acordulecera parva Rohwer. Fort Lee, September 3, larvae on young leaves of black
oak. Dyar. (Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., v. 43, p. 248.)
Acordulecera quercus Rohwer. Fort Lee. Larvae on young leaves of black oak. Djf*
(Proc U. S. Nat Mus., v. 43, p. 251.)
Janus abbreviatus Say. Bound Brook, Rutherford, Irvington, Elizabeth, South Orange,
Springfield. H. B. Weiss.
Neuroterus saltatorius Hy. Edwards. New Jersey. Galls occur on burr oak, white oak.
post oak. W. BeutenmuUer.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 483
Callirhytis fruUicola Ashm. New Jersey. Galls in acorns of scarlet, red and black oaks.
W. Beutcnmaller.
Andrieus glandulus Beut New Jersey. Acorn gall of swamp white oak, chestnut oak,
and dwarf chestnut oak. W. Beutenmuller.
Andrieus operatola Bassett. New Jersey. Galls on acorns of red, scarlet, black and
scrub oaks. W. Beutenmuller.
Andrieus perditor Bassett. New Jersey. Gall is deformed acorn of scrub oak. W.
Beutenmuller.
Diastrophua fragarut Bt. Athenia, August The strawberry leaf petiole gall maker.
E. L. Dickerson.
Anlacidea nabali Brodie. New Jersey. Gall at base of stems of Nabalns altissimi. W.
Beutenmuller.
Rhodites mayeri Schl. New Brunswick, J. B. Smith (Bt.) (BuL Bklyn, Ent. Soc, Dec,
1914.)
Perilitus cpitricis Viereck. Elmer, Robbinsville, Freehold. From middle of July to
beginning of September. Also bred from adult Epitrix cucumgris. A. E. Cameron.
Apanteles choreuti Vier. Anglesea, July. Reared from Chortutis carduiella. Kearfott.
Apanteles epinotla Vier. Anglesea, June 15.
Apanteles plesius Vier. Essex Co., June 2g.
Apanteles traehynotns Vier. Little Silver, June 20.
Phytodietus vulgaris Cress. New Brunswick. Bred from pupa of 7*. PolUanP,
Coccophagus lumulatus Howard. Bred from a soft scale on Euonymus received from
Japan. Elizabeth, April 13, 19x1. H. B. Weiss.
Spalangia muscidarum Richardson. Bred from pupae of Musca domssfica at New
Brunswick. C. H. Richardson.
Encyrtus Aavus Howard. Bred from Coccus hsspsridmm, H. B. Weiss.
Isosoma orchidearum Westwood. The "cattleya fly." Occurs in greenhouses where
Cattleya spp. are grown. H. B. Weiss.
Pheidole onastasii Emery. Rutherford, April 14. 19 14. In greenhouses. H. B. Weiss.
Tetramorium guinetnse Pabr. Rutherford, April 8. 1914. In greenhouses. H. B.
Weiss.
Prenolepis fulva Mayr. subsp. pubens Forel. Rutherford, April 14, 1914- In green-
houses. H. B. Weiss.
SHgmus conestogorum Rob. New Brunswick, mid-summer. C. H. Richardson.
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw. Bred from Diaspis carueli Targ. August, 19x3. C H.
Richardson.
ItoplecHs conqwisitor Say. Brown's Mills, September 24, 19 14. Bred from Peronea
minuta Rob. H. B. Scammell.
Monogonogastra rugator Say. New Brunswick, August 6, 19 12. Collected in pupal
cell of Lixus concavus in Rumex crispus. H. B. Weiss.
Monodontomerus dentipes. Parasitic on Diprion simile Hartig. Elizabeth, Rutherford,
South Orange. H. B. Weiss.
Oxylabis bifoveolatus Brues. Snake Hill. (Can. EnL, April, 1904*)
Signopkora nigrita Ashm. Bred from San Jos^ scale, October, 19x3. H. B. Weiss.
Tenthredella nortoni Smulyan. New Jersey. (Can. Ent., v. 47, p. 321.)
Order Diptera
Boletina obscura Johannsen. Forest Hill, April. Weidt.
Exechia absoluta Johannsen. Riverton. C. W. Johnson.
Bxeckia attrita Johannsen. Forest Hill, April, November. Weidt
Exechia canalicula Johannsen. New Jersey, July.
Exechia capiiva Johannsen. Cape May, September. Viereck.
Exechia quadrata JohannseiL Cape May, September, Viereck; Hemlock Falls, August.
Weidt
Mycetophila fastosa JohannseiL Riverton, Delaware Water Gap. C W. Johnson.
Sciara sciophila Lw. Newark, E. I. Dickerson.
Lasioptera comi Felt Mountainville, September 34. Dogwood leaf galL On leaf of
Cornus paniculata, H. B. Weiss.
Dasyneura parthenocissi Steb. Different parts of State. Midrib gall of Virginia creeper.
H. B. Weiss.
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484 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Dasyneura trifolii Lw. Newark, September 15. Bred from cocoons on sorface of
clover leaf. The clover leaf midge. E. L. Dickerton.
Dasyllus champlaiHi Walton. Brown's Mills Jc, July xo, 1906.
Proctacanthus nigriventris Macquart. New Jersey. H. S. Harbeck. (Ann. Ent Soc.
Amer., v. 4, No. a.)
PsUopodimns flavipes Aid. Merchantville, July 28. E. W. Stafford.
PsUopodinus viruHcoxa Aid. Trenton, Jane 8, 1911. E. W. Stafford.
Asyndetus horheckii V. Duzee. Wenonah, June 26. H. S. Harbeck.
Medgterus lobatus V. Duzee. Bamegat City Jc, August xi, 1910. H. S. Harbeck.
Medttetus modestus V. Duzee. Avon, September 27, 1908. H. S. Harbeck.
Hyihrophorus indentus Aid. Atlantic City, May 6. Johnson. (Psyche, April, 191 1,
p. 51.)
Gymnoptemus chalcochrus Lcew. Wenonah, May 15, 1910. C T. Greene.
Aphiochata Hsheri Malloch. Delaware Water Gap. C W. Johnson.
Aphiochsta irofjuiana MalL Pasadena, October a, 6, 7. Bred from grasshopper. H. K.
Plank.
Aphioch/eta lutea Meig. Delaware Water Gap, July 12.
PipMHculus tuquus Cress. Delaware Water Gap, June and July. C W. JohnsoiL
PipHHculus minor Cress. Riverton, C. W. Johnson.
PipUrt albopilosa Will. Palisades, May 10. Osbum. (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.. v. 22, ?.
336.)
Myiolepta strigilata Loew. lona. May X7, X914. H. S. Harbeck.
Syrphus Htktri Walton. Riverton, July 9, 19x0. G. M. Greene.
Eristalis arbustorum LiniL Palisade, Lakehurst, Ramsay (R. C Osbum); Fairlawn,
Sewell (E. L. Dickerson). (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, ▼. 23, p. 14a.)
SrittaHs laHfrons Loew. Snake Hill, July x6, Grossbeck. (Jour. N. Y. Ent Soc.
v. 33, p. 142.)
Zodion intermedium Banks. Malaga, September 15, 1909. C T. Greene.
Alophora nitida Coq. Pemberton, July 11, 1909. C T. Greene.
Hypostena tortricis Coq. Cliffwood. Endoparasitic upon larvae of Bellnra obliqua. H.
• H. Brehme.
Cfuttona nitens Coq. Wenonah, September 5, 1910. C. T. Greene.
Sarcophaga bullata Mans. New Brunswick, May 19, July 18. C H. Richardson.
Sarcophaga dalmatina Schiner. New Brunswick, August 21. C H. Richardson.
Sarcophaga falculata Pand. New Brunswick, July 21. C. H. Richardson.
Sarcophaga scoparia Pand. New Brunswick, July x8. C H. Richardson.
Sarcophaga utilis Aid. New Brunswick, May 25, October 5. C. H. Richardson
Helicobia quadrisetosa Coq. Wenonah, August 21, 19 10. C. T. Greene
Coenosia pallipes Stein. Newark, August 22. E. L. Dickerson.
Scatophaga volucricaput Walk. Newark, July to October. E. L. Dickerson.
Leptocera (Limosina) ferruginata Steub. New Brunswick, July to September. C H.
Richardson.
Leptocera palHceps Johnson. Clemcnton, May 12, 1899. (Psyche, v. 22, p. 22.)
Lonchaa deutschi Zett. New Brunswick, July 22, August 25. C. H. Richardson.
Sapromyza conjuncta Johnson. Jamcsburg, July 4; Avalon, June 8. C W. Johnson.
Sapromyaa djisjuncta Johnson. Delaware Water Gap, July 8; Wildwood, August 12.
Agromysa maculosa Mull. Newark, September i. E. L. Dickerson.
Allodia bulbosa Johannscn. Forest Hill. Weidt.
Allodia falcata Johannsen. Cape May.
Bottcheria atistema Parker. New Brunswick, September 28. C. H. Richardson.
Coquillettina plankii Walton. Pasadena, August 8. Reared from grasshoppers. H. K.
Plank. (Proc Wash. Ent Soc, v. 17, p. 104.)
Diachlorus ferrugatus Fabr. Weymouth, July 30, 1904; Stone Harbor, August 3, i^-
Daecke.
Hormomyia cratagifolia Felt Kingston, August 20. Coxcomb gall on Crataegus lea^-
H. B. Weiss.
Hormomyia verruca Walsh. Mountainville, September 24. Gall on willow leaf. H.
B. Weiss.
Mycothera impellans Johannsen. Lavallette, May. Viereck.
Neocereta rhodophaga Coq. The rose midge Pound in greenhouses. Maggots in
leaf and flower buds of rose. H. B. Weiss.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 485
Ntolasiopttera perfoliata Felt Mountainville, September. Bonetet stem gmll. H. B.
Weiss.
Oecotkea fenestralis Pall. Newark, September 18. E. L. Dickerson.
Phytomysa aquiUgia Hardy. Rutherford, Riverton, Elisabeth, New Brunswick. (Inad-
vertently omitted from the 1909 list) H. B. Weiss.
Profimulium Mrtipes Fries. New Brunswick, May 10. C H. Richardson.
Prosimulium mutatum Malloch. Glassboro, March 38, 1910; Oementon, May 7f 1910*
C. T. Greene.
Prostmulium notatum Mall. Pemberton, April 22. H. B. Scammell.
Prosimulium pecuarum Riley. lona, April 21, 1907. C. W. Johnson.
Pseudostenophora bispinosa Malloch. Westville, April xi, 1900.
Ravinia communis Parker. New Brunswick, May 19 to September 26, Also reared from
cow and pig dung. C. H. Richardson.
Ravinia latisetosa Parker. New Brunswick, May 19 to Aug\»t 7. Also reared from
cow and pig dung. C H. Richardson.
Pkytophaga viclicola Coq. The violet gall midge. Maggots curl • leaves. Found in
greenhouses. Not common. H. B. Weiss.
Second List
Order Homoptkra
Lecttnium comi Bouche. Rutherford, Elizabeth. Riverton. On boxwood in nurseries.
Not common. Probably introduced from Holland. H. B. Weiss. (Bnt News,
v. 26. p. 102.)
Hgmichionaspis aspidistras Sign. In greenhouses on ferns and Aspidistra, H. B. Weiss.
(Ent News, v. 26, p. loa.)
Aspidiotus tsugag Marlatt Rutherford. March, 1914. on Japanese hemlock. Intro-
duced from Japan. H. B. Weiss. (Ent News, v. 26, p. 102.)
Targionia biformis Ckll. In greenhouses on orchids. H. B. Weiss. (Ent News, v.
26, p. Z02.)
Chionaspi^ wistoria4 Cooley. Rutherford oain on the farm of Mr. Wm. Oeser, of Cologne, in close cooperation with
Mr. Ellwood Douglass, the farm demonstrator of that county. In addi-
tion to the work on Mr. Oeser's place, Mr. Douglass observed the results
on 17 other places in Atlantic Cotmty and reports similar results obtained
everywhere. Mr. Warren Oley, farm demonstrator for Cumberland, tried
the mixtures on four places. Mr. George T. Reid, farm demonstrator for
Burlington, applied the treatment in three different places.
Table III shows the results on Mr. Oeser's place. The area treated here
totalled 2j^ acres. The results are, however, figured on an acre basis for the
sake of making the comparisons more easily comprehended.
Table IV
Results of Experiment on Control of the Strawberry Weevil on the Farm
of Richard Smith, Leesburg, N. J.
Variety
Treatment
Per Cent of Buds
Cut on June
Increased Tleld Orer
Check. Stated in
Percent
Darlington,
Old Bed
None
47.6
Darlington,
Old Bed
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 lb.) +
Sulfur (1 m.)
16.0
50
Gandy,
Old Bed
None
17JI
Oandy,
Old Bed
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 Part) +
Sulfur (1 Part)
6.6
SB
Gandy,
Old Bed
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 Part) +
Sulfur (5 Parts)
4.S
Perceptible
Darlington
New Bed.
None
42.6
Darlington
New Bed
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 Part) +
Sulfur (5 Parts)
18.2
80
Shropahire
None
18,7
Shropshire
Arsenate (1 Part) +
Sulfur (5 Parts)
10.8
ao to86
In Cumberland County on the farm of Mr. Richard Smith, near Lees-
burg, the most carefully conducted tests took place. Here the plots were
laid out in two fields by the writer and the treatments were made by Mr.
Oley. The larger of the two fields consisted of old beds and covered about
2.6 acres, while the smaller was made up of new beds and occupied about
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
493
Table V
Results of Experiments on Control of the Strawberry Weevil on Farms at
Marlton and Moorestown, N. J.
Piac«
Owner
Variety
Treatment
Percentage of
Buds Cnt br
Junes
fitoxlton
Chai. Day
Unknown
Old Bed
None
25.2
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 part)
4- Sulfnr (5
Parts)
10.7
HeriUge.
Old Bed
None
20.8
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 part)
+ Sulfur (1
Part)
13.6
Unknown,
New Bed
None
58.2
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 part)
+ Sulfur (5
Parte)
22.2
Marlton
H. J. Alt
Wm. Ball
None
48.0
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 part)
+ Sulfur (5
Parts)
16.1
None
25.5
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 part)
+ Sulfur (1
Part)
1.3.4
Moowitown
Rills Bndderow
Success with a
PIstllate Variety.
1 Row
Stamlnate to 4
Rows PIstllate
None
29.7
Powdered Lead
Arsenate (1 part)
4- Sulfur (5
Parts)
8.8
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494 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
a8 acre. The statements of yield have been furnished by Mr. Smith and
were not verified by either Mr. Oley or the writer. The determination of
the percentage of buds cut was made by Mr. Chas. H, Richardson.
In Burlington County Mr. Reid made the applications himself. Mr. Chas.
H. Richardson made a count of the buds cut on each of the plots under
treatment.
The increase in cutting which followed the application of the sulfur-lead
dusts last year was almost negligible. This year the treatments began at a
time when very little cutting had occurred, and in every case showed con-
siderable increase. The applications this year were not made with quite
the same completeness as those of last year, largely owing to an effort to
carry out the test under commercial conditions. The consequently less com-
plete coating is probably to be blamed for the increased cutting. This merely
means that better results from the standpoint of reduced cutting than those
listed above may be had by more careful work.
The machine used in making all the treatments, which is a one-man dust
gun made by the Tow-Lemons Mfg. Co., while more satisfactory for this
work than the Leggett gun of a similar type, is very unsatisfactory both
from the standpoint of effecting a good coating in a limited time and from
the standpoint of the operator's comfort It will answer for small patches,
but a traction or power machine must be had for fields.
The better results obtained on the farm of Mr. Oeser are probably due to
the fact that his plots had one more dusting than any other, and by the
further fact that the materials were there applied by persons who had the
greater experience.
Summarizing the results of the tests we may say that the application of
a mixture of powdered lead arsenate and sulfur reduced the bud cutting
from 50 to 75 per cent and increased the 3deld from 25 to aoo per cent, that
this meant on the Oeser farm a net return at the rate of more than $100
an acre, that the mixture composed of i part of lead arsenate and 5 parts
of sulfur is almost, if not quite, as effective as the one composed of i part of
lead arsenate to i part of sulfur, that an efficient traction or power duster
is needed, and that more efficient distribution of the mixture will be fol-
lowed by still better results (p. 491).
Apple Plant Lice
Apple plant lice did so much harm in the season of 1915 that it seemed
something must be done to prevent their ravages. For the first time in
many years they did not yield to the ordinarily recommended treatments.
For several years previous to 191 5 the growers in New York State had
been feeling the inadequacy of the usual methods. A study of the species
concerned^ in the New Jersey injury revealed the fact that the rosy aphis
(Aphis sorhi Kalt.) was almost exclusively to blame for the trouble.
Previous to 1915 this species had not been numerous enough in the State
to attract attention. The fact that its appearance in large numbers is
coincident with the failure of the common methods of control leads one
naturally to think that it is a more difficult species to destroy. At any
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
495
rate the measures that had answered for Aphis pomi Fabr. for years abso-
lutely failed to control Aphis sorbi Kalt satisfactorily.
When the 191 5 outbreak had gotten well started Mr. John H. Barclay,
of Cranbury, brought some badly curled leaves to the office, and the writer
set a test to see what strength of nicotine was necessary to effect prompt
destruction of the pest. The under sides of the leaves were covered with
A. sorbi in all stages of development. The writer applied the mixture with
a strong atomizer, holding the curled leaves open, and continuing the treat-
ment until the under side of each of the leaves was drenched. Each group
of treated leaves, which had at least 200 lice on them, was then placed on
heavy paper at the center of a ring of tanglefoot ranging from 6 to 8
inches in diameter. The treatments were made during the afternoon and
the results taken the following forenoon.
Table VI
Results of Laboratory Experiment on Control of Apple Plant Lice
Number of
Lemves
Treatment
Percentage Liv-
ing at End of
Experiment
2
Water only
100
2
Black leaf 40 (1 part) + water (900 parts)
00
2
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(2 lbs. to 50 gal.)
10
2
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(2 lbs. to 50 gal.)
1
2
Black leaf 40 (1 part) + water (500 parU)
10
2
Black leaf 40 (1 part) 4- water (500 parts) + soap
(2 lbs. to 50 gaL)
Thus it became clear that any strength less than i to 500 had an element
of risk in it. An actual orchard test put on soon after these laboratory
results had been obtained showed that while all lice which were hit with
the mixture, composed of i part of "black-leaf 40" to 500 parts of water
and soap at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons, were promptly killed, sucli
a large proportion were protected from the spray by the curled leaves that
the control of the species even by this strength was impracticable.
The lice cost Mr. Barclay not less than a thousand dollars. In the fore
part of June they left the orchard and did not return until early November.
They came back in sufficient numbers to deposit an enormous supply of
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496 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
eggs. Mr. Barclay was thus made to realize that the task of protecting his
crop in 1916 was certainly not any less and perhaps much greater than
it was in 191 5. Accordingly a very close watch of conditions was instituted
and preparations were made for treating the orchard with lime-stdfur (i
to 9) + "black-leaf 40" (i to 1,000) when the buds showed green.
The dose watch was kept to determine just when the lice hatched, for the
191 5 experience had caused both Mr. Barclay and the writer to suspect that
the period between hatching and the stage when the buds were opened
sufficiently not only to permit burning but to afford protection to the lice,
was too short to permit adequate treatment of the orchard. As a matter
of fact, the aphis began hatching in considerable numbers on the afternoon
of Saturday, April 15, and by noon on the following day nearly every flower
bud of the unsprayed trees had a half-dozen or more aphis. The trees
which had received either lime-sulfur or scalecide during dormancy showed
rarely more than one specimen per bud and many of the buds were absolutely
free from infestation. At this time the most advanced flower buds showed
the first green leaves separating from the cluster.
On April 18 the writer again visited the Barclay orchard and went over
it in a detailed manner. The buds were now well opened and the leaves
separated from the flower cluster although the flower buds still adhered
to each other. Under these conditions the lime-sulfur at winter strength
would not only bum the tips of the leaves but, what is still more serious,
the lice could obtain shelter from the spray. Furthermore, two days are
insufficient to allow for spraying an orchard under spring conditions. The
minimum time for the Barclay orchard is 5 days and with the not unusual
spells of bad weather a week would be required. It thus seems clear that
there exists an element of risk in attempting to control aphis with the de-
layed winter-strength lime-sulfur.
The 191 5 experience with the inadequacy of the formerly effective measures
led the writer to plan a set of tests, the nature and results of which will
now be recorded. The scene of the experiments was the young apple
orchard of Mr. John Barclay. Mr. Barclay made the applications planned,
in his characteristically thorough manner, and the results obtained are
largely due to his excellent and valuable cooperation.
The plots were arranged as shown in the diagram on page 497.
The nature and the results of the treatments are set forth in Table VII.
When we remember that unsprayed trees showed an average of 6 aphis
per fruit bud, the preceding table makes it very clear that each treatment
applied reduced the pest materially.
Scalecide of winter strength applied just as the buds began to show
green seemed effective, but, unfortunately, killed fully 50 per cent of the
fruit buds. Observation outside the experimental plots as well as direct
records in the above table showed clearly that lime-sulphur of winter strength
applied in the green bud stage would not effect a control.
Plot 2 when compared with Plots 4 and 5 shows that the winter applica-
tion of lime-sulfur when followed by treatment at the green bud stage
is not important.
Comparison of the results on Plot i with those on Plot 2 shows clearly
that the "black-leaf 40" plus soap is more effective than the combination of
"black-leaf 40" and lime-sulfur.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
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500 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Comparison of the results on Plot 4 with those on 5 clearly shows that
lime-sulfur of winter strength plus "hlack-leaf 40" (i to 500) is decidedly
more effective than lime-sulfur of winter strength plus "black-leaf 40"
(i to 1,000).
The plot which had been treated with lime-sulfur (i to 9) at the green
bud stage showed such an infestation of aphis on April 20 that the writer
felt that something must be done to prevent later damage. This afforded
an opportunity for testing the effectiveness of "black-leaf 40" at lower
strength than i to 500 and accordingly two of the four rows were thorough
sprayed with "black-leaf 40" (i to 800) plus soap (2 lbs. to 50 gal.). The
following day fhe writer visited the orchard and examined the treatment
The counts recorded were made on Mcintosh and the cluster buds had
separated but the bloom was not yet open.
Thirty-eight fruit buds on the treated trees showed 8 lice and 36 fruit
buds on the untreated trees showed 20 lice. The results of the counts were
checked by a great nimiber of random examinations and the writer be-
lieves that they fairly represent the conditions. All four rows were then
sprayed with "black-leaf 40" (i to 500) plus soap (2 lbs. to 50 gal) and
the infestation wiped out
Summarizing this work we may say that the results of these experi-
ments indicate that rosy aphis can best be destroyed by making a dormant
treatment with lime-sulfur or scaledde and following that with a green-bud
treatment of "black-leaf 40" (t to 1,000) plus soap (2 lbs. to 50 gal), or
by delaying the dormant treatment of lime-sulfur until the buds begin to
show green and then applying it mixed with "black-leaf 40" (i to 500).
The writer realizes that this conclusion does not coincide with the results
of rosy aphis control as set forth by the Geneva, N. Y., Experiment Station.
It is, furthermore, his experience that a treatment with winter-strength
lime-sulfur plus "black-leaf 40" (i to 1,000), in the J. L. Lippincott orchard
at Riverton, gave this past season an entirely satisfactory control
The factor which causes this disagreement is in all probability the natural
control effected by the weather or natural enemies or both. If the weather
should promptly become warm and stay warm and thus encourage the
ever ready natural enemies of the rosy aphis or should become for a brief
period cold enough to destroy them, the application of a relatively in-
effective treatment would give entirely satisfactory control, for Ae few
that the treatment left would be promptly destroyed by natural forces. So
far as the writer knows, no one has determined just what percentage of
kill constitutes satisfactory control under the varied conditions of weather
and natural enemies.
In view of this uncertainty as to just what percentage of the total num-
ber of lice must be destroyed in order to effect satisfactory control it would
seem that the treatment which destroys the largest percentage should be
the one adopted.
The time of application is a matter which depends on aphis and bud
development. Application must be made after the lice hatch from the eggs
or the material and labor is largely wasted. It seems that it should be easy
to tell when the bud first shows green, but, as a matter of fact, the bud
exhibits in the course of its unfolding several shades of green. In A.
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C Plate III.
D E F G
Photograph of the opening buds to illustrate proper time for spraying.
Perfectly safe until fourth stage (D) is reached.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 501
the bud scales have separated and the . light green tips are projecting.
Hie lightness of the green is due to the felt-like covering and silvery hairs on
the under sides of the leaves. In B, the green becomes a little darker but
the silvery shade is still very prominent In Q some of the leaves have
begun to project from the buds like the ears of a squirrel. The inside
of these projecting leaves is characteristically green while their outsides
still have the silvery shade. The development of D is about that of C. By
the time the stage illustrated by E is reached the lice can find some protec-
tion and by the time the condition illustrated by G is reached a considerable
percentage of the lice have safe shelter and the lime-sulfur is likely to do
harm.
The buds show green from the stage illustrated by A to G.
The False Cabbage Aphis
This season is the first during which the false cabbage aphis (Aphis
Pseudobrassic<B Davis) has been taken in New Jersey, but the experience
of the past four years about Freehold and some years ago in Long Island
leads one to think that the species has been present for a considerable
period and has been during that time confused with other species.
In Bulletin 185 of the Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Mr.
John J. Davis records an extensive study of the species in the course of
which he concludes that the insect may occur wherever the wild mustard
grows and that it may be destructively abundant where turnips and radishes
are planted. He further records that it is usually seriously inj urious only in the
fall. Mr. Davis was unable to find that it produces a migrating generation
at any time of the year and he was unable to produce the sexed indi-
viduals. It would therefore seem likely that the species lives throughout
the year on the wild mustard and that it passes the winter in the egg stage.
In addition to its importance as a field pest of turnips and radishes he
holds that it is likely to prove a greenhouse pest of importance.
Mr. Davis' breeding experiments of the false cabbage louse show that
the insect under outdoor conditions produced a maximum of 25 generations
and a minimum of 11. The average number of young is shown to be 99
individuals. This makes this species the most prolific of all plant louse
species that have been studied.
Mr. Davis recommends spraying with a mixture of 40 per cent nicotine
(i to 1.200) 4- soap (4 lbs. to 50 gal). He further recommends the keep-
ing down of all weeds of the cabbage family such as black mustard, pep-
per grrass, and shepherd's purse by clean cultivation, rotation of crops, and
fall plowing or spading of the turnip fields. In greehouses he recommends
the application of the spray mentioned or fumigation with hydrocynic
acid gas.
During the present fall the entomologist's attention was directed to
measures of control by the occurrence of heavy infestation in turnip fields
in the vicinity of Freehold. He first tested an orchard sprayer, but found
that the amount of material used (about 1,500 gal.) per acre was prohibi-
tive. He then devised an apparatus which could be attached to a traction
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502 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
DETAIL
Am 4-attacited to
I floor Koct
R»P
Pig- J.— Diagram of the spraying machine used against the false cabbage
aphis : A = side view of lifter ; B = soil ; C = space through which plants
pass; D & E = nozzles; F = arrangement for lifting the, lifter. at end of
row when machine is turning. digitized b!7VjV:)OglV
EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 503
sprayer for lifting the foliage in such a manner as to expose the under
side of the turnip leaves to the mist delivered by the low hung nozzles of
a potato machine. Success with this sort of apparatus demands the main-
tenance of high pressure. The nature of this apparatus and its method of
use on a sprayer is illustrated in figure 3.
Pear Ptylla
In the annual report for last year (1915) the entomologist gave the
following procedure as the one likely to give satisfactory control :
1. The rough bark should be scraped off during the fall and winter,
care being taken not to injure the live tissue. The scrapings should be
gathered and burned, in order that all hibernating psylla sheltering in
them may be destroyed.
2. During warm days in late fall and early winter or late winter and
early spring, preferably after the scraping has been conipleted, when the
psylla are crawling over the bark, the trees should be thoroughly sprayed
with winter-strength soluble oil or with 40 per cent nicotine (i to 800)
+ soap (i oz. to the gal.)- The spray must not freeze on the tree.
3. Just before the blossom buds open and after the eggs are laid, spray
thoroughly with lime-sulfur (i to 9).
The first treatment is intended to deprive the psylla of the cover which
protects it both from storms and spraying mixtures. The second is
planned to destroy the adults after they have been induced by the warmth
to come out of their hiding places and move about over the bark. The
third is intended to destroy the eggs.
During the past season the J. L. Lippincott Co., of Riverton, N. J., tried
this plan in their Kieffer orchard. One block was given the third treatment
and the rest of the orchard received all three.
When examined in the fall considerable numbers of maturing and matured
psylla could be found throughout the orchard. The fruit had been picked
when the entonK>logist arrived, but was reported by Mr. Lewis as being
absolutely free from staining. The block which had been g^ven the one
treatment only showed considerable staining on the fruit spurs and the
under sides of the leaves, while the rest of the orchard, which had received
the three treatments, showed no staining on the fruit spurs and very little
on the under sides of the leaves.
The Kieffer pear orchard belonging to Mr. Lester Collins, of Moores-
town, was examined the same day. This orchard was 35 or more years
old, had not been scraped or winter-treated, but had received a treatment
with lime-sulfur (i to 9) just before the flower buds opened. The amuont
of staining here on the fruit spurs and leaves was very considerable and the
fruit exhibited some injury.
In the winter and spring of 1915 Mr. J. S. Rich dale, of Phalanx, New
Jersey, attempted to control of psylla in his Kieffer pear orchard. To the
older and better grown part of the orchard he applied the three treatments
outlined at the beginning of this article, except that instead of burning
the scrapings he plowed them under deeply. To the portion he applied
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504 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
the lime-sulfur just before the blossoms opened. The entomologist ex-
amined his orchard about two weeks later and was unable to find any
psylla at all in the former portion, but found it abundantly in the latter.
A further examination in the fall of 1916 failed to show any psylla in the
part, which had received the three treatments in 1915, although that block
had been treated with sumfcner-strength lime-sulfur and arsenate of lead
only.
It thus seems that the adoption and carrying out of the three treatments
are necessary in an orchard where the psylla has been unchecked for a num-
ber of years. Of course, we have in the last two years no direct experi-
ments to show that the scraping is worth while, but it stands to reason
that the rough bark of a KiefFer pear should prove a hindrance to reaching
the psylla with spraying materials.
Wintering Beet
Enough has been written on this subject to fill a book, but there seems,
nevertheless, still to be room for definite and accurate data. For many
reasons it is desirable to winter bees out-of-doors and the questions of whether
cover is worth while and what sort of cover is efficient are ones upon which
accumulations of facts are needed. In the season of 1914-1915 the oppor-
tunity to contribute to this matter came along and a set of experiments
was planned by the entomologist and Mr. E. G. Carr and carried out by
the latter.
In the fall the colonies, which were in 8-fran»e hives, were equalized as
regards size and winter stores. Three groups were made. The first, con-
sisting of 9 colonies, were left totally without packing. The second, con-
sisting of 9 colonies^ were protected with the C. H. Root cover. The third,
consisting of 12 colonies, was packed in 3 quadruple covers.
The C. H. Root case consists of three parts — the bottom^ the body and the
cover. The first is 16 inches wide, 4 inches deep and 22 inches at the top
and 28 at the bottom. The slant is covered and acts as an alighting board.
This box base has a bottom but no top and is packed with leaves. Along
each side and across the back, about i inch below the upper edges, is nailed
a ^-inch strip. The body is a double- walled box just large enough inside
to fit over the hive body minus its hand-hole cleats and regular cover, and
the double walls inclose a space between them of 2 inches, which is packed
with ground cork. The cover is simply a shallow box of the proper size
to fit closely over the body in a telescoping manner, and is covered with
good roofing paper. The roof of the cover is packed with 6 inches of leaves,
held in place with burlap. The name of the case is that of the orginator,
Mt. C. H. Root, of Red Bank, New Jersey.
The quadruple case is a wooden box, the sides of which arc fastened
together with hooks and eyes. This box is 50 inches long, 46 inches wide
and 27 inches deep. It is just large enough to slip down over tfie bottom,
which is also made of lumber, and is not in any way attached to the sides.
The fitting is sufficiently close to prevent mice from making their way into
the packing. The cover is a shallow box, the outside of which is covered
with good roofing paper, made just large enough to telescope over the
body.
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Pl.ATK IV.
Photograph of the winter cases : left — hives uncovered ; middle — hives
with Root cases; right — hives with Holterman cases.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
505
On the floor, 4 pieces of 2 x 2-inch lumber, each 3 feet long, are laid in
such a fashion as to form supports for the hives. The bottom is then cov-
ered 2 inches deep with leaves or planer shavings.
The 4 hives were then set on these supports in pairs back to back, and
the passageway from the entrance of each to the six ffi-inch holes, which
were bored through the cover wall exactly opposite, kept open by inserting
a rectangular box with one open end over the hive entrance and the other
over the holes. The entire space was then filled with leaves and the cover
put in place. The bottoms of the hives were thus insulated 3 inches — i inch
of lumber and 2 of leaves; the sides were protected by 8 inches, the fronts
by 6, and the tops by 12.
The colonies were packed about December i, but the thermometers, owing
to delay in their receipt, were not inserted until February 9. The colonies
were opened and the data' taken April 20.
Winter covering is put on for purposes of insulation and it was to be
expected that its effect would appear in the more stable temperatures
obtained. Stability of this sort is greatly to be desired because the amount
of energy necessary to maintain the needed temperature, and consequently
the loss of bees by exhaustion and the amount of stores used, are reduced
The eflfects of the different types of cover on temperature changes is
shown by the four columns of figures. The first shows the conditions in
the hives protected by the C. H. Root cover, the second those in the hives
in the quadruple cases, the third those in the unpacked hives, and the
fourth the temperature out-of-doors.
It thus appears that the bees protected by the C. H. Root case were
able to maintain both the highest and the most stable temperatures.
The eflfects of these conditions are shown in Table VIII.
Table VIII
Results of Experiment In Wintering Beet
TRBATMBNT
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The nine colonies with the C. H. Root cover used less stores, had more
brood and experienced no losses. The twelve colonies in the quadruple
covers used more stores, had less brood, and lost 2 colonies. The unpacked
hives used less stores than the quadruple cases, but more than tho'se covered
by the C. H. Root cases, had the least brood of all, and lost 4 colonies.
Digiti
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So6 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
It is thus clearly shown that the insulation paid well and that the C. H.
Root insulator gave the best results. The actual number of inches of
insulation about the hives protected by the C. H. Root case was less than in
the quadruple covers, but it is, of course, applied in a different way. This
fact would seem to indicate that the thickness of the insulating material is
not always a measure of its efficiency and that the method of applying may
be an important consideration. (Plate II, p. 501.)
MItcellaneout
White grubs. Last year the entomologist found as the result of some
preliminary experiments that three-fourths of an ounce of carbon bisulfide
per square foot of red shale soil destroyed all grubs (principally Lachno^
sterna fusca Froehl) when applied at a temperature ranging from 70** to
7§°F., and that one oimce per square foot used tftider the same conditions
did not injure one-season-old mixtures of blue grass and white clover.
This year Mr. William H. W. Komp undertook as the subject of his
undergraduate major thesis the study of carbon bisulfide as a destroyer of
white grubs. By methods which are explained in his paper he reached the
following conclusions: (i) that from ^ to i ounce of carbon bisulfide
will destroy all grubs in a red shale soil in a temperature of 70^F. up; (2)
that the degree of soil moisture which will give the results is neither very
dry nor very wet but medium; (3) that the cost for material ranges from
?I35 to $180 an acre, and that its application, while effective, is not practicable
save in limited areas.
The Cattelya fly. The orchid pest, known as the Cattelya fly, was made
a subject for an imdergraduate thesis by Mr. Jared B. Moore. Mr. Moore's
investigation revealed the fact that this insect is really a limiting factor in
the conmierdal production of orchid blooms; that tmder our greenhouse
conditions, although its life cycle cavers from 4 to 6 months, it is almost con-
stantly emerging ; that the destruction of the larvae without serious damage to
the plant by cutting out, or injecting carbon bisulfide, chloroform, ether or
tobacco juice, or by raising the temperature either under dry or moist condi-
tions is impracticable; that the adult fly does not jrield to the strength of
tobacco normally used in greenhouse fumigation.
The Onion tkrips. A uttle work on this insect was undertaken in co-
5peration with Mr. R. W. DeBaun, extension specialist in v^etable garden-
ing, on the farm of Mr. Theodore Brown, of Swedesboro. "Black-leaf 40"
(i to 1,000) plus soap (2 lbs. to So gal.) was thoroughly applied under high
pressure with an orchard sprayer when the thrips first apg^red. Although
the onions were large, in 10 days there was a marked difference between
the sprayed and the unsprayed plots.
Com ear worm. The application of powdered arsenate of lead and sulfur
(consisting of i part of lead to i part of the sulfur) to sweet com plots
in Atlantic, Cumberland, and Cape May Counties, eliminated about 80 per
cent of the normal injury. The work was done l^ the farm demonstrators
in cooperation with Mr. DeBaun.
Onion Maggot. The sodium arsenite and molasses spray bait consisting
of yi of an ounce of sodium arsenite, i gallon of water, i pint of molasses
and a small amount of aqueous onion extract, was tried by Mr. DeBatm and
the farm demonstrators in Cumberland, Mercer, Monmouth and Gloucester
Counties with most encouraging results. The protection obtained b such
that a large increase in demonstration work along that line is planned by
Mr. DeBaun.
Melon aphis. Tobacco extract and soap— "black-leaf 40" (i to 500) plus
soap (2 lbs. to 50 gal.) were used as a spray for cantaloupes on more
than a dozen farms in South Jersey, under the direction of Mr. DeBaum,
and found satisfactory to control the melon aphis.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 507
Coccidae of N«w Jersey Greenhouses. Mr. Harry B. Weiss/ assistant to
the State entomologist, has prepared a list of the scale insects found on
the greenhouse crops of the State. The list follows.
IcSRYA Sign.
7. purckasi Mask. On acacia, orange, lemon.
OkthXzu Bosc
0. insignis Dougl. On ooleus, gardenia, verbena, dtnii, chrysanthemum, tomato and
other plants.
Pstuoococcus Westw.
P. citri Risso. On bouvardia, coleus, citrus, fuchsia, croton, ferns, bay trees, tomato,
palms, geranium and many others.
P. longispinns Targ. On ferns, citrus, palms, dracena, coleus and many others.
P. pseudonipa CklL On Kentia sp. and Cocos sp.
CmmotUlvtu Gray
C. cirripediformis Comst On citrus.
C. Horidensis Comst On citrus, oleander.
EUCALYMNATUS CklL
B, teuelUauM Sign. On palms.
Coccus Linn.
C. hespetidum Linn. On bay trees, oleander, crotons, begonias, palms, ficus, citrus,
cyclamen, orchids, camellia and many others.
C. hngulus DougL On citrus, ficus, euphorbia, ferns and others.
C. pseudohuptridum CklL On orchids (Cattleya and Dendrobium 8pp.)<
Sazssstu DepL
S, hemispharica Targ. On palms, ferns, oleander, croton, orchids, citrus, camellia and
many others.
S. oigte Bern. On camellia, citrus.
D1A8PI8 Costa.
D. boisduvaia Sign. On palms, orchids.
•0. bromelut Kern. On pineapple, oleo fragrans, latania.
AuuiCASPXS CklL
A, gamia Morg. On cycas revoluta.
HSMXCHIONASPIS Ckll.
H. aspidistra Sign. On ferns, aspidistra, pandanus, orchids.
FioiNiA Targ.
P. Horinidf Targ. On camellia, palms, ficus, orchids and others.
AspiDioTus Bouche.
A, britannieus Newst On bay trees.
A, cyanophylli Sign. On palms, orchids, ficus.
* Weiss, H. B., Psyche, v. 23, pp. 22-24,
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5o8 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
A. heders Vail. On orchids, palms, cycadt, oleander, citrus, ivy and many others.
A. rapax Comst. On bay treea, palms, camellia.
CURYSOMPHAX.US Ashm.
C. conidum Linn. On palms, pandanus, ficns, bay trees, camellia, citrus.
C, aurantii Mask. On citrus, palms, pandanus.
C. dictyospermi Morg. On palms, pandanus latania.
C. pgrsea Comst. On orchids.
C. rossi Mask. Qn orchids.
TAaciONiA Sign.
T. biformis Ckll. On orchids.
LSPiDOSAPHEs Schimer.
L. beckii Ncwm. On citrus, croton.
L. gloverii Pack. On palms, citrus.
IscuNASPis Dougl.
/. iongirostris Sign. On palms, pandanus.
Parlatoria Tag.
P. pergandii Comst. On citrus.
The above verifies most of the records furnished by Dr. W. E. Britton
for Smith's 1909 list of "The Insects of New Jersey," and increases the
number of greenhouse species from 19 to 32.
Periodical Cicada, Recently it has been possible to get together the facts
relative to the distribution of the periodical cicada, or 17-year locust, in
this State. In the year 1902 a summary of the situation was published'
and what follows is an effort to bring the matter up to date. Brood VIII
is to be expected next year. The entomologist is indebted to Mr. Harry B.
Weiss for preparing the following statement and the accompanying list
Brood II
1877 — Union, Essex, Morris, Monmouth Counties in large numbers ; War'
ren Co., Hainesburg; Sussex Co., Monroe Comer.
i8g4— Bergen Co., throughout, especially from Tenafly, Carlstadt, River
Vale, Mahwah. Pc^saic Co., Paterson, Greenwood Lake district Sussex
Co., Huntsburg and Papakating. Morris Co., Boonton and eastern dis-
tricts. Essex Co., everywhere. Hudson Co., everywhere, except flats
and marshy portions. Union Co., everywhere. Somerset Co., in a
few localities. Warren Co., Rocksburg. Hunterdon Co., northwestern
comer. Mercer Co.. along road to Hightstown. Middlesex Qo^ irregularly
distributed, more plentiful north of Raritan River, becoming less toward
south and west; along Raritan River from Perth Amboy to Bound Brook;
Jamesburg. Monmouth Co., slight in eastem part Ocean Co., in small
patches; Toms River, Cassville. Burlington Co., in small patches; Pcm-
berton. Camden Co.. Pensauken, Clementon; along Camden and Atlwutk
and Reading Railroads toward Atlantic Cotmty line. Gloucester Co., Frank-
linville and north of this at several places; along line of Cape May Rail-
road. Scdem Co., Friesburg. Atlantic Co., irregular throughout; Hammon-
ton to coast along Atlantic City Railroad. Cumberland Co., irregular
1 Weiss, H. B., Ent. News, v. 27, pp. 337-339.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 509
throughout; between Bridgeton and Millville; along railroad from Vine-
huid to Cape May County line. Cape May Co., throughout in large num-
bers, except on lowlands; plentiful at Woodbine.
191 1 — Bergen Co., from Fort Lee northward to New York State line;
along top of Palisades and on both slopes; none in Hackensack valley and
in low marsh areas; Rutherford, Ramsey, Westwood, Tenafly, Carlstadt,
River Vale, Mahwah, Englewood, Alpine. Passaic Co., Paterson, Totowa,
Little Falls ; along line of S. & W. Railroad they extended to Morris County
line; in Lake Macopin region; Hackensack. Sussex Co., Sparta^ Newton,
Hantsburg, Papkating. Warren Co., L. & W. Railroad to Lake Hopatcong;
Morristown, Morris Plains; from Newfoundland and Charlottesburg to
Sparta along line of S. & W. Railroad ; Newark watershed, Chatham, Den-
ville, Dover to Wharton, Mendham, Millington» Mt Tabor; north and
south of Dover ; Pleasant Hill in patches ; Mt. Olive. Bssex Co., infested
everywhere. Hudson Co., Snake Hill; very little Cicada ground now re-
mains in this county. Somerset Co., Washington Valley back of Pluckamin
and along road to Basking Ridge ; in spots from Bound Brook to Bernards-
ville; Somerville, Raritan. Hunterdon Co., High Bridge, throughout hills
southeast toward Lebanon; Fairmount. Lambertville, Stockton, Ravenrock.
Union Co., Roselle, Fanwood, Summit, Elizabeth, Spring^eld, Rahway;
county generally covered in much reduced extent. Middlesex Co., New
Brunswick, College Farm; from Stelton to Union County line; along
north bank of Raritan River from Bound Brook to county line; Rahway
to Perth Amboy; Metuchen to Perth Amboy along north bank of Raritan
River; Old Bridge, Milltown, South Amboy. Mercer Co., between Hights-
town and Yardville; Princeton. Monmouth Co., Matawan, Cliffwood.
Ocean Co., around Lakewood, South Lakewood; west of Lakewood, Ridge-
way. Burlington Co., no records. Camden Co., Clementon; along line to
Atlantic City Railroad to Atlantic County line; Almonesson, Blue Anchor,
Florence to Williamstown Junction, and along this branch to Gloucester
County; Haddonfield. Gloucester Co., Woodbury, Malaga; along line from
Williamstown to Glassboro. Atlantic Co., irre^larly throughout on gravelly
knolls or areas. Cumberland Co., Husted, Bndgeton; Bridgeton to Rosen-
hayn along Central Railroad; Vineland, along trolley line between Malaga
and Newfield; Millville, irregular throughout county. Salem Co., between
Elmer and Palatine only. Cape May Co., all wooded areas of peninsula in
gravelly lands; Woodbine, Ocean View, Tuckahoe, Dennisville, Sea Isle
Junction, Wildwood Junction, Seaville, Swain, South Seaville.
Brood VI
1881 — Essex Co., Caldwell in small numbers.
1898 — Middlesex Co., Piscatawaytown. Passaic Co., Charlotesburg. Mor-
ris Co., Hanover. Cumberland Co., Vineland.
191 5 — Union Co., Cranford. Essex Co., Upper Montclair. Passaic Co.,
Oak Ridge. Mercer Co., Princeton.
Brood VIII
1900 — No records in Smith's reports. Essex Co. (Marlatt).
Brood X
i^S— Burlington, Camden, Mercer, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Pas-
saic, Sanerset, Hunterdon Counties.
1902 — Warren Co., southwestern corner; well covered south of Central
Railroad of New Jersey and along Delaware River. Hunterdon Co., south-
cm half. Mercer Co., pretty well distributed, except in extreme south. Som-
erset Co^ not heavily visited, except at Rocky Hill, Middlebush. Martinsville,
Franklin Park, Bound Brook, Raritan, Somerville, Neshanic, Three Bridges,
Harlingen, Kingston. Middlesex Co., Piscatawaytown. Monmouth Co.,
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5IO NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Hig^ands of Navesink, Locust Point. Ocean Co.. New Egypt, Collier^s
Mill, Prospertown; between Jacobstown and Ellisdale (Burlington Co.)-
Burlington Co., Ellisdale, Indian Mills. Camden Co., Delaware Township.
Salem Co., Salem, Yorktown, Woodstown. Gloucester Co., Swedesboro and
between Swedesboro and Harrisonville. Cumberland Co., Shiloh; no rec-
ords from Hudson, Essex, Bergen, Union, Passaic, Sussex, Cape May, Mor-
ris and Atlantic Counties.
Brood XIV
iS8g— Bergen Co., Englewood. Mercer Co., Princeton. Burlington Co.,
Palmyra. Gloucester Co., Red Bank.
1906 — No reports of occurrence, except in Bergen County, by Marlatt.
Brffod XV
1890 — Bssex Co., Cape May Co., Anglesea.
1907 — Cape May Co., Union Co., Plainfield to Westfield. Morris Co., New-
foundland.
Leptoypha mutica Say. Recently this species, which was recorded by
Dr. Smith in 1909 as rare and having been taken at Madison only, was
reported by Mr. Weiss and Mr. Dickerson* as damaging every leaf on the
fringe bushes (Chionanthus znrginica L.) in a nursery at Hanrnionton.
"The injury first appears as a slight, whitish discoloration on the upper
surface along the midrib, due to the abstraction of sap by the insect
along the undersurface. These whitish patches gradually enlarge until
the leaf has a mottled appearance, and in severe infestations the entire
leaf becomes yellowish-brown and withers completely. Wlien the plants
are growing in the sun, most of the insects are found on the under
sides of the leaves, but in shaded situations and when the foliage is
dense, many of the nymphs are found on the upper surfaces. After the
second stage the nymphs seem to migrate somewhat and feed singly and in
colonies on any portion of the leaf which is shaded. No particular portion
of the plant seems to be preferred, as entire bushes were found infested
from top to bottom."
Tropidosteptes saxeus Dist. This bug, which was recorded in 1909 from
New Brunswick on ash, has recently been reported from Somerville, Mill-
bum, South Orange, Kingston, Springfield, Irvington, Rutherford, Morris
Plains and Elizabeth by Mr. Weiss and Mr. Dickerson. The species is re-
ported by the above as causing a white spotting of the upper surfaces of the
leaves by feeding on their undersurfaces. Severe infestations cause the
leaves to dry and curl. The adults appear at New Brunswick in the latter
part of May and early June. Eggs are laid in the midribs of the younger
leaves. Adults of the second brood appear the latter part of August
Stephonitis pyrioides Scott. Recently this species of lace bug (the azalea
lace bug) has become abundant enough to do a considerable amount of dam-
age to azaleas. Mr. Weiss and Mr. Dickerson carried out an investigatioa
of the species and reached the following conclusions: (z) it is kno¥m to
' Dickerson, Edgar L., and Weiss, H. B., Ent. News, v. 27, p. 308.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 511
occur at Arlington, Rutherford, Far Hills, Rivcrton, Palmyra, Springfield,
Nutley and New Brunswick in New Jersey, at Bala in Pa., in Washington,
D. C, and in Hollands and Japan ; (2) it has probably come into New Jersey
in the tgg stage on evergreens and azaleas from Japan; (3) it attacks Hino-
degeri, Amoena, Ledifolia alba, Benigeri, Yodogawa, Kaempheri, Pontica,
Mollis, Indica, Shirogeri, Hatsugeri, Shibori, Amurasaki, Schilippenbachii,
etc., but is less severe on the deciduous than on the evergreen ones; (4) in-
jury is due to robbing the foliage of sap, and when severe may cause the
leaves to become white; (5) it winters in the leaf in the egg stage and has
three broods per season; (6) it may be controlled by spraying with whale
oil soap at the rate of 5 to 6 pounds of soap to 50 gallons of vrater just after
the winter eggs have hatched. The spray must hit the under sides of the
leaf.
Monarthro palpus huxi Lab. Thb small fly, known commonly as the Euro-
pean boxwood leaf miner, has recently assumed the position of a pest of
considerable importance. Mr. H. B. Webs has had an opportunity to make
a study of it and reports the following conclusions: (i) this insect is now
known to occur at Rutherford, Far Hills, Gladstone, Peapack, South Orange
and Eatontown, and will doubtless be found in other places in the near
future ; (2) it has been introduced from Holland within the past five years ;
(3) it has been taken on freshly imported stock from France and Holland,
especially the latter; (4) the uniform green of valuable plants is ruined hy
yellowish spotted leaves and in bad cases with dead and dying foliage; (5)
egg laying begins in the latter part of May and doubtless continues through
early June, the eggs are laid in the leaves and as many as 35 eggs have been
found in a single leaf under laboratory conditions, the eggs hatch and the
yellowish-white maggots mine the leaves all summer and pass the winter in
the mines and transformation to pupae occurs in the spring; (6) that, con-
sidering the damage which this midge is capable of doing and the lack of
really efficient remedies, together with the fact that partly injured boxwoods
are no longer ornamental, it would seem that prompt destruction of- the
infested plants before the adults emerge in the spring should prove the best
method of control.
VI
THE RESPONSE OF THE HOUSE-FLY TO CERTAIN FOODS AND
THEIR FERMENTATION PRODUCTS
C. H. RiCHABDSON
Introduction
Experience teaches that the house-fly, like most insects, seeks its food
largely by means of a keenly developed olfactory sense. The present paper
gives the results of a series of experiments conducted at New Brunswick,
N. J., during the summer of 1916 on the response of the house-fly to certain
foods and their fermentation products. It is a continuation of the writer's
work on responses of the house-fly to environmental factors, a part of which
has already appeared (5).
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512 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Investigation of the food preferences of this insect is beset with numer-
ous difficulties. Climatic conditions, especially temperature and light,
affect its activities, but more puzzling is the great difference in abundance
often observed on two consecutive days when conditions of temperature,
moisture and light appear to be nearly uniform. Many explanations sug-
gest themselves, such as the appearance of new broods, disposition to
migrate and the desire to vary the diet. Under such conditions it is para-
mount that all experiments be repeated a number of times as isolated
experiments may lead to entirely erroneous results.
The data given here must be considered a preliminary treatment of this
subject, awaiting further verification and extension.
One of the first studies made on the food preferences of the house-fly was
r^orted by Morrill (4). A large number of substances, including sucrose
(cane sugar), cane syrup, vinegar, bread, bran, sweet and sour milk, fresh
and stale beer, fresh and decomposed meat, fresh and decomposed fish,
dead flies, dried blood and a number of less complex chemical substances,
including ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde solution (40 per cent), potassium
dichromate, cobalt and water were used alone and in various combina-
tions. Some of the results obtained have a bearing on the present investi-
gation. Sucrose was comparatively unattractive when used in aqueous solu-
tion with formaldehyde. The addition of 95 per cent ethyl alcohol (i part
to 20 parts of water), increased its attractiveness. Vinegar in combination
with sucrose was eagerly sought by house-fiies. Vinegars contain from 3
to 9 per cent absolute acetic acid and it is possible that this was respon-
sible for the result, although one cannot assume too much since vinegar
is a very complex product. Ethyl alcohol when added to beer did not form an
attractive mixture. The explanation is probably to be found in the fact
that the mixture contained too much alcohol. American beers have an
alcohol content of from 3 to 5 per cent ethyl alcohol. The addition of
dilute alcohol (i to 10) would raise the alcohol content of the solution to
a point which would render it less attractive. The experiments reported
here show that 10 per cent ethyl alcohol is considerably less attractive than
4 per cent. Morrill's studies further point out the irregularity of response
to the same bait on different days.
Buck (2) conducted a series of experiments similar to Morrill's. He
advocated not less than 3 per cent or over 8 per cent of 95 per cent ethyl
alcohol when used in water alone. Sucrose was found to be a valuable
addition to various baits, sometimes increasing their attractiveness from
i(T to 20 per cent.
Methoda
The experiments were conducted on a shelf along the south side of a
barn, in a well-lighted location, where flies were always plentiful. Screen-
wire fly-traps, gH inches high and 6 inches in diameter at the base, were
used in all experiments. The screen was given a coat of spar varnish to
prevent rusting. White glazed earthenware dishes, 122 m.m, in diameter at
the top, with a capacity of 125 c.c, were used as containers for the various
solutions. The metal traps, pans, and the earthenware dishes were care-
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 513
fully washed at the cotodusion of each experiment. All solutions were
made up with distilled water.
Special care was exercised to see that no trap containing the same ma-
terial occupied the same location in two consecutive experiments. The
traps were placed in a linear series along the shelf 3 feet apart. During
the course of a series of experiments, a single material was exposed near
the east and west ends and near the mliddle of the space occupied by the
traps. As far as possible, the same trap was not used twice consecutively
with the same material Unless otherwise stated, only one portion of a
substance was used in each experiment.
The results given apply only to the house-fly {Musca dotnesHca L.),
although a number of other species often frequented the traps. Careful
counts and estimates made throughout the course of these experiments
show that more than 95 per cent of the flies captured were house-flies. The
percentage of other species was a little higher during July, but diminished
during August.
All the substances used in these experiments captured, on the average,
nearly equal numbers of males and females.
EXPERIMENTS WITH CASBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates form a large part of the foods which the house-fly ordi-
narily ingests. It was therefore decided to test the attractiveness of aqueous
solutions of some of the carbohydrates of wide occurrence in nature. Glu-
cose (dextrose), fructose (levulose) and galactose were chosen from the
monosaccharides, maltose, lactose, and sucrose' (cane sugar) from the di-
saccharides and dextrin and starch from the polysaccharides.
Solutions of I gm. to 50 c.c, 2 gm, to 50 c.c. and 5 gm, to 50 c.c. of dis-
tilled water were employed and 50 c.c. were placed in each trap. The experi-
ments with galactose were not completed because of the difficulty of obtaining
this compound. The results of these experiments are expressed in Table IX.
On the whole, these carbohydrates in aqueous solution were not very at-
tractive to house-flies. Considering all the experiments, lactose caught the
largest number of flies, starch the least Dextrin also caught a comparatively
large number of flies. Sucrose was consistently a poor bait There were
often great variations in the numbers caught on different days, which fre-
quently bore no relation to the length of time the traps were exposed.
From the foregoing experiments I believe it is safe to state that the car-
bohydrates of common occurrence, at least when not undergoing fermenta-
tion, are not very attractive.
EXPERIMENTS WITH AI^COHOI^ AND ACIDS
The decomposition of foods containing large amounts of the fermentable
sugars results in the formation of a long list of compounds, prominent of
which are ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide, acetic add, lactic add, fusd oil, and
succinic add. It is practically impossible to control the fermentation in any
food mixttire so that one or even two or three compounds will form at the
exdnsion of all others. For this reason it was dedded to experiment with
dilute solutions of certain of these fermentation products both in aqueous
33 ^
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514 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
515
sohition and in solutions with certain carbohydrates. In this way mixtures
reasonably free from impurities can be obtained.
It should be stated at this point that the amylic alcohol (technical) used
in these experiments was a mixture of isoamyl and active amyl alcohols, the
former predominating. These alcohols, together with some others, are found
in the fusel oil obtained from crude spirit by distillation. They are derived
from the amino acids in mixtures which are undergoing alcoholic fermenta-
tion.
Table X gives the results of these experiments:
Table X
Response of the House-Fly to Alcohols and Acids
Material
8/28-29
22hr8.
8/29-aO 8/30-31
20 hra. 24 hrs.
8/81-
9/2
46 hra.
9/4-7
66 hrs.
9/7-8
30 hra.
•3
1
Average Per
Hr. (AUBx-
porintents)
50 c.c.
4% Bdhyl alcohol
146
67 37
82
14
546
891
148.5
4.30
60 c.c.
10% EU17I alcohol
19
21
12
166
3
333
544
90.6
2.62
50 c.c.
4% amylic alcohol
(tech.)
142
128
106
292
17
576
1256
209.3
6.06
60 ex.
10% amylic alcohol
(tech.)
203
41
31
59
7
778
1119
186.5
5.40
50 c.c
4% acetic acid
S8
22
2
101
4
235
452
75.3
2.18
60 cc
10% aceUc add
173
11
4
IT
8
1029
1242
207.0
6.00
60 e.e.
4% lactic acid
5
6
10
6.0
0.28
60e.e.
10% lactic acid
39
11
50
1
25.0
1.19
60 ce.
4% tQcdnic acid
64
12
76
88.0
1.80
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5i6 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Four per cent ethyl alcohol was considerably more attractive than lo per
cent. Four per cent amylic alcohol (technical) was slightly more attracttre
than 10 per cent Ten per cent acetic acid was more attractive than 4 per
cent. Lactic and succinic acids were also attractive, but too few experiments
were performed with them to lead to any conclusions.
Amylic alcohol (tech.) of 4 per cent concentration caught more flies than
any other substance used in this series. Although the averages per experi-
ment and per hour of 10 per cent acetic add closely approach those given
for 4 per cent amylic alcohol (tech.), a comparison of the individual experi-
ments will show that amylic alcohol (tech.) gave more consistent results.
Amylic alcohol (tech.) was more than twice as attractive as 10 per cent
acetic acid in 4 experiments, while the acetic add was more attractive (thougji
not twice so) in two experiments.
EXPCRIMENTS WITH CASBOHYDRATES IN SOI^UTION WITH ACSTIC ACID AXD
ALCOHOLS.
Aqueous solutions of maltose, lactose, sucrose and dextrin containing ethyl
alcohol, amylic alcohol (tech.) or acetic acid were made, 5 gm. of carbo-
hydrate to 50 c.c. of solution being used. The alcohols and acetic acid were
used in 4 per cent concentrations. The results are stated in the following
Table:
Table XI
Response of the House-Fly to Solutions Containing Carbohydrates, Alco-
hols and Acetic Acrd
Material, 5 gm. In SO c.c.
of SolatlOQ
8/22-28
22hr8.
\ r
I I
8/28^26|8/26-28|
41 hra. I 76 brs. I
5
Si
lb
Maltose and distUled water
Maltose and 495? ethyl alcohol
Maltose and 4% acetic acid
Maltose and 4% amylic alcohol (tech.).
Lactose and dlsUlled water,
Lactose and 4% ethyl alcohol,
Lactose and 4% acetic add
Lactose and 4% amylic alcohol (tech.).
Socrose and distilled water
Sucrose and 4% ethyl alcohol
Sucrose and 4% acetic acid,
Sucrose and 4% amyUc alcohol (tech.),
Dextrin and distilled water,
Dextrin and 4% ethyl alcohol
Dextrin and 4% acetic acid
Dextrin aiMl 4% amylic alcohol (tech.),
2
11
2
21
600
100
440
90
160
eo
270
7
155
75
650
28
400
150
044
62
200
175
460
6
78
880
28
500
105
1078
152
800
235
720
18
106
080
25
411
150
946
11.5
250.0
52.6
689.0
76.0
180.0
117.5
860.0
6.5
116.6
51.5
466.0
12.5
205.6
76.0
478.0
0.8
7.8
1.8
17.1
1.2
8.0
8.0
0.1
1.0
as
7.9
Oi8
6.5
2.8
16.0
In every case the attractiveness of the carbohydrate was increased by die
addition of amylic alcohol (tech.), ethyl alcohol or acetic add. Amylic alco-
hol (tech.) was more effective when used with a carbohydrate than when used
alone ; indeed, with maltose and dextrin, it appeared to be remarkably effect*
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 517
ivc Ethyl alcohol was more attractive with maltose and dextrin than when
used alone, but less so when used with lactose and sucrose. Acetic add
seemed to be a little more attractive when used alone than when added to
solutions of the carbohydrates employed in these experiments.
While these experiments are not as extensive as one might desire, when
compared with the results obtained in the e3q>eriments on carbohydrates and
on adds and alcohols, they form a significant series.
BXPSRIHBNTS WITH OTHER fOOD SUBSTAKCBS
Wheat Flour. Bread has often been used as a fly bait, and, when added to
other food mixtures, it seems to enhance their attraction to house-flies
almost invariably. This led into a study of the response of house-flies to
certain constituents of wheat flour, but it was not possible to pursue this
work very far in the time allotted.
The studies on carbohydrates showed that starch, at least when not under-
going diemical change, was practically unattractive. Wheat flour, in addi-
tion to its large starch content, is rich in proteins, principally gliadin and glu-
tenin with smaller quantities of water-soluble proteins. It was therefore
dedded to test the attractiveness of certain wheat protdns.
By kneading white wheat flour dough in water till practically all the starch
granules have been freed, it is possible to prepare a substance consisting
largely of gliadin and glutenin Imown as crude gluten. The crude gluten
cannot be entirely freed of water-soluble protein by this method
One gm. of crude gluten in 50 cc. of water was used in each trap. Other
traps contained an equal amount of wheat flour in 50 cc. of water. Two ex-
periments were made with the following results: Crude gluten and water,
2 traps in each experiment, total 6 flies. White wheat flour and water, 2 traps
in each experiment, total 332 flies; control (water), 2 traps in each experi-
ment, total 7 flies.
In view of the poor success of the crude gluten it did not seem advisable
to try gliadin and glutenin separately.
Other experiments were made with solutions containing the starch gran-
ules (in suspension), and all the water-soluble constituents except those re-
moved with the crude gluten. Results of these experiments follow: i gm.
starch and water-soluble constituents in 50 cc. water, 3 traps, total 2,112 flies;
control (water), 2 traps, total 3 flies; 1.35 gm. starch and water-soluble con-
stituents in 50 cc water, 2 traps, total 7 flies; same, 2 traps, total 218 flies;
2.5 gm. starch and water-soluble constituents in 50 cc. water, 2 traps, total
855 flies; control (water), 2 traps, total 4 flies.
These experiments with solutions containing the starch and water-soluble
substances of wheat flour indicate that some of the ingredients are attractive
to the house-fly.
Further experiments with solutions containing only the water-soluble sub-
stances present in wheat flour (the suspended starch bdng removed by filtra-
tion) gave the following results: 0.1 gm. water-soluble constituents in 50 cc
water, 3 traps, total 4 flies; control (water), 3 traps, total i fly; ai gm. water-
soluble constituents in 50 cc. water, 2 traps, total 2,400 flies ; control (water) ,
2 traps, total 21 flies.
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5i8 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
While too much reliance cannot be placed in this small nmnber of experi-
ments, the indications are that the water-soluble constituents alone of wheat
flour arc eagerly sought by house-flies.
Milk. Milk is uniformly a good fly bait It is, however, like idieat floor,
so complex that any adequate study of its attractiveness to the house-fly
would require considerable time. A few tests were made on fresh milk in
the following manner. The milk was acidified with dilute acetic add until
the casein was precipitated. The liquid portion was separated from the solid
casein, which also held much butterfat, by filtration. In two experiments,
the casein-fat mixture did not attract flies. Treatment with ether removed
the butterfat. The fat- free casein caught 77 flies in one experiment; 10 cc
of butterfat (ether extract) caught 2 flies in one experiment.
These experiments merely indicate that fat-free casein is attractive, while
butterfat is not.
PRACnCAI, APiOJCATlON
A number of experiments with poisoned baits were conducted during tlie
stunmer. Previous work of Mally (3) in South Africa and Berlese (z) in
Italy has demonstrated the effectiveness of solutions of molasses pdsoatd
with sodium arsenite as a bait for house-flies. Several tests made at New
Brunswick with Mal^s formula or slight modifications of it gave fair re-
sults. The molasses solution was spread over boards and rockwork where
flies were abtmdant, and although many were killed, the method was not as
successful as was anticipated.
Two trap experiments with molasses solution (25 cc molasses in 75 cc
water) to which i gm. of sodium arsenite and 4 cc amy lie alcohol (tech.)
were added to each 100 cc, gave 2,000 and 468 flies, respectively. In the
same series a sohition of the water-soluble part of wheat flour with the
starch in suspension (1.35 gm. in 50 cc water) containing the same amotuit
of sodium arsenite and amylic alcohol (tech.) captured 1,052 and 206 flies,
respectively. The attractiveness of the wheat flour solution was greatly in-
creased by the addition of amylic alcohol (tech.). Four per cent acetic 9^d
solution of wheat flour, containing sodium arsenite, was not as attractive as
the solution without add. The addition of both acetic acid and amylic alco-
hol (tech.) (4 per cent concentrations) gave little better results than wiien
amylic alcohol only was added to the solution.
The following mixture was used with considerable success in a bam : blade
strap molasses 800 cc, water 1,600 cc, sodium arsenite 24 gm., amylic alcohol
(tech.) 100 cc This mixture was placed in shallow pans in which Hts of
straw were dropped. Although cool, cloudy weather prevailed durixig the
course of the experiment a considerable number of flies were poisoned.
Amylic alcohol (tech.) is scarcely soluble in water, and for this reason it
is impossible to distribute it evenly throughout an aqueous solution. More-
over, it is quite volatile and usually disappears within 24 hours.
Conclusions
The following conclusions are drawn from these experiments. As stated
elsewhere in this article, they must be considered as tentative, awaiting more
extended investigation.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 519
(i) Glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, starch and dex-
trin were not very attractive to house-flies. Lactose and dextrin cau^t the
largest number of flies, starch the least Sucrose was consistently a poor bait
(2) The acids and alcohob Itu-ed flies in the following order: 4 per cent
amy lie alcohol (tech.), zo per cent acetic add, 10 per cent amy lie alcohol
(tech.), 4 per cent ethyl alcohol, 10 per cent ediyl alcohol and 4 per cent
acetic acid. Succinic and lactic adds showed some attractive qualities in two
experiments.
(3) Maltose, lactose, sucrose and dextrin in 4 per cent solutions of amylic
alcohol, ethyl alcohol and acetic add were more frequently visited by house-
flies than the corresponding aqueous solutions. Maltose and dextrin solu-
tions were more effective than lactose and sucrose. The order of response to
the alcohols and acetic add was the same as in (2).
(4) Crude gluten from wheat flour, consbting largely of gliadin and glu-
tenin was not attractive. Solutions of the water-soluble portion of wheat
flour, with or without the starch in suspension, were deddedly attractive.
(5) Several experiments with milk indicate that fat- free casein is at-
tractive, while butter fat (ether extract) b not
(6) Experiments suggest that aqueous solutions of molasses to which so-
dium arsenite and amylic alcohol (tech.) are added have considerable value
as a poisoned bait for house-flies. The water-soluble portion of wheat flour
containing the starch in suspension also gave good results with the same
additions.
Bibliography
(i) Berlete, A.
1 9 12. La distruzione della Mosca domestica. Redia, v. 8, p. 462-470.
(a) Buck, J. E.
1 91 5. Fly baits. Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 32, 39 p.
(3) MaUy. C. W.
191 5. Notes on the use of poisoned bait for controlling the house-fly,
domestica L- In South African Jour. Sci., v. 9, no. 9. p. 321-328.
(4) Morrill, A. W.
1914. Experiments with house-fly baits and poisons. In Jour. Econ. Ent, v. 7,
no. 3. p. 268-274.
(5) Richardson. C H.
1 91 6. The response of the house-fly {Musca domestica L.) to ammonia and other
substances. N. J. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bui. 292, 19 p.
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Report of the Mosquito Work for 1916
Thomas J. Headlee
The attention of the entomologist and his assistants have this
year been directed to finishing the work contemplated under
four contracts that were executed but not finished last year, to
general oversight of the county mosquito work, and to extend-
ing such aid along mosquito control lines to various organiza-
tions and individuals applying for it as the means at hand would
permit. The funds of 1916 were so limited as to forbid the
letting of any new contracts.
8ALT-MAR8H DRAINAGE IN 1916
The entomologist has found so many discrepancies in the
statements relative to the amounts and kinds of drainage estab-
lished on the salt-marsh and so little solid information on which
to base a complete statement that he has b^;un the gathering of
the data necessary to a complete detailed statement of the entire
matter. Until the facts are in hand any further attempt to state
the matter appears to be inadvisable.
Table XII
Salt-Marsh Ditching Work Up to and Including 1916
PaBIOD
ii-
Cost to the State
■? « OS
I:
Up to 1907.
In 1907, as
In 1906, as
In 1909, as
In 1910, as
In 1911, as
In 1912. as
In 1918, as
In 1914, as
In 1916, as
In 1916, as
as reported,
reported, ...
reported, ...
reported, ...
reported, ...
reported, . . .
reported, ...
reported, ...
reported, ...
reported, ,.,
reported, ...
15.S51
10,951
6,669
2,672
4.650
S.528
6,195
7.174
2,215,524
1,505,524 I
888,650
865.800
350,000
712.000
1,000,180
1.564.842
1.293,840
2.685,071
2,543,713
19,400.00
15,758.00
9.917.00
4.471.00
19,650.00
21.650.00
21.680.00
7,688.88
18.100.28
11.000.00
589.00
4,100.00
4.242.00
4.648.00
4,242.00
4,643.00
2,628.00
6,860.00
8.360.00
4,886.40
4.718.86
(521)
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522 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Salt-Marth Drainage in 1916
The salt-marsh drainage work carried on by the Experiment
Station in 1916 consisted of bringing the contracts of the pre-
vious year to completion. The fiscal year of 191 5 came to a
close with four contracts still incomplete : ( i ) one for the cut-
ting of 225,000 linear feet of 10 x 30-inch ditching or its equiva-
lent on that area of salt-marsh which extends from the Bergen-
Hudson dividing line northward between the Hackensack River
and the highland to the west to the Paterson Plank Road, which
leads across the valley southeastward from Carlstadt; (2)
another for cutting 90,000 linear feet or its equivalent on that
area of salt marsh which extends from the Paterson Plank Road
northward between the Hackensack River and the highland to
the west to the northern boundary of the borough of Carlstadt;
(3) another for the cutting of 189,189 linear feet of 10 x 30-inch
ditching or its equivalent on the salt-marsh area which extends
from the southern boundary of Stafford Township, Ocean Co.,
between Bamegat Bay and the highland to the west to the north-
em boundary of the same; (4) another for the cutting of
209,634 linear feet of 10 x 30-inch ditching or its equivalent on
the salt-marsh areas extending southward from Great Egg Har-
bor on both sides of Pecks Bay to the meadow boulevard or
highway which extends from Ocean City to Marmora.
First Area
(AH that salt marsh beginning at the southern boundary of Bergen County
and extending northward, between the Hackensack River and the highland
to the west, to the Paterson Plank Road.)
This area of salt marsh lies in the limits of the boroughs of North Arling-
ton, Rutherford, and East Rutherford, and the township of Union. For con-
venience it was mapped in three divisions and marked, beginning at the
southern border, as "Bergen Co. Map i," "Bergen Co. Map z' and "Bergoi
Co. Map 3." The first map included all the area from its southern limit
northward to the Boonton Branch of the D., L. & W. R. R. The second map
covered the territory from that line northward to the Eric The third rep-
resented the marsh from Erie R. R. northward to the Paterson Plank Road.
MAP I
In this section of marsh, which includes about 1,230 acres, 147,899 linear
feet of ID X 30-inch ditching or its equivalent was cut. Two large creeks
penetrate this area and determine the type of drainage. Saw Mill crcdc
forms most of its southern boundary and Kingsland Creek nms through it
near its northern boundary. By means of a southward running branch of
Kingsland Creek and Fox's Ditch the water from one creek can pass into the
other. When the work began the connection had been almost entirdy closed
by plant growth. FurthermorCj the upper courses of both creeks had become
shallow through the accumulation of sediment, and at one point in its lower
course the channel of Kingsland had been obstructed by throwing pieces of
old timber, principally railroad ties, into it. To make a bad matter worse at
every extra high tide the water of the river passed over its banks and spread
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
523
on the back portions of the marsh. In fact, the drainage conditions were
such that large portions of the marsh surface were never free from water
except during a dry period of considerable length.
BERCCN COUNTY
MAP NQI
LCOGr«>
STATC OJTCHIW
COUNTY OnrCHfNC — -
Fig. 4. — Drainage Map No. i of Bergen County.
The ditching had hardly begun before the heaviest kind of breeding ap-
peared over an inundated area at the center of about 600 acres. Utmost
haste was made with the trenching to run this water off and kill the brood.
Time was not taken to clean the ditches out. Hardly had this area been
trenched and the brood destroyed before heavy breeding appeared in Maps
2 and 3, and the gangs were hurried into these areas. The result of the haste
was that while the mosquitoes were largely eliminated, the trenching was
almost completely outlined before the clearing of the ditching was under-
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524 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
taken. Qeaning began on Map 3 and progressed southward. As shown in
last year's report, when the contractor reached the ditch clearing on Map i
he balked, and the matter had to be referred to the attorney-general On the
attorney-general directing the contractor to complete the work by clearing
the ditches on Map i of obstructions and putting them down to d^th, he
undertook and earned out the work. On June 17, 1916, the entomologist was
able to certify that the work had been satisfactorily completed and that the
last payment was due.
While this ditching unquestionably eliminated the worst breeding, it was
neither sufficient in amount nor furnished with good enougji outlets. The
building of a dike along the west bank of the Hackensack River from Saw
Mill Creek to the Boonton Branch of the D., L. & W. R. R., the installation
of a pair of tide gates in the mouth of Kingsland Creek, and the clearing of
the channel of the southern branch of Kingsland Creek, and of Fox's Ditch,
thereby providing for a circulation of water through the back part of the
marsh between Saw Mill and Kingsland Creek, was also planned. A techni-
cal ruling of the comptroller and his temporary hold-up of funds, for reasons
explained in the last report, prevented the doing of further work on this area.
The county mosquito commission undertook to supplement this work, built
the tide gates in 1015, and the dike in 1916, and partly cleaned the channels
of the Creek and Fox's Ditch in 1916, besides cutting 105,886 feet of addi-
tional ditching.
The area is now in good shape for ordinary seasons, but further clearing
of the above outlets and the cutting of certain additional ditching will prob-
ably be found necessary to render it free from breeding under extreme high
tide and rainfall.
The drainage systems established in the course of this work are shown on
the accompanying map.
MAP 2
This area, which amounts to 1,542 acres, consists of a number of different
subdivisions that must be drained more or less independently. At the soutii-
em end an irregular patch covering 154 acres lies between the Boonton
Branch of the D., L. & W. R. R. and the Jersey City water pipe line. This
section was covered with water, well-stocked with fish, showed no breeding,
and received no drainage. Almost the entire northwestern comer, amounting
to 700 acres, has been enclosed in a dike for agricultural purposes, but unfor-
tunately the southern wall has been breached in two places and a certain part
of the area flooded. Very little breeding was found in this section, and very
little ditching was put in. A third division lies east of Berry's Creek and be-
tween the southern end of this diked area and the Jersey Gty water pipe
line. This area was deeply flooded, showed no breeding, and was not ditched.
The fourth and last section lay between Berry's Creek and the Erie R. R.
Breeding was found here, and 171669 feet of drainage were cut to rdieve it
There can be no question as to whether this area was insufficiently drained,
but the breeding in Maps.i and 3 was so much more serious that the ento-
mologist felt justified in giving this section the minimum amount of drainage.
Since that time, in both 191 5 and 1916, the county mosquito commission has
cut additional ditching. The accompanying: map will show both the drainap
established by the Experiment Station and that cut later by the county in
such a way that two can be distinguished. Even with the additional ditchmg,
the drainage of the area is not complete.
MAP 3
This area, which consists of 1,830 acres, was found breeding between the
New Jersey and New York R. R, and the highland to the west, especially at
the foot of Orchard Street, where it was soaked with sewage. Both the
woodlands and the marsh surrounding them, especially the latter, were found
to be breeding badly. All the ditching placed in this area, amounting to 86^147
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
525
BERGCN COUNTY
MAP N0.2
LCCCfO
STATE orrcMNc
COUNTY OITCHINC
Fig. 5' — Drainage Map No. 2 of Bergen County.
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526 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
feet, has been cut in the above sections. Although the drainage has unde-
niably eliminated the worst breeding spots in the area, the amount cut is too
small to suffice for the area as a whole. A certain amount of additional ditch-
ing has since been placed in the area by the county commission. The accom-
panying map serves to show the details of the drainage system thus estab-
lished.
BIMCNOOUKTY
HAPNOd
LOSCND
5TATE0fTCWNC
COUNTY 0ITCHIN(
Fig. 6. — Drainage Map No. 3 of Bergen Count>'.
A feature of the drainage in this area and in the central portion of the first
area is the presence of many old stumps and roots, which in some places arc
so close together that the roots form an interlacing network. In attempting
to cut the trenches in a root-filled region, the heavy spades could not be
driven through and the contractor was compelled to resort to the axe, saw,
and slicing bar. The prevalence of this condition is without doubt the prin-
cipal cause of the contractor failing to finish his work on time.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 527
Second Area (Carlstadt Marsh)
(All that salt marsh beginning at the Paterson Plank Road and extending
northward between the Hackensack River and the highland to the west, to
the northern boundary of the Borough of Carlstadt,)
A certain amount of ditching had been done on this area by the county
mosquito commission before the contract referred to was let. A part of this
drainage had been placed between the Moonachie Road and the highland to
the west, while the other part had been placed just south and southeast of
the larger wooded area. The ditching comprehended in this contract began
on the southeast side of the large woodland and continued along the east ^d
north sides of the same; then crossed Moonachie Creek and circled about
the small woodland which lay to the eastward.
The contractor, Mr. Fred A. Reiley, proceeded during the fine weather of
the fall with extreme slowness while trying to use a marsh ditching machine
(one of the Eaton type). It cut fairly good ditches, even though there were
many roots and some stumps, until the first one inch of the marsh surface
became frozen. Thereafter neither ditcher nor hand spades could be used.
Nothing further was done until the following spring. When spring came,
labor was extremely hard to get, and only a small number of men were em-
ployed. This, together with the amount of stmnp and root underlain area
delayed the work until there was no hope of finishing in the time specified.
The contractor averred the extreme difficulty of getting labor, and requested
an extension of time. What seemed then to be a reasonable extension was
granted, but the state of the labor market became worse and worse, and a
still further extension was granted. The work was finally completed on
October 31, 1916.
All told, 94,667 linear feet of 10 x 30-inch ditching or its equivalent was
cut in this marsh. The extra 4,667 linear feet were cut to make up the re-
duction in depth permitted in the upper ends of the ditches about the smaller
woodland. By a change in the specifications prepared and executed accord-
ing to section 10 of the specifications, the contractor's price per linear foot
was cut 5 per cent for the shallowing of each inch, and he was compelled to
cut as many additional linear feet of ditching as the total reduction would buy
at the specified rate of 2^' cents per foot.
The drainage system established is as good as any that the entomologist
has seen. It is not likely, however, that the combined drainage established by
both the county and the State will prove entirely sufficient for the entire area
specified above. The worst places are drained, but doubtless others less im-
portant exist, and a pneriod of extreme high tide and heavy rainfall during
the mosquito season will serve to bring them out.
The accompanying map sets forth the location and the nature of the drain-
age systems established by both State and county.
Third Area (Stafford Township, Ocean County)
{All that salt-marsh area beginning at the northern boundary of Stafford
Township, Ocean County {old survey) and extending southward between
Barnegat Bay and the highland to the west, to the southern boundary of
the said township,)
For sake of convenience this area had been mapped in three divisions,
named respectively, beginning at the north— "Stafford Township Map i/'
''Stafford Township Map 2," and "Stafford Township Map 3." A large
amount of ditching had already been cut in Map t and in Map 2.
About 84,588 linear feet of 10 x 30-inch ditching, or its equivalent, was
placed in the territory of Map i as a means of supplementing the already
existing drainage. In the course of this work three interesting and rather
difficult drainage problems presented thentselves. The water in Newell
Ditch, which was the natural outlet for a large portion of the back part
of this marsh, was stagnant, and there seemed no good way to relieve it.
Finally, it was decided to open an old overgrown ditch extending from
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528 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
its lower end southwestward to Cedar Creek. The result was marvelous —
Newell Ditch and its dependent system began to work immediately. The
second problem was to find an outlet for the section of the meadow which
was flooded by a cedar swamp at the inner edge of the area. After much
thought it was decided to open an old overgrown ditch known locally as
BCf«€CN COUNTY
HAPN0.4
LXCCND
STATE DfTCHlNG
COUNTY DITCHING
fig. 7. — Drainage Map No. 4 of Bergen County.
"Snapping Turtle Ditch." As a result the area was promptly laid dry. The
third problem was the drainage of certain pockets on a knoll at the inner
edge of this marsh. The sod here varied from 10 to 2 inches in thickness
and the distance to the outlet was long. The problem was solved by secur-
ing a good team of horses and a breaking plow and plowing furrow ditches
by which the water was led to the outlets.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
529
34 KX
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S30 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The location and the nature of ditching are shown on the accompanying
map.
On the territory of Map 2 no additional ditching was cut as the need
for it did not at the tinie appear.
The remainder of the drainage, amounting to 104,609 linear feet of 10 x 30-
inch ditching, or its equivalent, was placed in the territory covered by Map
3 as laid down on the accompanying map. Near the upland in this area a
small section, which was more or less underlain by roots and stumps, was
encountered, but the trenches were sunk to depth by the use of axe and
spade.
^^r
^\^^^
r
-?
V ^
\36S'
-i
v^
^
lu /
^'-— ^
^
\ ifl^ y^' —
4
X
fe%^&.
^
^NAma
ffo^
\.
^l'\~'
\
OCEAN COUNTY
'■^'\y"~^\
MAP Na2
)\
fig. p. — Drainage Map No. 2 of Stafford Township, Ocean County.
On April 22, 1916, the entomologist was able to certify that the drainage
contemplated under this contract with the U. S. Drainage and Irrigation
Co., had been satisfactorily completed.
The entomologist feels that the drainage in Maps i and 2 is reasonably
thorough, but that a considerable amount of spurring is needed in the
system established in Map 3, and that there is much undrained territory
between the end of the drained area and the southern boundary of Staf-
ford Township.
Fourth Area (Ocean City and Upper Township, Cape May Co.)
(All that salt marsh beginning on the south side of Great Egg H(fbor
and extending southward betiveen the sand strip and the mainland, to the
meadow Boulevard in the Borough of Ocean City and Upper Township of
Cape May County.)
This section of marsh has three well-marked divisions— the island area,
the area adjacent to the sand strip and the area adjacent to the mainland.
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531
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532 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The first consists of a considerable number of low-lying islands, which
because of the frequency with which they are flushed by the tide, do not
apparently breed. This section received no ditching whatever.
Mr. Fred A. Reiley, the contractor, began the trenching at the north end
of the area adjacent to the sand strip and continued southward toward the
meadow boulevard. Much difficulty was experienced in obtaining satisfactory
outlets for sections of the salt marsh that had been left partly surrounded by
sand fills, and for areas which had been cut off from the normal outlets by
railway grades. Fortunately, only a few of the former were present Two
lines of railway run parallel southward from Ocean City and both cut off
considerable sections of the salt marsh from all adequate outlets, and create
great breeding places for mosquitoes. Such culverts as were in place under
the grades were for the most part set too high to aflFord any really effective
drainage.
Effective cooperation of the city and of the railways was secured, and
culverts were placed as necessary under the streets and under the railway
grades in such a fashion as to establish proper outlet for the drainage cut by
die State Experiment Station. The area adjacent to the sand strip was rather
thoroughly drained.
Ditching on the area adjacent to the mainland began at the meadow
boulevard and proceeded northward. No problems of especial interest arose
because the marsh was of quite the usual type. The remainder of feet was
utilized in cutting long ditches and the spurring was neglected. Without
doubt this area will have to be spurred before it is thoroughly drained.
Taking the fourth area as a whole a new problem presented itself in the
form of floating sods. The floating of spade sods has long been known and
held as one of the drawbacks to salt-marsh drainage. Soon after this job
had gotten a good start a series of high tides lifted the long ribbons, moved
them in some cases a considerable distance from the places where they were
originally placed. As this would greatly interfere with the harvesting of
the hay an effort was made to fasten the upper ribbon, which was the one
that floated badly, in place. Rough 30-inch stakes were driven through the
sod into the soil below, and it was found that when placed at intervals of
50 feet they held the sod satisfactorily.
The labor problem entered into this job, as into others, and necessitated
an extension of time. On September 25, 1916, the entomologist was able to
certify that the work had been completed. The accompan3ring map serves to
show the location and nature of the ditching.
In the course of the work under the contract of 1915, covering 225,000 feet
of ditching in Bergen County Maps i, 2 and 3. were found cases in which
was work subsidiary but plainly necessary to the drainage system being
established, but of a nature to render its equation in terms of feet of
10 X 30-inch ditching impracticable. The State Comptroller objected to the
expenditure of additional money for such purposes, because the same had
not been planned for in the original estimates. Accordingly, in the three
following contracts certain additional sums over and above the contract price
were set aside for this type of work. In the Ocean County and the Cape
May County contracts, the plan worked admirably, but in the Carlstadt agree-
ment in Bergen County, it proved almost useless.
Summary
Four separate contracts started in 191 5 were finished in 191 6. The first
which covered the ditchins: in Bergen County, Maps i, 2, and 3- ^^
finished Tune I7. IQ16, with 251,615 linear feet of 10 x 30-inch ditching.
The second, which covered the ditchino: in Boroueh of Carlstadt, Bcrcen
County. Map 4. was finished October 31. 1916. with 94.667 linear feet of
10 X 30-inch ditchincr. The third, which covered ditching in Stafford Town-
ship. Maps 1, 2 and 3, of Ocean Countv. was finished April 22, 1916, with
189,189 linear feet of 10 x 30-inch ditching or its equivalent. The fourth,
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 533
which covers the ditching in certain marshes in the Borough of Ocean City
and Upper Township of Cape May County, was finished September 25, 1916,
with 209,634 linear feet of 10 x 30-inch ditching or its equivalent.
Fig, II. — Drainage Map No. i of Cape May County.
Statement of 1915 Salt-Marsh Ditching Work Completed In 1916
No. of feet of
lo^nch ditches or
Meadow Acres their equivalent Cost
Hackensack Valley, west of River from
Saw Mill Creek north to Paterson
Plank Road, 4.600 251,715 $4,218 75
Additional money was used in construct-
ing temporary dike across creek just
south of the D., L. & W. R. R., and
also in cutting across old sunken stone
roads found near Kingsland Creek, . . 106 50
Hackensack Valley, west of River from
the Paterson Plank Road north to the
Northern boundary of Carlstadt, 2,000 94,667 2,400 00
Additional money used in labor in assist-
ance in measuring ditches in this area, 25 50
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534 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
l^^u'"^ Township (old survey) 5.400 189,189 2,80000
Additional money was used for the ^> ^ .ow w
cleaning of old farmers' ditches; ^or
plowing shallow ditches near upland
and in buying stakes for the lining out
o^ ^»tches, 27260
Borough of Ocean City and Upper
Township and Meadow Road north
to end of Peck's Island on the east
A AAi^^'^^^^ft ^°'"* on west, 1,500 209,634 2,900 00
Additional labor m digging shallow
ditches, spurring, filling holes, etc., . . 385 88
^^^^^^f 13,500 745,105 $13,10923
Throughout the areas covered by the drainage in the Bergen County
contracts, sufficient ditching has been cut to protect the area treated, but as
only the badly breeding parts were trenched a large part of the marsh was
left totally without ditches. The areas covered by Stafford Township Maps
I and 2 are pretty completely drained but the portion in Map 3, which has
been covered, needs a certain amount of spurring. That part of the Cape
May County area which falls in Ocean City has been thoroughly drained,
but the part in Upper Township, which has been covered, is in need of
spurring.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF MOSQUITO WORK
Total appropriation $4,800 00
Equipment (lantern slides) $14 00
Office supplies and printing 68 85
Telephone and telegraph 22 07
Postage 50 50
Salaries of regular and temporary employees 3,009 68
Traveling expenses of same 1,342 80
Clerical and laboratory assistance 151 91
Sundries (rubber boots, motorcycle repairs, etc.) 59 05
Balance reverted to treasury 81 14
$4,80000
SUMMARY OF MOSQUITO CONTROL BY COUNTIES
Hudson County
This is the fourth season of work for Hudson County. In addition to
maintaining a regular patrol of the 10,000 acres of salt marsh and eliminat-
ing in so far as possible all breeding found, the drainage of various por-
tions has been improved by the cutting of the equivalent of 140,000 linear
feet of 10 X 30-inch ditching in the form of 20 and 30-inch-wide drains. On
the 75,786 acres of upland, where more than one-half a million of people
have their homes, a regular patrol was maintained throughout the mosquito
season and all breeding found destroyed.
Bergen County
This is the second year of extensive work in Bergen County. Starting
with an undrained salt marsh of 8,378 acres and upland of 143,470 of dty.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
.■>oo
farmland and forest, the mosquito commission aided by the State Experi-
ment Station cut or contracted for the cutting of more than one-half mil-
lion linear feet of the iox30-inch salt-marsh trenching for the purpose
of eliminating the worst breeding spots on the salt marsh; the county
mosquito conmiission early in the season caused an inspection of the upland
to be made and on the basis of information thus gained made an arrange-
ment whereby each pool and swamp should be reinspected every two weeks
during the mosquito breeding season and treated as might be necessary
to suppress the breeding. The inspection work on the upland involved
72,252 individual examinations of individual properties and revealed the
following mosquito breeding nuisances: 2,395 i"^ barrels, 580 tubs, 148
old wells, 349 cans, pails, etc, 153 cesspools, 170 open drains, 98 dstems,
96 open cellars, 534 miscellaneous receptacles, 205 swamps, 56 brooks, 284
pools, 51 ponds, 160 ditches, 15 miscellaneous water-holding places of a
permanent character. More than 6,590 of the nuisances were reported as
being done away with.
Ehiring 1916 further attention was given to the salt marsh. In addition
to maintaining a regular patrol a large amount of drainage work was
done.
The drainage system on that area of salt marsh lying between the Hacken-
sack River and the highland to the west and extending from the southern
boundary of the coimty to the Boonton Branch of the D., L. & W. R. R.
was improved by building a pair of 3x6-feet sluice gates with necessary
bulkheads across the mouth of Kingsland Creek and by constructing a. dike
along the west bank of the Hackensack River from the mouth of Saw Mill
Creek to the Boonton Branch of the D., L. & W. R. R. for the purpose of
preventing the low-lying part of the marsh near the highland from being
flooded by every extra-high tide. This was an important step in mosquito
proofing this area for once the water came on the marsh it escaped, be-
cause of the small amotmt of fall, so slowly that the mosquitoes could
reach maturity before it disappeared, especially if the tides ran extra high
during the period and the weather was cloudy with consequently little
evaporation. The sluices at the mouth of Kingsland Creek were described
in the last annual report. The dike was a work of considerable magnitude,
being 3.3 feet high, 3 feet wide at the top with a slope of 45 degrees, and
6,200 feet long.
The drainage was further supplemented by clearing a channel 3 feet
wide as deep as necessary to establish a living stream from the north
branch of Kingsland Creek through the south branch to Fox's Ditch and
thence into Saw Mill Creek, thus establishing a circulation channel be-
tween the two main outlets — Saw Mill and Kingsland Creeks — and afford-
ing an outlet to the ditching on the back part of the marsh. Wherever the
falling water revealed shoal places in Kingsland Creek channeling was
undertaken and carried out.
About 100,000 feet of the usual narrow trenching was placed in this
area for the purpose of relieving spots not already drained, the principal
one of which lay just east of the old copper mine.
The next job imdertaken by the county mosquito commission was the
improvement of the drainage of a section of salt marsh designated as the
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536 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
"Moonachie Meadow." This area extends from the Carlstadt ditching
northward between the Moonachie Road and the Hackensack River to the
Little Ferry Line. The 20-inch band ditch along the highland was widened
to 30 inches and a lo-inch ditch running west from this widened into a
20-inch ditch. In addition the construction of a large sluice and bulkhead
across Moonachie Creek was carried out. The sluice box is open at the
top, 10 feet wide, and 12 feet long and is guarded by two gates. On one
side the box was connected with the shore by a line of heavy 3-inch piling
50 feet long and on the other with a similar string 60 feet long. To pre-
vent the high water from running around the ends of the bulkhead a
string of low dike was built from each end out into the meadow, in one
case 100 feet and in the other 200 feet in length.
The drainage of the Ridgefield meadow, which extends between the
Hackensack River and the highland to the east from Bullman's Creek north-
ward to the highland, was supplemented.
The county mosquito commission maintained a patrol of the upland
throughout the mosquito season and eliminated all breeding found. This
patrol revealed 1,690 rain barrels in which 517 cases of breeding were
fotmd, 576 tubs and 141 cases of breeding, 154 cesspools and 34 cases of
l)recding, 24 privies and 3 cases of breeding, 64 cellars and 12 cases of
breeding, 55 cisterns and 13 cases of breeding, 25 wells and 5 cases of
breeding, 32 manure pits and 3 cases of breeding, 539 pools and 194 cases
of breeding, 378 ditches and drains and 185 cases of breeding, 899 sewer
basins and cases of breeding, 66 ponds and 16 cases of breeding, 392
swamps and 160 cases of breeding, 115 brooks and 60 cases of breeding,
8 lakes and o cases of breeding, 740 miscellaneous water-holding places and
receptacles and 163 cases of breeding.
Essex County
This is the close of the fifth season of work in Essex County. When
the year began, Essex had 3,000 of her 4,000 acres of salt marsh not only
well ditched but had supplemented the original drainage system by keeping
out the tide with dikes and allowing the water to escape through tide gates.
During the present season, in addition to maintaining a patrol throughout
the mosquito-breeding time and applying such measures of control as the
particular cases of breeding seemed to require, the county mosquito com-
mission placed or planned to place the remaining acreage, with the ex-
ception of several hundred that had been filled and 130, under the pro-
tection of dike and sluice. All the rest of the marsh, amounting to about
500 acres, had been trenched in years previous. None of the areas in ques-
tion required the building of a dike for all had railway grades of fills
that could be made to serve in lieu thereof. Placing these areas under
protection was therefore only a matter of building and installing sluices
and tide gates.
An area consisting of about 75 acres lying east of the Central Railroad
of New Jersey and extending north of the North Newark fill to the Greenville
Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was protected by placing a tide
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 537
gate on a large pipe that ran beneath a railroad spur into the water of
Newark Bay. This area has been designated as the "Hassock Meadows."
The Hamburg place section lies east of the Central Railroad of New
Jersey and extends from the Greenville Branch of the Pennsylvania Rail-
road to the Central Railroad of New Jersey, which crosses Newark Bay.
The area, which included about 300 acres, was drained by installing three
sluices and tide gates in a convenient railroad spur which almost paralleled
the shore of Newark Bay. Just northeast of the Central Railroad, which
crosses the Bay, there lies a fringing marsh of about 30 acres in which
the tide gating is not yet completed. The shore line of this area is filled
and may be used as a dike. In order to save footage, the dikes along Bound
Creek were given a deep foreshore and no attention paid to its meander-
ings. Curiously enough, breeding appeared in this foreshore and the ter-
ritory had either to be repeatedly oiled or drained. The latter alternative
was chosen and about 60 acres were drained with the usual narrow
trenching.
About 30 acres of the Essex marsh Ijring between the southern section
of the Port Newark fill and Maple Island Creek has been left with only
the usual narrow trenching as protection. About 100 acres east of the
Central Railroad of New Jersey and between Maple Island and Bound
Creeks, was given a new sort of treatment as an experimtent. It had
already been drained by the usual narrow trenching. The number of out-
lets was reduced and those remaining were furnished with sluice boxes
12 X 12 inches x 5 feet and gate of appropriate size. Five such outlets were
treated at a cost of $62.50. This meadow passed through the present season
without serious breeding.
To provide against the possibility of a failure of present means to re-
move the marsh water in time to prevent the emergence of a brood of
mosquitoes, one of the most low-lying and formerly the most prolific breeder
of mosquitoes of any spot on the marshes, consisting of about 100 acres,
has been connected with the old sewage pumping station.
The 76,746 acres of upland on which more than otie-half a million
people live has been carefully patrolled throughout the mosquito season,
and mosquito breeding eliminated wherever found. This work has in-
volved the making of 681,800 individual inspections of individual properties
and the finding of breeding in barrels 3,441 times, in tubs 1,212, in cisterns
402. in cesspools 195, in cellars 339, in wells 115, in vats 397, in miscel-
laneous receptacles 2,036 times. It has involved the finding of breeding
on permanent pools 2,373 times, in swamps 560, in ditches 340, and in
brooks 166 times. As might be anticipated the great bulk of the breeding
found was temporarily eliminated with oil, but a considerable amount of
permanent work was done as shown by the fact that out of 1,363 pools
146, out of 285 swamps 85, out of 317 ditches 121. and out of 92 brooks 7
were filled, drained or cleaned in such a fashion as to eliminate the breeding.
Union County
This is the fifth season of work in Union County. The county mosquito
commission has maintained a regular patrol of its 4,000-acre salt marsh
throughout the mosquito season and in so far as possible has destroyed
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53« NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
all breeding which the drainage systems did not prevent. In addition to
this work it has improved the drainage systems by cutting 13,814 feet of
10 X 30-inch ditching or its equivalent on the North Elizabeth marsh, 434 feet
on the South Elizabeth meadow, and 39,708 feet on the Linden meadow,
and by the placing of sluices and tide gates in the openings of the drainage
channels of that portion of the North Elizabeth marsh which lies east
of the Central Railroad of New Jersey.
The sluicing and tide-gating of the openings of the above salt marsh
represents a new departure and was adopted after the results of a simiJar
process on the Essex meadow had been seen. The problem in Union County
was much more extensive than in Essex for the area was not only 12
times as large but the drainage outlets were much larger and more numer-
ous. Some supplementing of the present system was rendered necessary
by the fact that the marsh was so wide, about i mile, and the drainage
channels so narrow that high water would not escape in time to prevent
the maturing of large amounts of breeding. It had become obvious that
either greater outlets must be opened, or the tide must be prevented from
overflowing the meadow. The county commission felt financially able
neither to open the gpreater outlets nor to inclose the area in a dike. The
summer's experience in Essex with the practice of tide-gating the outlets
without building a dike appeared to offer a solution for the problem of
making a start and to form the first step in the process of keeping the
tide out. It was decided to build sluices and tide gates to control the
outlets with a view later, if necessary, to supplementing them by build-
ing a dike. All told, 6 sluices and 7 gates have been required.
The 61,304 acres of upland have been regularly patrolled throughout
the mosquito season and all breeding found eliminated in so far as pos-
sible. Most of this elimination has been done by spreading oil, but a con-
siderable amount of permanent work of draining and filling has been
effected. One hundred and eighty-three of the larger breeding places
such as ponds, pools, and swamps have been drained and 109 have been
filled; 55 of these places have been done by the county mosquito com-
mission, and 237 by the owners. The report of the county mosquito com-
mission shows that of the 5,590 swamps, pools, ponds, brooks, etc, about
I1364 were eliminated in the season of 1916.
Middlesex County
This is the third season of mosquito work for Middlesex County. As
in previous years the size of the appropriation forbade any attempt to
cover the county, and compelled the county mosquito commission to limit
its effort to a part of the problem.
Accordingly the mosquito commission gave its first attention to main-
tenance of a patrol of the salt marsh, to the elimination of such breeding
as the present drainage systems did not prevent, and to the cutting of as
large an amount of additional trenching as the funds would permit
For the purpose of making the funds available for salt-marsh trenching
go farther, one of the Eaton salt-marsh ditchers was purchased in con-
nection with Monmouth County. By use of this machine the county
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 539
mosquito commission has been able to cut 186,100 linear feet of loxjo-inch
ditching, or 15,000 more feet than were cut in the two previous years com-
bined. This was done in the face of no increase in the appropriation
available for salt-marsh work and a 40 per cent increase in the cost of
labor.
The county mosquito commission's appropriation was increased this year
by $1,000 for the purpose of permitting the commission to offer oversight
in local anti-mosquito campaigns. In accordance with this provision, such
service was offered to every town in the county. Metuchen, Highland
Park, and Woodbridge availed themselves of the offer and the work of
fresh-water mosquito control was carried on in those places.
•
Monmouth County
This is the second season of work for Monmouth. As was the case
last year, the funds compelled the commission to limit its activity to the
maintenance of a regular patrol of the salt marsh, the elimination in so
far as possible of all breeding found, and to the cutting of as large an
amount of ditching as the funds would permit
The Monmouth Cotmty Mosquito Commission joined with Middlesex in
the purchase of an Eaton machine and was able to cut 110,000 linear feet
of 10 X 30-inch ditching or its equivalent on marshes at Belford, 6,000 feet
at Port Monmouth, 18,000 at Pews Creek, 2,500 at Rimison, and small vary-
ing amounts at other points. The work at the first three places was done
by machine — a total of I34,cxx) linear feet — while the remainder was done
with hand spades.
Private citizens in the Rimison Road district raised a fimd of $2,000
which was expended in especially thorough patrol of both the Shrews-
bury salt marshes and of the adjacent upland.
Ocean County
This is the second year of anti-mosquito work by the county mosquito
commission of Ocean. Last year the appropriation was nuerely large
enough to clean the already established drainage, which covered about
20,000 acres of salt march and to patrol the same during the mosquito
season.
This year the appropriation has been large enough to enable the county
mosquito commission to clean the ditches, patrol the marsh and carry out
a cans!derable amount of new drainage as shown in Table 13.
Atlantic County
This is the fourth season of anti-mosquito work in Atlantic Coimty.
Starting in 1913 with 50,000 acres of salt marsh and 307,409 acres of upland,
the coimty mosquito commission had, with the help of the State Experi-
ment Station, by the end of 1915 cut 2,843,832 linear feet of ditching,
thereby draining 12,013 acres, discovered by means of a careful patrol that
19,244 acres did not require drainage, and 18,731 acres remained still to be
drained. On the upland the mosquito commission maintained a patrol of
the inhabited portions, destroyed all mosquito breeding found and met
and solved many minor problems in upland mosquito work.
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540 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
In 1916 the county commission cut, by use of two Eaton ditching ma-
chines, 1,391,912 feet of ditching. On both the upland and the marsh a
regular patrol has been maintained and wherever fresh-water mosquito
breeding has been found it has been eliminated by draining, filling and
using oil.
Table XIII
Statement of 8alt-Marsh Mosquito Work in Ocean County
Number of Unear Feet
AREA
10 X ao-inch
Trenching
Spurring
Eecuttlnf
Old Wide
Ditches
Barnegat City Jmictlon to Surf City Borough.
60.000
Between Bamesat and Waretown
26,000
North and soath of PennsylTanla Railroad to
Beach Haven, near the upland west of
Barneeat Bay
«,075
2.100
Beach Hayen Creek
Peahala
eoo
Beach Haven Terrace
6,687
Spring Beach,
1,200
South of Stlnkbole Creek in Stafford Town-
ship
19.087
Spurring in Map 8 of Stafford Township. ..
xm
South of MiU Creek in Stafford Township...
n,i82
Contracted for in the salt marsh at the
southern end of the county
200.000
Totals
887.080
2.490
26.000
Cape May County
This is the first year of work in Cape May County and all the effort of
the county mosquito commission has been directed toward the drainage of
the salt marsh. A contract for 300,000 linear feet was let and the work
up to date is as follows:
Pond Creek Marsh, 20,195 linear feet
Schellenger's Landing to Mill Creek, 52,994 linear feet
Cape Island Creek Marsh, 39»05o linear feet
North of Mill Creek, 20,000 linear feet
Total, 132,239 linear feet
In the hope and the expectation of giving some portion of the cotmty
quick relief, the drainage was started at Cape May City because the winds
which normally carry salt-marsh mosquitoes can reach it only after passing
over wide waterways, and it was to be expected that when the adjacent
marshes were drained it would be free from salt-marsh mosquito trouble
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{^'
EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
Table XIV
541
Salt-Marsh Drainao* Done by the State Experiment Station and County
Mosquito Commleelon
TEAR
1912,
1918.
1914.
1915.
1916.
Experiment Station
Ditchlnff
County Oommlsslon
mtchinff
Number ot
reet Cnt
•1,088,188
689.842
821,601
745.105
None
Number of
Feet Cleaned
I
Mintmnm amt. ,
None (
None j
None
Number ot
Feet Cnt
239.800
879.865
1.057,167
1.971.242
2,548,718
Number of
Feet Cleaned
470.000
1.300,000
919.000
3.171.128
••500.000
* Maxlmnm flgurea, probably 25 or more per cent too high.
•• Blockage was remoTed trom the entire drainage system, tlie above inelndes only com-
plete cleaning.
Passaic Coutity
This is the fourth season of work in Passaic County. The anti-mosquito
work of the first year was limited to a small amount of demonstration work
at Pompton Lakes. The second year an effort was made to control the
mosquitoes in the city of Passaic. The third year the work included both
Passaic and Paterson. The fourth year Paterson, Passaic and Acquack-
anock were covered.
The results of the first season were pretty good but the area chosen
was sparsely settled and the results did not gain the credit they deserved.
The results of the second season failed to be appreciated because the
flights of the salt-marsh mosquito A. cantator swamped the effect of
the absence of fresh-water species. The results of the third season were
greatly minimized by the breeding which escaped from pools that were
formed everywhere by the exceedingly heavy rains in early August. Never-
theless, the results were not by any means as good as more efficient organiza-
tion might have made them.
In 1916, however, the organization at last reached a highly effective point
and the patrol and elimination work was ably and effectively done with
a result that people in the protected territory — about 215,000 — were afforded
a high degree of protection indeed.
The patrol maintained during 1916 by the county mosquito commission
involved the making of 205,007 individual inspections of individual proper-
ties, covered 3,922 possible breeding places and 913 instances of breeding.
These possible breeding places consisted of 13 vats, 947 tubs and barrels,
95 cesspools, 5 privies, 12 cellars, 1,229 cisterns, 458 wells, 17 street gutters,
540 sewer basins, 2 manure pits, 308 miscellaneous water-holding re-
ceptacles, 178 pools, 26 ditches and drains, 11 swamps, 7 brooks, 9 rivers,
and I lake.
All breeding was promptly destroyed when found and 321 of 3,922 pos-
sible places were permanently done away with.
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542 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Somerset County
The work in this county was of a purely survey nature but the county
commission intends to do a certain amount of educational work. The survey
has covered all the worst breeding areas of the county, and shows that
certain parts of the county have a very real mosquito problem.
Mercer County
This is the first year of active work in Mercer County and the entire
effort has been limited to the Borough of Princeton and vicinity. The
leaders in Princeton are without doubt responsible for the initiation of
the work. The borough offered to raise $5,000 if the county board of
freeholders would appropriate a like sum for the use of the county mosquito
commission. To this proposition the board assented and the mosquito coro-
mission has this year had the expenditure of $10,000.
The problem here is purely one of suppressing the breeding of fresh-
water mosquitoes. The salt-marsh species only rarely reach Princeton and
then in negligible nimibers. It can not be said that Princeton has an ex-
ceptionally large number of mosquitoes or that the malarial species are
there peculiarly abundant. In fact, the malarial species at Princeton do
not compare in numbers with those of certain other points in the State.
It was not the anno3rance of the mosquito pest that induced anti-mosquito
work at Princeton but an alarming increase in the number of cases of
malarial fever existing in the borough.
In the early part of the season of 191 5 a meeting was called by the
writer at the request of certain interested citizens to consider the problem
and methods that should be adopted in solving it. At this meeting a sp^
cial committee known as the "Princeton mosquito committee" vras ap-
pointed and charged with the duty of working out the nature of the
mosquito control problem and in so far as possible its solution. Prof.
Ulric Dahlgren was made chairman.
Regarding the status of malaria in and about Princeton, the committee
made the following report:
"The records of the Borough Board of Health show that in 1913 there
were 64 cases of malaria reported. Many of these were not properly
diagnosed and were not malaria. Twenty-five blood examinations were
made — 13 positive results. On the other hand a g^reat many cases of real
malaria were not reported because no physician was called in and the
cases were treated by the family of the patients with quinine pills or with
nostrums.
"In 1914, 131 cases of malaria were reported. Forty. blood examinations
were made — 10 positive.
"The reports for 191 5 are not yet in but will show an increase in new
cases according to present indications; 65 cases — 85 blood examinations— 27
positive.
"The College Infirmary shows in 1912-13— 10 cases.
"The College Infirmary shows in 1913-14— 9 cases.
"The College Infirmary shows in 1914-15— 22 cases.
"During the first third of 191 5- 16 there have been 10 cases.
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Experiment station report. 543
"From the local report of many inhabitants the committee secured state-
ments that malaria has always existed, that at times it has assumed an
epidemic form and has aroused the town. But at all times it has been
plentiful and these periodical crises have perhaps been the result of more
virulent cases rather than an excessive number of cases. These reports
have all tended to show that the most malaria has existed on the southern
limits of our town along the course of Stony Brook, the Millstone River,
and the Delaware and Raritan Canal.
"Dr. Raycroft, Mr. Ballinger, Dr. Stewart Paton, and the chairman of
the Committee have gone over most of the ground from Kingston to the
Basin and have found an excessive number of cases. Mr. Ballinger's re-
port on his survey reads in part as follows:
"This survey included a house-to-house canvas of the southern ex-
tremity of Alexander Street and those bordering along the Delaware and
Raritan Canal in the vicinity of Alexander Street; 19 houses in all. In
formation was obtained from 16 houses and the following results are
based on that number.
"Histories were given at the 16 houses of 32 cases of malaria during
191 5» averaging two cases to each house. Histories were obtained of 55
present residents having had malaria at some time during their residence
in the district, making an average of 3.5 cases to each house. Of these
55 persons, only two had ever suffered from the disease previous to their
residence in this district. Several houses were encountered which con-
tained persons sick in bed with the disease at the time of the survey, others
gave a history of having had malaria as long as 15 to 20 years ago, while
some discouraged sufferers said that they 'always had it.' One family
of eight gave a history of never having had malaria previous to their mov-
ing into this district twelve years ago, and since that time every member
of the family had suffered from the disease every year. Another family
of two stated that they had lived in this district and in New Jersey but
three months, and were both suffering from a severe attack of the disease
at the time of making the survey.
"Practically speaking, nearly every person who has lived in this district
for a year or more has suffered from malaria. The average t3rpe of the
residents in this district is characterized by an anaemic physical condi-
tion confirming the great prevalence of the disease. With this large
reservoir of the disease adjacent to some very extensive areas breeding the
Anopheles mosquito, no better facilities could be provided for the trans-
mission of malaria.
"The Committee feels satisfied that the disease has been increasing dur-
ing the past ten years and wish to call attention to the two main factors
in this increase:
'*Tst. The presence in Princeton during the last few years of large bodies
of Italians working on such large projects as Lake Carnegie, the Stadium,
the two large laboratories, and other buildings. Doubtless many of these
men were (and are) subject to chronic forms of malaria and supplemented
the old sources of infection for the adult Anopheles mosquitoes that have
transmitted it to our new cases.
**^nd. The new breeding place for these Anopheles mosquitoes furnished
by the pools of water and swamps created by several extensive back-waters
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544 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
that arose owing to the raising of the level of the Stony Brook and the
Millstone River to form Lake Carnegie. Also by the degeneration of the
banks of several abandoned basins, through falling earth and the growth
of grasses and weeds which have furnished better conditions for
Anopheles larvae. This latter process has been going on for a much longer
period, as much as ten or fifteen 3rears.
"It is only fair to state at this point that for die greater part of its course
the lake has improved certain large districts by converting them from
swamps into open water. At the same time, however, we must declare
that it has created the lesser areas spoken of above which are situated at
its two heads where it is entered by Stony Brook and the Millstone River.
"It also appears that the borough has been effectually cleaned from
mosquito breeding places during the past year by the Board of Health
through the work of Mr. Ballinger and his assistants, and that our mosquito
trouble both malarial and as a nuisance came mostly from sources outside
the borough."
The town of Princeton is located on the eastern portion of the sum-
mit of an almost east and west irregularly oval ridge which slopes off
rather gently in every direction. The highest point on this ridge is 227
feet above the sea. A small stream known as Stony Creek flows along
the western, southern, and southeastern faces of this ridge and on the
southeast aspect reaches a level of 50 feet, creating a sharp slope in that
direction. At a point slightly south of east, Stony Brook joins the
Millstone River and continues along the eastern aspect of the ridge.
Stony Brook and its branches form the drains for most of this ridge.
A small brook takes its origin in the northeastern aspect of the ridge and
runs a northeast course to the Millstone River.
Several years ago, for the purpose of creating a lake, a dam was thrown
across the Millstone River just south of Kingston, and the lower valleys of
the Millstone and of Stony Brook were drowned to form Carnegie Lake.
The shores of the new lake were rather carefully shaped but a long suc-
cession of swamps and pools lying on the south side of the Delaware and
Raritan Canal, which runs parallel to Stony Brook and the Millstone
south and southeast of Princeton, that were formerly emptied by drains
passing under the caral bed. havin;r been kept full and transformed into breed-
ing places. Furthermore, Stony Brook and low spots along its bank for
some distance above the head of Carnegie Lake have become stagnant,
and the more stagnant portions have become partially filled with water
plants creating an ideal breeding: place for the malarial mosquitoes. The
Millstone from the point where it diverges from Carnegie Lake to the
Pennsylvania Railroad has flooded its valley and forms a shallow marsh
in which the fresh-water swamp and the malarial mosquitoes breed.
When the mosquito survey was made the main breeding areas were
located along the bottom of the southern slope of the Princeton ridge, in
these areas of badly-drained territory which have just been described.
The estimates prepared indicated that the first cost for the Mercer
County work alone would aggregate almost $10,000 and that almo«^t $5,000
more of the needed improvements lay in Middlesex County. The opera-
tions recommended were draining, filling, bank trimming and ripraping.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 545
The county mosquito commission placed Mr. C. S. Sinccrbeaux of Prince-
ton in charge and took up the work on the basis of the recommendations
of the conunittee.
On August 10, 1916, the writer went over the work with Mr. Sincer-
beaux. The work in the borough which he believes he is paid for by the
borough, seemed to be pretty well looked after, although some breeding was
found. The first and only large piece of work examined was the filling of two
large deep depressions between the canal and Stony Brook, well above
the head of Carnegie Lake. This is a large job, involving the expendi-
ture of about $3,500. For the purpose of permitting the operation to take
place with the least trouble, Mr. Sincerbeaux caused the level of Carnegie
Lake to be lowered a foot and thereby discovered a unique and probably
one of the most important anti-mosquito measures in the whole problem.
This lowering of the water left a muddy and pebbly beach and rendered
almost the entire lake edge free from breeding by giving the fish access
to all parts. The writer at once recommended that the process be repeated
annually as soon as heavy breeding appears and that the level be left
down until the university opens in the fall
Information concerning progress since August 10, 1916, is not at hand.
EfTectiveness of the County and State Work
The effect of the large amount of work, which has just been outlined,,
should be pronounced. It might be expected to appear in at least three
forms, a very decided reduction in the numbers of the pest, approval of
the people who have been protected, and in the advancement of taxable
values.
Before attempting to discuss these points it is necessary to define what
is meant by the protected districts. The present area in which all species
are combatted includes all of Hudson County, most of Bergen, less than half
of Passaic, all of Essex, all of Union, Metuchen, Highland Park, and
Woodbridge in Middlesex, Rumson district in Monmouth, Atlantic City,
Pleasantville, Hammonton and other towns and villages in Atlantic County
and Cape May City in Cape May County. The work has been going on
longer and is better organized in Hudson, Bergen, Passaic, Essex and
Union Counties than elsewhere. The sole exception to the above state-
ment is Atlantic County where, owing to an immense undrained salt marsh
both in Atlantic and adjacent counties, the work of local control is obscured
by flights of salt-marsh mosquitoes. It can be said, however, that Atlantic
City has enjoyed an immunity, especially this year, through this work that
is scarcely second to any in the State and, what is still more remarkable,
both Pleasantville and Hammonton have had such relief as they have not
before known.
In Middlesex the county commission kept the salt-marsh species down
in a satisfactory manner and had very good results in the municipalities
mentioned. In Monmouth the same conditions obtained with the excep-
tion of the Belford and a portion of the Manasquan areas where consider-
able amounts of breeding matured, owing to inadequate drainage. In
Ocean the effort was limited to the control of breeding of the salt-marsh
35 ^
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546 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
mosquito within the drained area. Of course, mosquitoes bred in the un-
drained marshes between Seaside Park and Barnegat Junction and to
the southward of the ditched area along the mainland migrated as far to
the north as Forked River and in some cases farther. With the exception
of very small issues in overlooked places the territory from Toms River
north to Point Pleasant was very free from the salt-marsh mosquito. In
Cape May County the salt-marsh drainage had just made a start and an
effort was made by the Board of Health of Cape May City to control the
fresh-water species. It was not until nearly the end of the season that the
adjacent marshes were drained.
It thus becomes clear that we must look mainly to the northeastern sec-
tion of the State for the most tangible effects of mosquito control work
With the exception of a few limited areas within the protected district
covered by the five counties of Hudson, Bergen, Passaic, Essex, and Union,
the number of mosquitoes is but a small fraction of what they were in
years before the work began. This is the universal testimony of practically
all the thinking people who have lived in the district long enough to pass
judgment. Two years ago the scheme of determining the extent and
density of the mosquito faima by regular collections of mosquitoes on the
wing, was put into practice and a comparison of the collections of dus
year with those of last show that the control work of this year left but
a fraction of the number that survived the efforts of the preceding season.
The mosquito is not exterminated in these districts but many of the house-
holders declare that they have seen none all sununer. With a few excep-
tions, where uncontrolled local breeding has let off enough mosquitoes to
be troublesome, the mosquito pest has been severe nowhere throughout the
protected areas. These conditions obtained in spite of the fact that in
many of the unprotected areas the mosquito pest was very severe, especially
previous to August.
The approval of the people served has been most satisfactory. The
newspapers have strongly endorsed the effectiveness of the work, many
organizations and individuals have expressed themselves as pleased vidi
the protection which the work has afforded.
It seems yet too early for the increase in taxable values due to success-
ful mosquito control to be discerned.
MOSQUITOES OF THE YEAR
It has occurred to the writer that the best method of giving a picture
of the mosquitoes of the year is to select excerpts from the weekly issue of
the "Mosquito Exterminator."
April 24. "A brood of A, cantator with a few A. sollicitans is on Ac
marshes from Cape May to Jersey City. The wrigglers are growing slowly
and range from very small to nearly full grown. Emergence of such as
are not destroyed may be looked for early in May. Mr. David Young; in-
spector in charge of the work in Passaic Coimty, reports the finding of
A. sylvestris in small numbers."
May I. "Mr. Young, of Passaic County, reports that he is unable to
find any widespread or heavy breeding of A. sylvestris. He has made an
especial study of this matter because he feared the tremendous abundance
of this species late last summer might be followed by a large brood early
in this season." "The brood of wrigglers now on the Atlantic coastal
marshes have made but little growth during the past week and no pupae
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 547
whatever have been reported. The impression seems to be that the size
of the brood on the drained marshes is negligible. No brood can safely
be considered negligible so long as it exists in discoverable numbers in
easy reach of supposedly protected populations. On the undrained marshes
near the upland the breeding among the partially submerged grasses is
heavy and larvae one-fourth of an inch long were on the twenty-seventh
taken in water reading 48° F."
May 30. "The first spring brood of salt-marsh mosquitoes, which began
emerginjr Mav i at Cape May Point and on May 6 in the lower Hacken-
sack Valley, has completed its emergence and apparently reached its maxi-
mum of distribution. It travelled m troublesome niunbers from the salt
marshes of the bay coast at least as far north as Bridgeton and from the
lower Atlantic Coast far into the Pines of Ocean, Burlington, and parts
of Atlantic Counties. It was present in troublesome numbers in various
parts of Cape May County. It is a pleasure to report that the people liv-
inj^ adjacent to the drained marshes of Atlantic, Ocean, Monmouth,
Middlesex, Union, Essex and Hudson Counties were not troubled by this
brood. The trouble experienced near the Belford meadows in Monmouth,
the Cheesequake meadows in Middlesex, the stump lots and Frank Creek
section of the Kearney marshes of Hudson, the Kingsland, Lyndhurst,
Rutherford, and Carlstadt meadows of Bergen was of short duration and
at no time severe. It is of great interest to note that the areas which
showed infestation sufficient to attract attention lay adjacent to or ¥dihin
easy reach of incompletely-drained salt marsh, as shown by the fact that
the Belford meadows are almost without drainage, the Cheesequake
meadows need additional drainapre in certain parts, the Kearney meadows
of Hudson County, especially those portions which lie just west of the
Hackensack River and are known as the "Cedar Stump Lots" need addi-
tional ditching, and that the drainage of the Kingsland, Lyndhurst, Ruther-
ford and Carlstadt marshes is incomplete. Furthermore, the places within
the reach of the partially-drained marsh have been less troubled than by
the corresponding brood of last year, and Passaic County, which last year
was rather severely punished by this brood, is this year reported free
from it It is certainly not without significance that more than 100 miles
of the coast, all of which are in reach of the drained or partially-drained
salt marsh, have been free from mosquitoes or markedly less troubled
than last year, while those parts within reach of the undrained salt marsh
have had mosquitoes abundantly. It is further of great importance to
note that Atlantic City and the shore road to the west of it have not been
troubled and that this portion of the coast lies adjacent to several miles of
drained marsh while huge undrained areas lie both to the north and south
of it. The experience with this and previous broods has demonstrated
that broods of mosquitoes can be eliminated and adequate protection given
by a rather incomplete but vigorously working? systems of drainage when
supplemented by careful oversight, the digging of short supplementary
ditches and the application of a small amount of oil at the right time. It
has further shown that dependence upon drainage systems wiUiout careful
oversight leads to the emergence of serious numbers of mosquitoes, re-
gardless of how complete the drainage system may be. The first step in
the spring is to see that the existing drainage systems are in good work-
ing order, and the work of a repair must be started early enough to have
it completed before the first of May. As the brood approaches maturity,
oil should be placed near bad spots and the remnant of the brood should
be promptly oiled oflF as soon as pupation begins."
June 6. "The second brood of salt-marsh mosquitoes got on the wing
the latter part of last week. Alonjar the Delaware Bay coast the issue was
large enough to be troublesome. Neither Atlantic City nor the^ shore road
lying west of it have been troubled. North of the Mullica River a large
brood escaped and worked its way north and northeast. On Saturday
the entomologist found the northern border of this brood at Bamegat.
He was informed by Mr. Stephen Johnson, who is in charge of the work
in Ocean County, that this brood first appeared at Manahawkin, which
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548 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
lies four miles to the south of Bamegat, on the morning of the same dar)r.
How far this brood will migrate up the bay cannot at this time be told.
It had already flown five miles northward on the drained marsh. From
Bamegat north to Middlesex G^unty this brood appears to be negligible.
In Middlesex, Union, Essex, Bergen and Hudson Counties the same satis-
factory conditions are reported."
July 5. "About the middle of July during each of the past three years
a great brood of the salt-marsh mosquitoes has emerged and invaded terri-
tory, which up to that time had been free from the pest That time Ais
season is now approaching and while our present information does not
show the marshes unusually wet, all persons doing salt-marsh mosquito
control work would do well to keep their areas under especially careful
and close observation. Provisions for the prompt and efficient destruc-
tion of that portion of the brood which the drainage does not eliminate
from the ditched marsh should be made. The fresh-water swamp mosquito
is more troublesome than it has been in any previous year with which wc
are familiar. In many parts of the State, which are without timber and
free from the salt-marsh mosquitoes, it was the first species to appear,
and up to the present has remained the dominant form. The only parallel
of this condition with which we are familiar was seen late last summer
when the fresh- water swamp mosquito bred everywhere in the temporary
pools which were created by the tremendous rainfall of early August Docs
the dominance of this species indicate a change in its habits and a cor-
responding complication of the problem of mosquito control? Whether it
does or not every effort should be made to find and eliminate its breed-
ing places and thus to reduce it at least to its former status."
July 12. "The drained salt marshes are this year drier than they have
been at this period of the year in any of the preceding three seasons. By
this date in previous years a larp^e brood of salt-marsh mosquitoes has
been in course of development. This year the drained marshes show little
breeding. In the course of a meeting of chief inspectors of Passaic, Bergen,
Hudson, Essex, Union and Middlesex, held in Newark on July 10, it de-
veloped that in all these counties the dominant fresh- water mosquito for
the last two months has been the fresh-water swamp species. This bears
out the point made in the last issue of the 'Exterminator* — that the habits
of this well-known species appear to have changed and that it is now
breeding much more generally than was the case in previous years. The
reports submitted at this meeting showed that mosquitoes on the wing at
this time were scarce or absent, and that no complaints of trouble were
being received."
July 18. "The conditions on the drained salt marsh continue good and
no broods of considerable size have anywhere gotten under way. Here
and there a small brood has started and in a few instances a small num-
ber of adults have escaped. The practice of assuming that any part of
a salt marsh where water exists is and will continue free from breeding
is a dangerous one which will sooner or later permit the escape of a brood
of size sufficient to cause serious annoyance. Complete removal of all
stagnant water appears to afford the only real assurance that breeding
will not occur. Water of a stagnant nature which for any reason cannot
be removed should be kept under the most careful scrutiny and the examina-
tions should be both exhaustive and frequent. The fresh- water mosquito
conditions are reported good throughout the protected districts."
July 25. "On Tuesday and Wednesday of last week Dr. Jacob G. Lip-
man, director of the New Jersey Experiment Stations, Mr. Alfred Gaskill,
director of the Department of Conservation and Developrnent, and Dr.
Thomas J. Headlee, entomologist of the New Jersey Experiment Stations
and executive officer in charj^e of mosquito work, made a trip along the
coast from Jersey City to Ocean City for the purpose of observing the
prevalence of mosquitoes.^ At the outset, and before beginning the coastal
trip proper, an examination was made of the northern and northwestern
Sarts of Union and Essex Counties, southern Bergen and eastern Hudson,
fosquito conditions were determined by daylight collections. All collec-
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 549
tions were five minutes in length and were made in shady places in the
midst of bushes or high weeds. Speaking generally, few or no mosquitoes
whatever were taken nat any station until Barnegat was reached. The
largest collection previous to that point was taken at Forked River where
five specimens were secured. The next to the largest was found in Wee-
quahic Park where four were caught. The most significant thing in the
collections was the absence of the dominant form of salt-marsh mosquito,
the white-marked variety. When the undrained marshes were reached there
was an obvious increase in the mosquitoes, but there was not that over-
whelming onset which usually marks the transition from drained to un-
drained marsh. The reader will remember that in the two last issues of
the 'Exterminator' mention was made of the absence of the usual heavy
brood of wrigglers in early July and that the conditions of the marsh were
whatever were taken at any station until Barnegat was reached. The
experience of this trip shows beyond question that no general brood issued
during the middle of July. The recent tides have been hi^ and accom-
panied by storms, and at several points local salt-marsh broods are de-
veloping. The fresh-water mosquito control is at present very good
although many of the improtected sections of the State are suffering
severely from the house mosquito. The time of the mosquito fighters trial
is at hand. Practically all pools of whatever nature are warm enough
to breed and the mosquito can complete its development in the minimum
time. Only the most vigilant can hope to cope adequately with the
mosquito pest at this time of the year."
August J. "We are gravely informed by an editorial writer in a recent
issue of the *New York Evening Post' that the mosquito pest has invaded
New York City and has not been satisfied with attacking persons who
live on or near the ground, but has appeared in places as high as the twenty-
ninth floor, that although science has turned her hand to the job of
mosquito extermination the beast is still unconquered and the coming of
the fearless knight who shall slay the pest is eagerly awaited by the tor-
tured ones. Thus able writer says that Dr. Doty almost conquered the
mosquito in Staten Island and that Dr. Howard had done a good deal
toward reducing the pest. In New Jersey within 50 miles of the editorial
office from which these 'facts' emerged live fully a million people whose
homes border on the salt marshes of Newark Bay and the Hackensack
River, the home of the 'Jersey bird,' from which, by the way, according to
metropolitan newspaper opinion, formerly came New York City's supply of
mosquitoes. Thousands of these people are occupying their unscreened
porches every pleasant evening without being troubled by mosquitoes and
bcttef still occupying their sleeping rooms without disturbance. With the
exception of a few limited localities the hundreds of thousands of people
in this area have experienced a relief from the pest which they characterize
as a wonderful improvement Shortly after the mosquito pest appeared
this season in New York City, one evening a gentleman whom the writer
knows well was crossing the Hudson from New York to the Jersey side.
The mosquitoes were bad in the ferry boat slip on the New York side and
the passengers were slapping them energetically. In the midst of the tur-
ii.v.ii a voice suddenly said 'wait till we get across to Jersey, then we will
get away from the mosquitoes. We used to have them over there but
now we don't.' These facts not to mention the more than one hundred
miles of marsh-bordered coast which is under patrol and the summer resorts
that have been freed of mosquitoes, are overlooked by the Post's editorial
writer. Why should a great newspaper constitute itself a bureau of mis-
information? The first of August is here and no great brood of mosquitoes
has emerged from the drained marshes yet. About ten days ago the un-
drained marshes of New Jersey and of Long Island gave off a tremendous
brood of the white-marked salt-marsh mosquito and all the upland within
reach has been flooded. The record of the partly-drained marsh has again
shown that the only safe drainage is that which eliminates all stagnant
water. All standing water on the marsh is potentially dangerous."
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550 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
August 9. "At the meeting of the chief inspectors of Hudson, Berg^en,
Passaic, and Union Counties held in Newark, at 2:00 P. M. yesterday it
was shown that the month of July and the early part of August had passed
without serious mosquito trouble. Breeding in both fresh and salt water
was reported wherever water had stagnated and the general impression
was given that breeding during the latter part of July and early August
had been hard to overcome."
August 15, "The tides have been running high and many of the salt
meadows are wet. A brood of the white-marked salt-marsh mosquitoes
{A. solicitans) has hatched and is developing. Present reports do not
show the extent of the marsh involved but do indicate that it is sufficientnly
large to warrant the sharpest attention by all persons charged vnih the
duty of controlling salt-marsh breeding. The temperatures are high and
but little more than a week will suffice for the pest to pass from hatching
of egg to winged mosquito. The recent dry weather has dried up many
breemng pools but has reduced the brooks and permanent pools to a place
where they are breeding. The work of controlling the swamp mosquito,
the house mosquito and the malarial mosquito will admit of no relaxa-
tion. Mr. David Young, inspector in charge for the Passaic Coimty
Mosquito Commission, reports the breeding of the swamp mosquito {A.
sylvestris) in the sewage-polluted water of the Passaic River above the
dam. Tlus record was made by collecting the larvse and breeding out the
adults."
August 22, "The Augfust brood of salt-marsh mosquitoes is on the
wing, and again the drained and patrolled marshes have stood the test
The reports from different counties, which are due the latter part of this
week, will reveal in detail the nature of this issue of mosquitoes. Mr.
Leslie, chief inspector of the Bergen County commission, reported on
August 18 substantially as follows: Collections, even when made along the
edge of the meadow, show a marked scarcity of A, cantator (the brovm
salt-marsh mosquito), and Mr. Kraft, who lives in the meadows beside the
Paterson Plank Roao, reports but few mosquitoes about his house. Speak-
ing generally the collections show some sylvestris (the fresh- water swamp
mosquito) and a few pipiens (the house mosquito). In Englewood,
Tenafly, Ridgewood, Bogota, and Leonia we find mosquitoes on the wing
to be very scarce indeed. During the present season the only places whicn
have even at times had serious trouble with mosquitoes are Hasbrouck
Heights, Woodbridge, Carlstadt and certain parts of Hawor^ and of
Hadcensack. The collections from Union and Essex Counties with which
the writer is familiar, show that the salt-marsh species have been reduced
to a point where they are nowhere abundant. They also show that the
fresh-water swamp mosquito is the dominant species and that pipiens are
scarce. Both Mr. Gies and Mr. Dobbins report that the number of
mosquitoes on the wing is small enough to render this the best year they
have thus far had in their respective counties of Union and Essex. Mr.
Young, of Passaic County, reports a very satisfactory freedom from mos-
quitoes in the protected parts of his county, and the results of his collec-
tions, which the entomologist has the privilege of seeing, bear out his state-
ments. The people of Paterson and Passaic are to be congratulated on the
freedom from the mosquito pest which thus far this season has been theirs
and should give Mr. Young the credit which is due him. Mr. Paterson
reports the control of salt-marsh mosquitoes in Middlesex County as thus
far good, but not entirely complete on every part of the marsh. Mr. Van
Note, of Monmouth County, reports in much the same strain as Mr. Pater-
son. He points especially to the absolute control obtained on the Shrews-
berry River. Mr. Johnson, of Ocean Count\', reports mosquitoes in large
numbers as far north at Barnegat, and in steadily diminishing numbers as
far north as Toms River. Between Toms River and Point Pleasant he
reports very satisfactory control. Mr. Reiley, acting chief inspector of
Atlantic Coimty, said under date of August 18: 'The entire inspected area
of the county is practically free of pipiens' (the house mosquito). 'We
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 551
still have a few of the salt-marsh brood of three weeks ago and expect a
large issue from the undrained marshes between Uie nineteenth and twenty-
first Taken as a whole, Atlantic County for the time of year has never
been in better condition regarding mosquitoes.' Mr. Beckwith, in describ-
ing a collecting trip from Cape May City to Woodbine, said: 'Every time
after leaving the coast I stopped the motorcycle to make a collection, sol-
licitans' (the white-marked salt-marsh mosquito) *came about my head in
clouds.' •'
In the undraind marshes of South Jersey a vicious brood emerged dur-
ing September and a small one during October. On the drained marshes
the issue was so small as to be completely negligible.
AID EXTENDED TO ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONS
In the course of the year the entonwlogist has made 80 trips relating to
mosquito work, involving the giving of about 93 days of time ; has prepared
and mailed the "Mosquito Exterminator/' and has served the New Jersey
Mosquito Extermination Association as secretary.
Mr. Charles S. Beckwith, assistant entomologist, has served as engineer
in charge of the drainage work of the Cape May County Mosquito Com»-
mission during the present season and acted as advisor in mosquito-control
niatters to various boards of health in that county.
Last fall one year ago the Cape May City Board of Health requested the
entomologist to furnish a plan for the control of local breeding mosquitoes.
An investigation of conditions was made and a detailed report of breeding
places prepared and submitted. Based on this report, the following recom-
ncKndations were given:
There should be a house-to-house inspection made in West Cape May once
every lo days, and, as there is no sewer system in West Cape May, C. pipiens
will be found breeding in unsealed cesspools. These should be oiled about
once every lo days. There will be found a number of out-houses, which
should be oiled in the same way. The rain-water barrels and other recep-
tacles found should be done away with entirely, or oiled once every lo days
during the mosquito-breeding season.
As you will see from the foregoing, there is evidently a considerable amount
of opportunity for mosquito breeding withih the limits of Cape May City,
West Cape May and Cape May Point, and that the boards of health con-
cerned could do a great deal of excellent work in protecting the people from
nwsquitocs that are bred right at home. Of course, the large marsh men-
tioned by Mr. Henry Brehme, lying between Cape May City and Cape May
Point, has already been taken care of. The report is intended to point out
the main lines along which a local mosquito campaign should be run. I am
not convinced that the putting on of a thorough house-to-house canvass for
the control of local breeding is the best policy for the present year, because
the collections thus far made in Cape May City indicate that the principal
nwsquito is the salt-marsh variety. On the other hand, if the people were
troubled by mosquitoes in their bedrooms, it is likely that a campaign against
the house species would result in affording speedy relief. All things con-
sidered, I suspect that the best plan would be for the Board of Health to
undertake the permanent elimination of as large a proportion of these
breeding places as possible, and to spend the minimum amount of money
on the control of breeding in cesspools, privies, lot pools and sewer catch
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552 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
basins. I should think that proceedings taken under the DuflSeld amend-
ment to the general health laws for the year 1904 should enable the board
to bring about the elimination of most of these minor permanent breeding
places at the expense of the property owners.
On August 8, 1916, on request of the Board of Health of Avalon, the
entomologist, accompanied by Mr. Beckwith, examined the mosquito-breeding
conditions in that borough, and submitted the following report:
"At your request, I am submitting to you a statement of the results of
the inspection made recently. Two places on the beach front were first
examined. One on the beach just at the Casino, and the other along the
shore of the Inlet, between Mr. Runk's place and the railroad.
**In the first instance, shallow ditches had been cut in such a fashion as
to draw the water into certain sand pits near the beach. When the area
was examined, it was obvious that the outlet ditch had not been properly
graded, or had filled up, for water was standing in the ditches at the center
of the area and the lower end of the outlet ditch was dry. I would suggest
regrading of the outlet ditch. Mr. Hall's man informs me that he examines
this area once every week, and whenever wrigglers are found in the water,
promptly oils the surface of the ditches. Until this area can be filled, I am
inclined to think that this is the best plan.
"In the second area a system of shallow ditches has been cut. Here the
grading of the outlet ditch is not satisfactory, for, while the ditches were
all dry yesterday, in many places in the upper course the bottoms were a
greenish-brown, indicating unmistakably that water had stood in them long
enough for a heavy growth of algae to take place. When the water finally
dried up, this growth of algae was left on the ditch bottom, and soon assumed
the color mentioned. I would suggest that a good outlet ditch, extending
well up into the area, be cut, of sufficient depth that the tide will ebb and
fall in it from one end to the other, and that the water will run from it
into this central ditch. This central ditch will furnish the area with an
abundance of killifish, which will ordinarily make it unnecessary to use oil
It was suggested by an employee of Mr. HialFs that a central sump, or hole,
be dug. that all drainage of this area be turned into it, and that the water
be pumped out over the beach as often as accumulated. This plan, if car-
ried out completely, would, undoubtedly, be successful; but, entirely aside
from the question of expense, the human factor in starting the pumps at
the right time is large, and the chances are that the area would produce
mosquitoes before the water was removed. Under the other plan, so long
as the ditches are kept open, nature takes care of the situation and acts when
action is needed.
"Several small lot areas, something like three or four, were examined in
the upper portion of the boroujcrh. In no case was there any indication
that drainage was practicable. Fillintr seemed to be the only real remedy.
Oiling at regular lo-day intervals throughout the breeding season until
such filling is done should prevent breeding.
"An area located in the woodland just south of the sewage disposal plant
was considered, and I am informed the level of the bottom of this depression
is naturally lower than the outlet which is provided. I am also informed
that ordinary high tide is sufficient to penetrate the culvert opening under
the roadway. Now, if this is true, it seems to me it would be well to lower
the level of the outlet ditch until high-tide water can be sent strongly in tfie
said depression, in order that killifish may be brought in and roosqmW
larvse destroyed. This would probably take care of the situation until such
time as the area is filled.
"We then went south on the roadway until we came to a truck growers
home, below which there seemed to be a little improvement on the sand
strip. Here I noted a considerable number of enclosed pockets, apparently
depressions, between the sand dunes, one of which just dried up, and, in dry-
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 553
ing up, had apparentiy given off a brood of mosquitoes. I have no doubt that
a considerable number of these pockets exist south of this point. Breeding in
such places can be prevented only by the use of oil until such time as Siey
can be drained or filled.
"It might be well to have a board of health inspector charged with the
duty of looking after these and other permanent breeding places and see that
they are oiled whenever breeding occurs in them.
"We then drove south on the new Stone Harbor-Avalon road, and noted
that the road builder had cut off a good many natural drains and had pro-
vided little passageway for the water to escape. I saw one culvert, and it
seems to me more should be put in. I am inclined to think that the cutting
off of these natural drains will make it necessary to establish an artificial
drainage system, such as might be brought about by cutting a 20-inch ditch,
30 inches deep, about half way between the sand dimes and the roadway, and
connecting the same with culverts underneath the roadway. It is, or course,
assumed that the culverts will be placed at points where the natural drains
lead off into the thoroughfares, and that they will be set sufficiently low to
take care of the water at low tide.
"In closing this brief report, we desire to congratulate the Borough of
Avalon on the small amount of breeding places found on and along the sand
strip. The amount of filling done is enormous, and most of the worst places
have been eliminated by it.
"Of course, the Borough of Avalon can never hope to be free from occa-
sional heavy infestations by the mosquitoes which breed on the marshes
until the west and southwest are drained.
"I presume that you are aware that nearly $15,000 worth of salt-marsh
drainage will have been done in Cape May County by the time the mosquitoes
fly next year. This is, however, only a beginning, for approximately $100,000
will be required before the marshes of Cape May County can be adequately
taken care of."
THE MOSQUITO EXTERMINATOR
For the purpose of keeping all persons in the State who are vitally inter-
ested in mosquito-control work informed in the prog^ress of the work, and
to form a clearing house for mosquito-control information in general, the
entomologist this year prepared and issued each week a circular under the
title of "The Mosquito Exterminator." All told, 22 numbers have been
issued and mailed to all members of the State association and such others
as indicated a desire for them. The mailing list began on April 24, with 257
names, and closed with 435.
THE NEW JERSEY MOSQUITO EXTERMINATION ASSOCIATION
This association was formed nearly four years ago, has held three annual
meetings and published an account of the proceedings in each case. The
program for the fourth annual meeting is now being made up. The first
year's proceedings had 92 pages, the second 136, and the third 159. The
nature of the association and its purposes are well shown in the following
constitution :
Article i. The name of this organization shall be the New Jersey Mosquito
Extermination Association.
Article 2. The purpose of this association shall be the advancement of the
cause of mosquito extermination in New Jersey.
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554 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Article 3. The oflficcrs shall be a president, first vice-president, second
vice-president and secretary-treasureer.
There shall also be an executive committee, composed of the oflfccrs ex
officio and four members selected at large. These officers shall be elected
annually at the regular annual meeting or convention of the Association.
A nominating committee of three, appointed by the executive committee,
shall propose the names of candidates for the officees and of the four mem-
bers at large of the executive committee, and shall also present such otfier
names as are offered by petition signed by five members of the Association.
Such names as are presented by petition must be in the hands of the nominat-
ing committee 10 days before the regular annual meeting. A majority vote
of the membership present shall be sufficient to elect
Article 4. This Association shall hold one regular annual meeting and
such special meetings at such tinies and places as Shall be selected ^ the
executive comnvittee.
Article 5- Membership in this Association shall consist of County Mos-
quito Extermination Commissions, Boards of Health, Boards of Trade, vari-
ous civic organizations, or members of these organizations, and of persons
connected with them, and of such other persons as may be interested in the
work of mosquito extermination.
Article 6. Any of the organizations or persons mentioned in Article 5 may
become men^rs of this Association on making application, without payment
of dues or assessments.
Article 7. The expenses of this Association shall be met annually by a
pro rata apportionment to all the active County Mosquito Extermination
Commissioners in the State.
Article 8. This Constitution may be amended at any regular meeting by
a two-thirds vote of the members present.
The present membership is 257.
LARVICIDE8
A certain amount of time was given to the testing of various substances
as larvicides. In the main the study was limited to such substances of J
mineral or organic nature which the cost and recognized properties indicated
might form larvicide.
NaCl and CaCU. The work on these substances confirmed the results
obtained by Chidester* and showed that the amount necessary (NaG and
CaCla) was such as to render the use of either impracticable from the stand-
point of cost.
NaOH. The resistance of fully-grown larvse of A. canfator and A. sollicf
fans to NaOH was determined by adding it to creek water (2.9 per cent
salinity) in doses ranging from o.oooi gm. to 0.2 gm. per l.ooo c.c. Two-
tenths gm. had killed everything in 3 days. Another test, in the course of
which tap water was substituted for the creek water, was then set up with
amounts of NaOH ranging from 0.5 gm. to 20 gm. per 1,000 c.c. In two days
some killing was visible in the i-gm. solution, more in the 5-gm., and com-
plete killing in the 20-gm. A brown precipitate appeared in all jars frow
o.T gm. up.
Sodium sulfo carbonate. CThis is a commercial article and not C P."
was prepared by the Dow Chemical Co.). It was used in testing the resist-
ance of fully-grown larvae of A. canfator and A, soUicitans in tap water to
strength ranging from i to 3 c.c. of the material to 100 c.c. of water. In two
days the larvae had transformed to pupse and some adults had emerged.
Borax. (This is marked refined, and furnished by Eimer and Amend.) The
resistance of 2 to 4-mm. C. pipiens larvae to borax in tap water, in amonnts
ranging from 3.5 to 20 gm. to 1,000 c.c, was tested. In the first six days the
> Chidestcr. F. E., N. J. A gr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 29Q.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 555
larvae seemed to be quite normal. The charge was then increased so that
the amounts ranged from 30 to 50 gm. In two days more everything seemed
nortnal. Two days later the charge was in every case increased to 100 gm.
In one day more there were no changes.
Capper sulfate. The resistance of 2 to 4 mm. larvae of C pipiens to cop-
per sulphate in tap water ranging from i to 20 gnu per 1000 c.c. was tested.
In one day all in 20 gm. were dead, and most of those in 10 gnv had suc-
cumbed. In one day more all in 10 gm. and all in 5 gnu were dead. In one
day more all in i gm. were dead. The doseage for killing in 48 hours
seems to be 5 gm. to 1,000 c.c.
Iron sulfate. (This is the American Steel and Wire product.) The re-
sistance of 2 to 5 mm. larvae of A. sollicitans to iron sulfate in tap water,
using amounts ranging from 2.5 to 50 gm. per 1,000 c.c, was tested. Two
days later all were dead in the 50-gm. solution, but all in weaker strengths
were alive.
Pyrethrum, The resistance of C. pipiens larvae ranging from 3 to 6 mm. in
length, by placing amounts ranging from i to 10 gm. to 100 c.c. of tap water,
was tested. The mixture was allowed to stand over night and 25 specimens
placed in each jar the following morning. In one day all were dead in the
tested jars. The same process was then repeated by using strengths ranging
from I gm. to 2,000 c.c. down to i gm. to 10,000 c.c. In two days all larvae
were dead. The test was then turned around, and jars in which the larvae
had been placed in tap water were treated with a water extract of pyrethrum
at strength ranging from 7 gm, to 3,000 c.c. to i gm. to 20,000 c.c. In one day
all were dead in the i to 2,000 c.c. In two days an were dead in i to 3,000. In
three days all were dead in i to 20,000.
Nicotine, The resistance of 5-min. larvae of A. sollicitans to 40 per cent
nicotine in tap water at strength ranging from i c.c. to 1,000 c.c. to i c.c. to
40,000 cc, was tested. In one day all larvae were dead in i to 10,000 or
grreater. Also, the resistance of 2 to 4 mm. larvae of C. pipiens to nicotine, in
tap water, was tested, at strengths varying from i cc. to 30,000 cc. to i cc.
to 60,000 cc In 2 days all were dead in i to 40,000, and in 4 days all were
dead in i to 60,000.
Quassia, A water extract of quassia was prepared by macerating 50 gm. of
quassia chips in So cc of distilled water. The resistance of 2 to 4 mm. larvae
of C. pipiens to quassia, in tap water varying from i cc. to 1,000 cc. to 50 c.c.
to 1,000 cc, was tested. In two days all were dead in 501 cc. to 1,000 cc. In
three days no further killing was visible.
Hellebore. The resistance of 2 to 4 mm. larvae of C. pipiens to hellebore, in
strengths ranging from 6 to 40 gm. to 1,000 cc of tap water, was tested.
Eight hours before the larvae were introduced, the hellebore was placed
in the water and thoroughly mixed with it. In two days all were dead in
the 40 to 1,000. In three days a few were dead in the 30 to 1,000. In
eight days all were dead.
Ginger. The resistance of 2 to 4 mm. larvae of C. pipiens to ginger, in
strength ranging from 0.5 to 5 gm^ per 1,000 cc tap water, was tested. In
T day all were dead in 5 to 1,000, and most of the specimens were dead in
2 to i.ooo. In two days all were dead.
Pyroligneous acid. (This is the purified product made by the Malhn-
kodt Chemical Works.) The resistance of 2 to 4 mm. larvae of C. pipiens
to pyroligneous acid in tap water at strenjfth varying from i cc. to 1,000
c.c. to I c.c. to 40,000 c.c. was tested. At the end of 6 days all were alive.
The dose was then increased i to 500, and in 2 days later all were alive.
Carbo-sul. This is a commercial preparation. It is an emulsified carbon
disulfiide. The resistance of fully-grown lar\'ae and some pupae of A. can-
tator and A. sollicitans to carbo-sul was tested in tap water at strengths
varying from 3 cc to 100 cc to i cc to 1,000 cc. In one day all larvae
in 3 to TOO were killed. The pupae gave up adults which died before they
could take wing. The weakest strength killed a few larvae in 36 hours.
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556 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Pyridine. (This is the technical from Eimer and Amend.) The resist-
ance of fully-grown larva and some pupae of A, cantator, A. sollicitans,
and C. salanarius to pyridine in tap water was tested, at strengths varying
from o.ooooi ex. to i,ooo c.c. to 0.2 c.c. to 1,000 c.c. In one day all were
dead in 0.2 to 1,000. In two days some were dead in o.i to i,0Q0. In the
latter strength some of the pupae gave up adults which, however, perished
before they could take wing.
Cresol. (This is U. S. P. from Eimer and Amend.) The resistance
of 2 to 4 mm. C. pipiens larvae to cresol in tap water at strengths varying
I c.c. to 8,000 c.c. to I c.c. to 50,000 c.c. was tested. In one day all were
dead in i to 30,000 and greater strengths. In two days all were dead in
I to 50,000.
Lysol. (This is a commercial product manufactured -by Leher and
Fink.) The resistance of 2 to 4 mm. C. pipiens larvae to ly^ol in tap water
in strengths varying from/ i c.c. to 8,000 c.c. to i c.c. to 50,000 c.c. was
tested. In one day all were dead in i to 40,000.
Phenol. (This is 100 per cent crude carbolic acid furnished by Eimer
and Amend.) The resistance of C. pipiens larvae 2 to 4 mm. long to phenol
was tested in tap water at strength varying from i c.c. to 1,000 c.c. to i ex.
to 40,000 c.c. In two days all were dead in i to 20,000 and in greater
strengths. In four days all were dead in i to 30,000.
^Mixture of 10 c.c. pyridine, 10 c.c. xylol, and rosin to make 2$ c.c. The
resistance of 2 to 4 mm. larvae of C. pipiens to this mixture in tap water in
strengths varying from i c.c. to 20.000 c.c. to i c.c. to 50,000 cc. was tested.
In one day all were dead in i to 40,000. This experiment was repeated
under the same conditions with the same species of larvae, and in two
days all were dead in the i to 50,000.
Standard Oil samples. During the winter of 191 5 the writer requested
the Standard Oil Company to prepare an oil which would give good spread-
ing power with strong staying ability. The company responded with three
samples. No. i and No. 2 of which were black in color, while No. 3 was a
straw yellow. On February 24, 191 5, the writer selected three glass dishes,
filled to the same height with distilled water. Each dish had about 70
square inches of water surface. Each was treated with 5 c.c. of oil The
first received its supply from Sample I, the second from Sample 2, and the
third from Sample 3. Thirty-one days later the oil film of No. 3 was com-
plete, while on both No. i and No. 2 it was broken. Three large glass
dishes were then prepared, filled to the same height with water, and
each made the recipient of 50 or more 2 mm. larvae of C. pipiens. Oil was
introduced at the rate of 3 c.c. to the square foot. The first was treated
with sample No. i, the second with No. 2, and the third with No. 3. One
day later 8 larvae were alive in No. i, 10 in No. 2, and o in No. 3.
A test of the lasting power of some of the more promising substances
was arranged Seven wooden wash-tubs were arranged in 3 pairs and a
chock. One series was filled about half full of red shale soil.
It thus appears that none of the mixtures tried in the above experiment
persist to a satisfactory extent, and that the best from that standpoint is
Standard Oil sample No. 3.
It is easy to find substances that will kill mosquito larvae very quickly,
but to get one that will remain effective over a long period seems attended
with difficulties. All tubs were filled to the same height with water. The
tubs were allowed to stand until larvae of C. pipiens appeared in each.
Pair No. i was then treated with a proprietary substance, known as Khan's
mixture, at the rate of 10 gms. to the gallon of water. Pair No. 2 was
treated with Standard Oil sample No. 3 at the rate of 1.5 cc to the gallon.
Pair No. 3 with pyridine at the rate of 1.5 c.c. to the gallon. Pair No. 4 with
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
557
the mixture pyridine, xylol and rosin at the rate of 1.5 c.c to the gallon.
The tubs were left outdoors throughout the experiment The results are
set forth in Table XV.
Table XV
Results of Experiment with Samples of Oil as Larvlcides
DATE
No. 1 Khan's
Mixture
No. 2
Standard
oa No. 3
No. 8
Pyridine
No. 4
Pyddin &
Xylol & Rosin
No. 5
No Treatment
9/4
Bxperlment a
et np.
9/5,
All aUve
All alive
All dead ex-
cept pupae
All dead ex-
cept pupae
All alive
9/e
Few dead
Few dead
AU dead
All dead
All a&lve
9/7,
All dead
AU dead " "
" .'*
9/10
•• •*
•• •» C. living plpiens
1 preaent
C. living plpiens
present
9/11
.. ..
" ..
.. ..
9/12
C. llTing plpiens
preaent
•• *•
*• *•
9/lS
" ••
.. ..
t* ••
9/14
.. M
C. Uvlng plplena
preaent
«4 ••
9/16
.. ..
.. ..
CONCLUSIONS
The four contracts between the State and various contractors for salt-
marsh ditching, which were executed but not finished last year, have been
satisfactorily completed this year, with a total of 745.105 linear feet of narrow
ditching.
The counties have cleaned thoroughly 500,000 linear feet of ditching, and
removed obstructions throughout all the drainage systems to keep them in
working order. The counties have cut 2,543,713 linear feet of new 10 x 30-inch
ditching or its equivalent on the salt marsh. They have patrolled 95,000 acres
of salt marsh (covering a coast line of 125 miles), have patrolled 315.000
acres of upland, and have afforded a good measure of protection to one and
three-fourths millions of people.
The investigation of larvicides, which included a test of substances con-
sisting of metal salts, drugs and more or less pure organic chemicals, shows
that while a number of compounds that would destroy mosquito larvae were
found, none had the ability to remain effective for more than a limited
period after the application was made.
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REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF ENTOMOLOGY
(425)
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Department of Entomology
Thomas J. Hiqadlee, Ph.D., Entomologist
♦Charles S. Beckwith, B.Sc, Assistant Entomologist
Alvah Peterson, Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist
Augusta E. Meske, Stenographer and Clerk,
*On State Station.
CONTENTS
PAGB
Introductory 427
Insect Correspondence 427
Insects of the Year 4S6
Orchard Plant Lice 437
Plum Curcuuo 437
Potato Flea Beetle 438
Cabbage Worms 438
June Bugs 488
Rose Bug 439
Vegetable Plant Lice 439
Tussock Moths ...- 439
Chrysanthemum Midge 440
The Rose Typophorus 440
Recently Introduced Foreign Insects 440
Insect Scouting 442
Climate and Insect Investigations 442
' Atmospheric Humidity and the Augoumois Grain
Moth 443
A Further Test of the Effect op Atmospheric Moisture
Upon the Bean Weevil. 444
Conclusions 445
Orchard Insect Investigations 44^
Pear Psylla 446
Peach Tree Borer 449
Eggs 459
Summary ^ 463
Small Fruit Insect Investigations 464
S^TRAWBERRY WEEVIL 464
Orchard Plant Lice 464
Rose Bug 465
Vegetable Insect Investigations 465
Bean Maggot ,..^ 465
Greenhouse Insect Investigations 467
The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas for Greenhouse
Fumigation ^ 467
Soil-Infesting Insect Investigations 469
Laboratory and Field Experiments With Sodium Cyanide
AND Other Chemicals Against Wireworms In the Soil 469
House-Fly Investigations 479
Fly Control at Beach Haven, New Jersey 479
Report on Mosquito Work 485
(426)
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Report of the
Department of Entomology
Thomas J. Headlee, Ph.D.
INTRODUCTION
The attention of the entomologist has this year been devoted to :
(i) the dissemination of information about injurious insects
through the medium of letters to persons who have written request-
ing help; (2) the dissemination of timely information on the nature
of and the methods to be used in combating specific insects which
were this year sufficiently abundant to do large harm; (3) the
prosecution of investigations on lines later to be described; (4)
the prosecution of the work of mosquito control.
The personnel of the staflf has not changed except that an addi-
tional stenographer has been employed.
INSECT CORRESPONDENCE
Besides advice of a general sort information concerning at least
171 different species of mites and insects has been requested.
(427)
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428
NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
ABACHMIDA
Latin Nam«
Bryobia pratenses Qarman..
Brlophyes pyri Pffst
" quadripes Shlmer
Tetranychus bimaoulatus Harv.
Trombidium xnuscarlum. . .
Tyroflrlyphus lintneri Osb .
Common Name
Clover mite
Pear-leaf blister mite.
Maple mite .
Red spider. .
Harvest mite...
Mushroom mite.
Bud mites.
IXMsality
Elizabeth
Barleiffh Heights. Md.
Montclair
Paterson
NelsonvHle
Mantua
New Brunswick
Keansburff
Mt. Holly
Trenton
SomervUle
Hackenaaek
Date
ICar. IS.
ICar. 19.
June S.
June SS.
June 27.
Aug. 8.
Aug. 16.
Sept 12.
Oct. 6.
Dec 6. '1«.
Jan. 7.
July JB.
INSBCTA
ThyMMiiir»
L^plsma saccharina Linn Silver fish La Gloria, Cuba .
Thrips sp..
Aleyrodes packardl, Morr.
Thrips Pensauken
Hommitera
Strawberry White fly.
Nov. 7, 'li.
. July 1«.
vaporariorum Westa.
Aphis brassicae Linn .
gossypl Qlover.
pomi DeQ
Oreenhouse
Cabbage aphis....
Melon aphis
Green apple aphis.
pseudobrassicsB Davis .. i False cabbage aphis.
setarisB Thos.
sorbi Kalt...
Aphididn
Rusty plum louse.
Rosy apple aphis..
Montclair .'
Summit
Princeton
Clinton
Sea Bright
Morristown
Quinton
B. Rutherford
Washington
New Brunswick. . . .
Haokensack
Lyndhurst
Allendale
Haddonfleld
Bgg Harbor
B. Rutherford .....
Matawah
S. Orange
Plant lice i Haddon Hts
eggs I MerchantviUe
, I Dunellen
Belle Mead
! Tenafly
! Barleigh Hts.. Md .
, I Riverton
; Maplewood
t Caldwell
' Bound Brook
, Long Branch
1 Hackensack
I Pocono, Pa.
I Louisville. Ky
I Westfleld
I Allentown
Riverton
Bloomfleld
Paterson
Plalnfleld
Port Richmond, N.
Rahway
Plalnfleld
Rldgewood
Bound Brook
Bound Brook
Ramsey
Rldgewood
RiegelsviUe
W. Bnglewood
Madison
Aug.
Aug.
Nov.
Jan.
Sept
Sept
Sept
Sept
Oct
Dec.
Apr.
July
Aug.
Nov.
Oct
Sept
June
June
Nov.
Feb.
Mar.
Mar.
Mar.
Mar.
Apr.
May
May
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
•II.
1«.
4.
8.
t.
11
SO.
20.
28.
SO.
21. 'It
4.
7.
84.
11, '16.
4.
S8.
10.
20, '16.
31. 'li
S.
s.
SI.
SI.
so.
so.
S6.
S8.
f.
7.
7.
14.
SS.
ss.
S6.
so.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
7.
7.
f.
t.
i.
f.
f.
f.
18.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
429
HOMOPTBBA— Continued
Latin Nam«
Aphidlde
Common Name
Plant lice
Aplirophora paraliela Bay
AapldlotM hedene Vail
" pemiciosus Conurt..
▲ulacaipia roM» Bouche
Frog hoppers...
Oleander Scale . .
San Jose Scale .
Rose Scale
LK>oality
New York City.
Westfleld
New York City.
Paterson
Allendale
No. Hampton . . .
Ramsey
Rutherford
Berarenfleld . . . .
Bound Brook...
Hahwah
Somenrille
Westfleld
Bloomsbury
Lyndhurst
North Bergen . . .
Paterson
Wyckoff
Hohokus
NuUey
New Helford
Waldwick
Westwood
Paterson
Union
Hanover
Iffadlson
Nauffhrierht
Newton
Paterso«i
Ridffewood
Blue Anchor. . .
Caldwell
Blberon
Summit
Verona
Newark
Woodbridge . . .
Newark
Morris Plains...
Newark
Bound Brook...
Caldwell
Denvllle
Elizabeth
Perth Amboy...
Ridgefleld Park.
Andover
Blizabeth
Qlen Ridge
Garwood
Irvington
Rahway
Elmer
New York City.
Roselle Park...
Bast Orange....
Matawan
New Brunswick,
New York City.
Parlln
New York City.
Flndeme
Clayton
Jersey City
Arlington
Rahway
Asbury Park....
Bemardsville
Princeton
LaCrosse. Wis..
Metuchen
Iffontclair
Date
July 10.
July 10.
July 10.
July 10.
July 11.
July 11.
July 11.
July 11.
July 12.
July 12.
July 12.
July 12.
July 12.
July IS.
July IS.
July IS.
July IS.
July IS.
July 14.
July 14.
July 14.
July 14.
July 14.
July 16.
July 16.
July 17.
July 17.
July 17.
July 17.
July 17.
July 17.
July 18.
July 18.
July 18.
July 18.
July 18.
July 19.
July 10.
July 10.
July 19.
July 19.
July 19.
July 20.
July 20.
July 20.
July 20.
July 20.
July 20.
July 2S.
July 28.
July 28.
July 28.
July 28.
July 28.
July 24.
July 24.
July 24.
July 26.
July 26.
July 26.
July 26.
July 26.
July 27.
July 28.
July 29.
July 80.
July 81.
Aug. 8.
Aug. 4.
Aug. 4.
June 28.
May 2.
Oct. 19.
May 17.
Digiti
ized by Google
430
NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
HOMOPTEJRA— Continued
Latin Name
Ceresa bubalus Fab
Chermaphli abi«tiooIens Thos.
plnicortls Fitch.
Chionaspis euonymi Comst. .
pinifolifle Fitch
Chx78omphalu0 aonidum Linn
Coccide
Coccus hesp^ridum Linn
Bulocanium nigrofasciatum
Berg.
quercicltronia Fitch
tullpiferse Cook.
Ja88id» Sp
Lachnufl sp
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn
Longistigma caryoe Harr
Myzus libis Linn
Nectarophora pisi Kalt
Phenacoccus acericola Kinsr. .
Phyllocoptis phloescoptis Nal .
Pseudococcua sp
Psylla buxi Linn
•• pyrioola Forst
Pulvinaria acericola Walsh &
Riley
" . innumerabills " "
Salssetla hemlspherica Tarer.
Schizoneura lanigera Hausm.
Tibicen septendedm Linn.
Typhlocyba comes Say
Common Name
Buffalo tree hopper
Spruce gall louse
Pine bark louse.
Buonymous Scale
Pine -leaf Scale.
Circular Scale..
Soft scale
Soft Brown Scale
Teil-apln Scale..
Soft Scale
Tulip soft scale.
Leaf hopper. .
Oyster-shell scale
Plant louse
Currant aphis. ..
Qreen pea aphis
Maple false scale
Plum gall
Mealy bug
Box psylla
Pear psylla
Cottony maple scale
Hemispherical scale
Woolly apple louse
17-year locust...
Orape leaf hopper
Locality
Barleigh Hts.* Md
BemardsTllle ,
Kingston
CaldweU
Ridgewood
Maplewood
Coloeme ,
New York City ,
Princeton ,
Plainneld
Elizabeth
Mt. Bphraim «....,
Somerville
Rutherford . . .
Hackensack . . .
Hackensack . . .
Lacrosse, Wis..
Date
Mar. 80.
Apr. S.
Dec. a, '16.
June 21.
Aug. 6.
Dec 28, '16.
Apr. 26.
May 10.
June SO.
July 30.
Aug. 6.
Occ 24.
July 12.
Mar. 2.
May S.
May 2.
May 2.
Swedesboro j J*n»
Collingswood ' Sept
Moorestown ^p**
Morristown June
Haddon Hts > Jan.
No. Paterson Feb.
New Brunswick.
Elizabeth
Ridgewood
Apr.
Augr.
Augr.
Ridgewood ) Sept
Hillsdale
Camden
White House
Princeton
So. Orange
Moorestown
Newark
Dumont
Blberon
Orange
Plainneld
Ridgewood
Tuckerton
Plalnfleld
Jersey City
Mt Holly
Montclair
W. Orange
Cresskill
New Brunswick. . . .
Fleminsrton
Pompton Plains....
Pensauken
Jersey City
Bemardsville
Morrestown
Aug.
Aug.
July
Oct
Sept
Oct
June
Aug.
Oct
Jan.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
July
Sept
Nov.
May
June
June
Dec
Sept
July
Feb.
Aug.
June
Oct
6.
II.
26.
IS.
4.
27.
26.
16.
18.
7.
8.
11.
19.
6.
29.
26.
28.
6.
6.
2.
20.
18.
19.
14.
88.
9, 'It.
27.
18.
24.
81, '16.
6.
16.
27.
81.
19.
6.
Stockton
New York City.
Arlington
Sussex
Manasquan ....
Plalnfleld
Elisabeth
Gladstone
New York City.
P. Amboy
Verona
Irvington
Hilton
New York City.
Wyomissing, Pa.
Merohantville . .
May 8.
June 28.
July 2.
July 14.
Aug. 7.
June 7.
Jan. 19.
June 9.
Nov. 28, '1%,
Nov. 20, •!«.
July 28.
July 17.
Sept 18.
Feb. 6.
June 89.
Aug. 8.
Digiti
ized by Google
EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
43^
HOMOPTERA— Continued
Latin Nam«
▲BttMk tristia DeO
AwUmm cristatua Linn
CtiwMi'r lectulariiM Linn
H«tarooordyla8 malinus Reuter
Lgrsns pratensis Linn
P«ita.toinSd« sp.
AerWtdc
Biattide .'.!!'.'.!'.!!!!!!!'.!!!!!
aryUiOm
merooentmni rhoxnbifollum
Sauss.
Oeeaatbns nisricomia Walker.
Pmratenodera sinensis Sauss . .
Ptaroplkylla persplcellata L. . . .
gtagmoman tis Carolina Johann
ocnlatus Linn
Ampblcems bioandatus Say . . .
ABtltonomiM si^rnatus Say
HBMIPTBRA
Conunon Name
Squash bus
Wlieel buff.
Bed buff. . .
Apple red hug
Tarnish plant buff.
Stink bug
Orthopt«r»
Locusts
Grasshoppers
Cockroaches
Cricket.
Katydid.
Tree cricket
Chinese Mantld.
Katydid.
Mantld
Coleopteni
Click beetle #
Apple twiflr borer
Strawberry weevil....
J
BalaalAiM caryae Horn.
BnKkiM obtectus Say. .
Hickory-nut weevil...^
Bean weevil
■p.
By iu ti M onlcolor Say.
orya
ChrwmomeUdm
Linn.
Golaoptera
CoBotrachelns nenuphar Hbst.
Locality
Stockton
Port Jervis
Roselle Park ....
Trenton
Great Meadows.
Oradell
Dunellen
Mooi;estown
E. Rutherford..
Dumont
Short Hills
New Brunswick.
Elisabeth
Plainfleld
Belmar
Date
July 16.
July 25.
Sept 8.
July 16.
' July SO.
(Nov. 14,
May 7.
j Feb. 20.
I July 28.
Aug. 6.
'Aug. 27.
: Aug. 9,
Aug. 4.
I Aug. 14.
'Sept. 17.
16.
Sewell ' Feb.
Belmar | Feb.
Elisabeth Aug.
Riverton ' Mar.
Bnglewood Nov.
Jan.
Feb.
Apr.
Feb.
Secaucus
Moorestown
Ridgewood .
Riverton . . .
Haddonfleld t Apr.
Roselld Jan.
Ridgewood Apr.
Maple Shade < Feb.
Woodbury June
Linwood May
Pleasantville ! Dec.
Jersey City I Mar.
Wading River Apr.
Hammonton ' May
Atco May
New York City Nov,
Weevils
Borer
American raspberry
beetle
Summit
New York City.
Bound Brook . . . ,
Perth Amboy...
New York City.,
Plainfleld ,
Caldwell
Paterson ,
Jdaya Landing. . .
Bloomsbury . . . . ,
Newark
Haddon Heights.
Summit
Belle Meade
Lakewood
Gillette
Franklinville . . . .
Haddonfleld
Moorestown
Pattenburg
Rloe weevil.
Flea beetle .
Borer
Plum curculio.
Sparta
Sparta
Agassis, B. C...
Fiuo«rne
Lebanon
Keyport
Hahway
Toms River
Palmjrra
Lambertville . . . .
Aura
Dec.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
May
May
June
July
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Feb.
July
May
June
Nov.
July
Feb.
Aug.
Apr.
Oct.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
8.
26.
80.
SO.
27, '16.
10.
1.
2.
6.
16.
6.
2.
2.
6.
29. *16.
18.
12.
20.
1.
28.
21, '16.
11, '16.
1.
29.
11.
18.
27.
28.
2.
18.
28.
10.
13.
16.
22.
26.
27.
26.
18.
3.
17.
29.
26.
11, '16.
28.
1,
3.
26.
81, '16.
21.
4.
12.
Digiti
ized by Google
432
NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
COLBOPTBRA— Continued
Ijatin Name
ConotracheluB nenuphar Hbst.
Common Nama
Plum curcullo
Cotalpa lanigera Linn
Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn.
Diabrotica 12 -punctata Oliv. .
Blateridse
▼ittata Fab.
Bpitrix cucumeris Harris.
Goldamith beetle
Poplar borer |
Southern com root
worm
Striped cucumber beetle
Wire worms
Locality
Philadelphia. Pa.
Blisabetn
Lonff Branch....
Flemington
8. Orange
Teaneck
PUinfleld
Metuchen
Burlington
Kinkora
Potato flea beetle.
Buphoria inda Linn
FIdia vitlclda Walsh
Ithycerus nova-boracensis
Forst
Lachnosterna fusca Froehl.
sp.
Leptinotarsa lO-Uneata Say
If acrodactylus subspinosus Fab,
Mononychus vulpeculus Fab
Oberea bimaculata Oliv
Phyllotreta armoracle Fowlr
Platydema excavatum Smith
Saperda Candida Fab
Scolytns rugulosus Rats.
SilTanus surinamensis Linn.
Strigoderma arboricola Fab.
B town fruit-chafer .
O rape root- worm ....
Curculionid .
May beetle .
Potato beetle.
Rose bug.
Beetle
Cane borer. .
Flea beetle.
Round-headed apple tree
borer
Fruit tree bark beetle.
Saw-toothed grain beetle
Beetle
Brldgeton
Bnglewood
New York City....
Bnglewood
Great Meadows . . .
New York City
Newark
RobbinsvUle
Haokettatown
Flemington
Trenton
New Brunswick....
Bamegat
Chester
Montdalr
Boonton
Bound Brook
Rahway
Cream Ridge
Pompton Plains. . . .
Woodbury Heights.
Martinsville
Garwood
Trenton
Princeton
Westfleld
Newton
Morristown, Pa. . . .
Batontown
Jersey City
AtlanUe City
Morristown
Merchantville
Linden
Trenton
New York City
Bamegat
Freehold
Far HlUs
Trenton
LitUe SUvar
Vlneland
Bnglewood
Plainfleld
Teaneck Park
West Bnd
West New York
Plainfleld
Hopewell
Rutherford
Hopewell
Rutharf ord
Newton ,
Paterson
Cape May Court House,
Haokettstown
W. Bnglewood
Barlelgh Heights. Md.
Flemington
Haokettstown
Woodbury
D»to
Mar. 20.
May 21.
June 7.
June 17.
June 26.
July 7.
Sept e.
Oct. 19.
May 26.
July 20.
Nov.
Apr.
Oct.
Feb.
June
June
June
Mar.
May
May
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
July
July
July
Aug.
Sept.
Aug.
June
Jan.
Jan.
Mar.
May
June
June
Dec
June
July
July
Apr.
June
June
June
June
June
June
July
July
July
July
July
June
May
June
Oct
16, '16.
20.
20. 'll.
26.
4.
16.
20.
16.
20.
22.
17.
6.
f.
t.
8.
t.
9.
12.
20.
2L
26.
26.
22.
29.
80.
6.
8.
10.
26.
24.
28.
88.
24.
li.
26.
27. '10.
8.
6.
24.
9.
16.
19.
88.
86.
88.
88.
8.
8.
4.
8.
29.
It
88.
1
88.
Sept It
Jan. 14.
Apr. 18.
Sept It
Sept 86.
July i.
Digiti
ized by Google
EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
433
L.BP1DOPTBRA
Ijatln Name
Ampelophava myron Cram.
Archtpa sp
BembMda marglnata Harr.
Callosamla promethea Dra.
Carpocapaa pomonella Linn
CltlMronla regalia Fab . . .
Datana inteserrlma G. &
minlatra Dm.
Diacrlala Tirginlca Fab . . .
Dlaphania nltidalla Cram.
«Draaterla erechtea Cram . . .
Dryocampa rubicunda Fab.
Bnarmonia prunivora Walsh
Oallerla melonella Unn.
Halisldota sp
tessellaris a & A
Harrisina amerlcana Harr.
Hellothis obsoleta Fab
Hemerocampa leucostlgma
& A.
Hyphantrla cvnea Dru
Letilla coccidlTora Comst..
Laspeyresla molesta Busck. .
Lepidoptera
Leucanla nnipuncta Haw . . .
Limacodidse
Malacosoma amerlcana Fab.
Common Name
Grapevine hog-caterplll
ar
Leaf roller
Raspberry root-borer. .
Promethea moth
Codling moth
Hickory homed devil.
Black walnut caterpillar
Yellow necked
caterpillar
Moth
Pickle worm
Moth '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
Maple worm
Lesser apple worm . . .
Bee Moth
Moth
Pale tussock moth . . .
Grape leaf skeletonixer
Corn ear worm
White marked tussock
moth
Fall web worm
Oriental peach moth
Caterpillar
«
Moth !!!!!!!!!
Caterpillar
Moth '/.'.'.'..'.'.'.
Caterpillar
Army worm
Caterpillar
Tent caterpillar
Locality
Atlantic City
Tonally
Cape May
Frwiaau
Allmuchy
Tonxs Rlrer
Geneva
New York City
Glen Ridge
Cream Ridge
Pittstown
Delaware
Flemington
Camden
Metuchen
Monmouth Junction....
Freehold
BUsabeth
Bemardsvllle
Plalnfleld
Flemington
Atlanta. Ga
Milwaukee. Wis
Flemington
Palmyra
Toms River
Toms River
Springfield
New York City
Bemardsvllle
Titusvllle
B. Rutherford
Newton
Woodstown
Toms River
New Brunswick
Jersey City
Asbury Park
Mt Holly
PhfTlipsburg
Newark
Elizabeth
Chatham
B. Rutherford
Rleglesvllle
Bemardsvllle
N. Paterson
Springfleld
Brooklyn, N. Y
Newark
Wllliamstown
New Brunswick
Bloomfleld
MerchantviUe
Williamstown
Perth Amboy
Trenton
Newark
N. Montclair
Paterson
Great Meadows
Cape May Court House.
Glbbsboro
Moorestown
Pompton Plains
Morristown
Rldgewood
Green Village
Allendale
Elizabeth
Date
Jan.
Mar.
Dec.
Apr.
Mar.
Oct
Nov.
Nov.
Dec.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
May
Sept.
Oct.
Aug.
May
Aug.
A«g.
Aug.
May
May
Sept.
May
July
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Jan.
Jan.
Apr.
June
Feb.
July
July
July
Aug.
Sept.
July
Aug.
Feb.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Jan.
Mar.
May
June
June
July
June
July
Aug.
Aug.
June
Aug.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
May
July
24.
30.
18.
16.
8.
31.
11.
22.
12.
14.
26.
26.
28.
11.
19.
28.
31
13.
6.
SO.
88.
IS.
24.
28.
22.
31.
1.
1.
S3.
18.
IS.
28.
6.
4.
20.
3.
80.
27.
27.
17.
23.
23.
4.
10.
t.
13.
27.
24.
29.
28,
16.
18.
10.
16.
23.
24.
26.
27.
8.
11.
4.
11.
84.
13.
21.
22.
2.
It.
3.
27.
10.
16.
16.
16.
16.
16.
If.
16.
Ag28
Digiti
ized by Google
434
NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
UBPIDOPTBRA— Continued
LAtln Name
Mellttia satyrlnlformla Hbn.
Melalopha Inoluaa
Noctuide Bp
•• ««
•« ««
•« *•
Ozyptilttfl pertaoelldactylus
Fitoh
Papalpema nltela On
Perldroma savcia Hbn
Phalonla ruUlana Hbn
Phlegethontius sexta Johnn..
Phobetron pltbeoium 8. & A.
Plerls rapa Linn
Plodia interpnnctella Hbn.
PolycbroaU viteana Clem..
Samla oeoropla Linn
Sanninoidea exiUoea Say.
Scbisura concinna 8. & A...
Beslida sp
Slbine stlmnlea Clem
SUotroffa cerealella oVit
«« «• *',,,..
«• «« ««
«« •« *«
Sphecodlna abbottil Swains..
Sphlnffld»
Thyrldopteryx ephemernformiB
Steph.
Common Name
SQuaah vine borer
Locality
Keyport
Da
Nor.
May
Apr.
Aug.
Jan.
Oct,
June
June
June
July
July
July
June
June
June
June
June
Aug.
Feb.
June
Aug.
Aug;
May
Aug.
June
Aug.
July
Sept
Sept.
Mar.
Sept
Jan.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
D^
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Mar.
Apr.
May
May
May
May
June
June
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Sept
Sept
Oct
Aug.
Aug.
Sept
Sept
Feb.
Feb.
Aug.
Oct
July
July
Jan.
F^
Apr.
Apr.
July
Aug.
Aug.
to
19. 'It
Hackensack . . , ,
IS.
•« «• t«
Qlen Ridge
2L
«« «• «<
Elisabeth
IS.
Poplar t«nt mAJcAr
Atlantic City
ss.
Cnt wor
«< ««
«« ««
«« («
•« ««
i» ««
«• •«
Grape pli_
m
New York aty
Riverton
4.
Bound Brook
1.
Washington ........
11
Stelton
i.
Paterson
IS.
Orange
St.
am moth
HMmmIt ............ ^ ^
L
Caldwell
9.
«« ** •«
Red Bank
IL
Stalk bo
Variegate
•* •«
rer
Hackensack
Cranford
New Brunswick
Wortendyke
11.
1«.
7.
d ent worm . .
11.
Mt Holly
L
Soutbem
Hag mol
Cabbage
••
«•
tobacco worm
.h
Passaic
Westfleld
IS.
S4.
worm
Bngllshtown
1
•«
Passaic
IS.
««
•«
New Brunswick
Passaic . . ....
IS.
T.
«« «•
R&hway
17.
«« ««
Indian meal moth. .
Highland Park
Hackettatown
27.
SS.
Qrape berry moth
Philadelphia. Pa
Camden ..........
SS.
28.
Ceoropia
Peach tr
moth .•
B. Rutherford
26.
ee borer
Burlington
7, '11
• *' . . .
« •«
• ••
• ««
• ••
• *' • .... I
« •«
« ••
Bordentown
S, '11
«(
Rutherford
2S. '11
«
W. Bnglewood
2S. '11
(«
Oibbsboro
IS.
««
W. Bnglewood
14.
tt
Convent
SS.
«<
Morristown
21.
«•
Plainfleld
4.
<t
Bngllshtown
21.
t<
Colllngswood
2L
(4
Westfleld
21
M
Hawthorne
28.
««
Washington . .*
IS.
«•
«•
Bnglewood
S. Orange
New York City
Brooklyn
SS.
St
S4.
11.
„
Camden
B. Rutherford
It
19.
l« i
Camden
ik
«« «
BlberoA
s.
Red hvmped apple
caterpillar
Clear winged moth
Sussex
MerchantTille
14.
11
Saddle back caterpillar
«« «« ««
Angovmola grain moth
Trenton
Arlington
11
IS.
s.
Beverly
1
«• «« ««
Buena
S7.
«•
Sphinx m
" Of
Bag won
«« •«
«« ««
«« M
•« M
M ««
oth
Philadelphia, Pa
Stockton
1
S4.
kterpUlar
n.
Hackensack a
SI
Oibbsboro
S4.
Moorestown
1.
Freneau
11
Salem
14.
Haddottfleld
Mullca Hill
1
7.
Philadelphia, Pa
7.
Digiti
ized by Google
EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
43S
LBPIDOPTBRA— Continued
Latin, Name
Thyridopteryx ephemereformls
Steph.
TortrioidflB
Apic melllfera Lilnn...
Apt* sp
Caliroa cerasi !•
Camponotue heronleanus
pennaylvanlcua Dea.
Camponotua herculeanua
pennalyvanicuB DeO.
Diaatrophna cnacutttfonnla
Harr
Formlcldae ap
lohnemnonldte
laoeoma orchideamm Westw..
Uonomorimn pharaonls Linn..
M «« ««
Pteronna rlbeall Scop
Vespa crabro Idnn
Ctenooephalaa canla Curt
Pulez irrltana Unn
Aeidia auaTls Loaw
*« •• •«
•• •« ««
AgTomyaa sp
ChlronomidsB ap
Cttllclda Bp
Common Name
Baff worm
M «•
«« «•
«« ««
«• ««
«« •«
M •«
Leaf roller
Honey bee
Beet
Poplar aluff
Carpenter ant...
/
Cane call
Ants
««
«•
««
««
««
Ichneumon fly..
Cattleya fly
Red ants
Cicada kiUer!.'.'
European hornet
«• ««
SIplMHUI
Cat and dog flea
•• «« «« ««
Human flea
M «•
«• «•
Diptera
ICanrot in Bng. walnut
huaks
Leaf miner
Midffa
Moaqulto .
Locality
Bordentown
Bordentown
AtlanUc Highlands . . .
Montolair Helffhta. . . .
Vlneland
Paterson
Prinoeton
Mt. Bphriam
N. Pateraon
Hasbrouck Heights....
B. Orange
Caldwell
New York City
Salem
Brooklyn ,
Washington
Vlneland
Demarest
Singac
Columbua
Campgaw
Mahwah
Rockaway
Andover
Plalnfleld
Metnchen
Maple Shade
Atlantic City
MerchantvUle
Boonton
Asbury Park
Plalnfleld
Spring Lake
Newark
Callfon
Orange
Camden
Philadelphia, Pa
Long Branch
Long Branch
Plalnfleld
Camden
Convent
Fall River, Mass
Old Bridge
Sewell
Broadway
Princeton
Monmouth Junction...
Bridgeton
Forked River
Belleville
Bordentown
Bridgeton
Woodbine
Bridgeton
Hartford
Bridgeton
Philadelphia, Pa
Rye Beach, N, B
Boston, Mass
Newton, Mass
Vancouver, B. C
Arlington. Mass
Rio Grande
MillvUle
Date
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Oct.
Feb.
Dec.
Deo.
Jan.
May
May
May
May
May
May
May
May
June
June
June
July
17.
SL
8S.
28.
6.
11.
18.
6.
27.
11. 'If.
16. 'If.
2,
L
10.
14.
14.
16.
22.
22.
28.
28.
28.
SO.
28.
Apr. 12.
Oct. 19.
May 9.
Mar. 8.
Apr. 22.
May 20.
June 1.
June 2.
June
June
June
June
June 19.
June 20.
June 27.
July 6.
July 10.
Aug. 2.
Feb. 7.
Jan. 11.
Sept. 11.
Sept. 26.
Aug. 2.
Oct. 24.
Oct. 28.
2.
4.
4.
4.
June
July
Sept.
Apr.
June
July
Jan.
Oct.
Oct.
Nov.
Jan,
Jan.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Mar.
Mar.
26.
18.
8.
24.
20.
18.
8.
2.
10.
14, 'If.
IS.
16.
1.
27.
6.
12.
Digitized by VjOO'
gle
436
NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
DIPTSRA— Continued
liatin Name
Culicide sp
Dlarthronomyia hypogna
H. Lw.
BristalU tenax L
Laeioptera vltls O. 8
Ifansonla perturbana
MonarthropalpuB buxi Lab
Mnsca domestica Linn
•t •• «•
Peffomyia vlclna .Llntn
Phorbla braaslce Bouche
cepamm Melff
fUBOlceps Zett
Phytoniza aQullegle Hardy. .
chry'&nthemi
Kowarz
Psychoda sp
Phagoletla pomonella Walsh
Solara multiseta Felt
Tipniidae ep
Common Name
Moequito
Chrysanthemum midge.
Drone fly
Potato gall on grape . .
Irritating mosqblto . . .
Boxwood leaf miner...
House fly
Spinnach leaf miner . .
Cabbage maggot
Onion maggot
Seed com maggot
Columbine leaf -miner..
Chrysanthemum leaf-
miner
Moth fly
Apple maggot
Mushroom fty
Crane fly
Locality
Llvermore» Me....
Dayton. O
Rahway
Providence, R. I..
Rahway
Port Tatia, N. D.
Lewes, Del
Morsemere
Baltimore, Md....
Chatham
Browns Mills. . . .
Chatham
New York City...
Mlddletown
Jersey City
Rldgewood
Lawrence
Newark
Warren Point
New Brunswick
Philadelphia, Pa
New Brunswick
Rutherford
Secane, Pa
Cape May Court House .
Passaic
Mendham
Middietown
Rumson
Elizabeth
Maplewood
Montclalr
Boonton
New Egypt
New Brunswick
Bay Head
MiUviUe
Elizabeth
Harlingen
Brielle
Llnwdbd
Old Bridge
Brldgeton
Lumberton . . .
Keyport
Newton
Salem
Date
Mar. It.
Mar. 20.
Apr. 9.
Apr. 11.
Apr. If.
May 1.
May If.
May SI.
May SS.
June 18.
June SI.
June 25.
June 30.
July 2.
July 10.
July 12.
July 14.
Cfct. 10.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
May
May
Oct,
June
June
July
Jan.
May
May
July
Aug.
May
June
July
July
July
Jan.
Apr.
June
June
Dec
May
Juns
June
June
12.
18.
19.
19.
1.
21.
22.
21.
24.
9.
11.
22.
28.
11.
8.
8.
19.
2.
28.
30.
SO.
28.
8.
11.
18. '11.
20.
20.
29.
2.
Atlantic City ' July 23.
Asbury Park \ Aug. 21.
Trenton Oct 8.
Toms River 1 Oct 21. "K.
Sea Bright : Sept 14.
Leonia | Oct 8.
Wyoming June 18.
INSECTS OF THE YEAR
This year has been especially marked by a widespread outbreak of
plant lice on fruit and vegetables, an unusual activity of the plum
curcuHo, the potato flea beetle, cabbage worms, June bugs, and rose
bug, and various species of tussock moths. In greenhouses the
chrysanthemum midge and the rose Typophorns have claimed at-
tention. Among foreign species which have gained a foothold the
Digiti
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 437
recognizedly injurious Japanese beetle (Popilia japonica) and a bay
tree infesting psyllid are noteworthy, especially the former. No
year in the writer's experience has better illustrated the need for
that sort of insect scouting which will give a thorough fore-knowl-
edge of insect outbreaks as an essential step in adequately protect-
ing crops from injury.
Orchard Plant Lice
Before the opening of spring the presence of large numbers of
shining blatk eggs on the twigs and smaller -branches of the apple
orchards in many parts of the state clearly indicated that damage
by orchard plant lice was likely to occur. The season opened late
;ind remained cold. When the lice hatched from the eggs they
thrived mightily and soon accomplished large damage.
Three species were concerned — the green apple aphis, the rosy
apple aphis, and the oat aphis. Although the apple growers were
warned of the danger many failed to get a control and suffered
large damage. It is a pleasure, however, to say that all who sprayed
properly obtained control of the insects and suffered no serious
harm.
The oat aphis has already begun to return to the trees in large
numbers and if the rosy comes back later, the outlook for trouble
next year will be excellent.
Plum Curculio
The damage done this year by this insect was at once the most
widespread and locally the most severe of the past five seasons.
Orchards, the crops of which normally are not seriously troubled,
have this year been badly damaged.
The attack seems to have come between the blossom-fall and the
ten-days-after-blossom- fall spraying, at the time when the former
had been practically eliminated _by the washing of the rains and the
growth of the fruit. Very little harm was done following the appli-
cation of the latter spraying. In orchards standing near woodlands
or plantings interspersed with old stumps or carpeted with grass,
the damage was particularly severe.
Clean culture in the forepart of the season followed by a cover
crop not producing a dense sod, the removal of stumps and tfie
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438 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
cleaning out of overgrown fence rows will rob the beetles of their
wintering quarters and reduce the number which must be fought
If followed by that type of spraying which will preserve the coating
practically intact for the first month after the blossoms fall, dam-
age by this insect, even under unfavorable conditions, will be
greatly reduced if not rendered negligible. It seems reasonably
certain that normally the regular and efficient spraying of the apple
orchard will year by year cut down the amount of curculio injury
to a point where it will be entirely negligible.
This season's experience most conclusively shows, however, that
the application of merely the sprays listed in the spra)ring schedule
may permit an unusual abundance of curculio to be followed by
a failure to obtain satisfactory protection.
Potato Flea Beetle
This and other species of flea bettles have this season been ex-
tremely abundant. Appreciation of the damage which they do ap-
pears to be so slight among the growers that little effort has been
made to control them.
Cabbage Worms
Th^ caterpillars (principally of the imported cabbage worm) have
been so unusually abundant this season that the cabbage crop has
been considerably damaged. Here again failure to act against the
worms has been followed by considerable harm.
June Bugs
This year has witnessed the largest number of these big, blunder-
ing, night-flying insects for several years. Tender foliage in the
tops of poplar and oak trees has been badly eaten. Small trees and
shrubs have in some places suffered severely. Rose bushes have
been badly eaten. The work was done entirely at night and the
grower usually did not discover the marauder.
The June bug is the parent of the white grub. Eggs have been
laid in grass lands. If weather, or natural enemies do not greatly
reduce the brood thus started, we may expect large damage next
year and the year after to lawns, golf greens and crops planted on
land this year in timothy, blue-grass and other grass sod.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 439
Rose Bug
The rose bug appeared this year with more than its usual severity.
The prevention of its work in apple orchards in 1915 and 1916 by
the prompt application of self-boiled lime-sulfur has this year
teen extended to grape, peach and cherry with satisfactory results.
Vegetable Plant Lice
Potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, cabbages, cauUflower, beans, pep-
pers and other vegetable crops were this year very seriously and in
5ome cases mortally damaged by various species of plant lice*.
In the latter part of June it became evident from the number of
winged lice found on various vegetables that an outbreak was prob-
able. By the tenth of July large damage had been done to potatoes
ihroughout the northern half of the state. Later at certain points
in South Jersey similar but less serious damage was done.
Wherever a mixture composed of i part of 40 per cent nicotine to
500 parts of water to which soap was added at the rate of 2 potinds
to 50 gallons of soft water, or 3 to 4 pounds to the same quantity of
hard water, was applied in §uch a fashion as to wet thoroughly all
the lice, they were destroyed and the damage promptly checked.
Great difficulty in making satisfactory applications of this mix-
ture was experienced in some instances, owing to the fact that
potatoes had met in the row when this insect was discovered, thus
rendering treatments with wheeled machinery impracticable, and
owing to the great scarcity of adequate spraying machinery.
Tussock Moths
Three species of tussock moths have attacked the foliage of elm,
maple and other shade trees during the past season. While thev
have not done much real damage because the buds were well formed
before any considerable defoliation took place, they have excited 1
great deal of alarm.
The white marked species {Hemerocampa leucastigma S. & A.),
while more abundant during the forepart of the season did little
harm at that time. On the twenty-first of July the writer saw
*The principal species upon cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes and eggplant
was the green peach aphis (Myzus persicae Sulz). The species upon
beans were (Myzus lycopersieae and AptUa psetuiobraasieae Davis).
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440 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
the greatest abundance of both the cocoons and eggs masses on the
maple trees in the city of Trenton. The partial second brood ap-
peared in only small numbers.
The hickory tussock moth (Halisidota caryae Harr.) and the
pale tussock caterpillar (Halisidota tessellaris S. & A.) appeared
in large numbers during the last days of August and continued feed-
ing until the first of October.
Chrysanthemum Midge
During the last of March a prominent florist of Irvington called
our attention to the work of this insect (Diarthronomyia hypogcp
H. Lw.) upon chrysanthemums. The examination, which was
promptly made, indicated that the infestation had just become estab-
lished. This fact when taken with the well-known ability of the
species to do large damage led us to advise the prompt destruction
of all injured plants.
During the investigations of this problem it became clear that
the insect was more widely distributed than had been thought. A
letter of inquiry which was sent out for the purpose gave the fol-
lowing distribution: — Madison, Morris County; Rutherford and
Warren Point, Bergen County ; North Bergen, Hudson County, and
New Brunswick, Middlesex County, in New Jersey, and Phila-
delphia in Pennsylvania.
The Rose Typophorus
jMLJ^SSJls^Typophorus exc avatm^Jm)
iil-
md
3rk
is
jms
The species of Rose Typophorus referred to on this page should
read:
Typophorus Canellus Fab., var. Quadrinotatus Say.
ow,
*lc
mic
acid gas it almost disappeared, but during October it again became
troublesome.
Recently Introduced Foreign Insects
Perhaps the most important of this year's developments is the find-
ing of a serious infestation of the Japanese Popilia {PopHia
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 441
japonica) in Burlington County. This insect, which reminds one in
its feeding habits of the rose-bug, has a long list of fdod plants
including grape, cherry, roses, Virginia creeper, elder, Crataegus,
althea, smartweed, tear thumb, evening primrose, ragweed, velvet
leaf and jewel weed. It seems to have a peference for smartweed,
grape, cherry, and rose. In Japan it is recorded as an enemy of
string beans, grapes, peas, and peanuts. The damage is done pri-
marily by the adult beetle.
The beetles begin emerging in the latter part of June and remain
on the wing into September. Eggs are laid in the soil above which
the beetles are feeding. The grubs hatch and' live in the soil
throughout the rest of the summer, the following winter, and as
much of the following summer as is necessary to reach maturity.
The present infestation covers an area in a scattering fashion of
several square miles. The heavy infestation is confined to an
area about a half-mile square.
It is expected that the State Department of Agriculture will next
season undertake a campaign for the eradication of this species.
A European psyllid known as Triosa alacris was introduced into
New Jersey on imported stock, apparently from Belgium, several
years ago. It attacks the foliage of bay both under glass and in
the open. Its activity causes the leaves to curl, discolor and blister.
When a curled leaf is opened the small lice are found within covered
by a white waxy secretion. The insect which belongs to the sucking
group, inserts its beak through the rind and withdraws the sap un-
til the trees have a sickly appearance.
Winter is passed in the bay trees as an adult and the species be-
lomes active when the trees are removed from cold storage and
placed outside. Eggs are laid on the under-sides of the leaves near
the margin. There are two broods out-of-doors during the summer
reason.
Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas or tobacco during winter
has been found to destroy the species.
The infestation of the European mole cricket (Gryllotalpa
gryllotalpa) described in the Annual Report for 1915 is still present,
but no spread has taken place nor have any new infestations been
discovered. The owners of the land on which this infestation
occurs are fighting the insect by hunting out and destroying the
nests during June and July.
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442 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Insect Scouting
Perhaps the most important factor in furnishing timely in-
formation to growers on the i;nethods of controlling insects is a
thorough knowledge of the activities of all injurious species at all
times of the year. It has been the writer's experience that nearly
every species exhibits an undue number of healthy representatives
for some time previous to the doing of sufficient damage to consti-
tute an outbreak.
With foreknowledge it would be practicable to draw the growers'
attention to impending danger in time to permit the taking of
reasonably adequate measures of prevention. This foreknowledge
of insect outbreaks can be had only through a system of scouting
which covers all parts of the state with sufficient frequency to keep
track of the status of all seriously injurious species.
CLIMATE AND INSECT INVESTIGATIONS
This investigation deals with the problem of measuring the effect
of climate upon the life and seasonal cycles of injurious insects
and their natural enemies. It is an attempt to attack the problem
from the standpoint of measuring the effect of specific climatic fac-
tors such as temperature, moisture, light, etc.
During the present season our attention has been devoted to: (i)
ihe effect of atmospheric moisture upon the activity of the
angoumois grain moth or "fly weevil," one of the most serious of
the insects attacking stored grains; and (2) further tests of the
effect of atmospheric humidity on the activity of the bean weevil.
Just at present our attention is centered upon the problem of
measuring the effect of atmospheric moisture upon the grain-in-
festing species.
These factors of climate in their extremes are powerful in-
secticides and a study of them is not only certain to teach us how to
forecast the effect of weather conditions and thus to know when to
strike a species that may soon develop into a serious pest, but will
yield new specific methods of controlling many of the species worked
with.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
443
Atmospheric Humidity and the Angoumois Grain Moth
A set of experiments was arranged to determine the effect of
atmospheric humidity upon the rate of metabolism of the angoumois
grain moth. Five flasks were selected. In each a section of a
3'ellow flint com ear (cob and all) was placed. Ten moths were
introduced into each flask.
One was set aside as a check. Each of the other four was placed
in an incubator chamber held constantly at 8o°F. and quite dark
except for little flashes now and then from the thermostat and pilot
lights and the short periods during which the doors were open to
permit examinations. Each flask by means of its glass inlet and
outlet tubes is connected with an air line, through which an air
current of 8o**F. and of a specified moisture content travels at the
rate of about a Uter in ten minutes. The insects are left under
these conditions until the entire life cycle has been completed.
Table i
Effect Upon Amount of Atmospheric Moisture on the
Angoumois Grain Moth
Chamber
number
Atmoepherio
moiature
per cent
Date of
maximum
death
Date of
maximum
emerirence
Lengrth of
life cycle
in days
Number
of indi-
viduals
produced
Remarks
T^
1
2
3
4
Check
Less than 1
100
78
24
8/24. '17
8/28, '17
8/24, '17
8/24, '17
8/23, '17
4/26
4/28
88
85
nothing out 6/18.
I I
1
21
1917
Fungi active
All alive
The rate of metabolism in the life cycle of the angoumois grain
moth appears to increase with the moisture, being most rapid at
ICO per cent (table i). Owing to the fact that fungi attack and
destroy the insect at such high moistures, the optimum moisture
must be specified as the highest percentage which will not encour-
age the heavy growth of fungi.
It is alsQ clear that this insect,, like the bean weevil, is unable to
withstand low atmospheric moisture.
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444 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
A Further Test of the Effect of Atmospheric Moisture Upon the
Bean Weevil
The fact that the machines were employed on a study of the
angoumois grain moth was taken advantage of to run another ex-
periment on the effect of atmospheric moisture upon the rate of
metabolism in the bean weevil.
Table 2
Effect of Amount of Atmospheric Moisture on the Bean Weevil
Chamber
number
1
2
3
4
Check
Atmospheric
moiature
per cent
Lesfl than 1
100
73
24*
D«te of
maximum
death
3/25, '17
8/27, '17
8/27, '17
8/26. '17
8/2«, '17
Date of
maximum
emerirence
4/28
4/26
6/8
Len^h of
life cycle
In days
27
29
88
Number
of indi-
viduals
produced
168
209
IS
not out 6/18. 1917
I l_
Renuirks
A consider-
able amount
of funfftts
All alire
Thus again we see that the rate of metabolism in the bean weevil
life cycle increases as the moisture, and that the optimum lies in
the highest per cent of moisture that will not encourage heavy
growth of fungi (table 2).
The question of the effect of atmospheric moisture upon the life
cycle is important from the standpoint of the use of low atmospheric
moistures as an insecticide. While the machines were running a
set of experiments bearing upon this point were carried out.
Enough small white beans were placed in each of twelve flasks
to cover the bottom evenly. Twenty-five bean weevils were placed
in each flask. The charged flasks were divided into three lots — ^the
first to be placed under the controlled conditions at once, the second
to be placed only after the eggs had hatched and the larvae pene-
trated the beans and the third to be introduced only after the pupal
stage had begun.
*A break occurred in this line giving for a short period a higher per
cent of humidity.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
445
Table 3
Effect of Atmosphere Moisture on Different Stages of the
Bean Weevil
Staffe of
Date when
placed In
incubator
Number Bhnerffinff in Chamber
insect when
placed in
incubator
Less than ^^- *
No. 3
73
per cent
No. 4
24
percent*
Remarks
l^arva
Papa
3/13, 1917
8/20, 1917
4/17. 1917
I
■
98
17
1
42
13
17
3
6
10
Some funffua
on No. 2
Some funffua
on No. 2
Covered with
runiri in No. 2
*A break in the air line running through chamber No. 4 and a
consequent rise in the relative humidity will serve to explain ^ the ability
of the egg stage to survive the apparently prohibitively dry air.
The results as set forth in table 3 conclusively indicate that low
atmospheric humidity most strongly affects the eggs, then the larvae,
and finally the pupae.
Conclusions
The results set forth above when taken with those described in
the 1 91 6 report show clearly:
( 1 ) That for at least two widely divergent species of the stored
grain insect group — one a beetle and the other a moth — increase in
atmospheric humidity means increase in speed of metabolism as
measured by length of life cycle.
(2) That the optimum per cent of atmospheric humidity is the
Inghest which will not encourage a heavy growth of fungi.
(3) That 100 per cent atmospheric humidity destroys by en-
couraging the growth of fungi and that low atmospheric moisture
destroys directly — probably by the abstraction of water.
(4) That while the egg stage of the bean weevil, at least, is most
sensitive to the effect of low atmospheric humidity, other stages
are unfavorably affected.
(5) That low atmospheric moisture might be developed into an
efficient insiecticide for certain species of stored grain insects.
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446 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
ORCHARD INSECT INVESTIGATIONS
Pear Psylla
The study of pear psylla control has been continued and increased
in scope because of the contradictory results which the growers re-
ported. Three orchards, each of which was a representative of its
section of the state, were included. The orchard of Mr. W. H.
Blackwell in the Delaware River Valley near Titusville, was taken
to represent the northern portion of the state; the orchard of Mr.
Lester Collins near Merchantville for the central rich loam region;
and the orchard of Mr. W. H. Ellis near Vineland for the southern
part. The two southern plantings consisted mainly of the Kieflfer
variety, while the northern one was composed principally of Bart-
lett
Blackwell Orchard. — ^This orchard; consisting of about two
acres of Bartlett trees, most of which are 25 feet high, has been
very seriously troubled by psylla for several years. In the season
of 1916, owing perhaps to application of the winter-strength lime-
sulfur at too early a date, the psylla was not successfully controlled,
and the fruit was considerably stained.
In 1917 it proved impracticable either to scrape the trees or to
give them a winter treatment. When the flower buds were ready
to open, the trees were thoroughly sprayed with commercial lime-
i-ulfur (i to 9).
In the course of an examination of the orchard on May 2, a
very few psylla could be found on about one tree in ten. On this
date the codling moth spray was being applied and "Black-leaf 40"
at the rate of i to 500 was included. On July 30 a light infestation
of pear psylla was found on the trees nearest the house. On
October 25, all the trees, especially those near the house, had lost
the foliage from the lower limbs and the psylla was very abundant
Mr. Blackwell reports that the heavy infestation developed the
last of August, almost coincidently with picking time, but that fniit
was not blemished.
Ellis Orchard.— Although Mr. Ellis has three blocks of Kicffcr
pear the psylla has been troublesome only in the one nearest
the house. There more or less damage has been experienced
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 447
annually for some years. In 1917 the entomologist looked over
this orchard and recommended both winter and spring treatment.
The application of the former proved impracticable. Winter-
strength lime-sulfur was applied thoroughly just as the flower buds
were ready to open. About two weeks later the trees were again
sprayed thoroughly with a mixture of nicotine (^ pint of "Black-
leaf 40"), soap (2 lbs.) and water (50 gal.) .
On July 31 only a very light infestation could be found in the
orchard nearest the house. On October 4 the orchard nearest the
house showed a decided infestation on the leaves. The fruit showed
only very slight staining. On November i, adult psylla and
nymphs about to mature were found on the trees, but all the young
forms had disappeared.
Collins Orchard. — ^This planting, consisting of more than 100
acres, includes several varieties, the principal one of which is
Ki^er. With a few exceptions the Kieflfer is the crop producer
and the other varieties are interplanted for the sake of cross fer-
tilization.
In this orchard a large block was scraped, winter-treated, and
spring-treated; and a small block was spring-treated only. At the
outset, the winter treatment was applied very incompletely but
later more care was exercised.
Before the blossoms opened psylla eggs were extremely abundant
m all parts of the orchard but appeared in much greater numbers
in those parts when the trees were large enough and dense enough
to afford shade.
On July 26 pear psylla was found to be abundant in this orchard.
The portions of the orchard which received no winter treatment
were the most badly infested. The scraped and sprayed blocks were
the clearest. The difference between the trees of the unscraped
blocks that were treated with both scalecide and commercial lime-
iiulfur and those that were treated with commercial lime-sulfur
alone was much greater than the diflference between the twice-
sprayed unscraped trees and the twice-sprayed scraped trees. This
indicates, as might be expected, that the dormant spraying with
scalecide was much more important than the scraping.
On October 5 an inspection of the entire orchard showed some
infestation throughout. The scraped portion was only lightly
infested.
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448 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
At this time the fruif was reported to have been only slightly
stained and much cleaner than last year.
Discussion of Results. — In all orchards the treatments reduced
the infestation. In the Blackwell and Ellis orchard the fruit was
practically unstained but the foliage was marked. In the Collins
orchard the fruit was somewhat stained.
In the Blackwell and the Ellis orchards the psylla appears to have
steadily increased in numbers from the last spraying until the close
of the season. In the Collins orchard the psylla appears to have
increased until late midsummer, then to have experienced a reduc-
tion.
In the Collins orchard ^here appeared a great number of new
eggs and a considerable number of new nymphs within too short a
period for them to have come from eggs which were laid previous
to the treatments. Furthermore, some adults were found shortly
after the spraying was completed. The small number of old
nymphs found testifies to the egg destruction wrought by the spray,
for previous to the treatment as many as two dozen eggs were
found on a single fruit spur.
With these facts in hand it is obvious that scraping and winter
spraying left a large number of adults, that the spring treatments
failed to destroy all of the eggs, and that a considerable number
of adults were still alive and actively laying eggs after the blossoms
fell.
The facts gathered during this season's experience seem to show
conclusively that while the number of psylla destroyed by the treat-
ments at present recommended may sufficiently reduce the insect
to prevent serious staining of the fruit, damage will in all probability
be done to the foliage, and with a favorable season harm may be
done to the fruit itself.
In view of the susceptibility of the adult to the action of 40 per
cent nicotine, it may be that spraying just before the blossoms open
with commercial lime-sulfur (i to 9) to which nicotine has been
added at the rate of ^ pint to 50 gallons would destroy both the
eggs and hang-over adults, and thus give a degree of reduction
which would constitute control. What effect this mixture would
have on the opening blossoms cannot be told without further study.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 449
Peach Tree Borer
some experiments on the adults and eggs and other notes
Alvah Peterson, Ph.D.
During the summer of 1917 a study was made of the peach borer at
the peach orchard of Mr. James M. Moon and Son near Clementon, N.
J. This orchard has about eighty acres of seven to eight year old peach
trees of different varieties which for several years has been heavily in- .
fested with borers. The larger part of the orchard is on a light white
sand soil and the smaller portion on a heavier gravel sand soil.
The majority of experiments were conducted under two large screen
eagles located in the white sand portion of the orchard where the in-
festation was most severe. One all wire screen cage 12x12x9 feet
was constructed about a peach tree while a second wire screen cage
8x8x6 feet with a wooden roof covered with tarred paper was placed in
an open space beside ttte large cage. These cages were built and put
into position by Mr. J. B. Moon and Mr. Robert Schellenger to whom
we are greatly indebted for their cooperation and interest in this in^
▼estigation.
The problem of the peach borer was approached from several aspects^
but the principal lines of investigation were the feeding habits of the
adult, the response of the female when ovipositing to various materials
conunonly used in spraying and other chemicals, the susceptibility of
the eggs to certain contact insecticides and other compounds and the
effectiveness of Scott tree protectors and various spray mixtures in
keeping the larvae out of the tree. The last-mentioned phase of the in-
vestigation cannot be reported on at this time, for it will be necessary
to wait until the spring boring (1918) has been completed in order to
obtain the desired data.
In respect to the food and feeding habits of the adult stage, it can be
said that in all the experiments and observations made under cages or
throughout the orchard and in nearby woods, no adult was ever seen to
partake of or show any desire for food or liquid during its entire adult
existence. Furthermore, it was repeatedly noted that males and females
would emerge from pups in captivity and copulate, and then the female
would proceed to deposit at least two-thirds the total number of eggs
within her body. In one case 511 eggs were deposited, and during this
period the female showed no desire for food or liquid of any description.
In brief, these observations show clearly the improbability of develop-
ing an attractive poison bait for the adult.
From an anatomical point of view the mouth-parts of the adult and
their connection with the oesophagus seems to be normal and compares
favorably with similar structures in adults of other species of the
Lepidoptera which are known to feed. This anatomical condition is
readily seen in dissections made under a binocular microscope.
The following chemicals, along with decayed peaches and fresh peach
gyim, were used in a number of experiments to tempt the adults to
Ag29
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450 NEW JF^RSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
feed; com syrup ("Karo", diluted one-half) » cane sugar, honey, maltose,
lactose, fructose, dextrine, acetic acid (25 per cent solution), ammonium
hydroxide (weak solution), pyridine, alcohol (70 per cent solution),
formic acid, clove oil and distilled water. All these materials were
used in liquid form (when in dry state 1 gm. was dissolved in 10 cc. of
water). Small Syracuse watch glasses were placed about the orchard
near peach trees on inverted tin cans and filled with the various solu-
tions. A careful watch was kept of these throughout a number of days,
,from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. when the adults were abundant The same
materials were used under the 8x8x6 foot wire cage with numerous
adults freely flying about in the cage. The various materials were
also placed separately under small round cages, 6x9 inches, with one of
more adults in each case. In all these experiments no adult peach borer
ever visited any of the above liquids or showed any desire for them.
In the course of the experiments, particularly those about the orchard,
a number of insects visited the various solutions. Ants, flies and honey-
bees came to the honey and some of the sugan while. male ants were
also attracted by the fonnic acid solution.
For the purpose of obtaining adults for study some 250 to 300 pupe
were collected during the latter part of July and the first two weeks
in August. These were buried one-half inch below the surface of moist
sand held in discarded tin cans. There were 8 to 12 pnpie in each tin
and the tin cans themselves were embedded to their full depth in the
soil under the large covered cage. A small round wire cage, 6 inches
in diameter, 9 inches high and opened at the bottom, was placed over
each tin; consequently, the adults on emerging were in captivity. In
only one or two cases did more than one adult emerge on the same day
from pups in the same tin throughout the entire season. No definite
records were kept on the exact length of the pupal stage, but, as a rule
it took from three to four weeks to obtain adults from freshly con-
structed pupal cases. Some adults were also secured from underneath
mosquito netting which was placed in the form of a cone about the
base of 100 trees that were heavily infested with larve. This method
of securing adults required considerable work and a daily inspection of
the trees, and on the whole was not as satisfactory as the foregoing
method.
During the past season the adults did not emerge in great abundance
until the middle of August. A few were seen throughout the month of
July, but they did not begin to appear in numbers until the last week
In July, reaching their maximum emergence about the 15th of August
and continuing to emerge until September 15, so far as known. All
adults emerged during the early hours of the morning and, so far as
observed, never came out after 9 a. m. Copulation between the male and
female in all cases occurred between 9 a. m. and 1 p. m., but usually be-
tween 11 a, m. and 12:30 p. m. The time intervsd between emergence
and the appearance of a desire for' copulation varied considerably in
different individuals and in the sexes. In one instance, less than an hoar
elapsed before one female was copulating with a captive male, while in
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 451
other cases 24 hours might elapse before the female showed any desire
for copulation. From all observations it seems that females are ready
to copulate sooner than males after emerging, at least it was noted
that it was generally more difficult to induce males to copulate with
females when both had emerged on the same day than if one introduced
an older male or one caught at large.
Some investigators have been unable to get males and females to
copulate in captivity, but my experience has been quite contrary to this.
Whenever a female emerged she was transfered to a small round wire
screen cage, 6 inches in diameter, 9 inches high and open at the bottom,
which stood on an inverted peach carrier with a clean manila paper be-
neath the cage. Sometime between 9 a. m. and 12:80 p. m. the female
would cling to the side of the cage, elevate and project the .tip end of
her abdomen and generally within a few minutes, usually not over five,
one or more males from the orchard would be hovering about the cage.
In one case some fifty males were captured about one caged female in
less than one hour. The males always approached a female ready for
copulation agfainst the wind, which shows that the female emits some
attractive odor. Also, in most instances the males would remain on the
side of the cage opposite to that from which the wind was coming, even
though the female might be on the other side. If one or more of the wild
males were captured in a net and transferred to the cage in a large
wide-mouthed bottle, copulation usually took place immediately. In a
number of experiments reared males were used with as much success as
to 90 minutes, varying with different individuals.
A male in copulating hovers over the female and strikes at the
elevated caudal end of her abdomen with the caudal end of his abdomen.
Often the male may strike several times before he succeeds in clasping.
When successful he reverses his position and has his head in the opposite
direction to that of the female. Usually he continues to fly for a few
seconds after clasping but he soon settles down and copulates for 45
to 90 minutes, varying with different individuals.
Copulation in this species resembles closely copulation as it occurs
in the lesser peach borer, as described by Mr. King. A more detailed
account might be g^iven concerning this act, but this has been carefully
discussed by other workers. One i)oint, however, should be mentioned
concerning the behavior of the male. Apparently the male is very much
excited when copulating, for he may strike at another male or even
copulate with a dead female. In one experiment an unfertilized female
had been accidentally killed some 18 hours previous to the experiment
and she was on the bottom of the cage on her dorsal aspect with the
caudal portions of her abdomen projecting. Two recently emerged
inactive males and one active unfertilized female ready for copulation
^ were also present in the same small cage. Several males were hovering
about the outside of the cage and it was noted that one of these struck
repeatedly at a male within which was clinging to the side of the cage
opposite to that from which the wind was blowing (the female was on the
opposite side) . The wild male without the cage was caught in a net and
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452 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Plate 1: Peach Borer.
Abbreviations: a — abdominal segment; b — ^normal depression on egg;
c — exit or opening made by larva in hatching; e. s. — egg shell; h—
head; r — ^resticulations or wax-like elevations on the egg; x — ^frag-
ments of egg shell broken off by larva in hatching; y — ^hexagonal and
variously shaped areas on egg; Ch — check branch; F — ^fish-ofl soap,
1 gm. to 82 cc; LS— Imie-sulfur, 1-9; Sc— Scalecide, 1-15; Sk— "fly-
skat", 1-10; T. C. — tin cans containing pupae in center between cul
branches.
1. Normal egg of peach borer, view of broad side.
2. Normal egg of peach borer, view of narrow side.
8. Collapsed or shrivelled egg of peach borer, view of broad side.
4. Diagrammatic section through egg of peach borer, showing U-shaped
position of larva before hatching.
5. Hatched egg of peach borer, view of narrow side showing exit and
egg fragments.
6. Hatched egg of peach borer, view of broad side showing exit and er
fragments.
7. Diagram showing arrangement of peach branches (numerals) anc
materials used (letters) in experiment started on August 21 a.
continued until September 31 (see discussion of certain chemical^
and common sprays in female when ovipositing).
Fio. 1. Map of New Jersey showing drainage and mosquito conditions
at the end of 1916.
Fio. 2. Map of the drainage established in Upper Township of Cape
May County.
Fig. 8. Map of the drainage established in Egg Harbor Township of
Ocean County.
Fio. d. — Statistics of Mosquito work in Essex County.
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Plate I
North
Ch P I£ Ch L5 P Ch
"5 27 7 28 TC 29 TI SO 15 31 T3 32 14
5ic ^ 5c 5c ^ Sit
Sc/15
West, LS/16
Sc/17
T.C. T.C. T.C. T.C. T.C.
T.C. T.C. T.C. T.C. T.C.
16/Sc
19/LS, East
20/Sc
Sk Ch P P Ch Sk
I5r2?5 355 45T 555 655 7
5H y IS 5E 13 y 5h
South
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 453
placed in the cage. After flying about for a few seconds, he was attracted
by the dead femcde on the bottom of the cage and immediately struck at
her abdomen and succeeded in clasping. He continued to copulate with
the dead female for ten minutes. In the meantime, another male was
introduced and copulation took place with the active female. It is noted
in a number of cases, that an unfertilized female will continue to elevate
and project the caudal end of her abdomen for two or three days and
during this period males will continually visit the cage and try to copu-
late with the female within. During this period the unfertilized female
may deposit some of her eggs but in no instance will she give forth the
normal number. The largest number coming from an unfertilized
female was 14, so far as known, and probably never over 50. Unfertilized
f ggs collapse (plate 1, fig. 3) on exposure to air after several days and
never hatch.
After copulating the female starts to deposit eggs in 5 to 30 minutes.
In depositing eggs she sways her abdomen from side to side and acts
as though she were feeling about with the tip end for a suitable location
for the eggs. When a desired spot is apparently found, which may be
a crevice in the branch, under a piece of bark or even on the smooth
surface of the branch, one to six eggs are usually deposited. She then
flys about the cage 'for several seconds, at times two or three minutes,
and will probably return to the same place where she deposited her
first batch. Often the eggs are congregated in continuous areas of 50
to 100 eggs. The female will also deposit eggs on the wire screen of
the cage, on the tin parts, on plain pine boards, on decayed peaches,
peach leaves, fresh peach gum, on manila paper and other objects, but
jn the majority of the experiments the greater number of eggs were
found on branches cut from peach trees.
Bright sunshine is not altogether necessary for copulation or egg
deposition when adults are in captivity. No dark cloudy days occurred
during the entire season, but on a few days the sun was obscured by
clouds, most of the time, and under such conditions copulation took
place as usual and some eggs were deposited, but not as many as on
bright days.
During the bright days in August the female deposited eggs between 9
a. m. and 4:30 p. m. The majority of eggs were deposited on the after-
noon of the day copulation took place, but the female usually continued
to deposit eggs throughout the following day and in exceptional cases
deposited some eggs on the third day; however, these were usually found
on the floor of the cage, for the female on the third day was, as a rule,
too weak to crawl up on the branch. In most experiments the female
died on the third or fourth day, but before dying she became inactive
and sluggish for 12 hours or more. Males and unfertilized females
usually outlived the fertilized females by 24 hours, but so far as observed
no adult lived over 5 days.
Table 4 gives the number of eggs deposited, the eggs retained within
the abdomen and the total number of eggs possessed by 10 females used
in various experiments.
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454 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Table 4
Eggs Deposited and in the Abdomen of Ten Females Usea m
Experiments
Female
Deposited
462-74%
In abdomen
ToUl
Female
DepoBlted
In abdomen
Total
Bxpt D.
164-26%
60(>
Bxpt M.
823-76%
104-26%
427
Bxpt. I
76-39%
117-61%
192
Bxpt P.
305-66% ,
164-34%
469
Bxpt J.
313-70%
132-30%
446
Bxpt 0.
218-34%
420-66%
688
Bxpt K
511-73%
187-27%
698
Bxpt S.*
884-68%
188-87%
8«7
Bxpt L.
372-69%
165-31%
587
Bxpt v.*
342-69%
168-31%
49S
♦Female given only one day to deposit eggs.
The average number of eggs deposited by the ten females was 314.5
or 64.6 per cent of the average number of normal eggs, 484.4, i>ossessed
by an average female. The smallest number of eggs deposited by one
female was 75 (Expt. I) and the greatest number 511 (Expt K). The
smallest female had a total of 192 eggs, while the largest possessed 698
eggs, or more than three times as many. In the above figures, the large
white immature eggs found in the abdomen of all the females are not
taken into consideration, but only the normal apparently mature chest-
nut brown eggs are included. As a rule, the large white eggs were not
abundant, and so far as observed, were about 10 per cent of the total
number of mature eggs. If the female will deposit two-thirds of all
her mature eggs under cage conditions, it is likely that a greater pro-
portion would be deposited under natural out-of-door conditions.
In watching the female deposit eggs it was noted that she seemed to
use some care in choosing a favorable location. With this observaticm
in mind, a few experiments were conducted to see what effect certain
spray materials might have on the female when she was seeking a place
to put her eggs. Various common sprays were tried such as "Scaledde,"
nicotine resinate, lime-sulfur, fish-oil soap and "Fly-skat," a commercial
product which possesses a considerable amount of creosote (put up by
Kil-Tone Chemical Company of Newark, N. J.). Crude carbolic acid also
was tried in combination with "Scalecide" and fish-oil soap.
In each experiment one fertilized female was placed in a small round
wire cage (6 inches in diameter and 9 inches high) along with two
branches (1 inch in diameter and B inches long) cut from peach trees.
These were placed in an upright position, one on the east side and one
on the west, and every hour or so during the period when the female
was depositing egg^s the position of the branches was reversed in order
that the light might not have any influence on the female. S*o far as
known, light does not influence the female when depositing her eggs.
One of the branches was sprayed and allowed to dry before using while
the other served as a check. No branch was ever used in any experi-
ment which had been cut and sprayed more than three days in advance
of the experiment. Table 5 gives the time of spraying, which was
always just after the branches were cut.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
Table 5
Repellant EflFcct of Various Sprays on Female During
Oviposition
455
8c
Spray used
.1
1
q5
9
a
•0
1
c
c
a
o
is
li
A
••Scaleclde/'
1-16.
Aug.
Aug. 7-8
Aug.
8 j 129
t 1«
3
37
185
Aug.
oi 129
I
16
3
45
192
B
'•Scaleclde/'
1-20. Car-
boUc acid, 1-ff.
Auk.
Aug. 7-8
Aug.
8j 137
8
11
166
Aug.
9| 211
42
44
24
821
c
Nicotine
retinate,
1-100.
Aug.
Aug. 8-10
Aug.
46
48
20
114
Aug.
11
93
66
20
179
I>
Llme-Sttlfor,
Aug.
^
Aug. 8-10
Aug.
9' 96
(
60
186
7
349
Aug.
163
86
196
7
452
■•
Flah-oU soap, 1
ffm.-lOO cc Car-
bolic add, 1-99.
Aug.
Aug. 8-10
Aug.
16
14
30
Aug.
20
18
11
49
JP*
"Ply -skat,"
1-10
Aug.
'
Aug. 9-12
Aug.
8
.
16
Aug.
13
13
8
29
52
o»»
No spray.
Aug. 11-12
Aug.
13
14
14
H
"Ply-skat."
1-10.
Auff.
11
Aug. 11-18
Aug.
64
56
72
25
217
Aug.
64
75
72
88
239
I
Piah-oU soap, 1
ffm.-100 cc. Car-
lK>Uc add, 1-99.
Au».
11
Aug. 11-13
Aug.
24
31
17
3
75
Aug.
24
31
17
3
75
J
"Scaleclde,"
1-16.
Aug.
14
Aug. 14-16
Aug.
37
63
141
82. (6)
313
Aug.
37
"
141
82. (6)
313
E
Plsh-oll soap
1 gttL-l9 cc.
Aug.
14
Aug. 14-16
Aug.
313
27
92
8.(1)
440
Aug.
313
27
118
63. (6)
511
L.
Lilme-siilfiir,
1-9.
Aug.
14
Aug. 14-16
Aug.
8.
6
130
76, (1)
35;
Aug.
80
6
130
96. (11)
872
Mt
Plsh-oll soap,
1 flrin.-16 cc.
Aug.
14
Aug. 16-18
Aug.
17*104
16
48t
10
177
Aug.
18 1 133
15
48t
127
323
Nt
Li me -sulfur,
1-9.
Aug.
14
Aug. 16-19
Aug.
17 j 5
Of
'
Aug.
18 25
8
Ot
33
Ot
"Ply-skat,"
Aug.
17
Aug. 17-19
Aug.
18 160
25
174t
10
369
Aug.
20 , 160
26
174t
133
492
Ft
1 "Scaleclde."
1-16.
Aug.
17
Aug. 17-19
Aug.
18 j 76
S4
40t
35
355
Aug.
Aug.
AUJC.
20
20
76
84
40t
105
305
Qt
Plsh-oil soap
1 gm.-Z2 cc.
Aujf.
18
Aug. 18-20
154
30
30
14t
14t
8
206
21 1 154
20
218
Rt
"Ply-skat,"
1-10
Aug.
20
Aug. 20
Aug.
21 212
16
41t
3
.3
8t
Lime-sulfur,
1-9.
Aug.
20
Aug. 20
Aug.
21
103
53
72
6
234
•Fertility of female questioned,
tCage sprayed with same material as
Unfertilized female. ()Egg8 on leaf,
sprayed on branch ;^gecPS^I*^^jy^*a'lC
456 NEW JERSEY AGRICUI-TURAL COLLEGE
The results in the above experiments as recorded in table 6 are not as
definite as might be wished for; however, they do bring out a few im-
portant points.
"Scalecide," 1-15, was used in experiments A, B, J and P, and in ex-
periments A and B there was a decided repellent effect, while in ex-
periment J and P the number of eggs on the sprayed branch was some-
what larger than the number on the check. This difference is not easily
understood.
Nicotine resinate, 1-100, was used in one experiment and the results
show that this material does not repel.
Lime-sulfur, 1-9, has some repellent effect, at leaaft the number of
eggs on the sprayed branches in experiments D, L, N and S was never
more than 60 per cent (and usually less) of the number of eggs on the
check, or unsprayed branch.
Fish-oil soap acted as a decided repellent in exi)eriments K, M and 0,
while in Experiments E and I when combined with crude carbolic, 1-99,
the repellent effect was counteracted. This combination seems to be
less effective than soap alone, but the results are questioned, for the
females in these two experiments (E and I) did not deposit the usual
number of eggs, and the fertility of the female in experiment E is
doubtful.
"Fly-skat," 1-9 and 1-10, a commercial product possessing a large
quantity of creosote, showed a decided repellent effect in experiments
and R, while in experiment H it did not repel. Experiment F is
questioned for the fertility of the female was not known.
On August 21, an experiment was set up in the large cage (8x8x6
feet) to determine the response of the female to various spray materials
and was run continuously until September 21. Thirty-two peach
branches, 1 to 2 inches in diameter and 18 inches long, were cut on .
August 21 and sprayed; 6 with **Scalecide," 1-15 (Sc), 4 with "Fly-skat,"
1-10, (Sk), 6 with lime-sulfur, 1-9 (LS), 6 with fish-oil soap, 1 gm. to 32
cc. (F) , and 10 checks (Ch) , or unsprayed branches. These branches were
placed under a wooden frame structure (36x18x18 inches) which was
covered with white mosquito netting. The branches were arranged
as in plate 1, figure 7. Branches 1 to 20 stood upright in the soil about
8 inches from the edge of the cage while branches 21 to 32 stood in the
same line with 1 to 20, but were tilted (45** angle) toward the middle,
and those opposite each other tied together at their top ends. Ten tin
cans filled with moist sand soil and each possessing from 10 to 12 living
pups in cases were buried in the soil in the middle between the rows of
branches.
This experiment was carried on for 30 days, and during this period
60 adults emerged; at least 60 empty pupal skins were seen in all the
tins on September 21, but what proportion of these adults were females
is unknown. Some adults appeared as late as September 15, but none
were seen after this date. Table 6 g^ves the number of eggs deposited
en the various branches, st)rayed and otherwise.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
Table 6
457
Number of Eggs Deposited in Experiments on the Peach Tree
Borer
side and
total eggB
South
1523
North
2271
West
766
Baat
461
South*
699
North*
468
No. of
branch
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
fai
22
23
24
26
26
27
28
29
30
31
82
Spray
Check
Fl8h-oil toap . .
Lime-sulfur . . .
Check
Llme-suIfur . . .
Whale-oil soap
Check
Check
Fish-oil soap . .
Lime-sulfur . . .
Check
Lime-BUlfur . . .
Fish-oil soap . .
Check
'Scaloclde"
Lime-sulfur . . .
Scalecld**'" . . .
Scaieclde" ...
Lime-sulfur . . .
Scalecide" . . .
"Fly-skat"
Check
Fish-oil soap . .
Fish-oU soap . .
Check
Fly-skat"
Fly-skat"
Check ,
Scalecide" . . .
Scalecide" . . .
Check
"Fly-skat"
Bffga
685
108
72
176
95
126
261
525
203
234
342
182
245
540
266
176
235
180
170
111
22
164
83
176
118
36
76
101
118
51
91
31
'Branches inclined toward middle. , ,
Table 7 gives the average number of eggs per branch, also the largest
number on any one branch and the smallest number.
A study of the average number of eggs per branch in the above ex-
periment shows that the average number of eggs on the check branches
exceeds the average number of eggs on all the sprayed branches. The
average number of eggs on branches sprayed with fish-oil soap (com-
paring similar averages) is 40 to 90 per cent that of the check. Branches
sprayed with lime-sulfur show 50 per cent of the number found on the
checks, while on the "Fly-skat" branches the eggs are reduced to 35
per cent that of the check. The number of eggs on "Scalecide" branches
is between 46 to 86 per cent of the number found on the check branches.
Since this experiment ran for 30 days one must take into consideration
the possibility of considerable loss in the effectiveness of the various
sprays on the different branches. How great this decrease was and its
importance is unknown.
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458 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The above experiments, along with the individual experiments in table
6, show that the female in depositing eggs in captivity is undoubtedly
influenced somewhat by various spray mixtures present on the branches
of the tree, but in no case did any of the materials used completely re-
pel the female and prevent her from depositing some eggs. In a num-
ber of cases the repellent served to cut down the number of eggs 50
per cent and in some instances the reduction was much greater than this.
How the female would respond to these various mixtures when applied
to the trees in the orchard and not under any sort of confinement is
unknown, but so far as we know, she would probably behave in a
similar manner. There is a possibility that field observations could de-
termine this point, but the results might be questioned for it is a difficult
task to find the eggs on a large tree, and furthermore, one would never
be certain that all had been seen. ,
Table 7
Peach Borer Eggs If'ound with Different Treatments
Branches
Average
number
of eggs
per branch
Largest
number
of eggs
per bran6h
SmaHeat
number
of ens
per branolt
Check, upright. No. 1, 4, 7, 8, 11 and 14
Check, slant. No. 22. 26, 28 and 81
421
116
300
170
129
166
164
41
196
84
168
686
164
686
246
176
246
234
76
266
118
266
176
91
Check, averacro tor all
91
Fish- oil soap, nprlffht. No. 2, 6, 9. and 13
Flsh-oU soap, slant. No. 23 and 24
108
8S
Flsh-oll soap, average for all.
82
Llme-Bulfur, upright. No. 8. 6. 10. 12. 16 and 19
••Fly-skaV slant. No. 21, 26. 27 and 32
"Scaleclde." upright. No. 16. 17. 18 and 20
"Scaleclde." slant. No. 29 and 30
72
22
111
il
"Scaleclde," average for all
61
NOTB. — For branches No. 28 and 24. with an average of 129 eggs, adjacent cbeok
branches No. 22 and 26, with an average of 141 egga. come closer to being tnM
checks than the average number of eggs in all slants (116). Also for branches
No. 29 and 30, with an average of 84 eggs, adjacent check branches No. 28 and 81,
with an average of 96 eggs, come closer to being true checks than the average
number of eggs in all slants (116).
It may be possible to find some sort of material which would repel the
female and prevent her from depositing eggs wherever the material is
found on the tree, but one point which must be considered in this phase
of the peach-borer problem is the unknown probability that larvsB hatch-
ing from eggs well up on the branches in the tree may crawl or drop
to the ground and eventually gain entrance to the tree. What is the
fate of larvae hatching from eggs deposited on the smaller branches and
leaves of the tree? Personally, I have never seen a female deposit eggs
on any other part of the tree than the main trunk, but a number of
workers have recorded that eggs may be deposited almost anj^here on
the tree and on weeds and grasses about the tree. If larvas hatching
from eggs on various parts of the tree eventually enter the tree near
the crown of the plant, repellent sprays or washes would not be sufficient
to prevent the female from depositing eggs unless the entire tree is
treated.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
459
Lig^t seems to have little or no influence on the female when she
chooses a place to deposit her eggs. A comparison of the number of
eggs deposited on the branches on each side of the cage in the above
lar^e experiment shows but little difference. This also was true of
the small cage experiments with various individuals, as shown in table 8,
where two unsprayed branches were placed in an upright i>osition on
the east and west sides of the cage and allowed to remain in this
position. The morning light was the strongest on the east branch and
the afternoon light on the west branch.
Table 8
Borer Eggs Deposited in Different Parts of Cage
No. ot
Bxpt.
Date
deposited
Date
observed
Bggs on
west branch
Bggs on
east branch
Bggs on
cage
Bggs on
floor
Total
eggs
T
Aug. 20 ^
Aur 21
1 70
61
79
26
226
U
Auff. 20
1
Aug. 21
76
113
196
6
390
V
Auk. 20
Aug. 21
133
20
183
6
842
Eggs
A few experiments were conducted with the eggs of the peach borer.
A niimber of common sprays and other chemicals were used on the
twigs, on which eggs were afterwards deposited, and also directly on
the eggs before they hatched, and their effect noted.
The egg of the peach borer (plate 1, Fig. 1, 2) is a small flattened
ellipsoidal body with one end broader (more obtuse) than the other
and also slightly depressed (d). The egg averages 0.65 mm., or 1/40
of an inch in length, and 0.4 mm., or 1/60 of an inch at its greatest
width. Two opposite surfaces of the egg are flattened (d) , and in most
cases slightly concave, one of these surfaces is adjacent to the object
on which the egg is deposited. The egg has a soft chestnut brown color,
and distinct hexagonal and variously shaped areas (y), marked off by
somewhat elevated white lines (r) and these areas are more prominent
toward the large end of the egg,
A distinct larva may be found within the eggs two or three days be-
fore hatching. It is in a U-shaped position with the head and caudal
portions located near the large end of the egg (plate 1, fig. 4). When
the larva is ready to emerge it breaks through the small thin depressed
area (d) at the large end of the egg. It punctures the shell (e) with
its mandibles and then continues to tear down the egg shell ventrad of
its head until the opening is large enough for it to crawl out (plate 1,
fig. 5, 6). In the tearing down process the bits and frag^ments (x) of
the egg shell are not eaten by the larva, so far as observed, but pushed
to one side, as shown in plate 1, figures 5 and 6. Since the egg shell is
not consumed, as is the case with some insects, it is impractical to apply
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46o NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
seme sort of a stomach i>oison to the egg with the hope of killing the
larva as it eats its way out of the shell. The eggs of the peach borer
require 9 to 11 days to hatch, but in a few cases it took a day or two
longer. An examination of a large number of eggs used in the various
checks shows that in the majority of cases, 100 per cent of the eggs
hatched which were deposited by fertilized females.
A few experiments were conducted to see what effct various spray
mixtures would have on the hatching ability of *peach borer eggs when
the eggs were deposited on freshly sprayed branches (branches sprayed
from 3 to 6 hours before eggs were deposited). Table 9 shows the re-
sults of these experiments.
Table 9
Effect of Various Sprays on Eggs When Applied Before
Deposition
If
It
Spray
a
u
a
11
3^
1
1
Fish-oil soap,
1 Km.-100 CO.
Crude carbolic,
1-99.
Aug. 11
Aug. 11-13
Aug. 23?
31
1
Check.
Aug. 11-13
Aug. 23?
24
2
"Scaleclde,"
1-16.
Ausr. 14
Aug. 14-16
Aug. 24?
63
2
Check.
Aug. 14-16
Aug. 24 7
37
3
Fish-oil soap,
1 Km.-16 CO.
AuK. 14
Au>f. 14-16
Aug. 26-26
27
4
Lime-sulfur.
1-9.
Aug. 14
Aug. 14-16
Aug. 25
6
5
"Scaleclde,"
1-15.
Aug. 17
Aug. 17-19
Aug. 28
28
6
Check.
Aug. 17-19
Aug. 28
42
6
"Fly-skat."
1-10.
Auk. 20
Aug. 20
Aug. 81-
Sept 4
17
7
Lime-sulfur,
1-9.
Aug. 20
Aug. 20
Aug. 81-
Sept 4
24
8
"Fly-skat,"
1-10.
Aug. 17
Aug. 17-19
Aug. 27-28
25
In no experiment where the spray material was applied before the
eggs were deposited did the spray materially affect the hatching of the
eggs. Except for experiments 2, 5 and 6 all eggs on the sprayed
branches hatched, and the few that failed to hatch may be explained on
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
461
other grounds. When experiment 6 is compared with experiment 8 one
readily sees the probability of some other factor entering into experi-
ment 6 than that of the spray alone.
The results of the experiments where the insecticide was sprayed on
the eggs sometime within 1 to 5 days after dei>osition are shown in
table 10.
Table 10
EfiFect of Various Sprasrs on Eggs
5
zS5
Spray
Date of
application
Date eggi
were
depoaited
II
1
it
11
"Scaledde."
1.16.
Auff. 6
Aug. 4
Aug. 7
47. (3)
44
••Scaledde/*
1-16.
Crude carbolic.
1-99.
Aug. 6
▲Ug. 4
Aug. ?
41
41
NlcoUne
resixiate,
1-100.
Aug. 6
Aug. 4
Aug. ?
4
■1 4
1 1
Lime-sulfur.
AU«. 6
Aug. 4
Aug. ?
41, (6)
23
18
Check.
Aug. 4
Aug. ?
60. (21)
27
2
••Fly-ekat"
1-10.
Auff. 20
Aug. 18
Aug. 27
46
16
80
Check.
Aug. 18
Aug. 27
44
44
2
Pish-oll soap,
1-10.
Auk. 20
Aug. 18
Aug. 27
67
66
Check.
Aug. U
Aug. 27
84
84
Fleh-oll soap,
1-10.
Crude carbolic,
2-98.
Auff. 20
Aug. 18
Aug. 27
61
61
Check.
Aug. 18
Aug. 27
88
88
••Scaledde,"
1-20.
Crude carbolic.
1-:
Aug. 18
Aug. 8
Aug. 17
40
7
88
Ch€
Aug. 8
Aug. 17
98
98
Lilme-i mrt
1-3
Aug. 18
Aug. 8
Aug. ls-19
42
82
10
Che
Aug. 8
Avg. 18-19
68
44
9
'Tly-8
1-1
Aug. 17
Aug. 14-16
Aug. 26-27
. 47
46
2
Nicotine 4*»» « *
l-K
Aug. 21
Aug. 16-18
Aug. 27-28
64
61
8
Che<
Aug. 16-18
Aug. 27-28
88
24
*
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462
NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Table 10— (Continued)
E£Fect of Various Sprays on Eggs
5
Spray
d
11
il
III
3&
Si
51
"Scaledde,"
1-30.
1 AUK. 21
Aug. 17-19
Aug. 27-29
103
43
60
Check.
Aug. 17-19
Aug. 27-29
11
•
"Scaleclde."
1-20.
Aug, 21
Aug. 18-20
Aug. 30-
Sept. 1
102
28
74
Check.
••Scaledde,"
1-10.
Auff. 21
Aug. 18-20
Aug. 20
Aug. 30-
Sept. 1
Aug. 31-
Sept. 1
104
13
24
2
80
Check.
Laundry soap.
1-200.
1
Aug. 21
Aug. 20
Aug. 20
Aug. 31-
Sept. 4
Aug. 31-
Bept. 4
27
54
3
•
Nicotine reslnate.
1-100.
Aug. 21
Aug. 20
Aug. 31-
Sept. 4
29
1
Check.
Nicotine resinate.
1-2B0.
Aug. 21
Aug. 20
Aug. 20
Aug. 31-
Sept 4
Aug. 31-
Sept 4
102
38
100
S
S
Check
Nicotine resinate.
1-600.
Aug. 21
1
Aug. 20
Aug. 20
Aug. 81-
Sept 4
Aug. 31-
Sept. 4
11
82
•
•
20
Check.
••Ply-»kat."
l-«.
Aug. 21
Aug. 20
Aug. 18?
Aug. 31-
Sopt 4
Aug. 28-29
67
19
S
20
Check.
Aug. 18?
Aug. 28-29
15
1
Numbers in parenthesis indicate eggs lost
Bxpt. 1-9, eggs on wood or paper kept in small tin boxes.
Bxpt 9-20, eggs under normal conditions on bark of branches.
In the above sets of experiments no material was sufficiently effective
consistently to kill 100 per cent of the eggs or enough to make any one
material worthy of being considered an infallible agent in killing peacfa
borer eggs. Eggs which were killed by the different chemicals usually
collapsed as shown in plate 1, figure 3. ''Scalecide" at varying strengths
gave the best results, killing 40 to 100 per cent of the eggs in the
different trials (Expt. 1, 2, 9, IS, 14 and 15) and the stronger concentra-
tions were the most effective. "Scalecide" combined with crude carbolic
(Expt. 2 and 9) killed 100 and 82.5 per cent. Lime-sulfur was
given two trials (Expt. 4 and 10) and it killed between 20 and
30 per cent of the eggs. "Fly-skat," 1-10, (largely a creosote
compound) was given several trials and the results vary some-
what In experiment 11, 2 eggs failed to hatch out of 47 while in ex-
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 463
periments 6 and 20 about 66 per cent of the eggs were killed. A few
experiments were conducted with fish-oil soap alone, fish-oil soap and
crude carbolic, and laundry soap and creosol but these are not extensive
enough to base any conclusions on them. Nicotine resinate was given a
miinber of trials (Expt. 3, 12, 17, 18 and 19) at varying strengths of
1-100, 1-250, and 1-500, yet in no experiment was there a sufficient
number of eggs killed to warrant the statement that this material might
kill the egg. It was thought i^en the material was used that it might
act as a stomach poison and kill the larva as it ate (apparently) its
-wray out of tiie shell, but as pointed out before, the larva probably does
not consume any considerable portion of the shell as it breaks through
'with its mandibles. Nicotine resinate has good lasting qualities and is
not readily decomposed after spraying, consequently, any larva which
consumes its shell would suffer if nicotine resinate were present.
The lasting effect of nicotine resinate is shown in one experiment
^where on July 16 the lower portions of 15 seven-year-old peach
trees were sprayed with 2% gallons of nicotine resinate, 1-100
(1 gallon for 6 trees). Small pieces of bark were removed on
July 23, July 30, August 5, August 13 and August 20 from
the trees which received only one treatment, and placed in a
clean test tube with a small amount of distilled water and shaken.
After standing for about 30 minutes the solution was filtered and
a few drops of silico-tungstic acid solution were added to the clear
filtrate. Immediately the solution became cloudy, having the appearance
of a white milky solution. The same test, each time, was given to bits
of bark removed from unsprayed check trees and in no case was there
any indication of a cloudiness. The sprayed trees were tested again on
September 21, but at this time there was no indication of nicotine. The
above qualitative test for nicotine is recommended by Mr. V. I. Safro
(see "How to Test for the Presence of Nicotine on Sprayed Plants",
Joor. Econ. Ent., 1917, vol. 10, p. 459-561). The above experiment shows
a definite test for nicotine on the bark of peach trees five weeks after
application of nicotine resinate, 1-100.
Summary
The results in the above experi:r.ents are largely negative, so far as
they may help to develop a much-needed control measure for the peach
tree borer. In brief, they show the improbability of developing a poison
bait for the adult, the partial repellent effect of certain chemicals on the
female while ovipositing and the partial destruction of eggs when cer-
tain substances are applied as a spray. A number of experiments have
been started and are now in operaion on the use of various chemical
and mechanical tree protectors, but the evidence obtained thus far is
insufficient to warrant a statement at this time. The author is of the
opinion that the peach tree borer problem will be solved by a mechanical
or chemical barrier which will kill the larva before it enters the tree
or prevent it from getting into the tree. The development of any con-
trol measure along the line of killing the larva after it enters the tree
is not advisable.
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464 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
SMALL FRUIT INSECT INVESTIGATIONS
Strawberry Weevil
The study of 1915 and 1916 had developed the fact that keep-
ing the strawberry buds covered with a mixture of finely ground
sulfur (such as will pass through a sieve with 200 wires to the
inch) and powdered arsenate of lead (5 to i) from the time the
injury begins until they open, will give adequate protection from
mjury by the strawberry weevil. As during neither year had satis-
factory means of distributing the dust been found, with the pos-
sible exception of a screen wire sifter invented by Mr. Tony Riz-
zotti, of Hammonton, it seemed best in 1917 to concentrate on the
problem of machinery.
Accordingly, in 1917 a test of distributing machinery was made
on the farm of and in co-operation with Mr. Howard F. DeCou,
of Haddonfield. The screen wire sifter proved best for small
acreages, while a power duster seemed best for larger areas.
Bulletin No. 324 of ths station covering the entire problem of
controlling this insect has been prepared and will soon be off the
press.
Orchard Plant Lice
Attention was this year devoted to the question of destroying the
eggs of each of the three common species of apple plant lice — ^the
green apple aphis, the rosy apple aphis, and the oat aphis. Dr.
Peterson discovered that the egg had at least three layers — an
outer brittle transparent layer, a middle heavily pigmented layer,
and an inner thin transparent envelope. He found that about one
week before hatching took place the outer layer split open, and that
thereafter the egg was especially sensitive to loss of moisture and
to the action of various insecticides and other chemicals.
Dr. Peterson found that commercial lime-sulfur when applied
to the egg at winter-strength apparently so hardened the shell that
hatching did not occur. He found that a 2 per cent solution of
crude carbolic acid in water to which enough soap had been added
to break the surface tension destroyed the egg and caused it to
shrivel. He found that the addition of 40 per cent nicotine to the
lime-sulfur resulted in the destruction of a larger percents^ of
eggs.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 465
In the course of some orchard tests, it was found that the
thorough application of commercial lime-sulfur (i gallon to 9
gallons of water), to which 40 per cent nicotine had been added at
the rate of }i pint to each 50 gallons of spray mixture, to the trees
just before the leaves began to project from the buds, gave a prac-
tically perfect control of the three species of plant lice.
The details of this work are set forth in another bulletin about to
be published of this station and touched upon in Bulletin 32S.
Rose Bug
The investigations of the rose bug were limited to the extension
of the use of self -boiled lime-sulfur to peach, cherry and grape. For
two years rose-bug injury to apple has been promptly stopped by a
single thorough application of self-boiled lime-sulfur. This year
when Mr. Warren Oley requested suggestions for control of a
threatening outbreak at and in the vicinity of Vineland, the
entomologist suggested a treatment with self-boiled lime-sulfur.
Mr. Oley reported that this treatment gave prompt relief on
peaches, grapes, and cherries.
VEGETABLE INSECT INVESTIGATIONS
Bean Maggot
For some years the growers of lima beans along the Delaware
Bay coast have lost their early seeding through the action of a
small white maggot. This creature which is only about % inch
long when fully grown, bores into and mines the seed before it
has a chance to get the plant above the ground.
The species concerned appears to be the seed com maggot
(Pegomyia fusiceps Zett.) ; an insect which is recognized as oc-
casionally injurious to bean seed in various parts of the Mississippi
Valley and eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. Unfortunately, its life
history is not understood, but is usually assumed to be like that of
the cabbage maggot
Assuming, because of its relationship, that it might be repelled
by tar and carbolic acid, plans were made to treat the surface of
the hills as soon as the early seed was planted.
The plan included two groups of treatments — the first applied
just after the beans were planted, and the second to otherwise un«
treated rows 12 days after the seed was put into the ground.
Air 80
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466 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
It thus appears that the nearest to a perfect stand (47.5 per cent)
was obtained by use of the tarred paper card (table 11).
Observation clearly indicated that the single treatments had been
broken up or washed away by the rains. It was therefore decided
to try the effect of maintaining the most promising treatments.
Table 11
Treatments and Results of Bean Maggot Investigations
May 4, 191 7
^ Treatment applied the day of planting.
1
Untreated
0.7
0.7
1.1
1.9
1.4
0.9
0.8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
17.6
t
Tarred seed
17.6
t
Lime and carbolic add (just enouffh of the latter to
give a strong odor)
SO.O
4
Tarred paper disks '
47.6
5
Tarred sand
S6.0
6
Tarred seed
22.6
T
Untreated
20.0
Treatment applied 12 days after planting.
1 Tarred sand
1.2
0.0
0.0
1.0
4
4
4
4
S0.0
2 Acid phosphate
8 2-12 fertilizer
4 Sheep manure
26.0
Accordingly, on May 4, 1917, some new rows were planted. Every
other row was left as a check. All materials were aj^lied as a
continuous band six inches wide. Tarred sand, whitewash, and
carbolized whitewash (just enough crude carbolic to give the mix-
ture a strong odor) were applied.
By May 28 such plants as wtre coming up had gotten through.
Examinations made on that date showed that most of the seed
had rotted in the ground and that neither checks nor treated rows
were injured by the maggots. Either the planting on May 4 was
made when the fly was no longer on the wing or the weather was
too cold for it to be active. •
It seems likely that the planting came between broods, for on
this date the flies were emerging from the soil in large numbers
and Mr. Moore informed the entomologist that they had been com-
ing out for some days previous to that time.
Plantings made on this date and every week thereafter through-
out the first half of the summer season showed no traces of injury
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 467
by this species and Mr. Moore reports that such has been his ex-
perience since he first began to notice the pest.
Conclusions
It thus appears that an early spring brood of flies emerges and
lays eggs in. the soil upon or in the vicinity of the bean seed, and
that the maggots which hatch from the eggs concentrate upon the
bean seed and destroy it. The problem of control in this area
appears to narrow down to the prevention of injury to the early-
planted seed, and the experiments indicate that much is to be hoped
from the continuous wide band of tarred sand or strip of tarred
paper.
GREENHOUSE INSECT INVESTIGATIONS
The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas for Greenhouse Fumigation
The use of hydrocyanic acid gas for the destruction of green-
house insects is at present greatly limited by the fear of damaging
the crops on which the insects are feeding. This fear has strong
foundation in the fact that many thousands of dollars worth of
crops have been destroyed by improper dosages.
The dosage or the time of exposure or both must vary with the
crop, the stage of development of the crop, the construction of the
house and possibly with the temperature and the moisture. A
great mass of facts relative to the dosage various greenhouse plants
will stand has been accumulated at various experiment stations and
by the United States Department of Agriculture. Also some facts
bearing upon the effect of temperature, moisture and light have
been gathered.
Unfortunately, the tremendous effects of house construction,
especially as regards glazing and air currents, on dosage have been
largely neglected. A recommended dosage that may be perfectly
efficient in one greenhouse, may destroy the crop in another, or fail
to kill the insects in another. The difference lies primarily in the
distribution and the density of the gas atmosphere. Before much
progress in determining the effect of house conditions, either a
long and probably costly series of trials must be made, or some way
of determinmg the density of the gas atmosphere must be devised.
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468 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
During the past year an effort to devise an apparatui for this
purpose and to make a study of the gas distribution under green-
house conditions was begun. The work was carried on by a grad-
uate student, Mr. W. H. W. Komp.
The essential unit of the apparatus finally settled upon consisted
of one aspirator jar, a test tube absorber and glass and rubber tub-
ing. Both the jar and the absorber were placed on a stand out-
side the section being fumigated but in a temperature as high as or
higher than that of the house under fumigation. The rubber tub-
ing passed into the greenhouse to be fumigated to the point where
the concentration of gas was to be investigated. Enough units
were employed to give an idea of the gas concentration throughout
a section of the house. As many test tubes, each partly filled with
one-hundreth normal sodium hydroxide solution, as there were
readings to be taken were prepared for each unit.
When each of the units had been made ready, the fumigation was
set Immediately the tubing of each unit was cleared of air by
drawing one liter of water from each aspirator bottle. A test tube
containing the sodium hydroxide was then placed in the pipe line
and the air charged with the first up-rush of gas drawn through
the solution by drawing off another liter of water from each as-
pirator bottle. The tube was then taken out of the line and set
aside. The pipe lines were then cleared by drawing off another
liter from the aspirator bottle. The second test tube was then in-
serted in the line and another absorption made.
In this way samples of gas concentration were absorbed at short
intervals throughout the course of fumigation. After the com-
pletion of the fumigation the absorbed gas was titrated with one-
thousandth normal silver nitrate solution.
The upshot of the study seemed to be that the gas reached
maximum general concentration within 8 minutes or less of the
time when fumigation began. There was first a s^-ift up-rush of
the gas that produced a heavy concentration in the comb entirely
above the insect-infested plants. The gas then distributed out-
ward and downward until maximum general concentration was
reached. Thereafter the concentration gradually decreased until
it fell below the minimum dosage for the insects, or was released by
opening the ventilators.
Irregularities in distribution occurred, which are at present with-
out adequate explanation. Indeed the irregularity may b^ sufficient
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 469
to damage the plants if concentration is markedly greater, or to
fail to kill the insect if the concentration is much less. These
irregularities may be partly overcome by increasing the number of
generators.
The details of the work upon which the preceding statements
are based will be found in a later bulletin of this station.
SOIL-INFESTING INSECT INVESTIGATIONS
Laboratory and Field Experiments vdth Sodium Cyanide and
Other Chemicals Against Wireworms in the Soil
Alvah Peterson, Ph.D.
During the summer of 1916, Mr. J. P. Quinn, of the Orange City
Poor Farm at Livingston, N. J., brought to the laboratory samples of
potatoes and other vegetables badly injured by wireworms. A trip was
made to Livingston during October, 1916, and it was noted that the
2-acre piece of land south of the home was heavily infested with wire-
worms. Consequently, this gave us the opportunity to try to control
these insects by treating the soil with cyanide. In order that we might
know how to proceed and what strength to use, a number of experi-
ments were performed at the laboratory, out-of-doors and in the green-
house, using soil and wireworms obtained from Livingston.
Laboratory experiments
Sodium Cyanide, The first series (A, B, C and D) of experiments
I>erformed were conducted in small flower pots, 6 inches deep and 6
inches in diameter at the top and 3 inches at the bottom, using streng^ths
of sodium cyanide ranging from 10 to 500 pounds to the acre. Each
pot contained 5 active larvs and was set up as follows on November 9.
Four inches of subsoil was placed in each pot and 5 larvs dispersed
throughout the same. The hole in the bottom of each pot was closed
by a rubber stopper. The pots in series A, B and C were buried in the
ground out-of-doors in an open space near the laboratory and covered
with boards to keep out the rain while the pots in series D were kept
in the greenhouse; the temperature ranging between 55** and 65*F. and
the moisture between 60 and 80 per cent. The temperature of the soil
in the out-of-door experiments averaged about 50**F. or somewhat lower.
In each series there were 7 treated pots, as indicated in the table, and
one check for the series in the greenhouse and one for those out-of-doors.
In series A, including experiments 3-9, the required amount of cyanide
was dissolved in lOcc. of water and poured on the surface of the sub-
soil, while in series B (Expt. 10-16) the necessary amount of poison
was pulverized and sprinkled on top of the subsoil, but in Series C
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470 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
(Expt. 17-24) and D (Exprt. 25-31), the cyanide was dissolved in 175 cc
of water and poured on the subsoil. In all the above experiments, 2
inches of top soil was put over the subsoil immediately after the treat-
ment was given.
The amounts of sodium cyanide used were 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 250, and
600 pounds to the acre, and the exact quantity required for each pot
was figured on the basis of the number of square inches (19.6) in the
circular area, 5 inches in diameter, at the top of the subsoil. The fol-
lowing proportion gives the required amount of sodium cyanide in grams
per pot: 19.6 square inches is to 48,560 square feet in an acre times
144 square inches to a square foot as the unlmown F is to 10, 25, 50, 100»
150, 2^0 and 500 pounds (changed to grams). Table 12 lists the results
of the experiments after 7 days' (Nov. 9-16) exposure.
Table 12
The Effect of Sodium Cyaxiide on Wireworms in Four Series of
Experiments A, B, C and D (Soil and Larvae in Flower Pots,
November 9-16, 1916)
No. and
Amount nsed and
Ss
Si
No. and
Amount used and
??
?1
Mriea
rate per acre
u —
u S
series
rate per acre
,3"
a«
2- A. B. C
Check
17-C
.72 gm..-600 lbs.
3-A
.72 ffm..-500 lbs.
18-C
.86 gm...260 lbs.
4-A
.36 sm..-260 lbs.
10-C
.21 gm..-160 lbs.
6-A
.21 flrm.,-160 lbs.
20-C
.14 gm.,-100 lbs.
«-A
.14 gm.,-100 Iba.
21-C
.072 gm.,- 60 lbs.
7-A
.072 erm..- 50 lbs.
22-C
.036 gm..- 25 lbs.
8-A
.035 gm.,' 25 lbs.
23-C
.021 gm..- 10 lbs.
9-A
.021 gm..- 10 lbs.
24-D
Check
10-B
.72 gm..-500 lbs.
26-D
.72 gm..-500 Iba
11-B
.36 gm.,-260 Iba.
26-D
.36 gm..-250 lbs.
12-B
.21 ffm..-150 lbs.
27-D
.21 gm..-150 lbs.
13-B
.14 gm.,-100 lbs.
28-D
.14 gm.,-100 lbs.
14-B
.072 gm..' 60 lbs.
29-D
.072 gnu- 60 lbs.
IB-B
.035 gm.,- 25 lbs.
80-D
.036 gm..- 25 lbs.
16-B
.021 gm.,- 10 lbs.
81-D
.021 gm..- 10 lbs.
Series A. B and C in soil out-of-doors.
Series D in greenhouse.
The results of these pot experiments show some interesting and un-
expected facts. The killing point in all four series is almost identical.
This shows that it makes little or no difference whether the salt is dis-
solved or applied in crystalline or powdered form, also the difference of
lOT. in the temperature of the out-of-door and greenhouse experiments
made no decided difference in the percentage killed. The larvae were
all killed in strengths of 500 and 250 pounds to the acre, and only two
lived (No. 5- A and 27-D), at the 150-pound treatment while only one
larva was killed (30-D) where 25 pounds and 10 pounds to the acre
were used. The pots treated at the rate of 50 and 100 pounds to the
acre showed, respectively, a total of 16 alive and 4 dead, and 7 alive and
18 dead.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 471
The larvsB when removed from the pots were examined carefully, and
as a number of them were sluggish, they were examined again in 48
hours, being kept in moist untreated soil during this period. In some
csi^ses a few recovered but the majority of the slugg^ish larvs were dead
at the end of the period. This fact suggested the possibility of a
greater kill if the larvae were exposed for two weeks or longer. Fur-
thermore, it was also not known how long the treated soil would be
effective against wireworms, so on November 22, two weeks after the
sail was treated, in series A, B, C and D, 8 fresh active larvaB were
placed in the subsoil of pots 17, 18> 19 and 20 of series C, and in pots
24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 of series D, without adding any more cyanide,
and allowed to remain in these until December 7, when they were ex-
amined. All the larvae were alive except in pots 17-C and 25-D, where
one dead wireworm was found in each. This test shows the decided
loss in the effectiveness of sodiimi cyanide after four weeks had elapsed
from the time of treatment, for only pots treated at the rate of 500
pounds to the acre showed any killing power whatsoever.
The larvae in series A, B, C and D were exposed for only 7 days be-
fore they were examined, consequently it was thought that a longer
exposure might give a greater percentage of kill. Four pots (plus a
check pot) each containing from 4 to 7 larvae were treated on November
22 with sodium cyanide dissolved in 25 cc. of tap water at the rate of
100 pounds to the acre. These were examined, one at each date, on
December 7, 14, 21 and January 1, and all the larvae were found dead
in each treated pot while the larvae in the check pot were alive. These
pots were kept out-of-doors during the whole period, and the tempera-
ture of the soil in which they were buried ran between 32* and 40**F.,
but usually SS^'F. or below. This experiment shows that an exposure
of two weeks or more will kill all the larvae when cyanide is used at
the rate of 100 pounds to the acre, while this was not true in previous
6xx>eriments when the wireworms were kept in the treated soil for only
7 days. Temperature may have had some influence here, for it was
.10®F. or more below that of series A, B, C and D, and it is possible that
this may account for the greater kill, but this is seriously questioned.
If sodium cyanide at the rate of 100 pounds to the acre will kill during
an exposure of two weeks or longer, possibly smaller amounts would be
as effective. Four more pots were treated along with a check pot on
December 8, two with sodium cyanide at the rate of 75 pounds to the
acre and two at the rate of 50 pounds. These were placed out-of-doors
in the soil which had an average temperature of 33**F. and one of each
strength was examined on December 21 and January 6 (two week in-
terval). On December 21 all the larvae were dead in the pot receiving
75 pounds to the acre, while three were dead and two alive in pots
treated with 50 pounds to the acre. On January 6, the pot treated with
sodium cyanide at the rate of 75 x)ounds to the acre showed one alive
and four dead, while the pot with 50 pounds to the acre gave the same
results as those examined on December 21, three dead and two alive.
This experiment again indicates that an exposure of two weeks or
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472 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
longer will produce a greater kill than one week, and also the mini-
mum dosage in flower-pot experiments is beftween 75 and 100 pounds
to the acre.
The problem of how the sodium cyanide in the soil kills the wire-
worms was considered in connection with this study. So far as known,
little or no. work has been performed to determine how the wireworms
or other soil-infesting insects are killed when the cyanide is introduced
into the soil where they live. Are they killed by inhaling the fumes
coming from the sodium cyanide, or are they killed by contact with
this material in solution, or does it act as a stomach poison?
Several experimenrts were conducted which may throw some light
on this question. On January 12 four double wire screen cages w^ne
constructed. The inner or smaller cage was made of a 3-inch strip of
wire screen which was rolled to form a cylinder 1 inch in diameter and
rubber corks placed in each end. A larger cage, similarly con-
structed, was 2 inches in diameter and made from a 5-inch strip of
wire screen. The small cage was suspended within the larger cage
by two strings in such a manner that no part came in contacrt with the
outer cage and leaving a %-inch air chamber between the inner and
outer cage on all sides. Soil and several wire worms were introduced
into the small inner cages of No. 1 and 3, while wireworms only were
placed in the small inner cages of No. 2 and 4. All four double cages
were buried in subsoil in flower pots and the subsoil in pots 1 and 2
possessing respective cages was treated in the usual manner with
sodium cyanide dissolved in 25 cc of water at the rate of 150 pounds
to the acre. After treating, the pots were tilled with topsoil. Pots 3
and 4 served as checks. The cages were examined on January 26
and all the larvae in the cages removed from the treated pots were
dead while those in the untreated pots were alive and active. The
results of this experiment indicate that the larvae are killed by in-
haling the poisonous fumes, for the larva were removed from direct
contact with the poisoned soil, consequently they could not come in
contact with the same or consume poisoned particles. It is possible
that the fumes might have been taken up by the moist untreated soil
in the inner cage of No. 1, but this could not have occurred in No. 2,
for no soil was present in the inner cage. The only possible way for
the poison to have reached the larvae would have been over the two
strings which held the inner cage in suspension.
In experimenting with ^wireworms and sodium cyanide in flower
pots measuring 6 inches in diameter at the top, 3 inches at the bottom
and 6 inches deep, it was realized that the results obtained in these
comparatively • small and confined spaces would not necessarily hold
in larger vessels or in field experiments. To determine the depth to
which the poisonous eSedt of the sodium cyanide would penetrate the
soil in sufficient quantity to kill, a number of experiments were ccm-
ducted in glazed sewer pipes, 5 inches in diameter (inner space) and
25 inches long. These pipes were closed at their collar end with a
circular tin disc and stood upright (collar down) in the soil on a
greenhouse bench.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 473
On January 12 fifteen larve were placed in each of three tiles and in a
check lot. In two of the tiles, No. 1 and 2, the larve were distributed
throughout the tile and separated from each other by round wire
screen discs 5% inches in diameter. Starting with the bottom thexe
were 3 larve in the first inch cd subsoil (23 to 24 inches deep) and
these were confined in this space by a wire screen 23 inches from the
toiK Two larvsB and 5 inches of subsoil occupied the space between 18
to 23 inches from the top and at 18 inches and 17 inches there were
2 wire screens and 3 larvae included in the soil between them. Above
17 inches and up to 12 inches 2 larva and soil were introduced and
then again at 12 inches and 11 inches 2 wire screens enclosed 3 larva
and subsoil. Above 11 inches and up to 6 inches deep 2 larvae and sub-
soil were introduced. The top six inches of the tile was not filled
until after the sodium cyanide was applied. Tile No. 1 was treated
with sodium cyanide dissolved in 50 cc of water at the rate of 150
pounds to the acre, while title No 2 received treatment of cyanide at
the rate of 100 pounds to the acre.
In tile No. 3 five small cylindrical wire screen cages 3!4 inches long
and 2 inches in diameter were placed in the center of the tile end to
end and on top of each other; the top cage being 7 inches from the top of
the tile. The cages were filled with subsoil, 3 large larvae put in each
and the space surrounding the cages filled with diit. The sodium
cyanide at the rate of 100 pounds was dissolved in 50 cc of water
and applied 6 inches from the top of the tile, and then the tile was
filled to the top. The cages served the purpose of confining the
larvae to definite depths, thus making it possible to learn to what depth
the poison penetrates in sufiicient quantity to kill.
The above experiments were examined two weeks after they were
iftarted. In tile No. 1 where the cyanide was applied at the rate of
160 pounds to the acre it was found that all larv» within 12 inches of
the top of the tile, or 6 inches from point of treatment were dead. One
or two were dead below the treated surface, but all others were alive
and active. Where sodium cyanide was used at the rate of 100 pounds
to the acre, all larvae within 10 inches of the top of the tile, or 3 to 5
inches from the point of treatment were dead, while below this the
larvae were alive and active.
Since sodium cyanide would not consistently kill larvae below 6
inches when used at the rate of 150 pounds to the acre, three other
tile experiments were started on January 26, using sodium cyanide at
the rate of 200 pounds (tile No. 4), 300 pounds (tile No. 5) and 400
pounds (tile No. 6) to the acre. In these experiments the wire screens
were omitted, but the 15 larvae were evenly distributed at varjring
depths throughout the length of the sewer pipe (6 to 24 inches). The
material was dissolved in 50 cc. of water and poured upon the subsoil
6 inches from the top of the tile, and then the tile was filled with soil.
These tiles were examined on February ^. About 50 per cent of the
larvae had escaped through the lower end of the tiles into the soil on
the bench, but enough remained in the upper portions of the tile to
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474 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
srive some clue in regard to the depth that the sodium cyanide was
effective. In tile No. 4 all the larvss 6 inches below the place of treat-
ment (12 inches from the top) were dead, while in tile No. 5 one was
alive at 11 inches from the top of the tile, or 5 inches from the place
of treatment, but all others in this zone were dead. In title No. 6
all were dead above 15 inches, or 9 inches from the treated surface.
The above experiments indicate that strengths of sodiimi cyanide
greater than 150 pounds to the acre penetrate to greater depths in
sufficient ^rength to kill. Greater strengths are more effective, but
even cyanide at the rate of 400 poimds to the acre, was not strong
enough to kill all of the larvse throughout the tiles, for below 12 and
15 inches a number of active larvae were found. In determining the
depth to which sodiimi cyanide will penetrate in sufficient quantity to
kill it is necessary to confine the larvffi to definite parts of the soil, for
they will migrate considerably if this is not done.
Other Chemieals. A few other chemicals, such as lime-sulfur, sodium
sulfocarbonate and pryidine, and one commercial product, "carbol-sul,''
which is composed of 40 to 50 per cent of carbon bisulfide, were ex-
perimented with, and will be briefly reported on at this time.
Lime-sulfur, 20°B. (3 i>ots) and sodium sulfocarbonate (3 pots) were
used separately at the jrate of 500, 250 and 100 gallons per acre. Each
was diluted in 50 cc. of water put on the subsoil in flower i>ots as in
experiments with sodium carbonate and the pots filled after the treat-
li^ents were made. In another pot using lime-sulfur at the rate of
100 gallons to the acre, 10 drops of pyridine were added, also 10 drops
of pyridine were added to still another pot where sodium sulfocar-
bonate was used at the rate of 100 gallons to the acre, and 10 drops
of pyridine alone was used in one pot. In all of the above experi-
ments there were 3 larvae in each pot. After 7 days of exposure all
were alive and active, showing the ineffectiveness of the respective
chemicals.
"Carbo-sul" is manufactured by the Carbo-sul Company, Inc., of
New York City and claims are made by these people that "carbo-sul"
?s an effective insecticide against soil infesting insects. On January
27 ten flower pots were prepared as in the sodium cyanide experi-
ments with 3 active larvae at varying levels in each. These pots were
kept in the greenhouse and No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were treated re-
spectively with "carbo-sul" at the rate of 500, 250, 100, 50, 25 and 10
gallons per acre. The required amount of carbo-sul was dissolved
in 100 cc. of water and poured on the subsoil, and then the pots were
filled with dirt immediately. In i>ots 7, 8 and 9 the entire pot was
filled with soil and then a surface treatment was made with "carbo-sul"
at the rate of 500, 250 and 100 gallons per acre by dissolving the
respective quantities in 300 cc. of water and pouring the same upon
the filled pots. Pot No. 10 served as a check in the above experiments.
On February 3, seven days after treating, all the pots were ex-
amined and, altogether, only 3 dead larvae were foimd, two of these
occurring in pot No. 1 and one in pot No. 2. All larvae were alive and
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 475
active in pots where a surface treatment (No. 7, 8, and 9) was made.
Hie above experiment shows the ineffectiveness of "carbo-sur* in
flower-pot experiments and from onr experience with sodium cyanide
under laboratory conditions, it would probably be less effective in field
work with wireworms.
''Carbo-suP has a very decided odor and in the above experiments
the odor disappeared within four or five days after treating while in
the cyanide experiments the indistinct odor coming from sodium cyanide
was detected in the soil after two weeks' exposure, especially in pots
receiving the larger amounts of cyanide.
Field work
While the laboratory experiments were being performed, one field ex-
periment was conducted at Livingston in cooperation with Mr. J. P. Quinn
on December 5, 1916, and we are indebted to him for the interest shown
in this problem and his willingness to cooperate with us in every pos-
sible manner. At this time the wireworms were scattered through-
out the lower strata of the top soil and the upper portion of the sub-
soiL In the infested field the subsoil varied somewhat in depth, 10 to
15 inches, and in digging into the infested areas it was noted that the
larvie were going down and leaving behind dis^tinct burrows through
the sandy and day-like soil. With these observations in mind, it was
tbiought that it might be possible to kill the wireworms provided the
sodimn cyanide was placed at some depfth in the soil and covered at
once. This was done by plowing deep furrows, applying the cyanide
dissolved in water and then immediately covering the treated furrows
with the dirt from newly-formed furrows. With this method it seemed
that the sodium cyanide or gas which it evolves might i)enetrate the
burrows and reach the wireworms in sufficient quantity to kill.
A plot 74 by 390 feet was staked off in the heaviest infested poi1;ion
(N. E.) of the 2-acre field south of the home. This was plowed to
a depth of 6 to 8 inches and each furrow averaged 12.7 inches in
vridth. Two furrows in the center were left untreated, serving as a
check, while the first eight furrows on each side of the check were
treated with cyanide at the rate of 100 pounds to the acre (10 pounds
of sodium cyanide dissolved in 50 gallons of water and 6 gallons
sprinkled in each furrow 390 feet long) and the outside 50 furrows
(25 on each side) received cyanide at the rate of 150 pounds to the
acre (15 pounds of sodium cyanide dissolved in 50 gallons of water
and 6 gallons sprinkled in each furrow 390 feet long). The individual
making the treatment walked a short distance ahead of the team of
horses and plow which was making a new furrow, and sprinkled the
cyanide solution into the open furrow by means of a 3 gallon water-
ing pot, and then the plow threw the dirt into the treated furrow,
thus covering the cyanide with several inches of soil almost as soon as
it was applied.
At the time of treatment the temperature of the soil (6 inches) was
43'*F. In about four days heavy rains came and then a cold spell
which froze the land. It remained in this condition until late in the
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476 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
spring making it impossible to dig into the ground to determine the
effect of the cyanide treatments. On May 9 the plot was examined
in various parts and it was apparent that the cyanide had not killed
the majority of the larva but there was undoubtedly some reductiout
probably not over 25 per cent. So far as observed, no difference could
be detected in the two plots where the cyanide was used at the rate of
100 pounds and 150 pounds to the acre, respectively.
The majority of the larvs on May 9, were fouikl at the surface of
the subsoil and a few in the top soil. On May 25, 1917, Mr. J. P. Quinn re-
ported that the larvae were up in the top s(m1 and attacking newly
planted com, and at this time the heaviest infestation was in the
southwest part of the field. On May 28 a trip was made to Livingston
with Dr. Headlee and Mr. F. A. Kaufman of the Boessler and Has-
slacker Chemical Company, of New York City, for the purpose of con-
ducting some experiments on surface treatment with sodium cyanide.
In cooperation with the above men and Mr. J. P. Quinn, 7 plots 12 by
18 feet were laid out with check plots between them in the worst in-
fested portion of the field, and treated as indicated in table 18. At this
time the larvae were congregated about the com in the various hills
and within 1 to 3 inches of the surface of the top soil. The number
of larvae in each hill ran between 10 and 25 while occasionally as many
as 45 were found in a hill. With the larvae congregated in this fashion
it was thought that a thorough surface treatment with sodium cyanide
dissolved in water might penetrate the soil and kill the wiieworma.
The cyanide solution was sprinkled upon the plots from a 8 gallon
watering pot.
Table 13
Plan of Field Experiment in Control of WirewcMrms
Plot No.
Condition of soil
before troatlnr
Amount of NaCN and
rate per aero
Amount of
water
Soil undisturbed
Raked llffhUy
Undisturbed and hills only
treated
Raked lightly
Raked lightly
Raked lightly
Raked lightly
8 oz.=: (100-lb. rate)
8 oz.= (100-lb. rate)
8 os.= (100-lb. rate)
2 oz.= ( 26-lb. rate)
4 02.= ( 60-lb. rate)
6 ox.= ( 75-lb. rate)
12 0%.= (160-lb. rate)
20 gaL
20 gaL
10 gaL
20 gaL
20 gaL
20 gal.
20 gal.
The above treatments recorded in tl» table were examined on June
6 and it was found that some' of the Is^rvm were killed in the com
hills in plots 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7, but no plot showed an effective contrt^
Plot 7 showed the greatest number dead, but these did not exceed 25
per cent of all the larvae in the hills. The above experiment shows the
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
477
impossibility of killing wireworms by treating the surface of infested
land with sodium cyanide at the rate of 25 to 150 pounds to the acre.
After the above results were obtained it was thought that the
sodium cyanide must be covered and not directly exposed to the sun-
shine and air currents in order to be effective, consequently another
large plot was plowed and treated in a manner similar to the field
experiment performed on December 5, 1916. This experiment was
conducted on June 5, 1917, in the same part pi the field as on Decem-
ber 5, but the area treated was only 40 feet wide and 195 feet long
and plowed to a depth of 6 inches. The field was staked off at each
end at intervals of 5 feet (see diagram) making 5 furrows to each plot.
.195 feet-
D ISO lbs. NaCN plua ammonium sulfate D
C 100 lbs. NaCN plua ammonium aulfate C
B 160 lbs. NaCN B
A 100 IbB. NaCN A
A 100 lb«. NaCN A
B 160 lbs. NaCN B
C 100 lbs. NaCN plus ammonium sulfate C
D 150 lbs. NaCN plus ammonium sulfate D
•Corn planted June 5.
The required amount of sodium cyanide was dissolved in 50 gallons
of water and the treatments made on June 5. The solution was,
sprinkled into the open furrow with a watering pot, 8 gallons to
each furrow, in front of a team of horses pulling a plow that filled the
treated furrow at once. In plot A the cyanide was used at the rate
of 100 pounds to the acre (72 ounces dissolved in 80 gallons of water)
and in plot B at the rate of 150 pounds to the acre (108 ounces dis-
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478 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
solved in 30 gallons of water). Plots C and D were respectiv^y
treated with cyanide as in A and B, but in addition to tbis treatmentt
a solution of ammonium sulfate was used. Ammonium sulfate with
sodium cyanide probably liberates HCN (Kaufman) and thus this
combination should be more effective. For plot C, 10 pounds of
ammonium sulfate was dissolved in 30 gallons of water and for plot
D, 15 pounds to 30 gallons of water. In treating plots C and D the
sodium cyanide solution was applied with a watering pot in the
usual manner and immediately followed by a similar quantity of h
solution of ammonium sulfate, and then the furrow was covered at
once. After all the plots were treated, the western half of the en-
tire block was rolled in order to harden the surface of the soil and
thus probably help to keep the gas within the soil. Four rows of
com, two at each end of the block, were planted across each half of
the treated area, and in each row there were two hills in every
plot, as indicated by asterisks in the diagram.
The above experiment was observed on June 11, and a number of
active wireworms were found in all the hills of com, regardless of the
treatment given, but on the whole they were not nearly so abundant as
in the infested untreated portion of the field at the west end. There
was considerable variation in the number of larvae found in liie dif-
ferent plots, yet these differences did not accord in any definite man-
ner with the treatments given. There was also no decided differ-
ence In the number of larvae in the plots where the ammonium sul-
fate was used. This experiment shows some reduction in the num-
ber of larvse, but on the whole the treatments did not give a sat-
isfactory control.
On November 6, 1917, some final counts were made of the in-
festation in the various plots of the field by removing soil to the
depth of 15 to 20 inches from areas covering nine square feet. Table
14 shows the resutls.
Table 14
Restilts of Field Experiments in Control of Wireworms
Date of
Plot No.
Treatment
application
No. of lami
1
Check
15
2
160 lbs. to acre
Dec 8, 19ie
t
160 lbs. to acre
Dec 6. 19ie
t
100 lbs. to acre
June 6. 1917
11
160 lbs. to acre
Dec 6. 191 <
4
( 160 lbs. to acre
Jane 6, 1917 J
7
At this time the number of larv» throughout the field was much
less than in the previous year, and the table gives indication of some
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 479
reduction in the plots treated with cyanide, yet it also shows the in-
effectiveness of sodium cyanide when used at strengths no greater
than 150 pounds to the acre.
As a last attempt to kill wireworms with sodium cyanide a num-
ber of hills of com, heavily infested with larvae and in an untreated
section of the field, were uncovered with a hoe on June 5 and about
one quart of water, in which sodium cynaide was dissolved at the
rate of 300 pounds per acre, was poured upon the larvae within each
hill and then immediately covered with soiL The same treatment
plus an equal amount of ammonium sulfate was also tried on a num-
lier of infested com hills. These hills were examined on June 11 and
all the larvae found dead, 15 to 40 to the hilL This dracrtic method of
treating hills is apparently very effectfve, yet even in this treatment
some of the larvae may have been repelled by the sodium cyanide
which we do not know of. The results of this experiment show that
it is possible to kill wireworms if one uses large doses of cyanide and
applies the material directly upon the larvae.
In conclusion it can be said that wireworms can be killed with
large quantities of sodium cyanide, but the amoimt necessary to
bring about a satisfactory control makes this method of soil treatment
too expensive for ordinary use in the field.
Since we were unable to control wireworms satisfactorily with
sodium cyanide at the Orange City Poor Farm, a system of crop
rotation dosigned to meet the problem of wireworm control was
worked out by Dr. Headlee and Mr. Quinn, which will be put into
operation during the coming season.
Note, We are indebted to Mr. Kaufman of the Roessler and Hasslacker
Chemical Company at Perth Amboy, N. J., for the interest shown in
this work and for furnishing us with the greater portion of the sodium
cyanide and ammonium sulfate used in the various experiments. Also,
I am indebted to Dr. Headlee for the sincere interest shown in this
problem and for many valuable suggestions.
HOUSE-FLY INVESTIGATIONS
Fly Control at Beach Haven, New Jersey
Alvah Peterson, Ph. D.
For several years this department has been trying out various con-
trol measures against the house-fly and its allies and also studying
their breeding and feeding habits. During 1913 an effort was made
to control the flies in the city of New Brunswick, while in 1914 the
problem of control was restricted to the College Farm. In 1915 and
1916 careful studies were made by Mr. Richardson on the breeding
and feeding habits of the house-fly and closely related forms. For
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48o NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
1917 it was thought that we should take charge of the fly control
work in some community, and make a practical demonstration of
some of the well-known control measures. In looking about for a
suitable place, we desired a small community, 500 to 8000 people, in
order that one man might keep in close touch with the entire opera-
tion. It was also necessary that the place chosen be well isolated
from nearby cities or places where flies might breed and migrate.
Beadi Haven, N. J., seemed to fulfill these requirements, so the city
council was approached with the proposition and we met with a hearty
response from the very beginning.
Beach Haven is a small seacoast town ¥rith a residential popula-
tion of about 500 people, and during the summer months from 2500
to 8000 people. It is located at the southern end of a long narrow
island (20 to 25 miles) which is several miles off the coast of New
Jersey. The town is well isolated, for the nearest community of any
size is Tuckerton, and this place is six or seven miles west of Beach
Haven with an extensive body of water between the two places. The
small communities on the island, several miles north of Beach Haven,
are smaller than Beach Haven and possess few, if any, places where
flies might breed abundantly. Beach Haven also has a good sewage
disposal system and no out-of-door privies are permitted within the
limits of the borough. The garbage is also cared for by the city, be-
ing collected at least three times a week, placed on a large barge
and transi>orted to a disposal plant across the bay. The above con-
ditions at Beach Haven are in many respects quite ideal, thus mak-
ing it possible to obtain definite results provided the remaining breed-
ing places were cared for. These places were almost entirely con-
fined to horse and cow stables, of which there are only eight in the
borough and within one mile of its limits. The total number of
animals inhabiting these places during the past season did not ex*
ceed 25 horses, 1 pony and 8 cows.
Undsr these conditions the control of the house-fly in this town
largely resolved itself into caring for the manure and the stalls at
the various stables. The first step toward fiy control was accom-
plished in this borough on June 25 when, under personal supervi-
sion, all the stalls and breeding places (except some large piles of
manure) were thoroughly treated with borax (crystals). At this
time comparatively few adults were about and only a few larv»
were found under the floor boards in a few stalls, but some of the
piles contained a considerable number of larvae which were sufficient
to increase the population of flies materially if. not treated at once.
The floor boards of stalls and other parts of the bam were examined
every two weeks during the summer, and only once did any stable
require more than two treatments in order to prevent breeding in
these places. The manure piles were inspected once a week during
June, July and August and the breeding found was reported to the
city authorities and to the caretaker when at home.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 481
The stable men were given instractions in respect to the disposal
of the manure or treating when this was necessary. In the majority
of cases a hearty response was met with, but in one or two instances
the desired results were not obtained by this method. It is hoped
that this difficulty may be overcome in another season.
The manure was cared for in one of four ways at the different
stables. The manure from two stables was removed daily (at least
three times a week) and spread out on nearby gardens or vacant lots.
Manure handled in this manner dries rapidly and is not suited for
breeding; at least no larvae were found in this manure. One stable
man removed the manure from the stable twice a week and placed it
out on the marshes where the tides kept it soaked with salty water.
Another stable possessed a large cement pit and the manure was
thrown into this pit and covered with water. This method was very
satisfactory in eliminating breeding until the pit was filled and the
manure was exposed above the top of the pit and about its margin.
Under these conditions a large amount of breeding was found sev-
eral times during the season and it was necessary to use borax. All
manure which was not cared for according to the above methods was
treated with a solution of borax at the rate of 0.62 pounds to 8
bushels of manure.
The borough furnished each stable, where the borax treatment was
necessary, with one or two large SO-gallon cans, one 10-quart water-
ing pot and all the necessary borax for making treatments. The
stable men were instructed to sprinkle 2hi gallons of solution on the
daily output of manure from one horse and to make this application
every day. One ounce of borax to one cubic foot of manure will kill
90 per cent or more of the larvae and inhibit the eggs from hatching
provided it is applied in solution form and the larvae and eggs come in
contact with it. It was fignired out that the average output from one
horse is 1% cubic feet of manure per day and that 2% gallons of water
containing 1% ounces of borax should i>enetrate all parts of this amount
of manure. The large stock cans held about 80 gallons of solution (18
ounces of borax) and this was sufficient to- make 12 treatments for one
horse. In making treatments it was noted that wet manure which had
been soaked by rains or when located in low wet areas was difficult to
treat, for it was next to impossible to make any additional water (by
sprinkling) penetrate the wet manure. When manure is in this condi-
tion, particularly in low wet areas, and contains numerous larvae, it
should be put on higher ground in order that it may dry out somewhat;
or a thick layer of gravel or cinders placed imder the manure in wet
and low areas will help considerably.
At the begimung of the season we planned to use hellebore in treat-
ing infested manure, but this cost 30 cents a pound on the Philadelphia
market while borax could be purchased in 100-pound lots at 9 cents a
pound. Manure treated with borax is detrimental to some plants when
the manure is used as a fertilizer, but, so far as known, it will not in-
jure plants provided one does not use over 15 tons of treated manure
to the acre.
Ag 31
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482 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
In the weekly inspections the manure piles were carefully examined
and also a lookout was kept for dead fish and grarbage which might
breed blow files and the like. One striking thing noted in respect to
the adult flies about the town was the small percentage of common
house-flies and the large percentage of stable and blow flies. Un-
doubtedly the latter came from dead fish scattered here and there on
the beach, in the marshes and about the town. At times the garbage
was not disposed of as rapidly as it should have been and occasionally
the cans were alive with blow-fly larvs breeding in meat and fish. The
control of blow flies is a matter of proper disposal of all decaying
meat and dead fish.
Besides caring for manure, fly traps and poisoned baits were used
during July and August, but these indoubtedly played only a minor
part in the efforts made toward the control of flies. Poisoned baits gave
some promise of becoming an important factor in fly controL
Fly Traps. Wire fly traps, 10 inches in diameter and 10 inches high,
were furnished the various stables one hotel and one restaurant Ck)m-
paratively few adults were captured during the season, and so far as
observed, the traps were of little value in controlling the flies. Pos-
sibly a larger trap might have given better satisfaction. The traps
were baited once a week by placing decayed bananas and molasses in
a paper plate beneath the trap.
Poisoned Bait. At the outset it was planned to make an extensive
investigation of poisoned baits but other work would not permit. It is
desirable to find a poisoned bait which is attractive to adult flies, easily
applied, with good lasting qualities and which kills rapidly. Experi-
ments were conducted with only one bait (sodium arsenite, molasses
and water) which has recently been used by C. W. Malley with good re-
mits in Africa.
A number of experiments were conducted in small round traps, 6
inches in diameter and 9 inches high, with the above bait. It was ap-
plied to the sides of the cage by means of a brush and rhe flies within
readily consumed the bait. After a fly had partaken of the poisoned
solution it required from 1 to 6 hours or more for the i>olson to kill
Table 15 shows the results of one of a number of similar experiments
that were performed for the purpose of determining the effect of the
varying strengths of poison and the amount necessary to kill. In this
experiment the designated amount of sodium arsenite was dissolved in
one-half the necessary amount of water and then an equal amount of
com syrup ("Karo") was added. The experiment was started on July
13 at 11 A. M. and continued until 7 A. M. the next day. Each trap
possessed one or more individuals of Stomoxys calcitrans, Musca dames-
tica, Calliphora eryth/rocephalfl., Lucilia sericata, Phormia regina, Fannia
canicularis and other species but 75 per ^ cent of the flies were Stomoxys
calcitrans.
Individuals of all species consumed some of the i)oisoned bait and
died. The table shows that all the strengths used, 1 ounce to 1/8
ounce of sodium arsenite per gallon of solution, were sufficient to kHl,
but the rapidity of kill was considerably higher with the greats
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kxpi:riment station report.
483
strengrths and also the percen'tage killed (in 20 hours) was somewhat
greater. An examination of the number of dead at 2 P. M. shows clearly
the rapidity of kill for the various strengths. Since the above poison acts
slowly in killing the adults this undoubtedly accounts for the fact that
comparatively few dead flies may usually be found near the bait when
used on a bam or otherwise. In other words, the fly may go some
cistance before it dies.
\
Table 15
Effect of Poison of Varjdng Strength on Flies
i
ex
Strength of anenite
1?
Q09
I:
Is
a
1!
.6
u
1
1 oz. to 1 ral.
2
10
14
14
17
20
2
22
2
V& OS. to 1 gal.
s
8
12
15
17
"
SO
3
% oz. to 1 gal.
1
1
6
12
12
17
6
22
3
% 08. to 1 gal.
1
4
6 >
10
13
20
12
82
5
Check, molasses only
20
20
The poison bait used by C. W. Malley in South Africa contained 1
i>ound of sodium arsenite, 2 gallons of cheap molasses and 10 gallons
of water. This mixture is very thin and was found to dry rapidly on
exposure to air, and on hardening was not as attractive as when moist.
The above bait was thickened by using equal amounts of molasses (or
pyrup) and water, and adding sodium arsenite at the rate of 1 ounce
to 1 gallon of solution. Even this concentration of molasses would
harden in the course of three of four hours, especially on a warm day
when exposed 'to the direct rays of the sun. It was found that the ad-
dition of honey (honey 25 per cent, molasses 25 per cent and water 50
per cent) would keep the bait from hardening rapidly, but the use of
honey would probably be unsafe in territories where bees are pres-
ent. Flies are attracted in considerable numbers to freshly applied
bait, but compartively few can be found on hardened bait, conse-
quently it is desirable to find some material which will not dry out and
harden rapidly but retain its moisture and remain more or less sticky.
So far nothing satisfactory has been found outside of honey.
The bait was applied at the various stables in the borough. A 2-
quart pail and an ordinary paint brush were furnished and the stable
man was asked to make a daily application of the material to the
sides of the bam, fences or sheds where flies naturally congregate in
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484 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
considerable numbers. At two of these stables buncbes of Eftraw were
clipped into poisoned bait and suspended above the manure piles. It
was noted that a considerable number of flies visited these bundles,
especially when the bait was fresh and sticky.
Just how many flies or what proportion of the adults were killed by
the use in the borough of poisoned baits is unknown. In some definite
trials it was undoubtedly effective. During the latter part of July
Stomoxys oalcitrans and other species, including green-headed flies,
were particularly abundant in a private garage in the southern part
of the town (garage adjacent to a stable) so the mechanic made use
of the poison bait by brushing a goodly quantity of the material on
the screens in the windows. On the following day the majority of the
flies had disappeared and numerous dead flies could be seen about the
garage and on the window sill. Among the dead flies were a number of
green-headed flies which the man claims readily consumed the bait
So far as can be observed, it may be said that flies were by no
means so abundant at Beach Haven in 1917 as in the previous season.
Whether this was due entirely to the control measures used or to
weather conditions and parasites we are unable to say. The only way
definitely to determine the ffectiveness of the control measure will be
by carrying on these various measures for several S€»^sons. In making
the weekly inspections, it was noted that adults were abundant twice at
one stable and once at another and these outbreaks were predicted on
the basis of conditions at the respective bams some ten days previous
to the appearance of the adults. Numerous comments by people who
had lived for a number of years in Beach Haven all confirmed the fact
that the flies were not as abundant as in former years. This was
particularly true at one hotel where only a few flies could be found
about the kitchen while in previous years it was said to be fairly black
with adults throughout most of the summer. The experience of the
past season should help considerably in combating this insect in 1918.
Note, We are particularly indebted to Mr. Ireland and Mr. Engle for
the interest shown in\the problem and their constant attention to nec-
essary enforcement of treatments, etc. We also wish to express our
thanks to those men in particular who cared for their manure in the
proper manner and thus eliminated breeding in their piles. Personally,
I am indebtedly to Dr. Headlee for the cooperation shown in this work
and for the many valuable suggestions received.
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REPORT ON MOSQUITO WORK
Thomas J. Headlee, Ph.D.
PREVIOUS TO 191 7
The map which follows will serve to show in a graphic way
what has been accomplished in salt-marsh drainage by all agencies
up to 1916-1917, and the effect of this work on the prevalence of
the salt-marsh species (fig. i).
The migration of the salt-marsh mosquitoes over the upland is
shown by dots, in the places and in relative abundance as indicated
by last year's reports.
The occurrence of infested areas in the region of the salt-marsh
which is marked drained is due to the incompleteness of the drain-
age system installed.
An3rthing like complete elimination throughout this large area
involves the installation of more complete drainage systems than
now exist in more than a very few places. For the purpose of
showing lack of completeness in the drainage system, table
I, giving estimates prepared about January i, 1917, is presented.
Table i
Status of Salt-Marsh Drainage in New Jersey, January i, 191 7
Countj
Total area
acres
Drained or not in
. need of draining
, per cent
Undrained
per gent
TTudaon
11.468
8.378
4.631
4,41S
8.199
8,878
66
60
98
90
60
AO
44
Bergen
40
Basex
2
Union
10
Mlddleaez
60
Monmouth
40
Ocean
40.400 1 fio
40
Atlantic
63.335
53.688
52.661
66
11
4
45
Cape May
89
Cumberland
96
In Bergen, the lower end of Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May
as well as in certain limited areas in other counties the ground
which was covered was sufficiently drained, and the percentage
marked as undrained represents areas that are practically un-
(485)
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Condition in m
^\\i Aw1W i I.
AREA OF OPtCINAL
IT HAQSH MOSQUITO
INFESTATION ENCLOSCO BV
BROKEN LINE
TIDAL MARSH UNORAINED ■
TIDAL MARSH PARTLY OR
COMPLETELY DRAINED B
AREA PRACTICALLY FREED OF
SALT MARSH MOS(HJITOeS IP.
AREA STILL INFESTED W
SALT MARSH MOSQUITOES S
itized by VjUUV It
££&
EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 487
touched. In the other counties, however, with the v limited areas
expected, the shortage is due to lack of completeness within areas
already covered by drainage systems.
The same point is shown by the fact that the average number
of linear feet per acre in the area covered is about 120, while rather
careful investigations of the past three years have shown that about
3cx> linear feet of iox30-inch ditching, or its equivalent, per acre
is necessary to effect mosquito drainage in open salt meadows. In
sections shut in by railway grades, roadways, and fills the number
of feet required may be less, but the cost of dike, sluice, and tide-
gate construction, or the installation of pumps and the maintenance
of all will more than offset the difference.
Although not by any means complete, the amount of work ac-
complished is large and the results in mosquito control gratifying.
Al)out January i, 191 7, a general statement of the work up to that
time was prepared, which reads as follows :
"Approximately 95,000 acres of salt marsh have been rendered
reasonably free from mosquito breeding. This has involved the
cutting of 11,500,000 feet of ditches 10 inches wide and 30 inches
deep, or their equivalent, the building of 17.2 miles of dike, the
installation of 76 sluice and tide-gates (representing 842 square feet
of cross section outlet opening), the installation of one 4 and one
12-inch centrifugal pump and the connection of 100 acres of marsh
with a large sewage pumping plant.
'*The best testimony as to the efficiency of the work is the fact
that not a single brood of mosquitoes of any consequence has
emerged during the past season (1916) from the 95,000 acres which
have been drained."
Previous to 1912 the burden of salt-marsh drainage was borne
by the State of New Jersey, through its Agricultural Experiment
Station, alone and in some cases in cooperation with certain munic-
ipalities such as Jersey City, Newark, and Elizabeth. In 1912, how-
ever, the county mosquito unit was authorized and local effort be-
came at once pronounced. With the county unit come the regular
maintenance of the trenching already cut and the establishment
of new drainage systems. In 1912 Essex and Union counties began.
In 1913, Hudson, Passaic and Atlantic became active and Essex
and Union continued. In 19 14, Bergen, Middlesex, Monmouth and
Ocean began and the others continued. In 1915 Cape May took up
the work and the others continued. Local efforts were under-
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488 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
taken in Somerset, Mercer and Camden but in every case the prob-
lem of mosquito control was found to be local and not of sufficient
importance to merit county-wide activity.
The salt-marsh work of a drainage character done by the counties
soon reached and passed the state's efforts. At the beginning of
the county work (1912) the state was doing about 75 per cent
and the counties 25 per cent of the salt-marsh drainage, while in
19 1 5 the state was doing 28' per cent and the counties 72 per cent,
and in 1916 they were doing all of it.
While endeavoring to economize on state expenditures during
the winter of 191 5- 16, the Legislature provided only $4,800, just
enough to keep the force together, and consequently no new drain-
age work could be undertaken by the State Agricultural Experiment
Station.
Table 2
Salt-Marsh Ditching in New Jersey, 1912-1916
Experiment Station Ditchinir
County Commission Dltcbinc
Tear
No. of feet
cut
No. of feet
cleaned
No. of feet
cut
No. of feet
cleaned
i»n
1$13
1914
1915
1916
1,086,188*
689,842
821,601
745.106
None
Minimum amount
None
None
None
289.800
879.365
1,057,167
1.971.242
2.542.713
470.000
1.800.000
919.000
8.171.128
600.000»»
Many of the county units undertone the control of fresh-water
species as well as those which bred on the salt marsh. This was
true of Hudson, Bergen, Essex, Union, and Atlantic counties.
Passaic had no salt marsh and so devoted its entire attention to the
fresh-water species.
One portion of the statement mentioned on page 487 bears on
the volume of fresh-water work accomplished. "Approximately
50 per cent of the reasonably permanent fresh-water mosquito breed-
ing pools, scattered over 315,000 acres of upland, have been per-
* Maximum figures, probably 26 per cent or more too high.
**Blockare was removed from the entire system; the above Inolndes complete
oleanlnf only.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 489
manently eliminated. Approximately 315,000 acres of upland have
been likewise patrolled (during 1916) and as nearly as possible all
residual breeding destroyed."
Throughout the development of the county work the anti-mos-
quito knowledge and force of the State Agricultural E3q)eriment
Station has been at the command of the county units and has been
very freely used by them.
WORK OF 1917
Mosquito Control Work of the State Agricultural Experiment
Station — Salt-Marsh Drainage
Two pieces of drainage work were undertaken and carried out
during 1916-17. One was located in Upper Township of Cape May
County on both sides of Beesley's Point and another in Little Egg
Harbor Township of Ocean County on the marsh lying about Well's
Island.
Upper Township, Cape May County Work. The area laid
out for drainage extended from the Meadow Boulevard West
of Peck's Bay northward along the upland to Beesley's Point
and southward along the west side of the upland from Beesley's
Point to Schooner Creek. More than half that portion of the area
lying east of the upland was already covered by drainage systems,
but it was included with the thought that such additions as might
be necessary to complete could be made. As a matter of fax:t, the
marsh owners were so opposed to such action that it did not seem
practicable to make any addition to the system as already established,
especially in view of the fact that the drainage was reasonably good
as it stood.
Bids were called for and Mr. Harold I. Eaton, having submitted
the lowest bid, was awarded the contract on February 7, 1917, for
100,000 linear feet of ditching, 10 inches wide and 30 inches deep,
or its equivalent, for the sum of $2,400. By "equivalent" is meant
ditches of greater width or less depth reckoned on the basis of the
standard iox30-inch ditch.
The actual work of drainage began at the point where the last
work left off, continued northward to Beesley's Point and from
thence southwestward as far toward Schooner Creek as the funds
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490 NEW JERSEY -AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
e
2
o
H
u
o
OS
0)
B
a>
5
a
u
Digiti
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 491
could permit. Not as much spur ditching was cut as the type of
salt marsh demanded, but quite as much was put in as could be in-
stalled and allow us to live on terms of amity with the small
owners. (Fig. 2.)
All told 99,579 linear feet of iox3o-inch, or its equivalent, of
main ditching was put in and 2,408 linear feet of spur ditches were
cut. The system thus established covers 650 acres.
Little Egg Harbor Township, Ocean County Work. The area
laid out for drainage practically surrounds Well's Island and in-
cluded all that territory between the Mullica River and Great Bay
on the one hand and Deep and Roundabout Creeks on the other.
Bids were called for and Mr. Harold I. Eaton's proposal, be-
ing the lowest of all submitted, was accepted and a contract for
cutting 1 14,285 linear feet of iox3o-inch ditching, or its equivalent,
was let for the sum of $2,400 on April 24, 1917.
As a matter of fact, the footage contracted for failed to cover
the whole of the areas as above outlined. It covered the marsh
surrounding Well's Island only and included about 640 acres.
Although parts of the area were such as to demand a large amount
of spurring, very little was put in because it was thought that the
Ocean County Mosquito Extermination Commission could do that
more cheaply with its own labor. The Commission agreed thus to
supplement the ditching system established. After the contracted
amount (114,285 feet) had been cut 5,220 feet additional for the
purpose of securing better outlets were cut at a labor cost of $100.
All told 119,505 linear feet of ditching was cut by the State Agri-
cultural Experiment Station on this area.
The nature and the arrangement of the system thus established
are shown in figure 3.
Table 3 serves to show year by year the amount of salt-marsh
drainage that has been established. Up to 1913 the amount stated
is based upon estimates for the most part. Beginning in 1913 the
amount of drainage stated is based on measurements. It has been
deemed advisable to omit the acreage because so much of the drain-
age is placed in areas already covered by inadequate drainage sys-
tems. The cost of administration up to 1913 included the diflference
between the contract price of ditching and the total amoimt ex-
pended. With the formation of the county commission unit, local
interest in mosquito control became such that expenditures for
salaries, traveling, preparation of plans and matters necessary there-
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492 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
a
C
s
o
Pi
O
H
I
2
5
0)
2
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
493
to increased to a point where the difference between the money
spent for ditching and the total expenditure could not be justifiably
charged to administration of salt-marsh drainage. In 1913, I9i4» I9IS»
Table 3
Statement of Salt-Marsh Drainage from the Beginning to and
Including the Year 191 7
COST TO THE STATE
Feet of
1
ADMINISTRATION
PBRIOD
Acres
ditching
Necessary !
Ditching
studies and j
For actual
For other
publications
1
ditch
cutting
purposes
of the act
Up to 1907. as reported
1
16.861
2,216.624
111.000.00
.
In 1907. as reported...
10.961
1.605.524
119.400.00
$4,100.00
In 1908. as reported...
6.669
888.660
16.768.00
4.242.00
In 1909. as reported...
2.672
365.800
9.917.00
589.00
4.648.00
In 1910, as reported...
4.650
860.000
4,471.00
2.628.00
In 1911. as reported...
8.628
712.000
19.660.00
6.850.00
In 1912. as reported...
6.196
1.000.180
21.660.00
3.360.00
In 1913. as measured..
7,174
1.664.842
21,580.00
4,028.70
I4.89S.S0
In 1914. as measured..
1.298.840
7.5SS.86
6.213.66
2.224.09
In 1915, as measured..
2.686,071
18,426.26
4.085.40
1.600.00
In 1916. as measured..
2.643.718
2.378.88
1.800.00
In 1917, as measured..
2,897.869
4.900.00
2,772.00
2.296.81
Table 4
Statement of the Salt-Marsh Drainage Work Done by the
State Experiment Station and the County Mosquito
Extermination Commissions
Experiment Station Ditching
County Commission Ditching
Date
Number of
feet cut
Number of
feet cleaned
Number of
feet cut
289.800
879.366
1.067.187
1.971,248««
2.642.718
2,176,492
Number of
feet cleaned
1912
1913
1914
1916
1916
1917
1,0S6,180«
689.842
821.601
71S.823
None
221.492
Minimum amount
None
None
None
None
470.000
1.300,000
919,000
1916 and 1917 an attempt was made to charge that portion which it
seemed should properly belong to salt-marsh drainage under that
head. In 1916 the only salt-marsh drainage work consisted of the
finishing of contracts let the previous year.
•Maximum figures, probably 26 per cent too high.
**In 1916 the practice of going over every foot of the entire system obtained.
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494 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The large number of feet listed for the present and the past sev-
eral years is due to the work of the county mosquito commissions
in their attempt to drain the salt marshes that come within the limits
of their counties. Table 4 serves to show this point.
Aid Extended and Surveys Made
During the year the entomologist has made 87 trips to various
points in the interests of mosquito-control work, occupying approx-
imately 108 days.
Two surveys were made — the first a fresh-water problem at AI-
lamuchy Lake artd the second a salt-marsh problem at Sea Isle City.
Allamuchy Lake Report. The lake itself is an artificial pond
caused by damming across a narrow valley. As is customary
with such lakes the head of it is shallow and runs out into a ty|rical
marsh. The sides are timbered to the very water's edge and many
trees have fallen over into the water. Just above the lake (No. i)
is another dam and another lake (No. 2) which is about one- fourth
the size of Lake No. i. The marsh above is about the same size as
the marsh adjoining the first lake. Just beyond the camp buildings,
that is ,southwest of the camp, is another inlet with its corresponding
marsh.
The following procedure was advised :
(1) Lake No. 1
(a) Clear edges of all vegetation and fallen timber and stock
with fish.
(b) Cut main outlet through marsh at its head, either dig or
dynamite.
(c) Clear all inlet streams of any obstruction and drain swamp
southwest of the camp.
(2) Lake No. 2.
(a) Lower surface of lake by taking out 3 feet of dam so as to
drain marsh near upland.
(b) Keep camp clear of all tinware and crockery so that there may
be no standing water in the camp.
The woods within a radius of one mile of the camp should be
inspected and all woodland pools be located and either filled or
drained.
Mosquitoes may fly from the large marsh areas about Waterloo,
or from the marsh just beyond the divide above the camp, but
these may be drained in the same manner as the other marshes by a
deep straight central outlet.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 495
Sea Isle City Report. The area concerned in this rei>ort
is that part of Ludlam Beach which extends from the point where
the West Jersey and Seashort Railroad enters to Corson's Inlet.
Iti this section the natural drainage of the beach is greatly inter-
fered with by the roadway and the roadbeds of the West Jersey
and Seashore and Atlantic City Railroads.
The purpose' of the plan and specifications which follow is to re-
lieve this congestion and re-establish eflFective drainage.
The proposed drainage system is planned to carry all the surface
water oflF the marsh inclosed by the railroads. The railroad ctd-
verts are all placed 30 inches below the surface of the marsh through-
out plan I and 24 inches below the surface in plans II and III,
and are so provided with ditches that the water may run out with
every low tide. The most northerly culvert has a special g^de.
The culverts under the street shall be placed as low as possible
without actually digging into the sand itself. The ditches must
be so graded as to carr>' the standing water out readily.
The plan of this system has been drawn to an approximate scale
of I inch equal to 200 feet. The streets, etc., were taken directly
from the tax maps; and the switches, the marsh line and some of
the creek outlets were sketched in on the ground. All are approxi-
mately correct.
The plan calls for a ditch between the Atlantic City Railroad
and the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad thrpughout the length
of the marsh, except where the fills are over 50 feet in width
and in such places this ditch is omitted. The same applies to be-
tween the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad and the trolley, and
between the trolley and Commonwealth Avenue on maps II and III.
The ditching east of Commonwealth Avenue is merely indicated,
the exact location is to be staked as the work starts.
Drain No. 1 is located just across Landis Avenue from House
Street It is a 20 by 30-inch ditch. It goes under the West Jersey
and Sea Shore Railroad tracks 6.2 feet below base of rail and under
the Atlantic City Railroad 2.8 feet below base of rail and outlets into
Beach Creek. •
Drain No. 2 consists of a 20 by 30-inch ditch under Landis Ave-
nue, 75 feet north , of Matilda Street. It runs as far but does not
cross the West Shore and Seashore tracks.
Drain No. 3 consists of a 20 by 30-inch ditch, starting 100 feet east
of Landis Avenue just north of Farrand Street. From there it runs
in a westerly direction crossing Landis Avenue and crosses the
West Jersey and Sea Shore Railroad 6.2 feet below base of rail
and the Atlantic City Railroad 2.8 feet below base of rail. It then
continues across the marsh and outlets into Swimming Creek.
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496 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Drain No. 4 is a 20 by 30-iiich ditch crossing Landis Avenue just
north of Elm Street. It outlets into the middle ditch and runs as far
as the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad tracks.
Drain No. 5 is situated 600 feet north of Drain No. 4. It starts 75
feet east of Landis Avenue and crosses Landis Avenue running in
a wesfterly direction across the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad at
a grade of 6.2 feet below base of rail and across the Atlantic City
Railroad 2.8 feet below base of rail, thence across the marsh into
Swimming Creek.
Drain No. 6 runs parallel to Drain No. 5 and is situated 500 feet
north of it.
Drain No. 7 starts 200 feet east of Landis Avenue just north of
Prospect Street. It crosses Landis Avenue by culvert and under the
freight switch of the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad. Thence,
it crosses the main track of the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad
6.2 tenths feet below base of rail and the Atlantic City Railroad 2JS
feet below and thence across the marsh into Swimming Creek. A
branch from Drain No. 7 cix)sses Prospect Street by culvert and
drains the block east.
Drain No. 8 is located just south of proposed Philadelphia Street.
It crosses Landis Avenue by culvert and thence crosses the Wert
Jersey and Seashore tracks 5.2 feet below base of rail and across the
Atlantic City Railroad 2.8 feet below base of rail and thence across
the marsh and into Ludlam Bay.
Drain No. 9 is 1300 feet north of Drain No. 8. It crosses Landis
Avenue, the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad at a grade of 5.2
feet below base of rail, the Atlantic City Railroad at a point
2.2 feet below base of rail thence across into Ludlam Bay. As this
part of the cut is through sand, it must be made with sloping sides
and should be 8 feet wide and 2 feet deep.
Drain No. 10 is 1400 feet north of Drain No. 9 and otherwise simi-
lar to it
Drain No. 11 is 1500 feet north of Drain No. 10 and otherwise simi-
lar to it.
Drain No. 12 is 1650 feet north of Drain No. 11. It crosses Landis
Avenue and thence across the West Jersey and Seashore tracks at a point
5.2 feet below base of rail and across the Atlantic City Railroad 2.8
feet below base of rail, directly across the marsh into Ludlam Bay.
Drain No. 13 is just north of the Whale Beach switch. This crosses
the trolley tracks and the West Jersey and Seashore tracks through old
culvert No. 7, which is low enough to drain low spots between Com-
monwealth Avenue and the Wert Jersey and Seashore Railroad. The
Atlantic City Railroad crossing must be 2.8 feet below base of rail,
however, and then directly across into Ludlam Bay.
Drain No. 14 is located 1400 feet north of Drain No. 13. It crosses
Commonwealth Avenue, the trolley, the West Jersey and Seashore at
a grade of 5.2 feet below base of rail and the Atlantic City Railroad
at a grade of 2.8 feet below base of rail, thence directly across ix^
Ludlam Bay.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 497
Drain No. 15 is 1600 feet north of Drain No. 14 and drains into
the iK>nd» outlets and grade remaining the same.
Drain No. 16 is 900 feet north of Drain No. 15 and runs at the
same grade across the railroad emptying into the pond.
Drain No. 17 is just south of Prescptt Avenue. It crosses Com-
monwealth Avenue, the trolley tracks, the Wert Jersey and Seashore
Eailroad at a grade of 5.2 feet below "base of rail and the Atlantic
City Railroad at 2.8 feet below base of rail, thence across the marsh
into Strathmere Bay.
Drain No. 18 is at the northern end of Strathmere. It has two culverts
across Commonwealth Avenue, one across Willard Road and then it
runs as a railroad ditch to a point 75 feet north of Webster Road
where it crosses the railroad at a grade of 5.8 feet below base of rail.
Then it crosses sand hills where the sides must be kept in place by
planks 1 inch thick on each side. It is dug thus for 200 feet, crosses
Bay View Drive and opens directly into the Bay. Grade stakes are
^ven for all road culverts in this drain.
Cross drains as given are connected by cross ditches in many
places. These are shown on the maps.
There are at present lo culverts under the West Jersey and Sea-
shore Railroad tracks as they cross the tidal marsh from Hartson
Street, Sea Isle to the Corson Inlet Station, Strathmere. These
do not include the street culverts in Sea Isle proper.
Cu]|rert No. 1 is located at the most southerly part of the marsh.
It is just north of the fill on which Hailson Street is to be built. It
consists of a round iron culvert about 10 inches in diameter, the bot-
tom of which is probably 4 feet below the top of the rail. There is
a comparatively good ditch leading to it but the ditch leading from
it is badly choked with cinders, sand and weeds. The situation is
very bad if a drainage into the Atlantic City Railroad culvert is to
be considered.
Culvert No. 2 is located about 800 feet north of Culvert No. 1. It
is set with the bottom approximately 5 feet below the top of the rail
at this point. At present there is 1 foot of water standing in it as
a result of no outlet. It opens at a point where it would have to
cross two switches in order to go straight to any good outlet. It
is an iron culvert 2 feet in diameter.
Culvert No. 3 is an old box culvert set about 250 feet south of
Prospect Street Station. This needs lowering to grade.
Ciriveyt No. 4 is an old wooden culvert set just opposite Philadelphia
Avenue. This is a box 18 by 12 inches and set 4 feet below the top
of the rail.
Culvert No. 5 is just about 100 feet north of Culvert No. 4. It is
a wooden box and is unnecessary if Culvert No. 4 is lowered.
Culvert No. 6, is located just south of the switch at Whale Beach.
This is a very small 6 by 10-inch box culvert set 4 feet below the
top of the rail. This needs lowering and an increase in size.
Ag32
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498 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Culvert No. 7 is loca'ted just north of Whale Beach switch. This
is cast iron protected on the west side with terra cotta. It acts as
a street culvert for the road crossing at this place and if proi)er out-
let and inlet were furnished it would be in very good shape.
Culvert No. 8 is located opposite Emerson Road. This is a wooden
box culvert set 4 feet below the top of the rail. It is open for its
entire length but needs lowering.
Culvert No. 9 is situated in line with Franklin Road. It consists
of a box culvert which is set 4 feet below the top of the raiL It is
not able to drain the ponds properly until it is set lower and pro-
vided with a proper outlet.
Culvert No. 10 is situated just opposite the center line of Otis Ave-
nue. It is an iron pipe set 4 feet below the* top of the rail. No good
outlet has been provided so that it has rapidly become filled. It is
low enough at this point, but a much better place to drain would be
just sourth of Prescott Street (one block north of Otis). Here the old
grade of 5 feet below the top of the rail would be sufficient.
The culverts under the triangular switch of the Atlantic Qty
Railroad near Matilda Street are all good, but those under the
main line are all worn and broken, the only active one being at
a point 200.feet north of Culvert No. i on the West Jersey and
.Seashore Railroad. The other culverts are all broken, and all need
resetting.
The culverts in the triangle switch near Sea Isle are new and are
draining the inclosed marsh well.
Taken as a whole, the grade of the bottom of the Atlantic City
Railroad culverts should be 2.18 feet below the base of the rail and
they should be arranged so that they will be opposite those proposed
for the West Jersey* and Seashore tracks.
Financial Statement of State Experiment Station's
Mosquito Work
Total appropriation $10,000.00
Salt-mav6h ditching (contracts and incidental
labor) $4,900.00
Advertising for proposals 32.37
Equipment 307.69
Telephone and telegraph 30.26
Postage 65.00
Salaries of regular and temporary employees 3,135.00
Traveling expenses 1,800.30
Clerical and laboratory assistance 65.00
Labor and technical assistance 82.20
Reverting to State Treasury 82.19
$10,000.00
Digitized by VjOOQIC
EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 499
County Mosquito Extermination Commission Work
Hudson, Bergen, Essex and Union have continued their eflforts
to find and destroy all mosquito breeding which occurs within their
limits. Passaic did the same work for the territory covered by the
cities of Paterson and Passaic and adjacent boroughs. Middlesex,
Monmouth, Ocean and Cape May have devoted their whole attention
to the suppression of saltrmarsh breeding. Atlantic has given pri-
mary attention to the suppression of breeding on her salt-marshes but
has also made an eflfort to suppress the local fresh-water species in
Atlantic City and other towns and cities of the county.
Hudson County
The plan of discovering by regular examinations of all parts of
th^ county all mosquito breeding and of destroying it in so far as
possible has been continued during the present year. The effort to
eliminate the reasonably permanent breeding places in a permanent
manner by proper drainage and filling has been continued to the
extent of the commission's funds.
During March and April the entire drainage system was thor-
oughly gone over and cleared wherever thought to be necessary.
About 700,000 feet of marsh trenching were thus put in shape for
tlie summer.
During the season 109,943 linear feet (reckoning on the basis of
ditches 10 inches wide and 30 inches deep) of ditching was done.
Most of this was cut in areas filled with old cedar stumps and was
both difficult and expensive to install. The detail of this work is
indicated in the following statement :
Apr. 12. J. C. Meadows west of West Side Park, 15,000 ft. at 2%
cents per ft.
May 10. Dennis property, Belleville Turnpike, stump-lot ditching, 2,120
ft at 7 cents per ft.
Peat House, Snake Hill, for County Board of Health, 826 ft.
at 2% cents per ft.
J. C. Meadows, 2,507 ft. at 2% cents per ft.
County Road near P. R. R., 2,235 ft. at 2% cents per ft.
County Road near P. R. R., 1,835 ft. at 7 cents per ft.
Harrison Turnpike & D., L. & W. R. R., 3,266 ft. at 2^^ cents
per ft
Saw Mill Creek, stump-lots, 5,200 ft. at 7 cents per ft
May 25. Kearny Meadows, north of Belleville Turnpike, stump-lots,
17,100 ft. at 7 cents per ft.
Same ditch, clear, 483 ft. at 2% cents per ft
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500 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
Clear Meadow ditches, parallel with Harrison Turnpike, 4,460
ft. at 2^ cents per ft.
June 14. New Ditch, Saw Mill Creek section, 10,570 ft. at 7 cents per
ft.
Repairing old ditch from P. R. R. west to pump, 6^50 ft. at
5 cents per ft.
Repairing stump-lot ditch, P. R. R. east to Dead Horse Credt
section, 2,400 ft. at 7 cents per ft.
July 12. Stump-lots, Saw Mill Creek, 15,372 ft. at 7 cents per ft.
Dead Horse Creek section, 4,400 ft. at 7 cents per ft.
Aug. 9. From Saw Mill Creek towards Erie R. R, 1,480 ft. at 7 cents
per ft.
Belleville Pike near Arlington, 8,789 ft. at 7 cents per ft.
Near P. R. R., Secaucus, 8,800 ft. at 7 cents per ft.
Oct 25. Kearny stump-lots near D., L. & W. R. R., 6,000 ft at 7 cents
per ft.
Nov. 1. Kearny stump-lots north of Belleville Turnpike, 4,500 ft at
7 cents per ft.
Cleaning and recutting 400 ft. of same territory at 10 cents
per ft
The Commission reports as follows on the prevalence of mos-
quitoes :
"Briefly stated, the conditions were by no means discouraging,
considering the weather and other conditions which we had to con-
tend with. Mosquitoes were not at all troublesome in any part of
the county until well along in July. In Arlington, where they were
found in greater numbers than in any other part of the county, they
did not appear until about July I2, and were not troublesome after
August 15; in fact, by that date had almost entirely disappeared.
In Harrison and East Newark, the adjourning communities, they
were not troublesome at any time during the season.
"At Snake Hill they were not noticed until about July 20, and
were troublesome there only about four weeks. Bayonne was not
afflicted seriously until about August i, and then the trouble ex-
isted only along the shore front,, principally on the east and south
sections of the city and along Newark Bay. Lafayette, Hoboken,
West Hoboken and Union Hill experienced far less trouble than
in previous years. In North Hudson, adjourning the Bergen County
line, pipiens were found troublesome as early as July i. In Jersey
City, particularly along the western section from Newark Avenue
to the Bayonne line and west of Summit Avenue and the Boulevard,
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 501
salt-marsh mosquitoes were considerably trouhjesome subsequent to
July 20, for about three weeks. Jersey City, east of Summit Ave-
nue from Lafayette to Hoboken, was practically free of mosquitoes
during the entire season.
"Considering the conditions found in reference to the mosquito
pest throughout the state, we think we have reason to feel pleased
with the scarcity of the mosquito pest in this county and the short
duration of their period of annoyance. We find but a few who
complain of being annoyed indoors, and the use of bed canopies for
protector purposes is a thing of the past.
"Among the communicable diseases reported throughout the
county, we find only two cases of malaria reported to the Kearny
Board of Health, both of which appeared after the patients had
returned from a vacation in the country."
Bergen County
The mosquito commission started this year with the definite plan
of devoting a large proportion of the labor budget to upland drain-
age and retaining for the salt-marsh work merely enough properly
to maintain the work already done. The commission's idea in mak-
ing this plan was to test the efficiency of the drainage system
already established on the salt marsh. On the whole, salt marsh
as judged by the breeding found seemed to be pretty well drained.
It appeared that the North Arlington meadow would be more easily
controlled if some cross ditching were placed to secure a better
circulation by breaking the long diagonal ditches, some of which
are nearly one mile in length. It appeared that the Lyndhurst
meadow drainage would be greatly improved by the constructing of a
modem automatic tide-gate in Stump Creek. It seemed that the wi-
dening of certain sewage-charged ditches in the East Rutherford
meadow would be advisable. Walden's and Leive's woodlands,
the first lying south and the second north of the Paterson Plank
Road, must be drained. The Overpeck Creek meadow should be
drained.
Plans for the efficient carrying out of the work just mentioned
are being worked out.
The commission feels that its work on the upland has involved
the completion of a number of pieces of drainage work that are of a
real importance to the communities where the work occurred. The
policy followed in carrying out this work has been to secure the
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S02 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
financial cooperation of the community in which the work was to be
done. In this way many miles of drainage have been installed and
many of the worst breeding spots in the county have been eliminated.
In this way extensive pieces of drainage were done at West
Moonachie, Hasbrouck Heights, Ramsey, Fort Lee, Oradell, Ruther-
ford, Palisade Township, Haworth, Englewood, East Paterson,
Riverside, Teaneck, Westwood, Emerson and Camp Merritt.
Most of the ditching is of the open or uncovered type and the
eflfect of the frost is bound to be felt in the sliding in of the banks
and the formation of obstruction which must be removed from
time to time.
Tabic 5
Record of Mosquito Collections in Bergen County
Total number of mosquitoes
caught
1
c
% c
0.
i
1
1
B 1
i;5
Date
1
1
g
g
i
i
cc
S
u
s
1
o
a
s
1
o
9
s
9
O
X
1
o
1
Eh
11
If
It
5^w
111
5?i
minutes
6/8, 1917
7
4
4
8
13
1.6
20
12.6
e/19, 1917...
29
19
29
14
8
70
2.4
20
8.6
e/26, 1917...
86
8
23
8
44
1.2
20
16.6
7/8, 1917....
42
21
96
88
166
3.7
20
6.4
7/10, 1917...
26
6
16
26
68
2.8
20
S.6
7/17, 1917...
19
4
29
, ,
40
, ,
78
8.6
20
6.2
7/24. 1917...
42
71
121
28
226
6.3
20
S.7
8/1. 1917....
40
24
188
27
188
4.7
20
4.2
8/8, 1917....
48
17
60
86
118
2.6
20
7,6
8/14. 1917...
40
47
83
49
189
8.4
20
8.8
8/21, 1917...
29
40
10
41
98
8.8
20
e.6
8/28, 1917...
42
18
S7
^ ,
17
74
1.7
20
11.0
9/14. 1917...
86
2
4
12
, .
18
.6
4«.4
9/11, 1917...
9
For the purpose of giving some notion of the prevalence of mos-
quitoes, table 5, based upon the regular weekly night collections, is
introduced. In interpreting it one must remember that these col-
lections are made in weed patches and in shrubbery where the mos-
quitoes are much more abundant than in the open streets, roadways,
and yards.
Note: Salt-marsh species include A. cantator, A. solUcltans. and A. taenlorliTiiehiiB.
Fresh-water swamp species include M. pertnrbans and A. sylvestris, mostly the latter.
Woodland pool species include A. suboantans and A.
House mosquito O. plpiens.
other species A. panottplnnls' and A. qaadrlmaculatiis.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 503
The dominance of the fresh-water swamp mosquito is strikingly
shown in the colimin entitled "Total number of mosquitoes caught."
There were evidently three main issues horn the salt marshes — the
first reaching its highest point abount June 19, the second about
July 3 and the third, the largest of all, about July 24. The fresh-
water swamp brooks follow the same plan, but became relatively
more abundant in the late midsimimer issue.
Passaic Coimty
In Passaic County the work of mosquito control was limited to
the cities of Paterson and Passaic, Aquacknock Township, and the
boroughs of Hawthorne, Prospect Park, Totowa, and West Park.
This territory amounts to 75 square miles and has a population of
241,000, or 91 per cent of the entire population of the county. The
funds were too small to make it practicable to include the whole
county.
In the absence of salt marshes the entire attention was given to
the suppression of fresh-water species.
At regular intervals throughout the mosquito-breeding season,
all parts of the territory were examined and all breeding discovered
eliminated in so far as possible. Owing to lack of funds most of the
elimination work was of a temporary character.
Breeding in 223 swamps and reasonably permanent pools, 1,220
barrels and tubs, 1,690 cisterns and wells, 648 sewer catch basins
and 116 cesspools and drains was revealed by the inspection work.
The Passaic River from Dundee Dam to Wagaraw Bridge, a dis-
tance of about five miles, became at times, along the banks and the
shores of the sludge islands, an intense breeder of mosquitoes. Pa-
trol by means of a boat and elimination by covering the breeding
surface with oil was necessary throughout the summer. Along that
part of the river from the Dundee Dam south to the Ackerman
Avenue Bridge, a number of isolated pools proved to be virulent
breeders and had to be regularly treated with oil.
An effort to invoke the authority of the mosquito section of
general health laws was made with little success. Only two boards
of health responded in a way to get any real results.
For the purpose of giving an idea of the prevalence of mosquitoes
throughout the cities of Paterson and Passaic during the present
season, table 6, based upon regular collections, is presented. It
must be remembered that the collections here recorded were made
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504 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
in weed patches or shrubbery where the mosquitoes are much more
abundant than in the open street or dooryard.
Taolc 6
Record of Mosquito Collections in Passaic Cotmty
Total number of mosquitoes
caugrht
«
a
«
H a
Date
■
a
o
5
a
o
It
1
S
U
"3
1
a
•d
c
o
"3
S
H
e number of
to per statloi
9
— ^ o
o«2
9
2
SE
c3
«•-=
9 d
ts o-s
.O
B
J:
SB
3
s
5
9 B
■«♦*
^g
feP
z
i
£
h
1
O
5
I
>2
<B
9 ®
Is
^!l
6/21, 1917...
1
48
22
1
106 1 2
1
180
2.7
6/27, 1917...
48
88
114
..
6
168
SS.0
7/5. 1917....
48
20 1 23
..
0.8
7/11. 1917...
51
1 1 9
i
7/19. 1917...
57
5 1 22
2
7
7/26, 1917...
61
17 1 147
17
17
181
8/2. 1917
51
9 ' 71
4
8
1.8
8/9, 1917....
51
5 1 68
3
16
1.8
8/16. 1917...
48
10 ; 14
14
8/28, 1917...
54
3 , U
'.'.
27
L
»te: Salt-marsh species include A. cantator, A. soUleltens, and A. taenii^iyiiekiiB.
Fresh-water swamp species include M. pcrturbans and A. sylTestiiSy mostly tbe lattw.
Woodland pool species includ^ A. subcantans and A. eanadensi^-
House mosquito C. plplens.
Other species A. ponctipfnnis and A. qaadrimacnlatiu.
It is obvious that early in June there was an outbreak of the
fresh- water swamp mosquito, and that a similar emergence occurred
during the latter part of July.
Judging by the expression of public opinion as reflected in the
newspapers the mosquito pest was this year greatly reduced.
Essex County
The mosquito control work in Essex this year as in previous
seasons has been county-wide. Throughout the mosquito-breeding
season at regular intervals all parts of the county were carefully
examined for mosquito breeding. Whenever any was found it was
as completely destroyed as the conditions would permit.
Without doubt the inspection and elimination work of this county
were more intensive than those of any other county. More men were
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
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5o6 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
employed, more oil was spread and more money was spent. The
tremendous amount of inspection done and the large number of
breeding places found are shown in figure 4.
On the salt marsh only such work as was necessary to prevent
industrial development from destroying drainage was undertaken.
Owing to the absence of killifish in the ditches behind the dikes,
there was much mosquito breeding in them. This had to be killed
by oiling, but as is usually the case not all the breeding could be
caught by this means. The establishment of a circulatory system
by means of which the drainage systems are more or less flushed
and supplied with a abundance of fish is necessary to eliminate
this breeding in the ditches which always follows shutting oflF an
area from penetration by fish.
Table 7
Record of Mosquito Collections in Essex County
Total number of mosquitoes
1
•
cauvbt
a
i!
4
Date
1
i
1
s
I
1-1
u
1
It
1
1
z
1
1
1
1
5
1!
'4
zi
III
1
minntss
6/10. 1917...
26
14
92
12
2
126
2.8
20
6.t
6/27, 1»17...
42
27
160
12
2
192
4.4
20
4.6
7/6, 1917....
66
28
84
9
6
, .
127
2.4
20
8.2
7/11, 1»17...
64
10
22
11
16
69
0.9
20
22.0
7/18, 1917...
60
61
49
8
18
126
2.1
20
9.4
7/25, 1917...
67
72
163
11
70
316
4.7
20
4.1
8/1. 1917....
78
76
204
6
84
418
6.3
20
2.f
8/8. 1917
74
47
82
2
49
i
182
2.4
20
8.2
8/16, 1917...
69
28
68
74
2
167
2.8
20
7.1
8/22. 1917...
78
12
38
2
45
93
1.1
20
18.0
8/29, 1917...
76
6
16
2
82
55
0.7
. 20
28.0
9/6. 1917
76
1
..
8 1
10
0.1
20
200.0
Note: Salt-marsh species Include A. oantator, A. sollicltans. and A. taenlorliymehva.
Fresh-water swamp species Include M. perturbans and A. sylveatris, mostly the latter.
Woodland pool species include A. svbcantans and A. canadensis.
House mosquito C. piplens.
Other species A. ponotipliiiiis and A. qvadrimacalatni.
For the purpose of giving a notion of the prevalence of mos-
quitoes during the past season, table 7, based upon regular collec-
tions, is submitted. It should be remembered in interpreting this
table that the collections were made in weed patches and shrubbery
where the mosquitoes were much more abundant than in streets
and open dooryards.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 507
A consideration of the table shows that about June 27 there was
a noticeable outbreak, principally of the fresh-water swamp mos-
quito, and that a similar thing occurred the latter part of July and
the first part of August.
Union County
In Union County the mosquito control work was of county-wide
character and consisted of the regular examinations of the entire
territory of the county for breeding followed by Its destruction
in so far as the conditions would permit whenever found, and in
the accomplishment of as much permanent elimination work through
drainage as the funds rendered possible.
Approximately 250,000 linear feet of ditching obstructed with
mud or sod was cleaned early in the season.
The enclosure of that portion of the North Elizabeth meadow,
which lies just east of the Central Railroad of New Jersey by tide-
gating the creek and principal ditches and closing up the rest was
completed, and 1,300 acres were thereby protected from flooding
by high tide.
The need for a more efficient method of cleaning out the large
outlet ditches and creeks led to the purchase of a small dredge
carrying a 9-cubic foot orange-peel bucket. It was used to clean
out Great Ditch on which the drainage of all the south end of the
western section of the North Elizabeth meadow depends. This
machine which cut a channel 5 feet deep and 13 feet wide removed
12,080 cubic yards of mud at a cost of 13 cents a cubic yard, and
cleaned the ditch for a distance of 6,035 linear feet.
An area of about 40 acres on the Linden meadow lying just
ba^k of the Grasselli Chemical Plant became a virulent breeder.
The Company not only furnished a large gang of men for tem-
porary work but contributed the sum of $500 toward the installa-
tion of a tide-gate in Pylis Creek, which when taken with a tide-
gated sluice-way to be introduced by the Central Railroad Com-
pany through the Sound Shore Railway just south of the chemical
plant, will shut the high tides off of about 235 acres, including
this 40-acre spot.
To the systems already present, 57,941 linear feet of iox3b-inch
trenching was added, making a grand total on the 4,000 acres of
974,260 feet of ditch, ij4 miles of dike and 18 sluices and tide
gates.
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5o8 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
The drainage of pools and swamps has gone forward this year,
about loo being treated. Since the beginning of the work approx-
imately 1,900 such places have been eliminated through the drainage
by cooperation between the mosquito commission and the owners.
For the purpose of giving an idea of the prevalence of mosquitoes,
table 8, based on the night collections, is submitted. In interpreting
this table one must remember that the collections were made in
weed patches and shrubbery where mosquitoes are more abundant
than in the open streets, roadways, and open yards.
Tables
Record of Mosquito Collections in Union County
6/6-7. 1917
6/12-13, 1917
6/19-20. 1917
6/27, 1917...
7/5, 1917
7/12, 1917...
7/18-19. 1917
7/25-26. 1917
8/1-2, 1917..
8/8-9, 1917.. I
28
27
88
88
86
88
33
33
30
30
4
19
22
16
26
2
56
64
28
38
>tal number
of mosquitoes
caugrht
c
— c
1-
eg
=» * t
d
^0
> •
"5
-2
2 i
G
S
6
II
9 •^
ao
2^
? 1
«
«■= tc
M(d
■3 •
5
9>
5
1
■0 s*
3 >
i!
£ 1
^
w
5
&
ZB<
<^
Bt
minutes
8
s
6
0.2
20
100.0
28
14
61
2.2
20
0.0
117
6
*i
166
4.6
20
4.S
144
1
11
1
172
5.2
20
t.8
97
8
18
1
160
4.0
20
0.0
18
16
1
87
1.1
20
18.0
45
'.'.
108
8.2
20
6.2
126
2
21
*i
206
6.2
20
8.1
124
4
10
6
171
6.7
20
8.1
56
"
36
"
ISO
4.3
20
4.0
Note: Salt-marsh species Include A. cantator, A. solUettMis, and A. taenlorfa j f ifc c li— .
Fresh-water swamp species Include M. pertnrbans and A. svlrwtiiB, mostly tba lattar.
Woodland pool species Include A. subcantans and A. OMiadeiiais.
House mosquito C. pipiens.
Other species A. punctlpinnls and A. qaadrlnmcalatos.
It is evident that there was an outbreak about the middle of June
reaching its chmax about June 27, and that the fresh-water swamp
mosquito was mostly to blame.
A second outbreak came about July 25, in which both the salt-
marsh and fresh-water swamp species were concerned.
Middlesex County
In Middlesex County the mosquito commission has continued its
work of (i) keeping the present drainage systems in operation;
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT.
509
(2) examining the entire salt marsh at regular intervals through-
out the mosquito-breeding season; (3) using oil to destroy such
breeding as the drainage systems failed to kill ; (4) cutting as much
additional ditching as the funds would permit; (5) furnishing
expert oversight and management for locally-supported campaigns
against fresh-water mosquitoes.
In the early spring sod and mud blockage was removed from all
the drainage systems throughout the county. As the examinations
exhibited the need of further attention of this sort it was given.
Upon the superintendent fell the duty of carrying out the regular
salt-marsh examinations. When breeding was found in sections
where the drainage would remove enough of it to render the use of
oil practicable, oil was applied and the residual breeding destroyed.
Table 9 will show the drainage established in previous years and
the amount which it has this year been able to add.
Table 9
Salt-Marsh Drainage in Middlesex County, 1914-1917
Meadow
Linear Feet of Ditches Cut
Previous
to 1914
Carteret
Sewaren
Woodbridse Creek
Rarltan
Sayreville
South Amboy ....
Cheeaequake
Marquis Creek . . .
Whale Creek ,
678
447
711
2.236
832
204
1.600
86
77
61.700
66.600
80,000!
106,600]
8.000
18.000
144,000
4.000
6,000
Cut During
1914
6,000
1.000
'32,000
'iV.ooo
1916
1916
9,849 600
10.9651 2.100
17.8191 I.600I
68,000! 171.050
7.246
760
379
986
6.270 438,900 66.000 114.943 186,400 76.634 848.696
11,250
1917
~l7766
767
1.1601
66.6771
945
3.140
1.200
Total
78.814
71,412
82,688
443.327
8,000
54.439
167.900
6.679
6,986
During this season for the first time industrial development of
the salt marshes has interfered with the progress of mosquito work.
The principal interference has come from the effluent discharged
from gun-cotton factories. The effluent contains from i to 3 per
cent of acid, composed of both sulfuric and nitric acid. At that
strength mosquitoes can not breed in it, but when diluted with
marsh water it becomes a medium in which they will breed. Unfor-
tunately, the killifish upon which the success of the drainage system
depends is more sensitive to acid than the mosquito wriggler. Acid-
charged water areas may become heavily charged with breeding and
not a single killifish will penetrate them. The situation demands a
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5IO NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
prompt remedy, but thus far nothing really practicable has been
found.
Another sample of industrial interference occurred at Carteret o»
the Rahway River meadow. Here the Mexican Petroleum Corpor-
ation, in the course of filling a large area along the Arthur Kill,
filled up one of the main outlets of the marsh and transformed what
was formerly a reasonably well-drained salt marsh into a virulent
breeder of salt-marsh mosquitoes. This corporation, when once it
understood the situation, financed the construction of a 6-foot ditch
to serve as a new outlet.
With the exception of an undrained section on the upper course
of the Cheesequake Creek, the acid-soaked section near the Nixon
Nitration Works near Millville, and the shut-oflF section of the
Carteret meadow, the breeding of salt-marsh mosquitoes was well
controlled. Broods from the first furnished bad mosquito trouble
to the village of Cheesequake, Parlin and parts of South River.
Two broods— one in July and one in August — from the second made
trouble in Metuchen, Highland Park and Stelton. Broods from the
third troubled Carteret. Woodbridge, Sewaren, Perth Amboy, the
main portion of South Amboy and Morgan were scarcely at all
troubled.
Monmouth County
In Monmouth, almost the entire attention of the mosquito com-
mission is centered on the salt-marsh of 3,315 acres. The only
exception is the maintenance of fresh-water work in the Riunson
and Little ^ilver district.
All parts of the salt marshes were examined at regular intervals
throughout the mosquito-breeding seasons. Wherever mosquito
breeding was found additional drainage was established. The dis-
tribution and the amount of ditching follows:
Lmear Feet
Belford 8,931
Port Monmouth 3,000
Keansburrg . . •. 440
Union 16,253
Oyster Creek 441
Matawan 2,565
Whale Creek 582
Rumson and Little Silver 5,200
Manasquan 9,074
Total 46.476
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 511
In the fresh-water mosquito work in the Rumson and Little
Silver district the entire area was carefully examined at regular
intervals and the breeding destroyed whenever found. During the
season, of the 375 places found breeding, 350 were temporarily
eliminated and 300 were later permanently abated. These 375
places consisted of 70 cesspools, 15 catch basins, 5 row boats, i
roof gutter, i cellar, i pond, 50 barrels, 150 tin cans and 82 pools
and marshy places.
The fresh-water breeding in the vicinity of Camp Vail of the
Signal Corps Unit located at Oceanport was kept under control,
the men working in cooperation with camp sanitary corps.
Relative to prevalence of mosquitoes in Monmouth, the superin-
tendent of the work reports as follows :
"The result of the season's work was not as satisfactory as had
been hoped for during the first part of the season, but with con-
stant and extra efforts on the part of the entire working force at
hand the remaining part of the season proved to be successful and
kept up to standard."
Ocean County
As in previous years the mosquito commission has devoted its
attention primarily to the salt marsh ; paying little attention to the
regular examination of the drained areas and giving almost its
entire efifort to the cutting of new drainage.
At the beginning of the season, the sod, weed and worst mud
blockages were removed from the entire system and all ditches put
into operation.
During the year a total of 538,277 linear feet have been arranged
for, nearly all or quite all of which have been cut. The bulk of
this work has been done in the south end of the county, relieving
almost 5,000 acres from serious mosquito breeding. Moreover, the
small depressions in this area are being filled with sod taken from
the ditches.
Concerning the prevalence of mosquitoes the commission reports
as follows:
"The summer of 1917 has been a severe test of the faith of those
who are not conversant with the habits of mosquitoes and the work
done for their control.
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512 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
"When there is a combination of heavy rains and high tides it
taxes any system of meadow drainage, however perfect, to carry oflF
the water within 8 days, or the time it takes from hatching to adult.
"There were three of these combinations this simmier, one of
which caused a brood that got off July 15 and this was followed
by another August 20. Another emerged September 20.
'The meadows have been examined frequently by our superin-
tendent, and breeding conditions noted, and we know that such
mosquitoes as reached the adult stage on the drained areas of Ocean
County, or the part north of Manahawkin, were comparatively
few and would not have been commented upon had it not been for
the terrible flights from the undrained salt marshes. The spots on
the drained meadows from which the mosquitoes came are known
and will come in for an early treatment in 1918, Some have
already been corrected."
Atlantic County
While Atlantic County has devoted the greater part of her atten-
tion to the suppression of salt-marsh mosquitoes she has made a
successful effort to combat the fresh-water species that breed within
the limits of her towns and cities. All the drained salt marshes
and all territory covered by the towns and cities are regularly exam-
ined throughout the mosquito-breeding season and such breeding as
is found is eliminated in so far as possible. In addition to this work
as large a part of the undrained salt marsh as the funds will permit
is selected and drained.
Previous to 1917, 4,355,138 feet of mosquito ditching had been
cut on the salt marsh. The cost of labor necessary to put this sys-
tem in good operation at the outset of the present season amoimted
to $1,857.72. During the season of 1917, 992,735 feet have been
added at a cost of $12,668.12 making a total of 5,347,873 linear
feet of mosquito ditching on the salt marshes of the county. With
the exception of Brigantine, the salt marsh of Atlantic is now
drained from Leed's Point to Somer's Point, along the north shore
of the Egg Harbor River, and work is now going on between Egg
Harbor and Middle Rivers.
Very few mosquitoes escaped from the drained marshes, but the
enormous broods produced on the undrained marshes of Atlantic
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 513
and her immediate neighbors flooded the county at times with a
severe pest of mosquitoes. The June brood covered the Shore Road
and reached Egg Harbor and Hammonton. Fortunately, it scat-
tered quickly and lasted only a short time. The July brood from
the undrained areas was very large. Egg Harbor and Hammonton
probably had more mosquitoes than at any time since the work
b^;an. May's Landing was severely infested. The Shore Road
was troubled. The August brood came off the undrained marshes
in a scattering fashion.
Although some mosquitoes were present in Longport, Margate
and Ventor and about the inlet, Atlantic Qty got no mosquitoes
until the twenty-fifth of August when a northwest wind brought in
a supply which reached the board-walk in several places. They
quickly disappeared and the city was not troubled during the rest
of the season.
Cape May Coimty
The plan adopted last year by the mosquito commission of devot-
ing practically all the funds at its disposal to salt-marsh drainage
work and of beginning the work at the south end of the county and
working northward has been continued this year. It is the plan
which will give noticeable protection in the shortest space of time
because the warm, moist, slow-moving winds on which mosquitoes
love to travel normally come from the southeast, south, southwest
and west. As the marshes are drained mosquitoes which formerly
bred there and were carried by the wind to the towns lying to the
east, northeast, north and northwest will not come, and the towns
will be relieved. Only rarely will the mosquitoes which breed to
the northwest, north and northeast be carried in.
As the towns and cities are relieved from the salt-marsh species
the house mosquito becomes troublesome; not because of greater
abundance but because the removal of the greater pest affords peo-
ple an opportunity to take note of the lesser.
The ditching necessary in the Cape Island Creek meadows, the
Spicer Creek Marsh, the meadows along the sound from Schel-
lenger's Landing east to Jones* Creek near Wildwood road, the
meadows of Pond Creek, New England Creek, and Cox Hall Creek,
has been completed. This means that all the salt marsh from the
AfiT 33
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314 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
»uthem end of the Cape May Point to Jones* meadows along the
Delaware Bay shore, a distance of about 7 miles, and all the salt
marsh along the Atlantic Ocean side from the Cape May Point to
Turtle Gut Inlet, a distance of 8 miles, has had the necessary initial
trenching installed. This has involved the cutting in 1916-17 of
533f702 linear feet.
The shifting sand of the Bay shore has compelled the installation
of a special tide-gated outlet for Pond Creek, and it now seems
likely that similar outlets will for the same reason have to be pro-
vided for both New England and Cox Hall Creeks.
The South Cape May marsh lies so low and has such an inade-
quate outlet through Cape Island Creek that the installation of a
tide-gate to prevent overflow at extra high tides seems advisable.
The city and boroughs in the vicinity of which this work has been
done, have shown a commendable spirit of cooperation. Cape May
City, through its board of health, has ditched all ponds and low
lands within its limits. It has regularly oiled its culverts and catch
basins throughout this mosquito-breeding season. The boroughs of
West Cape May, Cape May Point and South Cape May ditched the
worst spots within their limits. The city of Wildwood, acting
under the advice of the commission, did a considerable amount of
draining and oiling.
It is reported that Cape May City had mosquitoes for only three
days this season, and that they were not severe at these times. It
is reported that the borough of West Cape May, Cape May Point,
and South Cape May experienced great relief. It is also stated that
the city of Wildwood realized a considerable amotmt of protection.
Mercer County
The mosquito-control work in Mercer County diflfers from that
in all the preceding counties in that it is located at one point cmly
(Princeton and vicinity), and is concerned primarily with the reduc-
tion of the malaria-carrying species. In last year's report an ac-
count of the survey and progress of the work was set forth. The
following description prepared by Dr. Ulric Dahlgren, the chairman
of the unofficial mosquito extermination committee and the most
active agent in the matter, will serve to show the nature of the
work and its results.
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 515
'*We do not know whether our malaria was a new- world disease
or was brought to this country by settlers from the old world. As
there are several kinds of malaria in most localities^ it seems probable
that at least some of our varieties were brought over by the first
or some of the early emigrants. These different kinds depend on
the different species of protozoan parasites that produce them. The
parasites get into our blood and, multiplying vastly, they bore into
and break up vast numbers of the red blood cells, producing the
well-known chills and fevers and other symptoms that so many are
familiar with.
"How do they get into our blood ? One way only is known. A
mosquito bites us and first she injects some fluid into our tissues to
make the blood flow readily, and then she sucks out as much of this
blood as she needs. If she stings a person with malaria she sucks
out some of these parasites with that blood, and if she subsequently
stings normal persons she injects some of the parasites into their
blood and then they get the disease.
"The affair is not as simple as the above paragraph would make
it seem, however, or else we would all have malaria most of the
time. It must be a particular kind of mosquito, the Anopheles
mosquito of one or more species that does the transferring, and,
furthermore, the biting of the sick person must precede the infection
of the new victim by a certain period. Still, if there are enough
of these mosquitoes and enough sick people aroimd to infect them,
nearly all people will eventually get the trouble.
"These particular Anopheles, or malaria-bearing mosquitoes, are
found only in certain kinds of stagnant or slow-moving waters.
And one of the localities in which they have been foimd in New
Jersey from the earliest settlers' records, is the lowland south of
and next to Princeton, N. J. About the worst spot was one known
as The Basin,' about a half-mile south of the edge of the town.
Here, in the last century, the Delaware and Raritan Canal has been
built through, and at this point several (four) large basins had been
constructed to allow the canal boats to pass in and out of the line
of traffic to unload at their leisure. A customs house, the station
of the Camden and Amboy Railroad from New York to Philadel-
phia (now removed), as well as hotels, dwellings, warehouses and
other buildings were erected, and the surrounding grounds were
cared for, a certain amount of grass kept cut, and the waters were
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5i6 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
so stirred and used by passing boats that they were not very good
for the breeding of mosquitoes.
"The advance of civilization with its various engineering featured
and changes of physical surroundings always favors some forms of
wild life and is against the welfare of others. On the other hand,
the recession of man from a civilized and occupied area again
changes the conditions so that some of the forms of natural life have
their state of prosperity altered. In the case of the Princeton Basin
we find a mixed condition from the start. The cutting of steep
banks and sides, the elimination of wild grasses and weeds by con-
stant use, probably worked against the Anopheles mosquitoes, while
it permitted the multiplication of the common but harmless nuisance,
the household mosquito of civilization. If the town had grown up
around the basin the menace to health by Anopheles would probably
have been eliminated, but matters never went that far, however.
On the outskirts of the little settlement the dump heaps from exca-
vation and the building of embankments formed pools and marshes
and dammed up waters, on the edges of which grass and weeds
overhung the bank, and here Anopheles probably held its own. At
any rate, we hear of malaria in the region which had its ups and
downs, rising at times to the strength of epidemics, of some of which
the elder inhabitants of the town have a distinct recollection. At
one time it was so bad that the people of Princeton seriously con-
sidered moving all houses and permanent residents from the basin.
The college authorities were much worried at times over the matter.
"A time came finally, about fifty years ago, when for many rea-
sons the 'Basin' became neglected and fell into disuse. The railroad
was moved to a better grade and roadbed nearly two miles south,
and the branch built to connect it with Princeton came up to the
town and did not connect with the basin. Also the railroad bought
the canal, and nearly all the freight and coal that had been carried
on the canal was now brought directly to the town on the cars. As
a result the 'Basin' lost many of its inhabitants, and the various
buildings fell into disrepair and most of them into ruin. Banks
caved in, drains were obstructed, trees grew and flourished around
the basins, and, worst of all, grass and weeds overhung the banks
to form the quiet natural retreats so favorable to the malarial pest.
"The study of the situation was carried on by the following
measures : first, a survey by experts representing the State Board of
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 517
Health, the State Agricultural Experiment Station and the local
entomologists, to determine where the mosquitoes bred. Allvbreed-
ing mosquitoes were located by the larvae being present in the waters
examined, but the dangerous Anopheles quadrimactUatus Say was
found only in outlying streams and pools, mostly in the waters of
the 'Basin' and the extensions of these waters in the lowlands east
on the line of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. Such pools and
marshes as showed these larvae or 'wrigglers' were carefully marked
down on the map as solid black circles. Secondly, a study of the
mosquitoes on the wing was inaugurated. Nine men went out just
after sunset twice a week for the whole summer and stood for
half an hour with bared forearm and a bottle to catch such mosqui-
toes as attempted to bite them. They then moved to a second sta-
tion and spent another half hour as bait and ended the evening with
a similar period at a third station. These twenty-seven stations
covered the town and surrounding country in such a way as to show
how far the diflferent kinds of mosquitoes flew and how thick they
were. Here was shown the fact that the malarial mosquito was
not the most abundant form and was a poor flier from his birth-
place. But there were enough, and they wandered in diminishing
numbers up into the town from the 'Basin' and its eastward extend-
ing chain of pools and other waters.
"In the third place, a medical survey was made and all cases
of malaria were placed on the map as one-line circles. The town
was pretty well peppered with these, but the 'Basin' was riddled
with cases. Almost every house had some cases, in some every
member. One family of eight all had it. These victims were able
to get around. Some could work, while others could not, and a
few were perfectly healthy. The new cases suflFered most acutely.
"An engineer next made a careful survey of the entire region
which menaced the town, and in collaboration with Dr. Headlee, of
the State Agricultural Experiment Station, planned the most
economical and efficieftt way of treating each pool, swamp, or
other body of water in order to make it impossible for Anopheles
to breed there. Small bodies of water were marked to be filled,
some large bodies to be drained in whole or in part, followed by
filling. Some waters that could not be eliminated were to have
their banks cut and trimmed. No temporary measures were sug-
gested.
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5i8 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
"Armed with the knowledge thus acquired the Princeton Commit-
tee then cast about for means to put their ideas into deeds. It was
decided that the town, or rather some of its beneficent members
and institutions, would be able and willing to contribute some $5,000
or over, and after promises were obtained the Princeton Committee
went to the Mercer County Mosquito Conunission to enlist their
aid in getting the Board of Freeholders of Mercer County to appro-
priate $5,000 to carry the thing through. After consulting the direc-
tor of the Experiment Station at New Brunswick as to the feasi-
bility of the plan, the commission asked the freeeholders and they
appropriated the money, and the work was begun under the su-
pervision of an engineer, Mr. C. S. Sincerbeaux.
"This work is at present only partly done. And yet a large
and important part of it is finished. The worst pools around the
basin have been eliminated, and other large bodies have been filled
or drained. The committee must still collect money to push the
work to completion.
"Certain larger property holders in the region have attended to
the difficulties in their own portions of the district. The Walker-
Gordon Farm, St. Joseph's College, and the Rockefeller Institute
have done or are doing thorough work based on the survey. This
work has extended only over one summer, and yet good results
have been shown already, although the committee hardly dared h<^>e
for them at so early a period.
"Briefly these results are about as follows: In 1914, 127 cases
of malaria were reported to the Princeton Board of Health; in
I9i5> 65 cases were reported; in 1916, 8 cases were reported.
"A study of these figues has led the commission to believe that
the fall in cases from 127 in 1914 to 65 in 1915 was due to two
factors: first, more careful diagnosis by the town phpiicians,
who began using a blood test before reporting any chills and fever
as malaria, and second, to a very efficient cleaning up of the town
and warning to the people of the danger, with methods of avoid-
ing it.
**Nineteen hundred and sixteen, however, was a fine mosquito
year, with its wet weather and favorable temperatures for
mosquito breeding, and the very large and satisfactory drop seems
to be caused by only one factor — the engineering work carried to
partial completion during that summer."
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EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 519
Mosquitoes of the Year
The first brood of salt-marsh mosquitoes, which usually appears
during the first half of May, came out in small numbers along the
lower Atlantic and the Bay coasts, and was scarcely noticeable in
northern New Jersey.
The second brood appeared about the middle of June in the
south and about 5 or 6 days later in the north. In the south this
brood was large enough to migrate 25 miles or more back into the
pines.
The third brood began to come out about the tenth of July in Cape
Map County, appeared in Atlantic about the twelfth and made
itself felt in the north about the sixteenth. This brood was large
from the undrained salt marshes and carried far. Indeed the
number escaping from the drained marshes was unusually large.
The fourth brood emerged during about the corresponding period
of August. It was not so large as the preceding, nor did it travel
so far.
The fifth brood began emerging from the tenth of September
in the south to the sixteenth in the north. Although not so general
as was the August brood, in limited areas the density was great
and the annoyance serious.
The first, or May, brood was composed of A. cantator with a
few A. sollicitans along the Delaware Bay Coast. The second or
Jime brood consisted of A. cantator in the north and A. sollici-
tans in the extreme south, with a mixture of the two species
between. The third or July brood consisted of A. cantator and
A, sollicitans in the north and A. sollicitans throughout the south-
em two-thirds of the coast. The fourth and fifth broods were
mostly A. sollicitans, although A. cantator appeared from the
upper courses of the streams when bordered by salt marsh.
In June and again in July the fresh-water swamp mosquito ap-
peared in large numbers, especially in July. Taking the season as
a whole this species (A. sylvestris) has been the dominant
mosquito in point of numbers, throughout the non-sandy section
of the sea-coast.
For the purpose of giving a notion of the prevalence of mosqui-
toes during the very worst portion of the season the following series
of collections made July 27 and 28 is appended (table 10). All
collections were made in shrubbery in broad daylight. All collec-
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520 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
tions were the work of two collection bottles. When the total
catch in 5 minutes reached 30, the limiting factor became the
length of time necessary for the bottles to kill. #,j ■
Table zo
Mosquitoes Collected July 27 and a8, 1917
Name of place
Btelton .....••
Plalnfleld
Fanwood •«
Sprlnff field
Sfeaex Park
C^ntli end)
Kmmx Park
(north end) •
North Arllnirton Cemetery.
Weeqoahio Park
BllsatKfth
Wo< dbridffe
JoBt northwest of Morgan
Shreiv berry River
(north branch)
Manasquan
Bay Head
Oebomvllle
Beachwood
Forked River
Bamevat
Tnckerton
Port Republic
Woodbine
Cape May City
Middlesex
Union ....
Union . . . .
Union ....
County
Basex
Eaeex ....
Hudson . .
Eeaex ....
Union
Middleeex
MiddUsex
Monmouth
Monmouth
Ocean . . . .
Ocean . . . .
Ocean . . . .
Ocean . . . .
Ocean . . . .
Ocean . . . .
Atlantic ..
Cape May
Cape May
Number of moaqulto^ir'
P
11
The collection at North Arlington Cemetery was made at the
edge of bad breeding marsh. The collection near Morgan was
made near a piece of undrained salt marsh. In Ocean County
the mosquitoes from the large undrained areas to the south
were met in increasing numbers from Forked River as we
went south until the full density of the brood was reached at Tuck-
erton. Port Republic was like the rest of the Shore Road, beside
drained marshes but in reach of flights from undrained meadows.
At Woodbine the full density of the brood was found. The
marshes in the neighborhood of Cape May City are drained and
the mosquitoes must come in on a northeast or a northwest beeeze.
The table strikingly illustrates the absence of the fresh-water
swamp and woodland pool problems from that portion of the coast
which lies south of the Raritan River.
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&
APR 16 1925
6
C
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APR 16 1925
REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF ENTOMOLOGY
(203)
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Department of Entomology
Thomas J. Hradt.kr, Ph.D., Entomologist,
^Charles S. Beckwith, B.Sc, Assistcffit Entomologist.
tMiTCHELL Carroll, B.Sc, Assistant Entomologist.
Alvah Peterson, Ph.D., Assistant Entom4>logist.
Augusta E. Meske, Stenographer a/nd Clerk
• On State Station.
t Appointed February 1, 1918.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction 205
Insect Correspondence 205
Insects op the Year ' 209
Investigations 210
Pear Psylla 210
Plum Curcuuo 212
Sprinkling Sewage Filter Fly 214
Cranberry 222
Eggs of Apple Aphides 231
Peach Tree Borer 284
Report on Mosquito Work 243
County Mosquito Work 243
Outlet for Southern End of the North Arlington Mea-
dow, ETC 244
Drainage of the Marshes North of Harrison Turn-
pike, ETC 245
Raritan Ordnance Depot 259
East Shore of Delaware River, etc 266
Atlantic Loading Company and Bethlehem Steel Com-
pany Plants, etc 277
Camden and Gloucester Shipbuiiding Plants, etc 284
Plans for Controlling Mosquitoes at the Plant of the
International Shipbuilding Corporation, etc 292
Wilmington Ship Yards 293
Other Services Rendered to the Emergency Fleet Cor-
poration 294
Mosquitoes of the Year 294
Financial Statement 295
(204)
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Report of the
Department of Entomology
Thomas J. Headlee
INTRODUCTION
The period covered by the present report extends from November
I, 1917 to June 30, 1918. Because of this shortening of the fiscal
year, which was due to an act of the Legislature of 1918, the work
reported is necessarily limited to that which could be accomplished
during the non-active season of 1917 and the forepart of the active
season of 191 8. The lines followed and the results accomplished
are set forth in the body of the report.
The personnel of the staflf has experienced little change. Miss
Augusta Meske has continued as clerk in charge of the office and has
been assisted regularly by Miss Grace B. Wobbe and temporarily
from time to. time by various stenographers. Dr. Alvah Peterson
has worked along lines of insects injurious to agriculture, giving
especial attention to orchard aphis and to the peach borer. With
the opening of the present season he began an investigation of the
methods for control of the Oriental Peach Moth {Laspeyresia Mo-
lesta). Mr. Charles S. Beckwith continued his work in connection
with mosquito control. On November 6, 1917, while riding his
motorcycle, he was struck by an automobile and sustained a com-
pound fracture of the right leg, which prevented him from doing
any active work for a period of about five months. With the open-
ing of the season his attention was devoted to the habits, Kfe history
and control of the sprinkling sewage filter fly (Psychoda alternata).
When this work was completed his attention was turned to cranberry
investigations. On the first of February, Mr. Mitchell Carroll, of
the University of Pennsylvania, was employed as assistant to the
entomologist of the State Experiment Station, and has given his
attention since joining the staff to the problems of mosquito control.
INSECT CORRESPONDENCE
The insect correspondence is a little larger than during a similar
period of last .year. Approximately 4,000 letters have been sent out.
Inquiries concerning 82 species of insects have been received and
answered. The tabular list which follows will serve to give an idea
of the species concerned.
(205)
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2o6 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
VBKMBS
Latin Name
Tubifex tubif ex Muller
Bryobia pratensis Oarman . .
Briophyes pyrl Pgst
Tetranychufl sp
Common Name Locality
I Red worm Ixrenton
ARACHNIDA
Clover mite
Pear leaf blister mite..
Red spider
Middletown
Moscow, Idaho . ., — .
Vlneland
German Valley
I I>ate
I Feb. 14
Apr. 1
Dec 13. •!
May IS
Mar. 27
Collembola sp.
INSECTA
Thysanors
. Spring tall Brldgeton
.May
Termes flavlpes KoU.
Isoptera
White ant New York City May
Parasltlctt
H»matopinu8 aslnl Linn Sucking louse of the
horse and ass Camp Devens, Mass. ..Feb.
18
Homoptera
Aphidldse
Aphis houghtonenslB Troop
Aphis m'tU Fabr
Aspidiotus hedercB Vail. ...
perntciosus Comst.
Chermaphls pinicortlcls Fitch
Chionaspis euonymi Comst. ..
Coccidee
Buleucanium nigrofasciatum
Perg
Lepldosaphes ulml Lln^
Myxtts ribia Linn
Pemphigus bursarlus Linn. .
Phylloxera caryflB-caulis Fitch
Psylla pyrlcola Forst
Sohizoneura lanlgera Hauam.
Potato plant lice
Plant lice
Gooseberry aphis .
Green appl* louse.
Oleander Scale
San Jose Scale
Pine bark aphid
Buonymus scale .
Armored scale . .
Terrapin scale . . .
Oyster shell scale
c:urrant aphis . . .
Plant louse gall
Hickory gall
Pea»* psylla
[Woolly apple louse . .
Heinlpt«ra
Ridgewood
Hopewell
Springfield
Richland
Paterson
Toms River . . . .
Newton
Moorestown ....
Trenton
TituavlUe
Newton
Watchttng
Vlneland
Holmdel
New Brunswick
West Orange . .
Woodbury
Riverton
Rumson
Vlneland
Merchantville . . .
Allentown
Hackettatown . . .
Morrtstown
Cranf ord
Union y . .
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