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GENERAL LIBRARY

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WdDrM's Fanr

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AT THE

WORLD'S

COLUMBIAN

EXPOSITION....

May 1— October 30. 1893.

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«AJIVA/tti COLLEdE Li..«AHr
BY EXCHAN6E

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BPRINQFIELO, ILL.t

H, W. RoKKER, Printer and Binder,

1895.

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Illinois Board
of . . .
World's Fair
Commissioners

OFFICERS.

President, LAFAYETTE FUNK, Shirley.
Vice-President, DAVID GORE, Carlinville.
Dirtdw^n-ChW^ JOHN P. REYNOLDS, ChicaKO.
Secretary, W. 0. GARRARD, Springfield.
Treasurer, JOHN W. BUNN, Springfield.

COMMISSIONERS.

J. IRVING PEARCE, Chicago.

JOHN P. REYNOLDS, Chicago. '

J. HARLEY BRADLEY, Chicago.
WILLIAM STEWART, Chicago.
BYRON F. WYMAN, Sycamore.
A. B. HOSTETTER, Mt. Carroll.

SAMUEL DYSART, Franklin Grove.
WARREN D. STRYKER, Plainfleld.
JOHN VIRGIN, Fairbury.

DANIEL W. VITTUM, Canton.
ELIJAH B. DAVID, Aledo.
WILLIAM H. FULKERSON, Jerseyville.
JAMES W. JUDY, Tallula.

SHERIDAN W. JOHNS, Oreana.
E. E. CHESTER, Champaign.

JAMES K, DICKIRSON, Lawrenceville.
DAVID GORE, Carlinville.
EDWARD C. PACE, Ashley.
B. PULLEN, Centralia.

JAMES M. WASHBURN, Marion.

Lafayette funk, shiriey.

GEO. S. HASKELL, Rockford.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pass.

Acknowledgments 524

Agricultural Exhibit 345

ArohiBology 227

Architectural Drawings, liaps, etc., Report of Committee on S3

BarUett,8.P 337

Bureau of Information 658

Bureau of Information, Beport of Oommittee on 657

Olay Exhibit, The 323

Oompensatlon, Beport of Committee on 667

Oonrad, Martin, Superintendent 311

Oonstnictlon and Interior Furnishings, Beport of Committee on 20

Ck>ok, John W., President 473

Custodian Illinois Building, Beport of 652

Director-in-Chief, Beport of 4

Educational Exhibit, Beportof Committee on 384

Examination of Some Soils from lUinois, Beport on the 93

Exhibit of Live Stock 576

Pish Exhibit 337

Finance Committee, Beport ct 671

FlHAKOIAIi STATBUSNT—

Agricultural Committee 746

Construction Committee 699

Education 725

Fish Exhibit. 756

(General Fund. 673

Grounds Committee 709

Horticultural Committee 752

Live Stock Account. 745

Maps and Drawings Committee 735,738

Natural History 713,720

Printing and Stationery Committee ,711

State Institutions, Committee on 706

Statement of Expenditures 757

Statistics. 743

▼11

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vin

Forbes, 8. A 327

Forestry 311

Freight and Express Beoelpts and Shipments, Beport of 661

Funk, LaFayette, President, Report of 1

Geological Report 65

Geological Section Across the Northern Part of Illinois 117

Geological Section, St Louis to Shawneetown 165

Glacial Geology 806

Grounds and Exterior Ornamentation, Beport of Committee on SO

Guthrie, Ossian 305

Horticulture and Floriculture, Beport of Committee on 371

Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners v

Illinois State Normal University 473

Jenkins, William, Superintendent 389

Letter of Transmittal xiii

Leverett, Frank, Ass't U. S. (Geologist 77

Lindahl. Prof. J 66

Livestock. Exhibit of 576

Live Stock, Premiums Paid 648

live Stock, Beport of Committee on 573

Loy, A.0 323

McAdams, Prof. Wm 227

Model School Boom 386

Natural History and Archesology, Beport of Committee on 59

Nickles. Prof. J. M 166

Officers, List of 1

Page, J. M., Superintendent 658

Parkinson, D. B., Superintendent 439

Premiums Paid Live Stock 648

President, Beport of the 1

Printing Committee, Beport of the 663

PubUo School Exhibit 389

Baab, Henry, Superintendent Public Instruction 386

Beoeption and Ceremonies, Beport of Committee on 654

Beport of Committee on Architectural Drawings, Maps, etc 33

Beport of Committee on Bureau of Information 657

Beport of Committee on Compensation 667

Beport of Committee on Construction and Interior Furnishing 20

Beport of Committee on Educational Exhibit 384

Beport of Committee on Grounds and Exterior Ornamentation 30

Beport of Committee on Horticulture and Floriculture 371

Beport of Committee on Live Stock 573

Beport of Conmiittee on Natural History and Archeology 59

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Beport of Oommittee on Beoeptlon and Oeromonles 654

Beport of Oommittee on State Charitable Instltutiona 667

Beport of Committee on Tranaportation 666

Beport of Custodian of the lUinoia Building 662

Beport of the Direotor-in-Chief 4

Beport of Finance Committee 671

Bepoi-t of Freight and Ezpreae Beoeipte and Shipments 661

Bepott of Printing Committee 663

Beport on the Examination of Some Soils from Illinois 93

Beynolds. John P., Direotor-in-Chief, Beport of. 4

Soils of Illinois 77

Southern Illinois State Normal University 439

State Charitable Institutions, Beport of Conunittee on 667

State Laboratory of Natural History 827

Stryker, W. D., Superintendent 661

Transportation. Beport of Committee on 666

Udden, Prof. J. A 117

University of IlUnois. 606

Whitney, MUton 93

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List of Illustrations,

Agricultural Exhibit 867

Asyliun for the Feeble-Minded, Lincoln 541

Oharitable Institutions' Exhibit 635

Cultivated Timber and Fish Exhibit. 333

Department of Geology 63

Departments of Geology and Archffiolojiry 223

Exhibit University of Illinois 601

Pish Exhibit 835

Geological Section Across Korthem Illinois 115

Geological Section Across Southern Illinois 158

Glacial and Soil Map of Illinois 75

Grain Inspection and Forestry Exhibit 809

Horticultural Exhibit 368

DUnois Building .Frontispiece

Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane, Jaoksonyllle 647

Illinois Clay Exhibit 321

Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Kankakee 555

Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Oiphan's Home, Normal 537

Illinois Southern Hospital for the Insane, Anna 551

Illinois Southern Hospital for the Insane, Anna, Annex 553

Illinois State House, Kaskaskia ^ 35

Illinois State House, Vandalia 87

Dlmois State House, Springfield, (Third) 39

Illinois State House, Springfield, (Present) 41

Institution for the Education of the Blind, Jacksonville 543

Institution for the Education of the Deal and Dumb, Jaoksonyille. ... 545

Memorial Hall 669

Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 549

Picture on Wall of Agricultural Exhibit 343

PubUc Free Schools* Exhibit f 387

Belief Map of Illinois 43

Soldiers' and Sailors* Home, Quincy 539

Southern Normal University, Cart>ondale 437

State Laboratory of Natural History, and University of Illinois, '

Exhibit 825

State Normal University. Normal 471

State Normal University, and Southern Normal University, Exhibit.. 469

University of Illinois 603

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liETTEB OF TBANSMITTAIi.

Springfield, III., May 7, 1895.

To Sis Excellency^ John P. Altobld, Oovemor of lUinois:

J|C HAVE the honor to herewith transmit a Btatement
« of the transactions of the Illinois Board of World's
Fair Commissioners. In view of the importance of the ex-
position to the people, and bearing in mind the liberal
appropriation made by the State, it has been deemed but
a matter of justice to have each committee present a
full and detailed statement of its transactions.

It is a matter of congratulation to the members
of the Board, and I feel assured will be to the people,
that after presenting the most elaborate exhibit of any
state, as well aa acting host to the people of all nations,
we were enabled to return to the State Treasury for
unexpended balance and salvage, over f90, 000.00.

Thanking your Excellency, as well as your immediate
predecessor, Hon. Joseph W. Fifer, for the kindly manner
in which our efforts have been aided,

I submit the report,

LaFayette Funk.

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BEPOBT OF TUE PBESII>ENT.

)Y virtue of "An Act to provide for the participation
of the State of Illinois in the 'World's Columbian
Exposition/ authorized by act of Congress of the United
States, to be held in the city of Chicago, duiiug the year
1893, in commemoration of the discovery of America in
the year 1492, and for an appropriation to pay the cost
and expense of the same," ''the present members of the
State Board of Agriculture are hereby constituted and
appointed commissioners, to be known as the Illinois
Board of World's Fair Commissioners. Said Board of
World's Fair Commissioners shall serve until the close of
the World's Columbian Exposition, and until the duties
of said (/ommission, in connection with said Exposition*
are fully performed as contemplated in this act."

This act was approved June 17, 1891.

The Board was organized in the city of Chicago, July
1, 1891, by the election of the following officers:

PRESIDENT :

LaFayette Funk, Shirley;

VICE-PRESIDENT :

David Gore, Carlinville;

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEP :

John P. Reynolds, Chicago;

SECRETARY :

Wilson Coburn Garrard, Springfield;

treasurer:

John W. Bunn, Springfield;

and the appointment of standing committees and the

adoption of necessary rules.

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StandinsT Committees.

Construction and Interior Furnishing— Messrs. Vir-
giD, Pace, Pearee, PuUen, Bradley, Vittum, Judy and
Washburn.

Grounds and Exterior Ornamentation— Messrs. PuU
Ion, Fulkerson, Dysart, Hostetcer and Johns.

Printing and Stationery— Messrs. Dickirson, Haskell^
Dysart, David and Washburn.

Architectural Drawings, Topographical Survey^
Maps and Drawings— Messrs. Dysart, Pa.ce, Chester, Wy-
man and Stryker.

Transportation— Messrs. Pearee, Vittum and David,

Collection op Exhibits — Entire Board of Commis-
sioners.

Installation op Exhibits— The President, Vice-Presi-
dent, and Director-in-Chief.

Live Stock Exhibit— Messrs. Fulkerson, Chester, Vir-
gin, Wyman and Johns.

Educational Exhibit— Messrs. Chester, Bradley, Wash-
burn, Dickirson and Johns.

Natural History and Archjsology— Messrs. Pace,.
Hostetter, Stewart, Pullen and Stryker.

Charitable In8Titction&— Messrs. Washburn, Hostet-
ter, Wyman, Judy and Stryker.

Finance— Messrs. Stewart, Pearee, David, Bradley and
Fulkerson.

Receptions and Ceremonies— Messrs. Judy, Haskell^
Vittum, Virgin and Dickirson.

Compensation— Messrs. Pearee, Pullen and Vittum.

Agriculture and Dairying — Messrs. Vittum, Wyman^
Wajshburn, Chester and Fulkerson.

Horticulture and Bee Culture— Messrs. David, Dick-
irson, Stryker, Pullen and Johns.

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The reports of these committees are herewith pre-
sented, and a consideration of tbem will show the man-
ner in which the duties intrusted to the Commission have
been discharged.

The resignation of Director-in-Chief Bejnolds, at the
opening of the Exposition, made it necessary that most
of the duties formerly discharged by him should be un-
dertaken by the President,

These, a.s well as all other duties properly belonging
to the ofHce of President of the Commission of the great
State of Illinois, acting in the capacity of host of the
visiting states and nations, have been discharged with
an appreciation of the honors and responsibilities in-
volved, to the best of my ability.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

LaFayette Funk,

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REPORT OF JOHN P. REYNOLDS,

DIRECTOR-IN-CUIEF.

^HEN, in 1890. the (Congress of the United Sfates
provided for holding the World's Columbian Ex-
position in the Citj of Chicago, in 1893, the State of
Illinois was placed in ver^ peculiar, important, and in
some respects unique, relations to that event. The great
honor conferred by the selection clearly brought with it
obligations and duties which did not seem to rest upon
the citizens of any other State in the Union.

To determine just what those obligations and the re-
sultant duties were, and in what manner to best meet
and properly discharge them, at once became a subject
of serious consideration with all thoughtful citizens.

Invitations to participate in the Columbian Exposi-
tion had been extended by the President of the United
States to the National Governments of the civilized
world, and through him to their respective peoples in-
dividually. Similar invitations were extended to the
States and citizens of the United States.

The event to be thus celebrated—the discovery of
America by Christopher Columbus in 1492— was already
known to all the world as having contributed to the
welfare of mankind in a degree beyond all computation
—as having, in much that stands for substantial pro-
gress towards the highest civilization, given a new birth
to the human race. Every quarter of the globe had
felt and acknowledged its benign influence, and when
the great Republic of the new world made the appeal
the response came at once spontaneous, enthusiastic
and universal.

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In this State, the Board of Agriculture haviug in
charge the State Department of Agriculture took the
initiative in canvassing the subject of Illinois' partici-
pation in the celebration. Conferences were held with
Governor Fifer, the beads of the several Departmenls
of State, of the State Educational and other institu-
tions, with representatives of important voluntary edu-
cational, industrial and scientific associations, and wiih
many intelligent private citizens eminent from their
broad views and for their patriotic devotion to the
public welfare.

In every instance such interviews were both cheering
and instructive, resulting in the preparation of ''a bill for
an act to provide for the participation of the State of
Illinois in the World's Columbian Exposition," which,
being presented to the Thirty-seventh General Assembly
then in session, was passed, and, by the approval of
His Excellency, Governor Fifer, became a law in all its
essential features June 17, 1891.

The purpose, scope and general chara,cter of the pro-
posed exhibit by this State are succinctly stated in the
following paragraphs quoted from the preamble and
from sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the act:

''Wh£BEAS, The great importance to mankind of the
event which it is intended thus to commemorate, the
location of said Exposition in the chief city of this State,
affording to our citizens opportunity for educational
improvement and material benefits rarely accorded to
any people, the prominent position already attained by
this new commonwealth in the ranks of industrial pro-
gress and its abundant resources from which to gather
additional wealth and honors— all appeal to our patriot-
ism. State pride, sense of duty and self-interest so
urgently as not to be wisely disregarded, demanding
that the State of Illinois, following the example of the
Federal Government, shall, in its municipal capacity.

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participate as an exhibitor in the World's Colnmbian
Exposition in a manner at once creditable to its citizens
and of attractive interest to all visitors; therefore

^'Section 1. Be it enacted hy the people of the State
of lUmoie^ repreeented in the General AeeevrMy: That, in
order that the State of Illinois may participate in the
said World's Columbian Exposition, the present mem-
bers of the State Board of Agriculture are hereby con-
stituted and appointed Ciommissioners, to be known as
the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. Said
Board of World's Fair Commissioners shall serve until
the close of the World's Columbian Exposition, and
until the duties of said Commission, in connection with
said Exposition, are fully performed, as contemplated
in this act. ♦♦•••♦•♦••

*^Sec. 2. The said Board of Commissioners is hereby
empowered to obtain and cause to be properly installed
in said exhibition building or buildings a collective de-
partmental exhibit for the State of Illinois, which shall
illustrate the natural resources of the State, together
with the methods employed and results accomplished by
the State, in its municipal capcu^ity, through its several
departments, boards, commissions, bureaus, and other
agencies, in the work of promoting the moral, educa-
tional and material welfare of its inhabitants, so far as
such methods and results are susceptible of exhibition
in the manner proposed, such collective exhibit to in-
clude and to be chiefly composed as follows:

^^Fvr%t (a). A model common school-room of high
grade, fully equipped and furnished, under the direction
of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction.

''(&). An illustration of the methods and results of
educational work as pursued in the State Normal Uni-
versities, the public, technical and art schools, and the
high schools of the State.

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"(c). An exhibit by the University of lUinois of the
equipment, methods of instruction, and achievements of
that institution in its several departments.

''(d). An exhibit of the educational and industrial
work as conducted in the State charitable institutions.

"(«). An exhibit illustrating the entire system of the
inspection of the several varieties of grain, as estab-
lished by the State Railroad and Warehouse Commis-
sion and practiced by the State Grain Inspection De-
partment. • •••♦

'^Second. Collections, correctly classified and labeled,
illustrating the natural history and archeBoIogy of this
State, including its stratigraphical and economic geology,
its soils, sub-soils, useful clays and ores, and other
products of mines and quarries; its botany and zoology,
with the products of forests, lakes and rivers; also, an
exhibit by the State Fish Commission of native and
cultivated live fish, with hatchery and appliances and
equipments for transportation, models of fishways in
use; also, a full and complete collection of all the cul-
tivated products in the several branches of agriculture,
farm culture, horticulture and floriculture, in illustra-
tion of the widely different conditions of soil and climate
under which rural husbandry is practiced in the various
sections of this State.

"Third. Architectural drawings (with elevations) of
every public building erected and now used or main-
tained, in whole or in part, by the State, with map
showing the location of each, and accompanied by his-
torical and explanatory notes and tables; also maps,
charts, diagrams and tables for the State, and, so far
as practicable, for each county, showing its geology,
distribution of useful minerals, its topography, with its
lakes, rivers, canals and railways, its climatic conditions,
its industrial growth and increa.se in population by
decades,, from the date of organization to the year 1890,

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together with such other physical features as possess a
scientific interest or would be taken into account in
estimating the ability of our territory to maintain a
dense population.

'* See. 3. It is hereby made the duty of the officers of
the several departments, boards, bureaus and commis-
sions in the service of the government of this State to
cooperate with the said Board of Commissioners in col-
lecting and arranging for exhibition such material as
may be available for display in illustration of the
methods employed and results achieved in their respective
lines of official duty, and, if so required by said Board
of Commissioners, they shall furnish complete catalogues,
direct the instedlation, assume the immediate care, while
on exhibition, and cause the removal of their respective
exhibits at the close of said World's Columbian Ex-
position, in accordance with the requirements of the
management of the same. The said Board of Commis-
sioners is also hereby authorized to accept loans or
donations, and, with the approval of the Governor, to
acquire, by purchase, for the State, specimens and ma-
terial, if deemed necessary, to supplement any of the
said departmental exhibits.

''Sec. 4. Consent of the General Assembly is hereby
given that there may be placed on exhibition, as part
of said collective exhibit, in a suitable fire-proof struct-
ure to be erected for the purpose, such relics and
trophies belonging to and in custody of the State as
the Governor may designate; the same to be and remain
at all times, during their removal, while on exhibition,
and during their return to their present depository, in
the sole care and charge of their official custodian."

A full and proper execution of the foregoing descrip-
tive provisions of the law could not fail to result in the
collection and installation of an exhibit fairly and in-
telligently illustrating:

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1. The I^nctpalfMmcUans of' a State Go^iemmentj as
distinguished from those of the Federal Government of
this Bepublic.

2. Ths Instit^ians EstdbUshed and the agencies em-
ployed, the methods of their operation and results at-
.tained since the organization of the State Goyernment«
for the promotion of the moral, educational and ma-
terial welfare of all its citizens alike.

8. The NaPwral Reaawrcea of our territory and, approx-
imately, their extent and available value in contributing
to the comfort, prosperity and wealth of our people.

4. The Physical Conditions which nature has estab-
lished for the State of Illinois dominating the practice
of rural husbandry throughout and for all time.

5. The Rate of Growth and Development of this State
in population, commerce and productive industry from
its organization in 1818 to 1890.

Such, in brief, was substantially the task imposed
upon the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners.
To pay the necessary cost of work contemplated, the
sum of f 680,000.00, or so much thereof as might be
necessary, was appropriated by the same act. The
nextiSuceeediBg' General Assembly (38th), with the ap-
proval of Governor Altgeld, reduced the available sum
to 1608,500.00

On its organization, July 1, 1891, the Board chose to
exercise the discretion allowed by the law and honored
me with the position of Director-in -Chief, at the same
time charging that officer with " such supervision, direc-
tion and control of the operations of the Illinois Board
of World's Fair Commissioners as will tend to promote
the efficiency of every agency employed," and instruct-
ing him ''to assume and exercise all such executive
powers and functions a« shall be necessary to secure
promptness, efficiency and good faith in every depart^

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ment," being "at all times and in all respects subject
to the direction and control of the Board."

Having been personally instrumental in the prelimi-
nary work of framing the bill and urging its enactment
by the General Assembly, I entered upon the discharge
of the duties to which I was thus assigned with a deep
sense of responsibility, and also, I trust, with a correct
conception of the relations of the Board to the elemen-
tary agencies through and by means of which the pro-
posed "collective department exhibit" must, if at all, be
made. It was realized that the State Government in
most of its departments was to be placed in evidence
before the world, that the service and functions of each
department were special, and demanded in their several
ofScers special qualifications ; that except in the sections
of the proposed exhibit embracing the products of the
farm, orchard and garden, none but the scientist, the
educator and the expert could be safely trusted to pre-
pare the plans, to dictate the selection of material and
to direct the installation.

State Institutions Participatinsr*

The State Institutions, Boards and Departments
proper which, by the nature of their service and methods
of work, were in position to make acceptable exhibits
are:

1. Institution for the Education of the Deaf and
Dumb— Jacksonville.

2. Institution for the Education of the Blind— Jack-
sonville.

3. School for Feeble-minded Children— Lincoln.

4. University of Illinois— Champaign.

5. State Laboratory of Natural History— Champaign,

6. State Entomologist— Champaign.

7. Experiment Station— Champaign.

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8. Geological Survey— Springfield.

9. State MaHeum of Natural History— Springfield.

10. State Normal University— Normal.

11. Southern Normal University— Carbondale.

12. Railway and Warehuune Ciommissiou— State Grain
Inspection— Chicago.

13. Department of Public Instruction— Model Common
School-room— Springfield .

14. Fish Commission— Springfield.

15. Relics and Trophies— Adjutant-General, Custodian
—Springfield.

The foregoing agencies of the State Government are
severally in direct charge of officers (elective or appoint-
ive by law) and employes who receive compensation in
whole or in part from the State treasury or from the
proceeds of their special service, as in the inspection of
grain. As a rule their time is fully absorbed and their
energies fully taxed in the performance of their daily
routine of official duty. Section 3 of the law before
quoted received a construction, to which, however, I
never fully assented as just, precluding the payment by
the Board of any compensation for the extra and excep-
tional service demanded of them in their work of co-
operation. It is only affirming the public judgment of
those functionaries to so say that, in the lines of their
official duties, no more competent, better equipped or
patriotic body of men ever served a State; and it is a
pleasure to record the fact that, without exception,
they responded to the appeal of the Board, accepted
the onerous exactions without protest, and entered at
once upon the labor of preparation. The most cordial
relations were established and, in due time, their several
plans for exhibition, installation and supervision with
estimates of cost, were presented. In every instance
these bore the evidence of careful, intelligent delibera^
tion, a broad and cleax comprehension of the spirit and

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requirements of the law, and a jnst sense of the respon-
sibility resting upon them. They knew, and it is to be
assumed that the Board recognized the fact that, within
the scope of their several departments, they and they
alone could intelligently dictate and properly execute
the work required by their several exhibits; that upon
themselves primarily must depend the substantial char-
acter of the State exhibit as a whole, and that to them
would be largely due the honor of success or the dis-
honor of failure, provided only their efforts and plans
were not thwarted by causes beyond their control in the
matters of cost and allotment of space for display.
Their original plans and subsequent correspondence are
on file for preservation and reference, and when their
several reports shall be in the archives of the State
their record will be fully made up.

I do not care to comment here on this branch of the
State exhibit further than to express the opinion that
if in any of these exhibits, when finally installed, there
was manifest any want of completeness in material or
representative character, no just censure can properly
attach to any officer or employfi of the State govern-
ment.

Other Sections*

Aside from the foregoing strictly governmental ex-
hibits, and, in some instances, supplemental to them,
other important displays were made by direction of the
Board, in accordance with specific requirements of the
organic law. The most important of these were the fol-
lowing:

1. Public Common Schools.

The methods and results of educational work as pur-
sued in the Public, Technical, Art and High Schools of
the State.

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The oiBcial duties of the State Superintendent of Pub-
lic Instruction precluded the possibility of that officer
giving any attention to the organization of this most
important exhibit, except by counsel and suggestion,
and with the approval of the Board, Prof. Wm. Jenkins,
of Mendota, was induced to accept the position of
Superintendent. In that gentleman were found com-
bined the qualifications of ripe scholarship, thorough
familiarity with the subject-through many years of ex-
perience as a teacher and superintendent of schools, a
wide and favorable personal acquaintance with educators
of every class, and executive ability of high order. The
State Teachers' Association, of which he held the secre-
tiaryship, approved the selection without reserve, and at
once the most cordial cooperation of every educator in
the State was assured.

The result was exactly as anticipated. A great wealth
of material, intelligent discrimination in the selection and
perfection of systematic arrangement, gave us an exhibit
truthfully representative of pupils' work in every grade
of the public common school system throughout the
entire State. Supplementing the kindred exhibits by the
two Normal Universities and the University of Illinois,
it rounded out the educational feature of the State ex-
hibit, and rendered it a source of just pride and con-
gratulation to every citizen intrusted in the work and
mission of the ''Little Red School House" in America.

2. Belief Map of the State.

A literal, full compliance with the provision of the
law relating to topography would have required the
Board to conduct a general topographical survey, for
the proper accomplishment of which there was neither
the necessary time nor funds. Hence it was decided to
proceed no further in that direction than the construc-
tion of a Relief Map of the State.

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Fortunately, Prof. C. W. Rolfe, an accompliBhed civil
engineer, and also professor of geology in the University
of Illinois, consented, chiefly as a "labor of love", to
organize and direct the necessary survey and the con-
struction of the map. A corps of assistants, some of
whom had been pupils of the University, were selected
by him and placed in the field. He was entirely familiar
with this delicate and difficult work, was already in
possession of much valuable data, and the time being
limited, was able to press the survey to completion as
rapidly as was consistent with careful regard for accu-
racy. There is no reason to question the correctness of
the observations as reported by his assistants, and the
data obtained may, if occasion should offer, doubtless
be safely relied upon in connection with a more extended
survey at some future time. Already the puplishers
have utilized the data thus obtained in the correction
of many errors existing in previous editions of State
and county maps.

3. Archaeologry.

The certainly of limited time and of large expense in
conducting the exploration of mounds conspired to cir-
cumscribe the work of discovery in that direction. The
collection already in the State Museum was made the
basis of the exhibit in this section. To this were added,
chiefly by purchase, many specimens found on the, sur-
face of the ground in all parts of the State.

Prof. William McAdams, of Alton, Geologist and
ArchflBologist, with rpuch experience in this department
of science, and residing near one of the most interest-
ing and extensive groups of mounds in the world,
was engaged to direct the work of collection. Limited
operations among a few of the most promising mounds
in appearance were rewarded by valuable results, which
his report details in full, and which are certainly encour-

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aging to future effort. Surface collections possess little
scientific interest as compared with those from the
mounds, because they are not necessarily and generally
not at all characteristic of the locality where found, but
they are desirable in museums, and are fast disappearing
through the industry of commercial collectors and dealers.
The Federal Goyernment, through the intelligent direc-
tion of the Smithsonian Institute, is pursuing a sys-
tematic exploration of the mounds of the United States,
which will, ere long, invade the territory of this State,
and absorb for the National Museum such relics as our
mounds may give up, unless that work shall be antici-
pated by a State survey of the same chara<5ter.

4. AsTricoltare, Horticoltare and Floriciiltare.

With the main specific purpose of illustrating the cli-
matic conditions of this State, as they relate to and
effect rural husbandry throughout our nearly four hun-
dred miles of latitude, the law required a full and com-
plete display of all the cultivated products of the several
branches of agdculture, farm culture, horticulture and
floriculture. To facilitate operations, the display was
divided— farm products constituting one section, horticul-
ture and floriculture the other. With the approval of
the Board, Commissioners Vittum and Chester were as-
signed to the superintendency of the former, and Commis-
sioners Pullen and David to the superintendency of the
latter. Owing to the delicacy of the material, and the
diflficulty of transporting plants and flowers, a profes-
sional florist, Mr. John C. Ure, of Chicago, was engaged
to make the floricultural display. His exhibit was emi-
nently beautiful, artistic and profuse, and was admir-
ably maintained from the opening to the close of the
Exposition.

In the sections of the farm products and horticulture,
no descriptive words can do justice to the intelligently

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conscientious and successful labors of the gentlemen who
personally, and with the aid of competent assistants,
selected by themselves, conducted the work of collecting
and installing these displays. The st^ated purpose of the
law was strictly complied with. Abundant material
truthfully represented the varied and varying production
of every section of the State throughout the entire season
of growth. The installation was systematic, and per-
vaded by decorative forms which challenged the admirsr
tion of every visitor, and early became a well known,
attractive feature of the Columbian Exposition. As a
whole and in detail, they afforded a wealth of practical
information in regard to rural husbandry in Illinois
which could not be otherwise or elsewhere obtained.
Their catalogues and records are fully made up, and
possess an enduring value.

5. Architectural Drawings.

In framing the provision of . the law relating to archi-
tectural drawings of State buildings, it was a^ssumed,
without inquiry, that in case of every important build-
ing erected bv the State, the original drawings and
specifications used in letting contracts, or copies of them,
were in possession of the State, or otherwise obtainable.
On discovering such not to be the fact, and that a strict
compliance with that provision within the time available
would involve the necessity for the expenditure of a very
large sum, it was thought best to substitute photogra-
phy. A full and complete series of large and first-class
photographs, representing all public State buildings,
with many views of interior rooms and of surrounding
grounds, was executed and appropriately installed for
exhibition. The effect was, in all respects, satisfactory,
while the cost, compared with that of architectural
drawings, was nominal only.

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6. History and Statistics.

The direction of this work was placed in the hands of
the Secretary of the Board, under whose instruction a
synopsis of the civil history of the State has been pre-
pared. Statistical tables have been compiled, showing
the progress and growth of the State, by counties, in
population and industrial development, by decades, frojn
the date of its organization (1819) to the year 1890, so
far as correct data proved to be available. A correct
map of each county now organized is included in this
compilation, which is full of facts interesting to every
intelligent citizen of the present day, and will, doubtless,
form the reliable basis of a similar compilation to be
prepared by our successors for the World's Columbian
Exposition of 1992.

In Review.

As a member, and its chief executive officer, my
duties held me to a qualified responsibility in connec-
tion with every act of the Board in all its relations,
particularly from the date of its organization to the
close of its preparatory work on the opening of the
general Exposition May 1, 1893, necessarily, during this
term conducting its important correspondence with all
outside organizations and individuals, and being present
8^ a representative at all interviews and conferences in-
volving its interests and policies. This intimate and
continuous relation with the transactions of the Com-
mission seems to i*equire of me in this report at least a
brief reference in review of the work which has been ac-
complished.

The vital question which has been asked, and which
will be asked again and again is: Has the participation
of the State of Illinois in t^e World's Columbian Expo-
sition, ao liberally provided for, substantially fulfilled
its purpose?
—2

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With a full knowledge of what has been done and of
the conditions under which it has been accomplished, and
assuming to speak only in regard to the Exposition
itself, I do not hesitate to reply in the affirmative.

The law which prescribed and mapped out the work
of the Board was, as nearly as possible, exhaustive in
its requirements and without precedent in its aims and
purposes. The field was large and its path untrodden.
No single citizen of the State possessed that compre-
hensive and definite information which justified him in
deciding in advance just what showing should be or
could be made within the lines laid down, nor, of course,
even approximately fixing the cost. In illustration of
this uncertainty it will be remembered that the original
estimates aggregated f 987,000.00; that the available
sum of the appropriation wajs finally reduced by legisla-
tion to 1608,500.00, and that of this sum, at the close
of our labors, there remains an unexpended balance of
about f 83,000.00. A similar uncertainty pervaded
others than the financial department, and, necessarily,
more or less modified, if it did not embarrass, the efforts
of some of those engaged in preparing their exhibits.
Nevertheless, while it would be idle to claim that no
error of commission or omission attended the execution
of the task assumed by the Board, while looking back
it is now clear that in some of the departments the dis-
plays might have been more nearly complete, more
valuable and more fully representative, it is safe to say
that, as a whole, the result was creditable to the great
State for which it stood before the world, and that it
presented to the mind of every thoughtful citizen and
visitor, however intelligent, a new fund of useful, prac-
tical information far beyond any just estimate of finan-
cial value. Reference has not been made to the con-
struction, transportation or financial departments for

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the reason that they were in charge of members having
ample and far more experience in those affairs, and be-
cause other duties seemed to require, as they certainly
received, my conscientious and unremitting attention
during my official term.

In obedience to the instructions of the Board, and just
previous to the public openings, I assigned to special
duty and continuous service during the full term of the
Exposition, in connection with the care of the exhibits,
building and personal property, members of the Board
who were willing to accept such duty. I also presented
an estimate of the force of employes required for the
same term, and apportioned their selection among the
members so that every congressional district might have
an equitable share of such appoinments.

With the force thus fully organized for the remaining
six months' campaign; the work of collecting and pre-
paring material for exhibition in the several depart-
ments substantially completed, save only in those of
farm products, horticulture and floriculture, which
were fully assured ; with the installation also substan-
tially complete; with a board of twenty-one members
regularly organized, and to receive monthly salaries for
continuous service, and with no apparent further execu-
tive duty to be performed which did not properly belong
to the functions of a regular presiding officer, I em-
braced the very welcome opportunity to tender my
resignation as Director-in-Chief on the 1st day of May,
1893, in the consciousness of having endeavored, at
least, to discharge my whole official duty to the people
of the State, to the several exhibitors and to the Board.
Respectfully,

John P. Reynolds,

GmcAGO, May, 1894. Director-in- Chief.

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REPORT OP COMMITTEE OK CONSTRUCTION ANO
INTERIOR PURNISHING.

I^HE Committee on Constraction and Interior Fur-
nishing respectfully submit their final report:

The members of the Illinois Board of World's Fair
Commissioners met at the Sherman House in Chicago,
on the 1st day of July, A. D. 1891, and organized
by electing a President, Vice-President, a Secretary and
a Director-in-Chief, and providing for thirteen standing
committees, to be appointed by the President, the first
and chief of which was the Committee on Construction
and Interior Furnishing of the Illinois State Building.

This committee was originally composed of John
Virgin, Chairman, Pace, Pearce, PuUen, Bradley, Vittum,
and Judy, and J. M. Washburn was afterwards added
by an order of the Board ; and Secretary Grarrard was
made clerk of the Committee.

On the 5th day of August, W. W. Boyington & Co.
were employed as architects, to prepare and furnish plans
and specifications for the Illinois Building in Jackson
Park, and to supervise the construction, erection, repair-
ing, taking down and removing it, for a gross sum of
111,500.00.

The plan of the building, made by the architects, ap-
proved by the Committee and adopted by the Board,
was for a main building 450 feet long, east and west,
by 160 feet wide, north and south, three stories high
across each end, with a main entrance at the middle of
each end, with a dome in the center of the building 75
feet in diameter, built up from the foundations of the
building, to the height of 2S6% feet, and surmounted by
a fiag pole 40 feet above the dome. At the center of

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the south side of the main building is a projection or
wing 121 feet long, eajst and west, by 75 feet wide,
north and south, also three stories high, with a main
entrance at the middle facing south. Also a projection
or wing at the middle of the north side two stories high
and 75 feet long, east and west, by 50 feet wide, north
and south, with a main entrance at the middle facing
the north.

This north wing is also called Memorial Hall, and was
made a fire-proof building. The main building, except
30 feet across each end, which is three stories high, is
built two stories, the floor of the second story consist-
ing of two large galleries, each 16 feet wide, running
from one end of the main building to the other, with
an open space between them 32 feet wide, and between
these galleries and the north side and south side walls
of the building are open spaces, each 48 feet wide.

The foundations of the maiil building and south wing
are of wood plaiced on sand, and the walls are of wood
and mortar covered with staff.

The foundations of the north projection are of heavy
timbers; the walls are of brick and mortar, also covered
with staff, and the girders and roof are iron.

That part of the dome below the roof of the main
building is made of timber and mortar, covered with
staff. That part above the roof is made of iron. The
joists, girders and stairways in the building are made
of wood. The roof is made partly of glass, partly of
iron and tin and partly of gravel.

The contract for furnishing the material and erecting
the building complete and keeping it in repair till the
end of the Exposition wajs let by contract to the lowest
bidder, after advertiRing the time, place and terms for
thirty days in the Herald^ Inter Ocea/n^ Newa^ Tribune
and Times,

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The bids were opened by the Board of Commissionerp
in session, on the 18th day of November, A. D. 1891,
when it was found that there were quite a number of
bids for the several parts of the work, and one bid of
f 195,800 for the entire contract. This bid was by Wil-
liam Harlev & Son.

After persistent opposition and much consequent delay,
the contract was awarded to William Harlev & Son on
their said bid, it having been ascertained that the lowest
aggregate of the other bids was f 204,278.

During the progress of the building a number of
changes were made, some involving an addition to, and
some a deduction from, the original sum contracted for,
and some extras were incurred, adding to the original
price of the building; for all these we refer to the final
report of the Committee on Finance.

The building was accepted and occupied by the Board
of Commissioners on the 15th day of February, A. D.
1893.

Interior Furnishings

Were made from time to time, as their necessity became
apparent.

An ornamental fountain or grotto for drinking water
was erected in the center of the base of the dome and
furnished with two faucets on ea»ch of its four sides by
J. B. Mora, under a contract for f 1,500. At this foun-
tain pure cool water filtered by the Pasteur system by
Brooks & Clark for fl,600, was furnished free to all
the millions who admired and patronized it.

In the fish department a grotto, with cavern forming
a mountain scene, with a lake at the mountain base and
streams running from the lake, was made by J. P.
Mora for f 1,750. The water used in the Fish Exhibit
was filtered by the Jewel Filter Company without cost
to the Board.

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For the use of the agricultural exhibit a pagoda or
pavilion was erected in the Illinois Building by Whar-
ton, English & Co., and a like pagoda in the Agricul-
tural Building by the same persons. They also built
pyramids, tables, cases, etc., for these agricultural ex-
hibits.

In the horticultural department in the Illinois Build-
ing they built the tables on which the horticultural ex-
hibits were displayed. There .were a number of long,
plain tables and also a number of pyramidal tables sur-
rounded with railings, and on which the horticultural
exhibits were tastefully displayed.

In the grain inspection department there were built a
car-box, an office, a number of grain bins and ornament-
al work, and lettering on the wall showing the amount
of business by the Grain Inspection Department in the
year 1892.

Forestry Exhibit.

For the better display of the forestry exhibit, there
was erected a platform on which was exhibited 25 differ-
ent varieties of cultivated woods, inserted into a highly
ornamental farm wagon. Also, frames were built in
rustic work, in which were placed the specimens of both
the native and cultivated varieties of trees and shrubs
grown in Illinois. Also, a very ornamental rustic frame-
work in front of the forestry exhibit.

Clay Exhibit.

A pyramidal platform was built for the accommoda-
tion of the brick, tile, terra cotta and ornamental clay
exhibits.

Geologrical and Archseologrical Exhibits.

For these exhibits there were furnished, by the Grand
Rapids School Furniture Company, 21 geological cases,
each 15 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 52 inches high.

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One upright archaeological case, 17 feet long, 8 feet
high, and 12 inches deep, and two hexagonal stands for
bnilding stone. The cases were covered with sash filled
with American plate gl€U3s, and the contract price for all
was 12,205.43.

Exhibits of Natural History,

The following lists of furniture made at the University,
was paid for by this Board :

75 feet insect cases, 1 table, 2 gauze frames, 1 micro-
scope table, 1 table and oiBce catalogue, 60 insect boxen,
1 tool and supply case, 1 stand table, 30 feet shelves
for insects, 1 table, 1 book-case 4 feet 6 inches, with
curtain, 1 book-ca^e, 40 inches, with curtain, 1 case of
drawers, 1 table for gas stove, 36 feet book shelves, 150
feet wall cases, 1 ccise for birds' eggs, 1 case for wild
turkeys, 1 case 45x45 inches, 4 causes (C. F. E. D), 41
feet double cases, case No. 1, detail sheet 7; case No. 2,
detail sheet 7; case No. 3, detail sheet 7; 1 table swing
shelf, detail sheet 7— a total charge of f 1,592.60.

Post Office.

There was furnished a post olBSce, located on tba right
of the south entrance to Memorial Hall, consisting of
pilasters, counters, cornice, doors, 80 call boxes, a gen-
eral delivery for papers, a letter case and delivery wicket.
Also parcel bins, filling the rear wall space to the height
of 11 feet. Also, 1 work table 2x3 feet, 1 office chair, 1
stool and 1 step-ladder. Also, 2 receptacles for canes
and umbrellcus of 45 capacity each. Also, a nest of latest
improved patterns, placed in window, consisting of 72
No. 1 and 16 No. 2 boxes— all for |290.80. This outfit
was returned under contract at 40 per cent, of the cost.

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Precaations Against Fire.

For the purpose of extinguishing any incipient fires,
there were purchased and placed in the building 1,750
feet of water hose, with reels and nozzles, at a cost of
$1,276. Also, there were hired 25 Babcock Fire Extin-
guishers, and placed in convenient parts of the building,
ready for instant use on occasion, at a rental of f 375.

liights.

The Illinois Building was furnished with 71 arc lights
and a number of incandescent lights during the latter
part of the Exposition, for the cost of which we refer to
the report of the Committee on Finance.

Heating.

The south projection of the building was heated by
steam by the Detroit Heating and Lighting Company
at a cost of $975.00.

Interior Decorations.

The following roonis in the south projection were
decorated by the Chicago Cari)et Company for the sum
of $1,500, to-wit:

S. E. reception room and council chamber, S. W. re-
ception room and three other rooms connected there-
with, including the general reception room and the
ladies' national commission room.

Seats.

There were 250 settees provided for the public use
from 5 to 10 feet long, capable of seating 1,250 or
1,500 persons.

University of lUinois Furnishings.

1. A plain table with case resting on table covered
with glass in front, with two movable shelves.

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2. A square ^lass case resting on floor with sash.

3. Two tables, 7 feet and 11)^ inches long, with one
row of drawers full depth of tables.

4. A case adjoining No. 3, 14 feet long with glass
doors in front and with a continuous, movable shelf on
top.

5. Case, 6 feet long, same as No. 4.

6. A continous table and case with glass front and
one movable shelf.

7. A glass case resting on the floor, provided with
three shelves.

8. A glass case, 7 feet 1% inches by 11 feet 4 inches,
same as No. 7, but no shelves.

9. A glass case 2 feet % inch by 11 feet 4 inches, with
three movable shelves.

10. A plain table with drawers, 4 feet by 8 feet.

11. Two plain tables of different heights, with show
case on the higher one.

12. 13 and 14. Three glass cases resting on the floor^
all the same height but of different sizes.

15. A case with solid panel doors underneath and
movable shelves and glass doors above.

16. A case in two sections, one upon the other, with
glass doors a^cross the front and movable shelves 6
inches apart from top to bottom.

17. A table with show case on top and with two
drawers and paneled door underneath on both sides for
closet.

18. A long table cut to fit round a part, with various
large and small drawers and doors for closets.

19 and 20. Two high upright cases with glazed doors.

21. A case and cabinet with drawers and cupboards.

22. A plain table with standard show case on top.

23. Two upright cases with glass doors and movable
shelves.

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24. One upright case, glass all around upper part;
solid panels below; inside of upper part built up with
pyramid shelves.

25. A desk for the study of chemistry.

26. Four upright cases, glass doors in front, provided
with movable shelves.

27. Four tables and cases.

28. Work bench, provided with drawers, shelf and
cupboards.

29. A case of cupboards.

30. A case of drawers.

31. A heavy work table.

32. An upright case resting on floor, glass sash all
around and glass top; inside a pyramid of shelves.

33. An upright case, with glass sash in front ends
and on top; inside a pyramid of shelves.

34. Two cases paneled underneath and glass doors
above with movable shelves.

35. Case with glass sash all around.

36. Case with glass on three sides and top and two
front doors.

37. A desk with show case top; desk part provided
with drawers.

38. A glass cabinet with show case on top.

39. An upright case with gla^ss doors and drawers
below.

40. Two upright cases with glass sash all around.
40A. A common table.

41. A desk* with two glass doors and with cupboards.

42. A high upright case with glass sash front.

43. A case of cupboards with three frontdoors; inside
in two sections, one section provided with four station-
ary shelves.

44. A high upright case resting on the floor, glass
sash all around.

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45. Two cases of cupboards with four doors in front
and one fixed shelf.

46. Three tables with vertical walls attached.

47. A glass case with solid inclined top doors in front
and rear; two stationary shelves.

48. Consists of six tables.

49. A continuous table with drawers and cupboards,
with glass case on top.

50. A cabinet and case; the lower part with drawers
and cupboards, the upper part with glass fronts and in-
clined tops.

51. A square case with inclined top and doors on one
side.

52. A table.

53. A table with show case on it.

54. A table with show case on it.

55. A table with show case on it.

56. A table with show case on it.

57. An upright case with glass sash on three sides.

58. A cabinet and case like No. 50.

59. An upright case ; glass front and ends, with mov-
able shelves.

60. Three cases with show case tops; tops, ends and
fronts glass.

61. A case of two tables and show cases; tables pro-
vided with center parts; cases have inclined tops and
glass on all sides and tops.

62. An upright case with door in front and glass all
around and movable shelves.

Illinois Normal Universities.

Your committee have no data from which to give the
different articles of furniture or furnishings in or on
which was displayed this exhibit.

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We can only say that each of these Universities was
furnished such tables, cases and furniture as they re-
quired.

The furniture and furnishings for the Illinois State
Normal University, were made and delivered by Kelly
Brothers' Manufacturing Company for the sum of
11,167.00.

And for the Southern Illinois Normal University, by
Kelly Brothers' Manufacturing Company, for the sum of
11,377.20.

For the display of the exhibits of the public schools
all the furniture, tables, cases, screens, etc., which were
required by the superintendent of that exhibit, Prof.
William Jenkins, were made and delivered by Kelly
Brothers' Manufacturing Company for f 2,085.00.

The furniture and furnishings of the several educar
tional exhibits occupied a large and prominent space
in the building, and with the exhibits attracted much
of the attention of visitors.

The various offices and reception rooms were furnished
with carpets, window shades or curtains, desks, tables,
chairs, sofas or lounges, washstands and other conven-
iences, and some of them with stoves, the cost of which
will be found in the report of the committee on finance.

John Virgin,
J. Irving Pbarce.

B. PULLEN,

D. W. VlTTUM,

E. C. Pace,

James M. Washburn.
LaFayette Funk.

Committee.

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REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE ON GROUNDS AND
EXTERIOR ORNAMENTATION.

f'HE grounds surrounding the Illinois State Building
_ for lawn purposes erabra<;ed about two and one-
half acres. The extent was two or three times that of
any other State Building. The location rendered neces-
sary much heavy filling to bring to grade, especially on
the north side— the north annex extending into the
lagoon. After bringing into grade, and to complete the
preparation of the ground for sodding, etc., there was
added from four to six inches of well fertilized soil, made
necessary by it* complete absence, there being little else
than sand. Handsome shade trees were already upon a
part of the grounds. Some of these had to be removed,
and they with others were distributed over the entire lawn.
The general purpose and desire being that the lawn
and its appointments should be in keeping with the
building and its surroundings, special efforts were made
to accomplish this purpose. The approaches to the
building from the National roadways— the one from the
south being 60 feet and the one from the west being 50
feet wide— were laid with Illinois paving tile. On each
side of these walks were placed large rustic benches for
the accommodation and comfort of the general public.
On the north side of the building and next to the lagoon
were built a gravel walk and roadway extending the en-
tire length of the building, connecting with the National
roadways on the east and west. This roadway was 12
feet in width by nearly 600 feet in length. The balance
of lawn was carefully sodded, requiring between 8,000
and 9,000 square yards, all being inclosed with steel
posts and chain for its protection.

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In the fall of 1892 a number of tulip beds were
located, prepared and planted in variety. These fur-
nished not only beautiful flowers, but a delightful con-
trast for the spring and early summer of '93, and being
succeeded by cannas in large variety, the beds were thus
continued until the close of the Exposition. In addi-
tion, palms, shrubs and flowering plants were distributer!
over the ground for a relief, adding much to its general
appearance. It was designed to introduce a few rockeries
for ornamentation, but instead coal pyramids were sub-
stituted, not so much for their beauty, but as a practi-
cal demonstration of the value of the coal fields under-
lying the great State of Illinois. One of these pyramids
showed the vein of coal to be^lO ft. in thickness. On
the south front in the center of the walk leading to the
main entrance was located a piece of sculpture called
"Hide and Seek," David Richards, of Chicago, artist,
which, for artistic excellence, was certainly not equalled
by any similar work on the grounds of the Exposition.
The plans and specifications of the building called for
statuary at the enferances. Early in 1892 the commis-
sion decided to substitute for these, plants, flowers,
vines, etc. The platforms on either side of entrances
were converted into rockeries mingled with soil, into
which grasses, ferns and running vines were planted,
the whole being surmounted with palms and other rare
plants, producing a beautiful and highly artistic effect.
The decision of the commission also included the inte-
rior of the building, which was beautifully decorated '
throughout with hanging baskets, flowering, foliage and
other plants. We think the commission made no mis-
take in deciding upon this change, as it seemed to give
general satisfaction, and elicited many favorable com-
ments. No other building upon the grounds of the
Columbian Exposition was similarly decorated, and the

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cost, including "care, will not equal one-fourth the cost
of statuary. We feel that our lawn w€U3 "a thing of
beauty," and only wish that it could have remained '*a
joy forever". The committee on "grounds and exterior
ornamentation" were supposed to have f 10, 000.00 for
their use, including care and maintenance during the
six months of the Exposition.

The finance committee's report will show that less
than half of this amount has been expended, and we
feel confident that the Commission and general public
feel satisfied with the work that has been done.

B. PULLEN,

Saml. Dysart,
a. b. hostetteb,
w. h. fulkerson,
8. W. Johns,

Com/ndtUe*

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REPORT OP COMMITTEE ON ARGHITEGTURAIi
I>RAWINOS, TOPOGRAPHICAL SUR-
VEY, MAPS AND DRAWINGS.

f'UE work assigned to this committee, under the di-
rection of the Commission, is outlined in the third
article of the second section of the statute creating the
Commission.

Public Balldlngs.

On investigation, the committee learned that but very
few of the original architectural drawings of the several
State institutions had been preserved, and to make new
meaisurements of the buildings would be very expensive
and impracticable. *

To make drawings with a reasonable degree of accu-
racy, photographic views would have to be depended
upon as the basis of the work.

By the process of enlarging photographs to any de-
sirable size, it was found that the buildings and grounds
of the institutions could be shown as correctly, and at
much less cost than by drawings. By coloring these
views by hand-work, a more natural representation wa«
produced, and a more attractive picture the result.

The committee, deeming that plan the most practica-
ble means of executing the law, adopted the method, and
procured the service of a competent photographer, who
visited all the institutions and made photographs of them.
From these pictures were made, varying in size from 4:%
to 6 feet in length, according to the size of buildings and
grounds, of all the State institutions, as follows:

University of Illinois, at Champaign.

State Normal University, at Normal.

Southern Normal University, at Carbondale.
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Northera Hospital for loBane, at Elgin.

Eastern Hospital for Insane, at Kankakee

Central Hospital for Insane, at Jacksonville.

Sonthem Hospital for Insane, at Anna.

Institution for the Education of Blind, at Jacksonville.

Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb^
at Jacksonville.

Asylum for the Feeble-minded, at Lincoln.

Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Quincj.

Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Normal.

Eye and Ear Infirmary, at Chicago.

Beform School, at Pontiac.

Northern Penitentiary, at Joliet.

Southern Penitentiary, at Chester.

Penitentiary for Insane Criminals, at Chester.

State House, at Springfield.

State Building, World's Fair Grounds, at Chicago.

To preserve the form for the future, and to show the
prosperity of our State as shown in its Capitol buidings
since the admission into the Union, it was decided to en-
large a photograph that was obtained of the first State
House at Kaskaskia, where the first session of the Legis-
lature was held in 1819. Also, the second State House,
at Yandalia, which was used for twenty years. The third
State House, at Springfield, which was used until the
present Capitol building was constructed.

The pictures were well framed and glazed, and exhibited
on the gallery of the building.

The collection was an interesting exhibit to visitors
from home and abroad. It illustrated the progress,
wealth and prosperity of our State by sight. They
showed how freely our taxpayers had contributed to
the cause of education, and the greatest of all virtues,
charity, in caring for its afflicted and unfortunate citi-
zens, for its aged and enfeebled soldiers, and in protect*
ing society from the destructive liberty of criminals.

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RELIEF MAP OF ILLINOIS.

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Belief Map.

The best method of illustrating the topographical
features of the State was a subject of much deliberation
by the Commission.

It was decided that the most intelligent and interest-
ing profile of the surface could be ma.de by the Relief
Map modeled from a survey of the State. The scale of
measurements adopted for the map was two miles to
the inch horizontally and 500 feet to the inch vertically.

The surface of a large portion of the State being com-
paratively level, without sharp elevations, an exagger-
ated vertical scale had to be used in order to make a
good representative form of the surface as it really
exists.

No topographical survey of the State had ever been
made; hence there were no data in existence for such a
work further than that furnished by the base lines of
the Government survey and the survey of the different
railway lines in the State.

Not having the necessary time or means to make a
complete topographical survey of the State, the com-
mittee decided, in addition to those surveys mentioned,
to have made topographical observations by counties,
with barometers and levels in the hands of surveyors
who traversed the counties in different directions by
private conveyance.

That work was executed at considerable expense, but
the committee feel assured that the important data thus
secured will more than compensate the State for the
expenditure.

C. W. Rolfe, of Urbana, professor of geology in the
University of Illinois, was employed to superintend and
direct the work, and the committee have reason to be-
lieve that it was done witb as much care, accuracy and
economy as possible under the circumstances.

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The following is a synopsis of data npon which Prof.
Rolfe directed the survey. From the Mississippi River
Commission a line of levels from Cairo to Dunleith, a
line of levels from Fulton to Chicago, along the Chicago,
Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, a series of topograph-
ical charts of the Illinois shore of the Mississippi and
the low water slope of the Mississippi.

From the lake survey a series of geodetic stations be-
tween Chicago and Olney.

From the Illinois and Michigan Canal low water levels
of the Illinois River.

From United States Geological Survey a series of to-
pographical charts between Chicago and Peoria.

From the coast and geodetic survey a line of levels
from Olney to St. Louis, a line from Centralia to Cairo
and low water levels of the Ohio and Wabash Rivers.

From United States engineers the preliminary survey
of the Hennepin Canal.

From the railroads profiles of their lines.

Barometric profile made with moving and stationary
barometers of such railroads as had no profile.

The bench marks of the lines of levels and geodetic
stations were connected with the nearest railroads, and
were used to correct the profiles of such railroads.

The elevations above low water of the railroad bridges
over the Illinois and Mississippi rivers were obtained,
and the railroad profiles checked by them.

The exact relations of the railroads at intersecting
points were ascertained, and the profile of the roads
checked on each other, using those that had been cor-
rected by United States data as master systems.

To the ou^ line so established the details of surface in the
different counties were added by traverses with barometer
and hand level lirranged to intersect railroads as often
as possible, and practically to bring the observer within
sight of every section of land in the county.

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Prominent points either of elevations or depression
were yisited and observations made upon them.

Many cross checks and other means of correction were
applied to overcome errors in atmospheric pressure, in-
strumental irregularities, and errors of observations.

Finally the results thus obtained were expressed by
contour lines on the maps with figures showing the ele-
vations of the points taken in the several counties.

Great care wa^s taken to make the data atlas map of
the State more correct in its horizontal features than any
heretofore published.

The locations of towns and courses of streams were in
most cases either verified or corrected.

The time allowed for making the survey was one yeax,
and the area covered was 56,000 square miles.

It is hoped that future observations will show that
the work has been ba well done as the limitations of
time and funds would admit.

From the data thus compiled the committee pro-
ceeded with the work of leaving the relief map of the en-
tire State made in plaster, that material being the best
known for durability. Miss Louise Barwick of Tracy,
Cook County, Illinois, a skilled artist in modeling work,
was engaged to model the map in clay preparatory to*
making the plaster ceist.

The work was executed in the following manner:

Six wooden squares 2 inches thick were made. These
were of sufficient size that when joined together they
made a surface larger than the map would occupy, and
represented the sea level upon which the map waa built
up to the points of elevations taken in the survey.

The squares were then covered with cloth surfaced so
as to retain the finest lines. By means of carbonized
paper the contour lines and figures representing the ele-
vations and depressions of the surface of the country in
the data atlas, heretofore mentioned, were transfered

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clearly to those squares. Slender wire nails were driven
into the wood as a guide to the modeling. By measure-
ments the portion projecting above th^ wood corres-
ponded with the figure on the contour line where they
were driven.

In making the survey of the State over 90,000 points
of observation were noted, and the same number of nails
had to be driven to form the lines for the modeler in
the clay work, which it was necessary to execute first
in order to cast from the clay moulds in which the fin*
ished plaster map of the work was made. Three months
time was occupied in doing that part of the work.

The squares were placed on a platform in a horrizon-
tal position carefully joined together, the whole repre-
senting the State on a surface 10 by 17 feet.

After the whole had been painted a light green in color,
the county boundaries were shown by heavy red lines;
the lakes, rivers and smaller streams in blue; the rail-
roads by black lines, and the names of county seats in
heavy black letters. •

The whole, when completed, making a graphic birdseye
view of the State, the like of which no human eye had
ever seen before. As an exhibit it was one of the most
interesting in the building. It was daily surrounded by
the aged and the youthful visitor, who seemed greatly
impressed as they gazed on the face of our great State,
Teachers, students and children engaged in the primary
grades of education, seemed alike deeply interested in
studying it.

The plain around the entire map, as aforesaid, repre-
sented the sea level. The Mississippi river, as the west-
ern boundary, was shown slowly rising above that level
from 268 feet low water mark at Cairo, until, at the
northwest corner of the State, it has an elevation of 615
feet, and the waters of the Wabash river, on the east,

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reach an elevation of 601 feet, while Lake Michigan, at
Chicago, placidly rests at an elevation of 595 feet above
the sea.

The lowest point of land in the State is at Cairo, and
the highest is that of Charles mound, on the State line
of Wisconsin, in JoDaviess county, which reaches the
height of 1,257 feet above the sea.

It was a surprise to a great many visitors, even those
who were old residents of the State, when looking at the
map, to see a high range of hills crossing the southern
portion of the State. The fact, as shown by the map, is,
that a spur of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri extends
through Union, Johnson, Pope and Hardin counties.
The higest of these hills, and the highest point of land
in Southern Illinois, is what is known as Bald Knob, in
Union county, which has an elevation of 985 feet.

In Johnson county, the highest point of observation
was 800 feet; in Pope, 823 feet; and in Hardin, 780 feet.

There are well founded reasons for believing that there
has been a period in the past when this range of hills
was much higher, and has been worn away by the influ-
ences of time, yet the range at the present time is nearly
200 feet higher than the waters of Lake Michigan at
Chicago.

There is an erroneous belief existing among non-resi-
dents of the State, and many of its citizens who have
not traversed it, that much of the surface is a level
plain, which will not admit of suflScient drainage neces-
sary to ensure the best agricultural results. The map
dispels that idea at sight. In addition to the range of
hills mentioned, it shows two other great water-sheds
extending across the State from the northeast to the
southwest, with elevations above the Mississippi, Wabash
and Illinois rivers, varying in height from three to five
hundred feet, and the remarkable fact that the interior
-4

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streams of the State flow north, south, east and west,
with strong currents, into these outlets. It also shows
that the iState has within its borders the means of
creating one of the greatest water powers in the world,
with the great lakes as a reservoir to feed the same.

The bed of the Desplaines river at Joliet, forty miles
from Chicago, is 46 feet lower than the waters of Lake
Michigan. Only the outlet has to be made and powers
for manufa.cturing purposes can be made far surpassing
that of Niagara, because at Ottawa, eighty miles dis-
tant, the Illinois River is 146 feet below Lake Michigan,
and this would permit the same power to be used many
times.

The map shows, as cannot be shown on a flat map,
many interesting features of the State, which in future
years will without doubt add greatly to its prosperity
and wealth, and which will enable it to maintain a dense
population. As an evidence of the correctness of the
survey of the surface of the State made for this purpose,
and the perfection in modeling the form as it exists, the
map on exhibition proved a great object lesson to the
students of glacial geology.

In all such prehistoric investigations, where positive
proof of theories are not in existence, the human mind
has a wide range in conjecture, and no ideas of one in-
vestigator are free from attack by a conflicting mind.

As no other State in the Union had made a relief map
in the form of this one from actual survey of its surface,
students of national reputation, from different States,
studied its markings with muclj care and interest. These
markings represent the only data we have of prehistoric
periods in the earth's history, in which students of glacial
geology are much interested.

No one can give any definite information in reference
to the lapse of time since the Gla*cial period, or how long

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it continued, but this map shows clearly to the eye of
a student that there has existed on the surface of the
State of Illinois two distinct periods, and that a long
interval of time intervened between them.

Subsequent to the coal era it appears that there was
a period when nearly the entire State was covered with
ice and water, a portion of the northwest corner and a
part of Calhoun county being of such elevation that
they were not covered. The Ozark Hills were the south-
em shore line, but when the Mississippi and Ohio rivers
broke through these hills the State was drained and the
waters receded to Lake Michigan.

The drifts of that era, no doubt, came from the north,
and carried with them the specimens of copper and the
dark granite boulders found as far south as the hills,
from the Lake Superior regions, where the mines of the
former and the parent rocks of the latter are now
found.

The stratified formation of the soil in the southern
part of the State indicates that the silts were deposited
from water and not from ice, because deposits from the
latter are hilly and irregular in outline. The last glacial
period, when the great field of ice, over 250 miles wide,
which brought with it the immense deluvian deposits
that have made Illinois the rich agricultural State that
it is at the present time, the map shows, came from a
northeast direction, through Lake Michigan.

The central part of that flow entered the State at or
near where Chicago is now situated, and moved in a
southwesterly direction across the State by what is now
known as the valley of the Illinois river.

A well defined line of deposits exists on each side,
varying in depth from 100 to 200 feet, creating the
water sheds before mentioned, sloping on either side
towards the center and outside, and the whole decreas-
ing in height ba they approach the western side of the

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State. These deposits are not io any regular outline
like a range of hills or mountains, but dropped, as if it
were by chance, where a great iceberg, loaded with a
special freight, lodged and dissolved.

Great nests of boulders, gravel beds, ridges and
mounds of heavy, reddish clay, and deep beds of blue
clay, all are found distributed without order of arrange-
ment. In them are fouud the gray granite boulder
specimens of rock gravel and the clays which are now
found in their natural order on the northern shore of
Lake Huron and on the shores of Hudson Bay.

The deposits on the southern line of the drift are near
the same depth as on the north line, but much wider
and more evenly distributed on the surface.

The deposits on the north side are more irregular on
the surface, with projecting points in a northwestern
(}irection. If the reader who has not seen this map will
examine the direction in which the numerous small
streams flow, which have their source near the summit,
on a flat map the lines of these elevations can be readily
followed.

It will be noticed that the northern ridge is thrown
out from Lake Michigan near Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
Lake Geneva, source of Fox river, being the highest
plateau, with an elevation of 900 feet, which is 300 feet
above the water of Lake Michigan.

The highest point of the ridge enters Illinois in the
northwest corner of McHenry county, with an elevation
of 1,000 feet. Woodstock is the highest county seat in
the State, being 916 feet.

Southward, in Kane county. Briar Hill is 973 feet.
Further south, in the same county, Lilly Lake is 934.
The line then bears westward into DeKalb county, where,
on section 7, township 39, range 5, there is a point
940 feet. Still further west, in the same county, there is

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another point on section 19, township 38, range 3,
which is 970 feet.

Sycamore, the county-seat, being on the northwestern
slope, is only 857 feet. Geneva, the county-seat of
Kane county, on the southeastern slope is only 720 feet.

From the last point named in DeKalb county there
is a spur extending northwest into Ogle county, a dis-
tance of twenty-flve miles. Malta, on the line of the
Chicago and Northwestern Railway, is 925 feet high, and
Holcomb, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail-
way, 836 feet. The main line of the ridge continues
westward through the southern part of Lee county.
Paw Paw, in the southeast corner of the county, is 930
feet. Further west, West Brooklyn is 963 feet, and still
further west Sublette, 934 feet. Continuing on in the
same course, Ohio, in Bureau county, is 920 feet.
From there the elevation descends towards the west
until at Sheffield, the summit of the Hennepin canal sur-
vey, it is but 673 feet.

The summit of the southern line of elevation enters
the State from Indiana in Vermilion county, on the
line of the Lake Erie and Western Railway. The station
at Cheney ville is 721 feet. Hoopeston, further west, 714
feet; Rankin, same line, 715 feet.

Paxton, county-seat of Ford county, is 790 feet. Mel-
vin, on Illinois Central Railway, northwest from Paxton,
is 808 feet. West, in Mclean county, on section 4,
township 23. range 6, the elevation is 913 feet, which
is the highest point in the central part of the State.
Arrowsmith 876 feet, and Bloomington 821 feet. From
there the descent towards the southwest is gradual.
Springfield is 602 feet. As heretofore mentioned, the de-
posits were much greater in area and composed more
of clays toward the south.

The table lands of Vermilion, Champaign, Piatt and
Macon counties were thus built up.

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The southern line where the deposits cease is through
Clark, Cumberland, Shelby and Christian counties.

Another attractive feature of the State is the demon-
strated fact that the territory covered by the deposits
south and east of the Illinois river, comprise the great
corn belt of the State, and south of that the fruit coun-
try. The composition of the soil is lighter, warmer and
so different in color £U9 to be noticeable at sight.

Northward the numerous streams, springs and lakes
of pure water, the hills and valleys producing the best
grains and grasses for the purpose, is the great dairy
region of the State,

The map points out other great changes that have
taken place in the geography of the territory now oc-
cupied by the State and by it the fa*ct has first been dis-
covered. Looking at the north end we see Rock river
coming down from Wisconsin through a broad valley
until it reaches a point, a few miles south of Rockford,
where it has an elevation of 680 feet.

The map shows that there was a time when it con-
tinued in its southern course through the Kite Creek
bottoms and Inlet Swamp and then southwest by what
is now Green river.

When the drift came as mentioned extending north-
west into Ogle county a dam 156 feet high was built
across the channel which caused the accumulated water
to break through the hills in ^ southwest direction
where it now flows through a narrow channel where the
rocky bluffs are rugged and do not present the time-
worn appearance of those north of Rockford. The dif-
ference is strongly marked to the observer. On the
west side of the State we find the evidence of another
great I'.hange. When the Mississippi river passes the
high rocky bluffs at Fulton, the bluffs on the Illinois side
disappear and the fiat country known as the Cattail

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Swamps and Meredosia Flats commences, which further
south extends across to Rock river. When both streams
are at high water these flats are submerged.

The Mississippi at that point at low water has an
elevation of 564 feet and the Illinois river southeast, at
Hennepin, Putman County, at low water is only 441 feet.

The evidence is very strong that the course of the
Mississippi River formerly was in a southeast direction
from above Rock Island, entering the Illinois river at or
near Hennepin, and what is now called the Illinois river
valley was at a former period the course of the Missis-
sippi river.

Here again the drift at SheflBeld, Bureau county, where
there is a deposit mostly sand over 150 feet deep,
created a dam higher than the rocks at Rock Island.
That obstruction was more than sufficient to force the
waters of the Mississippi to seek an outlet over the
rocks at Rock Island. It had then to flow nearly in a
\vestern direction until it reached Muscatine, where it
found its first opportunity to return to its southern course.

It will be noticed that the survey of the proposed
Hennepin Canal descends from Sheffield to Hennepin 232
feet, and from the same point to the Mississippi only
109 feet, and that a ditch cut through the summit at
Sheffield 130 feet deep would briug the waters of both
the Mississippi and Rock river into the Illinois river
with a rapid current.

The evidence mentioned in reference to the change in
Rock river is again to be seen in the bluffs of the upper
Mississippi and Illinois rivers when compared with those
on the present course of the Mississippi from Rock
Island to where it rounds the point of Calhoun county
into its original channel.

'The map shows those outlines very plainly, and other
points displayed by it will forever in part remain a

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mystery which will draw upon the iinagination of the
human mind for an explanation.

We see the facts as presented to us, and the concen-
tration of human thought for ages is not likely to de-
vise any other theory by which the changes could have
been produced by the forces of nature.

We find in these deposits spoken of small hills of
gravel mixed with larger stones, worn smooth by fric-
tion against each other in water, deposits of unmixed
clays without any other like them for miles away. We
find in different localities great nests of boulders on a
small area rounded and flattened in varied forms, and
no parent rocks like them within hundreds of miles.

It seems impossible to even think of any other way
of transporting them than by the theory of the present
age.

The reader may ask how the map shows the difference
in time of those glacial periods.

Because that portion of the State not covered by the
second drift shows a much more uneven surface.

The water courses large and small have wider and
deeper valleys. The bluffs along them show long ex-
posure to the wear of atmospheric influence on their
form, while on the portion covered by the second the
valleys of the stream are of less depth and narrow, and
the bluffs more abrupt and broken in form, and do not
show so long exposure to the wear of time.

The difference between the appearance of the two on
the map is so plain as to be noticed at a glance by one
interested in that study.

The map teaches many more object lessons to the
student of geography of our State, and if one could be
placed in every school of the State the value to the
cause of education in that one study cannot be estim-
ated.

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According to the requirements of the joint resolution
of the last General Assembly, the Relief Map and the
data from which it wa« made were sent, after the close
of the Exposition, to the Museum at Springfield, where
it will continue to be an interesting study, as it was at
the World's Fair.

Wall Maps.

In compliance with the law, the Commission directed
the committee to have Rand, McNally & Co., of Chicago,
prepare a series of large maps of the State, compiled
and engraved expressly for exhibition at the Fair.

First. A sectional map, the scale of which was fixed
at four miles to the inch, one section of land thus being
one-fourth of an inch square, a scale sufficiently large
to locate a quarter section of land, the whole covering
wall space 5}ix9 feet.

For the survey of the State the records of the United
States land office were used, and for details of topog-
raphy advance sheets of the " United States Geological
Survey" were procured.

For the location of post offices, cities, towns and vil-
lages, the records and maps of the post office department
at Washington were used.

For the location of the Mifesissippi river the large
scale maps of the Mississippi River Commission were
used, and the Geodetic and **Coast Survey" maps were
used for determining the shore of Lake Michigan.

For locating the lines of railroads within the State,
without an exception, the profile of each separat;e cor-
poration was procured from the Chief Engineer's office
of the company, all lines being correctly traced through
each section of land.

The above authentic information was put in the hands
of the best draughtsmen that could be obtained, and the
map thus made was an entirely new one. After the draw-

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in^ waB completed it was engraved by the relief line en-
graving process, and the sheets were printed from electro-
type plates. Thesubsequentcoloringwasall done by hand.

Second. Besides the foregoing, a geological map of the
State was prepared, the records of the State Geologist
supplying the necessary data, and the various forma-
tions being carefully colored in accordance with recog-
nized survey's.

Third. A special map was also furnished, based upon
reliable information, showing the general effects of
glacial action throughout the State, as well as the char-
acter of the soil. This map was prepared on separate
sheets and colored by hand.

Fourth. A map of special value from an educational
point of view was designed to show, by red crosses, the
location of each and every scboolhouse in the State
supported by public funds— 7,000 in all.

Fifth. Finally a map was prepared showing the loca-
tion of every public building in the State, the name of
the institution being plainly written thereon.

These maps were all of the same size and, being on so
large a scale, made an attractive exhibit.

They conveyed to the mind of the visitor a lasting
impression of the superficial area of our State, its
geological wealth, its glacial history, its educational
progress and the distribution of its public buildings.

Copies of each of these maps were, at the close of the
Exposition, sent to Springfield.

The foregoing comprises the work assigned to the
committee, and this report is respectfully submitted.

Samuel Dysart,
E. C. Pace,
W. D. Stryker,
B. F. Wyman,
E. E. Chester.
Committee.

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REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NATURAL
HISTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY.

N accordance with the requirements of this Board, and
in pursuance of the act of the Illinois Legislature
creating it, your committee on Natural History and
Archaeology begs to submit the following report:

Soon after the organization of the Board of World's
Fair Commissioners assignments were made by order of
eaid Board to the different interests to be considered,
and among said assignments a committee, designated as
the Committee on Natural History and Archaeology,
was created, consisting of the following named members
of said Commission: E. C. Pace, A. B. Hostetter, Wil-
liam Stewart, B. PuUen and W. D. Stryker.

The scope of their duties comprised, as the name indi-
cates, everything on and under the surface of the earth
produced by natural causes, also embracing some feat-
ures of artificial production. Exigencies arising and
interests worthy of attention being from time to time
brought to the attention of the Commission, several of
them were assigned to this committee, thus constituting
probably the most extensive and varied department in
the entire exhibit. Taking them in their regular order
they stand as follows:

First The Laboratory of Natural History.

Second. The Fish Exhibit.

Third. The Forestry Exhibit.

Fourth. Geology.

Fifth. Archaeology.

Sixth. Glacial Geology.

Seventh. The Clay Exhibit.

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The law constituting the Commission also directed the
heads of the different departments of the State Govern-
ment to render all assistance that might be required of
them by the Commission, and also permitted the use of
any material belonging to the Stat-e to be used for sup-
plementing or completing exhibits in the different, or
in certain departments. This was exceedingly favorable
to your committee, as it provided not only a consider-
able amount of material, but furnished competent per-
sons to take charge of and prosecute the work to a
successful completion, so that in the purely scientific
departments we had the able services of the following
well known scientists:

Prof. S. A. Forbes, of the University of Illinois, in the
Laboratory of Natural History.

Piscatorial Exhibit, Col. S. P. Bartlett, of the State
Fish Commission.

And in the Department of Geology was Dr. Josua
Lindahl, Curator of the Museum of Natural History, at
Springfield, connected with whom were such distinguished
scientists as Prof. J. A. Ddden, of Rock Island; Prof.
Milton Whitney, of John Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Md.; Prof. Frank Leverett, of the United States Geologi-
cal Survey, and Prof. J. M. Nickles, of Sparta, Illinois,
besides the office force at Springfield.

The Department of Forestry, not having a depart-
mental head a« an appendage to the State government,
was placed in the hands of Hon. Martin Conrad, of
Chicago, a gentleman thoroughly acquainted with the
forestry of the State and fully alive to its interests.

The Department of Archaeology wa^ presided over by
Prof. William McAdams, of Alton, Illinois, a man who
has written as much and developed more in this line
than probably any other person in the United States.
He has spent a lifetime in this work, and the books he

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haa written and the collections he has made will live as
monuments loDg after his sturdy form has crumbled to
dust.

The collection of glacial float, which is here referred to
as Glacial Geology, was collected and exhibited by Mr.
Ossfan Guthrie, of Chicago, and whatever of merit or in-
terest it may have possessed, to him is due the entire
credit.

The Clay Exhibit was made under the direction of Mr.
D. O. L03', of Ashkum, Illinois, a practical clay worker.
It was made at a comparatively trifling expense to the
State, and in point of beauty of design, quality *of work,
and variety, probably excelled anything of the kind in
the entire Exposition.

The entire department was thronged with visitors from
the day it was opened, on May 1st, until its close, on
the 30th day of October.

Probably the most attractive feature of the exhibit
was the piscatorial. Every foot of available space around
the pool, or "the rustic bridge that spanned the babbling
brook," waj3 constantly crowded with people anxious to
get a look at the finny inhabitants of the clear, spark-
ling pools. This exhibit was no more entitled to atten-
tion than others, but as a prominent scientist remarked,
"live things catch the eye." Feeling that a short, hur-
riedly written report from the different departments
would not do justice to this exhibit, your committee
hfiw given considerable latitude to the Superintendents,
so as to enable them to present reports worthy of the
occasion. Particularly is this the case in the department
of Archaeology. Nature has filled our forests with mag-
nificent spires, and carpeted her lawns with her own
made carpets. The lakes and rills have furnished an
abode in which the fish may live and multiply— even the
depths of the earth have furnished evidences of its age
and creation— but the towering pyramids of earth and

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the relics of war and agriculture, are the mute and only
records left to tell the sad story of a wonderful, intelli-
gent and numerous people.

This department is, to a certain degree, allegorical, to
some extent legendary, and largely speculative. The
very mystery that surrounds it clothes it with an in-
terest that transcends that which we are able to com-
prehend. We reason, ordinarily, from cause to effect, but
in this it is reversed,— we reason from effect back to
cause,— and when we stand in the shadow of the mag-
nificent temples and pyramids built by this unknown and
extinct race of people, we may justly ask ourselves if
they had not attained the same degree of intelligence
and art as that attained by the ancient Egyptian when
he laid the foundation of the pyramids that are now the
wonder and admiration of the world.

And now, Mr. President and gentlemen of the Commis-
sion, we desire to submit this and the reports of the
different departments of our exhibit, as the report of the
Committee on Natural History and Archasology.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

E. C. Pace,

A. B. HoflTETTBB,

Wm. Stewart,

B. PULLBN,

J. D. Stbykeb.

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525-

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GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

BY PROF. J. LINDAHL.

^N compliance with a request from the Hon. Ed. C.
« Pace, chairman of your committee on science, I beg
hereby to submit to you a brief report on the geological
work done under the auspices of the said committee,
together with more elaborate special reports from Mr.
Frank Leverett, Prof. Milton Whitney and Prof. J. A.
Ddden.

According to my original plan, as laid before the Illinois
State Board of Agriculture, early in 1891, the geological
exhibits from this State were to present mainly:

1. An economical series, showing the natural resources
of the State, in soils, waters, coals, clays, building
stones, metallic ores, and other mineral products utilized
in the arts and industries; all of them, €U9 far as prac-
ticable, to be submitted to scientific tests, in order to
ascertain their chemical and physical properties, and the
results of such tests to be stated on the labels, as well
as in an eventual catalogue.

2. A stratigraphicdl series, representing as nearly as
possible the entire succession of strata in the earth's crust
within the State^ as exposed in natural outcrops or arti-
ficial sections in railroad cuts, quarries, and mines; and,

3. A paZeontological series, comprising a fairly complete
collection of all the fossil species of animals and plants,
known to occur within the State.

This plan was subsequently so far modified by you that
no expenses would be allowed for the purpose of collect-
ing and testing the materials of the '* economical series/'
—5 »

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with the exception of the soils. As a necessary conse-
quence, this division of the exhibition gave no approxi-
matie conception of the natural i*esources of the State,
a fact so much more to be regretted, as the State of
Illinois produces nearly one-fourth of all the limestone
quarried in the United States for building purposes, and
also nearly one-fourth of all the coal mined in the United
States, outside of Pennsylvania.

The only systematic exhibit in the economical division
was that of the agricultural soils. Much work of high
scientific value had been accomplished within the previous
years by the Uuited States Geological Survey, in regard
to the superficial deposits of Illiuois. The work had
been done under the direction of Prof. T. C. Chamberlin,
as chief of the glacial division of the geological survey,
mainly by Mr. Frank Leverett, assistant geologist.
Prof. Chamberlin cheerfully consented to my request that
Mr. Leverett be allowed to accept a temporary engage-
ment in the service of the Illinois State Survey during a
few months in 1892, for the purpose of preparing a map
of the glacial deposits and agricultural soils in Illinois,
together with an extensive collection of these materials,
and that, in doing this, he be permitted to make free
use of all the (thus far mostly unpublished) results of
the previous work done by Prof. Chamberlin and assist-
ants, as far qb such work would have any bearing on
the subject in view.

Mr. Leverett was thus employed at your expense, and
his map and collections of samples of soils, as displayed
at the World's Fair, formed a most interesting and
highly appreciated feature of the geological exhibits in
the Illinois Building. He also prepared a report on his
work, which you will find hereafter.

A suitable selection of samples of these soils was sent
to Prof. Milton Whitney, of Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md., (now Chief of the Division of Agricultui'e,

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Soils Division, United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C). Prof. Whitney kindly consented to
my application, that he would submit these samples to
mechanical analysis, and prepare a report thereon for
publication in an eventual descriptive catalogue of the
exhibits. As, however, the analysis would consume more
time than Prof. Whitney could devote to the work, he
asked that a laboratory assistant be furnished him at
your expense. Prof. J. A. Ddden, who had just then
completed the work entrusted to him, as will be men-
tioned hereafter, agreed to act as such assistant, and he
at once proceeded to Baltimore. Prof. Whitney's report
will be found hereafter.

Outside of the soil exhibit, which was thus accomplished
at your expense, the division of economical geology was
almost exclusively made up by voluntary contributions
from owners of mines and quarries, brick kilns and terra
cotta works, etc. Invitations to participate in the ex-
hibition had been sent out to fully two thousand parties,
including 918 coal mine owners, but extremely few re-
sponded.

Among exhibits in this division may be mentioned
three that were of special interest, viz.: (1) the fluorspar
from Eosiclare, Hardin county, the only mines of their
kind on this continent; (2) a large series of lithographic
stones from Thebes, Alexander county, the only exhibit
of its kind in the whole World's Fair, with the exception
of one solitary slab in the Canadian department of the
mining building; and (3) some pretty dishes of white
and decorated ^i^Ti^, made of clay and silica, from Union
county— the only article of white table-ware ever made
out of purely Illinois materials. As these materials were
the only substances analyzed at your expense, I give the
results of the analyses.

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Ball Clay from Mrs. M. A. Kellner's clay pit, Mountain
Glen, Union county, 111., (No. 3,011 111. State Mus. Cat.).
Analysis by Knut Almstrom:

Silicic acid 61.71^

Titanic acid trace

Alumina 32.75

Oxide of iron 1.93

Lime 0.53

Magnesia 0. 19

Potash 0.96

Soda 24

Water and organic matter 11.69

ToUl 100.00

Earthy SUica from the mine of the Chicago Floated
Silica Co., Union county, 111. (No. 3,009 111. State Mus.
Cat.). Analyzed by Harald Almstrom.

Silicic acid 97.82>tf

Alumina and oxide of iron — 1.08

Lime — 0.50

Water and organic matter 0.42

Alkalies and loss 0.18

Total 100.00

The very handsome dishes were manufactured under
the direction of my esteemed friend, the Hon. Robert
Almstrom, director of the Rorstrand Porcelain Works at
Stockholm, Sweden, and I beg to use this opportunity
of officially thanking him for his courtesy and painstak-
ing labors, by which he has established as a fact the
long-doubted possibility of making white earthenware
from purely native Illinois materials.

The 8i/raMgraphical Dwisian consisted mainly of four
diagrams, representing sections across different portions
of the State, and accompanied with four sets of samples
of the strata out-cropping along the lines of these sec-
tions. These sections were as follows:

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1. The Mississippi Rimer Section, This section was con-
structed by using a profile of the bluffs from the north-
western corner of the State clear down to Cairo, which
profile was furnished by Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the Univer-
sity of Illinois. The stratification was indicated mainly
in accordance with the '^Mississippi River Section," in
Vol. I., Geol. Surv. 111., with such local corrections as
were possible from data furnished by Profs. J. A. Udden
for Rock Island county, and J. M. Nickles for the south-
ern counties. Rook specimens, to illustrate this section,
were selected out of the collections in the State museum
in Springfield.

2. The Rock Island^ La Salle, Indiam.a State Line Section.
This was constructed by Prof. J. A. Udden, of Augus-
tana College, Rock Island, who was employed to survey
the line during the summer of 1892, at the same time
collecting a complete set of samples from out-cropping
strata, which samples were displayed at the Fair, along
with the section. Prof. Udden has furnished a report on
his work, which you will find hereafter.

3. A section along a line from East St. Louis, on the
Mississippi, to Shawneetown, on the Ohio, passing
through the greater part of the coal measure series-; and,

4. A section along a line through Waterloo, Sparta,
Murphysboro and Olmstead, thus crossing the Ozark
highland, with its conglomerate beds, and the tertiary
deposits in the extreme south of the State. These two
sections (3 and 4) were constructed by Prof. J. M.
Nickles, of Sparta, from surveys made by him during
the summer of 1892 and in the early spring of 1893. He
also collected samples of all the strata exposed along
the said lines.

To the stratigraphical division belonged also two sets
of diamond drill cores, arranged in vertical cases, with
grooves for the retention of the core in proper order,
and glass fronts. One of these sets contained all the

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core that bad been preserved from a boring at Braid-
wood, Will county, to a depth of 900 feet; it occupied
thirteen cases, five feet high, each with eight grooves.
The other set contained one sample of core, one to four
inches long, from each stratum penetrated in a boring
at Harvel, Montgomery county, to the depth of 775 feet.
Each set was accompanied with a diagramatic boring log.

In this division may also be counted the large geolo-
gical map which was placed on the south wall. It was
based on the map issued in 1876 by the Geological Sur-
vey of Illinois, as an appendix to volume VI. of the re-
ports; corrections were made, as far as possible, from
data in notes accumulated by myself in previous years,
and by Profs. Ddden, Nickles and Nicholson, in the
course of their respective work in connection with the
World's Fair preparations. The tract of the great up-
heaval in Calhoun county had been surveyed in the
summer of 1891, b3' Dr. N. O. Hoist, State Geologist, of
Sweden, accompanied by Prof. Ddden and myself. The
color schedule adopted for this map, as well as for the
above foilr sections, wais in close accordance with the
suggestions made by the director of the United States
Geological Survey, Major J. W. Powell, in his tenth an-
nual report.

The Paleontological Division consisted of an extensive
collection of fossils,* selected from the Illinois State
Museum and supplemented with specimens from the pri-
vate collection of the former State Geologist, the late
Prof. A. H. Worthen, which collection you had pur-
chased for this purpose on my suggestion. That entire
collection was afterwards, as I understand, donat^ed by
the State to the University of Illinois, at Champaign.
Some other specimens had been borrowed from private
parties, as, for instance, the large trunks of ulodendron,
etc., which were the property of Mr. P. A. Armstrong,
of Morris, 111.

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The specimens exhibited represented with fair com-
pleteness all the species of fossils recorded as having
been found within the boundaries of this State^ together
with some such species as, from their occurrence in ad-
jacent States, may be expected to occur also in Illinois.

The great scientific importance of this collection, as
well as its value in exhibiting to the world what the
State of Illinois had done in this branch of science, may
be realized from the fact that it contained, among
other things, more than 1,000 "types" of new species
of fossils, which were first made known to the world by
the descriptions and figures of those very specimens,
published in the eight volumes of reports of the Geolo-
gical Survey of Illinois,

The collection was arranged systematically, according
to zoological and botanical classification. In order to
facilitate the study of the fauna or flora of any particu-
lar geological age, there was stuck on, in the center of
each label, a small, circular tag, bearing the same color
pattern as the corresponding geolological terrane on the
map and sections above referred to, which was pla.ced
close to the paleontological show cases. Wherever it is
impossible to display, in a geological museum, two par-
allel series of fossils— one arranged biologically, one
stratigraphically— I believe the above arrangment, in-
cluding the advantages of both, to be far preferable to
a single series arranged according to geological succes-
sion in time.

The abundant paleontological material at my disposal
from the two collections, viz.: the State Museum and
Prof. Worthen's private collection, was rather embarrass-
ing, as neither of them had been more than partially
classified, and that so long ago, that, considering the
rapid progress of paleontological science in the last de-
cades, a thorough revision was necessary. The specimens

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were, therefore, first assorted and classified in a prelimi-
nary way, and each class of fossils was subsequently
submitted to critical examination by an eminent spec-
ialist. The corals were thus revised by Dr. Carl Roniin-
ger, of Ann Arbor, Michigan ; the crinoids by Mr. Charles
Wachsmuth, of Burlington, Iowa; the brachipod by Prof.
James Hall, the veteran State geologist of New York;
the mollusks by Mr. E. O. Dlrich, of Newport, Kentucky;
the trilobites by Prof. J. M. Clarke, of the New York
State Museum, Albany, N. Y.; other crustaceae by Prof.
Charles E. Beecher, of Yale Museum, New Haven, Conn.;
and all the coal measure plants by Mr. David White, of
the U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Valuable
aid was also rendered, in several instances, by Prof. E.
D. Cope, of Philadelphia, and Dr. C. H. A. White, of the
D. S. National Museum.

Nearly all of the above gentlemen, besides carefully
revising the old labels and determining numerous speci-
mens hitherto undetermined, also presented brief reports
on the collections examined by them, mainly discussing
the geological and geographical distribution, within the
State, of the several species or genera contained in the
said collection. These reports were written, at my re-
quest, for the purpose of being inserted in an eventual
descriptive catalogue of the exhibits, and they were
turned over to you for such purpose on the day of my
resignation. It appears that, in the confusion unavoida-
bly ficcompanying the closing days of the exhibition, all
these papers were lost.

The State rests under deep obligation to the above dis-
tinguished paleontologists, who so cheerfully gave their
time and knowledge to a work from which they derived
no personal benefit, while it reflected great honor on the
State, and will prove a permanent benefit to all who will
study these collections in the State Museum or at the
State University.

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During two years from July, 1891, to July, 1893, 1 was
most ably assisted by Prof. Wm. F. Nicholson, who, on
your authorization, was appointed my assistant in any
or all of the work incumbent on me as curator of the
Stat^ Museum, or as director of the geological work for
the State for the Columbian Exposition. He filled his
position with skill.

Miss Fannie Fisher, who held the position of secretary
at the State Museum until her resignation from that office
in July, 1893, rendered excellent service aa clerical as-
sistant.

The extreme delay in completing the installment of
exhibits, and particularly in preparing new labels and
substituting them for the old ones, was due mainly to
the entire lack of adequate oflSce accommodation for the
geological department in the Illinois State Building.
Yours respectfully,

JOSUA LlNDAHL.
AUGUSTANA COLLEOB,

BocE Island, III.,

May 9, 1894.

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^.?3i:

Glacial

AND

nA -h

SOIL Map or Illinois \

BY .

Frank leverett

^^vVi^

. «tRCf5

r>n*

,_^ yfilACOyrtf I KW^WMt^Y

jfr

I jcffsey

LE6EMD

MoRAmic Belts

&T CLAIR

r--

» tu

RICHLA^'

^- GRAVLLLY R1D6ES V r) I /

On OLDtR DRIFT) >^RlApOLFH pe|/ry

^•^.-. BORDER OF OLDER DRIFT ^*<o/ Ci|« WrJj..
^♦♦.♦Z OLDER P'^lf^^^^^lJHOUT ^^•'$/^CKSp

I '♦ ♦ 5ILT CAPPIM6.

• ' : PERVIOUS SILT (Shmes for oeFTM)

• ^HWTt CLAY OR IMPERVtOUS SILT
I ... SAMDY DISTRICTS

FlUlWU

i^^i

Dhil'

\'>-^

^« '.,:>: "4,..

o 10 »

GLACIAL AND SOIL MAP OF ILLINOIS.

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SOILS OF ILLINOIS.

BY FRANK LEVEBBTT, A8SIBTAKT V. S. GEOLOGIST.

JEkplanation of the Map.

HE moraiDic belts mark margins of the ice-sheet at
points where the onward flow and the wastage were
nearly balanced for a considerable period of time. The
drift in these belts is massed into ridges and knolls,
while between them the surface is usually very level. The
principal morainic ridges rise 50 to 75 feet, and occasion-
ally 100 feet, above the bordering plains. Some moraines
(especially those near Fox river in the northern portion
of the State) are made up of a great many small knolls
and ridges inclosing basins and small lakes. Other mo-
raines (especially those in the central and eastern portion
of the State) consist of a single great ridge, seldom less
than a mile, and in some instances several miles, in
breadth, whose surface is but gently undulating.

In the older drift area there are very few knolls and
ridges. Such as occur usually contain much gravel and
sand, but in some instances a stony clay constitutes
the bulk of the ridge or knoll. A belt of these ridges
and knolls follows the west side of the Kaskaskia river,
and marks the division line between the white clay soils
and the black soil of pervious silt. Why it does so is
not 849 yet known, nor is the origin of these ridges
clearly understood. They seem to be a joint product of
the ice-sheet and its associated streams of water.

The portion of the older drift in northern Illinois,
which has no silt covering, is, in part, lower than the
districts bordering it, which are covered with the silt.

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The silt depositing waters seem to have been excluded
from this district because the ice-sheet still covered it
while these waters were at their highest stage. This ap>
pears to be the newest portion of the older drift.

The several clcusses of silts found on the surface of the
older drift are so fully discussed in the text, that further
explanation seems unnecessary, except perhaps the state-
ment that, where heavily shaded, the silt is thicker than
where lightly shaded.

The sandy districts are characterized by ridges and
knolls, drifted (in part, at least,) by the action of the
wind. An attempt is made to represent this aggregation
by unequal shading of the district thus covered.

The glacial grooves indicate the direction of the ice-
movement. They are usually nearly at right angles with
the trend of the adjoining morainic belt, or if on the
older drift, they are directed towards the margin of the
ice-sheet which deposited that drift.

The old outlet of Lake Michigan, down the DesPlainea
and Illinois, and the width of the channel, is represented
in blank, as is also the portion of Cook county covered
by the old lake.

Natural gas has been obtained from the drift in suffi-
cient amount for use, as fuel, in a few dwellings in several
different localities in the State, the principal districts
being in Bureau, LaSalle, Livingston and DeWitt coun-
ties. Being from this source, they are necessarily of low
pressure and small volume. The gas accumulates in sand
beds between beds of clay, and is derived either from the
vegetable material in buried soils in the drift, or from
passage upward from the shales underlying the drift.

Flowing wells are often obtained from the drift i3n the
plains bordering the morainic ridges. The principal dis-
trict is in Iroquois and Ford counties, where several
hundred wells have been obtained without entering the
rock. In this district, the water supply is apparently

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from the elevated ridges on the south, and not, as popu-
larly supposed, from the Kankakee marsh on the north.

For convenience of reference, we have condensed into
the form of a tabular statement the origin or mode of
deposition, and the areal distribution of the several
classes of soil. The accompanying map will aid in un-
derstanding the distribution.

Table of Soils of Illinois.

VARUfiTY.

Origin ob
Mods of Dis-
position.

Arbal Distribution.

Residuary.

Decay of the
underlying
rocks.

Driftiless portion of the State where-
ever the loess as well as the glacial
drift is absent.

Glacial clay.

Glacial.

Mainly in the northeastern quarter
of the State, where loess and silt&
are generally absent. The Shelby-
ville moraine forms the souchem
boundary, and chiefly the western
boundary, but in northern Illinois
glacial clays form the soil on the
older drift area between the Shel-
by ville moraine and the loess of
the Mississippi Valley.

Gravelly.

Glacial over-
wash.
Streams,
Lakes.

With the glacial clay in the north-
eastern part of the State, and along
streams leading away from the
Shelbyville and later moraines.
This variety of soil includes gravel
knolls and ridges, overwash gravel
plains, terraces and raised beaches.

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Table of Soils of Jn/tnow— Continued.

Variety.

Origin or
Mods of Db-

POSITION.

AREAi< Distribution.

Sandy.

Glacial drain-
age.
Streams,
Lakes,
Winds.

Mainly in basins along the Kanka-
kee, Green and lower Illinois
rivers ; old lake bottom and raised
beaches near Chicago ; also on bot-
tom lands, and fringing in many
plac^ the low biuiis of streams
and locally developed on areas of
glacial formations.

Silts pervious
to water (chief-
ly the typical
loess).

Mainly by
slowly flow-
ing waters ;
perhaps, in
part, wind.

Along the Mississippi, lower Illinois,
lower Wabash and lower Ohio
rivers; also between the Illinois
and the Mississipi from the Green
river basin south to the latitude
of Peoria, and in the basin of the
Big Bureau Creek, in Bureau
county.

Silts slowly
pervious to
water.

Mainly by
slowly flow-
ing waters ;
perhaps, in
part, wind.

Mainly in West Central Illinois,
west of a line connecting Alton,
Litchfield, Pana, Decatur and
Peoria ; also on the eastern border
of the Mississippi Valley loess belt,
in the northern part of the State.

Silts nearly
impervious to
water. (Two
kinds, name-
ly white clays
and gumbo.)

Nearly still
waters; per-
haps wind
in part.

White clays cover much of southern
Illinois south of Shelbyville mo-
raine, as far west as the Mississippi
loess, east to the Wabash loess and
south to the Ohio river loess.
Gumbo is found on some bottom
lands along the main rivers.

Peaty and
marly.

Vegetal ac-
cumulations,
and shell de-
posits.

Locally over the greater part of the
State wherever drainage is imper-
fect. Peat is rare south of the lati-
tude of Springfield, but it abounds
in the northeastern quarter of the
State, in bogs. Marl deposits are
less extensive than peat, but are
fully as widespread.

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1. Sources of Soil Material.

The principal sources from which the soils of the State
are derived are the glacial drift and the loess, with its
associated silts of glacial age. The underlying rocks
are indirectly a source of much material since their de-
composed surface portions were incorporated in the
drift, but they constitute a minor source, so far as
direct contribution is concerned. Lakes and streams at-
tending the melting of the ice sheet have contributed
material in considerable amount, and it is thought that
the wind, also, has been influential in distributing fine
material over portions of the surface of the State. The
present streams are also a source for soils in the districts
over which they spread in their flood stages.

We may, perhaps, better appreciate the sources of the
soils and the cause for their variation by a brief review
of the recent geological events.

It is now well known, by the presence of glacial striae
and a deposit of glacial drift, that at one time a sheet
of ice covered the entire State, excepting a few counties
in the southern end ; portions of Jo Daviess, Carroll and
Stephenson counties, in the northwest corner, and a nar-
row belt in Calhoun and Pike counties, in the western
portion of the State. (See Glacial and Soil Map.) When
the ice sheet withdrew (because of the excess of wastage
over onward flow), the stony clays and other material
which it had deposited became weathered at surface into
soil. Organic matter was added by life which flourished
upon this soil, and in flat tracts it became blackened by
humus to an average depth of several inches.

After a long period, apparently several thousand years,
this soil became extensively covered by silt deposits, known
as the loess and white clay, yet it may still be seen be-
neath these deposits, its dark color being in striking
contrast with the light-colored silt. These silts now form
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tlie surface over much of western and southern Illinois.
A few counties in the northern part of the State are par-
tially covered by them. To what extent the central
and northeastern portions of the State became silt-
covered is unknown, since, as shown below, these portions
of the State were subsequently covered by a thick sheet
of glacial drift. The loess and associated silts also cover
nearly the whole of the unglaciated portion of southern
Illinois; the unglaciated districts bordering the Missis-
sippi in northwestern Illinois, and the entire unglaciated
district in Pike and Calhoun counties in western Illinois.
Since the silt deposits are usually so thick that the
soils ai-e derived from them, and not from the underlying
rocks, the portion of the State where the soil is derived
directly from the underlying rocks is of much less extent
than the unglaciated districts. It embraces only portions
of the elevated ridge traversing Union, Johnson and
Pope counties, in southern Illinois, and portions of Jo
Daviess, Stephenson and Carroll counties, in northwest-
ern Illinois (to which should, of course, be added hillside
exposures or other points within the glaciated district*
where rock comes to the surface.)

It is generally thought that the deposits of loess and
silt were made by water, though some geologists are
inclined to attribute their wide distribution ov6r the up-
lands, between streams, to the supplementary agency
of wind. That water had a great share in the deposi-
tion seems probable, from the fact that the deposits are
much thicker along the principal waterways, such as the
Wabash, Illinois and Mississippi, than they are in the
districts remote from the streams. There is also a change
from a porous to a very compact, nearly impervious,
material in passing away from the streams, such as would
be expected on the aqueous theory, the finer material
having been removed along the current and retained in

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the slack water of the border districts. The analyses of
Illinois soils, made by Prof. J. A. Udden, under the
direction of Prof. Milton Whitney, show that the loess,
or pervious silt, contains no coarser particles than are
found in the impervious silt, but that it is less heavily
charged with very fine particles. It can scarcely be
doubted that the removal of the fine particles is due to
a current which followed the present main waterways.
We would remark here that these analyses bring out the
further important fact that the physical condition of
porodty is a very important feictor in determining fertility.
Prof. Whitney has found this a principle of wide applica-
tion in districts which vary greatly in the chemical or
mineralogical constitution of the soils. The loess deposits
along the Illinois and Mississippi rivers show considerable
variation in thickness, the range being from about 20
feet up to fully 100 feet. On the Wabash they are
somewhat thinner, being usually but 15 to 20 feet, and
in some places much less. Within five or ten miles back
from the stream the thickness of the loess decreases as
a rule to but 8 or 10 feet, and seldom is greater than
15 feet. In southern Illinois, where this deposit is called
a white clay, its thickness is only from 3 to 6 feet.

Subsequent to the deposition of the' loess and associated
silts the ice sheet again invaded Illinois, but fell short
by over 100 miles of reaching as far south as in the
earlier invasion. The limit of this later invasion is
marked by the Shelbyville moraine, shown on the soil
map. The amount of drift deposited is much greater
than that during the first invasion, the thickness at the
border of the later drift area being 100 to 150 feet or
more, while in the earlier drift it seldom exceeds 40 feet,
and is usually but 15 to 20 feet. The rise to this later
drift sheet, in passing north or east from the earlier
drift area, is well shown on the topographic map of the
State, prepared by Prof. Rolfe.

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Along some of the valleys which lead away from this
newer drift district there are terraces of coarse gravel
and cobble which bear clear evidence that they were
formed by streams whose sources were in the ice-sheet.
These deposits were apparently made in the bed of the
glacial stream. At higher levels along the bluffs of these
valleys sandy deposits occur, which are thought to
mark the flood plain. In some instances the sand ap-
pears to have been drifted by wind to higher altitudes
than were reached by the water. Such sandy deposits
are to be seen along the valleys of the following rivers:
Kishwaukee, Green, Illinois, Sangamon, and Embarras.

In its retreat this later ice-sheet had periods of halt-
ing (because of a balance between wastage and onflow).
These were in several instances sufficiently long to build
up prominent ridges of drift (moraines). Because of this
method of formation, one passes into newer and newer
country in crossing these ridges from southwest to
northeast, the newest glacial ridge in the State being
along the shore of Lake Michigan, north of Chicago. It
should, perhaps, be stated that the ice-sheet apparently
made some important readvances after beginning a
general retreat, for its morainic ridges are far from
concentric, and indicate that sbiftings in the movement
and great differences in the outline of the ice-sheet had
occurred.

During this retreat, and for a period after the ice had
retreated sufficiently for the development of drainage
systems to begin, considerable portions of the newer
drift area were apparently occupied by water, either
as lakes or as sluggish streams. Deposits bear-
ing evidence of the presence of water are found in the
Kankakee basin, where a belt of sand several miles in
width occurs along the entire length of the river. There
are also notable accumulations of sand along the Illinois-

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Vermilion, extending back several miles from the bluffs
of the stream.

Much of this newer drift is covered by a thin sheet of
loess-like, pebbleless, silty material. It is riot nearly so
thick nor so continuous a deposit as that covering the
earlier drift. Where it is thickest, and most closely re-
sembles the loess (in Bureau creek drainage area, north
of the bend of the Illinois), it attains a depth of about
eight feet. It is also notably present in central Illinois,
from Peoria southeastward to Bloomington, covering not
only plain tracts, but also some of the highest ridges in
that portion of the State (those near Bloomington). It
has here a thickness of but three to five feet, and is
less pervious to water than typical loess. Along the
outer portion of the newer drift in central and eastern
Illinois, and low-lying districts in northeastern Illinois,
there is not enough of this silt to conceal surfax^e boul-
ders, while over large districts the pebbly clays of the
glacial drift are at the surface, and constitute the soil.
This silt is probably, in part, a water deposit, but in
certain caaes its presence seems difficult of explanation
on the theory of submergence, either general or local,
and it may be necessary to call in the supplementary
agency of wind in explaining its distribution.

After the ice sheet had withdrawn from Illinois the
outlet of Lake Michigan, for a long time, was south-'
westward, across the site of Chicago to the Desplaines
river. The lake then, for a time, stood about 55 feet
above its present level, and formed a well defined beach
at this stage. It covered not only the present site of
Chicago, but extended west, slightly beyond the Desplaines
river, to Maywood and LaGrange, and south, beyond
the Calumet, to Conley's and Homewood, Illinois, and
Dyer, Indiana. Blue Island Ridge stood above the sur-
face of the lake, and so did an elevated tract southeast

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of Willow Springs. (See Soil Map). As the lake subsided
from this high level to the present, it halted sufficiently
long to form well defined beaches at two levels — one beach
being about 35 feet, and another 15 to 20 feet, above the
pi'esent level. The low gravel ridges west and north from
the Exposition grounds, were formed at the stage when
the lake stood about 15 feet above the present level.
They do not mark the extreme west shore of the lake,
but were formed as bars some distance out from the
shore, the west shore at that time being in the western
part of Chicago. These bars, however, prevented wave
action in the district west of them, and no beach depos-
its of consequence occur back of them. While this district
was occupied by the expanded lake, soils were forming
in the remainder of the State. This district from which
the lake has recently withdrawn is, therefore, the young-
est part of the State. According to estimates made by
Dr. Edmund Andrews, based upon the present rate of
transportation of sand past the Chicago piers, Lake
Michigan has occupie<l its present level for less than 6,000
years. This estimate accords well with estimates on re-
cession of falls in post-glacial time, made by Prof. N. H.
Winchell and Mr. G. K. Gilbert.

II. Glasses of Soil.

It will be readily understood by anyone that in any
given region there may be deviations of more or less
consequence from the prevailing type of soil— deviations
which may affect, to some extent, the value of the soil.
Often an exceptionally good farm lies in the midst of an
otherwise inferior agricultural district, or a poor farm may
lie in a district where the land is of superior quality. Such
deviations, even where known, cannot be represented upon
a map of the scale here used, nor given individual atten-
tion. Only general classification can be made, and

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approximate boundaries indicated. It is left to those
interested in any particular district, to note the excep-
tions and fill out th^ outline.

The classification of soils which seems to best serve our
purpose is based mainlv upon physical characteristics.
The following classes are represented: (1). Residuary
soils, or soils formed from the underlying rock. (2).
Stony or glacial clays. (3). Gravelly soils. (4). Sandy
soils. (5). Loess or silt rapidly pervious to water. (6).
Silts slowly pervious to water. (7). Fine silts nearly
impervious to water. (8). Peaty or organic material.

(1). Residuary Soils. These soils show variations
which correspond in a rude way with variations in the
structure of the rocks, from which they are derived, there
being in regions underlain by shale or limestone a more
compact and adhesive soil than in sandstone regions,
while each cleiss of limestone has its own peculiar soil,
and soils derived from shales range from stiff clay to a
very sandy material. A complete analysis of the nature
of the differences displayed by the several classes of
s«esiduary soils has not been made. With proper rota-
tion of crops these soils constitute a fertile portion of
the State, otherwise they become exhausted sooner than
soils formed from glacial drift.

(2). Stony or Glacial Clay. Under this class is included
the weathered surface of the drift-sheet wherever it was
unaffected by water action during deposition, or was
not subsequently coated by silt, sand, or other material.
It includes the greater partof thesurfaceof the newer drift-
sheet between -the Shelbyville moraine and Lake Michi-
gan, and much of the earlier drift-sheet in the districts
north of the sandy belts of the Green and Rock river
valleys. The soils are very productive, being composed
of a varied rock material, a large percentage of which
is in a fine state of division. Where the surface of the

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coTiDtry is rolling all classes of grains and fruits suited
to the latitude will flourish. On flat districts corn and
grass are exceptionally productive.

(3). Ora/oeUy Soils, Gravelly soils are varied in. their
method of deposition, occurring in lake beaches and
along streams, in drift knolls and ridges, and beneath
plains not now occupied by streams. In the last-named
situation the plains are so related to the drift ridges as
to show that they were occupied by glacial waters.

The beaches have generally a poor soil, but the gravel
terraces along streams, especially those of glacial age,
have Bs a rule a capping of loam several feet thick,
which renders them productive. The same is often true
of gravelly knolls and ridges. On the whole, the soils
underlain by gravel possess more fertility than do the
sandy soils. This superiority is, however, due to the
capping of loam which constitutes the soil, or, as in the
drift knolls and ridges, to an admixture of clay or earthy
material with the surface portion of the gravel. The
coarse fragments in the gravel can furnish but little
sustenance to crops, although, by weathering, the stones
may yield rich material to the soils and furnish a greater
variety of plant food than could be obtained from a
siliceous sand.

(4). Sandy Soils. The sandy soils, though much alike
in structure, are varied in their methods of deposit.
They occur in the beaches along the borders of Lake
Michigan, in the valley bottoms of the main streams, on
the bluffs and along the borders of the streams which lead
away from the newer drift district, in basins within the
newer drift district (as the Kankakee and Illinois- Vermil-
ion), and to a limited extent in the drift ridges (moraine).
There is also an extensive development of sand in north-
western Illinois, in the Green river basin and the border-
ing districts, as far north as northern Whiteside county.

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Where the sand is of inedium to coarse grade it is usually
rather barren, but where fine, as in the eastern portion of
the sandy belt bordering the Illinois in Tazewell and Mason
counties^ it is very productive. Within the districts noted
upon the map as sand-covered, there are more or less ex-
tensive tracts of wet, mucky land. This, where artiflcially
drained, has often proved very productive. There are
districts where the loess assumes a sandy phase, but in
these places thJd sand is very fine, so fine that individaal
grains can scarcely be recognized, and the fertility is
^bout as great as in the typical loess.
»«. (5). Zoess or sUts readily pervioua to water . This cla^ss
of silt is confined mainly to the borders of the principal
streams of the older drift district, though there is a
somewhat extensive development within the newer drift
area in the Bureau creek basin, as noted above. In
southern Illinois the loess graduates into white clay in
receding a few miles from the Mississippi, Ohio and Wa-
bash rivers; in western Illinois into the slowly pervious
silt described below, and in the extreme north it thins
out, and the residuary clays come to the surface.

The loess is so well known as scarcely to need descrip-
tion. In this Stat-e it is occasionally fossiliferous and
calcareous, but as a rule, fossils are rare, and lime is a
subordinate element. The chief material is silica in a fine
state of division, but with the silica are rock fragments
of various kinds, especially of crystalline rocks. The
loess is so porous that roots penetrate readily to a great
depth (25-30 feet or more). It yields fair crops of all
kinds, but is especially valuable for fruits, both orchard .
and small fruits. The physical condition of porosity
seems to be the chief cause for the superiority of the loess
and the other pervious silts, over the white clays and
finer silts. Nothing has been found to indicate that the
former contain a better supply of plant food than the

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latter, while the fertility of the latter is made certain by
the rich growth of such crops as will flourish in a com-
pact soil.

(6). SUta 8lowly perviouB to water. This class of silts
embraces the rich black soil district of the western por-
tion of the State. The southern boundary lies near a
line connecting Alton, Litchfield and Pana. The eastern
boundary of the main district may be placed at the bor-
der of the newer drift. The northern boundary is near
the south border of the Green river basin, while the west-
ern boundary is found in the loess that borders the
Mississippi. Through this district there passes the belt
of typical loess which borders the Illinois, a belt only a few
miles in width. Aside from this main district, there is
considerable silt of this class between the Rock and Mis-
sissippi rivers, in northern Illinois, capping the earlier
drift sheet.

On the newer drift, as stated above, silts slowly per-
vious to water cover large districts in central and eastern
Illinois to a. depth of several feet. In northeastern Illi-
nois, such a silt capping is not a common feature.

Wherever silts of this class occur the vegetation is
usually prairie grass, and there is a blackening of the
soil by humus to a depth of several inches, often two
feet or more. This class of silts gives rise to a highly
productive soil. One which will yield fair returns even
under most careless methods of farming. Corn and
grass are the staple products, but other crops have a
fair yield.

(7). Fine silta^ nearly impervious to water. These silts
are of two classes, white clay and gumbo. The first
class covers the uplands of much of southern Illinois.
The second is common in portions of modern river val-
lej'^s, remote from the current and subject to overflow
in periods of extreme high water, and has great extent
along the Illinois and Mississippi river bottoms. A less

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compact silt, found in river bottoms, is known as
potato land.

The white clay is a pale colored deposit scarcely at all
blackened by humus. It covers the greater part o! the
State south from a line running eastward from Litch-
field, Illinois, to the Wabash valley, near Terre Haute,
Indiana. It is so compact that much of the water
stands on the surface nntil removed by evaporation,
while in seasons of drouth scarcely enough water rises
from below to supply the loss from evaporation. In
the southeastern portion of the State there is, however,
a looser soil less easily influenced either by excess or de-
ficiency of rain. In that part of the State the surface is
hilly and the drift so thin that the rock, in many
places, comes sufficiently near the surface to have be-
come uncovered by erosion and deeply weathered in
past-glacial time.

There are extensive districts with very flat surface
where the whitfe>clay soil is underlain at a depth of a
few inches, with a ferruginous crust or ochery clay,
which is exceedingly refractory, giving very slow access
to air or water. In the greater part of the region, how-
ever, this crust is either absent or is so low down that
it does not seriously affect the soil. With the exception
of corn, which is liable to be injured by autumn drouths,
the leading crops of the State do .fairly well. Wheat
yields as well as anywhere in the Stat;e, while orchards
and small fruits bring very profitable returns. The soil
needs careful attention, but there is every indication
that where properly cared for it will become as profit-
able for agriculture as the soils which now enjoy a bet-
ter reputation.

The surface of this white clay district is nearly equally
divided between forest and prairie. The former borders
the streams and the latter occupies the divides. Here,

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as well as elsewhere in the State, the causes for the re-
striction of the forest are not fully understood.

(8). Peaty amd Organic Soils. Such soils occur in
basins or in poorly drained tracts, where rank vegeta-
tion becomes submerged at certain seasons and is thus
prevented from atmospheric decay. This class of soils ,
is much more abundant in the northern one-third of the
State than further south. Peat bogs occur, however,
south of the center of the State.

Many bogs are underlain by shell marl as well as by
peat. The marl is seldom sufficiently pure or abundant
to be used in the manufacture of lime.

In many instances the bogs, when drained and the
peat given time to ripen and become warm, yield large
crops of potatoes and other garden truck. Wheat or
other crops requiring mineral food in the ripening of
their grains, can scarcely be expected to grow on such
soil until it becomes charged with earthy material by
natural or by artificial processes.

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REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION OF SOME
SOILS FROM ILLINOIS.

UY MILTON WHITNEY.

[OILS are derived from the disintegration oi rockfl.
They consist of minute fragments of the rocks or of
the minerals which compose the rock, or of some
other minerals which have been formed by the chemi-
cal changes constantly going on in the soil. These
small particles of mineral matters, although they seem
to be very compact and continuous in the soil, have
minute spaces between them, into which the water can
enter. Soils contain, as a rule, about fifty per cent, by
volume, of empty space, that is, a cubic foot of soil will
contain about half a cubic foot of space, and will absorb
about half a cubic foot of water. Coarse grained sandy
soils usually have the smallest amount of empty space
and fine grained, heavy clay soils, which really weigh
less per cubic foot, have considerably more empty space,
and will hold more water. The smaller these spaces are
and the more uniform they are in size, the slower will
water move through them, but the soil will have greater
power for holding water and for drawing water up from
below. This is the case in strong clay soils. There is a
larger amount of space for water to be held' in, and the
mineral fragments composing the soil are extremely
small, so that there are a large number of them in a
cubic foot of soil, and the spaces between them are very
small, making the soil very ret^entive of moisture, be-
cause the rainfall can only pass down through it very
slowly and it can be drawn up again to the plants with
considerable force. It should be noticed here, also, for

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this is probably very important in the consideration of
these fertile western lands, that the presence o! large
amounts of organic matter will have the same effect in
making the soil retentive of moisture as a large percent-
age of clay, but if, through constant cultivation the
organic matter is oxidized and used up, the lands will
become more and more sandy in texture and less pro-
ductive. Therefore, a heavy clay soil is stronger, more
certain and more lasting than a virgin soil, de[)ending
for its retentive powers and its fertility upon the ac-
cumulation of organic matter.

These mineral matters composing the soil contain cer-
tain chemical elements required by plants, such, for ex-
ample, as potash, phosphoric acid, lime, silica, alumina,
etc. All soils, even very barren ones, contain at least a
ton of each of these elements in one ax^re, to a depth of
one foot, and they usually contain from two to twenty
tons of each of these plant foods. With this vast quan-
tity of food material the barrenness of soils cannot be
due to the lack of plant food, and the deterioration of
lands cannot be due to the loss of plant food, for it
would be impossible for crops to remove so much plant
food as this in the few years it takes for a soil to be-
come worn out under improper methods of cultivation.

The prevailing ideas of plant nutrition have been based
mainly upon the chemical composition of soils. When
it was found that the chemical composition of a soil
and plant "did not show what was lacking in the soil
for a large crop, it was held that only a small part of
the plant food in the soil is at any one time in a form
of combination which is available to plants; that the
available plant food never accumulates as such in the
soil, but quickly reverts to more insoluble forms, which
aj*e unavailable to plants. According to this idea the
exhaustion of soils by continued qropping is due to the

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actual loss of available plant food, removed by the crop
or converted into an unavailable form by chemical
changes in the soil. The chief use of fertilizers is to sup-
ply the plant with food which the soil fails to furnish.
The reason certain plants do better on certain kinds of
soil is assumed to be due to the fact that plants vary
greatly in their powers of gathering their food from the
soil and air, and that thus a rye plant would do well
on a soil too poor to give a good yield of wheat.

Our investigations on the Maryland soil seem to show,
however, that the texture and the physical conditions
of the soils are of more importance than the chemical
composition. It appears that under feCvorable condi-
tions of moisture and temperature plants can readily
gather sufficient food material from nearly all soils, but
if these conditions of moisture and heat are changed the
development of the plant will be greatly changed and it
will take up more or less food from the soil. Soils differ
greatly in their texture, that is, in the amount of sand
and clay which they contain, and, as we have seen, this
controls very largely the supplj' of moisture which they
can maintain for the crop, with a given amount of rain-
fc^lL If there are fo^r inches of jcainfall a montb4a coarse
sandy soil will allow most of this to run through very
quickly, so that there may not be more than 5 or 6 per
cent of water held in the soil for the crop, or say about
100 tons of water per acre one foot deep, and when this
water is used up the soil has comparatively very little
power to draw up more water from below for the use
of the crops. With a compact clay soil, on the other
hand, the water passes downward very slowly, and the
soil will maintain about 18 or 20 per cent of its weight
of water for the crop, or about 400 or 500 tons of
water per acre one foot deep. In a dry season, also,
the clay soil has more power of drawing up water from
below and maintaining this supply. If a florist should

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give a plant four times as much water as he gives
another plant of the same kind, the two plants would
develop very differently, and he uses this constantly to
produce any kind of development he desires. If it is de-
sired to have the plants flower or fruit, the soil is kept
rather dry and cool. If it is desired to produce large,
leafy plants, the soil is kept much wetter and warmer.
To have equal success with different kinds of plants the
amount of water must be carefully regulated according
to the needs of the plants. Some plants require a much
more abundant supply of water than others. This con-
trol of moisture and temperature is far more important
than the mere chemical composition of the soil.

The texture of our various soils being different, they are
enabled to maintain a variety of conditions of moisture,
and they partake somewhat of these artificial conditions
in a green-house, the conditions in each of the soils
being best suited to the needs of certain classes of plants.

The amount of moisture which a soil can maintain
for a crop, under given climatic conditions, will depend
mainly, (1) upon the amount of 8pa.ce in the soil in
which water can enter; (2) upon the extent of subdi-
vision of this space, that is, upon the number of grains
of sand and clay there are in a given volume of soil;
(3) upon the arrangement of these grains, for, as al-
ready remarked, if the grains are symmetrically ar-
ranged, so that the spaces shall all be of uniform size,
water will move through the soil much slower than if
the spaces are of very unequal sizes; (4) upon the
amount and condition of the organic matter in the
soil. The grains of clay are so exceedingly small that
their number vastly exceeds the number of the grains of
sand and silt, so that the percentage of clay practically
determines the extent of subdivision of the space, and
it is thus the most important ingredient of the soil.

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The mechanical analysis of soils consists of separating
oat the different grains of sand, silt and clay. Of these
the most important is clay, for reasons just given. Be-
fore giving the mechanical analysis of the Illinois samples
it will be interesting to say a few words as to the origin
of these soils, for this has some bearing upon the texture.

There is only a small area of the old crystalline rocks
in this country. Most of these old crystalline rocks
have been disintegrated by the various forces concerned
in the decay of rocks, and the material resulting from
the disintegration of the rocks has been carried off by
water, wind and moving ice, and deposited elsewhere as
'' sedimentary " material. The Illinois soils are of this
sedimentary nature. The older crystalline rocks have
long ago been worn away, and have been covered with
this sedimentary material. When the original crystal-
line rock disintegrates grains of all different sizes may
be produced, from coarse gravel to the finest grades of
silt and clay. If this material is carried off by water
and deposited near by there is likely to be a variety of
soils formed, having very different textures. Some will
have more of the coarser fragments, and others will
have more of the finer material, according to the dis-
tance they will have to be carried and the circum-
stances under which they are deposited. When the
material has to be carried further the deposits are more
likely to be of uniform size.

In Maryland we have a broad area of these old crys-
talline rocks, in what is called the Piedmont Plateau,
with mountains on one side, made up of sedimentary
material, and still more recent sedimentary deposits of
the coastal plain on the other side, which has not yet
been consolidated into rock. AH of these sediments had
been laid down within a comparatively short distance of
the old crystalline rock from which the material came.
We have representatives of all the geological formations,
—7

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from the old crystaline rocks down to the most recent
quart«rnary deposits. As these have been laid down near
the source of supply from which the material was de-
rived, and have not since been modified by glacial
action, it happens we have a great variety of soil forma-
tions, and it is both interestiug and instructive to see
how the texture of these soils determines the kind of
crop which it is best suited to grow. The mechanical
analysis of representative samples from a number of
these soil formations is given in the accompanying
table, with the crops best adapted to them, for a basis
of comparison with the Illinois soils.

Mechanical Analysis of JUaryland Soils.

Diameter,
mm.

Conyentional
Names.

472.
Earl 7
Truok.

467.
Truck
& fruit.

Tobac-

00.

ise.

Wheat.

480.
Grass.

178.
Lime-
stone.

2-1

1-.5

.5-.25

.25-. 1

.1-.06

.05-.01

.01-.005

•005.0001

Fine gravel . .
(}oarse sand . .
Medium sand

Fine sand

Yery fine sand

Silt

Fine silt

Clay

Total mineral matter..

Organic matter, water

loss

0.49

4.96

40.19

27.59

12.10

7.74

2.23

4.40

99.70
0.30

0.76

8.55
36.04
19.26

8.42
11.38

4.13
10.59

1.53

5.67
13.25

8.39
14.95
28.86

7.84
14.55

0.00

0.48

3.06

50.32

14.19

6.78

20.28

98.13

1.87

95.04
4.96

95.11
4.89

0.00

0.38

1.07

0,78

3.41

43.08

13.81

30.21

92.80
7.20

0.54

0.32

0.72

0.62

4.03

36.02

14.99

41.24

98.48
1.52

No.

Geoloffioal
formation.

Gla7.

Surface

area

Per cent

SQ.cm.

4.40

615

10.59

1,244

14.55

1,902

20.28

2,380

30.21

3,479

41.24

4,575

Approximate

number of

f^rainspersram.

472
467
258
180
480
173

Early truck

Truck and fruit.
Export tobacco. .

Whfat •

Grass

Strong grass and
wheat

Columbia

Chesapeake...
Chesapeake...

Cabbro

Trenton lime-
stone

1,950,000,000
4,767,000,000
6,786,000,000
9,357,000,000
14,457,000,000

19,638,000,000

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It must be remembered that these are very old soils,
that is, they have been under cultivation for probably
200 years, and that the original store of organic mat-
ter has been used up long ago. We find that the first
two samples are so light and sandy that they will not
produce, even under the best system of cultivation, over
five bushels of wheat per acre, so that practically wheat
cannot be produced on them economically. These used
to be considered very poor and barren soils and were
almost worthless for agricultural soils, but since the in-
troduction of truck farming these soils are the most
productive in the State for early vegetables, as crops
mature on them much earlier than on any other soil.
Fifteen years ago these lands were worth not over
14.00 or $5.00 per acre, but now they are worth from
$50 to $200 per acre, depending upon the location and
the transportation facilities. The third sample (258)
represents the finest type of tobacco land, producing a
a mild, bright colored pipe tobacco, which has been cele-
brated since the earliest colonial days. If the tobacco is
grown on either of the other soils just mentioned, it has a
finer texture and a brighter color, but it has not suflS-
cient body. If, on the other hand, tobacco is grown on
any of the heavier soils, the plants are large, coarse
and sappy, they have too much body and do not take
on color. The fourth sample (180) with about 20 per
cent of clay, represents about the lightest textured land
on which wheat can be economically produced with us.
The remaining two samples are still heavier in texture
and are well suited to both grass and wheat. The grains
of sand and clay in these soils seem to have about the
same arrangement, for the fertility of the lands is meas-
ured by the percentage of clay which they contain.

The mechanical analyses of the Illinois soils are given
in the accompanying table, arranged in the order of Mr.

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100

Leverett's classification of the geological formatioDS
from which they are derived. The texture of the boulder
clay lands, as shown by the mechanical analysis, corres-
ponds very closely with the wheat and grass lands of
Maryland, although none of the samples are as rich in
clay as the limestone soils of that State. There is this
to be considered, however, that there is a larger amount
of volatile matter in the Illinois soils, showing that they
probably contain twice as much organic matter as the
Maryland soils. This would tend to make them more
productive than soils otherwise similar in texture. The
terrace formations, with the exception of the rich bot-
tom lands (1340), are almost identical in texture with
the early truck and fruit lands of Maryland. They appear
to be too light in texture for profitable wheat produc-
tion, as they have not enough body to maintain a
suflBcient water supply for the crop. There is this con-
sideration, however, in regard to the samples, if the
lands lie low, so that it is but a short distance from
the surface down to the water level, the land may be
able to maintain a sufficient water supply, and they
may thus be very fertile wheat lands. Or, if there is a
hardpan or a layer of compact and impervious clay
underlying the lands to prevent the rain water from
passing down, too readily, they may then become suffi-
ciently retentive of moisture to make good wheat lands.
There might also be sufficient organic matter in these
lands to make up for the low percentage of clay, but
this is not apparent from the analyses, and, if it were
so, the lands would gradually deteriorate as the organic
matter was oxidized and used up by continued cultiva-
tion. It is Jikewise possible that the grains of sand
and clay are so arranged as to make these soils more
retentive of moisture than the Maryland soils having a
similar texture. In this case, also, they might be suffi-
ciently retentive of moisture to make fertile wheat lands.

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101

This arraDgement of the grains could only be determined
by experiments in the field, but it does not seem prob-
able from our laboratory experiments that the arrange-
ment of the grains differ materially from the arrangement
in the Maryland soil. If there is no hardpan or imper-
vious clay underlying these lands, and there is no more
organic matter than appears from these analyses, and
the grains of sand and clay are arranged in about the
same way as with the Maryland soils, these lands should
make very fine truck lands, as they would force the vege-
tables to an early maturity, which could command a high
market price. The question of the ease and cost of trans-
portation would, of course, have to be considered.

The above remarks apply also to the samples of the
river loess. They are lighter in texture than our best
wheat lands, although they have rather more organic
matter to balance the low percentage of clay. Thej'' are
more like our fruit and tobacco lands, although the
higher percentage of volatile matters indicates that they
are rather more retentive of moisture. To determine
this would require some special investigations in the field-

Of the upland loess there are two types, those which
are pervious to water and which are valuable agricultural
lands; those which are compact and almost impervious
to water, locally known as white clays, which are so
very retentive of moisture as to be always wet, are of
less agricultural value. The mechanical analj^sis shows
that these two types of land are almost identical in
texture, and that the white clays (1,321, 1,342, 1,343,
and 1,345) have no more clay than the other samples
of upland loess, which are considered very fertile lands.
The wetness of these white clay lands, therefore, is not due
to the fact that they contain more clay, but it must be
ascribed to some other cause. They contain no more
organic matter, so that it cannot be due to an excessive
amount of this material, It must be due, therefore, to

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102

ODe of two causes; eith«r tbat there is a hardpan or a
layer of impervious clay underlying these lands which
retards the descent of the water and prevents the excess
of rainfall being carried down, or it may be due to a
difference in the arrangement in the grains. Our labora-
tory experiments do not seem to indicate that there is
any material difference in the arrangement of the grains
in these two classes of soils, but this can only be de^
termined with certainty by investigation of the soils in
their natural position in the field. If the pervious char-
acter of the white clays is due to a difference in the
arrangement of the grains, the lands ought to be under-
drained, so that the excess of water may be artificially
removed, or the trouble may be greatly alleviated by
liming the land, which will tend to make it more loamy
and less I'etentive of moisture. The effect of kainit and
of some of the phosphates would probably have a similar
effect on the land if applied regularly for a number of
years. If the soil^ are impervious because of a hardpan
or a layer of impervious clay three or four feet below
the surface, then fertilizers will do very little to correct
the evil, unless the lands are systematically underdrained.
Of the three miscellaneous or unclassified samples,
1,306 was sent on as representing a sandy type of loess.
The mechanical analysis, however, shows that this has
no more sand than the other samples of loess, and that
it contains, indeed, rather more clay than the average.
If this really appears as a sandy type of loess it must
undoubtedly be due to the arrangement of the grains
of sand and clay in the soil, and this can readily be
corrected by the use of fertilizers and manures. Sample
1,825 appears, from the mechanical analysis and a con-
sideration of the locality from which it was derived, to
be a true loess. Sample 1,339 is undoubtedly a modified
drift, if not a la^justrine deposit.

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103

The samples represented in this series cannot be con-
eidered soils and sabsoils in an agricultural sense, but
so far as they be classed as such and as far as the data
goes, it appears that the subsoils of the glacial drift
contain more clay than the corresponding soils. Thus,
we have in three samples of soils, 24.31 and 21.70 and
23.37 per cent of clay, respectively, while the one sample
of subsoil, said to be very characteristic of the region
around Champaign, has 30.90 per cent of clay. This is
the rule of the agricultural lands, that the subsoils are
richer in clay than the corresponding soils, but this ap-
pears to be just the reverse of the conditions in the
loess, as the following table shows:

No.

LOCALTTY.

Soil.

Subsoil.

1,315-6

Vlrsrinla City

16.34
15.15
23.65
12.08

6.15

1,317-8

Virginia City

CarrolltOD

7.10

1,307-8

12.62

1 368

Bock Island

1,370

Gladstone

8.31

Mechanical Analysis of Illinois Soils*
Glacial. (Boulder clay).

Diameter.

OonTentlonal Names.

1334.

Oharles-

ton.

1-18.

1309.

Sheldon

6-12.

1333.
Mar-
shall Co.
1-15.

1327.
San
Jo»e.
1-18.

802.
Oham-
palflm.
S<M2.

2-1

1-.5

.5-.25

.25-.1

.1-.05

.06-.01

.01-.005

.005-.0001

Fine jfravel —
Coarse sand —
Medium sand..

Fine sand

Very fine sand.

Silt

Fine silt

Clay

Total mineral matter

Organic matter, water loss.

Loss by direct ignition.

0.13

0.36

1.88

2.10

3.73

44.28

13.21

21.70

0.20

0.71

3.24

4.01

7.30

41.66

13.33

23 37

1.08

1.65

6.45

0.32

12.89

23.44

11.07

24.31

0.00

0.24

0.67

8.64

44.63

12.64

26.57

87.41
12.59

83.82
6.18

91.84
8.16

93.19
6.81

100.00
9.65

100.00
8.24

100.00
8.16

100.00
6.77

1.04

1.98

6.85

6.23

5.82

28.38

15.46

30.00

95.64
4.36

100.00

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104
Terrace Formations.

Diameter.

Conventional Names

1344.

ChriR-

tian Ck>.

1-18.

+b.
1316.
Ifason
City.
2-2i.

13J8.
Chilli-
cothe.

2-18.

1333.
Rock-
ford.

1-15.

1340.
Ameri-
can bot>
toms.
l-U.

2-1

1-.6

.5-. 25

.25-.1

.1-.05

.05-.01

.01-.005

.005-.0001

Fine gravel —
Coarse sand —
Medium sand. .

Fine sand

Very fine sand.

Silt

Fine slit

Clay

0.00
0.00
8.69
54.87
29.06
1.45
1.27
3.66

0.00

0.01

3.30

41.44

34.76

10.93

2,74

3.87

0.16

4.70

47.51

13.55

3.01

16.82

4.89

5.61

0.26

2.62

23.52

20.44

11.66

20.74

6.32

8.29

Total mineral matter

Organic matter, water loss.

99.00
1.00

97.05
2.95

96.25
3.75

93.85
6.15

Loss by direct ignition.

100.00
1.24

100.00
3.64

100.00
3.68

100.00
5.34

0.00

0.03

0.13

7.99

41.28

10.33

30.42

90.18
9.82

100.00
9.82

a. Terrace of glacial age.

b. Flood deposit; tb, probably wind deposits.

c. Post glacial terrace (bottom land of Mississippi.)

River Lioess.

Diameter.

Conyentional
Names.

1316.
Vlrflrinia

City.
48-120,

1370.
Oiad-
Btone.
36-96.

1368.

Rock

Island.

1-6.

13t7.

Du-

buqae.

1-15.

1816.

YlrfflnU

Cftjr

1-16.

ISIS.
Alton.
81-180.

2-1

1-.5

.5-.25

.25-.1

.1.-05

.05-.01

.01-.005

.005-.0001

Fine gravel .
Coarse sand . .
Medium sand
Fine sand —
Very fine sand

Silt

Fine silt...
Clay

0.00
0.00
0.01
0.10
24.84
60.98
2.80
6.15

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.84
28.17
49.02
5.42
8.31

Total mineral matter.
Organic matter, water
loss

94.88
5.12

91.82

8 18

Loss by direct ignition.

100.00
8.11

100.00
8.18

0.00

0.02

0.17

22.27

51.53

9.72

12.08

0.00

0.04

0.74

30.12

41.49

7.96

14.44

95.79
4.21

94.79
5.21

100.00
4.21

100.00
5.66

0.00
0.00
0.31
2.62
8.22

56.63
9.65

15.34

92.77
7.23

100.00
6.03

0.08

0.27

1.32

1.48

25.24

44 79

7.86

15.57

96.61
3 39

100.00
425

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105

Upland Lioesfl.

a. Soils per?lou8 to water.

Diameter,
mm.

Conyentlonal Names.

1818.
(iU-12U.

Carroll-
ton.
24-44.

1817.

1307.
Carroll-
ton.
1-15.

Wyo-

1-.5

.6-.25

.25-.1

Fine gravel

Coarse sand

Medium sand

Fine sand

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.56
76.67
4.84
7.10

0.00
0.10
0.87
1.00
6.17

62.58
8.76

12.52

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
7.68

61.86
9.60

15.15

0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
9.93

48.76
8.39

23.65

0.00
0.00
0.02
0.10

.1-.05
.05-.01

Very fine sand....
Silt

6.55
49.20

.01-.005

Fine silt

11.21

.00&-.0001

Clay

23.94

Total min
Organic m

Loss by d

eral matter

97.26
2.74

92.00
8.00

94.29
5.71

93.78
6.22

91.02

atter, water loss —
lirect ignition

8.98

100.00
4.19

100.00
4.16

100.00
5.87

100.00
6.14

100.00
9.52

Upland Lioess.

b. Soils compact and almost impervious to water.

Diameter,
mm.

Conventional Names.

1321.
Green-
ville.
2-15.

1348.
Cumber-
land Co.

1-12.

1845.

Jeffers'n

County.

2-15.

^1348.
Moawe-

2-1

Fine gravel

0.48

1.92

1.22

0.57

5.08

59.06

11.09

14.12

0.30

1.05

3.42

3.30

6.47

55.48

ir.70

14.P0

0.00

0.07

0.29

0.40

6.38

56.92

12.18

17.06

0.00

1-.5

Coarse sand

0.08

.6-. 25

Medium sand

0.77

.25-.1

Fine sand

0.11

.1-.05

Verv fine sand

4.88

.05-.01
.01- 005

Silt

Fine Silt

52.50
12.15

.00&-.0001

Clay :

22.10

Total miD^
Organic m

Loss by dii

jral matter

93.54
6.46

96.62
3.38

93.30
6.70

93.39

a tter, water, loss

'ect itrnition

6.61

100.00
6.59

100.00
3.11

100.00
4.49

100.00
5.73

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106
MisceUaneous.

Diameter,
mm.

ConTentional Names.

1906.

OallaUa.

1-18.

Warren.
1-ia.

Ma77<;od.
1-15.

2-1

Fineirravel

0.00

0.02

0.30

6.21

67.75

12.78

20.36

0.00

0.14

0.19

10.10

41.66

11.97

23.60

0.30

1-.6

Coarse sand

0.58

.5-.26

Medium sand

2.14

.25-.!

Fine sand

3.48

.1-.05
.05-.OI

Very fine sand

Silt

4.72
28.12

.01-.0051

Fine silt

14.33

.005-.0001

Clay

36.62

Total mine
Organic ma

Loss by din

ral matter

96.42
3,58

87.66
12.34

90.19

tter, water loss

9.81

BCt iffnition

100.00
6.01

100.00
13.12

100.00
10.28

a. Sandy type of loess.

b. Probably loess.

c. Modified drift.

Mr. Leverett's Classiacation of the Illinois Soils.

1. LACUSTBiirB Deposits (Littoral).. 1339

2. Glacial BouLDKB Clay—

a. True glacial till 1333 2^34 im J[335

6. Modified drift 1327

3. Terrace Formations —

a. Terraces of glacial age 1338

6. Flood deposits j344 ^1332 1346

c Post-glacial terraces 1340

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107

4. LOE8&—

a. Riverloess W15 J[316 _136« ^370 J311

1312 1347

6. Upland loess (including white clays).

1. Allowing slow passage of

water 1328 1318 1317 1307 1308

2. Oompact and almost imper-

Tiousto water J343 J342 J346 _1319 1320

i321

3. Unclassified loess 1306 1309 1310 1313 1314

1336 1337 1349 1365 1366
1374 1376 1376 1377

4. Sandy deposits 1346

5. BUBIBD Soils Ayp UyPBTBBMiMm). 1325 1322 1372

6. Unclassifibd Samples 1323 1329 1331 1341 1348

1344 1324 1330 1326 1364
1371 1373

Total number of samples 58

Classified 46

Unclassified 12

NoTiB— The samples underscored were analyzed by Prof. J. A.
Udden.

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108
List of Samples.

No.

LooaUty.

Depth.

Clay.

Geologtoal Formation.

1. Glacial boulder clay.

3334

Cbarleston

1-18

21.70

a. True glacial till.

1369

Sheldon

6-12

23.37

U (( tl t(

1333

Marshall Co

1-15

24.31

(( (( il n

302

Champaign

30-42

30.90

«( (( (( ((

1335

Eldorado

1-12

(1 It (t ((

1327

San Jose

1-18

26.57

b. Modified drift.
2. Terrace formations.

1338

Chilllcothe

^18

5.61

a. Terraces of glacial age.

1344

Christian Co....

1-18

3.66

b. Flood and wind deposits

1346

Mason City

2-24

3.87

(( II II II II

1332

Rockford

1-15

8.29

<l II 4( Ci If

1340

Miss, bottoms...

1-12

c. Post-glacial, (bottom
land) 3. Loess.

1316

Virginia City...
Gladstone

48-120

6.15

a. River loess.

1370

36-96

8.31

II U 11

1368

Rock Island

1-6

12.08

11 IC l(

1347

Dubuque

1-16

14.44

II il II

1316

Virginia aty...

1-16

15.34

ll l( II

1312

Alton

84-180

15.57

II •! II

1311

((

1-60

11 (1 (1

b. Upland loess.

1318

Virginia City...

60-120

7.10

1. Soils pervious to water

1308

Carrollton

24-48

12.52

(1 II II 11 II

1317

Virginia City...

4-48

15.15

II II U II II

1307

Carrollton

1-15

23.65

il II IC IC cc

1327

Wyoming

Greenville

1-15

2;i.94

It II (1 11 cc

1321

2-15

14.12

2. Compact and almost im-

pervious to water.

1342

Cumberland Co..

1-12

14.90

2. Compact and almost im-
pervious to water.

1345

Jefferson Co

2-15

17.06

2. Compact and almost im-
pervious t<) water.

1343

Moweaqua

^18

22.10

2. Compact and almost im-
pervious to water.

1319

Madison Co

4-16

2. Compact and almost im-
pervious to water.

1320

(i n

24-60

2. Compact and almost im-
pervious to water.

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109

Mr. lieverett's Classification of the Illinois Soils.

No.

Locality.

Depth.

Clay.

Oeoloffical Formation.

1309
1310
1313

Montgomery Co —
Moweaaua

. 1-18
18-48

1-18
24-42

1-10

1-12
24-48

1-20
60-72
12

'6^i2

*i-i8

1-12

1-15

60-84

96-120

4-24

1-12

1-18

36-96

24-40

1-18

1-20

1-36

1-12

20.36
23.60
36.52

3. Unclassified loe
(( (1 t(

38.

1314

»(

1336

Freeport

1337

Marion

1340
1365

Madison Co

SprinKfleld

1366

1374

Union Co

1375

U (C

1376

l( It

1377

U l(

1306

Gallatia

4. Unclassified samnles.

1325

Warren

»r

1339

May wood

1322

Greenville

1372

Taylorville

1323

Greenville

1329

Red Bud

1331
1341

Carrollton

Gladstone

1343
1314
1324

Montgomery Co....

Christian Co

Rohley

1330

Vienna

1326

San Jo&e

1364

DeKalb Co

1371

Litchfield

1373

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A GEOLOGICAL SECTION ACROSS THE NORTHERN
PART OP ILLINOIS.

BY PJIOF. J. A. UDDEN.

Introductory.

kO better line could be chosen for the construction
of a section running east and west, to illustrate
the geological structure of the State of Illinois, than
the line following the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
Railroad from the Mississippi river to the Indiana line on
the east. Most of the State is drift-covered, and exposures
of the bed-rock are often few in the uplands, and occasion-
ally a;lso scarce in the lowlands. Data for determining the
position of the deeper formations are mostly only to be
had in exposures along the water courses and from well-
drillers. Most of the deeper borings now made are in-
tended for artesian purposes, and are most frequently met
with on the lowlands along the larger rivers. Here, only,
are found data for the construction of geological sections.
A glance at the map of the State is sufficient to show
us why the sections constructed by the earlier geologist
mostly run north and south. The Mississippi, the Illi-
nois, the Wabash, and even Rock river, have their general
trend in this direction. But it may also be noticed that
eastward from Rock Island county, a line may be extended
in such a way as to follow one of three rivers for the
greater part of the distance across the State. These rivers
are the Mississippi, Green, and Illinois. A closer ex-
amination of this line will show that, even where rivers
are wanting, the topography along the line is favorable
for making geological observations.

117

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Beginning at Rock Island, we first follow the south
bluff of the Mississippi for a distance of about seven
miles. At Port Byron Junction we turn a little to the
south and trace our line along the south bluff of an
alluvial bottom known as Pleasant Valley, which con-
nects the bottom lands of the Mississippi with those of
Rock river. Grossing the latter stream at Colona, and
also crossing Green river, we proceed, with extensive low-
lands on our left, due east, below the gently-marked
bluff line on the south of this river, for a distance of
thirty-three miles, until we come to Sheffield, where Green
river turns to the north. Here the lowlands of this river
are succeeded by a wide swale, which turns to the south-
east, crossing a great moraine and extending for some
eight miles. At this point we strike the branches of Bureau
creek and nine more miles southeast, along this creek,
bring us down to the Illinois river. For the next fifty-
eight miles we may then go nearly due east, under the often
steep bluffs on the north side of this river, until we are
at a point nearly due south of Minooka. From this
point we may still proceed east, for about five miles, on
the lowlands between the Kankakee and the Desplaines
rivers; but here, if we do not wish to turn either north or
south and follow one of the two rivers, we have to ascend
the slope of another moraine, and the remaining thirty-
three miles take us over highlands, presenting, for the
most part, only gentle reliefs and few exposures of the
bed-rock.

The line here described was chosen by Dr. J. Liadahl
as one particularly well suited to exhibit the geological
structure of the State, and as one yielding more data
than any other line across the State. It follows the route
of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroa/d from Rock
Island to Minooka. A survey was made, and all the
topographic and stratigraphic data obtainable were
secured. A section was then constructed on the scale of

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119

one-half inch to the mile, horizontally, and one inch to
five hundred feet, vertically. We will here briefly diBCuss
the most important features of this section.

The Superficial Features of the Section.

Not more than twenty rods southeast from the Union
Depot at Rock Island, there is an old quarry in the De-
vonian limestone. A closer examination of the beds in
this place, reveals below:

(a). A ledge of unfossiliferous, compact, white, or
slightly dove-colored, limestone. Three feet of this is ex-
posed near the east end of the quarry, and about five
feet near the west end. It has small crevices which are
lined with iron pyrites, and near the top there are nodu-
lar masses of a mortar-like composition, consisting of a
matrix of carbonate of lime, in which there are a few grains
of quartz sand. Occasionally it acquires a brecciated
appearance.

(b). Next above this there are four ledges, each a little
more than two feet in thickness, of a hard and tough
limestone, somewhat less fine in its texture and rich in
fossil corals. In the upper part it becomes somewhat
shaly.

(o). This is followed by about twenty-four feet of beds
of shaly limestone and calcareous shale, full of fossil
brachiopods and some corals.

The quarry is in an outlier of the upper part of the
Devonian rocks, which have, for the most part, been
carried away by erosion. Proceeding east, the erosion
is found to have extended seventy feet below the top of
this outlier, a well on Dr. Gordon's property, close to
the river, having passed through a black shale to that
depth before striking the Devonian limestone. This shale
is connected with a coal seam, fire clay, and arenaceous
beds, which appear in several exposures in the vicinity
and constitute the scattered outliers of the base of the

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coal measures. The unfossiliferous beds of the Devonian
limestone soon appear again, and its snrfsice is a hori-
zontal plane twenty feet above the level of the Mississippi
for the next three miles to the east. East of Moline, near
the old Deere farm, there is another small outlier of the
upper ledges of the Devonian rock. The top of the bed
''a" is seventeen feet higher than at Rock Island, show-
ing a small dip towards the west. At East Moline, the
limestone disappears under the base of the coal measures
and is not seen again along the bluffs.

At Carbon Cliff, the beds "b" have been encountered
in some wells at an elevation of 580 feet A. T., showing
that there is no extensive tilting of these beds either east
or west. The coal measures cover the limestone in the
bluffs west of this place with a thickness of nearly sev-
enty-five feet, but the erosion in the Rock river valley
seems to have just reached the plane of the contact be-
tween the two formations, and the outcrops in this part
of the valley and in the bed of the river are exposures
sometimes of Devonian limestone and sometimes of
carboniferous sandstone. This is also true of the low-
lands for several miles to the east of Colona. From re-
cords of borings and shafts around Colona it appears
that the level at which the upper surface of the lime-
stone is found is not always the same, but it varies from
twenty to sixty feet below the general level of the bottom
lands. Five miles farther east the beds '*a" of the
Devonian limestone have been quarried in the bed of
Green river. Their thickness at this place is probably
not very great, for only three miles farther north the
Silurian limestone forms the bed-rock in Rock river.

As we come nearer Geneseo the coal measures become
thicker and continuous, their upper surface rising in the
series and their base descending in altitude, until we
come to Tiskilwa, in Bureau county, or some distance
east of this place. It should be remembered, however,

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that the upper surface of the coal-measures is by no
means an even plane, but presents even greater reliefs
than the present topography of the land. Thus we find
in the valley of Spring creek, east of Geneseo, the drift
having a thickness of from 60 to 70 feet, while on the
higher land at Atkinson the coal measures come up to
within a few feet of the surface, the drift being thicker
over the low lands along Green river and its tributaries
than on the low swells approaching the river between
the latter. Again, along the extensive lowlands of Mud
creek we find the coal measures covered by considerable
thickness of drift until we pass Mineral slough and ascend
the gentle slope to the east.

This excavation of the coal measures under the low-
lands has removed the greater part of the two coal seams,
which occur at the level of about 100 feet above the base
of the series, leaving them only in the low swells which
extend northward from the high prairie on the south
between the main tributaries of Green river. The gradual
incre€ise in thickness of the coal measures eastwards
along this section maybe seen from the following table:

Thickness of coal measures at Gkneseo 60 feet

" ** " ** ** Atkinson 130 *'

" " " " ** Annawan 139 *'

" " " *• ** Sheffield, (estimated) 290 **

*» ** " ** " Tlskilwa (partly estimated). 400 "

Near the city of Tiskilwa the coal measures disappear
under a heavy deposit of drift, the surfax^e of which
rises no higher than the general level to the west. The
last seen of them is in the Rocky Run, west of Tiskilwa.
In this creek there are huge blocks of a ledge of lime-
stone belonging to the coal mectsures. These blocks
have not been far removed from their original site. In
several places they bear the marks of ice-scoring, and in
one instance the scored blocks were evidently nearly in
situ, being but little tilted.

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For the next ten miles, in the valley of the Bureau
creek and along the Illinoifi river, there are no outcrops
of bed rock of any kind. In the country to the north
of our section a number of borings have been made, and
the coal measures have been struck at a depth ranging
from 440 feet below the surface at Princeton to 50 feet
below the surface in the bottom lands a little to the
northeast of the city of De Pue. Just a little west of the
mining town of Looey ville the coal measures again make
their appearance in the north bluffs of the Illinois river,
and at Spring Valley, three miles ecLst of this place,
they rise to a height of at least seventy-five feet above
the level of the river. Proceeding in this direction the
drift is noticed, to diminish in thickness until we come
to LaSalle, where the coal measures rise fully 150 feet
above the river, just north of the city. Crossing the
Little Vermillion, we see the limestone ledges in the coal
measures slowly rising, with a dip to the west of less
than 2° for about one mile. But here the dip increases,
and for the next quarter of a mile it varies in different
pleujes from 5® and 6° to 12° and 13°, averaging perhaps
10°. About 500 feet west of the west end of the railroad
tunnel the base of the coal meaaures is seen to come up
above the level of the road-bed and ascend at first a
gentle slope formed by the upper surface of the Silurian
rocks, the uppermost visible member of which is the
Trenton limestone. The coal measures are composed of
fragmentary material. There are pieces of white and
black chert, blocks of sandstone and limestone, etc.,
imbedded in a clayey base. Upward this changes into
the regular coal bearing clays and sand stones. The
dip of the Trenton is on the average 18° to the west
and, as it runs along the railroad track for a distance
of 205 feet, the exposure exhibits the lower 60 feet of
the formation. A short distance from the west end of

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123

the tunnel, the St. Peter sandstone in its turn rises above
the railroad bed. It dips in the same direction, but the
tilting is somewhat irregular, measuring in one place 18°,
and in other places 20°, 26°, 27°, 23°, 22° and 19°. The
average dip is perhaps 22°. This sandstone runs along
the railroad for a distance of 300 feet with this dip. At
the east end of the tunnel the lower part of the formation
is concealed and its total thickness cannot be measured,
but as its dip is very much decreased in the exposures
which are seen close by, to the east, it is not likely
that this thickness exceeds 175 feet. For one-half mile
to the ea^t of the tunnel the dip is still to the west
and the Magnesian limestone rises in the bluffs at
a low angle. At about this place, a few rods west of
the cement works, the dip changes to the east. The
highest point in the low anticline is a few rods west of
the cement works. At this place there are exposed
nearly 80 feet of the Magnesian limestone. Following
the north bluff of the river, we notice the line of con-
tact between the Magnesian limestone and the St. Peter
sandstone descending until the former disappears and
the latter makes up the greater part of the bluff. In
the course of a mile and a half the descent is about 75
feet, and at Dtica this line is only a few feet above the
railroad level, the total descent in eight miles being
about 130 feet.

A mile and a half ea^st of Utica the coal measures
again make their appearance in the bluffs, capping
the St. Peter sandstone, first by a very thin rem-
mant, and farther east by a thickness of some 60 or 70
feet of shales, near the bottom of which there is a work-
able seam of coal, which has been mined by stripping
at several points along the section. In some places the
coal can be seen to rest almost on the bare Silurian
sandstone, and in other places it is separated from thia

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by a few feet of fire clay. At Ottawa the erosion of the
river valley extends a little below the contact of the
coal measures and the St. Peter sandstone. To the
east of the city coal measure clays b^in to cover it,
and the sandstone soon passes out of sight. The river
bluffs, which, between LaSalle and Ottawa, form a low
but mostly vertical escarpment, here change their na-
ture and present gentler slopes and well rounded con-
tours. For the first five miles east of Fox river we find
dark shales with thin seams of coal, which are seen suc-
cessively at lower levels in the ravines. About a mile
west of the city of Marseilles the shales are succeeded by
a sandstone, which reaches a thickness of about 50 feet
northeast of the city, but afterwards thins out and
descends so as to form only an inconsiderable feature in
the bluffs. As the strata of the coal measures slowly
descend in this part of the section, the drift again ac-
quires a greater thickness, having formed an inconspicu-
ous capping only for most of the distance between La-
Salle and Marseilles. Some distance west of Seneca its
total thickness is not less than 100 feet in the uplands,
and for several miles it forms nearly all of the bluffs
east of Seneca, but as we come nearer to Morris, low out-
crops of coal measures again appear in the low lands.
These continue with interruptions for a few miles to the
east of the city. The drift has been nearly all removed
in the lowlands about Morris, and coal has been stripped
in several places near the city and at other places mined
at a short distance from the surface of the ground.
About three miles northeast of this city, a short dis-
tance to the north of where the Rock Island road crosses
Au Sable creek, the Trenton limestone crops out in the
lowland, but following this creek eastward we find
that it runs over coal measure sandstone for two miles,
or a little more, perhaps, when this is again followed by

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a Silurian limestone, which, however, belongs to the
Cincinnati series. The railroad here ascends the outer
slope of a moraine, near the summit of which is located
the town of Minooka. The thickness of the drift in this
moraine is about 130 feet, concealing from our view
the bed rock, which, however, again appears in the low-
lands along the DuPage river, consisting of limestone
belonging to the Cincinnati series, alternating with
shales of the same age and often presenting glacial
scorings on its upper surface. Following the railroad
four miles east of this river the Cincinnati rocks disap-
pear under the base of the Niagara limestone which
forms the bed rock for the remainder of the distance to
the city of Chicago.

If, instead of following the railroad in its northeast
course from the crossing of An Sable creek, we proceed
eastward along the Illinois river and its headwaters,
the DesPlaines and the Kankakee, we find in the lowlands
near the junction of the two last rivers that the bed
rock consists of occasional outliers of the coal measures,
filling depressions in the upper surface of the Cincinnati
series of limestone and shales. The remnants of the
coal measures become smaller and less numerous as we
go east, and about two miles east of the junction of the
headwaters of the Illinois there is a low rise in the land,
which marks the western limit of the Niagara limestone,
under which the Cincinnati series disappears. The con-
tact is seen some distance to the north of our section in
Jackson creek along the line of the Chicago, Alton &
St. Louis railroad. From this point we ascend the slope
of a moraine, and for the next five miles the bed-rock is
mostly concealed, the drift varying from 130 to 50 feet
in thickness.

About two miles west of Manhattan the drift is thin
and several exposures are seen of the Niagara limestone,
some in the upland and some along the streams. This

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continues for a half mile to the e€U9t of Manhattan,
where our section runs up against the south bend of
still another moraine which covers the rock, sometimes
to a depth of 200 feet, for the greater part of the re-
mainder of the section.

The Stratigraphy of the Section.

THE DRIFT.

The drift exhibited along the section may properly be
divided into three divisions : alluvium, loess and boulder
clay. The alluvium varies in its character in different
valleys, and must, no doubt, be referred to different sub-
epochs of post-glacial history. We shall not discuss the
most recent phases which are to be seen along every
stream in the State. In Pleasant Valley we find it con-
sisting of a fine sand, the surface of which is at least
fifteen feet above the highest stage of water known in
either the Mississippi or Rock river. It appears to have
been deposited at a time when the main channel of the
Mississippi followed the lower channel of Rock river, and
it may possibly belong to a terrace formation which seems
to have been formed during the last epoch of glaciation
of this continent. A similar sand occurs near the mouth
of Green river south of the town of Colona, and contin-
ues in the low banks of sand which skirt the bottom
lands of Rock river as well as Green river east and
northeast of this place.

The loess is best developed in the west end of the sec-
tion. Near Rock Island its thickness approaches 40
feet. At this place it is occasionally stratified, exhibiting
seams of a fine sand in its lower part. Near the town of
Colona it is not as heavy, but mostly a little coarser,
iaspecially near the surface. This is particularly the case
on top of the bluffs, bounding the highland between
Rock river and Green river. On the north side this

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sandy loess forms an irregular ridge some 20 or 30 feet
higher than this highland, and along the bottom land
north of Green river is a similar but less pronounced
accentuation of the bluff. The formation presents similar
features south of Green river, eastward past Geneseo.
Proceeding in this direction it becomes thinner, and
finally disappears, occuring in isolated places as far
as Sheffield. Over the rest of the section the typical
loess is absent, but the boulder clay is covered in many
places with a layer of silt from 2 to 10 feet in thick-
ness. In the neighborhood of Wyanet this silt is some-
what sandy, and farther north its appearance is much
like the sandy loess in Henry county. In the drainage
area of Bureau creek its appearance is often so very
much like that of loess that it cannot be distinguished
from it. It seems to cover nearly all of the upland in
Bureau county, but along the east end of the section it
occurs mostly in isolated places.

Under the base of the loess, in the west end of the
section, there is often found a silt, sometimes dark and
sometimes greenish or whitish in color, and mostly
known by well-diggers as **sea mud," "grandmother's
garden," or the **forest bed." In it are often found
pieces of branches of trees and logs and other remnants
of decayed vegetation, snail shells, and remains of large
mammals.

Below the loess and the forest bed lies the bowlder
clay. This is composed of a finely ground mass of clay,
sometimes whitish, sometimes bluish, and sometimes of
a buff color, containing sand, gravel, pebbles and bould-
ers of all sizes and of a great variety of material. The
proportion of the fine and the coarse material varies
greatly. Generally the boulder clay has no marks of
stratification, but in various localities it shows the most
perfect sorting and bedding. It varies in thickness from

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0 to 450 feet, and along the whole section it displays
a tendency to develop its greatest thickness in de-
pressions in the bed-rock. To this general rule, there
are several exceptions, especially towards the east. As
to the nature of the material of which the boulders
are composed it may be said that eastward from Shef-
field there is a greater proportion of limestone than
westwards from this place, in fact the boulder clay in
the west end of the section is more thoroughly ground
up and contains smaller and fewer boulders. Between
Wyanet and Loceyville stratification is a common feat-
ure in the boulder clay, and quite often the material is
seen to be cemented together so as to form a solid
mortar rock, the cementing material being in most
cases carbonate of lime, often quite pure but sometimes
ferruginous. The mortar rock is known by well-drillers
as **hard-pan." In the Bureau creek valley the lower
part of the drift is composed of sand and gravel.

Below the boulder clay and its assorted materials
there has been found in some borings a fine, bluish or
reddish silt, somewhat like loess in appearance, and
resting on the bed-rock.

The Coal Measures*

The highest beds in the coal measures series are seen
at LaSalle, north of the city. They consist of variously
colored shales, alternating with thin seams of limestone
and carbonaceous material. A section taken at this
place is as follows :

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129

BEGTION AT LA BALLS.

A. T.
(1). 37 feet variously colored shales 580-543

(2). 1 foot blue limestone (weathering rod) 543-542

(3). 2 feet bituminous shale and coal 542-540

(4). 32 " variously colored shales 540-508

(5). 20 " limestone 508-488

(6). 3 ** bituminous shale and coal 488-485

(7). fire clay (sometimes absent)

(8). n « shale 485-468

(9). 2 '' limestone (several feet concealed) 468-466

(10). shales

Kotb: In the following pages these numbers refer to the eleva-
tion above the level of the sea in feet, a minus sign (— ) being used
when the section is below the sea level. The levels were obtained
by aneroid measurements checked to the nearest known level.

In the bluff at Locey ville there are exposed sonae beds
which may probably belong to a lower horizon. A sec-
tion of the greater part of the bluff at this place is as
follows :

SECTION AT LOCEYVILLB.

A. T.

,(1). 7 feet limestone 527-520

|(2). 26 »* bluish shale 520-494

(3). 2 " limestone 494-492

(4). shale (mostly concealed)

About a mile west of Tiskilvva in the Rocky Run, the
following exposure is seen :

SECTION IN ROCKY RUN, TISKIbWA.

A. T.

(1). 40 feet sandy shales 674-634

(2). 4 *' shales with nodular seams of ferrugin-
ous limestone 634-630

(3). 2 " coal 630-628

(4). Probably several feet of limestone

-9

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A limestone which cannot be far below the base of
this section is broken up into huge blocks which are
seen in the bottom of the creek. This limestone is prob-
ably identical with the upper limestone in the previons
section.

Near Sheffield the following section is seen:

SECTION IN GOAL CREEK, SHEFFIELD.

A. T.

(1). 12 feet micaceous sandstone thin bedded, often
rippled-marked, with ferruginous no-
dules, indurated below 683-671

(2). 15 *' micaceous sandy shales above, argillace-
ous shales with bands of nodules below 671-656
(8). 1 foot black indurated thin splitting shale — 656-655

(4). 5 " coal 655-650

(5). 2 " limestone 650-648

Numbers 4 and 5 in this section are the eqliivalents of
8 and 4 in the previous section. The same succes-
sion is seen south of Mineral, where Mr. W. H. Forrest
has sunk a shaft and observed the following section:

MINERAL.

A. T.

(1). 12 feet sandstone 70^-687

(2). 18 ** light colored shale 697-679

(3). 6 " bituminous shale 679-673

(4). 5 *' coal 673-668

(5). 1 foot fireclay 668-667

(6). Limestone

The beds which are found under the limestone of these
sections are not exposed anywhere along the line of the
survey, except in the vicinity of LaSalle, but from borings
which have been made in various places in Bureau and
LaSalle counties they are known to consist of alterna-
tions of shales and sandstone, with seams of coal and
limestone. In a well which was bored about a mile and

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one-half southeastof Annawan, on Mr. L. A. Ferguson's
farm, strata below this horizon were passed through as
follows:

ANNAWAN.

A. T.

(1). Drift

(2). 6 feet miner's **8late" 557^651

(3). 3 " coal 561-548

(4). 1 foot fireclay 548-547

(5). 10 feet shale : 547-537

(6). seam of limestone , . .

(7). 16 " sandyshales 537-521

At Atkinson coal is mined at a small depth, from a
seam which is probably identical with number 3 in the
section of Ferguson's well. In Mr. Kiley's mine, south
of the city, the succession of the beds is as follows:

MB. BILEY'S shaft, ATKINSON.

A. T.

(1). Drift

(2). 4 feetshale 648-«44

(3). 1 foot concretionary limestone 644r-643

(4). 15 feet shale 643-628

(5). 1 foot limestone 628-627

(6). 2 feetshale 627-625

(7). 3 " miner's "slate" 625-622

(8). 3 " coal 622-619

(9). Fire cluy

The same is seen in a shaft on Mr. James Kay's farm,
four miles west of the city.

MB. KAY'S shaft, ATKINSON.

A. T.

(1). Drift

(2). 1 foot limestone 642-641

(3). 17 feetshale 641-624

(4). 2 " miner's "slate" 624-622

(5). 3 " coal 622-619

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Mr. John Mowbray some years ago explored below
this coal not far from Mr. Kay's place and found the
following beds below it:

MB. MOWBRAY'S SHAFT, ATKINSON.

A. T.

(1). 4 feet pyrltiferous flre clay 619-4{15

(2). 2 '* coQcretioDary limestone 615-613

(3). 12 •* blueshale 613-601

(4). 2 '* sandstone 601-509

(5). 1 foot coal 699^98

(6). 4 feet fine flre clay 698-594

(7). Impure flre clay

The lower part of the coal measures contain a greater
percentage of arenaceous materistl. This is first seen at
Geneseo.

SECTION IN GENESEO CBEEK.

A.T.
(1). Concretionary

(2). Sandstone (partly concealed)

(3). 2 feet black stiale 623-621

(4). 1 foot coal and shale 621-620

(5). 3 feet fireclay 620-617

It is also seen in the ravines back of Carbon Cliff.

SECTION OF ARGILLO WORKS CLAY PIT.

A.T.

(1). Drift

(2). 10 feet sandstone 645-:635

(3). 1 foot coal 635-634

(4). 4 feet flre clay 634-630

(6). 25 '* shale 630-605

In Heagey's mine, south of Port Byron Junction, the
succession is as follows:

HEAGEY's mine, port BYRON JUNCTION.

A.T.

(1). 50 feet drift 6^4-634

(2). 14 " sandstone and "cap rock" 634-^20

(3). 3 " coal 620-617

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Donald and Jamison's shaft, about a mile son th west
of this place, was sunk through the following strata:

DONALD AND JAMISON'S SHAFT.

A. T.

(1). Drift

(2). 15 feet sandstone 630-615

(3). 8 " dark shale 615-607

(4). 2 " coal ("bone coal") 607-605

(5). 4 " fireclay 605-601

(6). Not reported 601-590

(7). Coal

The arenaceous character of the lower part of the
coal measures is, however, best developed east of Ot-
tawa. At Marseilles and Seneca there is a sandstone
over 50 feet thick, and in the vicinity of Morris the ex-
posures of the coal measures along the canal mostly
consist of sandstone. This is the equivalent of the
famous fossil bearing sandstone of Mazon creek.

The character of the material constituting the base of
the coal measures is quite varied. Most commonly it
consists of sandstone. This is the case farthest east in
the DuPage river south of Ghannahon in the Kankakee
river above its mouth, and in Au Sable creek, east of
Morris, West of Morris the lowermost of the coal meas-
ures are composed of shale overlying a seam of coal, as
seen^in the following sections:

PRENDERGAST AND M'CLARY SHAFT, SENECA.

A. T.

(1). Alluvium

(2). 20 feet sandstone 502-482

(3). 8 '' *'soap8t^ne" 482-474

(4). 2 »' hard black shale 474-472

(5). 10 " sandstone 472-462

(6). 63 »* *'soap8tone" 462-399

(7). 3 ** coal 399-396

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CARNEY brothers' SHAFT, % MUiB BAST OF MARSEILLES.

A.T.

(1). Drift

(2. 4feetcoal 551-547

(3). 57 *' sandy shales and sandstones 547-490

(4). 1 foot black miner's slate 49(M89

(5). 69 feet shales 489-420

(6). 3 " coal 420-417

RIVER BLT7FF. MARSEILLES.

A.T.

(1). Drift

(2). 60 feet sandstone 580-520

(3). 5 " darlcshale 520-615

West of Ottawa, the coal measures may be said to be-
gin with a seam of coal resting on the St. Peter sand-
stone. At Split Rock they consist, as already noted, of
brecciated fragmentary material. In the vicinity of
Bureau Junction, where a number of borings have been
made, some of the drillers have reported "zinc ore"
from the horizon under consideration, but as no com-
petent analyist has examined the material, so far as
known, nothing definite can be stated as to the nature
of the borings so named.

At Annawan the lowest strata of the coal measures
run as follows:

SECTION OF ANNAWAN CREAMERY WELL.

A. T.

(1). 124feetdrlft 629-505

(2). 14 feet dark shale 505-491

(3). 1 foot bituminous seam 491-490

(4). 21 feet shale 490-169

(5). 1 foot limestone 469-468

(6). 1 " coal 468-467

(7). 1 foot Are clay 467-466

(8). Kiagara Limestone ■

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On the lowlands along Green river coal has been
stripped from the top of the Devonian limestone, and
this coal was capped by a black bituminous limestone,
but some distance to the west of this place a sandstone
is found occupying the position of this coal. Along the
Mississippi river, near Port Byron Junction, the little
remnant left of the coal measures consists of sandstone,
in which pebbles are occasionally found imbedded.

In the city of Rock Island an outlier of Devonian
limestone is capped by a small remnant of a hard con-
glomerate, which consists for the greater part of chunks
of yellow chert containing Silurian fossils. Though
positive proofs are wanting, there are good reeusons to
believe that this conglomerate belongs to the coal meeus-
ures.

A Marked Unconformity.

The coal measures are separated from the rocks below
them by a marked unconformity. For the greater part of
the distance across the State it appears as an uncon-
formity without tilting. At Rock Island it displays
erosion forms in the underlying horizontal strata, with
reliefs of nearly 70 feet, and the lower rocks are studded
with caves which are filled with sandstones and shales
of the coal measures. Similar appearances have already
been referred to above as occurring near Ea^st Moline
and at Carbon Cliff. In nearly all of these localities the
underlying limestone is studded with caves which are
filled with sandstones and shales belonging to the coal
period. South of Channahon, on the bank of the Du
Page river, eroded depressions in the Niagara and the
Cincinnati formations were observed to be filled with
coal measure sandstones, in which were found, with im-
perfectly preserved woody tissue of plants of the coal
age, various fragmentary materials of the underlying

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rock, such as lumps of the Cincinnati shale and small
blocks of Niagara limestone, containing casts of the
fossils of that age.

At LaSalie it appears as an nncomformity produced
by tilting with a differential precarboniferous erosion of
900 feet, this thickness having been removed (in ex-
cess of the denudation on the west side) from the under-
lying rocks on the east side of the monocline at this
place. In its general aspect, the unconformity may be
said to be connected with a general tilting of the sub-
jacent formations, for these are seen to slowly a^soend
and run out under the superimposed coal measures^ both
in the east and in the west end of the section.

The Rocks of tlie Devonian Age.

To recapitulate what is alre€uiy stated in the descrip-
tion of the superficial features, the exposed Devonian
rocks may be given as follows:

SECTION NEAR ROCK ISLAND DEPOT.

A. T.

(1). 20 feet shaly limestone and calcareous shale,
coDtainiog throughout fossil brachio-
pods, and near the top stems of yarious
crinoids 599-579

(2). 6 " composed of three ledges of limestone
separated by seams of shale, and oon-
taioing about the same fossils as the
beds above 579-673

(3). 7 " consisting of three solid ledges of a
strong limestone, containing a less num-
ber of brachiopods and more corals 573-566

(4). 5 ** even grained, sometimes brecciated,

limestone, containing no fossils 566-561

Below this there are probably some 70 or 80 feet of
limestone, like No. 4 of the above section, but though

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there are quite a number of exposures of this limestone,
no continuous section can be constructed for this local-
ity. On Sylvan Island, just north of Moline, there is a
typical exposure of these lower beds which may be
described as follows:

SWAN TROPP'S QUARRY, ON SYLVAN ISLAND.

A. T.

(1). 7 feet irregularly bedded white and hard lime-
stone, but little breccia ted and weather-
ing into thin layers 677-^70

(2). 5 '* darkish compact iimestoue, with a pecu-
liar laminatioD, occasionally preseDting

a low dome-shaped structure 570-665

(3). 1 foot pureaod white, massive limestone 565-564

(4). 4 feet dark limestone, resembling !No. 2 564-560

(5). 3 ** white limestone, sometimes massive, and
sometimes brecciated and composed of
good-sized blocks of dark material im-
bedded in the white 560-557

From borinpfs made at Rock Island it seems as if
there were 40 feet or more of similar rocks below this
section.

Materials resembling these rocks are reported from
the boring at Geneseo, but nothing can be said with
certainty as to the occurrence of Devonian rocks at this
place. In the boring at Annawan they are, without a
doubt, absent, but in several borings in Bureau creek
valley and in the artesian well at Hennepin, as well as
in the wells at Peru and LaSalle, calcareous shaly beds
were encountered on top of the Silurian limestone, which
in all probability belong to this age; but here again
positive knowledge from fossils is wanting. The thick-
ness of these undetermined shales averages 100 feet.

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THICKNESS AND POSITION OP DEVONIAN ROCKS.

(EstiDiated from borings).

A. T.

Bock Island, shales and limestone ... 80 feet. 599 —519

Moline, limestone 50 ** 565—615

Carbon Cliff, limestone 80 ** 580—500

Searles' Well, limestone (?) 40 " 560 —520

Geceseo, limestone (?) 40 ** 520 —480

Princeton, shales and limestone (?)100 " 120 —20

Hennepin, shales and limestone (?)100 ** 130 —30

LaSalle, shales (?)130 " 0 —130

The €k>ntact Between the Devoaiaa and the Silurian

Systems.

The contact between the Devonian and the Silurian
rocks is not exposed for certain anywhere in Rock Isl-
and county. About one-half mile below Hampton there
is seen in the bank of the Mississippi some buS-colored
limestone, which Professor Worthen refers to as the
southernmost exposure of the Niagara limestone along
the river in this county. (Geol. Surv. of III., vol. V.,
p. 223.) There is no doubt that the top of the Niagara
limestone comes near to the surface at this place, for it
soon appears in the river above Hampton. Rut on a
closer examination of the rocks at this point they show
a greater resemblance to the lowest unfossiliFerous layers
of the Devonian rocks than to the uppermost of the
Silurian strata. The color is the same as that of the
latter, but this color is due to weathering of an
originally bluish-white limestone, like the Devonian
in texture, as can be seen on a freshly broken sur-
face of some of the ledges. It may be that the rocks
seen farthest to the north at this place belong to the
Silurian system. If such is the case, we have here the
contact between the two systems. Nothing is exhibited
in distinctness. The beds are all apparently horizontal.
But there are found in the limestone broken pieces of

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chert, which have a decided appearance of being trans-
ported fragments rather than concretions formed in
situ. This is the only evidence of an unconformity be-
tween the two systems at this place.

If the undetermined shales under the coal measures at
Peru and LaSalle belong to the Devonian age, it would
seem that we have at this place another evidence of an
interval of erosion at this horizon. In the well bored
by the Illinois Zinc Company the thickness of the
Niagara limestone is considerably less than in the wells
farther west. This may be best explained as being due
to erosion previous to the deposition of the shales sup-
posed to belong to the Devonian eige.

The Silurian System.

The Niagara LimeBtone. The Niagara limestone forms
the uppermost member in this system. Its thickness in
the west part of the State is only known from borings,
and is found to vary from 275 feet to 400 feet, averag-
ing 350 feet. The upper part seen on the Mississippi and
on Rock river is yellowish and hard, but rendered some-
what porous by the removal of imbedded corals and
stems of crinoids, the empty moulds of which remain.
It is seen to have an oblique and variable bedding,
which persists across the State, being well exhibited in
the exposures northwest of Manhattan in Will county.
Drill cores taken below the coal measures from Mr.
Weise's well in the Bureau valley were from rock belong-
ing to this horizon. The lower part of the Niagara
formation consists of a bluish white, compact, and
evenly bedded limestone which contains, especially in the
upper part, bands of gray and white chert. It was
identified in drillings from the creamery well at Annawan.

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THICKSE8S AND POSITION OF TBB NIAOAHA LTM38TONE.

(Estimated from torings).

A. T.

Bocklslaod 364 feet. 619-155

Moline 349 " 515-166

Carbon Cliff 388 '• 500-112

Searles'Well 370 " 520-150

Geneseo 383 " 480-97

Annawan (eroded) (?)300 " 466-(?)l66

Princeton 335 " 20 —315

Hennepin 350 *• 30—320

LaSalle (probably eroded) 234 *• 130—364

Joliet (eroded) 230 *« 540-310

Chicago (eroded) 254 " 530-276

The Cincinnati Formation, The GiDCinnati formation,
which underlies the Niagara, varies in thickness, as re-
ported by drillers, from 68 to 250 feet. The exposures
in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Illinois river
are too much scattered for correlation into a continu-
ous section, but in a series of borings taken with more
than ordinary care, by Mr. W. Moore, from the artesian
well at the Illinois Zinc Company's Works at LaSalle,
the following succession was seen:

A.T.
(1). 16 feet blue shale, occasionally stained with

iron —364 —380

(2). 5 " light blue shale —380-^35

(3). 25 " blue shale —385 —410

(4). 5 '* gray crystalline limestone — 410 — 415

(5). 25 *' hard brownish limestone —415 —440

(6). 10 ** blue shale —440 —459

(7). 11 '* gray limestone —459 — 470

(8). 5 ** bluish limestone —470 -475

(9). 8 ** brownish limestone —475 —483

(10). 18 " dirty brown limestone —483 —501

(11). 12 " shale and limestone —501 —513

(12). 29 ** lighter limestone and shale —513 —542

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Number 4 in the above section resembles a limestone
belonging to the Cincinnati, which is seen around Goose
Lake in Grundy county. It is there crystalline and may
almost be called a marble.

THICKNESS AND POSITION OF THE CINCINNATI FORMATION.
(Estimated from borings).

Bock Island, shale 200 feet.

MoliDe, shale 213 **

Carbon Cliflf, shale 180 "

Searles' Well, shale, sandy grit below.. 75+ **

Geneseo, shale 95 '*

Princeton, shale with limestone near

middle 175 "

LaSalle. shale, with two bands of lime-
stone near middle 138 *•

Morris* Driving Park, white shale

(eroded?) 70 "

Blodget, bituminous, calcareous shale. 75 '*

JoHet, shale 68 **

Chicago, shale, with limestone near

middle 250 "

A. T.

165 —45

166 —47
112 —68

15a-(?)
97-2

315 —490

364 --502

430-360
505 430
310-242

276-26

The Trenton Limestone. The TrentoD limestoue, which
follows in downward succession, is quit^e uniform in its
development, averaginpj 850 feet in thickness and vary-
ing less than 70 feet either way. In its upper part it is
hard and slightly crystalline and white or brownish in
color, while below it is bluish and massive, sometimes
slightly brecciated and occasionally containing flue
sand. The only exposures along the section have already
been noticed.

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THICKNESS AND POSITION OF THE TRENTON L.IME8TONB.

(Estimated from borings).

Bock IslaDd 440 feet.

Moline 320

Carbon Cliff (not bored through) 241+

Searios' Well, (exact limits unlcnown,)

at least 250

Geneseo 430

Princeton 410

LaSalie 405

Marseilles (eroded), a few feet at

(?)Peddicnrd*s Well (eroded), perhaps 20

feet at

Seneca (eroded) 120

Hoge's Well (eroded?) 200

Morris' Driving Park (eroded?) 170

Blodget 300

Joliet 333

A. T.
—45 -485
—47 —367
— 6&-(?)

2—428
—490 —900
-502—901
410

390
400-280
480-280
300-190
430-130
242—91

The 8L Peter Scmcktane. Below the Trenton forma-
tion lies the St. Peter sandstone, ranging from 140 to
240 feet in thickness and averaging 200 feet. It is
white, friable, pure, siliceous sandstone, remarkably
uniform in its lithologieal character across the whole
State, generally accompanied by a few feet of shale
above and below, and in the borings at Rock Island,
Moline and Geneseo, in the west part of the State, it
has been found to conteun a shaly stratum in its mid-
dle part.

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THICKNESS AND POSITION OP THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE.

(Estimated from borings).

A. T.

Rock Island 146 to 200 feet. —465 —610

Moline 200 " —367 —567

Searles' Well(tliicknes8unlfnown)... (?) " — 315-(?)

Geneseo 220 '* —428—648

Princeton 160 " —900—1060

LaSalle (shaly below at San Bede
CJollege) (?)175 " —907 —1082

rtica (exposed in bluff and eroded).. 40 '* 522-482

Ottawa (partly exposed and eroded) . 130 ** 483-345

Marseilles (?)200 *» (?)-(?)

Peddlcord's Well 275 " 350-75

Seneca (?)220 " (?)250-30

Hoge'sWell 268 " 274-6

Morris' Driving Park Well (?) ** 180-(?)

. Minooka (?) *' (?)82-(?)

Joliet 211 *» —91 —302

The Magnesian lA/mestone. The Magnesian limestone is
the lowermost formation exposed in the State. It is an
impure, somewhat thin-bedded limestone, with many
seams of siliceous sand distributed through its entire
thickness, and sometimes with sand distributed through
the mass of the limestone. In the exposures between
TJtica and LaSalle it often contains concretions of a
peculiar texture, which show siliceous sand grains imbed-
ded in a siliceous matrix, which evidently is a result of
infiltration. In many of the thin seams of clay, which
separate the limestone layers, there are marks of sun-
cracks, and in the mines of the Utica Cement Works there
are disclosed ripple marks of an unusual size measuring
by estimate 2 feet from crest to crest of the waves.

Westward from Joliet a bed of sand 100 feet in
thickness is developed in its upper part, and at Geneseo
the upper half of the formation has by the drillers been
reported as sandstone. Going from east to west the

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formation increases in thickness, and at Rock Island
it is reported by Professor J. H. Southwell as having a
thickness of 811 feet.

The Potsdam Series, The greater part of the Mag-
nesian limestone and all of the Potsdam series, being
known in the State only from borings, the proper
boundary between the two are of course somewhat
uncertain. If we make it at the point where the sandy,
light limestones are succeded by shales aod sandstooes,
with occasional less heavy deposits of limestone, the
formation, as far as explored, may be said to consist of
two sandstones separated by an intervening shale.

There is a noticeable correspondence in the strata
reported by the drillers from the deepest wells along the
east end of the section, and a strong flow of water has
been uniformly met with in a sandstone which occurs at
a depth of from 1700 to 2300 feet. Of course it is quite
possible that the correspondence in the strata is acci-
dental and that the **Potsdam sandstone" of the drillers
belongs to an underlying series which may be uncon-
formable to the Potsdam.

The Structural Features of the Section.

These are of the simplest kind and may be regarded
as typical of the structure found in the upper Mississippi
valley. We see two blocks of horizontal or only very
slightly inclined strata separated by a monoclinal fold.
The downthrow and the trough limb is on the west,
while the upthrow and the arch limb is on the east. The
total displacement of the Silurian strata amounts to
1,575 feet, while the carboniferous beds are only displaced
about 625 feet. The trend of the axis of disturbance is
considerably west of north, the strike of the outcrops of
the upturned coal measures being about N. 30 W. The
average dip in the displacement at LaSalle is about

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22® for the Silurian rocks and about 8° for the rocks
of the coal measures. The block of strata west of the
monocline is nearly horizontal in an east to west direc-
tion from Rock Island to Annawan and from Prince-
ton to LaSalle, but between Annawan and Princeton
there is a dip to the east of about 25 feet to the
mile, or there is a concealed displacement of that extent
between these two places. This dip may be partly ac-
counted for by the dip to the south, which is found
along the whole section. The block of strata on the
east of the monocline has a nearly uniform dip to
the east of about 12 feet to the mile.

Some Points Bearingr on the G^ologrical History
of the Northern Part of lUinois.

It would be idle to speculate much on the physical
geography of this part of the State at the time of the
deposition of the lowest series of rocks exhibited in the
section.

From the nature of the strata we. may suppose that
during the age following the Potsdam period there was
a subsidence, during which the Magnesian limestones
were deposited, following this an elevation causing the
accumulation of the St. Peter sandstone, again a sub-
sidence during the formation of the Trenton limestone,
then again a slight elevation during the Cincinnati period,
followed by a subsidence during the Niagara period.
This was brought to a close by an elevation, which
first caused irregularities in the bedding of the calcare-
ous sediments, and finally raised the top of the lowest
sediments above the surface of the water, but probably
did not expose them to any extensive erosion.

When these lands again subsided the limestones and
dhales of the Devonian age began to accumulate on top
of the perhaps but slightly eroded Silurian rocks. The
-10

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oomparative leD^h of the duration of these conditions
cannot be estimated, for this w£is succeeded by an eleva-
tion which not only affected northern Illinois but the
northern part of all of the Mississippi valley and con-
tinued for a time long enough for the removal of
several hundreds of feet of the early rocks and for the
formation of all the rocks belonging to the sub-carbonif-
erous limestone in the southern part of this State.
During this period of elevation there commenced at
Split Rock a tilting of all previously deposited rocks.
The east side weus lifted up and the west side was
depressed. As a consequence erosion proceeded much
faster on the elevated side than on the side where
the beds were being lowered, or at any rate, were raised
less. By the end of this period of elevation 900 feet of
rock were removed from the summit of the incline at
Split Rock, which, gu9 yet, remained intact west of La-
Salle. Eeistward from Split Rock the denudation was
also gradually less effective, presumably on account of
the lesser elevation. Thus we find all of the Trenton
limestone removed as far as Marseilles and all of the
Cincinnati shales carried away west of Morris, and
nothing remaining of the Niagara limestone west of the
junction of the DesPlaines and the Kankakee rivers,
while from Manhattan to Indiana this formation suffered
no more erosion than it did in the vicinity of Rock
Island. Assuming that the land contours produced at
the end of this interval of elevation were as uniform as
those of the present, the tilting was equal to the differ-
ence of erosion, or 900 feet, and the dip of the inclined
strata at Split Rock, which now averages 22^, may be
supposed to have been at that time considerably less.

Then again followed a subsidence of the land, with the
possible exception of that in the eastern part of the
State. This time, however, the subsidence was not aa

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deep as during the previous ages, nor as extensive in a
northerly direction, for we find the coal measures every-
where containing remains of plants, sometimes grown
near the place where they are found. The land was
kept slowly oscillating, mostly below the surface of the
water, and seldom reaching a depth great enough for
the accumulation of limestone. The duration of the
epriod of formation of coal in northern-central Illinois,
though certainly not as long as the time which was
taken for the deposition of Silurian strata, cannot be
closely estimated on account of the lack of knowledge
of the extent to which the coal measures have been
afterwards eroded. The 500 feet of strata yet remain-
ing were, no doubt, formed in a considerably shorter
time than an equal thickness of the older beds, for the
reason that the coal measures were formed nearer the
land, where sedimentation is more rapid than it is
farther out in the open sea, where the Silurian and the
Devonian strata were mostly formed.

No rocks of the Mesozoic or the Tertiary ages have
been observed, and there is little doubt that, since the
time of the coal period, northern Illinois has been above
water and subjected to continual erosion. The extent of
this erosion is partly concealed by the glacial deposits.
Borings in the Bureau valley and at Hennepin show
that before the incursion of the ice there was at this
place a drainage channel cut nearly 200 feet below the
present level of the Illinois river, and bounded by slopes
which rose to a height of 800 feet and over. The com-
paratively greater depth of the dnft in the valleys
crossing our section west of Atkinson and west of An-
nawan and close to Mineral a.s well as the northward
slope of the surface of the bed-rock all along the sec-
tion from Rock Island to the Illinois river, and the deep-
ly drift-covered lowlands to the north, indicate a west-

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ward extension of this drainage channel. The long-con-
tinaed denudation of which these deep reliefs were, no
doubt, a result, was checked bj the advance of an
ice-field, which extended several hundred miles to the
south. This ice-sheet itself, to some extent, planed down
the land over which it crept, but in this region the
quantity of boulder day and sand which it deposited far
exceeded the material it removed. The occurrence of
forest beds and several moraines indicate different
stages of advancements and recessions, if not total dis-
appearance of the ice, until it finally left the land in its
present appearance, minus the drainage channels of
creeks and rivers, which have, for the most part, after-
ward been carved into the drift.

Artesian Water.

The universal dip from the north, where the elevation
of the surface of the land is higher, renders the condi-
tions for obtaining artesian water generally favorable
in this part of the State, and a number of fiowin^ deep
weUs have been made. Theoretically all rocks below the
level of complete saturation are water-beariug and will
yield water, but practically we find that water is sup-
plied in quantities that can be utilized only by rocks
which are somewhat porous, as sandstones and porous
limestones. In northern Illinois there are a number of
horizons which are porous enough to yield water. Many
of these are only local in their development, and the
supply is in such case limited. Other porous rocks ex-
tend over wide areas and are readily supplied with great
quantities of water. In the wells, from which the lower
part of the section was constructed, the various water-
bearing rocks which have been encountered areas follows:

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0). The drift.

(2). The base of coal measures.

(3). The Niagara liinestx)De.

(4). The Trenton limestones,

(5). The St. Peter sandstones.

(6). The sands of the Magnesian series.

(7). The Potsdam sandstone.

The Drift and the Base of the Goal Measures*

The artesian water, which is found in the drift, is al-
ways limited to particular localities. Some of the bor-
ings north of Bureau Junction have yielded flowing
water, which has come from sandy layers in the drift.
At Bureau Junction and at Hennepin a flow of water
has been reported from a depth which coincides with the
lower part of the coal measures. The flow was small and
of little economical importance. It is a mineral water.

The Niagara lilmestone.

The upper part of the Niagara formation furnishes a
strong flow of water at Peru and LaSalle. The Hen-
nepin well also taps the Niagara. This formation fur-
nished a small flow in Mitchell & Lynde's well, at Rock
Island, and gives the chief flow in Mr. Wiese's well north
of Bureau Junction. The water is more or less salty
to the taste, and at Peru it is a strong brine. The
head of this water, as near as can be made out, is as
follows :

HEAD OF NIAGARA WATER.

(Of course this head is local).

A. T.

Rock Island 660 feet

Wiese's well 535 "

Peru 563 "

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The Trenton lilmestone.

A little below the middle of the Trenton limestone
there has been found water -in nearly all the wells
going through this rock. The yield is generally not
very great, and the pressure, lower than that of the St.
Peter water, with which it otherwise seems to be con-
nected. It contains a large amount of sulphur gas,
and has in some places been piped off on account of
its disagreeable smell. The height to which it will rise
is mostly a little below 575 feet west of LaSalle, and
not much above 515 along the east part of the section.

The St. Peter Sandstone.

The St. Peter sandstone is tapped by more wells in
the State than any other formation. Its water is less
sulphurous than the Trenton water, and along the east
part of the section it contains more iron. The quantity
of water is large. The head averages at leeist 580 feet
in the west part of the section. Near the outcrops of
the formation it is much lower, rising again to the
east, VIZ.:

HEAD OF ST. PETER WATER.

A. T.

Rock Island 580 feet.

Peru 592 *»

Illinois Zinc Company 571 "

Ottawa 540 **

Hoge'8 well 580 **

Cryder Colli n's well 580 "

Wilmington 586 "

The Magrnesian Sands.

In the east part of LaSalle county, in Grundy county,
and in the west part of Will county the sandstones of
the Magnesian series are bored into whenever the flow
of the St. Peter sandstone is not found suflSciently strong.

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Between Utica and Marseilles nearly all bored wells take
their supply from these sands and at Ottawa there are
over 100 wells that draw their supply from them. They
probably also furnish some of the water in the Prince-
ton well. It is the purest of all our artesian waters,
containing only a small amount of soluble salts. The
head is generally some 30 or 40 feet above that of the
St. Peter watw, being at Ottawa about 578 feet.

The Potsdam.

The water which will rise highest,— since the rock in
which it occurs has the highest outcrop,— is the water of
the Potsdam sandstone. The rock heus a good supply
of a somewhat salty water. The saltiness increases with
the depth, and it is sometimes difficult to procure a good,
large flow without going down so deep as to make the
water too salty for general use. If the upper flows are
properly piped off, the head is a trifle above 700 feet,
as seen below.

HEAD OF POTSDAM WATER.

A. T.

Geneseo (no casing) 670 feet.

Minooka (no casing) 660 "

Oatlin'8 well (Ottawa) 705 **

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GEOLOGICAIi SECTION — ST. LOUIS TO
SHAWNEETOWN.

BY PROF. J. M. NICKLES,

Introductory.

I'HE field work for this section was carried on daring
July and August, 1892. The limited time and
small number of exposures of strata and the consider-
able intervals by which these exposures were commonly
separated made it impossible to ascertain the exact
position of each particular outcrop in the vertical series
or determine the relations of the various outcrops to
one another. This diflBculty is increa;sed by the striking
sameness in material composing the deposits of the Coal
Measures Series in southern Illinois; sandy shales, some-
times shading off into sandstone^ at other times into
clay shales, being predominant, and limestones few and
infrequent. Fossils are rare or wanting at all but a few
horizons, though in some beds and in some localities
abundant. But from the general likeness of the strata
and the uniformity in deposition and character of ma-
terial, with the preliminary work done years ago by the
Geological Survey, under the direction of Prof. A. H.
Worthen, of which I have freely availed myself, it has
been comparatively easy to decide to which of the main
divisions of the Coal Measures to assign the various
outcrops.

For the surface contour I am indebted to Prof. J. W.
Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, who kindly sent me
tracings from the topographical county maps, prepared

166

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under hifi direction from the sarvey undertaken to pre-
pare the topographical map of the State, which formed
part of the Illinois exhibit at the World's Fair.

The diagrams of the sections which are given on the
accompanying plate are reproduced, on a smaller scale,
from those displayed in the geological department of the
Illinois exhibit. Some of the data contained in the fol-
lowing pagen are shown in the diagrams, but the greater
part are precluded from appearing by the necessarily
small scale of the diagrams.

The line of the sections extends in a southeast-by-east
direction from St. Louis, on the Mississippi river, to
Shawneetown, on the Ohio river. The line passes diagon-
ally through the center of St. Clair county, a little
southwest of the center of Washington county, intersects
the northeast comer of Perry county, southwest part of
Jefferson county, the northern part of Franklin county,
the southwest comer of Hamilton county, northeeust
corner of Saline county, and the center of Gallatin
county-
All the strata outcropping on the line or in its imme-
diate vicinity belong to the Carboniferous Series and the
Coal Measures Division. During the reconnaissance, search
was made for exposures, and, whenever found, measure-
ments of the thickness of the outcropping strata were made,
and specimens of the different strata collected. The sec-
tions thus made and other data accumulated, logs of
coal shafts and drill holes, are given in the following
pages, to show the data from which the diagram sec-
tions were constructed.

But few exposures are found in the vicinity of the
line, owing to the comparatively small variation in
altitude of the surfax^e, and to the entire region being
covered with a sheet of Quaternary deposits, clay,
gravel, or loess, to the depth of from 10 to 150 feet,

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and also to the general softnees of the strata, so that
even along the streams but few outcrops are seen, and
these of limited extent. It is as Mr. Eagelmann justly
said, in describing the geology of Washington county:
" In conformity with the predominating prairie character
and on account of the softness of most of the strata,
outcrops of rocks are quite scarce, and rocky cliffs are
only developed on a small scale."

The section is begun with the Belcher well at St. Louis,
the record of which will be found in the " Transaxitions
of the St. Louis Academy of Science" (Vol. I., pp. 80-86,
1857). East of the Mississippi river the line of the
section crosses first the flood plain of the Mississippi,
known as the American bottom, for a distance of about
seven miles, in which there are no exposures. The first
outcrops are found in the bluffs which rise to a height
of from 120 to 200 feet above the plain at their foot;
at the time of my examination the bluffs were so over-
grown with vegetation that the strata could be seen in
but few places.

St. Clair Coonty.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS.

(GEOL. 8UR. ILL. I., 298.)

Quaternary, marl, clay, Band, gravel, eto 20-160 feet.

Lower coal measures, iucludiug the conglomerate, about 300 "
Subcarboniferous or Mlssissipian series, comprising
the Chester and St. Louis subdivisionB, about 800 **

SECTION I.

Outcrop in Mississippi river bluff, seven miles northwest
of Belleville, on the northwest quarter of section 35, town-

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ship 2 north, range 9 west. Top of section is about 500
feet above sea level.

1. Sbale, blue, argillaceous, exposed 8 feet

2. Shale, yellow, argillaceous 6 "

3. Limestone, in part nodular with oonchoidai

fracture 1 foot.

4. Shale, blue, argillaceous, like No. 1 2 feet

6. Limestone, like No. S 8 "

6. Shale, bituminous, slaty - 3 inches.

7. Coal No. 6, "BeUeville Coal" 5 feet

Total thickness seen 25 " 3 "

SECTION n.

Outcrop in bluff at Strowbinger's coal mine, about one-
fourth mile southwest of preceding section. Top of sec-
tion about 490 feet above sea level.

1. Limestone 3 feet

2. Shale, bituminous, slaty 3 "

3. Coal No. 6 7-8 *

4. Fire-clay, from 1 foot 6 inches to 4 "

6. Limestone, exposed 2 "

Total thickness seen 20 "

SECTION m.
Section in Chris. Lauf's stone quarry on bank of Rich-
land creek, and coal shaft below quarry in Belleville. Top
of section is about 510 feet above sea level,

1. Clay, loess, quarried for the manufacture of

brick, Ule, etc 15-26 feet

2. Limestone, brownish, fossiliferous 3 " 6 inches.

3. Fire-clay 7 "

4. Limestone, granular, fossils, few, indistinct. 6 "
6. Limestone, fine-grained, bluish, bottom of

quarry 6 "

6. Limestone, one eight feet ledge, several

two feet ledges 21 "

7. Shale, bituminous, the "slate** of the miners. 2 "

8. Coal No. 6, "Belleville Coal- 7 "

Total thickness. 77 feet 6 inches.

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8EGTION IV.

Kecord of a well bored at Belleville, near the northwest

corner of section 3, township 1 north, range 8 west, in
1889, taken from the Belleville News-Democrat of March
8, 1889. Top of well is about 530 feet above sea level.

1. Soil and clay 2^ feet

2. Sand and gravel ' 2 '

8. Yellow clay 84 "

4. Limestone 68 "

6. Ooal(No.6) 7 *

6. Fireclay 2 ■

7. Shale and sandstone 169 "

8. Gray sandstone 14 "

9. Blackshale 3 "

10. Sandstone, white 10 ■

11. Clayshale 8 "

12. Sandstone, reddish 47 "

13. Sandstone, white 10 '

14. Sandstone, gray 12 *

16. Shale 27 *

16. Sandstone, soft 14 "

17. Sandstone, hard 16 "

18. Sandstone, gray 68 ■

19. Sandstone, dark 21 "

20. Limestone 26 *

21. Sandstone, brown 19 *

22. Limestone 18 "

23. Sandstone 16 "

24. Limestone, hard 21 "

26. Shale 100 "

26. Limestone 93 "

27. Shale 86 "

28. Sandstone 10 '

29. Oonglomerate SO *

80. Shale 66 •

81. Sandstone and shale 70 '

82. Shale.blaok 20 "

83. Sandstone and shale 26 "

84. Ohertyrook 20 "

Total depth 1141 feet

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No 20, in the above, marks the uppermost limestone,
I or No. 1, of Worthen, of the Chester group. The divid-

ing line between the l(3wer coal measures and the con-
glomerate is not easily drawn; perhaps No. 12 above
may be regarded as the top of the conglomerate; this
gives the conglomerate a thickness of 204 feet. Per-
haps this is too great a thickness, and it may be better
to regard No. 17 as the top; this would make the con-
glomerate 94 feet thick.

No. 34 probably marks the summit of the St. Louis
group. If so, the thickness of the Chester group, under
St. Clair county, at this point, is 584 feet. Prof. A. H.
Worthen (Geol. Surv. 111. I, 305.) says: "This group
(Chester), which is at least 600 feet thick in the
southern part of Randolph county, hew already thinned
out, before reaching the southern part of St. Clair, to
an aggregate of less than 100 feet, and includes only
the lower sandstone and a thin bed of limestone, which
probably represents also the lower limestone division in
Bandolph County."

The section above would indicate that the Chester
group does not thin to the north as rapidly as has been
supposed. If the interpretation given above is correct,
and it seems the best explanation of the record, it goes
to show that the study of surface exposures, few in
number, without the knowledge given by the drill, is
misleading; and illustrates how really small is onr
knowledge of the geology of Illinois, and enforces thti
necessity for a new geological survey of the State, or
if not a new survey, then a continuous organization
which shall accumulate and utilize the facts developed
by the drill and other exploitation.

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As correlated with the Chester group of Randolph
county, the beds in the record above have their equiva-
lents as follows :

No. 20— Limestone No. 1.
No. 21— Sandstone No. 1.
No. 22— Limestone No. 2.
No. 23— Sandstone No. 2.
No. 24— Limestone No. 3
No. 25— Lyropora shale.
Nos. 26 and 27— Limestone No. 4.

Nos. 28 to 33— Basal sandstone, or Auz Yases sandstone, of the
Chester group.

SECTION V.

Van Court's coal shaft, at O'Fallon, 111. Top of shaft
about 520 feet above sea level.

1. Soil 1 foot einohea.

2. Yellow clay 29 feet,

3. Yellow sandstone 16 "

4. Blue slate, mixed with sandstone. . . 29 "

6. Blue slate, mixed with iron ore 35 "

6. Fire clay 4 " "

7. Conglomerate 1 foot 6 inches.

8. Bod shale and marl 4 feet.

9. Gray limestone 6 " 6 "

10. Clay ehale 6 " 6

11. Sandstone 8 "

12. Bluishshale 4*6 "

13. Black-Bpottfd limpstone 6 " 6 "

14. Gray limestone 1 foot 6 *

15. Shale 46 feet 6

16. Coal 7 " 6

Total depth 207 feet 6 Inches.

The coal, No. 16, in the above record, is undoubtedly

Coal No. 6, or the "Belleville Coal." This would show

that the shale above the coal, which is almost wanting

in Section III, preceding, and is much thicker but inclu-

-11

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ded in No. 4, in Section lY, thickens very mnch east-
wardly. At Belleville, Coal No. 6 is about 420 feet above
the sea level, and at OTallon, about 320 feet above the
sea level.

SECTION VI.

Shaft of the great Coal Pit at Summerfield, III. Top
of shaft is about 500 feet above sea level.

1. Sou and olay 35 feet

2. Sandstone 3 * 6 inches.

3. Shale 11 *

4. Sandstone 12 "

6. Hard limestone 5 * 6 inches.

6. Sandstone 12 ■

7. Shales 81 •

8. Conglomerate 4 *

9. Gray shale 18 *

10. Shale, blue, black, etc 24 *

11. Hard limestone 5 '

12. Fire clay and black shale 25 *

13. Clay, shale and sandstone 8 *

14. Gray, limestone 8 *

15. Gray shale 19 * 4 inches.

16. Coal 4*8 ■

Total depth 276 feet

No. 5 (above) is the well marked horizon which has
been called by various names in the geological reports
of the State— Shoal creek limestone, Curlew limestone,
Carlinville limestone— and is regarded as marking the
boundary between the Lower and Upper Coal Mea.eures.

No. 16 is coal No. 6. At Summerfield it lies about 280
feet above sea level ; hence, in a distance of about nine
miles from 0'1^'allon to Summerfield, the elevation of
Coal No. 6*ha»*decli2i6d ninety feet, about, or a fall of ten
feet to the mile. This, however, is probably not the full
amount of the dip, as the general dip of the strata is not
directly to the east.

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8E0TION Vn.

Outcrops along Jack's Rud, one-half mile east of Free-
burg, on section 29, township 1 south, range 7 west.

1. Shale, arenaceous, exposed 6 feet.

2. Sandstone, soft, micaceous, massiye layer 2-3 *

3. Sandstone, thinly stratified, in part shaly 15 *

4. Shale, argillaceous, greenish 6 *

Total thickness 29 feet

These strata lie some forty feet above the Belleville
quarry rock, according to Worthen's report on St. Clair
county, and correspond to Nos. 7-10 of Section 71, and
Nos. 10-12 of Section V. A well was bored to the depth
of 480 feet at Freeburg, some years ago, but investiga-
tion developed the fact that no record of the strata
passed through had been preserved.

SECTION vm.

Boring at Leraenton, on the Cairo Short Line (St. L.,
A. & T. H. B. R.), on section 8, township 2 south, range 7
west. (Geol. Sur. 111., VII, 31). Surface about 460 feet
above sea level.

1. SoU 3 feet

a. YeUowday 14 "

3. Sand and gravel 1 foot.

4. Blue clay 20 feet.

5. Carbonaceous dod 1 foot.

6. Clay shale 24 feet.

7. Bock (not defined) 1 foot

8. Clay shale 7 feet

9. Black shale 9 " 6 Inches.

10. CoalNo.5 Ifoot 6 •

11. Fire day and shale 34 feet

12. Hard rock (limestone ?) Ifoot 6 inches.

13. Bhickshale 3feet 6

14. Coal (No. 3. Worthen) 0 " 2 *

15. Fire clay and shale 9 *

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16. Brown shale 4 feet

17. Black or blue shale 9 "

18. Hard blue shale 1 foot.

19. Sandstone 9 feet.

20. Brown shale 1 foot.

21. Sandstone 1 "

22. CJoal (No. 2, Worthen) 1 "

Total depth 156 feet 2 Inches.

SECTION IX.

Boring from the bottom of coal shaft of White Oak
Coal Co., near Marissa, 111. (Geol. Sur. 111., Vil, 31).
Top of shaft approximately 500 feet above sea level.

1. strata above Cool No. 6 141 feet.

2. CoalNo.6 6 "

3. Fireclay 7 " 11 inches.

4. Limestone 2 " 10 •

5. Fire clay 1 foot.

6. Limestone 0 feet 11 inches.

7. Clay shale with iron ore concretions 50 " 10

8. Black shale 5 " 6

9. Clayshale 33 "

10. Blue shale, containing nodules 18 " 3

11. Limestone 1 foot 3

12. Black shale 6 feet.

13. Coal Ifoot 3

14. Fire clay and coal. 2 feet 7

15. Fireclay 5 " 4

16. Coal 0 • 10

17. Fireclay U " 6

18. Variegated shale 1 foot 6

19. Sandy shale 8 feet 9

20. Dark limestone 0*3

21. Micaceous sandstone 15 " 6

22. Sandy shales with clay partings in lower

part. 60 ■ 1 •

Total depth 372 feet 1 inch.

Nos. 13-16 of the above represent one of the lower
seams, perhaps No. 3. Coal No. 5 does not appear to
be developed at this point.

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Washington County.

The geological formations which outcrop at the surface,
with their estimated thickness, are given by Mr. Henry
Englemann in the Geol. Sur. 111., Ill, 148, as follows:
Upper sandstone formation 200-250 feet.

(Worthen considers the thickness here given an over-
estimate, and thinks 100 feet to be a much nearer ap-
proximation).

Shoal Creek limestone.- 7 feet

Slaty division 15-60 •

Lower sandstone formation 270 *

The Quaternary, which covers the county as with a
blanket, varies from ten to fifty feet, and at some points
is still thicker. But few outcrops embracing any consid-
erable vertical thickness, were met with.

SECTION X.

Outcrops on Williams creek, on the south half of sec-
tion 22, township 2 south, range 4 west. Top section
about 470 feet above sea level.

1. Shale, bluish, somewhat marly, exposed 3 feet.

2. Sandstone, soft, masBlve, micaceous 4 "

3. Shale, argillaceous, bluish 2 "

4. Interval not exposed, probably shale 7 "

5. Shale, argillaceous 6 **

6. Sandstone, thinly stratified, soft, micaceous 2 "

7. Sandstone, massive, micaceous, exposed 2 *

Total thickness 26 feet.

No. 5, in the above, presents a peculiar appearance.
Undoubtedly a coal measure stratum and in situ, it
showed, irregularly distributed on the face of the expos-
ure, two large, exceedingly hard limestone boulders and
one sandstone boulder, and a large number of pebbles,
the whole reminding one of some deposits of the drift
formation. Is this debris of an ancient iceberg or glacier

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—a carboniferous glacial period? Unfoi^tiinately, but a
few feet were exposed, so that nothing definite could be
ascertained.

SECTION XI.

Outcrop on Elkhorn creek, on northeast quarter of sec-
tion 82, township 2 south, range 4 west. Elevation above
sea level of the top of the section, about 460 feet.

1. Sandstone, soft mioaceous, forming an overhanging
bluff, probably underlaid by shale, exposed thick-
ness 20 feet

SECTION xn.

Outcrops on Elkhorn creek and its branches, in the vi-
cinity of Oakdale, on sections 14 and 15, township 8
south, range 4 west. Top of section about 520 feet above
sea level.

1. Sandstone % 8 feet

2. Shale.black 0 ' Sinohes.

3. Shale, sandy 1 foot.

4. Limestone, impure, with carbonaceous

material disseminated 6 feet 4 *

6. Clay, shale, greenish and grayish 3 '

6. Limestone, impure, hard, splintery, lo-

cally termed "bastard," quarried for

foundations 1 foot 3 inches to 0 * 8 '

7. Clavshale 2 "

8. Not exposed, probably clay shale, about 5 "

9. Sandstone, micaceous 20 *

10. Clay shale 5 "

11. Sandstone and sandy shale 25 '

Total thickness 70 feet 8 Inches.

Top of the above section is about seventy feet below
the top of the Lower Coal Measures. Judging from the
depth beneath the surface of Coal No. 6, at Coulterville
and at Nashville, at Oakdale Coal No. 6 will be found at
a depth of about 340 feet below the surface.

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BiconoN xm.

Coal shaft at Nashville, 111. Record kindly famished
by Col. L. H. Knighoff. Top of shaft about 510 feet
above, sea level.

1. YeUowday 16 feet

2. Sand 8 "

8. Pale yellow clay 7 "

4. Blue clay 8 •

6. Blue shale , 4 * 6 inches.

6. Limestone, Shoal creek 6 * 6 *

7. BUckshale 4 *

8. OoalNo.9 2 •

9. Clayshale ..!.... 6 ■

10. Sandstone 8 "

11. Sandyshale 47 •

12. Limestone 0 ' 4 inches.

13. Blue shale 14 •

14. Ck>nglomerate of clay, gravel and lime-

stone 2 ■

16. Black shale 1 f oot 6

16. Fire clay 4 feet

17. Clayshale 8 "

18. Sandy shale 25 "

19. Soft sandstone 22 "

20. Blueshale 26 *

21. CoalNo.7 , 1 foot 2

22. Fireclay 1 " 8

23. Onglomerate of sand atd limestone 4 " 6 "

24. Sandyshale 63 *

26. Blue and black shale 43 "

26. Fireclay 1 foot 8 "

27. Blue shale 3 feet

28. Fire clay 4 " 6 "

29. Soft rock, mixture of sand and limestone 5 "

30. Fireclay 1 foot 6 *

31. Hard limestone 15feetl0 "

32. Black shale 3 - 8

33. Blue shale, with boulders and lime rock. . 3 "

84. Sandyshale 6 *

36. Sandstone 9 *

36. Fireclay 1 f o

37. Blueshale 2 feet

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88. White shale 0 feet 6 inches.

89. liimestone 4*2

40. Dark blue shale 2 " 6

41. Fossiliferous limestone 0 " 10

42. DarlK blue shale 7*6

48. Black Umestone 4 " 6

44. Dark gray limestone 3 " 6

46. Blackshale 2-8

46. OoalNo.6 6 •

Total depth 420 feet

If No. 46 is really the No. 6 coal, which seems to be
the general opinion, the general section of the Coal Meas-
ures given in Geol. Sur. 111., VI., 2-4, does not give suffi-
cient thickness of strata between Coal No. 6 and the
Shoal creek limestone. In 1889 a drill hole was put
down at Nashville to the depth of 1,000 feet, or some-
what more, but if a record was kept, about which there
is some dispute, repeated efforts have failed to obtain it

SECTION xrv.
Outcrop on Locust creek, about the middle of section
24, township 3 south, range 3 west. Top of section
about 410 feet above sea level.

1. day and gravel (Quaternary) 20 feet.

2. Shale, soft, micaceous, sandy 8 '

Total thickness 28 feet.

SECTION XV.

Outcrop on Watering creek, on the northeast quarter
of section 18, township 3 south, range 2 west. Top of
section about 420 feet above sea level.

1. Clay and gravel (Quaternary)

2. Limestone 0 * 4-6

3. Shale 10 "

4. Sandstone layer, soft 1 foot.

6. Shale, argillaceous 10 feet.

6. Sandstone, hard 0 " 8-10 •

Total thickness 22 foet 4 inches.

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SECTION XVI.

Outcrop on Beaucoup creek, on the northwest quarter
of section 85, township 2 south, range 2 west. Top of
section is about 470 feet above sea level.

1. Soil and day (Quaternary)

2. Shale, argillaceous, bluish 1 foot.

8. Coal No. 9 0 feet 6 inches.

4. Shale, black, carbonaceous 3 " 6 *

6. Shale, argillaceous, partly nodular 7 "

Total thickness 12 feet.

A short distance below where the section was taken,
fragments of the ShoaJ Creek Limestone were found in the
bed and on the banks of the creek, but no outcrops could
be found showing the limestone in place. Hence I could
not determine how great a distance intervened between
the Coal No. 9 and the Shoal Creek Limestone at this
point.

SECTION XVII.

Outcrops adjacent to Little Muddy river, on the west
half of section 27, township 3 south, range 1 west. Top
of section about 510 feet above sea level.

1. Sandy shale and thinly stratified sandstone 20 feet.

2. Sandstone, even-bedded, layers from three to twelve

inches thick, has been largely quarried 4 *

Total thickness 24 feet.

Perry County.

The line of the section passes diagonally through the
northeast township of the county. The few surface out-
crops are near the dividing line between the Upper and
Lower Coal Measures. A bed of sandy shale, about 15
feet thick, was seen near Little Muddy river, on the north-
east quarter of section 3, township 4 south, range 1 west,
the same bed as No. 1 in Section XVI.

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; 8KOTION XVm.

j Outcrop on northeast quarter section 18, township 4

f south, range 1 west. (Geol. Sur. 111., Ill, 96). Top of

! section is about 485 feet above sea level.

1. Gray shale, with nodules of iron 8 feet.

2. Hard, bluish-gray limestone (Shoal Creek) 5 *

5. Shale 4 " 6 inches.

4. CoalNo.9 Ifoot

6. Clay shale 6 feet

Total thickness 19 feet 6 inches.

Jefferson County.

The line of the section cuts diagonally the southwest
corner of Jefferson county. The very few surfa.ce exposures
represent the lowest strata of the Upper Goal Measures,
the Shoal Greek Limestone being but a short distance
beneath the surface.

SECTION zix.
Outcrop on Little Muddy river and adjacent hillside,
near the line between sections 30 and 31, township 4
south, range 1 east. Top of section about 480 feet
above sea level.

1. Sandy shale 10 feet

2. Interval not exposed, probably shale 10 *

8. Sandstone, soft, ferruginous, partly massiye, partly

evenly stratified. 8 •

Total thickness 28 feet

Franklin Connty.

The surface of the northern part of the county tra-
versed by the line is rolling, but presents no great
variation in altitude, hence outcrops are few, and
but limited in vertical extent. The Quaternary varies
from 10 to 30 feet in thickness. All the outcrops belong
to the lower part of the Upper Goal Measures.

On a small branch in section 6, township 5 south,
range 2 east, an exposure of three feet of micaceous

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sandstone was seen. No other exposures were met on
the Big Muddy river or its affluents in the northwestern
part of the county.

Two miles north of Benton, on the west half of section
6, township 6 south, range 3 east, an outcrop of about
thirty feet of soft, brownish, ferruginous sandstone, with
some sandy shale interstratified, has been quarried for
building purposes.

About two and one-half miles northeast of Benton, in
the northeast quarter of section 9, township 6 south,
range 3 east, an outcrop of soft, ferruginous, micaceous
sandstone, of about 20 feet, underlaid with two or more
feet of clay shale, with concretions, usually of small size,
of kidney iron ore, and with the fragmentary remains
of fossil plants, occurs on a small branch. A little far-
ther on, near the center of section 36, township 5 south,
range 3 east, the wagon road cuts through sandstone
and sandy shale, exposing about six feet.

In a small run in township 7 south, range 4 east, on
section 12, probably was seen an exposure of clay shale,
with concretions of kidney iron ore.

These were all the outcrops examined in Franklin
county. The only boring at all near the line, of which
I could learn, and it too shallow to give much informa-
tion, is the following section.

SECTION XX.

Boring at Parrish, 111., near the line of the St. Louis
& Paducah R. R. Surfa,ce about 450 feet above sea level.
Data furnished by Mr. J. N. Bryant.

1. Soil and clay 8 feet.

2. Sandstone 11 "

3. Carbonaceous shale 3 "

4. Coal (No. 8?) 1 foot

6. Clay shale 30 feet.

6. Sandstone 12 "

Total thickness 60 feet.

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Hamilton County.

But one small exposure w€ls discovered in the south-
western corner of Hamilton county, about one-half mile
east of the county line, on section 6, township 7 south,
range 5 east, where about six feet of a micaceous sand-
stone outcropped.

Saline Connty.

The geological formations outcropping, are:
Upper Coal Measures.
Lower Coal Measures.
Chester Group.

The exposures of the Chester are in an axis of uplift
in the southeastern part of the county, several miles
southwest of the line, known as the Eagle mountains.
The few outcrops discovered belong to the Upper Coal
Measures.

About one-half mile north of Gallatia, some 25 feet of
shale are exposed, with about three feet of the underly-
ing sandstone.

SECTION XXI.

Boring at Ledford, on section 29, township 9 south,
range 6 east, about ten miles southwest of the line of
the section. Surface about 420 feet above sea level.
These strata belong to the Lower Coal Measures.

1. Loess 13 fe«*t.

2. Hard sandstone 6 "

3. Gray shale 2 *

4. Sandstone 7 "

6. Gray shale 2 *

6. Hard sandstono 6 "

7. Hard, dark shalo 2 "

8. Hard sandstone 3 "

9. Sandstone and shale 9 "

10. Soft sandstone 17 *

11. CoalNo.6 6 "

12. Soft sandstone 45 *

Total thickness 117 feet.

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Gallatin County.

The geological formations of this county are Lower
Goal Measures and Chester Group. The latter occupies
the hilly or mountainous country in the southwestern
corner of the county. Along the line only Coal Measure
strata appear at the surface.

SECTION xxn.

Outcrop on east bank of the North fork of the Saline
river, on the northeastern quarter of section 22, town-
ship 8 south, range 8 east. Top of section 890 feet
above sea level.

1. Soil and clay

2. Shale, arenaceouB, ferruginous 3 feet.

3. Shale, darlc blue, argillaceous, contains nod-

ules of kidney iron ore ^ 30 •

4. Shale, arenaceous, micaceous 12 "

5. Limestone, chert-lilce, splintery, much

cracked and seamed at the surface 3*6 inches.

6. Shale, black, friable, exposed 4 **

Totalthickness 52 feet 6 inches.

SECTION XXIII.

Strata at north end of Equality, at Peter Brightner's
coal mine, on section 17, township 9 south, range 8 east.
Data from Mr. Brightner. This section overlies the next
(XXIV) at some interval, which I had no means of de-
termining.

1. Sandstone. 30 feet.

2. Fire clay 1 foot.

3. Limestone "bastard,** very hard 4 feet.

4. Blackshale 0 " 6 inches.

6. CoalNo.7 4 ••

6. Fireclay..... 2 •

Totalthickness 41 feet 6 inoheB.

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SECTION XXIV.

Outcrorpfl' at Eqalility , on soutteefa^t quarter of se^^tion
17, townnhip 9 south, range 8 east. Top of section abont
430 feet above sea level.

1. Sanadtone, ferrugiDous, mloaoeous 10 feet.

S. ArgillaceouB shale 15 *

S. Ooal(No.6?) Ifoot 6 inches.

4. Shales and eandstoDe 40 feet

Total thickness 66feet 6 faiches.

8IBGTION XXV.

Becord of the Shawneetown Gas and Oil Go.'s well
boring, made 1887*8. As a churn drill was used, the

thickness assigned the various strata is only approxi-
mately correct. Surface about 850 feet above sea level.

1. Clay, sand and gravel 110 feet

2. Hard, flinty rock 2 ■

8. Soft black 9late 10 -

4. Soft sandstone.' 10 "

6. Fire clay 1 foot 6 inches,

6. Shale 80 feet

7. CJoalNo.7 7 "

8. Shale 78 "

9. CoalNo.6 6 *

10. Clayshale 130 "

11. Sandstone 16 •

12. Shale, lower pait producing a limited

amount of gas 96 *

13. Sandstone 20 *

U. Shale 30 •

15. White sandstone, with some oil 60 *

16. Shale 10 •

17. CoalNo.l a •

18. Slate 25 '

19. OUyshale 37 *

20. Bhickshale 10 *

21. Soft blue sandstcHie (salt water) 65 *

23. Sandyshale 60 *

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28. Soft white iandstone 20 feet.

24. Sandy shale 15 "

26. ClaylShale.i 25 •

26. Sandy ahale 40 •

27. Shale 30 •

28. Hard white Bandstono 30 "

29. Softshale 6 "

30. Hard sandy shale 40 "

31. Shale 60 "

32. Hard sandstone (salt water) 190 "

33. Softshale 10 •

34. Shale 15 "

35. Hard sandstone (saltwater) 50 *

36. Shale 10 •

37. Hard sandstone.. 70 •

38. Limestone 30 "

39. Hard sandstone 10 •

40. Soft sandstone 20 "

Total depth 1513 feet 6 inches.

Nob. 1-27 may be regarded as Lower Coal Measures
proper; Nos. 28-37 as the Couglomerate. The dividing
line is seldom well marked, and may be drawn somewhat^
higher or somewhat lower in the series without doing
any violence. No. 38 marks the highest limestone of the
Chester Group. This makes the thickness of the con-
glomerate 480 feet at this point— very much greater
than has been hitherto thought. Prof. A. H. Worthen,
in the Geological Survey of Illinois, volume VI, pp. 2-5,
where an exhaustive section of Coal Measures strata is
given, says that the thickness of the coarse sandstone
or conglomerate forming the base of the Coal Measures,
usually range from 20 to 110 feet. Possibly only Nos.
85-37 should be regarded as Conglomerate; this gives
a thickness of 130 feet. In this event, there is a vaatly
greater aocuniulatioa of strata between. the Conglom-
erate and Coal No. 1 than is given in Prof. Worthen's
section above referred to.

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BBCTION XXVI.

Outcrop on bank of Ohio river, in front of Shawnee-
town. (Compare Geol. Sur. 111., YI, 198). Strata all
dip to the south, at an angle varying from 10° to 25°.
Estimates of thickness are somewhat doubtful approxi-
mations. The vertical thickness of the strata is given,
not the amount of space occupied horizontally. The sec-
tion crosses the upturned edges from north to south.

1. Black shale, with concretionary bands of clay iron-

stone interstratifled 15 feet.

2. Hard, black, bituminous shale . . • 6 "

8. Goal a •

4. Bluish shale, with irregular beds of thin, flue-grained

sandstone interstratifled 12 *

6. Shale, gray or dove-colored 10 "

6. Arenaceous shale 6 "

7. Argillaceous shale 30 *

8. Sandstone, hard, flne-grained 20 "

9. Shale and sandstone, layers alternatii g 10 "

10. Shale, arenaceous, micaceous 3 "

11. Sandstone, flne-grained 10 •

18. Shale, bluish, arenaceous, micaceous 4 "

13. Sandstone, ferruginous 30 *

Total thickness 158 feet

14. Interval not exposed.

16. Sandstone, soft, ferruginous, horixontal, exposed, 5 feet.

The indications are that there is a fault between Nos.
13 and 15, but the limited examination I could make,
and the insuflScient exposure, furnished me no data for
establishing the surmise.

These strata belong to the lowest part of the lower
Goal Measures, in part to the basal sandstone known
as the Conglomerate.

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Greolosrical Section ia Southern Illinois through Water-
I0O9 Sparta, Murphysboro and Olmstead.

Introductory.

This line essentially parallels the Mississippi River at
a distance from it of from 15 to 20 miles. Beginning
with the Lower Carboniferous it crosses the southwestern
border of the Lower Goal Measures, again issues upon
the Lower Carboniferous and leaves the State after pass-
sing through the Tertiary in Pulaski county. The line
changes direction at Sparta and Murphy sboro, bending
each time more towards the south.

Monroe County.

Monroe is one of the most interesting counties in the
State to the geologist and paleontologist. The outcrop-
ping strata over a large part of the county belong to
the Lower Carboniferous, or Subcarboniferous, for which
term Mississippian is now being substituted, a formation
abounding with a wealth of fossils often exquisitely pre-
served. In the extreme northern part the county is
crossed by an axis of disturbance, bringing to the sur-
face some of the lower formations; entering from Mis-
souri the uplift causes quite a dislocation near Salt Lick
Point, and disappears southeastwardly.

The following table of geological formations, having
surface outcrops, is taken from the Qeol. Sur. 111. V., 270.

Goal measores 40- 50 feet.

Chester group 100-350 "

Upper St Louis limestone 140-150 •*

Lower St. Louis or Warsaw beds 120-130 "

Keokuk limestone 150 "

Burlington limestone 75-100 "

Kinderhook group 80-100 **

Trenton limestone (In part) 120 '*

—12

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No boring could be found which would give an idea
of the underground geology. An artesian well was put
down at Waterloo some years ago, but no record seems
to have been kept. The time at my disposal was too
limited to enable me to make much exploration of the
surface outcrops.

SECTION xxvn.

Outcrops along Fountain Creek on sections 27 and 34,
township 2 south, range 10 west. Strata dip to the
west at a low angle. Top of section about 540 feet
above sea level. All strata belong to the St. Louis
group.

1. Limestone, in layers from (our inches to four

feet thick, with occasional shaly or mariy
partings between layers, fossiliferous,
some layers weathering cherty 15 feet

2. Limestone, cherty fossils numerous, mainly

bryozoa and braohiopoda 5 "

3. Limestone, quarried for building purposes.. 12 "

4. Marl layer with a peculiar assemblage of

small fossils, mainly gesteropoda, pen-
tremites and bryozoa, varying in thick-
ness from 2 inches to 10 inches, ayeraging 0 " 6 inches.
6. Limestone 4 "

6. Marly or shaly layer contains most abund-

antly an undescribed species of stenopora 0 " 4 inches.

7. Limestone, fossiliferous 5 "

Total thickness 41 feet 10 inches.

SECTION xxvm.

Outcrop on small branch flowing into Prairie du Long
creek, on west half of section 21, township 3 south,
range 8 west. Top of section about 450 feet above sea

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level. All the strata belong to the Chester group, but
the exact position in the series has not been determined.

1. Limestone layers with shaly partings 8 feet

2. Limestone layer 2 "

5. Limestone layers with shaly and marly part-

ings 6 ••

4. Limestone layer 1 foot

6. Shale and marl with thin slabs of limestone

intercalated 9 feet

6. Limestone layer. 0 " 8 inches.

7. Limestone layers with shale partings 4 feet 6 "

8. Blue marly shale 1 foot 8 "

9. Limestone layers 4 feet

Tptal thickness 36 feet 5 inches.

All the limestones in the above sections are fossiliferous,
but the shales and marls much more so. Brachiopods,
pentremites and fragments of crinoids are common, but
the bryozoa are by far the most numerously represented,
the genera Fenestella, Archimedes and Bhombopora
leading in representation. More examples of the rare
Goelocomus granosus, Ulrich, have been obtained from
this locality than from any other though it is a widely
distributed form.

My studies in the Chester Group confirm the earlier
observations of Prof. Worthen, that the different beds
of the Chester so much resemble each other lithologically
and in their fossil contents, that the identification of
the various beds, either by their fossils or lithological
characters, is impossible. It may be that long-continued,
painstaking, patient collection and study of the fossils
will serve to discover some distinctive or particular
horizons, so that eventually we may be able to say just
where in the series any given outcrop belongs; but at
present, unless continuous outcrops showing relative
superposition give the due, we are unable to place any-
given outcrop in its proper pl£u».

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Randolph County.

The geological formations seen at the surface in this
county are the Lower Goal Measures, including the
Conglomerate, the Chester Group and the St. Louis
Group. The line of the section cuts the northern and
eastern parts of the county, and all the outcropping
strata passed over belong to the Chester and Lower
Coal Measures.

It is in this county that the Chester has its typical
development; for comparison with what follows, Prof.
Worthen's tabular presentation is given. (Geol. Sur.
111., I, 284).

Chester Group.

1. Gray, compact, siliceous limestone No. 1 25-30 feet.

2. Shale and shaly sandstones, partially exposed. . . 80-'J0 "

3. Shaly limestone No. 2 16-18 "

4. Massive brown sandstone 40

6. Limestone No. 3 40-45

6. Oreen and blue argillaceous shales, with plates

of limestone 45-70

7. Arenaceous and argiUaccous limestone No. 4 20-30

8. Massive and shaly sandstone 15-20

9. Compact and granular gray limestone No. 5, with

intercalations of blue, green and purple shales,

about 150 "

10. Massive quortzose brown sandstone 120 "

I have, in this report, adopted the numbering of the
limestone beds as given above, though afterwards, in the
reports of the Geological Survey, in the chapters describ-
ing the geology of Johnson, Massac, Pope and Hardin
counties, the beds are differently numbered.

Whether detailed study will bear out this di\ision into
five different successive limestone beds, each with an un-
derlying sandstone except No. 3, I am not prepared to
say. There may also be some doubt whether these sand-
stones are continuous over wide areas.

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SECTION XXIX,

Strata displayed in hillside northwest of court house
at Chester, 111., from top of hill to river level (ten feet
of water in the channel).

L Kot exposed, elsewhere shown to be sandstone In

lower part 73 feet.

2. Limestone I foot.

3. Green, blue and purple shales 12 feet.

4. Limestone, regularly bedded 10 "

5. Limestone, irregularly bedded, partly nodular and

argillaceous 42 **

6. Green, blue and purple shales, partly marly, highly

fossilif erous in places (Lyropora shale) 63 *•

7. Compact giBy limestone 27 "

8. Kot exposed, elsewhere seen to be limestone mainly. . 46 "

Total thickness 264 feet.

Nos. 4 and 5, above, are the Limestone No. 3 of the
general section; No. 7, above, is the Limestone No. 4;
and No. 8, above, is probably Limestone No. 5, in which
case there is no sandstone at this place between Lime-
stones Nos. 4 and 5. To No. 6 of the section above, I
have given the name of Lyropora shale. It forms an
easily recognized horizon, in which the bryozoan Lyro-
pora, to whose stony supports, with the fenestration
between lost or broken away, the name "frog mouths"
has been popularly applied, is very characteristic. I have
not yet succeeded in ascertaining whether the Lyropora
is restricted to this shale and the underlying limestone,
but at any rate it is rare, or wanting in strata higher
in the series.

SECTION XXX.

Boring made with diamond-core drill at Red Bud, 111.,
in 1888. Data generously furnished by Mr. Geo. Saxe-
meyer. Surface about 450 feet above sea level.

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■fi

■m

1. Soil and clay 8 feet.

J. LimeBtone U " 6

8. Clay shale 11 " 1 "

4. Sandstone 2 " 6 "

6. Clay shale 7 "

6. Clay shale and sandstone mixed 6 " 11 *'

7. Sandyshale 19 " 6 "

8. Limestone 1 foot.

9. Sandstone 0 feet 10 "

10. Limestone 2 - 3 **

11. Clayshale 2 " 4 "

12. Limestone, with shale partings 25 " 7 "

13. Green and brown shale 10 "

14. Limestone and shale mixed 2 " 3 '*

15. Green and red shale 7 "

16. Limestone, fossiliforous 3 " 6 "

17. Red clay shale 1 foot

18. Sandstone 6 " 9 •*

19. Clayshale 13 "

20. Sandstone and sandy shale 15 " 3 "

21. Clayshale 15 " 9 "

22. Sandstone and sandy shale 12 '*

23. Clay shale 15 "

24. Sandyshale 3 "

25. White sandstone, coai*se, siliceous 63 " 6 "

26. HardUraestone 198 " 6 "

27. Limy sandstone 18 "

28. Limestone 28 "

29. Sandy limestone 12 "

30. Limestone 64 "

Total depth 580 feet

Expressed in geological terms, the preceding section
reads:

Noi.

1. Quaternary 8 fet-u

2. Chester Group— Limestone No. 4 14 *' 6 inohea.

3-7, " — Sandstone and shale . . 47 feet

8-17. " —Limestone No. 5 55 " 9 "

18-25. " —Sandstone (Aux Vases). 134 * 3 "

26. St Louis Umestone 198 " 6 "

27-30. St. Louis (Warsaw Division) 122 "

Total thickness 580 feet

! '

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SECTION XXXI.

Outcrop of Chester Group strata on the Okaw or Ka»-
kaskia river, on the northwest quarter of section 16,
township 4 south, range 7 west. Top of section about
380 feet above sea level.

1. LimestoDe In ledges measuring 9, 8, 15 and

10 inches 3 feet 6 Inches.

2. Marly shale, with abundance of characteris-

tic fossils 1 foot.

3. Limestone, exposed 1 " 8 "

Total thickness 6 feet 2 inches.

Natural Gas at Sparta.

1. BRIEF HISTORY.

A period of depression had fallen upon Sparta and
the adjacent country. Something must be done to pviU
out from the slough of despondency into which all
things had fallen. To Mr. W. B. Taylor was due the
suggestion which led to the formation of a stock
company, in December, 1887, to bore into the earth.
The drill was started January 28, 1888, in the west end
of the city of Sparta. Various delays and ill luck at-
tended the drillers, but at length on the eighth of June,
at a depth from the surface of 845 feet, most unex-
pectedly, gas with strong pressure and in large volumes
burst forth. The discovery was as grateful as it was
unexpected. For a time, in the absence of any means
of holding it in or utilizing it, the gas was suffered to
flow out unchecked, and many millions of feet went to
waste. Meantime the large burning flame, twenty feet
in height, aroused the surrounding country to a wonder-
ful degree. But soon mains were laid, and the citizens
were industriously piping their houses and putting gas
burners into their stoves, and proceeded to enjoy nature's
most impressive gift to man. Exploitation continued
with the degree of success usually attending the drilL

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A second well, one-half mile west of the first, gave no
gas. A third well, one-half mile distant, in a south-
easterly direction, gave an abundant supply. And now
the usual cupidity came into play with the attendant
wastefulness. An adjoining landowner put down a well
as near No. 3 as he could get. Of course it was success-
ful, but as it was draining the same territory it simply
decreased the life of its predecessor. The following table
shows the continuation of the exploitation, and the
accompanying chart the location of the wells.

TABLE SHOWING EXPLOITATION.

Number
of WeU.

When Bored.

Beeult

PreeeDt Ck)nditioD

5
6

7
8

11
12

12a

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Jan.-June, 1888

Aug.-Sept, 1888

8ept.-Oot., 1888

Oct.-Nov.. 1888

Dec.-Jan., 1889

Feb.-Mar. 1889

April
Jime,

1889
1889

Sept-Oct., 1889

Sept.-Dec., 1890

Oct.-Nov., 1891

November, 1891

Nov.-April. 1892

December, 1891

Jan.-April, 1892

April-May, 1892

January, 18!*3

Mar.-April, 1893

May-June, 1893

Dec- Jan., 1894

April.-May. 1894

June-Aug., 1894

Strong flow of gas .

No gas

Very strong flow of gas.

Strong flow of gas ,

Produced but lit-
tie after 1890;
abandoned in
1893.

Scarcely any gas.

Small flow of gas ; rook dose

textured

Scarcely any gas

A little gas; rock dose

textured.

Strong flow of gas

Abandoned before reaching
gas rock with loss of tools.

Strong flow of gas

Abandoned at 480 feet with

loss of tools

Strong flow of gas

Medium flow of gas

Strong flow of gas

No gas; rock close textured.

A moderate flow of gas

Medium flow of gas

No gas; rock close textured.

Quit suddenly.

June, 1894.
Still yielding

slightly.
Never used.

Never used.
Never used.

Never used.
Has ceased to
yield.

Still producing.
Ceased producing
suddenly.

Producing.
Producing.
Producing.
Producing.
Producing.

Producing aiittle.
Producing.

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Diagrram Showingr Liocation of Wells*

Sketch ihowmg location of wdh at Spa/rta.

Productiye gas wells k
N n-produoing welln •
Scale : 2 inches = 1 mile.

sWesr

J West.

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186

8. RKCORDS OF BORINGS.

Logs of the wells, showing the thickness of the strata
passed through and kind of material, were kept of wells
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8, which will be given hereafter.
None are very reliable, though No. 8 seems most worthy
of confidence. No records have been preserved of later
wells. In the earlier wells, the gCLS sand was penetrated
from four to seven feet, but in the later wells, Nos. 12
to 20, the rock has been penetrated deeper, from ten to
forty feet. Sometimes the flow has been increased by
going deeper, other times not.

Had records of all the wells been preserved, an interest-
ing chapter might have been written upon the topography
prior to the glacial period. The depth of drift deposits
varies from 34 feet, in No. 1 and 57 feet in No. 2, to
99 feet in No. 3, 116 feet in No. 5, 65 feet in No. 7, 70
feet in No. 8, 104 feet in No. 11, 109 feet in No. 13, 107
feet in No. 14, 120 feet in No. 16, 315 feet in No. 17,
94 feet in No. 15. These figures, even if not all accu-
rate, indicate a very uneven surface under the drift, pos-
sibly the bed and banks of an ancient water-course.

4. ROCK PRESSURE AND FLOW.

The confined pressure of the wells had never been ac-
curately determined. No. 1 exceeded 200 pounds, but
how much was never known. No. 3 reached 350 pounds
on a steam gauge, the limit of the gauge. The later
wells, Nos. 12, 13 and 14, had an initial pressure of
from 180 to 200 pounds. This accords with experience
in other fields, that the pressure lessens as the field is
opened up.

But one measurement had been made of the open or
flow pressure— on No. 4, at an early date, by Mr. D.
McConathy, of Louisville, Ky. This showed between four
and five pounds through a two-inch pipe, which would

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represent a production of som'ethiDg over a million feet
per day. This is, however, a maximum under the best
-conditions.

5. LIFE OF WELLS.

No. 1 was greatly weakened by No. 3, which haa
probably produced a larger amount of ga« than any
other well. Nos. 3, 4 and 9, aJl within a few feet of each
other, supplied the town for considerably more than two
years ; after which they still continued to yield, blit had
to be helped by additional wells. No. 3 has lasted about
five and a half years; No. 4 is still yielding slightly, but
shows signs of exhaustion. Seven years will represent
the extreme life of a well in this area, under the best
-conditions. As the field is drained, the later wells cannot
be expected to last as long or be nearly as productive
as the early ones. During the winter of 1890-1, during
the cold spells, the wells were allowed to flow freely, i. «.,
without any back pressure. The next winter showed them
cgreatly weakened.

6. PRODUCTION AND COST.

The following data, for which, with many others, I am
indebted to Mr. D. P. Barker, the obliging secretary of
the Sparta Natural Gas and Oil Co., were furnished to
the agent of the Census Bureau. They cover the year

1889:

Total production of gas 80,830,000 cubic feet.

Waste from leakage and other causes 4 , 000 , 000 *'

Ck)n8umed for domestic fuel (400 fires) 54 , 000 , 000 "

Consumed in steam establishments (3) 22 , 830 , 000 "

Gas sold for $3,842.30

Tons of coal required for equivalent work. 3,340

Value of coal displaced, at $1 . 50 per ton . . $5 , 010 . 00

The Gas Company furnished about two-thirds of the
gas consumed, hence the total production of the field,
for the year, would aggregate in the neighborhood of

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188

120,000,000 cubic feet. As this wets the year of mcuLi-
mum production, the total output of the field since its
opening has fallen not far short of 500,000,000 cubic
feet. This from a territory less than one mile square.

The amount of money expended by the Gas Company
and private parties in developing: the gas, has amounted,
in round numbers, to f 60,000, composed of the follow-
ing Items :

DrilliDg, casiDg and equipping wells $30,000

Pipe Unes 15,000

Labor, repairs and miscellaneouB items 15,000

In addition, the piping of some 200 houses, paid for
by the owners, at an average cost of f25, amounts to
15,000. To offset this amount of f65,000 which has
gone after the gas, there is an income of f40,000 from
the sale of gas. This corroborates experience in some
other fields, that the gas involves an actual money loss.
However, the convenience, comfort and cleanliness of
gaseous fuel, fully compensate for its increased cost.
When at its best, the gas supplied some 600 domestic
fires, five steam establishments, and one brick-burning
plant.

7. WELLS.

The wells have all been put down with a cable rig.
Two attempts were made with a pole rig, but were fail-
ures. The time required to drill to gas rock has varied,
but after some experience in handling the strata was
acquired, it was no uncommon thing to go the 845 or
865 feet in two weeks. Most of the wells have been cased
as follows: Eight inch drive-pipe to work, varyinoj from
30 to 116 feet; next, five and five-eighths inch pipe to
about 500 feet, to shut out water from the shales and
sandstones resting upon Limestone No. 2; lastly, four
and one-quarter inch pipe, with packer nearly to the gas

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rock. In the earlier wells, the gas sands could seldom be
drilled deeper than three or four feet. Later, some of
these wells were deepened. In the later wells, the drill
has usually been sent down from 14 to 40 feet after the
gas was encountered.

8. EXTENT OP THE FIELD.

The area exploited at Sparta, covers less than two
square miles. Although drilling in other parts of south-
ern Illinois was stimulated by the discovery at Sparta,
at no other place has gas been found in commercial
quantities. Hence not enough is known to determine
the extent or capacity of the field. That all the wells
but one drilled without a small, well defined area, have
proved failures, seems rather inexplicable. The records
of the borings are not accurate enough to determine, in
so small an area, what is the structure of the gas sand
and adjoining strata, whether we have to deal with a
quaquaversal or dome, or with an anticline. The sand-
stone, which serves as the holder for the gas, varies in
porosity, being most porous in the strongest wells, and
quite dense in those which have yielded little or no gas.
Further exploitation may prove differently, but it looks
as though we had here a small but once bountifully filled
pocket, which is now (August, 1894,) rapidly nearing
exhaustion.

SECTION xxxn.

Borings at Sparta, 111. Surface from 520 to 545 feet
above sea level.

I have attempted, in the following table, to correlate
the record of such of the gas wells as were kept by the
drillers. The borings were made with a churn drill, the
results of which are always inaccurate, and are made
up with less or more of guess-work— usually more. In

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190

this case the records are further corroded by the fact
that the drillers were drillers, and not geologists or min-
eralogists. The men had no interest except to reach the^
gas sand as quickly as possible, and so, besides, being
unable to always discriminate the strata, they were un-
interested and careless. The record of well No. 3 is espec-
ially inaccurate. The drillers gave a depth of 886 feet
to the gas sand, while 864 feet of casing were put into
the gas sand. Of the logs given, that of No. 8 seems
the most accurate.

The drilling was stopped whenever gas was found in
quantity. If gas failed to come, the drilling was con-
tinued, as in wells Nos. 2, 5 and 8, until the water
became salty. Below . salt water, the drillers stoutly
maintained, gas could not be found; they had all learned
their lesson in the Ohio and Indiana field. That the con-
ditions in this field might be different, wa« to them mani-
festly impossible. However, it is very improbable that^
more gas can be found by going deeper.

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In the following table are given souae figures compiled
from the preceding logs, showing thickness of forma-
tion, etc.:

Well
No. 1.

Wen
No. 8.

WeU
No. 2.

Well
No. 3.

Well
No. 6.

Elevation of top of well above
sea level

545

535

525

520

Depth of well

850

948

1025

891

981

Depth from surface to gas
sand

845

822

886

894

Depth to gas sand from top
of first limestone beneath
surface

781

775

765

787

778

Thickness of strata between
the top of the first limestone
and the top of Coal No. 6. .

Thickness of Coal Mi^asurcs
(including conglomerate)
from top of first limestone
beneath suiface

334

340

331

394
191

?40

Thickness of Chester to base
of Limestone No. 4

332

307

287

266

Thickness of Chester to top
of gas sand

447

435

434

39;t

438

Thickneps of Chester Lime-
stone No. 5 to gas sand

100

lOU

103

142

Total of Limestone No. 6
penetrated

203

312

103

229

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198

It seems probable that well No. 2 penetrated into the
basal sandstone of the Chester Group, but from the re-
cord it is impossible to ex£U2tly mark the beginning. In
the record of No. 3, I am unable to locate the base of
the Coal Measures. As I have placed it, the thickness is
too great. To regard the **limestone 11 feet," which I
have placed in the Conglomerate as Limestone No. 1 of
the Chester, does not give nearly enough thickness.

SECTION xxxni.

From a comparison of the records of the wells and
Prof. Worthen's sections, I have constructed the follow-
ing ideal section, as it may be termed, to show what a
fairly ax^urate record of drilling would disclose:

1. Soil and drift, about 40 feet

2. Sandstone, at top more or less decomposed 30 "

3. Limestone 10 "

4. Coal(No.7) 2 -

6. Fire clay and shale 15 "

6. Limestone, with shale pai tings 22 "

7. Shale 0-3 "

8. Coal (No. 6) 6 "

9. Fire clay and shale 6 "

10. Limestone 8 "

11. Shale ; 4 ••

12. Coal(No.6) 4 "

13. Shale 8 •'■

14. Limestone, with shale partings 16 **

15. Shale 14 •*

16. Coal(No.3?) 2-4 "

17. Shale 35 "

18. Coal(No.2?) 3 "

19. SaDdstx)ue and shale (Conglomerate) 180 "

20. Limestone (No. 1 of Chester Group) 20 "

21. Shale 15 "

22. Sandstone 40 *•

23. Shale 17 "

24. Limestone (No. 2 of Chester Gniup) 15 *

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199

26. Shale 20 feet

26. Sandstone 40 "

27. Shale 18 "

28. Limestone (No. 3 of Chester Group) 30 "

^. Soft shale (Lyropora shale) ', 65 ''

30. Limestone (No. 4 of Chester Group) 30 "

31. Sandstone 80 "

32. Shale and limestone 30 "

33. Shale 16 "

84.. Sandstone (gas) 7 "

36. Shale 20 **

36. Limestone 14 "

37. Shale 40 "

38. Sandstone and sandy shale (A.ux Vases sandstone). 120 "

Total thickness 1046 feet

No8. 2-19 are Coal Measures, No. 19 being the basal
sandstone (Conglomerate). Nos. 20-38 represent the en-
tire thickness of the Chester Group, which, in this section,
is made 636 feet. Prof. Worthen's section, referred to
before, gives 613 feet.

Between Coal No. 6 and Coal No. 5, Prof. Worthen
gives 30 to 40 feet of shaly sandstone. This must have
been a mistake in stratigraphical correlation, qa none of
the borings bear this out, and the miners in the county
state that the interval between Nos. 6 and 5 is only
from 15 to 20 feet. All the mines of the county, with
one or two exceptions in the neighborhood of Percy,
work No. 6, though No. 5, while not so thick, is uni-
versally considered a finer coal. Probably Prof. Worthen
identified a lower seam as No. 5. In his description of
Randolph county, he considers that but two seams ap-
pear developed in this county. The drill indicates the
presence of three, and perhaps four, seams.

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200

SECTION XXXIV.

Log of Isabella Thompson coal shaft, south of Eden^
on the northwest quarter of section 8, township 5 souths

range 5 west. Top of shaft 497 feet above sea leveL

Shaft put down July to September, 1888.

1. Soil and clay 3 feet.

2. Yellow clay 17 "

3. Blueclay 3 "

4. Quicksand 4 "

5. Silt 2 ••

6. Gravel 4 "

7. Silt 3 * 6 inches.

8. Quicksand and gravel 6 " 6 "

9. Silt, veiy pure and pale 8 **

10. Silt, coarser, mouse-colored 3 **

11. Hardpan or concrete 4 "

12. Sand, fine, gray, close, firm 6 **

13. Hardpan, sand and clay niized 6 " 6 inches^

14. Silt 2 " 6 **

15. Boulder clay 6 " 3 "

16. Fine gravel 4 '*

17. Boulder clay .' 1 foot 9

18. Laminated clay 5 feet.

19. Nodular limestone, bluish gray 6 " 10

20. Clay shale 0 " 10 "

21. Coal(No7?) 1 f oot 7 "

22. Light, argillaceous sandrock 1 " 8 '*

23. Fireclay 3 feet 2 *'

24. Blue clay shale 5 ** 11 "

25. Buff-colored limestone 2 '*

26. Blue-banded limestone 1 foot U *•

27. Clay shale 3 feet 6 "

28. Clouded gray and buff limestone 3 " 6

29. Fire clay parting 0 " 4 "

30. Bluish gray slate 3 " 1 "

31. Black limestone 2 "

32. Buff and black spotted limestone 1 foot 1 "

33. Gray and black lime bands 1 **

34. Brownish gray limestone 3 feet 10 **

35. Black t-late 1 foot 8 "

36. CoalNo.6 6 feet 6 "

Total depth 140 feet 5 inches.

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201
The section condensed, is:

1. Soil and drift 90 feet.

2. Limestone and shale 7 " 8 incheBb

3. Coal(No.7?) 1 foot 7 "

4. Fire clay and shale 10 feet 9 "

6. Limestone 22 * 3 "

6. Black slate 1 foot 8

7. Coal No. 6 6 feet 6 **

Total thickness 140 feet 5 inches.

The slate above Coal No. 6 is variable, ranging \n
thickness from 0 to 3 feet. The coal varies from 5 feet
10 inches to 6 feet 4 inches, being thickest where the
black shale above it is thickest.

SECTION XXXV.

Boring at Coulterville, 111. Record from Mr. J. Q. A»
Nisbet, through the kindness of Mr. J. P. McClurken.
Surface 545 feet above sea level.

1. Soil and drift 30 feet

2. Slate 50 **

8. Clayshale 20 "

4. Black slate 40 "

5. C lay shale 15 '*-

6. Shale 45 **

7. Clayehale 20 "-

8. Slate 75 **

9. Limestone 15 **

10. Coal (No. 6) 7 '^

11. Clayshale 30 *•

12. Slate 25 "

13. Black slate 13 "

14. Coal 8 "

15. Slate 20 **

16. Limestone 7 "

17. Black slate 10 "

18. Limestone 6 **

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202

19. White alate 20 feet

20. Limestone 10 "

21. Clayshale 25 "

22. Limestone 20 "

23. Claysliale 15 "

24. Brown slate 20 *

26. White sandstone 65 **

26. Slate 40 "

27. Sandstone 215 "

28. Slate 10 "

29. Limestone 10 "

30. Slate 15 -

81. Limestone 20 "

32. Slate 40 "

83. Bedrock 10 •*

34. Limestone 40 "

35. Bedrock 30 -

36. Limestone 20 •*

87. SUte 25 "

38. Bed slate 25 "

39. White sandstone, salt water 17 "

Total depth 1 1 17 feet

If the record is at all correct, No. 14 above is probably
Goal No. 3. If so, it shows unusual thickness at this
point. It can hardly be No. 5, as it is too far below
No. 6. As best I can interpret the record, Nos. 2-28
are Lower Coal Measures, Nos. 24-28 being the Con-
glomerate, giving it a thickness of 340 feet; Nos. 29-
39 are the Chester Group, No. 29 being the Chester
Limstone No. 1, No. 31 the Limestone No. 2, No. 34
the Limestone No. 3, No. 36 the Limestone No. 4, and
No. 39 the horizon of the gas sand at Sparta. This in-
terpretation makes the Coal Measures and Conglomerate
much thicker here than at Sparta, and the Chester Group
much thinner, but the total distance between Coal No. 6
and the gas sand horizon only about 75 feet greater
than at Sparta.

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203

SECTION XXXVI.

Boring on Rurey farm, on northeast quarter of section
8, township 6 south, range 5 west. Record kindly fur-
nished by Mr. C. E. Kingsbury. Surface about 450 feet
above sea level.

1. Solland drift 23 feet

2. Slate and Band 4 "

3. Gray slate, with one foot of coal 37 "

4. Sandstone * 6 "

5. Sandstone, dark. 25 "

^. Sandstone and slate 30 "

7. Sandstone 159 '

8 Slate 16 "

9. Limestone 15 "

10. Slate 15 "

11. Limestone 70 "

12. Slate 30 "

13. Sliale 16 "

14. Black shale 22 "

15. Limestone 112 *•

16. Slate 02 "

17. Limestone 10 "

18. Slate 15 "

19. Limestone 73 "

^0. Slate 7 ••

21. Limestone 28 "

22. Slate 10 "

23. Slate and sandstone 16 "

24. Sandstone 6 "

25. Sandy shale 16 "

26. Slate 5 "

27. Sandstone 22 "

28. Limestone and shale 10 "

29. Shale 62 "

30. Sandstone 5 "

31. Shale 5 "

32. Sandstone 150 "

83. Limestone 207 "

Total depth 1289 feet

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Expressed geologically, the section reads:

Nos.
1.

Qunrte
Lower

marv

Feet.

Feet
23

2-5.

Coal Measures (proper)

6-8.

10.

CODglC

Cbeste

merate

r Group— Limestone No. 1

—Shale

.... 15
15

2o;>

11.
12-14.

15.
J 6-18.

19.

—Limestone No. 2

—Shale

• —Limestone No. 3

• — Lyropora shale

• '—Limestone No. 4

.... 70
.... 68
.... 112
. .. 87
73

20.

• —Shale

21-31.
32.

* —Limestone No. 5

' — Aux Vases Sandstone

.... 185

150

33.

St. Lo\

lis Limestone

782
207

Total thickness

1289

The horizon equivalent to the Sparta gas sand is some-
where in No. 29. The Chester Group is 782 feet thick,
or about 150 feet more than is indicated by the boriugs
at Sparta.

SECTION XXXVII.

Well bored at Stellville with diamond core drill. Record
given me by Mr. C. E. Kingsbury, who has taken an active
part in promoting and keeping records of drillings. Sur-
face about 450 feet above sea level.

1. Soil and quiclisand 60 feet.

2. Sandstone 48 *

3. Limestone 0 '* 5 inches.

4. Sandstone 2 ** 7

5. Coal ' 0 " 5

6. Clay shale 8 " 7

7. Sandy shales and sandstone 5 ** 6 "

8. Sandstone, with darli streaks 2 "

9. Sandstone and sandy shale 7 **

10. Soft clay shale 9 " 2 "

11. Striped sandv shale 1 foot 6 "

12. White sandstone and striped sandy shale. . 3 feet 6 "

13. Limestone 0 ** 4 "

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14. Striped sandy shale 1 foot.

16. Dark clay shale 9 feet.

16. White sandstone 1 foot.

17. Dark sandy shale 4 feet.

18. Gray sandstone 1 f oot

19. Limestone 0 feet

20. Sandstone and sandy shale 0 "

21. Dark shale 8 "

22. Sandstone 3 "

23. Hard rock 0 "

24. Striped sandstone 10 *

25. Hard rock , 0 "

26. White and gray sandstone 11 "

27. liimestone o "

28. Sandstone 3 "

29. Dark, coarse sandstone 0 "

30. White sandstone 34 "

31. Sandstone, with dark nodules 1 *

32. White sandstone 12 "

33. Dark, coarse sandstone 1 "

34. Conglomerate 0 "

35. Coarse sandstone 47 " :

Total depth liOO feet.

inches.

The greater part of this accurate section is Conglom-
erate, with a few overlying strata of the Lower Coal
Measures proper. I am unable to draw this line in the
record. Ponsibly No. 7 may be considered the top of
the Conglomerate. Even an examination of the strata
themselves is not always sufficient to decide, as the sand-
stones and shales of the two formations are very much
alike. In fact, we may very much doubt the utility of
attempting to separate the formations iu the Illinois coal
field, though in the Appalachian coal field the dividing
line is easily drawn.

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Perry County.

The line of the section passes diagonally through the
southwestern corner of Perry county. No exposures were
seen near the line of the section. A very careful and
accurate boring made on the line of the Wabash, Ches-
ter & Western Railroad, in July, 1887, at Galum creek,
about four miles northeast of the line, is here given, to
give some idea of the character of the strata comprised
in the lower Coal Measures along this portion of the
line. The record has been previously published in Geol.
Sur. 111., VIII, 56.

SECTION xxxvin.
Boring at Galum creek, on section 35, township 5 south,
range 4 west. Surface about 440 feet above sea level.

1. SoU and olay 17 feet 6 iDchee.

2. Black shale 1 foot 10

3. Daik blue limestone 8 feet 8

4. Blackshale 2 " 6

6. OoalNo.6...^ 6 " 10

6. Pire clay....' 1 foot 6

7. Limestone 1 " 3

8. Soft white shale 2 feet 3

9. Light gray limestone 2 *'

10. Sandyshales 7 " 10

11. Hard white limestone 6 ** 7

12. Hard gray shale 2 "

13. Hard blue limestone . 0 *' 6

U. CoalNo.6 4 " 8

16. Fireclay 11 ** 1

16. Limestone 0 " 9 "

17. Shale 2 "

18. Sandy shale and sandstone 52 " 6 "

19. Blue shale, with limestone nodules 5 " 3 "

20. Fossilferous limestone 1 foot 4 "

21. Black shal 8 feet H

22. CoalNo.4 3 " 1

23. Gray clay shale 1 foot 8

24. Coal 0 feet 2

25. Dark shale, with sulphur nodules 2 " 4 •*

26. Gray shale with pyrites 0 " 9

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37. Grayahale 0 teet 10 inches.

28. Black Bhale, with limefetooe nodules 6 " 2

29. Limestone 0 " 1 Inch.

30. Shale 13 " 10 inches.

31. Blackshale 2 " 9

32. CoalNo.3 2 " 2

33. Gray shale 8 " 6

34. Limestone 0 " 9

36. Shale aid sandstone 3 " 9 '*

36. Shales, with bands of sandstone and lime-

stone 15 " 7

37. Shale.: 9 " 8

38. CoalNo.2 1 foot 6

39. Green clay shale 0 f eet 6 "

40. Limestone 0 •* 11 "

41. CoalNo.2 2 " 6

42. Fire cUy 1 foot 7

43. Grayshale 0 feet 8 "

44. Sandy limestone 0 " 8 "

46. Grayshale 0 " 9

. 46. Darkshale 0 ** 6 "

47. Soft ooal and Eoctmjxed 0 " 9 "

48. Brown and gray shales, with limestone

nodules...:.. 7 " 6 -

49. Shale 12 " 9

60. Sandstone 4 " 6

61. Black shale, foesilferous 1 ** 11

63. CJoalNo.l 3 " 6 "

63. Blackshale 0 " 6

64. Dark sandy shales 8 " 7 "

66. Gray shale, with limestone nodules 1 foot 9 ''

66. Shale 13 feet 5 "

67. CJoal 1 foot 7

68. Dark shale, with limestone nodules 2 feet 2 **

69. Sandy gray shales 6 " 9 •*

60. Shale, with streaks of coal 6 " 5 "

61. Shale '. 28 " 9 "

62. White sandstone, with streaks of coal 1 foot.

63. Ck>ar8e sandstone 14 feet 8 "

64. Pebbly conglomerate 1 foot.

Total thickness 344 feet

No. 63 marks the top of the CoDglomerate Division of
the Lower Coal Measures.

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Jackson Coiinty.

This fs another very interestiDg county from a ^ologi-
cal Btandpoiut. The outcropping formations are given
in the following table taken from the Economical Geology
of Illinois, vol. 1, p. 505.

Lower Coal Measures, including conglomerate 500-600 feet

Chester Gix>up 800 **

St. Louis Group 250 "

Keokuk Group 150 "

Burlington Limestone 100 "

Hamilton Group 40-75 "

Comiferous limestone 20-30 **

Onondaga limestone 60 *'

Oriskany Gi oup (Clear Creek limestone) 250 "

Lower Helderberg limestone 200 •*

Along the line of the section the outcropping rocks
are Lower Coal Measures exclusively. The Chester Group
occupies a large area in the western and northwestern
parts of the county, and the lower formations a rather
small area in the southwestern part of the county.

SECTION XXXIX.

Outcrops along the line of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad
between Bryden and Ava, on sections 28 and 29, town-
ship 7 south, range 3 west. Top of section about 550
feet above sea level.

1. Hea\T-bedded sandstone 85 feet.

2. Shalo with iron concretions 25 "

3. Interval not exposed, estimated at 10 "

4. Shale 3 "

5. Shaly sandstone 4 "

6. Sandstone 4 "

7. Shale 4 "

8. Sandstone thinly bedded 4 "

9. Sandstone ledge 2 "

10. Shale 4 **

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11. Sandstone, heavy bedded with traces ot

plants 11 feet.

12. Shalo 4 "

13. Sandstone, thinly bedded 3 * '

14. Sandstone 5 "

15. Coal 8 Inches to 1 foot

16. Shale with remains of plants 0 feet. 6 Inches.

17. Sandstone 3 "

Total thickness 122 feet 6 inches.

The section is near the top of the Conglomerate and
may embrace a few strata belonging to the Lower Coal
Measure proper. I was unable to determine the exact
horizon.

SECTION Xli.

Boring at Murphysboro, 1888. Record kindly fur-
nished me by Mr. W. H. Hull. Surface about 430 feet
above sea level.

1. Soil and drift 98 feet.

2. Blackfihale 27 "

3. CoalNo.2 6 "

4. Blue shale 20 "

6. Grav sandstone 48 "

6. Gray sandy shale 67 "

7. While sandstone 163 "

8. Blueshale 118 "

9. Limestone (?) 30 "

10. Light blue shale 20 "

11. Dark shale . 25 "

12. Limestone 3 *'

13. Dark blue shale 10 "

14. Gray limestone 18 "

15. Dark blue shale 13 "

16. Limestone 54 "

17. Bituminous shale 2 **

18. Light bluH shale 20 "

19. Gray sandy shale 16 **

20. Dark blue shale 4 "

21. Dark sandy shale 23 "

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23. Oniy limeetone 6 feet

23. Dark limestone 10 **

24. Dark blue Bhale 25 **

26. Limestone 14 •*

26. Daik blue shale 11 *•

27. Dark simdy shale 13 "

28. Gitiy sandstone 15 "

29 Daik Umestone 12 •*

30. Dark blue shale 44 **

31. Dark limestone 4 "

32. Gray limestone 30 "

33. Dark limestone 22 *

34. Blue shale 15 "

Total depth 1005 feet

No. 9 18 certaiDlj an error, it should be sandstone.
Expressed in geological terms the above section reads:

Not. Feet

1. Quaternary 98

2-6. Lower Coal Measures 168

7-11. Conglomerate 356

12-14. Chester Group— Limestone Ko. 1 31

15. —Shale 13

16. —Limestone No. 2 64

17-21. —Sandy shale 65

22-23. —Limestone No. 3 15

24. — Lyropora shale 26

25. —Limestone No. 4 • 14

26-28. —Sandstone and shale 39

29-34. —Limeetone No. 5 127

383

Total thickness 1005

SECTION XLI.

Borinp^ made with diamond drill in 1892, near Mur-
physboro, on the northwest corner of the southwest
quarter of section 34, township 8 south, range 2 west.
Record furnished by Mr. J. D. Peters, the accomplished
superintendent of the St. Louis Iron & Steel Co. Surface
elevation about 445 feet above sea level.

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1. day and sand 86 feet

9. Shale 30 *• 6 inchea.

3. Dark blue ahale, wlfh oonoretionB 38 " 5

4. OoalNo.2 6 " 4

6. Daikblueshale 16 "

8. Gray Bandetone 20 "

7. Blue sandy shale, with blaok partlDgs 3 "

8. Gray sandy shale, with black partings 13 "

9. Dark sandy shale, with black partings 30 "

10. Bituminous shale 9 "

11. Gray sandy shales, with black partings 7 "

12. Brown sandstone 69 '*

13. Dark shales, with sand partings 35 "

14. Light sandstone 6 "

15. Dark shale, with sand partings 21 ''

18. Light sandstone 46 <*

17. Daik shale, with sand partings 3 "

18. Sandstone 6 "

19. Light sandy shale 6 "

20. Light sandstone 61 **

21. Sandstone, with traces of coal 0 " 1 ineb.

22. Light sandstone 34 " 111

23. Dark sandy Shale 3 "

24. Dark blueolay shale 67 * 6

25. Sandstone, with shale partings 1 foot 6

26. Dark blue clay shale 3 feet

27. Sandstone, with shale partings 45 '*

28. Sandstone 9 "

29. Limestone 1 foot.

30. Blue clay shale, with sand partings 5 feet

31. Limestone 33 "

32. Dark blue clay shale 10 "

33. Limestone 26 "

34. Clay shale 9 "

35. Light sandy shale 23 " 6

36. Soft coal and shale mixed 1 foot 6

37. Sandstone 0 feet 6

38. Soft coal and shale mixed 1 f oot 6

39. Light sandy shale 15 feet.

40. Sandstone, with streaks of coal 42 "

41. Limestone 1 foot

42. Dark clay shale 6 feet

43. Limestone 2 *'

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44. Dark clay shale 5 feet

45. Limestone 1 foot.

46. Dark clay shale 3 feet.

47. Light limestone 11 "

48. Dark clay shale 6 "

49. Light sandy shale 2 **

60. Limestone 5 "

51. Daikclay shale 14 **

Total depth 881 feet

Expressed geologically, the section reads:

Nob. Feet.

1. Quaternary 86

2-12. Lower Ck>al Measures 237

13-28. Conglomerate 336

29-31. Chester Group— Limestone No. 1 , 39

32. —Shale 10

33. —Limestone No. 2 26

34-40. —Sandy shale 93

41-45. —Limestone No. 3 14

46-49. — Lyropora shale 21

50-51. — Limestone No. 4 19

222

Total thickness 881

SECTION XLII.

Outcrop on hillside east of Makanda, III., on the west
half of section 27. township 10 south, range 1 west.
Top of section 725 feet above sea level.

1. Soil and clay 10 feet

2. Conglomerate— Sandstone 150 "

3. " — Shnle and thin ledges of sandstone. . 36 "

4. Concealed to level of railroad track 52 *

Total thickness 248 feet

About a mile and a half southecist of Makanda and
not far from the county line, near the top of the
conglomerate hill, occurs a bit of picturesqueness, which
locally had received the name **Giant City". It consists

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of a seri b of chasms or clefts varying from a foot to
twelve feet wide, and in depth from a few feet to thirty
or more, intersecting each other at various levels and
varying angles. Whether this unusnal structure is due
to erosive or other agencies, the limited examination I
could give failed to disclose.

At Moore, two miles south of Makanda on the Illinois
Central Railroad, the conglomerate sandstone is quar-
ried; the vertical face of the quarry, all white sandstone
of excellent quality, measured 87 feet. Some of the
layers are slightly stained with iron.

Union County.

The line of the section passes not far from the middle
of the county, cutting diagonally the townships in range
7 west. The conglomerate ridge crossing the northern
part of the county gives it an almost mountainous
aspect. Bald Knob, the highest elevation in southern
Illinois, is about five miles west of the line. The forma-
tions outcropping are very much the same as in Jackson
county, but do not run quite so high up in the series.
The following formations were identified by the geolog-
ical survey of the state.

Ck>nglomerate sandstone 200 feet

Chester Group 800 "

St. Louis Group 200-250 "

Kinderhook 80-100 "

Chemung (black slate) 40-60 "

Hamilton Group 60 "

Comlferous 25 "

Onondaga 60-90 "

Oriskany (Clear creek) 200-250 "

Lower Helderberg 250 "

No deep wells have come to my knowledge which would
throw any additional light upon the above. A well 566
feet deep was sunk at the Southern Illinois Insane

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Asylum, but no record was found. A few samples pre-
served showed the drill to have passed almost entirely
through limestone, probably all of the St. Louis Group,
stopping in the Warsaw division. If this interpretation
is correct, though it is little more than guesswork, the
St. Louis Group is thicker than indicated in the table
of formation above.

The line of the section crosses successively the Con-
glomerate, the Chester and the St. Louis, the other
formations being confined to the western side of the
county.

SECTION XLHI.

Outcrop three and one-fourth miles south of Makanda,
m., not far from the center of section 9, township 11
south, range 1 west. Top of section about 530 feet
above sea level.

1. Thin bedded flaggy sandstone with foesU plants 7 feet

2. Shale , 6 "

8. Heavy bedded limestone, (Ohester No. 1,) with oharaet-

eristic fossils, exposed 18 "

Total thickness 80 feet

This section shows the. conformable superposition of
the Conglomerate upon the Chester Group.

From the southwest quarter of section 16, township
11 south, range 1 west, for about two miles to Cobden,
the railroad cuts through the sandstone, called No. 2,
in the geology of Union county, by Prof. Worthen, lying
immediately under the limestone No. 1. The thickness
of the sandstone could not be measured as the exposures
are not continuous. The sandstone which is mostly
micaceous, lies in ledges from four to six inches thick.

SECTION XLIV.

Outcrops (not continuous) north and northeaiSt of
Anna, 111., on sections 8 and 17, township 11 south, range
1 west. Top of section about 625 feet above sea level.

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1.' Limestone In ledges from one to twelve
inches in thickness, with thin shale part-
ings especially near the bottom ; oharaot-
eristio Chester fossils abundant 30 feet

2. Shale, somewhat marly, dark green, purple,

and chocolate in color, with numerous
finely preserved bry ozoa, also brachiopods
usually crushed and pentremites 20 "

3. Limestone heavily bedded 20 **

4. Sandstone and sandy shale, only partially

exposed —

5. Interval not exposed —

6. Limestone 6

7. Green sbale, destitute of fossils..- 1

8. Limestone with few fossils 8

9. Sandy layers, only partially exposed —

10. Interval not exposed —

11. Limestone becoming leached —

12. Crystalline limestone 2 *' 8 inches.

13. Oolitic limestone 0 " 5

14. Crystalline limestone 2 " 8

15. Crystalline limestone, with characteristic

St. Louis Group brachiopods and pentre-
mites 15 "

16. Oolitic limestone 5 '*

Nos. 1-9 belong to the Chester Group, Nos. 11-16 to
the St. Louw Group. As the outcrops were not con-
tinuous there was no way of determining the thickness
of the basal sandstone of the Chester, immediately over-
lying the St. Louis.

Pulaski County.

The area of this county is occupied almost entirely by
two formations, the St. Louis Group and the Tertiary.
No records of deep wells or borings were discovered. The
St. Louis consists of limestones presenting the usual char-
acters. The Tertiary consists mainly of clay, micaceous
sand derived from decomposed coal measure strata, and
a ferruginous, pebbly, conglomerate.

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SECTION XLV.

Outcrop in hillside east of Pulaski, III., near the center
of section 15, township 15 south, range 1 west. Top of
section about 455 feet above sea level.

1. Soil, loam and olay 59 feet.

2. Pebbly oonglomerate 8 "

3. Clay shale, bluish and drab 30 *'

4. Sand 1 foot.

5. Impure lignite 0 " 2-4 inches.

6. Drabclay 1 "

7. Sand, very ilne and white 12 feet.

8. Concealed to level of railroad track, prob-

ably sand 4 "

Total thickness 115 feet 4 inches.

SECTION XLVI.

Outcrops in the vicinity of Caledonia, 111., on section
23, township 15 south, range 1 east. Top of section
about 400 feet above sea level.

1. Soil and clay (quaternary) 25-30 feet.

2. Pebbly conglomerate 8-12 "

3. Clay shale..... 35 "

4. Sandy marl, greenish and brownish 18 **

6. Ferruginous sandstone 2-3 "

6. Blulshmarl 3 **

7. Purplish marl or variegated clay 6 "

8. Impure lignite 2 "

Total thickness 109 feet

The beds underlying No. 8 were covered bv the high
water of the Ohio river which was about 32 feet above
low water mark on the day when the above section was
measured. In both the preceding sections the different
deposits succeeded each other in the same order. Whether
this is true of all the tertiary deposits in this end of the
State, or whether there is an indiscriminate commingling
of the various kinds of material, my fleld-work was too
limited to determine.

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In sinking the piers of the Illinois Central bridge over
the Ohio an Exogyra coatata was found in excavating
showing that the Cretaceous exists under the bed of the
Ohio; but no outcrop of Cretaceous has ever been re-
corded in Illinois.

In the course of this work one thought has forced itself
upon me again and again. If only the State could be
induced to undertake a series of borings and keep care-
ful and exact records of the strata penetrated, our knowl-
edge of the geology of Illinois would gain a wonderful
expansion. There can hardly be a doubt but thac such
an undertaking would be in the highest degree beneficial
even from a utilitarian and economic standpoint, while
from a scientific standpoint the results would be incal-
culably valuable.

ADDENDA.

In the prosecution of the work the following additional
sections were collected, which have not been previously
published.

SECTION XLvn.
Shaft of coal mine and boring of Centralia Mining and
Manufacturing Co., at Centralia, Marion county. The
record of the shaft is given in Geol. Sur. III. VI, 5; since
publication a boring with a diamond core drill was made
from the bottom of the shaft. For convenience of refer-
ence and comparison with the next section, the entire
section is here given:

1. Hard pan 2 feet 6 inches.

2. Yellowolay '. 9 " 6 "

3. Olaysbale 11 "

4. Blue slate 47 "

5. Shale 0 " 8 "

6. Limestone 1 foot 6 "

7. Coal 0 feet 8 "

8. Blue slate 24 " 6 "

9. Clayshale 2 "

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10. Llmeetone 6 feet 6 incbeib

11. Hard Bandstone , 6 '*

12. Coal 0 " 2 "

18. Soft sandatone 6 "

H. Coal 0 " 6 "

15. Sandstone 2 " 6 ••

16. Coal 0 " 2 ••

17. Clayahale 4 "

18. Limestone 2 "

19. Sandstone 12 " 2 "

20. Bluerock 1 f oot 6 ••

21. Fire clay 2 feet

22. Clayahale 15 " 6 -

23. Blueslate 29 "

24. Limestone (Shoal Creek) 11 "

25. Shale 6 " 6 •*

26. CoaL 0 " 4 "

27. CUyshale 4 "

28. Sandstone 10 **

29. Slate 60 *"

30. Limestone 1 **

31. Shale 2 '•

32. Clay shale 3 "

83. Sandstone 24 "

34. Blueslate 79 "

35. Coal 1 " 2 ••

36. Coal shale 3 "

37. Conglomerate of limestoDe 8 "

38. Light colored slate 10 "

39. Sandstone £6 '*

40. Dark colored slate 43 "

41. Black slate with carbonate of iron 0 '* 6 **

42. CoaL 0 " 1| •*

43. Clay shale with solphite of iron 3 "

44. Soft stratlfled rock, a mixture of limestone,

kidney ore and fire clay 11 "

45. Sandstone with sulphite of iron 1 foot.

46. Deep black slate 1 '*

47. Fire cUy 1 " 6 •

48. Gray limestone 2 feet

49. Variegated shale 8 "

60. Coal 2 ••

^1. Marble llmeetone 8 **

62. Blueshale 2 '*

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^. Gray limeBto&e 4 feet 6 inohes.

64. Blackshale 2 " 6 "

55. Gray Ume8tx>n6^ 4 "

66. Blackshale 12 •

67. Blue limestone. 7 "

68. Bituminous shale 2 " 61 "

69. GoiJ (bottom ot shaft 276 teet) 7 "

60. Sump, fire clay 10 "

61. Saud, shale and lime mixed 3 "

62. Lime shale 1 foot 2 "

63. Coaland slate 0 ** 4 "

64. Clayshale 62 feet 6 "

65. Black slate 5 "

66. CoaL 2 " 2 "

67. Dark clay shale 2 " 10 "

68. Limestone 1 foot 4 "

69. Clayshale 11 feet 8 "

70. Gray slate...; 7 *'

71. Sandy shale 14 "

72. Clayshale 3 " 3 •'

73. Black slate 0 " 9 "

74. Coal 1 f pot 3 "

75. Soft brown fire cUy 3 feet 9 ^

76. Conglomerate limestone and shale 1 foot.

77. Sandy shale 9 feet.

78. Dark clay shale. 4 "

79. Black slate 0 "

80. Coal 0 "

81. Gray shale 1 foot.

82. Coal 0 foet

83. Sandyshale 5 "

84. Darkshale 2 "

85. Black slate 1 foot

86. Coal 1 "

87. Gray shale 1 "

88. Sandy shale 4 feet.

89. Gray shale with limestone partings 3 "

90. Coal 0 "

91. Giay sandstone. 5 "

92. Sandyshale 2 '*

93. Clayshale 3 "

94. Coal .0 "

95. Fireclay 3 *•

96. Clayshale 2 "

1 inch.

inches.

«t

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97. Black date 1 foot 3 Inches.

9B. Ck)al 1 " 3 ••

9». Brown olaj Bhale 4 feet 6 "

100. White fire clay 1 foot

101. Fireclay 8 feet 6 "

102. Limestone. 1 foot 6 **

103. Clay shale 2 feet

104. Blackslate 1 f oot 7 **

105. Coal 6 feet II

106. Dark shale 1 foot 6 ••

107. Sandy shale 14 feet

108. Sandbtone 16 "

H9. Gray shale 4 **

110. Clayshale 25 " 6 •*

111. Conglomerate of sand and boulders 6 " 6 "

112. Sandy shale 2 "

113. Clayshale 12 " 8 "

114. Coal 0 " 4 ••

116. Fireclay 0 " 2 "

116. Clayshale 3 " 7 "

117. Sandstone 18 " 3 -

Total depth 886 feet

SECTION XLVra.

Log of Pittenger & Davis' coal shaft at Centralia, 111.

1. Hardpan 3 feet

2. Bed clay 10 **

3. Bed clay and gravel 2 "

4. Blue clay 10 "

5. Clay shnle 5 "

6. Coal 0 *• 10 Inches.

7. Fireclay 2 " 6 "

8. Blue shale 8 "

9. Blue limestone 2 ** 6 "

10. Blue shale 6 "

11. Limestone 0 " 6 '*

12. Fireclay 2 " 6 "

13. Sandy shale (i "

14. Blue shale 6u **

15. Limestone 0 " 8 "

16. Coal 0 " 8 *•

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17. Fire day 5 feet

18. Blue shale 60 "

19. Sandyehale 10 **

20. Sandstone 75 **

21. BlueshiUe 6 "

22. Limestone (Shoal creek) 10 "

23. Black slate 3 **

24. Coal 0 " 6 Inohea.

25. Fireclay 2 " 6 "

26. Clay shale 6 "

27. Blue shale 63 "

28. Conglomerate limestone 1 " 6 *•

29. Black shale 3 feet.

30. Limestone 0 " 6 ••

31. Fireclay 2 " 6 "

32. Fire clay and boulders 4 "

83. Sandyshale 4 "

34. Clayshale 6 "

36. Sandyshale 10 "

36. Blue shale 78 " 6 "

37. Coal 1 foot 2 "

38. Fireclay 1 " 8 "

39. Conglomerate rook 2 feet

40. Sandstone 2 **

41. Clay shale 1 foot 6 ••

42. Limestone 1 "

43. Blue shale 10 feet

44. Sandstone 36 "

45. Blue shale 4 "

46. Sandyshale 2 "

47. Sandstone, with carbonate of iron 14 "

48. Sandyshale 5 "

49. Dark colored shale 37 "

50 Fire clay * 1 " 6 "

61. Conglomerate rock 1 " 6 •*

62. Clayshale 8 "

63. Blackshale 0 " 6 •*

64. Bed fire clay 6 "

66. Conglomerate rock 1 " 6 *•

66. Gray limestone 6 "

67. Shale 3 "

68. Variegated shale 1 " 6 "

69. Fireclay 4 "

60. Bark colored shale 6 "

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6L Ck>al 8feet 4 f ecL

62. nreday 1 *' 3 -

63. Limestone; 6 "

64. Bhale 1 " 6 -

65. Gray Umeetone 2 " 6 "

66. Blueshale 3 "

67. Gray UmeBtone 1 " 8 "

68. Blueahale 0 " 8 "

69. Ckwl 0 " 2 ••

70. Blaokrock.. 12 *'

71. Bark blue nick. 3 "

72. BlackBhale I " 8 "

73. Goal 6 " 4 -

74. SandBtone not penetrated — —

Totaldepth 637 feet 6 inch.

SECTION XLIX.

Boring at Highland, Madison conntj, 111., for the High-
land Prospecting Ck>. Data kindly furnished by Mr.
Qeorge Roth.

1. Solland drift 66 feet

2. Limestone 4 " 6 inches.

3. Black slate 3 **

4. Fireclay 7 "

6. Clayshale 16 " 6 "

6. Black shale 6 "

7. Brown limestone 28 **

8. Shale.. 65 **

9. Sandstone 73 "

10. Blue clay shale 10 "

11. Fireclay 10 "

12. Bedrock 2 "

13. Limestone 22 "

14. Shale 5 '

15. Sandstone *. 12 "

16. Shalo 12 " 6 "

17. Sandstone (» **

18. Shale 20 "

19. Sandstone 39 "

20. Shale 20 -

21. Sandstone 40 '

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22. Blaokahale 6 feet

23. Sandstone 6 "

24. Blaokahale 35 "

26. Coal 1 foot 10 inches,

26. Fire clay 10 feet.

27. Shell sandstone 6 "

28. Coal 1 f oot 2 "

29. Fireclay 4 feet 6 •*

30. Blackshale 65 **

31. S:uid8tone 25 *

32. Blackshale 25 "

33. Shale 75 "

34. Limestone 4 "

36. Shale 30 "

36. Sandstone 29 "

37. Shale 27 **

38. Brown limestone 6 "

39. Shale 4 "

40. Limestone 8 "

41. Bedstone 2 "

42. Shale 4 **

43. Sandstone 8 "

44. Shale 3 "

45. Brown sandstone 20 "

46. Bedstone 12 "

47. Shale 6 "

48. Brown sandstone 19 "

49. Green sandy shale 15 "

60. Green sandstone 18 *'

61. White sandstone 92 " 6 "

62. Limestone 76 **

Totaldeptfa 1089 feet 0 Inohss.

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ARCHEOLOGY.

BY PROF. WM. M0ADAM8.

f'HE Stone Age in the region now occupied by the
_ State of Illinois began long ages ago. There seems
to be some evidence, possibly, of indigenous man who
inhabited caves and clifiF shelters about our rivers and
streams. At least there seems to have been a very prim-
itive people but little above the wild beasts with which
they fought for the possession of these shelters.

^^^-^^i

Cave Men flghting for their Hornet.

Their bones are found buried together in the debris of
ages ago. What the weapons of these early people were»
we can only conjecture, may be only a stone or the por-
tion of the branch of a tree. A.ccident, or perhaps the

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dim promptings of Rome brighter savage mind may have
brought the two together, and the branch was fastened
to the stone.

Jt is singular that primitive man all over the world
should have used similar weapons.
. The spear followed the stone axe, and in course of time
came the bow and arrows. Of course from the beginning
to the end of the Stone Age there was great improvement
from the very rude to the more finished specimens.

In order that the student may have a comprehensive
view of the Stone Age of Illinois, he must understand that
the age wsls a very long one, probably several thousand
years, and that in all this time smelting was unknown
here, and no metal was used except a comparatively small
quantity of native copper.

But the objects manufactured from stone in the region
of Illinois were so varied, and had such a wide range of
application, that we think there is not another place in
the world that can show such a variety of forms. From
the more primitive and rude of our specimens to the
more elaborate productions of our Stone Age is a long
way, and perhaps no people went farther, for we are able
to show from the mounds of our State as fine, polished,
chipped stone implements as we have seen from Europe.

In preparing the Archaeological Collection for the
World's Columbian Exposition, we were allowed by the
Commission ample opportunity to visit different parts of
the State to observe and study various private collec-
tions. From some of these collections we obtained, by pur-
chase or otherwise, some very choice objects. We also
made an interesting series of photographs of these col-
lections. We also had opportunity to do some exploring
in the mounds. A selection from these, as well as from
those we had collected for the State in previous years,
made one of the choicest and most representative col-
lections we have ever seen exhibited.

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In our history and description of the objects in the
State exhibit in the beautiful cases in the Illinois Building
at the World's Columbian Exposition, we may digress
occasionally for the sake of comparison or analogy, as
well as for suggestions germane to the subject. We shall
do this with a confidence which more than thirty years*
work in fieldinvestigations has given us.

Stone Objects Used as Tools.

The Stone Age of Illinois is represented by a great
variety of forms both in fliut and granitic rocks that were
used as tools and not as weapons. One of the most
common of the ancient tools is the grooved axe. Of
these there are a great variety of forms, especially in the
valley of the Illinois river. One of the most common of
these is shown in the engraving.

Grooved Stone Axe.

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They were evidently designed to chop with the sharp-
ened edge €18 well as to use the poll or rounded end for
hammering. They are made mostly of some varieties of
granite found among the drift rocks so very plentiful in
the glacial deposits of central and northern Illinois.
No doubt a stone w€i8 selected from the drift gravels as
near as could be found of the right shape, and the edge
as well as the groove and pattern of the implement was
formed by a continued and persistent picking with the
point of another hard stone. Many times we have
found these axes plainly showing the pick marks. 'Often
one is found that shows that it had been broken and it
has been repaired or formed in a new shape by picking.
Sometimes one is seen that had been used until it was
quite smooth and the edge quite blunt and fresh pick-
marks on the smooth surface plainly show it was under-
going a change in shape.

Another very common form has one side of the instru-
ment made straight, and this edge is often slightly hol-
lowed out so as to fit up against the end of the haft.

Oroovftd Stone Az«.

Oftentimes this form is made with great care and
nicety, out of the most obdurate greenstone or some of
the dioritic granites. Some of the finest grooved axes
we have seen are of this form. One of granite in the
State Collection is most excellently fa.shioned and weighs

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about sixteen pounds. We saw another splendid
axe of this form that weighed twenty-three pounds —
it is sixteen inches long and nine inches wide — it
is also of granite. Both specimens were found on the
bank of the Illinois river near Peoria. We had in our
possession still another fine axe of this form, nearly the
same size of the preceding, but the sides both above and
below the groove were nicely hollowed out so as to be
quite thin. It weighs about fifteen pounds, is of granite,
and was found on the bank of the Mississippi in Madi-
son county, near Alton. This is the finest grooved axe we
have seen.

In the State Collection is an excellent grooved axe of
this form made of hematite. This beautiful specimen,
which was found in Calhoun county, is polished over its
entire surface. It weighs twelve pounds.

It is not uncommon to find axes made of iron ore.

Another form of grooved axe, of which we have seen
several in the State, has an extremely long bit like a
more modern, but obsolete, post axe for making a mor-
tise. They are rare.

Still other forms of grooved axes found in the State
are flat on one side like an adz, and we have seen a few
with the bit hollowed out like a gouge.

stone Goufre.

Ordinarily, the^ooved axes weigh five or six pounds,
but some are very much larger and some much smaller.

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As before remarked, I am inclined to think none of
them were weapons.

Besides what are termed axes, there are several varie-
ties of grooved implements known as hammer stones.
In some of them the groove is lengthwise, but in most
of the specimens it is lateral. Along the Illinois river
we have found a number of large grooved stones, oval
in shape and weighing fifteen or twenty pounds. These
are generally called anchors and were possibly used in
fishing.

Hafted Weapon.

Among the grooved stones is another form, generally
nearly as large as a goose egg, which was possibly an-
ciently used as the head of a weapon. They .were gen-
erally made with much nicety and frequently of quartzite.
Near the mouth of the Illinois river in Jersey and
Calhoun counties, where quartz geodes ai'e numerous, we
have seen hundreds of these balls, some grooved, others
not, that have been worked out of solid geodes.

Grooved Hammer Stones.

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We have seen a few stone axes with the groove in the
middle, and a bit or edge on both ends. One of these
from Jersey county was a most beautiful stone imple-
ment, and had probably been a weapon. They are not
common, and we have seen less than a dozen in the
State. Besides the grooved implements there is a large
variety of axes and implements without grooves.

Celt, or ungrooved Axe.

The ungrooved axe is known generally as a celt. The
celt is very common in Illinois. They were probably
used by being inserted in a club or handle. Some of
these were doubtless weapons, but many were tools for
various purposes. Most of the celts, like the grooved
axes, were made from glacial pebbles and rocks found in
the beds of streams. They are mostly' of granitic rocks
and rarely of quartzite. Some of the larger specimens
are made with great nicety, and very many of the smaller
ones are nicely shaped. Most of them were probably
made by the picking process. In fact we have had a num-

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ber of Bpecimens in which the pick marks still remain 88
though purposely left as far as the object was to be in-
serted in the handle. In the State Collection are some
fine specimens of Illinois celts.

In the great "American Bottom" there is common a pe-
culiar form of very large celt, often weighing fifteen
pounds or more, that has a blunt edge as though it had
been used in the manner of a pestle. A few of these
large celts are found along the Illinois river. One fine
specimen shown at the World's Columbian Exposition we
obtained near Peoria. Two other large specimens in the
State Collection were found on the bank of Cahokia
creek, in Madison county. It is not uncommon to find
small celts made of hematite along the Illinois river.

In the collection wa^ one fine celt of quartzite, and we
have seen a few others all from the Illinois river. They
have been made with great labor, and must have been
highly prized. One of these exquisitely wrought quartzite
celts we took from an ancient mound in Calhoun county.
They possibly all belonged to the ancient mound-builders.

Celt

There is another form of celt or battle axe that wafl
first chipped from a choice piece of fiint or chert, and
then the chipping scars or marks all ground oflF, making
a polished flint implement of exquisite beauty. One of
these we took from an ancient mound in Jersey county.

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It was eleven inchea long. Another we took from a
mound in Madison county. All we have seen were taken
from mounds in Illinois.

Ground Flint Battle Ax%.

Another rare form of these battle axes as shown in
the State Collection at the Fair, is made of a variety of
black diorite or horn-blendic granite, and paddle-shaped,
with a long handle. We took these from ancient mounds
in Madison, Jersey and Woodford counties, in Illinois.
One of these splendid stone implements was over a foot
in length, and the others but little shorter. We have
«een none of these, except from Illinois. These imple-
ments belong to the older mounds, but not from the
same class of mounds to which the grooved flint celts
belong.

Both the grooved axes and celts of Illinois differ
materially from those found in the Eastern States,— and
in any large collection from Illinois, one can easily sepa-
rate types that quite possibly belong to different peoples
that have succeeded each other in course of time. So
also do the stone axes of Illinois differ from those of
Mexico, as well as from those of the cliff-dwellers and
Pueblos. It might be remarked, too, that they differ
from the stone axes of Europe, especially from those of
Northern Europe. We have no perforated stone axes

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like those of Sweden and Denmark. We have never yet
seen in the Mississippi valley, or in the United States,
any of the peculiar type of the stone axe of the Vikings
or Northern Sea Rovers.

Pnforated CeTemonial Stone Object

While we have no representative of the European per-
forated stone axe, we have a numerous class of drilled
and perforated ceremonial stones that can, however,
hardly be classed as weapons. Whether our later Indians
used any of these ceremonial stones we have little evi-
dence. They nearly all belonged, quite possibly, to the
older mound-building races. These beautiful relics are,
for the most part finely and symmetrically shaped and
well polished. They were too small to have been weapons,
and were doubtless made with great labor and almost
inconceivable patience, for some sort of ceremonial pur-
pose.

Ceremonial Stone.

In the State Display at the Fair were a number of
these objects of pink quartzlte that were very gems of
the strange productions of the stone age. While the
greater part of the finer of these objects are of quartzite,

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some are made of a striped or variegated slate. That
anybody without tools could simply grind and rub down
a piece of such obdurate stone as quartzite or jasper into
a symmeterically formed object of a known design, is
remarkable chiefly as showing their patience as well as
skill. Time, of course, was without limit. That they
should drill holes in these hard objects is not so remark-

perforated Ceremonial Stone.

able as is the working them into shape. One might
take a reed or hollow cane, and with sand and water by
continual turning, make an impression on almost any
stone except the diamond.

The incentive to manufacture these objects is, of
course, unknown to us, but must have been a most
powerful one. Possibly they were carried to designate
some peculiar position the wearer held in the tribe or
nation. They may have had a religious significance, for
it seems to be well established that some of the mound
building races had very much better and more definitely
organized religious ideas than have our modern Indian.
At any rate these peculiar ceremonial stones stand to-
day as the highest examples of stone carving, or rather
of stone working, of the ancient inhabitants of this
region, or of the continent.

Another class of stone objects very common in Illinois,
and of which there was a splendid assortment in the State
Display, are the discoidal stones and the objects of kin-
dred shape. They have been made of many varieties of

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rock, and we have seen a few of baked clay, but they are
most commonly made of the same glacial granites of
which the axes are formed. Occasionally one is seen of
quartzite, and we have collected a few of pure quartz. Id
these objects there is a great variety of forms and sizes.
The common form, however, is a disk with depressed sides.

Discoidi.

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The most of these discs have been made with a great
amount of labor, especially those from the granite and
quartzite rocks. They ai*e more common in Illinois than
perhaps in any other region. We have had as many as
a hundred at a time. There has been much discussion
as to their uses, and we may as well admit that the
purpose for which they were made is unknown to us.
There is a very large and peculiar variety found in Ten-
nessee and other Southern States that is thought to have
been used to play some kind of game; but the great major-
ity of those found in Illinois are much smaller and so dif-
ferent from those from Tennessee, that the idea of their
being gaming stones has been abandoned. They have
been called medicine-stones or cups in which medicines
have been mixed, but still we have many fine specimens
that have a perforation in which the two depressions
are joined. Some of those from Illinois are exquisitely
made of granite, quartz or jasper. We have seen a num-
ber that were no larger in circumference than some of
our small silver coins, and those the size of a silver dollar
are quite common. On several occasions we have found
them in mounds, and generally in pairs of opposite
colors. Several were shown in the Illinois collection that
had in the center of the depression, deeply carved on both

Discolds.

sides, the figure of a cross, thus, (X). Those thus figured
were made of white limestone, and were found buried in
the mound with the remains of children.

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It may be well to remark that we have never found a
di8coidal stone in any of the more ancient mounds, nor
in the mounds of the Cahokia type. They are not un-
common, however, in the mounds of later date along
the Illinois river.

Why the ancient stone-workera should not have made
discoids out of hematite, which was so common, and
which would have made such fine ones, is a question
which has occurred to us.

Pliunmets and Pendants.

There is another, class of stone objects very common
in Illinois, and of which we had a fine assortment in our
State Exhibit, which are called plummets or pendants.

Like the discoids, there has been much discussion as
to the uses of these objects. They are plentiful in the
Illinois river valley. They are usually from two to three

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or four inches in length, and pear-shaped, some having
a crease about the smaller end, or sometimes a perfora-
tion. They are mostly made of hematite, and these are
generally the most artistic in finish; but we have found
them made of granite, quartzite and of limestone. What
the ancient people did with these objects we cannot even
conjecture, but of one thing we are certain, they put
oftentimes a great amount of labor on their manufacture.
Many of those of hematite were elegantly shaped and
highly polished. Man3' of these pendants had a slight
crease about the smaller end, as if for suspension, but
nearly always the depression was so slight that one was
inclined to wonder what kind of a thread that would go in
so small a crease would suspend such a heavy object. But
perhaps they were not suspended. Other specimens have
a perforation at the smaller end. While the majority of
these objects are of hematite, there are many others
along the Illinois river of various kinds of stone. We

Perforated Pendant

have collected some made of granite. One especially nice
one of granite, about five inches long with ^ perforation
at the smaller end, we found near some ancient mounds
of the Ohio type, on the Illinois river.
-16

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One beautiful specimen of these perforated plummets,
made apparently of quartz crystal, was taken from a
mound of the Cahokia group. In this mound was also
a perforated tube made from a large quartz crystal that
still had some of the six-sided faces upon it that quartz
crystals have. But for this we might have committed
the very grave error of pronouncing the specimen to
have been made of glass. We have never found a hem-
atite plummet in the mounds we class as very ancient.
They are not uncommon in the mounds along the Illinois
river.

In a large mound at the mouth of the Illinois river we
examined a number of plummet-like stones of limestone,
with a crease about the smaller end, that were square at
the base and pointed like a pyramid. They were made
of white limestone, had been polished and wereabout three
inches long. All our theories in regard to the use of
these plummets or pendants we have finally discarded as
unsatisfactory.

Besides the plummet-shaped objects, there were many
other objects of stone with one or more perforations for

suspension or attachment to the person or dress. These
are often found, like the axes and other stone implements,
in the fields where the plow turns them to the surface.
There is a common type in a sort of tablet shape.

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After much discussion it is not satisfactorily settled
among antiquarians whether these objects were tools to
use in the manufacture of something, or whether they
were simply ornaments. There is in the State Collection
several of these perforated objects made of a sort of
striped slate, and quite attractive as aboriginal objects
of stone. These objects are not nearly so plentifully found
in Illinois as in Indiana and Ohio. Almost every coUec-
tion in Indiana contains some of these objects of striped
slate. We have not found them in any of our ancient
mounds.

One curious form of objects of this class found quite
oft-en in Ohio and Indiana, but very rarely in Illinois, is
a sort of hollowed-out stone, somewhat like a miniature
boat.

These have near each end a perforation as though for
the purpose of attachment. We have seen but few of
these in Illinois and all were found along the Illinois
river. Those shown in the State Exhibit were found
along the Mississippi bluff in Madison county.

Another form of stone implements quite common to
Illinois, and of which some fine specimens were shown in
the State Exhibit at the World's Columbian Exhibition,
were mortars and pestles. The depression in many of these
mortars is shallow and not very large, and quite often
the stone, which is usually an oblong, glacial boulder
flattened on two sides, will contain a depression on
either side. We have never found in Illinois any mortars
worked out in the shape of a bowl, like those from Cali-
fornia, about Los Angeles and elsewhere.

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Pestles are common, but in many instances so much
more elaborately made than the stone mortars that it
is possible that wooden mortars were used, or a natural
depression in ledge or ledge rock taken advantage of.

Along the bluffs of the Mississippi, in Madison county,
we have found some fine jiestles. all made of limestone,
and generally a foot or more in length and three or
four inches in diameter.

Some of these long pestles are made very round and
true with much care and labor. The common pestle, so
familiar as a relic in Ohio, with a short hand-hold and
a wide, flaring base, is very rare in the State of Illinois.

'^t-i^.

A larse Mound in the American liotiom, Madison County. IlL

Under the head of pestles or rubstones might possibly
be classed a form in the shape of a very short cone,
with a flat base. We have found numbers of these on the
Illinois river. They are usually made of hematite and are
symmetrically made and highly polished. They are gen-
erally called rubstones. We have seen numbers of them
made of other hard stones besides iron ore.

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Quite a variety of relics of stone are met with that from
their remarkably smooth appearance would suggest their
being used as rubbing stones. Still others have been
made for purposes now not known.

Occasionally one finds a curious tube made of stone.
Some of these tubes are doubtless pipes. One of the
finest pipes we have seen in Illinois, with the figure of a
bird carved upon it, is simply a tube.

There are other tube-shaped objects not uncommon
that were used most probably in some part of observ-
ances either of a religious character or by the medicine
men. One of the prettiest objects, and which we placed
in the latter class, we obtained under the bluff in the
vicinity of the Great Cahokia Mound. It was a tube
some four inches long and flattened on one side. It was
found in one of the mounds near by. When we first saw
it we thought it to be of glass, and of course of modern
manufacture, but on closer examination we discovered it
to be made out of quartz crystal and the original faces
of the crystal could still be traced near one end. The
hole bored through this crystal was about three-quart-
ers of an inch in diameter. From a mound on the Illi-
nois river we took another tube-shaped object made of
gypsum, — the hole through this, however, was tapering
and we always thought it to be some kind of pipe.

Pipes.

There is no class of objects of ancient production more
interesting than the aboriginal pipes.

It would seem that all the skill and ingenuity in stone
carving among the ancient people of Illinois are shown
in the manufacture of their pipes. We call them pipes
because we think they smoked them, but I have doubts
if any of these objects were ever used as we use a pipe
for the narcotic influence of tobacco. We have taken

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many pipes from roonnds and handled many scores of
others from mounds, but have yet to see a real mound
pipe that seemed to show any evidence of much use, in
the way of tooth marks or wear in the bowl such as one
of our modern types exhibits after any extended use.
Those from the mounds generally have a new appearance,
even to the markings in the boring of the cavity for the
bowl. It is possible, it is true, that new pipes might
have been buried with the body of the departed, but in
the surface finds we have failed to see an ancient pipe
with a burned and worn bowl. In the very fine collec-
tion of ancient pipes in the Illinois Exhibit not one
showed much sign of continued use in any w^ay. We are
inclined to think the ancient pipe was simply an object
to perform religious ceremony by making smoke which
was connected with some worship, fire and smoke being
representative of their divinity. Pipes, we believe, more
than any other stone implements, are typical of the
people who used them.

In the State Exhibit were four good stone pipes
taken by us from a large mound on the Illinois river.
In the mound was a great number of skeletons, but we
would have been greatly surprised if we had found in
that mound a single curved base pipe like those of Ohio.
Yet in the same vicinity on the bank of the Illinois, we
explored another large mound and in the basin of burned
clay we found a pipe of the type we expected to see,
almost exactly like those found by Morehead in the
Hopewell mound.

There are several types of mounds in Illinois, but there
are more types of pipes, because there are some t.ypes of
pipes that were made and used by people who did not
make mounds, and others by people who did not follow
the custom of placing such things in the grave.

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The finest pipes in Illinois of ancient patterns are those
of the curved base. One of these taken from a mound
on the Illinois river represents a raccoon sitting on the
base of the pipe.

Mound Pipe.

A hole in the animal's back represents the bowl, which
is connected with the small hole through the base to
form the stem. The figure of the animal is verj' spirited,
the holes for the eyes being filled with with a globule of
of white metal, probably native silver. The rings on the
raccoon's tail were well delineated. The pipe was smooth
and polished, made of a piece of red catlinite and between
three and four inches long. Another and larger pipe of
the same material and from the same vicinity was made
to represent an eagle standing in an attitude of pride
on the base which formed the stem. Another beautiful
pipe we took from a mound had the figure of a turtle
resting on the bowl, and in still another the bowl of the
pipe was made to represent a frog. Another fine pipe
from a mound on the bank of the Mississippi had carved
in bold relief on the top of the base the life-sized figure
of a lizard. A few we have seen had for a bowl a repre-
sentation of a human head.

Curved Base Pipe to be Used Without a Stem;

And it is worthy of remark that in all the delineations
of the human head we have seen from this class of an-
cient mounds, there is a head dress quite unlike any

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costumes of our modern Indians. The mound builders'
head dress was arranged in folds of some fabric.

Mound Pip«i

The bowls in all these beautiful and artistic pipes are
very small, and as before remarked, show no signs of
use. They were doubtless used, however, in some sort of
ceremony by the owner. Nor were the ancient pipes
made to use with a stem, this was formed by the haae
of the object and the perforated end of the base was
placed between the lips.

The mounds from which these pipes were taken seem to
be related to those of Ohio with which the earthworks
and enclosures are connected. A colony of this ancient
people seems to have extended up the Illinois, possibly
some distance above Peoria, as we have seen one of their
mounds in the bottom some miles above that city. And
there were also colonies of these people on the Missis-
sissippi, but not near the northern end of the State; we
have seen no signs of them in either Iowa or Wisconsin.
The great city and center of population of that age was
in Madison and St. Clair counties in the ''American Bot-
tom" on the Mississippi river. We shall speak of them
farther on in our description of their agricultural imple-
ments, for they seem to have been decidedly a people
with fixed abodes and devoted to agriculture.

The second class of pipes is of yery great interest, more,
perhaps, on account of their elaborate carving, however,
is very different from the preceding. They are very large
and probably on this a^jcount have been called "Calumet
Pipes" by the Smithsonian savants. These large stone

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pipes were smoked with a large stem if one was used^
and were made to represent birds, mammals, amphibians
and sometimes the human figure.

Mound Pipe.

They were probably pipes of ceremony on great or im-
portant occasions. Some of the most beautiful pipes of
this class we have ever seen were in our exhibit at the
World's Fair.

One was the figure of a bird, possibly an eagle or a
hawk, for it had a hooked bill. It was eight or nine
inches in height and boldly carved from a piece of black
stone, probably a variety of steatite.

One peculiarity of this splendid pipe was that the bowl
was a straight tube, the perforation contracting in the
middle, the lower part being used evidently for the in-
sertion of a stem. With this pipe was found another
somewhat longer, but without ornament, and of the^
same material. The perforation in this also was con-
tracted to a small aperture in the middle of the tube.
These pipes were plowed up together in a field in south-
em Illinois. We obtained a contracted tube pipe some-
what like the latter, but smaller, in Calhoun county, and
have seen a few others found in the vicinity of Peoria^
on the Illinois river.

Mound Pipes.

Another fine and very large pipe shown in the State
Collection was also from the southern part of the State.
It also seemed an attempt to represent some bird. It
was more than a foot in length and made of some hard
light colored stone.

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Since we have found none of these peculiar terms of
pipes in any of our mounds we are inclined to think
them comparatively modern, and used by the later grave-
making people and not connected with the mound build-
ing nations.

There is another class of pipes found in considerable
numbers in Illinois that are of exceedingly great interest.
They have been called ceremonial pipes and are some-
times of large size and show considerable skill in the
carving. Some splendid specimens of this type were
shown in the State Collection. One of the most interest-
ing of these is the representation of the human figure
in a crouching attitude not very unlike the sphinx in
Egypt. The face is not a bad one and it is interesting
to note the attempt to portray a head dress, evidently
of some fabric. The flgui-e holds in its right hand a sort
of mace, or implement terminated by a round knob or
ball. Two funnel shaped holes, one extending down-

SphyDX Pipe from Mound.

wards from the back and the other inwards from the
posterior parts meet at their smaller ends. The upper
hole is supposed to be the bowl of the pipe. This is the

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best specimen of this type of pipe we have seen in the
United States. It is beautifully carved from a block of
red catlinite, and stands somewhat over eight inches
high.

It was found in a small grave mound, if mound it might
be called, for it was more of a rock covered grave than
a mound, on a branch of the Piasa creek in Macoupin
county. In the same grave was a most elaborate piece
of pottery, and a very large flint spear head. Another
most elaborately carved and beautiful pipe of this type
we found ourselves in a very small mound or rather a
simple burying place but a few inches below the sur-
rounding surface, on top of the bluff east of the Great
Cahokia Mound. The object is in the shape of a huge
frog, being some eight inches or more in height. The
position of the animal is one of rest. The legs and feet are

well delineated, the eyes projecting and full, and the
general appearance of the object quite spirited: As in
the preceding pipe, the right hand holds a sort of mace
or knobbed instrument evidently some sort of symbol
indicative of position or other meaning.

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This remarkable pipe is also carved from a piece of red
catlinite and buried with it were some splendid pottery
vessels and ornaments of shell and copper. Some of the
ornaments had first been made of wopd and then covered
with copper.

On the bank of the Mississippi in an ancient burying
place covered with huge flat rocks, we found another
one of those sphinx pipes representing the crouching
form of a man holding with both hands on its knees
what seems to be the figure of a fish. From the wide
open mouth protrudes what seems to be another fish.
It is also of red catlinite and the carving very fine. It
is not quite so large as the frog pipe just described.
This singular pipe is the neai^st approach to some sort
of idol or divinity we have observed among these so-
called pipes.

In Calhoun county, which is remarkable for the number
and variety of its relics, we have found quite a number
of these large frog pipes. But few of them are made of
catlinite. Some are of limestone and we have seen a few
of sandstone. We are inclined to think they belonged to
some of the more recent nations or tribes who have in-
habited the vicinity. We do not know of one of these
pipes having been found in one of our typical mounds
or those related to Cahokia or the Ohio earthworks.
One thing peculiar in these pipes is the manner in which
the stem was fitted on them, if indeed they were smoked
with a stem. The aperture for the stem is a single
short funnel-shaped hole, usually the same size as the
bowl. How a stem could be made to stay in its place
we cannot conceive.

There is another type of pipe more common than any
we have yet described. These are mostly made of stone
and sometimes show excellent workmanship. Occasion-
ally one is found of baked clay. They are all made to

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be smoked with a small stem. There is a pjreat variety
of shapes; many were simply a bowl like our cob pipes,
while others had a projecting base. Some are made of
baked clay. Some are of catlinite and many of lime-
stone. We have never seen a pipe made of any of the

A 9

granite rocks or any very hard material. Nor did we
ever see a copper pipe nor any of metal, except a modern
one. Neither have we found in any of the mounds or
ancient graves any sign of a wooden pipe, nor a pipe of
bone. There are in the southern part of the State, among
the graves of the pottery-making tribes, many pipes of
pottery, mostly of rude character, that have the same
peculiar funnel-shaped cavities for both bowl and stem.
These are seldom, if ever, seen on the Illinois river. The
same question arises, how did the smokers make the
stem stay in the funnel-shaped aperture?

Many of the pipes just described are found in graves,
and mounds that contain them are abundant along the
Illinois river. In one large mound on the bluff several
miles above the mouth of the Illinois river, in Jersey
county, we found several of these pipes shown in the
State Exhibit. The mound was nearly a hundred feet in
length at the base, and nearly forty broad, and nearly
twelve feet high. The material of which the mound was
composed was the light buff colored, marly clay called
loess and not hard to dig, although where it is below
the reach of the rains, it is very dry and compact. It was
a burial mound and had evidently been made through a
succession of interments. We judged that perhaps a
hundred or more bodies had at different times been de-
posited there. The greater number of the remains were

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about the sides of the structure, aa though a body had
been laid down without any apparent form or special
position, and covered over with several feet of earth.
There were men, women and children, and many of them
had met violent deaths, some having been tomahawked
and others killed with arrows. Quite a number of them
had worn ornaments of sea shells, and fine strings of
these were about the remains of both men and women,
and even some children. There were a few stone imple-
ments and a number of pipes of the type we have just

Moand Pipes.

described and of which there is a considerable number in
the State Collection. As this fine mound stood in a cul-
tivated field and the owner wished to level oS the land,
we witnessed its almost entire demolition, having first
photographed it from different sides before its deface-
ment. There was a considerable number of relics which
we preserved carefully, including those of the crania,
which were suflBciently well preserved, and such as showed
wounds or other peculiarities. We derived much informa-
tion from this mound. There were no signs of copper or
any metal, not even ores ; no mica or obsidian or objects
from a distance, except some small sea shells, to give any
indication of commercial relations with other and distant
tribes or nations. Not a single pipe or ornament was
made of catlinite, and they had a degenerate modern ap-
pearance, both in shape and workmanship. There was
nothing that might suggest a connection with the peo-
ple who made the Great Cahokia Mound or the earth-
works of Ohio. Still they had a large mound and per-
haps held some sort of ceremonies there in remem-
brance of some still unforgotten religion, either that

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of their fathers or of some friendly nation from whom
they had learned to revere some sort of divinity. We
can even imagine the sadness, the tears and despair
as this remnant of the ancient people lit their pipes
in sacred reverence around this mound in their death
wail. That they had enemies that had slain their
wives and children around their firesides was plain
enough from the gruesome evidence of the cruel holes
the merciless weapons left in the skulls of the women and
children. And the remains of some of the men showed
plainly how they had fallen. One stalwart young man
had a flint arrow head entirely through the center of his
backbone and the weapon remained there still. The ver-
tebral cord had been cut asunder. Another skeleton of
a middle aged man had in the region of the vital organs
no less than six arrow heads.

We were much interested in these arrow points of the
enemy, for they were different in shape from those com-
monly found in the vicinity.

Mound Pipe.

The pipes and other objects found in this mound tell
a good story. The once powerful mound-building ra.ces
of the valley had become, by pestilence or otherwise, but
a remnant, may be nearly or entirely extinct and those
later mound builders were merely remnants of their allies
or subjugated tribes that had learned to follow the cus-
toms and religion of a more advanced people. This weak
remnant of the mound builders had probably escaped
the dire calamity by plague or other scourge that had
swept from the face of the earth that wonderful people
who had built up the Cahokia, the grandest monument
the world has seen.

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The bnriail mound on the Illinois river just described
we believe to be modern and among the later erections
of the mound building: races. But while we thus qualify
the time of its erection, it is in fact old enough, for the
evidence of the trees in the forest which covered the
ground and the decayed stump which still stood on the
apex of the mound itself, bore evidence that it was not
new, and had been built long before the caravels of Co-
lumbus had sought the shores of the New World.

Many of the later aboriginal pipes, either of stone or
clay, approach in general character the pipes now com-
mon among civilized races, being furnished mostly with
necks to which to attach the stem. There are very many
modifications in the style of the more modern pipe, but
there is almost always discoverable the type form.

There is another form of pipe found in Illinois, mostly
along the Illinois river. This pipe seems to have been
made to be used by more than one person at the same
time. There is a large, round bowl with four, five or six
places to insert stems.

One very pretty pipe of this kind we obtained in Cal-
houn county and another one from Woodford county,
above Peoria. These were both of burned clay. But we
have a very nice one of sandstone from Randolph county.

One other form of pipe, which is rare, however, and
we are done with this most interesting class of relics.
This is a pipe in the form of a stone axe.

One very nice one of these we have seen in Dr. Zeller's
collection at Spring Bay, near Peoria. Four or five of
the Doctor's best relics were obtained for our State Ex-

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hibit. Another very nice axe-shaped pipe we saw in the
collection of Mr. Harry Mann, at Chester, in Randolph
county.

The other we have in our own collection. It was found
in Jersey county. The Chester specimen is made of
argillaceous stone, perhaps a slate. Oar own specimen
seems to be of a species of rather hard steatite. These
specimens do not look modern, but they may be. It
would be interesting to know whether, if they are
ancient, they had suggested the iron pipe tomahawks,
the handle of which was the stem to a pipe in the
poll of the weapon, or whether these stone axe pipes
had been suggested by the French iron tomahawk.
These stone axeshaped pipes are small, being not more
than three inches long.

Sculptures or Idols.

Although many of the articles described by us may be
called sculptures in view of the manner of their produc-
tion, in this paper we will confine the sculptures to
those objects representing the human form that seemed
to be intended for other uses than those of a pipe.

It seems that the mound builders and aborigines had
but just begun to make images or representations of the
human form that might be called "idols." Very few
have been found in the Mississippi valley. A few of these
objects now in the Smithsonian collection, have been
found in Tennessee.

They are mostly a foot or more in height and have
a sitting posture very much like the stone idols from
India. As might be. expected, these early images are
rather rude attempts at sculpture. One of the best speci-
mens of these ancient images we have seen in the United
States was found in a mound in southern Illinois and
was a prominent object in the State Collection at the
World's Fair.
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It is Bomethinp: over a foot in height and extremely
heavy, weighing nearly fifty pounds. It hcus been carred
from a massive piece of fluorspar. The face, though
rather rude, is not a bad one. There is apparently no
attempt, as in some of the pipes, to delineate any head-
covering or dress of any kind. There is an incised line
from the neck down the sides inclosing the back in a
sort of scroll. The whole figure is smooth and well
finished. The right hand rests on the upright knee.

We have seen idols or images, very similar to this and
carved from calcite or a similar stone, from India. Con-
sidering the scarcity of these objects among our relics
of the stone age, this is an extremely interesting speci-
men. We have seen a few others, somewhat similar, from
Tennessee and that region. Thej' were made of limestone
or sandstone. We somehow have the impression that
these objects were the work of some medicine man among
some of the southern tribes of later date and are com-
paratively modern.

Objects of Copper.

During the stone age, copper was introduced among
the aborigines and niany objects, especially of an orna-
mental nature, were made of it. It is probable that the
age of stone was far advanced, possibly at the very
height of the advancement of that era before much use
was made of copper.

The copper used was a native metal and not in the
form of ore but soft and malleable, yet still they treated
it as a stone and knew nothing of smelting.

Copper implements such as axes or celts, for the cop-
per axe is never grooved, chisels, kuives, and the points
of arrows and spears, together with ornaments of
various kinds, are found in Illinois. A few of these ob-
jects are found on the surface where they evidently have

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been lost. The great majority of the copper objects,
however, are taken from mounds, where they have either
been buried with the dead or in some ceremony.

While we have found copper objects buried with human
remains in mounds, the greatest number of these ob-
jects we have known were not especially buried with a
dead body but seem to have been offered or placed in a
great fire built upon a rude altar of clay.

Copper objects of elaborate and beautiful workman-
ship were quite possibly common among the ancient
mound builders who at one time flourished in Illinois
and Ohio. Among the later mounds so common along
the Illinois river it is rare to find it, although many
other ornaments are common. Copper objects have been
quite frequently found among the mounds of Wisconsin
and Minnesota, but they are, many of them, different in
form and lack the finished workmanship of the copper
ornaments from Illinois and Ohio.

Among weapons of copper the copper axe or celt was
common. It was usually the shape of the stone celt but
much thinner. It wa^ doubtless inserted in the war club.

Copper Axe.

One of the finest copper axes we have seen was shown
in the State Exhibit. It had exidently been hammered
out of a piece no longer than was represented in the

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weapon. It could very plainly be seen how the edges
had been turned over and beaten down to get the de-
sired shape and neat square edges along the sides. The
bit or cutting edge was neatly flared out at the comers.
This elegant specimen was nearly a foot in length, and
was taken from a mound in Calhoun county. Although
we have seen several large specimens in Illinois, the most
of them are small, usually not more than three or four
inches long. In a large mound in Calhoun county we
found lying close together several very small ones not
more than two inches long. We thought it possible that
several small ones were sometimes fastened in the same
weapon. We have never seen a grooved copper axe nor
one with a hole in it in which to put the haft. Some
copper tools from Wisconsin have a part of the side
turned over, to assist in fastening the handle, evidently.

A few knife-shaped objects of copper have been found,
in the State. One very good specimen of this kind in
the collection of Judge James Shaw of Mount Carroll
was found along the Illinois river.

Copper needles or long slim tools are not uncommon.
Some of them are round, similar to pieces of wire. One
of these from a mound in the American Bottom in
Madison county is eighteen inches long. Many of these
tools are flat and pointed. A flne specimen of this kind,
more than a foot in length, is with the preceding one in
the State Collection. This specimen shows very plainly
how it has been made of two pieces by being hammered
together in the middle. It is from a mound in Pike
county. In one mound we found over a score of these
tools oxidized together in a mass. Occasionally a spear-
head of copper is found, some good specimens of these
being in the State Collection from the Illinois river as
well as some smaller points, probably for arrow heads. I
have, however, found no specimen like these in the mounds.

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Copper was used by the mound builders more for
ornaments than for weapons and tools. They made
quite a variety of ornaments, but certain forms seem to
have obtained and were followed as strictly as our own
more permanent fashions.

A common fashion seems to have been to wear orna-
ments in the ears. These were nearly all made after a
similar pattern, a sort of large button very much like
our sleeve buttons. Two disks were joined together with
a shaft or shank, mostly hollow.

Copper Ear Buttonf.

These hollow shanks were most deftly and neatly
fastened to the disks by having the edges turned over
and beaten together. Of course, when worn they were
doubtless very smooth and bripjht. In Madison county
in some of the mounds of the Gahokia group we have
found some of these disks made of bone and covered
with a thin sheet of copper. In the State Exhibit were
some fine specimens of these bone ear buttons covered
with copper. We have found some beautifully neat ones
made of both bone and horn, elk and deer antlers, I
judged, and the outer and larger disk covered with cop-
per.

In the ashes on the altars in the Hopewell mound in
Ohio, Morehead found many hundreds of these ear but-
tons, made most elaborately, the outer disk in some in-
stances with ornamental figures in relief. In a few in-
stances some of these elegant ornaments had the outer
copper disk covered wth native silver.

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The outer disks of these buttons are generally an inch
and a half in diameter, although I have found them two
inches or more. Many of those found by Morehead and
on exhibition in the Anthropological Building were
corroded and oxidized, and some half melted in the mass
in the ashes, but very many were entire and one could
examine their workmanship and the manner of their
manufacture.

The enormous number of these ear ornaments found
in the Hopewell mound shows very plainly that orna-
ments of this kind must have been highly prized and
quite commonly worn. We also learn that however
highly prized they were, some wonderful occasion arose
in which they were taken from the person and cast into
the fire at the erection of that great mound.

We would not, in fact, know that the ancient mound
builders had any material wealth or had any sort of
tastes above the Indian, hswi made any material ad-
vancement above a mere savage, or had any knowledge
of the country or anything like commercial relationship.
But here were cast into these religious fires on the base
of this great mound hundreds and thousands and tens
of thousands of beautiful pearls, some of which as we
saw them lying in ruins in the ashes, or in piles in the
cases, were of a beauty, except for those cruel flames, to
have been the envy of Egypt's beautiful queen when she
sought with love's prodigality to give Marc Antony the
most costly drink ever mortal had, by having her
choicest pearl crushed to powder and mixed with his
draught of wine. The pearls that were cast into the fire
on that memorable day in the history of that people
who made the Ohio mound, would, if unscathed by the
fiame and the burial of centuries, have been the envy of
the richest king or qi:een in the world. With the pearls
were the richest obsidian relics the stone age has pro-

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duced in such profusion and of such size and beauty,
yet obsidian was not to be obtained nearer than the
Rocky Mountains or Mexico.

There was copper from Lake Superior, mica from North
Carolina, fossil shark teeth from South Carolina, shells
from the distant ocean, all things from distant parts of
the continent, and very difficult to obtain either by travel
or commercial intercourse,— a most remarkable collection
for any people of the Stone Age to have, and still more
remarkable for them to cast such things into a seething
flame. What Indian village, that w^hite man ever knew,
contained such a collection of things as were here cast
into the flames?

That an ancient people lived in Illinois who had some
connection with the copper mines of Lake Superior, and
may have worked them, is quite probable, else they had
some commercial relations with a people who did get
copper there.

Besides the copper ornaments for the ears, there were
many others. A not uncommon ornament seems to have
been a sort of breast^plate, or thin piece of copper, gen-

erally square, with holes pierced for fastening, and what
is most singular, it was seldom, in Illinois, a smooth,
plate, like some of these from Ohio, but was corrugated

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very mnch like a piece of zinc from a modern washboard.
We have found a few smooth ones, but the corrugated
ones seem to have been fashionable.

We have found these thin plates, in a few instances,
five to seven inches square.

Then there were both wristlets and ankle rings of cop-
per, and some rings that were possibly for the nose.

Head ornaments were numerous, and we have found
several crescent-shaped objects, quite evidently to go
over the head as a bright ornament.

Some excellent specimens of these crescent-shaped orna-
ments for the head, were in our State Exhibit.

These latter ornaments of copper, we may as well state,
we have not found in the same mounds with ear-rings
or the copper spools. These may be of later date.

In a mound of more advanced type, in the American
Bottom, in Madison county, we have found some re-
markable copper ornaments in the shape of turtles.

The objects were between two and three inches across.
Both the carapace and plastron of the turtle were rep-
resented in a very faithful way, showing all the sutures
as they occur. The sutures were made by pressing up a
ridge from underneath, the plastron was fastened to the
carapace a good deal after the manner that tinners do
the same thing now, the edges of the pieces were put
together and turned over. Whether the head and legs
of the animal had been attached we had no means of
telliDg.

There were a number of these copper turtles in connec-
tion with other copper objects as needles, copper axes and
some remarkable objects of chipped and ground flint.
There was a flint or rather a sort of white, translucent
chert celt that was a gem in its way, being flrst chipped
out and then ground off. The whole deposit on this
altar, for it seems not to have been with a human body

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unless it was burned, was a most remarkable one. There
were hundreds of sea shells, some of them very large
s]3ecimens of Pyrula and Gassus. Some of the shells were
entire and others had been cut oat so as to form a sort
of vessel.

Some of the copper objects had been made first of
wood and then covered with a thin sheet of copper,
made to fit even the slightest depression or crevice. The
copper had preserved the wood. The salts of copper are
a great preservative and we have found many interest-
ing specimens of their fabrics, some of which had a warp
and woof like some of our more modern woven goods
in a rude way. We have found this fabric of different
grades of vegetable fibers and of hair and fur, but not of
wool.

A not uncommon copper ornament was a long bead
or thin cylinder of metal, made by bending a thin sheet
of copper over a round rod until the edges met. These
loDg cylinders were worn on a plaited string of hide or
twisted string of some vegetable fiber. We have several
times found these cords or strings preserved in the cop-
per tube.

Copper beads made by bending over a short piece of
copper until the edges met were not uncommon and
sometimes a mound builder beau or belle wore a mass
of these arranged over his person in strings. Although
we find only the beads, it would be unfair to suppose
they wore nothing else.

In my vicinity public improvements make constant
inroad into the old structures of the mound builders.
One large mound lay where an extra switch of the
Chicago and Alton Railroad was wanted. The presi-
dent of the road owns the land and frequently spends

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Bome of his leisure time there. While they were demol-
ishing the mound where they wanted the switch he was
present with a party of lady and gentlemen friends. They
were much interestied in what might be found, and when
a skeleton was laid bare and we had found there was
nothing with it but a very flue and peculiar pipe, the
president of the road startled me with a little extempore
speech which drew the attention of everybody near :

"Professor, do you suppose this old mound builder
went around with no dress upon him but this pipe?"

His wife got his eye presently in the silence and I think
it spoiled all his ethnological investigations for the fu-
ture.

The copper objects of the mound builder are of exceed-
ingly great interest to the ethnologist. The Mississippi
valley had no Bronze Age like that of Europe. Our ad-
vanced race of mound builders, although the most elab-
orate workers of copper, did it by hammering, although
in some instances there would seem to be evidence that
dies or instruments for stamping had been used. How
they could beat out the copper in such thin sheets as
they sometimes used without the metal becoming so
hardened as to make it difficult is unexplained. We
have seen no evidence that the cutting edges of . their
axes were hardened, however. One can without difficulty
make an impression on the edges of their cutting imple-
ments with a steel knife blade.

We have thought that the patina or coating of oxidi-
zation with which the copj)er objects are covered might
be made the subject of some data as to their age.

At the World's Fair in Chicago, we had good oppor-
tunity to study this matter. Some of our mound copper
ha^ a coating of patina equal if not greater than copper

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objects from Pompeii and Herculaneum, and similar to
other Roman coppers of that and perhaps some older
dates, but some of the copper objects of Assyria, espe-
cially from about the ruins of ancient date, showed
a thicker patiua. Without going into a discussion of
this interesting subject, we would say that the evidence
in this way, and we think it most decidedly worthy of
consideration, would seem to date some of our copper-
working mound builders b€tck between two and three
thousand years, to say the least.

In the exhibit of the University of Pennsylvania, in
the gallery of the Manufactures Building, was a most
interesting series of objects brought home from ancient
Assyria and that region, by an expedition sent there by
the University. The party did considerable excavating
about some of the more ancient ruins, and obtained
quite a number of pieces of pottery, clay tablets and
stones, all of which had inscriptions on them in cuneiform
writing. These can now be read, in fact the interpreta-
tion of these inscriptions in English wa.s placed beside
the inscriptions. The date ascribed to some of these
objects was in a number of instances as old as thirty-
eight hundred (3,800) years before Christ. Among these
relics were some objects of copper that looked so much
like copper objects we have taken from mounds in lUi-
nois, that we were surprised.

We have in our own collection some of these ancient
copper objects from the region of ancient Nineveh, that
are quite possibly between five and six thousand years
old.

We are inclined to believe we have copper objects from
the mounds of Illinois that are quite if not more than
half of this age.

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Implements of Bone*

Besides implements of stone and copper, the aborigines
had many objects, principally tools, made of bone. These
were commonly in the shape of a sort of needle, awls
and other pointed implements. We have found very few
bone objects that would seem to have been weapons.

The bone cArern at Grafton, with mound on top of bluff, and an old pictograflo oiiok
over the cave entrance.

The bones of birds were very often used and those of
small animals.

We have found in cave dwellings and cave shelters
more of these remains than in mounds. In some of the

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dry open cavernous places, both along the Mississippi
and the Illinois rivers, bone implements and the remains
of animals are very numerous, especially in the dry ashes
and eu^cnmulated earthy which many of the caves contain.

Bone Fish Hook.

The bones of deer, as well as those of elk, with por-
tions of the horns of those animals, are common, bnt
we have, strange as it may seem, found no bones of the
buffalo. This is all the more remarkable since the larger
and more solid bones, as well as the horns of these ani-
mals, would, apparently have been fine material for im-
plements of various kinds. We think it remains to be ex-
plained why, in all our researches in our ancient mounds,
we have met with no remains or other evidence to show
the presence of the buffalo.

A Sun-Worshiper's Mound.

The teeth of many animals were used as ornaments.
They generally were perforated, to be worn on a cord or
a string as a necklace. The claws of bear, as well as the
talons of rapacious birds, were used in the same way.
The bones, and even the scales of some fish, were often
utilized in the manufacture of implements or ornaments.

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Shells ft^m the Sea.

Sea shells, from their natural beauty, have at all times
been very attractive to primitive nations.

Indications are not wanting that most of the primi-
tive people of North America looked upon the shells
from the sea with superstitious reverence. Excepting the
native pearls, the sea shells were the prettiest ornaments
the old mound builders wore. Although there were
beautiful shells in our rivers and streams, these were
seldom tised in the manufacture of ornaments. Immense
numbers of beads were made with great labor and much
skill, but they were made almost without exception from

Mouud Shell.

heavy sea shells. The form given these beads was vari-
ous. The most common shape was that of a neat disk
or button with a perforation through the center for
placing them on a string. We have found some beauti-
ful ones in the Cahokia mounds made pear-shaf)ed, others
were round, still others were iu the form of c^^linders, an
inch or more in length. Something of this form was the
wampum of which the belt^ of ceremony were made by
the eastern Indians and of which it is said, some are
still preserved by the Six Nations. We have found some
pretty strings of beads which were made of curved pieces
of shell and fixed to go upon a string by having the
perforation enter at one end and come out at the side

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In many instances whole shells were used by having a
perforation so they could be strung. The Marginella
w€ts often used in this way and must have made a neat
ornament. But the prettiest shells thus forming a neck-
lace were the Natica, and immense numbers of these must
have heefn brought from the coast, for we have seen
hundreds in one string from mounds along the Illinois
river. S<)metimes small specimens of Strombus and Oliva
were pierced and formed bracelets for the body or neck.
Once we found a very pretty necklace of quite young
Pyrulas and these instead of being pierced, had a crease
about the extension of the lip so they could be sus-
pended. Some beautiful specimens of this kind were
shown in the State Collection, in fact our display of
mound beads was unrivaled. One extremely pretty string
of beads was made of fresh water pearls. This was taken
from a mound in Calhoun county.

In the State Display were some splendid specimens of
very large sea shells from the mounds.

Shell Vessel.

The large shells were generally Pyrula or Cajssus. A
Pyrula with reversed whorls seems to have been the
favorite form. One of these from a mound in Madison
county is sixteen inches in length. The largest
Cassus we have ever seen we found in a mound in Jersey
county, near the mouth of the Illinois river. The mound

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y9B3 a conical one in shape and about twelve feet in
height. It waa situated on a not very high bluff, the
upper part of which was of clay. We made a very large
excavation in the center of this mound and at the base of
it found a huge sea shell of the Cassus. It was nearly
eleven inches in diameter. The shell wcus filled with
ashes in which still were some remains of human bones.
The inside whorls had been removed from the shell and
it formed a very neat and pretty vessel. The curl of
the lip at the extremity made a sort of hook so it could
be hung on the limb of a tree. The shell containing the
ashes wa^ the only relic of any kind the mound seemed
to contain.

In another mound in Calhoun county, we found a huge
Cassus with the columella and whorls removed and so
large as to contain a human skull, which sat within it,
and of which the following cut is a true representation.

Moand SknlL

Most of these large sea shells seem to have been used
in sacred observances and were often placed in the mound
with ashes of the dead or with the body.

Many ornaments and objects were perhaps insignia of
rank or of religious significance. A not uncommon form
of these was a sort of gorget in the shape of a disk to

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he suspended from the neck or fastened on the breast.
These gorgets are sometimes elaborately engraved with
characters or figures of exceeding interest since the his-
tory of these people is so utterly unknown to us. Fre-
quently they bear the figure of a most ancient cross,
strangely similar to forms figured by ancient people of
other and foreign lands.

Shell Beads.

In the State Exhibit were several very fine specimens
•of these engraved gorgets from IDinois mounds.

One had elaborately engraved upon it the figure of a
spider with a cross upon its back. We have seen several
of these. One very fine specimen had the figure of a
cross engraved without the figure of the spider being en-
graved upon it.

Gorgets from Mounds.

Still another fine specimen had the figure of a person
holding a bird similar to a turkey by the neck, with his
left hand, while in his upraised right hand was a hafted
stone axe very well shown.
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The figure of the person was on one knee and from
his. waist hung a very peculiarly ornamented apron. It
may be as well to remark here that in the State Display
was a beautiful gorget made of a piece of slate covered
on one side with copper and on the copper in relief was
a six pointed star.

Shell Oorget from Mound in Illlnoii.

Where the aborigines got so many of these sea shells^
as well as mica, obsidian and copper, can only be ac-
counted for by either supposiog they traveled to distant
parts of the country or had some sort of traflSc or com-
mercial relations with people who lived about Lake
Superior and the Rocky Mountains or Mexico, and the
region about the sea coast.

We think we have not studied these questions with
sufficient thoroughness to aoswer them yet.

Farther exploration in some of our larger mounds is
needed, for more history and evidence. We would rather
see some great find like Morehead's, made in the Kope-
well mound, than read the theories of a dozen persons,
especially if those persons have not made researches and
studied the question in the field, and in the mounds
themselves.

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Pottery and the Manofkustares firom Clay.

IlIinoiB, being situated in a sort of geographical center^
especially about the mouths of the Missouri and Illinois
rivers, was, in the long ages past, often invaded or visi-
ted by tribes and peoples from every direction, for there
were many tribes over such a wide extent of country.
In this region there are hundreds of mounds made by
different tribes of mound builders, who had different
customs, and agreed only in the custom of mound mak-
ing, making them in different waj's, for different pur-
poses, and placing different objects in them. Many of
the tribes, however, who have lived here or sojourned
for a time, were not mound builders at all. But still
there are evidences of their occupation, and many objects
which they they have left. This fact proves to be a great
diflBculty in the study of our antiquities, and gives gen-
erally to the beginner or casual observer many errone-
ous ideas.

Over the State of Illinois are the remains of pottery
which some people have left there. And we know, from
Catlin's observations among the modern Indians, that
there were some tribes whom he saw— such as the As-
sinaboins— that did not make or use pottery at all.
Most of the whole or nearly entire pieces we obtain, are
generally from mounds or graves, and, quite possibly,
not many tribes had the custom of putting pottery in
mounds or graves ; so that our study of the work of our
primitive people in clay is very narrow, and almost
wholly confined to a few tribes, who placed it in the
graves or in mounds with the dead. Our great mound
builders— like those of Cahokia and the mounds on the
Illinois, where we find the beautiful pipes and elaborate
copper objects— seldom, if ever, put any of their speci-
mens of pottery in their mounds; and we only judge
that many of these people had pottery by seeing the

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Bherds about where they lived. There are thousands and
thousands of peculiar sherds in this region that we re-
cognize at once by peculiar marks on the outer face, and
of these which we have seen, never yet a whole vessel.
All this must be borne in mind when we treat of our
ancient pottery.

Figurei on the Exterior of a Burial Vase.

In the Illinois Exhibit at the World's Fair, there were
a hundred pieces of this ancient pottery nearly all en-
tire. Many people will no doubt be surprised when I tell
them that very few pieces of this fine collection of pot-

Figures on the exterior of a Burial Vase aloDg the MississippL

tery came from mounds, but from ancient burial places
and graves. About the southern part of the State and
in the American Bottom, and also a little way up the
Illinois river, there lived a tribe of aborigines that were

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great pottery makers. They selected some peculiar clajs
and after mixing it with pounded shells and other in-
gredients, so kneaded the matter into a tough, plastic
mass that after a vessel was made of it, it required but
little burning or baking to make it fairly serviceable.
But we are indebted, for our possession of these things
to-day, to a peculiar custom this tribe or people had
(for there were several tribes of them), of placing in the
graves of their dead articles of pottery containing water,
and perhaps other liquids, together with food, quite evi-
dently in accordance with some religious belief that the
spirits of the departed needed nourishment in this or an-
other world. Primitive people in Europe, including our
own forefathers, and, in fact, all over the world, have
had a custom something like this. In southeast Mis-

Burlal Vases.

souri, Arkansas, and in some of the other southern
states, some tribes with this peculiar burial custom
made mounds, and often put pottery in them ; but there
were other tribes in Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri and
southern Illinois, that buried their dead with the pottery
vessels in shallow graves, and often made la'^ge cemeteries,
with the graves quite close together. There are a few of the
pottery mounds in southern Illinois, but their cemeteries
are common, especially about the rich bottom lands of
the Mississippi. These pottery-burying tribes perhaps
never had extensive settlements far above the mouth of
the Illinois river.

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When a member of these pottery-making people died
there were prepared the vafies and vessels to put in his
grave. Sometimes several, often only one or two, prob-
ably depending upon the prominence of the deceased, or
the grief of the family. Some of the most beautiful vases
we have found, had been buried with children, probably
prepared by some fond mother's hand.

BarlAl VMM.

The vessels intended for water, quite evidently had in
many instances long, narrow necks, generally contracted
above a wide, round base, while those for food, which are
most numerous, are in many instances more shallow
dishes. There are, however, a very great variety of
forms, in fact excepting the long neck water bottles in
which form there is more of a general sameness, there
are hardly any two just alike.

Some made to represent animals and birds are
not uncommon, and we have found fishes and reptiles
with the carapaces of turtles and vaWes of shells. Quite
a common way of representing fowls and birds was to
form a dish or bowl and place the head, fastened at the
neck, on the edge of the bowl. There is always on the
opposit-e side of the bowl a projection supposedly repre.
senting the tail of the fowl.

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We have seen a number of these burial vases with
human heads as an ornament on the rim, and sometimes
the entire human form is attempted, but these generally
present an appearance more grotesque than otherwise.

Burial Vases.

These singular vessels are generally neatlj' made, and
fiome are even elegant in design and finish. Some of the
better made ones are covered on the outside with red
or colored clay, which has been rubbed very smooth and
polished. We have never seen a glazed one, nor have
we found among the burial vases one that seemed to
have been designed and used for a cooking vessel. The
majority of them were doubtless made on purpose to put
in the grave.

We were working at our investigation, one beautiful
day in the early spring, in a field at the bajse of the
great Cahokia mound, when our probe struck something
which proved to be one of these burial vases. Further
investigation revealed the fact that we had found one
of the pottery-makers' old cemeteries; at least from the
presence of a few human remains we judged that it had
once been a burial place, but with the exception of one
very peculiarly shaped human skull, the bones had
almost completely decayed long before.

The next day, beneath the grateful shade of the great
temple mound which towered a hundred feet above us,
we took from that ancient tomb, which was not two
rods square, over one hundred perfect vessels. It was a
magnificent collection representing men, birds, beasts

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and fishes. On a small scale it was a most interesting and
artistic reproduction in clay of the animated nature of
the region. Some of these vessels were in the State Ex-
hibit at the World's Fair. A pottery-inaking and pottery-
burying tribe of people had placed these singular ob-
jects in the earth there, but what connection they had
with the great mounds that towered all about us, we^
could not tell.

c- t^

Buri&l Vases.

Near by on the ground I had noticed the remains of
a broken hoe of steel, and near this were the remains of
a basket and a plow handle. I knew these things had
no connection whatever with the mounds nor the pottery.
These had been tools that belonged to the man who
owned the farm and raised potatoes for the market. On
the top of one of the large mounds in the same field, we
one day picked up a little crucifix of pewter. The little
ring just above the Savior's head, by which it was sus-
pended, was broken. One glance at the object and its
presence there was accounted for. It had probably beea

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made in France, and a long time ago it had probably
been brought here by some Jesuit priest, and the piou»
Frenchman or modern Indian, to whom it had been
given or sold, had lost it here on the mound. But it
had no connection with the mound's history in any way.
There was nothing at all hard about any problem pre-
sented here by the presence of the crucifix in the field.

But with the pretty burial vases we have just been ex-
huming it is very different.

All over the fields about the great mounds on the
Cahokia, and on the sides of the structures themselves,
are found, almost without numbers, pieces of pottery.
And we are interested to note that a majority of those
sherds are not of the same kind we have just dug up in
the field. They were not like our burial vases. Could

Burial Vase from Cahokia.

they be pieces of cooking vessels, or is it remains of
pottery of another people? Another interesting fact we
noted in this connection was, that in making an excava-
tion in one fine mound of the Cahokia gi'oup and in the
same field in which is the Great Mound, we found pot-
sherds like those in the field from the very top to the

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bottom of the stmcture, dhowing that when the mound
was being made, in gathering up the material from the
surface pieces of pottery were there then.

That there are fragments of pottery in the earth com-
posing a mound does not conclusively prove that the
people who made the mound also made the pottery.
Yet many very harmful and seriously erroneous theories
in archaeological matters have been formed on no greater
evidence. Iron has been found, glass has been found and
a crucifix, and the Indians learned to make pottery from
the French. Things like this have been written about
and spoken of by people occupying positions in which
they ought to be better posted.

It puts us in mind of a conversation between two
colored men:

**What time is it?" asks Snow meeting Sambo.

"How do you know I got a watch?" questions Sam.

**I see de chain hanging down," retorts Snow.

**Look a heah, niggah, if I had a halter round my neck
would you think I had a horse iufiide of me?" says
Sambo.

We have found some very fine pieces of pottery on the
Illinois river, near its mouth, but it grows very rare as
you ascend the stream.

The pottery used by the primitive people of Illinois for
domestic and culinary purposes we know but little of,
although oftentimes good sized pieces are found about
the sites of ancient towns and the kitchen middens where
some ancient family has lived. It is very rare to see one
of these entire. From the fragments it would seem that
frequently vessels of good size were made by covering
the inside of woven baskets, the whole being placed in a
hot fire until the basket was burned and the pottery
well hardened. From the many ancient village sites in
43heltered places in the vicinity of good springs of water

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and the great quantity of pieces of earthen veBsels cov-
ered up by the debris accumulated for ages, it is quite
evident that many of our primitive tribes and peoples
used at times earthen vessels for cooking food. Some
quite possibly were set on stones in some way, but almost
all these old vessels of every kind had round, instead of
flat bottoms like our modern vessels. We have found
remains of culinary vessels, too, that showed how they
were, evidently , fixed for suspension by having projections
either on the outside or inside of the rim. Sometimes,
too, there were ears or holes in the edge of the rim.

Burial Vase from Cahokia.

Quite possibly many of our primitive people made or
used salt. About the salt springs in the southern part
of Illinois, and at the salines near St. Genevieve, Missouri,
the remains of the earthen vessels, used in salt making are
exceedingly numerous. While exploring the region about
the salt springs of St. Genevieve county. Mo., we found
two of the earthen salt pans so common in fragments,
about the Illinois salines. The two large pans had been
used presumably by some aboriginal mother as a coffin
for her dead child. TLe body of the child had been placed

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IQ one and the other turned over it. The whole had then
been buried on the top of a hill. These well made ves-
sels wei-e in the shape of shallow pans, some three feet
across and not moie than seven or eight inches in depth.
They were on the bottom about an inch and a half in
thickness and made of clay and pounded shells. These
are the only entire specimens of the vessels for salt mak-
ing we have seen. About these ancient salt works are
excellent opportunities to see how the larger pieces of
pottery were manufactured in various ways.

Ancient Pottery from Illinois.

The most recent specimens of aboriginal pottery we
have observed are found in what are termed stone graves.
Some not very ancient tribes seemed to have had a cus-
tom of burying their dead in shallow graves, on the
bluffs as well as in the lowlands. These graves were
made by setting upright thin flat stones forming a box
like enclosure in which the body was laid and covere<I
over with one or several large flat stones. The whole
covered with a thin layer of earth. At the head of each
one of these graves was usually placed a piece of pottery,
more or less rude in character. Some of these we have
found have never been burned, but were, apparently,
simply sun-dried. These stone graves have been fre-
quently found along the Illinois River, but were more
numerous below the mouth of the Missouri and in the
southern part of the State. They were evidently the fag-
end of the pottery-making and pottery-burying tril)es.

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In all the cemeteries and burial places oF pottery tribes
but little is found of them except their work in clay. Oc-
casionally there is a pipe, mostly the same material as
the burial vases. We know little of their stone imple-
ments, except that they did not approach the finished
work in this line of the mound builders. It is doubtful
if they had any copper, or any commercial relations of
much extent, and they were never powerful tribes or
very numerous, except it may have been in the southern
States.

As before remarked, the Stone Age of Illinois shows a
great multiplicity of forms in the relics found in the sbil,
more so, perhaps, than any other region, mainly on ac-
•count of its geographical position, for there comes into
the State such a multitude of rivers and water ways
from every direction, and these water ways were mostly

Ancient Pottery from Illinois.

the paths the ancient people followed. In the south we
have the Ohio, with its southern branches of the Ten-
nessee and the Cumberland, and then up the great Mis-
sissippi, the Missouri and the Illinois, together with
many smaller streams. Tribes have been either driven
from their homes from every direction into Illinois, and
quite possibly lived here for a time, or until driven away.
Again or become extinct. That we have the remains of
one extinct tribe w^e know from modern history, for our
own mini or Illinois tribe was annihilated by the Iro-
quois or Six Nations from New York regions. This was
witnessed by white men.

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But what became of the most advanced of all our
primitive inhabitants, the mound builders, that great
nation which built the great pyramids on the Cahokia
and the people who made the enormous earth works of
Ohio?

BnrUl VMM ftom Moundi in Ulinoii.

The mounds on the Cahokia creek are the work of a
great nation, for here in the midst of a level plain rises
a pyramid over a hundred feet in height and covering
sixteen acres of ground. And this mighty pyramid—for
it is pyramidal in shape — is surrounded by nearly a
hundred others of great size, and made only with a pro-
digious amount of labor.

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These are the greatest ruins on the continent.

Is it not very singular that a nation of such vast num-
bers and organizations, both civil and religious, with the
sustenance necessary for the accomplishment of such an
undertaking, should disappear without a trace o! his-
tory, without even a legend or story concerning them
among the red Indians we know so well, and who seem,
probably, to be their successors?

A great plague or epidemic, that swept every soul of
them into the grave, might account for some such total
annihilation. But we only surmise this, and do not know
actually, and perhaps never will, unless we find some
sort of evidence in their graves.

Flint Implements.

There is one other class of relics of the Stone Age in
Illinois of which our State had one of the finest and best
exhibits at the World's Fair in Chicago. This was the
flint objects. We have purposely left our description
and history of these for the last, for they represent the
Stone Age not only from its beginning until the end, but
they embrace such a variety of forms, made and used
by such different peoples, that there is presented some-
thing from all grades and classes of the various tribes
and nations that have lived in this region from the
beginning of the Stone Age to the end.

The chipping or making of a flint point of the more
primitive and ruder kinds was a simple affair, and the
merest beginner could chip off something that might
answer for a rough point. This was the beginning, but
that the manufacture of the flner flints became in a
manner, in the later periods, what we might term an art,
no one can well dispute who looked at the Illinois Col-
lection of hundreds of the most beautiful objects of this
kind ever exhibited.

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Tlie grades of flints vary from very low to very high
and perhaps there is no place in the United States where
there a collection of these relics could be made in such
variety and beauty as in Illinois.

In the Illinois Collection there were probably twenty
thousand from which those exhibited were selected.
Among such a number of varieties and forms it could be
expected that only some of the more decided of the
various types could be described.

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Collectors are generally quite ready to class chippea
stoDe objects of certain forms found so plentifully in
Illinois, as arrow and spear heads. If the object is
notched or fixed for haftin^ it has been an arrow point;
if it seems to be a little too large for an arrow point
it is called a spear point. The fact is that quite prob-
ably the great majority of these objects were neither
arrow nor spear heads.

In our explorations among the mounds for some thirty
years we have seen the remains of very many of the
aborigines who had been killed or wounded by arrows.
These arrow heads are frequently found still sticking
in the bones. In almost every instance these points are
very small. We once found a skeleton that had six

arrow points still in the frame. They were in the State
Exhibit. Not one of these was more than an inch in
length. In the Smithsonian collection at Washington
are a large number of arrows obtained from various
Indian tribes and pointed with stone; none of these
—19

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points are over an inch and a half in length. In teuct it
seems to be well enough shown that the aboriginal arrow
point was comparatively small.

In one skeleton from a mound on the Illinois river,
one of the vertebra of the back-bone had been pierced by
an arrow head which still remained in the bone. It was a
small, sharp fiint not quite an inch and a half long. It
was without notch or tang.

It is quite probable that many of the larger objects
we call arrow heads were tools of some kind and notched
or otherwise shaped to be fastened to a handle.

y'm^\

Flint Tool!.

Some of the Indian tribes still use these tools. We
have seen hundreds of these among the Utes, Cheyennes
and Arapahoes. At the time of the discovery of gold
at Pike's Peak we saw many of our Indian tribes in that
region. Firearms had not yet been introduced among
these Indians, and many of their weapons as well as
most of their tools were of the primitive order. Their

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knives were mostly made of flint and very much re-
sembled the larger so called arrow heads so common in
Illinois.

These flints were fastened to a short handle, either
with a thong or sinews, or by being fitted and fastened
with pitch or gum or even glue. We have ourselves seen
Indians cut leather easily enough with these hafted flint
knives.

There are some forms of these tools that are followed
quite persistently and some of them are made with great
skill. It is easy to imagine that among the aborigines^
as with other people, there were some persons who had
a genius for making objects and working the flint much
more skillfully than was common.

Flint Drills.

Quite a common form, of which we had some very fine
examples in the State Exhibit, are called drills, and their
form does suggest some such sort of use. They are gen-
erally long slender points with a heavier base for fasten-
ing to some handle for the tool. Some of these pretty

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flint drills are marvels of skillful work in chipping, and
are found especially about the water courses. We have
collected them in JoDaviess and Carroll counties in the
extreme north, as well as in Alexander county, in the
southern end of the State. In Calhoun and Jersey coun-
ties they are more plentiful, however. One of the most
beautiful ones we have seen came from Union county; it
was nearly six inches long. Some of the most delicate
ones we have observed we took from a mound in St.
Charles county, Missouri. They were very small and
marvels of minute delicate chipping and pointed at both
ends.

It is quite probable that in the manufacture of these
more delicate tools much depended on the artist's selec-
tion of his material, and not only this, but it must be
in condition; that is, must not be too dry or weather
toughened.

Beveled Edge Flint

Much might be written about the material of which
the arrow points and tools were made. We call it flmt,
which name has obtained and possibly will have to be kept,
but it is really not flint. We have no flint in this country
like the flint of Europe, and of which our old gun flints
were made. Flint is a silicious formation in chalk beds,

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which we do not have. Our arrow points and flint ob-
jects are made of nothing more than a kind of cherty
limestone. Some of this chert, which is the proper name,
is more or less silicious and of different colors, but still
it is limestone, and most of our flint points will burn
into lime, unlike the flint of Europe. Chert, which is
our flint, abounds wherever the sub-carboniferous rocks
are found.

The aborigines, without doubt, however, had certain
localities where they obtained a certain quality that
suited their purposes.

Sometimes in the mounds we have found masses of
this material evidently stored away for future use.

Some small tools, sometimes called bunts or scrapers,
are common.

Scraper.

8ome of these, after being hafted, might have been used
in scraping skins, or in smoothing the surface of other
objects.

Some cutting implements were, quite probably, simple
flakes fresh from off some special chert core. These sharp-
edged flakes were quite common. : We have found many
of them in the mounds.

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Among the common implementB are some very pretty

leaf-shaped tools that were used for certain purposes;
perhaps some of these were used for cutting or scrap-
ing something not so very hard. We collected some
of these leaf-shaped objects for the State Exhibit that
were simply exquisite in shape and general finish. Some
of them are three or four inches in length.

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Spear heads, like the arrow points, present a great
variety of forms and are only distinguished from them
by their much greater size.

Great skill is often shown in the making of these spear
heads, and like those of the drill, the material was evi-
dently selected with care. The principal qualities were
doubtless that of toughness combined with qualities for
successful chipping. Although somewhat brittle they are
not so easily broken as one would suppose. We have
picked them up, sometimes five or six inches in length,
on the surface of plowed fields where they must at times
have met with rough usage in the cultivation of the land,
they were still entire to the extreme fine point.

A spear was always a formidable weapon and was
doubtless a favorite one with our aborigines.

Especially was it a favorite arm with the Indians on
horse back before they had fire arms and we have seen
them slay many a buffalo with spears pointed with a
rude but sharp piece of iron or steel obtained from the
whites. Flint spear heads are most numerous about the
rivers and streams of Illinois where they were doubtless

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tiRed in fishing. While it is somewhat rare to find flint
implements in a mound we have on a few occasions found
some rare and beautiful objects of this kind.

In a mound in Calhoun county we found one very fine
point, possibly a spear head, that was some ten inches
in length. While spear heads and objects of this kind
were made of our common white or colored chert there
is occasionally one of harder material. In the State
Exhibit were two or three very fine objects of this kind
made of chalcedony or quarzite. I obtained them in
Carroll county in the northern part of the State. There
was also another very fine spear head of translucent
quarzite from Union county in the southern part of the
State.

Spears and ceremonial objects of obsidian like those
found by Morehead in the Hopewell mound in Ohio, are
also very rare in Illinois, and are only found in mounds.
Among the surface finds we have seen but two or three
small specimens. Spears of copper were seldom used by
the primitive people of Illinois and are very rare. There
were two fine ones, however, in the State Exhibit, both
found in Illinois.

We have seen a few flint implements shaped somewhat
like a dagger and possibly intended, as is thought by
some, to be used as a weapon by being held in the hand.

Flint TooL

One very fine specimen somewhat of this form in
the State Exhibit, I obtained from Calhoun county ; it is
six or seven inches long. We also have one from Jersey
county. I doubt if they were weapons or flint daggers.
All of this form we have seen are small and I shall be
inclined to place them in the list of tools.

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There is another very interesting form of flint objects
generally classed as arrow points; some of these are
notched in a peculiar manner and all of them seem to
be worn smooth about the neck of the notch as if they
might have had a string about them and the string
had worn the notch smooth by suspension or otherwise.
There were quite a number of these in the State Exhibit.

There is still another form, called by some, knives,
which we can hardly accept, however. Some of these
flint objects are made with great skill in the chipping.
They are pointed at both ends and sometimes, although
not in every instance, the edges are beveled.

Flints In a War Club.

Many of the tools have their edges thus beveled off in
a very skillful manner. It is the general impression
among collectors that these objects are arrow points
made with the beveled edges so that they would twist
or whirl in passing through the air.

They were probably tools of some kind. We have
seen among the Ute Indians tools somewhat similar with
short handles.

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There are a great many other forms of flint imple-
ments found in Illinois, the description of which, if ac-
companied with illustrations, would be of much interest.

There is one class of flint implements in which Illinois
is particularly rich and in which there are some forms
that might be said to be peculiar to the State. These
are agricultural implements. Whether Illinois had in-
digenous men, we only think possible, but have not the
evidence to make it conclusive. Paleolithic objects may
be numerous in our present age, but in the age beyond,
the glacial, there seems to be no sign of man whatever.
But it seems to be established that in our State there
were very early inhabitants and as the evidence from
our caverns and cave shelters seem to show they were the
veriest savages, possibly cannibals. After or among
these somewhat vague people comes somehow an im-
proved state of affairs with the inhabitants. Somebody
brings or finds a very primitive kind of religion and
ceremonials are instituted, mounds are built. Finally
these mound builders became a great nation with an
established religion and an organized government. They
lived in large communities on the rich bottom lands,
and their numbers and manner of life made it necessary
that sustenance should be provided in other ways than
that of savages or in the manner of our Indians. They
became tillers of the soil and had cornfields and were
not dependent on the chase or hunting. These people
became so numerous and strong and so well oi'ganized
that they were able to erect enormous temples or places
on which to have their ceremonies or religious obser-
vances. That there were other nations or tribes of people
in the land is quite evident from the fact that in
some places these mound builders had defensive works,
as is shown in Ohio. In Illinois, where their largest
temple and town was situated, this did not seem neces-

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sary. The "Great American Bottom," as it is called,
an extraordinarily fertile tract of low land on the Mis-
sissippi, seventy-five miles long and five to. ten miles
wide, was their central dwelling place, with colonies
about them for a hundred miles or more; some of the
fine bottoms on the Illinois were occupied by their col-
onies, and here are found their great religious mounds,
and the rich bottoms on the Illinois, like the American
Bottom are probably to this day destitute of forests
where these people cultivated corn, vegetables and other
edibles.

From some of these mounrls have been taken the most
advanced work of the stone age we have seen, and the
only chipped and ground implements we have met with.

Their agricultural tools were of stone and made with
a degree of skill that is unrivaled in the chipping of flint
tools. Some of the flint hoes when fastened on to a
handle in a firm manner were in fact no mean implement
with which to dig about the corn and growing crops.

A Hafted Spade.

The large flat, slightly ovoid, instruments, always wider
at one end and known as spades, were tools with which to
dig the soil. Some of these have seen so much use,

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probably in a sandy soil, as to have a very nicely pol-
ished surface about the larger end, the smaller end having
doubtless been fastened to a handle. One splendid speci-
men in the State Collection was seventeen inches in length.
We obtained it in Randolph county; another fine speci-
men from Madison county was sixteen inches long; sev-
eral others from Madison and St. Clair were but little
smaller.

Flint Spade 17 Inches Long.

One fine specimen from Union county was polished over
its entire surface, showing that both ends had been used
in digging.

There were two varieties of the large spades that seems
to have been followed persistently. From certain evi-
dence it would seem to be quite probable that certain

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persons or families were more skillful and followed the
business of making especial forms of stone implements.

Across the Mississippi river from Chester, Illinois, there
are a number of mounds in Perry county, Missouri. A
farmer here plowing over one of these mounds in his field,
felt his plow strike something, and upon looking to see
what it was, found buried there sixty-three flint spades.
None were less than a foot in length, all precisely of the
same form, and not one of them showed any signs of
being used. They were possibly new when buried there.
We were able to secure most of this find, every one of
which was perfect and a gem of its kind. We think one
person had made all these objects. In the northern part
of the American bottom, in the vicinity of Alton, the-
common form of the large spade found has a broader
edge and straighter sides, showing the handiwork of
another family of artists which followed a peculiar out-
line in their chipping.

Agricultural implements of a smaller kind are very
common in the Illinois river valley, but not exactly of
the form of the larger one. Occasionally a specimen of
our more southern and larger forms is found as far up
the river as Peoria but they are comparatively rare there.

The notched hoes or spades with notches for fasten-
ing to a handle are very much desired by collectors.

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They are not so common as the spade and probably
were much more difficult to make, They are peculiar to
this region or at least very rare elsewhere.

Like the spades, there are two distinct forms of the
type— one with straight sides and a broader edge, the
other more circular in outline. Occasionally these notched
hoes are found very much worn, showing that they had
doubtless been used for many years, for the attrition of
the soil must have affected their flinty surfaices but very
slowly. And then erne is occasionally found so buDg-
lingly and rudely made, that it is very plain that an
attempt had been made to evade an infringement of the
other fellow's patent.

^i7^-'

^* '^<^ ^ ^ ^

jS5«^^,

»i^

A CahokiA Mound 50 feet high.

When we speak of the use of these implements ia the
cultivation of corn, how do we know they had corn?
We have found it in their mounds on more than one occa-
sion, sometimes in a charred condition and otherwise.

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In excavating to the bottom of one of the Cahokia
mounds, we found, besides the grains of corn and some
cobs, bundles of cornstalks bound together with cords
or strings. We have some charred specimens of this
corn, as well as pieces of the cords and strings, as was
shown in the exhibit.

Cora Cob firom Mound*

The corn we have found in the mounds was a rather
small ear with eight rows. The rows were in pairs and
between each pair of rows of grains was an interstice
or furrow. The grains must have been of good size, for
even the charred grain we have found were of fair size.

At the bottom of an excavation in one of the Cahokia
mounds not only were the remains of corn but seed of
melons like pumpkins and squashes. Some of these seeds
too were of large size. In the bottom of this mound we
found a number of strings and cords that seemed to have
been made of some kind of vegetable fiber.

We have found, in several instances, some of their
fabrics, too, preserved by being in contact with copper.
In some of the cloth, both of hair and vegetable fiber,
could be seen the warp and woof. All the fabric we have
seen, however, was coarse in texture, more like our bags
or sacking material.

That these old mound people who once lived on the
rich lands of Illinois had made a very material advance-
ment from the state of semi-savage or barbarian life of
our modern Indians there can be but little question.

We have but to point to the huge mounds in Madi-
son and St. Clair counties of which our modern Indians
know absolutely nothing and which no modern Indian
that we have any knowledge of had a capacity to make,
or ability to erect through insufficient organization,
want of numbers, manner of life and disinclination to

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304

engage in physical labor. We are aware that an efiort
has been made to show that all oar mound bailders
were simply the ancestors of our present red men. We
do not think it has been shown, but space prevents us
from going into this discussion.

That our red Indians are indigenous to the country is
probably true. But that another race or races lived
here and were much farther advanced than the IndiaDs
and finally suddenly and totally disappeared we believe
also is true.

That this advanced race of mound builders had cus-
toms, religious or otherwise, which they learned in some
way from other countries we believe also.

We believe that when the mounds of Illinois are fully
explored we shall have suflScient proofs and have a his-
tory of great interest.

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GLAGIAI. GEOLOGY.

BY OSSIAN GUTHRIE.

fNTIL a very recent date, the glacial geology of
Illinois eeenis to have been almost entirely over-
looked, or, if not overlooked, misunderstood. Recent
researches, however, have developed the fact that the
prairies of Illinois not only owe their existence to glacial
cu^tion, but afford one of the richest fields on the globe
for the study of glacial phenomena.

Four great glacial streams invaded the area now in-
cluded within the boundaries of the State of Illinois.
Two of these came directly south from the Lake Super-
ior region, bringing native copper and rocks or boulders
of every variety found on the northern peninsula of
Michigan and in eastern Wisconsin. These streams en-
tered the domain of the State from the north, and scat-
tered their promiscuous cargoes along and west of the
Illinois valley. The pathways of these streams, or glacial
rivers, are easily identified. One scattered red porphyry
in great profusion, but scattered a comparatively small
quantity of copper. The other distributed copper in
considerable quantities, or more profusely than any other
stream, but no red porphyry, and both are distinguish-
able from the two Lake Huron streams, which invaded
the State from the east, by the absence of three distinct
varieties of conglomerate which are found together and
in profusion along the pathways of these streams.

One of the streams above referred to, left Lake Huron
at Saginaw Bay, passed diagonally across the State of
Michigan, entered the Kankakee valley near South Bend,
—20 *»

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and followed thence along that valley to the Illinois,
which valley it followed to the Missiasippi river, scatter-
ing the red jasper or Huron conglomerate and two other
distinct conglomerates, all of Canadian origin, all aloDg
its tortuous pathway. The other stream passed south
through Lake Huron, out of the west end of Lake
Erie, and thence along the Wabash valley. This line
seems to have been the one of least resistance, and
consequently, the pathway of the larger glacial stream,
for, in addition to supplying the Wabash valley proper,
it sent out a broad sheet, or series of inferior streams,
in a southwesterly direction, to the valley of the Illi-
nois. This statement seems to be amply supported by
the fact that the three Canadian conglomerates are
scattered in profusion all along this line on the islands
in Lake Huron, and thence along the line to Lake Erie,
along the Wabash, and thence diagonally across Illinois
to the Illinois river valley. All doubt upon this subject,
if any there was, seems to be removed by the Guthrie
Collection in the Illinois State Building at the World's
Fair relating to the glacial geology of the State. This
collection contained about 1,000 specimens, almost every
one of which was either glacial-marked, or was a frag-
ment from a glacial transported boulder. Every speci-
men or variety in this collection is to be found in the
drift of Illinois. The glacial streams which invaded the
area embraced within our State lines, had swept over
an estimated area of over 700,000 square miles, and
gathered together probably a greater variety of rocks
and other material than any other glacial body had
ever delivered upon an equal area.

The glacial collection of Mr. Guthrie, and the geologi-
cal and relief maps of Illinois, especially prepared for the
World's Fair, and made from the most reliable data ob-
tainable, seemed to be in perfect accord. These features

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307

of the Illinois Exhibit, which, as before stated, Ijad hereto-
fore either been neglected or misunderstood, were visited
by many eminent scientists, whose admiration of the
exhibit was universal.

Recent exposure of glacial grooves on the floor of the
DesPlaines valley at Lamont, by the Drainage District
Trustees of Chicago, and the cutting through of the rock
barrier at Momence, have furnished the most conclusive
proof of the correctness of the conclusions above ex-
pressed.

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O

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FORESTRY.

BY MARTIN CONRAD, SUPERINTENDENT.

NOTWITHSTANDING the fact that Illinois has aU
ways been known as the Prairie State, early data
prove conclusively that, although unevenly distributed,
fully one-fourth of its area was covered with forests when
the white men first entered the territory.

There was probably no county entirely without tim-
ber, but the real forests were confined to the southern
portion of the State, the broad bottom lands of the
Mississippi and Illinois, together with nearly one-half of
the delta formed by these rivers.

Many counties throughout this section presented an
unbroken forest, chiefiy of deciduous trees, rich in vari-
ety, and of a quality unsurpassed on this continent.
The growth on the margins of the smaller streams, areas
between forks of creeks, or wherever protected from fire,
including the **oak openings" peculiar to the broad roll-
ing prairies, consisted almost entirely of burr, black and
red oaks, which had expended their force in growing
lateral branches to such an extent that, viewed from a
distance the park-like groves, devoid of all undergrowth,
recalled the scenes where grew:

"The Baldwins and the Jonathans,
The Gillyflower and the Wine,"

at the old homestead, where **oak openings" and
prairies were alike unknown. There were also "oak
openings" of quite opposite development, since the wood
consisted of large burly roots, or "grubs", which had
been expanding their gnarled deformities for many years,

811

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evidently by sending up shoots every spring, only to be
as regularly ra.zed in the autumn, by the annual holo-
caust that destroyed everything of an arboraceous na-
ture, with the exception of these under-ground "grubs"
and mature trees whose heavy barks proved an efficient
shield against the recurrent seas of flame. Despite the
scientific theory that fire was a prime factor in the for-
mation of our prairies, the groves that dotted the land-
scape, and the presence of these trunkless living roots
in the ground, go far to prove the contrary, since the
former had attained mature growth, while the latter
evidently sustained saplings of no mean proportions
before the fire era.

The settlement of the State, through which the forests
yielded to the axe, brought with it by way of compen-
sation the gradual cessation of these fires, and thus gave
the "grub patches" that survived the plow of the hus-
bandman, an opportunity to spring up and expand in-
to beautiful groves, while the openings that appeared
to Col. Qeorge Rogers Clark, "like islands in the sea,"
are being gradually supplanted by vigorous young for-
ests, until the erstwhile characteristics so peculiar to
arborescent growth on our prairies have nearly all dis-
appeared.

Taking this spontaneous extension of the natural
growth of the prairies into consideration, together with
the fsict that many forest trees have been planted where
formerly were only grass and weeds, it has been stated
with considerable plausibility that the forest area haa not
been impaired; but this unfortunately is not borne out
by the facts, as it is safe to say that there has been no
increase since 1880, when it was estimated that there
were twenty-three counties in the northern part of the
State with seven per cent woodland; twenty-one counties
in the district extending from the Illinois river, below
Ottawa, to the Mississippi with fifteen per cent; seventeen

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313

counties east of this with six per cent; in the district
south of this, comprising seventeen counties, twenty-
four per cent; thirteen counties in the Kaskaskia dis-
trict foot up twenty-one per cent; and the remaining
eleven counties averaging twenty-seven per cent — making
a decrease, as will be seen, of about ten per cent, from
the original wooded area.

This loss is almost entirely due to marketing the mer-
chantable timber in the southern part of the State where
the production of lumber and cooperage stock has been
an important industry for many years. Owing to the ex-
haustion of the best grades of mature hard woods, the
business is rapidly diminishing, and as the present supply
is chiefly on lands not available for cultivation, the re-
maining area is not liable to f urthur encroachments, and
hence it follows that the problem of to-day is no longer
a question of off-setting the destruction of forests at one
end of the State, by cultivation in the other, but rather,
that henceforth there will be a more uniform develop-
ment, which is destined not only to restore the original
area, but also to equalize the supply, so that every local-
ity in the entire State shall be blessed with woodland
shade and shelter.

The State of Illinois is three hundred and eighty-flve
miles in length, ranging from the latitude of Boston to
that of Richmond, Va., and while the climate may not
vary in an equivalent degree, the prolific soil produces
an indigenous sylva ranging from the black cypress of
the semi-tropic South to the tamarack of the far North;
making a variety more than twice as great as that of
all Europe.

A proper exhibit of this great forest wealth was not
decided upon until the middle of August preceding the
opening of the World's Columbian Exposition, and it is
needless to say that thereupon every effort was put forth

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to make a creditable showing within the limited remain-
ing time.

In pursuance of this decision, a Superintendent wafi
appointed and was afforded every facility to make the
exhibit worthy of its surroundings in the magniflcent
Illinois Building, and through the valuable assistance of
Commissioner Washburn and other members of the Board,
the formal opening of the great Exposition found an artist-
ically arranged exhibit of indigenous woods on appropri-
ate rustic shelving, each specimen thoroughly finished,
duly labeled, and the whole catalogued, as follows:

Indiffenoas*

Oenera.

•

Species.

Common Name.

ATlOPftOftflB ..... , , .

AjBimlna triloba

Papaw

8umA0. . .

ATiaC4)P*^iAC0A ...

Rhus ,

BetulacccB

Betula rubra

Bed Birch

Blgnoniace®

GaprifoliacecB

GonifercB

Catalpa speciosa

Catalpa (Western)

BlaokHaw

lied Cedar

Viburnum pi-unifollum

Juniperas Virginiana

Cupi-essus fastigiata

Nyssa aquatica

Cornaces

Cypress

Tupelo

Yellow Gum

1 (

* * capitata

< «

* * unifloi-a

White Sweet Gum

< 1

'• svlvatioa

Blaolc Gum

1 (

Cornus florida

Dogwood

Beech

CupuliferiB

* «

Fagus ferruginea

Ostrya Vlrginica

Hornbeam

( f

Castanea vesca

Chestnut

I (

I I

Querous obtueiloba

alba

PostOak

White Oak

t (

** aquatica

** falcata

Water Oak

« (

Spanish Oak

« t

" tlnctoria

Black Oak

• t

• * rubra

Red Oak

• t

* * prinoides

Chinquapin Oak

1 1

' ' inacrocarpa

Micliauxll

** nigra

BurrOak

Basket Oak

1 «

Black- Jack Oak

< «

" lyrata

Ovfli-cup Oak. . .......

< <

** coccinea

" PheUos

Scarlet Oak

4 <

Willow Oak

« 1

* * bicolor

KwAinp Oak. . X . . t

SbenacQCB

Diospyros Virginiana

Liquidambar Styraciflua . . .

Persimmon

Sweet Gum, Bed

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315

Indigenous— Concluded,

Genera.

Common Name.

Juglandaoeffi.

LauracesB

Leguminoseffi ,

Magnollaces .

Oleacesd .

Flatanacees
BosacecB .. . .

ButacesB .

Sapotacees
8alloace» .

Bapindaceed

Simarubaoeaa .

TiliaceeB

Urticaoes . . . .

JugUns nigra

* * cinerea

Oarya olivcBformis

•* alba.

' ' sulcata

' ' tomentosa

' * porcina

Sassafras officinale

Gercis Canadensis

Bobinia pseudacticia

Gleditschia triacanthoe

Gynmocladus Canadensis.
Liriodendron tulipifera. . . .

Magnolia acuminata

Fraxinus sambucifolia.

* ' Americana

Forestiera acuminata

Platanus occldentalls

Prunus serotina

GrateBgus coccinea

Prunus Americana

Pyrus angustifolia

Amelanchier Canadensis.. .

Ptelia trifoliata

Xanthoxylum Amerlcanum

Bumelia lycioides

Populus alba

Populus monilifera

Populus grandidentata. . . .

8alix nigra

Acer nigrum

Acer dasycarpum

Negundo aceroides

Acer saccharinum

Acer rubrum

.Sisoulus glabra

Simaruba glauoa

Tilia Americana

UlmuB Americana.

' * racemosa

" fulva.

" alata.

Moms rubra

Oeltis i-eticulata

Black Walnut

Butternut i . .

Pecan

White Hickory, Shellbark..

BigShellbark ,

Black Hickory

Pignut Hickory

Sassafras

Bed Bud

Black Locust

Honey Locust . . . ,

Kentucky Coffee-tree

Tulip-tree, Yellow Poplar..

Cucumber-tree

Black Ash

White Ash

Privet

Sycamore

Wild Black Cherry

Bed Haw

Wild Plum

Crab Apple

June Beny

Water Ash

Prickly Ash

Ironwood

Silver Poplar, 8. Maple. . . .

Cottonwood

Poplar, White

Black Willow

Black Sugar Maple

Soft Maple. White

Box Elder

White Sugar Maple

Soft Maple, Bed

Bi!lckeye

Paradise Tree

Lind— Basswood

White Elm

Hickory Elm

"ippery Elm

Cork Elm, Wahoo Elm

Bed Mulberry

Hackberry

Elder, Hazel, Spicewood, Wild Grape, etc., etc.

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Owing to the limited time in which the collection had
to be made, several kinds were unavoidably omitted,
among which may be mentioned White Pine (Lake Co.),
Yellow Pine (Union Co.)i Birch, Wahoo, and other varie-
ties, which were well represented, however, in the exten-
sive display of cultivated wood, arranged and finished in
the same uniform manner and catalogued as follows
under the head of:

Onltivated Timber.

Species.

Name.

Tean.

Height,
feet

Diam-

eter.

Iiiohes

ANONAOBJB.

Aatmlnfi tHIobA . . ,

Pawpaw

Betula alba

White Birch

18
10

60
22

BiaNONIAOEJB.
rwtalna SDeoioBa

Western Catalpa.

Black Haw

OAPBIFOIjIAOEA

Viburnum prunifolium

OONIFEBJI.
TiatIz ISuTooea

European Larch

SootohPine

Austrian Pine

27
22
46
36
26
22
19
19
20
25
26
33

62
45
36
28
60
38
33
36
38
36
40
34
60

Plnufl Bvlvestris

Plnufl Atifitriaca ^

Junlperus Virginiana

Laiix Ameilcana

Red Oedar

American Larch

Balsam F*** r . t ........ .

AhiAS balaamca ....

Tsuga Canadensis

PinAA Dtincrens

Hemlock

White Spruce

Plnua Banksiana

Gray Pine

Plnua reainosa.

Norway Pine

10 f

Ablee exoelsa

Norway Spruce

Arbor-yitffi

Thuja occidentaUs

PlnuB strobus

White Pine

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OuUwaUd 7Ym6e7^-Ck)Dtinued.

Sp6Ci6&

Name.

years.

Height
feet

Diam-
eter.
inohM

OUPUIJFXBJB.

Ostrya Virginlca

QueixsuB lyrata

alba

*' falcata.

* * nigra

" paluBtris

" lyrata

' * p. discolor

' ' prlDus palustris .. .

Fagus ferniginea

Castauea vesca

Carpinus Caroliniana

DyospyroB Ylrginlana..

JXJQJaAXDACRM,

Juglans dnerea .

Carya alba

Garyaporoina....
Juglans nigra . . .

Hop Tree

Burr or Over-cup Oak. .

White Oak

Red Oak

Black Oak.

Pin Oak-

Over-cup Oak

swamp White Oak

Ohestnut Oak

Beech

American Chestnut

Water Beech

19
50
68
54
54
54
61
42
43
33
87
36

Persimmon..

Butternut ,

Sbellbark Hickory..
Pignut Hickory . . ,
Black Wahiut

IiBOUHIKOSBJB.

Gymnocladus Oanadensis.
Obditsohla triancanthos. .

Bobinia pseudacacia

Oleditschia aquatica

Bobinia fragilis

BIlCABUBAOBiB.

▲llanthus glandulosa

OIiSAOEJB.

Frazinus platycarpa

* * Americana

" quadrangulata..

PIiATANAOBJB.

PlatanuB ocddentaUs

Ey. Coffee Tree .
Honey Locust . .
Black Locust . . .
Water Locust. . .
Yellow Locust ..

47
46
14
12
34

Ailanthus.

Water Ash.
White Ash.
Blue Ash..

Sycamore.

51
21
50

35
41
51
66
62
80
65
60
40
40
60
20

46
60
45
60

55
51
60
40
40

47
45

13
11
124

16
14

10
18

7
4
6

10
9

101

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CuUivated lumber— Concluded.

Species.

Name.

Years.

Height
feet

Diam-
eter,
inches

BOSACAB.

Pyrus Americana

Amelanchier Canadensis .. .

CratflBgus coGcinea

Pninus serotlna

Prunus Pennsylvanioa

Pyrus angustifolia ,

BTJTACEM.

Xanthoxylum Americanum.

SAIilCACEA.

Populns monilifera

Populus grandidentata . . .

Salix amygdaloides

Populus tremuloides

Ballx sorloea

Salix Ylminalis

Salix vitellina

Populus balsamifera

Populus alba

SAFINDAGEiB.

iBsculus glabra

Acer dasycarpum...
Acer saccharin um.

Acer rubrum ,

Negundo aceroides. .

8AFOTACE^.

Bumelia lanuginosa .

THiIACEiB.

Tilia Americana

UBTICACEA

Geltls reticulata

Maclura aurantiaca.
TJlmus Americana . .

Ulmus fulva

Moms rubra.

Mountain Ash

June Berry

White Thorn. Bed Haw.

WUd Black Cherry

Choke Cherry

Wild Crab Apple

Prickly Ash

29
39

Cotton- wood...

Poplar

Water Willow..
Quaking Asp. . .
Silky Willow . .
Basket Willow..
TeUow Willow..
Balmof Gilead
Silver Poplar . .

52
32
8
24
33

Horse Chestnut

Soft Maple

Rock or Sugar Maple.

Red Maple

Box Elder

18
16
33

40
26
30
32

Iron Wood.

Basswood..

Hackberry

Osage Orange.
White Elm . . .
Slippery Elm .
Mulberry

39
22
42
33
21

15
55

55
60
60

35
60
50
52

45
30
62
58
25

11
10*

6i
11

6*
10

10
11
6

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The material for this exhibit was chiefly collected by
CommiBsioner Samuel Dysart, with A. R. Whitney, the
veteran nurseryman, as his able assistant. The data as
to age and dimensions of each tree were also supplied
by those old settlers, which go far towards establishing
the results of timber culture on open prairies.

To amplify the products of cultivated timber, a com-
plete farm wagon was exhibited, constructed of tvventy-
flve kinds of wood, all of which were grown from the
seed, on a prairie farm in Lee county. This highly fin-
ished collective showing of what can be produced on a
single farm, served ob a center piece to the general ex-
hibit, and being so far as known the first vehicle on
this continent made of cultivated timber, proved the
leading attraction of the entire department.

Aside from this wagon the display consisted of seventy-
three specimens, which could have been greatly aug-
mented in number had time permitted to canvass the
State. The difficulty seemed to be that the dweller of
the prairie planted the rarer specimens for shade and
ornamentation, and hence could hardly be expected to
part with such trees just as the object and reward were
developing into beautiful perfection. It is a pleasure,
however, to record the fact that wherever duplicates
could possibly be spared, not a single owner was in the
least disposed to take advantage of the situation, but
invariably made personal sacrifices to further the aims
and purposes of the Commission in making a forestry
display worthy of the greatest agricultural State of the
Union.

The history of forests and forestry in Illinois is thus
briefly brought down to the Columbian year, and after
striking the balance between the present and the past, we
flnd, upon adding all other aborescent growth, that the
leaf surface of the State has suffered no loss, and being

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evenly distributed, its beneficial influences upon diznate,
water supply and soil, are thereby greatly augmented.
The loss is in forest area, quality and financial results,
and to retrieve this deficiency in the shortest possible
time, tree planting should be confined to fruit-bearing
timber trees, which would restore the income without
loss of area, and yet more than double the commercial
value of trees ordinarily cultivated.

Of the trees indigenous to the State, will be found the
black walnut, pecan, butternut and hickory, all of which,
when once established, will thrive without care, will grow
rapidly, and are naturally free from insects enemies; the
product, therefore, must be nearer a clear gain than any-
thing else raised on the farm. That little or no atten-
tion has been paid to this promising branch of arbori-
culture is a most singular and surprising fact, especially
since it opens an entirely new field, in which the propaga-
tion, improvement and origination of new varieties of
fruit by engrafting or budding, may be practiced with
unquestioned success and with the absolute certainty of
remunerative results. The product is a delicacy equal to
the fruit of the orchard, commanding a price at all times
so liberal as to justify unusual care in its cultivation ;
and the timber of the trc'e itself is invariably the most
valuable and costly in our market.

In conclusion, we can only dedicate the important task
of re-afforestation to the farming community. Others
may suggest, but upon the tillers of the soil devolves
the duty of conserving by practical means the forestal
interests of the great State of Illinois. With unbounded
faith in their devotion to this work, we behold with pro-
phetic vision, future generations blessing the memory of
those who rebuilded **God's first temples."

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THE CLAY KXHIBIT.

BY A. O. LOY.

f'HE Illinois Clay Exhibit, as shown by the illustra-
tion, consisted of a space 21x21 feet. The space was
enclosed with a rustic fence made from tile and terra
cotta, covered with ferns, vines and flowers. The pyra-
mid, which stands in the center of the space, is sixteen
feet in diameter, octagon in shape, veneered with fine
pressed brick of many colors, shapes and sizes, and deco-
rated with tile, terra cotta, lawn vases, window boxes,
flower pots, rustic statuary, etc., with growing plants,
vines and flowers.

A rule of the National Commission provided that no
manufactured goods should be shown in State buildings.
This exhibit was not intended for a display of manufac-
tured goods, but a place built from manufactured clay
goods on which to show Illinois clays. Clays of many kinds
and qualities, in glass jars, are placed on the shelves of
the pyramid.

Among the collection are clays suitable for the manu-
facture of paving, common, pressed, ornamental and
fire-brick; terra cotta of many colors; sewer pipe, fire-
proofing, drain tile, pottery, flower pots, rustic statuary,
white granite and encaustic tiles.

Over 80,000 persons are employed yearly in the fac-
tories of this State. Seven hundred million brick were
manufactured in the vicinity of Chicago in 1892, while
in other cities in the State, millions of building and

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paving brick of the fineBt quality were made. We have
large terra cotta works in the State; also sewer pipe
and fire-brick factories. We have five hundred drain tile
factories, many of which are run twelve moDthB each
year, and are even then unable to supply the demand.
There is an unlimited quantity of clay in our State,
which, for quality, will compare favorably with the clays
of any State in the Union.

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STATE LiABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

BY 8. A. FORBES.

fHE exhibit of the zoology of the State of Illinois
_ was made at the Exposition by the aid of the Illi-
nois State Laboratory of Natural History, an institu-
tion devoted to a survey of the zoology and crypto-
gamic botany of Illinois with special reference to educa-
tional and economic ends. With this establishment the
office of the Illinois State Entomologist is now closely
associated, the Director of the Laboratory being, in fact,
the oflBcial Entomologist also, and the exhibit of this
office was consequently made as a feature of the Labora-
tory display.

The Natural History Exhibit was selected and arranged
with a view to displaying the results and methods of
investigation actually accomplished and in progress
under State authority, due regard being had to a popu-
lar attractiveness of the material and its effectiveness
for display. The exhibit was thus limited to specimens
of the birds, fishes and insects of the State.

The entomological exhibit was made in connection
with a model entomologist's office, which contained five
hundred and forty square feet in one room, with an
annex twenty feet long by eleven feet wide for an in-
sectary. Into these rooms was put a select and care-
fully arranged equipment for first class work in all de-
partments of technical and economic entomology, includ-

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ing furniture, a section of the laboratory library and of
the library catalogue, record books with examples of the
records, specimens prepared and arranged in the various
ways useful for reference, apparatus for collecting and
experiment, microscopes, a drawiug equipment and the
like, making of the whole a model establishment which,
it was believed, might be profitably studied by any eco-
nomic entomologist, foreign or American. In the insect-
ary, apparatus for the breeding and rearing of insects
of injurious habit was placed, as well as for the culti-
vation of the plants subject to insect injuries upon which
experimental methods might be demonstrated.

The special exhibit-s made in this department included
a collection of sixteen hundred species of common Illinois
insects, so selected as to present a correct generaJ idea
of the insect life of the State; separate collections of in-
sects injurious to corn, to wheat, to the apple, and to
the strawberry in Illinois; a special exhibit of the food
of one robin for one year; a set of insects ascertained
to have been eaten by birds; a similar series eaten by
fishes; a set of butterfiies arranged with a view to illus-
trating the geographical distribution of insect species in
Illinois; and a set of Illinois insects illustrating the
work of the laboratory in supplying entomological
material to the high schools of the State.

The ornithological exhibit was made in four series:
(1) A collection of the game birds of the State mounted
as dead game; (2) a series of biological groups mounted
in various naturalistic attitudes, with natural accessor-
ies indicating haunts, habits and the like; (3) a general
collection of all the birds of the State grouped according
to their distribution within the State at different seasons
of the year, and (4) a set of the eggs of birds breeding in
Illinois.

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Our ichthyology was illustrated by one hundred and
fifteen species of fish from various parts of tlje State,
collected by the laboratory force and exhibited in alcohol.

To this general account the following detailed state-
ment may be added.

Ornithological Bxhibit.

Winter Besidents of Southern Illinois 108 spocimons.

throughout miiiois Ul

Stragglers in Blinois 24

Summer Besidents throughout Illinois 207

Winter Besidents of Northern lUinois 44

Summer * * " • * 59

Southern Illinois 38

Migrants passing through Illinois 77

Common Qame Birds of Illinois mounted as dead game 53

A Group of WUd Turkeys mounted with natural acces-
sories 6

A Group of Prairie Chickens mounted with natural acces-
sories 4

A Group of Crossbills mounted with natural accessories. . . 8

A Group of Tellow-bellied Sapsuckers, with nest and eggs. 4

' ' Little Green Herons, with nest and eggs 2

Total number of birds exhibited 775 "

One hundred and twenty-flve clutches of birds' eggs,
representing as many species of birds nesting in Illinois,
were also shown, the total number of ^gs in these
clutches being five hundred and twenty-five.

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Entomologrical Exhibit.

Pinued
Specimeus.

Vials.

Drawings.

Illinois Insects injurious to Apple

Corn

" •* Wheat

Strawberry...

Insects in food of birds

•* fishes

G«op:raphlc distribution of Illinois Butterflies.
Illinois Insects as furnished to High Schools

or Illinois

Common Insects of Illinois :

Dormaptera

Oithoptera.

Platyptera.

Odonata

Plocoptera

Hemiptera

Neuroptera

Mecaptera

Trlchoptera

Coleoptera

Diptera

Lepidoptera

Hymenoptera

Totals.

240

150
53
52

195
91

184

459

215

566

2,602

541

1,058

1,016

7.606

160
85
43
20
24
9

287

10]

In addition to the above there were exhibited about
3,000 specimens of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, twenty
boxes each, from the standard collection of the State
Laboratory. Twenty-four racks of vials of alcoholic
specimens were shown with these.

The special exhibit of the food of the robin for one
year consisted of 5,481 pinned specimens of insects, 80
tubes, each fifteen inches in length, containing alcoholic
specimens, and 38 shorter tubes and vials of alcoholic
specimens, besides vials and tubes containing fruits and
seeds.

The furniture of the Entomologist's office, comprised
two office desks, four plain work tables, three tables with
specimens cases, a table for reference books and record

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books, two wall cases for specimens, a large book case,
two reagent cases, one typewriting machine and desk,
one letter press and stand, a small printing press and
case of type, a sink, and four chairs.

In the book case was displayed a section of the library
of the State Laboratory of Natural History, the books
selected being entomological, and including serial publi-
cations, periodicals, monographs, reference books, pam-
phlets, etc., to the number of about five hundred volumes.
A complete set of the publications of the Laboratory and
of the State Entomological Reports was also furnished.

Under the head of working apparatus, there were ex-
hibited in this room one compound microscope and ac-
cessories, two dissecting microscopes and accessories, two
large microtomes, a complete outfit for collecting insects,
sets of bottles, vials and reagents for preserving insects,
apparatus for inflating larvae, and that used in mounting
and preserving insects.

In the insectary, adjoining the office room, were sixty
large and small breeding cages, w-ith glass fronts and
gauze sides; forty glass jars of various sizes and shapes to
be used as breeding cages, and two gauze-covered cages
suitable for outdoor use. These were arranged on shelves,
and on a table covered with sand., There were also in this
room a work table with an Arnold steam sterilizer, large
culture jars, funnels, and other apparatus used, in the
culture of fungi causing insect disease.

The zoological display was made in accordance with
detailed plans prepared by Professor S. A. Forbes, Di-
rector of the State Laboratory of Natural History, and
approved by the Illinois Board of World's Fair Com-
missioners. The execution of these plans was confided,
under the general supervision of the Director of the La-
boratory, to Mr. C. F. Adams, of the University of Illi-
nois, for the birds, and to Mr. H. E. Summers, for the
insects.

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The material for the ornitholofi^cal exhibit was chiefly
obtained by special collections made for this purpose
during the winter of 1891 and the spring and summer
of 1892, by parties sent out by the Laboratory, and
mounted by Mr. Adams himself. As it was quite impos-
sible to make a complete collection of the birds of the
State within so short a time, the deficiencies remaining
were supplied by selections made from the museums of
the University of Illinois, at Champaign, and of the State
Board of Agriculture, at Springfield, and by purchase of
skins from taxidermists.

The entomological exhibit was likewise provided in
part from special collections made by Laboratory em-
ployes, and by assistants especially engaged for the
purpose, and in still greater part from the cabinets of
the State Laboratory of Natural History and of the
University of Illinois.

The beautiful colored drawings distributed through
the entomological exhibit, to illustrate species too small
to be well seen by the naked eye, were made at the State
Laboratory for the purpose by Miss Lydia M. Hart, the
special artist of the establishment.

The ichthyological collections were all made during the
season of 1892, by assistants sent from the Laboratory,
Mr. J. E. Hallinen, a student of the University, doing the
greater part of the field and laboratory work.

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FISH EXHIBIT.

BY 8. P. BARTLETT.

fISH culture and fish protection are, like a number
of other interests fostered by the State, the out-
growth of the needs of the people, and only when the
waters were found to be gradually but surely becoming
depleted, was the attention of our law makers attracted
in that direction. Previous to 1878, fish laws were prac-
tically unknown in our State and fish were taken by
anybody in any way. The demands of the various mar-
kets for tUat character of food increasing, induced hun-
dreds along the rivers and lakes to embark in market
fishing as a business, and the result was, that, without
thought for the morrow, the product of the waters was
taken, regardless of season or condition, and as the fish
were most easily taken during the spawning season,
millions found there way to our own and foreign mar-
kets at that season. This continuing from year to year
made a marked decrease in the supply of fish, particu-
larly in the inland lakes and streams, until about the
time mentioned above (1878-9), people began to realize
that a few years of such wholesale destruction would en-
tirely deplete our waters of the better varieties of our
native food fishes.

As an illustration of the condition of the waters at
that time one case in point might briefly be cited. The
Fox and Rock rivers once produced plentifully the chan-
nel cat fish. In 1878, few if any specimens of this par-
ticular fish were ever taken in these rivers. The black
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croppie, or strawberry bafls, also, was almost extinct,
and all varieties of fish scarce, and had it not been for
the magnificent breeding grounds in which those rivers
head, there is but little doubt but that they would ulti-
mately have been utterly depleted. It is but fair to add,
however, that the dams along both of these rivers for
years unprovided with flshways, had much to do with
the scarcity of fish, the rivers being entirely dependent
on the resources of the spawning grounds, and cut off by
these dams from the natural supply from the greater
rivers into which they emptied. This has since been
corrected by the ena<;tment of the Fish way law.

In 1878-9 the Legislature undertook to make the first
fish laws for the protection of fish. Hon. L. B. Crocker,
of Mendota, championed the cause, making a very hard
fight to obtain even a recognition in the way of an at-
tempt at protection, and the whole interest was fought
from every section of the State, the majority of the
people holding that it wa^ an interference with the
vested rights of the people to take fish when and where
they plecused. The Fish Commission originated during
the same session, and with an entirely new field to de-
velop, took up their work. Each successive legislature
gave additional encouragement, in the way of better
laws and better appropriations for the Commission, in
its work of distribution and protection, until almost
every stream in the State has reached its normal con-
dition as to supply of native food fishes, with an addi-
tion of other varieties.

Perhaps the extent and value of the work of the Fish
Commission was not fully appreciated by the majority
of the people of the State who were not personally cogni-
zant of its practical results. An opportunity of demon-
strating these results publicly was offered when the bill
which made the appropriation for State exhibits at the

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World's Fair was passed. It contained among its pro-
visions a clanse which made it obligatory on the part of
the Board of Fish Commissioners to make an exhibit of
live fish under the supervision of the Illinois Board of
World's Fair Commissioners, which was a recognition of
the interest gratifying in the extreme to the Board of
Commissioners. The greatest latitude was given the Fish
Commission by the World's Fair Board through its Com-
mittee on Natural History, and the result was an ex-
hibit of live fish under conditions that, so far, has never
been equaled. The use of the ordinary aquarium was
proposed, but upon figuring the expense necessary to
handle and care for them in that way, and the unsatis-
factory results heretofore obta,ined by that method of
exhibit, it was thought desirable to introduce newer
features and put the fish under as nearly natural condi-
tions as possible. In order to accomplish this, experi-
ments were made in the keeping and care of fish in
shallow ponds, so arranged as to give a full view oF the
fish, and at the same time to furnish surroundings as
nearly natural as practicable. Plans for such an exhibit
were proposed by the Commission to the Committee, and
as before stated, sufficient latitude was given the Com-
mission to reproduce, in working order, the plans sub-
mitted. The space assigned them was one of the most
desirable in the State Building. The plans were shown
Mr. J. B. Mora, a French architect, who suggested a
beautifully elaborated scenic finish, which was adopted
by the Board, and the contract was let to Mr. Mora to
arrange the exhibit according to such plans. The exhibit
differed from anything of the kind ever made before for
the purposes 6f a live fish exhibit, and consisted of a
miniature mountain, down the sides of which fell, in cas-
cades, pure filtered water into the several pools formed
at various heights along its sides, until all the water

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met at its base in a beautiful miniature lake. This lake
was crossed by a rustic bridge, from which the observer
could see all the fish in any of the pools. Around the
edfi^ of the lake and pools were planted yarious aquatic
plants usually found in such places. The mountain itself,
covered with cedars, shrubs and flowers, as a whole pre-
sented one of the most attractive exhibits of the Build-
ing, if not of the Fair. In the lake a full carload of fish
could be comfortably cared for. The fish used in the ex-
hibit were placed there in March and taken out in Novem-
ber. The loss was but a small per cent, of the whole,
showing a wonderfully healthful condition, particularly
when it is considered that the water was filtered, thus
depriving it of a very considerable amount of the
natural food supply usually obtained from water in
its natural state. The freedom from fungus, the greatest
enemy of fish in aquaria, was particularly noticed; in
fact, a more complete demonstration of the value of
surface area in aquaria exhibits could not have been
made. The exhibit as a whole was a great educator,
showing as it did to thousands the fishes of this State
utilized by the Commission. The greater portion of the
people of the State have but little knowledge, as a gen-
eral thing, of what our waters contain. Few, perhaps,
had ever seen a number of the varieties under conditions
so nearly natural. The live fish exhibit was, in every
sense, a gratification to those who were responsible for
it, and was, without doubt, appreciated by those who
saw it.

The Fish Commission, as first organized, consisted of
the following named members :

N. K. Fairbank, President, Chicago, 3 year term.

S. P. Bartlett, Secretary, Quincy, 2 year term.

J. M. Briggs, KaHkakee, 1 year term.

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At the expiration of Mr. Briggs' term, Mr. S. P. Mc-
Dole, of Aurora, was appointed to succeed him. His term
was for three years. He, in turn, was succeeded at the
expiration of his time, by Major George Breuning, of
Centralia. In July, 1893, the entire Commission was
changed, and the following named gentlemen were ap-
pointed to succeed the old Board :

Mr. Bichard Boe, President, East St. Louis.

Mr. George W. Langford, Secretary, Havana

Mr. O. D. Sickler, Geneva.

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▲GRIGUIiTUBAIi KSCHIBIT.

flp'HE Illinois Agricultural Exhibit, occupying space on
<w the first floor in the northwest corner of the Illinois
State Building, and on the first fioor, near the center,
of the Agricultural Building, was given a wide scope,
when the law provided for "a full and complete collec-
tion of all the cultivated products in the several branches
of agriculture, in illustration of the widely different con-
ditions of soil and climate under which rural husbandry
is practiced in the various parts of the State."

Tour Committee found it no easy task to provide for
all these requirements in making a representative and
attractive exhibition in both these buildings, which should
maintain the credit of this agricultural state.

Early in 1891 were laid plans for an agricultural ex-
hibit by the State Board of Agriculture, and in August
of the same year the Committee on Agriculture of the
Commission began the work of securing an exhibit as
described by the law quoted above.

Eaclv member ot the Commission was requested to col-
lect Irom the district in which he resided whatever he
could that was of merit of the products of the farm.
This resulted in securing a very valuable collection from
a number of counties.

It was determined to offer prizes to be competed for
at the State Fair in 1892, for the best collection of farm
products. The said products were to become the prop-
erty of the State Board of Agriculture and the Illinois
Commission. It was fineilly decided to offer three series
of prizes, one for eeich of the three great divisions of the
State, northern, central and southern. These prizes were

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$250, $150 and $100 for the best displays by counties,
from each grand division, and $50 for each county dis-
play which did not secure one of the above prizes. At
no time in the history of fairs in this State have such
displays in quantity, quality and variety been brought
before the eyes of the visiting people. Probably State
pride had much to do with this immense contribution of
the wealth of farm production, representing a variety
and profusion of products such as could only be pro-
duced in the wide range of climate and varied soils this
State affords.

As many of these products as were of easy preserva-
tion were retained for use in making the renowned Illi-
nois Agricultural Exhibit.

Your Committee, having at least a faint idea of the
value to the many visitors from all nations at the great
Columbian Show of presenting to their view a picture of
a typical Illinois farm home, determined to bring out the
same in a form as yet never undertaken, by making it
entirely of grains and grasses. This required weeks and
months of patient toil by the skillful hands of Illinois
men and women, and an immense amount and a
great variety of material. This picture, 24 by 32 feet,
with a four-foot frame, with its draped curtain, requir-
ing 125 varieties of grains and grasses, when completed
(without the use of painter's brush) evidenced the fact
that the Committee planned more wisely than it knew;
for during the entire Columbian Exposition possibly do
single exhibit was inquired after oftener or received more
of written and verbal commendation.

Early in 1893, contracts were let for building the pa-
vilion, shelving and other necessary structures for the
display in as artistic form as possible of the immense
amount of material that had already been stored in the
building and that was waiting shipment from other

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points. These structures again were decorated with such
material as only Illinois soil, sunshine and rain could
produce, bringing out an effect that prompted many
expressions of surprise and delight; for which effect much
credit is due the artist employed to design and super-
intend the construction of this feature of the exhibit.

The receipt of the products of the farm and garden of
the crop of 1893 began soon after the opening of the
Fair, and was continued during the entire exhibition,
both from plantings made at stations about 25 miles
apart through the length of the State, and from collec-
tions in nearly every county of the State. The plantings
demonstrated the fact that the season of maturity pro-
gressed from south to north at the rate of about 12
miles per day; that the yield per acre of corn and pota-
toes increased from south to the central, and diminished
from central to the northern parts of the State; that
oats increaaed in yield from south to north, while the
reverse was true of winter wheat. Selected ears of corn
grown in the southern division of the State weighed 17^
ounces two months after harvesting, in central Illinois 14
ounces, and in northern Illinois 11% ounces.

The height of selected stalks diminished from 16 feet and
4 inches in the southern to 14 feet and 2 inches in the
central, and 12 feet and 2 inches in the northern division.
A portion of the decrease in growth of cereals and veg-
etables from south to north must be attributed to the
fact that the rainfall from May 1 to September 1 was
unusually light (7.03 inches at the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station), and as most of this was in May and but
little of it later in the season, the northern portions of
the State were at a disadvantage on account of their
crops maturing later.

To the ordinary visitor the exhibit of non alcoholic
products of Indian com was a source of great surprise.

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This consisted of thirty different articles especially
adapted for the use for which each was intended. For
this attractive display many thanks are due the Chicago
Sugar Refining Co.

Article 2 of the euct creating the Illinois Board of
World's Fair Commissioners provided among other things
for ''an exhibit illustrating the entire system of the in-
spection of the several varieties of grain as established
by the State Bailroad and Warehouse Commission and
practised by the State Grain Inspection Department."

In March, 1893, the Commission placed this exhibit
under the care of the Agricultural Committee and im-
mediately under the direction of Mr. Geo. P. Bunker,
Chief Inspector ; they proceeded to erect, in space immedi-
ately adjoining the Agricultural display, a diminutive car
for the purpose of showing the practical workings of the
system of grain inspection, an inspector's ofllce, a series
of shelves and boxes for showing the various grades of
grains as inspected, and a desk on which was placed a
complete set of inspectors' books, showing the manner
of keeping the record of the 246,726,243 bushels of wheat,
corn, oats, rye and barley inspected in, and the 107,917,-
619 bushels inspected out of the Chicago market in the
year 1892.

This exhibit was not only attractive in its general ap-
pearance, but was one of much interest to farmers, dealers
in grain and others interested in our cereal productions.
This wonderful accumulation of grain in one city Is evi-
dence that not all exchanges on the Board of Trade are
fictitious.

Illinois has many great things to boast of in compari-
son with her sister States, but if she was judged alone
from her wealth in agriculture as shown in the extent,
variety and quality and in the manner in presenting the

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agricultural display to the eyes of an admiring public,
the verdict must be one that would not lessen the pride
of any citizen of this greatest of States.

While no time or expense was spared to make it the
best of all the grand displays of the products of the farm
and garden at the Columbian Exposition, yet a hand-
some sum was left in the hands of the State Treasurer
to the credit of the committee in charge.

Appended will be found a list of articles that were
placed on exhibition and used in decoration of the, crop
of 1892. A list of the products grown in 1893 would
be largely a duplication of this with the addition of every
variety of vegetable known to this climate in its sea-
son, and such miscellaneous products as cotton, tobacco,
cow peas, hemp, etc.

Native and Cultivated Plants of Illinois,

EXHIBITED IK THE inLTNOIS BUILDINO AND IN THE IIiIilNOIS PAYIIilOH IK
THE NATIONAL AOBIOUIiTTTBAIi BUHiDINO.

Grass Family: Gramineae*

Common Name. Botanical Name.

1. Fresh Water Cord Grass Spartlna oynosuroides

2. No name Faspalum setaceum

3. Crab or Finger Grass Panicum sanguinale

4. Old Witch Grass Panicum capillare

6. Panic Grass Panicum autumnale

6. ' * * * Panicum agrostoldes

7. * * * * Panicum mattatum

8. '• '* Panicum Tirgatum

9. * * * * ('anicum latifoiium

10. * * * * Panicum scoparium

11. ** ** Panicum depauperatum

12. * * * * Panicum dichotomiun

13. Bam Yard Grass Panicum Crus-galli

14. Fox Tail Setaria glauca

15. Green Fox Tail .Setaria viridis

16. Millet or Hungarian Setaria Italioa

17. Hedge Hog or Burr Grass Cenchrus tribuloides

1 S. White Grass Leersia Virginica

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Native and CtMvated Orassea of JOinoiff— Continued.
Common Name. Botanioal Name.

19. Bice Gut Grass Leenia oiyzoides

20. Catch Fly Leensia lenticularis

21. iDdian Bice, Water Oats Zizania aquatioa

22. Beard Grass, Blue Stem or Blue

Joint Andropogon furcatus

33. Little Blue Joint Andropogon sooparius

24. Indian Grass, Wood Grass Chrysopogon nutans

25. Johnson Grass Sorghum Halapense

26. Canary Grass Phalarls Canariensis

27. Beed Grass Phaiaris arundinacea «

28. Bibbon Grass. Phalarls picta

29. Triple Awned Grass Aristida graoilis

30. •* " •• Aristida oUgantha

81. •• •• " Aristida tuberculosa

32. Porcupine Grass Stipaspartea

33. Mountain Bice Oryzopsis melanocarpa

84. Drop Seed Grass Muhlenbergia sobolifera

35. " " '' Muhlenbergia glomerata

36. ** " " Muhlenbergia Mexicana

37. '• " '* Muhlenbergia sylvaUca

38. " ** •• Muhlenbergia WiUdenovii

39. *• ** ** Muhlenbergia diffusa

40. ' " " M. diffusa crossed with M.MexieaDa

41. No name Biaohyelytnim aristatum

42. Timothy Phleum pratoise

43. Meadow Fox Tail Alopecums pratensis

44. Bush Grass Sporobolus asper

45. ** " Sporobolus heterolepis

46. *' " Sporobolus oiyptandnis

47. *• •' Sporobolus vaginflBflonis

48. Bed Top Agroetis arachnoides

49. " " Agroetis vulgaris var. alba

50. Thin Grass Agrostis perennans

51. Hair Grass Agrostis scabra

52. Wood Beed Grass Cinna arundinacea

63. Blue Joint Calamagioetis Canadensis

54. Beed Bent Grass Calamagrostis longifolia

55. Wild Oat Grass Danthonia spicata

56. Muskit Grass Bouteloua oligostaohya

57. Muskit Grass Bouteloua hirsuta

58. Muskit Grass Bouteloua raoemoea

Digitized by

Google

851

Native and CuUivated Plants of J2Ztno<9--ConcIuded.
Common Namt, Botanical Name,

69. Dog'B Tail or Wire Grass Eleusine Indica

60. Sand Grass Triodia purpurea

61. No namo Diplachne fasclcularis .

62. > Reed GrasA Phragmites oommunis.

63. No namo Arundo Donaz

64. " Eoeleria cristata

65. *' Eatonia obtusata

66. *' Eragrostis reptans . . . .

67. " Eragrofitis major

68. " Eragrostis pllosa

69. *• Eragrostis Pursbii

70. * ' EragroetiB peotinacea. .

71. Orchard Grass Daotylis glomerata

72. Low Spear Grass Foa annua

73. Wire Grass, English Blue Grass. Foa compressa

74. False Bed Top Foa serotdna

75. June Grass, Kentucky Blue Grass.Foa pratensis

76. Spear Grass Poa sylvestris

77. Fowl Meadow Grass Glyceria nei-vata

78. Reed * * * ' Glyceria grandis

79. Fescue Grass Festuca Myurus

80. ** Festuca tenella

81. " Festuca nutans

82. Taller or Meadow Fescue Festuca elatior

83. Wild Chess Bromus Ealmii

84. Cheat or Chess Bromus secalinus

85. No name Bromus ciliatus

86. Common Darnel or Rye Grass.. . . Lolium perenne

87. Couch or Quick Grass Agropyrum repens

88. No name Agropyrum tenerum . .

89. Squirrel Tail Grass Hordeum jubatum

90. No name Hordeum pratense

91. Wild Rye Elymus Virginlcus

92. ** Elymus Canadensis .. ,

93. * * Elymus striatus

94. Bottle Brush Grass Asprella Hystrix

Digitized by

Google

852
Sedge Family: CyperacesB*

OBABS-IinDI OB BUSH-IilKB HERBS, WITH FIBBOUS BOOTS, HAITI OF
OOMHONIiT OAIiliBD SLOUGH GBABS.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.

Common Name. Botanical Name,
Sedge Oyperus diandrus

* * Cyperus Schweinltzli

* * Cyperus strigosuB.

* * Cyperus ovularis

Spike Bush Eleocharis ovata

• • Eleocharis palustris

• ' Eleocharis rosteUata.

** Eleocharis acioularis.

Sedge Flmbristylis capillaris

Bull Bush, or Club Bush Sclrpus pungens ,

Great Bull Bush Scirpus lacustris

Biver Club Bush Sclrpus fluylatlUs

Bush Sclrpus atrovirens

Wool Grass Eriophorum cyperinum

Twig Bush Cladium marlsooldes

Kut Bush Sderla triglomerata ,

Carex lurlda ,

** SchweinitzU

filiformis

fillformis var. latifolia. . .

trichocarpa

stricta

' ' var. decora

grisea.

lazlflora

Blchardsonl

pubescens

alopecolda

gravida

Yulplnoidea

rosea

sparganloides

slccata

tribuloides

* * var. reducta.

scoparia

foenea

* ' var. perplexa

Digitized by

Google

853

Sedffe Family: Cuperaeeoi—Oonclxided.
Oomnum Name. Botanical Name.
183. Sedge Carez stramlnea

134. " " *• var. brevlor.

Rush Family: JnncacesB.

135. Sedge Junous BalUous

setaceus

136.
137.
138.
139.
140.

tenuis

pelooarpuB..
aouminatus .
nodoeuB.....

Miscellaneous Plants.

141. Ck>inmon Cat Tall Typha latifolia

142. Colorado Blue Grass Trlticum glauoum

143. Wooly Beard Gnuss Erianthus breyibarbls .

144. Golden Bod Solidago nemoralis

146. Bed Clover TrifoUum pratens

146. Tall Bed Top, Triodia ouprea.

147. White Clover TrifoUum repense. ...

148. Alaike Clover TrifoUum hybiidum. . ,

149. Alfalfa Clover Medicago sativa

150. Crimson Clover TrifoUum incamatum. ,

Medicinal Plants.

Common Name, Botanical Name,

1. Borage Borrago ofOioinaUs

2. Boneset Eupatorium perfollatum. . .

3. Burdock Arctium Lappa

4. Heal-aU Bnmella vulgaris

5. Catnip Nepeta Cataria

6. Cockscomb Celosla cristata

7. Chamomile Anthemis nobilis

8. Castor Oil Bean Bicinus communis

9. Elderberry, Blossom Sambucus Canadensis

10. Elderberry

11. Jamestown Weed Datura Stramonium

12. Hoarhound liarrublimi vulgare

13. Horse-mint Monarda punctata

14. Common Hop Humulus Lupulus

15. Pokeberry Phytolacca decandra

16. Ground Ivy Nepeta Glechoma

-23

Digitized by

Google

854

Medicinal Planto— Concluded.
Common Nam£. Botanical Name,

17. Indian Balsam, Cudweed Gnaphaliom

18. Indian Turnip Aiisaama tiiphyllum.

19. Bed Lobelia, Cardinal Flower Lobelia cardinalis

20. Mustard Brasaica.. ,

21. Molucca Balm MolucceUa l»rl8 (Cult)

22. BiUk weed Asoelplaa

23. Mullein Verbasoum Thapsus

24. Motherwort Leonurus Cardiaca.

25. Pennyroyal Hedeoma pulegioides

26. Peppermint Mentha piperita

27. Poppy Papaver sonmiferum

28. Meadow Sweet Spir»a

29. Soourbig Bush Equlsetum hyemale

30. Sage Salvia officinalis (Cult)

31. Smartweed Polygonum Hydropiper.

32. Sweet Basil .>.Ocimum basillcum ,

33. Stinging Nettle Urtioa dioic

34. Snakeroot Liatris spicata

35. Staghom Sumach Bhus typhlna.

36. Plantain Plantago major

37. Tansy Tanaoetum vulgare

38. Witch Hazel Hamamelis Yirginica

39. Wormwood Artemisia Absinthium

40. Willow(Boot) Salir.

41. Yellow Dock. Bumex crispus

42. Yarrow Achillea MillefoUum

43. Summer Savory Satureia hortensls (Cult)

44. Sheep Sorrel Oxalis comioulata var. Striata..

45. Strawberry FragariaYlrginiana

46. Parsley Caruve petros(*linum

47. Coriander Corlandrum sativum

48. St. John's Wort Hypericum perforatum

49. Blessed Thistle Cnicus syngenesia

50. Sassafras Sassafras officinale

51. Dandelion Taraxicum officinale

52. Baspberry Bubus

53. Baffweed Ambrosia. ,

54. Marigold (Calendula) Ambrosia officinalis

55. Balm Monarda

56. Bamie Boshmeria nivea

57. Fennel Anthemis cotula

58. Wild parsnip Pastinaca satlva

Digitized by VjOOQIC

855

Wheat.

Gold Dust.

34.

Jones' Winter Fife.

Early Ripe.

35.

Hybrid Clauson.

Velvet Chaff.

36.

Oregon Swamp.

Democrat.

37.

Red Turkish.

Red Faltz.

38.

Saskatchewan.

Improved Fultz.

39.

Rio Grande.

Swamp.

40.

Hundred Fold.

Martin's Amber.

41.

Prince of Wales.

Hickman.

42.

Holborn Wouder.

10.

Walker.

43.

Carter's Queen.

11.

May.

44.

Earliest of All.

12.

Mediterranean.

45.

U. S. Spriug.

13.

Herman Amber.

46.

Stand Up.

14.

Michigan Amber.

47.

Stand UpCasSpring).

15.

Turkey.

48.

Miller's Delight.

16.

Poole.

49.

Miller's Delight,

17.

White Cap.

(Spring.)

18.

Currilli Prolific.

50.

Pride of the Market.

19.

Sheriff.

51.

Pride of the Market,

20.

Hicks.

(Spring.)

21.

Witter.

52.

Anglo Canadian.

22.

Miller's Prolific.

53.

Anglo Canadian,

23.

Wisconsin Triumph.

(Spring.)

24.

Wyandotte Red.

54.

Bird Proof.

25.

Ohio Early Ripe.

55.

Cross Bred Salvador.

26.

New Longberry Wa-

56.

Red Wonder.

bash.

57.

Reliable.

27.

Fairfield.

58.

Golden Velvet White.

28.

Miami Valley.

59.

Golden Velvet Red.

29.

Nigger.

60.

Odessa.

30.

Finley.

61.

Mammoth Chili.

31.

Longberry,

62.

Minnesota Spring.

32.

New Monarch.

.63.

Hunter's Winter

33.

Glerman Emperor.

White.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

856

TPfteat— Gontinued.

64.

Empress of India.

96.

Red Glauson.

65.

Raff. Chaff Chaddam

97.

Adams' Prolific.

Winter.

98.

Rocky Mountain

66.

Bromick Red Winter.

Winter,

67.

Square Head Red.

99.

Alabama May.

68.

Mealj.

100.

Canadian Winter.

69.

Crate.

101.

Champion White Win-

70.

Improved Rice.

ter.

71.

Extra Earlj Oakly.

102.

Kissingland Red Win-

72.

Oregon.

ter.

73.

Big Englitth.

108.

Cone's or Rivett's Red

74.

Bearded Monarch.

Winter,

75.

McOhns White.

104.

Kimer Red Winter.

76.

Hybrid Mediterran-

105.

Velvet Chaff Raff

ean.

Winter.

77.

Red Prussian.

106.

Imperial White Winter.

78.

Ontario Wonder.

107.

Defiance Red Winter.

79.

Martin's Amber.

108.

Bremen Winter.

80.

Lehigh.

109.

Royal Prize Red Win-

81.

Golden Cross.

ter.

82.

Theiss.

110.

White Swan Winter.

83.

Deitz Longberry Red.

111.

Mainstay White Win-

84.

Golden Prolific.

ter.

85.

Lebanon.

112.

Hungarian White.

86.

Tasmanian Red.

118.

King of Wheat, White

87.

Tuscan Island.

Bearded.

88.

Fnlcaster.

114.

Hallit's Red Winter.

89.

Deitz.

115.

Spalding Red Winter.

90.

Hindoostan.

116.

French Imperial

91.

Diehl Mediterranean.

Spring.

92.

Walker's Winter.

117.

Okanagan Valley Vel-

93.

Rudy.

vet Chaff.

94.

White Russian.

118.

Red River Valley"

95.

Red Sea.

Spring.

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

Digitized by

Google

859

TF^at— Concluded.

119. Golden Drop Spring. 137.

120. Senegambia Spring. 138.

121. Assinaboin Spring.

122. Saskatchewan Spring. 139.

123. Denmark Royal 1. 140.

124. Ladoga Spring. 141.

125. Triumph Winter. 142.

126. Calcutta Royal Club 143.

Winter.

127. Canadian Red Fife 144.

Spring. 145.

128. Hedgerow Spring.

129. Limbo Winter. 146.

130. American Bronze Win-

ter. 147.

131. Black Sea Winter. 148.

132. Blue Stem Spring. 149.

133. Hindoostan Winter, 150.

134. Ontario Red Winter. 151.

135. Manistee Winter. 152.

136. Red Chaff Winter.

Indian White Winter.

Improved Mediterran-
ean Winter.

Bhima Varta Winter.

Rochester Red Winter.

Japan Amber Winter.

Odessa Club Spring.

Early Red Russian
Winter

Australian Spring.

Silver Chaff Red Win-
ter.

Champion White Win-
ter.

Never Fail Winter.

Tasmanian Winter.

Champion Winter.

Red Turkey Winter.

Red River Club Spring.

Argentine Winter.

1. PringVs Progress.

2. White Wonder.

3. Second Premium.
4. . White Swede.

5. Early Lackawanna.

6. White Bonanza.

7. Calgarry Gray.

8. Welcome.

0. Barlffer Queen.
1 I'-
ll. biL-Retit H Colombia.

Oats.

12. Canada White.

13. Early Dakota.

14. White Victoria.

15. Hopetown.

16. White Belgian.

17. Prize Cluster.

18. Hargett's White.

19. Centennial.

20. Swedish.

21. Egyptian.

22. Texas Rust Proof.

Digitized by

Google

860

Oats— Coacluded.

23.

American Banoer.

52.

£arly Archangel.

24.

Baltic White.

53.

Surprise.

25.

Japan.

54.

Boyal Victoria.

26.

_ New Dakota Grey.

55.

Victoria.

27.

' White Schonen.

56.

Black Scotsman.

28.

Probestier.

57.

Peerless.

29.

American Triumph.

58.

Norway.

30.

Wide Awake.

59.

Golden Cluster,

81.

Prolific Side.

60.

Barley Oat.

32.

Improved American.

61.

French Hybrid.

33.

New Bed Bast Proof.

62.

Black Mexican.

34.

Texas Bed.

63.

Early Ohio.

35.

Bace Horse.

64.

Hermit.

36.

Black Prolific.

65.

Bohemian.

37.

Black Tartarian.

66.

White Siberian.

38.

Black Bussian.

67.

Early Dakota North-

39.

Imported White Bus-

em.

sian.

68.

Pringle's Progress.

40.

Black Highlander.

69.

Prize Winner.

41.

Virginia Winter.

70.

French Hybrid Side.

42.

Canadian Bla«k.

71.

Black Highland.

43.

White Bussian.

72,

New Fly i ng Scotchman.

44.

Giant Yellow French.

73.

American Cross Black.

45.

Golden Giant Side.

74.

Early Blossom.

46.

Hungarian Hybrid.

75.

Triumph White.

47.

James Bickerdike.

76.

English Winter White.

48.

Dakota Gray.

77,

White Tartarian,

49.

Pride of Grant Co.

78.

Waterloo White.

50.

Scottish Cbief.

79.

Tarry White.

51.

Thousand Fold.

80.

French Hybrid Queen.

Digitized by

Google

861

Barley.

Royal Empress.

10.

Peerless.

Six Rowed Winter.

11.

Golden Madeira.

Prolific.

12.

White Hnlless.

Spratt.

13.

Beardless.

Black.

14.

Manshury.

Four Rowed.

15.

New Early Mentury.

Golden Drop.

16.

Winter.

Black Hulless.

17.

Short Ear Six Rowed.

Goldtholpe. .

18.
Bye.

Golden Mellow.

Excelsior Winter.

Prolific Winter.

2. Giant Winter. 6. Black.

3. Saint Johns. 7. White.

4. Dakota Wonder White 8. Spring, Common.

Spring. 9. Winter, Common.

Potatoei

Early Ohio.

17.

Six Weeks.

Blue Dakota.

18.

Green Mountain.

Burbank.

19.

New Queen.

Early Rose.

20.

Rural No. 2.

Snow Flake.

21.

Mayflower.

Mammoth Pearl.

22.

Beauty of Hebron.

Magnum Bonum.

23.

Rose Seedling.

Peerless.

24.

White Beauty.

Mammoth Prolific.

25.

North Pole.

10.

Rural New Yorker.

26.

Mills Prize.

11.

Ohio Junior.

27.

White Pearl.

12.

Boston Market.

28.

Polaris.

13.

Empire State.

29.

Early New Zealand.

14.

Pink Eye.

80.

Brownell's Best.

15.

Late Puritan.

81.

The Yaughan.

16.

Everett.

82.

Seneca Beauty.

Digitized by

Google

862

Potatoes— Concluded.

33.

Mammoth Iron Clad

. 50.

Gem of Salt Lake.

34.

Early Market.

51.

Late Rose.

35.

Blue Peerless.

52.

Green Mountain.

36.

Early Wisconsin.

53.

Irish Dude.

37.

Mills Prize.

54.

Dakota Red.

38.

Ghas. Downing.

55.

Premium.

39.

Big Elephant.

56.

Koshkonong.

40.

Mount Vernon.

57.

Champion.

41.

Dominie.

58.

Blue Victor.

42.

Lord Murray.

59.

Northern Spy.

43.

Chicago Market.

60.

Alexander's ProIiSc.

44.

Utah King.

61.

Arizona.

45.

White Victor.

62.

American Wonder.

46.

Shaker Russet.

68.

Signal.

47.

Rose Seedling.

64.

Crane's Juneeating.

48.

Crown JeweL

65.

Empire State.

49.

Shacton.

66.
Com.

Perfection.

Learning.

16.

Tanley's.

White Rice.

17.

Ruby.

Queen's Golden.

18.

Monarch White Rice.

Evergreen.

19.

Red Flint.

Crosby's Ecurly.

20.

Egyptian.

Quaker.

21.

Mixed Rice.

Pflssler.

22.

Early Rose.

Oreana.

23.

Yellow Dent.

Clark's 100 Day.

24.

90 Day White.

10.

Murdock.

25.

Leeper.

11.

Kellar's Early.

26.

Early Missouri.

12.

Bloody Butcher.

27.

Blue River.

13.

Indiana White.

28.

North Star.

14.

Illinois White Dent.

29.

Queen of the Field.

15.

Mevris White.

30.

Kentucky Horsetootb

Digitized by

Google

868

Omi— GoDtlnued.

81.

White Flint.

61.

Ohio White.

82.

Yellow Flint.

62.

Forsyth's White.

33.

Flour Corn.

63.

Early Tamau.

34.

Pomeroy's.

64.

Hess.

35.

Iowa King White.

65.

Strawberry,

36.

Mammoth Kentucky.

66.

Mississippi Straw-

37.

"Eaxly Mastodon.

berry.

38.

Sidney.

67.

Hickory King.

89.

Improved Sidney.

68.

Reid.

40.

Foreythe White.

69.

Thomas.

41.

Saint Charles.

70.

KobeU.

42.

Eighty Day.

71.

Maddock.

48.

Golden Beauty Dent.

72.

Dawley.

44.

Primm's Dent.

73.

Early White.

45.

Arlen's Yellow.

74.

Calico.

46.

Helm's Improved

75.

Blush.

White.

76.

White Monarch.

47.

VanDerhoof's Ivory

77.

Early Minn.'

Dent.

78.

Bed Rice.

48.

Miner's Best.

79.

Live Evergreen.

49.

Bickbel's Pride Yel-

80.

Wilson's White Pro-

low.

lific.

50.

St. Clair Co.

81.

Harrison Dent.

51.

Stewart's California.

82.

Champion White,

52.

Barlingame.

83.

Early Dakota Flint,

58.

North Star.

Yellow.

54.

King Philip.

84.

Early Dakota Flint,

55.

Qolden Beauty Dent.

White.

56.

Wilson White Prolific.

85.

Kentucky White Cap.

57.

Champion White

86.

Long John White.

Pearl.

87.

Riley's Favorite White.

58.

Harrison.

88.

Crawford's Early

59.

Beading.

White.

60.

Sidney.

89.

Macedou.

Digitized by

Google

364

Ojrn— Concluded.

. Pride's Prolific.

. Mammoth Red.

. Riley's Early.

. Early Red.

. Pride of the North.

. Blue Corn.

. Clark's.

. Squaw.

. Edmond's Favorite.

. Arlen's Yellow.

ueans.

Navy.

18.

Castor Oil Bean.

Butter.

19.

Lucus.

Black Wax.

20.

White Field.

White Pea.

21.

California Wax.

Early Valentine.

22.

String Bean.

German Wax Pole.

23.

Yankee.

Large Lima.

24.

San Domingo.

Bed Lima.

25.

Prolific.

Black Lima.

26.

1000 to 1.

10.

Burpee's Bush Lima.

27.

White Tree.

11.

Black Bunch.

28.

Catalpa.

12.

Yellow Bunch.

29.

White Marrow.

13.

Green Six Weeks.

30.

Refugee.

14.

Henderson's Bush

31.

White Kidney.

Lima.

82.

Sickle.

15.

Washington Lima.

33.

Early Yellow Kidney.

16.

Golden Cluster Wax,

34.

Pisum.

17.

Giant Lima.

35.

Japanese.

Gram Seeds.

Kentucky Blue.

Creeping Bent.

Perennial Rye.

Tall Meadow Oat.

Yellow Oat.

Cockfoot.

Timothy.

10.

Red Top.

Orchard.

11.

Lawn.

English Blue.

Digitized by

Google

365

Clover.

.Criqison.

' 4. Mammoth Red.

White.

5. Alsike.

Medium Bed.

6. Sweet.
MUlet.

Gterraan.

8. Common.

Golden Wonder.

4. Hungarian.
Bnckwbeat.

Black.

8. Silver Hull.

Gray.

4. Japanese Hull.
Pop Com.

White Rice.

11. Blue.

Yellow Rice.

12. Hybrid.

Red Rice.

13. Premium Pearl.

Speckled Rice.

14. Monarch White Rice,

Wee Bit.

15. Mapledale Prolific.

Rat Tail.

16. Silver Lace.

Wisconsin Eight]

Rowed. 17. Golden Tom Thumb,

California Yellow

18. New Australian.

White Pearl.

19. Red Husk.

10.

Queen's Golden.

20. Child's Favorite.
Sweet Cora.

MinnesotA.

6. Late Mammoth.

Stowell's Evergreen. 7. Red Sugar.

Corys.

8. Perry Hybrid.

Black Mexican.

9. Shoe Peg.

Old Colony.

Digitized by

Google

866

PeM.

Gladiator.

White Marrow Pat.

Chelf«ea.

Early Philadelphia.

Evolution.

Early Kent.

Champion of England

1. 10.

American Wonder.

McLean's Little (3em.

11.

Stratagem.

Alaska.

Knts.

Chestnut.

Butternuts.

Horse Chestnut.

Large Bltick Walnut.

Walnut.

Chinquapins.

Peanut.

10.

Hazel Nuts.

Acorns— 11 varieties.

11.

Hickory Nuts.

Pecans.

Vegetables.

1. Kohl Rabi, White. 2. Kohl Rabi, Purple.

Cabbagre.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Winnistadt. 6. Bui Rock.
Flat Dutch. 7. Red Pickling.
Drumhead. 8. Savoy.
Marblehead Mammoth. 9. Sure Head.
World Beater.

Persimmons.

Digitized by

Google

367

Amount of Grains in Sack on Hand in 8pringr of 1893,
and Used in Installinsr Exhibit. 1 Peck Per Sack.

Wheat 196 sacks.

Oats 198 "

Barley 41 •

Bye 37 "

Flax 9 "

Buckwheat 17 "

Sorghum 4 "

Broom Com 12 "

Clover 11 "

Millet 7 •

Grass seed 25 "

Vesretable Seeds.

Peas 19

Beans 39

Miscellaneous 29

Corn.

White Dent 75 Bush,

Yellow Dent 150 "

Bed Dent 20 "

Fancy 25 "

Mixed 40 "

Pop Com 95 "

Bundles of Grain and Grass Used in Makinpr and InstaU-
ing the Afirricultural Exhibit. Gathered in 1892.

Wheat 871 Bundles.

Oats 2,191

Bye 328

Clover 46

Barley 75

Timothy 1,406

Wild grasses... 595 *

Millet 460 "

Digitized by

Google

868

BmMn of Qrain and Grass Uaed— Concluded.

Ck>tton 6

CttStor BettiiB «

FUuL 9

Hemp 20

Com in stalk 75

Com tassels 200

Tobaooo 10

Respectfully submitted,

D. W. ViTTUM, Gbairman;
James S. Washburn,

E. E. Chester,
B. F. Wyman,

W. H. FULKERSON,

Committee^
W. A. Young,

J. W. BiCHART,

In Charge of Display in Agricvlivral JSvUding.

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REPORT OF COMMITTEE OK HORTIGULTURE AND
FliORICULTURE.

f'HE Committee on Horticulture and Floriculture, ap-
_ pointed to carry out the requirements of Section II
of the organic law creatiup^ this Commission, so far as the
same refers to "horticulture and floriculture," begs leave
to report:

The Horticultural Section in the Illinois State Building
occupied a large area at the southwest end of the main
exposition hall. The display was arranged upon suitably
designed tables and shelves. The products exposed included
samples of all fruits cultivated in the State of Illinois.
"That a full and complete collection of all the cultivated
products in Horticulture and Floriculture, in illustration
of the widely different conditions of soil and climate
under which rural husbandry is practiced in the various
sections of the State of Illinois/' might be shown, your
Committee caused to be placed in cold storage two
hundred and sixteen bushels of apples, the fruit of Illi-
nois of 1892, with which they commenced the exhibition
in May, 1893, and replenished the tables from time to
time as needed. The result of the cold storage was very
satisfactory. The Jonathan and similar kinds of apples^
taken from the cold storage May 15 and constantly ex-
posed upon open tables, remained sound until July 28>
while the Ben Davis kept until the latter part of Sep-
tember.

Notwithstanding the fact that the spring was very

late, and late frosts prevailed in the southern portions

of the State, we were enabled to show strawberries from

May 10 to July 30; gooseberries from May 26 to August

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18; raspberries from June 1 to August 9; cherries from
May 28 to August 16; currants from June 1 to August
12; blackberries from June 16 to August 10; plums from
June 24 to October 25; grapes from July 4 to October
30; apricots from July 12 to August 20; persimmons
from September 12 to October 30; mulberries, May ap-
ples, papaws, pecans, chestnuts, etc., at various times.
Apples of 1893 were received from June 12 to the close
of exhibition; peaches from June 10 to October 30;
pears from June 24 to October 30.

In order to show the climatic conditions, all of the
above fruits of 1893 were shown without cold storage
or preservation of any kind. The Committee commenced
at the extreme southern portion of the State, with the
fruits which ripened earliest, and progressed from south
to north, as the different varieties of fruit came into
season, thus demonstrating the length of. the fruit sea-
son in Illinois.

This exhibit of the fruits of 1893 was repeatedly as-
serted by visitors to be the largest and most complete
of any on the ground, where the fruit was in its natural
state, entirely devoid of cold storage, preservatives or
bottling.

Exclamations of surprise were numerous, both from
our own people and those from other states, "that so
extensive and complete a collection could be made in a
year of such general failure of fruits." When w^e con-
sider that the crop of apples was probably less than
five per cent, of an average yield and that all other
fruits were very light, it fully demonstrates that the
present capabilities of our State are wonderful. The
three grand divisions of the State have their represen-
tative varieties, naturally adapted to each; the northern
division growing the more hardy and giving a finer
fiavor to most of them; while the central adds many

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new varieties that cannot be grown north, but here pro-
duce abundantly. Still the great southern district must
be said to be the home of horticulture, where all but
the semi-tropical fruits can be grown in abundance. The
people are already realizing this fact, and from the new
impetus here given will plant trees by the million, em-
bracing all of the best old and new varieties.

It is safe to predict that tffe present decade will show
greater advancement in growing, preserving and market-
ing fruits than for one hundred and fifty years previous,
during which fruit has been growing in some parts of
this State.

Though nutseries were not included in our exhibition,
yet as manhood is the outgrowth of childhood, so the
nurseries are the source from which the fruit growers
drew to build up the industry of horticulture in all its
various branches.

The horticulturists of Illinois have an almost unlimited
supply from which to fill their orchards with plants,
trees, vines and shrubs, as there are in our own State
four hundred and thirty-four nurseries, of which number
one hundred and thirty-eight have been established in
the last few years. There have been millions of apple
trees planted in orchards every year, while the various
other fruits have kept pace with the apple.

LIST OF FRUITS EXHIBITED.

Apples— 96 Varieties.

Red June. Buckingham.

Saps of Wine. Utter's Red.

Red Astrachan. Chicken Apple.

Kirkbridge White. . Purple Striped. ,

Golden Sweet. Ben Davis.

Fameuse. Gilpin.

Benoni. Michael Henry Pippin.

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4np2e8— Continued.

Rawles' Janet.

Bailey's Sweet.

Jonathan.

Lady's Sweet.

Stark.

Garfield.

Lansinburg.

Nickajack.

Willow Twig.

Sweet June.

Summer Sweet,

Sweet Bough.

Fall Wine.

Mother.

Alexander.

S. S. Pippin.

Lowell.

Holmon.

Chronicle.

Yellow Bellflower.

Aken's Seedling.

Pryor's Red. •

Black Gilliflower.

Vandervere Pippin.

Winter Red.

Wolf River.

Shockley,

Ortley.

Gana.

Tewksbury Winter.

Wal bridge.

Early Harvest.

Yellow Transparent.

Duchess of Oldenburg.

Maiden's Blush.

Wealthy.

Porter.

Coe's Spice.

Rambo.

May of Myers.

Rome Beauty.

White Winter Pearroain.

Winesap.

Tulpehocking.

Hubbardston Nonsuch.

Spitzenberg.

Tyrell's Late.

Rhode Island Greening.

Tolman Sweet.

Nelson's Sweet.

Grimes' Golden.

Plum's Cider.

Baldwin.

Limber Twig.

Northern Spy.

Striped Pippin.

Park's Late.

Lawyer.

Cache.

Pennock.

Detroit Black.

Smith's Cider.

Fink.

Roxbury Russet.

Haas.

Red Canada.

Cullasaga.

Neil's Keeper,

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Black Vernon.

Bricelands.

Milam.

English Golden Russet.

Minkler.

Huntsman's Favorite.

4pi>2e»~GoDcluded.

Roman Stem.

White Pippin.

Egyptian Queen.

Anidigo,

King of Tompkins County.

Domine.

Sanborn.
Large Siberian.
Whitney's No. 20.
General Grant.

Crab Apples— 7 Varieties.

White Arctic.

Hyslop.
North Western.

Pears— 31 Varieties.

Richardson.

Mt. Vernon.

Seckel.

Johonnot.

Clapp's Favorite.

Flemish Beauty.

Doyenne d'Ete.

Garber.

Buffum.

Keifer.

Belle Lucrative.

Buerre Clarigan.

Koonze.

Osband's Summer.

Beurre Deil.

Onondaga.

Beurre d'Anjou.

Sheldon.

Tyson.

Mercel.

Bloodgood.

Early Harvest.

Doyenne Boussock.

White Doyenne.

Duchess d'Angouleme.

Bartlett.

Louise Bonne de Jersey.

Howell.

LeConte.

Buerre Bosc.

Vicar of Wakefield.

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Peaches— 4:2 Varieties*

Amsden.

Beeve's Favorite.
Mary Ann.
Silver Medal.
Beatrice.
Salaway.
Waterloo.
Luf kin's Golden.
Troth's Early.
Western Beauty.
Elberta.
Morris White.
Crawford's Late.
Park's Cling.
Old Mixon Cling.
Early May.
Summer Rose.
Anderson.
Bequet's Late.
Oarland.
Heath Cling.

Hale's Early.
George the Fourth.
Thurber.

Steven's Rareripe.
Crawford's Early.
Chinese Cling.
Old Mixon Free.
Alexander.
Stump the World.
Shonsaker.
Red Bud.
Early Ripe.
Heath Free.
Early York.
Smock.
Wheatland.
White Excelsior.
Mountain Rose.
October Cling,
Capt. Ede.
Hay worth.

Plums— 2^ Varieties.

American Beauty.

Marianna.

Wild Goose.

Miner.

Arkansas Lombard.

Lombard.

Duane's Purple.

Pottawattamie.

Fox Seedling.
Mormon.
Weaver.
Bradshaw.
Forest Garden.
Golden Beauty.
Green Gage.
Chickasaw.

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PZuww— Concluded.

Waylaud.
Robinson.
Abundance.
Poole's Seedling.
Washinp^ton.

Hudv^on JRiver Egg.

Henry.

Coe's Golden Drop.

Damson.

Currants— 9 Varieties.

Fay's Prolific.
Cherry.
Versailles.
White Dutch.
Red Dutch.

White Grape.
Victoria.
Black English.
Pochi-asky's Seedling.

Gooseberries— 5 Varieties.

Mountain Seedling.
Industry. .
Houghton.

Downing.
Smith's Improved.

Grapes— 72 Varieties.

Cottage.

Lindley.

Woodruff Red.

Lady Washington.

Hartford.

Post Oak.

Prentiss.

Erowa.

Delaware.

Wilder.

Elvira.

Barry.

Prairie State.

Clinton.

F. B. Hayes.

Norwood.

Venango.

Green's Golden.

Salem.

Brant.

Brighton.

Catawba.

Niagara.

Packlington.

Brilliant.

Moore's Diamond.

Moore's Early.

Etta.

Eldorado.

Goethe.

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€hrapeB— Concluded.

Backus.

Mason's Seedling.

Early Victor.

Muscatine.

Arminia.

Agawam.

Challenge.

Missouri Seedling.

Triumph.

Conqueror,

Jewell.

Massasoit.

Martha.

Iron Clad.

Champion.

Perkins.

Jefferson.

Eumelan.

lona.

Herbert.

Noah.

Albert.

Wyoming Red.

Arrianna.

Marguinte.

Diana.

Rogers' No. 8.

Jessica.

Isabella.

Beauty.

Alfonso.

Porter's Seedling.

Norton's Virginia.

Quttenburg.

Seedling No. 8.

Concord.

Uhland.

Mayer.

Gold Cain.

Arkansas.

Ives' Seedling.

Anistia.

Cherries— 7 Varieties*

Yellow Napoleon.
May Duke.
Early Richmond.
Early May.

Orange Quince.
Merch's Prolific.

English Ox Heart.
English Morello.
Black Morello.

Quinces---^ Varieties.

Champion.
Ray's Monmouth.

Golden Beauty.
Native Early.

Persimmons— 3 Varieties-
Native Late.

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Mal1ierries-3 Varieties.

Russian.

Downer's Everbearing.

White.

Strawberries— 22 Varieties.

Crescent.

Bubach's No. 5.

Oaudy.

Gertrude.

Sharpless.

Charles Downing.

Red Jacket.

Itasca.

Miner.

Warfield.

Plow City.

Manchester.

Capt. Jack.

Sucker State.

Belmont.

Princeton Chief.

Early May.

Wilson's Albany.

Michael's Early.

Logan.

Cumberland Triumph.

. Haviland.

Raspberries

-lO Varieties.

Doolittle.

Cuthbert.

Ohio.

Brandywine.

Philadelphia.

Souhegan.

Turner.

Gregg.

Monmouth Cluster. *

Shaffer's Colossal.

Blackberries

1-11 Varieties.

Snyder.

Erie.

Ancient Britton.

Stone's Hardy.

Law ton.

Early Harvest.

Early King.

Wilson Junior.

Kittatinny.

White.

Nevada.

Miscellaneons.

May Apples.

Pecans.

Papaws.

Chestnuts.

Apricots— 3 Varieties.

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FLORICULTURE.

The floricultural exhibit was also displayed maiiilj in
the southwest portion of the Illinois State Building, and
was arranged upon suitably disposed tables, shelves,
brackets, and in hanging baskets.

First: It consisted of specimens of the indigenous flora
of Illinois, gathered from the various sections of the
State, as far as possible.

Of the flora indigenous to Illinois— the wild flowers—
the display was creditable, w-hile not fully up to the
hopes and wishes of the Committee in charge and others
interested.

Illinois, climatically considered, is a great State; its
Northern division producing, in floriculture, as in agri-
culture and horticulture, the best, the most beautiful of
the northern products; the central division, those of
the temperate zone in their fullest and most perfe<*t
beauty, while the southern district borders upon the
most luxuriant of the semi-tropical regions. Of what
was exhibited and is indigenous to our State, we rannot
enter into detail. We have many striking ferns. We
might say that our flora partakes largely of the west
em type, but that is not all. We have many varieties
heretofore thought to belong to the Eastern, Southern
and extreme Western States, and even to sections as far
south, or farther, than Mexico and the Gulf. The Hepa-
tiea (Liverwort) is common to the East, West and
South. The Violaceae (Violet) and the Dicentra (Dutch-
man's Breeches) are almost universal in their growth
and modest beauty. The Ranunculacese (Crowfoot) and
Phlox are common to our prairies, as are the Aquilegia
(Columbine) and the Delphinium (Larkspur). The Lily
in its many species, also Ladies' Tresses, Ladies' Finger,
Golden Rod and a practically endless variety of beauti-

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ful native flowers adorn our prairies, woodlands and
water-ways. Of these, such as were suitable and season
able were shown.

The reader of this report may miss one or more of his
favorite flowers, but it must be remembered that a
tabulated list of all the flora of our great State, wild
and uncultivated, would require months to prepare, and
would occupy more space when y^ublished than this Com-
mittee is allowed for the entire report. We can only
touch upon the matter in a seemingly cursory manner,
and yet we desire to do full justice to all interests. This
of floriculture is so large, so general in its features and
so peculiar in its make-up, as to the use of proper terms
and the bringing out of prominent features, as to re-
quire in the estimation of many, the services of an ex-
pert in that special line, whose report when made, while
perfectly intelligible to those particularly interested or
engaged in the growth and propagation of flowers,
would, with its multifarious and constantly repeated
Latin names and phrases, be as unintelligible to the
general public as a dissertation published in the Greek
language.

The floricultural display in the Illinois Building spoke
for itself. While not perfect, it was eminently satisfac-
tory to the thousands of visitors of our State, and
fairly so to the Committee in charge. It surpassed any
other state exhibit of the kind on the grounds.

Second: The cultivated plants and shrubs contribu-
ted were properly staked and labelled. Cut flowers
were shown in vases and in designs, together with potted
plants, and displayed in large quantities throughout the
season. Among these over flfty varieties of the so-called

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ever-blooming cannas made a fine continaons show,
with their variety of colors. It was a difficult matter
to keep plants in bloom in the hall, since most flowers
will not hold their bloom long in pots, in-doors, and cut
flowers will last but a few days. Hydrangeas stood bet-
ter than all other flowering plants, of which there were
many hundred varieties.

The hanging baskets inside of the Building, of which
there were more than one hundred, had to be often re-
flUed. Of the plants in these vinca and cyperus stood
best. For decorative purposes the philodendrons and
palms lasted longer than any others. One or two wagon
loads of potted plants were furnished daily during the
entire time of the exhibit.

For the fountain and aquarium there were supplied
water hyacinth, cyperus, calla Ethiopica, alocasia and
caladiums, and potted shrubs, deutzia, araiia, rhodo-
dendrons, spireas and roses. Of hardy herbaceous plants,
phlox, clianthus and delphinium made the best exhibit
of flowers. Of hardy shrubs, hydrangea paniculata,
weigelia rosea, syringa, lilac and tartarian honeysuckle
were prominent. Of annuals there were asters, sweet
pe€U3, dianthus and others of the better known sorts.
Bulbs and roots were not forgotten, including eannas
and tulips. Untrained gladioli, hyacinths and other
spring and summer bulbs were freely used.

Mr. John C. Ure, florist, who was employed by th(^
Committee as Superintendent of this Department, is en-
titled to much credit for the satisfactory way in which
he discharged his duties.

The Committee feel that they may congratulate them-
selves upon the economy exercised throughout all the
departments, in making the unrivalled exhibition for

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our State. With an appropriation of $20,000 at their
command, not to exceed one-half was expended, and yet
they feel that not one dollar was saved at the expense
of a fnll and thorough exhibit in our departments.

Respectfully submitted,

E. B. David,

J. K. DiCKIRSOX,
B. PULLiEN,

W. D. Stryker,
S, W. Johns,

Committee.

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UEPOKT OF COMMITTEE ON EDUCATIONAIi
EXHIBIT.

fHE rommittee on Educational Exhibit begs leave
_ to report:

The general approval and commendation of the Edu-
cational Exhibit by the people of this State, as mani-
fested by the public and educational press as well as in-
dividually by competent judges, is a matter of just con-
gratulation to the Committee and this Board.

In organizing the Educational Department it was de-
cided to clavssify the exhibit into five sections, viz.:

1. The Model Public School Room (fully equipped).

2. The Public Free School.

3. The Southern Illinois Normal University.

4. The Illinois Normal' University.

5. The University of Illinois.

The Model Public School Room was arranged and its
furaiture, apparatus, etc.', were selected under the dii*ec-
tion of Hon. Henry Raab, Superintendent of Public In-
struction.

The exhibit of the Public Free Schools was planned

and installed by William Jenkins, Superintendent of
Schools, Mendota, Illinois.

The work of the Southern Normal University was de-
vised and installed under the direction of John Hull,
then President of the School.

The exhibit of the Illinois Normal University was
planned and installed by the faculty, under the super-
vision of Dr. John W. Cook, the President of the Insti-
tution.

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The exhibit of the University of Illinois was planned
and installed nnder the supervision of a committee of
the fa,culty, Prof. George E. Morrow, Chair*man.

The broad conception, accurate knowledge and un-
wearied zeal which characterized the labors of these men
need neither commendation nor mention here; they have
already become a part of the noble history of the State.

The reports of the directors and superintendents of the
several sections of this Department, giving in detail the
plans and aims of the several exhibits, have been submitted
to your Ciommittee, and having been carefully collated
and considered are hereby made the report of this Com-
mittee.

EespjBctfuUy submitted,

E. E. Chester,
J. M.. Washburn,

J. K. DiCKIRSON,

S. W. J0HN8.

Committee.

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MOD£L SCHOOL BOOBE.

HENRT BAAB, SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRtTOTION.

[X pursuance of the act to provide for the participation
of the State of Illinois in the World's Colombian
Exposition, approved June 17, 1891, the Committee on
Educational Exhibit decided to arrange for,

First, a Model School Boom fully equipjied with
furniture, school appliances, maps, charts, physical
and other apparatus, collections of animals and min-
erals as well as reference books and a library of sup-
plementary reading for children. It was not the inten-
tion of the Committee to stock the room with every-
thing that can be purchased for school use, but rather
with such apparatus, appliances and instruments as are
indispensable as a means of successful work in every
school of the State. School officers were to learn by
actual observation and comparison how much there is
lacking in the equipment of their schools, how they are
crippling their teachers by withholding from them these
means. Some reference books and zoological and min-
eralogical specimens had to be purchaised, and they are
now on exhibition in this department for the inspection
of teachers and school officers.

A synopsis of the school system and the school sta-
tistics of Elinois for the past 60 years, were exhibited
in the room.

The appropriation of 175.00 a month for an attend-
ant at the school room was divided between two dif-
ferent attendants thus affording poor, yet deserving,
teachers an opportunity, at slight cost to them, to visit
and study the World's Fair.

In conclusion, I beg to gratefully acknowledge the kind
and ready assistance which has been accorded to me by
your Committee, as well as the Board of Commissioners.

886

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PUBLIC SOHOOIi KXHIBIT.

WM. JENKINS, SUPERINTENDENT.

T its annual meeting in Springfield, in December,
1890, the Illinois State Teachers' Association ap-
pointed a committee of fourteen to prepare and make
an Educational Exhibit of Public Education in Illinois
at the Worid's Columbian Exposition then in contem-
plation.

The Committee met at once and organized by electiog
Dr. Richard Edwards, State Superintendent of Public
Instruction, Chairman, and William Jenkins, Superin-
tendent of Schools, Mendota, Secretary. The Committee
adjourned to meet on the 24th day of January, 1891,
at Springfield.

At this meeting, with a full Committee present, the
whole ground of the contemplated exhibit was gone
over, and while little was definitely settled, there was
much charing v/p of tJie grcvmd, and the relations of the
different branches of the work more definitely determined.

A separate educational building for the Illinois exhibit
was deemed a necessity, and all plans were based upon
this feature. The limitation, which it was subsequently
learned had been imposed, made it necessary to abandon
all features dependent upon this building.

The exhibit from the University of Illinois, the Illinois
Normal University and the Southern Normal University,
were to be made by these institutions without reference
to the Committee, so that the work it had in charge re-
ferred solely to the Rural, Graded, High and Manual
Training Schools.

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There was little progress during the following n.ontbs,
in the educational work, but during this time the
World's Columbian Exposition had been located at
Chicago, and the Illinois Board of World's Fair Com-
missioners had been organized in accordance with an
act- of the Legislature, approved June 17, 1891, pro-
viding "for the participation of the State of Illinois in
the * World's Columbian Exposition,' authorized by an
Act of Congress of the United States, to be held in
Chicago during the year 1893, in commemoration of the
discovery of America in the year 1492, and for an ap-
propriation to pay the cost and expenses of the same."

In October, 1891, a conference between the Committee
before mentioned, appointed by the Illinois State
Teachers' Association, and the Committee on Education
of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, was
held at the offices of the said Board, in Chicago.

The general character of the exhibit was discussed and
the expense necessarily incident considered. The resultant
action was the appointment of a sub-committee of the
Teachers' Committee, to formulate the details of the ex-
hibit, estimate its expense and nominate a suitable per-
son as Superintendent of the work.

The report of the sub-committee was received, discussed
and adopted by the Committee, at Springfield, on the eve
of the annual meeting of the State Teachers' Association,
in December, 1891.

This was followed by a joint meeting of the Committee
on Education of the Illinois Board of World's Fair
Commissioners and the Committee of the State Teachers'
Association, immediately thereafter, and it was deter-
mined that the following appropriation, made by the
Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, be ap-
proved and accepted by the Committee, and the State
Association approve the action of its Committee.

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For the University of Illinois 110.000.00

" State Normal University 2,000.00

" Southern Normal University. 2,000.00

" Common Schools 15,000.00

" Contingent Fund 1,000.00

Total $30,000.00

The report of the sub-committee in full is att6tched
hereto, and marked '*A".

The appointment of Superintendent of the Common
School Section of the Educational Exhibit of Illinois
having been tendered to Wm. Jenkins early in Febru-
ary, 1892, and accepted some weeks later, work was
immediately commenced.

It was at first necessary to gather information from a
number of sources touching the nature, extent and
possibilities of the contemplated exhibit.

To this end correspondence was opened with educators
in Illinois and elsewhere, teachers' meetings were visited
and addressed, and conferences held with City and County
Superintendents of Schools and with the Superintendent
of Public Instruction of Illinois.

As a result of this, the following circular, designated
"Circular of Information No. 1," was framed, print-ed
and sent to prominent educators for suggestions. Copies
were then sent to all teachers in the State, and in quan-
tities to the County Superintendents and to those of
cities.

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ILLINOIS BOARD

WORLD'S FAIR COMMISSIONERS.

PUBLIC SCHOOL SECTION.
CIBCULAB OF INFORMATION NO. I.

EXHIBIT OF THE .

PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF ILLINOIS

AT THE

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
Class A— Rural Schools.

MATERLkLS FOR EXHIBITS.

1. Desip^Ds of school bouses, to include floor planfl,
methods of heating and ventilating, with photograplis
of characteristic exteriors and interiors.

2. Apparatus and appliances used in teaching, includ-
ing maps, charts, reference books, globes, blackboards,
kindergarten busj-work materials, etc.

3. Selected collections of the work of pupils, the con-
crete results, including examination work, essays, out-
lines, mountings, manual work, etc.

4. Free-hand and instrumental drawing and mapping.

5. Photographs of groups, and classes of pupils and
of all matter that can be shown best in this way.

6. Full sets of text books, including supplementary
and collateral reading matter.

7. Printed courses of study and manuals of directions
for teachers, circulars of advice, examination questions,
final, central and district forms of reports to superin-
tendent, to parents, etc.

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For this work, the unit is the county, and all mate-
Tial is to be prepared and forwarded under the direction
of the County Superintendent of Schools.

Class B— Graded Schools,
materials for exhibit.

1. Designs of graded school houses, to include floor
plans, elevations, methods of heating, lighting, ventilat-
ing and sanitation, with photographs of characteristic
exteriors and interiors.

2. Apparatus, appliances, devices, models and mate-
rials used in te6tching in each of the eight grades.

3. Selected collections of the work of pupils, including
examination work and essays, outlines, reports of ob-
servations, development lessons, addresses etc., with or
without the teachers' correction.

4. Free-hand and instrumental drawing and mapping.

5. Photographs of groups of pupils, classes at work,
in gymnastic drill, and of all matter that can be shown
best in this way.

6. Collections of stones, minerals, woods, birds, nests,
insects, grains, grasses, foods, condiments, shells, pro-
ducts of dissection, etc., illustrative of different branches
of study.

7. Products of manual training, whether the direct
result of instruction or otherwise.

8. Full sets of text books, supplementary and col-
lateral reading reference books, maps, charts, magazines,
and newspapers, suitable for school use.

9. Printed courses of study, manuals of directions,
blanks, reports, records, etc., bound, and in folio leaflets,
for distribution if desired.

For this work the unit is the city or town, and material
is to be prepared and forwarded under the direction of
the City Superintendent of Schools, or other correspond-
ing officer.

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Class C— High Schools,
materials for exhibit.

1. Same as No. 1 in Class B applied to high school
buildings.

2. A chemical laboratory with suitable appliances and
materials. Apparatus illustrating elementary physics as
presented in high school work.

Materials, instruments and appliances for biological
study.

Cabinets of material for geological and mineralogical
study.

3. Selected collections of the work of pupils, includ-
ing examination work and essays, outlines, reports of
observations, development lessons, lectures, addresses,
etc., with and without the teachers' corrections. Pro-
ducts of pupils' work in chemistry, physics, botany,
entomology, etc. Apparatus designed and made by
pupils, and collections for nature study.

4. Free-hand and instrumental drawing, crayon,
pastel and water color work.

5. Photographs of groups of pupils, cletsses at work,
laboratories and libraries in use, gymnetstic drill, and
all matter that can be shown best in this way.

6. Same as No. 6 in Class B enlarged to apply to
high school work.

7. Products of manual training whether the direct
results of instruction or otherwise, including girls' work,
such as sewing, darning, fashioning garments, etc.

8. Same as No. 8 in Class B as applied to high school
work, and in addition thereto, a collection of standard
works on pedagogy, political economy, history, poetry,
fiction, etc.

9. Printed courses of study, manuals of direction,
as in No. 0 of Class B.

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For this work the high school is the unit, and the
material is to be prepared and forwarded under the
direction of the principal or the superintendent of the
system of which the high school is a part.

Class D— Manual Training.

1, Manual training appliances for working:

(a) In wood.

(b) In iron.

2. Exhibit of pupils' work.

Glass E— Normal Schools.
Exhibit to be made under the direction of their officers.

Class F— Miscellaneous.

1. Sets of catalogues and reports of public schools

2. Set of reports of the Superintendents of Public In-
struction.

3. Statistics.

4. Collection of old text books, photographs of old
school houses, etc.

REMARKS.

The amount of matter that is desired from each oi
the units contributing, will be determined later, and due
notice given.

The purpose is to give the utmost possible opportunity
for the schools to make the most significant exhibit of
the plans, purposes, results and prospects of their work.
The foregoing outliue, while designed to be largely di-
rective, is still to be considered as suggestive, and varia-
tions which do not violate its purpose may be expected.

The written matter is to be on paper eight inches wide
and ten and one-half long, with an inch margin at the
left side for binding.

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Mounts, drawings, etc., for wall display, as far as pos-
sible, should be twenty-two inches wide and twenty-eight
inches high.

Smaller drawings should be grouped upon cards of the
same size.

Photographs should be eight inches high by ten inches
wide.

The material may be prepared at convenience. It will
doubtless be desirable to prepare the exhibit in botany
during the present school year.

Should it be thought best to prepare any part of the
work upon the ba^sis of a uniform set of questions, due
notice of the time and conditions will be given.

The material is to be forwarded to Chicago on or be-
fore the first day of March, 1893.

Special directions for this purpose will be issued in due
time. Supplementary circulars of information will be
issued as needed. Meantime, any inquiries will receive
att;ention.

Wm. Jenkins,
Supt PubUo School Seo. of Edmcatwrud Exhibit oflUitm,

Mendota, III., March 14, 1892.

Henry Baab,

Supt, of PuhUo Instruction of lUiruns.

In a report to the Director-in-Chief , under date of
April 24, 1892, is the following concerning this circular:

'*This circular is essentially an outline designed to give
a comprehensive view of the plan and main purpose of
the exhibit. It is to be followed by others of more de-
tailed and specific information.

" One of the chief purposes of this exhibit I conceive
to be the information of the people. It is not flimply
nor primarily for the benefit of educators. To this end
it is necessary to present it in as graphic a manner as
possible, so that much close and critical examination

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may not be demanded to perceive its spirit and signifl-
cance. The work beet suited for this purpose is not in
so advanced nor uniform a condition as other branches
of public education in this State."

There was, consequently, prepared a circular upon
Drawing, Modeling and "Making," a copy of which is
subjoined herewith:

ILLINOIS BOARD

WORLD'S FAIR COMMISSIONERS.

PUBLIC SCHOOL SECTION.

OmCULAB OP INFOEMATION NO. 2.

EXHIBIT OP THE

PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF ILLINOIS,

AT THB

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

SCHEME FOB EXHIBIT IN DBAWING, MODELING AND MAKING.
DRAWING EXHIBIT.

All work in this department should be grouped in the
following manner:

Group I. Constructive Drawing.

Group II. Representative Drawing.

Group III. Decoration.

Group IV. Modeling.

Group V. Making.

While all schools may not find it practicable to show
all the varieties of work mentioned in each group, it is
desirable that they should comply with the arrange-
ment as far as possible.

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Scheme for Rural and Graded School Exhibit.

constructive drawing.

A. From geometric solidH (free-hand).

B. From useful objects based upon geometric solids
(free-hand).

C. From geometric plane tablets (free-hand).

D. From paper folding and patterns (free-hand).

E. Geometric problems and applications (instrumen-
tal).

F. Machine drawing.

G. Architectural drawing.

H. Illustrative drawing applied to other studies.

REPRESENTATIVE DRAWING.

A. From geometric solids.

B. From objects based on geometric solids.

C. From miscellaneous objects, as fruits, vegetables,
flowers, etc.

D. Illustrative drawing as applied to other studies.
It may be imaginative, from memory, from the object,
or copied.

DECORATION.

To be drawn in outline, made of colored paper, painted
in water color, or modeled in clay.

A. Arrangement of geometric plane tablets for borders
and rosettes.

B. The repetition of units of design, made by modify-
ing geometric plane figures, in borders, rosettes and
surface coverings.

C. The conventionalization of plant forms and the
application of the units in industrial design.

D. Copies of historic ornament. Original arrange-
ments of the elements of good ornament for applied de-
sign.

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E. Illustrative drawings as applied to other studies—
the drawing of historic ornament in connection with the
study of history.

MODELING.

A. Geometric solids.

B. Objects based on geometric solids.

C. Developing surfaces by impressing the faces of the
solids in clay.

D. Modeling natural and conventional plant forms.
E Modeling historic ornament.

MAKING.

A. Paper folding and cutting for the making of geo-
metric shapes, stars, rosettes and other decorative forms.

6. The making of patterns for geometric solids and
for useful objects based on them.

C. The making of solids and objects from the pat-
terns.

D. Miscellaneous articles.

Objects may be made of any available material repre-
senting weaving, folding, cutting, and pasting, sewing,
carving and carpentry.

Scheme for High School Exhibit,
constructive drawing (instrumental).

A. Geometric construction.'

B. Orthographic projection.

C. Isometric projection.

D. Machine drawing.

E. Mechanical perspective.

F. Development of patterns.

G. Pattern making.

H. Constructive design.

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KEPRE8ENTATIVE DRAWING.

To be done with pencil, pen and ink, charcoal, crajon^
and water color in outline and light and shade.

A. From geometric solids.

B. From common objects based on geometric solids.

C. From fruits, vegetables and flowers.

D. From casts.

E. From buildings in wholes or parts, interiors and
exteriors.

F. From natural scenery.

G. Illustrative drawing as applied to other studies.

DECORATION.

To be done in pencil, pen and ink, charcoal, crayon,
colored papers and water colors.

A. Historic ornament in outline, light and shade and
color.

B. Applied design, using motives from historic orna-
ment.

G. Original arrangements of conventional plant fonns^
for industrial design.

MODELING.

A. Historical ornament and naturalistic forms from*
casts.

B. Original design from applied purposes.

C. Original work from nature.

MAKING.

A. Sewing.

B. Wood carving.

C. Representative exercises from the Manual Trainings
School.

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All work exhibited should be entirely that of the pupil,
and as far as possible be done in the school room, under
the supervision of the teacher.

An illustration showing the arrangement that will be
made for displaying drawings, color work, clay modeling
and made articles, will be sent out shortly. It provides
for mounting cards 28 inches high and 22 inches wide.

One design may occupy the card or several may be
grouped thereon.

This scheme is designed to be purely suggestive, and
to be as full as present conditions will permit. Every
school is expected to be as free as possible to exhibit its
best work in the best way with as few restrictions as
possible.

Inquiries will receive prompt attention.

Wm. Jenkins,
Supt. Public School Sec. of Educational Exhibit of lllinoia.

Room 18, Montauk Block, Chicago.

Henry Uaab,
Supt. of Public Inai/ruction of Illi/nois.
Rooms of Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners.

Approved :

John P. Reynolds,

Director-in- Chief

Circular of Information No. 3, giving ** Directions Re-
specting Selection, Arrangement and Forwarding Mate-
rials," was prepared towards the close of 1892, and sent
in quantities to the superintendents and teachers of the
State, and is as follows, marked ''B:"

The estimate for floor space needed in which to install
the exhibit and a catalogue of the exhibit made, are
subjoined, together with a list of the school buildings
selected for the architectural exhibit.
—26

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I include also a catalogue of the Chicago public school
exhibit, which, although installed separately, was under
the control of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Com-
missioners, and formed an important part of the State

exhibit.

Bespectfully submitted,

Wm. Jenkins,

Biipt. Common School Section Illinois Board
World's Fair Commissioners.

ESTIMATE OF FLOOR SPACE.

The estimate for floor space needed for the exhibit,
exclusive of the Model Scho61 Room, was submitted May
7, 1892, as follows:

For Class A (Circular of Information No. 1) 2,000 sq. feet.

* B *• " 2,500 "
.. c *. .4 2,500 '*

• D - •• 1,500 **

Total rrr. 9,000 sq. feet.

This estimate was reduced to 4,032 sq. feet, which,
with space assigned to the Model School Room and work
room, aggregated very nearly 6,000 sq. feet of floor
space devoted to the Public School Exhibit.

The space was not sufficient, and as a consequence
many changes in the installation were rendered necessary
in order to exhibit the material received. Even by mak-
ing as many changes as possible the results were far from
being as satisfactory as they would have been had the
space been larger.

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CATALOGUE

Of the Public School Section op the Illinois

State Educational Exhidit.

This exhibit, was installed in the northeast part of the
Illinois State Building upon the main floor.

It consisted in the main of written exercises bound in
volumes representing all grades of school work and
mounts illustrating the same, together with an architec-
tural exhibit.

The volumes were distributed in cases so that each
front of a case contained work of a similar year or
grade, throughout. The design was to illustrate the
work of the State, as a whole, but at the same time to
preserve the continuity of work from each school or
system of schools as far as possible.

The work was installed in eighteen cases, exclusive of
the exhibit from the city of Chicago, which is separately
catalogued.

Six of the eases carried glazed show cases in which were
manual training, clay, paper, folding, other kindred
kinds of work, and material for Nature study.

RURAL SCHOOLS.

In the four cases with screens at the east side, was
the work from rural schools arranged by grades com-
mencing with the first year or grade on the front of the
first case, the second year or grade on the other side of
the first case, the third year or grade on the front of
the second case, and so on for the eight grades.

graded schools.

The four large cases with screens in the middle, con-
tained the work from graded schools arranged by grades,
commencing with the first grade on the front of the first

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case or screen, the second grade on the other side of the
first case or screen, the third grade on the front side of
the second screen, and so on for the eight grades.

HIGH SCHOOLS.

In the four cases at the west side were the work of
the high schools arranged by years commencing with
the first year, on both sides of the first case, second
year on both sides of the second case, and so* on for the
foury ears.

architecturatj exhibit.

Fourteen school houses, showing exterior elevations,
accompanied with fioor plans, methods of heating,
lighting, ventilation and sanitation.
High School Buildmgs:

N. W. of Chicago.

Freeport.

Aurora.
Graded School Buildings:

(Chicago, Bancroft School.

Mendota, Blackstone School.

Farmington School.

Trenton School.

Alton Ward School.

Peoria, Greeley School.

Lawrenceville School.

Cairo, Lincoln School.

Harvard School.
Rural School Buildings:

Chester School, Champaign county.

Sunny-Side School, Shelby county.

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Inventobi?;

KURAL

AND VILLAGE

Counties.

Alexander

Bureau

Christian

Volumes.
.... 10
.... 26
7

Mounts.

Champaign 30 3

Carroll 5 ,

Clark 18

Champaign (Mahomet) 3

DeKalb Examination papers unbound.

DeKalb (Kirklaud) Examination papers & drawings.

Edwards 3

EflBuf^ham 20

Fayette 12 1

Ford 21 8

JoBper 14

Kendall 6 6

Kendall Production Maps 2, portfolio 1.

Lawrence , 14

LaSalle..'. 20 7

Monrpe (Columbia) 3

Macon 59 5

Moultrie (Fairview) 3

Moultrie (Lake City)... 7

Madison 9

Mason 6 2 pictures.

Ogle 51 25

Peoria 13 12

Piatt 168

Piatt (Pierson) 3

Pulaski 6

Rock Island 10

Rock Island (E. Milan) 15

Sangamon 17

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Bural and ViUage Schools— Concluded.

Counties. Volumes. Mounts.

Stephenson 19 31

Vermilion 21 29

Warren 21

Warren Book botany mounts.

Washington 18 40

Will 49

Inventory.

graded work.

Counties. Vols. Mts.

Assumption Christian 8

Adeline Ogle 4

Altamont Effingham 4

Albion lid wards 15

Austin Cook *. 21

Aurora (W. Side). .Kane 100

" *' '* clay mouldings.

" *' " paper models.

(E. Side)... " 36 95

Ashley Washington 1

Batavia Kane 48

Bement Piatt 8

Bridgeport Lawrence 8

Carmi White 19 34

Cairo Alexander, 2 vols, of Cat 14

Columbia Monroe 1

Canton Fulton 11 70

Dixon (South) Lee 21

** (North) " 10

DesPlaines Cook, 1 panorama 21 12

Germantown Vermilion 5 5

Effingham. Effingham 9

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Graded FFo?*— Continued.

CouHties. Vols, Mts.

Elmhurst Cook, specimena of wood.... 9 24

'* '* picture school house.

Elgin Kane, sewing, making clay

work 12 140

Evanston (South). Cook 17

Freeport Stephenson..... 14 49

Forreston Ogle.. 5 10

Galesburg Knox, woodwork, clay work

picture 29 85

Gibson City Ford 10 9

Henry Marshall 6

Joliet Will, 20 photos, of buildings. 20

Kankakee Kankakee 18 24

" " phys'l app., photo 1.

Kewanee Henry 22 105

Lawrenceville Lawrence 7 3

Lanark Carroll 7 13

LaSalle LaSalle, relief map photos.. 14 60

Lovington Moultrie 7

Lena Stephenson 6

Monticello Piatt 18 43

Monmouth Warren, paper f Id 'p:, 2 charts 22 87

Mt. Carmel Wabash 16

" *• one roll drawings.

Morris Grundy, fossils 14 27

Momence ..Kankakee, physical appara-
tus, framed matter.

Momence Kankakee, zoology sp'cim'ns.

Mt. Carroll Carroll 5 7

•* '* 21 vols, primary work,

1 scrapb'k, 1 product'n card .

Marseilles (East)... LaSalle 12

Marseilles (West). ..LaSalle 4

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Graded TTorfc— Continued.

Coanties. Vols. Mts.

Mound City Palaski, book press'd flower. 12

Melvin Ford 8

Newton Jasper 19 42

Nashville .Washington 11

Newman Douglas 18 36

Naperville DuPage 12

Ottawa. LaSalle, photo 11 15

OTallon St. Clair 6 8

Or^on Ogle 10 23

Princeton Bureau 4 78

Peru LaSalle 21 20

Pittsfleld Pike, 1 silk map.

Paxton Ford .' 9

Peoria Peoria 10 134

Quincy A.dams 6 4

Rogers Park Cook 12 25

Rochelle Ogle 7

Rockford. Winnebago, 8 photos, paper

work, clay work 27 191

Rantoul Champaign 5

Rock Falls Whiteside 10

Springfield Sangamon, wood work, clay

work .'. 17 20

Sterling (Sterling) .Whiteside 13 27

Sterling (Wallace). '• 8 3

Sterling (Hamm) .. " 2 drawings.

Sheffield Bureau 8 18

Sullivan Moultrie 14 30

Streator LaSalle 18

Shannon Carroll 6 12

Sumner Lawrence 18

Savanna Carroll, relief map, wood

work, 2 glass cases 8 25

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Graded fTorJt— Concluded.

Counties. Vols. Mts.

Sibley Ford, cases of ore 11 10

Sadorus < Champaign 3

Sandwich DeKalb, clay work... 5 37

Taylorville Christian 5

Wheaton DuPage 13 12

Winchester Scott 8 11

Wenona Marshall 9

Yorkville Kendall 4

Inventory.

HIGH BCHOaLS.

Counties. Vols. Mts.

Bcment Piatt 6

Carmi White 10

Cairo Alexander 13

Canton Fulton 4

Dixon. (South) ...... Lee ....: 9

(North) '' 4

Klmhurst Cook 3

Elgin Kane 19

EvanstonTp. High

School Cook 30 17

EvanstonTp. High

School Cook, 75 pictures 17

Freeport Stephenson 5

Galesburg Knox..... 11

Henry Marshall 2

Kankakee Kankakee 0

Kewanee Henry 6

Lanark Carroll 7

LaSalle LaSalle 14

Lovington Moultrie... 1

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High iSfiftoo28— Codcluded.

Counties. Vols. Mts.

Monticello Piatt 4

Marshall Clark 3

Monmouth Warren 15

Morris Grundy 3

Mt. Carroll Carroll 1

Minier Tazewell 3

Mound Citv Pulaski 3

Nashville " Washington 4

Newman Douglas 22

Oregon Ogle 10

Ottawa LaSalle 22 32

Princeton Bureau 25 82

Paxton Ford 4

Peoria Peoria 18

Quincy Adams 2

Rock Island Rock Island, photos 10 14

Rochelle Ogle 3

Rockford Winnebago 33

Rock Falls Whiteside 2

Springfield Sangamon 18

Sterling Whiteside 4

Sterling (Wallace) Whiteside 8

Sheffield Bureau 12

Sullivan Moultrie 3

Shannon Carroll 12

Savanna '* 3

Sandwich DeKalb 6

Shabbonn ** 1 picture 15

Wheaton DuPage 1

Winchester Scott... 3

Wehono Marshall 6

Yorkville Kendall 4

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Report of Materials, Space and Funds required for exhibit

of the Public Schools of Illinois at the

Columbian JBxpositiou.

Class A— Uukal Schools.

MATERIALS OF EXHIBIT.

1. Designs of school-houses, including floor plans and
20 photos of characteristic exteriors. Also 20 photos of
characteristic interiors.

2. Apparatus and contrivances used in teaching, in-
cluding maps, charts, reference books, globes, black-
boards, etc.

3. Printed courses of study, as prescribed in the dif-
ferent counties.

4. Collection of examination work from each county
in the State, the same to be bound in pasteboard covers,
except Ave sets, to be permanently bound.

5. Free-hand drawing and mapping.

6. Twenty-five wall-sets of frames for exhibiting
photos, drawings, maps and other work of pupils.

7. A series of tables next the walls on which to dis-
play pupils* work.

8. Full sets of text and reference books and supple-
mentary reading matter.

SPACE.

This exhibit to occupy the room 87x30 over the en-
trance.

Glass B— Graded Schools,
materials of exhibit.

1. Designs of graded school-houses, including floor
plans and 20 photos of exteriors. Also 20 photos of
interiors.

2. Apparatus of models, contrivances, etc., used in
teaching in the several grades.

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8. Printed courses of study for each of the eight
gi'ades below the hi^h school, five sets of each grade to
be permanently botind, and the rest to be in folio leaflets
for distribution.

4. Collections of pupils' examination work for each
grade to be similarly treated.

5. Free-hand and architectural drawing, as may be
suitable. Also mapping.

6. Twenty-five wall-sets of frames for exhibiting plans,
photos, maps, botanical specimens and other appropriate
pupils' work.

7. Series of tables next the walls, on which to display
pupils' work and school collections of natural objects
for nature study, such as collections of stones, minerals,
woods, birds, nests, insects, products of dissection of
animals, shells, herbaria, etc. These, except the paper
work to be under glass.

8. Full sets of text books, supplementary reading,
reference libraries, maps, charts and school newspapers.

9. Products of manual training schools and the chil-
dren's handicraft in general, including all sorts of useful
and ingenious articles made by boys and girls, which
may be deemed worthy of exhibition.

Class C— High Schools.

materials of exhibit.

1. Designs of high school houses, including floor plans,
20 photos of representative exteriors. Also 20 photos
of representative interiors.

2. A chemical laboratory to include a teachers'
laboratory desk, and at least four pupils' stalls, fitted
up for work in inorganic chemistry, and supplied with
proper apparatus, materials and reagents ; also a set of
the products of school class- work displayed in glass.

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8. A series of tables carrying a full set of apparatus
for illustrating physics as presented in high school work.

4. A series of tables fitted with the materials, appli-
ances and products of biological study, including plant
and animal life and physiology. This will demand a
contiguous wail display of charts, botanical, zoological,
entomological and physiological, and a display of re-
sults of secondary work in all these departments.

5. Tables carrying materials for geological and min-
eralogical study with cognate wall displays.

6,. Tables carrying apparatus contrived by pupils for
illustrating science subjects.

7. Printed courses of study.

8. Examination papers, five sets to be permanently
bound and the rest put in pasteboard covers.

9. Drawings — free-hand, architectural, perspective,
geometrical; also crayon, pastel and water color work;
a wall display.

10. School collections for nature study.

11. Full sets of text-books, with supplementary read-
ing, reference libraries and school newspapers.

12. Products of manual training and youths' handi-
craft, including girls' sewing and fashioning of garments.

13. Twenty-five wall sets of frames for carrying
photos, plans," drawings, maps, etc.

SPACE.

The N. E. room, 2d floor, 60x30 would contain this
exhibit.

Class D— Manual Training and Physical Culture.

materials of exhibit.

1. A specimen battery of manual training appliances
for working in wood.

2. For working in iron.

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3. The different kinds of apparatus and manuals for
physical culture, or as much of it as can be accom-
modated.

4. Full set of base-ball goods and costumes.

5. Full set of foot-ball goods and costumes.

6. Full set of tennis goods and costumes.

SPACE.

The galleries, 2d story, would receive this exhibit.
80x60, 1800 square feet space.

*
Class E— State Normal Schools.

Ask each for 1500 feet of floor space, and might have
50x30 on each floor adjoining that already assigned.

Class F— Miscellaneous.

1. A complete set of catalogues and reports of such
public schools as publish them.

2. A complete set of reports of the Superintendent of
Public Instruction.

3. A compend of certain statistics, illustrating the
progress of the public schools in Illinois— setting forth
the growth in population, the increase in number of
children enrolled in the schools, per cent of attendance;
number of schoolhouses, number of teachers, expendi-
tures for public schools and exhibited by decades, the
same to be printed in cheap leaflet form for distribution
everywhere in the educational exhibit.

4. A collection of the oldest text books and apparatus
to be found.

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ESTIMATE OP THE FUNDS REQUIRED TO CARRY OUT
THE ABOVE SCHEME.

1. A superintendent of the exhibit "at not

less than J2,500 per annum," for two

yeai-s $5,000.00

2. Seven assistants at ?800 each, one for

supervision of model schoolroom 5,600.C0

3. Expenses of superintendent 2,400.€0

4. Help in i;eceiving, selecting and installing

the exhibit •. 1,500.00

5. Freight of goods to and from 1,000X0

6. State Normal Schools 5,000X0

7. High School Laboratories 700X0

8. Materials used in laboratories 300X0

9. Furnishing the three school rooms 1,200X0

10. Furnishing the manual training room... 1,000. CO

11. Furnishing the physical apparatus 400.00

12. Cost of printing 500.00

13. Photography 500 00

14. Exhibit of text books, reference library

and supplementary books 900.00

Total $26,000.00

FLOOR SPACE.

Besides the three rooms designated above, 4,800 square
feet in the adjoining room on the northeast of second
floor.

It seems desirable to supplement the foregoing report
with the following considerations: First: It is impos-
sible to accurately foresee the exact cost of many of the
items which enter into the preceding financial estimate.
For instance, Nos. 3 and 4 may be too great, they
may be too small; again the cost of the proposed high
school laboratories maj' be greatly lessened by the loan

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in great mecusure of the various articles of apparatus
from some furnishing house which would be glad to be
thus advertised. Item 8 might be made in like manner
disappear. Item 11 likewise, though this is hardly to
be anticipated. Item 13 might be possibly brought
down to f 300, while item 12 might prove inadequate.
The ** expenses" of the Superintendent have necessarily
to be lumped, and may go either way of the mark. The
duties of the Superintendent contemplated in this report
are such as to demand the immediate and continuous
service of an energetic and expert person, entirely familiar
with the ideas sought to be realized through the exhibit
and in touch with the educational public of Ulinois.

He would need at once, by circulars of information, by
visiting educational bodies in session, and by being in
personal contact with the schools of the various locali-
ties to generate a working interest in the exhibit, and
so correlate the efforts that should be made as to bring
them into contribution to the ends proposed ; this be-
cause our public schools are without a centralizing or-
ganization through which they may be brought into
action.

The Superintendent would need to have oversight of
certain necessary expenditures of the funds, as the ex-
hibit should progress; to plan and direct the specific
preparation of the room assigned for its various uses;
to receive, assort and install the exhibits; to have cus-
tody of the same through competent assistants and
guides during the Exposition, and to make final dispo-
sition of the same at its close. The schools should be
gotten in hand and put to work on their preparations
at the earliest possible moment, inasmuch as a multi-
titude of deficiencies would disclose themselves subse-
quent to the first aggregation of their work, which
would have to be supplied by a subsequent eirrange-

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ment. Whether or not a suitable person can be had for
this responsibility for the sum named in the estimate is
matter of conjecture. It is to be remembered that the
duty would spoil three years of a schoolman's time. It
has been the endeavor of the Committee to make a con-
servative estimate of the expenditures required for the
realization of an educational exhibit which should be
within the limitations prescribed by the law, at least
modestly creditable to the State, and in this sense it
respectfully submits the same to the consideration of the
State Commission.
All of which is most respectfully submitted,

Henry Baab,
Chairnum Svb-Covrmwttde.

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ILLINOIS BOARD

WORLD'S FAIR COMMISSIONERS.

PUBLIC SCHOOL SECTION.

dBCTJLAB OF INFOBMATION NO. S.

EXHIBIT OF THE

PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF ILLINOIS

AT THE

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

DIRECTIONS BESPECTING SELECTION, ABBANGEMENT AND
FOBWABDING OF MATEBIALS.

To School Officers^ JSuperintendmts and Teachers of the

PubUc Schools of lUvnois:

Circular of Information No. 1, which contained a brief
but comprehensive statement of the nature of the exhibit
to be made by the Public Schools of Illinois at the
World's Columbian Exposition, was issued in March last.
In this circular the schools were classified as A Rural
Schools, B Graded Schools, C High Schools and D
Manual Training Schools, and the character of the ex-
hibit from each of these classes was set forth.

It is deemed best in this circular to repeat so much of
Circular of Information No. 1 as may be necessary to
make it clear to those who may not have that circular
at hand. It is the intention, furthermore, to give final
instructions respecting the arrangement, selection and
forwarding of materials desired from each of the dassee
of schooLs mentioned.

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The work desired from Bural Schools is:

''Collections of the work of pupils, including examina-
tion work, essays, outlines, mountings, manual work,
free-hand and instrumental drawing."

'^Photographs of groups and classes of pupils and of
all matter that can be shown best in that way."

From Class B., Graded Schools:

''Collections of the work of pupils, including examina-
tion work, essays, outlines, reports of observations, de-
velopment lessons, free-hand and instrumental drawing."

"Photographs of groups of pupils, classes at work in
gymnaBtic drill and of all matter that can be shown best
in that way."

"Collections of stones, minerals, woods, birds, nests,
insects, grains, grasses, condiments, shells, products of
dissection, mounted botanical specimens, in cases or on
cards 22x28 inches."

"Products of manual training, whether the direct re-
sults of instruction or otherwise, also mounted on boards
22x28 inches wherever possible. In other cases to be
exhibited on tables or in glas9 covered eases, on shelves
or brackets."

From Cleiss C, High Schools:

"Collections of pupils' work similar to those mentioned
in Class B., and in addition thereto products of pupils'
work in chemistry, physics, botany, entomology, appa-
ratus designed or made by pupils, and collection for
nature study, mounted or prepared for exhibit as in
Class B."

"Free-hand and instrumental drawing, craj'on, pastel
or water color work."

"Photogi'aphs of groups of pupils, classes at work,
laboratories and libraries in use, instantaneous views of
classes at work."

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"Products of manual training, whether the direct re-
sults of instruction or otherwise, including girls' work,
such as sewing, darning, fai^hioning garments, etc.

The intention, as expressed in Circular No. 1 to give
the utmost possible opportunity for the schools to make
the most significant exhibit of the plans, purposes and
results of their work, has been kept steadily in view.

Matter of Exhibit,
table display.

What to exhibit, therefore, cannot be definitely stated
without limiting the freedom necessary to secure the
best results. The exhibit as a whole should indicate
what the schools are aiming to do, what they are ac-
complishing, and as far possible in what way. To this
end it should consist of representative work from every
grade and department of tlie public school system. Ex-
actly what the contribution shall be from any particular
school or system of schools cannot be specified, but in-
asmuch as suggestions have been frequently requested,
the following are offered in the hope that they may
prove helpful:

A series of eight volumes, one for each grade or the
work of two or more grades bound together upon
language work, including reading, spelling, penmanship,
language and grammar. This might show the methods
of teaching reading, subject analysis, dictation exer-
cises, pictures, stories, abstracts, methods of teaching
definitions, paraphrases, reproduction, letters, business
forms, imaginary descriptions and narration and other
essays, grammatical analysis and parsing and transla-
tions.

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A similar series of volumes for number work or arith-
metic to show methods and results in primary work, in
securing accuracy and rapidity, in developing the reason-
ing powers, clearness of conception in applied knowledge,
solutions, test statements of definitions, principles,
abbreviated methods and business forms.

Another set for elementary science work which would
include in botany, charts, drawings, analysis, mounted
specimens, woods, leaves, fruits, seeds, etc., in accom-
panying mounts or cases. In zoology, dissections of and
mounted specimens of animals, with drawings and speci-
mens of birds, nests, eggs, insects, shells, etc., in accom-
panying cases. In physiology, of diagrams, drawings,
definitions, products of dissection, recitations and essays.
In geography, of drawings, diagrams, maps, graphic
representation and written observations of outdoor
work, topical and other recitations, etc. These would
include science work from the most elementary to the
most advanced, or any part of it.

A similar series of volumes, each of which should con-
tain selections showing the entire work of one or more
grades. Additional volumes showing the work of whole
classes, in different subjects.

Similar series of volumes as needed for high schools,
increased as to number of topics as the enlarged curri-
culum demands.

Other arrangements may in many cases be deemed
better, if so, these suggestions will not stand in the way.

The writing should be in ink in all cases except early
primary work and drawings, in which pencil work will
be accepted.

Photographs of pupils at work may be bound bb illus
trations in the volumes of their manuscript.

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MOUNTED WORK, FOR WALL AND WING FRAME DISPLAY.

1. Circular of Information No. 2, covers this matter
in the line of drawing in detail. The general heads only
will be reproduced here. The circular will be sent to
anyone desiring the details, and who may not have it at
hand.

All the work in this department should be ^ouped in
the following manner:

Group I. Constructive Drawing.
Group II. Representative Drawing.
Group III. Decoration.
Group IV. Modeling.
Group V. Making.

2. Mounted work, including maps, charts, photo-
graphs, manual work, products of dissections, botanical
specimens.

3. Shelf or Bracket Display: Models, apparatus,
zodlogical and entomological mounts, maps, clay and
putty work.

Portfolios are not recommended for any purpose, but
will be accepted.

MATERIALS.

The card board used for mounted work of any kind
should be 28 incbes long by 22 inches wide, the long
side to be vertical. It should be six ply and court grey
or light drab in color.

One design or a group on each card.

For all written work to be bound, the paper should be
not less than 8 inches wide and lOJi inches long, nor
more than 8}i inches wide and 11 inches long.

1 inch tb 1% ruled from left side for binding.

The length of paper is from top to bottom of the page.

Binding at left side, not top.

An excellent quality of paper, 8xlOJi inches, ruled on
one side, can be bought for $1.05 per 480 sheets.

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The paper should be ruled and the writing appear on
one side only. It should be of good, firm quality, weigh-
ing abont 6 pounds per 480 sheets.

Care should be taken that all mounts be firmly secured,
and in ca^se of pasting, the best quality of mucilage or
alcoholic glue should be used.

EXPENSE.

All expense of transporting the exhibit to the Fair and
returning it, all expenses of installation and care during
the six months of the Fair will be borne by the Commis-
sion. And in addition thereto it is probable that a con-
siderable percentage of bills for materials, binding and
mounting, can also be paid, although that was not con-
sidered in the estimates of the Committee of the Illinois
State Teachers' Association.

The original bills rendered for these purposes should
therefore be carefully preserved.

HEADINOS.

A printed heading with the blanks filled for the first
page only, is recommended to be used by each pupil, in
each subject. Following pages should have the pupil's
name at the left end, the subject in the middle, and the
number of the page at the right end, of first line.

For Bural Schools. Heading for Papers.

Public Schools of Illinois.

bural schools.

County

Subject

Name Age Year or grade

District No Township No R P. M.

Teacher

Remarks

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Fop Graded Schools.
Public Schools op Illinois,
graded schools.
City

Subject

Name Age Grade.

Teacher

Remarks

For High Schools.

Public Schools of Illinois.

hioh schools.

City or Township

Subject

Name Age Year..

Teacher

Remarks

Under the head of remarks may be stated the time of
writing the paper and any other conditions that will
aid in understanding it. Similar statements in compact
form should be aflSxed to mounts.

BOUND VOLUMES.

There should not be more than 50 to 75 leaves to a
book; less would be preferable.

The books should be plainly and strongly bound in
black muslin or similar material, and labeled on the
outside of front cover as follows:

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For Bural Schools (ClcusB A).
Public Schools of Illinois.

rural schools.

County

Subject

Ccmhty Si^ermtendent of Schools.

For Graded Schools (Class B).

Public Schools op Illinois.

graded schools.

City

Subject

Svpt. or Prm.

For High Schools (Oass C).

Public Schools op Illinois.

high schools.

Name of High School

Subject

Principal.

And on the back of the volumes the name of the county,
city or high school put in bold lettering lengthwise.

These labels may be written, printed, partly written
and partly printed, or stamped in gilt.

shipping directions.

It is recommended that shipping boxes be made 27 by
30 inches inside measure as deep as needed and top
screwed on, not nailed. These will be suitable for bound
volumes and mounts.

Special boxes may be needed for other matter.

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ADDRESS.

The boxes should be addressed:
William Jenkins,

Supt. Public School Section,
Illinois State BuildiDg,
Jackson Park,
Chicago, 111.
From

An invoice of contents should be enclosed in each boi
and a copy sent by mail to the same address.

Forward all matter by express, tu?^ prepaid. The charge
will be paid here. It should be shipped during March,
1893, and bb early in the month as may be.

classification.

By the conditions of Circular of Information No. 1,
which was projected upon the decision recu^hed by the
committee appointed by the Illinois State Teachers' As-
sociation, the smallest unit of representation for Kural
Schools was the county; for the Graded Schools the city
or town. Each High School wcus a unit by itself.

It is recommended that the county superintendents o(
schools upon the receipt of this circular call meetiogs of
the teachers of their respective counties, preferably in
connection with a Saturday institute, and decide upon
the best methods of procedure in each case, in prepariDg,
gathering and selecting the work.

No questions will be sent out from this office.

It is further recommended that the work from the Rural
Schools be sent to the county superintendent, who, with
a committee of teachers, or otherwise, may make such b
selection as may be deemed best to represent the Boral

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Schools of the county, have it bound or mounted, as the
cajge may be, and forward, as directed in this 'circular.
Superintendents or principals of Graded or High
Schools should proceed similarly.

CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOOLS.

For the purpose of indicating approximately the quan-
tity of work desired from each of the three classes of
schools (A, B and C) a classification of counties upon
the basis of the number of schools in each has been
made for the Rural Schools (A). A classification t>f cities
upon the basis of the number of teachers employed in
each system has been made for Graded Schools (B). A
classification of High Schools (C) upon the basis of:

1. Those managed by a corps of tea.chers exclusively
engaged in high school work, and

2. Those which are in part or wholly under the in-
struction of teachers part of whose duties is instruction
or supervision of other grades of work.

Classification of Counties.

GLASS I— OVER 400 SCHOOLS.

Cook.

CLASS- 11—314-175.

LaSalle.

Henry.

Champaign.

Ogle.

Vermilion.

Iroquois.

Hancock.

Fulton.

Moultrie.

Adams.

McLean.

Knox.

Bureau.

Sangamon.

WiU.

Livingston— 16,

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CLASS in— 175-100.

Kane.

Ford.

Macoupin.
Pike.

Jasper.
Lake.

Ck)le8.

Mercer.

Kankakee.
McHenry.
Stephenson.
Whiteside.

Randolph.
White.
Lee.
Peoria.

Clark.

Christian.

Jackson.
JoDaviess.

Fayette.
Madison.

Marion.

St. Glair.

Piatt.
Tazewell.

Wayne.
Carroll.

DeKalb.

Grundy.

McDonough.
Shelby.
Edgar.
Macon.

Jefferson.
Logan.
Morgan.
Rock Island.

Montgomery.
Warren.

Williamson.
Woodford— 48

Winnebago.

CLASS IV— LESS THAN 100.

Bond.

Clinton.

Cumberiand.

Henderson.

DuPage.

Greene.

Marshall.

Kendall.

Perry.

Stark.

Saline.

Calhoun.

Washington.
Cass.

Putnam.
Crawford.

Gallatin.
Johnson.

Douglas.
Franklin.

Monroe.

Lawrence.

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01088 IF— Concluded.

Pulaflki.

Bichland.

Alexander.

Union.

Massac.

Brown.

Clay.

Edwards.

DeWitt.

Jersey.

EflSngham.

Menard.

Hamilton.

Pope.

Mason.

Wabash.

Schuyler.

Hardin.

Boone.

Scott-42.

FROM BURAIi SCHOOLS— GLASS (a).

From the county class I, it is desired to receive ap-
proximately, bound matter, 30 volumes; mounts, 120.
From each county of class II, bound matter, 25 vol-
umes; mounts, 75. From each county of class III,
bound matter, 20 volumes; mounts, 50. From each
county of class IV, 10 volumes bound matter and
mounts 25.

FROM GRADED SCHOOLS— CLASS (b).

From systems of graded schools employing 500 teach-
ers or over, 100 volumes, 400 mounts. From systems
employing 75 to 500 teachers, 40 volumes, 150 mounts.
From systems employing 25 to 75 teachers, 20 volumes,
8C mounts. From systems employing 10 to 25 teachers,
15 volumes, 50 mounts. Graded schools employing less
than 10 teachers, 8 volumes, 20 mounts.

FROM HIGH SCHOOLS— CLASS (c).

From each high school, class C, 1 and 2, a sufficient
number of volumes and mounts to fully represent its
work, together with any other matter that cannot be
thus classified. It is hoped to make the exhibit of
secondary schools as full, striking, suggestive and in-
structive as possible.

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The possible agf^regate may seem large, but it is not
expected that the full amount of work indicated will be
secured in every case. Furthermore ifc must be borne in
mind that enough of material is needed to make at least
six entire changes in the exhibit, one for each month.
It is the intention also to classify these changes to con-
form to the classification of schools as f ar afi may be
found practicable.

ADMINISTRATION.

It is desired to receive from boards, superintendents,
principals and teachers, courses of study, manuals of
directions, reports of boards, circulars, examination
questions, district, central and final, and for other pur-
poses, reports to parents, blanks, library cards, etc.,
used in the administration of schools, bound in the same
manner, as nearly as may be, as the manuscript work
of the pupils.

HISTORY.

Correspondence is solicited from parties who may have
old text and exercise books, views of old school houses,
log or otherwise, historical sketches devoted to educa-
tional matters in Illinois, biographical sketches, portraits
of noted teachers, and all similar matter.

The value of the exhibit will depend upon the honesty
of purpose and the integrity of conduct of all connected
with it. In this connection I quote without reservation
the following words upon this point as applicable to
work presented as the product of the pupils exclusivdy:

"Every item of work presented as the product of the
pupils, should be absolutely genuine. The interference
of a teacher, even to the correction of an obvious mis-
take, the retouching of a shade in drawing, the fitting
by a shaving of a joint of woodwork, the dotting of an
*i," or the crossing of a "t,'* should be deemed an m-
excusable fault; any work so "improved ' should be

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rigorously rejected. Each item shonld be forwarded ex-
axstly as the pupil left it. No special instruction, prac-
tice or drill should be given to any pupil, class or school,
preparatory to work which is intended for the Exposi-
tion. The actual fruits of the regular school system
should be presented without being worked up for this
special purpose."

''It will happen that in a given city one school will
win the honor of sending forward the representative
class in one subject, another in another, and so on. It
will be possible that every community which is really
excelling in some particular, may have the honor of
being represented in something in the final selection."

In case the work is to appear with correction, by the
tea.cher, these should be placed so as to show exactly
what the work was prior to the indicated corrections.

REPORT.

As soon as possible after January 20th, 1898, it is
desirable that superintendents, principals or committees
having authority or responsibility for the exhibit of any
school, or system of schools, should report to the under-
signed, Superintendent of the Public School Section of the
Educational Exhibit of Illinois, stating what grades,
variety and amount of work will be contributed.

This report should be in detail, as much as circum-
stances will permit, and be made without reference to
any previous statement, oral or otherwise.

CONCLUSION.

This circular was intended to be issued about Decem-
ber 1st, but it has been unavoidably delayed.

It is designed, however, for final directions rather than
to initiate action. It is supplementary, not intro-
ductory.

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It is to be hoped that the occasion and the oppor-
tunity may not be overlooked nor nndervalned.

The time that remains is short and should be dili-
gently improved.

Under the direction of intelligent and salons teachers
there is ample opportunity to make an exhibit of Public
School Education in IliiDois that shall be at once an
honor and an inspiration.

The exhibit is to be made upon the soil of Illinois in
her great metropolis. It will be surrounded by the evi-
dence of progress and enterprise in every walk of life.
Let us see to it that this greatest interest of a free
people leu^ks nothing to make it impressive as well as in.
structive.

Let every child in the commonwealth be made to feel
that he has contributed of his thought and action to
the great Exposition.

Additional suggestions and directions will be published
if deemed necessary, but it is believed that all farther
needful information can be given by correspondence or
personal visitation.

Additional copies of this circular may be had on appli-
cation.

Correspondence is invited.

December 9, 1892.

Wm. Jenkins,

Supt. Public School Sec. of MucaMonal ExhiUt ofUUnok

Room 18, Montauk Block, Chicago.
Henry Baab, SupL of PvbUc Instruction of lUinois,
Booms of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commis-
sioners.
Approved: John P. Reynolds,

Director-tn-CJiief'

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Chicago Public School Exhibit.

The Chicago School Exhibit embraces work from the
Kindergartens, Primavy and Grammar Grades, High and
Manual Training Schools and Evening Schools.

The work embraces about 4,000 mounts upon cards
22x28 on wing frames in cases, and 200 wall mounts
under glass in frames.

One hundred and twenty-five bound volumes represent
the work of whole classes of pupils, and specially selected
work, which indicates the methods used in presenting dif-
erent topics in the various branches of studies.

Inventory.
1— kindergartens.
Sixty-four mounts representing some portions of the
first year's work.

Note:— Ten kindergartens were accepted by the Board
of Education of Chicago September, 1892.

2— PRIMARY AND GRAMMAR SCHOOLS.

The work of pupils is presented from the first to the
eighth grades inclusive:

a. Language, two cases, 66 cards, with 264 mount49.

b. Arithmetic, two cases, 66 cards, with 264 mounts.

c. Geography, one case, 33 cards, with 132 mounts.

d. History, one case, 33 cards, with 132 mounts.

e. Physiology, one case, 33 cards, with 132 mounts.

f. Drawing, all grades, three cases, 99 cards, with 396
mounts, besides 74 cards, wall mounts.

In addition to the exhibits in cases on the various
subjects there are framed exhibits of 42 cards with 168*
mounts, representing typical work in each grade.

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CLASS WORK IN BOUND YOLUMBS.

First Grade 1.

Second Grade, LaDgnage 5, Arithmetic 3.

Third Grade, Language 6, Arithmetic 7.

Fourth Grade, Language 5, Arithmetic 6.. Geography?.

Fifth Grade, Language — , Arithmetic — , Geography,-. '

Sixth Grade, Language — , Arithmetic — , Geography
— , Physiology — .

Seventh Grade, Language — , Arithmetic — , Geoffrapby
— , Physiology — , History — .

Eighth Grade, Language — , Arithmetic —, History-,
Physiology — .

One volume of representative work in each grade aod
one volume of representative woric in each of the sub-
jects of Arithmetic, U. S. History, Geography and Physi-
ology.

3— GERMAN.

One volume of class work from each grade from third
to eighth grade inclusive. Six framed mounts typical oi
grade work.

4— MANUAL TRAINING.

a. One case representing the experimental work carried
on in the grades from two to five inclusive, in the Lake
View No. 2 and Foster Schools, 40 pieces.

b. One case representing the experimental work carried
on under the patronage of Mr. R. T. Grane in the siitb.
seventh and eighth grades at the Tilden School builc
ing, corner of Lake and Elizabeth streets, 40 pieces.

Classes from the Tilden, Skinner, Emerson, Washius:
ton and Carpenter Schools work two hours each wft^^
throughout the year.

c. One set of objects constructed by the pupils of the
sixth, seventh and eighth grades from the Jones, Haveo.
Moselev and Calumet Avenue Schools. The classes re-

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ceive their instruction at the Jones School building,
corner of Harrison street and Third avenue, two hours
a week throughout the year, 18 pieces.

SEWING.

One case of 88 cards, having 172 specimens of work
from second to fifth grades, inclusive, also three framed
typical exercises having 30 specimens, one book of 64
specimens, and another of 37 specimens.

5— HIGH SCHOOLS.

Three cases of 33 cards, with 132 mounts, represent-
ing Biology, first year's Science; Physiology, or second
year's Science; Chemistry, or third year's Science, besides
40 wall mounts under glass in frames. One biological
table with out-fit of microscope and instruments, as
used for science instruction, and furnished by the Board
of Education of Chicago to the various High Schools.

Fourteen volumes of essays of first, second and third
year High School work.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.

Five volumes showing examination questions, a» used
in the various High Schools, with a summary of the re-
sults.

Thirty-three microscopic preparations in Biology.

6— ENGLISH HIGH AND MANUAL TRAINING.

One case, 60 pieces, representing the various exercises
in wood work.

One case, 325 pieces, representing the various exercises
in iron work.

One hundred and five articles in wood and iron, show-
ing constructive power of the pupils.

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One ca49e, 88 mounts, free-hand drawings.
One case, 83 mounts, mechanical and architectural
drawings.
One portrait of Supt. A. G. Lane, and
One of Asst. Supt. A. F. Nightingale,

7— EVENING HIGH SCHOOLS.

One c€U9e of mechanical and architectural drawingB,
having 88 mounts.

Four wall mounts.

Six volumes showing progressive steps in mechanical
and architectural drawing, as taught in the Evening
High Schools.

8— TEXT BOOKS USED IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

One book-case, duplicates of which are furnished to
each schoolroom, containing a copy of each text book
used in the public schools of Chicago.

Seven pieces of apparatus made by pupils of the Jeffer-
son High School.

One case of prepared birds of 56 specimens from the
Jefferson High School.

One table or bench, such as is used by pupils in the
Grammar Grade Manual Training Work.

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SOUTHERN ILIilNOIS STATE NOBMAIi UNIVERSITy.

(D. B. PARKINSON, flUPEBINTBNDBNT.

[EREWITH is respectfully submitted a report of the
exhibit made by the Southern Illinois State Normal
University at the World's Fair just closed.

Before entering upon the details of the report, it should
be stated that the Illinois Commissioners have the hearty
thanks of the faculty, the students, and the many friends
of the Institution hereby represented, for the desirable
and ample space allotted to their exhibit, the excellent
provision made for its display, and for the many courte-
sies shown to those who were in any way connected with
its care. Also, for the generous concession made at the
close of the Fair in the donation to the institution of
the excellent- cases, desks, counters, etc., which were pro-
vided by the Board in placing the exhibit before the
public. It should be further added that these cases, etc.,
are now in use in the University, and are truly a valuable
acquisition to the equipment of the Institution.

The preparation of the exhibit began in the spring
term of 1892, and continued through the larger part of
the following year, a few pieces being added after the
formal opening of the Exposition.

The aim of the exhibit was to place before the world
the methods found by experience to be the best adapted
to the preparation of teachers for their calling. It should
be borne in mind that the character of the work done in
a normal school must necessarily differ from that of
other institutions of higher learning. The ultimate pro-

439

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ducts of a school of this kind are skill and power acquired
in the intellectual training of the young; therefore it was
found difScuIt to fairly present an exhibit that would
justly represent the work of the school. After some con-
sultation it was finally decided that the exhibit should
consist of the following features : First, photographic
views of the buildings and grounds, of the various rooms
of the building (in some cases with classes at work), of
pieces of apparatus used in instruction; second, the work
of the students, in each of the departments, in the form
of bound volumes of manuscripts, charts of drawings,
manuscripts, etc., mounted on rollers and placed in suit-
able cases ; third, samples of the equipment of appliances
for school work, especially that used in the lower grades.
The task of care-taking for the six months was given
into the hands of present or former stddents of the
school, one serving at a time, ea<ch for two weeks, re-
ceiving from the Board of Commissioners compensation
for their services at the rate of seventy-flve dollars per
month; to this was added an entrance ticket to the
grounds.

Because of the limitations to the task of fairly repre-
senting the products of a normal school, it is but just
that this report should embody some of the methods of
work characteristic of the school and not shown in the
preparation of the exhibit. Some of these methods are
given more in detail than others. The order of state-
ment €U9 to departments is the same as that adopted in
the catalogue of the school, and the account of each de^
pai*tment is. largely the thought of the teacher in charge
of said department at the time of the preparation of the
exhibit.

It should be added in this connection that several
thousand copies of a unique ''Hand-book" were published,
setting forth a brief history of the school, its aims, and

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its yarions methods of instruction. This book was con-
6idered a part of the school's exhibit and was distributed
among the many visitors who were interested in the class
of work represented by the Institution.

The exhibit was located on the south side of the east
winpf between a portion of the space allotted to the Uni-
versity of Illinois and that given to the Illinois Normal
University— covering an area of 39x27 feet.

Seventeen excellent cases, made of oak, with glass
doors, were provided for holding the charts named above,
some of the bound volumes, and the specimens from the
natural history department. These cases were placed
east and west, facing each other, except those at the ends,
with ample space between for the free passage of visitors.

A raised platform, furnished with desk, chairs, etc.,
occupied the central portion of the floor space. This was
used as the ofBce of the attendant, and a sort of head-
quarters for all friends of the Institution.

Parallel to the platform, on either side, were a counter
and show-case for exhibiting the bound volumes and the
material used for illustrative purposes in the work of the
lower grades.

The cases were arranged in two equal and distinct
parts— those on the west for the Normal Department and
those on the east for the Training Department.

I.— Department of Psychology and Pedagogy.
The exhibit from this department contained representa-
tions of work from each class and showed every phase
of the work in the department. The exhibit consisted of
students' note books representing work done by the ele-
mentary class in preparation for teaching in the ungraded
schools; two volumes of reports of observations in the
Training School; four volumes of essays and reviews

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treating of the principles of psychology and their appli-
cation to education ; two volumes on history of educa-
tion ; and one on ethics. The manuscript of these vol-
umes was so arranged a^ to present the work systemat-
ically in the order in which it w€U9 taken up in each cla^.

PSYCHOLOGY.

The manuscripts in psychology were prepared after a
thorough study and discussion in cla^s of each subject
presented. The plan of work was to take the thought
of the author studied as the basis for discussion, and
then add to this thought by reading other authors and
especially by the student's own experience and investiga-
tion. Special effort was made to secure the following
results :

1. Independence in thinking.

2. Freedom of discussion.

3. Practical application of the principle studied.
This plan excluded the most valuable feature of the

work in this subject from any exhibit that it was pos-
sible to make.

PEDAGOGY.

The plan of work in pedagogy and history of educa-
tion was nearly the same as that pursued in psychology.
From a careful study of the principles of education a
thorough knowledge of theory was obtained. The prin-
ciples embodied in this theory were then discussed with
a view to their application to the daily work of the school.
The papers exhibited were either written reviews given
as regular class exercises, or results of the study and
discussion of subjects considered especially important.

The volumes on "Observations" were made up of re-
ports of those students who were required to spend a
portion of the term in observing the work of the prac-
tice teachers in the Training School. £a<ch student was

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required to visit the same class at lecust three times, and
at the close of these visits prepare a written report of
the work studied. These reports were copied without
alteration and appeared as originally prepared.

The students' note books represented notes on lectures
given the elementary class on subjects specially designed
to aid them in teaching in ungraded schools. The notes
on each lecture were preceded by an outline which was
given the student to follow during the discussion of the
subject. At the conclusion of the lecture the notes were
written and then copied into the books without correc-
tion.

n.— Physical and Biological Science.

PHYSICS.

While the "natural sciences" are largely used as a basis
in the earlier years in the Training Department of the
Institution in furnishing material for the language, num-
ber and reading work, the several branches assume more
definite shape in the fifth grade.

Pupils are allowed to use an elementary text in con-
nection with their study of physical phenomena. Special
attention is given to the inculcation of a correct spirit
of inquiry and research, that makes a study a delight
and not a burden.

In the eighth grade the pupils are led by advanced
steps to see more carefully and deeply into nature's phe-
nomena, and to reason more systematically as they *'read
nature in the language of experiment." Exercises in
observing the reading of graded instruments are begun
in this grade, such as noting, daily, the barometric and
thermometric readings at a stated time.

In the first term of the second year of the Normal
course the students complete the work. At this period

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the work is enlarged, a more thorough invefltigation o!
many subjects touched upon before, is now required
Problems requiring a knowledge of physical laws are sub-
mitted for solution, original essays upon themes studied
are required.

The inductive method is emphasized, but not adhered
to with that rigidity that precludes the acquisition of
knowledge from the results of the labors of those who
have been specialists in the various lines of research.
The plan has been to combine the best of all good
methods.

The work in Physics as outlined above was represented
in the Exposition by manuscripts and drawings bound in
volumes. The drawings were from the apparatus used,
and the manuscripts were either the students' report of
the experiment, noting first, the apparatus; second, the
manipulation ; third, the phenomenon ; fourth, the les-
son to be learned ; or an essay on some subject selected
by the student or the teacher.

In addition to the bound volumes, charts were pre-
pared which contained simply drawings and manuseripts
describing and explaining the experiment as performed
either by the student or by the instructoiv- showing on
a larger scale the method of instruction.

CHEMISTRT.'

The method of teaching chemistry being largely the
same as that of physics, the exhibit was practically of
the same general character.

The scheme of note-taking was indicated by the order
of description of experiments shown in the volumes and
by the charts, which were very similar to those used in
presenting the work in physics.

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GEOLOGY.

The nature of the study renders the plan of work
somewhat different from that of others in the depart-
ment. Hence the exhibit was a representation of
what the student saw by the study of the text rather
than by personal observation. However, as far 6ts the
student was able to come in contact with the actual
geological formation or phenomena by visiting coal
mines, and the adjacent regions, he represented his
thought regarding it by a sketch made at the time.

A specimen of the essay 'work required in this study
was also furnished in a bound volume.

ASTRONOMY.

The plan of work in teaching this science was repre-
sented, in part, by bound volumes of sketches and their
explanation made from actual observations, either with
the naked eye or by the aid of the telescope belonging
to the Institution, such as the different phases of the
moon and Venus, the relative positions of Jupiter and
his moons, Saturn and his rings, the spots on the sun, etc.

BOTANY.

After giving an analysis of the topics of study in this
section, the "Hand Book" gives the following plan of.
carrying out the wprk as done in our classes:

"The first two weeks of the term are spent in prepar-
ation for analysis of flowers by use of the herbarium,
with appropriate lessons from the text book. After this,
fresh flowers are placed before the pupils for analysis.
As supplementary to the text book work each one is ex-
pected to write out the analysis of at least twenty-five
flowers in a copy of Keep's Plant Record Book, with
drawings of leaf and flower, besides making drawings
of seeds, buds, fruits, etc., with appropriate descriptions."

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The exhibit showed this work in the following way:
One book, marked ''A Botany/' gave samples of tests
taken from time to time during the term, with samples
also of a paper required of each one on ''How to Teach
Botany." A second book gave the manner of use of
Keep's Plant Record Book by exhibiting the work done
by five pupils of the class, their books being bound to-
gether in one book after they had completed the re-
quired work of the term. In binding these the original
covers were removed by the binder, and by an oversight
the names of the pupils doing the work, being on the
outside of the original covers, do not appear in the bound
volume. The books taken were fair samples of what
was done by a class of nearly a hundred pupils.

While the study is continued for ojily one term and
without previous preparation being required by having
studied elementary botany, the text book covering the
elements of structural and physiological botany and
some familiarity with plants are all that could be re-
quired. But while that is the case, other and more ad-
vanced work, by those competent to do it, is always
encouraged. As an illustration of the character of such
advanced work, one of the pupils of the class whose
work was on exhibition at the Columbian Exposition
took up the study of ferns as a special study. She did
as a part of her study the following work: Study the
ferns in their homes, make collections, study the spores
and microscopic structure of the plants. As part of her
work, she made a set of drawings of the ferns of Jack-
son county. 111., one plate or drawing for each 8peciej>.
except one, of all of those that are known to ocmir in
the county, the single exception being Aaplemim Ekr^
okhs, that having been found once only in the county.
The twenty .four plates of drawings she made showed fir^t
the whole plant, or a frond natural size or reduced, second

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a section of this enlarged so a^ to show the position
and character of the sporangia, third a spore case and
one or more spores as seen by the compound microscope.
These drawings, accompanied by notes on habits and
habitat, formed the third book of the exhibit.

ZOOLOGY.

The first paragraph of the explanation under zoology
in the '*Hand Book" contains an analysis of the topic
of the text book used in the subject. The second para-
graph contains a brief synopsis of the method of treat-
ing this study in classes.

The exhibit in this branch consisted of two parts, a
book and a sample case of specimens from the museum,
used in illustrating the subject. The book, after the
preface stating the aims and methods in this science,
contained samples of the written tests taken during the
term. Part of these were in the form of essays on the
topics after they had been studied in class.

The sample case from the museum consisted of a case
of ducks, and was labeled ** Ducks of Illinois," contain-
ing twenty-onespecies, nearly all the species that have been
known to have been found in the Statue. Birds are used
in the classes both for illustration of the subject of birds
in general and for more detailed study. What is true of
birds is true of other groups of animals, and hence we
could appropriately use such a case as a representative
of what we use in illustration in the classes in zoology.

PHYSIOLOGY.

The **Hand Book" of the work of this school has tie
following brief digest of the topics studied in this work
during the single term that is devoted to the study of
physiology :

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''Skeleton; terms of the science defined; tissues; 8km
and the part pertaining to it ; food ; digestion, including
organs and fluids; absorption, lymphatics; respiration,
circulation, heart and a^ccessories, blood excretion.
Nervous system; brain, nerves, sympathetic system;
special senses; vocal organs. Motatory organs in detail."

The next paragraph referred to manner of pursuing
the subject mentioning the use of the skeleton charts,
microscopes and speaking of a regular course of dissec-
tion in connection with the subject.

The book on "A. Physiology" gives a preface stating
the aim pursued in tea>ching the subject, the kind of
materials we have to deal with in the way of students,
and the manner of presenting the subject in detail. This
is followed by a set of the directions for dissecting, to-
gether with one set of the notes that were taken at one^
of the tables while dissecting; both the dissection and
the directions copied by one of the pupils of the class.
The instructions and notes on dissection occupied thirty-
four pages of the book. The remaining portion of the book
was devoted to copies of the written tests taken through
the term, enough of each being given to show the char-
acter of this work, and as different pupils were asked to
copy their work at the different times, these tests were
taken. The work shows the difference in style of work
of the different members of the class. After studying
the parts relating to the eye and the ear, the pupils were
asked to write essays on these two subjects. Ck)pie6 of
these appear in connection with the tests.

III.— Mathematics.

ARITHMETIC.

The exhibit in this department was intended to illns-
trate the methods of instruction in the more advanced
work, as the exhibit shown by the Training Department
sufladently set forth the manner of presenting the sub-

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ject to pupils in the first eight years of their school life.
The central thought in all the work was thoroughnens
and rapidit3% and a comprehensive knowledge of under-
lying principles.

ALGEBRA.

The method adopted in preparing material from classes
in algebra was Cjuite similar to that used in the geome-
try. Since the work continued through the entire year
a less per cent, of the papers was selected.

The statement made regarding the selection of the
papers in the exhibit from the geometry classes should
be made regarding the algebra classes.

GEOMETRY.

The exhibit consisted of the best three-fourths of all ex-
amination papers made by the class in the course — two
terms.

These papers were in no sense special efforts, but were
simply fair samples of the regular monthly examination
work of the classes. A few dozen pf these papers were
arranged in chart form, similar to those of other de-
partments. The other papers were bound in volumes
of the regulation size and style.

BOOK-KEEPING.

The book-keeping exhibit consisted of book and chart
work. The bound volumes consisted of sets of books
prepared by the pupils in their regular class work. The
charts pi'esented various business papers and forms re-
quired to be prepared by the students completing the
course in book-keeping.

The plan was simply to show the regular work re-
quired of a pupil while pursuing the study.
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IV.— English Language and Literature.

READING.

The written work in reading presented in Vols. A and
6 was intended to represent examination work, illii»-
tratiug in but a partial way, the manner of instrnctioQ
in this pleasing and highly profitable study.

It indicated the teaching to be in eu»ord with a simple
law of classification of ideas— grouping ideas into classes;
Matter of Fact, Earnest, Noble, Joyous, Sad, Sarcastic,
Humorous, Impassioned, etc., studying their import
and characteristics, discovering the elements, -form,
quality, force, stress, pitch, and rate, necessary for the
rendition of each class, and then reading the selection
with expression as the result of a proper knowledge and
culture regarding these elements.

The object of the instruction is to secure the proper
elocution of reading, not an elocution of the platform.

The system used is that of Mark Bailey of Yale Col-
lege.

The scheme used to accomplish the work is original
with the teacher of this department.

GRAMMAR.

The exhibit in this branch was intended to show the
extent of the work for each term, and to indicate the
methods by which it is accomplished.

Four terms in the Normal School course have grammar
as one of the required studies. Language lessons and
the primary work in grammar belong to the Training
Department and constitute a part of that exhibit.

In conducting the Normal classes, the aim is two-fold-
first, to see that these coming teachers have a thorongh
mastery of the topics studied ; second, that they knoff
how to impart that knowledge to others. To a«;offl-
plish the second aim, one day in each week is free froni

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any assigned lesson, and the class is resolved into a
Teachers' Institute. The members have the time for
questions upon any points not understood, or upon how
to teach any topic. As the majority have had some ex-
perience in teaching, these exercises are among the most
profitable, but could not well be shown in the exhibit.

The first term is given to the simple sentence in all its
varieties with its proper capitalization and punctuation.
As the elements are studied, the parts of speech of
which they are composed are reviewed with their prop-
Gerties and infiections. The value of each principle as a
guide to corn'ct English is tested as it is applied in
answering the questions asked by the claiss. The changes
in form occasioned by a change in the relations of a
word to the other parts of a sentence were illustrated
by a chart scheme showing the essential points in
English etymology. A volume of regular class papers
accompanied the chart.

The second term's study is given to complex and com-
pound sentences. In this term abridgement is treated
and its grammatical changes noted, witTi the principles
which underlie them. Essays are required each month
upon topics assigned. The chart and book sent from
this class w£U9 a complete illustration of all correct forms
in abridged expressions, with a statement of the pjrinci-
ples governing the choice.

Eight weeks are given to a special study of methods.
This class begins with the first language lesson work
and takes up grade by grade through the grammar to
the close of the Normal School course. What is suit-
able to each grade, and how to adapt the teaching to
the capacity of the pupils, are the central points for con-
eideratibn. Thus a complete review of both language
and grammar is incidentally obtained. From this class
were shown model lessons suited to each grade.

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ENGLISH ANALYSIS.

In addition to the work indicated above, a terra is
used for English analysis. The difficult points in gram-
mar are studied. Entire compositions are analji^ed
logically, the line of thought discerned and the logical
sequence of paragraphs of sentences perceived. The prin-
ciples of rhetoric are applied in rhetorical analysis, and
the principles of grammar in a grammatical analysis of
the same composition. In this class, essays and era.
tions are required. The exhibit consisted of different
selections copied and analyzed logically, rhetorically and
grammatically.

RHETORIC.

The work presented in rhetoric was designed to exhibit
the methods of culture in purity, propriety and precision
of diction; in concord, clearness, unity, energy and har-
mony of the sentence; in impressing upon the mind and
heart of the student the beauty of the style in writings of
the best authors, as controlled by the use of figurative
language; in cultivating delicacy and correctness of
taste, and in reaching a high ideal of the beautiful and
the sublime, the novel and the picturesque as these prop-
erties of style and taste find their parallels in natnn?.
Method.— The work in this branch is largely illustrative,
both orally and in use of the blackboard , using daily
class drill and written exercises.

ENGLISH LITERATURE.

We may say that the exhibit relating to this work io
this department, was intended to present the methods
adopted to arouse students of this branch of education
to a study of our best writers in literature, both English
and American.

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Methodn:

1. By means of biography.

2. By close analysis of the thought.

3. By pointing the student to the author's national-
ity, customs and manner of life, and paralleling his work
with these environments.

4. By developing the parallel growth of the literature
of a people with the political status, thus showing to
the student, in an attractive way, the origin of much of
our best literature.

5. By selecting some drama, or other work of an
author, as a play from Shakespeare, or the best selec-
tion from Longfellow, etc., and having studied it faith-
fully, as above indicated, write out a close, a severe
criticism.

6. By comparing the best of American and English
authors, noting their manner of living, social and politi-
cal standing, and quality of work.

ELOCUTION.

The work in elocution secures for the students:

1. A study of the best productions of our best ora-
tors, on the basis of form, quality, force, stress, pitch
and rate of utterance.

2. A practical class-drill, daily, in the mechanical
demonstration of eloquence — the very soul of expression
— by means of general gesture.

In all this work the teacher's example guides, natural-
ness is secured, and the spiritual rather than the me-
<;hanical means come to the front.

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v.— Gkooraphy and History.

GEOGRAPHY.

The aim of the work displayed ^vas to illustrate (a»
far as possible by means of maps) the successive Btepc^
taken in each class.

The time given to the study of geography in the Nor-
mal Department is three terms. The clasflification i&
made under three heads, viz.: B Geography, A Geogra-
phy and Physical Geography.

The B (division of this department jnepresents the work
of the first term. The topics taken up in the begiDning
are embra>ced under the head of mathematical geography.
Out of the wide range of topics comprehended under thi*
head, a few were selected, a^ having the most bearing
on the main subject, the work on the charts showing
the order in which they were taken.

A knowledge of the influence of the sun npon the earth
and the relations of the two, is the direct practical pur-
pose of teaching in this stage of the course. This implies
a good knowledge of the distribution of heat and moist-
ure, and of the modifications brought about by the dif-
ferent degrees of atmospheric pressure. These are the
essential factors in the study of climate. Climate deter-
mines the use of the structure, and the structure in a
marked degree modifies climate. Both seem to be the
two halves of a great whole which nourish and support
life, plant and animal, and at the same time determine
the forms and modes of life.

The second step is in relation to continents, in respect
to their physical features.

A knowledge of structure being the indispensable foun-
dation of all geographical knowledge, without this
knowledge, geography, as a science, is impossible. One
important purpose in learning structuraLgeography >*

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the acquisition of a concept which corresponds to the
surface structure of the earth.

A concept of the earth with all the factors of struc-
tural geography organicaUy arranged and related, is
the basis of political geography. With a clear concept
corresponding to the continent political geography be-
comes, to the interested pupil, the division of real, men-
tally pictured surface into its artificial regions. The
element of history in geography is not neglected. Geo-
graphy is not neglected. Geography explains and illumi-
nates history; by it, laws, tendencies, and motives are
understood.

As one whole plan could not be shown on charts, sev-
eral volumes accompanied these. These books con-
tained essays, written by the members of the class, on
topics assigned £U9 regular class work,— these papers
taking the place of the usual examination work.

The second term's work, A division, is a continuation
of the work as carried on in B, except more time is
given to the discussion of methods. (To understand a
method, a teacher must know the laws of mental devel-
opment, and the means of the development.)

As far as possible the successive steps represented in
an accepted course of study are discussed.

On the charts devoted to this division, the plan of
work as carried on by pupil teachers in the Training
Department (under the supervision of the teacher of
geography) was fully shown. Beginning with color and
form, then taking up the school room, school building
and surroundings, then "home geography," and so on
through the work laid out for the seven grades.

The study of physical geography proper covers the
work of the third terra. The aim is to discuss the more
familiar physical features of the earth; the character of
its land surface, the nature and movements of the water,

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and of the atmosphere, and their relation to and influ-
ence upon one another, as well as their combined effect
upon the different forms of organic life.

The work of the pupils in this class was illustrated on
charts, taking up the work as presented in the text book
(Guyot's). Maps of all the grand divisions were pre-
pared. Our aim was to have a map of each division as
follows: Physical map; map showing the characteristic
trees and plants; maps showing principal minerals;
drainage map; ethnological map.

HISTORY.

The World's Fair exhibit from this department con-
sisted of bound volumes, charts and photographs.

The books were made up of papers upon various sub-
jects studied by the class, and of examination papers,
presented 8ls written, unaltered further than by tbe
checking of errors.

The charts were designed to illustrate the progress of
the United States, by maps showing the increase ol
population and area; the wars, foreign and civil in
which the United States has engaged; by drawings show-
ing the changes in the flag of the United States, etc.
Similar charts were prepared to accompany the history
of other countries.

The photographs are copies of work put upon the
board by the pupils in connection with daily recitations.

VI.— Penmanship and Drawino.

PENMANSHIP.

The penmanship display from the Normal Department
embraced charts and books. The material for both ^vas
prepared by pupils during the recitation hour. One paper
a week was taken from each student in class.

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The design was to show the rate of iraprovement from
week to week, and also the character of exercise used for
practice.

There was work upon movement exercises, single letters,
single senteDces, simple business forms, and letter writing.

DRAWING.

In the exhibit from the Drawing Department, the aim
was to show the plan of work, as follows, through the
three terms, or forty-two weeks required by the course:

As to its purpose, the drawing work is divided into
construction, representation and decoration. The work
on the charts showed the order of study in each division.

Since so many enter the school without any knowledge
of drawing, the work of the first term is necessarily pre-
paratory. It is entirely free-hand and largely from blocks
and other simple objects. The chart for this term showed
the beginning of the work, views of single blocks, com-
mencing with sphere and cube, the making of patterns
and working drawings of objects.

In representation there were drawings from solids,
cylindrical and rectangular in form, and simple groups
of two and three objects.

In decoration there were shown the modification of
units, forms cut from i)aper and combined in pleasing
arrangements. There were also drawings from natural
leaves, which were afterwards conventionalized and used
in design.

A book was exhibited showing dictation exercises, writ-
ten by the pupils, from forms which had been given to
them for blackboard exercises.

The second term's work was represented by instru-
mental drawings and by working drawings of objects
found in the school room, as the door, table and teacher's
desk.

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Drawings of groups of familiar objects and of plants
were shown. There were examples illustrating some of
the characteristics of the ancient styles of ornament, as
the Egyptian and Roman. There wets a chart of designs
for special subjects, among which were found those for
book covers, lace, holiday cards and borders of varions
kinds.

During the third term, light and shade is studied, be-
ginning with the cube and cylinder, then taking groups
of two and three objects and casts. Examples of this
work were shown in the exhibit.

Considerable attention is paid during this term to
blackboard work, the drawing being largely illustrative.
The object is to enable those who are to teach to use
the blackboard in the school room with ease and
rapidity.

Two weeks' time is devoted to methods, which includes
the reason for the study of drawing, a review of the
plan of work, and methods for teaching in the different
grades. A volume of essays on "Drawing in the Public
Schools,'' written by members of the class, formed part
of the exhibit, £U9 did also a book of sample drawing
lessons written for the different grades by the pupil
teachers in the Training Depai-tment.

VII.— Vocal Music and Physical. Trainino.

VOCAL MUSIC.

In vocal music, pne of the fine arts, the instruction is
necessarily limited by virtue of the Institution being one
for the training of teachers for efficient work in our
common schools, not in the special branch of music, bat
in the several branches of a common education.

The endeavor is constantly to secure the following:

1. The simple knowledge of the elements of music.

2. The ready reading of music at sight.

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3. The simple and easy transposition of the scale
from one key to another.

4. The proper methods of breathing and vocal culture,
HemarL— The above are the means used to accomplish

practical results from the branches taught in this depart-
ment of the Southern Illinois Normal Cniversity.

In this way only can we feel that the State gets value
received for her outlay, in supporting the school.

PHYSICAL. TRAINING.

The exhibit of this department consisted of the course
of work as outlined in the catalogue and *'Hand-book,'^
and photographs of classes at gymnastic exercises.

The aims of this course are;

First, the personal health and developement of the
students.

Second, their equipment with a system of school gym-
nastics.

Both these ends are, to a considerable extent, gained
by the same course of training. The students are first
drilled in simple graded exercises which may be used in
any school ; the system is learned first as free movement,
then with light apparatus— dumb-bells, Indian clubs, and
wands. Further variety and interest are gained and
strength. and dexterity developed by heavy gymncwtics
in the gymnasium and by athletic sport.

Parallel with the course in practice, is a series of
lectures on the history and systems of gymnastics and
on hygiene, especially that of the school room and of
students' life. •

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VIII.— Latin and Greek.

LATIN.

The exhibit from this department consisted of charts,
bound volumes and photographic views.

The charts illustrated the work of each year in the
Latin course, showing a gradual advance from the simple
forms of declension and conjugation, to combinatioDS
involving the principles of analysis and syntax. Maps
of the battle fields of Ca&sar'e campaigns, plans of his
•camp, and models of his famous bridge across the Rhine,
followed by* exercises in scanning and translations from
diEFerent Latin authors further illustrated the purpose
of the work of this department.

The bound volumes carried out in more minute detail
the work suggested by the charts, copies of written ex-
ercises, tests, maps, essays on important subjects in
syntax and prosody, reviews of the different books of
the jEneid, and more extended translations gave a gen-
eral view of the work of this department.

The photographs were views of work placed upon
the blackboard of the class- room, by pupils, and used in
■daily recitations.

GREEK.

In Greek the display was smaller, but followed the
«ame general plan.

IX.— German.

This department was represented in the exhibit of the
school by a set of monthly examination papers of a
class that had studied German six months. This was
the only class studying German, the language having
just been introduced again after an absence of several
years.

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Written work can show only partially and imperfectly
the results of the study of language. Our aim above all
is fluent and idiomatic translation at sight; subordinate
aims are the understanding of spoken language and
speaking it, and finally writing, reading for fullness,
hearing and speaking for readiness, writing for exact-
ness.

Whatever else is lacking, our work is not in vain if
only the students read enough to bring them to that
point where they will continue to read for the very
pleasure.

In the papers exhibited, the work was set as follows :

Ist. Write some verse of German poetry and its trans-
lation into English.

2d. Write one of the model sentences and its English
translation.

3d. Some sentences from a rather familiar German
story were dictated to be written and translated.

4th. A few ex tempore sentences were spoken to the
class and the translation into German was written.

X.— Training Department.

The exhibit made by the Training Department of the
Southern Illinois State Normal University was in three
divisions, namely: (1) charts containing manuscript
papers prepared by pupils; (2) bound volumes of manu-
script papers prepared by the pupils; (3) materials for
illustrating the work in classes.

The aim of the exhibit was to give samples of what
children of the several grades can do. There was an ef-
fort, also, to show the relation of the work in any branch
and grade to the work in that same branch in the pre-
ceding grade. It was also desirable to show the use that
may be made of each study in the pursuit of any other
study.

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In both the chart-work and the bonud Yolumes the
work was arranged by monthfl, terms and years; so that
with little effort of visitors the entire course in any
branch could be seen.

The methods of preparing the exhibit varied somewhat
in the different branches of study. In general, the prac-
tice teachers were asked to present a sample page of
work done by the pupils, at the end of each month.
This work was in many instances the first effort of the
child to produce that particular exercise. In other words
the work was **orlginal." In other instances, as in essay
writing and science work, the pupil's first paper wae
criticized by the practice teacher or supervisor, and the
pupil asked to try again. Examinations were held three
times each term, and the papers handed in by the pupils
were often taken to represent that month's work. The
entire work was done by the pupils under practice
teachers, except a portion of the work shown by the
seventh and eighth grades.

The corrections of all papers were made in red ink.
Each paper, shown in the exhibit, when handed in by
the pupil, was corrected in spelling, form and punctua-
tion.

The arrangement of the exhibit was attractive. The
Training Department was given the east half of the space
allotted to the Southern Illinois State Normal University.
This space was rectangular. Around the outer edge of
the east half the Training Department exhibit was
placed. Elegant oak cases with glass doors were pro-
vided. In these the charts were hung so as to admit an
easy inspection. The bound volumes were placed upon
tables for inspection. The materials used in class wort
and gathered by pupils, practice teachers and instra^
tors were shown in show cases near the center of the
floor space. These materials included measures, weights,

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forms, patterns, etc. Many articles gathered by pupils
and teachers in the science work were shown, also charts
in reading, number, language and music, made by prac-
tice teachers. Photographs of classes at work in nearly
every study and in nearly every grade were shown.

A fuller description of the exhibit from the Training
Department and the manner of preparing the work is
given below.

Readi/ng.—ln learning to read, two objects are kept in
view: (1) Inducing thought. (2) Conquering mechanical
difBculties, the thought preceding the oral expression.
To this end the words are mcustered before the sentences
are read. Spelling is supplementary to reading, and is
taught through the eye and hand; by seeing and writing.

The papers shown by the first grade were selected from
the regular class work, following the above outlines, and
w£U9 done under the immediate direction of the practice
teachers.

The distinctive work of the second grade consists in
<1) sighting words, and (2) writing from dictation.
Facts to be learned about a word — (1) letters needed
for writing the word, (2) their sounds, (3) syllables, (4)
the acqent. Pai>ers were shown in which children of the
age of seven and eight years wrote, syllabicated, cu5-
cented, and diacritically marked, thirty two-6yllabIe
words in thirty minutes. Simple poems and stories were
read by the children, and reproduced with simple illus-
trations.

The papers from the third grade (two divisions) showed
dictation exercises in spelling, copied selections and re-
productions. Those from the fourth grade showed word
studies, homonyms, defining, sentence- making and re-
productions of poems and illustrations.

In the fifth grade the papers showed sentence-making,
using the new and difficult words of the lesson. The

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work of the next three grades took on more the form
of literary study. Some of the seleetionn studied were
Buskin's "King of the Golden River," Irving's * Sleepy
Hollow," **Hiawatha," and complete selections from
Bryant, Whittier, Hawthorne, etc. Papers showing all
the above work were shown.

Langnage and Orammar. — ^The work of the first and
second grades showed reproductions and memory |K)enis.
These poems were given by the teachers, and the thought
and form carefully noted. Use was also made of the
science study as a language exercise. The work had two
objects, (1) to secure habits of correct speaking and writ-
ing» (2) to develop and to cultivate a taste for the best
in literature. *'The Village Blacksmith," iEsop's ^Tables"
and other similar material was the foundation for work-
in the third grade. The fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh
grades showed work in reproduction, essay writing, ab-
breviations, descriptions, homonyms, quotations, letters,
punctuation, and the study of changes in form of words
to correspond. to changes in use.

TFW^in^.— Writing runs through the first seven years
of the course. In the lower grades it is a means rather
than an end. The instruction and practice aimed to
secure accuracy of form, ease and rapidity of execution.

The work shown was done under practice teachers
and represented every month of the year. Business and
social forms received attention throughout the several
grades.

Drawing.-'Thi^ study is helpful in developing the
child's perceptive faxjulties. The type forms are sphere,
cube and cylinder. The pupil models these. The circle,
square and oblong are developed from the type forms.
Stick-layiug and color-work are a part of the first year's
work. The types of the second and third grades are
hemisphere, square prism, triangular prism, semicircle,

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equilateral aud isosceles triaugles, ellipsoid, ovoid, cone
and pyramid. These are studied, drawn and modeled.

In the following four grades text books (blanks) are
used, and the work is carried on under the three heads —
Construction, Representation and Decoration. Woik
under these three heads for each month was shown, also
sketching and work from nature.

History. — History is formally begun in the sixth grade.
A primary text is used. The work shown consisted of
biographies, illustrations copied from books, and storien
written when the topics were finished. Attention was
also called to the historical selections found in the
reading lessons.

In the eighth grade a regular text was taken up. The
work* shown included maps, biographies, outlines,
abstracts, essays, and drawings of forests, implements,
clothing, and other objects peculiar to the various
stages of the country's history. A very careful study
of the Constitution was made near the end of the year's
work. An outline of the departments of government
was shown.

J^M^ic— Music is taught in the lower grades. The
work shown representing this branch of study consisted
mainly of photographs of classes and charts made by
practice teachers.

Nymbers cmd Arithmetic.'— HYiq work shown in first grade
numbers represented the child's poAver to interpret and
represent numbers below ten. Objects were used to in-
troduce the child to the method of thinking in numbers.
Papers by the children were shown representing the work
of each month of the year. Also a chart made by the
practice teacher. The papers shown from the second
grade showed work on numbers below twenty-one. Those
from the third grade showed operations on tens as wholes^
Some of the simpler written forms were shown.
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The fourth grade papers showed methods of approach-
ing "fraction," both common and decimal. The ifth
grade work exhibited methods of procedure with the
"properties of numbers." The sixth grade work was on
tlie subject of "compound numbers." These papers
showed many illustrations by practice teachers. These
were photographed and shown in an album.

The work of the seventh and eighth grades covered the
subjects usually found in "practical arithmetic/' namely,
fractions, tables, percentage and its kindred subjects.

Geography.— ^\nB study is introduced into the third
grade by developing the ideas of color, form, distance,
direction, and by requiring plans of the room and yard.
The work exhibited showed this work. In the fourth and
fifth grades an elementary text is used. The work of
these grades showed essays, drawings, maps and desc^rip-
tions 6f some simple experiments relating to movements
of air. People, places, and things in foreign lands formed
subjects of much interesting study.

In the seventh grade a complete grammar school
geography is completed. The work shown by this grade
consisted of maps, essays and drawings representing
every month of the year's work. Attention was also
called to the historical incidents connected with the sev-
eral places studied.

Fidd Work wnd Science.— Work from the first six grades
was shown in a bound volume and named "Field Work".
It contained drawings and descriptions of such material
objects as the children came in contact with in their
hours of recreation.

Nearly all this work was collected during the spring
term of 1893. Some of the things studied were leaves,
seeds, roots, buds, insects, flowers and birds. The pupils
made free use of water colors and made very neat rep-
resentations of the objects studied. Quite a good deal

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of the material gathered was shown in a collection of
"material aids" from the Training Department.

In the sixth, seventh and eighth grades science work
was taken up more formally. The work shown repre-
sented a term each on botany, zoology, physics and
physiology. Each study was represented by a bound
volume of manuscripts and a chart of drawings, etc.

Physical C'wi^wri?.— Photographs showing the several
grades of the Training Department in their daily work
in this study were shown.

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ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY.

JOHN W. COOK, PRESIDENT.

PRESENT herewith a report of the exhibit made by
the Illinois State Normal University at the World's
Fair.

Permit me to express, in behalf of the Board of Edu-
cation of the State of Illinois and of the faculty and
students of this Institution, our sincere thanks for the
distinguished consideration shown us in granting us
ample space for our exhibit, for the generous gift of
suitable cases for its accommodation, and for numberless
courtesies received during the progress of the exhibition.

Through your kindness we were permitted to remove
to the Institution such of the cases as we desired. We
have been able to make very profitable use of them in
exhibiting various illustrations of our work, and in indi-
cating to the children some of the many phases by which
raw material is converted into useful fabrics.

Early in the year 1892 we were . informed that we
should be offered an opportunity to make an exhibit of
the work of this Institution in the building to be erected
by the World's Fair Commissioners of the State of Illi-
nois. Shortly after this notification the work of the
preparation of the exhibit was begun.

It is extremely difficult to so set forth the work of an
educational institution, by means of objective exhibits, as
to indicate with any degree of accuracy its spirit and
scope. The theory of an institution may be reduced to
propositions and thus made apparent to every intelli-

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genoe that is capable of nnderstandiDg euch a statement.
But the every-day work of an institution of this charac-
ter, the spirit which pervades teacher and pupil, the de-
tails of method, the skill of the instructors, the general
atmosphere of the institution,— all of these must of
necessity, to some degree at least, elude the most pains-
taking care of one who should attempt to describe them.
Hecognizing the difficulties involved in such an under-
taking, it was thought advisable to indicate, in as strik-
ing a way as possible, and in a manner that could be
readily grasped, some of the most salient features of the
school and of its work, and to leave it to a discriminat-
ing public to supply the remainder. In the following de-
scription of this exhibit I shall substantially traverse
the course of study and practice, and shall endeavor to
show what was done.

ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY.

It should be said in the beginning that this Institution
is in no sense a university. It was so called to meet
what was deemed a technical necessity in order that the
Institution might avail it<self of certain congressional
grants. Established in 1857, the first three years of its
existence were spent in rented quarters in the city of
Bloomington. In 1860 it occupied the present main
building which was its exclusive home until the addition,
about three years ago, of the Training School building.

THE BUILDINGS.

The main building is 100x150 feet, three stori^ Ugk
above the basement. On the first floor are the library,
dressing rooms for the ladies, president's office, a large
recitation room for the drawing classes, and the higb
school with its two recitation rooms. On the second
floor is the large assembly room for the use of the Nor-
mal Department. It is 64x74 feet inside and 18 feet high.

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Grouped about it are eight recitation rooms. On the
third floor are the physical and biological laboratory, a
large hall used for general convocation, and the rooms
of the two leading literary societies. In the basement
are dressing rooms for gentlemen, the chemical labora-
tory, a room used for gymnastic exercises, and several
store rooms.

The Training School building is a two-story structure,
86x96 feet, and arranged as hereinafter described.

The boiler-house is a one-story structure containing a
coal-room and boiler-room. . In the boiler-room are three
boilers that furnish the steam for the heating of the
school buildings. These buildings are situated near the
northern end of a campus of fifty-six acres, which is abund-
antly supplied with evergreen and deciduous trees. But
little ha<s been done in the way of ornamentation beyond
the planting of trees, but the enclosure is exquisitely
beautiful when robed in its garments of green.

The Institution consists of three departments: The
Normal Department, the High School Department, and
the Training Department. The Normal Department ex-
presses the central aim of the Institution. As the name
implies, it was established for the single purpose of pre-
paring teachers for the common schools of Illinois. The
other two departments owe their existence to the fact
that they are instrumental in carrying out this aim.

When this Institution was established there were but
few normal schools in America. Germany had been some-
what active in the organization of teachers' seminaries,
but the modern movement, so significantly illustrated in
England, France, Canada, Japan, the Argentine Repub-
lic and the States of the American Union, belonged to
the future. There was a feeling that the Normal School
would be sadly incomplete without the accompaniment of
a school of children. It was held that this school should

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display all of the grades of our public school system.
Pursuant to this idea a Primary Department was estab-
lished shortly after the organization of the Institntion.
From this modest beginning a Model School, represent-
ing all the grades from the primary through a four years'
High School course, waa finally developed.

In the course of time the High School became a school
of observation and an auxiliary in the work of instruc-
tion, and the grades below it became a practice school
in which the Normal pupils serve an apprenticeship in
actual teaching under the eyes of skilled critics.

As will be seen later, the Normal School curriculum in-
cludes only the English branches in the r^ular three
years' course. Many pupils, however, desire instruction
in the classic and in the modern languages. Such in-
struction is given by the principal of the High School
and his assistants. A further fact of interest should be
stated. The Model School began as a tuition school, and
it has so continued in all of the rooms above the Pri-
mary. It is not only self-supporting but furnishes a con-
siderable revenue to the Institution.

All candidates for admission to the Normal Depart-
ment must be not less than sixteen years of age, if females,
nor less than seventeen if males. They are required to sign
the following pledge: *'I hereby solemnly declare that
my purpose in attending the Normal University is to fit
myself for teaching in the schools of Illinois, and that
I will carry out this pledge in good faith ; and I do
further pledge myself to report to the president of the
University, semi-annually, where I am and what I am
doing, for three years after graduating at said Institu-
tion.''

Since the pupils have a common aim there can be no
excuse for introducing any work that does not bear

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directly upon the accomplishment of the one supreme
purpose that called the school into existence.

In attempting to realize this purpose three lines of
work are developed:

1. The subjects of the school curriculum are re-exam-
ined rejlectwdy. What is meant by this statement may
be illustrated by the treatment of any particular subject,
as geography. The immediate purpose of this study is
to enable the pupil to think the world as it really is.
He must be equipped, therefore, with a body of ideas
by means of which he can construct out of ordinary
description a world that he may never see, but which
he is to know almost or quit« as accurately cus if it had
been an object of direct perception.

This necessitates a careful analysis of the whole sub-
ject in order that these fundamental ideas may be dis-
covered, and that a mental experience may be secured,
without which geographical explanations and descrip-
tions would be substantially meaningless.

This is sometimes called '*academic" work and, conse-
quently, is declared to be out of place in a Normal
School. It. would seem that but little reflection would
be needed to discover that work of this character is in-
dispensable to a Teax3hers' Training School, and that it
is radically different from the ordinary treatment of the
subject. It contains, manifestedly, a super-added pro-
fessional feature which sharply differentiates it from what
is understood by academic work.

2. A second line of work is purely professional. It
consists of a study of the history of education, of the
development of general and special method, of an exam-
ination of the science of psychology as a basis of meth-
odology, and of the philosophy of education for a gen-
eral view of the problem and for a suitable adjustment
of its elements.

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3. The third feature is practice work in the Training
School. Eax^h candidate for graduation is required to
teach a class of children one hour each day for a period
of about fifty weeks. This work is carried on under the
guidance of critic teachers w^ho supervise it with great
care.

It is clear that the problem set before us was the dis-
playing of these phases of our work in such an objective
way that by looking at pictures, models, drawings, ex-
amination papers, outlines of work, etc., an observer
could come to conclusions that should be fairly accurate
respecting the aims and ax^tivities of the school.

THE LOCATION OF THE EXHIBIT.

The exhibit was very favorably lodated at the east end
of the Illinois Building, immediately adjax^nt to the
center aisle and opposite the admirable Public School
Exhibit. It occupied an area of 27x40 feet. It was dis-
played in a series of eight double cases. They were con-
structed with a view to the largest possible wall space
rather than to the production of any ajsthetic effect.
They were arranged on opposite sides of four cross aisles
which permitted the freest access and exit. The exhibit
stood between the Women's Exhibit and the main aisle,
and as the cross aisles were fairly commodious they be-
came thoroughfares through which an immense number
of people were passing almost constantly. At least a
casual glance was bestowed upon the contents of these
cases by the average visitor who found himself in thifl
part of the Illinois Building.

THE NATURAL SCIENCE EXHIBIT.

This exhibit occupied the cases on the opposite sides
of the east aisle. The methods of work in zoologv,
physiology, botany, physics and chemistry were here
illustrated.

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It is needless to say that the exclusive text book
method of instruction has long since disappeared from
all schools that lay any just claims to modern methods.
It is a principle as old as Comenius, and, indeed, as old
as the race that in the earlier stages of education the
direct perception of objects is necessary to a knowledge
of them. The laboratory method has become the method
of Natural Science.

In the arrangement of our curriculum the pupil begins
the study of zoology with the fourth term of his course.
Phyeiolog3'^ follows with the succeeding term, and botany
continues the work with the sixth term. The Natural
Science for the seventh and eighth terms is physics and
for the ninth is chemistry.

PLAN OP Work in zoology.

In the first place it is held that zoology is the study
of animals and not of a book about animals. Hence
the first step in each group of animals is the careful
study of the best available type of that group. If
possible, the student* are asked to help collect the
material in order that they may know how to collect
when they become teachers, and that they may have a
real knowledge of ^he habits of the animals by seeing
them in their native haunts. They are thus led to note
their surroundings, their mode of life, adaptation in
color, and other means of escaping observation and
capture. The animals are kept in cages or aquaria, in
as nearly natural conditions as may be, and are care-
fully observed. The most merciful mode of killing each
sort is taught and the type is selected. In connection
with all this, reading is kept up in the best books of
reference. But it is firmly maintained that Nature is
the text book and that the contents of the library
furnish the illustrations, that is, throw light upon that

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which, by itself (chiefly on account of the brief time
allotted to the study) would not be suflSciently clear.

In this manner a series of types is studied, represeDt-
ing the different branches of the animal kingdom. Chief
stress is laid on the forms found in the neighborhood,
and to those forms which are likely to be of most in-
terest and profit in teaching the subject to children ; for
it is all along borne in mind that the main object of the
work is not so much merely to acquire knowledge of the
animals themselves, as to prepare for guiding children
in the study of these forms.

The order of study of these types is determined by
the season. Thus, in the fall, insects and birds are first
studied before cold weather sets in, making these forms
scarce and hard to obtain, while mammals, for instance,
can be easily obtained in the winter (rabbit, as a type).

Carefully written descriptions and drawings are made
of the types and of their organs as the work progresses.
These notes and drawings are usuallj' made on separate
slips of paper, so that at the end of the term they may
be arranged in the order of the accepted classification.
The notes are indexed and neatly bound. Experience
shows that the students set high value on these notes,
and make use of them later in teaching.

It is hoped that each student will become more ob-
serving and more thoughtful of what he sees and \nll
lead the children in the same paths, and that he will
develop in them a closer intimacy and deeper sympathy
with the manifold beauties of nature.

PLAN OP WORK IN PHYSIOLOGY.

The plan of work in physiology is essentially the same
as that for zoology. Of course the students cannot dis-
sect the human body, but they take the rabbit or cat
as their type and find in it organs essentially like those

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of their own bodies. Wherever possible the organs of
larger animals are studied, aiS the heart and lungs of a
calf, pig or sheep; and from these animals the eye, kid-
ney, larynx, etc.

Chemical and physical experiments illustrating the
processes of respiration and circulation are performed (so
far as possible by the student himself). Here, also, notes
and drawings are made.

Special stress is laid on the order of topics that a
natural sequence may be followed.

Particular attention is also paid to practical hygiene,
as regards the life of the student or other sedentary
worker.

ARTICTiES EXHIBITED TO ILLUSTRATE THE WORK OP Z05lOGY
AND PHYSIOLOGY.

1. Note books of entire class in zoology containing
descriptions and drawings of animals studied during the
fall term of 1892.

2. Enlarged drawings, framed. Samples of chart work
in water colors.

3. Series of stuffed birds and bird skeletons. Models
of clams and snails, clam book.

4. Sixty jars of alcoholic specimens including a series
of cats, showing:—

1. Organs in natural positions. .

2. Pancreatic and bile ducts.

3. Thoracic duct, two, (1) showing brain and spinal

cord, portal vein, urinary system, sympathetic
system, arteries and veins, arterial distribution,
diaphragm (2), sciatic nerve. „

4. Twelve dissections of salamanders, showing the

different organs.

5. Twelve dissections of crayfishes.
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6. Dissections of heart (4), larynx (2), head (3), star-
fish, sea-urchin, clam, cat's tongue, cat's brain,
horse-shoe crab (2), earth-worms (2), eye muscles
of fish, valves of pulmonary artery.
5. Set of material used by teacher and pupils. Draw-
ing materials, dissecting instruments, injecting appara-
tus, microscope, etc.

PLAN OP WORK IN BOTANY.

The plan here is very similar to that for zoology. A
series of plants is selected for types and carefully studied.
Their external form, color, etc., are considered and their
microscopic structures are brought out. The germina-
tion of seeds, the functions of the different parts, their
adaptation to the soil, air, and other surroundings, are
all considered. Each pupil is required to make a collec-
tion of plants.

ARTICLES EXHIBITED.

Set of note books of whole class of spring of 1893. A
number of selected herbariums. Selected specimens from
these herbariums mounted in a wall case.

PLAN OP WORK IN PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY.

The work in this department has a double purpose.
It aims:

(a) To give an elementary knowledge of the subjects,
and,

(b) To furnish the student with a scientific method of
arriving at truth.

In order to accomplish this end the work must be
both qualitative and quantitative; it must furnish an
opportunity for original thinking and constructing, and
it must insist upon exact quantitative results as well.
Accordingly about three-fifths of the time allotted is
given up to experimental work in the laboratory with

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fiimple apparatus. A laboratory manual is used and
permanent note books are kept by e€Lch student. This
work is supplemented by the use of a text book and by
class recitations.

The exhibit was prepared from the work in physics,
and aimed to show not only the plan of work as carried
out here, but also that physics can be taught successfully
by the experimental method in schools of limited means.

THE EXmniT INCLUDED THE FOLLOWING:

1. Note books, temporary and permanent, showing
their construction and plan of work used.

2. Simple apparatus made in the laboratory to illus-
trate and determine the facts and laws studied.

3. Measurement— a balance.

4. Fluids.

(a) Specific gravity by balancing columns.

(b) A hydrometer.

(d) Capillary action.

(e) The common lifting pump.

(f ) The hydro-static press.

(g) A water wheel.

5. Dynamics.

(a) Composition of angular and of parallel forces.

(b) Laws of the lever.

6. Heat.

(a) Coefficient of expansion of solids.

(b) Coefficient of liquids and of gases.

(d) The still, showing construction of parts, viz.:

water-jacket, condensing tube, supply pipe,
escape pipe.

(e) Latent heat of water.

(f) A differential thermometer.

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7. Magnetism.

(a) Magnets and electromagnets.

(b) Electrostatic induction.

(d) Electro phorous.

(e ) Electric condenser.

( f ) Insulating stooU

(g) Tumbler cell.

(b) Tangent galvanometer, showing construc-
tion of parts, viz.: the wooden circle, the
circle wound with wire, etc.

( i ) Astatic galvanometer.

(j) Mercury cups.

(k) Current reverser, showing construction.

( 1 ) Wire connecter.

(m) Comparison of resistances.

(n) Induction coil.

(o) Electrolysis cup.

(p) Telegraph.

(q) Telephone.

(r) Electric motor.
9. Sound— a sonometer.
10. Light— a photometer.

OEOORAPHT.

The subject of descriptive geography is studied during
the first and second terms of the pupils' course. Guyot's
Lectures on **The Earth and Man'' constitute the course in
physical geography, which is taken during the sixth
term.

The work in geography commences with an analysis
of geographical ideas and a careful organization of the
preparatory work which must be performed before the
subject of real geography is entered upon. This work
will include such ideas as distance, direction, slopes, ele-

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vations, plains, water courses, etc. Elementary sketch-
ing, molding, sand modeling, and kindred devices are
introduced. As illustrating the methods to be employed
in geography, and for the purposes of knowledge on the
part of the teacher, the various continents are examined
and a course of geography carefully outlined. The char-
acter of the work could be very well ascertained by a
study of the fifteen volumes of written work, the ten
bound volumes of maps, the twelve framed maps, and
the framed plans of study. The bound volumes included
outlines of a full course in geography, study of home
geography, geography of New England, of North Amer-
ica, of Europe and of Asia, mathematical geography
and physical geography.

The bound volumes of maps showed the results of tests
given to the classes on the memory of form and posi-
tion. They contained maps of Lake Michigan, Lake Supe-
rior, Lake Erie, Lake Cham plain, Betsin of the Delaware,
Charleston and vicinity, Georgia, Florida and Alabama,
Kentucky and Tennesse, Wcwhington* City and vicinity,
Italy, Danube River, Norway and Sweden, France, Spain
and Portugal, Black Sea, India, State of Washington,
and two volumes of miscellaneous maps.

HISTORY.

To illustrate the methods in history the following
work was exhibited: Colonization period, two volumes;
Burgoyne's Invasion, three volumes; Washington's Ad-
ministration, two volumes; From the Bapidan to the Ap-
pomatoz, one volume ; History of Greece, three volumes;
Charlemagne, one volume; The Saracens« two volumes;
Henry VIII, one volume.

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CIVICS.

The study of civics is pursued during the fourth term
of the course. The methods of instruction do not differ
in any essential feature from those employed in history,
They were illustrated in three volumes: How to Teacb
the Constitution, Town and County Government, and
Government of Illinois.

BEADING.

In connection with the regular reading work the pu-
pils are 'given a considerable amount of physical train-
ing under the direction of an expert especially prepared
for the work. The character of the work could be learned
quite readiJy from a considerable number of photo^apfas
showing classes of young men and young women in
Tarious positions and engaged in various drills. The
method employed in the reading class was also illustra-
ted by examination work exhibited in bound volumes.
It showed especially the course by which a critical exami-
nation of the text is secured and how an adequate ex-
pression of the thought and feeling may be obtained bj
a series of questions rather than by the principle of
imitation. The method of teaching reading in this In-
stitution is somewhat peculiar in that it has stronglj
emphasized that feature of the work.

LITERATURE.

Our work in literature for two terms follows three
lines; the history of English literature, class-room stndv
of English masterpieces, and private study of special
works, chosen not from English literature alone but from
the literature of the world. A third term is given to
Shakespeare exclusively. In the historical study we em-
phasize the relation of English literature to the life and

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character of the English people, and seek to lead the
student to see that literature is not an accident, but an
out-growth of life. Accompanying this is a detailed
class-room study of representative authors from Chaucer
to Tennyson, in which we are mainly concerned with
the ethical, historical, and artistic aspects of literature.
Further, the results of the private study, referred to
above, are presented to the class in critical essays and
are there discussed. The term given to Shakespeare
completes our required course in literature. It includes
clafis study of two or more plays and private study of
three more, with two essays for each student, and sev-
eral days' discussion of each play read privately. Most
of this work cannot be presented in a paper exhibit.
We sent to Chicago several volumes of essays, represent-
ing the results of private study, and, in some measure,
the power acquired in the class room.

BHETOBIC.

In our work in rhetoric we seek three thingb; a pure
diction in speech; a greater enjoyment of good English
in books; and an appreciation of the fundamental quali-
ties of good composition,— unity, directness, and sim-
plicity. We give more time to problems of structure
than to questions of ornament. The old text books
gave prominence to such topics as grace, beauty, and
sublimity; we try to work in the spirit of the new, and are
more concerned with the formation of the sentence, the
paragraph, and the composition. Our exhibit in Chicago
was made up of volumes of regular class exercises dis-
cussing such topics as, The Paragraph in General; In-
troductory Paragraphs; Transitorial Paragraphs; Sum-
maries; Unity; Distinguishing Features of Narration and
Description, and Types of Arguments.

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MATHEMATICS.

The exhibit in mathematics was intended to set forth
some characteristic features of the work in arithmetic
and geometry. The general method in arithmetic is
first to present every process as a process with numbers
of objects,— then to teach the process with figures as
representing the real operation with things. To exem-
plify this method there was a series of papers in the
several stages of the development of fractions, and an-
other showing the manner of dissecting the prism, pyra-
midy and sphere, to derive the formulae for the mensn-
ration of those forms. All these papers were prepared
by the students, and each set included the work of the
entire claiSS.

In our work in geometry especial attention is given
to the logical mechanism of the demonstration, to ac-
curacy and elegance of form in oral recitation, and to
exercises in geometrical invention. The work prepared
consisted of about thirty original demonstrations by each
member of the class, and a series of pasteboard figures
and wooden blocks illustrating the leading propositions
of solid geometry.

DEPARTMENT OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES.

In this department the exhibit was naturally one of
manuscripts. A liberal number of papers prepared by
the pupils— partly the result of class room tests and
partly the fruits of home labor— bound in handy vol-
umes, revealed the extent to which the pupils had mas-
tered each of the eleven terms' work in Latin and the
seven terms' work in Greek in the High School Course.

It was not the aim of the exhibit to vent new and
startling theories. It was not so much its purpose to
display any hitherto untried modes of instruction as to
redemonstrate the effectiveness which may attend the

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faithful pursuance of the more conservative and better
approved methods now actually practiced in many of
our best schools. The "inducti6n method'* in its full
scope, has not been adopted; simplified texts are not
used; Caesar is still regarded as good reading for third
term pupils in Latin.

The volumes of manuscript were prepared for the fol-
lowing ends:

(1). To show by the character and the amount of
work written in a limited time, that both exactness and
facility had been acquired in handliug the fundamental
inflections. (2). To show that the main principles of
syntax had been mastered. (3). To show an ability to
translate Latin and Greek into good, forcible English,
and to do so without the ordinary needless wanderings
from the literal. (4). To show an aptness in writing
Latin and Greek. (5). To show that the pupils had
learned how to translate at sight. An increasing effort
is being made to bring the student to the habit of ap-
proaching an assignment for translation with more re-
liance upon his thought and less upon his vocabulary.
(6). To show a fairly complete acquaintance with the
imme4iately related history, geography, mythology, bi-
ography, etc. (7). To show some appreciation of the
real value of the masterpieces of classical literature read
in the class room. A special effort is made to study
strictly from a literary standpoint, and quite extensively,
a limited portion of each author read; while every lesson
in translation is aimed to be also an exercise in English
composition. (8). To show that the pupils have some
ideas at least of the lineal and cognate relationship of
the English language to the Latin and to the Greek.
The researches of men like Diez, Littre, and Brachet,
into the origin of French, coupled with those of Skeat,
Morris, Sweet— into the development of modem English

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from Anglo-Saxon, have at length made poBeible asden-
entific treatment of Latin as the mother of more than
two-thirds of our English vocabulary; while in the wider
field of Indo-European philology, the brilliant work of
Bopp, Grimm, Verner, Brugmann and a host of others,
has rendered just as fruitful the study of Latin, Greek,
and native English as cognate or sister tongues.

GERMAN.

Manuscripts covering two years' work in German
showed that hard work had been done all along the line
of quite an extensive course in grammar, simple prose,
classics and conversation.

DRAWING.

In our work in drawing we seek to do three things:
to teach drawing as a language, to lead pupils to seek
culture from the beautiful in nature and in art, and to
promote mental development. The characteristic feature
of the work in the Normal School is picture drawing
(perspective representation).

The course, which extends over a period of two years,
two lessons per week, may be outlined as follows: Ten
lessons in form study— expression in clay; fourteen lessons
in construction drawing, noting only the elementary facts
of orthographic projection; twenty lessons developing
the principles of free-hand perspective ; twenty lessons in
light and shade; twenty lessons in representation with
water color; twenty lessons in illustrative drawing in
which an effort is made to acquire skill in rapid blackboard
work ; twenty-six lessons from the history of art, pupils
noting the styles of architecture and sketching freely the
characteristic features.

The exhibit at the World's Fair was arranged to show,
so far as we could, the results of the above outline. K
consisted of thirty-six portfolios containing the home and

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dasa work in quantities to suggest the average work of
the pupils. There were also eight volumes of essays and
drawings compiled from the papers of the pupils written
in connection with the history lectures. Fifty tablets
were on file showing the work from day to day in the
class room. The made work in clay and paper was ex-
hibited in two glass cases.

In the collection of photographs were pictures showing
the class room, the pupils at work, and the equipment
in the way of casts, models, etc.

With the exception of about a dozen large drawings^
there was no work in the exhibit which was not the work
of the pupils, it being the aim to have our exhibit sug-
gestive, not only in theory but in practical results.

PURELY PROFESSIONAL. WORK.

The purely professional work begins with the pupil's
admission to school. For the first term it consists of
two exercises each week. After developing an outline of
the general ideas of pedagogics, the pupils begin the
study of educational ideals as illustrated in the history
of various peoples and of the successive attempts made
by reformers to improve existing educational conditions.
China, Japan, Greece, Rome and the modern European
world are examined with more or less minuteness. The
movement introduced by Comenius is studied with con-
siderable care as it may be regarded as the introduction
of realism, or the study of the external world, into the
methods of education then prevalent. Bousseau, Pesta-
lozzi and Froebel are examined for the purpose of
rendering clear the ideas for which they stood, and
the progressive movement which has been going forward
with more or less steadiness since the Revival of Learning.

With the beginning of the second term the pupils take
up the subject of special method which occupies them for

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two terms, five hours a week. History and literature for
the first six gr€ules are first discussed, and they are foU
lowed by geography, reading, language lessons, and arith-
metic. The work is preceded by a discussion of the prin-
ciples of attention and apperception especially. The gen-
eral ideas brought out in the first term's work also become
a basis for the work of the second and third terms. Space
will not permit a detailed account of the method of pro-
cedure. In passing, however, it should be said that in
history and literature fairy tales are made use of in the
first grade, Robinson Crusoe in the second grade, The
Tales of Troy in the third grade, American History
stories in the fourth and fifth grades, and the study of
Colonial History especially in the sixth grade.

THE ExmniT

Contained several volumes showing the character of this
work. These volumes were prepared during the ordinary
recitation period in answer to certain questions written
upon the board. They w^re, in effect, examination papers
upon topics covering the successive stages of a develop-
ment of the subject.

PSYCHOLOGY

Is introduced at the beginning of the second year. An at-
tempt is made to have it constitute the basis of a rational
methodology. The method work of the first year is
necessarily simple and cannot be made to rest upon the
truths of psychology in a highly conscious way. Owing
to the fact that the demand for even partially trained
teachers is so great the average pupil remains with ns
only a little over three terms. A special effort is made,
as soon as the study of psychology is begun, to show
its close and vital relation to teaching. Consequently,
we study Applied Psychology at first. As soon as any

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phase of mental activity ba.8 been discussed the educa-
tional principles to be derived from it are at once con-
sidered. Another reason for introducing elementary
psychology at the beginning of the second year is the
fact that the practice work in the model school regularly
begins with the second term of the second year and all
possible preparation is needed for that experience.
Psychology is again taken up at the beginning of the
third year and is continued for seven months. Here the
work is pursued far more vigorously, the more diflScult
phases of the subject receiving attention.

At the conclusion of this work three mouths are de-
voted to the study of the Philosophy of Education as
developed by Dr. Rosenkranz. This necessitates the re-
view and application of certain principles of psychology.

Three hours a week during the third year are devoted
to the study of general method, including apperception
and kindred topics, and to the criticism of class exercise.

THE EXHIBIT

Of this work consisted of a number of bound volumes
containing the results of examinations upon the differ-
ent topics, extending over a considerable part of the
course.

THE PRACTICE SCHOOL.

The school is accommodated in a two-story brick
building just north of the main building. It has six
rooms on the first door, and nine on the second floor.
Five of those down stairs are large rooms, capable of
serving as regular school rooms with desks. One is an
office. On the second floor, all, except the large assembly
room for the grammar school, are for recitation purposes
for small or medium-sized classes. Three of the rooms
are sub-divided by partial partitions so as to secure
room for more classes. Two of the halls or dressing

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rooms are also used for small classes. There are several
times in the day when every available space in the build-
ing must be used for class-room purposes.

In the basement are four well-lighted play-rooms, two
for the boys and two for the girls, which are very freely
used by the children in bad weather. The nooa pupils
also take their dinner in the basement. The closets
for both the boys and the girls are in distinct parts of
the basement, the dry closet system being in use. The
ventilation of the building is excellent, there being a
constant influx of fresh air which passes over hot coils
and into the school room, about eight feet from the
floor, and the bad air being constantly drawn off through
openings near the floor. On the campus are ample play-
grounds near the building.

The purpose of the practice school is to furnish oppor-
tunities under good conditions for Normal School students
to observe good instruction in classes and to partici-
pate in the work of managing and instructiug children.

Before beginning the work of teaching, Normal students
usually complete the first year of studies in the Normal
course. Besides a thorough drill in the common English
branches, this includes three terms of special study of
the history and methods of teaching. Those having
charge of these classes in the Normal Department are
accustomed to illustrate their ideas of teaching with
classes of children. The recitations are held with children
in the presence of the Normal students and then a close
criticism of the class work follows.

About one hundred and thirty Normal students are
regularly employed in teaching classes in the Model
School. Each student takes full charge of a class in one
subject for a term of twelve or fifteen weeks, and is re-
quired to teach for four such terms before graduation.
He is fully responsible for the instruction and success of

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the class. His work is carefully scrutinized by the regu-
lar critic teacher who examines the plans of his work,
carefully arranged beforehand, and encourages or criti-
cises his methods and bearing before the class. There
are four such critic teachers who devote their entire time
to the work of supervising the recitations of Normal
student-teachers,— one critic teacher for first and second
grades, one for intermediate grades, and one for the
grammar school, and one superintendent, whose duties
are to organize and unify and manage the instruction
throughout all the grades. The superintendent also meets
all the teachers regularly once, often twice, a week, for
the discussion of problems in teaching, for general criti-
cism, and for keeping up the right spirit in the school.

Besides the critic teachers there is a principal of the
Grammar School who has general charge of the discipline
and management in that department and teaches several
classes, especially the preparatory classes for the Normal
and High Schools.

There are also four assistant teachers whose duty it is
to take charge of the general discipline and control of
the rooms in the four primary and intermediate schools.
They are really room teachers who teach part of the
time and are responsible for the studies and conduct of
a single room each.

A Model School of this kind has some peculiar diflScul-
ties and problems. It is called upon to secure system-
atic, good teaching by young teachers, and can succeed
only by close and watchful criticism. Such a school is
also expected to stand well to the front in advanced
and improved methods of teaching, at the same time
that it prepares teachers daily for the schools as they
really are, and not as one might wish them to be.

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EXHIBIT.

I. Literature as used in first grade.

Books of fairy stories— from Andersen and the Grimms,
changed in form only so far as necessary in order to
adapt them to the understanding and highest apprecia-
tion of the children.

These stories are given to the little ones orally by the
teachers after which they are reproduced by the children.

Only so much of the story is given at one recitation as
can be well learned and told by the children at that reci-
tation. In these reproductions the children express them-
selves freely, the teacher correcting errors in grammar
and pronunciation.

These stories are chosen because we consider them the
best classical literature for children of the age, for:—

1. They are readily comprehended and thoroughly en-
joyed by the children, they being fitted for the children
of their age in that

(a) The child is imaginative to a high degree and the
stories are very fanciful.

(b) They deal with objects in nature with which the
child is familiar and in which he is already interested.

(c) In form the language is such as the child under-
stands and likes— not always just the language that he
would use, but he sees in it a better, more beautiful ex-
pression of his own thoughts, hence: —

2. The child's own vocabulary is increased and en-
riched by their study.

3. They supply the mind of the child with an abund-
ance of good thoughts of the best writers.

4. With such food for thought a ta^ste for the best
literature is encouraged, a taste which leaxls him to re-
ject the mediocre or bad.

5. Great moral truths underlie most of the stories.
These truths do not thrust themselves above the snr-

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face in such a way as to annoy and hinder the child in
his onward progress in the story, but his feelings are
thoroughly stirred and judgments are voluntarily and
unconsciously passed which he applies to his own ac-
tions.

II. (a) In connection with these stories a large num-
ber of drawings made by the children, illustrating dif-
ferent passages in the stories, were sent to the Fair.

These drawings, besides serving as training to the
hand and eye, give vividness to the story. They give
the child a chance to express himself in another way
than by oral reproduction. They also show the teacher
whether or not she has been successful in getting before
the child a clear and accurate mental picture.

(b) Pictures illustrating ''Robinson Crusoe," in second
grade, and Hawthorne's "Tanglewood Tales" and **Won-
der Book", in third grade, were sent; also a number of
sketches were made by the children while studying the
Pioneer History stories in the intermediate grades.

III. Written Language. Papers written by pupi^s
from the first to the eighth grades, inclusive, based
upon literature, science, history, and geography. These
papers showed the progress made by the pupils in ability
to express their ideas, also the improvement made in
penmanship, punctuation, etc. This is the third method
of expressing themselves.

IV. Science, (a) Bottles of alcoholic specimens show-
ing the different stages of development in the buds of
box elder, soft maple, ash, horse chestnut, balm of gilead,
Austrian pine and Norway spruce.

(b) Pressed specimens showing the above, also collec-
tions of grasses and sedges, and common wild flowers.

(d) Drawings of the animals and plants studied, alsa
of parts, as of the eye and stomach of the ox.

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These drawing were made by the pupils of all grades,
from first to eighth, inclusive. Besides training the eye
and hand, they lead the child to observe naore carelull;
than he otherwise would.

v. Reading. A set of reading books used in the first
primary. The stories were short ones which had been
given by the children in answer to questions put by the
teacher, based on the literature and science work. These
sentences were placed on the board by the teacher. After
the children recognized a written sentence as identical
w th the one they had given orally, the words in the
sentence were learned from their position, and afterwards
recognized wherever found.

VI. Writing. Children's books showing the work for
a year in the different grades.

VII. Number, (a) Children's books showing a year's
written work in the first three grades.

(b) Charts picturing the tables of liquid and dry meas-
ure. Much concrete work is given in these three grades.
These concrete stories are based upon the science and
literature.

VIII. Geography and History. Sketches made in the
class from memory.

IX. Clay Molding. Many pieces made by children in
the primary department, of objects studied in science
and literature: e. g., leaves and buds of trees, beans
and peas in pod, in science; and in literature, Eobinson
Crusoe's canoe, his dishes, fire-place, etc.

X. Paper-cutting, based also on science and literature:
e. g., fruits, leaves and flowers in science; and in literar
ture, ''The Ugly Duckling," "The Coal of Fire," *'Bean
and Straw out Walking," etc.

XI. Collections of poems and songs for primary grades.

XII. Daily plans of pupil teachers, as prepared by them
each week. These plans are criticised by the critic teach-

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ers and suggestions made to the teachers whose work,
as planned, is not satisfactory, before they hear the reci-
tation. By so doing many mistakes are avoided.

XIII. Observation notes made on pupil teachers' class
work, by Normal students observing the work done.

These notes are read by the one whose work is thus
under scrutiny and he is given a chance to reply before
the critic teacher reads the notes and replies.

This work, if well done, is very helpful, (a) to the teacher
of a class, whose faults each day are set in order before
him; (b) to the observer himself who must give clear
and sound pedagogical reasons for his criticism ; and (c)
to the critic teacher who finds out without visiting the
class every day, how the work is being done and what
control the pupil teacher has over his class.

FURTHER EXHIBITS.

In addition to the exhibits noted, a large number of
photographs were presented showing exterior and in-
terior views of the building, views of the campus from
the cupola of the main building, and views of the im-
mediately adjacent portions of the town and surrounding
country. The purpose of these pictures of the environ-
ment of the school was to show to observing students
of our exhibit the physical setting of the institution.
Planted in the midst of an agricultural region of mar-
velous fertility, inhabited by a thrifty and intelligent
race, it must receive from its surroundings influences
which cannot be ignored in determining its character.

In order that our exhibit might be more clearly under-
stood we published a carefully prepared pamphlet giving in
considerable detail the course of study, careful outlines of
special work, and a great many explanatory paragraphs
all of which were intended to supplement the objective
exhibit. This pamphlet was paid for by the Institution.

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CONCLUDING BEMARKS.

I desire to acknowledge the assistance of the heads of
the several departments in the preparation of this report.
In several instances their contributions are introduced
without modification.

Recalling again the statements with which this report
was begun, that peculiar difflculties attend any effort to
0how objectively the work of educational institutions not
devoted especially to the production of skill in the arts,
and expressing anew our appreciation of the numerous
courtesies on the part of the Board of Management, the
foregoing is respectfully submitted.

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UKIVBRSITY OF ILLINOIS.

^IpHE University of Illinois has its seat in Champaign
<Slp> county in the eastern central part of the State,
between the twin cities of Champaign and Urban a, within
the corporate limits of the latter. It is one hundred
and twenty-eight miles southward from Chicago, at the
crossing of the Illinois Central railroad by the Cleve-
land, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and Wabash rail-
ways. The Institution has made, during recent years,
rapid advancement in all that constitutes a great state
university, and in several respects now stands unrivaled
among kindred institutions of learning in the country.
It has large endowments and is further generously sup-
ported through appropriations by the State Legislature.

The land occupied by the University and its several de-
partments embraces about two hundred and eleven acres,
including campus, experimental farm, orchards, forest
plantation, arboretum, and military parade grounds. The
six main buildings are situated upon a very beautiful
campus kept in excellent order.

University Hall, designed wholly for public uses, occu-
pies three sides of a quadrangle, measuring two hun-
dred and fourteen feet in front and one hundred and
twenty-two feet upon the wings. The library wing con-
tains in spacious halls the museum of natural history,
the library, the art gallery, and the museum of indus-
trial art. The chapel wing contains the chapel, the
physical and electrical laboratories and lecture room,
and rooms occupied by the departments of architecture
and of art and design. In. the main front are conven-
ient class rooms, and on the upper floor elegant halls
for literary societies.

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The Chemical Laboratory is a building seventy-nine by
one hundred and twenty feet, and two stories high, be-
sides well lighted basement and mansard stories. It con-
tains the general laboratories for students, instructors'
laboratories, lecture rooms, store rooms and various
departments for special purposes.

Machinery Hall is of brick, one hundred and twenty-
six feet in length and eighty-eight feet in width. It con-
tains a boiler room, a machine shop furnished for prac-
tical use with a steam engine and lathes, and other
machinery, pattern and finishing shop, testing labora-
tory, shops for carpentry and cabinet work, and is
furnished with wood-working machinery. The black-
smith shop contains sixteen forges with anvils and tools,
and a cupola for melting iron.

Natural History Hall is a handsome building one
hundred and thirty-four by ninety-four feet, with base-
ment, two main stories and an attic. It is occupied
by the departments of botany, zoology, mineralogy,
geology, and physiology, for each of which there are
ample laboratories, lecture rooms and oflSces. Here also
are the offices of the State Laboratory of Natural His-
tory, of the State Entomologist, and of the Agricultural
Experiment Station.

Military Hall, one hundred by one hundred and fifty
feet in one grand hall, gives ample space for company
and battalion maneuvers and for large audiences upon
special occasions. It is also used as a gymnasium, for
which there are dressing rooms with lockers. A bath
room is provided.

Engineering Hall, now in course of erection, is to ^
the best building among the group of good ones. It
was designed by a graduate of the school of architecture
and is now under his general superintendence in con-
struction. It is T shaped, with an extreme frontage of

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two hundred and eight feet and depth of one hundred
and forty feet. It is four stories high, including utilizable
basement and attic. It is designed to accommodate the
work in reechanical, electrical, civil and municipal en-
gineering, in architecture and in physics. For these pur-
poses there are full suites of rooms intended for offices,
lecture rooms, drawing rooms and laboratories.

There are, in addition, several smaller buildings for
various special purposes.

The University consists of four colleges devoted to
undergraduate work, and of a graduate school. There
is also a preparatory school. The organization is €U9
follows:

I. The College of Agriculture.
Regular course in Agriculture.

Junior course in Agriculture. <

Course in Horticulture.

II. The College of Engineering.
Course in Mechanical Engineering.
Course in Electrical Engineering.
Course in Civil Engineering.

Course in Municipal and Sanitary Engineering.

Course in Architecture.

Course in Architectural Engineering.

III. The College of Science.
Natural Science group.
Chemical group.
Mathematical group.
Philosophical group.

IV. The College of Literature.
Elective Courses, such as:

Classics,

English and Modern Languages,

Mathematics,

Philosophy,

Pedagogy, etc.

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V. Graduate School :
Courses for Masters' and Doctors' degrees.

Vocal and Instrumental Music are also taught, but not
as parts of any regular course.

Prepa/ratory School: A preparatory school with a
course of two years exists. In this are taught the sub-
jects necessary for entrance to the University.

The undergraduate courses of study extend through
four years and lead to appropriate degrees. In the Col-
lege of Engineering the curriculum in each department is
prescribed and in order to graduate students are obliged
to complete the work as laid down, but in all other de-
partments great freedom in choice of studies is permitted.
Aside from the few required subjects, and upon condition
of following chosen lines long enough to make them of
recognized value, all courses of instruction are freely open
to those who are prepared by previous training to take
up the work. Instruction is by the research or laboratory
method, in whole or in part, whenever this is practicable,
so that students are trained to do things as well as to
memorize and to comprehend what others say; to find
facts as well as to learn facts. In the shops they be-
come expert with their hands, while in the class rooms
they gain knowledge and discipline of mind. In tbe
science laboratories they deal with objects rather than
with books, though the latter are by no means neglected.
In the libraries they study literature, history, etc., from
original sources, in correlation giMh the lecture room re-
quirements and opportunities. For the so-called practi-
tical side of instruction extensive equipment exists;
otherwise it would have been impossible to have shown
at the World's Fair the verj^ large amount of materiaJ
exhibited and at the same time have carried forward
the regular work of the University.

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In the graduate school instruction and fetcilities of re-
search work are offered to those who have satisfactorily
completed undergraduate work in this or in other col-
legiate institutions.

For the year 1892-98 there were enrolled seven hun-
dred and fourteen students— an advance of one hundred
and thirty-one over that of the preceding year, and of
nearly 40 per cent, over the enrollment for the year
1890-91.

THE UMVER8ITY EXHIBIT.

The exhibit made by the University was divided into
six general departments, y\z,: a small general exhibit,
one for the school of art and design, and one for each
of the four colleges. • The general office or headquarters
faced north on the central aisle of the building and was
entered under festooned national flags draped over stands
of Springfield rifles on either side, representing the equip-
ment of the military school. Within the enclosure were
shown, in frames, large exterior views of the University
buildings and sixteen interiors; one frame, photographs
of the members of the board of trustees; one frame,
photographs of members of the faculty; life-size por-
traits of the three regents; one large frame containing
photographs of four athletic teams; three frames, pro-
gram of instruction; one framed list of periodicals.

COLLEGE OF LITERATURE.

The exhibit joined that just described on the south and
extended to the aisle next to the Women's Department.
Here were large reproductions of photographs of interiors
of the University library, lecture rooms, halls for literary
societies, etc., and a series of large photographs of Gre-
cian and Eoman architecture and scenery, used in con-
nection with instruction in the ancient classics. There

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were thirty-six volumes of examination papers, twenty-
two volumes of essays, orations and translations, and
nine volumes of graduating theses, illustrating work
done by students of the college. Here, also, were maps
and chartK illustrating methods of instruction, collec-
tions of periodicals and text books, and a case of appa-
ratus aud models used in class work in elocution and
oratory.

The exhibit of the department of pedagogies, also in
this space, consisted chiefly of a very full collection of
the periodical literature of the world upon the subject.
Of the four hundred and eighty-three educational peri-
odicals shown, one hundred and twelve were from the
United States, one hundred and eight were in the German
language (Germany, Switzerland and Austria), and one
hundred and fifty-eight were from Spain. All the Central
and South American states were represented, as was
every country of Europe and Asia except China.

ART AND DESIGN.

The exhibit was shown in one hundred and nine frames,
including work from the six courses, though the greater
amount came from the regular course in art and design
and the special course prepared for students in architec-
ture. Less than five per cent, of the pupils entering this
department received previous instruction in free-band
drawing, and the exhibit covered work from the first ex-
ercise of the first term to the last work of the third year.
The exhibit consisted of three parts: That of the first
year's work— (a) pencil drawing from geometric solids,
common objects (as books, vases, tables, chairs, etc.).
interiors (as the corner of the room), casts and fiowers
and foliage from nature; (b) the light and shade of com-
mon objects, and plant and animal form from caste.
That of the second year's work— (a) modeling inclay,orna-

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ment and detail of the human face; (b) oil painting from
groups of still life; (c) wat«r color painting from groups
and flowers from nature. That of the third year's work
— (a) modeling from the antique and from life; (b) oil
and water color painting; (c) drawing from the antique
and from life.

AGRICUIiTURE AND HORTICULTURE.

The College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experi-
ment Station had a joint exhibit. There were framed
photographs, representations of the building and
grounds, plats and maps of the farm, and six glass
cases of cereals in their various states of preservation,
showing size and manner of growth as well as yield and
quality. A chemist's work desk and outfit were shown
illustrative of this department of the Experiment Station
and of the work accomplished, including a number of
special contrivances invented by those in charge. Hor-
ticulture was represented by a large show-case of wax
casts of orchard and garden fruits, vegetables, etc., a
collection of tree trunks from the artificial forest tree
plantation, and by specimens of grafts, trained fruit
trees and root developments. A large series of ears of
sweet corn mounted on exhibition boards, showing origi-
nals and the results obtained by cross-fertilization, at-
the tracted much attention. The botanical department of
Experiment Station showed a collection of seeds of eight
hundred Illinois plants, a herbarium collection of speci-
mens of introduced plants (by birds) from the college forest-
tree plantation and a collection of specimens illustrating
all the most destructive diseases of cultivated plants in
the State due to parasitic fungi. The diseased plants
were pressed and mounted on card boards on which
were also magnified representations of parasites. Be-
sides the names of the host plants and fungi, there were
also attached directions for combating the attack of

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the latter. The veterinary department showed a lite-
sized dissected model of a horse^ skeletons of the horse
and cow, models showing the age of horses by their
teeth, and tools, apparatus and drugs used in practice.
This College and Station exhibit taken together was a
very large one of its kind and was abundantly inspected.
The space adjoined on the west those of the general ex-
hibit and of the College of Literature, south of the cen-
tral aisle.

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE.

The department of chemistry showed a work desk with
fittings, apparatus and chemicals complete, as furnished
to students for the prosecution of their work in the
various branches of pure and applied chemistry in the
University. Many sets of apparatus arranged as they
are employed in the actual chemical processes were ex-
hibited, and some of these were in operation, thus illus-
trating more fully the precise use made of them. A set
of one hundred and fifty finely crystallized inorganic
compounds made by students in the course of their
laboratory practice was shown, together with several
lots of laboratory waste mixtures from which chemically
pure substances had been made. A set of one hundred
and twenty-two organic compounds prepared by stu-
dents, and including a number of such substances as
saccharine and indigo, made synthetically, illustrated
the scope of the student's work and the care and skill
exercised in manipulation. There were also other sup-
plementary organic and inorganic substances, not pre^
pared by students, but forming with the others com-
plete and valuable collections of the chemical elements
and their combinations, which are used in the cla»
room in illustration of the subjects there discussed. The
work in quantitative analysis was represented by the
actual apparatus used, including a fine balance, and by

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sets of constituents giving graphic illustration of the
quantitative chemical composition of such ordinary sub-
stances as milk, butter, wheat, corn, clay, coal, feldspar,
glass, cast iron, brass, etc., which had been prepared in
cori'espondence with the results of analyses made by
students in the ordinary course of work, the students'
reports of the analyses being exhibited together with the
illustrative material. Thus: A quart of milk was ex-
hibited and adjacent to it, in bottles plainly labeled,
were shown the quantities of water, butter fat, albumi-
noids, sugar and mineral matters contained in the quart
of milk, as determined by the student in his analysis;
and besides the set of bottles with their contents was
the tabular statement of results which the student is
required to make when each analysis in duplicate is
completed. The exhibit of each of the other substances
in this set was in all respects similar to that of the milk.
The course in pharmacy was represented by the sets
of apparatus and material supplied to the student and
by a small set of samples of the crude drugs which are
used in the instruction of pharmacognoscy. The actual
work of the course was exhibited in a collection of one
hundred specimens of various galenical preparations which
had been made by students in the ordinary course of their
pharmaceutical practice. In illustration of the progress
made in the development of skill and knowledge, and as
an indication of the students' ability in conducting
partially independent investigations, there were exhibited
a number of those which are required and which had
been prepared by students who were candidates for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in chemistry. Sets of pho-
tographs of the various lecture rooms, laboratories,
balance room, store rooms, etc., served to indicate some-
what the facilities for chemical work at the University.

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The exhibit of the department of geology included:
(a) laboratory table like those in use at the University
with a set of apparatus similar to that furnished to each
student in mineralogy and lithology; a series of polished
granites and one of marble to represent the collections
in economic geology; a small collection of lUinoiB build-
ing stones with results of a series of tests upon them by
a senior student during the preparation of his graduat-
ing thesis on "The Properties of Some Illinois Building
Stone;'* a relief map of Leadville to represent the series
of such maps available for the study of regions especially
interesting to the geologist; a series of charts prepared
at the University to illustrate the action of dynamic
forces; a series of lantern slides from photographs of
localities in which the operations of these forces are well
displayed; a model showing the actual movement of a
point in the earth's surface during an earthquake which
occurred in Japan ; a lathe for cutting and grinding thin
sections for the microscopic study of rocks, minerals and
fossils; a microscope adapted to the study of such sec-
tions ; small series of each of the groups, corals, crinoids
and cephalopods, to represent the collection of fossils;
six large casts of mesozoic, tertiary and quaternary fos-
sils ; antlers of an Irish elk taken from a peat bog in
Ireland.

In the botanical department there were numerous pho-
tographs and bromide enlargements showing interiors of
the laboratories and various views of the facilities and
accommodations for the work at the University. In the
exhibit there were a student's and an instructor's labora-
tory desk, each fitted out with the apparatus and mate-
rials used in study and research. A long desk with closets
and drawers and a glass case with a display of a con-
siderable amount of apparatus represented the provisions
for work in bacteriology, while cultures of the organisms

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in tubes, microscopical preparations, and photomicro-
graphs illustrated results obtained. In one case were
shown a series of ten microscopes which well illustrated
the progress made in the construction of this instrument
since it came into use in the laboratory twenty-three
years ago. Here, also, were apparatus and articles used
in vegetable histology, and prepared specimens. In the
same case were shown equipments for photography and
photomicrography with illustrative specimens of the arts.
A third case contained various models of flowers, fruits,
etc., for use in instruction; also botanical specimens of
different kinds showing method of preparation for the
herbarium and museum. A herbarium case containing
twelve hundred species of Illinois plants properly mounted,
was exhibited, together with a card index from which
might be obtained an idea of the herbarium collection at
the University. In another case were to be seen a full
set of text and reference books, bound volumes, of notes,
and theses by students, and published contributions from
the laboratory.

The exhibit of the zoological department was made
up from the museum of the University, the models and
charts used in class work, the apparatus used in collect-
ing, studying and preserving specimens, by both instruc-
tors and pupils, and from work actually done by in-
structors and pupils. The exhibit contained a small
collection of mammalia, among which were a buffalo, an
elk, a puma, a porcupine, a young wolf, an ornithorhyn-
cus, a civet cat, a moose deer, a proboscis monkey, a
gibbon and its skeleton, a flying squirrel and its skeleton,
and a bat. Seven species of birds were shown, among
them being an apteryx and its skeleton, and an owl
parrot with its skeleton. From the class-room appara-
tus were shown eighty-five wax models illustrating seg-
mentation and gastrulation of the ovum, the embryology

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of amphioxus, the embryology of the star fish, and the
embryology of cheironomus. Fifteen charts illustrated
various portions of the animal kingdom, and a full out-
fit of compound and dissecting microscopies, reagents,
stains, dissecting tools, parafine baths, glassware, etc.,
from the students' laboratories, were brought together.
Sixty-three dissections of insects, starfish and other radi-
ates, crayfish, lobsters, salamanders, frogs, fish, serpents,
turtles, birds and mammals, made by instructors and
pupils, were arranged to show the anatomy of those
animals. The insects on exhibition hei*e were part of a
students* reference collection. The collection contained
of Orthoptera ninety-one specimens, Neuroptera twenty-
eight, Hemiptera three hundred forty-seven, Coleoptera
one thousand eighty-seven, Liepidoptera three hundred
ninety-six, Diptera eighty, and Hymeneptera one hun-
dred nineteen specimens. There were also in this depart-
ment a case containing slides of minute crustaceans,
Daphnia, Cyclops, Diaptomus and others, together with
photographs of the same; and there were enlarged photo-
graphic views of the laboratories.

The purpose of the exhibit of the department of psy-
chology was to show, among other things, the labora-
tory method of teaching the subject as employed in the
University classes. The exhibit consisted chiefly of: 1.
Charts showing the results of the most recent researches
in the field of cerebral localization; models of the brain:
and prepared tissue. II. Apparatus* (a) such as is used
in investigating the field of sensation with a view to
determine the exact conditions under which sensations
arise; (b) such apparatus as is employed in the meas-
urement of the time rate of the mental processes; (c) appa-
ratus made use of in determining the exact relation that
obtains between mind and body; (d) apparatus used in
testing and measuring the memory, attention, and other

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psychical functions. During three months of the time in
which the exhibit was in place, the instructor in this de-
partment at the University was in attendance much of
the time, and at certain hours, appropriately advertised,
performed a number of the more simple experiments to
make clear to visitors the methods and purposes of
using the various pieces of apparatus. Those who were
especially interested were met by appointment and shown
in a more thorough-going way the value of this work
as undertaken at the University. A descriptive pamphlet
was also distributed in large numbers.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING.

The exhibit by the mechanical engineering department
showed work done by the students in the shops, in the
drawing and class rooms, and illustrated the methods
of instruction. iShop work was shown in groups begin-
ning with plain exercises in wood and continuing through
the entire course to the construction of complete ma-
chines. There were joint work in wood, exercises in turn-
iug, pattern work and core boxes. Work from the foundry
was shown consisting of rough castings of simple and
■complicated designs. Forge work was illustrated by ex-
amples of welding in wrought iron and steel, €is well as
by tool construction and tempering. The showing from
the machine shop was the most extensive and consisted
of numerous examples of work done in the drill, lathe,
shaper, milling machine and grinding machine. Many
complete models were shown that had been made to
illustrate principles in kinematics, gearing, belt transmis-
sion and steam engine design. In addition to the above
•exhibit of students' work, a portion of the space was
devoted to machine tools in motion. Lathes, a shaper
and a milling machine were set up and were run three
hours each day, being operated by a graduate of the

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mechanical engineering department of the Uniyersitj.
This proved to be an interesting feature of the exhibit
and brought out many inquiries that would not other-
wise have been made. Several cases contained apparar
tus from the laboratory of the department and were in-
tended to illustrate the methods of instruction in con-
nection with laboratory work. The work in the drawing
and designing rooms was shown by means of a series of
framed drawings taken from each subject in which this
formed an important part. Beginning with samples of
machine drawings, such as vises, anvils, chucks, lathe and
planer parts, the work extended through the elementary
work in machine design, including connecting rod ends,
gears, belt diagrams and bearings for rotating pieces, to
a series of problems in kinematics and valve gears, and
to a design for a complete steam engine. In addition to
the work shown on the walls and in the cases, a more
extended collection of materials and illustrations was
kept in the drawers and portfolios accessible for inspec-
tion and to which attention was called by numerous
cards posted conspicuously with the exhibit. Graphical
charts showed at a glance much data compiled from the
records of the University as to the growth and relative
standing of the several departments.

The apparatus and materials comprising the joint ex-
hibit from the two departments of physics and electri-
cal engineering were selected with the purpose of show-
ing the general nature of the experimental work under-
taken, the kind of apparatus with which this work is
carried on, and the character of the results obtained.
In so far as the space allowed, the exhibit was arranged
in such a way that a visitor approaching would hare
his attention first called to the most elementary work
given in the department of physics, and then, as he
passed along the main aisle, he would see the

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development of the entire coarse precisely as he might
see it were he to visit the laboratory from week to week
throughout the year. Besides each group of apparatus
and materials, arranged as for actual experiment, was
placed a student's note book held open so as to show
the record of observations, the computations and dis-
cussions of results for the particular experiment which
the apparatus illustrated. The note books were selected
at random from the notes of students for the years
1891-93, inclusive. There were thirty-six groups of ap-
paratus showing the work done in mechanics, sound,
heat, light and elementary electricity and magnetism.
Immediately adjoining the collection of apparatus for
general physics was arranged the apparatus for advanced
measurements and original research in magnetism and
electricity. The collection was made up of pieces repre-
senting the highest grade of work by American and
European manufacturers. Next to this collection was a
model dynamo laboratory which was in active opera-
tion three hours each day under the immediate charge
of a graduate of the University. The plant was oper-
ated by a Jenney motor, which received current from
the intramural electric railway. This motor drove an
Edison compound dynamo. A model switchboard, fully
equipped with switches, rheostats, voltmeters, ammeters
and plugs enabled the operator to connect the dynamo
with the incandescent and arc lamps of the plant, or
with the storage batteries, motors, or other appliances
which found place in the exhibit. This **line" exhibit
was especially attractive to visitors. A series of twenty
large bromide prints, arranged on the walls enclosing
the space, showed the chief rooms in the laboratories
and some of the most important parts of the University
equipment not possible to represent in the exhibit.

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The equipment of the department of civil and rannid-
pal engineering consisted chiefly of drawings, manuscript
problems, and designs showing the nature of the in-
struction and the character of the work in subjects pe-
culiar to the courses in civil and municipal engineering.
The exhibit showed the work done in the classes in land
surveying, transit surveying, topographical surveying
and drawing, mapping, leveling, railroad engineering,
road engineering, sewerage, bridge analy&is and design,
water supply engineering, geodesy and practical astron-
omy, and masonry construction. Several volumes of
theses were exhibited to show the nature of the work re-
quired in this line. The text books and a few of the re-
ference books were shown. The following inventory will
give farther details concerning the exhibit:

Land and TopographicaZ Surveying: Eleven frames con-
taining manuscript problems and drawings; three frames
containing photographs of apparatus and classes at
work; fourteen bound volumes of students' work; three
volumes of text books; one glass floor case containing
transit, level compass, tapes, poles, etc. BaHroad and
Road Surveying: Ten frames containing maps, profiles,
cross sections, etc.; three frames containing photographs
of classes at work in the field; eleven volumes of students'
field books; five volumes of students' library note books;
seven volumes of text and reference books. Masonry Cm-
struction: Six photographic views in museum and in
laboratory; six frames of problems, designs, and dia-
grams; four volumes of students' laboratory notes; one
collection of test specimens with results; one large folio
of drawings and designs; one text book.

Geodesy and Practical Astronomy: Three frames con-
taining manuscript problems; three photographs of
equipment and students at work; four volumes of stu-
dents' class work; six volumes of test and reference

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books; one glass floor ccise containing alt-azimuth in-
strument, sextant, chronometer. Water Supply Engi-
neermg: Nine frames of diagrams, drawings of stand
pipes, distribution systems, etc.; Four volumes of
students' lecture notes; Two volumes of text books.
Sewerage: Twelve frames containing drawings of
sewers and sewer appurtenances, designs of filtration
plants, disposal works, etc.; one text-book. Bridge Avr
uh/aia and Design: Six volumes of students' problems; ten
frames of designs with details; three photographs of lec-
ture room, museum, and bridge models; two volumes of
text-books; one folio containing designs by students;
three bridge models. Miscellaneous: Seven volumes of
students' graduating theses; seven annual numbers of
papers of students' engineering society; three diagrams
showing courses of study, number of students and grad-
uates.

The facilities aud methods of instruction in mining
engineeriug were illustrated by drawings, photographs
and models, and by specimens, and apparatus. The
extensive machinery used by instructors and students
in this department could not, of course, be included in
the exhibit.

The exhibit of the architectural department was chiefly
arranged to show the present course of study, illustrated
by examples selected from the regular work of the dif-
ferent classes in shop practice, drawing and designing.
It consisted of the following articles: A complete series
of specimens of architectural shop practice with addi-
tional examples of advanced work on stairs, roofs, cabi-
net work, etc.; the complete series of drawings and de-
signs made by each student during the entire course of
study, selected from the ordinary work of the classes,
framed and arranged in proper sequence; numerous
bound volumes with additional specimens; all the text-

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books, both printed and blue printed, used in the archi-
tectural classes; the complete classification employed in
the architectural cabinet of mounted plates, together
with several portfolios of examples; bound volumes of
students' tracings illustrating history of architecture;
bound volumes containing working drawings of Military
Hall and Science Hall, the designs and drawings being
entirely the work of graduates and students of this de-
partment; an original chart illustrating the derivation,
continuance and inter-relation of the different architec-
tural styles; charts showing the courses of study in
architecture and architectural engineering and also the
numerical and relative attendance in the department
since its establishment; photographic views in architec-
tural shops and class rooms. Several instruments be-
longing to the College of Engineering, in addition to the
exhibits of the several departments, were Thacher's
computing scale, Thomas' arithmometer, Amsler's plani-
meter and integrator and Coradi's rolling planimeter.

The exhibit of the department of theoretical and ap-
plied mechanics comprised a full set of test specimens of
the tests of materials made by the class in resistance of
materials; apparatus used in tests of materials and in
hydraulics, whose nature permitted exhibition; sets of
students' problems and reports in analytical mechanics,
resistance of materials and hydraulics, and text-books
used in instruction in these branches. Among the test
specimens were twenty-one tensile tests of wrought iron
and steel, including both round and flat ; wrought iron
bolts, tensile and flexure tests of cast iron, tensile tests of
aluminum ; tensile compression and flexure t^ests of wood,
and sample tests of stone. Among the instruments exhib-
ited were the following: hook gauge, trapezoidal weir, ori-
fice, water motor, extensometer, micrometers. Three en-

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larged photographic views in the laboratory of applied
mechanics and forty sets of students' problems were ex-
hibited.

The 'preparation of this great exhibit required and re-
ceived an immense amount of thoughtful planning and
self-imposed labor on the part of the University profess-
ors and assistants, all of whom, however, cheerfully made
the contribution to the successful result. A special com-
mittee of the faculty, appointed for the purpose, had a
very large share in the labor and should share largely
in the credit.

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ACKNOWIii:DGMENTS.

Springfield, III.., Jan. 6, 1894.

I beg to acknowledge having received from the Illinois

Board of World's Fair Commissioners the collection of

stuffed animals and minerals, Lippincott's Gazetteer and

the school statistics exhibited in the Model School lioom.

Henrt Raab,
Supt, Pub. Instrtictiofi.

Normal, III., Dec. 17, 1893.

Received from the Illinois Board of World's Fair Com-
missioners the following objects constituting the exhibit
of the Illinois State Normal University at the recent
Columbian Exposition:

Sixty-six pictures.

Thirty-six picture frames and glass (packed separ-
ately).

Sixteen framed maps.

Eighteen framed outlines of school work.

Two hundred and fifty pieces of clay work.

One hundred and eighty pieces of form work in paper.

Twenty-eight portfolios of drawings, picture stories
and color work in grade.

Sixteen books of bound maps.

Four hundred and ninety-five books of student work
in school subjects.

Sixteen framed science drawings.

Seventy -five pieces of physical and chemical apparatus.

Two hundred pieces of dissections and specimens in

zoology and physiology.

John W. Cook.

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Chicago, III,., May 14, 1894.

The entire exhibits (save loss in thefts, breakage, etc.,)
made at the World's Columbian Exposition (Illinois
Building) by the University of Illinois, whether such
material was previously owned by the University or was
made or purchased for the purpose at the expense of
the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, were
received by the Universit^'^ after the close of the Exposi-
tion.

In addition to the above many cases in which the ex-
hibits were made, together with ten cases in which geo-
logical specimens were shown, were received by the Uni-
versity.

T. J. BURRILL,

Acting JRegervt.

Keceived of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Com-
missioners the following articles, the same constituting
the entire exhibit of the Southern Illinois State Normal
University at the Illinois Stat0 Building, World's Colum-
bian Exposition.

Charts.

READING.

(3 leaves). Showing work of pupils for each month of
the 1st three years of school.

(3 leaves). Showing work of pupils for each month of
the 4th and 5th years.

(3 leaves). Showing work of pupils for each month of
the 6th and 7th years.

Reading Chart.— Representing blackboard and slate
work preparatory to taking up a first reading book.

(4 leaves). 7th grade reading, 1st term. Showing
work of pupils for the 2d three months.

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(8 leaves). 7th grade reading, 2d term. ShowiDg work
of pupils for the 2d three months.

(4 leaves). 8th grade reading, Ist term. Showing work
of pupils for the Ist three months.

LANOUAOE.

Language and Literature Chart. — Sample lessons from
work of Ist year.

(3 leaves). Showing work of pupils for each month
of the 1st three years of school.

(3 leaves). Showing work of pupils for each month of
the 4th and 5th years.

(3 leaves). Showing work of pupils for each month of
the 6th and 7th years.

Language Chart.— Sample lessons from work of 2d
year.

(3 leaves). 7th grade language. Leaf 1 shows sample
work of pupils for the Ist three months; leaf 2, for the
2d three months; and leaf 3, for the 3d three months.

(3 leaves). Language, Ist term. Showing work of
pupils for the 1st three months.

(3 leaves). 8th grade grammar, 2d term. Showing
work of pupils for the 2d three months.

NUMBER.

Number Chart.— 1st year number chart.

(3 leaves). Showing work of pupils for ench month of
the Ist three years of school.

(2 leaves). 3d term. Showing work of pupils for the
3d three months. (Arith.)

(3 leaves). Showing work of pupils for each month of
the 4th and 5th years.

(3 leaves). Showing work of pupils for each month of
the 6th and 7th years.

(4 leaves). Arithmetic, 1st term. Showing work of
pupils for the 1st three months.

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(1 leaf). Arithmetic, 2d term. Showing work of pupils
for the 2d three months.

(2 leaves). Ist term. Showing work of pupils for the
1st three months. (Arithmetic.)

(2 leaves.) 2d term. Showing work of pupils for the
2d three months. (Arithmetic.)

FORM AND COLOR STUDY AND DRAWING.

(4 leaves). 3d grade drawing. Showing construction,
representation and decoration.

(4 leaves). A 3d grade drawing. Showing construe-
tion, representation and decoration.

Shelves. Samples of clay modeling, 1st and 2d grades,
and some materials for language work. (Case 6).

(6 leaves). 4th grade drawing. Showing construction,
representation and decoration.

(6 leaves). 5th grade drawing. Showing construction,
representation and decoration.

(6 leaves) . 6th grade drawing. Showing construction,
representation and decoration.

(3 leaves). Leaves 1, 2 and 3 show work of pupils in
construction for the Ist, 2d and 3d terms, respectively,
8th grade.

(3 leaves). Leaves 1, 2 and 3 show work of pupils in
representation for the Ist, 2d and 3d terms, respectively,
8th grade.

(3 leaves). Leaves 1, 2 and 3 show work of pupils in
decoration for the Ist, 2d and 3d terms, respectively,
8th grade.

GEOGRAPHY.

(3 leaves). 8d and A— 3d grades geography. Showing
work of pupils for each month of the 3d and 4th years.

(3 leaves). 4th and 5th grades geography. Showing
work of pupils for each month of the 5th and 6th years.

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(3 leaves). 6th grade history. Showing work of pupils
for each month of the 7th grade.

(3 leaves). 7th grade, 1st term. Showing map and
manuscript work of pupils for the first three months.

(3 leaves). 7th grade, 2d term. Showing map and
manuscript work of pupils for the 2d three months.

(3 leaves). 3d t^erm. Showing work of pupils for the
3d three months, 7th grade.

HISTORY.

(8 leaves) . 6th grade history. Showing work of pupils
for each month of the 7th year.

(3 leaves). 8th grade history, 1st term. Showing work
of pupils for the first three months.

(2 leaves). 8th grade history, 2d term. Showing work
of pupils for the 2d three months.

(4 leaves). 8th grade history, 3d term. Showing work
of pupils for the 3d three months.

ELEMENTARY SCIENCE.

(8 leaves). Showing representation in water colore of
home birds. (This work followed a study of the birds).

(3 leaves). Plants, 6th grade. Illustrations and de-
scriptions drawn and colored from the objects.

Shelves. Mounted specimens of birds studied.

(1 leaf). 7th grade botany, 1st term. Showing work
of pupils for the 1st three months.

(3 leaves). Physiology. Showing work of the pupils
for the 1st three months, 8th grade.

(3 leaves). Zoology. Showing work of the pupils for
the 1st three months, 8th grade.

(3 leaves). Physics. Showing work of pupils for the
1st three months, 8th grade.

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WRITING.— 7 th grade.

(3 leaves). Ist term. Showing work of pupils for the
Ist three moDths.

(3 leaves). 2d term. Showing work of pupils for the
2d three months.

(3 leaves). 3d term. Showing work of pupils for the
3d three months.

Normal Department,
physics, chemihtry and geology.

(4 leaves). Drawings and manuscripts, exhibiting
method used in teaching physics.

(4 leaves). Drawings and manuscripts, exhibiting
method used in teaching chemistry.

(4 leaves). Drawings and manuscripts, exhibiting
method used in teaching geology.

(3 leaves). Showing drawings and manuscripts, exhib-
iting method used in teaching chemistry.

(3 leaves). Showing drawings and manipulation of
apparatus used in teaching physics.

ASTRONOMY.

(3 leaves). Showing sketches made by pupils of heav-
enly bodies while using telescopes.

(4 leaves). Showing original designs representing the
Bolar system.

GEOMETRY.

(5 leaves). Ist term. Showing examination papers of
pupils a^s written in the hour of fortj'-five minutes, with-
out revision.

(3 leaves). 2d term. Showing examination papers of
pupils, as written in the hour, forty-five minutes, with-
out revision.
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DRAWING.— iBt Term.

(6 leaves). Showing work of pupils in constmctive
free-hand drawing, objects.

(6 leaves). Showing work of pupils in decorative work
free-hand drawings.

(6 leaves). Showing work of pupils' 2d term in instru-
mental drawing, construction from objects.

(7 leaves.) Showing work of pupils in free-hand draw-
ing, representation from objects.

(6 leaves). Showing work of pupils in Egyptian deco-
ration.

(7 leaves). Showing work of pupils in applied de-
sign (decoration).

(6 leaves). Showing work of pupils' 3d term in draw-
ing from casts, representative.

(7 leaves). Showing work of pupils in representative
drawing from blocks and objects.

BOOK-KEEPING.

(6 leaves). Showing work of pupils in writing business
letters.

(6 leaves). Showing specimens of account current
papers.

(6 leaves). Showing work of pupils in the transaction
of business.

PENMANSHIP.

(6 leaves). Showing work of pupils in making a grand
balance.

(6 leaves). Showing work of pupils in writing practi-
cal business letters.

GEOGRAPHY.

First Term.— This case contained three charts of three
leaves each, showing work of pupils in map drawing and
manuscript wqrk.

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Second Term. — ^Two charts of four and five leaves re-
spectively, showing work of pupils in map drawing and
illustration. Physical Geography.

HISTORY.

(5 leaves). 2d term. Showing work of pupils in illus-
trating some of the interesting facts in the study of
United States History.

(4 leaves). English History. Showing work of pupils
in illustrating different periods in English History by
means of map drawing.

Tavo charts containing 6 and 5 leaves respectively,
showing drawings by pupils illustrating the principal facts
in 1st term of United States History.

(3 leaves). 2d term. Showing map and manuscript
work of pupils in civil government.

GRAMMAR.

(1 leaf). Showing o.utline of work done by pupils in
the 2d term in English Grammar.

(1 leaf). Showing method of teaching abridgement.

GREEK AND LATIN.

(3 leaves). Greek. Showing work of pupils in 1st and
2d years of Greek,

(6 leaves). Latin. Showing map and manuscript work
of class in ''Ccesar."

K. Latin, 1 book.

Keview Books, Virgil, 1 book.

Prosody, Virgil, 1 book.

Jr^'^ } 1 book.

Cicero J

J. Latin, 1 book.

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Manuscript Books,
training school.

Reading:— Ist and 2d grades, 1 book; 3d and 4th
grades, 1; 4tli grade, 1; 5th grade, 1; 6th grade, 3; 7th
grade, 1; 8th grade, 1.

Language:— Ist and 2d grades, 1 book; 3d gT€bde, 1;
A-3d grade, 1; 4th grade, 1; 5th grade, 1; 7th grade, 1.

Writing : —1 st, 2d and 3d grades, 1; A-3d and 4th
grades, 1; 5th and 6th grades, 1; 7th grade, 1.

Drawing:— 8th grade, 1 book.

Number:— Ist grade, 1; 2d grade, 1; 3d grade, 1; A-Sd
.grade, 1; 4th grade arithmetic, 1; 5th grade arithmetic,
1; 6th grade arithmetic, 1; 7th grade arithmetic.

Miscellaneous collection of work done by pupils in the
geography classes ranging from 3d grade to 6th grade,
1 book; A-3d grade geography, 1 book; 7th grade 1.

History:— 7th grade, 1 book; 8th ^rade, 1.

Botany:— 7th grade, 1.

Physiology and zoology:— 8th grade, 1 book.

Science:— 6th grade 1.

Representative work from 7 grades, 1 book; 1 book in
field work.

NORMAL WORK.

C pedagogy, 1 book; B pedagogy, 1; history of edu-
cation, 1; observation in training school, 2 books.
Psychology A, 1 book.
Ethics, 1 book.
Physics A, 1 book.
Astronomy, 1 book.

Botany A, 1 book; plant analysis, 1 book.
Zoology A, 1 book.
Physiology B, 1 book; A, 1 book.
Arithmetic B, 1 book; A, 1 book.
Algebra A, 1 book.
Geometry,

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Book-keeping, 8 books.

Grammar C, 1 book; B, 1 book; A, 1 book.

Literature:— American B, 1 book; American A, 1 book;
English B, 1 book; English A, 1 book.

Reading, 1 book.

Rhetoric, 2 books.

Geography A, 2 books; B, 1 books.

History:— B, 2 books; A, 1 book; general, 2 books;
English, 2 books; Roman, 1 book.

Civil Government, 2 books.

Drawing:— Specimen lessons, 1 book; A, 1 book.

Writing, 2 books.

English Analysis, 1 book.

Latin, 1 book, Caesar.

German, 1 book.

Greek, 1 book, 1st and 2d year's work.

HIGH SCHOOL.

Geography, 1 book.

Algebra E, 1 book; D, 1 book.

CASES.

Nos. 22 and 28. Sample cases from museum, showing
ducks of Illinois.

No. 89. Material used in language, number, color and
form study.

No. 40. Material used in the study of geography, some
mounted plans and photograph album of board work
done by students.

Nos. 41-52. Photographs of buildings, rooms, appar
ratus and students.

No. 47. Photographs of blackboard drawing and ap-
paratus in the Science Department.

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MI8CELLANEOCJ8.

Framed photographs of buildiDgs, rooms, faculty, etc.
Hand-book giving history, general information and
syllabus of work in the different departments.
Box of solids.
1 microscope.

71 photographs building and grounds.
26 photographs illustrating class work and apparatus.
1 case of (dry) liquid measures.
1 Graphoscope.
Mounted specimens (plants.)

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REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE OS STATE CHARIT-
ABLE INSTITUTIONS.

fHE act creatiDg the IlliDois Board of World's Fair
Commissioners, required of them, among other things,
''An Exhibit of the Educational and Industrial work as
conducted in the State Charitable Institutions."

Upon the organizing of your honorable body, the fol-
lowing members were appointed as the Committee on
State Charitable Institutions, and charged with the duty
of performing or securing the performance of the above
statutory requirement, to-wit: James M. Washburn,
A. B. Hostetter, B. F. Wyman, J. W. Judy and W. D,
Stryker.

The control of the very liberal appropriation of
1800,000.00 was diminished by the sum of $80,000.00,
specially appropriated to the Woman's Board and by
the further sum of $40,000.00, devoted to the Illinois
exhibits of live stock, leaving but |620,000,00 under
the control of your honorable board.

The pre-determined purpose to invest between |250,-
000.00 and $800,000.00 in the building and its furnish-
ings and the ornamentation of its grounds, left less than
$350,000.00 with which to prepare, collect and maintain
all the exhibits required by the law, to pay the salaries
and expenses of the Board, and to entertain hospitably
all the visitors to our Building. In order to secure equal-
ity between the various committees and economy in the
expenditure of the moneys devoted to securing, prepar-
ing and maintaining exhibits, a committee was appointed
to apportion the moneys to be expended, to the several

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committees, and under this apportionment, the^ Bum of
920,000.00 was assigned to the Committee on State
Charitable Institutions with which to make their exhibits.

This sum was so unsatisfactory to the Superintendent
of the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and
Dumb, who desired more than that sum to enable him to
maintain a school of seventy-five or eighty of his pupils
at the Fair to demonstrate the methods of teaching and
the progress of the pupils, that he declined to make any
personal exhibit. Your Committee decided that it was
not desirable to have a personal exhibit from any of the
Charitable Institutions except the Blind and the Deaf
and Dumb. Upon a consultation with the superintend-
ents of the several charitable institutions, and at their
request, the sum of f 6,000.00 wets set apart for the ex-
hibit of the Deaf and Dumb; a like sum for the Blind, and
$1,000.00 for the exhibit of the Asylum for Feeble-Minded
Children. Thereupon the Suj)erintendent of the Institu-
tion for the Blind decided to make a personal exhibit
with twelve or fifteen of his pupils. The Committee also
decided to have taken and put on exhibition, photo-
graphic views of the several charitable institutions, and
to have prepai-ed and published in pamphlet form for
judicious gratuitous distribution during the Fair a brief
history of each of the State Charitable Institutions.

These photographs were taken in two sizes, one 18x22
inches; the other 24x36 inches, and framed with quarter
sawed oak. The size of these frames, lesser frame 24x28
inches, moulding 3 inches wide, size of larger frames 30x40
inches, moulding 4 inches wide. They were tafitefully
suspended around the walls of the rooms occupied by
the exhibits of the Charitable Institutions in the Illinois
Building, prominently in view of all visitors, and at-
tracted much attention and many compliments. There
were taken and framed one hundred and forty photo-

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graphs 18x22 inches and seventy-nine photographs
24x36; the frames of the former cost $8.50 each, the
latter fll.OO, besides the exp)enses of the artist while
taking the negatives, amounting to 9170.00.

The Committee have thought these photographs (which
were the only exhibits made by six out of ten State
Charitable Institutions) worthy of being catalogued in
this report.

Photooraphio Views op our State Charitable Insti-
tutions.

VIEWS TAKEN AT THE ILIilNOIS CHARrrABLE EYE AND EAR
INFIRMARY, AT CHICAGO.

No. View. Size.

4545. Operating room 18x22 inches

4546. Ear dispensary room 18x22 *'

4547. Main sitting room 18x22 "

4548. Befraction room 18x22 *'

VIEWS TAKEN AT THE SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME AT
NORMAL, ILL.

No. View. Size.

3584. School and children ^ 24x86 inches

3588. School room 18x22 ''

3589. Dynamos 18x22 '*

3590. Chapel 24x36

3591. Dining room and children 18x22

8591Ji Reception room 18x22

3592. Kitchen 18x22

3592Ji Kindergarten dormitory 18x22

3593. Library 24x36

3593. Clothing and repair room 18x22

3597. Main entrance 24x36

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VIEWS TAKEN AT THE SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME AT
QUINCY, ILL.

No. View. Size.

00. Group of old soldiers 18x22 inches

8524. Chapel 18x22

3525. Boiler room 18x22

3526. Old men's dormitory 18x22

3527. Upper hospital ward 18x22

3528. Reading room 18x22

8529. Kitchen 18x22

3530. Amusement room 18x22

8581. Laundry 18x22

3533. Quartermaster's store room 18x22

8534. Guests' chamber 18x22

8535. Grounds and flower beds 24x36

8586. Battery 24x86

8587. Farm buildings 24x86

8588. Superintendent's oflSce 18x22

8539. Cow barn 24x86

3540. Trustee's room 18x22

3541. Sitting room 18x22

3543. Old men's dining room 24x36

3548. Bird's eye view of street of cottages.. 24x36

VIEWS TAKEN AT THE ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MINDED
CHILDREN AT LINCOLN, ILL.

No. ' View. Size.

3560. Tailoring room 18x22 inches

3561. Main entrance 18x22

3562. Amusement hall 18x22

3563. Dormitory, asylum department 18x22

3564. Day room, asylum department 18x22

3565. Laundry 18x22

8566. Dormitory 18x22

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Asylum for Feeble Mnded C^tZdren--OoDcluded.

No. View. Size.

8567. Gymnasium 18x22 inches

3571. Dynamo room 18x22 "

3574. Reception room 24x36 "

3575. Main kitciien 24x36 "

3576. Dormitory 18x22 "

3577. Infirmary ward, asylum department.l8x22

3578. Dining room annex 18x22

3579. Kindergarten school 18x22

3580. Main dining room 24x36 "

3581. Lace workers 18x22 **

3582. Emergency hospital room 18x22 *'

3583. Sewing room, south wing 18x22 "

3584. Wood carving room 18x22 ''

3585. Ironing room 18x22 "

3586. General office 18x22 **

3587. Boiler room 24x36 ''

3588. Band room ....18x22 '*

VIEWS TAKEN AT THE INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND
AT JACKSONVILLE, ILL.

No. View. Size.

4395. Bowling alley 18x22 inches

4396. Chapel with pupils 18x22 ''

4397. Dining hall 18x22 *'

4398. Dormitory, 1 of 16 18x22

4399. Girls' cottage 18x22

4400. Band wagon and hospital 18x22

4401. Military companies 18x22 **

4402. Orchestra 18x22 "

4405. Chapel, front view 18x22

4406. Main hall, main building 18x22

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Institution for th^ Blind— Concluded,

No. View. Size.

4407. Store room, broom dept 24x3G inches

4408. PrintiDg room 24x36

4409. Sitting room, men's dormitory 24x36

4410. High school \ 24x36

4412. Kindergarten 24x36

4413. Sewing room 24x36

4414. Main hall, girls' cottage 24x36

4415. Hospital, girls* ward 24x36

4416. Type writing room 24x36

4417. Broom shop, sewing room 24x36

4418. Kitchen 24x36 "

4419. Broom shop, tying room 24x36 "

4420. Bakery 24x36 "

At the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson-
ville, there were sixty-four photographic views taken
(thirty at the instance of your Committee and thirty-
four at the instance of Dr. Gillett). Of these, thirty
were selected and framed as follows, the remainder put
on stretchers:

No. View. Size.

4191. Dairy herd 24x36 inches

4197. Girls going to school 24x36

4200. School room, 1 of 28 24x36

4201. Boys' class, Alma Gillette 24x36

4204. Articulating class, Lyde Kent 18x22

4209. Front view of main building 24x36 "

4213. Garden walk, etc 24x36 "

4216. Girls' gymnasium class with poles.. .24x36 **
4218. Articulation class, Grace Higgins... .18x22

4220. Store room of cabinet shop. 18x22

4221. School building and grounds 24x36 "

4223. Articulating class, Jane Russell 18x22 "

4224. Cadets: Stack arms 24x36 ''

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Institution for the Deaf and 2>wr?j5— Concluded.

No. View. Size.

4225. Articulating class, Alma Gillett 18x22 inches

4226. '' '; 18x22 "

4228. Swinging room and class 18x22 "

4229. Littje girls at play 24x36 "

4232. Articulation class (2d year), Mary

Haider !^ 18x22 "

4237. General store, counting room, etc. ...18x22 '*

4243. Shoe shop 18x22 *'

4247. Girls' gymnasium with dumb bells. .18x22 **

4248. Cabinet shops 18x22 ''

4249. Chapel with pupils, 520 18x22 ''

4250. Printing office 18x22 "

4261. Class No. 1, sign department 18x22 "

4263. Garden view— boys at work 18x22 "

4264. Art room and drawing class 18x22 •*

4265. Articulation class, Helen Waite 18x22 ''

4268. Articulation class, Jane Gillette 18x22 '*

4292. Back view of store, library, bakery,

cold storage, kitchen, boiler house,

etc 24x36 "

PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN AT THE CENTRALi HOSPITAL
FOR INSANE AT JACKSONVILLE, ILL.

No. View. Size.

3620. Trustees' room, main building 18x22 inches

3621. Associate dormitory — annex build-

ing 18x22 '*

3622. Dining room, 1 of 24 18x22

3623. View of grounds 24x36

3624. Laundry, ironing room 24x36

3625. Swimming pool 24x36 '*

3626. Offices in main building 18x22 "

3627. Patient's bed room, 1 of 300 18x22 *'

3628. Ward No. 7, main building 18x22 "

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Ckntral HoapUal for Insane— Concluded.

No. View. Size.

3G29. Kitchen in annex 24x86 inches

3680. Farm building 24x86 "

3632. Grounds and main building 24x36 "

3688 Reservoir 24x36 "

3684. Engine room 24x36 "

3635. Associate dining room in annex 24x86 "

8636. Alcove in ward 7, main building 18x22 '•

3637. Cross ward, main building 24x36

8638. Machine and repair shop 24x86

3639. Sitting room in main building 18x22

8640. Chapel in main building 18x22 *"

3641. Amusement hall, seats 400 18x22 '^

3642. Amusement hall annex, seats 530. ..18x22 **

3643. Laundry and wash room 18x22

3644. Officers and employSs 18x22

3645. Alcove and ward in annex 18x22

3646. Chapel in annex, seats 580 18x22

8647. Bird's eye view to westward 18x22

3658. Bird's eye view, includes reservoir 24x36

3659. Bird's eye view of annex building. ...24x36
3661. Band 24x36

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PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN AT NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOB
INSANE AT ELGIN, ILL.

No. View. Size.

3294. Superintendent's office 18x22 inches

3295. Associate dining hall 24x36 "

3296. Associate dining hall, alcove and

conservatory 24x86 "

3298. Boiler room..! 24x86 *'

3299. Dormitory in annex 18x22 "

3300. Officers and employes 18x22 "

3301. Engine and dynamo room 18x22

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Northern Hospital for ifuone— Ooncladed.

No. View. Size.

S302. AsHOciate diniDg hall, male patients.. 18x22 inches

8303. Ward A, 2d floor, male patients* hall.l8x22

3304. Conservatory 18x22

3305. Main entrance and stairway, center

building 18x22

8306. Chapel in center building 18x22

3307. Disturbed ward D, male patients 18x22

3308. Superintendent's hall, center buildingl8x22

3309. Alcove and hall, ward A 18x22

3310. Associate dining hall, female patientsl8x22

3311. Lake and summer house 24x36

3312. Tennis grounds 18x22

3313. Disturbed ward C, female patients.. .24x36

3314. Disturbed ward south, annex building24x36

3316. Croquet grounds 18x22

3318. Summer house 24x36

PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN AT THE SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR
INSANE AT ANNA, ILL.

No. View. Size.

3660. Ward A-1, north wing, male patients.l8x22 inches

3661. Disturbed ward E-3, south wing 18x22 **

3662. Main hall-way in center building 18x22 **

3663. Ward No. 3 and alcove 18x22 '*

3664. Amusement hall, center building 18x22 •*

3665. Laundry room 18x22 •'

3666. Cottage ward 18x22 "

3667. Bird's eye view of lawn front, main

building 18x22 •*

8668. Ward E-1, south wing 18x22 "

3669. Bird's eye view, annex building 24x36 "

3670. Bird's eye view, annex southeast 18x22 "

3671. Farm buildings 24x36 *'

3672. Main building from north 24x36 *'

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Southern Hospital for inaane—Concluded.

No. View. Size.

3673. Dining room, main building 18x22 inches

3674. Alcove in north wing, main building.. 24x36 *'

3675. Kitchen in annex 24x36 "

3676. Superintendent's oflBce, main build-

ing 18x22 "

3677. Clbthes room in annex 18x22 "

3678. Dining room in annex 24x36 **

3679. Dining room in disturbed ward 18x22 "

3680. Hall-way on 2d floor, main building.24x36 "

3681. Boiler room in annex 18x22 **

3682. Ward in main building 18x22 "

3683. Ward 4 in annex, females 24x36 "

3684. Ironing room 18x22 "

3685. Dynamo room.. 18x22 **

SQ8o%. Hall way in annex 18x22 "

3686. Dormitory in ward 3 24x36 "

3687. Physician's oflSce, annex 18x22 '^

3689)i. Billiard room, ward A, 1 24x36 "

PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN AT THE EASTERN HOSPITAL
FOR INSANE AT KANKAKEE.

No. View. Size.

3500. Cottage dining room 18x22 inches

3501. Fire department 18x22

3502. Ladies' ward, room 2 north 24x36

3503. Main dining room 24x36

3504. Business manager's office 18x22

3505. Supply clerk's office 18x22

3506. Sitting room 24x36

3507. Mattress and rug room 24x36

3508. Laboratory 24x36

3509. Bakery 18x22

3510. Water tower and engine house 18x22

3511. Kitchen 24x36

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567

Eastern HospitcU or Jrwane— Concluded.
No. View. Size.

3512. Printing and shoe room 18x22 inches

3513. Boiler room 24x36 "

3514. Cottage sitting room 18x22 "

3515. Carpenter shop 18x22 "

3516. Dormitory 24x36 ''

3517. Waterworks, pumps, fire engine 18x22 **

3518. Laundry room, washing machines.. .24x36 **

3519. Soap factory 18x22 "

3520. Machine shop 24x36 "

3521. Slaughter and packing house 18x22 "

3522. Cottage infirmary 18x22 *'

3523. Associate dining room 18x22 **

3532. Amusement hall 18x22 "

In all, there seem to be one hundred and forty photo-
graphs 18x22 jnches, framed 24x28 inches; and seventj^-
nine photographs 24x36 inches, framed 30x40 inches;
total, two hundred and nineteen photographs framed,
and thirty-four photographs on stretchers, not framed.

Another highly interesting and important exhibit made
by each of the State Charitable Institutions was a brief
history (largely statistical) of each institution, prepared
by the Superintendent thereof, which your Committee
had printed in pamphlet form and illustrated with a
number of photographic views taken at the several in-
stitutions for judicious free distribution during the Expo-
sition to the visitors most interested in the work of
charitable institutions.

Of these histories 10,000 copies of the history of the
Institution for the Blind; 8,000 copies of the history of
the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb; and 5,000 copies
of the history of each of the other State Charitable In-
stitutions were printed and most of them distributed
during the Exposition by those in superintendance of
the exhibits of these institutions.

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Copies of those histories were bound in more perma-
nent form and distributed as follows :

One copy to the office of each county clerk in the State,

One copy to each of the State officers,

One copy to each State Charitable Institution,

One copy to each member of this Commission and to
its secretary.

The cost of making and framing and hanging the pho-
tographs taken at the State Charitable Institutions, in-
cluding the supervision and assistance of members of
this Committee, was approximately the sum of $3,000.00,
and the cost of the histories of the several Institutions
was approximately $1,000.00.

These photographs and histories were the only exhibits
made by the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home; the Soldiers'
Orphans' Home; the Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the
Hospitals for Insane, except the Northern Hospital at
Elgin.

This Institution made a most beautiful and interesting
exhibit of fine art and handiwork (made by the patients)
consisting of eighteen oil paintings, chiefly of various
kinds of flowers, book-marks, handkerchiefs, glove-boxes;
twenty-one specimens of fine needlework of various arti-
cles, including pin-cushions, chair tidies, photograph
holders, handkerchiefs, mats, etc., and thirty specimens
of crochet-work of different articles, including sofa-pillows,
paper-holders, ladies' aprons and skirts, chair tidies, and
about one dozen bunches of lace.

EXmBIT OF THE ASYLUM FOB FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDBEN.

The Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children made a most
wonderful, extensive and varied exhibit, consisting of
forty-five specimens of hand carved wood-work. Among
the more prominent of these, and worthy of special men-
tion are two large door shutters, one mantel, one book-

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case, a what-not and a settee or sofa, and a large num-
ber of picture frames, thirteen pieces of hammered brass
work, six oil paintings, thirty specimens of paper and
needlework of different articles, thirty-nine specimens of
lace, embroidery and croehet work of various articles,
fifteen specimens of needlework on various articles of
dress, pillows, rugs and mats, boots, and seven pairs of
shoes.

EXHIBIT MADE BY THE INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF
AND DUMB.

As described by the Superintendent, Prof. S. T. Walker:
First, the school represented by complete sets of lesson
papers from each class bound in attractive volumes.
Second, the art department was represented by a large
number of pictures, the work of our students in this de-
partment, including pen and ink work in black and white,
water color and oil work, one piece being a very credit-
able oil painting of Rev. Thomas Gallaudet, the founder
of deaf education in America.

The industrial department of this Institution which is
co-important, was represented by several pieces of furni-
ture from the cabinet shop, including a bedstead, dresser,
wash-stand, book-case, office desks and a very elabo-
rately carved sideboard. The furniture was the work of
the pupils. The carving on the sideboard was the work
of the art pupils. There was also a carved chair, carved
bench and carved easel. The shoe shop was represented
by several pairs of both men's and women's shoes, the
work of pupils in this department, and the printing office
was represented by bound volumes of the weekly paper
published at the Institution called The Deaf Mute Ad-
vance, and by a large album of samples of job printing
done in the office by pupils; also a very handsome illus-
trated twenty-eight page prospectus of the school printed
in the printing office.

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570

The room Bet aside for the exhibition was also embel-
lished by very large sized photographs of the buildio^
and grounds of the Institution. And what attracted
most of the publi«^ attention was the photographs illus-
trating the methods of teaching the dumb to talk.

EXHIBIT MADE BY THE INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND,

As described by Frank H. Hall, Superintendent of the In-
stitution and of the exhibit prior to the Ist of July, 1893.

Machinery and tyjye for printing embossed characters;
operated by a blind boy; thousands of slips printed for
free distribution.

Machinery for making brooms; oj^eraced by a blind
man; hundreds of whisk brooms made and sold at 10
cents each.

Sewing machines; operated by a blind prirl; a great
variety of articles made and sold as souvenirs.

Remington typewriter; operated by a blind boy; wrote
large numbers of slips for free distribution, and occasion-
ally wrote letters from dictation for pay.

The Braille-writer; operated sometimes by a blind boy,
at other times by a blind girl; slips prepared for free
distribution.

The stereotype-maker; operated by a blind man; from
six to ten pages of copper stereotypes of standard music
prepared each day. These plates are now the property
of the Illinois Institution for the Blind, and from them
music is printed for use in the school.

The **New York Point Slate" was in constant use by
the side of the '^Illinois Braille- writer," thus bringing
the old and the new into striking contrast.

Several girls were employed in making bead work, in
crocheting, knitting, hammock making, etc.

One or two pupils were kept constantly busy illustrat-
ing the method of reading by touch.

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571

At stated intervals music was provided; a piano, cor-
net, violin, violoncello, clarionet, euphonium and trom-
bone being the principal instruments used.

A great variety of work from the shops and sewing
rooms of the Institution was also on exhibition.

Twenty-two blind persons took part in the exhibition,
the usual number present at any one time being thir-
teen.

LIST OF AKTICLES MADE BY THE BLIND AND EXHIBITED
IN THE ILLINOIS BUILDING.

Shop-work.— Brooms of all kinds, caned chairs.

Needle-work.— Aprons, handkerchiefs, dress, bed quilt,
embroidered doylies.

Knitting and Crochet.— Pillow sham, laces, mats, head-
rests, carriage afghan, cushions, dressed dolls, capes,
fascinators, shawls, skirts* mittens, holders.

Netting.— Hammocks, horse nets, throws, bead work,
rope table, paper and cloth flowers.

Machinery and Appliances.— Sewing machine, Reming-
ton typewriter. Braille- writer, stereotype maker, Braille
and New York point slates, printing press, books and
music in embossed characters, broom machine, map of
Jackson Park. Thirteen pupils at work in the foregoing.

The personal exhibit made of twelve to fifteen of the
students of the Institution for the Education of the
Blind under the direct supervision of Prof. Frank H.
Hall, Superintendent of that Institution, and of his suc-
cessor in office. Dr. W. F. Short, was by far the most
interesting and attractive of all the exhibits made by
the State Charitable Institutions and one of the most
attractive made in the Illinois State Building.

And this Committee desires to pay the tribute of their
high regard and admiration of the consummate ability
and fidelity of Prof. Hall in organizing and superintend-
ing this personal exhibit, and especially to the equani-

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572

mity and good humor shown by him under his retirement
from the position of Superintendent, which in no wise
dampened or diminished his energy in making his ex-
hibit a grand success, and which was in marked contrast
with the conduct of the superintendents of two or three
of the other institutions, under this discouraging ordeal.

And this Committee would come short of its duty dirt it
fail to express its disapprobation of the withdrawal of
this most interesting and attractive personal exhibit by
the Trustees of that Institution soon after the attendance
at the Exposition had grown to very large proportions.
For this unfortunate withdrawal, we believe that the
Superintendent, Dr. Short, was in no wise responsible.

This Committee may be excused for congratulating
itself and the Commission and the State Charitable In-
stitutions upon the general success of the exhibits made
by them, and especially upon the fact that this exhibit
was made at an expenditure of less than half the amount
of money apportioned to them for making it, and that
of the 120,000 apportioned for this purpose, more
than half, nearly three-fifths, yet remain in the State
treasury.

Kespectively submitted,

James M. Washburn, Chairman;

A. B. HOSTETTER,

B. F. Wyman,
W. D. Stryker.

Committee.

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REPORT OP COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK.

>T virtue of Division (f) of Section 2 of "An act
to provide for the participation of the State of Illi-
nois in the World's Columbian Exposition, etc.," it is
provided that 'Tive per cent, of the amount appro-
priated by this act shall be devoted to the encourage-
ment of an exhibit of the live stock owned in the State
of HHnois."

In the organization of the Illinois Board of World's
Fair Commissioners, to carry out the mandate of the
Legislature in this respect, a committee on "Live Stock
Exhibit" was appointed, consisting of Messrs. Fulkerson,
Chairman; Chester, Virgin, Wyman and Johns.

On December 3, 1891, the Committee called a meeting
at Springfield, Illinois, to which were invited *'all persons
interested in the exhibit of Illinois live stock at the
World's Fair," together with a delegate representative
from each of the different live stock associations of the
State, to consider the most satisfactory method of mak-
ing and managing the exhibit and disbursing the ap-
propriation.

After full consideration of the subject at the meeting
above referred to, and at subsequent conferences, the
following schedule and rules, adopted by the Committee
and approved by the Board, were published :

To the Zwe Stock Exhibitor 8 of the State of IlUnois:

The Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners have
made the following rules and schedule for the distribu-
tion of the sum set apart by the Act of June 17, 1891,
for the encouragement of an exhibit of live stock owned
in the State of Illinois and exhibited at the World's
Columbian Exposition.

B73

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574

First. The freight charges will be paid on all horses,
cattle (including cows in the Dairy School), swiae and
sheep from all points in Illinois.

Second. The express charges will be paid on poultry
from all parts of Illinois.

Third. Receipted bills of lading only will be accepted
as evidence of charges paid.

Fourth. After the payment of charges as provided for
in rules 1, 2 and 3, the balance of the appropriation so
set apart for the encouragement of live stock exhibit for
the State of Illinois will be divided as follows:

To horses, 37 per cent.,

To eattle, 30 per cent.,

To swine, 15 per cent..

To sheep, 12 per cent.,

To poultry, 6 per cent.,

A catalogue of the exhibits made and by whom, also

an itemized statement of disbursements to exhibitors, is

hereunto appended.

Respectfully submitted,

W. H. FULKERSON,

BALANCE SHEET.
Dr.

To amount State appropriation ?40,000 00

Or.

By amount charged administra-
tion $3,000 00

By amount freight on live stock. 3,308 78

By amount horses, 37% 12,404 29

By amount cattle, 30% 10,106 17

By amount hogs, 15% 5,053 09

By amount sheep, 12% 4,042 47

By amount poultry, 6% 2,02123

Balance on hand 3 97

140,000 00-140,000.00

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EXHIBIT OF LIVE STOCK.

DiTlsion A.— Cattle.

Class I.—Short-Horn.

SECTION 1.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksoiiviile..Thistlewood.

SECTION 2.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville...

L. W. Brown & Sou, New Berlin ,,

" " Yeodor's Mazurka

Green Bros., Indianola

O. W. Fisher, Assumption Mary's Waterloo Earl.

SECTION 8.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksohville.. La vender King.
L. W. Brown & Son, New Berlin. .King Richard...
Oreen Bros, Indianola ,

SECTION 4.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville.. Lavender King 6th

L. W. Brown & Son, New Berlin. .Gold Dust

J. D. Varner, Indianola Red Knight

•' '* Columbus (not shown).

O. W. Fisher, Assumption Clear-the-VVay

T. W. Hunt, Ashton Springing Star

675

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BECTION 5.

J. H. Potts A Son, Jacksonville.. Sempstress of Oakland

5th

L. W. Brown & Son, New Berlin..Account of Maplewood

16th Nelly Bly of River-

dale

Green Bros., Indianola Scottish Lady

0. W. Fisher, Assumption Lovely Pride

17th Scottish Lady

SECTION 6,

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville

Fannie Airdrie 25th

L. W. Brown & Son, New Berlin.. Fannie Oxford 4th

Green Bros., Indianola Sharoness of Maple

Grove 3d

0. W. Fisher, Assumption Rose Montroth 4th

" " Jessie Hopewell

SECTION 7.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville

** " Caroline of Oakland 6th

L. W. Brown & Son, New Berlin..Marguerite 5th

Green Bros., Indianola Easter Day of Maple

Grove 3d..

" " Lucille 5th

0. W. Fisher, Assumption Glen Tthan 5th (not

shown)

T. W. Hunt, Ashton..

.Maid of Atta 2d.

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BECTION 8.

J. H. Potts A Son, Jacksonville .

Fannie Airdrie 85th

L. W. Brown & Son, New Berlin..Ladj Mason of Berlin

10th

" " 2d Cordelia of Maple-

wood (not shown)....

Ureen Bros., Indianola Young Mary of Maple

Grove 4th

J. D. Varuer, " aaribelle ;....

0. W. Fisher, Assumption Ruth.

T. W. Hunt, Ashton

SECTION 9.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville..

it u

L. W. Brown & Son, New Berlin..Toung Marshall

'* ** Acomb of Maplewood.

Fannie Oxford 4th.

Green Bros., Indianola.

u u

.Scottish Lady 18th

.Bharoness of Maple

Grove

.Luella 5th

-87

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SECTION 10.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jack8onville..Lavender King 4th.

Green Bros., Indianolar..

J. D. Varner,

Sanspareil of Oakland

6th

Emma 13th

.Easter Day of Maple
Grove 2d

.Young Mary of Maple
Grove 3d

.Sharoness of Maple
Grove 5th

.Red Princess.

New Year's Gift.

Isabelle

0. VV. Fisher, Assumption (not shown)

SECTION 11.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville.. King of Aberdeen

" " Chancellor

" " Emma 11th

" " Surprise of Oakland 3d

" *• Surprise of Oakland 4th

L. W. Brown & Son, New Berlin.... (not shown)

Green Bros., Indianola Royal Britton

Royal Phillis 3d

" ** Royal Consul 2d

Roulette

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Green Bros., Indianola Sharoness of Maple

Grove 2d

J. D. Varner, Indianola (notbhown)

T. W. Hunt, Ashton "

SECTION 12.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jack8onville..Emma 7th

" '" Emma 14th.
** " Surprise

a €1

i( n

T. W. Hunt, Ashton Hattie Bell

" Beautiful Bell

'' Silver Flower

(Sweepstakes animals shown in above sections.)

Class II.— Hereford.

SECTION 1.

Thos. Clark, Beecher Sanhedrim

SECTION 2.

H. J. Fluck, Goodenow Sitting Bull ...

Todd Benjamin, Sugar Grove Wilton Grove.

SECTION 8.

Thos. Clark, Beecher Lars

SECTION 4.
H. J. Fluck, Goodenow Monitor P.

SECTION 5.

Thos. Clark, Beecher Bess

.Plum.

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580

BEGTION 6.

Thos. Clark, Beecher JiDgle.

SECTION 7.

H. J. Fluck, Goodenow Scirah Berohardt.

ThoB. Clark, Beecher Evergreen Fairy..

" " Juvenile

BECTION 8.

Thos. Clark, Beecher Beauty

** " Sunflower 2d.

SECTION 9.

Thos. Clark. Beecher.

tt it

It u

SECTION 10.

Thos. Clark, Beecher (not shown).

SECTION 11.
Thos. Clark, Beecher Peerless Wilton.

(i it

11 ti

a (t

tt tt

SECTION 12.

Thos. Qark. Beecher (not shown)..,

(Sweepstakes same aj3 above shown).

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Class III.— Aberdeen-Angus.

SECTION 1.

B. R. Pierce, Creston (not shown).

SECTION 2.
J. J. fiodgers, Abingdon Young Wellington.

SECTION 8.
J. J. Bodgers, Abingdon Columbian Prince..

SECTION 4.

B. R. Pierce, Creston Blackbird June.

SECTION 5.

B. R. Pierce, Creston Heather Bloom

Bell of Cottage Grove.

J. J. Rodgers, Abingdon Myrtle Pride

SECTION 6.

B. R. Pierce, Creston Princess of Woodland..

J. J. Rodgers, Abingdon Nell of Cottage Grove..

SECTION 7.

B. R. Pierce, Creston Blackbird of Woodland

'* *' Pride 2d of Woodland..

J. J. Rodgers, Abingdon Little Belle

" " Princess Martha Wajsh-

ington

SECTION 8.
B. R. Pierce, Creston Young Pearl

J. J. Rodgers, Abingdon Lola Pride.

« *' Edith Belle.

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BECTION 9.

B. R. Pierce, Creston (not shown).

J. J. Rodgers, Abingdon

a it

n it

a li

SECTION 11.

B. L. Pierce, Creston Wellington.

J. J. Rodgers, Abingdon Prince Regnant.

" *' Columbus, Jr....

•* " Mino Columbia.

tc n

(Sweepstakes same as shown above.)
Class IV.— Galloway.

SECTION 1.
S. P. CJlarke, Dover Crusader King.,

SECTION 2.
S. P. Clarke, Dover Dixon Dixie

SECTION 8.
i. P. Clarke, Dover Dixie's King.

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8ECTION 4.

S. P. Clarke, Dover

SECTION 5.

S. P. Clarke, Dover Florence Dixie.

" ** Victoria 2d

SECTION 6.

S. P. Clarke, Dover Tobey 2d of Dover.

SECTION 7.

S. P. Clarke, Dover Nancy of Dover..

ii it

SECTION 8.

S. P. Clarke, Dover

(i ((

SECTION 9.

S. P. Clarke, Dover

" *' Victoria 2d of Closeburn

" " Glen of Ivy Gate.

'* '* Laurigg 8th

SECTION 10.
S. P. Clarke, Dover Prince Mark...,

" " Nannie Dover.

" Rose of Joy Gate.

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SECTION 11.

S. P. Clarke, Dover..

4C ({

SECTION 12.

S. P. Clarke, Dover

((

.Dixon's Dixie 8d.

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).
Class V.— Devon.

SECTION 1.

John Hudson, Moweaqua Boyal Somerset..

SECTION 2.

John Hudson, Moweaqua Lord Birkley.

SECTION 8.

John Hudson, Moweaqua

" " Walter Farthing.

SECTION 4.

John Hudson, Moweaqua Gladstone

" " Fragrant Lad.

SECTION 5.
John Hudson, Moweaqua Picture 7th.....

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SECTION 6.

John Hudson, Moweaqua

SECTION 7

John Hudson, Moweaqua

SECTION 8.

John Hudson, Moweaqua Duchess of Woodland 2d

* •' Honey Dew of Wood-

land 6th

SECTION 9.

John Hudson, Moweaqua.

€t
it
it
ii
it
C*
C4

.Fancy Robin.

SECTION 10.
John Hudson, Moweaqua

.Honey Dew of Wood-
land 4th

.Myrtle 18th

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SECTION 11.

John Hudson, Moweaqua Quebec

'' '* Tulip of Woodland 4th.

*■ " Sarah of Woodland

** '* Heartsecuse of Woodland

" " Duchess of Woodland....

" •* Milverton

" " Ben Eldridge

" " Myrtle 17th

•• " Tulip of Woodland 7th.

" " Tulip of Woodland 8th.

SECTION 12.

John Hudson, Moweaqua Myrtle 15th

" Prince of Woodland.

.Heartsease of Woodland
2d

Heartsease of Woodland

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class VI.— Jersey.

SECTION 1.

Latimer & Miller, Abingdon Queen's Dandy.

SECTION 2.

Latimer & Miller, Abingdon Turbigo's Best.

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BEGTION 8.

Latimer & Miller, Abingdon Queen's Christmas Gift.

SECTION 4.
Latimer ft Miller, Abingdon Hilarious Jim

SECTION 7.

Latimer ft Miller, Abingdon Image

Pack's Hallie.

SECTION 8.

Latimer & Miller, Abingdon Kittie King's Princess.

** " Queen's Katisho

SECTION 9.

Latimer & Miller, Abingdon Queen's Zora..

" " Bonnie Hallie.

SECTION 11.

Latimer & Miller, Abingdon

(( ti

SECTION 18.

Latimer & Miller, Abingdon.. Bonanza.

(( «

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

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588
Class Xn.— Polled Dubham.

SECTION 1.

Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon Red Duke..

SECTION 3.

Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon Royal..,

" " Superb.

SECTION 4.

Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon Triumph.

.Duke of Hedge Lawn.

SECTION 5.

Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon Pride 18.

" " Pattie 8..

SECTION 6.

Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon Bonnie Pride..,

SECTION 7.

Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon Pattie's Pride..

" " Pride 2d

SECTION 8.

Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon Carnation.

SECTION 9.

Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon

" " Pattie.

it it

ti if

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589

SECTION 10.

Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon

** Moss Rose 2d.

" Fossite

SECTION 11.
Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon

SECTION 12.
Burleigh & Dewey, Mazon

Lady May

Grover

Codo

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class XIV.— Brown Swiss.

SECTION 1.

E. M. Barton, Hinsdale.

SECTION 2.

A. Bourquin, Nokomis.

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590

SECTION 3.

E. M. Barton, Hinsdale

SECTION 4.

A. Bourquin, Nokomis

E. M. Barton, Hinsdale Hemrick.

SECTION 5.

A. Bourquin, Nokomis Brienz....

Cornelia.

E. M. Barton, Hinsdale Nancy....

SECTION 6.
A. Bourquin, Nokomis

E. M. Barton, Hinsdale Zoe..

SECTION 7.

A. Bourquin, Nokomis Lelia B

E. M. Barton, Hinsdale May Stauffaeher.

SECTION 8.

A. Bourquin, Nokomis ,

E. M. Barton, Hinsdale.

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BECTION

Bourquin,
M. Barton

Nokomis....

((

I, Hinsdale..

SECTION

10.

Bourquin,
it

((

M. BartoD
<<

Nokomis ...

((

«c

, Hinsdale..,
<{

a.i

• «

....Gabrielle

....Werner Stauffacber

....Nightingale

• «

....Mollie Garfield

....Stiefnittecher

it
it

•.

••

....Rosebud Blanc

....Nocola

SECTION

11,

Bourquin,

Nokomis

....Teddy

....Ermia

<«

•<

....Araito

.«...••..

....Roxy

• •••■'

....Edith

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E. M. Barton, Hinsdale Bichard Stauffa«her...

((

(•

.Echo

. Virgilia .

SECTION 12.

A. Boarquiu, Nokomis Frederick Stauffacher..

Muggins

" Gertie.

.Cloe...
.Lelia.

E. M. Barton, Hinsdale.

.Tess .

.Mount Blanc,

•Leap Year Blanc.
.Grover Blanc

SECTION 18.
A. Bourquin, Nokorais Margie— Dam.

E. M. Barton, Hinsdale..

((

«<

.Biber.

" Bernhard ,

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Digitized by VjOOQIC

593
DiTiBion B.— Horses.

Class XXI.— Standard Tbotteb.

SECTION 1.

L. A. Davis, Geneva.... Roy Wilkes

J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester Kentucky Peak.

E. B. Smith, Chicago Keswick

SECTION 7.
Cram Bros.,Literberry Nannie.

SECTION 8.

J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester Flossie Fletcher.

SECTION 9.

J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester Ardarth

SECTION 10.
J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester Nelly Marshall.

SECTION 11.
Crum Bros.,Literberry Algerda..

SECTION 18.

J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester Marion N.

Class XXIII.— French Coach.

SECTION 1.

Ed. Miller, Ancona Jongleur...,

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Perfection.

*' " Kervella.....

-38

Digitized by VjOOQIC

694

SECTION 2.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Lord Fritz Graft.

SECTION 8.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Rapid

** Urbin

SECTION 4.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Nunphar.

'' " Monaco...

J. P. Mc Williams, Dwight (Jeneral...

SECTION 5.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Patrician

" Prince Colbri.

SECTION 6.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Partisan.,

*' " Prospero.

SECTION 7.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Sopha

'* *' Elegance.

" " Gabrielle.

SECTION 8.

T. Buttorworth, Chicago Fugitive...

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Liberta....

" Ecletante.

SECTION 9.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Tempest..,

" Modestin..

Digitized by VjOOQIC

595

SECTION 10.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Vereine

SECTION 11.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Mignonne.

J. P. McWilliams, Dwight Beauty

" Daisy

SECTION 12.

J. P. MoVymiams, Dwight Estella

SECTION 18.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Gabrielle...

" Marrianne.<

SECTION 14.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Perfect

" Idole

J. P. McWilliams, Dwight Dandola

(Sweepstakes not shown above).

COLLECTION,

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Barbarianna..

" Parthean

((

<( n

*' Peruvian....

Esmeralda.

" Heroine.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

696
Clasb XXiy.«— Oldbnburo, HANOvERfAN, Trakehnek

AND HOLSTEIN Ck>ACH.
8E0T10N 1.

Oltmanns Bros., Agent, Wat8eka..Emmo 695

T. Boekhoff, Watseka Phillipp

Oltmanns BroB., " Wochtmister 942

'• " Hero ,

SECTION 2.

Oltmanns Bros., Agent, Wat8eka..Mons 950

Ulfert Poppen, German Valley Young Alexandria..

SECTION 8.

Oltmanns Bros., Watseka Maninngo 945

Oltmanns Bros., Agent, Watseka.. Hobbo 948

SECTION 4.

Oltmanns Bros., Agent, Watseka..Ajax 949

" " ...Bertus 947

SECTION 5.

Ulfert Poppen, German Valley Felix 747

" " Ferdinand 749.

SECTION 6.

Ulfert Poppen, German Valley Magnet 751

SECTION 7.
Ulfert Poppen, German Valley Young Alexander 585.

" Clara.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

597

SECTION 8.

OltmannsBros., Wateeka Else 22

Anna 20

Dlfert Poppen, German Valley Angusto 62,

SECTION 10.
Oltmanns Bros., Watseka Henrietta 297.

SECTION 11.

Oltmanns Bros., Watseka Bell of Watseka.

Dlfert Poppen, German Valley Frederick 64

SECTION 12.
Oltmanns Bros., Watseka Columbia.

SECTION 18.

Ulfert Poppen, German Valley Clara 100..

*' ** Sarah 102.

SECTION 14.

Oltmanns Bros., Watseka Anna

Ulfert Poppen, German Valley Marl Angusto.

*' " Frederick

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class XXV.— CiiEVBLAND Bay.

SECTION 1.

Geo. E. Brown, Aurora Eclat 486

" " Escort 765

Stericker Bros , Springfield High Cliffe 555

" " IngmanthorpeBaron754

Digitized by VjOOQIC

598

BEGTIOX 2.

G. E. Brown, Aurora Marion

" ** Conquest

Stericker Broe., Springfield Sir James 668...

Magnet 858..!

B. F. Dorsey, Sons & Co., Perry..Rillington Kaiser 1100

SEGTfON 3.

G. E. Brown, Aurora Sir Christopher

Stericker Bros., Springfield Paragon

B. F. Dorsey, Sons & Co , Perry. .Lord Lytton 1190

SECTION 4.

G. E, Brown, Aurora Harkaway 1007.

SECTION 5.

G. E. Brown, Aurora Ruby 1009

Stericker Bros., Springfield Paul Pry 957

SECTION 7.

G. E. Bfown, Aurora Gloucester 26

Sir Christopher 942.

Stericker Bros., Springfield Lord Chief Justice....

'' " Poppy

" " Primrose

SECTION 8.

G. E. Brown, Aurora Trinket 5...

Stericker Bros., Springfield Dewdrop 4.

SECTION 10.

G. E. Brown, Aurora Eveline 247....

*' *' Esfer 248

Stericker Bros., Springfield Primrose 175.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

599

SECTION 13.

Stericker Bros., Springfield Poppy 286.

(Sweepstakes same as above).

Class XXVI.— Pbrchebon.

SECTION 1.

E. Stetson & Son, Neponset Victor

" Hercules

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Farfoit

" Fier-a-Brass.

J. P. McWilliams, Dwight Valseur

SECTION 2.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Introvable 16875.

SECTION 8.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Argentine.

" ** Cocardos..

SECTION 4.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Tsaure....

" ** Endonni.

SECTION 5.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Duncan.

'* " Maces....

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Moreri...

" " Boissy...

Digitized by VjOOQIC

600

SECTION 6.

M. W. Dnnham, Wayne Boabdil.

" Alcalde...

SECTION 7.

M. W. DoDham, Wayne Aiglo

" " Ballantine.

" " Alcalde

" Elphin

SECTION 8.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Estelle

" " Animore

M. W. Donham, Wayne Bertha

" Etoile de Perche..

SECTION 10.

M. W. Dnnham, Wayne Fontine*.

SECTION 11.

M. W. Dnnham, Wayne Jeanne d*Arc.

" Viola

SECTION 12.

M. W. Dnnham, Wayne Voltine..

" " Joy

SECTION 14.

M. W. Dnnham, Wayne Valentine

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Digitized by VjOOQIC

601
Class XXVII.— CLYDESDAiiB.

SECTION 1.

Robt. HoUoway, Alexis Macara 5586.

SECTION 2.

Robt. HoUoway, Alexis Prince of Quality..

" " Prince Charming...

Parker Bros., Wyoming Handsome Prince.

H. Yon Biedenfield, Oranville Lynedock Chief

SECTION 8.

Robt. Holloway, Alexis Magnet.

•• " Startle;.

SECTION 4.

Robt. HoUoway, Alexis Prince Attractive.

•• *' Prince Deserving..

A. O. Soderberg, Osco Scottish Chief

SECTION 5.

Robt. HoUoway, Alexis Prince Matchless.

" " Prince Sturd

SECTION 6.

Robt. HoUoway, Alexis Prince Damley..

" " Lord Charming.

SECTION 7.

Robt. HoUoway, Alexis Cedric

« •* Mognt

•* •' Lovely Lass.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

602

8ECTION 8.

Robt. Ilolloway, Alexis St. Cuthbert's Maggie.

" " Minuet

BECTION 9.

Robt. Holloway, Alexis Myrtle

SECTION 10.

Robt. Holloway, Alexis Marjory

A. G. Soderberg, Osco Lady Baron.

SECTION 11.
Robt. Holloway, Alexis Crosby Gem..

SECTION 12.

Robt. Holloway, Alexis Fickle Fortune PrincesB

*• •' Cherry Macara

SECTION 13.

Robt. Holloway, Alexis Princess Minne

'* " Beatrice Regnant.

SECTION 14.
Robt. Holloway, Alexis Minnie Tarbroek..

'* *' Prince Resolute.

'' " Cherry Ripe

•* ** Princess Charming.

(Sweepstakes same as above).
(Horses shown in Specials not shown above).

Robt. Holloway, Alexis.... Prince Expectant..

" " Prince Regnant

Digitized by VjOOQIC

603
Class XXVIII.— Shibb.

SECTION 1.

G. E. Brown, Aurora Holland Major

" '' Moulton Liffht of the

West

Burgess Bros., Wenona Knowle Light of the West

'• '' Bar Me

SECTION 2.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry.. Jururno

G. E. Brown, Aurora Major's Sort..

Burgess Bros., Wenona Wenona Albert

SECTION 8.

G. E. Brown, Aurora .Major Clark ....

*' '• Major Lincoln.

Burgess Bros., Wenona Nonpareil :

SECTION 4.

G. E. Brown, Aurora Major Winthrop...

^ ** Sir William

Burgess Bros., Wenona Wenona Hercules.

SECTION 5.

G. E. Brown, Aurora Major Murray

Burgess Bros., Wenona Columbia

*' " .Wenona Cardinal.

SECTION 6.

Burgess Bros., Wenona Wenona Romeo.

" ** Wenona Giant...

Digitized by VjOOQIC

604

SECTION 7.

Bargees Bros., Wenona Nielston Helpmate.

Wenona Columbia..

Wenona Harold

Wenona Primrose..

Wenona Empress...

Wenona Brunette...

*«

((

SECTION 8.

A. Q. Soderberg, Osco ...Sonsie

A. W. Hopkins, Peru Larnock Daisy 2d.

G. E. Brown, Aurora Axtel

Burgess Bros., Wenona Wenona Maid

" *' English Trust •

SECTION 9.

Bui^^ess Bros., Wenona Wenona Peach.

" *• Wenona Gray...

SECTION 10.
Burgess Bros., Wenona Wenona Chance..

SECTION 12.
Burgess Bros., Wenona Wenona

SECTION 18.
Burgess Bros., Wenona • Wenona Brunette.,

SECTION 14.

Burgess Bros., Wenona Lady Doof

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

SECTION 17.— COLLECTION.

G. E. Brown, Aurora (not shown)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

605

Class XXIX.— French Draft.

SBscnoN 1.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Belair

•' Montfort

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Saintongs

SECTION 2.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso C!onde...

Ed Miller, Ancona Byron..

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Milton..

SECTION 8.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso HUaire.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Negro...

SECTION 4.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Earlville

" " Mogemont.

M. W, Dunham, Wayne Brite

SECTION 5.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Fontain

" " „ Arion ,

Ed Miller, Ancona Louis Napoleon..

** " Dandy Montfort.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Alcola

SECTION 6.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Leonidas.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

606

SECTION 7.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Columbia.

Ed Miller, Ancona Montfort..

'^ Dollie

M. W. Dunham, Wayne LaFerte...

" " Morene

" " Chimere....

SECTION 8.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Suzanne...

" Lovette....

Ed Miller, Ancona.' Viola

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Semele

" Eldorado

SECTION 9.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso S\'lva

" Olivette....

SECTION 10.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Lordine.

Wm. Fry, El Paso Rhode...

SECTION 11.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Helena...

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Virginia.

•' Hazel

SECTION 12.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Min

Betsy

Ed Miller, Ancona Margaret.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Letonere..

" Bertine

Digitized by VjOOQIC

607

SECTION 14.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Elddml :..."

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class XXXII.— Hackney.

SECTION 1.

Stericker Bros., Springfield ..Pontifex

'' " Bectyive

Burgess Bros., Wenona Ringmaster....

SECTION 2.

Chas. C. Munroe, Rushville Lord Green.

SECTION 3.

Stericker Bros., Springfield Ruby

SECTION 6.

Burgess Bros., Wenona ...Wenona Index.

SECTION 8.

Burgess Bros., Wenona Black Queen...

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class XXXIII.— Morgan.

SECTION 1.

Morgan Horse Co., Carpentersville.Sultan.

Hillside Morgan.

SECTION 3.

Morgan Horse Co., Carpentersville. Winnebago Morgan .

Digitized by VjOOQIC

608

SECTION 4.

Morgan HorBeCk>.,Carpenter8yille.Capt. Allen .

" " Commodore Allen.

SECTION 5.

Morgan HorseCo., Garpentersville.Lnke Morgan

SECTION 6.
MorganHor8eGo.^CaFpeiitersyill6.Dake Morgan...

SECTION 8.

Morgan Horse Ck>.yCarp6nter8yille.Sun8et Morgan.
" " Flora 2d

SECTION 11.

Morgan HorseCo.fCarpentersville.Tempest Morgan.

SECTION 18.

Morgan Horse Co., Garpentersyille.Ealalia Morgan...
(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class XXXY.— Amebico-Arab.

SECTION 4.
M. W. Dnnham, Wayne Peruvian

SECTION 6.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Margot.

" " Adalie...

SECTION 10.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Marianna

" " Adelino

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Digitized by VjOOQIC

609
Class XXXVI.— French Trotters.

SECTION 1.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne

" Agnadel

SECTION 2.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Forcinal.

" Cagny....

SECTION 8.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Marandeur.,

** *' Merlerault..

SECTION 4.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Catscadur.

" Eclair

SECTION O.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Inkermann.

*' '* Ionian

SECTION 6.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Instant.

•* *' Idole

SECTION 7.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Indre.

Isaura...
Instant .
Idole

SECTION 8.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Isaure Clemence.

*^ Ketty

—39

Digitized by VjOOQIC

610

SECTION 9.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Allixia.

SECTION 10.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Mimosa

" Fleur-de-lis.

SECTION 11.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Eneide

SECTION 12.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne

"• " Peerless.

SECTION 13.

M. W. Dunham^Wayne

.Etoile.

SECTION 14.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne ....Isaure Clemence

Inez

'' '* Isaura

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Sans Vergogna

** ,.. Eclair

'' Instant

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

SECTION 17.
Collection consisting of 2 stallions and 3 mares nnder

4 years old.
M. W. Dunham, Wayne

.Italie

.Inkerman.
.Idole

Digitized by VjOOQIC

611
Class XXXVII— Saddle.

SECTION 1.

S. E. Powell, Peoria Artist, Jr..

SECTION 2.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Chenault....

" Woodford.

SECTION 4.

C. B. Pratt, Chicago Lottie P.

SECTION 5.

J. P. Mc Williams, Dwight Bess

SECTION 6.

Ed Hodgson, El Paso Miss Anderson.

SECTION 7.

J. B. White, Chicago Indian Boy.

(Sweepstakes same as above).

Special Class— Park and Fancy Gait.
C. B. Pratt, Chicago Boy Chief

Specials offered ly W, L Buchamom,

C. B. Pratt, Chicago Monie B

M. W, Dunham, Wayne Annie

Digitized by VjOOQIC

612
Class XXXIX.— Jacks and Jennets.

SECTION 2.

Converse Bros., Springfield Boston

SECTION 3.
Mason & Hill, Auburn Antar, Jr

SECTICN 4.

A. W. Hopkins, Peru Black Forest.

'" Duke

SECTION 5.

A. W. Hopkins, Peru Black Oak.

" Favorite...

SECTION 6.

Converse Bros., Springfield.... .....Columbus.

SECTION 7.

Converse Bros., Springfield...

.Antar.

SECTION 8.

Converse Bros., Springfield Sangamon Belle.

" " Belle of Illinois...

SECTION 12.
Converse Bros., Springfield Columbia.

SECTION 14.

Converse Bros., Springfield Miss Lyon

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Digitized by VjOOQIC

613
Special Class— Mules.

SECTION 6.

CoH verse Bros. , Springfield Belle. . . .

Ruth...

Special Horses to Harness.
Standard Trotter.

SINQLE stallion.

J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester Kentucky Peak.

PAIR MARES to HARNESS.

J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester Flossy Fletcher.

Ardarth

Crum Bros., Literberry Peerse

'* " Nannie

French Coach.

single stallion.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Premier

" Prince Colbri .

** Parthian

SINGLE MAKE.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Esmeralda.

'' Atlanta

.Barbarianna.
.Heroine

Digitized by VjOOQIC

614

French Trottbb. "
single stallion.
M. W. Dunham, Wayne Ionian.

SINGLE MARE.

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Peerless.

** Inez

Horses, Equipages and Appointments.

SECTION 1.

J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester Flossy C

Patsy

Crura Bros., Literberry Bonny

Marmaduke Wood, Chicago Salvador

" '* Jupiter

SECTION 2.

Marraaduke Wood, Chiccigo Neptune.

SECTION 3.

J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester Flossy....

SECTION 9.
Crura Bros., Literberry Alice.,

Ponies in Harness.
Mallen Bowen, Chicago Nightingale.

Special Prize Bronze StaiAie offered ly French Oovemment,
M. W. Dunhara, Wayne Iphigene

" ** Maringo

** '' Laigle

Digitized by VjOOQIC

61'5

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Trafalgar.

Lauchier..

.Kasbath

.Indre

.Ketty

.San Vergogne.
.Isan Clemence.

.Modestine

.Fleur-de-Lis....

.Italie

.Agnadel

.Forcina

.Marauder

.Euclair

.Inkerrnan

.Allixia

.Mimosa

.Eneid

Special.

L. A. Davis, Geneva Roy Wilkes

M. W. Dunham, Wayne Brilliant

" Aiglon

** LaFerte

" Valentine

*' Alone

** Indre

'' Elizabeth

** Isaur Clemence.

'' San Vergogne...

*' Bettino,

** Pervenche

** San Tacbe

** Perfection

Digitized by VjOOQIC

616
Divisioii C— Sheep.

Glass XLIII.— Southdown.

SECTION 2.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville.. Viceroy. .

SECTION 8.

J. H. Potts &. Son, Jacksonville.. Monarch.

..Brightly..

SECTION 4.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jackson ville..Athol

SECTION 5.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville..Dianiond

" " ..Belle of Morgan

SECTION 6.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jackson ville..Lady Coleman

SBCTIOX 7.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville.. Lady Webb 18

..Pet nth

SECTION 8.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonvillc.Pet 12th

SECTION 10.

J. H. Potts &. Son, JacksonvilIe..Queen

'' " ..Lady Coleman 14th.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

617

SECTION 11.

-J. H. Potts & Son, JacktionYille..KiDg

..Pet 11th.

..Lady Webb 19th,
(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class XLIV.— Shropshire.

SECTION 1.

Geo. Allen & Son, Allerton Proud Salopian....

" " .McFee's Miracle....

SECTION 3.

Oeo. Allen & Son, Allerton Young Salopian.

" " Conqueror 2d

SECTION 4.

Geo. Allen & Son, Allerton The Swell

SECTION 5.

Geo. Allen & Son. Allerton Allen's 1138.

Allen's 1231.

SECTION 6.

Geo. Allen & Son, Allerton Allen's 1359.

Allen's 1281.

SECTION 7.

Geo. Allen & Son, Allerton Lady Thorpe.

Allen's 1581..

Digitized by VjOOQIC

618

SECTION 8.

Geo. Allen & Son, AUerton Victoria Queen.

" Queen

SECTION 10.

Geo. Allen & Son, Allerton Allen's 1334.

SECTION 11.

Geo. Allen & Son, Allerton Bar None

Allen's 1659.

Allen's 1642.

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class XLV.— Oxford.

SECTION 1.

stone & Harris, Stonington Royal Tom...

SECTION 2.

Stone & Harris, Stonington Jim Corbett

SECTION 3.

Stone & Harris, Stonington Chicago of Stonington.

'* Dick Stone

SECTION 4.

stone & Harris, Stonington Lord Doniford

** '* Woodstock

SECTION 5.

Stone & Harris, Stonington Waddesdon Girl.

** *' Winchendon 5....

Digitized by VjOOQIC

619

SECTION 6.

Stone & Harris, Stonington Waddesdon Lass 5th.

Waddesdon Lass 6th.

SECTION 7.

Stone & Harris, Stonington Winchendon 78.

Winchendon 72 .

" SECTION 8.

Stone & Harris, Stonington Howell Pollie.

Howell Pet....

SECTION 9.

Stone & Harris, Stonington Waddesdon Girl 3d.

SECTION 10.

& Harris, Stonington....

....stone & Harris 688

(( »i

681

i( U

663

u n

642

(» tl

617

SECTION 11.

Stone & Harris, Stonington Stone & Harris 720.

'' " '' 736.

" '' '' 731.

'* '' '' 702..

" <* <« 721..

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Digitized by VjOOQIC

620
Class XLVII.— Merino (A).

8EC5TION 1.

E Peck & Son, Geneva 873

986

SECTION 2.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 311.

99...

SECTION 3.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 321.

" 326.

SECTION 5.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 2380.

SECTION 6.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 212...

" " 220...

SECTION 7.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 238...

<« " 242...

SECTION 8.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 2734.

1280..

Digitized by VjOOQIC

t521

SECTION 10.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 1248

2870

2G35

1211

1214

SECTION 11.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 2563

1068

1255

1277

1266

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class XL VIII.— Merino (B).

SECTION 1.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 2475

** *' 980

SECTION 2.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 1006

1012

SECTION 3.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 322

** 328

SECTION 5.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 2385

Digitized by VjOOQIC

622

SECTION 6.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 210.

" " 223.

SECTION 7.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 258.

235.

SECTION 8.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva.... 1279.

SECTION 10.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 841

2069

1240

1239

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Division D.— Swine.
Glass LV.—Berkshirb.

SECTION 1.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Barry Grand Duke.

SECTION 2.

A. J. Lovejoy, Roscoe Golden King

" Royal Lee 2d

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Sullivan's Choice.

SECTION 3.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Broad Fellow

Digitized by VjOOQIC

623

SECTION 4.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Dandy

*' Handsome.

SECTION 5.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Queen of Quality

SECTION 6.

A- J. Lovejoy, Roscoe Lady Kings Cote

'' '' Cherry Blossom Sallie.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Beauty 6th

*' Columbia

SECTION 7.

A. J. Lovejoy, Roscoe Lady Kings Cote 5th..

''' Lady Kings Cote 6th..

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Lady of Carlisle 7th....

*' Lady of Carlisle 8th....

SECTION 8.

A. J. Lovejoy, Roscoe Riverside Belle 16th

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Queen of Quality 2d....

" Queen of Quality 3d....

SECTION 9,

A. J. Lovejoy, Roscoe Riverside Belle 5th

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Beauty 7th

" Beauty 6th

SECTION 10.

A. J. Lovejoy, Roscoe Cherry Blossom Sallie

5th

Digitized by VjOOQIC

624

SECTION 11.

A. J. Lovejoy, Roscoe King's Duke

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Lady of Carlisle 9th.

SECTION 13.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Sullivan

(Sweepstakes same a43 above shown).

Class LVL— Poland-China.

SECTION 1.

F. M. Bauder, New Milford Tecumseh King.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Short Stop

" *' Stumpy Ashby..

C. W. Trone, Rushville Roy Wilkes

SECTION 2.

Danforth Bros., Deer Creek Onward

SECTION 3.

F. M. Bauder, New Milford Black U. S. Boy.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Catcher

SECTION 4.

F. M. Bauder, New Milford Black Jack...

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Allerton

** Allerton Boy.

Thomas Bennett, Rossville George

Digitized by VjOOQIC

625

SECTION 5.

Danforth Bros., Deer Creek Columbia

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Lady Allerton.

" Lady Nelson....

C. W. Trone, Bushville Nora Stark

SEC?riON 6.

Danforth Bros., Deer Creek Grand Lady

F. M. Bander, New Milford Lady Surprise

*' " Free Trade Queen.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Fanny Joker 4th..

'* " Cleopatra

SECTION 7.

Danfoi-th Bros., Deer Creek Our Daisy

F. M. Bauder, New Milford Model

*' '* Lady Wanamaker.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Ideal Lady

•• " Eulalia

SECTION 8.

Thomas Bennett, Eossville Topsey

F. M. Bauder, New Milford Rosa Bell 2d..

" •' Bosa Bell 3d..

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry May Allerton.

'* '* Perfection

SECTION 9.

Danforth Bros., Deer Creek Hopeful

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Sportsman

" " Lady Dorsey

** " Columbia Lady.

-40

Digitized by VjOOQIC

626

SECTION 11.

B. F. Doreey & Sons, Perry Nelson Allen....

SECTION 12.

Danforth Bros., Deer Greek Loyal Duke....

*' *• Notoriety

'' '* Peaceful Kate.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry OUie

SECTION 13.
B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Fancy Joker.

SECTION 14.

B. F. Dorsey & Sons, Perry Umpire

" Myrtle...

*' ** May French..

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Glass LVII.— Ghestkr White.

SECTION 1.

M. E. Newburn, Hennepin Putnam Duke.

SECTION 2.

M. E. Newburn, Hennepin Eclipse.

• " Royal...

SECTION 3.

M. E. Newburn, Hennepin Jupiter.

SECTION 4.

M. E- Newburn, Hennepin Storm..,

Digitized by VjOOQIC

627

SECTION 5.

M. E. Newburn, Hennepin Hennepin Belle..

" " Hennepin Maid.

SECTION 6.

M. E. Newburn, Hennepin Qaeen

.Princess A.

SECTION 7.

M. E. Newburn, Hennepin Venus

Venus 2d.

SECTION 8.

M. E. Newburn, Hennepin Ida

SECTION 9.

M. E. Newburn, Hennepin Princess B.

SECTION 11.
M. E. Newburn, Hennepin Venus 3d...

SECTION 14.

M. E. Newburn, Hennepin General

Snow

(Sweepstakes same a.s shown above).

Glass LVIII.— Duroc Jersey.

SECTION 1.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Cuekoo...

J. M. Stonobraker, Panola Exchanger

SECTION 2.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Cleveland....

G. W. Troiie, Rushville Buffalo Bill.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

628

SECTION 8.

Thoe. Bennett, RoBsville Hero

J. M. Stonebraker, Panola Buchanan

G. W. Trone, Rushville Rattlesnake Pete.

SECTION 4.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Jim

" John

J. M. Stonebraker, Panola Royal Duke

" • . *i Henry Clay

G. W. Trone, RuBhville Phil Armour

Johnny Mack

SECTION 5.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Remarkable...

J. M. Stonebraker, Panola Guina

G. W. Trone, Rushville Trone's Prize.

SECTION 6.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Nancy

«' •* Quick

J. M. Stonebraker, Panola Marthy

SECTION 7.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Brightness.

** " Famous

G. W. Trone, Rushville Roxy 1st...

" *' Roxy 2d....

SECTION 8.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Eugenia

" Hattie

J. M. Stonebraker, Panola Model of Beauty..

** " Princess Eulalia...

G. W. Trone, Rushville Grace Darling

" •* Grace Darling 2d.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

620

SECTION 11.

Thos. Bennett, Bossville IVfattie....

G. W. Trone, Rushville Roxy 3d.

SECTION 12.

J. M. Stonebraker, Panola Perfection

" *• Duchess of Woodford.

SECTION 18.
J. M. Stonebraker, PaiK)1a Chart

" Sir Knight

" Exchanger 2d

G. W. Trone, Rushville Grace Darling 3d

SECTION 14.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Prosperity

Eugene

J. M. Stonebraker, Panola Red Lady

(Sweepstakes sanie as shown above).

Class LIX.— Small Torkshire.

SECTION 1.

A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove CeBsar 3d

SECTION 2.
A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Grover Boy.

SECTION 8.
A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Wilber

SECTION 4.
A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Robbie.

.Ceesar's Frankie.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

630

SECTION 5.

A. p. Chapman, Sugar Grove Hannah Girl.

** '' Prize Chub....

SEcrroN 6,
A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Prize Chub^s Best.

SECTION 7.

A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Jennie Cole

SECTION 8.

A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Ceesar's Pansy

C8Bsar's Violet

SECTION 9.

A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Ceesar 4th

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class LX.— Essex.

SECTION 1.

H. H. Taylor, Heyworth Seldom Seen....

SECTION 2.

Thos. Taylor, Waynesville Grover.

SECTION 3.

H. H. Taylor, Heyworth Dan

SECTION 5.

Thos. Taylor, Waynesville Sarah 7th

'' '' Lady Perfection 2d.

SECTION 6.

Thos. Taylor, Waynesville Nellie G

Digitized by VjOOQIC

631

SECTION 7.

H. H.Taylor, Heyworth Bell 2d.

Bell 3d.

SECTION 10.

Thos. Taylor, Waynesville Lady Perfection.

SECTION 11.
H. H.Taylor, Heyworth Bell 4th

SECTION 13.

H. H.Taylor, Heyworth Bert

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

Fat Stock.
Class CXLVIIL— Short-Horn.

SECTION 1.

M. E. Jones, Williamsville Dr. Talmage...

Headlight

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville.. Viceroy

SECTION 2.

M. E. Jones, Williamsville Drum Major.

" Whiskers

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville.. Yroder Jr

SECTION 3.

M. E. Jones, Williamsville Roll of Honor

Bon Ton

J. H. Potts & Son, Jackson villcPrather

(Herd and sweepstakes same a.s shown above).

Digitized by VjOOQIC

632
Class CXLIX.— Hereford.

SECTION 2.

H. J. Fluck, Goodenow Percy

Tom C. Ponting, Moweaqua Ogden Armour.

SECTION 3.

Tom C. Ponting, Moweaqua Potter Palmer

(Herd and sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class CL— Angus.

SECTION 2.
B. R. Pierce, Creston Prince of Woodlawn

Class CLII.— Devon.

SECTION 1.

John Hudson, Moweaqua Lord Stanley

Taffy on t^e Stick.

" " Yankee Doodle

SECTION 2.

John Hudson, Moweaqua Taffy Jr

" " Sam Kidner.

SECTION 3.

John Hudson, Moweaqua Constitution.

" ** Inter Ocean. .

(Herd and sweepstakes same as shown above).

Class CLV.— Grades and Crosses.

M. E. Jones, Williams ville BaymerBearer

T. C. Ponting, Moweaqua Montgomery Ward.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

633

BECTIOI^ 2.

M. E. Jones, Williamsvillo Jack in the Bush.

H. J. FJuck, Goodenow Freeport

SECTION 3.

M. E. Jones, Williamsville Flying Dutchman..

(Herd and sweepstakes same as above shown).

Class CLXIV.— Southdown.

SECTION 1.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville. .Charlie Coleman.

" " Prince Charlie

Duke

SECTION 2.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville.. Duke 2d

" *' Champion

/SECTION 3.

J. H. Potts & Son, Jeu?ksonville..Arthur

*' *' David

" Herbert

(Sweepstakes same as shown above).

CltASS CLXXIII.— Berkshire.

SECTION 1.

Cass & Burns, Buffalo Hart., Artist

SECTION 2.

Ceiss & Burns, Buffalo Hart Matchless.

Bar None..

Digitized by VjOOQIC

634

SECTION 3.

Cass & Burns, Buffalo Hart Dandy

" " Goodenow...

SECTION 4.

(Pen same a.s shown above.)
CltAss CLXXIV.— PolandChina.

SECTION 1.

Thos. Bennet, Rossville Emperor

Class CLXXVI.— Duroc Jersey.

SECTION 1.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Chief

SECTION 2.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Record,

** *' News....

SECTION 3.

Thos. Bennett, Rossville Tribune

" Times

(Pen same as shown above).

Class CLXXVII.— Small Yorkshire.

SECTION 1.

A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Gus

.Grove.

SECTION 2.

A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Alfred..

" Archie.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

635

SECTION 3.

A. p. Chapman, Sugar Grove CsBsar

Lee

(Pen same as shown above.)

CltASS CLXXIX— Essex,

SECTION 1.

Thos. Taylor, Waynesville Jim

SECTION 2.

Thos. Taylor, Waynesville Joe

SECTION 8.

Thos. Taylor, Waynesville Bill.

(Pen same as shown above).
Class CXXXII.— Grades and Crosses.

SECTION 1.

Cass & Burns, Buffalo Hart Knox All

SECTION 2.

Cass & Burns, Buffalo Hart Cracker Jack...

" Sure Shot

SECTION 3.

Cass & Burns, Buffalo Hart Get There.

Billy

A. P. Chapman, Sugar Grove Fred

'* " Jim

(Pen same as shown above).

Breeders' Sweepstakes.

Cass & Burns, Buffalo Hart Seneca...

*' " Dick

Digitized by VjOOQIC

636

Poultry.

Class CVI.— American,
section 1.— barred plymouth cock.

COCK.

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

J. M. Rapp, LaMoiUe 1

BES.

Jacob Wolf, Bloomington 1

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 1

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

J. M. Rapp, LaMoiUe 1

COCKEREL.

S. S. Noble, Bloomington 1

J. F. Wolf, Bloomington 1

A. & E. Tarbox, Torkville 1

J. B. Foot, Norwood Park 1

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 1

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

J. M. Rapp, LaMoille 1

PULLET.

J. F. Wolf, Bloomington 1

J. B. Foot, Norwood Park ]

R. A. Haeger, Algonquin 1

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 1

J. M. Rapp, LaMoille 1

BREEDING PEN.

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff '. 5

Reliable Poultry Farm, Quincy 5

Digitized by

Google

637

SECTION 8.— WHITE PLYMOUTH KOCK.
COCK,

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 1

HEN.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva../. 1

COCKEREL.

E. Peek & Son, Geneva 1

PULLET.

E. Peck & Son, Geneva 1

(Breeding Pen not shown).

SECTION 4.— BLACK JAVA.
COCKEREL.

H. Hodgson, Albion 1

PULLET.

H. Hodgson, Albion 1

SECTION 7.— SILVER WYANDOTTE.
COCK.

A. & E. Tarbox, Yorkville 1

W. H. Millard, Genoa 1

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

HEN.

A. & E. Tarbox, Yorkville 1

W. H. Millard, Genoa 1

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

COCKEREL.

A. & E. Tarbox, Yorkville 1

W. H. Millard, Genoa 1

Digitized by VjOOQIC

638

PULLET.

A. & E. Tarbox, Yorkville 1.. ..

W. H. Millard, Genoa 1

Reliable Poultry Farm, Quincy 1

BREEDING PEN,

A. & E. Tarbox, Yorkville 5

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 5

SECTION 9.— WHITE WYANDOTTE.
COCKEREL.

F. M. Munger, DeKalb 1

PULLET.

F. M. Munger, DeKalb 1

Glass CVII.— Asiatic,
section 1.— light brahma.

COCK.

Alfred Doyle, Morgan Park 1

L. M. Smith, Ohio 1

J. B. Foot, Norwood Park 1

HEN.

Alfred Do3'le, Morgan Park, 1

J. B. Foot, Norwood Park 1

L. M. Smith, Ohio 1

COCKEREL.

Alfred Doyle, Morgan Park 1

G. C. Griswold, Henry 1

J. F. Wolf, Bloomington 1

Digitized by VjOOQIC

639

PULLET.

Alfred Doyle, Morgan Park 1....

G. C, Griswold, Henry 1....

L. M. Smith, Ohio....! 1....

J. F. Wolf, Bloomington 1....

Reliable Poultry Farm, Quiney 1....

BREEDING PEN.

Alfred Doyle, Morgan Park 5....

G. C. Griswold, Henry 5....

J. B. Foot, Norwood Park 5....

SECTION 2.— DARK BRAHMA.
COCKEREL.

A. G. Humphrey, Henry 1....

PULLET.

A. G. Humphrey 1....

SECTiON 3.— BLACK LANGSHAN.
HEN.

G. C. Griswold. Henry 1....

COCKEREL.

R. T. Nettle, Peoria 1

PULLET.

R. T. Nettle, Peoria 1

SECTION 5.— BUFF COCHIN.
COCK.

J. B. Clark, Chicago, 71 Mather St 1

HEN.

J. B. Clark, Chicago 1

Digitized by VjOOQIC

640

PULLET.

J. B. Clark, Chicago 1

BREEDING PEN.

J. B. Clark, Chicago 5

SECTION 6.— PARTRIDGE COCHIN.
COCK.

J. B. Foot, Norwood Park 1

HEN.

J. B. Foot, Norwood Park 1.

BREEDING PEN.

J. B. Foot, Norwood Park 5.

A. E. Stump, BIooraingtoD 5.

SECTION 7.— WHITE COCHIN I

I
I

COCK.

C. H. Andrews, Buckley 1.

HEX.

C. H. Andrews, Buckley 1.

COCKEREL.

C. H. Andrews, Buckley 1.

PULLET.

C. H. Andrews, Buckley 1.

BREEDING PEN.

C. H. Andrews, Buckley 5.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

641

Class CVIII.— Meditebbanean.
section 1.— 8. c. brown leghobn.

COCK.

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

HEN.

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

COCKEREL.

S. S. Noble, Bloomington 1

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

PULLET.

S. S. Noble, Bloomington 1

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

BREEDING PEN.

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 5

SECTION 2.— B. C. BROWN LEGHORN.
COCK.

L. A. King, Sandwich 1

HEN.

L. A, King, Sandwich 1

COCKEREL.

p. Plumnaer, Prophetstown 1

L. A. King, Sandwich 1

PULLET.

P. M. Plummer, Prophetstown 1

L. A. King, Sandwich 1

BREEDING PEN.

L. A. King, Sandwich 5

-41

Digitized by VjOOQIC

042

SECTION 8.— S. C. WHITB LEGHOBN.
COCK. «

W. H. Millard, Genoa 1 .«..

HEN.

Edson & White, Van Orin 1

AV. H. Millard, Genoa 1

COCKEREL.

Edson & White, Van Orin 1 ^.

W. H. Millard, Genoa 1 .,.

F. M. Munger, DeKalb 1

Reliable Poultry Farm, Quincy 1

PULLET.

Edson & White, Van Orin 1

W. H. Millard, Genoa 1...'

BREEDING PEN.

W. H. Millard, Genoa 5

SECTION 6.— BLACK LEGHORN.
HEN.

R. E. Haeger, Algonquin 1

COCICEREL.

R. E. Haeger, Algonquin 1

PULLET.

R. E. Haeger, Algonquin 1

BREEDING PEN.

R. E. Ha^er, Algonquin 5

Digitized by VjOOQIC

643

SECTION 7.— BLACK MINORCA.
COCKEREL.

P. M. Plummer, Prophetstown 1

PULLET.

p. M. Plummer, Prophetstown 1

Class CXIII.— Games and Game Bantams,
section 17.— cornish indian game.

COCK.

B. E. Rodgers. Lake Bluff 1

A. & E. Tarbox, Torkville 1

HEN.

A. & E. Tarbox, Torkville 1

B. E. Rodgers, Lake Bluff 1

Class CXVI.— Turkeys.

SECTION 1.— bronze.
TOM.

S. H. Taylor, Sibley 1

James Garvin, Princeton 1

D. E. Ward, Princeton 1

HEN.

S. H. Taylor, Sibley 1

Class CXVIL— Ducks,
section 1.— pekin.

J. B. Foot, Norwood Park 1 pair.

J. M. Rapp, La Moille 1 paii'..

Digitized by VjOOQIC

644
Class CXX.— Pet Stock.

section 1.— lop-eared rabbits.
Halley Lyman, Chicago 1 pair

PIGEONS.

Class CXXVIII.— Long-Faced Tumblers,
section 1.— mottled.
J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1 pair

SECTION 2.— SADDLE.

Frank Qorse, Chicago, 71 Randolph St..l pair

Ray Sturtevant, Chicago, 2950 Calumet

Ave 1 pair

SECTION 3.— BADGE.

Frank Gorse, Chicago 1 pair.

1 pair..

(( ((

SECTION 5.— BELL NECK.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1 pair.

Ray Sturtevant, Chicago 1 pair,

SECTION 9.— ANY OTHER VARIETY.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1 pair.

Class CXXX.— Jacobins,
section 1.— black cock.
J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1

C( *' . .. 1

Digitized by VjOOQIC

64:5

BBCTION 2.--YELLOW COCK.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1...

SECTION 3.— RED COCK.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1...

" 1....

SECTION 4.— WHITE COCK.

Woodward & B. Jurman, Chicago, 60
Wabash Ave 1...

SECTION 5.— ANY COLOR COCK.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1...

SECTION 6.— BLACK HEN.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1...

SECTION 7.— YELLOW HEN.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1...

SECTION 8.— RED HEN.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1...

" 1...

SECTION 9.--WHITE HEN.

Woodward & B. Jurman, Chicago 1

SECTION 10.— ANY COLOR HEN.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1

Class CXXXVIII.— Turbits.
section 1.— blue-winged cock.
J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1

Digitized by VjOOQIC

646

SECTION 4.— KED-WINOED COCK.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago ^..1

SECTION 20.— ANY OTHER COLOU HEN.

J. H. Whitman, Chicago 1

Class CXXXIX.— Magpies,
section 1.— black cock.
Robert Joos, Peoria 1

SECTION 5.— BLACK HEN.

Robert Joos, Peoria 1

SECTION 8.— ANY OTHER COLOR HEN.

Robert Joos, Peoria 1

Class CXLIV.— Various,
section 1.— antwerp, short-faced, any color cock.
Dr. J. W. Burns, Chicago 1

SECTION 10.— SPANGLED ICE, ANY COLOR COCK.

Woodward & B. Jurman, Chicago 1

SECTION 11.— PLAIN ICE, ANY COLOR COCK.

Woodward & B. Jurman, Chicago 1

SECTION 14.— ANTWERP, SHORT-FACED, ANY COLOR HEN.

Dr. J. B. Burns, Chicago 1

SECTION 17.— ARCHANGEL, ANY COLOR HEN.

Woodward & B. Jurman, Chicago 1

(( €t

.1.

SECTION 23.— SPANGLED ICE, ANY COLOR HEN.

Woodward & B. Jurman, Chicago 1

Digitized by VjOOQIC

647

Class CXLV.— Homers, (open class),
section 1,— blue cock.
Dr. J. B. Burns, Chicago 1

SECTION 2.— RED OR RED-CHEQCERED COCK.

Dr. J. B. Burns, Chicago 1

SECTION 5.— ANY OTHER COLOR COCK.

Dr. J. B. Burns, Chicago, 615 Seminary

Avenue 1

SECTION 9.— SILVER OR RED DUN HEN.

Dr. J. B. Burns, Chicago 1

SECTION 10.— ANY OTHER COLOR HEN.

Dr. J. B. Burns, Chicago 1 ,

Digitized by VjOOQIC

648

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REPORT Of THK CUSTODIA]^ of the ILLINOIS
BUILDING.

I'HE plan of exhibit was departmental and illustra-
tive of the administration of the State. The several
departments were intrusted to competent committees,
and their reports show fully the manner in which the
several representations of the departments of the State
Government were administered.

Seats were provided in sufficient quantities to accom-
modate visitors, in order that they might rest in com-
fort, eat lunch, etc., although this entailed a very con-
siderable amount of additional labor in keeping the
Building in presentable condition. The dispensers of
milk, lemonade and other similar beverages were com-
pelled to charge but five cents per glass, while ten and
even fifteen cents were common charges elsewhere on the
grounds. Check rooms for lunch baskets, clothing, grips,
etc., were provided free of charge, and parlors and re-
ception rooms were at all times open for the comfort of
visitors. The greatest care was exercised to properly
and promptly return lost or stolen property.

By resolution of the Board the employes needed in this
department were selected from the various congressional
districts of the State, each bein^ recommended and
vouched for by the representative on the Board from
his district. As a consequence, an exceptionally com-
petent and efHcient body of men was secured, whose
main labors were performed during the night when the
Building was closed, and who were as a result at liberty
during the day to render valuable service in conducting
and entertaining visitors.

Digitized by

Google

653

At the close of the Fair the Building and all property
not otherwise disposed of by grants to the public insti-
tutions of the State were sold at puplic auction after
extended public notice 6f the same in several newspapers
of general circulation, and brought satisfactory prices,
considering the circumstances of the sale.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

W. H. FULKERSON,

Ouatodicm Illinois Building.

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Google

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RECEPTION
AND CEREMONIES.

|OUR Committee on Reception and Ceremonies would
respectfully report that the important and delicate
duties assigned them were discharged with a full appre-
ciation of the dignity of the great State which the Board
represented, and the historical character of the occasions
upon which its hospitalities and courtesies were extended.

Bearing constantly in mind the plain and unassuming
character of our people, no attempt was made to imi-
tate the customs and ceremonials of the Old World, but
to dispense an abundant and generous hospitality after
the manner to which our people have been accustomed.
It affords me great pleasure to say that this method
seemed to meet the hearty approval, not only of our
own people, but of our honored guests from foreign
lands.

By the aid of various members of the Board and oth-
ers, the committee was enabled to render every public
reception a gratifying success, and to give such an ac-
count of this department as would redound to the honor
of the commonwealth.

On May 18, Dedication Day, the attendance was very
large, and the Illinois Building was, of course, the center
of attraction. For the entertainment of the multitude,
speeches were made by President Funk, of the Board,
Governor Altgeld, Hon. Frank H. Jones, of Springfield,
who w€is the orator of the day, Mayor Harrison, of
Chic€Lgo, and others; and the Building and the Illinois Ex-
hibit were formally opened to the public.

064

Digitized by

Google

655

At the close of the dedicatory exercises, luncheon was
served in the Assembly Room of the Illinois Building to
more than twenty-four hundred people.

A reception was given by the Board on July 26, to
which all the Commissioners— national, foreign, and State
Boards of Control— were invited, and the occasion was
memorable for pleasant social intercourse, speeches,
toasts and music.

We also entertained, August 24, Illinois Day, the as-
sembled multitudes, listening to speeches by Vice Presi-
dent Stevenson, Governor Altgeld, Mayor Harrison, and
other noted representative gentlemen, on which occasion
the Illinois National Guard was present, adding greatly
to the impressiveness of the occasion. The Building was
handsomely decorated with the national colors and the
flags of foreign nations, from base to dome, and the
day closed with a grand display of fireworks in the
evening.

Chicago Day, October 9. was the crowning day of the
World's Fair. More people visited Jackson Park than
were ever seen on any fair -ground in the world before,
and the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners
did their part ably in entertaining the immense throng.
The Building was elaborately decorated with the national
colors, as well as those of foreign nations, and made an
imposing appearance. In the evening our grounds were
brilliantly lighted with thousands of Chinese lanterns.
A brilliant reception was held by Governor Altgeld.

It is with great pleasure that we recall the entertain-
ment given under the auspices of the Illinois Board to
the children of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Normal,
111., October 23, the number of children and their attend-
ants being about two hundred and seventy. A special
train was chartered by the Board over the Chicago &
Alton Railroad, from Normal to Jackson Park and

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656

return. Their admission was paid at the gate, their
meals paid for at the Wellington Catering Company's
dining-rooms, and they were comfortably and safely
lodged in the Illinois Building— the boys and their at-
tendants in the Assembly Room, and the girls and their
female attendants in the private parlors, General Oren-
dorS furnishing blankets for the boys, and Marshall
Field & Co. furnishing, free of cost, four hundred and
eighty new blankets for the girls. The children finished
their sight-seeing by accepting the generous invitation
of Col. W. F. Cody to attend the Wild West Show,
and a happier lot of little ones were never seen.

November 18th there was an entertainment given by
the Illinois Board to the executive officers of the di3erent
States, which was a kind of last greeting— a sort of love
feast — which was enjoyed exceedingly by all present.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

James W. Judy,
Chm. Com. on Reception amd Ceremonies.

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BEPOUT OF COMMITTEE ON BUREAU OP
INPOBMATION.

J OUR Committee assigned to the charge of the **Bu-
reau of Information," respectfully report: That,
after carefully considering this matter, with the great
interests at stake, and the absolute necessity of placing
it in charge of a gentleman thoroughly acquainted with
the magnitude of^ the department, and one who would
be able to wield its influence in the interest of the great
enterprise in hand, unanimously selected Hon. Joseph
M. Page, of Jerseyville,- Illinois, as such manager, con-
ferring upon him authority to conduct, with the advice
and consent of the Committee, the business pertaining
to the position. That he faithfully and intelligently per-
formed such duties, the Press, not only of our State, but
of the whole country, abundantly testify. The head-
quarters was the rendezvous of the newspaper men from
far and near, and it was so well equipped with informa-
tion on all subjects of interest to the visitor, as to elicit
the highest encomiums of praise. To Mr. Page your
Committee feel under great obligations, and we feel that
the favorable impressions made in favor of the work of
the Commission, were largely due to his efforts.

We submit with this his detailed report, which is made
a part of the report of your Committee.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

• E. C. Pace.

Chairmcm.

—42 «7

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Bureau of Information*

J. M. PAGE, SUPERINTENDENT.

As your Honorable Board is well aware, the Press
Department for the State was organized by your Com-
mission, and placed in charge of a committee consisting
of E. C. Pace, chairman; J. W. Judy and William Stewart,
and an appropriation of f 5,000 made for carrying out
the purposes of said department. The Committee so ap-
pointed employed J. M. Page, of Jerseyville, and placed
the department in his charge with full power to transact
the business pertaining thereto, and to make such pur-
chases as were in his judgment required, that would meet
with the approval of the Board, and I beg leave to sub-
mit the following report, which, in a measuro, shows
what has been done through the Press Department.

Your Honorable Board, feeling that Illinois was the
host of the nations, requested that newspaper men not
only from this State, but from all the Statues and from
all countries, should be courteously treated and enter-
tained. To do this in a manner befitting the State I
purchased carpets, decorations, furniture and papering
amounting to $885.04, and have kept a full supply of
stationery, which has been used by all visitors without
expense to them. I also engaged two assistants and a
stenographer for the purpose of better attending to the
business of the department.

In the early days of the Fair indications were that the
people of this State especially were not being made fully
conversant with the grandeur of the exhibits, and on
consultation with your Honorable Board it was deemed

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659

advisable that a Press Day be named which would be
devoted to the newspaper men of the State. This day
waa set for the 16th of June. Invitations were issued
to all the newspapers of the State, and a large number
of editors met here on that day, and by personal in-
si)ection of the Illinois Building and exhibits, carried
back with them and told their readers just what they
had seen. I think you are all convinced this resulted in
great good to the Fair and in bringing the work of this
Honorable Body to the attention of the citizens of IHi-
nois, who had so generously contributed towards the
enterprise, and I have yet to hear a single complaint
made by the newspaper men of the manner in which the
funds and exhibits have been handled by you. It was
thought best to provide a luncheon for the newjipaper
men and the members of their families attending on that
day, and a contract was made by me with the Welling,
ton (catering Company to provide suitable food for fifteen
hundred at an expense of J800. The compensation for
management arranged for with the Committee was f 800
per month for myself and the two assistants above men-
tioned, and the stenographer at f50 per month. The
total amount expended, including all expenses to Novem-
ber 1, has been ^3,991. 88, leaving of the |5,000 appro-
priated, the sum of f 1,008.12; and in addition to that
the carpets and furniture can be sold for at least fifty
per cent, of their fii*st cost, making the net cost of fur-
niahing and maintaining the Press Department, including
the $800 for lunch on Illinois Day, the sum of |3,606.88.

It has been impossible to keep a correct record of the
number of visitors who have come to the press rooms
and enjoyed its hospitalities, as scarce one in ten of the
editors registered.

The work, in a great measure, outside of entertaining
visitors, has consisted in securing passes for admission

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660

through the gates, and also to the various entertain-
ments in the city and upon the Fair Grounds, and I
think I can safely say that, counting it in single admis-
sions, there have been issued through this department
over forty-flve thousand tickets into the grounds, and
that the places of entertainment before referred to have
admitted upon my personal card no less than ten
thousand persons. In addition to this, a large num-
ber of circulars have been sent out from this office to
the newspapers of the State, and arrangements made
with the ready print publishers of country newspapers
by which a cut of the farm scene in the Illinois Building
was sent broadcast throughout the State, with three
columns of reading matter atta<;hed thereto. I have
also distributed one hundred copies of the Illinois Sou-
venir Book to the managers of the entertainments in
Midway and several of the natives of foreign countries in
these places, with a slip on which was written the names
of your Honorable Board, and feel that this book will
be productive of great good by reason of its being taken
into so many foreign countries, and cherished as a
souvenir by the recipients.

Whether the department has been well conducted and
satisfactory to your Honorable Board is not for me to
say, but I wish to extend to you all my sincere thanks
for the friendly feeling ever shown to me and those under
me, and for the hearty cooperation you have extended
on every occasion when requested by me so to do, and
I hope that the friendly relations and new acquaintances
formed may ever be pleasant and lasting.

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REPORT OF FREIGHT AND EXPRESS RECEIPTS
AKD SHIPMENTS.

W. D. STRYKER, SUPERINTENDENT.

^ HAVE the honor, as Commissioner in charge of freight
« and express receipts and shipments, respectfully to
report that I W8U3 appointed to take charge of this de-
partment on February 10, 1893.

During the month of March there were received by ex-
press nineteen packages, consigned chiefly to the common
school section of the Educational and the Agricultural
Departments. By freight twenty-three packages and six
car loads, consigned chiefly to the Agricultural Depart-
ment and that of interior furnishings.

During the month of April there were received by ex-
press one hundred and one packages for the common
school section of the Educational Department and one
hundred and two for various other departments. By
freight, one hundred and eighty nine pieces and three
car loads.

In May there were received twenty-nine packages for
the common school section of the Educational Depart-
partment, and one hundred and sixty-nine for other de-
partments. By freight, eight pieces.

In June there were received fifty-eight packages for
the common school section of the Educational Depart-
ment and two hundred and twenty-flve for other depart-
ments, by express. By freight, thirty pieces.

During the month of July there were received sixty-
two packages for various departments by express.

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662

In Augost there were received sixty-two packages by
express for various departments, and by freight sixty
consignments for the Live Stock Exhibit.

In September there were received eighty-four packages
by express; by freight, seventeen consignments for the
Live Stock Exhibit.

In October ninety-one packages by express, sixty-three
for various departments and twenty-eight for the Poultry
Exhibit. By freight, fourteen consignments.

There was shipped matter to the number of seventy-
one packages by express, prior to November 1st, includ-
ing principally circulars of information.

During November there was shipped by express matter
to the number of three hundred and six packages by the
American Express Company, fifty-seven by the Adams
and one hundred sixty-eight by the Associated Express
Company, making a total for the month of five hundred
and thirty-one paxjkages.

In December there was shipped by express nineteen
packages.

In January there were shipped by express fourteen
packages, and seven car loads of interior furnishiDg, etc.,
were delivered to the Illinois State Board of Agriculture.

This report is unavoidably incomplete, for a consid-
erable quantity of freight and express matter was de-
livered directly to the heads of departments, and no
report thereof could in many cases be obtained for this
department.

It would have been possible to go into greater detail,
but not apparently to any good purpose. The work,
therefore, which extended over a period of nearly a year,
needing daily and often hourly attention, is condensed
into this brief summary, which is now respectfully sub-
mitted.

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REPORT OP PRINTING COMMITTEE.

!'HE act creating the Illinois Board of World's Fair
Commissioners was approved June 17, 1891, and
upon organization of the Board, the following members
were selected for the Standing Committee on Printing:
James K. Dickirson, Samuel Dysart, E. B. David, J. M.
Washburn and George S. Haskell. The latter gentleman
died, and soon after his place on the committee was
filled by the appointment of J. Barley Bradley.

The sum of $30,000 was set aside by the Board, to
be expended by this Committee in the publication of such
matter as might subsequently be agreed upon. The work
of the Printing Committee W6U3 done under the direction
and by the order of the Board of Commissioners, and
the Committee is gratified that everything has proved
satisfactory.

Among the publications made by the- Printing Com-
mittee were 10,000 circulars, giving the growth of the
public schools from 1855 to 1892, and a Synopsis of
the Public School System of Illinois, with the pertinent
statistical features of the educational system of this
State, which is, without doubt, the finest and best in
the world.

The Committee also published separate pamphlets, giv-
ing the history, progress and condition of each of the
eleraosynary institutions in the State. These gave in-
formation that has been called for from all parts of the
world, concerning the methods of our charitable and
educational work by the State. These pamphlets were
furnished gratis to all who visited the exhibits made by

008

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664

the different institutions, in the Illinois Building at the
Columbian Exposition, and were afterwards bound in
volumes that make a beautiful and valuable souvenir
book, being elaborately illustrated with exterior and in-
terior views of the several buildings, t Sixteen thousand
copies of these were printed.

The Committee also issued sixteen thousand copies of
the Illinois Building Souvenir Book, which gives a de-
scription of the resources of the State, as shown in the
great State Building. It was written as a guide or in-
dex to the grand exhibit made by the Prairie State,
which formed a very interesting and important portion
of the World's Columbian Exposition. This book is
embellished with excellent half-tone engravings of the
officers and members of the Illinois Commission, and full
page views of the Illinois Building, the great Relief Map
of the State, the Agricultural Art Picture, grain inspec-
tion and forestry; the agricultural, horticultural and
floricultural exhibits; those of the timber, fish, clay,
geology, archaeology, natural history; the educational dis-
play, including numerous views of the exhibit made by
the University of Illinois, the different Normal Schools
and public buildings, including the four different places
that have been occupied as the seat of government in
Illinois.

In addition to all these; the Committee has issued the
printed matter documents required by the Board of
Commissioners duriag the year 1893, and yet, with eco-
nomical and judicious management, the committee leaves
an amount of about $21,565.84: of the appropriation
for a printing fund still unexpended.

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665

Appropriation 130,000.00

Expended 8,434.16

Balance f 21,565. 84

Respectfully submitted,

J. K. DiCKIUSON,

E. B. David,
Samuel Dysart,
Jas. M. Washburn.
Committee.

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REPORT OP COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION.

|OUR Committee on Transportation begs leave re-
spectfully to report:
That the thanks of this Board are respectfully and
cordially tendered to the railroads of Illinois for unfail-
ing courtesy in all legitimate and proper ways extended
to this Commission during the preparation for and con-
tinuance of the World's Columbian Exposition.
Respectfully submitted,

J. Irvino Pearce,
Cha/i/rnva/n Comrrdttee on TrcmsportcUion.

00B

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REPORT OF COMMITTBE ON COMPENSATION.

^ UGDST 5, 1891, your Committee on Compensation
•1^^ made their report to your honorable body, which
your records will show. Since then they have been re-
lieved from any active service, the Board assuming the
responsibility of fixing compensation for members and
en) ploy 6s.

J. Irving Pearce,

B. PULLEN,
D. W. VlTTUM,

Committee on Compensation.

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REPORT

Finance Committee.

fiHE Committee on Finance herewith submits a classi-
fied statement of the expenditures incurred by the
Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners, in all of
the departments.

Respectfully submitted,

Wm. Stewart,

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FIKANCIAIi STATBBOBNT.

General Fund.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

Amftrican Pe^k an<^ Sftatlng Oo, .............* T t

$70 00
10 00

121

M «« "'

2095

Anderson Bros. & Co

17 84

Andrews. A» H, A COr

242 25

780

« (i

8 00

2704

«i t*

8 64

2032

Armour & Co

1,300 00
10 00

2064

Automatic Fountain Co

2137
28

Allen. F. 8

Buckles, W. H

203 00
7 00

701

Bidenger, J •....

2 86

1191

»«

1 04

794

Bennett. G-eo

3 12

1395

Bartels. W. H

264 59

1657
2105

Bates, O. O

Butler, W, P

2 25
318 40

2122

Beck, A. B., Lumber Co

53 33

2482

Baker, A. H

5 00

1696

Bullard & Gormley

27 00

2100

BushneU, G. W

194 20

2742

Bunn, Jno. W

51 40

2658

Brennan, Thos

54 00

2774

Blakeslee, Helen

40 00

2106

Case, W. 0

12 00

2700

Chicago Herald

34 00

1912

Crawford, C. F

30 00

2702
68

Coons, J. P

Chicago Directory Co

1 00
6 00

901

(t u

7 60

2119

Cook, E. C. & Co

200 00

2166

<• ff

220 00

2103

Clark W. M

3 22

2728

Chicago & Northwestern Ry

5 60

662

Cuunlngham, M. B

10 00

397

Carl Young Transfer Co

15 70

461

•< it

10 00

2099

Chicago Calcium Light Co

206 00

979
2627

Carter, D. 8

Cook & Bathbun

20 00
9 00

1965

Devoe & Beynolds

6 50

2191

Dynes, J

300 00

2290

^i, *

5 00

2033

Drake, F. B

28 00

2071

Dernberg, Glick A Co

11 15

-43

678

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674
Omeroil J^nd— Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

S188
1777
1794
2102
2104
2112
1689
1852
2138
2096
1624
2031
2326
2109
2680
1792
3431
2772
2788
2397
1005
1356
2111
1779
2009
2083
2654
87
2118
2679
2710
2711
2783
47
650
846
1144
2101
2391
2740
1353
2093
2491
2779
1855
1973
1998
1999
2065
2107

DennlBon Manuftiotaring Go.

EUlBOD Flereheim & Oo

Foote,A.E

Fay.O. H

Ferris, J. A

Fair, The.

amett,L. H

Gilmore, 0. O

Goodyear Bubber Co . .

Qreer, Bobt

Gore, T. K

Green. J. W

Gurlev, W. F. E

GUbert,F.F

Geeerioh^H

Gardner, C. P

Halllday A Kessberger.

Hemmick, liaud

Herb8t» A. J., & Ck>

Hoeg, 0. M

Hackett, W. H

Heath <!; MlUlKan...
Higglns, Todd ft Ck>..

Henry. Geo. jB

Illff,G.D

Judd.L.S

Jenkins, Wm

Johnson, J. 8., Ford A Co.,
Johnson, J. H

Jones Bros ,

Johnston, W. J ,

Jewell, O. H., Filter Co . .

Kilbride, Thos.

Koch, 0. B. E ,

Kahl,Hugo

Kirk,W. B

Lansing Wheelbarrow Co.,

Lloyd. E. 8

Lewis, W.H

Lord, Owen ft Co.
Lino, Paul B

$13 50

39 60

5 00

300 00

11 00
3 00

3 95

4 91
15 00

2 25

17 60

3,814 25

22 50

76 85

7 50
39 60

17 77
26 00

1 00
36 66

1 70

2 75

5 40
115 00

4 15

18 00
69 00
10 00

. 70 00

21 45
200 CO

24 10
288 98
194 90

3 20
1 60

1 60

5 65

22 95
21 00

2 50
72 50
45 00

2 90
13 00

2 90
65 00
65 00

3 00
145 80

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Google

675

Otneral J^Vmd— Continued.

Youoher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

2428
2703
2741
2744
2771
2784
2712
2097

39
1778
1911
2726
2777
2696
2393
1692
2214
1695
2011
2413
1878
1879
263
19 iO
1733
1865

93
1346
1474
2713
2008
2108
2399
1793
2787

29
2110
1697
2123
2182
1691
1867
2066
1205
2197
2286
2532
2660
2701

Loy, D. O. . . .
Leland Hotel.

Lindahl, JoBua

MuUer.KP

MoClurg, A. 0., A Ck>

McAdams, Wm

Mitchell, H.B

MoCk>7, E. E

Orendorff , H

Paddook, D. H ,

Pitkin A Brooks

Portable Chair Ck> . .
Palmer, Fuller A Go..

Pettlbone. Wells Sa Go .
Bosette, Clinton

Bevell, A. H. A Co
Bansom, Caroline. .
Beidle, Florence...

Band. NcNaUy A; Co.
Bemington, A. H.. . .

Beed,N.B

Boberts, Bros

Schaffinger A Haan

Smiley, C. H

Sherrard A Co

Springer A DuBois

Springer. Annie G

Smith Premier Typewriter Co .

Sefton Bros

Salsensteln, E

Stubblngs, W. H. & Co

Summerfleld, E H

Sohlesinger A liayer.

Salisbury. W. H. A Co.
South Chicago Ice Co. ,

Steiner^ Beed

Shattuok, S. W

$100 00
9 76

82 00
8 75

86 00
28 00

100 00
11 76
20 00

100 00

100 00
32 00
20 00
98 60

100 00

11 84
6 40

2 26
16 00

135 GO
47 60
47 60

6 00
46 76
30 45
42 00

1 00

12 00
133 33

83 S3

1 29

24 00
34 20

lis 67

160 00

20 00

3 26

2 00

25 65
693 20
250 00

7 00
64 00
66 00
24 16

3 60
22 00

3 55
40 00
16 00

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676
Oeneral ^nrnd— Ooatlnued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

2648
2651

Seeberger.A. P

St Nicholas Hotel

$379 80
8 00

2736

•«

19 50

2789

26 25

2695

Springfield Oarpet Co

25 00

2753

State Board of Agriculture

25 00

1880

Tinney, C. M

21 25

1881

■<

21 25

1964

Tomaeo, S

27 00

2010

Tumbull & OuUerton

22 70

1479

Tobey Furniture Co

42 50

1752

Ure, John 0

22 50

1945

25 00

2780

Udden, J. A

8 50

1358

Vance. J. W

128 00

1814

Woodruff & Hanchett

30 00

2481

Waukesha Mineral Spring Go

10 00

2121
205

Wheeler, H. A

Wiggins, N. B

45 00
52 50

1908

30 00

2791

Western Photo-Engraving Co

25 50

2390

Wausau Excelsior Co

12 00

1632

Wilcox, W.W

20 00

1415

White, Wm. Sons

600 00

2653

600 00

2094

Withlngton, H

3 00

2699

Wilbur, R. S

39 50

1736

Vfti^ Towiift Manufactiiiing Co ^ . . , . .

16 SO

2098

Yeager,Phil .^

181 78

2168

Zahnd, Jacob

60 00

2785

Zeese, A., & Sons

18 fO

2790

13 75

Total

$15,625 30

$27 00
30 00
79 10
21 00
88 15
375 00
125 00

125 00

126 50
139 87

10 70
15 00
10 00

280

817

911

1734

2015

2090

2174

2346

2488

2738

2764

2776

J. Harley Bradley, per diem and expenses

II (1 K

II >« <«

II •« M

11 l« M

f* <l M

U II M

•1 <( « - * .

« M M

M M M

M M «

«< M M

Total

$1,172 32

Digitized by

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677
General JVmd— Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

E. E. Chester, per diem and

ezpenaea

$25 00

«<

«(

<«

43 00

127

48 00

««

33 25

824

20 OJ

465

51 00

677

• •

10 00

761

31 00

816

•1

46 25

921

20 00

988

30 00

1188

• «

22 85

1326

15 00

1488

68 75

1681

152 10

1833

•«

150 24

1961

154 00

2053

150 55

^154

157 46

2344

163 16

11417

156 70

2508

<«

47 70

2666

17 40

2726

33 00

2748

20 00

2755

Total...

10 00

$1,675 89

Sam'l DTsart, per diem and expei

it it ««
(« (( («

<« M «<
<C M M
«l M M
M <« «<
M <• M
M MM
M i< M
i( MM
•( ti U
(« M M
« <i «
<l M M
l< <« M
«( U U
M •< M
i< ■ M M
M MM

laes

$30 00

20 00

133

60 50

207

SO 00

325

40 00

449

20 00

576

22 75

702

15 00

819

65 00

980

40 00

1168

40 00

1287

25 00

1496

107 60

16^

204 80

1871

205 00

1960

199 36

2043

198 16

2146

201 86

2308

164 30

2466

138 48

2614

53 06

Digitized by

Google

678
Qmerai JVmd— Oontinued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

2676

$19 45

2724

Total .

1
<

f *

60 00

2768

74 60

$2,024 79

126

Jae. K DlcklrBon, per diem and expenses

$44 60
64 60
26 76

<«

216

28 00

322

27 76

448

28 76

680

40 60

703

22 60

820

104 60

992

«<

77 76

1206

70 00

1489

<«

40 16

1699

•<

198 66

1841

207 60

1957

•f

210 00

2056

•<

209 60

2148

<«

209 60

2330

«<

168 40

2464

««

140 90

2664

<«

80 80

2706

•<

16 86

2750

Total .

•1

SO 10

$2,026 66
$39 00

E. B. David,

per die

«
«<
M
U

M
tt
It
II

m and e**^*""^*

<(
••
«
••
<«

* *

20 60

124

60 00

271

44 00

377

69 90

600

29 60

770

SO 60

824

91 86

971

61 60

1147

91 60

1254

• »

84 86

1494

l«
«

• 1
M

96 86

1787

170 86

1863

176 70

1947

181 SO

2059

f«
M
M

M
<«
U

m
m

163 64

2187

176 16

2368

173 96

2423

163 To

2640

SS 46

Digitized by VjOOQIC

679
Omeral JVmd— Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

2709
2732
2752

T*. "R T>ATlfl. TMr diAm sad 4^Tn<^iiiies. . . , . t r . . , t t .

$57 25

4 50

« M «

45 50

Total

$2,056 34

112

219

450

572

746

807

984

1159

1288

1498

1676

1834

1954

2065

2140

2306

2418

2511

2656

2670

2693

2754

NV. H. Fulkerson, per diem and expenses

<i •* *»

M M M !!!.!.
M •• M !!!!!!
M f •• !!!!!!
M M «• !!!!!!
M M M !i! !!!

« M u y/...',

M M M !!!*.!*

M M «•

.• « « ;;;;;;
•• M •• !!!!!!

•• *• ** !!!'.! !
" « •» !!!!!!
« M M **!!!.'
M M M !'!!!'.

tt MM*

" •* ** !'!!!!

i( 14 «

M «« ••

i( M <•

Total

$61 25
54 90
35 50
61 85
17 70
20 50
75 00

17 75
64 35
72 65
99 95

225 80
220 90
206 95
225 10
227 45
220 60
156 65

47 70
2 85

15 45

18 00
30 00

$2,178 85

163

305

562

745

986

1176

1260

1550

1675

1843

1995

2091

2172

2396

2467

2513

2678

LaFayette Funk, per diem and expenaes

<( «< M
l« M «
M M ■«
«< « tt
M « ««
M «« M

II M t

M M •« '!!!!!

M M «<
U W M
U •« II
M M •«
M MM ......

M •• •« ••••..

M M «« !!!!!!

$37 25
20 00
72 89
25 75
37 05
36 04

120 15
54 b5
67 15
92 11

134 90
1H3 75
133 15

135 65
137 75
141 35
132 10

48 08
27 46

Digitized by

Google

680

OeMral ^?id— CioDtlDued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

2692

' diem and exponaea

$12 03

2718

12 28

2769

<«

20 60

. 2776

Total . . .

•(

10 00

$1,622 34

1552

LaFayette Funk, amount drawn to pay employes

$93 34

1740

••

fli

240 16

1795

25 IS

1859

•<

225 32

1905

103 16

1962

694 13

2036

174 47

2114

120 78

2181

39 80

2207

163 07

2287

«C

92 36

2473

Total ..

<•

282 96

$2,154 66

W. 0. Garrar<l- Ralflrv and exnemaea

$22 75

«
i«

M
M
t

M
M
M
M
(«
(•
f<
•<
«
••
<«
•«
«<
«

«l
M
M
M

•C
M
«•
•«
«f
t(
«
«4
M
M
M
M
M
t«
M
«
M

tl
M

M
M
«

«
««

ft
«•
if

«l
(1
l«
<«
l<
M
M
M
«

100 00

12 00

100 00

32 15

100 00

105

100 00

* 114

23 25

153

100 00

162

21 00

195

100 00

213

13 50

255

100 00

262

19 05

299

100 00

307

13 10

861

100 00

368

15 10

413

100 00

451

21 60

459

9 76

484

100 00

497

M
i(
(•
M
M

«
M

12 69

561

100 00

567

25 37

637

100 00

678

24 86

691

100 00

Digitized by

Google

681

Otnerai i^Wtd— Oontlnued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

738

W. G. Garrard, salary and
It li

M M
44 H
<4 M
41 M
M N
4« M
M M
«1 «
M 4i
M «<
M U
M M
M <4
4f M
4< M
•4 M
41 44
4« tt
44 4<
41 l«
41 4<
44 M
M 44

Total

expenses

$14 76

783

•«

100 00

840

25 30

859

100 00

873

27 00

952

118 10

1029

100 00

1062

26 80

1130

100 00

1192

17 50

1229

100 00

1297

18 75

1381

100 00

1473

*22 23

1651

100 00

1682

28 48

1828

100 CO

1831

38 50

1949

4»

21 65

2063

33 80

2147

81 75

2323

29 20

2459

23 40

2506

28 70

2659

115 30

2773

100 00

$3,287 38

26
202
391
278
849
914
935

W. G. Garrard, amount paid for office sundries. .
It (« «

l< <4 44
44 M «• *|
4i 44 14 **
44 M M *'
44 #4 41 **

Total --

20 00
20 00
60 00

6 82
15 00

5 00
10 00

$126 82

David Gore,
II

44
41
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44

per diem and
«

44
44
4*
<4
U
14
44
44
44
44

expenses

$43 50

109

78 60

234

79 00

323

29 50

454

81 25

670

27 50

705

28 00

910

3» 00

1089

69 00

2309

«•

770 20

2465

140 10

2519

20 60

Digitized by

Google

682
Qtnerdl J^md— Oontinued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

2665

David Gore,
«

•«

Total ..

per diem and
««

••

expen

sea

$10 50

2715
2718

10 00
20 00

$1,386 65

$20 75
15 75

A. B. Hostel
«

<«

M
««
M
M
M
l«
M
M
M
M
M

i«

«
<•
If
•f
M
M
M
M
«
««
M
M
M

Total..

J. W. Judy,

«
««
<(
«<

M
«•
<(
<f
•«
«
it
U

;ter, per diem and es
«

M
M
««
M

M
«
M

M
«
M
<(

M
M
«
M
M
■
M
«•
M
M
M
M

cpensea

110

<«

88 00

164

«•

81 75

226

5 00

260

20 75

308

15 00

367

26 75

463

10 75

582

10 00

653

23 30

904

•f

905

70 70

978

40 65

1149

••

45 00

1300

«(

25 35

1493

59 00

1679*

•<

203 67

1874

4fl

207 80

1933

165 75

2040

f«

162 30

2155

<«

174 35

2307

170 95

2425

143 79

2516

73 80

2669

31 80

2720 '

30 25

2760

33 75

$1,857 01

$100 00
48 00

115

per diem and
««

«(

M
f<

t«
t«
«i
ft

II
II
II

expe
•1

i«

f«

«
•<
i«

M
M
M
««
(«

nses

487

912

48 00

991

20 50

1166

55 50

1256

22 76

1492

55 15

1678

146 90

1836

171 30

1971

169 80

2057

153 70

2157

162 40

2314

154 40

2420

147 S5

Digitized by VjOOQIC

683

Qeneml JVtnd— Oontinaed.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

2512^

J. W. Judy, ]

per diem and

azpenfles

$46 70

2697

•<
Total ..

M
M

*i"

12 85

2770

30 00

$1,645 60
$34 75

S. W. Johns,

per diem and

expenaes

••

M
M
M
M

l«

M
U
M
M
«
M
M
M
«

«
•<
«•
M
M

Total..

M
M

«
•t
(•

C<
••
U
M
M
€t
M
<•
(1
M
«t
M
M
«<
•(
M
M

25 25

118

<•

65 17

224

52 95

327

••

47 70

674

43 50

813

52 00

913

23 00

973

23 85

1148

<•

59 10

1295

82 5o

1486

106 75

1671

160 90

1827

142 80

1932

«<

176 00

2039

166 00

2144

146 50

2305

158 75

2422

149 25

2507

•i

68 60

2667

19 50

2717

(«

11 00

2731

3 60

2767

«<

21 25

$1,840 57

74
132

J. Irving Poaroe, per diem and expenaes

$71 00
13 80

185

65 00

1165

220 00

1294

67 35

1491

62 75

1732

129 40

1835

126 95

1958

127 65

2089

134 20

2195

««

132 10

2347

140 00

23541

•«

464 35

2472

««

129 80

2612

«l

40 60

Digitized by VjOOQIC

684
OtneraX JVind— Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

2677
2766

2786

J. Irving r
«

Total

B. Pullen,
«

f<
•1
«
«
<(
«<
««
«
«
(1
<(
<(
«
it

M
M
M
M
M
M
it
M
M

Total

E. 0. Pace
<i

i«

M
If
«
(1
l«
«
<l
«<
M
<i

earoe, per diem and expenses

u •»

44 M '*

$10 15

69 00

5 00

$1,999 10
$44 50

per diem and
i«

i«

K
tl

<;
«

M
•<

It
M
•<
M
•<
If
M
M
M
«
M
•<
M
M
M
M

exnenaes

.67

41 50

130

28 76

265

44 25

S70

40 2S

453

•1

55 70

57)

26 50

664

29 25

816

120 00

977

60 35

1131

C«

61 50

1261

26 65

1487
1673

41 85
173 94

1839

178 32

1931

171 80

2042

178 15

2163

179 60

2310

<«

190 35

2421

166 50

2518

•1

51 72

2672

••

56 05

2723

28 20

2736

•f

21 25

2749

11 50

2768

10 00

$2,038 43
$82 25

per diem and
i<

•f

M
•1
i<
(1
M
M
ff«
•<
M
M

expenses

123

67 00

227

36 50

326

27 75

447

14 25

579

17 50

806

94 94

907

26 00

976

i«

65 95

1158

86 77

1255

45 26

1532

42 43

1660

142 61

1838
1934

143 54
138 56

2041

150 20

Digitized by

Google

685
Oenerol JVmd— C!oDtinued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

2161

E. 0. Pace,

«
it
t<
i«
<«

u
»<

Total.

John P. Re:
it

•t

««

i«

M
M
H
U
M
M
U
M
M
M
M
M
«
M
M
f<
*•
H
M
M
M
«
M
fl«

Total .

John P. Re;
tt

•«

M
M

per diem and

((
It

n
tt.
«•
««

expei
»i

«
«

M
M
U

[ises

$147 70
225 75

2312

2426

152 04

25U9

67 85

2688

28 10

2714

21 00

2747

29 50

2762

10 00

2781

lO 00

$1,862 84

$583 33
583 33

jrnolds, salary and e
i(

M
M
M
M
•«
M
«
tt
U
M

•<

M
•«
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
(f

tznensefl

lAptJUBCW

583 34

583 33

104

583 33

154

583 34

198

583 34

254

583 33

298

583 34

360

683 33

416

583 33

483

•1

583 34

550

583 33

638

583 33

700

■•

588 34

784

583 33

858

••

583 33

955

583 34

1030

583 33

1121

583 33

1228
1382

tt
t€

583 34
583 33

1677

•«

137 05

1840

•<

130 70

1956

125 00

2060

125 00

2150

132 80

2311

125 00

2489

M •• • .

125 00

$13,733 89

$59 85
11 55

1151
1193

fnolds,

employ^ p

CI
M

ay-roUfl

1194

81 50

1222

tt "

93 35

1227

•4

97 35

Digitized by VjOOQIC

686
Ornmnl JVnd— Oontinaed.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

1285

M M

Total . ...--

i>ay-roUa ..........

$86 00

1298

*^^.i

92 90

1S49

98 90

$620 40

W. D. Stryker,

II
i<
II
•1
«i

«l

II
l<
II
II
II
II
II
II
II

M
M
U

«
M
M

Total

per diem and
II

CI
•4
•C
C«
CI

c«
c«
cc
c«

c«
M
IC
CI
CC

M
M
M
M
U
M
«

exuenses

$80 00

OApVUOVW

21 00

111

SO 00

144

«4

47 18

218

10 00

259

22 75

369
452

20 00
12 25

489

16 00

614

20 00

809

70 00

981

41 75

1146

65 00

1262

124 95

1499

132 45

1698

127 60

1829

146 30

1935
2058

CI
CC

137 25
137 15

2142

133 25

2313

135 70

2424

133 75

2505

115 90

2673

88 75

2698

24 00

2719

22 25

2730

5 25

2760

23 60

$1,893 98

122
206

Wm. Stewart, per diem and
« i<

<• CI
M II
14 II
M M
U <l
M II
M II
IC 14
M <C
M CI
U II
M M

expenses

$50 00
50 00

455

20 00

811

80 00

982

30 00

1132

72 00

1263

74 35

1490

111 70

1672

158 35

1830

155 85

1950

160 90

2427

135 10

2050

142 10

2510

c«

116 55

Digitized by

Google

687
Oeneral J\md— Continued.

Vouoher.

2156
2671
2331
2708
2746
2751
2778

75
810
1001
1187
1328
1700
1909
1952
2062
2213
2348
2469
2521
2675
2722
2759

Total

D. W. Ylttum, per diem and expensee.

To Whom Paid.

Wm. Stewart, per diem and expenses.

u
u

Total

John Virgin, per diem and expenses.

ti' ' '

129

178

306

494

818

985

1223

1299

1652

1685

1837

1959

2051

2149

2327

2468

2517

2668

«(

2687

Amount.

$137 40
16 20
142 60
13 75
23 20
10 00
13 50

$1,703 05

$47 00

134 75

68 25

31 50

26 00

136 95

145 60

141 28
147 20

142 20

146 30
154 10

61 00

21 50
16 50

22 00

$1,442 13

$85 75
15 00
17 65
29 35
27 35
48 00
25 00
95 00
97 85
32 00
160 00
208 00

211 00

205 30

201 30

206 80

212 80

202 80
64 65
10 60
20 96

Digitized by

Google

688
Omeral JVnd— Oontinaed.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

2707

John Yirgin,

Tntftl....

per diem and

expenses

$16 00
15 75

2745

*««

2763

10 00

$2,168 81
$50 20

J. M. Washbum, per diem and

« (C
M «
M M
M M

M a

M M
M M
<4 t€
<• M
M M
<« M
M M
a M

«< «

«< M
M M
M M
M M
M «
•< <C
<f M

« if

Total

exDenses

VApvuooo

21 85

116

54 20

170

27 05

215

13 00

329

«<

29 60

390

28 10

529

34 10

704

«<

36 90

808

94 30

1002

50 00

1186

•€

65 70

1301

•€

31 75

1500

120 00

1674

t€

212 25

1832

206 40

1951

201 85

2061

211 95

2152

204 05

2304

•<

172 00

2463

143 90

2645

100 30

2685

99 50

2727

37 20

2757

98 02

$2,344 17

$47 75

B. F. Wyman, per diem and

« «

« ««
« «
<i <«

« M
« «•
(( «
«< M
M «
«< M
l< «*
«( (4
«( (»

expenses

*^.«

21 50

120

«<

42 50

217

30 00

303

•<

35 00

466

26 50

583

«(

15 00

748

15 00

814

45 80

916

15 75

983

•<

30 75

1157

««

36 85

1495

173 80

1670

212 16

1842

••

211 28

1955

t»

207 70

2054

207 55

Digitized by

Google

689
Qeneral J^nd— OoDtlnaed.

Voucher.

To Whom paid.

Amount

2143

B. F. Wyman, per diem and ex
<i «

U f<
« M
•< «•
M M
M H

Total

oenses

$207 95
162 40

2303

2315

««

6 80

2419

•4

136 30

2515

««

87 25

2765

33 19

2662

31 44

2716

73 43

$2,112 65

$110 00
116 60
141 25

1397

Employ^ pay-]

<C If

■< ((
i« i<
<i II
II <•
II i<
ti «
I* II
<i <«

M U
« M

<« II
•• M
K «
«< 41
14 ««
II «l

Total

rolls

1417

1501

1540

1,670 84
25 00

1541

1661

1,913 82
1,899 99
2,330 17
2,407 66
2,463 32
2,530 33
2,548 52
2,396 32
2,450 82
2,369 98
2,494 34
900 60

1751

♦

1821

1882

1953

2003

2052

2116

2136

2206

2302

2369

2416

856 09

2498

401 65

2504

348 00

$30,364 20
$29 40

2492

Adams Express
American Expre

« «
« 1

Associated

■ 1
Brinks' 0.0. '

« «
« t

Total

Co..

2370

68 Co

169 05

2462

74 25

2479

57 00

2682

22 56

2395

106 10

2457

16 36

2496

48 05

2601

12 50

2733

1 95

1719

7 00

1744

59 04

1917

5 00

$608 24

-44

Digitized by

Google

690
Oenerai Fund— Oontiavei.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

AlDOUStb

P. 0. Brnnko- rATit _ .

$100 00

100 00

•••••••.•••■•>■•••«■•••••«**•

100 00

107

100 00

126

141 65

149

128 33

199

128 34

242

128 33

294

128 34

345

128 33

409

128 33

476

128 34

542

128 33

639

128 83

687

128 34

781

128 33

871

128 33

950

128 34

1027

128 33

1120

128 33

1234

128 34

Tc
Ohioas

»tal , ---

$2,694 99

O ClUTMt

Ck>

$219 65
46 60

« m
• •

100

1 75

1894

770 04

2192

10 00

To
Ohicaa

taL

$1,048 04

$2 10
1 25

157

o GaA Tjfffht- And ToIta (To

177

" ■

898

987

1048

2 75
4 65
4 50

1133

3 12

1283

2 64

1481

1 44

To
Chioag

tal -

$22 45

$25 77
31 25

158

o Teleoh

one Co

267

467

31 25

679

31 25

928

31 25

2177

92 50

taL

$243 27

Digitized by

Google

691

Oeneral ^nd— GontlDued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

1802
1867
2401

1851
1978
2169
2414

1853
2415
2458

101
180
330
610
832
1214
2394

88
138
2fi8
429
656
899
1150
1736

897
1156
1204
1822
1690
1929
2163
2404
2456
2526

M. A. Eraham & Go.» badges.

TotaL

liarsbaU Field A: Co.

TotaL

Pearson Lumber Co..

TotaL

Garden City Towel Co..

TotaL

Trevor Spring Water Co..

TotaL

C. P. Van Inwegen, coal.

TotaL.

$65 00

3 00

4 50

$62 50

$41 00

23 40

3 42

68 00

$135 82

$78 28
67 79
60 21

$206 23

$2 80
8 00
3 00
8 26
5 00
3 76
2 60

$23 80

$3 33
12 83

12 66

13 33
13 16
13 16
12 83

6 00

$87 80

$22 60
38 25

22 60
135 00
123 76

90 00

23 00
92 00
67 60
30 00

$644 60

Digitized by

Google

692

Gtneral JVmd— Oontlnaed.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

1655

Wellington Gate

• 1
Total

ring Ck)

$975 00

1820

800 00

2002

483 74

2034

400 00

2120

1,835 00

2212

■

400 00

2398

■

332 25

$5,225 99

Daisy Chaffee, e
If

M
U
t$
M
(•
M
«

Total

mploy^ . . . . •

$83 33

%. ^

100 00

106

100 00

152

«<

100 00

196

<«

100 OU

256

100 00

300

100 00

362

i«

100 00

412

100 00

485

100 00

552

100 00

$1,183 S3

1654

Emma Covingto
«<

ti
If
•t

Total

n. employ^

$35 00

1862

50 00

2000

50 00

2073

50 00

2165

50 00

2319

••

50 00

$285 00

663

J. £. Hamlin, i

<i
•<

M
«
•4

Total

smploy^

$50 00

693

25 00

785

50 00

903

i«

60 00

945

«i

60 00

1039

i«

60 00

1123

•f

60 00

1231

60 00

1384

60 00

$485 00

N. B. Eeed. i

M
11
M
II

)mploy^

$100

906

fi ^

33 33

946

66 67

1041

100 00

1122

100 00

Digitized by

Google

698

Gtneral JVmd— Oontlnued.

Vouoher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

1230

N. B. Beed,
it

M
M
M

«<

Total

employ^
«i

•4
<4
M

$100 00

1380

100 00

2490

33 00

2657

100 00

2661

101 35

2674

21 00

2743

62 25

$821 60

108

I. Soderstrom,

14
«

Total

employ^
((

««

<•

<«

$40 00

148

40 00

194

40 00

243

40 00

295

40 00

344

40 00

$240 00

421

Osoar Theaiin,
i(

H
l«
«
i<
•(
(•
«
«

Total

employ^

«t

((
«i
•«
«<
«<
«<
«i
If
«

$40 00

472

40 00

553

40 00

660

40 00

689

40 00

786

40 00

872

40 00

949

40 00

1040

40 00

1119

40 OO

1232

40 00

1383

40 00

$480 00

2189

Herald, Chicago, advei
(( It

i< f<

Inter Ooean. "
« i<

News, Springfield,

Chicago,

Record.

Tribune,

.« «

•t M

Times, -

M M

Total

rtisinff

$95 00

2461

7. **

13 00

2523

12 00

2190

•<

55 00

2402
2609

««

1 05
6 30

2646

70 20

2301

43 75

2194

•<

59 50

2403

7 80

2524
2681

8 80
21 45

2289

87 50

2642

15 00

$496 35

Digitized by VjOOQIC

694

Otnenl Fund—OaaWnwA.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

2129
2691
2124
2130
2199
2128
2139
2198

0.. 0., C. A 8t L., imllroad transportatioii

Chl.AN.,W.. "

I. O.B. B.. «

B. I. APeo.. ••

8t.L.,A. AT.H^ -

T.P. AW., •*

T.H.4I.. - !!!!!!

Total

$87 73

219 99

3,639 12

$8 00

62 27

1 30

87 40

90 19

$4,216 10

1937

F. G. Cobb, roo
(•

M
f(

8. H. Dempaey,
<«

i«

M
u
«•
a
•<

M
M
M
•<
•<
It

N. B. Beed,
••
••
••
«•

M
M

A. BoblDBon,

M
<•

Total

m rent . .
«

$45 35

2048

40 OO

2175

40 00

2346

44 00

1918

40 00

2049

40 00

2158

40 00

1448

40 00

1636

50 00

1753

SO 00

1804

'il

50 00

1805

«<

40 00

1936

50 00

1938

40 00

20 U

40 00

2047

50 00

2133

50 00

2135

40 00

2288

«•

40 00

2322

50 00

2045

76 00

2141

76 00

2275

50 00

2279

<•

32 00

2337

«<

42 00

2340

18 00

2365

20 00

2372

16 00

1637

50 00

1748

45 00

1902

80 00

1939

50 00

2046

50 00

2145

•«

25 00

2644

75 00

$1,614 85

Digitized by

Google

696

General J'Vnd— Oontlnned.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

1687

HihhAnl RnATMwr Jk Co.. hftrdwam. oto

$199 52

1854

89 78

1968

u «<

62 21

2068

II «

5 25

2167

M M

26 89

2318

M «

52 75

2494

« M

2 77

1884

O.H. Bioe. **

53 02

2176

» M

19 30

2285

(i M

1 20

2460

tl M

18 70

1625
1688

FeUz a: Marstoil, **

«« «

26 39
9 34

1858

M M

18 78

2069

M «

18 55

2162

il M

23 10

TotaL

$577 57

1218
1776
1796
2526
2641
2689

John Morris Go., pilntiiig and stationeiy

<« <i

l< M ***

« M
M ff
« «

Total

$37 80
13 60
95 40

503 99

10 80

85 91

5 60

$703 10

2338

E. B. MoGoy, agrloultural exhibit

$26 55

2367

«. «. JH.VV/V7, »e « «* j/-a«w

16 35

2373

II if

26 65

2407

11 M

10 95

2429

If K

10 49

2471

If M

6 30

2283

J.M.Bioharti ••

244 45

2329

1. ^ M

217 00

2333

M M

136 50

2362

II 11

53 35

2366

« M

248 90

2408

fl 11

6 10

2208

W. A. YAmg, •*

115 25

2276

II ^ M ^

208 00

2328

M M * •"

114 60

2332

M l«

35 10

2335

M N

119 45

2364

M il

104 15

2374

N «

133 40

2409

M U *

116 65

2430

M M

78 40

2470

M M

93 80

Digitized by

Google

696

Omeral fVmd— Gontinued.

Youoher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

2282

D.
A.
A.

A.
/.

M.
Sh

0. HoTt. affricultural exhibit •

•$44 00
31 00

2»61

E.DuBois, "

2334

a. Springer, •*

30 20

2371

\i * • M

11 60

Total

12.239 19

$60 50
94 00

1362

Orendorff ,

1633

1623

37 70

1864

•«

47 00

1916

25 00

2480

12 00

TotaL

$276 20

$350 00
53 05

1738

M. Page

1739

«.^

1850

300 00

1883

86 90

1997

314 73

2072

•(

328 00

2164

318 50

2320

326 14

Total

$2,077 34

782

mmer A Pierik

$230 00

2222

»«

10 00

2392

40 00

2643

<•

40 00

Total

$320 00

680

C. Amea

$1 60

830

1 60

1164

1 60

Total

$4 80

erman House •

$312 35

117

••

370 25

161

331 55

843

263 40

499

254 40

578

259 85

752

263 25

834

746 40

835

" carriages.

200 00

1000

618 50

1167

<•

500 65

Digitized by

Google

697

Omaral JWd— GoDtinued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

1304

Sherma

D House

$402 25

1527

•

645 25

1737

759 00

1860

421 75

1963

438 50

2082

423 75

2159

443 25

2343

538 50

2477

645 75

2522

•

513 50

2663

173 00

2734

■

29 00

2756

■

14 25

Tot
World's

Tot
Wyokoil

Tot

Natlona
Paine A

Tot
Pullmai
A.F.W

Tot

«L 1

$9,525 10

$17 00
59 50

1890

Oolnmblan Exposition .....

1992

2125

747 00

2186

38 00

2221

31 50

2301

335 04

2400

32 01

2405

125 58

2684

6 50

$1,392 13
$95 00

f, gpfLTYiap^ A Benedict

45 00

1576

31 50

$171 C'O

2203

1 Fire Works, flre works

$100 00

2038

; Sons. •

1,200 00

$1,300 00

2036

i Band, music

$306 00

2211

306 00

1556

eldon. •

213 00

$825 00

Digitized by

Google

698

Oenerai JTVind— Ooncluded.
Recapitulation*

Miscellaneous

Members of Ck>mini88ion, per diem and salary

Pay-rolls employ^ ;

Fireworks

Music

Express oliarges

Bent, oi&oeB

Carpets

Ooke ;

Telephone seryide

Badges

Sundries

Lumber

Towels

Mineral water

Coal

Wellington Catering Co

Employes in oiBoe

Advertising

Transportation of militia

Boom rent, Commissioners.

Hardware

Printing and stationery

Agricultural Exhibit, National BuUdIng

A. Orendorir, account Memorial Exhibit

Illinois Press Association— J. M. Page

Medals

Newspapers

Sherman House, hotel bills

Carriage hire Dedication Day

World's Columbian Exposition

Typewriter supplies

W. C. Garrard, sundries

Total

$15,625 80

63,993 34

83,139 26

1,800 00

825 00

608 24

2,694 99

1,048 04

22 45
243 27

62 50
185 82
206 23

23 30
87 30

644 50
5,225 99
3,494 93

496 35
4,216 10
1,514 35

577 67

703 10
2,239 19

276 20
2,077 34

820 00

4 80

9,368 35

200 00
1,392 13

171 60

126 82

$143,064 26

Digitized by

Google

REPORT OP COKSTRUOTIOK COMMITTEE.

f'HE Committee on Construction, have examined
and compared that part of the report of the Com-
mittee on Finance and the vouchers which relate to the
Committee on Construction with the final report of the
Comittee on Construction, and fail to find that there is any
discrepancy between the two reports when the additional
expenditures made by order of the Board are added to
the expenditures reported by this Committee.

John Virgin,
J. Irving Pearob,
J. W. Judy,

D. W. VlTTUM,

J. M. Washburn,

B. PULLEN.

Construction Committee Distribution.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

166

Harlev A Son.

$1,500 00
2,000 00
3,500 00

169

179

<«

204

8,000 00

239

€i

18,000 00

264

14,000 00

279

5,000 00

309

10,000 00

364

10,000 00

365

451 40

392

<«

4,653 75

893

299 48

398

6,000 00

399

380 00

446

12,000 00

457

8,500 00

498

(•

4,300 00

531

<«

5,000 00

655

16.800 00

099

Digitized by

Google

700

ConttmHtM Chmmittte iXstrJbution— GoDtinned.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

613
646

TTatIav a Son -....- ••.•••••••■•

$19,700 00

<t ..,«,.......•...

10,030 00

646

•i

1,240 00

684

««

5,500 00

685
787
822
974

«<

2,400 00

4,000 00

«<

4,505 44

«<

3,000 00

97fk

««

3,500 00

1134

•(

57 10

1136

290 11

1136

15 90

1137

• «

600 00

1138

«•

300 84

1139

«<

278 03

I14n

•«

1,000 00

1141

««

761 15

114S

184 72

1^7

««

91 04

1388
1480
1238
1239
1240
1241
1505
1544
1546
1783
1784

10,000 00

250 16

W. E. Pahner, account of Harlev A Sons.....
0. G.Wade.

Beck Lumber Co., account of Harlev A Sons

Paige Iron Co.,

Philip Stelner. " **

Geo. F. Kimball.

TurnbuU & Cullerton,

Smith & Levering, - ]*

nLBooflng& Supply Co., "

Total

1,076 00

1.762 25

1,924 00

2.511 00

331 01

437 79

408 42

23 00

750 00

$204,812 50

W W Bovincpton >••• ••

$2,000 00

<«

4,000 00

4.9*^

«< , ,

3,000 00

1113

2.000 00

2647

600 00

Total

$11,500 00

117
161
343

aiiAmiAn TTnnnn. .

$13 00

•< ,

71 75

68 25

499

«<

46 75

f\7R

50 00

752
1000
1167

48 50

111 50

•4 ,•....

21 00

TotaL

$429 75

Digitized by

Google

701

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

119

D.H. Paddock

$70 50

225

64 00

902

200 00

1102

223 50

Total

$558 00

J. H. Bradley

$20 00

280

<•

20 00

817

49 80

911

*•

83 75

1112

•t *

33 08

Total

$156 63

J. Irvioff Pearce

$20 00

1165

•<

170 00

1294

10 00

1491

10 00

2085

36 60

Total

$246 60

«8

John Virgin

$20 00
5 00

129

25 00

178

45 00

306

105 00

494

141 70

744

««

160 77

818

<•

82 10

985

186 45

1098

(«

167 45

1223

70 00

1299

180 85

Total

$1,189 32
$5 00

115

J. W.Judy

487

Total

32 00

$37 00

$15 00
22 75

E. 0. Pace

749

<«

907

u • ••

29 25

Total

$67 00

Digitized by

Google

702

Construction Committee Distribution— Oontinu

ed.

Youoher.

To Whom PolcL

Amount.

130

B. PuUon

$36 20

1131

11 00

1261

22 80

Total

$70 00

L. Funk

$11 50

•«

5 00

305

<«

44 70

562

36 20

986

11 75

Total

$109 15

David Ooro • •

$15 00

910

29 50

TotaL

$44 50

116

J. M. Washburn

$39 65

810

D. W. Yittum

33 00

HISOELLAKEOUS TOU0HXB8.

State Journal ••

$66 50

Dally News

57 76

Chicago Time*. .,....,,.......*...,,......,,..

57 00

Tribiipe Co w ,

153 00

134

Chicago Herald

100 00

139

Y. F. Lawson

61 88

140

State Journal

55 00

159

T. W. 8. Kldd

20 00

331

World's Columbian Exposition

47 84

458

Orr A Lockett

14 00

492

Inter-State Industrial Exposition

401 67

654

World'* Columbian Exposition . , x ...... .

594 00

575

J. cure .'.

321 40

747

215 12

755

Boberts Bros

693 31

788

Jno. 0. Ure

500 00

831

Boberts Bros

24 00

836

Orr A Lockett

3 37

874

J. cure

660 00

924

Fire Extinguisher Manufacturing Co

875 00

944

J. aire.** :......:::.:..:;

166 85

969

Fuller k Warren Co

71 95

996

D. H. Bumham

567 28

1010

PaulLietz

50 00

1011

90 00

1012

W. 0. Garrard !!....!! i....!'.!'.!*.!

1016

Horton A Pfeiffer

12 50

Digitized by

Google

708

Construction Committee Distribution— Continued.

Youoher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

1018

World's Columbian Exposition

$286 60

1019

u a *^ ....

605 00

1045

Delaware A Hudson Canal Co

54 35

1049

Horton, Pfeiffer A Lee

20 78

1050

0. N. Dennis

25 00

1070

Horton, English A Go

1,300 00
22 50

1072

0. P. Van Inwegen

1083

N. T. Ins. Wire Co

50 00

1103

PaulLietz

110 00

1106

Thos. Collins

62 (0

1118

Paul Lletz

240 71

1143

Am. Desk and Seating Co

43 00

1181

0. H. Rice

37 60

1183

Jno. C. Ure

14 50

1193

Detroit Heating A Co

1,010 00
25 00

1219

Delaware A Hudson Canal Co

1220

Jno. C. Ure

83 37

1233

PaulLietz

25 07

1235

Horton, Pfeiffer & Lee

405 71

1236

138 68

1242

Kelley Bros

2,300 00
17 50

1251

Jno. 0. Ure

1326

106 50

1359

Chioago Carpet Co

2,400 00

1370
1373

W. H. Hackett

Horton, Pfeiffer A Lee

359 00
498 64

1398

Kelley Bros

2,329 20
37 20

1464

Parkhurst A Wilkinson

1502

Grand Rapids 8. F. Co

1,093 11

1528

Am. Desk and Seating Co

255 45

1530

J. H. Rice Co

55 02

1534

BullnrH ^ Gormlev

4 65

1539

J.B.Mora

500 00

1548

F. R. Bagley A Co

4 80

1551

J. 8. Ford, Johnson A Co

138 00

1552

L. Funk

2 25

1553

Jno. C. Ure

296 21

1558

Channon CanTas R. Co

536 48

1559

W. H. Bartels

23 20

1560

0. H. P. Connell !!....

25 00

1561

E. B. Preston A Co

1,276 00
99 70

1562

H. Channon Co ..!...

1563

B. SteUier

805 98

1564

Horton, Pfeiffer A Lee

773 84

1565

230 84

1566

Interior Building Co

1,783 78

1578

Tobey Fum. Co

27 50

1579

Tyler A Hippaoh

13 00

1580

Hlgglns, Todd A Co

54 00

1581

O.H. Rice

7 50

1626

Chicago Carpet Co

1.986 36

Digitized by

Google

704
Oonstruetiion Committee DistribulUm-'OonUnued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

1630
1631
1633
1644
1645
1646
1647
1656
1658
1662
1664
1665
1666
1704
1705
1706
1707
1745
1749
1750
1752
1780
1781
1782
1797
1798
1799
1801
1803
1822
1885
1894
1895
1910
1966
1967
1996
2001
2012
2013
2117
2180
2184
2185
2193
2217
2220

J. B. Mora

E. A. Summerfleld

Am. Deek and Seating Co

Horton, Pfeiffer A Lee ..!!!..'
World's Columbian Expoeltion.

J. S. Ford, Johnson A Co

Hostrawser A Hamilton

Pearson Lumber Co..

Brooks A Clark

W. H. Haokett

H.DlbleeCo

Heath A MllUfran

Grand Baplds 8. F. Co

Jno. MoLaDe

W. H. Stubblns Co

Sherrard A Co

Horton, Pfeiffer A Lee

Wm. Floklln Co

A. B. Beck L. Co

Jno. 0. Ure

Paul Lletz

Pomerdy'A Co

8. A. Maxwell A Co

A.H.llevell A Co

L. G. Han8<»n

Am. Desk A Seating Co

Hildreth Fum. Co

J. 8. Ford» Johnson A Co

P.Steiner

F. J.Bames

Chicago Carpet Co

E. C. Cook A Bro

rumbull A CuUerton

Shelden A Hall

W. H. Stubblns

L. Wurzbuig

PhiUp Steiner

Horton, Pfeiffer A Lee

Devoe A Baynolds Co

J. cure

TumbullA Cullerton

Horton. Pfeiffer A Lee

PaulLietz

Chicago Carpet Co

Horton, Pfeiffer A Lee

Tumbull A Cullerton

,000 00

180 00
86 60
51 50

895 36

7 99

85 25

122 OO

28 52
600 00
771 61

88 50

3 81

,102 72

156 42

!,50() 00

55 00

68 50

257 00

!,671 99

210 00

100 00

97 40
246 57
145 00

32 00

29 00
170 00

31 00
479 91
144 00
282 63
114 00
985 00

34 95
!,736 10

75 00
400 00
114 42
125 27
150 00
215 25
1,919 74
300 00
229 13
175 44
103 75

Digitized by

Google

705

Construction CommUtee DwtnfruifOn— Concluded.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

2351

Ullnoifl Booflng Co

$296 71

2352

TurnbuU & Oinierton

340 00

2364

World's Columbian EzpoBition

8,184 09

Total

$58,579 39

Becapitolation.

Wm. Harley A Son

W. W. Boyington & Co
Sherman House

D. H. Paddock

J. Harley Bradley

J. Irving Pearoe

John Virgin ,

J.W.Judy

E. C. Pace

B. Pullen

LaFayette Punk ,

David Gore

J. M. Washburn

D. W. Vittum

Miscellaneous ,

Total

$204,812 59

11,500 00

429 75

668 00

166 63

246 60

1,189 32

37 00

67 00

70 00

109 15

44 50

39 65

33 00

58,579 39

$277,872 68

-45

Digitized by

Google

COMMITTEE ON STATE INSTITUTIONS.

Voucher.

To Whom PalcL

Amount.

328

MISCEIiliANEOUS.

St. Nicholaa Hotel

$27 00

972

J. W. Taylor

75 00

1514

Geo. 0. Mages.

29 75

1683

P. P. Glllett

75 00

1845

S. P. Wood

51 61

1976

B. P. Lancaster.

60 00

1981

Mlw Alma Gill«tt

72 60

2030

W. P. Short

822 60

2081

Mrs. Mate David

52 50

2126

35 90

2131

W. p. Short.

876 49

2134

J. H. Brown

34 45

2204

Miss M. A. Collins

40 90

2321

W. P. Short

162 00

2386

A. M. MUler

31 45

Total

$2,447 25

1907

STATB INSTITUTIONS.

Deaf a^id Dumb L^^jtitutlon.

$112 35

2317

CC <l

56 35

2324

«« M

21 50

Total

$190 20
$262 35

1247

Peeble- Minded Institution

1979

u t

78 00

Total

$340 35

$94 10
204 82
334 35
794 39

1615
1557
1716
1868

Frank H. Hall, account Institution for the Blind. .
•1 11 II
Total

$1.427 66
$10 00

662

T.-Punk

986

5 00

1552

12 00

Total

$27 00

708

Digitized by

Google

707

Committee on State InttUutions—CoDtinMeA.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amounts

W. D. Stryker

$10 25
20 00

302

452

10 00
10 00

489

563

62 85

614

<•

21 50
20 00

919

1262

5 00

Total

$159 60

$6 50
30 00

A.. B. Hostetter

308

463

11 00

561

68 55

582
653

45 65
81 10

741

5 40

904
905

10 60
39 85
10 00

978

«t

1092

»l

27 35

1149

I«

6 00

1300

II * * '

10 35

1493

30 30

Total

$322 66

$29 85
20 00
38 35

303

B. P. Wyman

466
583

II :

•• * • . .-

748

10 00

916

5 00

1307

5 00

Total

$108 20

$16 50
15 00

323

David Gore

454

Total

$31 50

$66 55
23 10

329

J. M. Washburn

390

529

32 30

615

(1 •••••....

48 95

704

24 50

1088

II *

31 60

1301

If «••

12 00

1500

55 05

2727

25 00

Total

$319 05

Digitized by

Google

708

CommiUu on State Jn«titu«on»— Ooncluded.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

487

J. W. Judy

$15 50

912

42 50

1256

«f

5 40

Total

$63 40

161

Sherman Hoiiae

$7 90

343

<«

1 00

578

«i

21 50

752

(•

40 50

1167
1304

((

11 50
5 50

1527

•«

31 25

Total

$119 15

491
556

Brouae A Martin

$109 90
477 00

557

•1

98 69

651

199 50

922

•(

872 10

1009

652 25

1084

35 25

1477

«l

5 78

1638

Total

193 25

$2,643 72

Recapitulation.

Miscellaneous

Institution for Deaf and Dumb.
Institution for Feeble-Minded

Prank H. Hall

LaPayette Funk.

W. D. Stryker

A. B. Hostetter

B. P. Wyman

David Gore

J. M. Washburn

J.W.Judy

Sherman House

Brouse A Martin

Total

$2,447 25

190 20

340 35

1,427 66

27 00

15S 60

322 65

108 20

31 50

819 05

63 40

119 15

2,643 72

$8,199 75

Digitized by

Google

COMMITTEE ON GROUNDS.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

747

John 0. Ure

$34 37

874

170 00

917

100 00

942

50 00

944

74 55

l<y78

50 00

1183

14 50

1221

100 00

1251

17 60

1348

900 00

1416

400 00

1538

336 oa

1553

215 36

1752

107 00

1824

500 OO

1945

200 00

2078

74 88

2117

121 63

2342

47 25

2406

46 OO

Total

$3,559 04

923

J. 0. Yaughan..
Delaware & Hue
0. N. Dennis....

HISOKLIiANEOUS.

$68 60

1045

iflon Canal Co .

54 40

1050

25 00

1106

Thomas CollinB,
Delaware k Hud
D. 0. Loy

Agent..

62 31

1219

son Canal Co. . ,

25 75

1503

100 00

1504

David Richards.
D. 0. Loy

50 00

1622

196 25

1714

D. A. Arnold

197 50

1889

16 OO

2070

Chicago Fire Ho
World's Columbi

Total

seCo

20 00

2405

an Exposition

150 00

$965 81

343

Sherman House
Total

$4 00

1304

10 00

$14 00

709

Digitized by

Google

710

Committee on Orminds — Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

110

A. B. Hostetter

$10 00

230

22 25

463

12 75

TotaL

$45 00

265

B. PuUen

$20 00

370

29 45

671

23 25

908

11 75

1261

42 35

Total

$126 80

818

John Virgin.

$5 00

1562

Tj. TTnnlr ..,,, .^ ^

72 00

327

R- W. Jnhn^ . ! t r . .

10 00

570

David Qoro

10 00

572

W. H. FulkersoxL

10 00

Recapitulation.

John 0. Ure .. .... .. .

$3,559 04
965 81

Miscellaneous

Bherman House ....

14 00

John Virgin

5 00

L.Funk

72 00

A. B. Hostetter

45 00

B.PuUen

126 80

S.W.Johns :

10 00

David Gore

10 00

W. H. Pulkerson

10 00

Total . . .

$4,817 65

Digitized by

Google

PRINTING AND STATIONERY COMMITTEE.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

H. W. Kokker

$7 00

A. J Herbst A Co

6 25

2 75

176

2 00

244

2 00

629

2 35

528

T W. 8. Kldd

1 40

659

H. W. Bokker.

8 50

896

li. Selsmere

4 00

1169

Pantaffranh Co

5 10

1252

H. J. Burt

64 75

Total

$101 10

8. D. Chllds A Co

$22 05

6 05

102

9 75

156

1 75

422

17 30

680

3 80

839

3 00

Total

$68 70

873

Rand McNallv A Co

$35 00

1898

84 50

1903

7 50

2721

29 25

Total

$106 25

minoifi State Journal *

$35 00

253

23 00

828

26 00

1104

11 00

2497

9 36

Total

$104 36

578
1527

Sherman House

$11 50

4 90

Total

$16 40

1496

Samuel DvsarL

$5 00

711

Digitized by

Google

712
FitMnddl iStatement— Oontinaed.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

John MorriB Co ^

$78 75

103

281 40

267

396

7 20

i»

3 50

668
609

««

56 00

3 85

655

«(

1 80

764

«•

18 55

796

(»

1 80

844

51 50

870

•(

10 00

915

«(

68 10

926

63 00

967

«*

23 00

1069

16 90

1914

74 35

1993

1,146 80

2074

(

16 00

2116

«<

79 10

2291

74 30

2357

2,761 85

2495

49 00

2r»06

((

2,938 19

2641

40 OO

2650

7 66

2690

176 00

ToUl

$8,045 60
$25 00

2750

J. K. DlddTBon

2757

J. M. Washbuni

20 00

Recapitulation.

MlBcellaneouB

8. D. Chllds & Ck> . . .
Band, McNaUy A Co..
Illinois State Journal

Sherman House

Samuel Dysart

John Morris Co

J. E. Diokirson

J. M. Washburn ,

Total. .;

$101 10

63 70

106 25

104 36

16 40

5 00

8,045 60

25 00

20 00

$8,487 41

Digitized by

Google

NATUBAIi HISTORY COMMITTEE.

Youoher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

Wm. MoAdamB

$15 00
125 00

<«

125 00

142

•<

79 15

151

125 OO

172

98 90

201

125 00

240

125 00

283

129 27

297

125 00

816

86 80

847

125 00

411

125 00

460

108 45

473

125 00

525

73 00

534

125 00

627

62 00

1006

15 00

1046

49 40

133.4

82 90

1472

120 80

Total

$2,170 67
$250 00

W. P. Nicholson

83 33

150

83 34

166

18 59

197

•*

83 34

210

«<

12 69

241

««

83 33

296

*•

83 34

846

83 34

410

>«

83 33

474

««

83 33

543

83 33

616

•«

83 33

686

«(

64 37

688

83 34

769

83 33

798

7 74

869

83 33

951

83 34

1028

83 33

713

Digitized by

Google

714
Natural Bittmy Oommittw— Continued.

Toiioher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

1129

W. F. NiohoteoD

$83 33

1246

«•

83 34

1338

1 12

1402

((

83 33

Total

$1,937 86
$111 99

131

145

20 00

167

4 20

208

«*

SO SO

277

•

5 22

804

57 55

431

64 55

620

66 47

601

• «

165 28

683

35 65

743

55 12

932

««

170 39

998

110 10

1091

89 73

1201

t( '* '

5S 90

1303

18 75

1343

<«

6 50

2018

•« *

22 00

2019

«(

69 05

2739

•«

10 75

Total .,..

$1,136 60
$25 75

117

Sherman House

161

!•

43 25

343

(«

19 00

499

» l<

67 75

1167

<•

108 25

Total

$264 00

766

Frank Leyerett

$99 31

838

251 50

931

248 47

TotaL

$599 28

266

lOSOELLANBOUS.

Schulz A Co

$30 10
29 80

312

DeMuth Bros

340

State Journal

18 75

Digitized by

Google

715

Natural History Ownmtttcfr— Continued.

Touoher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

681
682
790
79S
828
842
844
862
863
864
865
866
867
884
885

900
920
1013
1037
1038
1078
1079
1108
1109
1115
1146
1152
1185
1202
1243
1250
1293
1309
. 1311
1312
1314
1318
1326
1327
1337
1340
1345
1368
1369
1509
1510
1511
1529
1553

H. L.Ide

J. M. NiokleB...

H. L. Ide

David White....
State Journal ..

F. P. Anderson.
Jno. Morris Co..

W. A. Snow

Lillie M. Hart . .

C. A. Hart

Hugo Kahl

J. £. Hallinen . .

G. F. Adams

PaulLletz

Crescent Diet Co.

C. Romlnger

A. B. Whitney....

W. K. Yeakel

8. F. Denton

W. A. Snow

H.Kahl

J. cure

N. DuBois

J. W. Taylor

MoGnie A Powell . . . . ,
Illinois State Journal.. ,

Orr A Lockett

Jos. Skeavington

Jno. K*»ay

L. E. Wyman

Mary Sanford ,

J. 0. Conkling

Freeman's Transfer. . .

A. S. Aloe A Co

J. M. Nlokes

Jno. Keay

J. M. Clarke

J. C. Ure

State Journal

Jas. Seaman

L. R. Ibbotson

J. W. Taylor

MoQrue A Powell

Freeman's Transfer. . .

0. K. Nelson

Jno. Keay

Eahn & Guerin

Deyoe A Baynolds Co.
J. C. Ure

$10 35
140 90

9 15
73 36

5 50

6 20
50 00
60 00
35 00
62 50
40 00
50 00

100 00
14 31
50 00
42 03
62 00
77 60

37 00
20 00
50 00
40 00

3 50

7 00
103 00
120 00

38 50
50 00

8 35

3 60
12 00

4 35

6 20
31 25

2 91

8 50

12 15

56 35

30 00

163 00

10 00
190 35

1 05
72 00

106 50
10 00

2 5(V
36 00

2 20

7 88
89 00

Digitized by

Google

716

Natural History Oommittm OontAnned.

Yoacher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

1573

L. K IbbotBon

$30 00

1674

J. llNlcklee

128 95

1677

Kelsey Press Co

23 50

1663

Hurphy Varnish Co

183 60

1711

Devoe A Baynolda Co

16 95

1752

J. cure

126 50

1877

Jewell Pi Iter Co

5 00

1889

D. A. Arnold

28 80

1892

0. D. Henry

1 00

1899

N. W. Terra Gotta Go

25 22

1904

J. D. Peters

1 00

1972

Thoff. rollins, ftfirent

24 20

1986

Jno. Eeay

36 40

2067

A. G. McGlunr A Go

40 00

2076
2078

Architectural Department, Unlyersity of Illinois.
J. G. Ure

429 48
10 00

2132

Jewell FilterCo

117 89

2205

10 75

2292

<•

10 75

2298

J. 0. Ure

232 50

2301

World's Columbian EzposltioD

11 71

2350

Cook A Bathbone ....'.

16 59

2353

0. Guthrie

50 00

2499

Paul Lleta

140 00

2683

The Gazette

50 05

2686

University of Illinois

40 87

146

Fred Perry

350 00

155

S. D. Peet

14 80

221

J. B. A B. G. Worthen

8,000 00

1893

W. ft L. E. Gurley

Total

8 09

$12,406 18

209

AHirniA Kxpremt Co , , .

$18 00

523

Amerliyin ETpr«»nff Co

4 95

768

United States Express Go

6 60

1199

Adams "

1 15

1200

United States "

25 30

1313

Adams *•

2 10

1315

Paciflo "

1 05

1467

UnitedStates "

2 70

1744

Brinks' Chicago City Express Go

21 50

1891

America" Express 60...*.. . .

8 25

Total

$91 60

490

J. A- Udden

$81 36

665

180 10

777

248 60

1390

«'

150 00

Total

$660 06

Digitized by

Google

717

NcOwral ^ittory OMitm^ftoe— Continued.

Youoher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

1508

D.
W.

H.
W

nnie Fisher

$45 75

1747

i«

69 05

1876

57 20

1940

33 05

Total

$205 05

1789

0. Loy

$165 05

1896

99 26

Total

$264 31

1976

F. E. Gurley

$38 65

2092 '

93 80

2178

»4 50

2360

••

122 79

2474

77 05

Total

$426 79

211

W. Bokker

17 90

1870

<•

48 80

TotaL

$66 70
$5 00

144

. D. Stryker

269

10 00

302

1.) 00

489

«•

10 00

919

27 60

981

<«

10 00

1067

77 35

1146

39 70

1392

20 20

Total

• «v

$214 85

227

0. Pace

$20 00

826

34 25

447

60 00

579

16 00

907

11 00

1532

42 00

Total

$183 25

Digitized by

Google

718

Natural History Committee— Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

234

David Gore

$6 00
10 00

323

«.

454

«(

6 00

910

« '.

5 5a

1089

19 50

Total

$46 00

$16 76
23 00

164

A. B. Hoetetter

220

226

•I

63 60

260

i«

16 25

308

47 35

367

16 60

582

10 00

978

10 75

1149

14 * *

9 00

Total

$a08 20

$40 00
15 00

265

B.PuUen

453

••

977

20 60

Total

$75 60

$6 46
40 00

305

L. Funk ■

1552

«< ...

1962

II *

2 00

Total

$48 45

$53 48
210 99

909

J. M. Washburn

1002

1186

14 *■

1484

M '

102 67

Total

$367 8i

$34 00
10 76

954

8. Dysart

1081

1496

7 00

Tot«L

$51 76

$10 00
61 00

982

Wm. Stewart

1101

Total

$71 00
120 25

1182

Jao. P. Beynoldfl

1531

B. P. Wymau '

8 OS

Digitized by

Google

719

Nalural History C(mimit/ee~Ck)iicluded.

Recapitulation.

Win. McAdftm*! ...... ... . .... ...*xx

$2,170 67

W. J. Nicholson

1,937 86

Josua Lindabl

1,136 50

Sheiman House

264 00

Frank lieYerett

599 28

MiSCAllAIlAOIl^ rr T

12,406 18

ExpreR9 .... . X

91 60

J. A. Udden *

660 06

Fannie Fisher

205 06

D. 0. Loy

264 31

W. F. E. Gurley

426 79

H,W.Bokker

66 70

W. D. Stryker.

214 86

E. C. Pace

183 26

David Gore

45 00

A. B. Hostetter

203 20

B. PuUen

75 50

TxflFRyAtte PiinV

48 46

J. M. Washburn

867 84

Samuel Dysart.

51 76

Wm. Stewart

71 00

Jno. P. Reynolds

120 26

B. F. Wyman

8 03

Total

$21,618 11

Digitized by

Google

NATURAL HISTORY COMMITTEE.

PROFESSOR 8. A. FORBES DEPARTMENT.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

889
622
611
622
625
626
641
642
648
644
708
714
726
781
784
789
740
757
762
763
775
776
843
890
892
898
895
983
939
956
967
958
960
]014
1015
1033
1086
1116
1117
1160
2161

HIBOEIiIiANBOUS.

T. H. Trev6tt

Padflc Expreas Ck>

H. S. Brode

O.E. Husk

8. Shiga

Hugo Kohl

L. A. Stave

B. D. Holston

H. 8. Brode

American Express Co .

J. E. Hallinen

W.E.Pratt

Pacific Express Go

Hugo Eahl

J. E. Hallinen

H. S. Brode

Crescent Dist. Co

H. 8. Brode

Hugo Kohl

J. E. Hallinen

W. A. Snow

LQUeM. Hart

J. E. Hallinen

Henry Trevett

A. G. Higglns

W. H Hansen

Pacific Express Co

J. E. Hallinen

LimeM.Hart

Hugo Kohl

W. A. Snow

J.E. Hallinen

Southwick & Critchley.
Sangamon Paper Co.. . .

LllUe M. Hart

J.E. Hallinen

Bausch A Lomb Go. . . .

Emer & Amend

G. E. Ghamblis

LiUieM. Hart

$18 63

1 00
100 00

4 96
29 05
68 36

2 69
44 17
17 81

6 00
31 78
60 01

9 50

40 00

46 08

7 99

41 64
100 00

40 00
60 00
60 00
86 00
99 33
28 34
66 10
33 00
6 i 00
14 15
60 00
35 00
40 00
60 00
71 92

47 81
10 00
35 00
26 00
13 99

8 70
60 00
35 00

720

Digitized by

Google

721

Natural History Cbmmtftee— ContlDaed.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

1162

J. E. HalUnen

$25 00

1163

Lillie Heath

25 00

1164

HiignKfthl..

40 00

1170

Blake A Ck)

2 55

1171

Withflll, Tfttnm SrVo

9 63

1172

Hitchcock Lamp Co

4 50

1173

Emer A Amend , . . .

2 53

1174

14 06

1175

Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict

5 00

1177

C. K. Worthen

9 38

1178

Southwick A Crltxshley

43 01)

1179

6 00

1257

E. Dietzgen A Co

6 00

1258

Knowlton & Bennett

3 25

1259
1265

American Express Co

J. E. HalUnen

3 30
50 00

1268

W. A. Snow

50 00

1270

Lillie M. Hart

40 00

1289

Hugo Kahl

40 00

1290

0. F.. nhftmhlifl^ , . . ,

50 00

1291

W. A. Snow. ,.\

50 00

1292
1296

Lillie Heath

AdftTTK^ F.xpT^^fl Co. . . . . . . . .

25 00
5 00

1456

Emer & Amend

3 35

1468

Lillie Heath

11 00

1469

W. A. Snow

20 00

1471

Hugo Eahl

40 00

1513

T.niiflM Hart ,

6 40

1536

C. C. Dorflinger & Sons :

105 58

1572

FantaffraDh Frlntinc; Co

• 73 70

1648

Hammond Typewriter Co

25 00

1693

J. E. HiilHn«n

75 34

1713

Pettlbone, Wells & Co

10 00

1762

Emer & Amend

10 33

1763

B. S. Wilbur

20 00

1764
1766

P. A. Cunningham

Bausoh & Lomb Co

3 15

4 50

1767

Montgomery & Co

3 54

1768

Marder, Luse A Co

5 40

1752

J. C. Ure

67 55

1770

E. H. Sarsent A Co

19 53

1772

The Gazette

37 25

1786

H. A. BftllflTd. . ,

8 67

1791

Hugo Kahl. T . - T T . , . . ,

61 75

2437

S. W. Shattack '..,

81 18

Total

$2,762 33

143

0. F. Adams

$175 15

147

100 00

193

100 00

-46

Digitized by

Google

722

Natural History OtmMnittee—Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

212

0, Pr A<1«inB. .. .. .

$89 59

245

100 00

* 252

30 20

287

«i

100 00

317

32 36

357

100 00

366

«<

16 51

408

«4

100 00

476

100 00

518

»•

13 51

536

100 00

621

100 00

711
730

i«

14 71
100 00

761

• «

100 00

940

• i

100 00

1032

»«

100 00

1114

»•

85 65

1124

100 00

1266

100 00

1470

100 00

1507

<( '

66 12

1785

42 94

Total

$2,166 74

168

S. A. Porbes

$9 01

524

4«

6 20

Total

$15 21

1552

TiAlPftvAttA Punk - . .

$333 15

1859

i»

18 65

Total

$351 80

894

Samuel Dvsart

$60 00

349

P. M Woodruff

$45 00

387

21 10

419

75 00

488
517

14
if

75 91
12 72

613

•i

7 30

735

25 00

767

25 no

829

66 72

970

36 60

Total

$390 35

Digitized by

Google

723

Naturai ExSUny Gommittee— Oontlnued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

351

H E SiimmAra

$40 00

418

100 00

470

«i

100 00

621

4 28

540

100 00

620

100 00

938

«(

100 00

1035

75 00

1125

100 00

1267

76 00

1455

76 00

1671

19 45

1765

««

3 00

1790

41 77

Total

$933 50

315

E. Forb68

$17 67

350

25 00

388

18 08

417

25 00

428

19 65

537

25 00

608

28 31

624

25 83

Total

$184 54

286

Wm. Bebb

$40 00

310

25 16

348

20 00

Total

$85 16

519

Ohaa. A. Hart

$37 46

526

49 58

541

62 50

603

62 50

617

92 43

733

62 50

760

62 50

937

62 50

1034

62 50

1126

62 50

1264

62 50

1549

16 44

Total

$695 91

Digitized by

Google

724

Natural History ComnuttM— Continned.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

420

F. M. McElfre

(4
*t

Total

$40 00

471

29 26

627

15 34

533

40 00

606

27 55

623

33 86

736

40 00

$226 01

518

0. T. Wilder.

$35 56

539

50 00

602

50 00

605

100 63

619

50 00

725

69 79

732

25 00

Total ..

$380 98

Recapitulation.

Miscellaneous

$2,762 33

n, F. Adum*^ , :

2,166 74

S. A. Forbes

15 21

L. Funk

351 80

Ramufll py^Art, , . . - , ^ . . , , ,,..., t .......

60 00

F. M. Woodruff

390 35

H. E. Bummers. ,

933 50

E. Forbes

184 54

Wm. Bebb

85 16

C. A. Hart

695 91

F. M. McElfresh

226 01

C. T. Wilder

380 98

Total

$8,252 53

Digitized by

Google

EDUCATION COMMITTEE.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

Lillian F. Taylor

$10 00

13 00

(»

7 60

«*

12 60

30 90

<«

25 50

((

11 86

11 66

128

Richard Edwards i

8 50

181

T. J. Burrlll

2 00

182

T. C. Olendenin . . .

2 00

183

Lillian F. Taylor '.

12 00

184

H. C. Forbes

2 00

186

C. J. Kinnie

3 00

187

Jno. Hull

2 00

188

0. L Parker .. .'

2 00

189

Richard Edwards

1 50

203

John W. Coolc

281
311

H. 0. Forbes -

John W. Coolc

44 67
54 75

374

Prang Ed. Co.

22 92

414

C. J. Kinnie

8 25

415

G. R. Shawhan

12 16

440

Withall, Tatum & Co

45 64

442

Illinois State Journal

21 25

\ 464

S. D. Ohilds A Co

6 13

^ 496

Pantagraph Printing Co

40 00

502

John Hull

167 50

533

niinoie State Journal

13 75

558

University of Illinois

42 90

564

0. W. Carter

27 75

565

Fi-anklin Ed. Co

14 03

581

S. W. Shattuck

3 42

599

H. F. Hallinen

63 10

600

E. H. Sarcrent

6 90

604

Fuller & Fuller

35 06

607

H. Londenberger

2 20

648

C. W. Carter

60 60

649

A. H. Abbott

1 88

661

E. Deitzgen

11 25

710

11 70

770

W. A. Powers

17 38

771

R. King A Co

137 00

772

112 33

725

Digitized by

Google

726

SdMcatkm CommittM Oontlnned.

Yoaoher.

To Whom Paid.

Aniount

774

Art Pottery Co

$7 50

778

Pantagraph Printing Co

126 18

827

it »»

69 41

845

Mtb. S. Potter

44 00

853

W. 0. Krohn

30 00

854

Prang Ed. Co

6 00

855

Pantagraph Printing Co

15 65

856

Pan Tfardie " ,

6 00

857
891

P. G. Ooffen

0, Hpnnecke 0«

15 25
35 43

930

Pantagraph Prii.ting Co

40 00

989
990

W. 0. Krohn

J. D. Phillips

m25
24 10

997

Jrthn HftU ...

65 40

1007

State Journal

20 00

1008

W. C. Garrard

25 00

1012

<«

15 00

1020

Puller ^ Puller

17 85

1021

Graoe Peabody

3 50

1022

J, n PWiMpft . ,

28 60

1023

UHiyerBity of Illinois

55 36

1024

Louis Wagner

12 00

1025

E. Deitzgen A Co

14 75

1043

E. Electric Light ft B. Co

27 75

1044

Pord & Washburn Co

35 00

1063

P. G. Co£Fen

7 50

1064

W. A. Powers

5 25

1U65

Puller & Fuller

1 02

1073

Pantagraph Printing Co

51 60

1074

Culver Marble Co

85 30

1075

Geo. H. Miller

15 00

1076

John W. Cook

7 70

1077

Prang Ed. Co

1 67

1080

E. McConnell

55 00

1085

Robinson & Burr

8 49

1090

E. W. Stocker

590

1110

J. W. Taylor

808 88

1156

The Leader.

32 00

1180

H. Heil Chemical Co

38 98

1184

Jno. Hull

135 52

1198

State Journal

218 00

1207
1208

CarponiBros

Withall, Tatum A Co

335
22 72

1209

tt it

17 00

1210

The Gazette

4 00

1211

P. G. Coffen

450

1212

E. McConnell

59 60

1213

The Gazette

10 00

1237

Mcintosh Bet. Co

80 00

1244

G. P. Minnick

700

1269

The Gazette

4 65

Digitized by

Google

727

£ducat%on Committee— Continued.

Voudxer.

1271
1272
1275
1276
1277
1282
1302
1305
1306
1308
1316
1317
1320
1321
1323
1324
1329
1330
1331
1332
1335
1341
1342
1354
1857
1363
1364
1365
1366
1371
1372
1375
1376
1377
1379
1385
1386
1389
1394
1399
1401
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412

To Wbora Fftia.

S. W. Shattuck

Hubbard A Son

Richard Kry Co

H. N. Patterson

Withal], Tatum <k Co

Thayer & JaolLSon

The Gazette

T. T. Fredrichs

Geneva Op. Co

B. Anderson

Am. Bookmart

W. O. Krohn

Richards <fe Go

C.T. Wilder

B. P. Templeton

G. M. PiUsbury

H. Sargent.

D. L. Root <k Co

S. W. Shattuck

Robinson & Burr

J. W. Taylor

B. S.Wilbur

Jno.HuU

Pantagraph Printing Co ...

Prang Ed. Co

Heil Chemical Co

The Leader.

W. A. Olmstead

A. G.Smith

Library Bureau

0. T. Busch

R. Abemathy

H. S.Ogle

D.H. Lloyd

Montgomery & Co

M. A. Earl

Jas. InglisQ

Alex. Levy ,

0. H. Bradley

G. W. McCluer

W. O. Krohn

WithaU, Tatum A Co

Library Bureau

Elektor Manufacturing Co.

0. A. Herme

H. C. Eaton

Emer & Amend

1. O.Baker

Mcintosh Bat Co

P. Chipman

O. 0. Woolsey

Amount.

$14 93

1 13

36 39

4 25

20 00

20 55

33 12

4 95

20 16

84 00

8 15

54 84

144 90

66 45

3 56

2 25

18 85

29 20

1,720 10

79 50

6 50

8 34

161 36

63 45

29 30

21 56

3 00

3 23

19 00

26 57

9 05

2 25

49 00

69 28

10 08

14 60

124 75

4 80

7 60

59 50

13 81

9 95

25 00

16 00

9 13

3 67

2 00

3 47

14 45

18 75

2 63

Digitized by

Google

728
Education Committee— Ck)ntiDued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

1413
1414
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1445
1446
1447
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1465
1466
1501
1512
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526

£. Deitzgen ft Co ,

H. £. Bartlett

Stanford Hall

G. E. Morrow

G.C.Miller

W. A. Stowell ,

May Leaton

D. L. Boots ft Son

E. W. Stoker

C.T. Wilder

D. H, Lloyd ft Son

B. P. Colton ,

Jno. Hull

Withall, Tatum ft Co

Agricultural Experiment Station

B. Andrews

Bichards ft Co

Cunningham ft Kolold

Agricultural Experiment Station

D. L. Boots ft Son

G.C.MlUer

C.N Clark ft Co

Pantagraph Printing Co

Bobinson ft Burr

C. W. Soribner

D.H.Lloyd

Southwick ft Crltchley

Jas. Ingliss

G. E. Morrow

G.C.Mliler

N. O. Lawson

J. B. Gaines

B.C. Vial

C.N. Clark ft Co

E. McConnell

H. E. Summers

Bacon, Mittendorf ft Hall

Wyokoft, Seamans ft Benedict. .

B.N. Bamsay

B. S.Wilbur

C.N.Clark ft Co

A. B. Loomls

Jno. A. Lowry

The Gazette

Bacon, Mittendorf ft Hall

J.M.White

W. L. Pillsbury

Bacon, Mittendorf ft Hall

$9 99
8 40

8 00

13 90
10 50

3 60
10 00
46 58
72 30

10 00

3 90
27 86

128 58
2 35

9 36

11 16

8 57
81 60

4 90

9 00
52 50
27 92

203 65

25 59

8 61

5 09
549 75

7 00
64 15

8 77

1 80
37 50
22 50

12 75

6 65
69 50
42 50

7 90

2 50

8 00

14 35

9 26
8 75

18 50

3 50
40 80
22 78

19 97
46 70

376 72

Digitized by

Google

729

Education Commtt^ee— Cpotinued.

Voucher.

1675
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
'16)3
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1627
1628
1629
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1653
1659

To Whom Paid.

Bausoh & Lomb Go

R.H. Forbes

Bichards & Ck>

General Eleotric Ck)

W. A. Powers

P.P. Fredrioh

H. D. Bartlett

The Gazette

Thos. Naughton

Ltllie M. Hart

A.N.Talbott

0. J. Butterfleld

Graoe Peabody

L. P. Atwood

G.P.Clinton

A. L. Kuehmstd

B.C. Vial

University of Illinois. . .

Jno. W. Cook

E. J. Lake

D. H. Lloyd & Son

Strickle Bros

J. B. Lipplncott. ...

^. H. Sargent & Go. ...

Alice C. Fell

Funk & Klauer

J.M.White

Henry Bevis

CKEla

R. Anderson

Bichards & Go

D. L. Boots & Sons

B. H. Swenson ,

Sharp A Smith

Prang Ed. Co

Stanford Hall

J. E. Griswold

J. W. Queen

Paitagraph Printing Go

Mcintosh Bat. Co

O. E. Strehlon

H. S. Brode

S. W. Shattuok

L. Manasse

Jno. Hull

A. O. Norton

Strickle Bros

World Sign Go

P. A. Coen & Son

J. W. Cook

Pantagraph Printing Co.

Amount.

$8 63

19 02

3 50

83 65

6 25

9 20

6 39

76 95

148 13

7 65

11 05

11 50

2 50

21 50

9 95

13 26

5 32

29 75

21 00

51 71

5 00

5 20

6 00

14 26

21 00

312 15

96 90

8 45

16 00

12 66

6 50

3 25

18 26

5 75

4 00

7 12

21 60

47 65

16 50

35 33

22 70

27 47

80 00

9 00

337 64

5 13

160 10

40 00

9 40

25 70

316 05

Digitized by

Google

730

Eduoation CommtttM— Oontlnued.

YouQher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

1667

Onwift Co. T .

$113 31

1694

PettlboDe & Wells

11 35

1701

B. S. Wilbur

28 00

1702

W. K. Yeakel

1 80

1703

H. O.Wood worth..

62 20

1719

9 38

^720

B.W. Stark

2 00

1721

E, iT. T/ftkp

8 55

1722

Fuller & Fuller

6 90

1723

G. E. Morrow

51 00

1724

Pxiflter Manufacturing Go

47 00

1725
1726
1727

The Gazette

G. P. CUnton

Western Electric Co

173 02
14 50
10 16

1728

W. E. In. Co

105 90

1729

8. W. Shattuck

125 63

1730

Bobinson & Burr

3 97

1731

F. P. Andrews

5 75

1746

Richards A Co

94 90

1769

J. M. White

5 50

1754

P. H. Cornell

5 00

1755

W. B. Sanford

15 00

1756

J. W. Taylor

128 28

1757

A. Tellheimer

25 50

1758

R. H. Forbes

14 08

1759

E. W. Stocker

28 20

1760

G. W. McCluer

5 20

1761

G. W. Herring

10 50

1771

W. 0. Krohn

45 69

1800

8. B. Wait

9 00

1806

Duncan A Johnstono

11 25

1807

L. McManufl .....

22 50

1808

H. H. Brancher

3 60

1809

T. J. BurriU

1 85

1810

8. 0. Shlelvig

5 00

1811

C. W. Scribner

10 25

1812

P. M. Huoke

13 86

1813

Bacon. Mittendorf & Hall

179 85

1815

T. H. Trevett

1 30

1816

F. D. Gardner

4 90

1817

Dalley A Anderson

17 85

1818

B. Anderson

46 50

1819

8. C. 8klelvlg

7 25

1825

Jno. A. liOwrv ,

5 95

1826

The Gazette

49 45

1846

B. Anderson

11 00

1847

Richards So Co

21 96

1848

J. D. Crawford

48 85

1861

Jno. Hull

89 05

1866

World Sign Co

2 15

1869

Pantagraph Printing Co

820

Digitized by

Google

731

Education Oommittee—Coatinued.

Youober.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

1872
1873
1875
1886
1897
1913
1915
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1941
1942
1943
1944
1948
1974
1980
1984
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1994
2017
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2084
2087
2088
2127
2171
2358
2389
2493
2531
2533

J. MoCann

E. H. Sargent A Co

Jno. Hull

W. O. Krohn

Mcintosh Bat. Co

E. K Sargent & Co

Jno. Hull /

J. A. Keith

B. W. Elsendrath

Pages Lath & B. Co

E. H. Sargent

Puster Manufacturing Co

Western Electric Co

E. 0. Bennett

S. W. Shattuck

0. O. Butterfleld

Pantagraph Printing Co

C. H. Besley '

G. W. MoCluer

Queen So Co

D. W. Shea

B. V. Swenson •.

C. E. Ela

Architectural Depari;ment, University of Illinois

A. M.Talbott

Mcintosh Bat. Co .

Bacon, Mltttendorf &, Hall

The Gazette

Dailey So Anderson

Henry Bevis

S. W. Shattuck

Boblnson A; Burr ,

H. E. Summers

Chas. H. Besley

Western Electric Co

The Gazette

Geo. B. Carpenter

D. W. Shea

8. W. Palmer

S. W. Parr

1. O. Baker

Sef ton Bros

M. 0. Meader

Crane & Co

A. J. Barton

Jno. Hull

Jno. C. Ure

W. F. Eocheleam

Mcintosh Bat. Co

Chas. Herme .'

J. M. White

$1 80

13 86

185 30

9 54

2 75

66 2»

371 31

15 15

4 75
9 11

2 88

3 50
75 08
25 OO
51 75

1 75

2 40
69 18
20 08

18 39
61 19
48 76

24 60
285 34

44 35
2 00
17 90
2 00
72 79
58 65
80 00

1 55
10 70

6 01

187 20

68 33

20 25

2 50
41 00
41 50
27 90

3 18

12 62

19 00
39 80

13 40

20 00

25 25

5 00

16 35
64 63

Digitized by

Google

732
Eduoalion Gimimtttee— ContiDued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

2534

G. W. Parker

$12 81

2535

H. E. Parker

2i 00

2536

G. W. MoCluer

9 85

2537

C. H. Besley

2 85

2538

W. 0. Erohn

8 65

2607

The Gazette

13 75

2608

E. Deitzgen

6 25

2649

Bioharde A C3o

10 54

2652

J. M. White

9 70

2655

D. L. Boots k Son

10 25

2705

The Gazette

35 02

1849

E.B. Smith

25 00

434

University of Illinoie

18 03

Total , .

$14,891 52
$5 00

E. E. Chester

127

16 75

214

15 00

324

10 00

465

30 00

921

12 50

988

6 50

1096

•(

4i 65

1188

»«

17 00

1325

»«

5 00

1488

7 50

2725

«i

10 00

Total

$176 90

J. K. Dickirson

$15 00

125

((

5 00

216

15 00

322

18 75

Total

$53 75

305

1552

TjaFayette Funk

$5 75
50 75

1795

36 58

1859

65 00

1962

•<

7 03

Total

$165 11

$15 00
15 55

J. M. Washburn

116

Total

$30 65

Digitized by

Google

788

Education Commtttee— Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

69 S. W.

Johns

$10 OO

118 "

10 00

tal

$20 00

234 David

Q^ore

$19 50

1280 W. D. fi

; try leer

1 85

280 J. Harl

ey Bradley

16 OO

89 Wm. J

AnlriTfR , . ..,....,.

$12 46

185 *

3 00

261

104 17

293 '

208 34

313 *

67 99

366

208 33

406 '

208 33

426

67 12

441 *

64 04

469 *

208 34

630

58 44

632

208 33

569

66 19

640

208 33

668

62 71

692 *

208 34

727

99 72

759

208 33

837

98 62

860 *

208 33

887*

162 04

948

208 34

995

140 27

1031

208 33

1068

167 23

1128 *

208 33

1189

162 90

1248

208 34

1274

137 76

1400

208 33

1444

51 39

1718

40 85

1887

88 87

1969

88 87

2073 '

88 20

2173 *

84 92

2316

88 65

2520

22 50

tal

$4,896 58

Digitized by

Google

784

Hducation Committee— CoacXaded.

Youoher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

117

BhemiAn House. . . . . ^ t -

$23 00

161

31 25

843

8 25

499

12 00

578

<•

6 50

1000

i«

48 25

1167

18 10

1304

2 00

1527

42 50

Total . .

$191 85

Recapitulation.

MlAC-ollaneouB. , .... . . . r - 1 ^

$14,891 52

E. E. Chester

176 90

J. K. Dtokirson

- 53 75

L. Funk

165 11

J. M. Washburn

30 55

8. W.Johns

20 00

David Ck>re .

19 50

W . D . Stryker

1 85

J. H. Bradley

15 00

Wfri. Jenkins . ....

4,895 58

Sherman House - -

191 85

Total

$20,461 61

Digitized by VjOOQIC

MAPS AND DRAWINGS COMMITTEE.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

Samue

Tc
W. D.

Tc
B.F.I

1 Dyaart.

$15 00
35 00

207

325

25 90

449

48 10

676

80 00

702

(

SO 00

1081

2 25

1168

11 50

1287

76 10

1496

20 00

>tal

$343 86

Stryker

$20 00
10 00

144
369

5 00
16 00

452

10 00

919

6 00

1262

»•

6 00

>tal

$70 00

Vyman

$10 00

120

10 00

217
466

5 00
20 00

683

(

5 00

916

•

6 00

1307

10 00

Tc
£.E C

►tal

$66 00

214

Chester

$10 00

677

25 10

816

10 00

921

•

10 00

1188

12 00

1488

5 50

tal :

$72 60

786

Digitized by

Google

736

Mapa and Drawings Committee— ConUaaed.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

305
662

LaFayette Funk

$5 00

20 50

745

7 00

Total

David Qote

234

$32 50
$5 00

454

10 00

Total

Sherman House

117

$15 00
$28 00

161

«t

36 25

343

14 50

499

35 25

578

4«

7 25

752

7 00

1000
1167

23 25

9 50

1304

61 75

1527

28 50

Total

$251 25

934

Kand.McNally So Co

$2 40

1570

' <• " 4.

3,471 25

2 183

if l<

308 25

Total

$3,781 90
$25 00

462

J. "W. Taylor

493

30 00

753

875 00

1107

•1

235 00

nil

648 00

2014

100 00

Total

$1,913 OO

1003

inSCEI^IiANEOUS.

Ghas. Hansel

$7 00

722

I. 0. Baker

1 70

1255

E. 0. Pace.

16 (M)

486

Jno. A. I/owrv

27 00

2694

Frank Leverett

7 50

Total

$59 20

Digitized by

Google

787

Jfopa and Drawings Oomtnittae-OontinaecL

Becapltalation.

Samuel Dysart

W. D. Stryker.

B. F. Wyman.

£. E. Chester.

LaFayette Ftink

David Gore

Sherman House

Band. McNaUy A Co.

J. W. Taylor

Miscellaneous

Total

$3i3 86

70 00

65 00

72 60

32 60

15 00

261 25

8,781 90

1,913 00

69 20

$6,604 30

-47

Digitized by VjOOQIC

MAPS AND DRAWINGS COMMTTTfiE.

c. w. rolfe's department.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

lOBOEIiLAHXOUB.

171
173
174
175
222
223
228
229
230
232
233
250
272
273
274
276
276
283
285
319
320
321
332
834
835
836
337
338
841
342
375
876
878
379
880
881
882
888

J. G. Moeler

Ira J. Stoddard

J. E. Halliiien

B. 0. Ellison

J. G. Moster

J. C. Turner

J. E.Halltnen

J. C. Turner

E. C. Ellison

Edward Jerry

E. 0. Eldman

I. J. Stoddard

J. C. Turner

Ii-aJ. Stoddard

Edwa'd Jerry

E. C.Ellison........

J. G. Moeler

C. B. Klinglehoefer..

J. E. Halllnen

E. C. Eldman

Edward Jerry

E. 0. Ellison

J. 0. Turner

R. M. Wood

C.B. Klinglehoefer..

E. C. Eldman

J. G. Mosler

J. E. Halllnen

Thos. Barclay

W. M. Hay

R.M.Hood

W. A. Dunaway

J. C.Turner

H.J.Burt

Thos. Barclay

Jerry Edwards.

Champaign Gazette.
E. C. Eldman

738

$125 56
69 15

65 49
80 80

119 00
109 00

105 95
40 98
50 89
19 85
31 95

104 13

104 60
55 28
80 24
84 32

79 36
114 00

92 88

106 30
67 00

80 55
106 56

73 38
109 50

105 10

93 27
93 21

66 15
108 25

59 8»
40 35

108 16

95 03

99 99

76 25

5 75

104 09

Digitized by

Google

789
Maps and Draminga Committee— OontinneA.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

884

J. G. Mo3ier

$79 90

385

W.M. Hay

107 89

386

J. E. Halllnen

72 78

394

C. B. KLiDglehoefer

HI 00

423

J. 0. Turner

118 05

424

C. B. Klinglehoefer

80 47

427

R. M. Hood

lis 05

430

E. C. Eidman

104 05

432

J. G. Mosler

79 10

435

W. W. Danley

64 91

436

H. J . Burt

109 27

437

J. E. Halllnen

90 96

438

Edward Jerry

85 00

439

Thos. Barclay

100 17

443

W. M. Hay

99 15

444

W. A. Dunaway

80 89

604

M. A.. Earl [.',.'..'.'.".".'.'.'.'.'.

26 02

505

W. M. Hay

102 21

506

H. J. Burt

114 65

507

R. M.Hood

107 00

508

E. 0. Eidman

105 95

609

Edward Jerry

89 87

510

Thos. Barclay

70 75

511

0. B. Klinglehoefer

91 25

512

J. 0. Turner

115 00

513

W. W. Danley

112 01

514

J. G. Mosler ".!'..

79 90

515

W. A Dunaway

84 94

584

110 35

585

J. C. Turner

97 50

586

H. J. Buit

115 39

587

W. W. Danley

98 88

588

E. C. Eidman .. ..

107 25

589

J. G. Mosler

57 20

590

Thos. Barclay

92 60

591

R. M. Hood

110 74

592

M. A. Earl

111 77

593

W. M. Hay

82 69

595

0. B. Klinglehoefer.

98 35

596

Edward Jerry ,

91 65

598

J. A. Udden

75 00

664

Edward Jerry ... ...

82 40

666

W. W. Danley

112 25

667

J. C. Turner.

117 59

668

E. (1. "Riflfnan

107 15

669

R. M. Hood

113 00

670

M. A. Earl

121 31

672

KnowUon A Bennett

14 00

673

Thos Barclay

70 88

674
675

W.M.Hay •

H. J. Burt

111 33
116 77

Digitized by

Google

740

Maps and Drawings CSommittee—Contlnued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

676
677
709
712
713
715
716
718
719
720
721
723
724
728
729
742
789
791
795
797
800
801
802
804
805
821
875
876
877
878
879
881
882
883
936
962
963
964
965
966
994
1052
1053
1054
1056
1056
1057
1058

J. G. Moder

0. B. Klingleboefer .

J. G. Hosier

Thos. Barclay

W. W. Danley

Champaign Gazette.

H. J. Burt

J. C. Turner

0. B. Klinglehoefer .

M. A. Earl

R. M. Hood

E. 0. Eldman

W. A. Dunaway

J. A. Udden

L. S. Bo68

W.M.Hay

LydiaHoeier

L. 8. Boss

J. G. MoBier

H. J. Burt

Thos. Barclay

Edward Jerry

J. C. Turner

W.M.Hay

E. C. Eldman

Edward Jerry

Lydia Mosier

J. G. Mosier

W. A. Dunaway

W.M.Hay

E. 0. Eldman

H. J. Burt

ThoB. Barclay

J. 0. Turner

W. W. Danley

W.M.Hay

J. C. Turner

Lydia Mosier

W. A. Dunaway

H. J. Burt

J. G. Mosier

W. A. Dunaway

W.M.Hay

H. J. Burt

J. 0. Turner.

The Gazette

W. W. Danley

O. Oldham

$78 00
111 90

89 66
50 95
97 30

6 44

111 91
120 78

17 50

112 25
27 00

120 65

229 62

97 00

60 00

84 53

3 30

95 00
122 31

75 00
75 05

70 50
103 35
115 15
115 00

87 90

14 40

115 93

79 30

90 96

96 90
73 00
23 85
75 00
16 00
93 99
75 00

7 05
78 50

71 00
92 26

72 00
77 30
75 00
75 00
12 40

600
16 80

Digitized by

Google

741

Maps and Dravtings OommiMee— Oontinued.

Toucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

1059

A. W. Bea

$45 00

1060

J.G.Mosier

85 00

1061

LydiaMosier

30 60

Total

$11,669 65

137
236

W. & L. E. Gurlev

$81 00
75 00

269

l< .«

45 00

597

ti «

17 61

1061

i( «

1 34

Total

$219 95
160 00

136

L. Manasse

238

120 00

270

<«

120 00

Total

$400 00

237

Rand. McNally & Co

$15 00

737

41 14 •<

346 02

Total

$361 02

1350

Tjoulee Mid Jno. Bft>*wtnk .,..,,

$150 00

1543

«« i«

150 00

1741

i< (t

260 00

1776

«( «<

300 00

Total

$850 00

1552

L. Funk

$150 00

141

C. W. Rolfe

$374 14

160

<«

85 00

200

<«

85 00

231

8 53

246

85 00

284

((

12 65

288

85 00

318

<«

9 91

354

86 00

395

•(

14 55

407

85 00

445

i«

9 56

468

85 00

503

4 54

535

85 00

594

•<

7 84

628

85 00

Digitized by

Google

742

Maps and Drawinga C<i>mmi(te»— Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

▲mocint

671

C.W

Rolfe . .
•1

•«

•<

i«

u
u
it

'otal

$10 99

690

85 00

717

6 77

758

85 00

792

5 62

861

85 00

880

88 20

947

85 00

961

30 53

1026

85 00

1066

44 00

1127

85 00

1245

85 00

1482

8 05

$1,945 88

Kecapltnlatloii.

W. & L. E
L. Manass

3U8. .

$11,669 65

Ourl
e

219 95

400 00

rallv A fio -

361 02

L. & J. Barwick

850 00

L. Funk

150 00

0. W. Rolf

B. . ..

1,945 88

Total

$15,696 50

Digitized by

Google

STATISTICS.

Voucher.

To Whom Pftid.

Amount

191

J. D. Wright

$95 83
125 00

247

289

125 00

358

••

125 00

405

125 00

477

125 00

544

125 00

631

<«

125 00

657

«*

6 50

697

•«.

125 00

Total

$1,102 33
$76 67

192

H. R. Mitchell

248

100 00

290

««

100 00

859

100 00

403

100 00

478

100 00

545

100 00

632

100 00

696

100 00

848

97 08

1715

100 00

Total *

$1,073 75

190

T. K. Oore

$76 67

249

100 00

291

100 00

853

«<

100 00

389
402

42 39
100 00

456

«f

53 27

479

100 00

546

100 00

633

4«

100 00

695

100 00

803

(«

35 90

847

100 00

968

l«

50 00

Total

$1,158 23

748

Digitized by

Google

744
iSeattttia— Concluded.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

292

Ed ByaD ....

$75 00

355

100 00

401

100 00

480

(•

100 00

648

100 00

634

«>

100 00

694

<«

100 00

Total

$675 00

852

T. J, T08867 . .

$100 00

400

•i

100 00

481

100 00

547

100 00

635

««

100 00

699

<«

100 00

Total ..

$600 00

235

WillU Bmlth , r , . t . .

$8 33
8 33

258

301

<«

8 34

363

8 34

405

8 33

482

8 34

549

8 33

636

((

8 33

698

«f

8 34

Total

$75 01
$50 00

261

lOBOBLLANBOUS.

W. 0. Gkurard

1203

L. E. Wheeler

IS 75

1774

J. 0. Conkliiiff

25 00

1795

Ti. FvivV:

2 00

Total

$90 75

Recapitulation.

J. D. Wright.
H. B. Mitohell.
T. K. Gore . . .

EdByan

T. J. ToBBev. .
Willis Smi&. .
MiBcellaneoufl,

Total.....

$1,102 33

1,073 75

1,158 23

675 00

600 00

75 01

90 76

$4,775 07

Digitized by

Google

lilVE STOCK ACCOUNT.

Dr.

To amount State appropriation.

Or.

By amount charged for administration.
" paid freight on live stook. . .
*' " horaes, 37^

" cattle, 30>i

" hog8.16fe.

" " Bheep. 12%.

** poultry, 6%

" balance on hand

TotaL.

$40,000 00

$8,000 00

3,308 78

12,464 29

10,106 17

5,053 09

4.042 47

2,021 23

3 97

$40,000 00

745

Digitized by

Google

AGHICUIiTURAL COMMITTEE.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

799

mSOBLLAKBOUS.

Searing A DiUlnger

$8 50

925

J. J.Butler

31 87

927

A.£.Bu8sell.

52 2^

953

A. Neeper

25 00

1017

J. W. MoHenry '..,'.['.. .'/.'.'.'.[['.['.['.['.['.

54 55

10A7

George Q. Bates

8 95

1099

E. Mareh ....

36 00

1153

Horton, Pfeiffer & Lee

106 00

1196

BeedeBros ..

41 78

1215

W. A.Bicket.

68 70

1216

Daniel HIU

33 76

1217

J. H. Swing

7 70

1225

T. P. Chester

11 20

1226

E. 0. Chester

53 64

1310

Cameron, Amberg A Co

5 00

1333

Hibbard. Spencer A Co

6 82

1336

u *^

29 42

1360

A. W. Crawford

85 00

1393

E. 0. Chester

27 SO

1458

E. A.Vlttum

92 45

1460

H. P. Edmonds.

10 77

1461

W. B. Hostetter

» 85

1462

E.A.Vlttum

141 60

1463

The Pair '. '.'.*

12 28

1476

Eagle Bros. A Co *. . .

17 11

1516

Cameron, Amberg A Co

16 75

1537

Hibbard, Spencer A Co

50 69

1567

A.P.COX

250 00

1568

World's Columbian Exposition

100 00

1634

E. 0. Chester

9 10

1650

Owen, Lord A Co

1 00

1668

Eagle Bros A Co

8 37

1684

T. P. Chester

8 90

1708

J.W.Bailey

14 50

1709

0. P. Chester ,

4 32

1744

Brinks' Chicago Ci^ Express Co

47 46

1752

John C. Ure..". .....'....*. . , . !

16 00

1906

8. A. Lancaster

5 00

1946

E. A. Vlttum

16 63

1977

Daniel Hill

25 00

1982

D. H. Freeman

8 40

2006

W.A.Burdick

23 OO

746

Digitized by

Google

747
Agriadtural Committer— Oontianed.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

2007
2037

G.B.MorTow ,

Orange Judd Co ,

$1 60
41 62

2170

C.C.Judy

10 00

2200

N. Weston

10 20

2201

W. A. Burdiok

40 76

2202

M. Plummer & Co

22 83

2209

N. B. Beed

21 40

2226

A. P. Cox •

250 00

2216

Bobet-t Sheddon

60 00

2218

Sommer & Pierlk

100 00

2219

W. A. Young

46 50

2223

D. H. Freeman

117 35

2274

A. B. DuBois

31 50

2278

H. P. Edmonds

63 60

2287

E. A. Yittum

74 70

2293

T. Holmes

1 75

2294

Nick Berks

4 75

2296

George Barber

7 60

2296

J. L. Iteid

8 00

2299

J. C. Ure

66 60

2301

World's Columbian Exposition

2339

0. 8. Eaton ' .

14 26

2341

(George Hesing

9 00

2355

Cook & Bath^ne

13 20

2369

M. Plummer & Co

28 64

2528

H. G. Teel

6 26

2530

P. H. Freeman

19 76

2639

H P. Edmonds

14 17

1856>

J. M. Eiohart

11 25

2729

Boatman A Duckies ,

Total

10 00

$2,683 81
$474 07

1319

niinoie GlasB Co

1351

123 16

2356

20 26^

Total

$617 48

1686

Biarshall Field & Co

$117 99
26 45

1197

1347

<«

35 74

1457

83 23

1649

((

69 69*

2280

•<

26 48

Total

$358 68

$128 5<^
299 97

569

B. 8. Pursman , . . , . . . , . .

850

918

60 OO

Digitized by

Google

748
Agriadtural Onnmittee— Oontlnued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

AmooDt

1004

E. 8. Fonmaii

$50 00

1087

f«

50 00

1094

38 13

1190

50 00

1253

5 32

1279

80 76

1617

109 70

1618

•«

100 00

18^8

75 00

1901

6 25

2284

•<

220 36

2336

50 00

2363

«•

50 00

2376

««

60 00

2410

60 00

2529 '

22 50

Total. . . .

$1,486 49
$100 00

851

Paul Llets ...

B52

100 00

Total

$200 00

670

L. E. Wyman

$26 60

750

••

47 07

886

19 43

Total

• $92 00

1334

A, DlcWnwn 8«ed On

$7 05

1545

142 30

1666

««

6 75

Total

$166 10

117

Shf^rman H'^mw

$21 75

161
499

15 50
27 00

578

i«

39 00

1000

c«

61 75

1167

c«

76 75

1304

105 00

1527

•.

45 50

Total

$381 25

1397

R N. Ramflny . ..................

$719 60
806 SO

HIT

1501

653 16

1506

«t

252 60

Digitized by

Google

719

AgricyUural Committee— Contlnned.

Voucher.

• To Whom Paid.

Amount.

1546

$245 9&

1654

226 50

Total

$2,903 90
$364 64

1222

Jno. P. Hevnolds ...

1227

236 46

1284

((

84 03

1285

<«

265 25

1298

««

471 65

1349

602 70

Total

$2,024 7a
$5 25

562

L. Punk

745

»«

15 00

986

5 50

1552

«c

41 41

1795

9 38

Total

$76 54

563

W. D. Stryker

$40 85

766

30 75

919

5 00

1280

«(

5 00

Total

$81 60

D. W. Vittum

$5 00

810

35 90

812

50 00

1001

46 00

1095

28 00

1106

11 10

1187

((

41 10

1224

•t

40 79

1328

87 85

1361

48 00

1391

««

32 25

1483

138 35

1485

18 90

1497

f«

132 20

1700

«*

30 64

2004

11 85

Total

$712 93

561

A. B. Hostetter

$93 25

653

((

30 95

741

34 75

Digitized by

Google

750
AgHattiwnl GrmimittM— Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

904

A. B. Hostetter

$30 72

7 05

905

«i

1149

14 70

1249

17 30

1300

85 30

1344

8 21

1378

9 80

1493

•<

69 68

1547

6 85

1788

•«

9 25

1900

11 90

2005

IS 90

Total . .

$443 61

$136 60
24 75

574

B. W. Johns

773

*•

1082

20 75
2 00

1148

Total

$184 10

$16 05
13 05

J. M. Washburn

116

««

704
1301

19 50
12 10

1459

«i

22 35

Total

$83 05

$10 00
40 05

683
748

B . P. Wyman

•<

916

5 00

1086

20 58

1157

•f

5 50

1307

(t . . . •

94 20

1355

6 54

1495

12 50

1531

((

6 95

Total

$201 32

$15 00

10 00

5 00

751

E.E. Chester

921

988

1(HM>

c< * *

SO 00

1188

17 00

1325

l€

58 25

1488

««

28 30

2725

10 00

TotaL

$163 55

Digitized by

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751

AgriciMwral Oommittee— Concluded.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

706

B. PuUen

$47 54

908

5 50

1042

6 00

Totj^l ..»

$59 04

672

W. H. Fulkeraon

$13 50

746

27 00

984

80 75

Total

$71 25

1273

JohD Virgin

$4 79

2272

t«

33 92

Total

$43 71

779

E.B. David

$33 00

1287

8. Dysart

3 40

Recapitulation.

Miscellaneous

Illinois Glass Co

Marshall Field A Ck>

E. 8. Fursman

Paul Lletz

L. E. Wyman

Albert Dickinson Seed Co.

Sherman House

B. N. Bamsay

Jno. P. Beynolds

L. Funk

W. D. Stryker.

D. W. Vlttum

A. B. Hostetter.

8. W. Johns

J. M. Washburn

B. F. Wyman

£vE. Chester

B. Pullen

W. H. Fulkerson

John Virgin

E. B. David

Samuel Dysart

Total

$2,583 81

617 48

358 58

1,486 49

200 00
92 00

156 10

381 25

2,903 90

2,024 73

76 54

81 60

754 93

443 61

18i 10

83 05

201 32
163 55

59 04
71 25
43 71
33 00
3 40

$13,006 44

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BEORTICUIiTUBE.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

HIBOEIiIiANBOUS.

p. 1, Mann

$5 38

E. A. Rlehl

16 59

E. T. Pry

4 18

A. 0. Hftmm^nd t r - «... . ■

7 20

Arthur Bryant. ..,,,,.

6 25

46
633

H. llDunlap ^

minois Btate Journal

7 70
1 50

756

Jno. M. Durham

14 85

826

0. G. Cloud

45 00

833

P. Newhali A Sons

344 21

841

G. D. Blanker

87 28

941

Pitcher A Mah^Ia . . ....

41 65

1093

W. Kueoher & Co

75 60

1097

Lang Bros

22 50

1281

Horton, Pf elffer & Lee

4 46

1478

Thaver & Jackson

9 25

1535

Pitkin A Brooks

46 67

1569

PItrthAr A MAnHi^

95 60

1635

Denlflon ManufaotuHpflr Co

11 48

1744

Frink'fl Ohicaao Citv Exorftw* Co.

4 00

1844

E. H. Hunt

61 01

1970

J. C. Vaughan

7 95

1983

«<

8 50

2016

Jno. Grohn

27 00

2020

Pitcher A lianda

77 00

2079

E. H. Hunt

29 60

2080

Geo. Wi ttbold

136 00

2179

A. W M^pAa _

6 00

2210

Pitkin A Brookff

10 92

2297

American Expresfl Co

44 12

2387

12 DO

2388

M. Field A Co...'.

81 09

Total

$1,342 54

216

J. K. Dlcklrson

$10 00

322

580

2737

23 25

16 50

17 25

Total

$67 00

1542

A. B. Hostetter

$13 80

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753

iforticuJtura— Oontin ued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

E.B. David.

$25 26
9 50

124

271

15 00

377

14 50

600

31 50

779

21 32

971

32 26

1100

30 00

1494

7 00

2709

10 00

2732

32 65

Total

$228 98

314

0. N. Dennis

, $62 26

372

57 45

425

34 5 )

501

21 28

566

35 22

647

<«

46 08

707

33 74

823

56 72

993

40 OL

1071

'•

38 06

1475

62 06

Total

$487 36

117

Sherman House

$31 76

161

«« K

17 60

343

« 14

105 60

499

II U

33 00

578

CI II

14 50

752

CC II

73 2'>

1167

IC (*

23 76

1304

II II

22 00

1527

II II

67 36

Total

$388 70

224

S. W. Johns

$15 00

327

30 70

674

17 25

2731

15 00

Total

$77 95

305

LaFayette Punk

$5 00

562

ir II

26 00

1552

4 82

1795

M U

70 68

-48

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754

HorUcuUum^Contiujied.

Youoher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount

1859
1906
1962
2036
2114
2181
2287
2473

965

370

453

571

654

706

825

908

977

1042

1131

1261

1487

144
259
302
563
2730

323
570

874
1078
1220
1286
1326
1553
1752
1945
2021
2077
2078

LaFayette Funk.

Total
B.Pullen.

Total.

W. D. Stryker.

Total.

David Qore

Total

Jno. 0. Ure

$112 62
104 82

90 13
248 25

68 40
295 24
315 18

15 80

$1353 44

$10 00

35 00

15 00
100 95

42 73
63 85

10 00

16 00
5 00

30 50

11 50

36 80
104 SO

$481 63

$15 00
10 00
15 00
10 00
10 00

$60 00

$19 50
10 00

$29 50

$330 06

146 00

83 38

100 00

106 50

305 38

435 53

200 00

IS 80

500 00

51 15

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755

Bwiieuttun— Continued.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

2113

Jno

. 0. Ure. .

159 70

2117

250 00

2160

892 00

2161

500 00

2342

765 00

TotaL...

$4,338 50

Recapitulation.

liiscellaneoas

$1,342 54

J. K. Dlckirson

67 00

A. B. HoBtetter.

13 80

E.B. David

228 98

C. N. Dennis.

487 36

Sherman Houso

388 70

S. W. Johns

77 95

L. Funk

1,355 44
481 63

B. Pullen

W. D. Stryker

60 00

David Gore

29 50

Jno. 0. Ure r

4,338 50

Total. .

$8,871 40

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FISH EXHIBIT.

Voucher.

To Whom Paid.

Amount.

573

S.P.Bartlett

$32 00
26 50

618

943

75 45

1374

158 25

2086

«<

196 17

2349

«<

213 15

2478

39 26

Total

$740 78

371

Geo. Breunlng

$88 50

652

«( "

93 33

999

76 50

1352

67 34

Total

$325 67

1367

J.B.Mora

$500 00

1655

1,000 00

1823

c«

375 00

Total

$1,875 00

$47 50
10 90

929

mSCEIiLAlYEOUS.

J. W. Taylor

1547

A. B. Hostetter

1712

Bandusky G. 0. A D. 8. Co

20 60

1762

Jno. 0. tJre

145 95

1773

J. 0. Vaughan

156 56

2196

Jno. Schulte

27 50

2326.

Geo. W. Langf ord

83 10

Total

$492 11

Recapitulation.

S.P. Bartlett.
Qeo. Breuning
J. B. Mora. . . .
Miscellaneous

Total

$740 78

325 67

1,875 00

492 11

$3,433 56

756

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STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES.

ILLINOIS 8TATB BOARD OF WORLD'S FAIR COMMISSIONERS.

Amount of original apL

sembly, July 1, 1891
Amounts reappropiiated as follows :

Illinois Woman's Exposition Board . . .

State Dairymen's Association

State Horticultural Society

Btick and Tilemakers* Association. . . .

Illinois National Guard

Beel^eepers' Association

Leaving net appropriation to I. B. W. F.

by General As-

C,.

Total.

EXPENDITURES OF THE HiLINOIS BOABD OF
WOBIiDS' FAIB OOMiaSSIONEBS.

To amount of net appropriation

To amount received from sale of building, furni-
ture, etc

By expenditures account of general fund

•• construction and interior fur-
nishing

By expenditures State Institutions

" grounds •

" printing and stationery

" natural history

** education

" maps and drawings

** " relief map .

'* statistics

" live stocic

* agriculture

** horticulture

fish exhibit. ...••• •

To balance unexpended

Total

Total balance to account of $800,000 appropriation
from all sources,

Db.

$800,000 00

$662,590 10
3,926 50

$666,616 60

$89,480 25

Ob.

$80,000 00

15,000 00

20,000 00

8,000 00

10,909 90

3,500 00

662,590 10

$800,000 00

♦$140,090 41

277,872 68

8,199 73

4,817 65

tl5,949 13

21,618 11
8,252 53

20,461 61
6,604 30

15,596 50
4,775 07

39,996 03

13,006 44
8,871 40
3,433 56

76,971 55

$666,516 60

♦$26.15. expenses Saml. Dysart, not Included in itemized statement of
General Fund.

t$7, 461.72 for publishing and distributing this report, not included in
report of Printing and Stationery Committee, published elsewhere.

767

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THE BORROWER WILL BE CHARPPn
AN OVERDUE FEE TF ThTs BOOK ^S
NOT RETURNED TO THE UBRrRy qn
OR BEFORE THE LAST DATE STAMPPn
BELOW. NON-RECEIPT OF oIerdSe
NOTICES DOES NOT EXEMPT THc
BORROWER FROM OVERDUE fJeI

CmK "1^''' ^°"^9* Widener Library
Cambridge, MA 021 38 (617)495-2413

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Full text of "Report of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners at the World's Columbian Exposition-- May 1-October 30, 1893"

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