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REPORT
OF THE
THIRTY-FOURTH MEETING
BRITISH ASSOCLATION
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE;
HELD AT
BATH IN SEPTEMBER 1864.
LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET,
1865.
PRINTED BY
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
CONTENTS.
Oxssects and Rules of the Association...............000eeeeeeee may
Places of Meeting and Officers from commencement .............. xx
URI MIG 300 dol yy sx 5 <p aha sms wx st op ois os See ia mains XXIV
Members of Council from commencement ..............-2.+0000- XXV
Officers and Council, 1864-65 ........... papa) cee MIP. XXViil
Officers of Sectional Committees. ......... 00. eee ee eee eee eee XX1X
MMM ME TIEIA lp Siler cng gtiie odie me's rece} ate xxx
Report of the Council to the General Committee ...........5..... XXxi
Report of the Kew Committee, 1862-63 ...............eeeeees XXX1
Report of the Parliamentary Committee................0....05- xvii
Recommendations of the General Committee for Additional Reports
SEE MUECHON TE FICIOUES y iics ce cee a cine amet ee seas ee ain ha xlviil
SE SOTO’ GTAIEN, ai, cs Fe nme tute een oe cat cr lii
General Statement of Sums paid on account of Grants for Scientific
INNIS Sher 2S Ls TERR TN De DNB nd BAAD RLY liv
Extracts from Resolutions of the General Committee ............ lix
Arrangement of the General Meetings ................0. 0000s lix
Address of the President, Sir Cuartus Lyett, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S.,F.G.S. lx
REPORTS OF RESEARCHES IN SCIENCE.
Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1863-64. By a Com-
mittee, consisting of James GraispER, F.R.S., of the Royal Observa-
tory, Greenwich, Secretary to the British Meteorological Society, &c. ;
Rozert P. Gree, F.G.S., &c.; E. W. Brayzey, F.R.S., &c.; and
BEEXANDER Ss HoRsOHele DA] . sures ches. sco gies cu 6 oie 0.35 1
a2
lv CONTENTS.
Report on the best Means of providing for a Uniformity of Weights and
Measures, with reference to the Interests of Science. By a Committee,
consisting of Lord Wrorrestey, D.C.L., F.R.S., The Rt. Hon. C. B.
Appertry, M.P., Sir Witi1am Armsrrone, C.B., F.R.S., Tue Asrro-
nomer Royat, F.R.S., Samuret Brown, W. Ewart, M.P., T. Granam,
F.R.S., Sir Jonn Hay, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., Professor Hennussy,
F.R.8., James Herwoop, M.A., F.R.S., Dr. Lez, F.R.S., Dr. Leone
Ley, F.S.A., F.8.8., Professor W. A. Mixer, F.R.S., Professor Ran-
KINE, F.R.S., Rev. Dr. Rosryson, F.R.S., Col. Sykes, M.P., F.R.S.,
W. Tits, M.P., F.R.S., Professor A. W. Wittramson, F.R.S., Jamus
Yarrs, M.A., F.R.S., and Frepertck PURDY .......-.+-++ sees eres
Report of Experiments respecting the Development and Migrations of
the Entozoa. By T. Spencer Cossorp, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Lec-
turer on Comparative Anatomy at the Middlesex Hospital ........
Report on the Physiological Action of Nitrite of Amyl. By Brnsamin
Wi. RicmaRDson,, MoAG SMD oo 255 ccc sj siens eee eieis #0100 0 0 n elebe
Report on Tidal Observations made on the Humber and Rivers Trent
and Ouse, 1864. By a Committee, consisting of Jamxs OxpHam, C.E.;
J. F. Bateman, C.E., F.R.S.; Joun Scorr Russett, C.E., F.R.S. ; and
STOMA AEOREPRON) \V/.ss)clars)exs © cicieie| scepeie cis. <fevaie) sie. ©1 0 Je. 9 ols in aid @ayane
Deep-sea Dredging on the Coasts of Northumberland and Durham, in
1864. Reported by Groner 8. BRADY ........ 2. eee eee ree eee
An Account of Meteorological and Physical Observations in Nine Bal-
loon Ascents made in the years 1863 and 1864 (in continuation of
thirteen made in the year 1862 and first part of 1863), under the
auspices of the Committee of the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, by Jamus GrarsnEr, F.R.S., at the request of the
Committee, consisting of Colonel Sykes, The Astronomer Royal, Lord
Wrottesley, Sir D. Brewster, Sir J. Herschel, Dr. Lloyd, Admiral
FitzRoy, Dr. Lee, Dr. Robinson, Mr. Gassiot, Mr. Glaisher, Prof.
Tyndall, Dr. Fairbairn, and Dr. W. A. Miller ..............--05
Further Report on Shetland Dredgings. By J. Gwyn Jzrrreys, F.R.S.
Report of the Committee on the Distribution of the Organic Remains of
the North Staffordshire Coal-field.—Preliminary Notice. By a Com-
mittee, consisting of Sir Purrp pe M. Grey Eerrton, Bart., M.P.,
F.R.S., Professor T. H. Huxtey, F.R.S., and Witt1am Motynevx,
HGS. (Reporter): os. os56 - cian ore + lovee) tiers fet-deyspm olleie seat mips eke ipeaie
Report on Standards of Electrical Resistance. By a Committee, consist-
ing of Professor Wittramson, Professor WHxEatstonE, Professor W.
THomson, Professor Mizner, Dr. A. Matrurmssen, Mr. FLEEMING
Jenxrn, Sir Cuartes Brient, Professor Maxwett, Mr. C. W. SremeEns,
Mr. Batrour Srewart, Dr. Journ, and Mr. C. F. Varney ........
On the Fall of Rain in the British Isles during the Years 1862 and
1863. By G. J. Symons, M.B.M.S. 0.0.2 cece eee lene e ee eee
Preliminary Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of the proposed
Atlantic Cable. By Witrram Farrparen, F.R.S.............----
Page
102
111
120
129
189
193
327
342
345
367
CONTENTS.
NOTICES AND ABSTRACTS
OF
MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS TO THE SECTIONS.
MATHEMATICS any PHYSICS..
MatTHEMATICS.
Pag
Professor CayLEY on a Formula of M. Chasles relating to the Contact of
MOSER erga ches ofel sey siege tetas al clade cies ouateiedetekeie a laze NPY aise ms sutacds snes a5 one, sinh
on the Problem of the In-and-cireumscribed Triangle ....
Mr. ALEXANDER J. ELLIS on Stigmatics.......0.ceeeeeeeee atoteraysith Wa bo E
Professor CREMONA on the Geometrical Transformation of Plane Curves.
(Communicated by Mr. T. A. HIRST.),.....00cccenncnssceecnicctveres
Mr. T. A. Hirst on a Generalization of the Method of Geometrical Inversion
Mr. M. Mocerincs on an easy Mode of Measuring Heights ..............
Mr. W. H. L. Russevt on Symbolical Expansions ............00eeeee eee
ASTRONOMY.
Mr. W. R. Brat on Methods of Detecting Changes on the Moon’s Surface ..
Rey. W. R. Dawes on the present Aspect of the Discussion respecting the
Telescopic Appearance of the Solar Photosphere .........eeseeeeeeevee
Rev. THomas Furtone on the Possibility of constructing Ellipsoidal Lenses
Professor HENNEssy on the possible Connexion between the Ellipticity of ©
Mars and the general Appearance of its Surface..........:seceeeveeenes
Mr. R. W. Harpy’s Speculations on Physical Astronomy ............0055
Dr. LEE on an extensive Lunar Plain near the Montes Hercynii, which it is
proposed to name Otto Struve ....ccccsceceeccccensaccevccccnresceas
Professor Putiires, Notice of the Physical Aspect of the Sun ............
Rey. T. W. WEBB on a suspected Change of Brightness in the Lunar Spot,
VA G5IE Me oft Sed on nn donb aoci0b Ao GEOR AD MC HEE AEE ee SORnaroDe rec Cpe
Lieut.
Mr. J. Brown1na on a New Form of Spectroscope, in which Direct Vision is
obtained with.a Single Prism .!.56 2.096 cide 2290.5 ONE US PII Paes
vi CONTENTS.
Page
Mr. A. Catron on the Connexion between the Form and Optical Properties
Ob ONY SEMIS es aierns olen Farslolscausceses alacle cls we els aisle! « aiajetalefele Sooagorncnsa¢ . 20
Mr. A, Craupur on Photo-Sculpture patria. crete ssc cme oscscrsevecinnes 10
Mr. J. P. Gasstor on the Adaptation of Bisulphide-of-Carbon Prisms, and the
use of Telescopes of Long Focal Distance, in the Examination of the Sun’s
SPCC, 5.5.5 selene Miedo ustedes meta deo Ae ad ere atekab GAM DLs =\s\eKeles ovial ateeapeYs 11
Dr. GLADSTONE on the Transmission of the Red Ray by many Coloured Solu- ft
THOT ay of onbcon LoD DON Sonn odds OC DOOMECEn Anh 5 Aoponontoaoe can
Professor W. A. MILLER and Mr. W. Hueerns on the Spectra of some of the
Bteapenly Bowen os - victicnGaeke bcs nals kd avn ccas dunes dks She amie 12
Mr. J. J. WALKER on a recent Description of an Iris seen in the Lake of
MRE OENC Satototy estas Rieti eioletwiet Fina eee eee an esha es ohale tate, cont a ales ea Ea 18
ELECTRICITY.
Mr. Samvet Hieutery’s Description of a Cheap Form of Automatic Regulator
Pee GIO EGER AONE cts cine ag visi nd cle o's ale'n,ea saat ewe ale n ties as beet eee 13
Mr. Fiermine JENKIN on the Retardation of Electrical Signals on Land-
Te CSAS Pe ee ee rhea IN eat etre seis e Sr nee ecw ec srteee ne nets Tee 13
————_—_—_——"’s Description of an Electric-resistance Balance constructed
byeProt WW. Thomsen ny os fogs spats oss a0 6 9 0 Ghee + tee ee 14
Mr. H. Krxrviz on the Development of Electricity from the Rays of the Sun
and other Sources of Light...-.:.s:csstsaett coh tee eee sete te arenes 14
Professor H. D, RogErs’s Descriptions of the “ Liquid Steering Compass” and
SO Monitor Compass’? a1. .%:h.cita%e taretatetete avers o eae, Statens to Sele tureas eee ne er emee 14
Mr. J. B. Toompson on the Mechanical Theory and a of the Laws of
Magnetic Induction and Electricity ............0.eeee eee ii biaterabdey stata 15
METEOROLOGY.
Mr. C. 0. F. Caron on a New Anemometer’ 220... 02 deco ssse eee 16
Rey. E. B. Erimar on the Earthquake and Storm in Sussex of 21st August
ico: | a SNe Gy )h is cen Sera Pneres few RE 16
Mr. Jonn Harrnup’s Diagram of the Great Storm of December 8, 1863,
from the records of the, self-registering Instruments of the Liverpool Obser-
VALONY: | cialets aigisouelis; wise os kena isles © ae winters pei ays ote ental 17
Professor HenNEssy on the Regression of Temperature during the Month of
AW. Ay oo evi 2) esoye.scs-2,59e, 5 0 c= 61s lera%e elenaceysla) aye ei gkaanLa te aero teas Ice aie eae ee asa Ad,
Rey. L. Jenyns on the Temperature and Rainfall at Bath ...... eer nisibis » Ag.
MECHANICS, ETC.
Mr. R. A. Pracock’s New Formula for calculating Steam Pressures, Steam
and: Voleanos, Barsiang’ of Botlers.:...s.,0a02 cen ee ts s chee Uses renee 19
Professor W. J. Macquorn RaNnKINE on the Properties of certain Stream-
Bios assole adel ate tetaratereselietatwinice lepers loptotehaea i len epetave lo lAtels eae ede tata eae 20
Dr. J, STEVELLY on a Mode,of Determining the Velocity of Sound ........ 20
Mr. C. Tomurnson on the Cohesion-Figures of Liquids ................4. 21
CONTENTS.
CHEMISTRY.
Address by WILLIAM Opie, M.B., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., President of the
MBCUOMALT. Hits rend hd 6 a oar scptetG (ALI eth) Go Me eRe a inde i oars Se
Dr. T. ANDERSON on some Bituminous Substances ...........00 eee eee eee
Dr. Henry Brrp on the Utilization of Sewage ........... cece cece eens
Rey. G. Browne on the Prismatic Formation of Ice in certain Ice-Caves and
“ELECTED! 0 RE ay Ee PREG See Es ETE as nee RRS on RE
LEE oneg0%eb Qn ToeecUCTRCeTS UtES On Gn ceicrrarmalna st Bice cen psi’ Aciea
Mr. A. R. Carron on the Molecular Constitution of Carbon Compounds ....
———___———— on the Direct Conversion of Acetic Acid into Butyric and
UA DEOIG AGIOS Mien eet iocr JT ne ET PIA AES nA IND MARK, he TERIA TAs, ob
Mr. Stewart Crarx’s Description of an Apparatus for Estimating the Organic
Impurities in Atmospheric Air and in Water ...........0.. cee cece neces
Dr. DauBEny on the Thermal Waters of Bath .............0 eee e eee eeees
Mr. THomas Farrzey on the Action of Hydrogen on Polycyanides ........
Mr. FrepErick Frecp on a Specimen of Tin-ore hitherto undescribed......
Mr. ALPHONSE GaAGEs on the Artificial Production of Anhydrite ..........
Mr. W. Gen’s Account of the Mode adopted at the Bradford-on-Avon Union
forsihe Utilization Of Sewage sac yapaaisfeleyeh bts: + aevpsyelalcdels <Mavevoleieis, alele\elsscielele
Mr. A. VERNon Harcourt on the Rate of Chemical Change..............
Dr. W. Brrp Herapatu on a New Method of detecting Arsenic, Antimony,
Sulphur, and Phosphorus, by their Hydrogen Compounds, when in mixed
Mees N,N ctelahorclete lore alta ats]. alelWtalels ooieterelctebsiehcfats odo RVahats oofarin SEA sore
Mr. A. C. Krrx on the Production of Cold by the Expansion of Air........
Mr. Poote Kine on the Premature Decay of the Frescoes in the Houses of
. Parliament, its Cause and Remedy .........00 cece ccc ce eee ee cece ees
Mr. Maxwect Lyte on an Apparatus for the Preservation or Disengagement
of Sulphuretted Hydrogen, Carbonic Acid, or other Gases ..............
Dr. Stevenson Macapam on the Pollution of Rivers by the Sewage of
HURTS) | Son Rem pha ance cr roi niraritn sie ciniriicen taser aca loicnr ea eer ar
Dr. A. T. MacHaTTIz’s Suggestion on the Detection of Poisons by Dialysis. .
> on the Presence of Nickel in Metallic Lead ....... ;
Professor W. A. MitiER’s Chemical Examination of a Hot Spring in Wheal
istords Cornwall, 'srayersyaiers tyserrciremeyerys® Sie sigernerse * saeiauh ead Si; gtisys
Dr. S. Mossman’s Observations on the Constitution of the Atmosphere
Mr. A. NoBiE on Réaumur’s Porcelain ............ cece cece cee enna
Dr. Pav on the Disposal of Town Refuse ......... Rothe, PRAT Peale, eeee aa
Serer fe) Pee O8 Crude Para ON 65 sia ado 2 vine vac cip «0.2 uasins umnton
on Useful Applications of Slag from Iron Smelting ........
Dr. T. L. Pxipson on the Black Stones which fell from the Atmosphere at
PreNEESNT INGLONS ppp GhTe ser Kee RARE Ts ODES TEs he ROG: cheb
on the Medicinal Muds of the Island of Ischia, Bay of
Vu
28
vill CONTENTS.
Professor W. B. RogErs’s Account of Apparatus and Processes for the Che-
mical and Photometrical Testing of Iluminating Gas ..............+++-
———_—__—_—— on an Invention by Mr. Cornelius, of Philadelphia,
for tne nine Gas bys HCCUrIClL Vicar lragercis ote crsietels oisis n+ cise leten-o,0\= a sla) Aaa
Professor Roscox’s Contributions towards the Foundation of Quantitative
HRELGLOP RADY, cas ajvysee ees: fej Gre noo lao iho A174 migzalelel sae aehna raja ake t op stele
EV DSEOTY ALLO. c. siersvuncctosern choise: o.e16 sce aie ein 3 bie, ie 6.4 (oie a6, 0,6 yhcotare,onatedn GI eonca ene eetens
—______—_—— Note on the Existence of Lithium, Strontium, and Copper
BT EUNE SRA NY RECESS «wie 'earvelatvielovolaiavere ee «eve Vato tere e Preeteete Sone Nery ere ere ates
Mr. W. L. Scorr on some probable New Sources of Thallium ............
Mr PB. Seence on Copper-smelting . ooo... 00 os 000. es 0 ole 10's oils ve eine biel viaje
Dr. Suttrvan on the Precipitation of Aluminous Silicates from Solution....
Professor TENNANT on the Colouring of Agates.......seceecceeeeeceeeees
Mr. J. ALFRED WANKLYN on the Rational Formula of Rosaniline ........
’s Note on the Probable Constitution of Kolbe and
Schmitt’s Colouring Matter obtained by acting upon Carbolic Acid with
Wxalicrand SOlpHUTICHACIGBY (57. - «cera tale cayehn, she) \biojsia a ia ofa sie. pare
on a curious Example of Etherification ........
Dr. WILLIAMSON, on Tsomorphism . «sm is,«\0\0,0 01,4,0/0 419 © 019 4.0)0,0 8 oe <9 eines
GEOLOGY.
Address by Joun Purtures, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., President of the
SOROS. «si cin na biite scieMe icsontenensinl i sanieds sodtines df isabaiahausion|’ :0)cayniceraeejaneha lt cdlate untake tetas
Mr. W. HeEtxirieER Barty on some New Points in the Structure of Paleechinus
on.the Occurrence of Fish Remains in the Old Red
Sandstone at Portishead, near Bristol ...........0..cerceeesccccesvecs
Mr. A. Bassett on the South Wales Mineral Basin.............+++++000%
Mr. Henry B. Brapy on the Foraminifera of the Middle and Upper Lias of
Somersetshire ......... Beet tude oc est beet sere er eascaes cs: :
Mr. Henry W. Bristow on the Rhetic (or Penarth) Beds of the Neizhbour-
hood of Bristol and the South-West of Hnglend. (Communicated by Sir
Rovericx I. Murcutson, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., FLR.S.)........00205:
Rey. P. B. Bropie’s Remarks on two outliers of Lias in South Warwickshire,
and on the presence of the Rheetic Bone-bed at Knowle, its furthest north-
ern extension hitherto recognized in that County ............eseeeseeee
Rev. C. F. Browne on the Formation and Condition of the Ice in certain Ice
_ Caves of the Jura, Vosgian Jura, Dauphiné, and Savoy ..............+.
Page
50
50
52
52
Dr. Putte P, CarPENTER on the Connexion between the Crag Formations -
and the recent North Pacific Faunas .........-.+++-e+> pol cstite oe ree
Mr. Hanprx CossHAm on the Geological Formation of the District around
Kingswood Hill, with especial reference to the supposed development of
Millstone Grit in that neighbourhood ...........seeeeeeerereeeeecenes
Dr. DauBEny on the Cause of the Extrication of Carbonic Acid from the In-
terior of the Earth, and on its Chemical Action upon the Constituents of
Pelspathie Rocks i504 04 isa 6006 0.04566 e usebns seni ol pelle Oe Jemremeetee
Mr. W. Boyp Dawk1ns on the Newer Pliocene Fauna of the Caverns and
River-Deposits of Somersetshire ......... 0. ccc cse cee ceseececteceeas
52
52
52
CONTENTS.
Dr. FaiconeRr on Fossil and Human Remains of the Gibraltar Cave..,.....
Professor HARKNEss on the Lower Silurian Rocks of the South-East of Cum-
berland and the North-East of Westmoreland .........ccceeeceeceeees
M. F. von HaveEr’s Notice of the latest labours of the Imperial Geological
Institute of the-Austrian. Empire........ 2.620000 pecnes vteoceeweseceeres
Dr. James Hecror on the Geology of the Province of Otago, New Zealand. .
Professor HennEssy on the Possible Conditions of Geological Climate......
M. HéxzeERt1’s Note on some of the Oolitic Strata seen at Dundry ..........
eemeee ea erin Ott OtGlitas et a ene wa seg o.oo Guana cinnies vivian see ets
Mr. H. C. Hopex on the Origin of certain Rocks, and on the Ossiferous
Caverns of the South of Devonshire........... cece eeeeceeaceeeeeneees
Dr. T.. Hopexin’s Notice of some Geological Appearances in the North-west
SA Lo Fd «3h Seer sld » jan dntzshete falas Soi shops Deke MB ERtece eter Sedegrarone
Mr. Witi1amM Keene on the Coal-measures of New South Wales with’
Spirifer, Gilossopteris, and Lepidodendron ......00. cbs eeseneeeneneeeens
Mr. E. R. LanxestTeER on the Species of the Genus Pteraspis ...........++.
Mr. Jonn Lecxensy on the Boulder-clay and Drift of Scarborough and East
ow nadir nh Sagsaled hep ay ak, 8 Aha I Gaga Beppe peer earn nin ie
Sir W. Loean, Dr. Dawson, and Dr. Sterry Hunt on Organic Remains in
PPE REANN Haba EL OCS 1IN CAVA o:saiereieiesiaveiwicie eins wists oh myo aioe /Sigisid Sree ole a wees
Mr. J. MacKENzIz on the New South Wales Coal Field ..............0005
Mr. C. Moore on the Geology of the South-West of England..............
Sir R. I. Murcutson’s Note on the Occurrence of the same Fossil Plants in
the Permian Rocks of Westmoreland and Durham ...........seeeeeees
TESS ccc er cere cen nser nares ees cesassesseeesseessesseseessssecssene
Mr. W. PENGELLY on an Accumulation of Shells, with Human Industrial
Remains, found on a hill near the River Teign in Devonshire............
———_—_—_——— on Changes of Relative Level of Land ‘and Sea in South-
Eastern Devonshire, in Connexion with the Antiquity of Mankind ......
Professor Pu1Lurps on the Formation of Valleys near Kirkby Lonsdale......
—————— on the Measure of Geological Time by Natural Chrono-
——_—— on the Distribution of Granite Blocks from Wasdale Craig.
Commander B. Pim’s Notes on the Volcanic Phenomena and Mineral and
Wiethermal Waters of Nicaragua. si: ett ccc ceact ccc nncsencescces
Mr. J. RANDELL on the Position in the Great Oolite, and the Mode of Work-
SeneseMPeHe EsAGlt AUECCEEOTIG |. 0 5. leis jo sidis ries sinje a 0 8 wos e's 01h 9 0 + sid spina mere<
Professor W. B. Rogers on a Peculiar Fossil found in the Mesozoic Sand-
stone of the Connecticut Valley ...........sseeceseesscees tees eeeees
Dr. R. N. Rusipes on the Relations of the Silurian Schist with the Quartzose
Rocks of South Africa ..... Doha jSfeds) eragas oasis ssi; Mave sn 's math iige «+. sep siareuters. oleae
Mr. J. W. SaLTER on some New Forms of Olenoid Trilobites from the Lowest
HHcesMITerOUS FLOCKS OL WIGS, «on cis eves cis s iviccis jee @nje« sis ejeisise edness
——____—_—— on the Old Pre-Cambrian (Laurentian) Island of St. David’s,
MANPIOOKERUING: os suet] stelorettecn oles Stave eueicte cic cies ec'e.r's ties © esis Seatmemnte enn
Mr. W. Sanpvers’s Brief Explanation of a Geological Map of the Bristol Coal-
OPM ore ccs ce CIA Mae Lae cuba PE lsicndlats ds. PR omens ache
61
67
67
68
x CONTENTS.
Page
Mr. W. A. Sanrorp’s Notice of Carnassial and Canine Teeth from the Mendip a
Caverns, probably belonging to Felis antiqua (syn. Pardus) ..........005.
Mr. Harry SrEey on the Pterodactyle as Evidence of a new Subclass of
Vertebrata, (OSU Orns) yd sters apotoratetel- aieiatehs’o(atee ches ciatcles > <¥o oiaisMefelebeetelc
on the Significance of the Sequence of Rocks and Fossils
Mr. W. W. Smyru on the Thermal Water of the Clifford Amalgamated Mines
of Cornwalliga si} dasine toa & Sco adtersiablaccdes vad eee oedd sas maleate SR
Mr. H. C. Sorsy on the Conclusion to be drawn from the Physical Structure
OLSOME AM ELCOMLES Site sina fe fle ists n'e ye 8 crale.s > uelicps ea ca as en ea
Mr. W. W. Sroppart on the Lowest Beds of the Clifton Carboniferous Series
Professor Tennant on Agates found on our Coasts .......6... eee eee
Rey. H. B. Tristram on a Bone Breccia with Flints in Lebanon ..........
——___————— on the Sulphur and Bitumen Deposit at the South-West
Camior of theyDend Senne sy. d2..ccseaien slavis} «ads «as seems Be SAREE ee
Mr. Henry Woopwarp on the Family of the Eurypteridee, with Descrip-
tions of some New Genera and Species ............cceeeee ec neeeeeees
Dr. THomas Wrieut on the Development of Ammonites ............0005
on the White Lias of Dorsetshire ............0000.
BOTANY ann ZOOLOGY, tnctuptne PHYSIOLOGY.
Address by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., President of the Section ............-.
Borany.
Professor BALFouR’s Notice of some Rare Scotch Plants.............00005
Professor BuckMAN on a Curious Form of Aguilegia vulgaris .....0. sc eevee
on Datura Stramonium and Datura Tatula ....c.cceues
Dr. DavuBEny on the Decay of Species, and on the Natural Provisions for Ex-
LENGTH SMELT) TALON wetness cin din opele ofthe aioe rin.) e/a) ests ahd ee ar
Mr. M. Moeerings on the Old Welsh Mistletoe Cure for St. Vitus’s Dance. .
Drs MGT TR: ON FOr OUGCece’ eset dunn esoreig dass sys\edn viv eos =i2 (she otsysu28 sda daa
Dr. R. RippExt on Balatta and other Gums regarded as a Substitute for Gutta
Perla ot ben Ge snort etacieh ehlaiset) bo wos tivsisth ods ctu alent
ZooLoey.
Dr. Barkre on the Manatus Vogelii. (Extract of a Letter to Sir Joun R1-
CHARDSONS) 4 rays elotek s/s soe ls nite fa ta “siohate wRehcbeloto anh wretel eee ieee pteee ors eens Oe
Mr. C. Spencr Bate on an Ancient Cornish Barrow .............,.0000,
———_——————_ ona Human Skull and the Bones of Animals found with
Pottery in a Kjokkenmédden on the Coast of Cormwall..................
Mr. RicHarD Brcx’s Observations on the Spinnerets of Spiders ..........
Dr. B. BEpDoE on the Testimony of Local Phenomena to the Permanence of
bs 1 aOR 4 Sov Ga GOA Clarice Sa Ras VaR ye eRe Sire Aes ac) Se
Mr. Frank Bucxuanp on the Natural History and Cultivation of the Oyster
—_____—_——_——— on Salmon-hatching and Salmon-ladders
Mr. G. Busk on a very Ancient Human Cranium from Gibraltar
~I
ou
86
ae
CONTENTS. xi
Page
Dr. Epwarps Crisp's Contributions to the Anatomy of the Quadrumana, with
a Comparative Estimate of the Intelligence of the Apes and Monkeys .... 92
on the Anatomy of the Struthiontde, Ostriches, Rheas,
and. Casuaries ............... Pasiateleleis saetpe lage «ath apy ere yaks wean, 92
Mr. J. E. Danret on the Mollusca of Bath, and an account of Parasites found
THD SURO CER Oe ee ie Bia are er MR Olas ae a ee ee 93
Dr. Joun Davy’s Observations on the Salmonide, chiefly relating to their
SEEGER Gio. ati aris’ Wawnn Fk ye «Se ad 7a ee \fafox) OD
Mr. F. Gatton, First Steps towards the Domestication of Animals ........ 93
Dr. GrorGE Duncan Grsp on the Essential Points of Difference between the
Larynx of the Negro and that of the White Man ...............0..0055 94
Dr. J. E. Gray on the New Corals from the Shetlands ...............04. 95
———_-———’s Notes on the Whalebone Whales; with a Synopsis of the
OED fcc arte es ites Ie walt dbeeprartsmtaig lt Sol 5a eam, Sora 95
Mr. C. OrtLry Groom on the Food of Birds...............0ceeeeee eae
Dr. W. Brrp Heraparts on the Pedicellarie of the Echinodermata........ 95
on the Genus Synapta...., «tric dirs ecto izeis eevee ha. 97
Mr. Samurt HieHiry on the Application of Photography and the Magic
Lantern to Class Demonstrations in Microscopic Science and Natural
RE RS ei TPN lids ind wads hye aciaigi Ad MMos Skip Lins Sahm oe gy 98
Rey. Tomas Hincxs on some New Hydroid Zoophytes, and on the Classifica-
tion and Terminology of the Hydroida...............ceeccececscvveeee 98
——__- —— on the Medusoid of a Tubularian Zoophyte, and its Re-
turn’ to a fixed Condition after the Liberation of the Ova................ 99
Mr. J. Gwyn Jerrreys’s Remarks on Stilifer, a Genus of quasi-Parasitic
Mollusks, with particulars of the European Species, &. Turtoni .......... 99
Mr. T. Jounson’s Account of the Successful Accomplishment of the Plan to
transport Salmon-Ova to Australia ......... 0... cece cece cence eeeeeeee 99
Mr. E. R. LANKEsTER on the Genus Pteraspis .....06.6000 0 ccc ccc eae 100
Mr. W. A. Sanrorn’s Notice of a New British Rhizopod and some other
MPD fo S00 eri teGae Hees Comet dete Sages Tec sheet 100
Dr. Scorr on the Turdus torquatus as observed in Devonshire.............. 100
Mr. Harry SrErey on the Significance of the Septa and Siphuncles of
BBIODOR SNUG ob micas oan nasi ogee was ickerronets asta Meals ay ant See ah ae 100
" Puystonoey.
Address by Dr. Epwarp Suiru, LL.B., F.R.S., President of the Subsection. 101
Mr. Francis Baruam on the Alimentary Character of Nitrogen Gas ...... 117
Dr. J. Hugues Bennett on the Physiological Aspect of the Sewerage Ques-
= tha Nena sag pliliroreysioger ortwe cermin apeiisatt yoptelaried | ici aahdletll 117
—————_———"s Description of M. Marey’s New Sphygmograph.... 119
Dr. R. Boyn’s Observations on the Measurements of the Head and Weight
of the Brain in 696 cases of Insanity ........ 0.0 cc cece eevee eee eens 119
Dr. Li. T. A. Carter on the Lymphatics in the Liver of Man and the Pig .. 119
Dr. T. Spencer CopsBoxp on Food as a Source of Entozoa................ 119
Dr. Epwarps Crisp on Valves in the Abdominal Veins .................. 120
——___——_. on the Size of the Blood-corpuscle in relation to the Size
of the Animal, its Swiftness and Powers of Endurance.................. 121
Xli CONTENTS.
Page
Dr. Joun Davy on the Temperature of the Sexes ..... esc cee eeeeeeeeee . 121
’s Observations on the Horse-chestnut (sculus hippocasta-
EUR) INT, Petco GE Beata tta ce eI o heotane AGN INE. te ae cones ve TE
Bir dels LCREON OM Well TReUrted. so. 2. 5st ses ot ss nas toss =.= 6s see 122
Mr. GrorcE Frean on the Use of Milk and Scotch Barley as an Article of
I a tr Sk ie ti aan ee Pi 122
Mr. R. Garner on the Vocal Organ of the Corira, an Aquatic Insect ...... 122
Dr. GrorGE Duncan Gruss on the Various Forms assumed by the Glottis .. 122
’s Note on the Action of the Bromides of Lithium,
Zinc, and Lead..... At ontiaa egronke Scomiete lane trenton erence arte on Sherine 123
Dr. JoHN GoopMAN on the Functions of the Liver ..........cecceceseees 123
Mr. ALFRED HaviLaAnp on the Hour of Death in Acute and Chronic Disease 123
Dr. Tuomas HaypEN on the Relative and Special Applications of Fat and
SMAI BS IOSPIFAGOTY (HOO. sarees >>) piesa e/oye.chokay +: +) 918 »-4,¥:0) 8476. 5hard 5 Eee 124
Dr. W. Brrp Heraparu on the Occurrence of Indigo in Purulent Dis-
charges';i.....- Soiriow nc ocid a SS-cinis COCO AOT CE an OOE ICO MSt aro Ones 124
Dr. T. Junop on the Physiological Effects of the Vacuum Apparatus ...... 125
Mr. C.-G. Monrerrru on the Lentil as an Article of Food, and its Use from
the Earliest Historical Time ......... Melon prsithe Clee ey) erekettinieon enna 125
Mr. W. E. C. Nourse on the Action of the Nervous Tissue concerned in Per-
EMCO tet tre Mee cly vie wir chee een ee aoe aera ao an Bes wie age tale ey enero 125
Mr. W. T. 8S. PripEavx on the Functions of the Cerebellum ..... wcletdieralain, Le
Dr. B. W. RicHarpson on the Inhalation of Oxygen Gas ...........46- +» 125
on the Physiological Effects of Tobacco .......... 126
Dr. Epwarp Smiru, What-is the Best Method of Estimating the Nutritive
Values of Foods and Dietaries?......... ape sttorchet 2 ial Rs gtays cose oust pale pear 128
Dr. J. TouRNAmM on Obliteration of the Sutures in One Class of Ancient British
Ee eee mir dcacpens Gt’ iis, + Blnuneph BX cules shaban Be sc ieye ibe eral ee 128
Mr. Witi1am Turner on a Supplementary System of Nutrient Arteries for
EC MIMUTOS ee retatestcta ree nvsierrs ose « elucmeat ore cess Ore ee oe 129
on Cranial Deformities—Trigonocephalus ae 129
GEOGRAPHY anp ETHNOLOGY.
Address of Sir Roprericx I. Murcuison, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,
\V-P.G.8., President of the: Section, yew. sw: men dnc sed canoe: 130
Mr. Krrru E. Anporr on the Province of ANZOBORLI A 5c sos as, sole ove fee tt LOR
Col. Sir James Epwarp ALEXANDER’s Notes on the Maories of New Zea-
land, with Suggestions for their Pacification and Preservation .......... 136
Dr. A. Bastian on the Ethnology of Cambodia ,.............cccccceeeece 136
Mr. H. W. Bates on the Delta of the Amazons ...........eeccceeee aie Lea
Dr. H. Brrp’s Account of the Human Bones found in Tumuli situated on the
Cotteswold Hills ...........ccceeeees ete a wane er Te ooo -. 187
Sir GEorGE Bowen on the Advance of Colonization in North-Eastern Australia 137
Captain Burton on the Present State of Dahome...... ai a.a «e's 01y Re 137
pm ————— ON HHS RIVER CONLO a sere wp nie, vi0,5>p 0:6:5 a pra.> dip. 2.0.4 83 ee 140
Mr. JoHN CAMERON on the Islands of Kalatoa and Puloweh .............. 140
a
CONTENTS. xiii
P
Mr. Hype Crark on the Iberian Population of Asia Minor anterior to the *
NAS She hae ented do Corde arec ee GOON COCR - SCUCIRCCRE ot: Ce ennIEEE 140
Rev. G. CLowss on the Western Shores of the Dead Sea ................ 141
Viscount Mitton and Dr. Curapuix’s Account of an Expedition across the
Rocky Mountains into British Columbia, by the Yellow-Head or Leather
LOPS Gocbt J acad ody oglhd Gt SHE Ded ane ead debdio oc Bae dation Oratory ee Me pae ce 141
Mr. Joun CrawFurp on the Sources of the. Supply of Tin for the Bronze
Waolsand Weapons of Antiquity sc: .....c cess ects ttccsccencccseccns 142
——_—___——————— on the Supposed Infecundity of Human Hybrids or
aaaiee ecm aaee Ne Peet che threat ots tates = ohehstel ots) chol\ or clatahel evcvesctevewsis statstcbersdersionersei verses 142
———_-—— on the Early Migration of Man ................000: 143
on the supposed Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages of So-
LIZ. o co gpobyolcigesbiow amotio os oracle ear ok carte icerininis othe Mache aceaRenr
Mr. Cuarites M. Doveuty on the Yostedal Brae, a large Glacier-system in
Se eMMEOAMMR DL OTOV EN VIT Gi arctetarst ee. faie = jer leicte'e ates wooe ulate aMMINaTa ee vo ein a ecole
Sir C. Exrror on a recent Harthquake at St. Helena ........... ce eeeeees 143
Rey. T. Farrar on the Fixity of the Types of Man .........ssseseesveeee 143
Professor HARLEY on the Poisoned Arrows of Savage Man..........eeeees 144
M. ALEXANDER Hippivus on Russian Trade with Bokhara .............005 145
M. Nicozas pr Kwantxor on the Ethnology of the Iranian Race....:..... 145
Miss Murr Macxenzir’s Narrative of her Journeys in the South Slavonic
countries of Austria and Turkey in Europe ..... Ray MER atehicn She. Ft tat 145
Mr. KennetH Mac ea on a remarkable Storm and Beach Wave at St. Shotts,
RRR PIPER co una) vn ace x) 9-6 win 0. 0:m SiayeieonlSlo Bray molnucx Paget wer of ip aha soar 145
Ce re)
Mr. SamuEet Mossman on the Atmosphere, showing that there is a difference
in its Vital Constituents North and South of the Equator ............ 146
Mr. Joun PstueEricr, Latest News from Mr. S. Baker, the Traveller in
Central Africa ...... oselereishl beats, afeieistewee. “patel awle ea masvatsh ako Mila eC tapes ah sole 146
Mr. Ree. Stuart Poors on the Ethnic Relations of the Egyptian Race ..., 146
Mr. T. S, PrrpEavx on the Principles of Ethnology ..............6-5 Soverea 147
The Duc pE Rovsiixon on the Scythians ............ccceeeeeeceeeveees 147
Sir Rosrrt Scoompurex’s Journey to Xiengmai and Moulmein.......... 147
Dr. SHorrrT on some Rude Tribes supposed to be the Aborigines of Southern
PERERA GSA «NEE Se coe ce eek ent y es re tone eer ee Ceres
Lieut.-Col. SaowrErs on the Meenas, a Wild Tribe of Central India........ 147
Mr. RicHarp Spruce on the Physical Geography of the Peruvian Coast
Valleys of Chira and Piura, and the adjacent Deserts ..............0005 148
——__—____—_——— on the River Purtis ........... cece ccc e ee aes 148
Mr. M‘Dovatt Srvart’s Account of his Journey across Australia ........ 148
Mr. J. G. TayLor’s Notes on Kurdistan .......cccceeccseueseveeueeeenes 148
Rey. H. B. Tristram on the Physical and Political Geography of the Jordan
Valley and Hastern Palestine... 20.08. eee le cee eee eect ebecereres 148
M. VamBrry on the Turcoman Tribes of Central Asia............++..005. 148
FAA ISLUS CO PSEA RICHI ora, oy foils 0.5; oper efe.oy6 is. or oven, oie sa) Paya ohne .g 148
Mr. ALBERT WALKER’s Journey along the West Coast of Middle Island, New
PRCA AUTID oF cinschQhMeeei es Ae PCP AISTON HO Eine baiths 15 wale miapede! o coulety Webatelcetes 8% 148
Mr. ALFRED R, Wa..ace on the Progress of Civilization in Northern Celebes 149
Xiv CONTENTS.
Page
Mr. James Fox Wiuson on the Increasing Desiccation of Inner Southern
Africa
otute tote tote fete Tete {oo tate te. 'e "eo cap 0 lbie iy pte tele eo ¢'e \6 "e%e le ‘e's fete ote te soe ee e's ee wos
ECONOMIC SCIENCE anp STATISTICS.
Address by Witi1aM Farr, M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., the President of the Sec-
OTM ees siseeane fee Bese crete alei wake ashes AaWeVIST hs, onan el to shonin tahae «ce oes ta Read 151
Mr. SamvurEt Brown on the Rates of Mortality and Marriage amongst Euro-
POCA TH ENGI ae asp aie ini nie eieininis sie sae sieueie noes evens secs ete scissile s 165
Mr. W. Cuetwynpd on the Progress of Postal Banks (Post-Office Savings-
BEDRMS Me a ehh Sie ch asp pl Goa 5 so 9,91 a ony oe 163
Mr, HanprEt CossHam, Statistics relative to the Bristol Coal-Field ...... 164
Mr. E. B. Extiortr on Military Statistics of certain Armies, especially those
PRP MM IPERS CALOS ciel a a aiehe a kite asa iain oaks oTa none a on pele ee 164
Dr. WiLx1AM Farr’s Life Tables, by the Swedish Calculating Machine (with
Photographs of the Machine by A. Claudet) co 00. oie ae ae nner 165
Professor Henry Fawcett on the Causes which Produce the Present High
vate, Of DISGOUMb RIS, Aletaetele achat ois, afaldcctelarevels Wuraiolely chatalutiteeleiey ehte aretante rt 165
Colonel C. W. Grant’s Notes on a Cotton Chart, showing the Effect on
Cotton of the Civil War in America
Mr, R. T. Gort’s Statement of the Mortality of the City of Bath ....... oS aaa ey
M. Gurrry on Crime in England and France
Major-General HannyneTon’s remarks on the French Calculating Machine . 167
Mr. R. HERBERT, Statistics of Live Stock ...........cccecevevncereees 167
Mr. James Heywoop on the Recommendations of the Public School Com-
missioners for the Distribution of School Time .............0eeeeeevees 167
Rey. Dr. Hume on the Locality of the various Religious Bodies in Ireland .. 169
Lieutenant-Colonel Krennepy on the British Home and Colonial Empire in
ate: Martial) Relathonsy terse. ccjslecteypiehtelsle(s)deibicieistrs -tnjefe bar ciete nie em es 169
Professor LronE Levi on the Economical Administration of the Navy...... 169
——__—_—_—_—_—, Statistics on the Number and Occupations of Foreigners
rhage GMgis nnd vod sao ceeniciioa Bods OMaBOO: nnd ds saBoeangreo canned 169
Mr. A. B, MrppLETon on the Sanitary Statistics of Salisbury ........ ose» 169
Mri. Prratan on) Briet Waiting: jars i loft. 2+ ore uw arobfe sis taiosees dteletetels ete eee 169
Mr. FREDERICK PurRpy on the Quantity and Value of Foreign Grain imported
into the United Kingdom since the Repeal of the Corn Laws
Mr. T. W. SaunpErs, Statistics of Crime and Criminals in England ...... 172
Mr. Epwarp SPENDER on the “Truck System” in some Parts of the West
(oj id th Ved FCs eran Se ns roots Gere RAO Se SAA. soe 175
Dr. J. A. Symonps on the Sanitary Statistics of Clifton ................65 176
Mr. Witx1aM Tire on the Comparative Rates of Mortality in Paris and
Hhondon Wapussatetet eleva stele esi e e)aiau chy ekogste as cali rains ae re teee at tne 177
Colonel Torrens on the Land-Transfer of Australia as applicable to Ireland. 179
Mr. W. WESTGARTH, Statistics of Crime in Australia ..........00ee-00 180
Mr. J. Wi1ison on the Registration of Births and Deaths in Ireland........ 180
Dr. Epwarp WI1son, Sanitary Statistics of Cheltenham ................ 180
CONTENTS, XV
MECHANICAL SCIENCE.
Address by Joun Hawxsuaw, F.R.S., F.G.S., President of the Section .... 183
Mr. Peter W. Bariow on the Power required to overcome the Vis Inertiz
of Railway Trains, with a Description of a Machine to propel Trains between
- Stations at frequent Intervals without Locomotives ...............ee00. 184
Admiral Sir E. BrtcHer on Improvements in the Defence of Ships of War.. 185
Mr. Epwarp CusarLeswortu on the New Elevator Gun ......... Ey asateie ciel 185
Mr. ZERAH CoLBURN on Steam Boilers ............ccsseeeseccsasesaves 185
Captain Dory on the Torpedoes used by the Confederate States in the Destruc-
tion of some of the Federal Ships of War, and the Mode of attaching them
to the Rams. (Communicated by Admiral Sir E. Betcwer.) .......... 185
Mr. G. Fawcus on Suggested Improvements in Doors ...........eeeeeeees 186
on Improvements in Scaling- and other Ladders .......... 186
Mr. GrorGE BELL GaLLoway on Improvements in Screw Propellers .,.... 186
on Lifeboats for Ships and Steamers........ 186
Mr. GrorGE GLoveR on Instruments for the Measurement of Gas ........ 186
Mr. G. Harntmann’s Description of a Parallel Gauge .........0..0ee seus 186
Captain A. HENDERSON on the Practical Progress of Naval Architecture in
cean and River Steamers, with Suggestions for Improvements in the Steer-
age of the Great Eastern and large and small Ironclads, Rams, and Gunboats,
similar to the Assam Nautilus, iy the use of Balanced Rudders in Bow and
EMEOMEMIOR OD, ies sie et essere oars sie eon cate POTEET . 186
Mr. R. A. Peacock on Chain-cable and Anchor Testing.............0000% 187
Mr. T. Symes Pripeavx on the Construction of Shot-proof Targets ........ 187
Professor W. J. Macquorn RANKINE on some of the Strains of Ships...... 187
— ———_ on Units of Measure .............. 188
Captain SeLwyn on Submarine Telegraphy ............ cc ccs eeeeee eens 188
Mr. J. L. Sroruert and Mr. Roperr Pirt on a Machine for Testing Girders 189
Mr. H.C. Sorpyon Microscopical Photographs of various Kinds of Iron andSteel 189
Mr. Symons on the Working of Underground Railways by Hydraulic Power 189
Mr. James Wix11AMs’s Experiments on the Elasticity of Iron ............ 190
Captain WHEATLEY on Plated Ships and their Armament ............... . 190
——_—_—————. on Revolving Sails.......... ccc cece cece ee eee eens 190
on Improvements in the Defence of Ships of War...... 190
List of Papers of which Abstracts have not been received ...........++045 191
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OBJECTS AND RULES
THE ASSOCIATION.
—<>—_.
OBJECTS.
Tue Assocratton contemplates no interference with the ground occupied by
other institutions. Its objects are,—To give a stronger impulse and a more
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4, b
Xvill RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION.
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RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION, xix
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assist in making arrangements for the Meetings.
Local Committees shall have the power of adding to their numbers those
Members of the Association whose assistance they ey desire.
OFFICERS,
A President, two or more Vice-Presidents, one or more ‘Secretaries, and a
Treasurer, shall be annually appointed by the General Committee.
COUNCIL.
In the intervals of the Meetings, the affairs of the Association shall be
managed by a Council appointed by the General Committee. The Council
may also assemble for the despatch of business during the week of the
Meeting.
PAPERS AND COMMUNICATIONS.
The Author of any paper or communication shall be at, liberty to reserve
his right of property therein.
ACCOUNTS.
The Accounts of the Association shall be audited annually, by Auclitors
eke by the Meeting.
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MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.
XXV
II. Table showing the Names of Members of the British Association who
have served on the Council in former years.
Aberdeen, Earl of, LL.D., K.G., K.T.,
F-.R.S. (deceased).
Acland, Sir T. D., Bart., M.A.,D.C.L.,F.R.S.
Acland, Professor H. W., M.D., F.R.S.
Adams, Prof. J. Couch, M.A., D.C.L., F.R:S.
Adamson, John, Esq., F.L.S.
Ainslie, Rev. Gilbert, D.D., Master of Pem-
broke Hall, Cambridge.
Airy,G.B.,M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., Astr. Royal.
Alison, ProfessorW. P.,M.D.,F.R.S.E.(dec?).
Allen, W. J. C., Esq.
Anderson, Prof. Thomas, M.D.
Ansted, Professor D. T., M.A., F.R.S.
Argyll, G. Douglas, Duke of, F.R.S. L. & E.
Armstrong, Sir W. G., F.R.S.
Arnott, Neil, M.D., F.R.S.
Ashburton, William Bingham, Lord, D.C.L.
Atkinson, Rt. Hon. R., late Lord Mayor of
Dublin.
Babbage, Charles, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
Babington, Professor C. C., M.A., F.R.S.
Baily, Francis, Esq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Baines, Rt. Hon. M. T., M.A., M.P. (dec?).
Baker, Thomas Barwick Lloyd, Esq.
Balfour, Professor John H., M.D., F.R.S.
Barker, George, Esq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Bath, The Most Noble the Marquis of.
Bath, The Venerable the Archdeacon of.
Beamish, Richard, Esq., F.R.S.
Beechey, Rear-Admiral, F.R.S. (deceased).
Bell, Isaac Lowthian, Esq.
Bell, Professor Thomas, V.P.L.S., F.R.S.
Bengough, George, Esq.
Bentham, George, Esq., Pres.L.S.
Biddell, George Arthur, Esq.
Bigge, Charles, Esq.
Blakiston, Peyton, M.D., F.R.S.
Boileau, Sir John P., Bart., F.R.S.
Boyle, Right Hon. D., Lord Justice-General
(deceased).
Brady,The Rt. Hon. Maziere, M.R.1.A., Lord
Chancellor of Ireland.
Brand, William, Esq.
Breadalbane, John, Marquis of, K.T., F.R.S.
(deceased).
Brewster, Sir David, K.H., D.C.L., LL.D.,
B.R.S. L. & E., Principal of the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh.
Brisbane, General Sir Thomas M., Bart.,
K.C.B., G.C.H., D.C.L., F.R.S. (dec?).
Brodie, Sir B. C., Bart., D.C.L., P.R.S.
(deceased).
Brooke, Charles, B.A., F.R.S.
Brown, Robert, D.C.L., F.R.S. (deceased).
Brunel, Sir M. I., F.R.S. (deceased).
Buckland, Very Rev. William, D.D., F.R.S.,
Dean of Westminster (deceased).
_ Bute, John, Marquis of, K.T. (deceased).
Carlisle, G. W. Fred., Earl of, F-R.S. (dec*),
Carson, Rey. Joseph, F.T.C.D.
Cathcart, Lt.-Gen., Earl of, K.C.B., F.R.S.E.
(deceased).
Challis, Rev. J., M.A., F.B.S.
Chalmers, Rev. T., D.D. (deceased).
Chance, James, Hsq.
Chester, John Graham, D.D., Lord Bishop of
(deceased).
Chevallier, Rev. Temple, B.D., F.R.A.S.
Christie, Professor 8. H., M.A., F.R.S.
Clapham, R. C., Esq.
Clare, Peter, Esq., F.R.A.S. (deceased).
Clark, Rev. Prof., M.D., F.R.S. (Cambridge.)
Clark, Henry, M.D.
Clark, G. T., Esq.
Clear, William, Esq. (deceased).
Clerke, Major S., K.H., R.E., F.R.S. (dec‘).
Clift, William, Esq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Close, Very Rev. F., M.A., Dean of Carlisle.
Cobbold, John Chevalier, Esq., M.P.
Colquhoun, J. C., Esq., M.P. (deceased).
Conybeare, Very Rey. W. D., Dean of Llan-
daff (deceased).
Cooper, Sir Henry, M.D.
Cork and Orrery, The Rt. Hon. the Earl of,
Lord-Lieutenant of Somersetshire.
Corrie, John, Esq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Crum, Walter, Esq., F.R.S.
Currie, William Wallace, Esq. (deceased).
Dalton, John, D.C.L., F.R.S. (deceased).
Daniell, Professor J. F., F.R.S. (deceased).
Darbishire, R. D., Esq., B.A., F.G.S.
Dartmouth, William, Ear! of, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Darwin, Charles, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
Daubeny, Prof. C. G. B., M.D.,LL.D., F.R.S.
DelaBeche, Sir H. T., C.B., F.R.S., Director-
Gen. Geol. Sury. United Kingdom (dec*).
De la Rue, Warren, Ph.D., F.R.S.
Derby, Earl of, D.C.L., Chancellor of the
University of Oxford.
Devonshire, W., Duke of, M.A.,D.C.L.,F.R.S.
Dickinson, Francis H., Esq.
Dickinson, Joseph, M.D., F.R.S.
Dillwyn, Lewis W., Esq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Donkin, Professor W. F., M.A., F.R.S.
Drinkwater, J. E., Esq. (deceased).
Ducie, The Ear] of, F.R.S.
Dunraven, The Ear] of, F.R.S.
Egerton, Sir P. de M. Grey, Bart.,M.P.,F.R.S.
Eliot, Lord, M.P.
Ellesmere, Francis, Ear] of, F.G.S. (dec*).
Enniskillen, William, Earl of, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Estcourt, T. G. B., D.C.L. (deceased).
Fairbairn, William, LL.D., C.E., F.R.S.
Faraday, Professor, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Ferrers, Rey. N. M., M.A.
FitzRoy, Rear-Admiral, F.R.S. (deceased).
Fitzwilliam, The Earl, D.C.L., F.R.S. (dec*).
Fleming, W., M.D.
Fletcher, Bell, M.D.
Foote, Lundy E., Esq.
Forbes, Charles, Esq. (deceased).
Forbes, Prof. Edward, F.R.S. (deceased).
Forbes,Prof. J. D., LL.D., F.R.S.,Sec. R.S.E.
Principal of University of St. Andrews,
Fox, Robert Were, Esq., F.R.S.
Frost, Charles, F.S.A.
Fuller, Professor, M.A.
Galton, Francis, F.R.S., F.G.S.
XXVI
Gassiot, John P., Hsq., F.R.S.
Gilbert, Davies, D.C. ‘i F.R.S. (deceased).
Gladstone, J. H., Ph. D, E.B.S
ead em The Very Rev. i; D. D., Dean of
y:
Gourlie, William, Esq. (deceased),
Graham, T., M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., Master of
the Mint.
Gray, John E., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S.
Gray, Ji onathan, Esq. (deceased).
Gray, William, Hsq., F.G.8.
Green, Prof. Joseph Henry, D.C.L., F.R.S8.
(deceased).
Greenough, G. B., Esq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Griffith, George, M.A., F.C.S8.
Griffith, Sir R. Griffith, Bt., LL.D., M.R.LA.
Grove, W. R., Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
Hallam, Henry, Hsq., M.A., F.R.S. (dec*).
Hamilton, W. J., Hsq., F.R.S., See. GS,
Hamilton, Sir Wm. R., LL.D., Astronomer
Royal of Ireland, M.R.1.A., F.R.A.S.
Hancock, W. Neilson, LL.D.
Harcourt, Rey. Wm. Vernon, M.A., F.R.S.
Hardwicke, Charles Philip, Earl of, F.R.S.
Harford, J. 8., D.C.L., F-R.8.
Harris, Sir W. Snow, F.R.S.
Harrowby, The Earl of, F.R.S.
Hatfeild, William, eae ¥.G.S. (deceased).
Henry, W. C., M.D., F.R.S.
Henry, Rey. P. 8., D. D. ,Pr esident of Queen’s
College, Belfast.
Henslow, Rey. Professor, M.A., F.L.S. (dec*).
Herbert, Hon. and Very Rev. Wm., LL.D.,
F.L.8., Dean of Manchester (dec*),
Hereford, The Very Rey. the Dean of.
Herschel, Sir John F.W., Bart., M.A., D.C.L.,
FE.RS.
Heywood, Sir Benjamin, Bart., F.R.S.
Heywood, James, Hsq., F.R.S.
Hill, Rev. Edward, M.A., E.GS.
Hincks, Rev. Edward, D. i M.R.I.A.
Hincks, Rey. Thomas, B ie
Hinds, $., D.D., late Lord Bishop of Norwich
(deceased).
Hodgkin, Thomas, M.D.
Hodgkinson, Professor Haton, F.R.S. (dec).
Hodgson, J oseph, Esq., F.R.S.
Hoge, John, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.
Hooker, Sir William J., LL.D., F.R.S.
Hope, Rev. F. W., M.A., F.R.S.
Hopkins, William, Esq., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S,
Horner, Leonard, Esq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Houghton, Lord, D.C.L.
Hovenden, V. F., Esq., M.A.
Hugall, J. W., Esq.
Hunt, Aug. H., Esq., B.A., Ph.D.
Hutton, Robert, Esq., F.G.S8.
Hutton, William, Hsq., F.G.S. (deceased).
Ibbetson,Capt.L. E Boscawen, K.R.E.,F.G.S.
Inglis, Sir R. H., Bart., D.C. ue M.P. (dec!)
Inman, Thomas, M. D.
Jacobs, Bethel, Esq.
Jameson, Professor R., F-R.S. (deceased).
Jardine, Sir William, Bart,, E.R.S.E.
Jeffreys, John Gwyn, Hsq., ERS.
Jellett, Rey. Professor.
Jenyns, Rey. Leonard, F.L.8.
REPORT—1864.
Jerrard, H. B., Esq.
Jeune, The Right Rey. F., D. C.L.
Johnston, Right Hon. Wiliam, late Lord
Provost of Edinburgh
Johnston, Prof. J. F. W., ML fhe E.R.S. (dec*).
Keleher, William, Hsq. ’(deceased).
Kelland, Rey. Prof. P., M.A., F.R.S. L. & Ei.
Kildare, The Marquis of.
Lankester, Edwin, M.D., F.RB.S.
Lansdowne, Hen., Marquis of, D.C.L.,F.R.S.
Larcom, Major, RE, LL.D., F.RB.S.
Lardner, Rey. Dr. (deceased).
Lassell, William, Esq., F.R.S. L. & H.
Latham, R. G., M.D., ERS.
Lee, Very Rey, John, D.D., F.R.S.E., Prin-
cipal of the University of Edinburgh
(deceased).
Lee, Robert, M.D., F.R.S.
Lefevre, Right Hon. Charles Shaw, late
Speaker of the House of Commons.
Lemon, Sir Charles, Bart., F.R.S.
Liddell, Andrew, Esq. (deceased). _
Liddell, Very Rev. H , D.D., Dean of
Christ Church, Oxford.
Lindley, Professor John, Ph.D., F.B.S.
Listowel, The Earl of.
Liveing, Prof. G. D., M.A., F.C.8.
Lloyd, Rev. B., D. D., Provost of Trin. Coll.,
Dublin (dee eased).
Lloyd, Rey. H., D.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. L.&E.,
M.R.LA.
Londesborough, Lord, F.R.8. ovensetliya.
Lubbock, Sir “John W,, Bart., M.A., F
(deceased).
Luby, Rey. Thomas,
Lyell, Sir Charles, Bart.,M.A., LL.D., D.C.L.,
E.B.S.
MacCullagh, Prof., D.C.L., M.R.1.A. (dec*).
MacDonnell, Rey. R., D.D., M.R.1.A., Pro-
vost of Trinity College, Dublin.
Macfarlane, The Very Rev. Principal. (dec*).
MacGee, William, M.D.
MacLeay, William Sharp, Esq., F.L.S,
MacNeill, Professor Sir John, F.R.S.
Malahide, The Lord Talbot de.
Malcolm, Vice-Ad. Sir Charles, K.C.B. (dec*).
Maltby, Edward, D.D., F.R.8., late Lord
Bishop of Durham ‘(deceased).
Manchester, J. P. Lee, D.D., Lord Bishop of.
Marlborough, Duke of, D. CL.
Marshall, J. G., Esq., M. A., F.G.S8.
May, Charles, Esq., ERAS. (deceased).
Meynell, Thomas, Hsq., F.L.8.
Middleton, Sir William F, F., Bart.
Miller, Prof. W. A., M.D., Treas. & V.P.R.S.
Miller, Professor W. H., M.A., For. Sec.R.8.
Moggridge, Matthew, Esq.
Moillet, J. D., Esq. (deceased).
Monteagle, Lord, F.R.S.
Moody, J. Sadleir, Esq.
Moody, T. F., Esq.
Moody, T. H. C., Esq.
Morley, The Earl of.
Moseley, Rev. Henry, M.A., F.R.S.
Mount-Edgecumbe, Ernest Augustus, Ear! of.
Murchison, Sir Roderick L,G.C.8t.8.,D.0.L.,
LL.D., F.RB.S,
MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.
Neild, Alfred, Esq.
Neill, Patrick, M. », F.R.S.E,
Nelson, The Rt. Hon. Earl
Nicol, D., M.D.
Nicol, Professor J., E.R.S.E., F.G.S.
Nicol, Rey. J. P., LL.D,
Noble, Capt. A., "B.A.
Northampton, Spencer Joshua Alwyne, Mar-
quis of, V.P.R.S. (deceased).
Northumberland, Hugh, Duke of, K.G.,M.A.,
E.R.S. (deceased).
Ormerod, G. W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S.
Orpen, Thomas Herbert, MD. (deceased).
Orpen, John H., LL.D
Osler, Follett, Esq. Fal R. 8.
Owen, Prof., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.B.S.
Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, D.D., Lord
Bishop of, F.R.S., F.G.S.
Palmerston, Visc., K.G.,G.C.B., M.P., F.R.S.
Peacock, Very Rev. G., D.D., Dean of Ely,
F.R.S. (deceased).
Peel, Rt.Hon.Sir R.,Bart.,M.P.,D.C.L.(dec*).
Pendarves, E. W., Esq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Phillips, Professor John, M.A., LL.D.,F.R.S.
Phillips, Rey. G., B.D., President of Queen’s
College, Cambridge.
Pigott, The Rt. Hon. D. R., M.R.I.A., Lord
Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Ireland.
Porter, G. R., Esq. (deceased).
Portlock, Major-General, R.E.,LL.D., F.R.S.
(deceased).
Portman, The Lord.
Powell, Rev. Professor, M.A., F.R.S. (dec*).
Price, Rev. Professor, M.A., F.R.S.
Prichard, J. C., M.D., F.R.S. (deceased).
Ramsay, Professor William, M.A
Ransome, George, Hsq., F.L.S.
Reid, Maj.-Gen. Sir W., K.C.B., R.E., F.R.S.
(deceased).
Rendlesham, Rt. Hon. Lord, M.P.
Rennie, George, Esq., F.R.S.
Rennie, Sir John, F.R.S.
Richardson, Sir John, C.B., M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S. (deceased).
Richmond, Duke of, K.G., F.R.S. (dec).
Ripon, Earl of, F.R.G.8
Ritchie, Rev. Prof., LL. D., F.R.S. (dec*).
Robinson, Capt., R.A.
Robinson, Rey. J., D.D.
Robinson, Rey. T. R., D.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S.
Robison, Sir John, Sec.R.S. Edin. (deceased).
Roche, James, Esq.
Roget, Peter Mark, M.D., F.R.S.
Rolleston, Professor, M.D., E.R.S.
Ronalds, Francis, F.R.S. (deceased).
Roscoe, Professor H. E., B.A., F.B.S.
Rosebery, The Ear! of, K. cp: D. C.L., F.B.S.
Ross, Rear-Admiral Sir J. C, R.N., D.CL.,
F-.R.S. (deceased).
Rosse, Wm., Earl of, M.A., F.R.S., M.R.1.A.
Royle, Prof. John F., M. D., ERS. (dec*).
Russell, James, Esq. ‘(deceased).
Russell, J. Scott, Esq., F.R.S.
Sabine, “Major-General Edward, R.A., D.O.L.,
LL.D., President of the Royal. Society.
- Sanders, William, Esq., F.R.S., F.G-S.
Scoresby, Rey. W., D. D., FRS. (deceased).
Sedgwick, Rey. Prof, M.A, D.C.L., E.R.S.
XXVil
Selby, Prideaux John, Esq., F.R.S.E.
Sharpey, Professor, M, D., Sec.R.8.
Sims, Sq.
Smith, Lieut. -Col. C. Hamilton, F.R.8.(dec*),
Smith, Prof. H. J. S., M.A., ERS.
Smith, James, F.R.S. L. & BE.
Spence, William, Esq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Spottiswoode, W., M.A., F.RB.S.
Stanley, Edward, D.D., F.R.S., late Lord
Bishop of Norwich (deceased).
Staunton, Sir G. T., Bt., M.P., D.C.L., F.R.S.
St. David’s, C.Thirlwall,D.D.,LordBishop of.
Stevelly, Professor John, LL.D.
Stokes, Professor G.G., M.A.,D.C.L.,Sec.R.8.
Strang, John, Esq., LL.D.
Strickland, Hugh E., Hsq., F-B.S. Comer):
Sykes, Colonel W. H., M.P., F.R
Symonds, B. P., D.D. : Warden of Waslhiate
College, Oxford.
Talbot, W. H. Fox, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
Tayler, Rev. John James, B.A.
Taylor, Hugh, Esq.
Taylor, John, Hsq., F.R.S. (deceased).
Taylor, Richard, Esq., F.G.
Thompson, William, Esq., ELS. (deceased).
Thomson, A., Esq.
Thomson, Professor William, M.A., F.R.S.
Tindal, Captain, R.N. (deceased).
Tite, William, Esq., M.P., F.R.S.
Tod, James, Hsq., F.R.S.E.
Tooke, Thomas, F.R.S. (deceased).
Traill, J. S., M.D. (deceased).
Trevelyan, Sir. W. C., Bart.
Turner, Edward, MD., F.R.8. (deceased).
Turner, Samuel, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S. (dec*).
Turner, Rev. W.
Tyndall, Professor John, F.R.S.
Vigors, N. A., D.C.L., F.L.S. (deceased).
Vivian, Feels Depa Lee FRS. (deceased).
Walker, James, Esq., F.R.S.
Walker, Joseph N., ae E.GS.
Walker, Rev. Professor Robert, M.A., F.R.S.
Warburton, Henry, Esq.,M.A., F.R.S.(dec*).
Ward, W. Sykes, Esq., F.C.S.
Washington, Captain, R.N., F.R.S.
Way, A. E., Esq., M.P.
Webster, Thomas, M.A., F.R.S.
West, William, Esq., ERS. (deceased).
Western, Thomas Burch, Esq.
Wharncliffe, John Stuart, Lord, F.R.S8.(dec*).
Wheatstone, Professor Ohavles, E.R.S.
Whewell, Rev. William, D.D., F.R.S., Master
of Trinity College, Cambridge.
White, John F.,
Williams, Prof. oh J. B., M.D., E.R.S.
Willis, Rev. Professor Robert, M.A., F.R.S.
Wills, ‘William, Esq., F.G.8. (deceased).
Wilson, Thomas, Esq., M.A
Wilson, Prof. W. P;
Winchester, John, Marquis of.
Wood, N icholas, Esq.
Woollcombe, Henry, Hsq., F.S.A. (deceased).
Wrottesley, John, Lord, M.A.,D.C.L., F.R.S.
Yarborough, The Earl of, D.C.L.
Yarrell, William, Hsq., eos (deceased).
Yates, James, Esq., M.A., FE.R.S.
Yates, J. B.,, Esq., F.8,A., F.R.G,8. (dec*).
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL, 1864-65.
TRUSTEES (PERMANENT).
Sir RopEeRick I. Murcuison, K.C.B., G.C.St.8., D.C.L., F.R.S.
Major-General EDWARD SABINE, R.A., D.C.L., Pres. R.S,
Sir Poinip DE M. GREY EGERTON, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.
PRESIDENT.
Sir CHARLES LYELL, Bart., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.8., F.G.8., F.L.8., F.R.G.S.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
The Right Hon. The Eart oF CorK AND ORRERY, | The Venerable The ARCHDEACON OF BATH.
Lord-Lieutenant of Somersetshire. W. Tire, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.8.A.
The Most Noble The Marquis oF Baru. ARTHUR WAY, Esq., M.P.
The Right Hon. Lorp NELSON. PRANCIS H. DICKINSON, Esq.
The Lorp PoRTMAN. WILLIAM SANDERS, Esgq., F.R.S., F.G.S8.
The Very Reverend The DEAN or HEREFORD.
PRESIDENT ELECT.
JOHN PHILLIPS, Esq., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology
in the University of Oxford.
VICE-PRESIDENTS ELECT.
The Right Hon. The EArt or LICHFIELD, Lord- | The Right Reverend The Lorp Bisnop or Wor-
Lieutenant of Staffordshire. CESTER.
The Right Hon. The Earxt or DuDLEY. The Right Hon. C. B. ADDERLEY, M.P.
The Right Hon. Lorp Lerten, Lord-Lieutenant of | WILLIAM SCHOLEFIELD, Esq., M.P.
Warwickshire. J.T, CHANCE, Esq.
The Right Hon. Lorp Lyrrrenton, Lord-Lieute- | F. OSLER, Esq., F.R.S.
nant of Worcestershire. The Rey. CHARLES Eyans, M.A.
The Right Hon. Lorp WRoTTESLEY, M.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S,, F.R.A.S.
LOCAL SECRETARIES FOR THE MEETING AT BIRMINGHAM.
WILLIAM MATHEWS, Esq., Jun., F.G.S.
JouNn HENRY CHAMBERLAIN, Esq.
The Rey. G. D. Boye, M.A.
LOCAL TREASURER FOR THE MEETING AT BIRMINGHAM.
WILLIAM HOLLIDAY, Esq.
ORDINARY MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.
BABINGTON, Prof. C. C., F.R.S. MILLER, Prof. W.A., M.D., F.R.S.
BatEMAN, J. F., Esq., F.R.S. ScLaTER, P. L., Esq., F.R.S.
CRAWFURD, JOHN, Esq., F.R.S. SMITH, Professor HENRY, F.R.S.
DELA RUE, WARREN, Esq., F.R.S. SmytTu, Prof. WARINGTON, F.R.S.
FosTER, PETER LE NEVE, Esq. SroKEs, Professor G. G., Sec. F.R.S.
GALTON, Capt. Douetas, R.E., F.R.S. Sykes, Colonel, M.P., F.R.S.
GassioT, J. P., Esq., F.R.S. Tire, W., Esq., M.P., F.R.S.
GLADSTONE, Dr., F.R.S. WHEATSTONE, Professor, F.R.S.
GROVE, W. R., Esq., F.R.S. WEBSTER, THOMAS, Esq., F.R.S.
HEYWOOD, JAMES, Esq., F.R.S. WILLIAMSON, Prof. A. W., F.R.S,
Hutton, RoBeR?t, Esq., F.G.S.
‘ EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.
The President and President Elect, the Vice-Presidents and Vice-Presidents Elect, the General and
Assistant-General Secretaries, the General Treasurer, the Trustees, and the Presidents of former
years, viz.—
Rey. Professor Sedgwick. Sir David Brewster. Professor Daubeny, M.D.
The Duke of Devonshire. G. B. Airy, Esq., the Astronomer | The Rey. H. Lloyd, D.D.
Rey. W. V. Harcourt. Royal. Richard Owen, M.D., D.C.L,
Rey. W. Whewell, D.D. General Sabine, D.C.L. The Lord Wrottesley.
The Earl of Rosse. William Hopkins, Esq., LL.D. William Fairbairn, Esq., LL.D.
Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart. | The Earl of Harrowby. The Rey, Professor Willis.
Sir Roderick I. Murchison, K.C.B.} The Duke of Argyll. Sir W. G. Armstrong, C.B,, LL,D,
The Rey. T. R. Robinson, D.D.
GENERAL SECRETARIES.
WILLIAM Hopkins, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., St. Peter’s College, Cambridge.
FRANCIS GALTON, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., 42 Rutland Gate, Knightsbridge, London.
ASSISTANT GENERAL SECRETARY.
GEORGE GRIFFITH, Esq., M.A., Deputy Pavieasor of Experimental Philosophy in the University of
ord.
GENERAL TREASURER.
WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., 50 Grosvenor Place, London, §.W.
LOCAL TREASURERS. |
William Gray, Esq., F.G.8., York. Robert Patterson, Esq., F.R.S., Belfast. |
Prof. C. C. Babington, M.A., F.R.8., Cambridge. Edmund Smith, Esq., Hudl.
William Brand, Esq., Edinburgh. Professor W. Thomson, Glasgow.
John H. Orpen, LL.D., Dublin. Richard Beamish, Esq., F.R.8., Cheltenham.
William Sanders, Esq., F.G.8., Bristol. John Metcalfe Smith, Esq., Leeds.
Robert M‘Andrew, Esq., F.R.S., Liverpool. John Forbes White, Esq., Aberdeen.
W. R. Wills, Esq., Birmingham. Rey. John Griffiths, M.A., Oxford.
Robert P. Greg, Esq., F.G.8., Manchester. Thomas Hodgkin, Esq., Newcastle-on-Tyne,
John Gwyn Jettreys, Esq., F.R.S., Swansea. Thomas Gill, Esq., Bath.
AUDITORS.
J. P. Gassiot, Esq., F.R.S. Robert Hutton, Esq., F,G.8, Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.8,
OFFICERS OF SECTIONAL COMMITTEES. XXix
OFFICERS OF SECTIONAL COMMITTEES PRESENT AT THE
BATH MEETING.
SECTION A.—MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.
President.—Professor Cayley, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Sadlerian Professor of Ma-
thematics in the University of Cambridge, and Correspondent of the Institute.
Vice-Presidents.—Lord Wrottesley, F.R.S. ; William Hopkins, M.A., F.R.S., Pro-
fessor Price, F.R.S.; Professor Rankine, F.R.S.; Professor Sylvester, F.R.S.
Secretaries.—Professor Stevelly, LL.D.; Rey. George Buckle, M.A.; Professor
Fuller, M.A, ; Fleeming Jenkin, C.E.
SECTION B.—CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY, INCLUDING THEIR APPLICATIONS
q TO AGRICULTURE AND THE ARTS,
President.—W. Odling, M.B., F.R.S., F.C.S.
Vice-Presidents.—Sir B. C. Brodie, Bart., F.R.S.; C. G. B. Daubeny, M.D., F.R.S. ;
T. H. Gladstone, Ph.D., F.R.S.; A. W. Williamson, Ph.D., F.R.S.
Secretaries.—Professor Liveing, M.A., F.C.S.; A. Vernon Harcourt, M.A., F.C.S.;
Robert Biggs.
SECTION C.— GEOLOGY.
President.—J. Phillips, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S8., Professor of Geology in the Univer-
sity of Oxford.
Vice-Presidents.—Sir W. Logan, F.R.S.; Lord Enniskillen, F.R.S.; Professor
Harkness, F.R.S.; W. Sanders, F.R.S.; Rev. W. Symonds, F.G.S.
Secretaries.—H. C. Sorby, F.R.S.; W. Pengelly, F.R.S.; W. B. Dawkins, F.G.S. ;
J. Johnston,
SECTION D.— ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, INCLUDING PHYSIOLOGY.
President.—J. E. Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S.
Vice-Presidents.—C. Spence Bate, F.R.S. ; Professor Babington, F.R.S. ; Professor
Balfour, F.R.S.; Dr. Daubeny, F.R.S.; J. Gwyn Jefireys, F.R.S.; Rev. Leonard
Jenyns, F.R.S.; Sir John Richardson, F.R.S.
Secretaries.— i. Perceval Wright, M.D., F.L.S.; H. T. Stainton, F.L.S.; C. E.
Broome, F.L.8.; H. B. Brady, F.L.S,
SUB-SECTION D.—PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.
President.—Fdward Smith, M.D., LL.B., F.R.S.
Vice-Presidents.— Professor Acland, M.D.,F.R.S.; John Davy, M.D., F.R.S.; Wil-
braham Falconer, M.D.; Thomas Hodgkin, M.D., F.R.S.; Professor Rolleston,
M.D., F.R.S.
Secretaries,—J. 8. Bartrum; William Turner, M.B., F.R.S.E.
SECTION E.—GEOGRAPHY AND ETHNOLOGY.
President.—Sir Roderick I. Murchison, K.C.B., G.C.St.S., D.C.L., F.R.S., Director-
General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom.
Vice-Presidents—John Lubbock, F.R.S., President of the Ethnological Society ;
Major-General Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B., V.P.R.G.S.; John Crawfurd,
FERS; Col. Sir Henry James, R.E., Superintendent Ordnance Survey; Dr.
Livingstone, F.R.G.S.
Secretaries.—Thomas Wright, M.A.; Clements R. Markham, F.R.G.S.; Captain
R. M. Murchison, F.R.G.S, ; H. W. Baxes, Assistant-Secretary R.G.S,
xxx
REPORT—1864.
SECTION F.—ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS.
President.—William Farr, M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.
Vice- Presidents,—Sir John Bowring, F.R.S. ; James Heywood, F.R.S. ; The Mayor
of Bath; Right Hon. Joseph Napier; Colonel W. H. Sykes, M.P., F.R.S.
Secretaries.—Frederick Purdy ; Edmund Macrory; E. T. Payne.
SECTION G.—MECHANICAL SCIENCE.
President.—J. Hawkshaw, F.R.S.
Vice-Presidents.—Sir William Armstrong, F.R.S.; J. F. Bateman, E.RBS. ; Admi-
ral Sir E. Belcher; Captain Douglas Galton, R.N., E.R.S.; W. Fairbairn, LL.D.,
F.R.S. ; Professor Rankine, LL.D., F.R.S.; J. Scott Russell, F.R.S. ; C. Vig-
noles, F.R.S.
Secretaries.—P. Le Neve Foster, M.A. ; Robert Pitt.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Professor Agassiz, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts.
M. Babinet, Paris.
Dr. A. D. Bache, Washington.
Dr. H. D. Buys Ballot, Utrecht.
Dr. D. Bierens de Haan, Amsterdam.
Professor Bolzani, Kasan.
Dr. Barth.
Dr. Bergsma, Utrecht.
Mr. P. G. Bond, Cambridge, U.S.
M. Boutigny (d’ Evreux).
Professor Braschmann, Moscow.
Dr. Carus, Leipzig.
M. Des Cloizeaux.
Dr. Ferdinand Cohn, Breslau.
M. Antoine d’Abbadie.
M. De la Rive, Geneva.
Professor Wilhelm Delfis, Heidelberg.
Professor Dove, Berhn.
Professor Dumas, Paris.
Dr. J. Milne-Edwards, Paris.
Professor Ehrenberg, Berlin.
Dr. Hisenlohr, Carlsruhe.
Professor Encke, Berlin.
Dr. A. Erman, Berlin.
Professor A. Escher yon der Linth,
Zurich, Switzerland.
Professor Esmark, Christiania.
Professor A. Favre, Geneva.
Professor G. Férchhammer, Copenhagen.
M. Léon Foucault, Paris.
Professor E. Fremy, Paris.
M. Frisiani, Jhlan.
Dr. Geinitz, Dresden.
Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge, U.S.
M. E. Hébert, Paris.
Professor Henry, Washington, U.S.
Dr. Hochstetter, Vienna.
M. Jacobi, St. Petersburg.
Prof. Jessen, Med. et Phil. Dr., Griess-
wald, Prussia.
Professor Aug. Kelulé, Ghent, Belgium.
M. Khanikof, St. Petersburg.
Prof, A. Kolliker, Wurzburg.
Professor De Koninck, Liége,
Professor Kreil, Vienna.
Dr. A. Kupffer, St. Petersburg.
Dr. Lamont, Munich.
M. Le Verrier, Paris.
Baron yon Liebig, Munich.
Professor Loomis, New York.
Professor Gustav Magnus, Berlin.
Professor Matteucci, Pisa.
Professor P. Merian, Bale, Switzerland.
Professor von Middendorff, St. Petersburg.
M. V’Abbé Moigno, Paris.
Dr. Arnold Moritz, Tiflis.
Herr Neumayer, Munich.
Professor Nilsson, Sweden.
Dr. N. Nordenskiold, Helsingfors.
M. E. Peligot, Paris.
Prof. B. Pierce, Cambridge, U.S.
Gustay Plaar, Strasburg.
Professor Pliicker, Bonn.
M. Constant Prévost, Paris.
M. Quetelet, Brussels.
Professor W. B. Rogers, Boston, U.S.
Herman Schlagintweit, Berlin.
Robert Schlagintweit, Berlin.
M. Werner Siemens, Vienna.
Dr. Siljestrom, Stockholm.
Professor J. A. de Souza, University of
Coimbra.
Professor Adolph Steen, Copenhagen.
Dr. Svanberg, Btockholne sso
M. Pierre Tchihatchef.
Dr. Otto Torell, University of Lund.
Dr. Van der Hoeven, Leyden.
M. Vambery, Hungary.
Professor E. Verdet, Paris.
M. de Verneuil, Paris. ;
Baron Sartorius yon Waltershausen,
Gottingen.
Professor Wartmann, Geneva.
Dr. Welwitsch.
REPORT OF THE KEW COMMITTEE, XXxi
_ Report of the Council of the British Association, presented to the
General Committee, Wednesday, September 14, 1864.
1. The Council have received the Report of the Kew Committee for the
past year, which will be laid before the General Committee on Monday.
2. The Report of the Parliamentary Committee has been received, and the
Council recommend the adoption of this Report by the General Committee.
3. The Council have added to the list of Corresponding Members the names
of the following Foreign Men of Science, who have been present at Meetings
of the Association :— ;
Dr. Torell, Dr. Buys Ballot, M. Des Cloizeaux, and Prof. Adolph Steen.
_ 4, The Council have received invitations to hold the next Meeting of the
Association at Birmingham, and another to hold it at Nottingham. An in-
vitation has also been received from Dundee for the year 1867.
Report of the Kew Committee of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science for 1863-1864.
The Committee of the Kew Observatory submit to the Association the fol-
lowing statement of their proceedings during the past year :—
A set of Self-recording Magnetographs, of the same pattern as those at
Kew, have been ordered by the Italian Government for Professor Donati
of Florence; these have been completed by Adie of London, and despatched
_ to their destination.
General Sabine has received letters from Mr. Meldrum, Director of the
Mauritius Observatory, and from Mr. Ellery, Director of that at Melbourne,
from which there seems to be a good prospect that at no distant date Self-
recording Magnetographs may be in operation in these localities. This
would be a result of very great scientific importance, since there are as yet
none of these instruments established in the southern hemisphere.
‘The Committee have lost with regret the valuable services of Mr. Cham-
bers, who left the Observatory about the middle of November last for an
appointment in India. His place as Magnetical Assistant has been supplied.
by Mr. George Whipple, who has given much satisfaction in his new office.
The sum of £50 has been received from the Government Grant Fund of
the Royal Society for the purpose of obtaining printed copies of magnetic
curves. This has been spent in procuring photolithographic copies of a
number of the most interesting traces simultaneously produced by the Mag-
netographs at Kew and Lisbon. These have been published by the Kew and
Lisbon Observatories, and distributed to scientific men likely to take an in-
terest in the subject.
A Unifilar and Dip Circle have been verified at Kew and forwarded to the
Lisbon Observatory, and a Self-recording Electrometer, on Professor W.
Thomson’s principle, has also been despatched to that institution.
Two Unifilars and two Dip Circles have likewise been ordered by Colonel
Walker, Director of the Trigonometrical Survey of India, and they are at
present in the hands of the opticians.
The usual monthly absolute determinations of the magnetic elements
continue to be made at Kew, and the Self-recording Magnetographs are in
constant operation as heretofore, under the superintendence of Mr. Whipple,
Magnetical Assistant.
Advantage has again been taken of these automatic records of the earth’s
XXXil REPORT—1864.
magnetism by the Committee engaged in the preparation of electrical stand-
ards, who have found it desirable, for some of their experiments, to ascer-
tain the contemporaneous readings of the Declination Magnetograph.
The following papers having reference to Kew Observatory have been
communicated to the Royal Society by Major-General Sebine, President of
that body :—
1. Results of hourly Observations of the Magnetic Declination made by
Sir Francis Leopold M¢Clintock, R.N., and the Officers of the Yacht ‘ Fox,’
at Port Kennedy in the Arctic Sea, in the Winter of 1858-59; and a Com-
parison of these Results with those obtained by Captain Maguire, R.N. and
the Officers of H.M.S. ‘ Plover,’ in 1852, 1853, and 1854, at Point Barrow.
2, A Comparison of the most notable Disturbances of the Magnetic Declina-
tion in 1858 and 1859 at Kew and Nertschinsk; preceded by a brief Retro-
spective View of the Progress of the Investigation into the Laws and Causes
of the Magnetic Disturbances.
A Table of the Mean Declination of the Magnet in each Decade from
January 1858 to December 1863, derived from the Observations made at
the Magnetic Observatory at Lisbon, has been drawn up by Senhor da Sil-
veira, Director of that Observatory.
This Table exhibits the semiannual inequality to which that element is
subject at Lisbon, and which is of the same nature as that derived from the
Kew photographs by General Sabine.
Mr. Stewart, Superintendent of the Kew Observatory, in conjunction
with Senhor Capello of the Lisbon Observatory, has communicated to the
Royal Society a paper, entitled ‘‘ Results of a Comparison of certain Traces
produced simultaneously by the Self-recording Magnetographs at Kew and at
Lisbon, especially of those which record the Magnetic Disturbance of July 15,
1863.”
Mr. Stewart has likewise communicated to the same Society two short
papers, one “ On the Sudden Squalls of 30th October and 21st November
1863,” and another, entitled “ Remarks on Sun-Spots.” He has also com-
municated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a paper on *‘ Sun-Spots, and
their Connexion with Planetary Configurations.”
Mr. A. H. Burgess, M.A., being desirous to obtain magnetical instruction,
is at present visiting the Observatory for the purpose of acquainting himself
with our method of observation.
The Meteorological work of the Observatory is now performed by Mr.
Thomas Baker, who likewise takes charge of the photographic department
connected with the self-recording instruments, and executes both offices very
satisfactorily.
During the past year 97 Barometers
” ” ,, 389 Thermometers
have been verified, and five Standard Thermometers have been supplied to
men of science and opticians. A set of weights, a standard scale, and a
measure of capacity have likewise been verified. The Self-recording Baro-
graph continues in constant operation. Through an ingenious suggestion of
Mr. Beckley traces in duplicate have been obtained, and one of these has been
regularly forwarded to Admiral FitzRoy.
The Self-recording Electrometer of Professor W. Thomson has continued in
constant operation until the beginning of August, when it was sent to the
optician for repairs.
The arrangements at the Observatory for testing Sextants remain as before.
REPORT OF THE KEW COMMITTEE. XXXlil
During the past year eight Sextants, two Quadrants, and one Transit-
instrument have been verified.
The sun-spots continue to be observed, after the method of Hofrath
Schwabe, of Dessau.
The Kew Heliograph in charge of Mr. De la Rue has been continuously
worked by a qualified assistant, under the immediate supervision of Mr.
Beckley, who has proved of much service to the Committee in this as well as
in other matters. During the past year 175 negatives have been taken, and
four sets of positives have been printed from each, one of which has been
presented to the Royal Society. The negatives are being reduced under the
superintendence of Mr. De la Rue, and by means of an instrument of his
construction. Mr. B. Loewy, formerly assistant in the Flagstaff Observatory,
Melbourne, has been engaged in this reduction, which he is executing very
satisfactorily at Kew.
Mr. De la Rue is also having an arrangement made, by means of which
the proportion of the sun’s disk obscured by spots may be conveniently
measured.
At Mr. De la Rue’s request Mr. Loewy is now examining all pictures
preserved at Kew, with reference to distribution of facule and general ap-
pearance, and it seems that, out of more than 500 groups hitherto examined,
about 250 show a nearly equal distribution of faculous matter round the
penumbra, while of the rest more than 200 have the facule decidedly,
either entirely or mostly, on the left side. After concluding the examination,
which will extend over more than 1000 spots, Mr. Loewy will submit the
result to Mr. De la Rue.
The Spectroscope belonging to the Chairman has been supplemented with
a set of eleven sulphuret-of-carbon prisms, made by Mr. Browning, and
giving the very great angular separation of more than 3' between the two
lines D, The Chairman has communicated a short description of these prisms,
and of the appearance of the two lines obtained by this arrangement, to the
Royal Society.
That portion of the spectrum between D and E is now being mapped,
and all the measurements have already been made. The results obtained
show that the position of any line can be determined with very great accu-
racy. Mr. Loewy has been the principal observer, and he seems well quali-
fied for the work.
Preliminary arrangements have been made, under the superintendence of
Professor Stokes, for experiments on the retardation of the pendulum in
different gases.
At the request of the Secretary of State for India, received through the
Royal Society, arrangements have been made for the preparation of appa-
ratus to be used for the vibration of pendulums in vacuo at the different
stations of the Trigonometrical Survey in India; and the request has also
been made that the officer who may conduct this experimental investigation
should receive instructions at this Observatory.
The instrument constructed by Mr. Broun for the purpose of estimating the
magnetic dip by means of soft iron remains at present at the Observatory.
The balance of the £40 granted by the British Association in 1861, for an
additional photographic assistant, has been expended under the superin-
tendence of Mr. De la Rue, along with further sums which have been defrayed
by Royal Society grants received by that gentleman.
The Superintendent has likewise received grants from the Royal Society
for special experiments to be made at Kew, and when these are completed
¢
XXXIV REPORT—1864.
an account will be rendered to that Society. It will thus be seen that other
experiments and observations of a nature to further science are made at Kew
besides those which form the constant work of the Observatory, and of these
the Spectroscope measurements at present in progress may be mentioned as
an example; it will also be noticed that the British Association do not bear
the expense of these experiments, but this is defrayed by those who bring them
before the Committee.
From the financial statement which accompanies this Report, it will be
seen that the adverse balance of last year has been considerably reduced,
but there is still a balance against this Observatory amounting to £45 17s, 9d.
The Committee recommend that a sum of £600 should be granted for the
expenditure of the current year.
A correspondence, which is appended to this Report, has taken place be-
tween the Astronomer Royal and the Chairman, relative to a paragraph con-
tained in the Report of the former to the Visitors of the Royal Observatory.
The Astronomer Royal has further suggested that certain experiments
should be made in this Observatory :—
1st. For the purpose of investigating the discordances which he has found
in his observations of the dipping-needle.
2nd. For the purpose of investigating the displacements which occur in the
trace of his vertical-force photograph.
8rd. On the temperature corrections of the force of a magnet made by
heating it in hot air instead of by hot water.
The Committee, for the reasons contained in the letter of the Superinten-
dent (No. VII. Correspondence), considerd that it was not advisable to under-
take the experiments suggested by the Astronomer Royal, as one of these
would necessarily involve the displacement of the Kew vertical-force magneto-
graph, while the others refer to points which, in the opinion of the Committee,
have been already decided by previous observations and experiments.
J. P. Gasstor, Chairman.
Kew Observatory,
26th August, 1864.
CorRESPONDENCE*,
I.
Kew Observatory, Richmond, 27th June, 1864.
My pear Srr,—The attention of the Kew Committee has been drawn to
the following paragraph in your Report to the Visitors of the Royal Ob-
servatory :—
“I consider it certain that the small probable errors which have been
attributed to ordinary needles are a pure delusion. I know no instrumental
determination in which, without any breach of faith, the wish for uniformity
of results will be so certainly followed by uniformity of results as in the
determination of dip.”
It having been suggested that the preceding paragraph may possibly be
considered to refer to other observations than those made at Greenwich, I
am requested by the Committee to inquire whether it is intended in any
measure to refer to dip-observations made at this Observatory, and published
in the publications of the Royal Society ; the object of the Committee being
* A copy of this correspondence was forwarded to the Astronomer Royal on 26th August,
.
REPORT OF THE KEW COMMITTEE, XXXV
that, in the interest of Magnetical Science, the precise value of dip-observa-
tions made in this Observatory should be definitely ascertained.
Believe me, my dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
To G. B. Airy, Esq., F.RS., (Signed) J. P. Gassror,
Astronomer Royal, Observatory, Greenwich. Chairman.
Il.
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, §.E., 28th June, 1864.
My pear Srr,—I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 27th
inst., in which you state that the attention of the Kew Committee has been
drawn to a paragraph in my Report to the Visitors of the Royal Observatory,
wherein I express my opinion on the inaccuracy of the small probable errors
which haye been attributed to ordinary dipping-needles; and in which you
further remark that the cited paragraph may be considered to refer to other
observations than those made at Greenwich, and therefore, on the part of
the Kew Observatory Committee, you inquire whether the paragraph in
question is intended in any measure to refer to dip-obseryations made at the
Kew Observatory, and published in the publications of the Royal Society ;
the object of the Committee being that, in the interest of Magnetical Science,
the precise value of dip-observations made in the Kew Observatory should
be definitely ascertained.
It gives me great pleasure to enter fully upon any matter to which you may
inyite my attention, and particularly so when the object is such as is charac-
terized in the last paragraph of your letter.
The inquiries in your letter are in fact two :—
First. Whether the paragraph of my Report refers to other observations
than those made at Greenwich?
To this I reply that it necessarily refers to other observations. I have
neyer succeeded in producing the agreement of results which is implied by
the smallness of the probable errors, except by unfair selection among the
discordant primary elements of observation on.which the result is founded.
T have stated this repeatedly in my Reports to the Board of Visitors (the
whole series of which, I believe, are lodged in the Kew Observatory), and
I have in one at least particularly remarked that the discordance still
exists with the very fine instrument now in use at the Royal Observatory.
Second. Whether the paragraph of my Report is intended in any measure
to apply to dip-observations made at the Kew Observatory, and published in
the publications of the Royal Society ?
To this I reply that it is intended so to apply, inasmuch as the degree of
accuracy, to which I do not give my assent as real or well founded, is claimed
for the dip-observations made at the Kew Observatory. In support of my
statement of that claim, I will refer to a pamphlet by General Sabine, which
I am unwilling further to describe, but which, as I am aware, has been
forced on your attention and on that of the other members of the Committee
of Recommendations of the British Association. In it will be found the fol-
lowing sentences: —“The probable error of a single observation of the dip
with reliable instruments of easy procurement is known to be + 1"5. It
has been shown to be so by a series of 282 observations made at Kew, em-.
ploying 12 circles and 24 needles, all of the pattern which has been in use
at Kew for several years past. The observations were made by seven different
observers : the results are published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society,’
March 1861, from entries in the Kew Observatory books, not a pi ob-
¢
XXXV1 REPORT—1864.
servation having been omitted. The probable error + 1/5 may be regarded
as including constant errors, considering the number of different circles and
needles which were employed, as well as the peculiarities of different ob-
servers, of whom there were seven.” (The italics are Gencral Sabine’s.)
These are the probable errors which I cannot accept as accurate.
It may not be superfluous to add that I have conversed with several
foreign observers (one of whom has very lately quitted me), and that all
have found discordances comparable to those which I have myself observed.
I have therefore no novelty to claim, except the suggestion (made by me
some years ago) of instability in the position of the magnetic axis, and the
construction (within little more than a year) of an instrument whose results
appear to support that suggestion.
I should be much gratified if the powers of the Kew Observatory could be
devoted to the examination of this and analogous instrumental difficulties.
These experimental inquiries are not well suited to the system of the esta-
blishment over which I preside. And, speaking as a member of the British
Association, I think that the Kew Observatory would be better employed in
that way than in the course which now absorbs so much of its strength. It
was originally intended, and in my opinion wisely intended, for the verifica-
tion and improvement of instruments, and not for continuous observations.
If the examination which I propose should be taken up, I shall be happy to
cooperate, by repetition of observations (as my opportunities might serve),
and by communication of my results.
I am, my dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
J. P. Gassiot, Esq., (Signed) G. B. Arry.
Chairman of the Kew Observatory Commuttee.
nae
Clapham Common, June 30, 1864.
My par Srr,—lI have to acknowledge receipt of yours of 28th inst.,
wherein you state that the paragraph in your recent report “ was intended
to apply to the dip-observations made at Kew, and published in the publica-
tions of the Royal Society, inasmuch as the degree of accuracy, to which you
do not give your assent as real or well founded, is claimed for these ob-
servations.”
I have forwarded your letter to Mr. Stewart, the director of the Ob-
servatory, under whose immediate directions the observations were made,
and I hope you will find that the explanation he will offer will satisfy you
as to the entire truthfulness of the results he obtained, and to the reliability
that should be placed thereon.
I have always understood, that to the continued magnetical observations
which have been made at Kew Observatory has been mainly due the esta-
blishment of so many magnetical observatories abroad; it would, however,
ill become me to offer to you any opinion as to their value, although I cannot
but regret that they do not appear to have met your approval.
Iam sure it would afford Mr. Stewart, as well as the Members of the
Committee, much pleasure to follow out any experimental inquiries which
you may at any time suggest.
Believe me, my dear Sir,
Yours most truly,
To G. B. Airy, Esq., (Signed) J. P. Gasstorz.
Astronomer Royal, Greenwich.
REPORT OF THE KEW COMMITTEE, XXXVil
BY.
Kew Observatory, Richmond, July 4th, 1864*.
My prar Sir,—I have perused Mr. Airy’s letter to you, in which he states
that the passage in his Report to the Board of Visitors, about which you
wrote to him as Chairman of the Kew Committee, was intended to refer to
the dip-observations made at the Kew Observatory, and published in the
publications of the Royal Society. I have likewise perused your reply, and
now, in accordance with your request, I shall describe the mode of dip-
observation at Kew, in order that you may see that Mr. Airy’s remark is
inapplicable to our determinations.
But before doing so it may be well to state that the list of dip-observa-
tions recorded in the publication to which Mr. Airy refers is a faithful and
complete catalogue of those which have been made at this Observatory. My
connexion with the publication referred to is therefore this: I look upon it
simply as an authorized and compendious catalogue of the dip-observations
which haye been made at Kew; and regarding the method in which these
have been discussed in the publications of the Royal Society as not falling
within the scope of my reply, I shall confine myself-to the question of mental
bias, and endeavour to show you that our dip-observations are quite free
from any such source of error.
In the first place, the circles used at Kew are all of the same pattern ;
this being one which combines the united experience of several eminent
magneticians, and which they were several years in bringing to perfection.
The circles and needles are all likewise made by the same optician (Mr. Henry
Barrow), who has devoted very great pains to the construction of these instru-
ments. I mention this latter circumstance, because in this observation it is
absolutely essential to have a needle constructed with the greatest care.
Before commencing the observation, the fine hard axle of the needle is
gently inserted into a piece of soft cork, in order that it may be thoroughly
cleansed, and the agate knife-edges upon which it is to rest are likewise
rubbed with cork The needle itself has been previously magnetized by being
rubbed ten times on each side from centre to pole by a pair of bar magnets.
After the plane of the magnetic meridian has been determined in the usual
way, the circle is placed in this plane, and the needle is observed in the four
following positions :—
I. Face of needle to face of instrument... .Face of instrument ES
. ” ” ” oj shee ” ” est.
ITI. Face of needle reversed ents s . West.
IV. ry 7 ois 43 East.
The poles of the needle are then reversed by ten strokes of the bar magnets
on each side, and the same set of observations is repeated, the mean of the
whole eight positions giving the dip.
Both extremities of the needle are in each case successively viewed by
microscopes attached to an arm, which also carries the verniers by means of
which the position is read. Before making an observation, the needle is
gently raised from its support and lowered again by means of a lifter twice
or thrice, after which its position is noted. I ought likewise to remark that
in magnetizing the needle it is always placed in a wooden frame in such a
manner that the magnets are obliged to pass symmetrically over it.
In this process it appears to me that the only possible effect a mental
”
* This letter, although written on July 4th, was not sent to Mr, Airy until it had been
approyed of by the Committee at their meeting on August 26th,
XXXVIil REPORT—1864.
bias can be imagined to have is to induce the observer to continue lifting
the needle before reading, until it has come into what he considers the
proper position ; but even this is totally precluded by the method of observa-
tion, for the yernier is not read, and the observer does not know the position
of his needle until it is at rest and the lifting process at an end. Besides,
if the observer did know the position of his needle it would avail him little ;
for while the mean of the eight positions is nearly the same for different
instruments, yet the reading of any one position of the needle may be, and
usually is, very different from the true or finally deduced dip.
From all this it will be seen how little scope there is in the dip-observa-
tions for the operation of mental bias; but the observers who are supposed
to have worked our instruments with an unconscious predetermination to
produce certain results must have had still more formidable difficulties than
even these to contend with. For, in order that mental bias should have
operated in the case under discussion, the preconceived idea of uniformity
with which the observer approached the instrument must have varied in such
a measure from season to season and from year to year as to produce in the
results obtained an annual variation, as well as a secular change, and these
of such a nature as to conform with the results of other observatories. Mr.
Airy must acknowledge that the uniformity to which he alludes, and the wish
for which he supposes has created a mental bias, is that which remains after
the annual and secular variations have been allowed for.
Next, with regard to observers; we have frequently at Kew gentlemen
connected with foreign observatories, who come to receive a magnetical
equipment. Their desire is to obtain the best possible instruments, but at
the same time they view those presented to them with a very critical eye.
One of these was Dr. Bergsma, who spent nearly a month in thoroughly ex-
amining the dip-circle and in suggesting refinements, but who went away
convinced of its accuracy. Senhor da Souza of Coimbra, and Senhor Capello
of Lisbon, have likewise made dip-observations at Kew, and with the same
object, namely, to satisfy themselves by their own practical experience as to
the best dip-circle with which to furnish their respective observatories.
I shall only allude to one observer more, who, though he only made a
single observation, has frequently expressed his wish to make a series, but
has hitherto been prevented by his numerous engagements. I speak of Mr.
Glaisher, of Greenwich Observatory, who, on 21st October last, obtained
with Circle No. 40 a dip of 68° 12'-2, while with Circle No. 33 Mr. Chambers
on 19th and 20th October obtained 68° 123.
I have thus endeavoured to show that in the Kew dip-observations there
is absolutely no opportunity for mental bias to act, and that even if there
were, many of our observers are not likely to have been the subjects of such
an influence. ;
In thus fulfilling your request, it is within my province to notice the
second part of Mr. Airy’s letter only in as far as this is connected with the
subject of discussion. You will, therefore, perhaps permit me to refer you
to the following paragraph of his letter, which I shall now quote:—<I
have therefore no novelty to claim, except the suggestion (made by me some
years ago) of instability in the position of the magnetic axis, and the con-
struction (within little more than a year) of an instrument whose results
appear to support that suggestion. I should be much gratified if the powers
of the Kew Observatory could be devoted to the examination of this and
analogous instrumental difficulties. These experimental inquiries are not well
suited to the system of the establishment over which I preside. And, speak-
REPORT OF THE KEW COMMITTEE, XXXIX
ing asa member of the British Association, I think that the Kew Observatory
would be better employed in that way than in the course which now absorbs
so much of its strength. It was originally intended, and in my opinion
wisely intended, for the verification and improvement of instruments, and
not for continuous observations. If the examination which I propose should
be taken up, I should be happy to cooperate, by repetition of observations
(as my opportunities might serve), and by communication of my results.”
These words, while they imply a request which has been courteously
acknowledged by you in your reply, appear also to convey the idea that the
Kew Observatory has left the burden of an experimental inquiry regarding
dip-cireles to the Greenwich establishment, which is not well suited to un-
dertake such a task.
I think that, whatever opinion be entertained regarding the functions of
the Kew Observatory, it may be shown that it has fulfilled its duties as
respects the dip-circle. I give you the following short sketch of our con-
nexion as an observatory with this problem.
The Kew Committee, being desirous to promote the construction and em-
ployment of improved magnetical instruments, procured a dip-circle which
was too little known, but which they had reason to think was a good practical
instrument. In making monthly determinations of the dip with this instru-
ment at Kew, and in bringing these before the notice of men of science, the
Committee have given the most convincing experimental proof which it was
in their power to afford of the excellence of this instrument, and they have
the satisfaction to think that their work has not been in vain, for the
directors of many foreign observatories have supplied themselves with these
circles, and as many as could do it have personally inspected them at Kew.
Mr. Airy appears to have adopted a different course; as far as I am aware,
he has not yet honoured us with a visit to Kew, in order to inspect our dip-
circle and become personally acquainted with our method of observation.
On the other hand, he has instituted experiments of his own, but has not
succeeded in producing a good instrument, and the results which he has thus
obtained have induced him to believe that the Kew determinations (although
made with a different instrument, which is also handled in a somewhat
different manner) are not correct.
The Kew Committee have combated this conclusion, and are not shaken
in their belief that they have obtained a nearly perfect dip-circle. They
may be right or wrong in this opinion; but while they retain it they cannot
surely be justly reproached with haying left to the Greenwich Observatory
the burden of an experimental inquiry which they can only regard as super-
fluous and self-imposed.
I remain, my dear Sir,
To J. P. Gassiot, Esq., P.BS., Yours yery truly,
Chairman of the Kew Committee. (Signed) B. Srewarr.
Vi
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, July 11, 1864*.
My pear Srr,—You were so good as to hold out to me the expectation
that probably the Kew Observatory Committee might be able to assist this
observatory in some important examinations of discordances in the results
of magnetic observations, which have.given me great anxiety and trouble.
To bring this matter more distinctly to a point I will indicate three subjects,
fs ae date of this letter Mr. Airy had not received a copy of Mr. Stewart’s letter of
July 4th.
xl REPORT—1864.
of which two have been before me for several years, and the third has lately
come before me with great force.
Ist. You are in some measure aware of the discordances which I have
found in observations of the dipping-needle, made with the smallest con-
ceivable change in the circumstances of bearing, or even (as in some experi-
ments which I have lately transmitted to Prof. Stokes) without lifting the
needle at all. I am sure the Kew Observatory would do well in thoroughly
investigating this matter by experiment.
2nd. I have been troubled for many years with small displacements in
the trace of the vertical-force photograph. I should be glad to have these
investigated at the Kew Observatory; but it will be necessary for this pur-
pose to modify the adjustments of the vertical-force instrument at Kew,
which at present is incompetent to exhibit such displacements, and masks
all that may ever have occurred.
3rd. I should be very glad indeed to have a set of experiments on the
temperature corrections of the force of a magnet, made by heating it in hot
air instead of by hot water. My own experiments leave us in most distress-
ing doubts.
It will give me great pleasure to cooperate as far as possible with the Kew
Committee in these matters; any record of our experiments and any ap-
paratus that we can possibly spare will be at their command.
I am, my dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
To J. P. Gassiot, Esq., (Signed) G: BiArey.
Chairman of the Kew Observatory Committee.
Wils
Clapham Common, July 13, 1864.
My prar Srr,—I have your letter of the 11th, suggesting certain experi-
ments in relation to magnetic instruments, which I will lay before the Kew
Committee at its next meeting.
I have in the mean time forwarded your letter to Mr. Stewart, the
Director of Kew Observatory, who will, I am confident, give it his best
attention. I remain, yours truly,
(Signed) J. P. Gasszor.
To G. B. Airy, Esq., Astronomer Royal.
VII. d
Kew Observatory, July 30, 1864.
My pnar Srr,—I have perused Mr. Airy’s letter, addressed to yourself as
Chairman of the Kew Committee, in which he suggests that certain experi-
ments should be made at the Kew Observatory, and I now reply to your
request that I should report concerning this letter for the information of the
Committee.
From the correspondence which has passed between Mr. Airy and yourself,
I have little difficulty in finding the proper basis for this report ; the ques-
tion resolves itself into the following :—Is it expedient in the interest. of
magnetical science that the Committee should undertake these experiments ?
If the suggestions of Mr. Airy refer to points which have not been settled,
the Committee are surely indebted to him for bringing these before them;
but if, on the other hand, it be the opinion of the Committee that these
points have already been discussed and finally disposed of, Mr. Airy cannot
blame them if they decline making the experiments which he suggests.
REPORT OF THE KEW COMMITTEE. xli
I will take these requests in succession.
1. His first relates to dip experiments and observations. About twenty-
five years ago, a few magneticians, including General Sabine and the late Sir
J: C. Ross, who were zealous for the advance of magnetical science, set them-
selves to work to improve the dip-circle. In this problem they had the ad-
vantage of the cooperation of the late Mr. Robinson, an excellent mecha-
nician, who had also the subject very much at heart, and whose attention
was especially directed to the awle of the needle with remarkable success.
On his premature death, his process was continued by Mr. H.Barrow. Other
improvements were afterwards made, and the Kew Observatory having in
the mean time been established, that institution was not slow to recognize
the practical excellence of this circle, and the Committee felt themselves
able to recommend its general adoption. In order to justify their preference,
they instituted a series of monthly observations, the result of which, in their
opinion, as well as in that of very many scientific men, has been to demon-
strate the practical goodness of this instrument. Not fewer than forty-two
of these instruments have been made by Mr. Barrow, and these are, for the
most part, in use in different parts of the globe. Many directors of foreign
observatories who were previously acquainted with other dip-circles, suspect-
ing these to be inferior to that at Kew, have repaired to our observatory for
the purpose of convincing themselves by their own experience that the per-
formance of the Kew circle was not exaggerated. I believe that, without
exception, they have been satisfied with our results; but I need not dwell
on this topic, as I have already in a previous letter endeavoured to show that
our observations are quite trustworthy.
It was the wish of General Sabine, who had taken such an active part in
dip-observations, as well as in the construction of the new circle, to exhibit in
ascientific manner the probable error of a complete observation of the dip with
any Kew instrument; and for this purpose he requested me to furnish him
with a complete list of the results obtained at Kew since 1857, omitting none,
These observations were printed in the publications of the Royal Society,
and I may be admitted to express my belief that, in the method of reduc-
tion employed, the observations were combined in the manner most approved
by physicists. I may likewise mention that the probable error therein ob-
tained, small as it is, must not be regarded as wholly due to instrumental
inaccuracy, but in part at least to the occurrence of disturbances during
some of the observations, a source of error which cannot be avoided. If
Mr. Airy will refer to the results of the Kew observations in the Philosophical
Transactions for 1863, art. 12, he will see an example of the advantage of
employing an inclinometer with the small probable error of that of Kew, in
problems of much theoretical importance.
It would thus appear that the Kew Committee have already obtained an
almost perfect dip-circle, so that it is not easy to conceive what advantage
is to be derived from the experiments proposed by Mr. Airy, especially since,
in order to obtain the result which he desires, he has only to become per-
sonally acquainted with the working of our instrument, as has been done by
those scientific men who have already visited Kew for this purpose.
2. Mr. Airy states,—“I have been troubled for many years with small
displacements in the trace of the vertical-force photograph. I should be
glad to have these investigated at the Kew Observatory ; but it will be neces-
sary for this purpose to modify the adjustments of the vertical-force instru-
ment at Kew, which at present is incompetent to exhibit such displacements,
and masks all that may ever have occurred.”
xlii REPORT—1864.
T shall take this request in connexion with the following paragraph from
Mr. Airy’s last Report to the Board of Visitors of Greenwich Observatory :—
«The yertical-force magnetometer still exhibits sometimes the dislocations
in the photographic trace. There is no evidence, I believe, that these dis-
locations do not exist in the curves of every vertical-force instrument, for
they are always accompanied with vibration ; and no vertical-force instru-
ment, I believe, except that of Greenwich, gives a trace strong enough to
exhibit vibrations, and the dislocations, therefore, with any other instrument
would appear merely as interruptions of the trace, and would not attract
much attention” *.
Before discussing Mr. Airy’s request, I shall endeavour to show that our
vertical-force instrument is free from objection. In the first place I am able
to state, from having examined our vertical-force curves in conjunction with
my assistant, that when cause of disturbance takes place the vibrations of
our needle ave impressed upon the photographic paper. Whenever a change
takes place in the direction of the forces acting upon a freely suspended
magnet, the impulse is followed, and the magnet, after an interval, which
may be longer or shorter according to its time of vibration, assumes the
new direction. If the changes of force succeed each other more rapidly than
will admit of the magnet becoming stationary between their occurrence, it
does not cease to vibrate until the intervals between the changes become long
enough to permit it todo sot. This state of vibration ¢s quite perceptible
in the photographic records at Kew; but when the time of vibration is so
small as in the Kew instrument, where it is seven seconds only, the mean
place corresponding to a desired instant is almost always obtainable from the
trace. It may suffice that in the six months from July 1 to December 31,
1863 (the records of which are now under reduction), and in which there
should be 4416 equidistant hourly positions, there are only five wanting by
reason of failures from all causes whatever. In one of these the disturb-
ance was so excessive that the trace ran off the recording paper; in the
other four the vibrations corresponding to the fluctuations in the directions
of the disturbing force were too rapid to permit the trace to be sufficiently
distinct for measurement. Should it be hereafter desirable to investigate
more particularly the phenomena of the changes thus rapidly succeeding each
other, a shorter, not a longer, magnet than the one in use at Kew would be
required, having a shorter time of vibration than seven seconds; but in the
mean time, and for the present wants of science, there is, I think, every
reason to believe that Mr. Welsh exercised a sound judgment in deter-
mining the dimensions, shape, and weight of the Kew vertical-force magnet.
The self-recording instruments at Kew are now in the seventh year of their
performance, and the curves of each magnetograph, including those of the
vertical force, have been carefully examined preparatory to reducing them,
with the view of eliminating everything of the nature of displacements,
whether due to instrumental defects or to the approach of magnetic matter.
The curves of the vertical force under this very severe scrutiny have proved
themselves as perfect as those of the other magnetometers, that is to say,
they are practically faultless as far as one can judge by this means,
General Sabine has kindly undertaken the reduction of the traces afforded
by eur magnetographs, and finds that the vertical-force magnet is capable
* As far as I am aware, Mr. Airy has not seen any original negative from our yertical-
force magnetograph.
t It has already been recognized by Gauss as a law, that no magnet can correctly record
those changes of which the period is not considerably more than that of its own vibration.
REPORT OF THE KEW COMMITTEE. xiii
of being applied in conjunction with the horizontal force to several important
problems in which the theoretical bearings of the variations of the dip and
total force are concerned, which will be shown as soon as the reductions,
already far advanced, are completed; meanwhile instruments of the same
pattern have been ordered by the directors of several foreign observatories,
who have themselves personally examined the Kew instruments and the
records of their performance, and have expressed their intention of working
in concert with Kew.
The displacements and dislocations which have occasioned Mr. Airy so
much trouble for several years past in the Greenwich vertical-force instru-
ments are obviously due to a cause or causes yery different from that which
has been noticed above. From his own description of them, we learn that
the results in one sheet cannot be compared with those in another, and that
in 1859 the vertical-force magnet exhibited for the daily magnetic curve a
form approaching much more nearly to a straight line than it had usually
given. The imperfection of such an instrument is sufficiently manifest,
and it would not be difficult, perhaps, to assign its probable cause or causes ;
but as it is no longer designed to be used by Mr. Airy himself, I submit
that it would be inexpedient to employ the time of the observatory in in-
vestigating how much the defect of an instrument which is given up by its
employer may be due to one cause and how much to another. The Kew
instrument has no such defect; in other words, it is, to use Mr. Airy’s
expression, “incompetent to exhibit the displacements” (or dislocations)
which take place in the Greenwich instrument.
Again, in order to investigate these dislocations experimentally, it would
be necessary that the Committee should dismount our present instrument and
mount one similar to that which Mr. Airy has discarded, if not that very
magnet itself, and Mr. Airy in his request intimates that some such change
would be necessary. To dismount an instrument so usefully employed as that
at Kew, and with the performance of which for the purposes for which it was
devised we have reason to be fully satisfied, for the chance of*constructing
one of a different form, which might probably not give us equal satisfaction,
would seem to be a species of treason to the branch of science which we
are endeavouring to advance, as well as to ourselves, and to those who have
provided themselves with similar instruments to work in concert with us.
3. Mr. Airy’s third request is that we should make experiments in order
to determine if there be any difference in the temperature correction as de-
rived when the magnet employed is placed in hot and cold air instead of in
water, as is usually the case.
Let me first of all direct your attention to the principle on which the Kew
Committee have proceeded for several years past in reference to the subject
of temperature corrections. This principle has been to avoid, as far as
possible, the occasion for such corrections, and the Committee will be glad to
learn that Mr. Airy has latterly expressed his intention of adopting the same
principle. At the Kew Observatory the variation of temperature to which
the magnetographs are exposed is only half a degree Fahr. in twenty-four
hours. In like manner, in the instrument for absolute determinations, by
making the deflections and vibrations sufficiently near to one another in
point of time, the correction for temperature is reduced to a minimum.
But in former days a number of experiments were made on the temperature
correction, some with the purpose of proving that magnetic changes are not
caused by the varying temperature of the air, and others which exactly cor-
respond to the point referred to by Mr. Airy, and these lead to the belief that
xliv REPORT—1864.
temperature corrections determined by hot and cold water experiments are
almost identical with those determined by hot and cold air.
I find that at Toronto the temperature change of the vertical-force magnet
found by comparing together days of different natural temperature was
‘00011 for 1° Fahr., while the same determined by hot and cold water
experiments was ‘00009. At Makerstoun, also, the temperature correction
of the balance magnet, as determined by hot and cold days, was -000079,
while that determined by hot and cold water experiments was -000073.
These agreements are very near, and the first had induced General Sabine
to remark that the hot and cold water method was sufliciently correct ; while
the same conclusion was also arrived at by Mr. Broun of Makerstoun, and,
as far as I am aware, has been generally received.
It is impossible for me, after such evidence that both methods give very
nearly the same corrections, to doubt that Mr. Airy’s very great difference
must have been occasioned by error of experiment.
As a principle, Mr. Airy will, I think, allow that in such an experiment
it is better to have the hot and cold air filling a whole room than filling
only a copper box; while at the same time it may be extremely difficult to
indicate the precise source of error in his arrangement. I do not think
that the Kew Committee are called upon to undertake this task, especially
since (as has been shown) the comparison of corrections derived from heated
air and heated water has already received due attention, the result of which
has been to set that matter at rest in the minds of other magneticians; and
also since the temperature corrections which will be hereafter required at
Greenwich will not be of such magnitude as heretofore, and therefore are not
likely to occasion Mr. Airy the same distressing doubts as those spoken of
by him.
I remain, my dear Sir,
J. P. Gassiot, Esq., Yours very truly,
Chairman of the Kew Comiittee. (Signed) £ B. Stewart.
The two following letters, although of later date than the Kew Report, have
been attached to this correspondence by order of the Council.
WARE.
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 8.E., 1864, October 19th.
My prar Str,—I have to thank you for your kindness in transmitting for
my inspection the Kew Vertical-Force Photograms for the months of June,
July, and August 1863. They shall be returned by hand at an early oppor-
tunity. Ihave examined them with much interest, and take leave to com-
municate to you the following remarks on them.
1. The curves are traced more strongly than those which I had previously
seen. I think this change a great improvement.
2. The sheets are very neat, uniform, and distinct—more uniform than the
Greenwich sheets have been to the end of 1863, but, I think, not more
uniform than the Greenwich shects are now. This change in the Greenwich
sheets, I believe, is to be attributed entirely to our gain of nearly uniform
temperature, every part of our chemical process being the same as formerly.
3. The small perturbations are recorded with great delicacy—more clearly
than in the former Greenwich sheets (though I believe that nearly all can
be traced in our curves), but not more clearly than in our new sheets. I
make the latter statement from examination of the general character of both,
as I have not been able to compare corresponding sheets,
REPORT OF THE KEW COMMITTEE, xlv
4, The vibrations of the magnet are not well shown. The largest are those
of June 9% 28 10™ (some doubt about this), June 20° 14" 17", and July 30° 0" 8";
all these are really small, yet they are exhibited very feebly. It seems pro-
bable that a larger vibration would leave no visible trace.
5. I conclude from this that very violent and rapid changes of magnetism
could not be shown.
6. In this respect the process used at Greenwich (fully detailed in the
“« Magnetical and Meteorological Results,” 1862), which appears to be more
sensitive to rapid movements, seems preferable to that used at Kew. I do
not propose to make any change for our magnetic instruments ; although for
our exposed thermometers, in which the changes are not sudden, is yet under
consideration whether a process like that of Kew should be introduced.
7. I find upon close inspection that the Kew curves are not free from dis-
locations ; these are, however, smaller than those of the Greenwich curves.
A few of them have caught the attention of the Kew observer, and are in-
dicated by dots of red ink. Among these, I think, are June 17* 23" 50™,
and June 19° 22" 40". But there are many others (all small), as June
23% 23° 40™, June 294 23" 0™, July 1° 21" 30", July 3¢ 22 50™, 23" 30",
23" 35™, &e. &e.; July 13° 5" O™ (which I note as occurring at a different hour
of the day), &e. These are unimportant as affecting the readings of the
curves, but not unimportant as affecting the possible explanation.
8. The comparison of the readings at Greenwich and at Kew, on days when
the dislocations at Greenwich are sensible, entirely supports the view which
I have entertained for many years, that the dislocations are transient phe-
nomena, in no wise affecting the zero-measurement, and whose effects can by
judicious attention be entirely remedied.
I am, my dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
John P. Gassiot, Esq., (Signed) G. B. Arry,
Chairman of the Kew Committee.
IX.
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 8.E., 1864, November 15th.
My prsr Sre,—You are aware, perhaps, that Mr. Glaisher has visited
the Kew Observatory, and that Mr. B. Stewart and Mr. Whipple have
visited this Observatory, and that two of the Kew Dip instruments have
been transported backwards and forwards; and that observations have been
made with them by all the gentlemen whom I have mentioned, at. Green-
wich and at Kew; and that during these operations I have myself carefully
examined the principal parts of the instruments, though I have not made
any complete observations with them. The result of these operations is as
follows :—
1. As far as depends on the mechanical construction, of the instruments
including the needles, the workmanship of the instruments (I am not now
speaking of the extent of applicability but of the workmanship of the important
parts) is very good, of the same class as ours; I think ours better in some
- respects, but they may be considered as the same class.
2. Asregards the results of observations, those made with the Kew instru-
ments are consistent to a degree which I never saw before. And in the
experiment which, as made with our needles, has perplexed me most, namely,
that of rotating the instrument in azimuth without touching or lifting the
needles, and remarking the change in their indications, the Kew needles
appear to be nearly or entirely free from such change.
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REPORT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. xlvii
The results for Dip obtainable with the Kew Dip instruments are un-
doubtedly more consistent and more certain than I had supposed them to be.
In considering the possible cause of this difference in the phenomena of
the two sets of needles, I am led to the strong belief that it is not in any way
mechanical. The mechanical structure and treatment is the same. I am
inclined to suppose that it depends on the original quality and the subsequent
tempering of the steel. I am not aware that the Kew Committee have
published anything on this point.
I am, my dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
John P. Gassiot, Esq., (Signed) G. B. Atry.
Chairman of the Kew Committee. ,
Report of the Parliamentary Committee to the Meeting of the British
Association at Bath, September 1864.
The Parliamentary Committee have the honour to report as follows :—
The Dukes of Devonshire and Argyll, the Earls of Harrowby and Ennis-
killen, and Sir John Pakington, have vacated their seats, but your Committee
recommend their re-election.
Your Committee recommend that the Vacancy in the House of Commons’
List be supplied by the election of Mr. Goschen.
Your Committee suggest that they should be permitted to propose for
Election Members of either House of Parliament, in addition to the thirteen
Members now constituting their Committee, whenever such addition may
appear desirable.
These additional Members might be considered as Supernumerary, and any
Vacancy in the Supernumerary List supplied, or not, as may be thought ex-
pedient, when the Vacancy occurs.
Your Committee also recommend that a Resolution, passed at Liverpool in
1854, be rescinded, and the following substituted :—
«That any Member of the Parliamentary Committee, who shall not attend
any one of four consecutive Meetings of that Committee, shall be considered
as having resigned, but shall be eligible for re-election.”
No subject was referred to your Committee at Newcastle, but several of its
Members have supported, or signified their intention to support, the valuable
suggestion of the Royal Commissioners, that the study of Natural Science
should be introduced into certain Public Schools, and likewise the Bill for
legalizing the use of the Metric System of Weights and Measures.
In thus acting, the Committee conceive that they are properly fulfilling the
important duty imposed upon them of “ Watching over the interests of
Science.”
Wrortrstey, Chairman.
17th August, 1864.
xlviil REPORT—1 864.
RECOMMENDATIONS ADOPTED BY THE GeNERAL Commirrer at tHE Baru
Mererine In Sepremper 1864.
[When Committees are appointed, the Member first named is regarded as the Secretary,
except there is a specific nomination. |
Involving Grants of Money.
That the sum of £600 be placed at the disposal of the Council for main-
taining the Establishment of the Kew Observatory.
That Mr. J. Glaisher, Lord Rosse, The Rey. T. W. Webb, Mr. W. R. Birt,
Dr. Lee, Mr. J. N. Lockyer, Mr. W. R. Dawes, Sir J. Herschel, Bart., Pro-
fessor Phillips, Mr. J. Nasmyth, Mr. Warren De la Rue, and Mr. H. 8. Ellis
be a Committee (with power to add to their number) for the purpose of
preparing forms for registering the various craters and visible objects on
the Moon’s surface, and for constructing an outline map of four times the
scale of that of Beer and Miidler according to the phan proposed by Mr. Birt,
and also for conducting an extensive correspondence with philosophers on
the subject. That Mr. J. Glaisher be the Chairman of the Committee, and
Mr. W. R. Birt be the Secretary; and that the sum of £35 be placed at
their disposal for the purpose.
That the Committee on Luminous Meteors and Aérolites, consisting of
Mr. Glaisher, Mr. R. P. Greg, Mr. E. W. Brayley, and Mr. Alexander
Herschel be reappointed; that Mr. Herschel be the Secretary, and that the
sum of £40 be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That the Committee on Electrical Standards, consisting of Professor Wil-
liamson, Professor Wheatstone, Professor W. Thomson, Professor Miller,
Dr. A. Matthiessen, Mr. Fleeming Jenkin, Sir Charles Bright, Professor
Maxwell, Mr. C. W. Siemens, Mr. Balfour Stewart, Dr. Joule, and Mr. C.
F, Varley, be reappointed; that Mr. Fleeming Jenkin be the Secretary, and
that the sum of £100 be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That the Balloon Committee, consisting of Colonel Sykes, Professor Airy, Lord
Wrottesley, Sir David Brewster, Sir J. Herschel, Bart., Dr. Lloyd, Admiral
FitzRoy, Dr. Lee, Dr. Robinson, Mr. Gassiot, Mr. Fairbairn, Dr. Tyndall,
Dr. W. A. Miller, and Mr. Glaisher, be reappointed for the purpose of winter
observations, night observations, electrical observations, if possible, and
making experiments in months and seasons in which no observation has yet
been made; that Mr. Glaisher be the Secretary, and that the sum of £150
be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That Mr. G. J. Symons be requested to report on the Rainfall of the
British Isles during the years 1863 and 1864, and also to have constructed
and to transmit Rain-gauges to districts where observations are not at pre-
sent made. The Gauges to be sent within the British Isles, and the instru-
ments to be recalled should the observations not be satisfactorily made; and
that the sum of £30 be placed at his disposal for the purpose.
That Dr. Robinson, Professor Wheatstone, Dr. Gladstone, and Professor
Hennessy be a Committee (with power to add to their number) for the
purpose of making experiments on the Transmission of Sound under Water ;
and that the sum of £30 be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That Dr. Matthiessen, Mr. Noad, and Dr. D. Price be a Committee for the
purpose of investigating the Chemical Constitution of Cast Iron; and that
the sum of £30 be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE GENERAL COMMITTEE. xlix
That M. Alphonse Gages be requested to continue his examination of the
Mechanical Structure of Rocks and Artifical Formation of Minerals; and
that the sum of £20 be placed at his disposal for the purpose.
That Mr. A. R. Catton be requested to complete his Examination and
Analysis of Organic Acids formed synthetically ; and that the sum o {£20 be
placed at his disposal for the purpose.
That Prof. A. W. Williamson be requested to undertake the analysis of the
gases evolved from the Bath Waters, and to make arrangements for their sys-
tematic collection; and that the sum of £20 be placed at his disposal for
the purpose.
That Professor Wanklyn be requested to make experiments and report
upon the difference between the two sets of Hexylic Compounds ; and that
the sum of £20 be placed at his disposal for the purpose.
That Professor Philips, The Earl of Enniskillen, and Mr. C. Spence Bate
be a Committee for the purpose of assisting Mr. H. Woodward in Researches
on Eurypterus and other fossil Crustacea; and that the sum of £50 be placed
at their disposal for the purpose.
That Sir R. I. Murchison, Sir P. Grey Egerton, Bart., and Professor Phillips
be a Committee for the purpose of promoting researches in the Ossiferous Caves
of Gibraltar, under the direction of Dr. Falconer and Professor Busk; and
that the sum of £150 be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That Dr. Falconer, Professor Busk, and Captain Spratt, R.N. be a Com-
mittee for the purpose of promoting researches in the Ossiferous Caves of
Malta, under the direction of Dr. Adam; and that the sum of £30 be placed
at their disposal for the purpose.
That Sir C. Lyell, Bart., Professor Phillips, Mr. John Lubbock, Mr. John
Evans, Mr. E. Vivian, and Mr. William Pengelly be a Committee for the pur-
pose of promoting researches on special points not yet sufficiently explored in
Kent’s Hole, Torquay, provided satisfactory arrangements can be made for the
final disposition of the specimens; that Mr. W. Pengelly be the Secretary,
and that the sum of £100 be placed at their disposal for the purpose,
That Mr. J. W. Salter, Mr. Robert Lightfoot, Mr. Vicary, and Mr. J. E.
Lee be a Committee for the purpose of assisting Mr. Hicks in further excava-
tions in the Lingula Flags at St. David’s, the results to be communicated to
the next Meeting of the Association ; and that the sum of £10 be placed at
their disposal for the purpose.
That Sir William Jardine, Bart., Dr. P. L. Sclater, Mr. H. T. Stainton, Mr.
A. R. Wallace, Mr. C. Spence Bate, Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, Dr. J. E. Gray, Dr.
P. P. Carpenter, Mr. A. Newton, Professor C. C. Babington, Dr. J. D. Hooker,
Professor T. H. Huxley, Dr. Francis, Professor Balfour, Professor Allman,
Mr. A. H. Halliday, Mr. T. V. Wollaston, and Mr. G. Bentham be reappointed
as a Committee to consider the question of Zoological Nomenclature; and
that the sum of £10 be placed at their disposal for that purpose.
That Mr. J. Gwyn Jeftreys, Rev. W. Gregor, Mr. R. Dawson, Rev. J. Yuill,
Dr. Grieve, and Professor Thomas Bell be a Committee for the purpose of
dredging the Coasts of Aberdeenshire ; and that the sum of £25 be placed at
their disposal for the purpose.
That Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, Mr. R. M*Andrew, Mr. John Leckenby, Mr.
C. Spence Bate, Mr. E. Waller, Rev. A. M. Norman, and Mr. H. K. Jordan be
a Committee for the purpose of dredging the Coasts of the Channel Islands ;
and that the sum of £50 be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That Dr. E. Perceval Wright, Professor Babington, Professor Harvey
(Dublin), Mr. H. C. Watson, Dr. D. Moore (Dublin), and Mr. A. G. Moore
864.
q
it REPORT—1864.
be a Committee for the purpose of investigating the distribution of the Irish
Flora; and that the sum of £25 be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That Professor Allman and Dr. E. P. Wright be a Committee for the pur-
posé of concluding and supplementing a Report on the Hydroida; and that
the sum of £13 be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That the sum of £3 9s. Od. be granted to Dr. P. P. Carpenter for the’
purpose of defraying the expenses incurred by him (over and above a sum of
£10 granted in 1863) in preparing his Report on American Mollusca.
That Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, The Rev. Thomas Hincks, Mr. C. Spence Bate,
Mr. J. Couch, Mr. Charles Stuart, Mr. J. B. Rowe, and Mr. J. Ralfs be a
Committee for investigating the marine Fauna and Flora of the southern
coasts of Cornwall and Devon; and that the sum of £25 be placed at their
disposal for the purpose.
That Dr. B. W. Richardson be requested to continue his researches on the
Physiological Action of some Amyl Compounds; and that the sum of £20 be
placed at his disposal for the purpose.
That Dr. J. E. Gray, Mr. M*Andrew, Mr. C. Spence Bate, and Mr. Frank
Buckland be a Committee for the purpose of examining and reporting on the
breeding of Oysters, and with special reference to the possibility of renewing
old beds, and introducing other kinds of oysters; and that the sum of £25
be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That Mr. John Lubbock, Mr. John Crawfurd, and Sir Roderick I. Murchi-
son be a Committee for the purpose of aiding the Researches of Mr. George
Busk on Typical Crania; and that the sum of £50, granted last year but not
drawn, be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That the Committee, consisting of Lord Wrottesley, The Right Hon. C.
B. Adderley, M.P., Sir William Armstrong, The Astronomer Royal, Samuel
Brown, W. Ewart, M.P., T. Graham, Sir John Hay, Bart., Professor Hen-
nessy, James Heywood, Dr. Lee, Dr. Leone Levi, Professor A. W. Miller,
Professor Rankine, Rey. Dr. Robinson, Colonel Sykes, M.P., W. Tite, M.P.,
Professor W. A. Williamson, and Frederick Purdy (with power to add to
their number), be reappointed to report on the best means of providing for
a uniformity of weights and measures with reference to the interests of science;
and that the sum of £20 be placed at their disposal.
That the Committee for the purpose of experimenting on the difference
between the resistance of floating bodies moving along the surface of water
and similar bodies moving under water, consisting of Professor Rankine,
Mr. James R. Napier, and Mr. Scott Russell, be reappointed, with the addi-
tion of Mr. W. Froude; and that the sum of £100, granted last year and
not drawn, be placed at their disposal for the purpose.
That a sum of £6 8s., excess of expenditure by the Committee on the
Tides of the Humber and Ouse beyond the grant of £50, be paid to Mr. J.
Oldham.
That Mr. J. Hawkshaw, Mr. J. F. Bateman, Mr. J. Oldham, Mr. W.
Parks, Mr. J. Scott Russell, Mr. Thomas Webster, Mr. C. Vignoles, Sir J.
Rennie, and Mr. G. P. Bidder, jun., be a Committee for the purpose of
arranging and analyzing the Tidal operations which have already been
made on the coasts and estuaries of Great Britain, and making such further
observations and investigations as the Committee may deem desirable for
recording and exhibiting Tidal phenomena; and that the sum of £200 be
placed at their disposal for that purpose.
That the Patent Law Committee be reappointed, and that it consist of the
following Members :—Mr. Thomas Webster, Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mr. J. F.
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE GENERAL COMMITTEE. hi
Bateman, Mr. W. Fairbairn, Mr. John Hawkshaw, Mr. J. Scott Russell, and
Mr. John Bethell (with power to add to their number); and that the grant
_ of £30, previously made and not drawn, be renewed.
Applications for Reports and Researches not involving Grants
of Money.
That Mr. Fleeming Jenkin be requested to continue his Report on Thermo-
Electrical Phenomena.
That the Committee on Fog Signals, consisting of Dr. Robinson, Professor
Wheatstone, and Dr. Gladstone, be reappointed (with power to add to their
number), and requested to continue their labours.
That Mr. Hirst be requested to report on certain new developments of
Geometrical Methods.
That Professor Stokes be requested to continue his Report on the present
state of Physical Optics.
That Professor Griffith and Dr. Akin be requested to continue their Report
on the Transmutation of Spectral Rays.
That Dr. Paul be requested to draw up a Report upon the application of
Chemistry to Geology.
That Dr. Baker Edwards be requested to make experiments, and report
upon the alkaloidal principles of Calabar Beans.
That Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, Dr. J. E. Gray, Mr. R. M‘Andrew, Dr. Colling-
wood, Mr. ©. Spence Bate, Rev. A.M. Norman, Dr. E. P. Wright, and Rev.
Thomas Hincks be a Committee for the purpose of acting as a General Dredging
Committee.
That the Committee on Scientific Evidence in Courts of Law, consisting of
The Rev. W. V. Harcourt, Professor Williamson, The Right Hon. J. Napier,
Mr. W. Tite, M.P., Professor Christison, Mr. James Heywood, Mr. J. F.
Bateman, Mr. Thomas Webster, Sir Benjamin Brodie, Bart., and Prof. W. A.
Miller (with power to add to their number), be reappointed ; and that Prof.
Williamson be the Secretary. ‘
That the Gun-cotton Committee, consisting of Mr. W. Fairbairn, Mr. Joseph
Whitworth, Mr. James Nasmyth, Mr. J. Scott Russell, Mr. John Anderson,
Sir William G. Armstrong, Dr. Gladstone, Professor W. A. Miller, Dr. Frank-
land, and Mr. Abel, be reappointed and requested to continue their Report.
That Mr. F. J. Spencer not having been able to complete his report “On
the different modes of estimating nominal horse-power of Marine Engines,
with a view of securing the adoption of one uniform system,” be requested
to continue his labours, and to report at the next Meeting of the Association,
Involving Applications to Governments or Institutions.
That Major-General Sabine, Sir John Herschel, Bart., Mr. J. P. Gassiot, and
Sir Roderick I. Murchison be a Committee for the purpose of communicating
to the Russian Government the opinion of the British Association, that the
establishment of magnetical observations on the Kew System at the Ob-
servatory of Tiflis, by Professor Moritz of that place, would largely conduce
to the furtherance of magnetical science.
That General Sabine be requested to afford Mr. Neumayer the advice he
desires as to the best form of publication of the magnetical observations of
the Melbourne Observatory..
d 2
lu REPORT—1864.
That the Parliamentary Committee be requested to press on the Govern-
ment the expediency of instituting a series of experiments on Fog Signals.
That Sir Roderick I. Murchison, Admiral R. Collinson, and Mr. A. G.
Findlay be a Committee for the purpose of forwarding a request to Her
Majesty’s Government that, as far as is compatible with the exigencies of
Her Majesty’s Navy and the discipline of the ships, they should be furnished
with apparatus (as used in Her Majesty’s Ship ‘ Bulldog’) to ascertain the
depth of the ocean, and to obtain specimens of the bottom on all convenient
occasions, the particulars to be forwarded to the Hydrographic Department,
and the specimens to be sent to the Geological Museum.
That Sir Roderick I. Murchison, The Lord Alfred Churchill, M.P., Mr. Galton,
and Mr. Spottiswoode be a Committee for the purpose of requesting the
Foreign Office to grant to Captain Richard Burton six months’ leave to explore
the sources of the Niger before proceeding to his new post.
Communications to be printed entire among the Reports.
That the Addresses of the Presidents of the Sections be printed in the
Transactions.
That the Report of the Committee on Tidal Observations on the Humber,
Trent, and Ouse, with Tables and Diagrams, be published in eatenso in the
Transactions.
That Mr. W. Fairbairn’s paper “On some of the Mechanical Properties of
the Atlantic Telegraph Cable” be printed at length in the Report.
Synopsis of Grants of Money appropriated to Scientific Purposes by
the General Committee at the Bath Meeting in September 1864. The
names of the Members who would be entitled to call on the General
Treasurer for the respective Grants are prefixed.
Kew Observatory.
a .8 a.
Maintaining the Establishment of Kew Observatory ........ 600 0 0
Mathematics and Physics.
Glaisher, Mr.—Preparation of Forms for Observation of Moon’s
muniace sh! te yidionly, Jeu ail) 14 .tvavs of Sie, meee 35 0 0
Glaisher, Mr.—Luminous Meteors and Aérolites .......... 40 0 0
Williamson, Prof.— Electrical Standards .................. 100 0 0
Sykes, Col_—Balloon Committee .................eeeeeee 150 0 0
Symons, Mr.—Rain-gauges ...............000eeeee ar 30 0 0
Robinson, Dr.—Transmission of Sound .................. 30 0 0
Chemistry.
Matthiessen, Dr.—Chemical Constitution of Cast Iron (renewed) 30
Gages, M.—Mechanical Structure of Rocks
Catton, Mr.—Analysis of Organic Acids
Williamson, Prof—Analysis of Gases of Bath Waters ...... 20
Wanklyn, Prof.—Hexylic Compounds .................... 20
bo
o
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RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE GENERAL COMMITEEE.
Geology.
os:
Phillips, Prof.—Fossil Crustacea ........ 0... 0. cece cena 50 0
Murchison, Sir R.—Bone Caves of Gibraltar .............. 150 0
Falconer, Dr.—Fossil Remains in Malta.................. 30 0
Lyell, Sir C.—Excavations in Kent’s Hole ................ 100 0
Salter, Mr. J.—Lingula Flags at St. David’s .............. 10 0
Zoology and Botany.
Gray, Dr. J. E.— Breeding of Oysters ............++..00-- 25 0
Jardine, Sir W.—Zoological Nomenclature (renewed)........ 10 0
Jeffreys, Mr.—Dredging Coast of Aberdeenshire............ 25 0
Jeffreys, Mr.—Dredging Coast of Channel Islands .......... J) BOQ
amet, Pre t,- Pi -Trish WGA es. we eee eee cece s tess 25 0
EPI ME EOL. TF VOROIGE oo ee ce nn 8 Sida ose eee et eee 13 0
Carpenter, Dr. P. P.—Report on American Mollusca ........ 3.9
Jeffreys, Mr.—Marine Fauna and Flora ................-. 25 0
Richardson, Dr. B. W.—Physiological Action of some Amyl Com-
SRE re ne ieee cen ista eso tro ds Mioanamaentuauasael igh HL6 10.0.0, 20 0
Geography and Ethnology.
Lubbock, Mr.—Typical Crania (renewed) ..............4. 50 0
Statistics and Economic Science.
Wrottesley, Lord.—Metrical Committee ............ 000005 20 0
Mechanics.
Russell, Scott, Mr.—Resistance of Bodies in Water (renewed). 100 0
Sanam, Mr.— Tides of Humber)’. ... 5-5 ae ne ee sate sels os 6 8
Hawkshaw, Mr.—Tidal Observations on British Coasts ...... 200 0
Webster, Mr.—Patent Laws (renewed) ........-+-++s+e0- 30 0
Potaleg 2037 17
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liv
REPORT—1864.
General Statement of Sums which have been paid on Account of Grants
for Scientific Purposes.
£ s. d.
1834.
Tide Discussions .,..cscscereseseee 20 0 O
1835. ;
Tide Discussions ......se..se.0000 62 0 0
British Fossil Ichthyology ...... 105 0 0
£167 0 0
1836.
Tide Discussions ........ icdveccsee 163 0 0
British Fossil Ichthyology ...... 105 0 0
Thermometric Observations, &c. 50 0 0
Experiments on long-continued
Heat ..... BRonactee Oca cane awces oe iB las lyon)
Rain-Gauges............. Cecteodssase 913 0
Refraction Experiments ..,...... 15 0 0
Lunar Nutation........... aectaeece se OD TOO
Thermometers ......sssseesescseees 15 6 0
£434 14 0
1837.
Tide Discussions .......sseesceeees 284 1 0
Chemical Constants .........000- os ' 24-13°°6
Lunar Nutation........ Raneueae save 70 0 0
Observations on Waves.........+++ 100 12 0
PMIQER ALE TIStOlcescvessccpsresscecka 150 0 0
Meteorology and Subterranean
Temperature ...... ease eclcéenes . 89) 5 0
Vitrification Experiments ....,..++ 150 0 0
Heart Experiments .......0+008. oe BAG
Barometric Observations ......... 30 0 0
IBArOMEters “<ssaawcsexenevcncescen sae LI TSS
£918 14 6
1838.
Tide Discussions .........+ ecooonne 29 0 O
British Fossil Fishes ............ 100 0 0
Meteorological Observations and
Anemometer (construction) .., 100 0 0
Cast Iron (Strength of) ........ - 60: 010
Animal and Vegetable Substances
(Preservation Of) .......cceceees 19. ecko
Railway Constants .........0006 « 41 12 10
Bristol Tides .......... enact ace coceas 00) (O00
Growth of Plants ......scscsse Ce he Dent
Mud in Rivers ........+. Sslaincicacne S016
Education Committee ........... 50 0 0
Heart Experiments ............... 5 3 0
Land and Sea Level............066 267° 8 7
Subterranean Temperature ,..., ae boom 0
Steam-vessels......... Puxapepsesesercs OOM Meet
Meteorological Committee ...... 31 9 5
Thermometers ....ccccssosssssoreee 16 4 0
£956 12 2
1839.
Fossil Ichthyology............. eee 110 0 O
Meteorological Observations at
BI YMOUthi5.w cnccccesesesances tenes 63 10 0
‘Mechanism of Waves ............ 144 2 0
BrIStGl TIES sccassescsnsctceveaceess G5 1G" 16
£3 ad.
Meteorology and Subterranean
Temperature ...... ss unedoti vez: cermin
Vitrification Experiments,..... Beem ie Wh
Cast Iron Experiments............ 100 0 0
Railway Constants ...++4- a\552 fan 2ST ie
Land and Sea Level.........- cence (4 ae
Steam-vessels’ Engines......+++.. - 100 0 0
Stars in Histoire Céleste ...... .. 331 18 6
Stars in Lacaille ......- aessomancins 11 0 0
Stars in R.A.S. Catalogue........ - 616 6
Animal Secretions......+ staves - 1010 0
Steam-engines in Cornwall ...... 50 0 0
Atmospheric Air .....s..08 Pie ih eLlmel
Cast and Wrought Iron......--... 40 0 0
Heat on Organic Bodies ......+++ 3.0 0
Gases on Solar Spectrum.........5 22 0 0
Hourly Meteorological Observa-
tions, Inverness and Kingussie 49 7 8
Fossil Reptiles .......ceceseseseee cops. 92) 9
Mining Statistics .......sseeesesees 50) 40) <0
£1595 11 0
1840.
Bristol Tides...... wacssnentuen cooees LOO) 0 0
Subterranean Temperature ...... 13 13 6
Heart Experiments ...........000 18 19 0
Lungs Experiments ......+0+...00+ 8 13 0
Tide Discussions .........0+++ ossee_ 50! 0) BO
Land and Sea Level ............006 611 1
Stars (Histoire Céleste) ......... 242 10 0
Stars (Lacaille) .,....... seecececce aoe Hote
Stars (Catalogue) ......... weondeas 264 0 0
Atmospheric Air .......... Ses cdhopeye LOR 15.0
Water on/Tront (5... .cesnssessscescap LO, On eO
Heat on Organic Bodies ......... 7 0 O
Meteorological Observations... 52 17 6
Foreign Scientific Memoirs .......112 1 6
Working Population............... 100 0 0
School Statistics..... a aeueessadebee aD: TO 0
HOrms! Of VESSEISs asc esaceansaksenee 184 7 0
Chemical and Electrical Pheno-
WG CEL cee ospeaseoescoosacerchins sens) 405 0200
Meteorological Observations at
Plymouth ....+-.... caseeseee ease 450) 030
Magnetical Observations .......++ . 185 1209
£1546 16 4
1841.
Observations on Waves....... con 30 0 O
Meteorology and Subterranean
DEMperature s.ccesscovsssse secure 8380
Actinometers......ss0.0e socscseerese 10 0 O
Earthquake Shocks ..........0.... 17 7 0
Grid) POISOUS:.c..sesacoasvoencee én ONO ae
Veins and Absorbents ............ 3.0 «0
Mud in Rivers: ...0c5.s.scsccess Svan 1 0
Marine Zoology......ssssseecseees -- 1512 8
SKeleton\Maps'\.. csevess.ceossceces 20°40. 0
Mountain Barometers ............ 618 6
Stars (Histoire Céleste)............ 185 0 0
GENERAL STATEMENT.
£ 8. d.
Stars (Lacaille) ....scesescceee 795 0
Stars (Nomenclature of) bon setes a MUL
Stars (Catalogue Of)... 40 0 0
Water on [ron .....eeceeeeeeeeeeeee 50 0 0
Meteorological Observations at
Inverness ...ceeeseeeeeeerssteeere 20 0 0
Meteorological Observations (re-
duction Of) .ssssseeeee seeeeeneee 25 0 0
Fossil Reptiles .ec.sesesesesceseeens 50 0 0
Foreign Memoirs ......+++..005 weouph Ge y OFyy0
Railway Sections .......++ seecesueboae. qllig6
Forms of Vessels ...sessesseeeeeees 193 12 0
Meteorological Observations at
Plymouth ....,cceeseeeeeeees acuveneia ling Osis
Magnetical Observations ......... 61 18 8
Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone 100 0 0
Tides at Leith .......e.sesseseees = 50 «0,0
Anemometer at Edinburgh ....... 69 1 10
Tabulating Observations ......... 9 6 38
Races Of Men .sc.sssoeseseeeseees 2. py Bi 0550
Radiate Animals ..........00 2 0 0
£1235 10 11
1842.
Dynamometric Instruments ...... 113 I! 2
Anoplura Britanniz .......+. . fone laneO
Tides at Bristol...........++ ke BSD SF 10)
Gases on Light ............seseeeee » 80 14° 7
Chronometers .......00++ qessveseee 26 17 6
Marine Zoology......sssseseseeenees 50
British Fossil Mammalia ......... 100 0 0
Statistics of Education ..........66 20 0 0
Marine Steam-vessels’ Engines... 28 0 0
Stars (Histoire Céleste)............ 59 0 0
Stars (Brit. Assoc, Cat. of) ...... 110 0 0
Railway Sections ..... AVACC cose glotela 10
British Belemnites.......0+-..se000+ 50 0 0
Fossil Reptiles kgublicason of
BUEGOXE)) cxecesnansescsenesbwenssne- 210 0 0
Forms of Vessels .ee..ssseeeeserees 180 0 0
Galvanic Experiments on Rocks 5 8 6
Meteorological Experiments at
Plymouth ........sssseeeeeee ee 68 0 0
Constant Indicator and Dynamo-
metric Instruments ........++ ae DOU AY
Force of Wind ...........008 seosene 10 0 0
Light on Growth of Seeds ...... 8 9 0
Vital Statistics ...........00. tanta: 50 0 0
Vegetative Power of Seeds ..... meets ued Ve! i
Questions on Human Race ...... enor 0
£1449 17 8
1843.
Revision of the Nomenclature of
MILES! aceessczee saueasacasecdeeccsee 20 0
Reduction of Stars, British Asso-
ciation Catalogue ...........06- . 25 0 0
Anomalous Tides, Frith of Forth 120 0 0
Hourly Meteorological Observa-
tionsat KingussieandInverness 77 12 8
Meteorological Observations at
Plymouth ............ seseeeees - 55 0 0
Whewell’s Meteorological Ane-
_mometer at Plymouth ,,....... 10 0 0
lv
fy at)
Meteorological Observations, Os-
ler’s Anemometer at Plymouth 20 0 0
Reduction of Meteorological Ob-
SCLVAtlONSEE ds scteedsec sac nauews ew. 30 0 0
Meteorological Instruments and
Gratuitieste.. .<usticctetanends ass SS ORR)
Construction of Anemometer at
TRIVEXTIESS |, cts ucelsitae teow ole sea 56 12 2
Magnetic Cooperation ........+006 10 8 i0
Meteorological Recorder for Kew
Observatory secsecccscasesseees. a hen! 2.0550
Action of Gases on Light....... aye) Si Gee
Establishment at Kew Observa-
tory, Wages, Repairs, Furni-
ture and Sundries ........se00000 133 4 7
Experiments by Captive Balloons 81 8 0
Oxidation ofthe Rails of Railways 20 0 0
Publication of Report on Fossil
Reptiles i. ocsccegeessetsotenescsse 40 0 6
Coloured Drawings of Railway
NECHONS'...ceevcnsesosspesssesese< 147 18 3
Registration of Earthquake
Shocks ...... aaueldews Be nslebes es 30 0 0
Report on Zoological Nomencla-
EULE See den ccc scecueveucecosssene 10 0 0
Uncovering Lower Red Sand-
stone near Manchester .....-..++ 4 4 6
Vegetative Power of Seeds ...... 5 3 8
Marine Testacea (Habits of ) 10 0 0
Marine Zoology.....seseeeees sperdeop PAOD OR80
Marine Zoology....evssseesseeseeses 2 14 11
Preparation of Report on British
Fossil Mammalia ....cccsseeseee 100 0 0
Physiological Operations of Me-
dicinal Agents ....ccsecssssscsse 20 0
Wital Statistics: .ncsebeavensundses +e 36 5 8
Additional Experiments on the
Forms of Vessels ...00..00...... @0 0 0
Additional Experiments on the
Forms of Vessels ....0e.ssesseee 100 0 0
Reduction of Experiments on the
Forms of Vessels... .0-.sessees+rce 100 0 0
Morin’s Instrument and Constant
INGICAta Rs gees os spacasenom sede dure 69 14 10
Experiments on the Strength of
Materials misnaserterescsdsaee 60 0 0
£1565 10 2
1844.
Meteorological Observations at
Kingussie and Inverness ...... 12 0 0
Completing Observations at Ply-
mouth ......66 sabe bic'etts e'elaleces 35 0 0
Magnetic and Meteorological Co-
QPETatlON Wwhnecccccecnstscccsaese 25 8 4
Publication of the British Asso-
ciation Catalogue of Stars.... 35 0 0
Observations on Tides on the
East coast of Scotland.......... 100 0 0
Revision of the Nomenclature of
itt Ree cagscn cesceccncsensesane 1842 2 9 6
Maintaining the Establishment in
Kew Observatory ....:.0....00. 117 17 5
Instruments for Kew.Observatory 56 7 3
REPORT—1864.
lvi
£ s. da.
Influence of Light on Plants...... 10 0 0
Subterraneous Temperature in
Treland) <cecrescsteiedececstescrese (OP Ol 0
Coloured Drawings of Railway
Sections ........-sceceereeeees bese olde 6
Investigation of Fossil Fishes of
the Lower Tertiary Strata ... 100 0 0
Registering the Shocks of Earth-
quakes ........0.- seseseeeeel842 23 11 10
Structure of Fossil Shells......... 20 0 0
Radiata and Mollusca of the
AEgean and Red Seas.....1842 100 0 0
Geographical Distributions of
Marine Zoology............1842 010 0
Marine Zoology of Devon and
Cornwall ........0008 pertoneccten tO OU.
Marine Zoology of Corfu ......... 10 0 0
Experiments on the Vitality of
Seeds ........ Spennonncoggn popeancron | a ade(Uae 6}
Experiments on the Vitality of
Seeds .......00008 sesvcsceeeeel842 8 7 3
Exotic Anoplura .......s0000008 15 0 0
Strength of Materials ............ 100 0 0
Completing Experiments on the
Forms of Ships ....... Sosenectses 100) O10
Inquiries into Asphyxia ......... 10 0 0
Investigations on the Internal
Constitution of Metals ......... 50 0 0
Constant Indicator and Morin’s
Instrument, 1842 .......00..-. 10 3 6
£981 12 8
1845.
Publication of the British Associa-
tion Catalogue of Stars ......... 351 14 6
Meteorological Observations at
Inverness ....... RockoonndetoS see 30 18 11
Magnetic and Meteorological Co-
OPETAatiON ...ecseeveseseeees daetes TEMG 4S
Meteorological Instruments at
Edinburgh..........sssseceseeeeee 18 11 9
Reduction of Anemometrical Ob-
servations at Plymouth ........ 25 0
Electrical Experiments at Kew
Observatory ...ccccccsscssssseeee 43 17 8
Maintaining the Establishment in
Kew Observatory ........s0000- 149 15 0
For Kreil’s Barometrograph ...... 25 0 0
Gases from Iron Furnaces ...... 50 0 0
The Actinograph ...... cesessevesdein LD4(0) 940
Microscopic Structure of Shells... 20 0 0
Exotic Anoplura ............1843 10 0 0
Vitality of Seeds...... cooeven1843 2 0 7
Vitality of Seeds............ 1844 7 0 0
Marine Zoology of Cornwall...... 10 0 0
Physiological Action of Medicines 20 0 0
Statistics of Sickness and Mor-
tality in York ....ccevecsseeeeee 20 0 0
Earthquake Shocks ..........1843 15 14 8
£830 9 9
1846.
British Association Catalogue of
Stars .secsceccsecssseceeseeee1844 211 15 0
S62) Sey Qe
Fossil Fishes of the London Clay 100 0 0
Computation of the Gaussian
Constants for 1839...... seceeeeee OO 0 0
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory ...... ssssseoee 146 16 7
Strength of Materials...... secesesee 60 0 O
Researches in Asphyxia......... - 616 2
Examination of Fossil Shells...... 10 0 0
Vitality of Seeds .........006 1844 2 15 10
Vitality of Seeds ............ 1845 712 3
Marine Zoology of Cornwall...... 10 0 0
Marine Zoology of Britain ...... 10 0 0
Exotic Anoplura ......... 1844 25 0 0
Expenses attending Anemometers 11 7 6
Anemometers’ Repairs .....++.. cee’ DP S36
Atmospheric Waves .......0.0000... 3 3 3
Captive Balloons ........... 1844 819 38
Varieties of the Human Race
1844 7 6 3
Statistics of Sickness and Mor-
tality in York ....ccc00..ee 12 0 0
£685 16 0
1847.
Computation of the Gaussian
Constants for 1839 ...... cooeee 50
Habits of Marine Animals .,.... 10
Physiological Action of Medicines 20
Marine Zoology of Cornwall ... 10
Atmospheric Waves ...secscsseseee 6
Mitality of Seeds. ......:sssstssesnsh eit
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory ....seseeeeeeee 107
£208
or} a -—— ——]
PIO NTH SCOSOSCS
1848.
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory ......e00000008 171 15 11
Atmospheric Waves .......... wee 38 10 9
Vitality of Seeds ..........ec00000 = 9 15 0
Completion of Catalogues of Stars 70 0 0
On Colouring Matters ........... 5 0 0
On Growth of Plants.............. 15 0 0
£275 1 8
1849,
Electrical Observations at Kew
Observatory ...... sesccscosceeeee 50 0 0
Maintaining Establishment at
CitlO. epwaamnessseenasns sasapsuseen 76 2
Vitality of Seeds ......... sosccceee 5 8
On Growth of Plants............ 5 0
Registration of Periodical Phe-
NOMENA wee. ncanvecscccsesyseose «- 10 0
co —
Bill on account of Anemometrical
Observations ccccsescccsassserseons 151.9.).0
£159 19 6
(eee ee
1850.
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory ......... serene 255 18 0
Transit of Earthquake Waves... 50 0 0
GENERAL' STATEMENT. lvii
£ s. d. £ es. a
Periodical Phenomena ...........5. 15 0 0 1856.
Meteorological Instrument, Maintaining the Establishment at
RBOTES. <.cccceiseccccssatencseacan, 20, 205, 0 Kew Observatory :-—
£345 18 0 1854.....8 75 0 0
—— 1855......£500 0 of 975 0 0
1851.
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory (includes part
of grantin 1849) .......c00002 309
Theory of Heat .......cssescceseceee 20
Periodical Phenomena of Animals
and Plants ......secsessees Weeetec = YO
Vitality of Seeds ..ceccrsescecovene 9
Influence of Solar Radiation...... 30
Ethnological Inquiries ............ 12
Researches on Annelida ......... 10
£391
1852.
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory (including
balance of grant for 1850) ... 233 17
Experiments on the Conduction
GUEREA rcs dn ans copa sncasstencczoees|) ot
Influence of Solar Radintious cena
Geological Map of Ireland ...... 15
Researches on the British Anne-
GA. cc oswececssssovcnepqcceneceesens:| | 10
Vitality of Seeds ..........s0e0e008 10
Strength of Boiler Plates ......... 10
£304
1853.
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory ..........0005 - 165 0 0
Experiments on the Influence of
Solar Radiation....... déasvdsedese 15
Researches on the British Annies
Me sctatads csdidaccisctdcccineweteces 10
Dredging on the East Coast of
Scotland......ceecsssdecsoescees -» 10
Ethnological Queries ............ 5
£205
1854.
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory (including
balance of former grant) ...... 330 15
Investigations on Flax ..... SALA LLO
Effects. of Temperature on
Wrought Iron ........... secseee 10
Registration of Periodical Phe-
NOMENA ....ceesereveees eeeees vee 10
British Annelida ............ coovee 10
Vitality of Seeds ......ccsceceseees 5
Conduction of Heat ......se0c00008 9 4
£380 1
1855.
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory ........s000006 425
Earthquake Movements .......... 10
Physical Aspect of the Moon...... 11
Vitality of Seeds .............. soon 10
Map of the World ..........0s00008 15
seveccene os «=O
Dredging near Belfast ............ 4
Ethnological Queries
m— bo
= bo
cCloooac
ajoocor oO
sN;/ono
oo
o
(—
s!owoo
_
lplooornce
Strickland’s Ornithological Syno-
NYS .....ccceccsccceccescvecsevees 100 O 0
Dredging and Dredging Forms... 913 9
Chemical Action of Light......... 20 0 0
Strength of Iron Plates............ 10 0 0
Registration of Periodical Pheno-
MENA eeeeeeeeeeee sasstaseaccessscoe’ 10 0" “0
Propagation of Salmon ............ 10 0 0
£734 13 9
1857.
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory ee....ssseereee 350 0 O
Earthquake Wave Experiments.. 40 0 0
Dredging near Belfast ............ 10 0 0
Dredging on the West Coast of
Scotland.,....sssecesscseessssseeee 10 0 O
Investigations into the Mollusca
Of California .....scceseccrreee 10 0 0
Experiments on Flax ........0.0. 5 0 0
Natural History of Madagascar.. 20 0 0
Researches on British Annelida 25 0 0
Report on Natural Products im-
ported into Liverpool ......... 10 0 0
Artificial Propagation of Salmon 10 0 0
Temperature of Mines ............7 8 0O
Thermometers for Subterranean
Observations -isscccseaccsccsccaces 15) (vant
Life-Boats’....cccccccsosessscscsercee, 5 0 0
£507 15 4
1858.
Maintaining’the Establishment at
Kew Observatory .....sssese00e 500 0 O
Earthquake Wave Experiments... 25 0 0
Dredging on the West Coast of
Scotland .ss..ssesecesessssoseeee 10 0 O
Dredging near Dublin .......... - 5 0 0
Vitality of Seeds ............. 5 5 0
Dredging near Belfast ..........6. 18 13 2
Report on the British Annelida... 25 0 0O
Experiments on the production
of Heat by Motion in Fluids... 20 0 0
Report on the Natural Products
imported into Scotland......... 10 0 0
“£618 18 2
1859.
Maintaining the Establishment at
Kew Observatory ....sse0sse0008 500
Dredging near Dublin ............ 15
Osteology of Birds.....sccccsescseee 50
Irish Tunicata .......
Manure Experiments
British Meduside ...
Dredging Committee............... 5
Steam-vessels’ Performance...... 5
Marine Fauna of South and West
Of Ireland ....c..ccceseccecseseses 10. 0
Photographic Chemistry ......... 10 0
Lanarkshire Fossils ..........000. 20
Balloon Ascents...... cecennce 39 11
“£684 11
tecessseessees 5
aceccceveees 20
seseccceessevee 5
oocoocoooocoo
ococoooe
-|omoo
lvili
1860. Fe Sef
Maintaining the Establishment
of Kew Observatory............. 500 0 0
Dredging near Belfast............ 16 6 0
Dredging i in Dublin Bay Wistevs cose fe oe O..0
Inquiry into the Performance of
Steam-vessels.....++- - 124 0 0
Explorations in the Yellow Sond
stone of Dura Den.............. 20 0 0
Chemico-mechanical Analysis of
Rocks and Minerals.........+- 25 0 0
Researches on the Growth of
Plants.......006 coceecccccscescces 10 0 0
Researches on the Solubility of
Salts. .s2c..c00e8 aoe aemasaaae ses 30 0 0
Researches on the Constituents
of Manures.. eee ee)
Balance of Captive ‘Balloon Ac-
COMUNE aay oseasedeedsaasesssatesee ete, VaPeG
“fal i OpU
1861.
Maintaining the Establishment
of Kew Observatory ............ 500 0 0
Earthquake Experiments......... 25 0 0
Dredging North and East Coasts
of Scotland......... pavaaeas Siaces 23 0 0
Dredging Committee :—
1860...... £50 0 o} 720 0
1861 ...... £22 0 0
Excavations at Dura Den...... 20 0 0
Solubility of Salts ..........6- sean ZOE ORO
Steam-vessel Performance ...... 150 0 0
Fossils of Lesmahago «......+... 15 0 0
Explorations at Uriconium ...... 20 0 0
Chemical Alloys ..scccsseeceeeeees 20-0 0
Classified Index to the Transac-
PIOUS 2 ceese eo ues wsenansesdonscwn acd 100 0 0
Dredging in the Mersey and Dee 5 0-0
Dip Circle........- OO POO . 30 0 0
Photoheliographic Observations 50 0 0
Prison Diet ...ccscccccsscesecsesees 20 0 0
Gauging of Water...... ai, 10.080
Alpine Ascents ......scccccssreceeee 6 5 1
Constituents of Manures ......... 25 0 0
£1111 5 10
1862.
Maintaining the Establishment
of Kew Observatory .....-...... 500 0 0
Patent Laws .........seeseeees sive 2k =O 10
Mollusca of N.-W. America.,..... 10 0 0
Natural History by Mercantile
Marine ......0ceceseeeves Weueetts) Mo 0 a0
Tidal Observations eeveee seebsrenete ead ae O
Photoheliometer at Kew ......... 40 0 0
Photographic Pictures of the Sun 150 0 0
Rocks of Donegal ........0..0008 25 0 0
Dredging Durham and North-
umberland....... eenvewre wes snot 25 0 0
Connexion of Storms......... postion) 10) 0
Dredging North-East Coast of
Scotland...... dcccvcavccvcees 6 9 6
Ravages of Teredo .........e0000s 311 0
Standards of Electrical Resistance 50 0 0
Railway Accidents ..........0055- 10 0 0
REPORT—1864.
Sinead.
Balloon Committee ............+-- 200 0 0
Dredging Dublin Bay ............ 10 0 0
Dredging the Mersey ............ 5 0 0
Petpet thes DTH a ec aae aonrrcad, 8 20 0 0
Gauging of Water...........--..++- 12 10 0
Steamships’ Performance ......... 150 0 0
Thermo-Electric Currents ...... 5 0 0
£1293 16 6
1863.
Maintaining the Establishment
of Kew Observatory............ 600 0 0
Balloon Committee deficiency... 70 0 0
Balloon Ascents (other expenses) 25 0 0
EMtOZOas: .ssascacacasuseesseeeesnads 25 0 0
Coal Fossils ccasccconhiant <2. 2 20k OwO0
ELOITINGS jeavenccesessctecesseeeeteesas 20 0 0
Granites of Donegal.............. Perma ea i
Prison Diet...-<...5<+- wnssccstonene 4-205 C0
Vertical Atmospheric Movements 13 0 0
Dredging Shetland ............... 50 0 0
Dredging North-east coast of
Scotland Mrec.-c:essc+.ssasteeme 20". 0. 0
Dredging Northumberland and
Duorhami neces eoeae sec 17 3.10
Dredging Committee superin-
FENGENCE: \.ccceecccens seuewchxsesteay 11 Uae O
Steamship Performance ......... 100 0 0
Balloon Committee ............... 200 0 0
Carbon under pressure............ 10 0 0
Volcanic Temperature ............ 100 0 0
Bromide of Ammonium ......... 8 0 0
Electrical Standards..............- 100 0 0
Construction and distribu-
TION... Sen caepeowserch oweneeeme 40 0 0
Luminous Meteors ..........+.++ 17 0 «0
Kew Additional Buildings for
Photoheliograph ....... fares eee 100 0 0
Thermo-Electricity ...... specail 15 0 0
Analysis of Rocks ...........000+ 8 0 0
EUV Arords) |. 5 .22<csc2cesenepenenereee 10 0 0
£1608 3 10
1864. To eer ae
Maintaining the Establishment
of Kew Observatory.......... . 600 0 0
Coal Fossils .....:é-n<sven. sosssenee 20 0 0
Vertical Atmospheric Move-
MEMES: .- 205: --sasisaswe sidadepsress 1020 SIERO
Dredging Shetland .,.......... «we 4 OF 0
Dredging Northumberland ...... 25 0 0
Baloon Committee ............... 200 0 0
Carbon under pressure............ 10 0 0
Standards of Electric Resistance 100 0 0
Analysis of Rocks...........00... 10 0 0
Hydroidagts J: <.<c ssc Saanesns 0270" 0
Askham’s: Gift: <f:.cccccsesesacs - 50 0 0
Nitrite of Amyle ............ he 10 0 0
Nomenclature Committee ...... 5 0 0
Rain-Gauges ..........065 ~ocssss 19 10 (8
Cast Iron Investigation ......... 20 0 0
Tidal Observations inthe Humber 50 0 0
spectral IRAYS'ts...:2ssceees caeeeaee 45 0 0
Luminous Meteors ...,.........4- 20 0 0
£1289 15 8
GENERAL MEETINGS. lix
Extracts from Resolutions of the General Committee.
Committees and individuals, to whom grants of money for scientific pur-
poses have been entrusted, are required to present to each following meeting
of the Association a Report of the progress which has been made; with a
statement of the sums which have been expended, and the balance which re-
mains disposable on each grant.
Grants of pecuniary aid for scientific purposes from the funds of the Asso-
ciation expire at the ensuing meeting, unless it shall appear by a Report that
the Recommendations have been acted on, or a continuation of them be
ordered by the General Committee.
In each Committee, the Member first named is the person entitled to call
on the Treasurer, William Spottiswoode, Esq., 59 Grosvenor Place, London,
8.W., for such portion of the sum granted as may from time to time be re-
quired.
In grants of money to Committees, the Association does not contemplate
- the payment of personal expenses to the members.
In all cases where additional grants of money are made for the continua-
tion of Researches at the cost of the Association, the sum named shall be
deemed to include, as a part of the amount, the specified balance which may
remain unpaid on the former grant for the same object.
General Meetings.
On Wednesday Evening, September 14, at 8 p.m.,in the Theatre, Sir W.
G. Armstrong, LL.D., F.R.S., resigned the office of President to Sir Charles
Lyell, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., who took the Chair, and delivered
an Address, for which see page lx.
On Thursday Evening, September 15, at 8 p.m., a Soirée took place in the
Assembly Rooms.
On Friday Evening, September 16, at 8.30 p.m., in the Town Hall, Pro-
fessor Roscoe delivered a Discourse on the Chemical Action of Light.
On Monday Evening, September 19, at 8 p.m., in the Theatre, Dr. Living-
stone delivered a Lecture on his recent travels in Central Africa.
On Tuesday Evening, September 20, at 8 p.m., a Soirée took place in the
Assembly Room. /
On Wednesday, September 21, at 3 p.m., the concluding General Meeting
took place, when the Proceedings of the General Committee, and the Grants of
Money for Scientific purposes, were explained to the Members.
The Meeting was then adjourned to Birmingham*,
* The Meeting is appointed to take place on Wednesday, September 6, 1865.
ADDRESS
BY
SIR CHARLES LYELL, Bart., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c.
GenTtEMEN oF THE Brrrisu Assocratton,—The place where we have been
invited this year to hold our Thirty-fourth Meeting is one of no ordinary
interest to the cultivators of physical science. It might have been selected
by my fellow-labourers in geology as a central point of observation, from
which, by short excursions to the east and west, they might examine those
rocks which constitute, on the one side, the more modern, and on the other
the more ancient records of the past, while around them and at their feet lie
monuments of the middle period of the earth’s history. But there are other
sites in England which might successfully compete with Bath as good sur-
veying stations for the geologist. What renders Bath a peculiar point of
attraction to the student of natural phenomena is its thermal and mineral
waters, to the sanatory powers of which the city has owed its origin and
celebrity. The great volume and high temperature of these waters render
them not only unique in our island, but perhaps without a parallel in the rest
of Europe, when we duly take into account their distance from the nearest
region of violent earthquakes or of active or extinct volcanos. The spot
where they issue, as we learn from the researches of the historian and anti-
quary, was lonely and desert when the Romans first landed in this island,
but in a few years it was conyerted into one of the chief cities of the newly
conquered province. On the site of the hot springs was a large morass from
which clouds of white vapour rose into the air; and there first was the
spacious bath-room built, in a highly ornamental style of architecture, and
decorated with columns, pilasters, and tessellated pavements. By its side
was erected a splendid temple dedicated to Minerva, of which some statues
and altars with their inscriptions, and ornate pillars are still to be seen in
the Museum of this place. To these edifices the quarters of the garrison, and
in the course of time the dwellings of new settlers, were added; and they
were all encircled by a massive wall, the solid foundations of which still
remain.
A dense mass of soil and rubbish, from 10 to 20 feet thick, now separates
the level on which the present city stands from the level of the ancient
Aquz Solis of the Romans. Digging through this mass of heterogeneous
materials, coins and coffins of the Saxon period have been found; and lower
down, beginning at the depth of from 12 to 15 feet from the surface, coins
have been disinterred of Imperial Rome, bearing dates from the reign of
Claudius to that of Maximus in the fifth century. Beneath the whole are
occasionally seen tessellated pavements still retaining their bright colours,
one of which, on the site of the Mineral-water Hospital, is still carefully pre-
served, affording us an opportunity of gauging the difference of level of ancient
and modern Bath.
ADDRESS. lxi
On the slopes and summits of the picturesque hills in the neighbourhood
rose many a Roman villa, to trace the boundaries of which, and to bring to
light the treasures of art concealed in them, are tasks which have of late years
amply rewarded the researches of Mr. Scarth and other learned antiquaries.
No wonder that on this favoured spot we should meet with so many memo-
rials of former greatness, when we reflect on the length of time during which
the imperial troops and rich colonists of a highly civilized people sojourned
here, having held undisturbed possession of the country for as many years as
have elapsed from the first discovery of America to our own times.
One of our former Presidents, Dr. Daubeny, has remarked that nearly all
the most celebrated hot springs of Europe, such as those of Aix-la-Chapelle,
Baden-Baden, Naples, Auvergne, and the Pyrenees, have not declined in
temperature since the days of the Romans; for many of them still retain as
great a heat as is tolerable to the human body, and yet when employed by the
ancients they do not seem to have required to be first cooled down by arti-
ficial means. This uniformity of temperature, maintained in some places for
more than 2000 years, together with the constancy in the volume of the
water, which never varies with the seasons, as in ordinary springs, the
identity also of the mineral ingredients which, century after century, are held
by each spring in solution, are striking facts, and they tempt us irresistibly
to speculate on the deep subterranean sources both of the heat and mineral
matter. How long has this uniformity prevailed? Are the springs really
ancient in reference to the earth’s history, or, like the course of the present
rivers and the actual shape of our hills and valleys, are they only of high
antiquity when contrasted with the brief space of human annals? May they
not be like Vesuvius and Etna, which, although they have been adding to
their flanks, in the course of the last 2000 years many a stream of lava and
shower of ashes, were still mountains very much the same as they now are
in height and dimensions from the earliest times to which we can trace back
their existence? Yet although their foundations are tens of thousands of
years old, they were laid at an era when the Mediterranean was already
inhabited by the same species of marine shells as those with which it is now
peopled ; so that these volcanos must be regarded as things of yesterday in
the geological calendar.
Notwithstanding the general persistency in character of mineral waters
and hot springs ever since they were first known to us, we find on inquiry
that some few of them, even in historical times, have been subject to great
changes. These have happened during earthquakes which have been violent
enough to disturb the subterranean drainage and alter the shape of the
fissures up which the waters ascend. Thus during the great earthquake at
Lisbon in 1755, the temperature of the spring called La Source de la Reine
at Bagnéres de Luchon, in the Pyrenees, was suddenly raised as much as
75° F., or changed from a cold spring to one of 122° F., a heat which it has
since retained. It is also recorded that the hot springs at Bagnéres de
Bigorre, in the same mountain-chain, became suddenly cold during a great
earthquake which, in 1660, threw down several houses in that town.
It has been ascertained that the hot springs of the Pyrenees, the Alps, and
many other regions are situated in lines along which the rocks have been
rent, and usually where they have been displaced or “faulted.” Similar
dislocations in the solid crust of the earth are generally supposed to have
determined the spots where active and extinct volcanos have burst forth; for
several of these often affect a linear arrangement, their position seeming to
have been determined by great lines of fissure. Another connecting link
lxu REPORT—1864.
between the volcano and the hot spring is recognizable in the great abundance
of hot springs in regions where volcanic eruptions still occur from time to
time. It is also in the same districts that the waters occasionally attain the
boiling-temperature, while some of the associated stufas emit steam consider-
ably above the boiling-point. But in proportion as we recede from the great
centres of igneous activity, we find the thermal waters decreasing in fre-
quency and in their average heat, while at the same time they are most con-
spicuous in those territories where, as in Central France or the Eifel in
Germany, there are cones and craters still so perfect in their form, and
streams of lava bearing such a relation to the depth and shape of the existing
valleys, as to indicate that the internal fires have become dormant in com-
paratively recent times. If there be exceptions to this rule, it is where
hot springs are met with in parts of the Alps and Pyrenees which have been
violently convulsed by modern earthquakes.
To pursue still further our comparison between the hot spring and the
volcano, we may regard the water of the spring as representing those vast
clouds of aqueous vapour which are copiously evolved for days, sometimes for
weeks, in succession from craters during an eruption. But we shall perhaps
be asked whether, when we contrast the work done by the two agents in
question, there is not a marked failure of analogy in one respect—namely a
want, in the case of the hot spring, of power to raise from great depths in the
earth voluminous masses of solid matter corresponding to the heaps of scorize
and streams of lava which the volcano pours out on the surface. To one who
urges such an objection it may be said that the quantity of solid as well
as gaseous matter transferred by springs from the interior of the earth to its
surface is far more considerable than is commonly imagined. The thermal
waters of Bath are far from being conspicuous among European hot springs
for the quantity of mineral matter contained in them in proportion to the
water which acts as a solvent; yet Professor Ramsay has calculated that if
the sulphates of lime and of soda, and the chlorides of sodium and magnesium,
and the other mineral ingredients which they contain, were solidified, they
would form in one year a square column 9 feet in diameter, and no less than
140 feet in height. All this matter is now quietly conveyed by a stream of
limpid water, in an invisible form, to the Avon, and by the Avon to the sea;
but if, instead of being thus removed, it were deposited around the orifice of
eruption, like the siliceous layers which encrust the circular basin of an
Icelandic geyser, we should soon see a considerable cone built up, with a crater
in the middle; and if the action of the spring were intermittent, so that ten
or twenty years should elapse between the periods when solid matter was
emitted, or (say) an interval of three centuries, as in the case of Vesuvius
between 1306 and 16381, the discharge would be on so grand a scale as to
afford no mean object of comparison with the intermittent outpourings of a
volcano.
Dr. Daubeny, after devoting a month to the analysis of the Bath waters
in 18383, ascertained that the daily evolution of nitrogen gas amounted to no
less than 250 cubic feet in volume. This gas, he remarks, is not only cha-
racteristic of hot springs, but is largely disengaged from voleanic craters
during eruptions. In both cases he suggests that the nitrogen may be
derived from atmospheric air, which is always dissolved in rain-water, and
which, when this water penetrates the earth’s crust, must be carried down
to great depths, so as to reach the heated interior. When there, it may
be subjected to deoxidating processes, so that the nitrogen, being left in a
free state, may be driven upwards by the expansive force of heat and steam, or
ADDRESS. Ixiii
by hydrostatic pressure. This theory has been very generally adopted, as best
accounting for the constant disengagement of large bodies of nitrogen, even
where the rocks through which the spring rises are crystalline and unfossili-
ferous. It will, however, of course be admitted, as Professor Bischoff has
pointed out, that in some places organic matter has supplied a large part
of the nitrogen evolved.
Carbonic-acid gas is another of the volatilized substances discharged by
the Bath waters. Dr. Gustay Bischoff, in the new edition of his valuable
work on chemical and physical geology, when speaking of the exhalations
of this gas, remarks that they are of universal occurrence, and that they
originate at great depths, becoming more abundant the deeper we penetrate.
He also observes that, when the silicates which enter so largely into the
composition of the oldest rocks are percolated by this gas, they must be con-
tinually decomposed, and the carbonates formed by the new combinations
thence arising must often augment the volume of the altered rocks. This
increase of bulk, he says, must sometimes give rise to a mechanical force of
expansion capable of uplifting the incumbent crust of the earth; and the
same force may act laterally so as to compress, dislocate, and tilt the strata
on each side of a mass in which the new chemical changes are developed.
The calculations made by this eminent German chemist of the exact amount
of distention which the origin of new mineral products may cause, by adding
to the volume of the rocks, deserve the attention of geologists, as affording
them aid in explaining those reiterated oscillations of level—those risings
and sinkings of land—which have occurred on so grand a scale at successive
periods of the past. There are probably many distinct causes of such
upward, downward, and lateral movements, and any new suggestion on this
head is most welcome; but I believe the expansion and contraction of solid
rocks, when they are alternately heated and cooled, and the fusion and sub-
sequent consolidation of mineral masses, will continue to rank, as heretofore,
as the most influential causes of such movements.
The temperature of the Bath waters varies in the different springs
from 117° to 120° F. This, as before stated, is exceptionally high, when we
duly allow for the great distance of Bath from the nearest region of active
or recently extinct volcanos and of violent earthquakes. The hot springs of
Aix-la-Chapelle have a much higher temperature, viz. 135° F., but they are
situated within forty miles of those cones and lava-streams of the Eifel
which, though they may have spent their force ages before the earliest
records of history, belong, nevertheless, to the most modern geological period.
Bath is about 400 miles distant from the same part of Germany, and 440 from
Auvergne—another volcanic region, the latest eruptions of which were geolo-
gically coéval with those of the Eifel. When these two regions in France
and Germany were the theatres of frequent convulsions, we may well suppose
that England was often more rudely shaken than now; and such shocks as
that of October last, the sound and rocking motion of which caused so great
a sensation as it traversed the southern part of the island, and seems to have
been particularly violent in Herefordshire, may be only a languid reminder
to us of a force of which the energy has been gradually dying out.
If you consult the geological map of the environs of this city, coloured by
the Government surveyors, you will perceive that numerous lines of fault or
displacement of the rocks are there laid down, and one of these has shifted
the strata vertically as much as 200 feet. Mr. Charles Moore pointed out to
me last spring, when I had the advantage of examining the geology of this
district under his guidance, that there are other lines of displacement not yet
—
lxiv REPORT—1864.
laid down on the Ordnance Map, the existence of which must be inferred from
the different levels at which the same formations crop out on the flanks of the
hills to the north and south of the city. I have therefore little doubt that
the Bath springs, like most other thermal waters, mark the site of some great
convulsion and fracture which took place in the crust of the earth at some
former period—perhaps not a very remote one, geologically speaking. The
uppermost part of the rent through which the hot water rises is situated in
horizontal strata of Lias and Trias, 300 feet thick; and this may be more
modern than the lower part, which passes through the inclined and broken
strata of the subjacent coal-measures, which are unconformable to the Trias.
The nature and succession of these rocks penetrated by the Bath waters was
first made out by the late William Smith in 1817, when a shaft was sunk in
the vicinity in search for coal. The shock which opened a communication
through the upper rocks may have been of a much later date than that which
fractured the older and underlying strata; for there is a tendency in the
earth’s crust to yield most readily along lines of ancient fracture, which con-
stitute the points of least resistance to a force acting from below.
If we adopt the theory already alluded to, that the nitrogen is derived
from the deoxidation of atmospheric air carried down by rain-water, we
may imagine the supply of this water to be furnished by some mountainous
region, possibly a distant one, and that it descends through rents or porous
rocks till it encounters some mass of heated matter by which it is converted
into steam, and then driven upwards through a fissure. In its downward
passage the water may derive its sulphate of lime, chloride of calcium, and
other substances from the decomposition of the gypseous, saline, calcareous,
and other constituents of the rocks which it permeates. The greater part of
the ingredients are common to sea-water, and might suggest the theory of a
marine origin ; but the analysis of the Bath springs by Merck and Galloway
shows that the relative proportion of the solid matter is far from agreeing
with that of the sea, the chloride of magnesium being absolutely in excess, that
is, 14 grains of it per gallon for 12 of common salt; whereas in sea-water
there are 27 grains of salt, or chloride of sodium, to 4 of the chloride of mag-
nesium. That some mineral springs, however, may derive an inexhaustible
supply, through rents and porous rocks, from the leaky bed of the ocean, is
by no means an unreasonable theory, especially if we believe that the con-
tiguity of nearly all the active voleanos to the sea is connected with the
access of salt water to the subterranean foci of volcanic heat. "4
Professor Roscoe, of Manchester, has been lately engaged in making a
careful analysis of the Bath waters, and has discovered in them three metals
which they were not previously known to contain—namely copper, stron-
tium, and lithium; but he has searched in vain for cesium and rubidium,
those new metals, the existence of which has been revealed to us in the
course of the last few years by what is called spectrum analysis. By this
new method the presence of infinitesimal quantities, such as would have
wholly escaped detection by ordinary tests, are made known to the eye by
the agency of light. Thus, for example, a solid substance such as the
residue obtained by evaporation from a mineral water is introduced on a
platinum wire into a colourless gas-flame. The substance thus volatilized
imparts its colour to the flame, and the light, being then made to pass
through a prism, is viewed through a small telescope or spectroscope, as it is
called, by the aid of which one or more bright lines or bands are seen in the
spectrum, which, according to their position, number, and colour, indicate the
presence of different elementary bodies.
ADDRESS. lxv
Professor Bunsen, of Heidelberg, led the way, in 1860, in the application
of this new test to the hot waters of Baden-Baden and of Diirkheim in
the Palatinate. He observed in the spectrum some coloured lines of which
he could not interpret the meaning, and was determined not to rest till he
had found out what they meant. This was no easy task, for it was neces-
sary to evaporate fifty tons of water to obtain 200 grains of what proved to
be two new metals. Taken together, their proportion to the water was only
as one to three million. He named the first cesium, from the bluish-grey lines
which it presented in the spectrum ; and the second rubidium, from its two
red lines. Since these successful experiments were made, thallium, so called
from its green line, was discovered in 1861 by Mr. Crookes; and a fourth
metal named indium, from its indigo-coloured band, was detected by Pro-
fessor Richter, of Freiberg, in Saxony in a zinc ore of the Hartz. It is
impossible not to suspect that the wonderful efficacy of some mineral springs,
both cold and thermal, in curing diseases, which no artificially prepared
waters have as yet been able to rival, may be connected with the presence
of one or more of these elementary bodies previously unknown; and some of
the newly found ingredients, when procured in larger quantities, may furnish
medical science with means of combating diseases which have hitherto baffled
all human skill.
While I was pursuing my inquiries respecting the Bath waters, I learned
casually that a hot spring had been discovered at a great depth in a copper-
mine near Redruth in Cornwall, having about as high a temperature as that of
the Bath waters, and of which, strange to say, no account has yet been
published. It seems that, in the year 1839, a level was driven from an old
shaft so as to intersect a rich copper-mine at the depth of 1350 feet from
the surface. This lode or metalliferous fissure occurred in what were for-
merly called the United Mines, and which have since been named the Clif-
ford Amalgamated Mines. Through the contents of the lode a powerful
spring of hot water was observed to rise, which has continued to flow with
undiminished strength ever since. At my request, Mr. Horton Davey, of
Redruth, had the kindness to send up to London many gallons of this water,
which have been analyzed by Professor William Allen Miller, F.R.S., who
finds that the quantity of solid matter is so great as to exceed by more than
four times the proportion of that yielded by the Bath waters. Its compo-
sition is also in many respects very different; for it contains but little sul-
phate of lime, and is almost free from the salts of magnesium. It is rich in
the chlorides of calcium and sodium, and it contains one of the new metals—
cesium, never before detected in any mineral spring in England: but its
peculiar characteristic is the extraordinary abundance of lithium, of which a
mere trace had been found by Professor Roscoe in the Bath waters ; whereas
in this Cornish hot spring this metal constitutes no less than a twenty-sixth
part of the whole of the solid contents, which, as before stated, are so volu-
minous. When Professor Miller exposed some of these contents to the test of
spectrum analysis, he gave me an opportunity of seeing the beautiful bright
crimson line which the lithium produces in the spectrum.
Lithium was first made known in 1817 by Arfvedsen, who extracted it
from petalite ; and it was believed to be extremely rare, until Bunsen and
Kirchhoff, in 1860, by means of spectrum analysis, showed that it was a most
widely diffused substance, existing in minute quantities in almost all mineral
waters and in the sea, as well as in milk, human blood, and the ashes of some
plants. It has already been used in medicine, and we may therefore hope
that, now that it is obtainable in large quantities, and at a much cheaper rate
1864, é
evi REPORT—1864.
than before the Wheal-Clifford hot spring was analyzed, it may become of
high value. According to a rough estimate which has been sent to me by Mr.
Davey, the Wheal-Clifford spring yields no less than 250 gallons per minute,
which is almost equal to the discharge of the King’s Bath or chief spring of
this city. As to the gases emitted, they are the same as those of the Bath
water—namely carbonic acid, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Mr. Warington Smyth, who had already visited the Wheal-Clifford lode
in 1855, re-examined it in July last, chiefly with the view of replying to
several queries which I had put to him; and, in spite of the stifling heat,
ascertained the geological structure of the lode and the exact temperature of
the water. ‘This last he found to be 122° Fahr. at the depth of 1350 feet ;
but he scarcely doubts that the thermometer would stand two or three
degrees higher at a distance of 200 feet to the eastward, where the water is
known to gush up more freely. The Wheal-Clifford lode is a fissure varying
in width from 6 to 12 feet, one wall consisting of elvan or porphyritic
granite, and the other of killas or clay-slate. Along the line of the rent,
which runs east and west, there has been a slight throw or shift of the rocks.
The yein-stuff is chiefly formed of cellular pyrites of copper and iron, the
porous nature of which allows the hot water to percolate freely through it.
It seems, however, that in the continuation upwards of the same fissure
little or no metalliferous ore was deposited, but, in its place, quartz and other
impermeable substances, which obstructed the course of the hot spring, so as
to prevent its flowing out on the surface of the country. It has been always
a favourite theory of the miners that the high temperature of this Cornish
spring is due to the oxidation of the sulphurets of copper and iron, which are
decomposed when air is admitted. That such oxidation must have some
slight effect is undeniable; but that it materially influences the temperature
of so large a body of water is out of the question. Its effect must be almost
insensible ; for Professor Miller has scarcely been able to detect any
sulphuric acid in the water, and a minute trace only of iron and copper in
solution.
When we compare the temperature of the Bath springs, which issue at a
level of less than 100 feet above the sea, with the Wheal-Clifford spring found
ata depth of 1350 feet from the surface, we must of course make allowance for
the increase of heat always experienced when we descend into the interior
of the earth. The difference would amount to about 20° Fahr., if we adopt
the estimate deduced by Mr. Hopkins from an accurate series of observations
made in the Monkwearmouth shaft, near Durham, and in the Dukinfield
shaft, near Manchester, each of them 2000 feet in depth. In these shafts
the temperature was found to rise at the rate of only 1° Fahr. for every
increase of depth of from 65 to 70 feet. But if the Wheal-Clifford spring,
instead of being arrested in its upward course, had continued to rise freely
through porous and loose materials so as to reach the surface, it would
probably not have lost anything approaching to 20° Fahr., since the re-
newed heat derived from below would have warmed the walls and contents
of the lode, so as to raise their temperature above that which would naturally
belong to the rocks at corresponding levels on each side of the lode. The
almost entire absence of magnesium raises an obvious objection to the hypo-
thesis of this spring deriving its waters from the sea ; or if such a source be
suggested for the salt and other marine products, we should be under the
necessity of supposing the magnesium to be left behind in combination with
some of the elements of the decomposed and altered rocks through which the
thermal waters may have passed.
ADDRESS. Ixvii
Hot springs are, for the most part, charged with alkaline and other highly
soluble substances, and, as a rule, are barren of the precious metals, gold,
silver, and copper, as well as of tin, platinum, lead, and many others, a
slight trace of copper in the Bath waters being exceptional. Never-
theless there is a strong presumption that there exists some relation-
ship between the action of thermal waters and the filling of rents with
metallic ores. The component elements of these ores may, in the first
instance, rise from great depths in a state of sublimation or of solution
in intensely heated water, and may then be precipitated on the walls of a
fissure as soon as the ascending vapours or fluids begin to part with some of
their heat. Almost everything, save the alkaline metals, silica, and cer-
tain gases, may thus be left behind long before the spring reaches the earth’s
surface. If this theory be adopted, it will follow that the metalliferous por-
tion of a fissure, originally thousands of feet or fathoms deep, will never be
exposed in regions accessible to the miner until it has been upheayed by a long
series of convulsions, and until the higher parts of the same rent, together
with its contents and the rocks which it had traversed, have been removed
by aqueous denudation. Ages before such changes are accomplished ther-
mal and mineral springs will have ceased to act; so that the want of identity
between the mineral ingredients of hot springs and the contents of metal-
liferous veins, instead of militating against their intimate relationship,
is in favour of both being the complementary results of one and the same
natural operation.
But there are other characters in the structure of the earth’s crust more
mysterious in their nature than the phenomena of metalliferous veins, on
which the study of hot springs has thrown light—TI allude to the metamor-
phism of sedimentary rocks. Strata of various ages, many of them once
full of organic remains, have been rendered partially or wholly erystal-
line. It is admitted on all hands that heat has been instrumental in
bringing about this re-arrangement of particles, which, when the meta-
morphism has been carried out to its fullest extent, obliterates all trace
of the imbedded fossils. But as mountain-masses many miles in length and
breadth, and several thousands of feet in height, have undergone such
alteration, it has always been difficult to explain in what manner an amount
of heat capable of so entirely changing the molecular condition of sedimen-
tary masses could have come into play without utterly annihilating every
sign of stratification, as well as of organic structure.
Various experiments have led to the conclusion that the minerals which
enter most largely into the composition of the metamorphic rocks have not
been formed by crystallizing from a state of fusion, or in the dry way, but
that they have been derived from liquid solutions, or in the wet way—a
process requiring a far less intense degree of heat. Thermal springs, charged
with carbonic acid and with hydrofluoric acid (which last is often present in
small quantities), are powerful causes of decomposition and chemical reaction
in rocks through which they percolate. If, therefore, large bodies of hot water
permeate mountain-masses at great depths, they may in the course of ages
superinduce in them a crystalline structure; and in some cases strata in a
lower position and of older date may be comparatively unaltered, retaining
their fossil remains undefaced, while newer rocks are rendered metamorphic.
This may happen where the waters, after passing upwards for thousands of
feet, meet with some obstruction, as in the case of the Wheal-Clifford spring,
causing the same to be laterally diverted so as to percolate the surrounding
rocks. The efficacy of such hydrothermal action has been admirably illus-
e2
Ixvill REPORT—1864.
trated of late years by the experiments and observations of Scnarmont,
Daubrée, Delesse, Scheerer, Sorby, Sterry Hunt, and others,
The changes which Daubrée has shown to have been produced by the
alkaline waters ot Plombiéres, in the Vosges, are more especially instructive.
These thermal waters have a temperature of 160° F., and were conveyed by
the Romans to baths through long conduits or aqueducts. The foundations
of some of their works consisted of a bed of concrete made of lime, frag-
ments of brick, and sandstone. Through this and other masonry the hot
waters have been percolating for centuries, and have given rise to various
zeolites—apophyllite and chabazite among others ; also to calcareous spar,
arragonite, and fluor spar, together with siliceous minerals, such as opal,—
all found in the interspaces of the bricks and mortar, or constituting part of
their rearranged materials. The quantity of heat brought into action in this
instance in the course of 2000 years has, no doubt, been enormous, although
the intensity of it developed at any one moment has been always incon-
siderable.
The study, of late years, of the constituent parts of granite has in like
manner led to the conclusion that their consolidation has taken place at
temperatures far below those formerly supposed to be indispensable. Gustay
Rose has pointed out that the quartz of granite has the specific gravity
of 2:6, which characterizes silica when it is precipitated from a liquid
solvent, and not that inferior density, namely 2:3, which belongs to it when
it cools and solidifies in the dry way from a state of fusion.
But some geologists, when made aware of the intervention on a large
scale, of water, in the formation of the component minerals of the granitic
and volcanic rocks, appear of late years to have been too much disposed to
dispense with intense heat when accounting for the formation of the erystal-
line and unstratified rocks. As water in a state of solid combination enters
largely into the aluminous and some other minerals, and therefore plays no
small part in the composition of the earth’s crust, it follows that, when rocks
are melted, water must be present, independently of the supplies of rain-
water and sea-water which find their way into the regions of subterranean
heat. But the existence of water under great pressure affords no argument
against our attributing an excessively high temperature to the mass with
which it is mixed up. Still less does the point to which the melted matter
must be cooled down before it consolidates or crystallizes into lava or granite
afford any test of the degree of heat which the same matter must have
acquired when it was melted and made to form lakes and seas in the interior
of the earth’s crust.
We learn from Bunsen’s experiments on the Great Geyser in Iceland, that
at the depth of only seventy-four feet, at the bottom of the tube, a column of
water may be in a state of rest, and yet possess a heat of 120° Centigrade, or
248° F. What, then, may not the temperature of such water be at the depth
of a few thousand feet? It might soon attain a white heat under pressure ;
and as to lava, they who have beheld it issue, as I did in 1858, from the
south-western flanks of Vesuvius, with a surface white and glowing like
that of the sun, and who have felt the scorching heat which it radiates, will
form a high conception of the intense temperature of the same lava at the
bottom of a vertical column several miles high, and communicating with a
great reservoir of fused matter, which, if it were to begin at once to cool
down, and were never to receive future accessions of heat, might require a
whole geological period before it solidified. Of such slow refrigeration hot
springs may be among the most effective instruments, abstracting slowly
ADDRESS. lxix
from the subterranean molten mass that heat which clouds of vapour are
seen to carry off in a latent form from a volcanic crater during an eruption,
or from a laya-stream during its solidification. It is more than forty years
since Mr. Scrope, in his work on yolcanos, insisted on the important part
which water plays in an eruption, when intimately mixed up with the com-
ponent materials of lava, aiding, as he supposed, in giving mobility to the
more solid materials of the fluid mass. But when advocating this igneo-
aqueous theory, he never dreamt of impugning the Huttonian doctrine as to
the intensity of heat which the production of the unstratified rocks, those
of the plutonic class especially, implies.
The exact nature of the chemical changes which hydrothermal action may
effect in the earth’s interior will long remain obscure to us, because the
regions where they take place are inaccessible to man; but the manner in
which volcanos have shifted their position throughout a vast series of geolo-
gical epochs—becoming extinct in one region and breaking out in another—
may, perhaps, explain the increase of heat as we descend towards the interior,
without the necessity of our appealing to an original central heat or the
igneous fluidity of the earth’s nucleus.
I hinted, at the beginning of this Address, that the hot springs of Bath
may be of no high antiquity, geologically speaking,—not that I can establish
this opinion by any positive proofs, but I infer it from the mighty changes
which this region has undergone since the time when the British seas,
rivers, and lakes were inhabited by the existing species of Testacea. It is
already more than a quarter of a century since Sir Roderick Murchison
first spoke of the Malvern Straits, meaning thereby a channel of the sea
which once separated Wales from England. Thatsuch marine straits really
extended, at a modern period, between what are now the estuaries of the
Severn and the Dee has been lately confirmed in a satisfactory manner by
the discovery of marine shells of recent species in drift covering the water-
shed which divides those estuaries. At the time when these shells were
living, the Cotswold Hills, at the foot of which this city is built, formed one
of the numerous islands of an archipelago into which England, Ireland,
and Scotland were then divided. The amount of vertical movement which
would be necessary to restore such a state of the surface as prevailed when
the position of land and sea were so different would be very great.
Nowhere in the world, according to our present information, is the
evidence of upheaval, as manifested by upraised marine shells, so striking as
in Wales. In that country Mr. Trimmer first pointed out, in 1831, the
oceurrence of fossil shells in stratified drift, at the top of a hill called Moel
Tryfaen, near the Menai Straits, and not far from the base of Snowdon.
I visited the spot last year, in company with my friend Mr. Symonds, and we
collected there not afew of the marine Testacea. Mr. Darbishire has obtained
from the same drift no less than fifty-four fossil species, all of them now
living either in high northern or British seas, and eleven of them being
exclusively arctic. The whole fauna bears testimony to a climate colder
than that now experienced in these latitudes, though not to such extreme
cold as that implied by the fauna of some of the glacial drift of Scotland.
The shells alluded to were procured at the extraordinary height of 1360 feet
above the sea-level, and they demonstrate an upheaval of the bed of the sea
to that amount in the time of the living Testacea. A considerable part of
what is called the glacial epoch had already elapsed before the shelly strata
in question were deposited on Moel Tryfaecn, as we may infer from the
polished and striated surfaces of rocks on which the drift rests, and the occur-
Ixx REPORT—1864.
rence of erratic blocks smoothed and scratched, at the bottom of the same
drift.
The evidence of a period of great cold in England and North America, in
the times referred to, is now so universally admitted by geologists, that I
shall take it for granted in this Address, and briefly consider what may have
been the probable causes of the refrigeration of central Europe at the era in
question. One of these causes, first suggested eleven years ago by a celebrated
Swiss geologist, has not, I think, received the attention which it well deserved.
When I proposed, in 1833, the theory that alterations in physical geography
might have given rise to those revolutions in climate which the earth’s surface
has experienced at successive epochs, it was objected by many that the signs
of upheaval and depression were too local to account for such general changes
of temperature. This objection was thought to be of peculiar weight when
applied to the glacial period, because of the shortness of the time, geologically
speaking, which has since transpired. But the more we examine the monu-
ments of the ages which preceded the historical, the more decided become the
proofs of a general alteration in the position, depth, and height of seas, con-
tinents, and mountain-chains since the commencement of the glacial period.
The meteorologist also has been learning of late years that the quantity of ice
and snow in certain latitudes depends not merely on the height of mountain-
chains, but also on the distribution of the surrounding sea and land even to
considerable distances.
M. Escher yon der Linth gave it as his opinion in 1852, that if it were
true, as Ritter had suggested, that the great African desert, or Sahara, was
submerged within the modern or post-tertiary period, that same submergence
might explain why the Alpine glaciers had attained so recently those colossal
dimensions which, reasoning on geological data, Venetz and Charpentier had
assigned to them. Since Escher first threw out this hint, the fact that the
Sahara was really covered by the sea at no distant period has been confirmed
by many new proofs, The distinguished Swiss geologist himself has just
returned from an exploring expedition through the eastern part of the
Algerian desert, in which he was accompanied by M, Desor, of Neuchatel,
and Professor Martins, of Montpellier. These three experienced observers
satisfied themselves, during the last winter, that the Sahara was under water
during the period of the living species of Testacea. We had already learnt in
1856, from a memoir by M. Charles Laurent, that sands identical with those
of the nearest shores of the Mediterranean, and containing, among other
recent shells, the common cockle (Cardiwm edule), extend over a vast space
from west to east in the desert, being not only found on the surface, hut
also brought .up from depths of more than 20 feet by the Artesian auger.
These shells have been met with at heights of more than 900 feet above the
sea-level, and on ground sunk 300 feet below it; for there are in Africa, as
in Western Asia, depressions of land below the level of the sea. The same
cockle has been observed still liying in several salt-lakes in the Sahara ; and
superficial incrustations of salt in many places seem to point to the drying
up by evaporation of several inland seas in certain districts.
Mr. Tristram, in his travels in 1859, traced for many miles along the
southern borders of the French possessions in Africa lines of inland sea-
cliffs, with caves at their bases, and old sea-beaches forming successive
terraces, in which recent shells and the casts of them were agglutinated
together with sand and pebbles, the whole having the form of a conglomerate.
The ancient sea appears once to have stretched from the Gulf of Cabes, in
Tunis, to the west coast of Africa north of Senegambia, haying a width of
ADDRESS. Ixxi
several hundred (perhaps where greatest, according to Mr. Tristram, 800)
miles, The high lands of Barbary, including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis,
must have been separated at this period from the rest of Africa by a sea. All
that we have learnt from zoologists and botanists in regard to the present fauna
and flora of Barbary favours this hypothesis, and seems at the same time
to point to a former connexion of that country with Spain, Sicily, and South
Italy.
When speculating on these changes, we may call to mind that certain
deposits, full of marine shells of living species, haye long been known as
fringing the borders of the Red Sea, and rising several hundred feet above its
shores. Evidence has also been obtained that Egypt, placed between the
Red Sea and the Sahara, participated in these great continental movements.
This may be inferred from the old river-terraces, lately described by Messrs.
Adams and Murie, which skirt the modern alluvial plains of the Nile, and rise
above them to various heights, from 30 to 100 feet and upwards. In what-
ever direction, therefore, we look, we see grounds for assuming that a map
of Africa in the glacial period would no more resemble our present maps of
that continent than Europe now resembles North America. If, then, argues
Escher, the Sahara was a sea in post-tertiary times, we may understand why
the Alpine glaciers formerly attained such gigantic dimensions, and why they
haye left moraines of such magnitude on the plains of northern Italy and the
lower country of Switzerland. The Swiss peasants have a saying, when they
talk of the melting of the snow, that the sun could do nothing without the
Fohn, a name which they give to the well-known sirocco. This wind, after
sweeping over a wide expanse of parched and burning sand in Africa, blows
occasionally for days in succession across the Mediterranean, carrying with it
the scorching heat of the Sahara to melt the snows of the Apennines and
Alps.
M. Denzler, in a memoir on this subject, observes that the Fohn blew
tempestuously at Algiers on the 17th of July 1841, and then crossing the
Mediterranean, reached Marseilles in six hours. In five more hours it was
at Geneva and the Valais, throwing down a large extent of forest in the
latter district, while in the cantons of Zurich and the Grisons it suddenly
turned the leaves of many trees from green to yellow. In a few hours new-
mown grass was dried and ready for the haystack ; for although in passing
over the Alpine snows, the sirocco absorbs much moisture, it is still far
below the point of saturation when it reaches the sub-Alpine country to the
north of the great chain. MM. Escher and Denzler have both of them
observed on different occasions that a thickness of one foot of snow has dis-
appeared in four hours during the preyalence of this wind, No wonder,
therefore, that the Féhn is much dreaded for the sudden inundations which
it sometimes causes. The snow-line of the Alps was seen by Mr. Irscher,
the astronomer, from his obseryatory at Neuchatel, by aid of the telescope,
to rise sensibly. eyery day while this wind was blowing. Its influence is by
no means confined to the summer season, for in the winter of 1852 it visited
Zurich at Christmas, and in a few days all the surrounding country was
stripped of its snow, even in the shadiest places and on the crests of high
ridges. I feel the better able to appreciate the power of this wind from
haying myself witnessed in Sicily, in 1828, its effect in dissolving, in the
month of November, the snows which then covered the summit and higher
parts of Mount Etna. I had been told that I should be unable to ascend to
the top of the highest cone till the following spring; but in thirty-six hours
the hot breath of the sirocco stripped off from the mountain its white mantle
of snow, and I ascended without difficulty.
Ixxii REPORT— 1864.
It is well known that the number of days during which particular winds
prevail, from year to year, varies considerably. Between the years 1812 and
1820 the Féhn was less felt in Switzerland than usual; and what was the
consequence? All the glaciers, during those eight or nine years, increased in
height, and crept down below their former limits in their respective valleys.
Many similar examples might be cited of the sensitiveness of the ice to slight
variations of temperature. Captain Godwin-Austen has lately given us a
description of the gigantic glaciers of the western Himalaya in those valleys
where the sources of the Indus rise, between the latitudes 35° and 36° N.
The highest peaks of the Karakorum range attain in that region an elevation
of 28,000 feet above the sea. The glaciers, says Captain Austen, have been
advancing, within the memory of the living inhabitants, so as greatly to
encroach on the cultivated lands, and haye so altered the climate of the
adjoining valleys immediately below, that only one crop a year can now be
reaped from fields which formerly yielded two crops. If such changes can
be experienced in less than a century, without any perceptible modification
in the physical geography of that part of Asia, what mighty effects may we
not imagine the submergence of the Sahara to have produced in adding to
the size of the Alpine glaciers? If, between the years 1812 and 1820, a mere
diminution of the number of days during which the sirocco blew could so
much promote the growth and onward movement of the ice, how much
greater a change would result from the total cessation of the same wind!
But this would give no idea of what must have happened in the glacial
period ; for we cannot suppose the action of the south wind to have been sus-
pended: it was not in abeyance, but its character was entirely different, and
of an opposite nature, under the altered geographical conditions above con-
templated. First, instead of passing over a parched and scorching desert,
between the twentieth and thirty-fifth parallels of latitude, it would plenti-
fully absorb moisture from a sea many hundreds of miles wide. Next, in its
course over the Mediterranean, it would take up still more aqueous vapour ;
and when, after complete saturation, it struck the Alps, it would be driven
up into the higher and more rarefied regions of the atmosphere. There the
aérial current, as fast as it was cooled, would discharge its aqueous burden
in the form of snow, so that the same wind which is now called ‘the
devourer of ice’ would become its principal feeder.
If we thus embrace Escher’s theory, as accounting in no small degree for
the vast size of the extinct glaciers of Switzerland and Northern Italy, we
are by no means debarred from accepting at the same time Charpentier’s
suggestion, that the Alps in the glacial period were 2000 or 3000 feet higher
than they are now. Such a difference in altitude may have been an auxiliary
cause of the extreme cold, and seems the more probable now that we have
obtained unequivocal proofs of such great oscillations of level in Wales within
the period under consideration. We may also avail ourselves of another
source of refrigeration which may have coincided in time with the submer-
gence of the Sahara, namely, the diversion of the Gulf-stream from its present
course. The shape of Europe and North America, or the boundaries of sea
and land, departed so widely in the glacial period from those now established,
that we cannot suppose the Gulf-stream to have taken at that period its
present north-eastern course across the Atlantic. If it took some other
direction, the climate of the north of Scotland would, according to the caleu-
lations of Mr, Hopkins, suffer a diminution in its average annual temperature
of 12° F., while that of the Alps would lose 2° F. A combination of all the
conditions above enumerated would certainly be attended with so great a revo-
ADDRESS. lxxili
lution in climate as might go far to account for the excessive cold which was
developed at so modern a period in the earth’s history. But even when we
assume all three of them to have been simultaneously in action, we have by
no means exhausted all the resources which a difference in the geographical
condition of the globe might supply. Thus, for example, to name only one of
them, we might suppose that the height and quantity of land near the north
pole was greater at the era in question than it is now.
The vast mechanical force that ice exerted in the glacial period has been
thought by some to demonstrate a want of uniformity in the amount of
energy which the same natural cause may put forth at two successive epochs.
But we must be careful, when thus reasoning, to bear in mind that the power
_ of ice is here substituted for that of running water. The one becomes a
mighty agent in transporting huge erratics, and in scoring, abrading, and
polishing rocks ; but meanwhile the other is in abeyance. When, for example,
the ancient Rhone glacier conveyed its moraines from the upper to the lower
end of the Lake of Geneva, there was no great river, as there now is, forming
a delta many miles in extent, and several hundred feet in depth, at the
upper end of the lake.
The more we study and comprehend the geographical changes of the glacial
period, and the migrations of animals and plants to which it gave rise, the
higher our conceptions are raised of the duration of that subdivision of time,
which, though vast when measured by the succession of events comprised in it,
was brief, if estimated by the ordinary rules of geological classification. The
glacial period was, in fact, a mere episode in one of the great epochs of the
earth’s history ; for the inhabitants of the lands and seas, before and after the
grand development of snow and ice, were nearly the same. As yet we have no
satisfactory proof that man existed in Europe or elsewhere during the period
of extreme cold ; but our investigations on this head are still in their infancy.
Tn an early portion of the postglacial period it has been ascertained that man
flourished in Europe; and in tracing the signs of his existence, from the
historical ages to those immediately antecedent, and so backward into more
ancient times, we gradually approach a dissimilar geographical state of
things, when the climate was colder, and when the configuration of the
surface departed considerably from that which now prevails.
Archzologists are satisfied that in central Europe the age of bronze weapons
preceded the Roman invasion of Switzerland; and prior to the Swiss-lake
dwellings of the bronze age were those in which stone weapons alone were
used. The Danish kitchen-middens seem to have been of about the same
date; but what M. Lartet has called the reindeer period of the South of
France was probably anterior, and connected with a somewhat colder climate.
Of still higher antiquity was that age of ruder implements of stone such as were
buried in the fluviatile drift of Amiens and Abbeville, and which were mingled
in the same gravel with the bones of extinct quadrupeds, such as the elephant,
rhinoceros, bear, tiger, and hyzna. Between the present era and that of
_ those earliest vestiges yet discovered of our race, valleys have been deepened
and widened, the course of subterranean rivers which once flowed through
caverns has been changed, and many species of wild quadrupeds have dis-
appeared. The bed of the sea, moreover, has in the same ages been lifted up,
in many places hundreds of fect, above its former level, and the outlines of
many a coast entirely altered.
MM. de Verneuil and Louis Lartet have recently found, near Madrid, fossil
teeth of the African elephant, in old valley-drift, containing flint implements
of the same antique type as those of Amiens and Abbeville. Proof of the
XXIV REPORT—1864.
same elephant having inhabited Sicily in the Postpliocene and probably
within the Human period had previously been brought to light by Baron
Anca, during his exploration of the bone-cayes of Palermo. We have
now, therefore, evidence of man haying co-existed in Europe with three
species of elephant, two of them extinct (namely, the mammoth and the
Elephas antiquus), and a third the same as that which still survives in
Africa. As to the first of these—the mammoth—I am aware that some
writers contend that it could not haye died out many tens of thousands
of years before our time, because its flesh has been found preseryed in
ice, in Siberia, in so fresh a state as to serve as food for dogs, bears, and
wolves; but this argument seems to me fallacious. Middendorf, in 1845,
after digging through some thickness of frozen soil in Siberia, came down
upon an icy mass, in which the carcase of a mammoth was imbedded, so
perfect that, among other parts, the pupil of its eye was taken out, and is
now preseryed in the Museum of Moscow, No one will deny that this
elephant had lain for seyeral thousand years in its icy envelope ; and if it had
been left undisturbed, and the cold had gone on increasing, for myriads of
centuries, we might reasonably expect that the frozen flesh might continue
undecayed until a second glacial period had passed away,
When speculations on the long series of events which occurred in the glacial
and postglacial periods are indulged in, the imagination is apt to take alarm
at the immensity of the time required to interpret the monuments of these
ages, all referable to the era of existing species. In order to abridge the
number of centuries which would otherwise be indispensable, a disposition
is shown by many to magnify the rate of change in prehistoric times, by
investing the causes which have modified the animate and inanimate world
with extraordinary and excessive energy. It is related of a great Irish orator
of our day, that when he was about to contribute somewhat parsimoniously
towards a public charity, he was persuaded by a friend to make a more liberal
donation. In doing so he apologized for his first apparent want of generosity,
by saying that his early life had been a constant struggle with scanty means,
_and that “they who are born to affluence cannot easily imagine how long a
time it takes to get the chill of poverty out of one’s bones.” In like manner,
we of the living generation, when ealled upon to make grants of thousands of
centuries in order to explain the events of what is called the modern
period, shrink naturally at first from making what seems so lavish an
expenditure of past time, Throughout our early education we have been
accustomed to such strict economy in all that relates to the chronology of the
earth and its inhabitants in remote ages, so fettered have we been by old
traditional beliefs, that even when our reason is conyinced, and we are per-
suaded that we ought to make more liberal grants of time to the geologist, we
feel how hard it is to get the chill of poverty out of our bones.
I will now briefly allude, in conclusion, to two points on which a gradual
change of opinion has been taking place among geologists of late years. First,
as to whether there has been a continuous succession of events in the organic
and inorganic worlds, uninterrupted by violent and general catastrophes ; and
secondly, whether clear evidence can be obtained of a period antecedent to the
creation of organic beings on the earth. I am old enough to remember when
geologists dogmatized on both these questions in a manner very different from
that in which they would now venture to indulge. I belieye that by far the
greater number now incline to opposite views from those which were once
most commonly entertained. On the first point it is worthy of remark that
although a belief in sudden and general convulsions has been losing ground,
ADDRESS. lxxv
as also the doctrine of abrupt transitions from one set of species of animals
and plants to another of a very different type, yet the whole series of the
records which have been handed down to us are now more than ever regarded
as fragmentary. They ought to be looked upon as more perfect, because
numerous gaps have been filled up, and in the formations newly intercalated
in the series we have found many missing links and various intermediate
gradations between the nearest allied forms previously known in the animal
and vegetable worlds. Yet the whole body of monuments which we are
endeavouring to decipher appears more defective than before. For my own
part, I agree with Mr. Darwin in considering them as a mere fraction of
those which have once existed, while no approach to a perfect series was
ever formed originally, it having never been part of the plan of Nature to
leave a complete record of all her works and operations for the enlightenment
of rational beings who might study them in after-ages.
In reference to the other great question, or the earliest date of vital
phenomena on this planet, the late discoveries in Canada have at least demon-
strated that certain theories founded in Europe on mere negative evidence
were altogether delusive. In the course of a geological survey, carried
on under the able direction of Sir William E. Logan, it has been shown that
northward of the river St. Lawrence there is a vast series of stratified and
erystalline rocks of gneiss, mica-schist, quartzite, and limestone, about
40,000 feet in thickness, which have been called Laurentian. They are more
ancient than the oldest fossiliferous strata of Europe, or those to which the
term primordial had been rashly assigned. In the first place, the newest part
of this great crystalline series is unconformable to the ancient fossiliferous
or so-called primordial rocks which overlie it ; so that it must have undergone
disturbing movements before the latter or primordial set were formed. Then
again, the older half of the Laurentian series is unconformable to the newer
portion of the same. It is in this lowest and most ancient system of crystal-
line strata that a limestone, about a thousand feet thick, has been observed,
containing organic remains. These fossils have been examined by Dr.
Dawson, of Montreal, and he has detected in them, by aid of the micro-
scope, the distinct structure of a large species of Rhizopod. Fine specimens
of this fossil, called Hozoon Canadense, haye been brought to Bath by Sir
William Logan, to be exhibited to the members of the Association. We haye
every reason to suppose that the rocks in which these animal remains are
included are of as old a date as any of the formations named azoic in Europe,
if not older, so that they preceded in date rocks once supposed to have been
formed before any organic beings had been created.
But I will not venture on speculations respecting “the signs of a begin-
ning,” or “the prospects of an end,” of our terrestrial system—that wide
ocean of scientific conjecture on which so many theorists before my time have
suffered shipwreck. Without trespassing longer on your time, I will conclude
by expressing to you my thanks for the honour you have done me in asking
me to preside over this Meeting. I have every reason to hope, from the
many members and distinguished strangers whom I already see assembled.
here, that it will not be inferior in interest to any of the gatherings which
have preceded it.
si ©. ei fivecnh
bb ATADEP ft rat
bie: wes
<
REPORTS
ON
THE STATE OF SCIENCE.
aTiod
{foe To ATA
REPORTS
ON
THE STATE OF SCIENCE.
Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1863-64. By a Committee,
consisting of Jamus Guatsuer, F.R.S., of the Royal Observatory,
Greenwich, Secretary to the British Meteorological Society, §c.;
Roser P. Gree, F.G.S., &c.; HE. W. Brayuzy, F.R.S., &c.; and
ALEXANDER S., Herscuet, B. A.
Iy presenting this Report, the Committee have the satisfaction to point out
among the observations of luminous meteors contributed by Members of the
Association and by others during the past year, an unusual number of the
larger class, or fireballs. The largest of these, seen upon the oth of December,
1863, produced the vivid impression of lightning over the whole area of the
British isles. The magnitudes of three fireballs seen at Paris on the 6th
of June, and 6th and 9th of August 1864, are therefore greatly underrated,
because the first of these, recorded of the ‘first class, is rated only six times
brighter than Venus. The light of full-moon is, on the contrary, at least
1300 times greater than the light of Venus.
Many of the observations in ‘the present Catalogue refer particularly to the
radiant-points of meteors. This inquiry should be promoted with the aid of
maps especially provided for the purpose. Essential service may be rendered
by observations recorded upon maps, because these accumulate from year to
year until the observations appeal together to the eye, more correctly than a
meteoric shower would do observed without their aid.
Radiant-points were determined on the 30th November, 12th December
(1863), and on the 2nd January, 10th, 13th, and 20th April (1864), with plane
perspective maps, which it is feared would otherwise have escaped attention.
The number of radiant-points that yet remain to be determined appears to be
strictly measured by the zeal of the observers. Mr. R: P. Greg indicates be-
tween twenty and thirty radiant-points as giving rise to the greater propor-
tion of shooting-stars observed throughout the year (see Appendix), and
Professor Heis, = Miinster, has supplied a similar list for the use of observers,
in the Monthly Notices of the Astronomical Society*. ‘That a radiant-point
* Vol. xxiy. p. 214,
1864, B
2 REPORT—1864.
should not, before the present Report, have been assigned to the meteors of
the 10th of April, appears the more remarkable, as this date was noticed in
his Catalogue of fireballs by Baumhauer in 1845, and by Wolf in 1856; and
astronomers have been aware for more than thirty years, that when meteors
are periodical, they invariably take their directions from a fixed perspective
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS
Place of Position, or
Date.| Hour. Giiscvation Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and
i Azimuth.
1863.}h m
Jan. 30} 6 O p.m./Bannockburn {Large ...............|Red ............,A few seconds|South ..........ss008
(Stirling).
Feb. 7| 6 0 p.m./Milton Mills (two].........cssccsssesesss+|ecevees Geeeaeeenee
miles south of;
Stirling).
Mar.12) 1 0 a.m.|Island of Rhodes|Magnificent bolide Burst over the is-
(Mediterra- land of Rhodes.
nean),
Wy a0" pra DIG ccs e cers pereee Hplide'e ss seccnacdsees|vanaeraseeseasenes}enseesasere eees .
Junel0} 9 26 p.m./Brading (Isle of|Very much > 2...|White .........}.cccccseccessceees
Wight).
to the horizon.
Aug.10}10 40 p.m./Fairlight (Hast-|Many almost =|. .|Those in N.E. were
to 11 20) ings). Venus. Others short (1° or 2°)
p.m. quite small. and faint, but
left trains.
10|About9p.m.|Eddystone Rock|= 2%} .......e...ceeecee[eereeereeenes ony Zs|PCE AR, ....|Shot directly across
(English a Lyre.
Channel).
12})10 55 p.m./Euston Road |=34 mag.%.........| sree
(London).
2 ANY is J C4 8. boa A oo =2nd MaAg.F ..,...]ece-eecevseoseseee{l SECON ......
LU 39pm [hid cy. «onde ws oa] SE INOS aeolian ano nescepspel enanane eecesoarces
& Urs Majoris.
14, 9 58 p.m.'Trafalgar Square|=2nd mag.* ......,Orange colour|0°8 second .../Passed above
(London). Pegasi from |/
R. A. 3283°, NJ
Decl. 203° to}
R. A. 346°, NJ
Decl. 153°. i
15) 9 55 p.m.|Ibid ...........0006 =2nd mag.* ...... ishssemtate! 0°3 second ...|From 2° W. of %
Herculis_ to
Corone.
15/10 30 p.m.|Ibid ..........0000 =3Srd mag.* ...... ABE scatet cg 0°5 second ...|Passed below @
Andromedz from
R. A. 354°, Ni
Decl. 30° to R.A.
3°, N. Decl. 194°.
16) 9 23 p.m.|Sheffield ......... =Venus at greatest|/White .........|,,..sssseccosesees
brightness.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 3
point, which is called their “ Radiant-point.” The near approach of the No-
vember display of meteors in 1866 (see Appendix), makes it desirable that
astronomers should note the radiant-points of shooting-stars, in order that,
if any exists (from distant latitudes and longitudes), the parallax should be
detected, and meteors may thus be referred to their true causes.
OF LUMINOUS METEORS.
| Direction; noting also
Appearance; Train,ifany,| Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks. Observer.
————e
Likered-hot cinders falling Left a train 2.0.0... ....|Mrs. Hood.
from the grate of acoal fire.
A fiery dragon with a long A kite in Scotland is|J. MacOwen.
tail. Left a train. called a ‘ dragon.’
Detonated like a bomb After its disappearance|Communicated
two fresh detonations| by R. P. Greg.
were heard, followed
by a prolonged hum-
ming sound.
RURURM PeOhs sapdesesoace|setesccasseseeels oiccvatesensveurseoouacvecees No noise heard
Flashed among stormy)....... sseeeeee(Fell downwards in a
clouds, looking very vertical line from
close. Arcturus.
Upwards of 30 falling stars|........000006 Came from a dark part
in 40 minutes. N. of the north end
of the Milky Way.
Numbers of bright shoot-|............++ Directed from Camelo-|-++++++++sssessseesseesaeeees F, Howlett.
ing-stars about the same pardalus.
time.
No train or sparks Towards e« Aquile
No train or sparks .........|....... prakcassivawencen eesrevsesesce asa cane
No train or sparks
Left a train for 23 seconds..}18°
-
Ree ceccctsccvescsserevcececsees »|14°
)
Se vescccvcceces Peet eeeeereeesee US
4.
Date. Hour.
1863.|h m
Place of
Observation.
Aug.24| 8 29 p.m.jZuston Road
27) 7 45
29
31/10 5
Sept. 1] 8 22
—
9 35
c
9 48
~
10 13
9 55
5) 9 56
p-m.
p-m.
p-m.
p-m.
p.m.
.|[bid
(London).
Hawkhurst
(Kent).
eee eee rer
Weston - super -
Mare.
Hawkhurst
(Kent).
.|Trafalgar Square
(London).
Penne et erereees
Wisbech (Cam-/> 1st mag +
bridgeshire).
.| Trafalgar Square) =2nd mag.+
(London),
. Hawkhurst
(Kent).
-|Weston - super -| =2nd mag.*
Mare.
REPORT—1864.
Apparent Size.
=Venus
eee eeeeetee
Oe eer ee eer eeneee
Three diameters of White
Venus.
=2nd mag.*
7 RS “ein ey
=25 MAP ...c000.:
—21
=35 MAH .00...000
=2nd mag.*
seeeee
eeeeee
=I1st mag.*
=2nd mag.x
Colour. Duration.
Se
Orange colour|1*5 second
wee
White ....ccse 0°6 second ...
ebiatecen 2 seconds......
Blgey eens 14 second ...
WihIHe! 52h seca. 1:2 sec.; slow
White! 0p. <cnes 0°5 second ...
WAite: ..tucsss. 0°5 second ...
Ruddy ......... 0°7 second ...
Brilliant white},...... peasebsasad
White ......++.|14 second......
(Dullired:y, .c... 1 second ......
Yellow, thenj|l'2 second ...
red.
Bluish white.../14 second
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
From 7, 27 Pegasi
to v Cygni and
2° further.
From 2 to 3 of the
distance, reck-
oned from h
Pegasi to @ Pis-
cium.
From d Can. Venat,
to 16° above the
horizon (measur-
ed).
From o Andromedze!
to 6 Persei.
From 1° above y,
halfway to o Sa-
gittarii.
From near 6 Cygni
to Z Aquile.
From 3° or 4° above
a, Arietis,
From midway be-
tween a, 6 Her-
culis to ¢ Co-
rone.
From 4 (py Came-
lopardali, 4 Lyn-
cis) to % (zm, op
Urs Majoris.
From w Cassiopeia
to 3 (N, P Came-
lopardali).
From a Coron to
2° below A Ser-|
pentis.
From 4 (ce, 2) Urs
Minoris to 3°
below Polaris.
...(From A Draconis
to h Urse Ma-
joris.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.
Length of
Appearance; Train, if any,
Path.
and its Duration.
——
Left a spangled train for
1} second 8° in length.
Head pear-shaped, with
sparks and aura, bright
before and dull behind.
Slightly pear-shaped; no
train or sparks.
Globular; left no train ...!
seen
A short path connected|
with a flash by a few
red sparks.
+++|Fell vertically ....sseseeee
Direction; noting also
whether Horizontal,
Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks. Observer.
'T, Crumplen.
peewee teseeenes
|View of the meteor im-jA. S. Herschel.
paired by clouds, twi-
light and moonlight.
T. Humphrey.
POOP UTERUOCOSUOOOI ICES
Bright moonlight ......)W. H. Wood.
Almost horizontal ..,..:|The meteor reappeared|A. S. Herschel.
with a flash, after dis-
appearing for 4°.
ee OD
Beginning. End.
Tei eeeclecdeccctececeesae[LO” seews fe
Left a dull train 3° or 4°)20° ........
in length.
Left a train 5° in length.../18° .........
MMEMTATIONELDIN vcuns ce cecesases|.cccceseeoesees
POP eee eee Heeeeeenseeeeeeeeereee 25° eeeeseees
Left a dull train on the30° .........
whole of its course.
Left no train; slight taill,..... sind dale
of sparks.
-|Horizontal towards /
Almost perpendicular...|..+....
Persei.
Curved path. Convex!.....scccseseees
towards e, 2 Herculis.
vf
Meteor.
Corresponds to Wisbech, |Id.
§> 56™ p.m. (See
Appendix I.)
o Ursee
Majoris *
On the 9th, 20th, and/S, H. Miller.
2lst Sept., shooting-
stars were plentiful
(7 or 8 per hour).
Inclined towards the|View interrupted by|T. Crumplen.
W.S.W. horizon. buildings.
Onep radiant-point) at) rivss...ctevcdvecsedessereesusse A. S. Herschel.
Cephei, another in
Musca.
bevinronee Rp eaeoeedeissuveveend|anacs chssecscvesesteteonsesest Wis Elen OOM
6
Place of
Dates} »:Hour. Observation.
1863.;h m s
Sept. 7|11 18 p.m.|Trafalgar Square
(London).
W11 18 20 |Tbid...........cce
p.m.
Ala 21) Wan{Ibid\ s,s csccsesces
7}11 30 p.m.|Weston - super -
Mare.
9|Disappear- |Beeston Observa-
ance tory (Notting-
REPORT—1864.
Apparent Size. | - Colour.
=3rd mag.* ,.....|Dull white ..
=14 mag.* seeeeeeee Bluish ove
= [st TAZ Ke cececeee White Set eeeeee
=3rd mag.* ......|Blue
Piteseere
= 2nd mag.+, in-| Yellow
creasing by im-
8 26 38 ham). pulses to one-
p.m. third diameter of
the moon.
10] 8 51 p.m.|Weston - super -|= 1st mag.x......... Blue! .sdnceves
Mare.
11} 8 45 p.m./Queenstown Large and brilliant)..................
(Ireland). meteor.
13] 7 21 p.m.|/Hawkhurst = 3 diameters of|White .........
(Kent). Venus.
16)10 53 p.m.|Euston Road |=Capella............ Vivid bluish
(London). white, then
ruddy and
dull.
17| 9 11 p.m.|Wisbech (Cam-|>I1st mag.+ ...... Yellow .......
bridgeshire).
UFO LT pi eeecccesscaeaee >Ist mag.x ...... IWihttesti7s0<.-
17| 9 24 p.m.j/Euston Road |=23 mag.x ...... White <.3.30.-:
(London).
17) 9 43 p.m.|Wisbech (Cam-|>-Ist mag.x ......Jecssssceesseeeeees
bridgeshire}.
17\10 7 p.m.|Euston Road |=33} mag.x ...... White .........
(London).
20) 8 35 p.m.|Wisbech (Cam-|>I1st mag.x ...... IWUHIte cea eeeces
bridgeshire).
2010 1 p.m.|Trafalgar Square|=23 mag.x ....../White .........
(London).
21) 1 50 a.m.|Coast-guard Sta-|Large meteor ...... Reddish white
tion, Camber
(Hastings).
Oct. 4) 7 35 p.m./Wisbech (Cam-|=Ist mag.* ...... Nellow ...+0s
bridgeshire).
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
Duration.
.|0°4 second ...|/From near A Dra-}
conis to near 9
Urs Majoris.
0°3 second .../From between 7
and Z Draconis
to very near 7 ,
Herculis.
Very brief .../Between 6 and y
Draconis; im-
perfect view.
2% seconds; |From head of Ca-
slow. melopardalus to
% (hk, «@) Urse
Majoris.
6 seconds (17°|From 4 (a, r) Aqui-
per second).| lz tol° 30’ above
Arcturus,
1 second ...... From o Aquile to a
point in R. A,
286°, S. Decl. 6°.
Very rapid |Advanced from
speed. S.W., and disap-
peared S.E.
From 34 (6, «) Ursa
Minoris to 43
(a, 3) Ursee Ma-}:
joris.
...|From y Persei to a
point R. A. 103°,
N. Decl. 543°.
1 second
0°8 second
hasecdtage We seaes From t Lyre to 17
Draconis.
From @ Persei to 7
Tarandi.
.-.|From 3 to » Aquila}
From ww Cassio-}
peiz to head of}
Cepheus.
...|From 4 (, «) Case}
siopeiz to y An-|
dromede.
.|From @ across 6}
Andromedz ané
as far again.
...|A few degrees below)
« Persei.
TARO eee ewww neeeee
Moved horizontally}
at a low altitude.|
sentences eeeeee
2 seconds,...../From @ Persei to 9}
Piscium.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 7
Direction; noting also
Appearance ; Train, if any, Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
Left a train on the greater|30° .........|Almost perpendicularly|The train was apparent-
part of its course. down. ly distinct from the
head.
T. Crumplen.
\Left a train 5° in length...|20° .........,From right to left, im-|...........00+6 WEE cotb es Id.
| clined a little down-
wards.
|Left PneeMPU PON THE|D?....cdescncs|asectaccssndecenss sseeeseeeees] LeFmMination only seen...|Id.
whole visible course.
Intermittent light .........Jeccsssscecseses[seeceecanessennpeseeneescceensloes Soausédectscnnenesstoletead} WV» bie WWOOG,
Left a& train Of linger-|102°.........|.cocsereceseveececscsecesees calveeas 1 POE ee euawna ene eee
ing sparks for two or
three seconds, 35° in
length. Head kite -
shaped; brightest in
front ; disappeared sud-
denly.
POUETEO Tee eer revere rere teres) we eeseenes se eeeeeneee Prerutrirverey rere ere rir r errr ee eet
. |E. J. Lowe.
W. H. Wood.
When the meteor crossed),,............./bhe parts traversed the|Lit up the harbour with|‘ Cork Examiner. ||
| the harbour, the body sky rapidly towards} a brightness almost
split up into three parts. the E. equal to day.
Communicated
by A.S. Herschel.
Left no train ......... Beseeslevecescndessats|santossavne¥sandevorkess sese-|Wiew interrupted by
clouds. Twilight.
Left a train 10° in length,|35° .........|.sccsecossscscessscoeeceevevee(A fine meteor
which faded gradually.
Threw off a few sparks.
T. Crumplen.
S. H. Miller.
Fee e eee ne ee eeneeeees see ereees tereleceeeee Phe eeemal teeter tear er eeee eer en sere eassslan ents e eee eeeseee esse OOH ees
S. H. Miller.
Left a train 5° in length...|7°............ Almost horizontal ....../Faint clouds obscured|T. Crumplen.
the sky
Rrenatsvicatdadcsscsissesesseslecees Pactacssys|estescucaes hidvsseiaxezesmnte A eas ties asec seceeese|Se Hl. Miller.
Left a train upon its whole]...............|A few degrees to right]|........ccccccssssseeseeseeeee[L> Crumplen.
course. from perpendicular ;
down.
RE Tadeticessesnacetpestseness| sees Ra aemendal Gtcenavanel csedseeveesuaveaia| doses daveuejaeesdecaapesedees|Oes Elen MiNmers
jLeft a train 10° in length,}........... per ac Tht Perce cn Voswsnbackis lites aucea laces scseseeseeceeeee] 2» Crumplen.
} as observed by an opera-
| glass.
Had all the appearance of]..........6.... S.W. to N.E. ...ssse athetkes Bok vd ccaanascd sessseasetese{ Le Webb) (com-
' a rocket as to sparks,
| &c., but on a much
_ larger scale.
F. W. Gough).
S. H. Miller.
|) Oe tele eneneee ete eeeeleeereeee Ceeeeee een eweee eet ee lace neeenee Peete teen nena eetene
Date.
1863.
‘Oct. 4
4
5
10
10
11
15
15
15
15
REPORT—1864.
Bian ck Position, or |
Hour. Ohseraea. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. lad
hm s
7 41 p.m.|Wisbech (Cam-|=Ist mag.% ...... Yellow ...... 2 Second ..,/From @ Cassiopeice
bridgeshire). to z Persei.
9 23 p.m.| Weston - super -\=Ist mag.* ...... Bluish white...|1 second .../From (21) to (28)
Mare. Lyncis.
9 57 p.m.)Beeston Obser-/-=2nd mag. ....../Yellow, not |Rapid .........,|from midway
vatory (Not- bright. between Corona
tingham). BorealisandVega
coming from the
direction of the
cluster in Perseus.
9 59 p.m |IDid.......eeeeeee [= 2nd mag x .....JYellow ....../Rapid .....6../Another from the
same direction;
moved along the
Great Bear about
1°above the prin-
cipal upper stars.
G 2 opimjGreenwich ObD-|Bright .c..scscccccass|osese seseeeeeees-|Momentary ... In the E., passed
servatory. across « Andro-
medzx.
8 5 p.m.| Weston - super -|=2nd mag.x ...... Blue .........|L second ...... From 7 Andromedz
Mare. to 6 Arietis.
8 19 p.m.) [awkhurst =a Cygni .........|White, then|3 seconds...... From h Tarandi to
(Kent). red, % (Capella, 2
Persei).
0 35 a.m.)Coast-guard Sta-|>Ist mag.* ....../Reddish blue..|2 seconds...... First appeared alti-
tion, Rye. tude 45° S.W.
Disappeared
N.N.E.
DEAOY am lbid taessacersssieee 2 > Ist mag.*....../Bright white../3 seconds...... From altitude 30°
to altitude 5°
S.E.
9 15 p.m.) Weston - super -/\= Y ..sseseeeeseeees-/Yellow ....../2 seconds,.,...(From y to (3)
Mare. Aquarii.
9 29 55 |Beeston Obser-|> Mars in opposi-/Yellow, then |.........s0e......{From to within
p.m. vatory (Not-| tion. blue. 4° of « Ceti.
tingham).
930-30 |lbid s..2..cue8 =2nd mag.x ......}., ESS ee Pee sesseseeeeesee.[Erom (3 Arietis to Z
p-m. Tauri.
9 59 p.m.|Margate ........./Beautiful meteor...|..... sdoanahoasces| ec sececcccccceee|seeeeereevaceatgocececes
959 49 |Beeston Obser-|At first =1st mag.x.|At first yellow,|5 seconds...... Passed from a point
p.m. vatory (Not-| AtdCeti=Venus.| then blue. in R.A. 4510™, N.
At last = one-
tingham),
third diameter of
the moon.
Decl. 19° (57,
across % Tauri,
above « and
across 0 and @
Ceti, and disap-
peared in R.A.
02 20™, S. Decl.
15°.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 9
Direction; noting also
pearance; Train, if any,) Length of | whether Horizontal, as
F and its Duration. ' Path. Perpendicular, or Reniarks Observer. |
Inclined.
Riss. Beseetasgaectts Sa Se rse Paice paaebenesnsl yes Fringe dnsidbigedenws | Weassnabtamenednventnmasess 12 3. H. Miller.
men SaacH Weds facenasesscesofess Per cebre vane |cstecn denn ato ccdassbuautaanes|eannctuna de vances ptackecs<el Wc A.) Wood.
Long MANPSSEA PHELAN ouesce||ncasveccseseacs|serseccnsssteecsessos sveoasevaleoese easeeddacs “Phocnocc w./E. J. Lowe.
}
Long lingering tail i: Seated. samples stat eaeee sep n scwdguadeosy as Sigs sb acennssbudddgve deste Made Id.
OS re feeesivaaned Direction N. toS. ...... Still daylight, just get-|W. C. Nash.
Inclined path. ting dusk ; Crystal
| Palace distinctly visi-
ee ble from the Royal
| Observatory.
Sac A DRORUOSEAREEED Eeowaciias wad antehscutee [tees sted taaneuccnonwesetacaner Score Gepapuccaeeoccone acne ce: W.H. Wood.
Left a few red sparks...,..|30° .......0.|ececccsssssesscensceessceesers From 4 to 5 falling-stars|A. S. Herschel.
"3 in one hour.
Drew a tail 3° in length,|....... delet eee auels teseeceseeseeeesesseeeefReappeated after pass-|H. W. C. Wise
and broke into frag- ing behind a dense] (communicated
ments, green, red, blue, cloud. byF.W.Gough).
and white.
Perfectly round. Disap-|............. SUlsasseumaeste ni eabonerevanestsa| ware pea ecara Soc ouster ec oe
peared without change
behind a bank of clouds.
SSRs ELC 2 TIF... 6c. ccccscecs|seesccsncnreccvcnssecceecsceeslsccscacacssesevessosocccesease| We He WOOG>
train and four or five
bright sparks at last
upon its track.
Seesscvcceceeecsessscseaecseserss|scssccevenscess[seses Deed We suadeevevedccact|soensccscccsscssceesvseccecens (Mi. Ja LOWE
RMN SER SENT eR avs cocnscccevcrs|sovecscessceces|soseecesecese Sin asuesaencnees Siecdeassussvesess socvececeses| Le
MOR THE | TOMINOUS| 55.0. caccevsgs|+0 ds oveeseunvdasesecdattvddegs|sbebeonsanusntnenacesteacasoes|@e BOW) EDs
' track gathered itself up
as if attracted to one
- point, and took the ap-
_ pearance of a comet,
remaining visible for
more than 10 minutes.
bular, slightly prolong-|........ desseasleeeeeseeeessseeeseeceeeeeeee-(Lhe light rendered thelE. J. Lowe.
ed behind. Disappeared distant landscape Visi-
instantaneously without ble. The colour be-
fragments. Left a yel- came blue at 6 Ceti;
wish train 10° in afterwards —_ intense
length, which increased blue.
th the meteor, but
not so rapidly.
10 REPORT—1864.
Place of 3
Date. Hour. Obs LTA Apparent Size.
1863.| hm s
Oct. 15}10 0 p.m.j|Combe, Wo0d-|...........ccesecceeeec{eceseneseecenenees
stock (Oxford
shire). :
15/10 0 p.m.|Cheltenham...... Large meteor ......|.ccseecesseereeeee
15|10 0 p.m.|Camberwell Large meteor .....|White .........
(London).
17/11 47 p.m.|Weston - super -|=Sirius ............Yellow ......
Mare.
19|10 25 p.m./Wisbech (Cam- =Ist mag.x ......|White ........-
bridgeshire).
19/10 34 p.m.|Ibid...........+... == VENUS ls sesenaete= Ruby colour,
surrounded
by yellow.
19|10 42 p.m.|Ibid ...........+0+. =Ist mag.x ......|White ......+..
23| 9 25 p.m.|Regent’s Park |About = Venus at) White or gold-
(London). its brightest. en, and finally
30| 9 54 p.m.|Beeston Obser-|=2nd mag.* «--.-./Blue «........
vatory:
Nov. 1} 9 6 p.m|Ibid............... =Ist mag.*.........|Blue ....e000-
9} 9 38 p.m. Weston - super El Obs cccentepacasesee| LENOW Shensten
Mare.
10| 9 3 p.m.|Hawkhurst =Sirius, then= /White, then
(Kent)
12) 0: 50)58 SHDMl covcccsavnsnaes =Srd mag.x «+...
a.m.
12} 1 30 1 |Ibid............0 =3rd mag.x ....../Yellow ...+«
a.m.
12| 1 44 30 |Euston Road |=8rd mag.x ...... Bluish white...
a.m. (London).
ella ter Gat ILS Tel eae oe ee =3Srd mag.+ ~....0. Bluish white...
a.m.
12| 147 8 |Hawkhurst =Ilst mag.x ......|White .........
a.m. (Kent).
12] 1 48 a.m./Weston - super -/= Venus ............
Mare. silvery white.
12} 1 50 am.|Euston Road |=Sirius ............ Same colour as
(London). Sirius.
..../0°3 second
Duration.
abba teen eee eeewe
2 or 3 seconds
3 second
3 seconds
2 or 3 seconds
10 seconds;
very rapid
a eeweeeee
Tolerable
speed.
6-8secs. Very
slow, relaxing
its speed.
1-4 second ...
0°6 second .
0°3 second ..
0°3 second
1+1 second
oe
14 second ;
rapid.
15 second ...
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
Disappeared due S.|
at altitude 30°
(measured).
‘Midway _ between|}
zenith and hori-
zon. |
From z Cassiopeiz
to (4) Lacertz.
From ¢ Orionis to Aj}
Tauri.
From a Tauri to @
Arietis.
Through Pisces,
passing 3° or 4°
below the moon.
From 1° below £ to}
y Ursze Majoris. |
From «Andromed@
down towards W
atan angle of 47°.
From the tail of
Draco to altitude
12° N.N.W.
From x to 6 Bootis
...|From B Camelopar-
dali to 4 (x, A)
Draconis.
.|From « Cassiopeia
to3(y, «) Cephei.|
On a line from
Z Orionis to
Canis
(centre halfway).
From v Orionis tot
Leporis.
From 3 Andromedez;
towards the ho-)
rizon.
Shot ona line from!
y Geminorum to
B Canis Majoris.
From 3° above y
Eridani to near and
below & Leporis. —
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METHORS.
\Appearance ; Train, if any,
and its Duration.
—
'When the meteor disap-
Direction; noting also
whether Horizontal,
Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Length of
Path.
Ret. 4 seseeeee| W. to E.; perfectly ho-|Measurements
peared, it flared up
like an expiring candle,
and left a cometary
patch for more than
ten minutes at that place.
Left a large comet in the
sky where it exploded.
Appeared tobefollowedbyal|.
train,and burst witha flash
which shed a faint light.
Left a yellowish train 18°).......
or 20° in length for two
seconds, pointed at the
extremities.
eft a train for 2 or 3
seconds.
rizontal.
svccactene .-»--|Descended obliquely ...
eft a train for some time,}.
15° or 20° long. The
dark part represents
a ruby colour, the outer
part a bright yellow.
ORCC sees eraeererene eeeeeeees see
he light was intense even
in passing near the
moon.
od PP orearecercaeteeeensss sees
ee ee Be tOOW al ewouns tte
Spark-like .......ceeees..eee|
REEBOK Qactheslecccoes
tailed meteor bursting
with sparks.
After extinction, reappear-
ed with a bright flash.
0 train or sparks ...... oc
No train or sparks .........
No train or sparks .........
seer e een eeenes See e ee eseeeeee
wees eeeeee Peers eee reer eer eee eee re rere rr Ty eee
neeceatucevcs(EreitOWebesescess cveswemed
11
~ Remarks. Observer.
from |J. H. Abrahall.
memory among par-
ticular landmarks,
The ‘ Comet’ remained
visible until clouds
intervened and cover-
ed the sky.
Sky misty .......... baeslEe J.” Gay The
Times,’ Oct.
20.
‘The Times,’
Oct.17.
pel eecac ponea a: inewecacdecens W. H. Wood.
Standard,’ Oct.
25.
E. J. Lowe.
avave ages tee «ssee..-(COMmunicated
by W. H. Wood.
A. S. Herschel.
avec socvdvenceneccsenismaeos|tc..Sa Teersenell
and W.J.H.
Matas cstaueedeetess sd T. Crumaplen and
J. Parkin.
A. S. Herschel
and W. J. H.
Corresponds to Euston|W. H. Wood.
Road, 1" 50™ am.
(See Appendix I.)
> ceinateaan 6 peepee seeeeeeee{1s Crumplen and
J. Parkin.
12
REPORT—1864:,
Place of c
Date.| Hour. Observation. Apparent Size.
1863.| h m s
Nov.12) 1 52 a.m./Euston Road |=2nd mag.x ......
(London).
12} 1 55 a.m./Weston - super -|Nearly = Y ......
Mare.
12) 1 56 18 |Hawkhurst =drd mag.x ......
a.m (Kent).
12, 1 59 a.m./Euston Road |=2nd mag.* ......
| (London).
12) 2.13 33 |Hawkhurst =2nd mag.* ......
a.m. (Kent).
12} 2.17 30 |Euston Road |=Ist mag.x ......
a.m. (London),
12| 2 46 42 |Hawkhurst =2} mag.x ......
a.m. (Kent).
12} 250 am./Euston Road |=2nd mag.x ......
(London).
12, 2 54 30 |Hawkhurst =2nd mag.* ......
a.m. (Kent).
12) 2 55 am./Euston Road |=Procyon ........
(London).
12) 2 59 a.m.|[fawkhurst =2nd mag.% ....-
(Kent).
12) 8 45 p.m./Beeston Obser-/=2nd mag.* ......
vatory.
12) 8 46 15 |Clapham Very bright ......
p-m. (London).
T2EOT Ove US) bid sccccccnsccoeee =2nd mag.% ...06
p-m.
12)11 31 p.m./Weston - super -|=2nd mag.* .....
Mare.
13) 1 30 45 |Wisbech (Cam-|=a Lyre............
a.m. bridgeshire).
13) 2 37 30 |Hawkhurst =Srd mag-% ......
a.m. (Kent).
13) 2 27 45 |[bid.......seeee0e, = 3rd Mag.x ......
a.m.
13) 2 48 a.m.|Euston Road |=23 mag.*.........
(London).
Colour.
ee eeneee
weeeee
seen neeee
eee eeenee
seen eeeee
Light orange
colour,
Orange colour
Orange colour
SIESLUG ve wcoeeanies
Oe tere eee ee eeee
Duration.
0°5 second ...
1 second;
rapid.
0°6 second ...
a [Peete eee ee en ences
ee eee eee eneeeee
0°3 second ...
0°7 second ...
|
0°4 second ...
0°3 second ...
0°4 second ...
Rapid
Moderate ve-
locity.
Rapid ....... 5
1 second
0°5 second ...
05 second ...
0°3 second ...
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
On a line from Z\V
Canis Minoris to
Z Orionis (ceutre}))
halfway).
From 7 Leonis}
to a point
RvA-.ghd2,
Decl. 9°s
(From 3 (@ Cephei,
B Cassiopeiz) to
g lLacerte, andj}
3° further.
Centre ¢ Eridani...
v Persei).
‘From 3 3 of thel}
distance
Hydre.
From x to @ Cas-\)
siopeiz.
to
To 6 Virginis 2 ofl)
the way from y]
Leonis. |
From p Persei to yi)
Tauri.
From v Geminorum
two-thirds of!
the way to @
Orionis.
From 3 Aurige, €
Persei to 7 Tauri.
From @ to y Tauri...)
From 2° above Po-
laris to 6 Urse
Minoris. :
To Polaris, halfway)
from Capella.
mede, @ Persei
to 4 (» Andro
med, o Cassio:
peiz). oo
From 4 (6, x) Perse
to 4 (y An
dromedz, 6 Tri
anguli).
From @ to w Auriga
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 13
7 cai Direction ; noting also
Appearance; Train, if any,| Length o: whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or aa Sse
Inclined.
ib at train (for half call c...sc.livescsceoveescseesscsssnceseas | eseessseeserseseeesseeceesees/ 1 Crumplen and
second 18° in length. J. Parkin.
Left a red train for 3 or 4|......... éaoeda ie AAR jee os sesesceesseee.{ NO Meteors from 1" 55™|W. H. Wood.
seconds 8° in length. to 25 40™ a.m. ; after-
wards overcast.
SUUPAUMIOLISPATKS: s0.ccbses|-cessececeeeess Ny cnoentccuededevacadeeccccdualivecne auc wotanaetadederendess/ An’ is sELerschel
and W. J. H.
CEE caveNlsticrssctoccses NN cored Directed from: Sirius 2.41.25... .¢.de ec aceeee esseeeee/1. Crumplen and
J. Parkin.
PN edieedap as csecesccssscce|necececseesec'va| as. PORTING HN vialtvioadeebncen selene comes et iad Stee eda lAs ose, ski ensehel
; and W. J. H.
PE UOHMCAUNGItTAML s'secea'ese|-esccacepeceae {ees eatativassessvesseceseoesea|e isarsbevereene sts seseseees-} 1. Crumplen and
J. Parkin.
MEPECAINIGEISPATKS) ....00.0.|.c00sse05 osceee|ucs maesaeddhisceass sa sscesaucet|nestemnectes tense veccsssees[Ae S. Herschel
and W. J. H.
ft 2 momentary train 5°|......... iweaes| se savapeaegenouces st ecsakee cues teeteteees cosas cesececeveseees T. Crumplen and
J. Parkin.
0 train or sparks .........|.cc0008 ebrinrseeiiedacas Sachbinasacnsanecmes cat Corresponds to Euston|A. S. Herschel
Road, 2" 55" a.m.| and W.J.H.
(See Appendix I.)
SMMPEATMUGLISPALKS: 555.s000s|sccscsesposvove|2s-ckecesecs’s seceeeetecnssces[seeteseceresseseeseeeesceeeee/ Ls CruMMplen and
J. Parkin,
o train or sparks .........|. parsaenpsctuiai|ancde Sesegine aatacts Beccuisces Sisehacnedsnen ies sesssceeseeesesJA. S. Herschel
and W.J.H.
cascoee| Very few meteors. ,..... E. J. Lowe.
tenes ee eer eee eee ere Trees eres
MBPHMMOEISPATKS:...,..05.|seeceececestecslecconee pee tie ...(A8 large as a tennis-ball/V. Fasel.
addddseussteyt|seees couaenaeietercedtee ME Al iat eet sescuecddsswecsvaal WV «kde VLO0G.
SP etree menses eee eewaeeeneeens
lesestveedeasccclades-sasus age ameanesee svewaaaaleensete waapeavecesensatasiostee| Ss. kn MMALEr,
raseavascuacscesitteteerese ceseasccsestseeasibeciAs) Ss, Herschel
and W. J, HH.
ft a train 10° in length,
hich disappeared sud-
denly.
POGOGCE IC OBRECE ont cRecesnn: AoucDnOCOGeRereeee From a point R. A. 90°,/T. Crumplen and
N. Decl, 40°, to al J. Parkin,
point R. A. 73°, N.
Decl. 393°.
14
REPORT—1864.
Place of
Position, or
Date.| Hour. Ouseeaith Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and
. Azimuth.
1863.) hm s
Noy.13/ 2 48 30 |Weston - super -|=Ist mag.* ...... Reddish ....../0°5 second ...|From R, A. 149°, N
am. Mare. Decl. 233°, top
R. A. 159°, No
Decl. 222°.
13| 2 48 45 |Hawkhurst s=2E MAX soo. IWhife: <-5.,s0.05 0°6 second .../From a point R. AW
a.m. (Kent). 52°, N. Decl. 633%)
to R. A. 222°, Ny
: Decl. 523°.
T3I0D 5 45 NDid occ. eccoscoces =2nd mag.x ....0 Wihite® sbieccsss 0°7 second ...|From » Tauri to 2
a.m. (&, Ceti, B Arig
etis). !
13| 2 53 a.m.|Euston Road |=14 mag.+ ...... Bluish ......... 0°6 second ...|From g Orionis to
(London). ° E Psalterii.
13} 2 54 a.m.|Weston - super -|=1st mag.x ...... Reddish ...... 0°5 second .../From R.A. 1492?)
Mare. N. Decl. 2340
to R. A. 156°, Ny
Decl. 20°.
Me eaeceatoes dee cc Beeston, ODSerq|..cccssccccescscscereegs[orecsecssccsccecen|sscvecgebaces oesend ele Se At Oe
vatory.
14} 8 0 p.m.|Weston - super -|/=2nd mag.* ...... IBIMG esheasaue 1 second ...... From o to Z H
Mare. culis.
14)11-12 p.m.|Wolverhampton |...:+..sseeeseseeenseees|oee eeecece ercvcecs|serecees seeseeeeeel, Saseceseccesercsccced E
(Staffordshire). :
14)11 18 p.m.|Hawkhurst =2nd mag.t ...... White ..,......|0°8 second ...|From 4 (« Draconis;
(Kent). y Urse Minoris))
: to Z Draconis.
VATS 2230) Abbi oes ke cedede seik' MAQ.¥ .eeeceeee IWIRIEE sch sees 1°5 second ... From P Camelop. au
m. 4 (t, ~) Cephei. 9
AANA G2S) Pim. |LDId. <n. c0ssonsse000 =2nd mag.* ...... White ..)...s00 0°7 second ...|From o Glor. Fred
’ to 7 Pegasi.
14]11 26 p.m.|Ibid .........see0ee IVT Pes sasesescs, Prismatic, i. e.|3 seconds...... From 7 Andromeda
blue with red to 7, s Piscium.
tail.
THING toi BO >| Wolverhampton |). 2¢..-.-22..--cescees|asssoscsussteceess|covscovseosesso0e>/ sasscccusuanspsmae een
a.m. (Staffordshire).
1510-30 to: |Pbidlsccssc.cece ...|All=2nd mag.x ...|Golden _ with/2°5 to 5 secs.../From Canis Minoyfl}
1 30 am. reddish tint. to Eridanus (jus
below the heac
of Cetus).
U5) 350 fa) ibid) sccsy maunvavetiaeuentsecasrcsase seeevesiee teeeee enccopenpoioseacaneseereossaslgname Maia Bisse é
2 0 am.
15/11 0 p.m.|Flimwell, Hurst}> Ist mMag.x .,....Jecccsesseecevereesleceeeeeseeereeeeee(First appeared 10)
Green (Sussex). from Procyon
reckoned toward)
y Geminorum))
Disappeared 3°
below Betelgeus
18/About 10 30|/Manchester ...... Nearly = full moon] White .,......./3 to 5 seconds|About altitude 45°
p-m. in N.W.
29| 6 2 p.m.|Prestwitch(Man-|= 3rd mag.x ......Jecsresseeseeeeeeele weve vevasensco ene From y to 2 Gemi
chester), Telit ’ norum.
29] 6 34 p.mlIbid ....eesseseee =) ri Nien GA pean ee one eesseateee From « Lyre to !
Herculis.
2917 10) pane Wbidicecees sans evess =1} mage ...... Reddish ...... 1 second ...... From « Arietis to
Piscium. *
29) 7:16. p.m.|Ibid ..05....:.0.00. SAU OAR cseccns|-0ssccscorecpecsss 0°5 second .../To o, halfway fror
&, Ceti.
29; 7 27 p.m.iIbid...... deubeoves SSOLE MARK oceeee|scocscescvssrastan|sebovcees sessaveee(TO t Herculis sss
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 15
Direction ; noting also
Appearance; Train, if any,} Length of | whether Horizontal, f
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
W. H. Wood
seconds 5° in length.
Left a train for 2 seconds
upon half of its course.
Road Observatory,
2h48™a.m, (See Ap-
pendix I.)
Left a bright train for 3)..........,..,.[ecosesscssoecssccecesccesseees Corresponds to Euston|Id.
_ seconds on four-fifths o Road Observatory, 2
— its course. 53™ am. (See Ap-
| pendix I.)
ueft a bright train for 23 The brightest train seen.|T. Crumplen and
seconds 10° in length. Crossed t Orionis. J. Parkin.
ueft a red train for 2 ESTO eae santee W. H. Wood.
seconds 4° in length.
seeees/E. J. Lowe.
No train or sparks ,........|.+..
A. S. Herschel
and H.T.H.
: @ train for 2 SCCONS|].........cecece[screereresecceeeseensescecsees eck
0 train or sparks .........|. Bree eee teoefipnw casas aos onsepepnnes|t sate resaris “etre erie +-(Id.
Blue with red tail; after-|Id.
seconds. wards overcast.
half an hour.
Perfectly parallel from/About 60 meteors injId.
E.to W.; not 10° de-| one hour.
viation,
eft trains throughout|50° to 70°..
their course.
Id.
Rapid decrease in fre-
quency.
downwards|Sky thick ; moon only/A. Brothers.
from W. to N. visible.
[PPP eee erro esse erases tHE teasls Hse eeee esse beeeseseeeesesess
R. P. Greg,
16
Date.
1863.
Nov.29
h m
7 28
29) 7 31
29) 8 45
29; 9 18
29) 9 45
30/6 0
Hour.
p-m.
p-m.
p-m.
p-m.
p-m.
to 10 p.m.
p-m.
to 615 p.m.
30) 9 26
Lo)
3|10 17
4) 8 45
chester). and as far again)
5|Between 7\Carnarvon ...... Very brilliant me-|.........+ Codavecs| wouweverseuseteas Passed over thi)
and 8 p.m. teor. town to Bon
Newydd, wher
it disappeared. —
5|Shortlyafter|Kingstown Lit the sky like|/Blue........./Several secs.../Appeared in the Fy
7 pm. (Ireland). sheet lightning. and descende
into the sea.
5\About 7 45\Ledbury (Here-|A flash like light-|Yellow tinged).........+++...+..pDisappeared befor
p.m. ford). ning. with blue. it reached
round, |
BIA few mi-|Stretton (Here-|seccssseccssseseeseeslesnsers web paisanaillkeaweents vesseeees| Nearly in R.A. 15)
nutes be-| ford). N. Decl. 50°.
fore 8 p.m.
5|A few mi-|Langorse Filled the sky with) White .....ccoelseccsscerseeeenees Facing N.W., t
nutes be-} (Brecknock). | light. light appeared
fore 8 p.m. be behind.
5/A few mi-|[dle, near Brad-|Brilliant; = rocket|Purple, Dblue,|....s0..ssereeeees Burst into sig
nutes be-| ford, at afew hundred] and white. due W.
fore 8 p.m. yards.
p-m.
p-m.
p-m.
p.m.
p-m.
p-m.
p.m
p-m.
p-m.
p.m.
p-m.
nePort—1864.
Place of
Observation.
Apparent Size.
Prestwitch(Man-}=2nd mag.* ......
chester).
W]e be Serionecanbbicn. =Ist mag.x ...0..
Weston - super -| Bright as the moon;
Mare. very large.
Prestwitch(Man-|=3rd mag.x .....
chester).
Charing Cross |As large round as
(London). the mouth of a
tumbler.
Prestwitch(Man-|13’ diameter ......
chester).
Weston - super -/>I1st mag.x
Mare.
Colour. Duration.
— ——$————
Bright white..|0°75 second ...
0°5 second ...
eeeeeeee
White .
White .........{1°25 second...
FOP eetePeseeeseeeieeeeeee eee etone
Messdescecaas sss.-(3 Seconds.....-
Dark blue, |2 seconds......
then white.
Prestwitch(Man-]= 2nd mag.# ......[...ssseeerecseeteeleaaees squgutbiecen
chester).
HEL eaetssesaSoad 2> Sirius .........|Bright white...!2 seconds......
DDItlsssacesscccsonse =2nd mag.% ws. WiOMISHG sessctlesengesideusaces des
TDI ceccssceesseet = 2nd mag.¥ ...... Reddish white|2°5 seconds ...
EDIE aveceeu seeds =4th Mage ......|eeecesereeecsceeer|seeeecnees soeceees
Weston - super -|> Ist mag.* ......|Bright yellow |} second
Mare.
Wiidierseetessnra sc =2nd mag.x ......|Blue ....0066 1 second ......
Nid ieecsemeseseaene =Ist mag.¥ ...... Dull yellow .../3 seconds ;
very slow.
NDidMercces seer cae =Ist mage eres. Bluish white.../ second ...0.
Prestwitch(Man-|=3rd mag.* «.+++ Reddish white]0-5 second ..
...|From @ Urse Ma
3
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
From 6 Cassiopeia
to « Andromedze.}
From ¢« Cephei to c
Cassiopeiz.
In E., altitude 30°
to 45°.
From v to ) Ursa
Majoris.
From x Draconis te
« Cygni, passing
between 3, 4
Urs Minoris. —
Commenced at
halfway to
Urs Majoris. |
From 6 Urse Ma
joris.
From y Pegasi to ¢
Ceti.
From 3 to o Dra}
conis.
.|From ¢ to o Cephei
joris.
From 6 Geminor
From R.A. 137°
N. Decl. 35° t
the N.E. 3 N
horizon.
From # Eridani t
B Orionis.
}
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 17
Direction ; noting also
Appearance; Train, if any,]| Length of | whether Horizontal
” and its Duration, | Path. Perpendicular, or : Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
R. P. Greg.
Id.
Tluminated the scene......|-+-+s-esseseree|Fell vertically down .,,/Interrupted view among|Communicated
trees (? 98 45™ p.m.).| by W. H. Wood.
Left a train Seve seeeecerceslsasereOOOeegees R. P. Greg.
Feet Or eeedeseeeseeeseeees Preceu Cee Cee eer eeerer irr errr
eogecanecbassdoe seseseceseee-/DeZan almost over-|Communicated
head, and disappeared| by T. Crumplen.
behind _ buildings.
(Time certain.)
| Rae bee R. P. Greg.
Somewhat pear-shaped.|..........0000
Vivid.
At first dull; Dbecamel........cecececleeee bausceuscvccuacchsesccssce Disappeared once, and|W. H. Wood.
luminous, passing from reappeared ; slow mo-
blue to white. tion.
PMStSt te eetecacctterscscauselLO- sbssseene Directed from @ Cygni..|.........
POOP OT EPR a rere eee eeSa ee eO ees FEF EHE DEE HH EEE ED ESSERE ESSE OOS
Burst into sparks. Left al.........s0000
train.
MSc evdin ses LOO sbaassana Directed from « Ursz]......
Majoris.
POP OOo eee eeeeeeereesers
he 5° to left of perpendicu-].........0+ seddroncseaney seas
lar; down.
MEE EDATIEO ac scyccvesseses|occcccsvecs
TOTP R EERE TOTO ESOS ET OS sesso reese eee eeeeeeeeeatesees
FOCUS TE Reese reer en eeeOtesereeseesleses Peewee er eee SOC eeeeeerreee® FOOOO Tee et HH somone rest Oe reser eEeeeenesere
Disappeared with an €X-|......s..seeeee,
PTEETETERIIIT TEPER Tire te
seenee
plosion. Herald.’
Large ball of flame with a seeeterreeoenas Descending POM eee ebeeseeer FOP OHHOOSOHOF EF ORHH eT EEHEHeoes |. The Standard.’
long feathery tail of fire.
Emitted bright sparks as it]..............,Descended perpendicu-|escessseeeees seesceeeesseeee|‘Hereford Times,’
fell, larly.
As described in other ac-/Not>- 2°...|.....ccsesssssseessrseeeeseee(Dhe whole path fore-|H. C. Key,
counts. shortened to 2°.
FRSC OTRO HO rere eeOR aa eceeetetensleveseseeererees POCO ee ree aeeereeeeeeeseeesseser Starlight ; several fall- P L., ¢ The
ing stars. Times,’
Like the bursting of Bl cveesvessenene Hess acdeedansiaasescacasseaies SE Robert Sutcliffe.
rocket a few hundred
yards off.
18 REPORT—1864.
Position, or
Place of 3 5 :
Date.| Hour, Ofscmition. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. hoo |
1863./h m }
Dec. 5|A few mi-|Furness Abbey/Resembled light-|White ......ses|eesssseecseescreelesscecenesernestee cereus
nutes be-| (Lancashire). | ning
fore 8
p.m.
Eipsceeod eae ct sese|Howden (W. Off...csccsseesseseeecceees|stetteesseeersraes|eeeeeseenenenenees About W.N.W.; |
Hull). almost touched)
the earth. |
iltte wane cou renes Blyth (Northum-|.......seecseceeseeeseee Red and green}............+2:++- First appeared due
berland). W.., altitude 30°,
4) aasabeeee +-+.(Beaumaris (An-|Bright as full mOOn).--....ssseesestes|seeeeeeneeeesennee The direction of}
| glesey). the light was Wy
and 8.
Sievcbstanssans Bathis.ssccsvessprct Avgbrinnge Fgh s.ccas|esersssaveseesosfneaeasodsrsssaeanieaaeecbauanensaee “a
D| cesses en eye ---|Manchester ...... Two bright flasheS..|.........+sescseve|eeceeceneesesonnes In the same field)
of view with a)
Andromede. |
|
tiliveppecrssdeess Hawkshead, —|-eweees seveuesnepeeeesstiae Soevedendoossasn|seceuncpsestsseces]| teens cecsusscabeyad> ae
Windermere. |
|
Oevwssasoccgeees Parkhill, Ross-|Bright as full moon}Pale blue, frag-|2 or 3 seconds|Proceeded almost}
shire. ments red. due S., at a low
altitude across
the sky. 1
5| 7 54 p.m.|Hawkhurst Like lightning ...|White ......... Momentary ...|Facing S.E., the!
(Kent). flash appeared to
be behind. ;
5| 7 55 p.m.|Coast-guard Sta-|Large fireball ......Jssssseseeereeesees 2 or 3 seconds|From about altitude
tion, Camber 35° to about alti-
(Hastings). tude 40°. j
3) Eeaopecos Gece Burton-on-Trent}4> 2 ........eeeees Pale blue, tail|/Not > 2secs.|First appeared a
crimson. an altitude of 30°
N.W. by N.
5) 7 55 p.m.|Chesterfield Large fireball ......|Greenish seveeesveseeseeees[Higher up in the
(Derbyshire). white, twice sky than Ursa
changingtored Major.
5| 7 55 p.m.|Little Horton, [Large and bright...|Colours very|3 seconds....../Nearly due WwW.
Bradford. bright. ¥
5| 7 55 p.m.|Haslingden(Lan-|Cast shadows ...... Pale blue ......|A few seconds|From near y Urs:
cashire). Majoris to 4°
below a Lyre
where it burs
(See sketch.)
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 19
Direction; noting also
Appearance; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or bc itn, Observer.
Inclined.
{iluminated the scene......|...- mokSsameshelh wesduab¥Usres dadeness sharpens Seen also at Ulverston..|/H., ‘ Manehester
Guardian.’
Nucleus of brilliant light.|............... Fell quite vertically ...|....sssccsccssccsecesseecenens ‘The Times.’
Burst into fragments
like a shell.
ett oneveral flakes, Hke/20° ,....2::c|cccccccoccsecccces caniesatsiniveste Siac dussaanaebesaus chveeataws M. W. Bullen.
molten drops, in its
flight.
Bi spines DUMP Naaniasussevsencl acs sccuscceaes|uedsasecrelesesacesessvedssese|icandsavedenecsssuevsesveshunctds, WILMAMS.
Peisasvenbsive eeeeer sea sscrcsnc|tvwcvavessciesd|seebesdsrvesecsseesscacesensss(NKy quite covered withiG. H. Si, “The
a thick fog. Times.’
Che meteor burst twice ...|,........ mona The light appeared on|‘‘ At first the meteor|A. Brothers.
the west edge of the} appeared stationary,
field of view in a tele-| like Venus out of
scope. place.” (Observa-
tion near Manches-
ter.)
eA] ST AULCTIAC-|...0.00.cc000coa|tennessasshe-codeassoovssascns In 4 or 5 minutes a/Robert S. Hart.
counts. meteoric sound like
a train crossing a
bridge, which lasted
2 or 3 seconds.
DAMS AOL ight With].,...0.cesacee[sessecoess Pvasaaeveneaeges oe Heavy rain ......seccceeee G.M., ‘The
dull nebulous tail. Times.’
Vanished amid deep-
red falling fragments.
Huminated the whole sky}...............[scecsesressseereeee wabgadetnee Thick drizzling rain ...|A. S. Herschel.
| sete eee W. to E., slightly as-|Burst three times ...... W. E. Buck.
cending.
lobe of light with train}............ ...{Fell vertically ......000... No report heard; va-|E. B. K., ‘The
of 4 or 5 crimson-red nished suddenly. Times.’
flakes. Left no streak.
isappeared with redj...,...........,D0WnWards, inclining]|......-..+.+++ seesseevesereee|’ Manchester
colour. to the left. Guardian.’
‘ollowed by a long train.|............... separdecaaepsaccecaseered Papel Soot ORE ee nn Acerer eter 25" C., ‘ Manehester
Disappeared with a Guardian.’
bright coruscation.
rilliant egg-shaped nu-|,...... | eee A 58 acenoaecdety csawcnees -«-|Not much inclined to/T. T. Wilkinson
cleus, followed by a tail the horizon. (Proceedings
which tapered to a point. Lit. Phil. Soc.
of Manches-
ter).
Ursa Major.
20 REPORT—1864.
Place of Position, or
Date.| Hour. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and
Observation. Azimuth.
1863.; h m
Dec. 5| 7 57 p.m.|Hale (Manches-|Large and bright...|White; tail |2 or 3 seconds|Disappeared about
ter). purplish red. 20° above the}
horizon, and 15°
from the west)
margin of the
Milky Way.
5} 7 57 p.m.|Liverpool......... Two very
flashes. seconds. a
from the posi
tion of the Pol
star. |
5). seeeseeeeeees-| Broughton seneeneneeeeceneneccseesleceuneeeeenansecae|sesesenneres veeeee/Fell towards the
Bridge, Salford river near the s
(Manchester). pension-bridge. —
5| 7 58 p.m./West Bromwich|Large as a hen’s|White, green,|.......c.:eseeee In N.W., altitudd
(Birmingham). and pink. about 45°,
5) 7 58. p.m.|Stretford (Man-|..... -|Purple and |2 or 3 seconds )
chester). yellow. peared abou)
halfway from thi
zenith to the ho
rizon.
5) 7 58 p.m./Preston (Lanca-|Half < moon......|Blue-purple...|About 2 secs...|Fromnearthe Milk
Way (W.N.W,.
altitude 45°) t
altitude 15°. —
5/About 8p.m.|Liverpool.,.......|Cast shadows ......|Pale blue......!8 or 10 secs...|In N.N.W., altitud
40°.
5)About8p.m,|Selkirk — (Scot-|=full moon.......0.[seseeeeseeeeeee A few secondsi[n the W. (disap
land). peared _behin/
clouds). |
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 2h
a
Direction ; noting also
Appearance; Train, if any,] Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or materia Observer.
Inclined.
= 2
Left sparks, like those off|............... 30° to left of perpendi-|Clear sky .,....++. moet H. Harrison.
a blacksmith’s anvil. cular down.
Meith acipcvsssedepsoassescoslsserevcveccenss OES COTTER CnC The meteor itself was/F, J. Bailey.
hidden behind high
houses.
e a rocket dsvepese PET Tee Ss ee piukbbeassenes suateumece tee eee eeeee eee eseeeeeeeeesosens R. Knowles.
number of fragments]...+++..s+0000 Almost vertically AOWn|+++ssecsssecssesseeneeseeenees James Hall.
parted from the nucleus
as it descended.
Purple and yellow Dballs}.....secseseees|sseeeees Sichvaneas ocveiseacee The second flash of|J, H., ‘Manches-
seen falling in the sky light stronger than) ter Guardian.’
after two strong flashes the first.
of light.
laring ball of light, with|20° to 30°../Slanting downwards to-|Clear sky. The tail was\J. C., ‘The
an adhering red and wards S.W. several degrees in| Times.’
fiery tail. length.
t first an ordinary falling-|10° Me Seencesves soceeeveeeeeserene] We G. Drysdale.
star; burst suddenly
_ into a large blue light:
when this was fading, a
red drop ran down from
it, and terminated in a
small explosion. (See
_ sketch.)
R Re eeetaee sc cetccccecdloccconcteseeres(DESCended. With: 8). cscecesscessescssesseseesse|* The Scotsman,
waving motion.
mee S
22 REPORT—1864.,
Position, or
Altitude and
f
Place of |
Azimuth.
Observation. Duration.
Date. | Hour. Apparent Size. Colour.
1863.;h ms
Dec. 5) 8 2 p.m.|Douglas (Isle of|Head=diameter of|Head green,|As long as the\In E. or S.E., alti
etis) across
Piscium and y
Pegasi almos
to the urn of |
Aquarius. i|
a
Man). fullmooninlength,) tail red and| flight of aj tude 30° or 45°.)
% ditto in breadth.| yellow rocket It
5) 8 3 p.m./Royton, Oldham|} diameter of full]............++e...(/4 seconds...... In W.S.W., from
(Manchester).| moon. altitude 50° to
altitude 38°.
6} 9 50 15 |Hawkhurst == UA MARE oscesscoe White .......0. 1:2 second ...|From C Camelo-|)
p.m. (Kent) pardali to 4 (xj
Persei, 5 Cassio-|
peiz). i
6| 9 56 p.m.|Ibid....... rpms =2k mag.*....0-+.|White .........(0°9 second ...|From 2° W. of dit
Camelopardali to
A Custodis.
610 7 30 /Trafalgar Square|=2nd mag.x ...... White tise scses l1second ....../From ys Tauri to 4]
p.m. (London) (y, v) Ceti.
i
610 7 45 |Hawkhurst =2nd mag.* ...... White: Josesase 1°3 second ...|From4(y, A) Tauri}
p.m. (Kent) 0 + (y Arietis,|}
&, Ceti). |
6/FO 8) pim.|Ibid)............0. =25 mage... Ruddy ..,......|0°5 second ...|Described a short}}
are round 8 An-),
dromedz. |
6/10 15 p.m.|Trafalgar Square|=34 mag. ........./Bluish ......... 0-4second ...|From g Gemino-}}
(London) rum to a _ fey |
degrees _abovel|
and _ following} |
Procyon. |
6/11 13 p.m.|Hawkhurst =Ist mag.x.........|White ........ 1°5 second ..,/From 6 to # Piscium
(Kent) }
BHO Serum. |thid. css seecuks: =24 mag.x .....00 White, .steer-e- 04 second .,./From 3° N, of a}
almost to « Pe-|,
gasi.
8/10 21 45 Ibid ,.............. =2nd mag.x ...... White, then |1°5 second ...|From N Camelo- |
p-m. yellow, then pardali to 4 ( |
red. Ursz Minoris, a}
Draconis). i
SILT SG. DMs Tid..cescesssocesece =25 mag.x ......... White .........,0°5 second .../From A Custodis to
« Cassiopeiz. |
8/11 56 30 [Ibid ...............| = 3rd mage ...... Yellow ......{0°5 second .../From 7, y, mie
p.m. Persei to 4 (g|)
Persei, @ Cassio |
peiz). |
811 59 30 [Ibid ........ re =2nd mag.* ...... White wec.csie.[rrcresserrereeees From 2° N.
p-m. Ky to 2° cea i
ing y Andro i
’ mede.
12) 5 33 p.m.|Nottingham...... Ziel Dp errnagseecaseee Prismatic (red|2 seconds ...|From 2° below y
and blue) Arietis over 7
and 6 Piscium to {
Piscium. .
12} 5 40 p.m.jOundle (Cam-/Fine rocket - like}.................. <2seconds.../From 3% (« Tri-}
bridgeshire). | meteor. anguli, « Ari- |
4
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 23
Direction; noting also
Appearance ; Train, if any, whether Horizontal,
sad its Duration. Perpendicular, or cone. Observer.
Inclined.
Communicated
by S. Simpson.
lights.
ead lemon -shaped, |About 12°..|30° from perpendicular/Bright as full moonlight; W. Bentley.
burst at last, leaving down. clear sky.
a band of red fire in two
places.
No train or sparks Bb cicciveusewusane Leacecleetenes Coe ceccccnccvccescceccclecosscoserece eeccvece weecdede< A. S. Herschel.
Left a slight train for 1 sec.
Corresponds to Hawk-
T. Crumplen.
hurst 10" 7™ 45° p.m.
Left a train for 4 aAlseccecsceseseee[ecereecsseeeveeesccreeeseoess
second on a part of the
course.
\Left a train on 2 of its
course for 2 seconds.
A. S. Herschel.
T. Crumplen.
A. 8. Herschel.
Codcduacaloataumsncevsey deatseutdsnsedys Td.
Left a track 7° or 8° in),,,....
Disappeared midway be-
tween ¢ Pegasi and 0
Piscium.
REPORT—1864.
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
Place of
Observation.
Date.| Hour. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration.
1863.;h m s
Dec.12|From 6 p.m.|Norwich ......... Bright shooting- |.....s...006. The part of the
tol0 p.m. stars. heavens where]
they were most]
plentiful, and
nate, was the
constellation
Perseus.
12} 8 37 p.m.jGreenwich .....,=5th mag.x ; very|Blue .........
faint.
second, joris, directly
towards « Ursz|
Majoris.
12; 9 10 p.m.|Hawkhurst =2nd mag.* ......|White ......... 0°5 second ...|From d Camelo-
(Kent). pardali to m Cus-
todis.
12) 9 16 p.m.|Weston - super -|> Ist mag.* ....,.|Blue and white/1 second ...... From @ Lyre to
Mare. y
12) 9 17 p.m.|Ibid .......eeeeeee.{= 20d mag.¥ ...... gesdbueeesiasweres 2 seconds...... From ¢ Urse Mi-
noris to Head o
Camelopardalus. |
12} 9 18 p.m.|[bid .........06 cooe[=2nd MAg.x sesssefeeeeeeseeeeessveee[ld second ...[From & Urse. Mi-
Camelopardalus.
-|Trafalgar Square|=3rd mag.x ses...Jesecsseeeseeeee -+-/0°4 second .,.|From 3 (a, y) Ari-|_
(london). etis to R. A. 1h)
48™, N. Decl.10°.|
12} 9 20 p.m.|Hawkhurst =2nd mag.x ...... IWIDKE) cwchesees 2 seconds...... From 8 Tauri to a|_
(Kent). 2
12; 9 23 p.m.|Trafalgar Square|=Ist mag.t.........|.s.sseeeeseeeeeeee l second ,,,,..|From a Orionis to
(London).
12) 9 29 p.m.| Weston - super -}= 2 2% .rsssseecceeess Bright yellow|2 seconds...... From & Draconis to} _
Mare. 3 Cygni.
12) 9 52 -p.m.|Trafalgar Square|=14 mMag.* .e..| White ....+00./4 second ...... From § (8, 1) Pe-
(London). gasi to 5° W. of
f Pegasi.
St aA PIE 5 ycsnsuaen aes] BEANE Is, vocaubexosendancoseeli=:fagsdansed b swiss From (%, 7) Urse
Majoris to the
north horizon.
.| Whites... 0-4 second ...|To d Urse Majoris
Hawkhurst =drd mag.* .....
p-m. (Kent).
12}10 13 p.m.|Tbid ......... seoses| OF TALE occ eees White ......... 05 second .,.|From v to p Persei
12/10 16 p.m.|Tbid ..........0008. S25 MAL.x .sssceee WEN CG 55 eoaee 0°4 second .../FromeAurigze, half-
way to Z Persei.
12/10 21 p.m.|[bid w.s.esesseeeee =Srd mag-* ...... Winite veneer ane 0°6 second ...|From @ Cassio-
peiz, two-thirds
of the way to A
Andromede.
Trafalgar Square|=3rd mag.x ......|.++ eaccevese Sones levereseinvees eee [From 5° below
(London). y Orionis to 5°
below y Tauri.
12)10 23 p.m. — ibe White ......... 0°5 second .../From a to 6 Ceti...
12}10 21 p.m.
12/10 24 45 [Ibid ......sc0s000-./a3rd mage se... Witiie ust ccns: 0°6 second .,.|From ¢ to 7 Tauri..
p.m.
12}10 28 p.m.|[bid .....eseeceeeee/= 25 MAX sisaee White ........./0°8 second .,.|From P Camelo-
pardali to 3 (c, 2)
Ursz Minoris.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 25
ae
\ppearance ; Train, ifany,| Length of
and its Duration. Path.
_—.—$—$—$—$<—— ——
Setar tease ee eeeerereeeeesnareeriseeareseseeee
1O £VAIN seccesececsecccecesss{seerrenseestees
SEH RH eee teense serteeeeetessranen|® ee eeeteteeeaee
CHE OR anew een eee E Hea ee etaneneris eee eeeeeeeenas
Vebulous ; no nucleus ...|.c.seeesereeees
Jebulous ; no nucleus ...|scereeeee eed
Fegan SUdMEN]Y ....ssesesss|eceseecesenees
eft a train 15° in length../25° ....+...
seft a train of sparks ......|-sessseseeeele
Fane e PORE EOD eee e eee eS eeesesaerlseereeeseneee
°
ene wenabaesneseeecees 6 Pees eeeee
PCC e ei dudacavedtcncercceses eee eee eet e tees
Petes eet taeereeesereseseresees POO ee reeeereeer
Paneer eee eee P ee eeer eh OP nesses | Seereeesreeere
sfeenceeeseecesercccnccece seeees FEOPO Roemer eneeereeetetenenes
Direction ; noting also
whether Horizontal,
Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks. Observer.
snigucdsauesbecons seesseseceeees-[Lvery few minutes wit-|‘ Norwich Mer-
nessed their sudden} cury,’ Dec. 16.
display. Hundreds of
shooting-stars.
Deets sae a dha daa ito ae eck Nek |eoa se Me cconie Doend oo Wenvenapen| Whey edNaS is
deadese VedaevedacscBe mee Mestedcasende sccsccsccanesseee (Ae Se Herschel.
senceesesecersccesseseeseeees-(Cloudy after 94 45™ p.m.|W. H. Wood.
SOE ROHR REO RS EE ee HE DEESEE HEH lene POPP eee ewe meen eee ner eneee Id.
POU UU UPS PPS EUSP PEEPS ea Id.
Jan vadden sdceanaacdssoentpebt-|cceduedasevevadssdsedeotieet ie, T. Crumplen.
a ecees ee Nise cwadecoandsaeen| Meee escaccsusdoedssccese}s-|/te aeMeLerechel,
he pca es ca'aeaua saopomede Saeed occa ton cte state Ketesaeeeos torte ERD ents
ta ceaataehesapawaccus sosestieane’ Late A snan seseveseees.| We H. Wood,
eft a train 10° in length..|20° .........].....005+ SA ASCE CEC oe POE Ween, vecee eae T. Crumplen.
..|eeccessecevscsesssseveeeseseee/Termination concealed|!d.
by buildings.
Directed from e Lyncis|.........cccccesesessseeseese.[Ae 5» Herschel.
sonst een hand UL Salesceaedssceneaestioun eee
Sane eeastsanc te OO Mee aisarsaeascecesttia Lee
Id.
SUMIRUS MUST Sicccuccccsev-|sasesevedesssss|ses Napussheaessoracesanneeswas seasedusacawevusteetecaieerte:| Ue OLUmplens
r
Do
?
Feet ereeeeeseneeeeeeesssetans|teOnereeee ee eee
Baeaseceiudecdsusccancsce ceva vosesdosesescoscidessvendecdtettis MEaeRSCLEl:
SOTO OEE OEE E EEO e eee eee le seeeee Pee eee wweeeeeeeet etree Id.
PORTO POOR eee REET HEHE SETH HESEH | see SEEEEE ESE ES HERO SE EOE HESS Id.
26
REPORT—1864.
||.
|
3)
|
y
|
|
Place of Position, or
Date.| Hour. Observation Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and
vad Azimuth.
1863.| h m s
Dec.12/10 33 45 |Hawkhurst =25 MAgex —sasoee Yellow .....s0+ 1:1 second ...|To 3 Aurige two-
p.m. (Kent). thirds of the way}})
from ¢ Telescopiil |
and 2° further.
12/10 37 30 {Ibid ...............,—= 2nd Magex ...... White ......... 0°6 second .../From 4 (8 Ursex
p.m. Minoris, « Dra-|})
conis) to »v Ursa} }
Minoris.
12}10 41 30 {Ibid ..............|=drd mag.* ....../Yellow......«+.(0°7 second ...|From @ Tauri to
p.m. (n Tauri, o Per.
sei).
12|10 44 15 [Ibid ............... =2nd mag.x ....../White ......... 1-2 second ...|From ¢ Eridani ..
p-m. 2
12/10 46 p.m.|[bid ........-.eee0s =3h Magex eveeee | White c.ereceee 0°5 second ...|/From 4 (¢, v) Per-
sei (centre) to @
Andromede.
12/10 47 15 |Ibid.............../=25 mag.* ...ee.|White ......... 0°7 second ...|/From 4° below o
p-m. Cygni.
12}10 50 p.m.|Ibid ........... aens|==ok WALK... coerce Dial iv ceased 0°6 second .../From Z Tauri to
Ceti.
12/10 52 p.m.|[bid ......s00..-5 =4th mag.x oe Yellow ....../0°6 second ...|From F Custodis to
W Cephei.
12}10 56 p.m.|Ibid ........-.e00e- = 25 MAH eeeeveeee Orange ,.,...|1°8 second .../From z Bootis to 3}
Draconis.
I2ZL1L 2 30 [Ibid ......ceereeeee =23 mag.x ......|White .,.......{0°7second ...|Centre « Tauri ..
p.m.
PALL) 7, pam. Wid ..0csec0c0ee00s|—= Se MAG scccen| WHICC) cee.coeee 0-6second .,.|From ~ Tauri to
Ceti.
12/11 16 30 |Ibid........ Renee =2nd mag.* ......|White .........|1 second ...... To 6 Eridani, halfe||
p-m. way from + Ori-|
onis.
13} 8 11 p.m.|Ibid .........0e0e-|—=Ist mag.x ...... Witte) ovueseas- 12 second .,./From 2° above
Camelopardali
to B Urse Mi
noris,
13] 8 46 p.m.|Trafalgar Square|=14 mag.x — ..scse}eeceseseeeee peaeeu\s=scnnaden seeeeee(From below y Pe-|
(London). gasi to below f})
Piscium.
13) 9 40 p.m.|Hawkhurst =3h Mag. ones White ..4s00... 0-8 second ...|From Cassio-}
(Kent). i peie to 4 (A
Andromedez, g}
Lacertz).
13] 9 42 p.m.|Ibid ........ seooeee| = ord mag.* 1 second ...... From p Orionis ..
13] 9 48 SO. [TDI .ccccccccceeenst== oe WAS casese{DUI] cnccvecee 1 second ......|From 4 (a,
p-m. Arietis towards)
&, Ceti.
13] 9 49 p.m.|Ibid .........e0eee. =2nd mag.* ......)White ......... 0°8 second ...|From 3 (y Tri
angulze, ¢ Mus-||
ce) to ¥ AG)
Triangulz, y Ari
etis).
13] 9 54 30 {Ibid .......00...... =35 Magee sass Orange colour|1°8 second . eee p Ceti to
p-m. Eridani.
13/10 0 30 [Ibid............... =3rd mag.x ...... White ......... 0°6 second .../From 6 Pegasi.....
p.m. |
13/10 2 p.m.JIDbid ......0.-..c00 =Srd mag.x ...... Wihite i oc--s, 0°8 second ...|From 6 to ¢ Dra-}
conis.
A310) 5 45) |Ebid).<...ccceessee =2nd mag.x ......|White ......... 1:2 second .../From Z Ceti........
p-m.
N
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 27
Direction ; noting also
whether Horizontal,
Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Appearance; Train, if any,
A ia Duration Remarks. Observer.
and its Duration.
es. seveccescovectcceescceccesce[Boascoscseveec|eccscsccccceccrescesseeseseee] 2 Wenty meteors in twolA. S. Herschel.
hours radiated from
the neighbourhood of
7 Geminorum.
° POOR eee eee eee eee SOCCER eee eee SOPH TET STEEP eee EEE Hees SOTO e ceases eseeeeeetetesener Id.
RT > |i escacapevesce|eeeeeeoes paperecsdswavecvendes|nevcehsconansracpsessnacccenc cil (le
een Oe itlF® ) scenen{Rellivertically, «.cscydceeeafescdageaee Gesuveonevcedeesyse's (Las
el ccsscjueste [etenssovoceguecscescccsonceses[eaenay Me aceceuvsaunenteauierst|LOe
Lhe fi deed Bc caces (G9 .0hccpscese.| Mell vertically ......veess:|Usccgsasesvecepcovcecvescesee( LG.
ae Weel cbs visas Witeccsdcdescccaceses aka PO ee meee eee POO eee O Ore e eee eee leas asses eeeeeee ress eserseeees Id.
Paes. PEt. URS, ec He cated |p sedeseraangr soscneruddeasss|esyepanceewdaveneteresteskeveq Eble
pe dgrdlwns a sarsenacaie das salneveetdeatcvessehects Ane SE! Id.
Directed from:s Tauri..:l) “ey. .cecovsvescussoces ogous Id.
Pee UeESEOUELIOOSEOOeT Teer ee ere eee eee ree
sees
POPP H eer H en eeeeeeaereeeetanrcae| rrr rerereenees
FOE EH OHH ETE TER EEE OESETSE EEE ares nge ress sees eeeseeeerssaes Id.
Stores ener eeeesaaesesssssseas| erttee geeccece
Soo ce eres een cseecccccceccccccene| te eesesesecaes| seer seeescngecorcrcrrone sees pedsatcedegasctacanese woewusmen lls
PPE oreey et T. Crumplen.
SO etme ra rene nesses esterases
Se eeeeeee SOP R eee eee acer eerscsaslsserssesesesees
qgadocsedsaBpaccsdesedadiesans| Go) Cte kee! A emehel
Seer teen nene Pete ears eeeenenns | SOTeeeeseesenes
cc coe dic ssceec[B°csscagecccoc|eneeo i, VORRRE RIT. Se REN SEN aE! 18
Fetter eenterneeencccersrescsenscslscccerecssesee|ssseeeserenses ceccccsecccees clecevegcesccsccessreeccssccses Id.
..{Id.
28 REPORT—1864.
Position, or
Date.| Hour. Gur eee Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. peer and
zimuth,
1863.| h m s ;
Dec.13/10 11 39 |Hawkhurst =34 mag.x .....|Yellow ...... 0°6 second ,,./From } (#, \) Tauri
p-m. (Kent). ;
13)10 18 30 |Ibid...............;=3rd mag.x ......|White ...... --./0°6 second .../To a Musce, #} of
p-m. the course from
g Persei.
13/10 44 30 [Ibid .........00000e/=2nd mag.x ssore| White wr. 0:8 second .../From 2° N. of a} |
p.m. Andromede, 3
of the course to} |
v Pegasi.
13/10 52 15 |[bid .eseoessesseees =$rd mag.x ......|White ........-/1'2 second ...{From 3 (7, /) Cus-| |
p-m. todis, two-thirds
of the course to
¢ Persei.
27\Evening .../Southampton ..,/Diameter 43 inches}.........00++++0+{3 SCCONS. ++... First appeared in} }
!). S.W., and pro-
ceeded to N.W. |
27/About 6 55|/Hallow (Worces-|Half diameter of|Brilliantgreen,|5 or 6 seconds|.....+..s0sese0 ile
p.m. tershire). the moon. passing into
deep red.
27| 6 55 p.m./East Harptree,|As large as the|Bright blue; |Slow motion ;|Commenced near
Mendip Hills. | moon. followers 20seconds.| the Pleiades; |
crimson, disappeared just}
above the south
horizon.
27| 6 57 p.m./Dulverton (So-|Large meteor ...... Bright bluish|20 or 30 secs..|Approached the belt
mersetshire). colour. of Orion from 15° }
north of it. al
27| 6 57 p.m.|Wittersham RyejAs large as twojAt first palel...........0. ...|Over Sandhurst ...]
(Kent). fists. yellow, be-
coming blue.
27| 6 58 p.m.|Tunbridge Wells|Splendid meteor.../Very —_bright]..,.....cseesee00e/[n the S.W., at no} |
green and great altitude. |
light red. 5
Horizon.
27/10 45 p.m.|Hawkhurst 2D Yessseceevseveee/VEIOW — cesaee 0-7 second ...\/From 34 (@ An-|/)
(Kent). dromedz, 6 Pe-|})
- gasi).
31] 6 30 p.m.|Beeston Obser-|= 2f......+++sseee0ee-|Colourless; |Slowly........- N.W., altitude 45°,
vatory. brilliant. moving slightly
downwards __to-
1864, wards N.
Jan. 1] 9 51 p.m.|Weston - super -|=Ist mag. ....,.| BlUC...se0-seeee 2 seconds....../From & Eridani to} |)
Mare. 54 Sceptri.
2 7 30 p.m. Beeston Obser-|....... eee eee renee eaeeelec vege steeesssees seem eneereeeeeererleeePOenrereregeseesseens
to830p.m.} vatory. Z
A CATALOGUE Of OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 29
Direction ; noting also
Appearance; Train, if any,) Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks. Observer.
—— | ——_—_ —_—
Pesddcdasivesvecdecescecscovdsseo(O° saeco scscess} LOwards pe Ceti . Pavddsdeccentscasewcotvecstd ct A. 8. Herschel
MP CMN pia ee rec n den sans ccsssfesececvcescecsslssaseevsecdececseecesses sesse.{NO Other meteor seenjId.
in 30 minutes.
POePUCEUIOSIOSSOSI OCIS eee eee eee e ee seeee rere rerrercer rrr ire rer eis ee Peet eee eeeeee Id.
seuetecceresneasseccerascoecdecar|sssssseressueslees sessseceeseeessceresseeeeee(Eight meteors in one|Id.
hour radiated from
the neighbourhood o
7 Geminorum.
BAESE SIMEON CWO, TEAVING Bl....c00ceresses|eccsaccececsscesussesesercsees The first meteor was not|‘ Portsmouth
second meteor on its Times.’
track.
diminished in size,
but travelled faster]
than the other.
From @ “point becamel........essee|e6 SumaaunbdesheccosseeNecaesd:|sdadedeansdvateessecsevecnnace
circular, drawing a
train of sparks. Burst
without report, and left
no sparks.
BRGTEHBEH FLOM A USL MATH) cc svsecsseaess|eacecectensecsccccavececeacens
to the diameter of the
moon; followed by
three smailer elongated
red bodies.
R. H. H., ‘The
Times.’
Deepened in colour as it/C. P. Taylor.
increased. The flash
resembled that of
vivid lightning.
teeerlene Oem eee eee eereraeerensereee
At first no appendage;3)......... Peeet|peert tend ae MRE C. M., ‘The
afterwards followed by Times.’
a stream of light.
PPEHMEMEEME! OTL) COLOUT)|....c0cdsccocss|cccccescacducesowssavetoses seeleoncbossceoeccsssceeereoseseo+|COMmMunicated
and at the same instant
opened with a stream
of fire.
Ppsasecsecovecceccsecadveccceeresleqesctedooesoes| DESCENAINE Slantwise ...
by Mrs. Nares.
J. B. Caudell.
Gradually diminished.,,,,,{10° .........|Directed from ¢ Cassio-
peie.
A. 8S. Herschel.
SORE e eRe ee rerernseeseseeenes
E. J. Lowe.
(Fe EA a aA BI 8) a oe eS Oe ed enn Ph oe P
Viavbacsssosseverasnacaetedsd| Wie tlen WOGLg
JE. J. Lowe.
Cee er rere reer eran POPP e emer ee eee e enone eees FHP PEE EPO bEEDEEO HERE e ee baees
ieee eee Cee eee eC e eee reeeerere reise Terese Terre rer)
Very many meteors ..
380 REPORT—1864.
Place of
Observation. Colour.
Date.; Hour. Apparent Size.
1864.;h m8
Jan. 2) 7 50 p.m.|Beeston Obser-|3 times brighter|Intense blue...|......
vatory. than Ist mag.x
pendicularly
downwards.
2)10 O p.m.|Prestwitch(Man-|50 es stars.|All bright 3, 13, 6, < 4|In all parts of the
to 1 a.m.| chester). 4, 14, 23,2, 7=| white. 1,2seconds,| sky.
Ist, 2nd, 8rd remainder
mag.x, &c. not noted.
2/10 O p.m./Hawkhurst 50 shooting-stars.|White or yel-|1, 16, 14,3, 4,|In all parts of the
to mid- | (Kent). 3, 21, 17, 3,6=] low. <4, 1,14,] sky.
night. Ist, 2nd, 3rd 2 and 3 secs.
mag.x, &e.
2/10 45 p.m.|Weston - super -|=Sirius ............ SiTTUS. wdivasecs 1 second ...... From Cassiopeia,
Mare. halfway to the
Pleiades.
2/11 O p.m.|Bolton ...,,...+000/10 Shooting-Stars.e.},........scceeecssleeesesseneees «(From Head off
to 11 30 Hydra to a point}
p.m. midway between
Sirius and «Canis
Majoris.
3}About8 p.m.|Liverpool.......+. Large meteor ......)........sseeseereefeosseee cseveeseeesjAt a considerable}
altitude. |
3| 8 25 p.m.j/Epping _ Forest/Large meteor ......|Pale blue...... Moved slowly Bank below the}
(Essex). N.E. _horizon}||
a altitude 10°
onjl2?. |
7| 8 36 p.m.|Weston - super -/Width half, length|Intense blue.../> 2 seconds ;| Visible on two parts|
Mare. two-thirds of the very slow. of the course from!
moon’s diameter. » Eridani to 8)
Ceti. The third] }
part of its course}
hidden by obsta-
cles.
7| 8 40 p.m.|Bridgewater Large meteor ...... Blue-green ...|.. ssauchenabveenss De age toward
(Somersetshire).
7| 8 40 p.m.|Dulverton > the meteor of|Diffused light,/10 or 15 secs..|Began 20° S. s.w
(Somersetshire).| Dec. 27. reddish. from Orion’s Belt,| |
at an altitude off”
60°.
8} 8 40 p.m.)/Hawkhurst =3rd mag.* ...... Yellow ......... 0°6 second ..,|From 4 (B, Z) to
(Kent). Tauri.
21) 8 40 p.m.|IDbid ........0000+0.|2 >> VENUS ..,...
low.
...|Greenish yel-|13 second
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
Duration.
Due N.E., started)
at altitude 45°,| |
and moved per-
..|From « Draconis 2)
of the way to the}
horizon. q
i]
|
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 31
Direction ; noting also
\ppearance ; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. f Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
RS ith sdb sesieseaaceceases|aca ssbndvesdranpyotBsSers ) cesdesothGicspabo Ssh [Neues <o.opeemopbageb estat seusiite Op LOWE,
iix left trains ; one2> } |.......... ..«s./Two radiant-points; ¢|/Most frequent from 11"/R. P. Greg.
burst into sparks. Ursee Majoris and Head} to 128 p.m
of Bootes. The latter
became well defined at
1, a.m.
a 1 oA | Radiant - point at Ch...s0...s.se0ees Speen ice A. S. Herschel.
Quadrantis Muralis ;
very definite.
seeeseneees ENGR Rr coe se ees ccc cab es wovees|aces rev siesoveseenascesusedens From 12 p.m. until 1"{Communicated
or 24 a.m. Jan. 3rd,| by W. H. Wood.
shooting-stars fell one
per minute.
‘wo very brilliant, andj.....,, ticgssac/asasgeaesedcoess vatdctinssdesleten dicsdsvcuesereoass seovoeee|Hugh Weight-
eight ordinary falling- man.
stars.
Peon seen eeeaesereserereeessetehliseeensesaes eee Going N.N.W.....0000 Cevclevereccerescseece Se eeenseveceee W. G. Drysdale
ear-shaped, with a tailof}...,........... Descended at an angle|Clear sky ...............|‘ The Standard.’
red sparks. of 45°.
ear-shaped, with a tail.|............. oslsacSebentt sss Peeseresaes e--{Tail and outline of/W. H. Wood.
Illuminated the sky at meteor dimmed by
last with three rapid \\\ fog. Last third part of
flashes. W the course hidden by
WY obstacles.
\\ \
Descended towards
the W.
fast a strong light.|.......,....... Descended towards the/Gas-lights looked dim in|A. Haviland.
Tail like that of a W. the light.
rocket.
ESE ET Sa Ae (a ...([lluminated the clouds|C. M., ‘The
‘walnut. Moved with a like a bright aurora.| Times,’
flickering light. No report in ten mi-
: nutes.
0 train or sparks .........|... Mee ccaves|taatoneees Pececuecer eases Se bee beicaverocevedeccecss ...{A. S. Herschel.
-shaped ; left no train|8° or 10°.,.|.,..cese+essssveseeereeeeeeeee/Termination not seen ...|Id.
To left from perpen-
dicular.
82 REPORT—1864.
Place of ,
Date.| Hour. Observation. Apparent Size. Colour.
1864.;/h m_ s i
Jan. 21) 8 40 p.m.|Lamberhurst |Bright meteor ...| Yellow .e..seeee|eseeeee
(Kent).
21) 8 55 p.m.|Hawkhurst
(Kent). low.
21/10 O p.m.|[bid .......06..-++.J= Ist mag.* ......| White
23/About8 p.m.) Liverpool......... Large meteor ......|-+++ eecccnsccssesle
29; 8 30 p.m.|Hawkhurst
=2nd mag.* ....../ White
(Kent).
2 > Venus weessreee Greenish yel-|3°5 seconds ;
aieceneae 0°4 second ...
oeesu fens 0°6 second ...
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
Duration.
Low in the N......
iW
From Z Leonis te
a point near x
Leonis, R. A. 105}
52™, N. Decl}
1225 |
From p to M Ca-
melopardali.
Commenced near
« Cephei. Dis-j
appeared altitude
40° N.W.
From g Lyncis,
of the course to
Geminorum.
relaxing its
speed.
29| 8 42 p.m.|Weston - super -|=Sirius ..........+.{Orange colour|2‘5 seconds ...|From stars (5), (8))
Mare. to «e Andromedae
29] 8 49 p.m.|[bid ....00..-s00e0 =3rd mag.t .... Blue.......+.../2°5 seconds ; |Commencement i
slowmotion.| R. A. 47°, 3.
Decl. 22°. |
2919 8 p.m_|[bid ..4.....eeeeeee] = 18t mag.#.e...0+-/Blue....eeeeeee.{L second ....../From Cor Caroli 0)
d Bootis.
29| 9 15 p.m.]Hawkhurst = Sirius seseee| White ...00000/0°7 second ,../From x Herculis to
(Kent). 3 Bootis. |
29| 9 27 p.m.|[bid .....seeeeeeeee|—=SFd Mae seoese White .....0... 0°6 second ...JCommenced at y
Ceti. |
Feb. 2} 0 36 a.m.|/Wimbledon A clear disk. Seen|....eocsseees seee{Rather rapid/From a Hyarey
(Surrey). through clouds flight for so} almost to the
which obscured large a me-} horizon.
Sirius. teor.
3}10 30 p.m.|Southgate Road|= 5 Ursce Majoris..|:..scsssssseeveres
(London).
t
|
ee reeeeeeensetnee fila. asthe
|
~ _ e ») .
.
In Ursa Major. —
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 33
Direction; noting also
Appearance; Train, ifany,| Length of | whether Horizontal, :
and its Duration. , Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks, Observer.
| Inclined.
Sevsececceeectecescccssssccecaes[ecvansccseneerleacecssueseeaueres seagyditiddal steeedyevns BH eee nese H. Hussey.
To left from perpen-
dicular.
Slightly pear-shaped; di-/30° ......... Perpendicularly down...|-++++++ee+sseeeeseeeseseuseans A. S. Herschel.
minished to a red spark.
Left no train.
Rise cnc oi coc lacs estnacescdlancseccsesdesescsascvcsescenes{OlOMOY 740 MOON spor LG
esembled the meteor Ofl........ceccoselsrssssereccerecceccscesensencslersseees Niaxppacananctenet aad W.G. Drysdale.
December 5, but not so ;
large.
O train OF Sparks .........|...ccceccsesces[eeeeereeeeesceeesenssoeessness lear sky scsccestck esse ,..-|A. S. Herschel.
ueft a ruddy train for 1)............ eB vin Lprrer ree ts padedbl besaeus Gimeskh oe 0ekat ayuetiees W. H. Wood.
second, 10° in length.
Coereee rete eee reer rere sheassiG? fdeess sees Vertically GOWN): caves chal gedSdns00esshpeibvsavidereaewel lle
SP amen eee eterenreeeeeseeeeeeeeetlsanenes cognecontaeee peeeneeee Peeeeeeeneeeseens Zodiacal light in the W. Id.
3 since the Ist of Jan.
0 train or sparks .........]. eoneeugieveccs|swcedencnsae COED ree Racy Hoep eee roca eon Cony sce A. S. Herschel.
o train or sparks ......... (Aohetens, Wee ape Fell vertically ............|+ ceadevevesee Sadpenceesaeayea Id.
secsecssesecnecteasssseseseeeses|ssceeceesesaeee(One or two degrees from|Nothing but a pale halo|F. C. Penrose ;
perpendicular. Towards} could be seen at the} communicated
3K a Hydree. the right, down. place of Sirius. by J. N. Lock-
yer.
Horizon.
and turned|........ “eccoog Seecsssn papeeane Speeetacce An uncommon appear-|Communicated
‘round, with subdued ance. by T. Crump-
len.
‘light, as if to revolve
round 6 Ursx Majoris.
.|L°8 second
34 REPORT—1864.
Date.| Hour. Pe ee Apparent Size. Colour.
1864.) h m
Feb. 5) 7 55 p.m.)/Hawkhurst =2nd mag.x ......|White . .......
(Kent).
5) 8 49 p.m. Weston - super -)= 1st mag.x......... Dull blue......
Mare.
5) 9 23 p.m.|Ibid......... eeoeee| =OFd MAQ-....0000-/Dull ........000
6| 7 5 p.m.|/Hawkhurst = |=drdmag.x ......|White .........
(Kent).
6| 7 27 p.m.| Weston - super -|/>Ist mag.* ......
Mare.
6) 7 41 p.m|.Hawkhurst =drd mag.x ......
(Kent).
6| 7 50 p.m.|Ibid ..........+6.../= Ist mag.x - .4....| White ......08.
6} 8 46 p.m./Weston - super -|=
Mare.
7| 6 10 p.m.|Liverpool....,..../Large meteor ......
811 12 p.m.) Hawkhurst =2nd mag.x ....../Yellow.........
(Kent).
8/11 16 p.m.|Ibid ...,...........;= 2nd mag.* ......
S11 19 pam. [Ibid ....s0es0s00500{= 20d MAL .s000o] WHILE sarsconee
9} 9 4 p.m.|[Did ...cecccseeeee| = 20d MAG sree.
Duration.
0°8 second
2°5 seconds ...
eeneee
0:5 second ...
2°5 seconds ..
.|From 1°
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
.../From « Orionis ...
joris, one-foui |
of the course to-
wards M. Came-i}
lopardali.
From w Arietis to
Piscium.
. {From @ to @ An-l)
dromedez and 2
as far beyond.
S. of ¢
to ¢
midwaj
Ari-
Tri
Aurigze
point
between a
etis and 6
angulz.
.|From 8 Canis M
eT eee ee ee eee eeeeS CeCe eee ere
0°6 second ...
0°6 second ...
0°8 second
0°6 second ...
noris to 8 Canis)
Majoris.
Commenced near aj)
Cephei. In the
N.W. sky-
From @ to 6 Orionis))
From d Telescop
to . Geminorum,)
.../From w to # A -|
dromedz. ;
Irom u_ Lyneis,
halfway to ff
Urs Majoris.
Appearance ; Train, if any,
and its Duration.
No train or sparks .........
Became extinct at the
middle of its course
and suddenly rekindled.
SOONER RRO eee eeH ee wees eEeeeeeEees
No train or sparks .........
Seem eee eee eee teree faeces eeeee
No train or sparks .........
No train or sparks .........
Left a momentary train
in three-fourths of its
course, of ruddy co-
lour.
Resembled the meteor of
December 5, but not so
large.
No train or sparks ........
No train or sparks .........
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.
35
Direction ; noting also
Length of | whether Horizontal
Path. Perpendicular, or : Le Observer.
Inclined.
Shas Steansesead Vertically down ....+4.../ peck con ea Weipa’ was Saas bye A. S. Herschel.
RE MUACE eg. c| Oe sessseeceeeeeeseseeseesees/On the 4th of February,|W. H. Wood.
at 6" 45™ p.m., zo-
diacal light as bright
as Via Lactea Sagit-
tarii; apex at 7
Arietis ; south edge
as sharply defined
as an auroral strea-
. mer; north edge
diffuse. Fluctua-
tions in light and
tint from atmospheri-
cal causes.
Mdveasaesccchs|saviasee SadslhswakentaWets MORMIANocae sess siveceacenaceee soe. (Ld.
“onocdesecenco Her cacceeee ceconeercraopnedios ear Rove sedcsseecessos|Au Se Herschel.
Fauads gee came lecre Moved caouWespoas dutusseea| sie eeecatnna Svepeguphtes aaa] Wedblep WOO
wea een eee Sensgcbeserseenedncdess [etre Sener eee A. 8, Herschel.
Maids pasceoras|ZOdtaeall Mr liglity Wiverylpeead cs cseuenives<crosespese| (Gs
bright. Axis from 6
Piscium to 0 Arietis.
Preerr ier PRO e eee e ener reset Ee eeeeee ly eeceesasenaerereeeesene Rsiay W. H. Wood.
Ruasesedesaess Reweeeesstensees siete ceseeenies veas@nevacssbacene bereace .....|W. G. Drysdale.
a] Pere ee ee ceccer FOP teens eeeeeeeesetrsseoeaen|?
POOR ee eee ee deme Tee ee eee eeeeeeeeHeeresins
see b eee e ee eeweeer ease eraneee
Peewee ee rsee re eeeeeseeeenee
teens
acs wheels sesesesevee-(Erom 45 20™ to 4h 40™
p-m., a vertical bar
through the sun (see
fig.). The lower
branch projected
nearly one diameter
of the sun in front
of a black cloud-bank
below the sun.
A. 8. Herschel.
.\Id.
(Id.
Id.
p2
86 REPORT—1864.
Position, or
Place of
Date.| Hour. Obsergation: Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. pirenie and
1864.) h m
Feb. 9) 9 12 p.m./Hawkhurst =3rd mag.x ...... Yellow......... 0-7 second ...\From @ to A Urse
Kent). Minoris. |
9|10 17 p.m.|Hay (‘S. Wales).../About the greatest/Very fine About 5 secs...|From a point one-| —
splendour of yellow. third of the dis-| _
Venus. tance from Rigel
to Sirius, to the
horizon.
10|10 20 p.m.|Wolverhampton {Diameter 5’,or one-|Bluish white, 2% seconds |From 6 Canis Mi- |
sixth diameter of| like Rigel. while in noris directly 8.)
the moon. sight. Termination con-| |
cealed by build-| |
ings. at
Mar. 1| 8 14° p.m.|/Hawkhurst =2nd mag.x ...... Orange........- 2:2 seconds .../From « to A Dra-|
i (Kent). conis.
1} 9 35 p.m.|Weston - super -|=1st mag.*......... Dull yellow ...|2°5 secs., slow|From o Herculis to}
Mare. the horizon.
2) 0 17 a.m.|Flimwell, Hurst-|= 2p ........-+eeseeeee Topaz-yellow.|/14 second .../From 4° N.E. off}
green (Sussex). Saturn to 3° BE, }
of Spica.
2| 7 35 p.m.|Weston - super -|Very large meteor..|Blue and yel-|sse+.seeeseerees Commencement15% |
Mare. low. or 20° above the} }
N.W. horizon.
5) 8 to 9 p.m./Hawkhurst Three falling stars..|.....ssesse0es seo SECON 2.0... From Polaris to y|)
(Kent). Cephei.
6) 7 50 p.m.|Manchester ,.....|Bright meteor ...... Bluish white.,./Slow motion...|In the W., altitude} }
20°.
6) 8 37 p.m.|/Hawkhurst TOE CAUA PRR wcageal tap ales sadece sess 1 second ....../From Polaris to
(Kent). Cephei. a}
9| 9 30 to 10|Prestwitch(Man-|Two shooting-stars|......-++.seccseee|eceeseeereeeeneene Near Polaris ..... |
30 p.m, chester). ; ||
12) 0 30 a.m. |[bid ...,.....006 ...|Quarter diameter of/Red ......s00...|eceeee odsiesehes {In N.W., altitude
the moon. 45°; from Ca-
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 37
Direction; noting also
Appearance; Train,ifany, Length of | whether Horizontal, :
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or wetle Observer.
Inclined.
i i a | es
PASTIBEyODJCCH Gee ss,sss¥eo|vcabasesterescs|esossebantboesscesenreeses donc] sbessoscsesaudDeocsuctiuses.ee| Ae Oy Herschel.
bid sands es Tite Bee cctalsaenoudaes cn -.|Fell vertically ............ Continued its light un-|T. W. Webb.
diminished (except by
‘A clouds) to the ho-
= rizon.
54
iy
Horizon.
A well-marked disk with a|Part of visi-/N. to S. ....cccccsccscescc{eee* eb ivectsvesssevascesc veeee{L. M. Simkiss.
steady light. Left no} ble path
Sparks. 20°
Fiery appearance. . No}....cs.cs-sssse|..ssecsaneees ATE badaess|edesedes ce faresesesivabiehesys A. 8. Herschel.
train left.
View impaired by fog...... 7a” eee Fell vertically. ....... sanes[tbeeeeeesese esovedesthasenatt W.H. Wood.
The meteor kept enlarging|10° or 12°.. awe BADD Sayan rose ,...jsaturn very brilliant ...|F. Howlett.
until it disappeared. '
i Kh.
I ML Spica.
Fell vertically.
GRRNRed Biba tyh--<26---;00000.... N02 OFpt? > -s(InChNe Mic. ,: jaswocestssacsdlesaePicayssstaecauocsnaes ares Communicated
f by W. H. Wood.
PR BBALES OC LLOINS,........|......csseeeeee|oeaces sess A cca'fsocaducesasscc|voe soOGREEDs < copst bbe ates: A. S. Herschel.
MemenonmumGpscored. by|15° or: 20°..|,......ssccheseoesssscoodaeses|n*esabvooscsecssccnanseoesthon E. ardcastle.
clouds. Tailed.
Inclined.
pena" * SareD bees ys os trereeeeeeleceeeaes Piston se|scacccceccubscsececcecssevcses|acarabeesastavencssesnea sents A. S. Herschel.
MOREL AUUTHIN . cisc0i0.0s|ases.0e0 Pesecws Directed from 10° above|Radiant-point between|R. P. Greg.
Polaris. Polaris and Capella.
po skehne sasvessecersasenap@ets Communicated
urst with red sparks
by R. P. Greg.
W. Horizon. N.
38 REPORT—1864.
Date Hour. Flngeet Apparent Size Colour. Duration
‘ ; Observation. PP : 5
1864.| h m
Mar.24) 7 45 p.m./Euston Road |=Venus .........++- Ruddy ......... 3 seconds.....
Observatory
(London).
_25,\Between 8 |Lymington Very large meteor..|Quite white .../Rapid .........
and 9 p.m.| (Hants).
29/10 47 p.m.|Hawkhurst =2nd mag.x ...+- White ......... 0°6 second ...
(Kent).
29/10 57 p.m.|Ibid .........0000 =2nd mag.* ...... White ...++++-/1 second ....4
29/11 4 p.m.|[bid ..........000 =2nd mag.x «.....|White ........- 1 second ......
29\11 12 p.m.|Ibid ..........00.. =8rd mag.* ...... Yellow ...... 0-5 second
29/11 18 p.m.|Ibid ............05 =3rd mag.% ...... Yellow ...++. 1 second
29/11 19 p.m.|Ibid .........0.0. ONO MHASH jaaneoe White ......... 0°5 second ...
29/11 37 p.m.|Ibid .......... .--+-|=3rd mag. ...../ White .........) 0°7 second ...
Apr. 2| 8 5 p.m.|Weston - super -|=Ist mag.x ...... ENTS Be aaosee 2 seconds......
Mare.
10) 8 24 p.m.|Hawkhurst At first=1st mag.x,|At first white,/2°5 seconds ..
(Kent). then=3rd mag.+| then red.
10) 8 45 p.m.|Ibid ..........00.. =Castor ...ceccccees WHITE: ccdeecces 13 second ..
10} 8 56 p.m.|Trafalgar Square) = 1st mag.%...ssccee|eeceeeseeeseeeesesleceseeansveeeecees
(London).
10| 9 30 p.m.|Royal Observa--2>1st mag.* ...... Wellow j:..<:- About 2 secs.
tory, Green-
wich.
10! 9 30 p.m.|/Hawkhurst =Regulus ........./Brilliant white/4 secs.; very
(Kent). slow.
10) 9 42 p.m.|IDbid .........0000e =Capella, brilliant|Orange yellow|0°8 second .
10)°9) 48: pam: (bith sc enccaecenses =2nd mag.x ....../Flame colour..|1°4 second ..
...{From @ Ursa Ma-| |
...|From 33 Cygni ...
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
.|From between «, 8
Ursz Majoris to
between y, » Vir-
ginis.
Tailed, Left
long _ streak.
Vanished sud-
denly with many] |
sparks.
From 3 Aurigz to
3 (d, d) Camelo-|
pardali. a
From a point 4 (4} |
Draconis, y Urs
Minoris) to al
point 2 (« Ce-
phei, Polaris).
From Regulus to} }
Preesepe Cancri. | |
joris.
From 33 Cygni ...
From a point 3 (6} |
Draconis, « Bootis),| |
halfway towards | |
Cygni.
Three fourthsof the} |
course from Pro-| |
cyon to Sirius. |
.|From X Canis Mi-|_
noris to a Mono-
cerotis (Bode).
.|From 4 (6 Aurigz,
c Camelopardali)| —
to 4 (4, B) Came-| |
lopardali.
From Arcturus to y} —
Coron.
From the zenith} —
near a Urs Ma-
joris to alt. 25°,
a little left of}
Cassiopeia.
From 4 (¢ Camelo-}
pardali, m Cus-}
todis) to 2 (n, >)
Persei.
..|From p across L to} i
S Camelopardali|
(Bode). | ‘
yl
.|From 3 (¥, 6) Ursee)
Majoris to } (ad
Urs Majoris, Q
Camelopardali).
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 39
Direction; noting also
Appearance ; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal, :
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
Left no train .......sccseeesfeceeeeneneees sslccsesescseeseceeeeeseeeseeeeee/5@€D by several persons|T. Slater.
From below Ursa Major/100°........./E.S.E. to W.N.W., as-|Threw. a strong light./A. P. Falconer.
to above Orion. Passed cending. Surrounded by sparks.
high above the Needles.
«JA. 8, Herschel.
No train or sparks .....6...J.sseeee Quscwsas|scadner Peseeeis Stadisaeteoaer te eoepsocccuenenns svesete
Brushy appearance ...++-|eeececeeesssese|eeeeeererereees eae dsuesuncces doceegoescencescece seanenene sc Id.
|
!
|
Brightest at last ......ssseeeJeseeeers deasasa| ieee Widdedosececvoscageonescus|ovcee fatessiacents wevenadee ».. (Id.
Beebertcrecrsdenesacceocccoeseas 3°, .seoeeeeeee/ Towards y Ursee Majoris}......000...seseeeeeessrennee (Ld
__ sro qno0uesDen COSTER EG CEE A. cMvcecces{TOwaTdS a Cypntosiiise|scccccssscesscccocstacecevsnrs|LGe
Dee, eceaeca ccs scosccnrccsece: Rolf eee Towards e Oypnit ccs. sascasessccsnsecsactesrasenpes)I0ln
RT cere, gspccessne|ssevevceccnesoalaesnaes seuudr ae vensiek gaucsees Cbauvcctaccesencessapnesance| tig
aoe nes hosel ee Ul olevcigeaess ccoseasavereguacavslesceiesdecicdsdacedsdencdsese.| Welkls WOOUs
Small in half of its course}25° ......... Directed from € Virginis|.c..seseccscssereesetenecnenes A. S. Herschel.
Brightest at first, gradu-|8°............ Directed from y Virginis}......« davadddddusvescsace’ + lId.
ally decreasing.
eee iicaugetsbenn Directed from ¢ Virginis|..........0000+++ iaesunckotee T. Crumplen.
BUMTG SEVEAKCs «ce cgcvcdeesesees 50° or 5d°..|Direction N. w..sesseeeee Corresponds to the fol-/W. C. Nash, C.
lowing. Jones, C, P.
Trapaud,
Pear-shaped, leaving along|25° ...,.....|Directed from 7 Virginis|\Disappeared _ without|A, S, Herschel.
change. Train visible
faint train for half a
in moonlight.
second.
rightest at middle of its|10° .........{Quite Crooked ssssereee|sceeeeeeeeseesseuaeessereeeres Id.
| course, and deflected 20°
or 30°.
rushy appearance ...,..|.. seseseeseveee| Directed from Z Virginis!..,.c0...sssesceeeseees “pond Id,
40 REPORT—1864,
puso Position, or
ai , ; ‘afi. Altitude and
Date.| Hour. Observation. Apparent Size. Colour Duration he ene
1864.) h m
Apr. 10) 9 52 p.m.|Hawkhurst Regulus ......... White. ..:..s-05 15 second ,..
(Kent).
_10) 9 56 p.m.|Ibid .............4 =dsrd mage ...... Flame colour..|1 second ......
10}110 7 p.m.|Ibid.........ie..e. =Denebola ...... WHILE thin sacs. 1:7 second ...
10)10 54 p.m.|Ibid.............06 =2nd mag.x ...... Yellowish...... 1-2 second ..
BU Oe4¥ acta MUDIG .sescessvasses =2nd mag.* ...... Flame colour..|1-5 second ...
7 Herculis. ;
11| 2 30 a.m.|Wolverhampton./> Ist mag.* ...... Bright white..|...... sedtsesczess From nearly over-
Nearly= J. head _—_north-
11} 9 35 p.m./Tunbridge Wells|=1st mag.x ......|+«- Raseuens de=ave=|vacesetsMestasest IS sees.
(Kent).
11/About 10 0/Prestwitch(Man-|=3rd mag.x cssssfecreeerserereesee-leceenneees teasenes
p-m. chester). :
13) 0 58 am.|/Hawkhurst =2nd mag.x «..... White. .3:...... 1-1 second ... pM:
(Kent). : y Virginis. :
MS 4 Simvins| Ibid ...cerscceecccs =8rd mag. ...06 White. .%:..... 0°6 second .../To « Bootis, half-|
TS eva9 ase lid ceecsee ee seco, =2nd mag. ...... Yellowish...... 0°8 second ...
Herculis, and as|
far beyond.
M3) 2 ayma| [bid o..caareacsnee =Srd mag.® ssaees| White ......0 0-8 second ..,/From 7 Canium|
Venat. to ce
Come Beren.
(Bode).
Nol 2 LO asm, (LOId c...ecasecacace =3rd mag.x ...... Wikite.s.see.-. 0°5 second .../From & Lyncis......
13))2)22) ‘aera. |Ubid)<.. so.cacs.ca0c| = ZUG A ve gsirt Yellow ......... 0°4 second ...
13] 2 48 a.m./Ibid ..........00... =2nd mag.* ...... Yellow ...... 0:7 second ...
Visio. (0) ‘arar.|UDIds ccecesecescac =3rd mag.x ...... Yellow ...... 0-3 second ...
13} 3 4 a.m.|Ibid.............../=2nd mag.* ...... Yellow 4..... 0°5 second ..
13) 8 50 p.m,jLondon .........;=2nd mag.x ...... White ..:$...<: 1 second ......
135|°9 23" pan Wb. ceb sees. vases =2nd mag.* ...... White irekseose 1 second ......
; noris to H Dra-
conis.
15) 2 9 am.|Hawkhurst. =Arcturus ....is0:3 Like Arcturus|2°3 seconds ...|From r Bootis,.....
(Kent).
U5 P2031 aah: |Ibidle ee eececeees =38rd mag.% ...... Whiten. ss5..; 1 second ...... From 7, two-thirds
of the course to
o Virginis.
1911 12 p.m.jIbid ............... =3rd mag.x ...... Wihite > s2.4:: ++.|0°8 second .../From N Camelo-
pardali to o Urs
Majoris.
Bo) 0 17 B.ri.|fhid .ocsesee teres =2nd mag.x ...... White -.cdsac: 0-9 second ...|From 4 (g, ¢) Dra-
conis to B Urse
Minoris.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.
41
Appearance ; Train, if any,
and its Duration.
Stellar. Disappeared sud-
denly.
Brushy appearance
Brushy appearance
Length of
Path.
20°
20°
seeeeeees
Direction; noting also
whether Horizontal,
Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Directed from ¢ Virginis
Directed from 7 Virginis
Directed from ¢ Virginis
Remarks.
seeeeee
Reddish aura .......ss00.
Slight aura ......ssecseses
Observer.
A. 8. Herschel.
Id.
Id.
Brushy appearance ..,,..|20° .........|Directed from n Virginis|Aura about the nucleus|ld.
rushy appearance ....,./15° .........,Directed from 0 Virginis|Slight aura .......++...4..|[d.
eft a bricht train .........|Long flight |.,.......ccscescssccseceeceess seccetenconecescaeceoeses .-+».(Communicated
& s mg
by T. M. Sim-
kiss.
‘aded away. Left a long/30° .,,....,./Shot diagonally ..ssssse.feseeese depisnsncerccedvaltasnie POpee
luminous streak.
NO train OF SPALKS .....0.,.|.cssssessseecce|sceussteesccceesessccssenenbas| eerereeenerssseeseseesseceans R. P. Greg.
eft a train for 1 second...|30° ......... Directed from cHerculis|4 fine shooting-star ...|A. S. Herschel.
Btellar nucleus. Bright...|6°............|.ccssccssssssccssscecessseccna| feecseereeereceneeees steeeees Id.
Stellar nucleus. Bright...|15° .........]-+eee sececabersccccusanesscas|sseeesececeteaneees seseeeeaees Id.
Srushy appearance ......|20° sess... Directed from o Herculis|Long and rapid ......... Id.
A train or sparks ,........|.. cecseseses,..(Directed from 6 Herculis}...... ecco bissasccnees Id.
3rushy appearance ....../15° ...,.....{Directed from 3 Herculis|Very rapid ......200...+++ Id.
Bright nucleus .........+--/10° os... Directed fromM Herculis|+++++++++++++ee+er-sereeeeeeeel I.
LASS Eee eee 5°. ..ssessee.| Directed from p Herculis}-++++++++0+++e+reerrsenrereeeeild.
right nucleus baat A et 15° ...,.....|DirectedfromK Herculis)Rapid ..,.........+++1s0.. Td.
train or sparks .........|...000.0. aR eect SI, aN eb pJovecvessssceveseccsseeeceeveee(L Crumplen.
Yo train or sparks ...... Ss sasha hs gees berconeanea meshataedsiece see vachasuererseesssstesl LCs
itellar nucleus. Bright...
fine shooting-star ; left
along train for 1 second.
SERENE E Oe eee ee eeinenesaareceses
6°....00......,Directed from 6 Virginis|Slow, foreshortened ap-|A. S. Herschel.
20° CCC Peeee
seeeeeeee feeeee
pearance.
avevees Rpaedlccdaccvaccsecsees|aceaseboeciensasasesciscermapa|t Ce
Directed from # Lyre...|---.+- Paccsentessccasecubatiere Id.
‘Directed from a Lyra...Jsers-+sercereereerseeeerenes Bice
|
42 REPORT—1864. |
i
Pageant 2 ; Position, or |
Date.| Hour. Ghaeieaon, Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. ee
1864.;h m s .
Apr. 20} 0 40 a.m./Hawkhurst = Ist mag.x......00 Orange yellow 0°8 second .../From 3 («, 8) Her |
(Kent). culis to 4
Ophiuchi, y el
culis). i
20} 0 53 a.m.|IbId ....00...000 =Kshmage 2.07 White ........./0°7 second ....To y from } (3, ®))
Draconis. {
20) 0 59 a.m.|[bid .........606 +..|=2nd mag.x ....../Yellow ...... 0:7 second .../To 4 (8, x) Bootis,} }
halfway from my
Herculis. |
20| 1 28 am./Wolverhampton |=3rd mag.* ..... Bliie Wivesadeas| sae cscs sveneesar From y Ursee Mi-+||
noris to 40 Dra-
conis.
20| 1 57 a.m. Hawkhurst =2nd mag. ..... Yellow ...... 0°9 second .../From X to 3 Ophi-
(Kent). uchi.
20) 2 25 am.|Ibid...... ssevseses|— 2nd Mage \vsse Yellow ....../0°7 second ...|From 1° above
a Lyre to zm
Lyre. |
20225 VSO VM WEDIG pe scssceene =Ist mag.x .....-/Yellow ...... 0°8 second ... abi 4 (n, 3) to 2 a
a.m. (y ) Cygni. i)
20) 2 29°30 |Ibid...............j=2nd mag.* %.... Yellow ...+0 0-9 second .../From 2 (« Lyre)
a.m. L Herculis), half-|
way to d Dra-)
conis.
20) 2 40 30 |Tbid! <..ncsseccesens >Ist mag.* ..... White ........./0°9 second ....To « Equulei, half-
a.m. Nearly = 2. way from @ Del-
phini.
20| 2 40 a.m.|Trafalgar Square|>Ist mag.* ....../Bright blue...|? second __.../Disappeared at alti-
(London). Nearly= }. tude 5°, 22° W.
of magnetic S.
20) 2 55 30 |Hawkhurst =drd mag.x ......[Dull,..........- 0°6 second ...|Fell vertically to at
a.m. (Kent). Delphini. | |
20} 3 30 a.m.|Wolverhampton |= 2% eerceese-sereeeeee Golden red. ...]....siescsceees .../From overhead to- |
wards the east
horizon. |
20/10 46 p.m./ Hawkhurst SPP TTL TS Senora Yellow......... 0°6 second ...\From 3 (1, «) Dra i
(Kent). conis to » Ursa}
Minoris.
20)10 55 p.m.|Ibid .......ee.0004./=18t mag.-x ,,..../Yellow, at last|1'2 second ...|From } ( Bootis,|
orange. « Draconis) to a}
Bootis and 4°}
beyond. }
20/11 26 p.m.|Ibid ........0..0.. =8rd mag.* ....../White ......... 1 second ....../From 7 Herculis to}
¢ Corone.
ZOE SO pane Lbidcewes sense ss ee =3rd mag.x ....../)White ses... l second ...... On a line from a
Draconis to 4]
(O, N) Camelo-
pardali. Centre
midway.
20/11 40 p.m.|[bid .........000 ..,=drd mag.x ......| White ........./0°9 second .../From 3 (n, 0), half-
way to ¢ Her-|
culis.
21/11 20 p.m./Wolverhampton |> 2 ...seesseseeees Silvery blue.../Very rapid ...|From overhead, de-|
25
11 30 p.m./Nuneaton
Bee) Baa
(Coventry).
..|Pale blue
4 seconds ;
very slow.
scended to the}
’ west horizon. |
From 6 to 7 Vir-}
ginis.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS,
isappeared at greatest
brightness, leaving a
white train at the
spot for 4 seconds.
hrew off some dull
sparks at disappear-
ance. Left a train 5°
long.
‘o train or sparks .........
eft a train for 1 second..
train or sparks .........
0 train or sparks .........
Well-defined disk. Left
no train.
Direction ; noting also
seeseeseveeeees/ Directed from Lyra
Piped ee eee eee eee eee eee Teer eee)
_, jot 15™ a.m.;
began.
Festsqesshusvadcesesenescs.se.{COMUNNIPAtEE
43
ppearance; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or ; Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
BRR eet PPEy Le vucreces|seeceuseaseeess|(DIZCCLED 100M @ LiVT.,.|ccssesecceccsecsactetateesss: A. S. Ierschel.
eft a white train for 1)..,........ ».--/Directed from a Lyra...|.sesesceseeeseeeneersseeneees [Le
second.
DMR erenesbeccsnceteensceccccecucie Racceen sevseee/Directed from Lyra ...Jsccccseeeeeesussenserees Raseeinde
eft a faint thin train...... Pears Coe case we etna Ed tis ootge DIMEN USS, Be oe ate dttece erg ae cede tes Ms) SURKISB:
POOR e eee eee tees t OH eae ees tees eeesesees Directed from Lyra peel TAO emer eee eee er eee eee eeeeasens A. Ss. Herschel.
ery bright. Stellar|sscsesesever sss Directed from Lyra_...|No train or sparks ......|Id.
nucleus.
fassive (compact) ap-|........s.e.0e Directed from Lyra_...|No train or sparks ......|Id.
pearance.
ine in light and colour...|.........0.06++ Directed from Lyra ...|No train or sparks ...... Id.
_,.|Corresponds to Trafalgar|[d.
Square, 2" 40™ a.m.
~ _[sddeastoosudseeseleeeessqinsesf > Crunaplen,
dawn/A. S. Herschel.
by T. M. Sim-
kiss.
SEE EATER c etait ee Bdaccan nuendo tanconitne sesiecn A. S. Herschel.
Botaavicks Seales Directed from Lyra ...|Last 4° of the coursejId.
considerably deflected
towards Ursa Major.
Peer eee eeeearir ee Peet eeeeeee SRO e meee ee eee eee ee eeeeee POCO eee eee eet eee Id.
MOD) connaansa|avacandsaestarsnee coveee Seftecneshideaetivorarnaeken |e Cle
sal cduadaanians lcbadeaceneueiale et tean sate ee se ne Srerponeaeeneer scone ce Le
seeneeeee Ot eeelseeseenee Bene newer eeeaseneeene
a|ecovcsccccscsccsescscesscereee/ cOMMuUnicated
by T. M. Sim-
kiss.
stecccevccccesccoeseccccsceess(Le M, Simkiss.
44,
Date.
1864.
June 6
i=)
10
——
h
9
11
REPORT—1864,
Place of ; : Position, or
Hour. onservation. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Tithe
m
Apr. 29) 8 46 p.m.|Hawkhurst =Arcturus ........./Like Arcturus|2 seconds...... From 6 Urse Mi
(Kent). noris to Polaris,
and 2 as fat}
beyond.
20 pars Ubi. sesveeesest =3rd mag.¥ ...... White ssh o.s005 0:9 second .../Centre « Bootis ..1/
58 _pim.|[bid ........0008-ts =2nd mag.* ......|Yellow......+6- 1 second ...... From o Draconis to]
3.(p Draconis,
Cephei).
28 p.m./Puycharnand {|3> Venus ......... Brilliant white|24 secs.; slow\From Z Draconis to!
(France). a Cephei.
24 p.m.|Greenwich ...... =2ndmag.* ...... White ..i...... 0°5 second .../Saw about 8° path
of a meteor in N.,
altitude « Cygni;!
azimuth 10° W i
of that star.
0 p.m./Montauban(Tou-|> fullmoon ...... White sst....0. 3 to 5 seconds/From Leo, passin
louse, France). east of Sat
and Spica to
few degrees bee]
A oe low Jupiter.
0 p.m.|Weston - super -|Large Meteor ......].......ceeeeeeeeee 2 or 3 seconds|Descended _ from
Mare. : altitude 45° due
N. H
45 p.m.|Hawkhurst =O MYNCe els seoeeenae WHIte vaste essen Slow motion.../Between Auri
(Kent). and Gemini.
1 p.m.|Hay (S. Wales)../3 or 4 > 4 ...... White, like 2}|......csseserseess Blazed out 3 or
of the distance
from Jupiter t
Spica.
48 p.m.|Paris (France).../6 > Venus ......... Necleus; g tially|ssrscevedecees ares From between Co-
and frag- rona and the feet
ments white. of Hercules to
between Perse
and Capella.
4 p.m.|Wolverhampton |=2nd mag. ...... IBIDISH scdsensee 2 seconds...... ee 0 Cygni to ¢
ersei.
10 a.m,|Ibid ..........ceee-} = 1st Mage. veces White .......... 2 seconds...... From —_ overhead
halfway to th
Rei arte . N.E. horizon.
17 (aD, cacscescvemas:s =2nd mag.* ...... White ..:...+.. 2 second ....../From r Virginis to
the horizon.
5G. carmel bidlyeeseeeest overs = Ongumapie eer Pale blue ...... 2 seconds...... From ¢ Cassio-
peie to ¢é Aue
prapene Bi rige.
0 p.m.|St. Heliers Quarter diameter|Yellow......... Slow motion...|In the 8.E., at a
pala (Jersey). of the moon. altitude of abou
s lee 20°. |
0 p.m.|Bagshot(Surrey)|Large meteor ...... Ruddy .:cs.:-:- Almost mo-|In the S.E. sky,
oe mentary. altitude about
30°.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 45
Direction ; noting also
ppearance; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks. Observer.
——— ea —
°
© train or sparks ..,...60-|30° sescoesee|eccsseasees Reasags movegetetees A. 8. Herschel.
Interrupted view, cloudy
sky.
o train or sparks ...... ponlfitaeacepesonss Directed towards p
Bootis.
0 train or sparks .........|. ed ecscgesocoslensecessees povcesenee sedcevecelenss Vpeabeteegeds bb ecevncceens
ickered like a candle-|..,,.,ccosesces|ecesseesscceeserssseeeseeseeee(Diffused considerable
flame, and disappeared light.
with two flashes,
EVCAK ysssersseeessenersrsevee|O eeeeegeesece|enrsrererennaneaasssssseseeceeleescne Spc sebace con ecny as
a Cygni.
*
See Appendix (No. III.)|‘ Comptes Ren-
(Meteorites of Or-| dus.’
gueil).
ailed meteor. Burst With]..+.....e.....[sceeeeeees Reaeudesceceavarsns
a cloud of sparks, leaving
a white streak for 15 or
30 minutes by different
accounts.
globe and conical tail Of|.......s..+06+ ccoccccecceescececsceecseoseee (IN FUll SUNSHINE ..,...000
light.
Went out with a scat-
t first a minute falling/15° .,,......|Quite vertically down...
tering of sparks.
star; suddenly blazed
out on a level with
Jupiter, and falling 4°
or 5°, attained three
or four times his
brightness.
ircular, with compact|100°..,,,,,..Jeseererersrereecessesseeees
conical tail. Broke
into three fragments,
which advanced 3° or
4° before they disap-
peared.
TRUM MPSIIOTE ELAN $ NO|ecrccecqecesscs|ucscccsraceresescsccsaccncsncnleccoussutsenscsovsecrevarspee:
~ sparks.
a long train .,........../seeee sgevaeens| see scoresegescencccccescessece|ense Bereoccepecce Sener sat=ns
Diffused a considerable
light ; left no streak.
T. M. Simkiss.
Communicated
by T. M. Sim-
kiss.
T. M. Simkiss.
ea globe of light .,,...|.+++++++seeee«-|/Downwards from. right}.......,,
to left. Very little
inclined from hori-
; zontal.
iroke into sparks before|20° or 30°../From left to right, in-
"disappearing, clining downwards.
a ee a see
46
Date. Hour.
1864.| h m
June30)10 52 p.m.
July 4) 9 57 p.m.
4)A few mi-
nutes be-
forel0 p.m.
4/10 0O p.m.
5; 0 30 am.
p-m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
p.m.
and
a.m.
p-m.
p.m.
a.m.)
Place of
REPORT—1864.
Obseevation. Apparent Size. Colour.
Wolverhampton |=3rd mag.x ...... Pale blue ......
Ebidierersssse ses ...|Half diameter of Greenishwhite!
Bettws-y-Coed,
R. Conway (N.
Wales).
Greenwich
Fairseat,
Wrotham
(Sevenoaks).
Hawkhurst
(Kent).
Wolverhampton |=3rd mag.x .
PDiGreccssetvss cress = 2nd mag.x
Beeston Obser-|Large meteor
vatory.
2% miles N.W./3 > 2
from Wolver-
hampton.
Peteee
the moon.
=12-inch globe at
200 yards.
== WNDILEE: sanassanaen
Ilalf the size of a
full moon at the
same altitude.
=2nd mage we.
eee
eeneee
seeeee
Peet eneeeees
Wolverhampton |Two meteors =2nd
Ibid. ...cccccceoeres
Ibid...
seseseeeeeees/ = LSt Mag.
seen seeeeeeeeee
serene seveeees[>>2NG MAgek vives
Livid white .,
Bluish white...
Bright golden A few seconds First seen in S. E.,
colour.
sian
Duration.
14 second
About 4 secs. ;
deliberate
speed.
-|Slow ; 5 or 6
seconds.
2 seconds
...|From £8 Ophiuchi
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
to y Herculis.
Disappeared above)
Jupiter, near fj)
Libre.
Appeared to be at
the head of Conway}}
valley, due S.
reve e Urs Ma
joris to a poin
below Spica Vi
ginis.
at altitude abou
10°.
. Bright white ..
far eeenee
see eeewes
1-3 second
1 second
1 second
Slow motion...
or 6 secs. ;
very slow
motion.
5
Orange and
blue.
Intense whitel........
colour,
Red
seeeeeeees
oes {Bright OFaNge|....sccossesees
...|Erom t
Herculis,
halfway to
Lyre.
[From « Pegasi
(6 Aquarii.
From « to y Ursa
Majoris.
Due N., alt. 50°;
rose upwards.
From S.W., alt. 35°)
to N.N. W. +» al”
35°.
From 3 Cygni to
« Draconis. “|
From S.W., alt. 30%
to N.W., altitudel)
30°.
..|From ¢ Urse Ma-
joris to Arcturus.
From & Cygni to a
Draconis.
§
:
|
|
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 47
Direction; noting also
\ppearance; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal, :
and its Duration, Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
SM GCIMGHIMETAIN. ce )| oo ccsehscencalnes«oncdbberonevecs un cmceks Salt nee cuvsblerseaiderred el seon| Le ML. SimMKISs
he head flaming, with al,..............| Directed from Polaris...|No other meteors above|Communicated
long sparkling tail. 5th magnitude ob-| by T. M. Sim-
served on the same) kiss.
night.
ail twenty times longer'...,,.......... From left to right, about}.........6. srecsqucastdverteve(ble ELOLGAY.
than the head. Outline 30° from horizontal,
of the meteor uncertain, downwards.
and moving, close to the
tail. Left a dusk-ashy
streak across the sky for
some little time.
PRIBIREEMUN SECONG .chowsf20° tO. 30% e|.aenneroebercsneercrenceseane Partially cloudy ; meteor W. C. Nash.
seen this side of the
ig clouds.
brilliant ball of fire, the|............... S.W. to N.E., or nearly|No tail and no train of Communicated
light of which exceeded S. to N., with a de-| sparks that could be| byW. E. Hick-
that of a full moon. cided dip. observed, but any} son.
Vanished suddenly. track it may have left
Collapsed like a soap- was hidden by trees.
bubble.
SRMATIMMCIEUSe! (NO SEAM). ccuse' desc nnccsiecescRiaereoseses ror Full moon, no other/A. S. Herschel.
left. meteor in 30 minutes.
eft a long thin train......)... Wesceeascees |e estes eee Stacetic eancarenonaliactacniverbaersses secsveeeeee{ Le M. Simkiss.
GAO LALL NS esceneoseeseue|ivae Be Sreacmnanlp CU ACS CDEP EREE embsledeen bbl onase = desteus bap apistame tbe yaa | Lds
SPIRITS NO WEL GOL isc. c0 doc oass+|e ems aveconde ses scedetesdassavs| contgesunesvessarnecdubaes ..../Miss Wilkinson.
sparks ; left a train.
ft a firm, distinct, un-|....,.........,Horizontal ; left to right/Giving time for remarks|J. Mayfield.
changing train of mode-
rate length.
SR MERMO NIRS, vicajnnraid| Seasity shi vinehGba| ee Abiabt enn nace anos adem ewedel toasts aoedtivebeeewanhpadee ces
T. M. Simkiss.
ing feathery train .++.,.}....s.+++eeees.{Eorizontal ; left to right!.......ssssceseeeeees tithe wes
T. M. Simkiss.
Id.
RIGMEEDALHOUY ELAN oss cseexicenaslsccesicsct Uescesensueesaussdss|ss0Wtsssows-seeecuosvaasehwad
SUMAGUEAMI. cUsnvceau-|tesoue#-hcneses|<ccanhacvesucsaeesosecoases sus |esuaeecsterdebse seiltpads shes
48
Date. How
1864.|h m
July 29/10 0
29/10 5
29/10 44
29/10 45
29/10 49
29/10 57
29111 3
29)11 40
29/11 42
29|Midnight...
30) 0 10
30\11 0
30)11 18
31) 0 30
Aug. 1} 9 54
1) 9 57
REPORT—1864.
Place of
it :
Observation.
p.m. Weston - super -|=3rd mag.
Mare.
p.m.|Weston - super -|>I1st mag.x
Mare.
p.M.|[bid ......+++..00.-
p-m.|Lbid ......+0seee.e = Sirius
Hoc Ueepererecer nore
Mare.
> Ist mag.*
=2nd mag.x
p-m.| Beeston Observa-
tory (Notting-
ham).
Large meteor
Apparent Size.
eee eee neeee
seeee
Pree yy) Cee
seeeee
seeee-|Pale yellow ...
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth,
Colour. Duration.
Sicowawae eaten heese od ...|From % Aquile to
Serpentis.
Not less than|From e Serpentis|
4 seconds. to x Urse Ma
joris.
From « to e Pegasi
Lessthan 1 sec.|FromBAndromedz
curved towards a} |
Andromede, and
disappeared nea!
y Pegasi.
../From « Lyre to &
Draconis.
.../From A Aquile ..
..|From a Herculis to
A Serpentis. |
From direction o
a lyre, passed}
across § Draco-
nis to @ Draco-
nis. i]
From the directior
of « Andromedz
passed _ rapid
across Cygnu
and disappeared||
near 6 Cygni. |}
A meteor appeared|}
nearVulpecula, and},
disappeared almost
immediately with}}
scarcely any per-|))
ceptible path; a}
flash only. 4
From a point nea
¢ Cygni across
Aquilz and abo
15° beyond thai
star.
..|From e Urse
joris to Cor Ca
roli. {
From « Aquilz to d)
Ophiuchi.
Brilliant blue |1 second
4 second
4 second
Rapid ;_ less
than 1 see.
Rapid motion
Momentary ...
Pee enone
Very rapid
motion.
weer ereee
..{2 seconds......
...|From o to x Urs
Majoris.
From «¢ Pegasi to
Aquilz.
2 secs.; slow|From ¢ to « Pegas
motion.
4second ......
3 second
1 second
|
From z to A Sagit |
tari.
Moved from N.E
to S.W., across
the zenith.
Colourless ...
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 49
| Direction; noting also
Appearance; Train,if any, Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. | Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
No train left . Ae at adawsedesec nad] ae in Reid oie pisiais da camaeymattaane| Cuan cuateaeem merce sthe hen oot T. M. Simkiss.
SOOT MTERINMEE ooo vc cn cc sov'ck aia] temas euitta xo ven nn cs on Sesebh del Leaadeecs coadteebguebecs uses Communicated
by T. M. Sim-
kiss.
eee Redesitessdechawes PSR pati kdeolnes onareeee socs sa aamadoumechelwact tcasacseoese sey ccbuoltahee W. H. Wood.
0 $YAIN” <.0.0....0 Becckaedeslescsensaenicess PAtidro= VeANAros |lccasueserecererssschacsectees W. C. Nash.
mede. mede.
io
*
y Pegasi.
SERIE MARIUS ce. cka lace ss aces ic vse=| ube eeNRT mS: aos vaca: fd Maagits Seah daees corey owase ogee W. H. Wood
ania aoa Mae Nccdassecccces\LO° sdescaces Fell pe endicularly cdulatv nihawae aun sascha aka beeen ae PELE
eft a red train for 2).....cccccsssel eee LTR EEN ECE TY: Bi ta.
seconds.
SUEEMEEMN snc enscvesaccensi|scossasenseses+|,...gnonevencassdenesenctessee|steraeessocsscnsedeceoesseseee W. C. Nash.
Miiaesbes ict deve oscscceseses Bo eeeseneitcesien “ae. Bah code tee ers az [toasts Conbbadea suena caeut hea Id.
MM ree at aGsSoeassssesceses iE TPO EG eas SOR ac a PAE Selo de dnacsacecentina see Id.
SEIMEI MMe ecieevecdncecssce«:|40> sesscosessc, ccccecces Rabe o sOAL ble Re ocavasateaabicteetes Seles
tail for 2 seconds......|.cossseesseseee SR eee er creer Fer on tee savevcences ...|W. H. Wood.
DHA .....0cccessves|scee Cd eens PreTTTI TTT eet Svieclececcavceccoccescacceecteedess T. M. Simkiss
fo train left ......... avatdeleeicusscy 23s ail Seece casa See npeet yy PEEEC ot ROCEEPEER RTT cos Seren Id.
a white train ......... CECE EEPCEE Bane: RE ee eee SCPE ert W.H. Wood
a white train ....0....|.ceceeees adeennl eoseee at teesacocaveccene Sa cee desssvinecuscedeporeetetd Td.
MEMWaseeccwedesescscecsacesesls Seeeaed bccndec|senvsencaccusee:ercomeerantnya| cess dovacsvesscivensentereanes Id.
CTC ae Peteateca ey an seat: ae aadtesialte SiAsnnadeseeanaen sesseeeeeee| Miss Wilkinson.
50 REPORT—1864.
Date Hour en Apparent Size Colour Duration.
q Observation. PP a :
1864.| h m
Aug. 2)10 55 p.m./Wolverhampton |=2nd mag.* «..... Orange....++.+. % second
2\11 25 p.m./Greenwich ...... =Ist mag.*..s...005 Blue" eseseat ites Rataensnensaes
2111.27 andiIbid ...:;...ss8005 Small meteors...... IUCr ccceress Rapid motion..
11 29 p.m.)
3| 8 30 p.m. Cherbourg Large fireball ...... Yellowish ...|Very slow mo-
(France). tion,
4/10 10 p.~ |day (S. Wales)..|=1st mage ....../Whitish ......J.cc.ceeeceeeeeeees
4/10 17 p.m.|Ibid «0... .....0000 SV SHMAGH \ weverelassusvsosssboccese|sossscseecnstenns
4|10 22 p.m./Wolverhampton |>2nd mag. ...... White: vi; <tccclncssswesesseonaese
4/10 35 p.m.|Greenwich ...... Very brilliant me-|Blue_ ......... 1 second ......
teor.
4|10 38 p.m.jHay (S. Wales)../—=Ist magak ......|sccccsssssccccsces|soesccscereenseses
4/10 45 p.m.|Greenwich ...... =2nd mag.® ......|BIWe .seassues 14 second
4/10 50 p.m.|Hawkhurst =3rd mag.* ...... Colourless ...|...css.aeessherss-
(Kent).
4\10 57 p.m.|Ibid .........00+-../=2nd mag.# ...... Colourless ~s.:\.ccarscteesesneece
411 3 p.m.jIbid ....... Bendsen =Srd mag.* ...+c-(Colourless ...|...eesseesssseeeee
411 8 p.m. Wolverhampton |=2nd mag.x ...... Golden yellow]........sseseevees
5) 1 0 a.m./Weston - super -|Many Ist and 2nd],........c0r.....:leossccsscosccsceecs
to Mare. mag. shooting-
1 30 am. stars.
5) 2 25 a.m./Wolverhampton |=2nd mag. ...... White .........|14 second
5/10 25 p.m. Ibid .........00000 >2nd mag.+ ...... White: itwsec: 2 seconds...
..|From 3 Cassiopeiz
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
to e Persei.
To y Draconis
Two small meteors
seen beneath
Ursa Major.
few degrees|_
above the south)
horizon. 4
A
y, B Draconis.
From e Cygni to mj
Scutum Sobieski
Arcturus.
Passed above the}
tail-stars of Ursa
Major to « Bo-
otis.
across
Borealis.
From « Cygni to}|
Head of Draco. |/
From $ (8, n) Pes
gasi nearly to 4],
Pegasi.
From 4 (8, 4)
Pegasi, _nearly})
to a Pegasi, ins
clining towards}
y Pegasi.
From « Aquile
n Serpentis.
Radiant near thi
Pleiades.
,
..(From @ Ceti to-||
wards the south}}
horizon. i}
From y Urse Ma-
joris to 12 Com
Berenices.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 51
Appearance ; Train, if any,
and its Duration.
Conical; increased as it
descended. Burst with
a shower of sparks.
Left a transient streak,
brightest and broadest
in the middle.
Left a train
No train or sparks .........|+
Fine train; lasted one
second after meteor’s
disappearance.
Brightest at middle of its
Left a long sparkling train}.
train or sparks .........|-
No train or sparks .........]-
Direction; noting also
Length of | whether Horizontal,
Path. Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks. Observer.
Prorgcrt Nth .«+4|No observed uniformity|A great number of small/T. M, Simkiss.
of direction. meteors all night.
Directed from B Pe- W. C. Nash.
gasi.
Short paths Inclination Id.
From W.S.W. to E.N.E.|‘ Galignani.’
T. W. Webb.
the following Id.
branch of the Milky
Way.
sesuesabissaepe|soncicserodsaasensesssuspducee T. M. Simkiss.
Directed from « Dra- W. C. Nash.
T. W. Webb.
W. C. Nash.
Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.,
Id.
Id.
ais rambavessnel Sedevcasanherscsentcncnessanesta<® Herter ee eweneesasencenenes T. M. Simkiss.
ssoeeeeseseeses/General direction seeeeeeenserseoees se+-|W. H. Wood.
wards 6 Tauri.
sence saadeccsleccsvetecsvceecvensenssecees|*soeeseeessssssttesssssersreee/ Ty M, SIMKISS,
sae
ee eeeeere Steet leew sent ete Pereweeeeeceeererees|eeeese sere POO SReoceesoorceoooes Id.
52
REPORT—1864.
Date. Hour.
1864./h m
Aug. 6| 9 12 p.m.
6) 9 22
610 18
610 20 p.m.
6)10 21
f=r)
7,0 15
7| 0 18
p-m.
pm.
p-m.
611 4 p.m.
611 6 p.m.
6/11 15 p.m.
611 19 p.m.
11 33 p.m.
a.m.
a.m.
Place of
Observation.
Hawkhurst
(Kent).
Stanstead,Seven-
oaks (Kent).
Fairseat,
Luxembourg,
Paris.
Hawkhurst
_ (Kent).
Ibid ...
aa Ee vecceees
Tbid. ves scvccceee
Ibid
IDG esenveesrr rece
Greenwich
Wro-
tham (Kent).
se eeeerenteeee
Apparent Size. Colour.
SBI MAB coeses|nacserreesesrerses
=3rd mag.*
White on first
appearance ;
but the two
bodies into
which it di-
vided red
and blue.
Somewhat smaller
than full moon.
A small disk, but
as bright as the
moon.
Dazzling light
blue.
Fireball, 14-3 > |White, then
Venus. blue, at length
green.
ONMIA OTE fessiac access svesvenee
ae DIVE) seve mane] NRULLDE Deine soot
mee MAG. seeeeslececereeee eccecees
Fos/— SEO MAPK enswes| osasoeseueeeeeysrt
= ONG Wd pe Mena ses| ene sserens ster:
=2nd MAG woes]... cceveesereeren
=2nd mag.x ...... Blue ..... ane
Duration.
seeeeeneecoee eeeee
seer eceerereeses
About half a
minute.
eee ewer eee eeeenees
Nearly 1 sec...
Slow; 14 sec.
eee eens
Almost mo-
mentary.
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
to 4 (6 Pegasi, a}
Andromedz).
First seen in the}
eastern part of|
the heavens, at
In the eastern sky;
from altitude 60°)
to altitude 15°. |
From between 7 and}
B Persei (near y
Persei), to the]
horizon, N.W. |
siopeiz to below)
6 Pegasi.
Two or three de-
grees above and
left of » Aquarii.
From 2° east off’
Polaris towards
Capella.
From 4 (@ An}
dromede, 6 Pe
gasi) to } (al
Andromede, y
Pegasi).
On a line from
y Draconis to @
Ophiuchi, nearly
the whole way.
From (a, y Pegasi)| '
to 2° above
Aquarii.
From 6 Aquile to-
wards the south
horizon.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 53
Direction ; noting also
Appearance; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal, Berane Observer
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or
Inclined. .
No train OF Sparks ......00s|eeesseseneeeeesleneees Pavaivesssses< on teuwe Se lontede sossccsceveseseeseeeees(Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.,
No train or sparks ......+++|.. sisemeeat Ce ei 5 Seen e os lnuaas baceuccaea ges be caper? Id.
A bright white ovall...............From S. to N., with an/Attracted much atten-)/W. Nunn.
ball, much larger than inclination towards| tion about Wrotham
Jupiter, which sepa- the earth. from its brilliancy.
rated into two flam-
beaux of red and blue.
Both suddenly va-
nished, one a little
before the other.
The disk was small but)...............|Almost perpendicular ;|-+ss+sesssessessseeeeeesseeeee] We E, Hickson.
very brilliant, and va- éhus—
nished suddenly in mid-
air.
Began as a first magni-/25° ......... SLB GOUNG Wes, scseeeree ...{Centre of the visible|G. Chapelas, and
tude star. Disappear- path 40° E. for N.,| Coulvier-
ed when two or three| altitude 20°. Gravier.
times the brightness of,
Venus.
MERETEETAUT eee ccccccccsees secseceeeseeess(On a line from B Came-|.c+ssreseseeeeeees seeeeeeeeee-|COMMunicated
lopardi to a Pegasi. | , by A. S. Her-
schel.
Star-like. Disappeared /Almost sta- Fell slightly south. east-|.....--.+ssssseessseeeeereee (Id.
suddenly at brightest. tionary. wards.
Increased until disappear-|i.i.c.0.....cce| icc veveecsscscseeeceeeoes 5 CCORRE RSS cee ee encenatenne Id.
ance,
No train or sparks ......... Moddactesascases Directed from @ Cygni.,|.....-sscesessesseeseereoseee (Ld.
No train or sparks .........|........ ess Alondeungindslene Se ce taeernd sa erencetccadsrcacsessnsenscepee| LCs
No train or sparks ........-)........00- Deda | Watceadeasadsancaeacestoderee: | essceaananaenks waasseeave Py
i :
EMRE UCBITL fonexececs(LD° cccvcoace|vecccsscoccdacoaccecsees banat core sdccencecteiteteeees pou We GuuNash.
‘
54
Date. Hour.
1864.) h m
Aug. 7| 9 45
7| 9 50
7) 9 55
7/10 42
7|10 42
8/10 13
8/10 16
p.m.
8/10 37
8/10 40
8)10 44
8/10 45
8/10 54
8/10 58
8}ll 2
811 7
8/11 17
8/11 20
8/11 20
&}11 20
p.m.
8/11 25
8/11 25
8
p-m.
p.m.
p-m.
p-m.
p-m.
p-m.
30
p.m.
p.m.
p-m.
p-m.
p.m.
p.m.
p.m.
p.m.
p-m.
p.m.
p-m.
30
p.m.
p-m.
REPORT—1864.
Phi oF Position, or
Observation. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. pun
Hawkhurst =2nd mag.* ......|Bright white...|..........csece0e Through Taurus
(Kent). Poniatowski.
Ibid ...200000.0006-|—= SHA MATH 200...|-sroreveresveensse|soceeevcerocrceees Centre 5° below y
Pegasi.
Ubidrcsstavresess = etansetrue tee ec es Red cesccsvceos Switt: gesrscct On a line from @
Pegasi through 9
Aquaril, nearly
to the horizon. |
MUG Aah casaachpsnem =2Nd MAg.+ .revoelerreerncres grvevcclacssspmngbteh bara From 4 Musce to a] |
Arietis.
RDG coseasdanesss == 1Sb MAREK: /cesene|cccennevasetessonel-py-se aatemeeec In Lacerta ..,...... |
Weston - super -/=2nd mag.* ...... BlWe. sagor vase 0:5 second .../From 7 Urse Ma-
Mare. joris to « Bootis.
Greenwich ......|....... Be PES ph is Blue? <sgece.sé Rapid motion |From direction of
y Draconis to ¢
Bootis.
Hawkhurst =2nd mag.* ...... Reddish ...... Slow motion ,.|Nearly to 0 Aquarii
(Kent).
Greenwich ...... =2nd mag.x ...... Blue” <cascenes Very rapid|From a point 3°
motion. above __ Polaris,|
almost to « Dra-
conis.
Hawkhurst =Ist mag.x ...... White s¢es.05- Slow motion..|From a Pegasi
(Kent). towards Cassio-
vi peia. Passed be-
low 1, x, A An-
dromede.
Did bessexeeees se cnel—d Pawasens cea esstvs|senasvestosess tht S]oW......20000 From under ¢, x, X
Andromedz to-|
wards @ Pegasi.
MDI avensaewwedens —OFUIMAREN | i sase|eccaesdvesswectect|ssessascecceterses Centre 5° W. of @
Pegasi
Hawkhurst ==OFG MAP.k ose.ce}oene madgpes's cass py leneeabe sss cmaysgs Nearly from ¢ to X
(Kent) Aquarii.
Mid orustsassassecs OMAR GEE evs cac ras. shone ateees [eee sisseecncveeenl From 3° below }
Musce to 3° be-
low @ Arietis.
Ibid Tg MAG. jong pel bappanodedesesens setesssseseeeeees. {Between a Lyrae
and Head o
: Draco.
MDId) Ncevessccseses = SIPUIMAG HE lenses cl eeaceescrene Bee ee cated From 3 Cygni along
the Milky Way. |
[et eae oe ene Oni visteh s.ccthaces ss aso aes, ane © -....|From « Cassiopeia
to o Cephei.
Greenwich ......,=3rd mag. ...... IBIUG = seavecses Rapid ......... In N., fell perpen-
dicularly towards
the horizon in
Camelopardus. —
Hawkhurst ——WIPULMAL A vs acue<|toseanasackesscsalesvessaesnctesees’ To a Persei, half-
(Kent). way from H Ca-
melopardi.
Did) cw seccvsceecsse =Ist mag.x ...... Secseannesosaceses|euaane sotasssssso- Parallel to and
close to «, BCygni.
Greenwich ...... SIMA ..cccasearcsp== BlWeyesseacesess Momentary ...|Near Cepheus;
short path only.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 55
Direction ; noting also
Appearance ; Train, if any,) Length of | whether Horizontal
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
No train or sparks .....-...|Short ......| Directed from B Came-|.....+++-++-+se009+ Fear yee Communicated
lopardi. : by A. 8. Her-
schel.
Beeeidesscpsnsh aps dessesee0e: PRS Bee ..Directed from y Andro-|..........:seseeeeeeeeneeseees Id.
mede.
No train or sparks; large 6° or 8° ...|..... Peisanases navaceceds .-.../Ln haze of horizon ...... Id.
Train 4 second ......... see[Short path..|......ccssscesecneeneseeeeeeee| eee RS ean, oe eae APA IGE
Surrounded by aura of Short path..|Directed from Cassio-|...........++» reedcvexeasenens|LOs
sparks, Train 1 second. peia.
ee eerek was casedacoissese|scocsoeseves nan taataeerdene cases Pasconccoc Sky overcast .........++- W. H. Wood.
PROC AINN cep icceseaces 0s: MDC peeee ee scalaadiiggubavescccasesusscssans Occasionally cloudy ...|W. C. Nash.
Bes hokybeciso? vevececcceeese-[LD° seeeeeeee{Directed from @ ANAYO-|..,ceeccsescsccsseneerereeeees Communicated
mede. by A. S. Her-
schel.
SEEAAN ss0>-op 005s eee sacl > OF O°. 2e: | MAOLIZONGAL wa consasasccte|essenae ecavaeteuresensosceee W. C. Nash.
Left a fine train distinctly|..... Atasees née leacecenaneere shane ccshacostess| Gepeeansrowaseseeseen ane .ss+.{Communicated
separated from the by A. S. Her-
head. schel.
No train left ...........--+-|Shortcourse| Directed from H Came-/R eturned on course|Id.
| lopardi. of the last.
AES Beeeeee seceeeseeee|Shortcourse|Fell vertically .....0...ces|ecsccscecscsvesceveresessesens Id.
MIs cca av ecs decases<|>spsernces<ce|ncseees eueeaeee snes saceend? Kanone bacanenne caseauoaacenees Id.
Left a train..... Ree desese Pee ee Soe Mee tad sate vad sndsientave|foseeacenccaes deuivasesaerees|LGe
No train left ...scceesceseeelseeseeeseeeee--{COmformable to B Ca-|...sssesessceerseeeeeesereel Ide
melopardi.
steresstenepaccseessesseseescssesfeseeeterseeeeee[COMformable to B Car|.,.......-.++00s sceosbeate ass Id.
melopardi.
lepeeeserasseccecrccccccccccesariserssscessccsssisesesessssoccocsccsscers Poe eels ween es ereeensseseeeee steneeee Id.
Ea oo Sjicancle css + ong alseoy 9s sence -ooe(PEXPENAICUIAL .....500002| senasecssnsscraseees seveeeeee| We C. Nash.
Bo ee <1 3h 00 ee | es Pee oP Sn SMM eT CT ar
by A. S. Her-
schel.
t a train for 3 second...|... Spee Race ies ies ark alee RE eriaces apeetey eterses wacwenewe Sense wacesee |LOs
Tsay 595 = spcyin sees SAS ae reepeod bcc neck cor copespOBOGcnIe earn : pias decescdecsiesacsenopeees (NV cds LONDe
56
Date. Hour.
1864./h m s
Aug. 8/11 28 p.m.
8]11 29 p.m.
8/11 45 p.m.
8]11 48 p.m.
8|Midnight...
9|0 4 am.
9013 am.
91017 am.
9| 0 50 am.
9} 0 52 am.
i=)
10 2
Place of
Observation.
Hawkhurst
(Kent).
Peer eereeeee
eeeeee
Pee e eee eeseenee
(Kent).
Luxembourg
(Paris).
Hawkhurst
(Kent).
-|Beeston Obser-
vatory.
eee eee eeenee
++-|=2nd mag.
REPORT—1
Apparent Size.
=3srd mag.*
eeeeee
Cee ececenree
=2nd mag.x .
=I]st mag.x.........
Fee eee eet eeeteeees
eeteeeees
Fireball, 2 > Venus
Fireball 4 diameter
of full moon.
wi)
=2nd mag.
=3rd mag.x
=srd mag.
weeeee
=2nd mag.x
=Ist mag.* ......
=4th mag.x
=4th mag.x
seneee
=3rd mag.*
864.
Colour. Duration.
IBIWG 9 idchacadclacessecontenassees
Blue; —_-very|1 to 2 seconds
brilliant.
Greenishwhite]............eseee+
WIRIEE Ss. ce vtees|araen unnteoue cease
White, green,|Not more than
and yellow. % second. di to d Aurige.
Reached its full
dimensions near
i Aurige.
Orange ...... 0°5 second ...|From « Ophiuchi,
moving towards
% Ophiuchi.
Orange red .../0°l second .../Across « Andro-
mede.
BEY Sees nate 0:1 second ...|Upwards through
Cassiopeia.
Orange red .../0°2 second ...|In the zenith ......
Orange.........|0°3 second .../Across Polaris......
Colourless .../0°l second ...
Colourless .../0°l second ..
Colourless .../0°1 second
.|Centre10° W. from
.\Same place and
*...[From 1° E. of 115
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
From ¢ Cygni tol
Z Scuti Sobieski.
From 4 (a, 8) to &
Aquarii.
From y Pegasi to w|
Piscium.
Across a Coronz
Borealis.
From Cepheus to 6
Pegasi.
From (4) Musce,|
halfway to y
Andromede.
From vy _Persei,
halfway to y
Tauri (Pleiades).
N., altitude 18° ;
towards the N.
horizon.
From 4 Camelopar-
N. of Nebula in
Perseus.
similar to the
last.
Persei.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. oF
Direction ; noting also
ppearance; Train, ifany,| Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. sii fo
Inclined.
MR PIMMENIDIMCH OR MUS) (200555220815 21icctesciesealesietecsoseececs>|osaretecectce Seeker en evas s: Communicated
course. Long train left. by A. S. Her-
schel.
egan suddenly; broad|Shortcoursel......, senedeanevs ndadgetiontcsleensamarecses etaanvadsseaaiene Id.
train.
SMGEDITU NCL —.o.cacccossse-|LD° soseeese. Directed from @ Andr0-|.........ssccesscenseeaesenees Id.
medz.
MPEP SIZE OL UUPICET:|<cceccsscseccs|sceccescoorcctcescceccettescscleosseaetcececces ate fe sadcavens| LG
No train or sparks.
| Seopa Peeaetacasacets|escasssadmactes Directed from y Dra-|.......... pevecuensssterscates W. C. Nash.
conis.
MPEETAUIEE dees t sake. .coceses(30° ..cceess- LU CoS mec PEC RPC EERE til Rene eee oben phe ae Id.
EAtNO) RERUN .,0......00950: DHOrt patlis, |ccswecsones ewte tans; sasg|soopercatensverceeeesee Cre Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.
AM 20. sano 509] 6uadyeatsconce Directed from w PEersel). .. 5, 6Jacscecccsceonsvadsveeee Td.
Semmedepye a train ‘of/10° ;:...:...|\From’S. to Nei. cceteees|) ores cece G. Chapelas, and
greenish and bluish light. Coulvier-Gra-
vier.
t first a minute star ;|12° ......... Directed from B Came-|, .,..........cccssssssseseess Communicated
widened quickly to a lopardi. by A. S. Her-
brilliant white head schel.
greater than a quarter
of the moon, followed
| by a greenish neck or
| fringe, and a band of
gold-coloured _ sparks.
The whole vanished to-
gether suddenly. Left
no train.
PRETASTI .s005.+-055 Eaauvae scl 200 5 ve vec|scnseeste padesieussciacacoseon|ssacetrerstcces secresteccyy ...|E. J. Lowe.
rain of sparks ............ Boe dc tuecs|sewesescccsdeccaspscrnces easesleestaureaceecs see cadsesse ates Id
9 ER (Rx Hcl Bancoabuoran aathanReeccrstced REee Gare stone spocretheeaeaces LG
MUMEMineeroe sss s.ss.scsceescee PPiateccercces| Directed from PErseUse-|.:-scsscccccccsceccoreenccess: Id
ee Savatces lcs ste ahdane Directed from! Perseus:.c|st,..ccasssesessssconateeses Id
EEE dase es ssc sceocecescess Mose satesscus|ancsesecaeeee soxtccsccesucecsfasceeae oscees aeseecewnateasten Id
Rec ar525085:[ RU RE Suscecadftenteekccateneet LARA GRE» nwonrncnns rer NEA Id
Rte ae stn. scsecsccsesscs eee ncapceay --.|/Downwards at an angle}..............csesseseeees .-. (Ld.
of 40°.
58 REPORT—1864,
Place of A . Be sition, Or
Date.| Hour. Obathuation. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. A eta
1864.; h m s
Aug. 9/10 3 p.m.|Greenwich ...... =3rd mag.* ...... Ble’ ssesssces 1 second ...... From Equuleus to-
wards the 8. ho-|
rizon.
9110 4 6 |Beeston Obser-|=2nd mag.x ...... Orange red .../0-1 second ...|Across Aries ....+
p-m. vatory.
910 5 p.m./Greenwich ...... =1st mag.x......... Blue, brilliant/1 second ...... From a point be-|
tween 6 and |)
Pegasi to the)’
left of a Pe.)
gasi. |
910 610 |Beeston Obser-/=4th mag.x ...... Colourless ...\0'l second ...| Halfway between a),
p.m. vatory. and # Persei.
S10, 8. pem.iTbid’esccccccs cc: =2nd mag.* ...... Orange... 0-2 second .../Near Polaris ..... !
OMOU2 AOL Wid sssccscecceses. =8rd mag.x ...... Orange ...... Ol second ...|In zenith .......
m.
9}10 14 p.m.|Ibid............... =2nd mag.* ...... Colourless ...|0°l second .../Im zenith .........)
DOr cLDIC conc ccdeseecnse =2nd mag.x ...... Red veevcvdeesovs 0°3 second .../Across Ursa Ma-
p-m. joris. |
9/10 19 p.m.|Greenwich ...... =Ist magek ...... Bless ccaass 1 second ...... From e¢ Cygni,
across Delphinus|
and @ Aquile;|
disappeared 10°
beyond the latter
star.
910 23 p.m./Beeston Obser-/=3rd mag.x ...... Orange red .../0-1 second ...|Just below No. 115
vatory. Persei.
9/10 25 p.m.|[bid.........c0se00 =Ist mag.*......... Orange red ...|0°7 second ...|From y Urse Mi-
noris towards y
Bootis.
9|10 25 p.m.)/Weston - super -|Larger than 1st Reddishyellow|1°5 second ...|From « Herculis to}
Mare. mag.* R. A. 251°, Deel.
pales
9/10 26 p.m.|Ibid............... =3rd mag.* ...... Blueatacce ese 1 second ......|From R.A. 268°,
Decl. N. 7°
R. A. 280°, De
Boos
9/10 27 20 |Beeston Obser-/=3rd mag.x ...... Orange red .../0"l second .../In zenith ...,,....
«Mm. vatory
9:10 30 p.m.|Ibid .......... oe-e-/=18t Magex......00- Orange red ...\0°7 second .,./From 7 towards 6
Persei.
9/10 31 p.m.|Weston - super -|=2nd mag.* ...... Yellow ...... lsecond ...... Through (12), (13)!
Mare. Camelopardi.
9)10 32 p.m.|[bid .........00000 =Ist mag.* ......|Blue ....0.... 2seconds .../From R. A. 75°,
Decl. N. 83°.
9/10 32 p.m.|Greenwich ...... =Ist mag.* ...... Blue ........./1 second ....../To Equuleus ......
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.
59
Direction ; noting also
ance; Train, if any,) Length of | whether Horizontal
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or : Remarks. Observer,
Inclined.
ght train ...... Mi ssaesae=Sslbmengy-pessesecives coapeccopesccoocceeeossgeei Hine Clear night ...,,,.../W- ©. Nash.
OPO eeeeeseeeee . 18° wetter ir rrrre obevegresccessessee™s SOPH eee eegee st eet tenee eeeeenernee E. J. Lowe.
BR RRbdis i secoeseccses VD cade o' tas|pssiumentyugaee ecesevsng sone] sasegavvasedircesteerertspec W. C. Nash.
“neh? ae ae eee ere Directed from No. 115),...,....... seseseaesepseseeee|e Je Lowe.
Persei, rose nearly -
perpendicular up-
wards.
RE cas cordekisecess HS eee. 5. ,|Dixected trom: NOs UL Dlescocdusveansucsatsaseevcexpas Lae
Persei.
ANS csSan usps saves ested Ocean ecuepuate| Mesadesictiae dus av'erasscaecdsase|mabedaeNnccesaasnans unseen as Id.
Streak ....., By opay cesses cscess Dieearsseseess |eseatiesnica B isecndcvedteasasleeatuess shone sas Seas Saas sepa Id.
(4 eee 18° .........|Directed from No. 115]ece.scssessccccecvereveveeeees|LOe
Persei.
ine train, lasted 2 secs.../45° .........J.eeceee Bieoaawes scadecscedncgalencggavtaecsusacananenbeneravd W. C. Nash
btreak ..,...... ee Bl oe er COA = RE is Se eee uae E. J. Lowe
| eee aD Pekpn cn s0.|se0csuebpab tensed sedea Ee en ee ae cepppaaeks o=|LGs
ail of sparks for 2seconds|........2.c+02.|sseeceeeeeeesens COPE er »»...|Overcast on the 8th, and) W. H. Wood.
partially cloudy on
the 9th.
ae be abract Aspeesel epee nude ebaepacs 5.8 ah one cel ee eeniacn.s FS aasjanenncmenen eos.(Ld.
ae be dtebeis eA oheaneespscnesl|senne eases wea saesensadeasen|neaseue ces edacesesaeieeeeen .../E. J. Lowe.
ae ee ere Oe 5.2 Is ccnacaewacbancsnwacuscs taees |PasucenessecpuspccencedseccscelkGe
| detest AS Meee ec (ELOMIAONGAL cs vscccevusaseeleanccceasesbesecscsssesssecdac|\ Werks WOOd-
Sa 2 ROE 25° ........./40° left of -+-downwards|Slow ........ pepe pis wen! be Id.
oe eae cccccccs|seccccccceseese(Directed from @ ANdr0-|..,.....cecccsescccecessesesee| We C. Nash.
mede.
60 REPORT—1864. |
eS
Place of r : Porbion,, of
Date.| Hour. Observation. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. aininde and |
zimuth.
1864.;}h m s
Aug. 9/10 32 30 [Greenwich ...... =Ist mag.x ...... intemetecece-ce= l second ...... \From the centre)y
p-m. of the space be
tween Cassiopeia |
and Perseus duel
N. towards the})
horizon. Point}}
of disappearance}),
30° perpendi-|;
cularly _—_ below!y
; Polaris.
9/10 35 p.m./Weston - super -|Larger than Ist/Blue ......... 4 second ...... Through (12), (13)
are. mag.* Camelopardi.
9}10 36 p.m.|IDid ...........000¢ =Ist mag. ...... Bluey Goevesses 1 second ......;@ Cassiopeie to 7
Andromede.
9/10 37 p.m.|Ibid .......::...... =2nd mag.* ...... Biter ceases 1 second ...... From @ Cassiopeiz|:
northwards.
9110 42 p.m.|Beeston Obser-)=3rd or 4th mag.*|...........000-00+ 0-2 second ...\5° below No. 115)
vatory. Persei.
9|10 46 20 |Ibid...............;=93rd mag.* ..... Orange red ...0°2 second ...|In Cassiopeia to-
p.m. wards Polaris.
9)10 47 p.m./Hawkhurst AGN MAG H socree|scccosccaceuserscnlaccovesscossncese> On the line from
(Kent). a Lyre to
Herculis. Centre}
halfway.
9]10 48 p.m.|Beeston Obser-|=Srd mag.* ...... Colourless ...,0°l second .../Near Polaris ......
vatory.
9/10 51 p.m.|Hawkhurst P= PIAYIR. Vases sence} sceasuesssccbcses die sncdeucaecdbenee From 2° below Po-|
(Kent). laris to i Dra-|
conis.
9/10 54 p.m.|Beeston Obser--=4th mag.* ...... Colourless .../0°l second .../In Aquila .........
vatory-
9\10 57 p.m. Weston: super -|=2nd mag.* ...... Blue «.-{L second ....6. From p to ¢ Sagit-|
Mare. tarii. ;
9110 59 30 |Beeston Obser-|=2nd mag.* ...... Red ssiietewes 0°3 second ...\From near 115)
p.m. vatory. Persei.
911 O p.m.|Hawkhurst "er Aquileesecveswe-]...stesccscasserasJoacestoccsecceeete From Z Draconis,|
(Kent). 2 of the way to}
7 Herculis. }
CIT 2) prmtyEid ecesadace cose = 2nd Mag.te eves] cc cscethsee etecbalecccccescpseuusaue From e¢ Aquilz
to Z Scuti So-|
bieski.
OT SAU SOP DIA ccs eccocseasat = @ Cygni ....6.... Bright white...|......ssseseeeseee From Z or o Cephei
p.m. across 6 Cygni to
F, K_ Cerberi,
and 2° or 3°
further.
9111 2 30 |Greenwich ......|Small, =5th mag.x|......cccrccoccseclecconcceseescesces A short path of 3°
p-m. or 4° between}
Vulpecula and|
Delphinus.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 61
Direction ; noting also
ppearance; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal, Bemiacke: Giicervee
and its Duration, Path. Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
in ee ee oh Sait silea lisa ears asta Sco ee ci ah ateraito Ria wlovaais ooh eta etasape| Masts N= weiss hoeeismiercienjais coseee| We. C. Nash.
flash; left a train ...... De seenae sees+-|Horizontal ....... pasmanseleces deveseavess sevaneudapp ear W. H. Wood
Eerie cssisencsasve<cece Bena ianedigaess.c0e ad] CaaaninadugelvssccevcosausneoRal tenses ccudedssaucscolekpeocalnits
a Te OE, lh ae CORRE ee May Gees Retr sd BBE 22 y
OE HI gete. css anivusssecevees DO. gusdsesdecs ha. IN. falling — dOwnl.sccscusecacsceateccnsaxer ce: E. J. Lowe.
towards the N. ho-
rizon.
BURG eCR Uv eres shits cctsscet|sse0ssedvescceelvoncnesres cenemceceed Race sian seorahepedencececsens« spacer Id
eg ccevceccscxas|D cocedscucces |e tnerearatceeseas PEE A STEN Hass tuaessevonesceveccspese Communicated
by A..S. Her-
schel.
BMI oe scc00s “ec SCERREE Sosvecstertssc Directed from the Ne-|-cecssssssssssessseerssenerers E. J. Lowe.
bula in Perseus.
MAU EPAIN c02,s00ceeess Pe Rea ecRamen erase vedi asabtenacuues uch duranasuetraten| eammasnin falsaltan tastinaa agape Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.
TD Asie aaa aia Becettes rae [WHBEOLGANE ‘ctcwcecttecs scalrereacntelarcen: et tadenestncs E. J. Lowe.
oo. ..(o ie aaa Colcahiaanedes caece paenekAwuanveh es ecvestecrscccslNeeeRehaubahbcsebevstioun neuen @ W. H. Wood.
BUEANGRSecrabessccsvceccosccccs DRevetesceuss Perpendicularly down-|............. tea eeeseeeesenens E. J. Lowe.
wards.
oT SESSEBRCARE CE ees Memiaisin| Reploisctane's ciaicleall spines maintain a/einelalers een Waakweicas | toman conan nen Seen Mase eis Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.
i eee RS Sees Oe Bee pe ccvacenveusewetscs|asecasses® eeccccescecrarecnens Id.
& Pale golden-yellow|40° .......0.|-scsccescesssesseesseconsonens|* wateccwane SecaOcAS wiusesheue Id.
train considerably sepa-
_ tated from the head;
" spindle-shaped, shorter
than the path, and
“Tasting three-quarters of,
-a second after disap-
pearance of the head.
ee 3° or 4° ...|Vertically downwards,..|....s.sseseesessteneeeceresees W.C. Nash.
62
Date.
o oo fc 8 6 OO FO 6
Place of
Hour. Observation.
.|Greenwich .
Beeston Obser-
vatory.
-m.|Weston - super -
Beeston Obser-
vatory.
11 19
.m.
11 20
Beeston Obser-
vatory.
-| Weston - super «
Mare.
Beeston Obser-
vatory.
11 22
p.m.
11 23 40
p.m.
11 24 25
mm.
11 25 p.m.
11 26 p.m./Greenwich
(2 meteors).
11 26 p.m./Weston - super -
Mare.
11 27 p.m.|Beeston Obser-|=5th mag.x
tory
va
11 29 10 (Ibid
p-m.
REPORT—1864.
Apparent Size. Colour.
et | a
= Ist mag.*
= 2nd mag.x
=2nd mag.x
= 2nd mag.x
= 2nd mag.*
= 4th mag.* Colourless
= 3rd mag.
=5th mag.x Colourless
= 4th mag.# Colourless
=Ist mag.
= 2nd mag.
Larger than lst
mag.* ‘
= Ist mag. Yellowish
=Ist mag. Yellowish
=4th mag.* ......| Yellowish
=2nd mag.x ......| Yellowish
No. 1 =2nd mag.* Both blue
No. 2 = 4th mag.
=2nd mag.# Blue
=2nd mag.# .,.006
Bluish white...
Colourless ...
Colourless ..
Orange red ...
IRGd ss csdoses
Duration.
14 second
0:2 second
.|1 second .
...{0°1 second
.10°1 second
...(O"l second ..
.../0'lsecond ...
1 to 2 seconds
1 to 2 seconds
0:2 second
..|2 seconds
Rapid
Rapid ....
Rapid
Rapid
..-|Each lasted I
second.
Yellowish....../Rapid
0:2 second ...
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
.../To Delphinus ...... f
...|Near E. horizon ...
s.ee-|7) to f Pegasi ......
n to g Pegasi
InUSs asccsecers naeed
.../[In Perseus ......06-
-..|Through ¢ Cassio-
Near 115 Persei...|'
To B Bootis
From the left of «
Lyre to a group
of small stars} |
near y Ophiuchi.
In zenith
Across Polaris and
over Kochab.
e Urse Majoris.
From 6 to y Cassio-
peie.
From Polaris across
Ursa Minor.
In N., in the vici-|.
esecesees(L SECON ...00e
joris to Cor Caroli.
In zenith
Orange red ...|Slow, duration|From 33°
2 seconds.
No. 114 Persei
across « Cassio-'
peiz.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS,
a
Appearance; Train, if any,
and its Duration.
Fine train ; lasted 2 secs...
‘Streak Beanare cess Beyesdceres|Dicaccassseee: fc
Reon cee -scnescbescaeves. Ga gereead cee
de con Oa OSE ee Mcadenh tes se
Streak .........- attenisiesesws MO chisidbews =
Train; lasted 2 seconds...
Fine train; lasted 3 secs...
eee e baw e neta ee ewiaeeees
Red tail; 2 seconds
ton eee
eee ee ee P Peer eee ery
\Long train
Long train .00.....scceeeeeee
SEMTRTERTNNT ots vcalewccccsess
Short train
| fs
| Bits .eus sees Peeeereeeevonsee
| eR
Seer ee ee eee eee POP eee eee
| io
jMany sparks ............44
Length of
Path.
Directed from « Cassio-
peiz.
Direction ; noting also
whether Horizontal,
Perpendicular, or
Tnelined.
OOOO re ned ener seas ee ee ease eee
eee ene ereebonee
Horizontally towards N.
Moved upwards
Directed from y Dra-
conis.
* Remarks,
A magnificent meteor...
63
Observer.
W. C. Nash.
E. J. Lowe.
Lightning at the same
time.
Fell together. ...... W. H. Wood.
Only a glimpse caught../E. J. Lowe.
Recah Benda runesess Bove oweses- (IC
sialieisecteemdesa-nnacweracd<ni Id.
zopou JoCenaeacg cc Prone: pol
eee ahh csnaCescdowts tealaeld cst Id.
hens 3s eno eis ess'ouwacdrise|NVas(oa NABER
Id.
10° .........|Moving towards Altair..|........ pUesnataastansastedocs E. J. Lowe.
serpoosecaoneee seaenagseesbaseWrcak¥anasnes auabiceccsseceteaessangchewdseti\¥V</F1s.\G0Us
steneecsrenccesleeccessessescensseerencensese Lightning in E. at the|E. J. Lowe.
same time.
SMSeeiccenasa leech vss itv eve deco «esate cosous|cececeoccsteesestbciaaeecetoce Id.
GET pe seconeel E-ee seeecese mosesessacnenecuctfas sushabvevecenaccandensguters Id.
eeaurceoehis’s Jaa [ons Seameacesessnacsonscussodsaiiscedcsaes cat ershannsaveuy tyes] Lele
No.1=15°; ate ...+../[Wo meteors appeared|W. C. Nash.
No.2=3° or almost simultaneously.
4°,
\ Nel
*
le ROR
* *
Ursa Major. ,
SD eeeceereseeecsls eee eee COU ee ee Pere Cee rere ers eer e reer rer er reer err i rere ri Ww. H. Wood.
lh 8 BO ES. (mee RORRIRE A RPMI ere = |E.J. Lowe. |
Upwards ....sscssccscsseeele Credence senqearasies eer ee
Date. Hour.
1864.) hh m s
Aug. 9/11 30 27 |Beeston Obser-|=
p.m. vatory.
9}11 30 30 |Greenwich ...
p.m.
(2 meteors).
OT 30 45 |Tbid -..... secs.
p.m.
9/11 33 30 |Ibid...... adaninat =
p.m.
9|11 37 35 |Beeston Obser-)=
p-m. vatory.
911 38 3 jIbid....... sscvcces|=
p-m.
9]11 38 10 jIbid........ veeeeee| =
p.m.
9]11 38 30 [Ibid ..........0000
p-m.
911 38 40 [Ibid ...........ee0e) =
p-m.
9|11 39 p.m.|Greenwich ......
9)11 39 p.m. |IDId ...ceeeeeeseeee| =
9/11 39 30 {Ibid .o........se0ee senpdesunsehane
p.m.
REPORT—1864.
Place of
Observation.
«(Both 2nd or 3rd
= 2nd mag.* ....../Yellow
=2nd mag.* ......],
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
towards 7 Andie
mede, duappearll
ing 5°before reach-| |
ing that star.
Each lasted 1|In the vicinity o
Ursa Major: No.1
directed upon ¢
Persei.
From a point to the}
right of « Persei,|
to B Persei.
From 0° 30’ below a,
Arietis to 2° 304)
below y Arietis.
1° above y Andro-
medz to 1° above,
a Trianguli.
1° above y to 1°
above a Andro
med.
From @ across
Urs Minoris.
From 0° 30’ above
B to 1° above
Arietis.
From a point 10°
to the left of
Aurige towards
N. horizon.
A few degrees W.
of the place of
preceding me
teor, nearly the
same altitude.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 65
Direction ; noting also
Appearance; Train, ifany,| Length of | whether Horizontal
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or ; Rae Observer.
Inclined.
_—
Long Streak............0000+.{16° .......00/. sstnentdebascenstcdeaatsekes [acer Sosrccae Aeneas cee E. J. Lowe.
No. 1, train; No. 2, trainjNo. 1=5°;]..... pececenteneie bacaaseoccae These meteors appeared|W. C. Nash.
No. 2=10° with an interval of
or 12°. about 3 seconds be-
tween them.
BTV ERAUIRE bass eases scseeees pall Onur ctasceoh|Mecnessecactescecoudseswescoss|sromeresdcns divcsbaddcscasees EUs
SUMTER choc ccscces\ LO? scdvccscalsccscnrcochoscacccestesses Con ee d cauvatee sdaasevacaneeealitle
IMME USNs tede esses |luescosstoessec|secsvapascoseascadeccesssece ialenecabavesiocss deecocasceteaees £. J. Lowe.
jPrain of sparks ....66...44./14° .c.eeeeele Bdcet sae svsndenancnaseseducculstecescserices seraeneres soeapsa(de
SEH T PERRET E TERETE HE SET EF EES cee tOE EEE EEE eH eee EERE EEE SHSEOEEEEEOOEEES ee eneaees aeeeeee aeeeee eeeeee Id.
0 Or ee ee A
SEPT O OOOH OHHH HEH eee eeeeeeeeeeeee Penton erenere {d.
SMEOMOESTAEICS! ccs .cccecses|ccaseeccbocsceolecssossesss
eeeeee feeerene OOH eH CHO OEE eee eeeeeeneeeeeee Id.
Train visible 2 seconds .../8°............\scceeeceees Re cekacdrawacenneot sacs as sdsdsceucechoibes| Wie Coun Sabie
{Train PERT eR eee eee eeeeseeeseee 10° See e eee eelesereeneee PERO E Oe eee ee teernes sanee de eeeeenee Fee eeeeaseneane Id.
y
ee ssseeeeee8° OF 10°...|Path parallel to that Off.....cecsssesscscessesesseenee/ [Ce
ie the preceding meteor.
p
66 REPORT—1864.
Position, or
Place of : j i i
Observation. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. ede
Aug. 9/11 41 31 (Beeston Obser-|—4th mag.x Across Polaris
vatory.
bids, csecseosccous =4th mag.x i From 6 Urse Ma-
: joris.
Greenwich ......|=2nd mag.* To a point midway
between Capella
and # Aurige,
from 11° above.
Beeston Obser-|=2nd mag.x ...++.| YellOW +++... Rapid Across Polaris
p.m. vatory.
QIU 46 p.m. |Tbid...c0s,s000000 =2nd mag.x ......|- Basvesccaceeeasse|ierscaene Speen One from 41 Musce
(2 meteors. ) =3rd mag.x Borealis towards
the east horizon,
the other from
AX Andromedz
across 9 Pegasi.
IDId.......eseeeeeee =3rd mag.x steeeeeseesersceeeleveeeres From 7 across p
Mm. Cygni.
9/11 48 p.m.|Greenwich ...... =2nd mag.x ...0. Across the Pleiades| —
towards horizon.) —
911 48 p.m.|[bid ........00+6/=2nd mag.x ,,,.../Blue ........./Less than 1 {In the space be-
second. tween the upper
part of Auriga,
and Perseus. ¢
911 48 10 |Beeston Obser-|=2nd mag.x She 1° below the Ne-|
vatory. bula in Perseus.
MENG eapmesvsesses: = Ist mag.x id ...+e.-.-/From halfway be-
tween mp and &
Cygni across 6
: Delphini.
Ibid ........00000 --|=2nd mag.x .,..../Yellowish .../Rapi From $ Andromedz
p-m. if towards Algenib.
9/11 52 p.m.|Greenwich ....../=Ist mag.*; very|Blue «....+«../1 second ......|Across Ursa Major,
brilliant. and disappeared
near y Ursz Ma-
joris.
9/11 53 p.m.|Beeston Obser-|—=5th MAB. Stars. ..jsovseeveesseees ses|savcesewee edyeves| eaDeMeeeee Staddecectaws
vatory.
Thi) ecaveneeers «..|=2nd mag.x seeeee| Rapi 1° west of x Cygni
p.m. to w Herculis.
911 58 p.m.|Ibid .......s.00000. =3rd mag.x ......|Colourless ... About 10° below
Corona Borealis,
coming towards N.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.
67
Deen eeeeeerneeeeterrsees
Direction ; noting also
Appearance; Train, if any,) Length of | whether Horizontal
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or : Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
MERE, RYPALIR 0S, so edvabivs[Ssevs aks ocnense Directed... fromm ll ithelveisrovsesn Seabed eeektntes ss E. J. Lowe,
Cluster in Perseus.
Train of sparks ............ ee Bociwees PawardS) Arcturus) .<-..<|c<cepisseqesnsensssescvsecoeue Id.
SREB becca s.skeaee Bi aseaseans DR nsasans|Pathioqparallel tog thoselbinapicnewvsccsstwcdtteruecet W. C. Nash.
of 112 39™ (No, 2)
and 115 39™ 30°.
Train of sparks ......006... fe eer Directed from’. -thels.-ychscsscossevccescceteese E. J. Lowe
Cluster in Perseus.
DURUMUPUEUEEECCAG ss cbeccssceces(LO° shoscoecslocecsesecenseccsoe eseteuessseelec Nok saeneses stedacccestavesaa{lGe
SSPE eee eeteee OPC ewe eeeetee 10° eee eee eeleeee SOTHO e ee eereeeree POCO Cees ee eeereee PPP PPP PREPS Id.
GAMO ETAL .0itscsosessssne HO? Ss scasonrles.aceeete baspeer el andéven Avateats RusbnwuteNbinee seveseeee{We C. Nash.
RECESSES = ES LoeGvccbe.sce00-0 WO Beaaae Exactly parallel path t0},.,.,.scccccsesccevvvsseseeees Id.
that of the preceding
meteor.
Short streak ...........000 1°... .esceeeeee|, eeaisesenbecsssees dcdgweudave|vcoe eeedooae: sconce cageae’ E. J. Lowe.
Long streak......s00...0000 BBS Sseosearelessncevibiannnnnvestbssusbisihlly cesbeeveresduaiiii cen yaivellde
ONG train ....0000....... sea|Uidioagecascaslacceecrers Ubrsoerppocco-eneced) bac abe seveshdouscassasucdcer|LGs
BPEEAIN .....0s00 Sabeacoeae pecwa| Labo CON2O Gast wevucdaaatseaussaceesssnccasd|-cosbi ces Beeeoerre catered ho eon! Jae
ote
=
. URSA MAJOR
j Btccess. Manadehscsehisheesst acl esics ea cseclieeeeee St ee ......(Five shooting-stat's ......|E. J. Lowe.
PETAL seesesseeeeesenenes nena] BB. mavenasenleuvevevsesvewnens -sbsdseleotofacrsendiiieey ssséberredl rrncdefds
ssoveveveoeeeee/Coming towards N, ...|Discordant .....sseee+es|Id.
68
Date. Hour.
hm s
11 59 30
p-m.
1864.
jAug. 9
10; 0 0 30
a.m.
0 110
a.m.
0 3 40
a.m.
0 731
a.m.
10
10
10
10/0 7 35
a.m.
0 8 40
a.m.
010 am.
10
10
10) 0.13 am.
10) 0 16 45
a.m.
0 17 30
a.m.
0 18 35
a.m.
10
10
10/ 0 19 30
a.m.
10; 0 21 am.
10) 0 25 30
am. ~
(2 meteors.)
10} 0 29 am.
10) 1 15 40
a.m,
Place of
Observation.
Greenwich
Beeston Obser-|
vatory.
[bid
eee ee ere |
stew neeeeeneeee
Beeston Obser-
vatory.
Greenwich
eeeeee
vatory.
REPORT—1864.
Apparent Size.
Very brilliant
ences
eeenee
=Ist mag.*
=Ist mag.x
seeeee
=2nd mag.
=Ilst mag.x
=I1st mag.x
=2nd mag.*
=2nd mag.
Bright meteor......
=3rd mag.*
= 2nd mag.*
seneee
=drd mag.x seer
=3rd mag.x ....
=2nd mag.x
Ibid....... cecceeee
Beeston Obser-
vatory,
Thid, evs dandours
No. 1, =3rd mag.
No, 2, =1st mag.x
=4th mag. 00.
eeseee,
|
Blue
Colo
.| Yellow
Blue
Blue
=3rd mag. .,..../Orange red ...
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Bluish white...)
Yellow
Colour.
eevee,
eeeees)
eens
|
neeeee
seereeeee
urless .
eeeeee
eeeeeeeee
.|l second+...
.|Rapid .,.......
Duration.
eee eeneee
eee ee eee
fereveeee
see eeeeee
eeeeseree |
eeneee
seeeeceee
eeeeee
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
Fell vertically from
the space between
Auriga and Perseus
towards horizon.
From ct across
Pegasi.
From @ Delphini
across 8 Antindi.
From y Trianguli...
€
From 0° 30’ N. of ¢|
Cassiopeiz _to-
wards 3 Cephei.
From 7» Pegasi
across Lacerta.
x Draconis across
% Urse Majoris.
Passed close to y
Pegasi; centre
of path near that
star.
.|From 6 Aquarii to
a point near 6
Aquarii.
From « Tauri per-
pendicularly down.
Passed about 7°
below Equuleus.
From No. 5 Dra-
conis to 7 Urse||
Majoris.
Started halfway
between & and 6
Persei.
1 second ......
Rapid motion..
From a point mid-
way between a Pe-
gasi and the hori-
zon; fell almost
perpendicularly to-
wards §.S.E. hori-
zon.
Two meteors pursu-
ing parallel paths
in Pegasus; No.
1 seen before No.
2 by less than 4
second,
seeececsececeeeers| HTOM 7 | towards @
Persei.
Rapid ........./From H 19 Came-
lopardi to \ Dra-
conis.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.
Appearance ; Train, if any,
and its Duration.
a
Train
Seen eeeneetetesseeeees
Train
COO e ere cee eeneeeeerenene
NRTIET. Feo cdee es cacccicesese!
Seem eres eee eee eetenetee
Train
Train
Train
BRTAID agakeheostteccnncces ae
BaINE CLAM Covsacescvcccesess
BUERIION: ovocdceesscesse
Train. siseceeceecnecaner sevens!
Bee tereeeneseetne sere teroeevecess
Train
seep eeeeetereerereeesene!
BSHOEEIUDALN '. coves vcccesscces|
SEMIN caees coset teseponss
No. 1, no train;
train seen.
|Train Peeeeeeereveravereeeeses 25° Seve cecer|eeeereseseaneetesseveres
No. 2,|No. 1, about}.co.ssscscerccocecsceseccecs
Direction; noting also
whether Horizontal,
Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Length of
Path.
2° ....seeee+-| Directed from 115 Persei
15° .........|Latter portion of path
curved thus—
IH StO20P RCE se see HE Vash alloveseestedcasduestecsdecsveoet| We C. Nasht
UA ee vecestancte eects axes seca teaieten mt Mu@tisaacsteipebedseedettene sa (tue de LaOWes
We doce dbanuens laadoasaradcces vases Wcaeeeteatlpraceant m SEA te made cioet | Mile
AO oedecscces | LOWARUS 2 Les NRIOL esl be ece denon dacs ences Ceteewds| Las
Arietis.
Gor iecsavusacaleadaraeoracssedecsenchathetuselseet avaitin seheven's Paes eee Id. i!
VEO” cabeoeneels Udine cates sndawedevetanaas| Neasapud souusonddtedv cee cetmee Id.
Doe een easces |Noctlenese ree scezenssseeces wooly dsabescade SEE roe .».|Id.
OMe eee ecdlberace sae teatuaccdes Bede aval ees PE eaaakivessibescctoon ...|W. C. Nash.
M2e hiss ovale duueabs oewissseueeses seuales aeakveneeese cecdeeve seordes HG
Loe iepsconeslrccontneres bs cdeas dau cedeoetalteneeneader ones savecctoner dens E. J. Lowe.
|
adednmin Directed from y Pegasi..............:sssseeeeesseeees| We C. Nash.
DBO TL las aan Fanccyatgacs oth BING BIT vet aenecanerevs Ld E. J. Lowe.
6°
.
@ ANDRCHEDA
*
*
\YPEGASI
eelseee
* 4 PEGASI
Moe
Za @ PECASI
PRR e nese eee ssesseeetesseseneeces US anec conse PPPeTerTT IP ti
69
Remarks. Observer.
.{Id.
W. C. Nash.
POeee eee eee See
eee eee rereeeeeeeee
seeeee |B. J. Lowe
Twelve small meteors in|Id.
the last interval.
70 , REPORT—1864.
Position, or
Place of . ; i
ondesnned. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. ao
SS ESS
.|Beeston Obser-/=3rd mag.x ...+++ Yellowish ...'Rapid ......... ‘From y Trianguli,
vatory. across @ Arietis.
[bid eeeescoesegsnns =2nd mag.* ...... Reddish ...... IRApiditeesaeaces y Andromede......
PDIGioacesuseesaens =2nd mag.* ...... Yellow ......00. Rapid .......0. a Andromedz......
.|Vogogna (Pied-|=2nd mag.x ......|.00 aexcansestunas|Saacedesae foros e From x Pegasi to y| |
mont). Delphini. ;
[Lid ..s.eeeeee seans| == AEH) TAP SEY .ocho| decestacbsveraroleneuncenensenast ..|From @ to 9 Per-
BIOS DIGccewanssneneees =I st MAG H . vravecfecacceesaes gidacsalavacaccercesunpede From y Pegasi to «
seie| Minit te apearcecaenene —ARMWMAPE eescncloccarconaseaeecsas}sgccamentceesasese From \ Andromedz
to f Lacertz.
2M. |[Did .......c.<ca5e0 SAE AGE 5. .c00| sons ecenttasesr|isscsccatsadeocees From o to @ Pi-
scium.
HMONG sesocBoseseacce SSI MAX 2.0... ]oerveorevecceveres seseceeeseeeeeeees/FrOM & Pegasi to w
Piscium.
IDG) secseesessueset =Ist mag.x ......]-000 Sou veneheosews|condadebcostterse From Algol to
Musca.
ins EDC weorers sone set SiC pret ae ay Seee| PRE RARE Peed Es trcd fyao once From ¢ to 6 Cassio-
BANA coecsasiesr ine = tiga ipa eiesadl nscV ecu ee From ¢ Andro-
mede,
[Did ...sesceseeseee S=Brd MAG-H ...ccclssssscccsssaecvers[asererenyecseenses From @ Cassiopeiz,
[bid ...... creer SOMA Wercees |fewetetbe sh sooness|sscunye ese eansn ..|From @ Pegasi to y
} Piscium
aU MUG e anwar caese ns SENT ASK, santor| casaevecaaytnanoss|agecrten asanveueet From y Andro-
mede, halfway
: to « Triangule.
|[bid ......s00s008 oo] = 44 MAES | waecee|samaveeneetersence|.sseccencesoneceer From cto « Persei..
o|EDIG) <2. ...cseseeee- =U SMA Pede tae such| sean =-ne-sehanses-l (cecenoutpseia sane In Cephens and
: = Sirius. Andromeda.
A HVE Uaseennpeneiqgoo- AON es eesectasy ec] hsene saitaietwe sate Slow; I sec...|From « to o Per-
sei.
Rs DIG ecsecseecuee =e = DE MAB eield.|veet sibs concceses|ccevcesaberes .....{In Triangula ......
Pearce eerase|s tH eeee re POO e eee! sone ee OOevessecee
.| Hawkhurst =NIMLUS OL Dimteyeeel sneer acae ech Basdeel cttw ceoneceae From below # Lyra
(Kent).
3 Baveno, Lake|Like the largest/Flame colour..|Slow motion.../From t Pegasi to 6
Maggiore rocket. Triangule.
(Piedmont).
.|Stelvio _ Pass, |= } diameter of|Orange colour|Moderate Disappeared over- |
Bormio the moon. speed. head, crossing
(Lombardy). the zenith from
S.W. to N.E.
Appearance ; Train, ifany,| Length of | whether Horizontal,
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 7
Direction; noting also
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or He raaks, Observer.
Inclined.
Ban SoG hase pes [LLO sccccesecleocaceresseecccceceeecessaseee] 2 Welve Small meteors inj/E. J. Lowe,
the last interval.
clits aati ME Oe POL |p MeackosdubecstecsiacsessaescthiVe Sauls meteors, |iniid.
the last interval.
Ee ee eee Lea dannce ea hea la accedetehahascveekacseusea te 2h 4m 30° a.m., clouds|Id,
came over.
“|Left no train ............ is | eer Bey, Salle aed ee eealloyis Meecte nee Beem Le sesessaeee{A. S. Herschel.
RgAwiwaaGasdausseseccccrscceses|eoes desahoaseas fons Sins oeseeescnoce ee soobe:|acesaguantetees SaadGadesesgss Id.
SE BeBe acetacvicvccs|ensanceas sovavalsacaescassdecsacssesvcuses aes oeoseccneee tee seeccane:|LOe
Ric saiandee. PaamUEadascsacesses|-ovssees Re cgeuctianecsves ue resesedsnves adie) Sulnassege Recacese Saetaenason’ noel ls
cee 0S ee Eee Sun Ee caneasteatasey saccssaccsne ces [ces sabwadeanasacaves mesasuaeas| LCs
BRE TE ATULANTE ude coyesccccsec|ocesvesege aanesIveeeessya eases eaane Sbekacenen|icnmentsets enced eiedamen ards Id.
No train left ......... Se erclrccsnunshcasncislsesnads ee dapenkatevesnenasuss gochey vecerseesasaversaccuchnell Ue
PPPUEAUIELE! aie... cccccccanfocsenees ereakas|pameegathtee ses oan seatcie cided heevarecsssecdensones seas auth
Peed tea retscsuscssvsscc|ssrescacees “or| Penneesscnt Sydaaccatesesceseeateesss Dsus cansecasuvasaaveustsen| lie
INO train left ......ceccccves|scccorecgrovcee|eorserecesccees van ay tes Apne Gacecrcerenacace avaeqedcouspanflGe
Left a train ..........065 Wi aaaesvanaacyessfosoecbess oko occa ceen edd eaatenacs sasnwcas vegies amg se} Lcd
eee eect Cece core congas coeadamanecuinsekeqeecssersesssucedes teeees Id.
Both meteors left trains,,.|«++----++++++«-|Directed from B Came-|Two meteors in quick\Id.
lopardi. succession.
Left a train........... bikers 3° .eseeeeesee{Path crooked and fOre-|....sesceeeesseseceee ace Teeneilas
shortened.
oan eee cevsecceesesees(Directed from B Came-|.....-.seceersseeeees escsccsastle
lopardi. q
Left a train for 4 seconds..|--+++- Sesthina fsck asensamin aannancest aude «...(Ln the last interval of|Id.
40 minutes forty
meteors seen: one-
third of the sky
visible; clear sky, no
moon.
a lLyrx itself scarcely)... ee ee QUENWAnOS s<sces NAC PAR Ceerione dhcdoad .sseees-(Communicated
visible in the twilight. by A. S. Her- .
|Disappeared in mid-air.\Longer santecaceeegesesescsseesseeee (em by many on thel[d.
Drew a train like aj flight than Place Bellevue.
i
Shape oval. Disappeared]...+++.ss+0e++.{From S.W. to N.E. see|.ssesesserererseersnensceonnes gor re!
rocket. usual,
without bursting.
Date.
1864.}h m s
Aug.10} 9 4 30
p-m.
10| 9 22 p.m.
10/9 29
10| 9 31
10) 9 34
p.m.
p.m.
p.m.
10} 9 35 p.m.
10/10 5 p.m.
10
13
14
14
16
17
19
21
23
10 24
10 25
10 26
10 31
10 34
10 35
10/10 36
.|Ibid
Place of
Observation.
Lee, Kent
Greenwich ......
Hawkhurst
Greenwich
seneee
Hawkhurst
(Kent).
Lee (Kent)
wees
.| Hawkhurst
(Kent).
.|Weston - super -
Mare.
sete weweseeese
see eeeteeeetese
Reet eee ee eeeeee
ee eeeerereenee
. Ibid seeeeereesoeses
REPORT—1864.
Apparent Size.
=VENUS cevveseecere
= 3rd mag.x.....+ .
=1}5 mag.+ .........
=Ist mag.x......00- /
eee eee Tee eee Teer ere
Larger than
mag.*
= 2nd mag.x
=3rd mag.x
=2nd mag.x
tenes
COR m eee OOO eerste occu eter nees eee
Seekee
FOR e me eee eee ee eneeeeases
=Ast Magee wivsecfeceeee
Ist)
Colour.
eeeveaeee
OO eee eee eeeenes
Yellow
state eeeenes
se eeeeeees
Blue
Aen teen renee ee eee
Oana eee ene eenee
wee wenn
eeetee
dssfil second
Duration.
i second ...
1 second
‘Slow motion...
% second
see e eet teres eeees
eeeeee
Hee eee eee teen eee
/1 second
'L second
2 second ......
eaters ee eeeneetes
+ PO eee ewer ee eneeees
[tee eeeeeeeeeseeee
lente eee weeeeeeeene
|L second ......
'2°5 seconds ...
err eee errr eres
eee
...|Passed
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
joris.
..|From a point near
a Draconis almost
to g Urse Ma-
joris.
Between @ and [}
Urs Majoris.
From Lacerta to
Vulpecula.
from a
that star
disappeared near
a Aquile.
Near y Urse Mi-
noris.
This meteor moved
in the same path
to mw Pegasi.
From « Lyre to ¢«
Aquile.
Fromptoe Sagittarii
Frompto CSagittarii
.. From y Pegasi
From 7,7 Pegasi to
below Delphinus.
From 7» to @
Aquarii.
To @ Lyr@ .........
Between d and e
Pegasi.
In Lacerta ...
R. A. 312°, Decl.
8. 30°.
Between Delphinus
and Altair.
From Polaris
seeeee
From between a, B
Cephei nearly to
a Lyre.
sesesseeseeess[FrOM w Piscium to
A. Fluvii.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS,
Appearance ; Train, if any,
and its Duration.
SEAT E eee ewes eeteeereseseserees
RAUVAIN «. 200 ces... Speeae
ueft a train.........
Bee eee eeeees
Length of
Path.
‘ine streak, lasted 2 secs.
BEMPHININ Jesus scccoccssesses.-
. in midway
and reappeared further
m; left a train.
0
r (red)
ee eee eee re
POPP e ewe ee rete este estsraneee
POPP OOO EET H OOOO ee eet eesnens HHH eeeeD
SJ
PAPELAIN 2s. .os ys ccsseeess.
Feet tee eeeeeeeraseene
Peete beeen sees eeeseresesesene
alongtrain ........,
BEPES COs n wees se ees esses sees eel see eOESEE EEE ees | HOPES EO ETESOEEEHEOS SS reeenes|seeeeesOeESieseence
FOO Peeeeaee Oo meme er nee ereeeeseesesseseeeees an midway.
Baaweceecascwa| fas demeDhatnveacscdustecmen (Clear fine night ........
BP 2. ea, dn aba Malad cesscasssacc Rothe
10° ,........|Downwards towards the|...........s..0066 vocenetteeuk
right, 50° from per-
pendicular.
Padclotsiseits eaves Directed) “towards “sliesssdeccssccvsdescenssveashec
Aquilz.
LOS csss322: ‘Directed from 8, Ok cook Cre eee POPE
Cephei.
“Pee sseeeees Parallel to 6, & Pegasi...|.....+ acesaeenren ee
Shortcourse|As if from Polaris ......)......c.ccsecceescesccceccees.
Eavcaee seoeeee./Same as the meteor 105|.........cecssesscesescesenses
16™ p.m.
Short course
...|Directed from B Came-
30° to 40°..).
-++.|Fell vertically ...
Direction ; noting also
whether Horizontal,
Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Horizontal, E. to W. ...
seneeweee Ae ee enna te teeenssten
lopardi.
Horizontal .....
Remarks.
——_—<—<——$ ———
HOO e eee eee te eeeeeeeeeeseeaune
SOPOT OO e eee ee eee ee eeeeeenes
Seen eeeneeee Peer eeeeeeseens
wee eee tent eesee oe rrr ra
Cloudy after 162.,....
Train completely broken
Parallel to Milky Way...
Directed towards Ca-
pella.
SOO e eee seer eee e eee EEeetess
TOO e eee reese ee eeeeeteeeaeeees
SOOO meee rere sere eet Oeeneessees
Observer.
———
C. W. Jones.
J. P. Trapaud.
|
J. F. W. Her-
schel.
Communicated
byA.S.Herschel.
W. C. Nash.
Communicated
C. W. Jones.
Communicated
|W. H. Wood.
Communicated
byA.S. Herschel.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
W. H. Wood.
Id.
Communicated
byA.S. Herschel |.
d.
SOOO eee meee eee eases sees Eeeens
seeee
Id.
REPORT—18064.
30 |Greenwich
Place of
Observation.
.|Clifton (lat. 51°
28’ N., long.
2° 36’ £.).
.|Hawkhurst
(Kent).
.| Weston - super -
Mare.
Hawkhurst
(Kent).
.| Weston - super -
Mare.
.| Hawkhurst
(Kent).
.m.|Weston - super -
Mare.
.|Lady - Well,
Lewisham.
p.m.|Weston - super -
Mare.
pom
1 44 _p.m.|Lady - Well,
Lewisham.
Beeeee
—————— —— |——
Apparent Size. Colour.
= 2 at max. ......
=2nd Magee .isica[ereteneeseeeweeres
=2ndmag.* ...... Blue
=2nd MAG. ......[ereecreeeeceeeeees lene
=2nd mag.* ...... Red ....sevessss
=2nd mag.* ...... White andblue 0°
= Ist mag.x....00.. Reddish
low.
=2nd mag.* ...... Yellow
=2nd mag.* ...... Blue
=2nd mag.x ...0.0-
=3rd mag.* ...... Light blue ...
=2Qnd MAg.x ciere|seereeereeeeenenes
=2nd mag.x% ....+. Yellow ...ss+0+
=Srd MAgx ereee Yellow
=Ist mag.* ;_ bril-|Blue
liant.
Larger than Ist|Deep yellow... 0°
mag.*
30 |Greenwich ceorsslecsscescsescracee eeanben Meceewens ae
=2nd mag.* ...... Slightly — red-
dish.
...(From Head of Avg
...|From 6 Persei....
..|From »v Andromed§
...|From y Pegasi....
Orange yellow 0°5 ..[From « Pegasi to
.|To a point midw
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
From y Andrdh
mede to v P
scium.
From below a Ca
siopei to Glorij
Frederici.
From midway bi}
tween « Hercul
and » Serpentis
riga.
to y Pegasi.
Aquarii.
between 3 Pers
sididiceeceaees On a line fro
..|Near (12), (13) €
seme |Disappeared neal
..|From ¢, toa Pal :
and @ Arietis.
B, y Androm.
g Persei, cen
halfway.
--|From x Persei to},
Andromedee.
melopardi.
Pegasi.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 73
Direction ; noting also
ppearance; Train,ifany,| Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
¢ a train for 4 second..|20° ......... 40° downwards from).............06 Raaasiiauctgeiss W. C. Burder.
horizontal, to left.
SE ee ee ee Directed from y Andro-|.........s0ecseceesseees salaeen Communicated
mede. by A. S. Her-
schel.
eft a train........, Bee WS Be Ne sewen ace ARE COR RECEE POETS Sora Ere Sods eaaaes weenteeets W. H. Wood.
re see Nes os 2207) eso b vac cecapevedivnns demseuaneelndestcecdccuded cudnt esethecs Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.
oo ee a t. ot eehendewandhaw sueeeeecoenebercladen aaaanlowcaeclesneieaceaedaed W.H. Wood.
mere GO (LO eff -downwards,|....cicasvscsascesesadeadceacel( Ede
30° from perpendi-
cular.
SPMIRESBIUNE Mls. . 0h o0s.0se0e(B°cevscgsceeee Downwards 0 right;|,./tccsecvescctessesavccues? Id.
45° from perpendi-
cular.
BURA UPAR sdocss.cc..cccos Be bie ees tow ON roe cits anak wclawuseas ooues ave dasa ieageesanwexeseswesddes Id.
MPMNGOONIW a wacescces..ccsces OCR S ootees| DOWN Wards), “£00 Tights |v chessd cao sascsvsvacensdoce Id.
50° from perpendi-
cular.
ft a train ......... epee Sata Fit pe a o\s coc caters cacasansaaasaarenelabtiwactsas sqddwamioen ids Paces Id.
0 perceptible train ..... rl bocee ++eseeeee.|Directed from 8 Andro-|Cloudy between 10" and|W. C. Nash.
mede. 115 at Greenwich.
SIEM aadtadsc ccs e2| Lo. suk coccccl\oecsocneviabecacsececocseccacncle ovegnanesauess ssceeceaeeeeeet Communicated
by A. S, Her-
schel.
ESSE (Rare ee RCs Oe Sass dl Masaahensadetacndecvsandsoecl WML cao:
MRT SCREMAG Vy ae ch occcac.sclocecsoccasceces(e aun parallel tO 4%, @,|scccsscsseccrsss- seseeeseeeee(J. P. Trapaud,
y and 6 Aquile.
e train, lasted 2 seconds|...... aulicdetan| Savecccrecabecacccasatacrescus|ssruseeasescnia sesecsseesees-| We C. Nash.
ERIN « yonieecbs gesesee ++/4°..eceseeeeee(LO° from horizontal,|....02...... senecascedgsguwoast Wefkt. WV OOr.
towards the left,
Ie, down.
BU see Wadec5:+sns0esesces|eseees seseseeee{Directed from Cassi0-|.....,..seseesesessssceeeeeess|We C. Nash.
peia.
Rahn cbeseness--[20° sxpeveren|PETPEMAUCUIAL ...0s,cees|-csepeareoencsassscenaanvaeaslds P, Trapand.
76 REPORT—1864, :
Position, or
Date.| Hour. ona Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and
, Azimuth.
1864.) hm s
Aug.10)\11 44 30 |Lady - Well, =2nd mag.x ....../Yellow......... 2 seconds...... From a little below}
p-m. Lewisham. e Cygni to ¢
Aquilz,
10/11 45 p.m./Hawkhurst =2nd mag.x ......|. ideadessestessass Soporte Pescsiecess From near 6 Cygni
(Kent). ' towards p Aquile.}-
1O/L1 47 p.m. |Ibid ..........0000.{ =18t Magee caesssleoes AOcOGOe gee on (re aodsonsrnrig sone On a line from
y Cassiopeiz to
a Lyre, centre
halfway. 4
10)11 47 10 |Lady - Well, =3rd mag.* ...... Yellow. ...... 4second ,..|/From a little above
p-m. Lewisham. a Ovhiuchi to),
midway between
a and 3 Ophi-
uchi,
10/11 48 p.m.|Ibid ...........665 =drd mag.x ...... Yellow ....../1 second ....../Fellvertically down-
wards from
Ophiuchi.
J0}11 48 p.m./Hawkhurst =e NUVI, «cen sesena|ucas aveeceneneees Moderate du-|Near m Custodis...
(Kent). ration.
10/11 50 p.m, |[bid ..........0000 =4th mage® ......|seccsecsveees seaes|sssenstesstcosvcss® From Polaris ......
10/11 50 p.m. [bid ............ eee lee Seceesversscatesscosse|rescansucsestvovst|sisecnewesevobeeet From between #8 and
; y to 7 Urse Mi-|
noris, and several
degrees further. |
MOMS Sepa scsnsscssecsoonlcaenspetcesttoredssct les |taaccteecontsncyselaxcscsectaavencnes On a line from|!
y Andromede to
y Pegasi. Com-
menced below [3
Andromede.
10)11 55 p.m.|Tbid .......se0eeee. =3rd mag.t ......}e.. eoecea sha cosseleenseaeahere senane From + Urse Mi-|!
noris to i Bootis,
10/11 56 p.m.)Lady - Well, =2nd mag.+ ......|. sessceeescseeeeee(L Second ,,./From a point near
Lewisham. a Herculis to a
point near fp
Ophiuchi.
10/11 59 p.m.|Ibid ......... soaso.(= 200 MAg.* i... Yellow ...... 2 seconds...... From 6 Cygni to ¢
Aquile. 1}
11} 0 1 a.m.|/Hawkhurst =2nd mag.% .00.../sceee0 aSaaahas bicalindenceoeahadenee Fee a Lacertz to
(Kent). 4 (0, «) Pegasi.
11} 0 4 a.m.|Ibid .........c008 o[=4th mag.x veeeeeleseceee Sede seeeoue Ys cwen yt st eeeeeese/FrOm £6 Draconis},
towards ¢ Co-|
rone.
VU 0' 7 aami|Ebid\iveece se ccsss = Sid MAMAN Yel eeeeeeess hcvssscliececoeese i atensae From near Z Her-
culis across K
Herculis, and i
several degrees}
further.
1]/ 0.13. a.m.|Ibid.......... Roast —valigeventerieeccesett Yellow ...00.]... Abacos’ ssn ehtee From & to m Urs
Majoris.
12] 0,13 30, |[bid sasc..saceares.| = 40h MARX ...,.. Gaesee ass stivn vous SMD tatoune se. From o to 2° over}
a.m. B Urse Majoris. |
10/519) *a-m:|TDidicss.asesedaess E—OMELIMAR EH: soc ve|spssuocsacabcanact|obaeeees peat ...|From 3° or 4° N.o
q
a Cygni nearly
to Z Draconis. —
“
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 7
Direction; noting also
Appearance ; Train, ifany,) Length of | whether Horizontal,
| and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks. Observer.
|
UMMACMATAL ogeaverecerersess | SOMMCWHALi/ |ocncceseseccwenseveviveveds.etleddececccoadtisuscddvecceses(Ue Le Lrapaud,
| less than
30°.
ec chdesclivsessvsbss Bah tical csituadeas ++e-|Parallel to 0, GB Cygni...|..cssccssseenee Seen ee Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.
A ce teccomsesces| 20°. sencasvesleeves eae ee oi eee Piiesamntianaenend tegdegen=/ Ge
Slight train) ............. ..[8° to 10°.../Almost perpendicular...|......coosessessesseeseseereee[Je Pes Trapaud,
CUSED Gasidigens eae Ae seeeeo|PELPENAICUIAL ,...0s.00ees|-s+cere spanieavcudecs ties asaeas
A flash blazed out until/Almost sta-|...........csessssseseeesccecs les subi aici vdsavesacdsogeess® Communicated
it equalled « Lyre. tionary. by A. S. Her-
schel.
Berd ecetsclcesssscessee .../Shortcourse|/Directed towards Ca-|.ssaceccesesseuees ocevadescose| Le
pella.
Sasevesesecesereessesseeceveverss seseeseeeeereee/ Directed from Polaris...|...+++++» sdoeeOiwrisedoneoestee Las
POPP eee ECOL SESE O SECU TOCCOUEEOULT POLIS LISLE eee eee ee eee eee ee SOOO ee mees HHH HOCH OOH eeeeeeeeetttone Id.
|
SMT Ce Sire a) acccecseocsseveleasceesedeecessseccevons Aaaunt lees ceocciasie ns ene sestidecsevssllle
INO train ....csccsscecescerees(15° ssvseeees/ Inclined dicalcs eevee cu eslive ds wistolnantess tzaedcte RRL sland J. P. Trapaud.
Pe SIee [ass lnvisaies Cemanek aad
Ua Basiatdoss veh eves' ces MS ov avwsseinent decaseaatpoeeanenct ct
0 train left ....... Sosa wantlceisencdnescanenineds oveecapssenanecvedsoseuert ates bata dudessueoamanics +++.../Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.
BMMPMAILEEG o...sessesecssslersserseesecees
BMMEBLGLU Yo 0.5050c0s0cee|secessesere+oee/ Directed: from Bi CAME=|<.c0r.ccceccceccescoscsasdeses Id.
lopardi.
O train left .........sec..e[eccoeseeeeeesee/Directed from Z Urseel....se..e0e alan Setaadeans Id.
Minoris. Id
BEMMPEBL ic sessecsissss|suedeveeescores
i,
FERRER Herb eee esoreeneroreroenes HOOT EO OOH H HOOT TRH HHH En HET EOS OOE EE DE HH GHEE OS sus S HOE EE EHTS ESOS H ES HE OOEEE Id.
78 REPORT—1864. 1
i
Blacviot Position, or
Date. Hour. Obeervation Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and
; Azimuth.
1864.|; hm s
Aug.11; 0 22 a.m./Hawkhurst = Ye saseceeceeeeees Deep yellow...|...seessseeeeeeees Fell perpendicularh
(Kent). from « Ophiuchi
WO 23 a.m: |[bid'.;..20-.0cseses = meses ve ceuees Bluish white...|Slow motion...|8 Cerberi to
Ophiuchi.
8120) 25 ca.m:-|[Did)cc.-.<s..cosece —-OMIGHTAP CN Ysasseel csys<saccobue cates Swift! ..scssaes To 3° below
: Aquarii.
MA O° 2 ga I reno Sonseonne] OU IOMIEE, ndiatondsasave cans boeveuvets=\Oekbeoeceiene Between a, Cygni
|
10/00/33 asm. |UDid...;...sccp ness = MONI PEE we Wee Save cease sueceness|eoeseeebeseraneens On a line from
a Cassiopeie te
Altair, centre a’
g Cygni.
DUO 34 var. |DId eccsenescsnese Tse 255). -s| cvesaense cheas ooas|*. ce*eeboareosaees From 5° E. of
Pegasi to beloy
» Piscium.
VEO S60 tem. [bid .,..s0cccecess|=> 2p HEATLY CQUall,,......ccbesesess sovcsceeeseceeseee(Erom 10° below, andy,
Venus. a few degrees 8,
of y Pegasi.
11] 0 36 15 {Ibid.......... eee] Be vecceoeesennnes eae cease cesensenens[Peneneeoeees sees.|From & Normal
a.m. Aquarii to mid}
way between i
& Capricorni. | |
VA) (Oc OPM IDI 5 ycoyssppspsenn| = COM MMARVE canons lipaumnpethsnxcvecct ocesnsbareaberees From @ Aquarii tej
between « and «)
Pegasi.
11] 0 40 30 {|Ibid............... —= WS SVT coe venecslunsevosseskusarede Setanhabeansescrns From near y Pega
a.m. |)
TRS 2 se Lr Ue reer =4th Mage” ...00,/secccecece Bocce cals cotsaatavaatenee From near y Pegas,
11} 0 44 30 |Ibid....... nce ceed MENUS) iepececees| sesnescesebeonenesl teccosseersekeete To A Aquarii from
a.m. near y Piscium,
11} 0 45 45 {Ibid A tna eoe Wellow) ,2sons]-+-t0rsesese0nes From Algol ...... 4
a.m.
T1046 ‘acm, |Ubid «...scccc0s0. AEM MEAS Hepes |acaessesas Fens csan|enssscahuessssnee From y Cassiopei
to z Andromedé
11] 0 49 a.m.'Greenwich ...... =I1st mag.x....5000+ Blue .. sssseveseeesees--/Ln the E., betwee
Aries and t (
upper part oF
Taurus. a |
11} 0 50) am.{Ibid ...2........++- ——OMAMAEC esscee| IMC cbvesccen|-a-cavsebonoencans In the same posi
, tion as the pre
ceding meteor
and with a simi
lar direction.
11) 0 54 am.'Hawkhurst AEDS AGTH) Shae en| on ecdcasc eRe cass sa|cuscecseescsaeenee From ~ to the Ne
(Kent). bula near v An
dromede.
11) 0 55 a.m.j[bid....... Sys breen eC NAL AX. seeenslaunseneonadaniacan|apneaneNa 1 aameue On the line from
Persei to « Urs
Majoris, nearer t¢
the latter star thay
to the former. |
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 79
Direction ; noting also
Appearance; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks. Observer.
Increased gradually, left aj............... Directed frome. Lyrae... foe oves.... ck steestieberests Communicated
broad train. byA.S. Herschel.
RUEPREVETALG ATOM! EhE|...-...25s00sss|.-<sceeceoeyscaesescaseosscees|oses Sbossseetssune ass ssidnae cts Id.
head.
Soe sevebeeebbassea: Long flight./Directed from « ANdr0-|.++..+.0s2+sseeeceeseeeseeeees Id.
medz.
Meee sebeesce street sesscsccsesen[eceeseesteccees Directed from t Cassid-|.....0....sscssessscosveceees Id.
pei.
UF ineier {1 -csaseneee Directed from a Cassio-|...+++.0+.0« meceonsanceeiwente Id.
peice.
in # second, termina-/20° ......... Directed from y Andro-|.....seesessseees ses neantealt Id.
ted abruptly. mede.
re Ascending ............../The course appeared|Id.
crooked towards the
E. on arriving at 0
; Aquarii.
ava Directed towards FO-|,,,..0.....esssscseeesseneee (Ld.
malhaut.
Rabies nevi aysesaatbicses: Mowards) A Whivit Aels. os sdcscscnsonnccsevoperiltle
quarii.
eft no train. Increased]............... Directed from @ Andro-|,........ccccccsssssecees ws. [d.
‘steadily to twice the medz.
brightness of Venus.
Bft a fime train wc... (15° csissees Directed from y Cassio-|,,,.., Pheeshusanhernncteeties Id.
peiz.
Bowe obecs dap cceuoteaeeak oe Id.
eaneaeans Moved towards the ho-}...oo........csessessesseees|W> C. Nash.
rizon.
int train vo... eee 10° ....s405./Path of this meteor €X-|.... 0.40... .ccsssesssseeveeee (Le
actly parallel to that
of 02 49™,
Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.
weeessree OLOLTUCOULSE cersessereweccrnransccereseseelseseseteeesesesteeeties
80 REPORT—1864.
} i
Place of Position, or /
Date.| Hour. Ob ti Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and
servation. Azimuth.
1864.;h m s 1
Aug.11} 0 56 a.m.| Hawkhurst Df acereeetens tere Sa Peeetaeee ee cannes Aflash ....../In the Cluster (x)}
(Kent). of Perseus.
11) 0 58 a.m. |Ibid .......00.....- =Ath Magek sessssleeeeceeee bp enbccsbieadectseesscerenen On a line from the}
head of Perseus)
towards Musca,
centre midway. |)
Wlists -Setatn et bide..c..dseses kon =3rd MAX seeeeeles Bioasepeh too enericae * hee Deaseteswie From Polaris ..... '
1}
VB Bam: [bid 12. .ccsceecene =4th Magee ...eeelecccscsecveeeeeeee/eeeeeeeeees Jensen From Z Cygni to a}
Aquilz.
Wald) 6 yn: Wid eays--saseer Ath MARX agoos|Jonccavscesceasonelevee Deke somes eens From 6 to & Persei
Bil 1 GFIM HUBIAY. G.Jves ences SPI a IE snc .cxoanasebascoed Exceedingly |From 2° E. of p toh
a.m. swift. 2° BE. of @ And
dromede. |
HET (GIBOP DIG eo ssscsespnner = HUM IMAGE J dussnalsewens'ssetoeer= =e Exceedingly |From £6 Andro}
a.m. swift. medz towards
Pegasi.
AMO cs gelenNa TI yaasversseceee =Ath magix ssec.|ccccevsscveseecenele hacaddetacdeno er From } (t, ©) Ped
gasi nearly to of
Cephei.
TU La Sarmbid'..secesesexeoss =Ist mag.x ..+.. Yellow — crscac|scseeeeeeeeeeee ...(On a line from 7
Pegasi to Fomal
haut.
17) 2 39307 |Ebidiseancke. .svee- 12 VENUS ieapeassee|s cveccececspecsces|saccscecacoeces owe| Itt, PISCES's s0+00+ cum
a.m.
11} 115 am.|Ibid......... seveee|d > VENUS cececeeve|seererecees veeecesleees wesersedesn uc To « Cygni, two}
thirds of thi
course from |
Cassiopeiz. |
Melt SON LOG ccestsesocesces =2nd Mag. ssesea[eceeeseeee ohavvaselse svoseeeectearete From 6 Cephei to}
a.m. Lyre.
11] 1.19 30 [Ibid .......ccccsee JS Ist magek .essee[eeeeers Sabeeupeeerlaqloutebenspe «e.»/On the line fron}
a.m. « Persei to
Urse Majoris
centre halfway. }
11| 1 21 a.m.|Ibid....... cecevsee| = Ath MAG.% seceveleccenereveeecnnrer|serunecees eeee hee From y Andromed
NA aor On PILDIG coerceccasesces Racwpasutepbriesesscnets | cocsweeess Penats|eeuc rec easata dies From 6 towards |
a.m. Cassiopeiz.
Aes SON pid cscnecekecsce: = 2nd MAQ.x vesces|eeeeeeeerseeeerses[eneeeereseeeaee eee) From 12° belo
a.m. 6B Andromede.
UD aS aa NIG vcceccsescens es = 2nd Magee .....-|eceeeeseeestereneeleeeeees Sicuvesvieee Centre X Piscium
a.m.
11) 1 36 a.m.jIbid......... aswans = Srd Magex seers! eit ccnselteses andeaeceee ./From «a to
Cygni.
11] 1 37 a.m.|IDid ...s0cceccceees = VENUS coorsscccsse|ecccesseverssescee|s cesseseeeeeseeeee|Moved on a lin
continued throug
0, from y Perse
Commenced 3°
4° from 0.
11 1 37 30 |[bid cecccseseececee| = 2M MAG cesses |seeseeteecsersceeelsssseeeeeeerseres Prom & tO 1Z°N.
a.m. ¢ Pegasi.
11] 1.37 45 |Dbid ceccecsecverses|/—= 2G Magee srseee|ecsereeveee diaacdslwae secceseeeeseees/Erom @ Andromed
a.m. to y Pegasi. |
Appearance; Train, if any,
and its Duration.
The nucleus became
Length of
Path.
tionary.
eam ee eee tO teeta eeerereereeree
immediately converted
jaws
!
into a bright train.
‘Left a sharp thin train ...
Left no train ....sc...s0000
TisiGMO GAIN .esie..0c0000ss
TEEPE eee eee eee eres erene fees
he nucleus became elon-
gated; left a faint
train.
ery bright and _ broad
train.
FRO H eee eee ee ee tee er eeetetanel®
BPR T ee eT arene ee eeetereeeesneenes|®
_ train.
a
Bicccss
FOO eee eter seer esens
TPP R ee ee meee eeeeseeeseeeteseesens|***
ere re ry POOR e eee ten eeeneenes .
BES ts ecscecsscscecsceccccesse...| SHOFECOUTSE
Be reeccesessesseecessceesecesees/SHOrt course
Very broad train............{15° ....00..
es icsi......... eevee esneles
ft a short broad swelling|3° or 4° ...
seeeee
WeeUeedecsscesscereccnscoess+/0 sooeeseseeee| Lowards Capella
Fee e eee eens ene
Seber te teee ses eee
Be. 53 Reed ateesc tics scn: Short course}.........+
tee eee ereees
EPP EESOR Ore rest seessseaeseesns |S HHFePEEetenees
Almost sta-
TAPCO ere H eso ene ee eeeeeestes
POOH eee ee ree Oman eeeeeeeeeetaes
OOS Tee ba be mmeeDecessetes
eee
Direction ; noting also
whether Horizontal,
Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Direction from B Came-
lopardi.
Peeeee
AOR OOOOH tere eee eeetene aeons
TOO e eee ween eee ee ee eet eeesen | sseeeeee
OOo eee eee renee eeeeanreee
Oe e eee ene eeeeee Pe eeeeeedeelseeee
Directed from x Persei..
Directed from y Persei..|.
sees Eee eee meee eee e rere es eee
Parallel to 8, d Andro-
mede.
SOOO OP ee erase emessseeeeeeeetesele
Pee e ete tees neers eseeesl|seene
-|Simultaneous with the!
POPE Reet eee eee OOO ee eeteneeee
FOP e eee meee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees
' A CATALOGUE Of OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.
Remarks.
ee
SOO e eters eeeeeses FO ee eeeeenee
.{Id.
SOOO O OO O eee eet eteneneseeees
THUR O Reet eee e Heres eee ne eee
Id.
Id.
seeeee Peete weer eeerseseetens
former.
Id.
seeteeeee
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Ree eee ete tee ee eeeeeees
ethardesvecirs iecvadspectenares| 1,
Pee reer eeeeeeeeearrssin eeeee Id.
ee eeeweeelen FECEEEN EEO ewmetetessesererlesees ee eeeecene Sesser neseeenen Id.
81
Observer.
Communicated
by A. S. Her-
schel.
1864, oa @
82 REPORT—1864.
Position, or
Date.| Hour. outa of Apparent Size. Duration. Altitude and
servation. Azimuth.
1864.|; hm s
Aug.11) 1 39 a.m.|Hawkhurst H2Qnd Mage cescss|eccverererereeneee|ecses sesesevsaeese(From gy Pegasi to-
(Kent). wards 6 Aquarii.
T]] 1 44 30 |Ibid ............0.|ecercenesccsccecees Bert leenceeeecscobecese| sus emeneen ...eeeee(From 6 Arietis
a.m.
11} 1 45 .a.m.|Ibid ......... 0. = 2nd Magee ...see[eeeseeveveverneees|eeeeeeeereeeeeenes
11} 1 45 30 Ibid ..........0... =2nd MAG. ...00.|--csees-es Sep aeees|osonsewsebasssrens
a.m.
11) 1 48 a.m./Ibid .......... eouve] SNE IMAL Loess cd asieee eos
FD 1 48 cA |Ubid ..ccck aves eee SSN SE Lys sess] davsubegevestonesel) Jevoscnetss,octes| Mim Mut, . Spa
x Persei to y
Pegasi, centre at
e Andromede.
DL) 61 49 atin [bidsecssvexs snes ons SODIUM AR Ria sessc- Perey ate pres fore s To a Aquile from
v Cygni.
PL A SU SO MEDId 2e..vevteee. 302 E=PNEMNBP SI seeee], seqcc oonscetease-|-easevncetbenneeae To @ Lyr® ....4...
a.m. ;
PD 5oys0'p bid <2. ....2. copes SHOW MAPK .20...].ccsepcccotedennssloavassasefscsuness
a.m.
‘ siopeiz.
BBL SG SO DIA oc c.0csacvaes ee Br Geet eee Oe een me Seeing = ae” From @, below f|
a.m. Arietis, halfway
to Fomalhaut.
11} 59 am.jIbid... voce{=BT MAG soeco|aceccncscesedeecon|sceesscsesconsonee
phini
B12) KO Maras EDI vevezewee dates A Ree eeebeesesdrtene sae] coves wha cbccdwoacilWarcervceeenmeomed From a@ Pegasi to
Delphinus.
Me Oia a IEDIC cvcececeseceess VENUS) sactrescsss- AEG, ccsevbees Very quick .../To 4 («, A) Dra-
a.m. conis.
LDDs apne LDidssiscasaeecve sok 2or3>Venus ...|White, with)Momentary ...|In Camelopardus,
green and near y Persei.
blue rays.
181°9° 39 pyim,|Ubid ...........00:: =Ist mag. ......[Blue .........[1 second ...... Towards N., and
below y Bootis.
11) 9 36 p.m.|Blackheath ...... Very bright; glo-/Yellow. ...... Lessthan isec.|Dropped from 7
bular in form; Urse Majoris
much larger than towards N.N.W.
lst mag.* horizon.
about 12°,
meteor was hid-
den behind trees.}
11) 9 38 p.m.|Lee (Kent) ...... =Ist mag.*..-.-0../Yellow ...... 1 second .,....| Towards N., below
a Pegasi.
11) 9%42-30:) |[bid Seceee eee eieebeieeicien ee Fas ces Be errr. oer # second ...... Towards N., about
p.m. I 3° below a Aquile.
L595 46'S ¥ |Ebid cease oe ocene =4th mag.¥ ...... Haatansaesesdeeies 1 second ...... Passed across €
p-m Bootis in asouth-|
erly direction.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 83
Direction ; noting also
Appearanee; Train, if any,| Length of | whether Horizontal,
and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks. - Observer.
PURE SesiekUt aii. ee (PUSS Cae eee a ssbeines Sebash0scnsseokanbsat yeavdeos-| COMMUNICAted
byA.S.Herschel.
BRIS PERO oedee EEN 0S. onses0. cee Seas ci Oilesicelere Directed from 3 Cassio-|....ecseseccccscevesevonessoes| Ls
peiz. :
Reétatrain ...... Feaxsunsd Shortcourse|Directed from } (a, y))....+- savenan sapelovudaetobandpeee
Persei.
OS Shortcourse|Directed from E (G75) |tecnccecncennans eeevevevcecens Id.
Persei.
Left a thin train for 3 sec. [1 ee Be Directed from x Persei.. Two shooting-stars at\Id.
once.
TTP ETOPOR eee e een eres eeeeeenanee 15° BOOOSS0 er] cnanesnvvsdsonceoscoddsaeceed PPP PPP PPP Pee ee eee ed Id.
MERE geet res vss bvocosee nc]obeasensboessss | basincceae Ebacnonasv¥yeutRTs| Re cab paanae coueaneanneen eked] ECs
Left a broad train for one|!2° ......... Directed from a Cephei..|-+-+.sseseeessseseeceeeeeveees|LGe
or two seconds. oe
SUM cuVSbusSUcGESVabhe bocbedeccces CO) Ss Weuwas palans seen ee | THHO REO O ee eee ee ensarsens see
2 evesbSeeeslesccane Peer reeeer rrr rer oe sossseeel Ld
Sar Bie WS? cyl pase Waar ehited 1-5. |S rete ahs: As fy
SMT O LARP HE VEL OW cxss tid eb secena)...0csiicicsneacccnseduceekces| ide nurnaceans cas vasssbvineases|1Gs
Increased rapidly; train|20° ........./.... sis ee
widest at middle, yellow
without sparks.
Increased instantly to ajAlmost sta-|........, Pe ee PA ieee toercescs erneae: ea) Gb
brilliant flash. tionary.
Penne eee eee en eee
OCC ane aren Miicoehencacasejhle aweks ccs /INCHMEM, by ievccsssecdescsale** Ne weenie duaaeeeseae eee Ete Charles W.Jones.
A very fine train § ........./12°+ ...... Perpendicular ............ Bore a greatresemblance| W. C. Nash.
to the falling ball of a
Roman candle.
IRIEL oh wo5 ssa) cccscccasdenceafsasdbvectsadesesecaveessssnere! aonccdssseesoonseecisavescaoe.|Chianies We JOnew
ANDROMEDA
o* ## PEGASI
- x Xa PECASI
¥ pecasi
Be cecaschscecss Sactehte scan teas) Lb Cr auc a con MEDECALY Bo ccccscsecsccsssen|he asehevse cuss ¢sancencumen «» (Ld.
ee seaeeteat HOO Scacces..|Lnclined tt 5.50502 aauctdessltcese Sabbah 3 as ee Id.
84 REPORT—1864.
Position, or
: Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and
Observation. Setrauth.
Date. Hour. Place of
1864.;/h m= 8s
\ug.11/10 10 30 |Lee (Kent) ......,=2nd mag.* ....+./Blue sss..see- 4 second ......|This meteor passed
p-m. left of Draconis.
in an easterly di-|
rection.
11/10 19 p.m.|Greenwich ....../=2nd mag.x ...... Blue .........{L second ....../From the direction
of Cassiopeia ;;
passed above
Polaris to the
vicinity of «@
Draconis.
11/10 23 p.m.|Lee (Kent) ......,=4th mag.x ...... Blue _.coscess.(/-Second ...... From XA Draconis
to ¢ Urse Majoris.
11/10 27 p.m.|Weston - super -|=Ist mag.% ...+. White blue ...|0°5 second ...|c to @ Sagittarii ...
Mare. |
11/10 29 p.m.|Greenwich ......,=Ist mag.# .....- Yellowish...... lsecond ....../In N.; dropped
perpendicularly
from an_ altitude
of 20°, and dis-
appeared at an| —
altitude of 10°.| |
The point of
appearance was
vertically below
Polaris.
11/10 29 45 |Lee (Kent) ......,=3rd mag.¥ ...+- Blue ...see../1 second ....../This meteor passed
p.m. about 2° below
«Corona Borealis
towards S.
11/10 44 p.m.|Greenwich ......J=3rd mag.* «...+- Blue .........{1 second ....../From direction of
y Andromede ;
disappeared be-
low y Pegasi.
11/10 50 p.m.|Ibid ........0c008+-/=4th mag.x see Bluish white...|l second ....../Fell vertically
downwards from
a point 10° below
Polaris towards
horizon, passing
between + and v
Urs Majoris.
1110 51 p.m.|Lee (Kent) ......j=2nd mag.x w..- Blue = eden ..|L second ....../Almost exactly in
the same direc-
tion asthe meteor
at 10® 29™ 45°.
11/10 51 30 |[bid ....ce.sesee0ee/=2nd mag.x ......[Deep blue ...|1 second ....../Passed downwards
p-m. between «Coronx
Borealis and y
Bootis.
11/10 52 p.m.|Weston - super -|Larger than Ist|Deep red .,.|1°5 second .../e Aquilae to R. A.
Mare. mag.* 280°, Decl. S. 10°.
11/10 56 p.m.|Lee (Kent) ......)=4th mag.x s+-+e-|Blue ..eeeeses/] second ......|From the direction
of Polaris, passed
below a Dra-
conis.
11/11 1 p.m.|Greenwich ..,...|=Ist mag.* ......|Bluish white...|LessthanIsec.|Near_ Andro-
mede. Disap-
peared almost
immediately.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 85
Direction; noting also
Appearance; Train, ifany,| Length of | whether Horizontal °
ne and its Duration. | Path. Perpendicular, or " Remarks, Observer.
Inclined.
—— ae ———— — a
seeeeee eee ee enrereneereraneeenees 10° seceeeeee/IMClIME sissssssseeesecees|ereeeceacsecrsreaensnceseneens Charles W. Jones
Faint train ...cesssscsseccses|ssereessescceee|ooee sesavapass Scspaaear sscaaltecaehoersaenesovssn's seseeeee(We C. Nash.
ee ae seccceees(LZ> vessevece|Nearly horizontal .,..,.J.0esssceseseovess-cosseccveess|Charles W. Jones.
ONS .. a cn|scsscscaivsccss|ecpaabledssepsecceveereseeseses Clear, fine night ......... W. H. Wood.
PURAUT Wscsees< ss soc ePoscaee LEE Prac Perpendicular ......0s0.0.|svceesscoeacsevasseeseetveseee| We Co Nash.
MUR s, .o8ivcssceisevesss 25° seesrene/IMCLIMED ..ssssecresceccee-| ceseresesccseecceecsessseerse| Charles W. Jones.
BMMCAMM GG scsies «+ ceeseees. Wi clagbsesend|swenescavcoteccaccseseereeswef tees PetcRettecceitecsesccves W. C. Nash.
No train ......... aceAccutenn) |G eeec Apaeee PENpeNGieHlar.-csrsesccael-cubeteersecvoasnestendsmoskied Id.
BRINE ESE eet sctssccceses(LO° €0/20°..(LUCHNEM ..eccvececccescarclivccccece Siieyestrnchevceuebes Charles W. Jones.
Heer eeee ns eeeeeseneeeeresesenes Sais teases Perpendicular PITTI CCDC LL Id.
Train of reddish sparks,|.......008 Sebst Ne umstvacandecesaucavercecden: [pect tiusdec sn muvee cuaceuated W. H. Wood.
_ 2% seconds.
10° So Se eerereeeererevesereasoes see eeeeeeeeeeee eee seeoereeres Charles W. Jones.
doppaconis POLARIS
* =
<——
BOs ol camtdieeescnsens wedted eas elie dis saacaradetoare Stee W. C. Nash
=<
86 REPORT—1864,
Dat Hour Place of Apparent Size Colour. Duration
om z Observation. PP dl F F
1864.) h m s
Aug.11)11 14 p.m|Greenwich ...... =3rd mag.x ....../Blue ........./Less than1sec.
Tea pim.|[bid ..-c5..ccesaeas =3rd mag.x ...... Blue ........./3 second ......
11/11 17 p.m.|[bid ...............,;=2nd mag.* ......
PUNY 21 (302 STbid) ss.cs cece cei cd mare" ...... Both meteors|1 second each
p-m. and blue,
11 22 p.m.
11|11 24 p.m.|Lee (Kent) ...... =2nd mag.* ...... BING ii acetsd| rns iwenderss
11/11 26 p.m.|Greenwich ...,.,,=2nd mag. ...... Blue eked 1 second ......
11/11 28 p.m./[bid .............0.|—=J8t mag.x......... Blues tecsee 1 second ......
11/11 29 30 |Ibid.......... eee. | = 1st mag.x ...... Blue ..siese...| S€CONd 4.22.
p.m.
11/11 34 30 |[bid...............,—=2md mag. ...... Bluish white.../4 or 5 seconds
p-m.
12) 9 20 p.m.|Lee (Kent) ......)=2nd mag.x ...... Yellow" i::...- 1 second ......
EP BORA Oly Mal DIC cccancssoneenses|ocvaetaceesesvecsesaceed BING eisasect. 5: 1 second ......
1210) VO Spsme bid) ce. cossas--. =8rd mag.x ...... Mellow: \fss0.0 1 second ......
12)10 50 p.m.|Lady - Well, masandidagtucenaecsl vess/YellowW — ...00. 2 seconds......
Lewisham.
12/11 5 p.m./Greenwich ...... =2nd mag.* ...... BING) cstaseess SCCONG 5.4.
12/11 14 p.m.|Ibid ............... =Ist mag.*......... Bluish white.../ Less than] sec.
TAY, 52 yim: oidyxeSekk iecwaes =I1st magt..n...0- BUGS iswecnanee 1 second ......
130075 aim: |[bid <.:...c.cs..-- =4th magx ......)....... Soe cote Seeesee
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth,
Vertically down to-
wards horizon,
across a Herculis.| —
From a point near} —
e Urse Majoris,
nearly to 12 Ca-
num _ Venatico-
to the right of «
Herculis.
From. direction of
Polaris to 8 Dra-
conis.
From the direction
of 6 Cassiopeiz
to PB Persei.
Across ( Bootis
towards W. ho-
Draconis.
From ¢€ Cygni;
passed to the
left of Delphi-
nus.
Moved slowly from
rt Urse Majoris
small
near @ Persei.
Fron a little above
B Pegasi in the
direction of «@
Andromede.
From about 3
below __— Polaris
to a point equi-
distant between}.
a@ Urse Ma-
joris and @ Dra-
conis.
Across £ Pegasi,
20
downwards.
From near a
| Aquile to @
Aquilz
peia
phei.
Across $8 Persei
towards horizon.
..|Across « Aurige ...
A CATALOGUES OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.
Appearance; Train, if any,) Length of
and its Duration.
INO tYAIM ses. crcvccccsseccess
SPO ERIM .sedveec.s0.........[15° a0.
FEAR eee Rese eae E Reese eeeeeeesenes
Fee ene wee eerere eerie eeseeesseres
DETAR ir ctarcsecscves
MATT GPAURD sey Seaver. ses Ae
PINE ELAR ev)s6..0ns0c00e Le
AP MAUIE! Sebi -0 0 ddi- ven. a
15°
20°
10°
-| 15°
15°
-|33°
30°
Path.
to 25°
to 12°..
ste eewene
eee eeeee
About 45°...
87
Direction ; noting also
whether Horizoutal,
Perpendicular, or
Inclined.
Remarks.
. See ee ee weet eeeeeserene
Perpendicular .......+0.../..s0008
see enrenee Beene ree eee eeeeeeenl® Ae Pb ee weeeereresetreresssenees
tele ce enter eases eeseaseseeseresnee | serene
1
Parallel |Two meteors in the same
position.
Horizontal.
paths.
NNGHNEGA c.ccceccsusdsevecelaee pbestuesbaeteisciccesdccgdet
Bede e een eeereneeee Pee rerereneleeees Poeeee eee eee eee eee e rer
eee e et Pasa eee eee seers sees | sees eas est OS SS Hasse eeasanate®
eeeeee weer ereesseeeee eee e eter eee seers ese P eb eeesrssesseeres
.sseeee-| his meteor moved more
slowly than any I had
ever observed.
SOOO Rete e eee eenenee
Inclined
AO er Pewee enon eeeres wweceeeeeeee | LU eeeweeees | INCINET $ ..ncunnee Prevereeeetei ere resis Oe acersrcceceesss
«SEE PUP OO Ee sd cacwaces cc|wocvscesdvass--(MOTIZONGAL sssscccee PegWileeades seweesantasp ashes
Bete eiaas sees ntaee Koresenas WS) spaces Inclined 9s. sasecseres<s|cos Ridaschwsewrsectcnticd Pe
OS eados lease cc stibicacstlacvonsesees Beasts ccse ndeedses [Hoe cedesbaeonccaeuedanenss ages
SMBETERNIE WE. Fre diet ood ccbuvers | ren Cee RGM Sc dereccksasebcrseesiteges
4
ine train .......... BAU OR oo ae wee|-crcececsscnecee sesascccsceeeel, Ses SR) rte ee
eee cikeced eee ae SPE sc (ct RON Ris tcpeccsag cn dchvcssn eae:
BM DRAM crcededseiveisecncess eee enn From W.N.W. to E.S.E.,|.....ceccesccsscessssceeceoees
Observer.
W. C. Nash.
Arthur Harding.
W. C. Nash.
Id.
Charles W. Jones.
W. C. Nash.
Id.
Id.
Charles W. Jones.
Id.
Id.
John P. Trapaud.
Arthur Harding.
W. C. Nash.
Id.
Id.
88
Date.| Hour.
1864.} h m s
Aug.13] 9 39 p.m./Greenwich ....../Very brilliant ......|..-0essseeseees .-.|Momentary ...|The meteor i
13} 9 39 p.m.
13/10 18 p.m.
10 35 p.m.
11 13 30
p-m.
8 15 p.m.
26/11 O p.m.
26
26
REPORT—1864.
Place of
Observation.
Apparent Size.
Lee (Kent) wessss|),-.cscessessssoaecesene
Blackheath ....../=2nd mag.* ......
Greenwich ......
Lady - Well,
Lewisham.
=2nd mag.* ...00-
Edinburgh ......|Large fireball ......
13
13
21
26/10 55 p.m.|Hay (S. Wales)..|Half the size of the
|
Grantham ......
Weston - super -
Mare.
BYistOl scavucssvecs
moon,
Colour.
eee eee eee taenes
Bluish white...
Orange colour.
Not a very
dazzling
light.
Considerably > Ist
mag.x; trans-
mitted cons:der-
able light.
Very large meteor..
Meteor of extraor-
dinary size.
Bright reddish
white, chang-
ing to violet,
and at last
deep violet.
Orange
Blue
seeeereee
Duration.
SOOO e Re eeeeeeeeeee
weet eeeeerereenees
14 second
Quick motion
3 seconds,.....
Moved with an
apparently
very slow
speed.
Very slow mo-
tion for a
meteor; 7 or
8 seconds.
Very slow mo-
tion.
Position, or
Altitude and
Azimuth.
was not
but upon
ing up,
train was
distinctly
tending from the
zenith in the vi-
cinity of 8 Dra-
conis to near a
Corone Bore-
alis.
The same flash seen
In E. a meteor fell
perpendicularly
from the direction
of « Andromede. |
From Z to @ Cas-
siopeiz.
...|From a Herculis|_
to B Ophiuchi.
In S.E., about 40°
above the hori-
zon.
From } (# Cygni,
« Cephei) to 4
(y Urs Minoris,
n Draconis).
Disappearing to
a few degrees
above Mizar.
From near 6 Sa-
gittze to the con-
stellation Lilra.
First appeared
above the Pleiade»
and set behind a
hill in N.W.
Passed from near
the zenith to near’
the horizon in the
constellation of!
Ursa Major.
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS,
Direction ; noting also
whether Horizontal,
\ppearance ; Train, if any,| Length of
i and its Duration. a Path, Perpendicular, or Remarks,
Inclined.
A sudden very Drilliant}.........e00...Jeceess arece Loe saceeeeeeeeeese| he flash lit up the street
flash like a flash of with a brilliant white
lightning; train after light,in strong contra-
disappearance of meteor distinction to the yel-
lasted 2 seconds. low light given by the
gas-burners. After 6
or 7 seconds a dull
report was _ heard,
somewhat doubtful,
owing to the street
noises.
EE ori scide.cvesscoclesessaceosarees|soonse “ahi seseessseeeee.{NO further information
than that given at
Greenwich.
UMIATGAIVR a vatiss vod ssdecis|ecesscvsecesess Perpendicular .,..scsvcvss|ssecevcccccsccenssccssevneess
fain tinged with orange...|............... IMICUIME Gi oesvacaasneener ns |Paeter tenses pecessecece waawe
ramet crdnccnsssecsss<l0..aceceeeesvs~ Obliquely down from|....... ~AEOROOECPO asassusne
right to left.
fter a startling flash, the]..........00...|sseccssssseeeeee Meee ....| Lime perhaps 5 minutes
meteor was seen in the slow. Very few me-
zenith as a streak. De- teors seen the same
scending, the preceding evening. The white
part became more bril- flash, the increasing
liant, and at last broke orange flame, and the
out into a pear-shaped globes of green light,
orange mass, which be- formed three distinct
came suddenly extin- features in succession.
guished, leaving above
this spot, and to the left
of its path, three or four
small green globes, one \
above another, #
e
Ly)
ew at first appearancel...............|+ cree iethartecsttrerrsceeeee | DEIE MUD PATOSLY © WIPDEs
obstructed by trees; Only two other small
broke at length into a meteors.
number of beautiful
fragments.
ery long and brilliant}....,.......... Neue eRe nes noch cate tact ec eee uae cettsloser cave sdewen eens
tail.
rst with a profusion of/Very long]........sscsseerssseeseeeeees (COMMencement of me-
sparks. course. teor not seen.
.|W. C, Nash.
89
Observer.
W. C. Nash.
CharlesW. Jones.
Arthur Harding.
John P. Trapaud.
Communicated
by R. P. Greg.
T. W. Webb.
E. M. Rogers.
J. H. S. Pigott.
‘Western Daily)
Press,’ Aug. 29.
90 REPORT—1864.
Place of | , Position, or
Date.| Hour. Observation. Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. nee ae
1864.| h m
Sug.26|11 8 p.m./ Wolverhampton |One-fifth diameter|Red ; after-/6 seconds .../From 9 or y Cyg
Weston - super -|=1st mag.*
of full moon.
wards blue.
Orange
eeane 3 seconds.....
to # Serpentis.
.|From B Persei to
Mare. Piscium. }
31/10 30 p.m.|Exeter (Devon-|Splendid meteor ...|Blue and red ;|\Comparatively|From f, g (near wo
shire). very striking.| slow. Aurige to ne
the Pleiades (
little N.), whe:
the meteor burs
31/About]0 30|Frant (Sussex).../Ball of a Roman)......--.:csssssss|eeeeeesceeeaneeees In the S.W. hori
p-m. candle. zon.
APPENDIX.
I. Mereors DOUBLY OBSERVED.
(1.) Shooting-star; 1863, August 8th, 10" 55™ raat.
A shooting-star of long flight, leaving a long train; observed at Ports-
mouth and Hawkhurst (see Catalogue). Path, 142 miles in 2:8 seconds,
Velocity, forty-nine miles per second. Direction, from azimuth W. from 8.
264°, altitude 30°. Began 141 miles above the north of France (N. lat.
50° 20', long. 3° 3’ E.); disappeared seventy-one miles above the English
Channel (N. lat. 50° 9', long. 0° 15! W.).
(2.) Fireball; 1863, August 10th, 8" 30™ p.m.
Described by Dr. Bianconi (Report for 1863, pp. 274, 335), and observed
at Venice by Herr y. Wiillerstorf (Proc. Vienna Acad. vol. xlviii., 8th Oct.
1863). The streaks extended from near Corona to the stars of Scorpius.
Although, from the motion of the streak, the meteor appeared to be in the
region of the winds, the two observations, with a base line of eighty-five miles
from Venice to the Samoggia, indicate a considerable elevation. The first
appearance took place at a height of sixty miles, in lat. 45° 18! N., long.
11° 22' E., between Padua and Mantua. The meteor disappeared at a height
of twenty miles, between Parma and Carrara, in lat. 44° 25! N., long.
10°12' E. Path, eighty miles. Direction, from the well-known radiant-
point between Perseus and Cassiopeia.
(3.) Shooting-star ; 1863, September 5th, 9" 55™ p.m.
Observed at London and at Wisbech in Cambridgeshire (see Catalogue).
Path, sixty miles in 1} second. Velocity, forty-eight miles per second.
Direction, from azimuth W. from S. 283°, altitude 34°. Began 102 miles
above the North Sea (N. lat. 53° 29', long. 1° 1! E.); disappeared sixty-nine
miles above the coast of Lincolnshire (N. lat. 53° 35!, long. 0° 0’).
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 91
Direction ; noting also
ppearance; Train, if any,| Lengthof | whether Horizontal,
1 and its Duration, . Poth, Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer.
Inclined.
Sst BREN OF AE, WOO) 2, days spveun sche sscvcasecooussavoausesnsbas .|Changed colour, Moved|Communicated
about five first magni- slowly. Separate por-| by-T. M. Sim-|
tude and several smaller tions very bright after} kiss.
stars. bursting.
BAG R CU MRCMMIMEE EKER VHC} v5... .ccecs|vecsccetesdscnatercasivecctace|wscundscsnssdstssvevtesnssene W. H. Wood.
in length.
Marge ball and tail of blue]...............|..cssecssceeserenscsesceeceees The red ball appeared)Ed. Parfitt, ‘The
light, leaving behind a to stand still for a| Times,’ Sept. 3.
red fragment and several second, and the blue
sparks. envelope (for such
it appeared to be)
passed on, leaving
a train of blue
light.
e tail was luminous|About 45°..|......c0ccsscsesesssesceeetene The tail was projected/F. C. R., ‘The
and expanded at the from the nucleus in} Times,’ Sept. 3.
extremity like that of a jets.
comet.
(4.) Shooting-star; 1863, November 13th, 2" 48™ a.m. ?
Observed at Euston Road Observatory and Hawkhurst (see Catalogue).
Path, thirty-nine miles in half a second. Direction, from azimuth W. from
S. 238°, altitude 69°. Began ninety-three miles above the west of London
(N. lat. 51° 30’, long. 0° 13’ W.); disappeared fifty-six miles above the
neighbourhood of Chertsey (N. lat. 51° 30’, long. 0° 13! W.). The velocity
and duration of the flight are doubtful.
(5.) Shooting-star; 1863, November 13th, 2" 53™ a.m.
Observed at Euston: Road Observatory and Hawkhurst (see Catalogue).
Path, forty-seven miles in 0:7 second. Direction, from azimuth W. from 8.
302°, altitude 60°. Began eighty-seven miles above the sea (N. lat. 50° 32’,
long. 1° 11' W.); disappeared forty-seven miles above the Hampshire coast
(N. lat. 50° 43’, long. 1° 39’ W.).
(6.) Fireball; 1863, December 5th, 7" 55™ p.m.
A meteor which illuminated all the coasts of Britain with the semblance
of a flash of lightning (see Catalogue). The locality of the phenomenon was
_ thirty or sixty miles above the sea, between the Lancashire coast and the
Isle of Man. The accounts of its apparent course are too conflicting for
discussion.
(7.) Shooting-star ; 1863, December 6th, 10” 7™ 305 p.m.
Observed at Euston Road Observatory and Hawkhurst (see Catalogue).
Path, sixty-five milesin 1-3second. Velocity, fifty miles persecond. Direc-
tion, from azimuth W. from 8. 263°, altitude 6°. Began 122 miles above
the sea (N. lat. 49° 51’, long. 0° 57! E.); disappeared 115 miles above the
sea (N. lat. 49° 44’, long. 0° 31! W.).
; (8.) Fireball; 1863, December 12th, 5" 45™ p.m,
Observed at Nottingham and Oundle (see Catalogue). Path, 125 miles
in 1? second. Velocity, seventy-one miles per second. Direction, from
92 REPORT—1864.
azimuth W. from S. 236°, altitude 9°. Began 126 miles above the North Sea
(N. lat. 51° 55!, long. 1° 55! E.); disappeared 108 miles above the Sussex
coast (N. lat. 50° 55’, long. 0° 27! E.).
(9.) Fireball; 1863, December 27th, 6" 55™ p.m.
Observations, at East Harptree and at Dulverton in Somersetshire (see
Catalogue), agree with a path of eighty miles in 4 seconds. Direction, from
azimuth W. from §. 277°, altitude 45°. Began eighty miles above the
Channel (N. lat. 50° 37’, long. 0° 42’ W.); disappeared twenty-five miles
above Poole, in Dorsetshire (N. lat. 50° 43’, long. 2° 0' W.). The fireball
agrees with an aérolitic date,
(10.) Fireball; 1864, January 3rd, 8" 25™ p.m.
In the north of England; observed at Liverpool, and Epping, near London
(see Catalogue).
(11.) Fireball; 1864, January 7th, 8"36™ p.m.
South of the Cornish coast; observed at Weston-super-Mare and Dul-
yerton, in Somersetshire (see Catalogue). The overcast state of the sky
appears to have precluded more general observations,
(12.) Shooting-star; 1864, April 10th, 9° 30™ p.m.
Observed at Greenwich Observatory and Hawkhurst (see Catalogue), The
position, in N.W., is unfavourable for calculation.
(13.) Shooting-star ; 1864, April 20th, 2" 40™ 30° a.m.
Observed at London and Hawkhurst (see Catalogue). The view was im-
paired by sunrise.
(14.) Fireball; 1864, July 4th, 10" 0™ p.m.
Observed at Llanrwst (N. Wales) and at Wolverhampton, by Mr. T. M.
Simkiss (see Catalogue), who concludes the path to have been from fifty miles
above Stafford to thirty miles above Llandovery (in Wales). The meteor
observed through clouds at Greenwich (see Catalogue) is perhaps identical
with this,
(15.) Fireball; 1864, August 6th, 10" 20™ p.m.
Observed at Wrotham (Kent) and at Paris (see Catalogue). It also
attracted attention in Germany. From observations at Miinster, Essen, and
Kempen, Professor Heis concludes its path to have been directed from a
considerable height above the North Sea, north-west of Holland, to thirty or
thirty-five miles above the sea, due north of Holland. It fell with a steep
incline from $.W. towards N.E.
(16.) Fireball; 1864, August 9th, 0" 52™ a.m.
Observed at Hawkhurst, and at the Luxembourg in Paris (see Catalogue).
Path, after the expansion, twenty-nine miles in one second. Direction,
from azimuth W. from §. 250°, altitude 60°. Expanded 106 miles above
the North Sea (N. lat. 53° 15!, long. 3° 22! E.); disappeared eighty-two miles
above the sea (N. lat. 53° 11', long. 3° 4! E.).
(17.) Fireball; 1864, August 10th, 8 45™ 508 p.m.
Observed in Italy. Belongs among the few whose paths are known to
lie from the west to the east of the meridian. Path, sixty miles in 3 or 4
seconds. Velocity, fifteen or twenty miles per second. Direction, from
azimuth W. from 8. 30°, altitude 12° (near Antares). Began forty miles
above Lecco (N. lat. 45° 52!, long. E. 9°25'); disappeared thirty miles above
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS oF LUMINOUS METEORS. 93
the Stelvio Pass (N. lat. 46° 30!, long. E. 9° 55’). Directed from some
radiant-point in the southern part of Ophiuchus, or Scorpius.
(18.) Fireball; 1864, August 26th, 11" 0™ p.m,
Observed at Hay (South Wales), Wolverhampton, and Grantham (see
Catalogue). Path, 110 miles in 5 seconds. Velocity, twenty-two miles per
second. Direction, from azimuth W. from §. 330°, altitude 45°. Began 100
miles above Monmouth (N. lat. 51°50', long. 2°43’ W.) ; disappeared twenty
miles above Barmouth, in North Wales (N. lat. 52° 43’, long. 4° 4/W.). The
height at first appearance is affected by considerable errors of observation.
Il. Merroric Sxower or Aveust 1864.
The annual display was less abundant than in 1863, and the meteors of
the 9th and 10th of August did not exceed the ordinary scale of the phe-
nomenon, either in numbers, brilliancy, or uniformity of direction. One
meteor only was simultaneously observed at Greenwich Observatory and at
Hawkhurst.
1864, August 9th, 11" 3" G.M.T.
p Began. Ended.
A shooting-star, leaving a ts
train, observed Azimuth : Azimuth ;
W. from 8. Altitude. W. from 8. Altitude.
At Greenwich Observatory. 312-7 677 0-7 458
At Hawkhurst (Kent) ...... 239°7 845 41-0 62:5 .
Beginning. End.
Distance Distance
Lat. Long. | Height. from Lat. Long. | Height. from
Hawkhurst. Hawkhurst.
Miles. Miles. Miles. Miles.
lol? 8'N| 0°44V ER. 82 84 50°41/N.' 0° 7' EB.) 53 63
| |
Length of | Duration at Direction of flight, from
Path. Greenwich. _ Velocity. : :
Azimuth W. from 8.| Altitude.
Seconds. | Miles per second. .
46 15 3l 221° 24°
Brightness at 1 mile,) Consumption of | Weight of meteoric
Apparent brightness 5 :
ompared to full coal-gas for equal | matter arrested at
et Hawkhurst. moon. luminous effect. | 30 miles per second.
Cubic feet. Grs.*
a Cygni. 0:06 15 14
* In the last column but one of Table III., p. 330 of the Report for 1863, the decimal
point is misplaced, and the weights in the last column of that Table are ten times larger
than the truth.
94 REPORT—1864,
The following are Mr. Lowe’s observations at Beeston Observatory, 1864,
August 9th, p.m. :—
Ist. Number of meteors, 8" 50™ p.m. to 10° P.M. = 5
2 ” 10" ” 11" 2 18
” De) 118 ” 12° ,, = 33
53 ere be 55 1? am. = 22
oh deel a.m. to 2h ss 27
2nd. Magnitude of meteors:— Above lst mag.* = 0
me “5 Equal 1st mag.* = 12
3 Es 7 Seed mag.* —e
> =, jlesrdimam? = 19
A > Ath & 5th mag.* = 49
3rd. Colours of meteors :— Colourless = 14
a “5 Blue = 2
>” » Red = 9
5s Orange-red = 11
he es Orange = 4
Yellow = 25
4th, Leng gth of path of meteors :—Under 5° in length = 22
” ”? 5° to 10° ” = 5
sy . LOMO 20 eee = 15
$i a 209: tor40° var, =i
5th. Peculiar features:—No very large or bright meteors, 2nd magnitude
prevailing until midnight, then 4th and 5th magnitude stars, apparently more
distant than at 10" p.m.
Majority very similar in appearance.
Much fewer blue than usual.
Point of divergence about H 115 Persei. Very few discordant.
The paths of meteors in Perseus very short ; those in Ursa Minor and Ursa
Major very long.
Mostly very rapid, and about equal in speed.
The point of divergence lower and more northerly than last year.
On the 9th, at Weston-super-Mare, 8 meteors brighter than 3rd magni-
tude stars were seen from 10° 30™ p.m. to 11" p.m., by Mr. W. H. Wood.
Between 10" p.m. on the 9th and 0° 30™ a.m. on the 10th, at Greenwich
Observatory,-Mr. W. C. Nash saw 1 meteor equal to Venus and 20 meteors
greater than 2nd magnitude stars.
On the 10th, from 3" a.m. to 3" 40™ a.m., at Vogogna in Italy, Mr. A. 8.
Herschel obseryed 40 meteors, of which 3 equal Sirius and 6 equal 1st mag-
nitude star.
Among 105 Pee observed on this night by Mr. Lowe, 51 left trains ;
5 meteors with trains were observed by Mr. Wood, 23 by Mr. Nash, and 12
by Mr. Herschel. The whole, being drawn on a map, present an ill-defined
radiant-point near the head of Perseus.
From 10" p.m. on the 10th to 2" a.m. on the morning of the 11th, meteors
were observed at Hawkhurst to radiate from Perseus and from other coex-
isting radiant-points.
Radiant-points of meteors.
From a point between a and y Persei = 48 meteors.
5, Polaris ==. 12." 5
», Pegasus ak eer
», Undetermined radiants =o ane.,
Total ~ 78" 5,
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 95
Number of meteors from 10° to 10" 45™ p.w. = 12*
5 3 11+ 307 tome .,, — 8*F
5 - 125 to 1» a.m. = 24
a # 1* a.m, to22 am. = 30
Total 74
Of these meteors, twenty-four left trains.
From 10" 30™ p.m. to 11" p.m., on the 10th, at Baveno (Italy), Mr. A. 8.
Herschel saw 36 meteors. Of these nine left trains: four were equal to Ist
magnitude stars.
On the night of the 10th, at Greenwich, there were seen by Messrs. W. C.
Nash, C. W. Jones, and P. Trapaud, of the Magnetical and Meteorological
Department of the Royal Observatory, from 9° p.m. to 1>4.M., sixteen meteors
larger than 3rd magnitude stars. The sky was mostly cloudy.
On the same evening, at Weston-super-Mare, fifteen meteors larger than
2nd magnitude stars were seen, by Mr. W. H. Wood, from 10" 15™ to 11" 45™
P.M., who reports as follows :—
«The 8th was overcast; the 9th clear at intervals; the 10th and also the
11th clear and fine. The 9th and 10th were pretty good displays, but far
inferior to that of August 1863. The meteors were sporadic, with occasional
cessations; and they exhibited a singular predominance of red and yellow
colour.”
Messrs. T. W. Webb and T. M. Simkiss report, respectively, from Hay
(South Wales) and Wolverhampton, regarding the meteors of the 10th
August :—
“A good many shooting-stars on the night of the 10th, but not so many on
the whole as on the previous night.
** Not so many shooting-stars on the night of the 10th as on the previous
night, but of the same character and general directions.”
Til. ‘Hxrenrs or Smoorrne-stars,’ by Professor Newton.
(Am. Journ. Sci., 2nd ser., vol. xxxvi., July 1864.)
Many of the heights of shooting-stars obtained by Brandes, Benzenberg,
Boguslawski, Heis, Schmidt, &c., have been unavoidably advanced on slender
grounds. The telegraph is now employed to insure identity among the
meteors simultaneously observedt. Professor H. A. Newton has, however,
collected upwards of 300 examples where the heights of falling-stars have
(previously to this practice) been credibly determined. A similar inquiry was
undertaken for the British Association, on the occasion of an unusually bright
display of meteors observed in England on the 10th of August 1863, and the
heights collected were found to correspond with the average of the heights
observed on that occasiont. A few large bolides are contained in Professor
* Sky partly overcast and hazy; afterwards clear. A fifth part of the time was spent in
recording the meteors.
+ From the 6th to the 10th August (1864), 93 meteors were doubly observed between
Rome and Civita Vecchia by the intervention of the electric telegraph. Parallax varying from
15° to 40° was observed in the zenith of Rome, corresponding to heights of meteors between
50 and 150 miles from the surface of the earth.
t Report, 1863, p. 332. Note at the foot of the page.
96 REPORT—1864.
Newton’s list, which therefore affords wider average limits of height than
those given in the last Report. The results may be thus compared :—
Average height at first
appearance, No. of Observations, Reference.
701 Brit. St. miles. 178 since Sept. 1798. B. A. Report, 1863.
73°5 % _ 234 a + Am. Journ. Sci., July 1864.
Average height at dis-
appearance, No. of Observations, Reference.
54-2 Brit. St. miles. 210 since Sept. 1798. B. A. Report, 1863.
50°6 ” ” 290 i $ Am. Journ. Sci., July 1864.
The mean height of luminous meteors at appearance is accordingly 72, and
at disappearance 52 British statute miles above the level of the sea, with a
probable error of only two miles.
IY. ‘ Novemper Srar-sHowers,’ by Professor Newton.
(Am. Journ. Sci. vol. xxxvii. p. 377, and vol. xxxviil. p. 53.)
Comparing together the dates of thirteen historic star-showers, from Oc-
tober 13th, 902, to November 13th, 1833, the existence of a common meteoric
shower becomes apparent. The node of the ring has an annual pro-cession of
1-711 (reckoned from mean equinox), or of 52!56 reckoned from a fixed
equinox along the ecliptic. By this amount the date of the return has been
delayed one day in every 34 years since the first appearance of the shower ;
aud the narratives are in accordance with a single meteoric phenomenon, of
which the yearly period is 365-271 days, returning with especial intensity
four times in every 133 years. A want of punctuality of one, two, or even
three years in the return of the display may be accounted for by the revo-
lution of the earth on its axis, by which observers were deprived of a view
of the spectacle during a part of its existence. The explanation of the
periodicity depends, not upon the perturbations of the earth or of the ring,
but ee the true periodical time of revolution of the cloud. Its displace-
ment +4, parts of a revolution from the node per annum may be accom-
panied with 0, 1, or 2 complete revolutions round the sun, but with no frac-
tional part of a revolution, because the cloud has been encountered at the
node with almost equal intensity on two successive years (1832 and 1833).
The displacement cannot be accompanied with any greater integral number
of revolutions than two, on account of its distance from the sun. As, more-
over, the true motion of the November meteors is sensibly perpendicular to
a radius-vector from the sun, prohabiliiy must be held to decide in favour
of the nearly circular orbit, with 1+ 4, revolution per annum, and with a
velocity nearly equal to that of the earth, “put in a retr ograde direction. The
inclination observed corresponds to nearly 17° with the ecliptic.
Should more than one reyolution be performed in one year by the meteoric
cloud, the two or three successive encounters which compose one principal
meteoric epoch must fall earlier in the year, and vice versd. Sufficient mate-
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 97
rials do in fact exist for preferring this alternative. In this case the period
from node to node is 354621 days, with a probable error not exceeding
16 minutes. The orbit is nearly circular, with a semi-major axis 0:9805, a
velocity of arrival in the atmosphere (allowing for the attraction of the earth)
20°17 miles, and a velocity of passage through the atmosphere 38-7 miles, or
nearly forty miles per second.
A maximum display on the morning of the 14th November, 1866, is
expected to be chiefly visible on the western Atlantic.
VY. Mereorires.
(Proc. Vienna Acad. Sci. vols. xviii, and xlix.)}
(1.) 1863, August 11th, 11" 30™ a.m.
Near Shytal, Dacca, about 150 miles N.E. from Calcutta. A report like
thunder was presently followed by the fall of a meteoric stone. The stone
weighed 5 lbs., measuring 4 inches to 6 inches in different parts, and struck
17 inches into the ground. It is entirely covered by a thin black crust, and
the interior substance resembles (by large patches) the meteorites of Weston—
by veins of darker colour the stones of Lixna and Macao, and those of
Parnallee by a general variegated appearance. It has been forwarded to the
British Museum through the Asiatic Society of Bengal. A section is destined
for the Museum of Vienna. The direction of the meteor was from E. to W.
(2.)
Dr. Haidinger, of Vienna, concludes a paper on the physical connexion of
meteorites with fireballs and shooting-stars by the following remarks (vol. xlix.
p. 16) :— One of the conclusions which appear to be established by recent |
observations is, that the three classes of meteorites, fireballs, and shooting-
stars are assemblages of fragments, finer or coarser. A study of the fused
surfaces of the meteorites of Stannern shows that these, at least occasionally,
enter the atmosphere in a crowd. Dr. Schmidt observed a similar structure,
by aid of the telescope, in the case of a detonating fireball, on the 19th October,
1863. Mr, Alexander Herschel also arrives at the same conclusion, on in-
dependent grounds, with respect to shooting-stars, and supposes them to
consist of dust, more or less arenaceous in its form.” The fireball observed
by Dr. Schmidt, the Researches on Metoerites, and those on Shooting-stars,
referred to in this paragraph, are described in former papers of the Academy.
(3.) 1863, December 7th, 11° a.m.
Tourinnes la Grosse, Tirlemont, near Waterloo in Flanders. A ball of
white-hot matter shot suddenly from 8.E. to N.W. across the sky, which was
cloudy, Shortly afterwards a crash was heard, followed by a whistling noise,
Two aérolites were precipitated, 14 Ibs. and 15 Ibs. in weight, and distant two
miles from one another, one of which broke the trunk of a fir-tree 12 inches
in circumference, and buried itself 6 inches in the earth. The second, falling
on a footway in the village of Tourinnes la Grosse, splintered a flagstone, and
broke into 25 or 30 fragments, severely burning the fingers of those who
attempted to collect them. A third stone of 22 Ibs. weight, which fell
without injury from branch to branch of a tree, is preserved in the Museum
of Natural History at Paris. Daubrée and Haidinger conclude that meteorites
reach the earth with a velocity less than that of a cannon-ball. The de-
tonations are a proof of the violence with which their planetary velocity is
destroyed by the resistance of the air. The Tourinnes stones are light grey,
and, from the presence of spherules, chondritic. Chladnite (nickeliferous
-) a troilite (magnetic iron-pyrites) are disseminated through the stones
, H
98 REPORT—1864.
in grains, and the latter pretty large. The crust is one-fiftieth of an inch
in thickness, and dull black.
A stone of 23 ozs. is in the Museum of Mineralogy at Vienna, 22 lbs. in
the Museum of Natural History at Paris, and a fragment, 1 lb. in weight, in
the British Museum.
(4.) 1864, March 14th, and 1864, May 2nd.
“ May 8th to 14th is an aérolitic period, and its radiant-point should be
determined.” (R. P. Greg, Manchester, 14th March, 1864.)
“ May the 12th will he “the next time to verify, and has of late years been
very richly aérolitic.’ (R. P. Greg, Manchester, 2nd May, 1864.)
The aérolitic period yo defined by Mr. Greg was verified by the fall of a
meteorite at Orgueil (8. France), on the evening of the 14th May, 1864.
The meteorites are rich in carbon and soluble salts, among which are those of
ammonia. (Comptes Rendus, vol. lviii., for May 23, and following numbers
contain full particulars. At pp. 1100 and 1212 the trajectory of the meteor
is described.)
VI. RapIANT-POINTS ofr SHOOTING-STARS,
Showers of meteors are of comparatively frequent occurrence, and, since the
display of November 1833, it is well known that the meteoric tracks on these
occasions take their directions from a point (termed the radiant-point of the
shower) which retains its apparent place unchanged among the stars during
the continuance of the shower. The following “observations were expressly
conducted for the purpose of determining the radiant-points of meteors on
particular dates, since the last Report :—
Date of Approximate No. of General Accuracy
Observation. Position of Radiant-point. Observations. of Divergence.
N. Decl.
fe)
1863, Aug. 10-11...4 Persei ...... BRO 562 oss 120 ... Great.
» Dec. 12-13...7 Geminorum. 105'5 ...... BO ee. 17... Considerable.
1864, Jan. 2-3 ...c Quadrantis... 234°0 ...... 50'9. wiaee 100 ... Great.
yy Apr. 10-11...0 Virginis...... 192°3 . dsaves AD owibans 12 ... Average.
», Apr. 12-13...Cerberus ...... ZAO0:0 ..ca5ne 2 16 ... Inconsiderable.
» Apr. 19-20...near # Lyre... 27775 ...... DEO fercece 23... Great.
» Aug. 9-10...D Camelopardi ch mer a a Aree 87 Considerable.
The position of the radiant-point on the night of the ond January differs
only 5° from the centre of eight very luminous excursions, observed by the
late Stillman Masters, in America, at daybreak on the 2nd January, 1863
(R. A. 238°-0, N. P. D. 43° 6). The fixity of this radiant-point for two suc-
cessive years, ‘under circumstances so widely differing from one another in
hour and place, is a strong argument for the astronomical nature of periodical
meteors. A radiant-point near a Lyr@ was observed in America, by the
late E. C. Herrick, on the morning of the 19th April, 1839, a quarter of a
century before the observation recorded in this list. Relying upon the gene-
ral stability of meteoric phenomena, it is possible to determine the radiant-
points of sporadic meteors (if these exist),in the same manner as the radiant-
points of periodical shooting-stars, from observations of a long series of years.
The Reports of the British Association, Coulvier Gravier’s Catalogues, and
other less extensive observations afford more than sufficient materials for the
purpose. The centres of excursion of sporadic meteors continue for weeks,
or even months, in one position, until their epochs overlap. Two or more
centres of excursions then coexist for a time, and afterwards give place to
other radiant-points. The following list cf general radiant-points of shooting-
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 99
stars, arranged by Mr. Greg, is remarkably verified in many of its positions
by the corresponding list of radiant-points contributed by Dr. Heis, in the
‘Monthly Notices’ of the Astronomical Society (vol. xxiv. p. 213).
General Radiant-points of Shooting-stars.
‘Comparison of the Epochs and Positions of Radiant-points of Shooting-stars, concluded
independently, by R. P. Greg, Esq., and Dr. E. Heis.
From Observations contained in the British Association || Observed at Miinster,; 1849-61.
Catalogues, 1845-1863. (R.P. Greg.) — } (E. Heis.)
2 i ene are S Il Dict cS)
Wpoelis th their order S6 | Distinctive S | Distine- - = Epocha to the
No. |"P |S =| Number. | R.A. | A tive |R.A.) A P
of commencement. As (Greg.) e | Latiees: ie nearest half-month.
° fo] fe} °
I | Dec. 20 to Jan. 30...) 20) IT. .0...44.. 22 1°75 || Ay eccare 29 | 50} January 1 to 15.
fA aaa ne 15 | 63) January 16 to 31.
2 | Dec. 20 to Jan. 30...| 13) IIa ...... HRI Ba ING. caters 285 | 84) January 1 to 15.
WN oak 0 | 90) January 16 to 31.
3 | Dec. 21 to Feb. 4 .::| 28) HII. ..... 68 17 || AG,
4 | January 2 to 3 ...... Dell Woceceesaes aaa 13 mel bas) ND | ot. eae 235 | 52) December 16 to 31.
Kp esseve 242 | 51| January 1 to 15.
5 | Jan. 2 to Feb. 4 ...| 30) LV. ......004 133 | 40 ||? M, ...j166 | 52) January 16 to 31.
6 | January 5 to 25...) 15) 1V.a eases 173 | 32 ||M Gi
7 | February 4 to 26 ...} 36) V. ........- Be P| WEY el ee as 150 | 60) February 1 to 14.
8 | February 7 to 26 ...| 20) VI. .......0. TSO les i lcseccse= 130 | 63) February 15 to 28.
Mapbeurnary. 9 to ky ...| 13) WII.’ Los. 70.940 [By sceaee 65 | 51) February 1 to 14.
AG neces 91 | 37) February 15 to 28.
10 | Feb. 10 to Mar.17...! | 21] VIII. ...... 168 9 || S, .se0--[170 | 11) February 15 to 28.
Serer 178 7| March 1 to 15.
S, -e++.-{L73 | 23) March 16 to 31.
11 | Feb. 11 to Mar. 16...) 10) VIII.a...... 37 1S G,
(12 | February 19 to 26...) 10) Via ...... 220 | 84 ||N, ... 0 | 90) February 1 to 14.
j Ny «eses-[200 | 83] February 15 to 28.
13 | March 3 to 27 ...... UL} XII. cceeee 44 72 ||N. ......[340 | 80) March 1 to 15.
14 | March 3 to 31 ...... BU WR. sensed 145 | 67 || M, ««s-{125 | 52) March 1 to 15.
M, ......(140 | 50| March 16 to 31.
15 | March 3 fo 31 ...... i). Baers Pee 186 58 |? Mg..eese 140 | 50| March 16 to 31.
16 | March 12 to 20 ...| 20| XII. ...... 223 | 39 || MG,
7 | Aprll to June 2.2.) (52) X12 vse. as- 194. |).52)f) My-sasese 160 | 53) April 1 to 15.
M, ......{150 | 61) April 16 to 30.
18°} April 2 to May1 ...| 20) XIV. ...... 189 4h Serr esrant LOA 5) April 16 to 30.
19 | April 8 to May 28...; 20) XIX. ......, 227 |—8 || SG,
£0 | April 13 (a.m.)......| 17| XVI. ...... 276 | 26 ||QG
21 | Aprill6 to May3...; 30) XV." ...... 96 87) WIN, vate 265 83) April 16 to 30.
22 | April 19 to 20 ...... D5 ile Vill oats 282 | 33 | DG,
23 | April 25 to June 4... 28) AVIEES 3: 255 | 48 | DG,
4 | April 30 to June 4...) 15) XX. ou... 243 20 ff GQ ceases 218 20) May 1 to 31.
2 |May9toJune3 ...) 16) XVIIILa... 277 42 | D
6 | May 9 to June 4 ... 8) SXT. Seas. 286 21 PW © saaces 292 15| Jane 1 to 30.
@ | May 29 to Junel7...| 18) XXII. ...) 336 [ 45 || By -..... 332 | 60) May 1 to 31.
| Ba aagses 333 | 42| June 1 to 30.
4 June 1 to 30 .....+... gax0 22; 236 | 30 | Q, ....(242{ 12 Jane 1 to 30.
June 1 to 30%........ fo S500... ~~ 300-1 8S TN, ns. '290 | 80, May I to 31.
Nj, «s+--(150 | 83] Jane 1 to 30.
30 | July 2 to 24 «2.0... CEG 6 Seana Bae. 1 ean 315 | 54) July 1 to 15.
to 313 | 43 ||
31 | July 10 to Aug. 6...| 26) XXVIL. ... 257 13. |} Qy, aid. 0e 262 12) July 1 to 15.
32 | July 20 to Aug.4...| 46) XXV....... 359 | 70 | Nj, «-...| 20 | 85) July 1 to 15.
N, +0337 | 86] July 16 to Aug. 15.
H2
100 REPORT— 1864.
General Radiant-points of Shooting-stars (continued).
Comparison of the Epochs and Positions of Radiant-points of Shooting-stars, concluded
independently, by R. P. Greg, Esq., and Dr. E. Heis.
From Observations contained in the British Association Observed at Miinster, 1849-61.
Catalogues, 1845-1863. (R. P. Greg.) (E. Heis.)
‘ i r K Distinctive 3 Distine- 3
No. Ben a sng $$] Number. | R.A. | A tive |R.A.| A Pesce - e's a
of commencement. |4 2) (Greg.) 2 || Letters. ss est half-month.
° °
33 | July 22 to Aug.10...} 70) XXVI. ...) 344 | 12 || T, .... 314 | 15) August 16 to 31.
to 327 10
34 | July 29 to Aug. 22...) 123) XXIV.a...) 302 | 44
to 288 | 42 || B, ...... 306 | 59) August 16 to 31.
& 298 | 58 || By uo. 302 | 65) July 16 to Aug. 15.
35 | Aug. 6 to Sept.10...! 80) XXIX. ... O51 BD ANE cannes 295 | 79| August 16 to 31.
ING Senseo 130 | 84} September 1 to 15.
36 | August 7 to 16 ...... ere oN eee 45 | 55 |) A, ....., 50 | 51] July 16 to Aug. 15.
to 20 62
37 | Aug. 17 to Sept.12| 9|XXVIIa...| 245 | 5 |/Q, ...... 262 | 12\July 1 to 15.
to 262 12
38 | Aug. 17 to Sept. 30] 18/ XXIV.J, or} 282 | 42 || B; ...... 293 | 57| September 1 to 15.
XXX.a.
39 | Aug. 17 to Sept. 30| 150) XXX. ...... 333 | 50 / EG
viz.314 | 52 || E ..,...)830 | 50} October 16 to 31.
to 347 | 47 || A,,......| 39 | 63) September 1 to 15.
Rego | UL aor aceess 44 | 63] September 16 to 30.
{Oopa ee? ||| :Al, «eneae 51 | 61) October 1 to 15.
40 | Aug. 18 to Sept. 29] 27) XXXI., or Ud pos AlRan ecaess 53 | 35] September 1 to 15.
XXX.0. ee ooseoe 46 | 37| September 16 to 30.
41 | Aug. 22 to Nov.5...| 27) XXXII. ... 1 | 15 || T, ......,843 | 10] September 1 to 15.
7 T, «+--| 1] 11] September 16 to 30.
LRA 3 | 11] October 1 to 15.
42 | Sept. 6 to Noy. 23.,.} 18) XXXIV.... 22 |-9 || TG
Disgaea 10 |—11) October 16 to 31.
43 | Sept. 20 to Oct.11...) 35) XXXYV. ... 83 48 || AG,
44 | Sept. 25 to Oct.10...| 16) XXXVI... DE g84 WeNG aecase 65 | 84] September 16 to 30.
45 | Sept. 27 to Noy. 2...) 67) XXXII... TEED also | hes aa 20 | 42} October 16 to 31.
Boe hea 25 | 40) December | to 15.
46 | October 3 to 20...... 11} XXXVII.... 140 | 45 || LG
ch eee 115 | 55) December 1 to 15.
47 | Oct. 4 to Nov. 10...) 35) XXXVIII. AS Soo: lig vanes 45 | 32) October 1 to 15.
48 | Oct. 18 to Nov. 3...| 30) XXXIX.... 83 | 12 ||0
49 | Oct. 20 to Nov. 21...) 33) XL.......... bY en (SG BL sr ateeee 75 | 40) October 16 to 31.
50 | Oct. 31 to Dec. 9...} 14) XLIII. ... 139 7 || LH
51 | November 1 to 23...) 75} XLI. ...... 16 | 49 || AG,
52 | November 7 to 15...|_ ...| XLII....... 153 | 22 || L, ......{150 | 28) November 1 to 30.
53 | Nov. 23 to Dec. 9... 9) RW itestascs 279 | 56 || DG,
54 | Noy. 24 to Dec.10...| 37) XLIV. ... 59 | 58. | Aye cocces 37 | 59] December 16 to 31.
55 | Nov. 26 to Dec. 30...) 84) XLVII. ... 96 | 36||G
Po awe 115 | 55) December 1 to 15.
56 | Nov. 27 to Dec. 19 | 10) XLVI. ... 157 | 71 ||KG
Total days, 1655. {1746
Each of the foregoing fifty-six radiant-points of shooting-stars depends
upon the average of one meteor recorded per night for thirty successive nights,
which is the average duration of a meteoric shower. yen cursory observa-
A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 101
tions are calculated to add to the precision with which it will in future be
desirable to fix the epochs and positions of these radiant-points. When the
epochs and positions of the different general radiant-points of shooting-stars
are more exactly circumscribed, it may be reasonably expected that fireballs
and meteorites will be shown to belong, like shooting-stars, to meteoric
showers.
The results arrived at independently by Professor Heis, of Minster, are in
general strongly corroborative of those obtained by Mr. Greg, of Manchester,
though in certain cases the latter exhibits radiants not given by the former,
and vice versd. Professor Heis, however, has somewhat arbitrarily divided
his meteor-showers and radiants into bi-monthly divisions, and has thus
occasionally presented the same shower with a number of radiants more or
less closely allied to each other.
Mr. Greg has endeavoured to give as nearly as possible the precise dura-
tion and limit of each shower, as well as the average position of its connected
radiant,
The general results may be thus summed up, with a tolerable degree of
certainty, as regards the meteor-showers.
They appear to endure for almost any period, from twenty-four hours to
eight or possibly ten weeks, differing from one another in richness or intensity
of display. In some there appears to be a tendency to maximum display
on particular days, as for example xlvii., lasting from November 26th to De-
cember 30th ; but the most abundant display occurs from December 9th to
13th. In others no such maximum can be perceived. Their number, of
fully fifty as yet ascertained, will probably not be much exceeded, unless
by short-lived showers, and by others whose radiants culminate just before
dawn. ‘There is no confusion or chance in their return, but, on the contrary,
the showers are very regularly recurrent every year, and, allowing a radiant-
region of 10° to 15° in diameter for each, the so-called ‘“ sporadic” meteors
will become extremely scarce, now that the principal showers and their
radiants have been pointed out. A well-marked instance of long persistence,
and remarkable for having its radiant very small and fixed, is the shower of
August 6th to September 10th, no. xxix. The great majority have, at the
present time, been as clearly defined (as regards the time of their occurrence,
duration, and positions of their radiants) as is the case with the older and
better-known showers of August and November. On the average of many
years, the radiant-regions of a few are, however, still very extensive. In all,
a plane, oval, or double-headed region of radiation appears to represent the
conditions of the showers more correctly than a point. This elongation of
the radiant-region is in most cases perpendicular to the ecliptic, or parallel
to the via lactea, in or near which the greater number of the radiants in the
latter half of the year are placed. The meteors of particular showers vary
in their distinctive characters, some being larger and brighter than others,
some whiter, some more ruddy than others; some swifter, and drawing after
them more persistent trains than those of other showers. Their connexion
a cab epochs and directions of large meteors still remains to be esta-
shed,
102 REPORT—1864.
Report on the best Means of providing for a Uniformity of Weights
and Measures, with reference to the Interests of Science. By a Com-
mittee consisting of Lorp Wrorrestry*, D.C.L., F.R.S., The Rt.
Hon. C. B. Apprritry*, M.P., Sir Wiiuram ARMsTRONG, C.B.,
F.R.S., Tar Astronomer Royat, F.R.S., Samunt Brown*, W.
Ewart, M.P., T. Granam, F.R.S., Six Joun Hay*, Bari., M.P.,
F.R.S., Prof. Hennessy*, F.R.S., James Hevwoon™, M.A., F.R.S.,
Dr. Len*, F.R.S., Dr. Leone Levi*, F.S.A., F.S.S., Prof. W. A.
Miter, F.R.S., Prof. Ranxine*, F.R.S., Rev. Dr. Rosrnson,
F.R.S., Col. Syxes*, M.P., F.R.S., W. Tits, M.P., F.R.S., Prof.
A. W. Witttamson*, F.R.S., James Yates, M.A., F.R.S., and
Freperick Purpy*,
For a uniformity of weights and measures with reference to the interests
of science, the Committee recommend to the British Association the follow-
ing resolutions :—
1, That it is desirable, in the interests of science, to adopt a decimal system
‘of weights and measures,
2. That in furtherance of this proposal, it is desirable, from its scientific
Gan ehe ete to adopt the metric system7,
. That as the weights and measures of this country are gradually under-
ane a process of decimalization, it would be more advantageous, instead of
drifting by degrees into a heterogeneous variety of systems, to change at
once to a really conyenient system.
4, That it be recommended to the Goyernment, in all cases in which
statistical documents issued by them relate to questions of international
interest, to give the metric equivalents to English weights and measures.
5. That in commtinications respecting weights and measures, presented to
foreign countries which have adopted the metric system, equivalents in the
metric system be given for the ordinary English expressions for length,
capac bulk, and weight.
. That it be recommended to the authors of scientific sernsaeeiaaee! in
all cases where the expense or labour involyed would not be too great, to
give the metric equivalents of the weights and measures mentioned,
. That the influence of the British Association would be beneficially
eee in obtaining from Paris an authorized set of metric weights and
measures, to he placed in some public and frequented building in London.
8. That advantage will be derived from the recent publication of metric
tables, hy C. H. Dowling, C.E., in which British standard weights and
measures are compared with those of the metric systemt. That treatises
explaining the metric system, with diagrams, should be forthwith laid before
the public. That works on arithmetic should contain metric tables of weights
and measures, with suitable exercises on those tables; and that inspectors of
schools should examine candidates for pupil-teachers in the metric system,
9. On the subject of temperature, it is recommended that the authors of
Reports to be presented to the British Association, relative to temperature,
* Those members whose names have an asterisk (*) added have attended meetings of
the Committee.
+ Professor Rankine has dissented from the second Resolution.
t London, Lockwood and Co., 1864.
ON THE UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 108
‘tbe requested to give the degrees of heat or cold according to both the
Centigrade and Fahrenheit’s thermometers.
. 10. It is recommended that the scales of thermometers constructed for sci-
entific purposes be divided both according to the Centigrade and Fahrenheit
scales; and that barometric scales be divided into fractions of the metre, as
well as into those of the foot and inch.
11. That a committee on uniformity of weights and measures be re-
appointed, with a grant of £20.
Prince Talleyrand, in 1790, distributed among the members of the Consti-
tuent Assembly of France a proposal, founded upon the excessive diversity
and confusion of the weights and measures then prevailing all over that
country, for the reformation of the system, or rather for the foundation of a
new system upon the principle of a single and universal standard*.
A Committee of the Academy of Sciences, consisting of five of the most
eminent mathematicians of Europe—Borda, Lagrange, Laplace, Monge, and
Condoreet—were subsequently appointed, under a decree of the Constituent
Assembly, to report upon the selection of a natural standard; and the Com-
mittee proposed in their Report that the ten-millionth part of the quarter of
the meridian of Dunkirk should be taken as the standard unit of linear
measure.
Delambre and Méchain were appointed to measure an are of the meridian
between Dunkirk and Barcelona. They commenced their labours at the most
agitated period of the French revolution. At every station of their progress
in the field-survey they were arrested by the suspicions and alarms of the
people, who took them for spies or engineers of the invading enemies of
France. The result was a very wonderful approximation to the true length,
and one in the highest degree “creditable to the French astronomers and
geometricians, who carried on their operations, under every difficulty and at
the hazard of their lives, in the midst of the greatest political convulsion of
modern times” f.
By means of the are of the meridian measured between Dunkirk and Bar-
celona, and of the arc measured in Peru, in 1736, by Bougner and La Con-
damine, the length of the quarter of the meridian, or the distance from the pole
to the equator, was calculated. This length was partitioned into ten millions
of equal parts, and one of these parts was taken for the unit of length, and
called a metre ¢, from the Greek word pérpoy (a measure).
If the are of the meridian be calculated from the result of French researches,
the metre itself is equal, in English measurement, to 39:37079 inches; and
multiplying this length by 10,000,000, the length of the quadrant of the
meridian, when converted into feet, will be, 32,808,992 feet. Sir John
Herschel estimates the length of the quadrant of the meridian at 32,813,000
feet; so that, according to his calculation, there is a difference between the
French and the new estimate of the quadrant, of 4008 feet, and therefore the
French length of the quadrant is -,~th too short, and the metre is z}sth
of an inch less than the length of the ten-millionth part of the quadrant.
An error of 5},th of an inch in the determination of the metre is
more than counterbalanced by the extreme simplicity, symmetry, and con-
venience of the metric system. Professor Bessel observed with respect to
* Report of John Quincy Adams on Weights and Measures, p.49. Washington, 1821.
. ¥ Essay on the Yard, the Pendulum, and the Metre, by Sir John F. W. Herschel,
Bart., K.H., M.A., F.R.S., &., p. 19. London, 1863.
- £ Briot’s ‘Arithmetic,’ translated by J. Spear, Esq., p.152. R. Hardwicke : London, 1863.
104 REPORT—1864.
the metre, that, “in the measurement of a length between two points on
the surface of the earth, there is no advantage at all in proving the relation
of the measured distance to a quadrant of the meridian”’*. Professor Miller,
of Cambridge, who quotes this remark, deems the error in the relation of the
metre to the quadrant of the meridian to be of no consequence; and he
mentions another slight error in the metric system, discovered by recent
research, and relating to the density of water, which he gives in the following
words of Bessel +:—
“The kilogramme (1000 grammes) is not exactly the weight of a cubic
decimetre of water. Many of the late weighings show that water at its maxi-
mum density has a different density from that which was assumed by the
French philosophers who prepared the original standard of the klogramme ;
but nobody wishes to alter the value of the gramme on that account.”
M. Chevalier stated to the Committee of the House of Commons on Weights
and Measures, in 1862, that, in calculation, the metric system spares both
time and labour, exactly as a good machine would do for spinning or
weaving.
The metric system is considered by Sir William Armstrong to be “ the only
one which has any chance of becoming universal.”’
Two important principles form the basis of the metric system.
1. That the unit of linear measure, applied to matter, in its three forms of
extension, viz. length, breadth, and thickness, should be the standard of all
measures of length, surface, and solidity.
2. That the cubic contents of the linear measure, in distilled water, at a
temperature of great contraction, should furnish at once the standard weight
and measure of capacity.
Scientific advisers were summoned to the counsels of King Louis Philippe,
on his accession to the French throne, and that monarch has the credit of
haying enforced the metric system in France. The opposition to the metric
system, among the French, had not arisen from the requirements of com-
merce; the Department of the Bridges and High Roads and the officials of
the naval arsenals had, with the consent of the French government, already
adopted the metric system, and the new system came into general operation
in 1840.
The Department of Commerce in France superintends the proper observance
of weights and measures. Standards made for the course of trade are very
numerous.
“Tf you have been walking about Paris,” says M. Chevalier, “you may
have seen the metre in the streets, fixed in the wall of many a public build-
ing. It is made by public authority. Any buyer, who is afraid that he has
been cheated, can go to some street at a short distance, and there he finds the
measurement of the metre, fixed by authority for the use of the people; besides,
he has a process more simple, to know whether he has been dealt with fairly ;
he has his own metre in his pocket.”
Verifiers of weights and measures are appointed in every district (arron-
dissement) of France, and each verifier has his own set of these instruments.
Measures are made very cheap in Paris: balances furnished with small weights
may be purchased at a small expense; and in the larger weights, the principal
expense is in the metal.
* Report of a Committee of the House of Commons on Weights and Measures, p. 109.
862.
tT From the ‘Populaire Vorlesungen,’ by Professor Bessel, published in 1848, soon
after his death,
ON THE UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 105
Gutch’s ‘Literary and Scientific Register’ for 1864* contains a useful
comparison of metric and English measures, compiled by Mr. Warren De
la Rue, F.R.S., in which the different quantities of the metric system are
expressed in their English equivalents, and the value of several important
English weights and measures is given in the terms of the metric system.
Until comparative tables of the English and metric systems had been
published, the labour of converting English weights and measures into the
metric system was so excessive, that when communications to scientific
societies were published in England, with merely British weights and
measures, such papers were frequently not translated in foreign countries, and
the labours of the Englishman of science were consequently not appreciated
beyond the limits of Anglo-Saxon dominions.
Practical inconvenience was felt, during the negotiation of the commercia
treaty between France and England, on account of the English inch not being
at that time usually divided, except into quarters and eighths.
Mr. Ogilvie, Surveyor General of the Custom House in London, who assisted
Mr. Cobden in the French treaty, found the advantage of the minute subdi-
visions of French measures, such as the millimetre, which is one-third less than
one-sixteenth of an inch, and is the one-thousandth part of the metre.
French workmen are familiar with the millimetre as a unit of width, and
as especially useful with reference to plates of iron or other materials. Duties
had to be calculated for the treaty on rolled iron, in cases where the work of
rolling increased the value of the iron, and where a slight diminution of width
was of great importance.
The following diagram, from Gutch’s ‘Scientific Register,’ will show the
minute subdivision of the millimetre, and will also exhibit the near approxi-
mation of 100 millimetres to 4 inches,
COMPARISON OF ENGLISH AND METRIC MEASUREMENT.
Scale of four inches.
Scale of one-tenth of a metre, or 100 millimetres.
alee eee 4 LL
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mr. J. Mumford, Master of the British School at Highgate, recommends
decimals to be placed immediately after numeration in the ordinary arith-
metic-books, instead of being put after compound interest and other difficult
rules. The children in schools, who usually follow the order of subjects in
an arithmetic-book, would thus learn decimals at an earlier period of their
education.
So much time is occupied in schools in committing to memory the various
tables of English weights and measures, and in working examples of com-
pound addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, that Mr. James
Yates is of opinion that a year would be saved in the education of boys,
* Published by B. Blake, 421 Strand, London.
106 REPORT—1864.
if the metric system were to take the place of the existing tables of weights
and measures in England.
The English workmen engaged in building-trades, such as carpenters,
masons, and bricklayers, Professor Donaldson considers to be generally very
intelligent ; and whatever would afford to them facility in calculation would
be acceptable as soon as it had been explained to them.
In railway operations a civil engineer ascertains weight by computation
of measure: he cannot take scales and beams, and weigh pieces of iron
of twenty tons and upwards; he knows the specific gravity of the iron,
and he ascertains by measurement the weight of a given quantity of
that metal. The metric system aids in all calculations relating to specific
gravity.
Mr. W. Crosley, C.E., stated to the Committee of the House of Commons
on Weights and Measures that he believes the decimal system is extending
itself very much, especially for scientific purposes and amongst professional
men. “It is extending itself among them very considerably, without any
law whatever.”
Chemists, pursuing important researches, employ generally metric weights
and measures, Thus, in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, in Albemarle
Street, the operations of the laboratory are carried on with the aid of the
metric system ; and Dr. Frankland, one of the chemists of that Society, finds
the metric weights and measures particularly valuable in his experimental
investigations respecting gases. The gramme, with its multiples and minute
subdivisions, is a popular weight with chemists.
In the practical business of a druggist the metric system of weights and
measures, if generally adopted, would, in the opinion of Mr. Squire, save a
great deal of labour to the rising generation. In the metric system, Mr.
Squire observes, as the divisions and multiplications are all by-ten, the
subject and the calculations would be much simplified *.
A meeting, held in June 1863, of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great
Britain, adopted a petition to the House of Commons, in which they recom-
mended an assimilation of the weights and measures of all nations, as likely
“to tend greatly to the convenience of pharmaceutists t and the safety of
the public.”
The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain felt assured that a “very few
years would familiarize both prescribers and dispensers with the new
weights and measures, and that the easy multiplication or division of them
by the decimal system, universally applied, would afford such facilities of
computation as to recommend it strongly to the adoption of medical men
and chemists; and they are strengthened in this opinion by the invariable
practice of English and all other analytical chemists already to state the
results of their investigations in decimals.”
Some metric measures and weights approach yery nearly to corresponding
English quantities: thus, in liquid measure, fiye litres are nearly equal to
1, gallon, or 1 gallon 0:402 of a quart,
A half-kilogramme, or weight of 500 grammes, is equivalent to 1 Ib, 1 oz,
10-191 drams ayoirdupois.
The following brief table, by Mr. Samuel Brown, condenses the system of
all the metric measures and weights into a small compass ;—
* Pharmaceutical Journal, July 1863, p. 8. T Ibid. p. 9.
ON THE UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
107
System of Metric Measures and Weights.
Length,
Multiples.
AIegi. 2... 10,000
elites es. 1,000
fectotn, .< .. 100
Mek. G0. 10
Units Métre.
Divisions.
1D (cae Reo 1
Pent, iv... ‘O01
15) Wie 001
Surface.
: ot
Capacity. Weight.
He 10,000
1,000 1,000
100 100
10 10
Litre. Gramme.
rl. ‘1
“01 ‘O01
001
It will be observed that the multiples of the unit, im each case, are
designated, in the metric system, by Greek prefixes: —Myria, 10,000; Kilo, or
Chilio, 1000; Hecto, or Hecato, 100; Deka, 10: whilst the divisions of the
unit, in each case, are expressed by Latin prefixes :—Deci, [th; Oenti, -}>3
Milli,
ae eee
T000°
The English equivalents to the measures of length and capacity, and to
the weights, according to the metric system, are thus given :—
Metric Measures of Length, with English equivalents.
Metric Names.
English Equivalents.
Millimétre (1-1000th)........
Centimétre (1-100th) ........
Décimétre (1-10th)..........
AMBOMIGHICn Moret, Vee euctic alters ee "ys
Dékamétre (10 métres)
Hectométre (100 métres)
Kilométre (1000 métres) .....
inches.
0:039
0-394
§-937
39°37
feet. inches. yards.
3 3371 - 1-094
32 9-708 10:936
109-363
1093:633
Metric Measures of Capacity, with English equivalents,
Metric Names.
Centilitre
MUMMIES 77 Tals id gle «oqgh Ga lady as '
| Dékalitre (10 litres)
Hectolitre (100 litres)
Ce
oc ee ore coe
ee
English Equivalents.
quart.
0-880 gallons, quart.
Hone 2 0-804
22 0:039
108 REPORT—1864.
Metrie Weights, with English equivalents.
Metric Names. Avoirdupois. Troy.
cwt. qrs. lb. OZ. drams. | grains.
1 décigramme (1-10th)....] ...... 2 = om pete rea eaee 1-543
DO GQUABOME “aoe 4 0s rcjerin wih es , a» shies Apes tlh ced petal ples teaeeme
1 dékagramme (10 grammes)) ...... * winsogteee ere foil eee
1 hectogramme (100 grms.)) ...... vies: Hee
1 kilogramme, or kilo (1000
TINNED) ath a dS Raoul Soe gor 2:205
1 myriagramme (10 kilos)..) ...... 22-046
1 metric quintal (or 100
MEIN OS ys herent Scko'si ets 1 3-874
1 metric tonne (1000 kilos)) 19 2-736
Professor Chevalier, in his evidence to the Committee of the House of
Commons on Weights and Measures, states his opinion that some objections
may be made to the Gramme as the unit of weight. “It is very small:
perhaps it would have been better to have taken the kilogramme; but such a
change can be easily made. If you think our measure of weight is too small,
in case you adopt the system, you may take the kilogramme” (observes the
Professor) “for the unit.”
The metric system of weights and measures has been adopted, not only
by France, but by Italy (except the portion under Pontifical government),
Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and Holland; it has been partially received in
Switzerland, which adopts the half-kilogramme as the pound. The majority
of the States composing the “ Zollverein,” or Customs League, in Germany,
have expressed their approval of the metric system. The half-kilogramme
has been introduced into all great mercantile operations in Austria.
At the International Statistical Congress, held at Berlin, in September 1863,
thirty-three nations of Europe and America were represented by statistical
delegates, and the congress agreed to the following fundamental resolution on
weights and measures :—
«The adoption of the same measure in international commerce is of the
highest importance. The metric system appears to the congress to be the
most convenient of all the measures that could be recommended for interna-
tional measures.”
A commission of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg has
recommended that such alterations should be made in Russian weights and
measures as would put them in conformity with the metric system of France.
The Grand Duke Constantine, brother of the Emperor of Russia, is in favour
of the metric system; and Dr. Kupffer, a delegate from the Russian govern-
ment, has declared that Russia would recommend the adoption of the pure
metric system, if Great Britain would take the lead.
“‘We wish England,” said Dr. Kupffer, “‘to take the lead. England is
a country of prior civilization. Let England do it, and we are sure to
follow.”
In the new Belgian law on weights and measures, the units of the metric
system have been extended by adopting the doubles of each unit, and of its
multiples and subdivisions. The Belgians have also adopted the principle of
having weights representing 50, 20, 5, 2, and 1; and they have followed a
ON THE UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 109
similar arrangement with regard to measures of length and measures of
capacity.
In Holland the law requires the use of the metric system in all things,
except weighing medicines. The old Dutch names, such as “elle” and
“palm,” are preserved in the metric tables ; the “elle” is the metre (3-2809
feet), and the “palm” the decimetre (or 3-937 inches). A “kan” in
Holland is the name for a litre, or 1760 pint. In weights, the “ons” is
the Dutch name for a hectogramme*, or 3:527 ounces; and a “pond”
corresponds to the kilogramme (=2:205 lbs.).
In Spain the government has purchased 600 sets of metric weights and
measures, and it intends to buy more, so that it may supply each important
town with standards for comparison. On the Spanish railways, distances are
measured by kilometres, and weights by kilogrammes. Tables are published
containing the equivalents of the old Spanish weights and measures in metric
quantities, and calculated in each case from 1 to 1000,
Official tables are published in Portugal, containing Portuguese measure-
ments in metrical quantities, and vice versd. Inspectors of schools, appointed
by the general superintendents of weights and measures, have inspected 2720
public and private schools, and schools are established under the same super-
intendence to explain the new systemt. A great number of elementary works
have been published in Portugal on metrical weights and measures for the use
of schools, as well as for the public.
In the United States of America a committee has been appointed by Con-
gress to consider the subject of metric weights and measures. The Confede-
rate States of North America have also expressed a wish to introduce into
their republic the metric system of weights and measures; and the same
system has been adopted in Mexico, Chili, Peru, New Granada, Bolivia,
Venezuela, and French and Dutch Guiana.
Mr. Samuel Brown, in his evidence, in 1862, before the Committee of the
House of Commons on Weights and Measures, states, that in 1859, of the total
trade of Great Britain, including 79,405 vessels, there were 47,393 vessels
going to or from countries using the kilogramme, or about 60 per cent. of
the total number of vessels; and of 19,332,174 tons, there were 7,726,148
tons carried to or from countries using the kilogramme, or about 40 per cent.
of the total tonnage.
Postal arrangements between Great Britain and France are complicated by
the French weight for letters being somewhat heavier than the English foreign
weight.
An English ounce weighs 28-349 grammes; and the quarter of an ounce,
or English foreign weight, weighs 7:087 grammes.
In France the postal weight for single letters from England is 7:5
grammes; so that the French allow an excess of weight of -413 of a
gramme, or more than 1rd of a gramme more than the English.
If a letter be prepaid by stamps, the advance is 4d. in England for every
quarter of an ounce, and 40 centimes in France for every weight of 73 grammes.
The postal treaty between the two countries declares that “no letter, of
_ which the postage is paid by stamps, is to be treated as an insufficiently paid
letter, unless the value of the stamps be less than the amount required for its
payment, according to the weight allowed, not only by the English, but by
the French scale of weight, of which 73 grammes is the unit.”
In practice the postal officials in London weigh letters going to France, and
* Woolhouse’s ‘ Weights and Measures of all Nations,’ p. 79.
+ The Marquis d’Avila’s Report, quoted in Ruggles’s ‘Reports,’ p. 64.
110 REPORT—1864.
paid by stamps, with French weights. Sir Rowland Hill informed the House
of Commons Committee, that if the prepaid letter does not exceed the French
allowance, no additional charge is levied; if it does exceed that allowance, it
is marked as insufficiently paid.
Local letters in France are charged by a scale similar to that of England.
It begins at 15 grammes, then it advances to 30, then to 60, and then to 90
grammes, and so on.
Ten grammes are equal to nearly ird of an ounce, 15 grammes are a little
more than 3 an ounce, an ounce being 28:349 grammes.
The use of metric weights and measures has recently been legalized in
Great Britain ; and the Act on this subject has been passed in 1864, “for the
promotion and extension of our internal as well as our foreign trade, and for
the advancement of science.”
Mr. William Ewart, M.P., has ably conducted this measure through the
House of Commons; Earl Fortescue has had the successful charge of it in the
House of Lords; and the Bill has been also supported by the International
Decimal Association, in whose labours Mr. James Yates has taken an
active and leading part. The investigations of the Committee of the House
of Commons on Weights and Measures, in 1862, have assisted in forming
an influential parliamentary party in its favour.
Various recommendations were made, in 1862, by the House of Commons
Committee, at the close of their Report, among which were the following :—
“That a Department of Weights and Measures be established in connexion
with the Board of Trade.
«The metric system should form one of the subjects of examination in the
competitive examinations of the civil service.
«The gramme should be used as a weight for foreign letters and books at
the Post Office.
“The Committee of Council on Education should require the metric system
to be taught (as may easily be done, by means of tables-and diagrams) in all
schools receiving grants of public money.
“The Committee further suggest that, in the public statistics of the
country, quantities should be expressed in terms of the metric system, in
juxtaposition with those of our own, as suggested by the International
Statistical Congress.”
It will be satisfactory to notice that, in a Report in 1862, by Mr. J. Ball,
published by the British Association for the Advancement of Science,
*¢On Thermometric Observations in the Alps,” the temperatures are given
according to the Centigrade scale, the corresponding temperatures according
to Fahrenheit being frequently added in brackets.
Sometimes the observations in this Report merely record the fluctuations of
the mercury in the Centigrade thermometer.
Observations may, in like manner, be easily registered, both according to
the English and French scales of temperature, and the fluctuations of the
barometer may also be noted so as to be intelligible both in France and Great
Britain. ;
At the end of Mr. Dowling’s “ Metric Tables,” a comparison of the scales
of Fahrenheit’s, the Centigrade, and Réaumur’s thermometers is given, as
well as a comparison of the British and metric barometers, the latter con-
taining the equivalents, from 27 inches to 30-98 inches, in linear inches and
millimetres.
Under the head of Chemistry, in the Matriculation Examinations of the
University of. London, candidates are frequently asked, among other ques-
oo & omy
a .
a
ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATIONS OF THE ENTOZOA. 111
tions, to convert a given number of degrees of Fahrenheit into the corre-
sponding degrees of a Reaumur or a Centigrade thermometer.
Sir William Armstrong remarked, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in his address
to the British Association in 1863, that our thermometric scale had been
originally founded in error: he regarded it as most inconvenient in division,
and advised that the Centigrade scale should be recognized by the numerous
men of science composing the British Association.
The distinguished President of the British Association stated his regret
that two standards of measure, so nearly alike as the English yard and the
French metre, should not be made absolutely identical. We in England,
observed Sir William, have no alternative but to conform with France, if we
desire general uniformity. He was convinced that the adoption of the deci-
mal division of the French scale would be attended with great convenience,
both in science and commerce. He could speak, from personal experience,
of the superiority of decimal measurement in all cases where accuracy is
required in mechanical construction. In the Elswick works, as well as in
some other large establishments of the same description, the inch is adopted
as the unit, and all fractional parts are expressed in decimals. <‘‘ No diffi-
culty has been experienced in habituating the workmen to the use of this
method, and it has greatly contributed to the precision of workmanship.
The inch, however, is too small a unit, and it would be advantageous to
substitute the metre, if general concurrence could be obtained.”
Report of Experiments respecting the Development and Migrations of
the Entozoa. By T. Spencer Cossouv, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.,
Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at the Middlesex Hospital.
Ar the Cambridge Meeting of this Association in 1862, I offered a brief
résumé of the principal facts then known in relation to the origin and mode
of development of the Entozoa liable to infest the human body; but, not-
withstanding the very interesting discoveries which Continental observers
had made on this subject, it still appeared that there was room for further
inquiry. In this view I proposed to institute a series of experiments, partly
for the purpose of verifying previously recorded statements, but. more par-
ticularly with the intention of adding to our stock of helminthological facts.
The General Committee, in approval, sanctioned and encouraged this pro-
position ; and I therefore proceed to explain the nature of the experiments
adopted. Though the results arrived at exhibit, for the most part, a nega-=
tive aspect, yet in some instances the reverse of this is the case, whilst,
under any circumstances, the facts are calculated to prove more or less
instructive, and all of them tend to advance a department of science in the
progress of which our present and future social welfare is deeply concerned.
I have not, indeed, limited my inquiries to particular human parasites,
but have employed all such helminthic forms as I have been able to procure
in a satisfactory condition for experiment. In this country, and especially in
London, great difficulties are placed in the way of any one engaged in
biological pursuits involving the keeping of dogs and other animals ; and, last
year (1863), these obstructions were, I fear, somewhat enhanced by certain
misguided individuals who seem to entertain the idea that physiologists
delight in the practice of cruelty. The destruction of game by the sports-
man, the capture of fish by the hook, and the slaughte? of domestic animals
112 REPORT—1864.
for food are attended with far more inconvenience and misery to the
creatures thus destroyed than obtains, in the majority of cases, where
animals are sacrificed on the altar of science; for, in the latter case, not
only are the experimental animals generally destroyed suddenly, but, in
those instances where the act of life-departure is more prolonged, the
employment of anesthetics is frequently made use of. Believing, however,
that it is not necessary to offer any further apology in favour of the experi-
mental methods commonly adopted in our biological inquiries, I now proceed
to notice the several species of Entozoa which have been made the subject
of investigation.
1. Tenia echinococcus——Of all the mischievous parasites known to infest
the human body, none are capable of producing such dire results as those
affected by the larve of this very minute tapeworm. I will merely add,
that it is not only the cause of the formidable Echinococcus-endemic in
Iceland, but that it also in this country destroys many persons annually.
On the 30th September, 1862, I fed a house-dog with several hundred
Echinococcus-heads (scolices), obtained from the body of a young person
who had been destroyed by this parasite. On the 28th of November of the
same year I killed the dog, but could discover no trace of the Tenie to which
these larvz are believed to be referable.
On the 14th January, 1863, I administered five small Echinococcus-
vesicles to a dog which ate them greedily. Similar administrations were
also made on the 24th of the same month, and again on the 6th of February.
To the results likely to be obtained from these experiments I looked forward
with considerable interest ; but, on the evening previous to the day I had
appointed for the dog’s destruction, some person liberated the animal.
Should the experiments in this case happen to have been successful, the
freedom of the dog could only serve to spread abroad the very formidable
disease which it is the object of these experiments to check. Those, there-
fore, who are hostile to our researches should bear in mind that interference
with our pursuits may be attended with results seriously affecting the welfare
of the community.
On the 2nd of February, 1863, I fed another dog with several Echino-
coccus-vesicles taken from the lungs of a sheep; and, on the 6th of the
same month, I repeated the dose with very fresh cysts. On the 25th
of February I also destroyed this dog, but found no examples of the cha-
racteristic Zenie. The animal would not have been destroyed thus early,
only I feared losing it altogether from the cause above mentioned.
On the 6th of February, 1863, I gave about fifty Echinococcus-scolices to
a puppy. This animal was destroyed on the 10th of March, 1863; but, so
far as the Echinococci were concerned, the result was entirely negative.
On the 28th of March, 1863, I administered to another dog scrapings
from the interior of a large Echinococcus-cyst, which, associated with several
other vesicles, had caused the death of a second person. The first patient
came under the medical care of Dr. Greenhow, while this case belonged to
Dr. Murchison. On the 9th of April following the animal was destroyed ;
but I had not succeeded in rearing the Z’wnia echinococcus. Had the para-
sites been present in this or any other of the dogs thus carefully examined, I
am confident they would not haye escaped my notice, especially since the
possession of specimens of the adult tapeworm kindly sent me by Professor
Leuckart, of Giessen, had rendered me familiar with its characters.
2. Tenia serrata.—This well-known species infests the dog in its adult
stage, the larve being, beyond all dispute, the well-known pea-shaped
ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATIONS OF THE ENTOZOA. 118
hydatids (Cysticercus pisiformis) commonly found in rabbits. I offer the fol-
lowing facts, therefore, partly in confirmation of previously ascertained results.
On the 21st November, 1862, I administered to a dog one immature
Cysticercus-vesicle taken from the abdominal cavity of a rabbit; and to the
same dog I also gave, on the 24th of the same month, four mature
examples of Cysticercus pisiformis taken from the mesentery of another
rabbit, one of the larve being injured. On the 28th of November the dog
was destroyed; and the result gave three examples of immature Tenia
serrata, each measuring about half an inch in length. Their size indicated
clearly whence they were derived, whilst the non-development of the
injured Cysticercus, as well as that of the imperfectly developed larva, is
sufficiently accounted for, and accords with my previous experience.
On the 19th January, 1863, on the 6th of February, and again on the
23rd of the latter month, I administered several mature examples of C,
pisiformis to the dog, which was subsequently liberated, without my being
able to ascertain the result of my worm-feedings.
On the 20th February, 1863, I gave to another dog eight immature larve
taken from the abdomen of a rabbit; and again, on the 6th of March suc-
ceeding, two mature larvee (C. pisiformis) were given to the same dog,
This animal was destroyed on the 18th of March, and the result was entirely
satisfactory. There were two examples of Tenia serrata, each about four inches
in length, none of the migrating or immature larve having continued their
development.
On the 27th May, four fresh Cysticerci from a rabbit were given to
another dog, which, on being destroyed on the 3rd of the following June,
was found to contain four examples of Tenia serrata. In this instance, I
believe, only one of the Cysticerci had developed into its strobila-form, one
being about three inches in length: the others were upwards of a foot
long, and could not, I presume, be referable to the three other larve. This
experiment, therefore, was partially negative.
3. Tenia marginata.—On the 5th November, 1862, I fed a monkey with
eggs of this worm; but he swallowed only a very small portion of the
potato in which I had placed them. The destruction of the animal on the
5th of February, 1863, only yielded a negative result.
4. Tenia cucumerina.—On the 3rd November, 1862, I fed several cock-
roaches (Blatta orientalis) with mature proglottides of Tenia cucumerina.
Subsequent careful dissections of these insects, at various intervals, failed
to reveal the existence of Cysticerci within their tissues.
On the 7th of November, 1863, and again on the 12th, I fed other Blatie
with proglottides and eggs, mixed with sugar, treacle, potatoes, and bread ;
but these administrations only gave negative results.
On the 20th January, 1864, I removed a proglottis of the so-called Tenia
elliptica (in the act of migrating) from the external surface of the body of a
eat. I placed it on glass, and noticed that it discharged eggs during its
movements. The proglottis was subsequently broken up and mixed with
paste. Five or six Blatte were next captured; and, on being brought in
contact with the food, they very soon devoured the paste and all the
enclosed fragments of the proglottis, including the eggs. Forty-two hours
afterwards I dissected one of the larger cockroaches, and found at least one
hundred tapeworm eggs in its stomach. Tach egg contained a six-hooked
embryo. ‘There were one or two empty shells; but I did not succeed in
finding a free embryo. Here the experiment ended; for the other Blattce
ely made their escape a few days afterwards.
64. I
114. REPORT—1864.,
5. Distoma hepaticwm.—On the 6th of January, 1863, numerous eggs
from the uterine tubes of one dozen flukes were placed in a jar of fresh
water containing living vegetable matter (Anacharis). An examination of
the contents of the glass, on the 16th of March, revealed the presence of
many empty egg-shells, and others with immature embryos in their interior.
On the 13th April following, all the embryos had apparently escaped ; but
they were not found in the water. Possibly they had been devoured by
Entomostraca.
On the 6th January, 1863, a quantity of flukes’ eggs were administered
to a frog; but a subsequent examination of the reptile, after death, only gave
a negative result.
6. Ascaris osculata.—On the 11th October, 1862, sections of two female
nematodes, taken from a seal, were given to a dog. The seal had recently
died, its stomach containing upwards of 200 ascarides. None of the eggs in
these worms contained embryos ; but the yelk was undergoing segmentation.
Subsequently, eggs of this parasite, containing embryos, were also given to
the same dog, and likewise, at a still later date, several free embryos. On
destroying the dog, November 28, 1862, no young nematodes could be
detected in its intestines.
On the 31st October, 1862, numerous eggs containing embryos were given
to a dace (Leuciscus rutilus) and to a goldfish (Cyprinus auratus). On the
3rd November following, the dace was killed, without my finding any trace
of the ova; but on the day following (Noy. 4) I destroyed the gold-carp,
and found in its intestinal canal numerous empty egg-shells of Ascaris
osculata. In the large tank, however, I sought in vain for these minute
embryos.
On the 29th October, and on the 4th November, 1862, many eggs con-
taining embryos were administered to frogs. Two of these Batrachians were
subsequently examined (Nov. 10), without my finding either ova or embryos
in their interior ; but the water of the large glass vase which had imprisoned
the frogs was found to contain a number of empty egg-shells of Ascaris
osculata, a8 well as numerous living embryos, apparently referable to
these ova.
On the 4th November, 1862, eggs with embryos were given to several
freshwater fishes (gudgeon, carp, and dace); but the subsequent destruction
and examination of some of these fishes only yielded a negative result.
On April 13th, 1863, several free embryos of A. osculata were adminis-
tered to a dog, which was afterwards destroyed on the 3rd of June. No
young ascarides, however, could be detected.
On the 11th October, 1862, when I first procured the adult ascarides from
the seal, some of the ova were placed in a glass jar of fresh water containing
Chara, others in jars of salt water supplied with Zostera. On the 15th of
the same month, none of the ova appeared to have undergone any material
change. On the 29th (18 days) the majority of those placed in the fresh
water had developed into embryos within their shells, and not a few had
escaped free into the water. At the same date, however, the eggs placed
in the salt water had made comparatively little progress. Their yelk-seg-
mentation had certainly advanced; but no embryos could be seen. One
solitary empty shell was foundin the salt water ; but this may have resulted
from injury. On the 7th November, some of the free embryos in the fresh
water were found to display signs of growth, and one of them showed a
tolerably well-developed digestive apparatus. On the 2nd of the following
December, a large number of the embryos in the fresh water had either
ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATIONS OF THE ENTOZOA. 115
perished or had been devoured by Entomostraca present in the jar; others
were found at the bottom of the vessel inactive, stretched out, and apparently
dead. By this time (December 2nd, 1862), the development of the salt-
water ova had much more advanced; the yelk had, in many instances,
become transformed into embryos more or less complete, and several of
the latter had quitted their shells. On the 13th of April these embryos
had acquired well-marked digestive organs, and I thought I could discern
the rudiments of an internal reproductive apparatus. They now exhibited
a condition corresponding with that which the freshwater embryos had
obtained at so early a period as the 7th of November. In other words, the
freshwater embryos at one month (after immersion of the ova) were as far
advanced as the salt-water embryos at six months. I do not attempt to
explain this; I can only speak to the facts as they were presented. On thé
16th of July, 1863, all the freshwater embryos had disappeared ; a few dead
ova, with dark granular contents, lay at the bottom of the jar; and there
were a great number of empty shells, with parasitic algoids growing from
their outer surfaces. In the salt water, on the 23rd September, 1863, there
were still many eggs containing segmented yelks, and others with fully formed
embryos, these being likewise associated with numerous free living embryos.
On the 25th of April, 1864, I still found some embryos alive in the salt
water ; but I could not discover any traces of the original eggs. The move-
ments of the young worms were tolerably free, the largest specimen
measuring about =, of an inch in length.
A careful search, made on the 21st of July last, failed to reveal any
evidence of their existence ; but as it is quite possible that one or two may
still be living, I have retained the contents of the jar for subsequent final
examination.
_ 7. Ascaris marginata.—On the 25th February, 1863, a quantity of eggs
were taken from the uterus of a full-grown female, and placed in fresh
water supplied with Anacharis. On the 16th of July following, most of the
ova appeared to contain embryos, which were moving freely within their
shells ; but none were found to have escaped. On the 23rd September, 1863,
similar facts presented themselves ; and although I detected no free embryos,
there were, nevertheless, several empty egg-shells at the bottom of the
vessel. The same conditions were still observed on the 20th April, 1864;
but when I last examined the water (July 21, 1864), one or two embryos
were found free.
8. Ascaris lumbricotdes—On the 8th December, 1862, a large number of
ova were placed in a jar containing fresh water. By the 13th of March
many of them appeared to have reached an early stage of embryonic forma-
tion, and then to have perished.
9. Ascaris megalocephala.—On the 24th of April, 1863, several thousand
eges, in some of which yelk-segmentation had commenced, were placed in
two jars containing fresh water and Anacharis. On the 17th of the follow-
ing July, a large proportion of the eggs were found to inclose well-developed
embryos ; but none were observed free. On the 23rd of September, not only
were there a quantity of empty shells in both vessels, but also a correspond-
ing number of free embryos, some of which appeared to have grown con-
siderably since quitting the ege.
On the 18th of July, 1863, some of the immature eggs, as well as eges
containing embryos, were placed in a small vessel containing pond-mud
(thin clay). On the 23rd September following, I found the mud to contain
many eggs still undergoing yelk-segmentation, others with immature em='
12
116 REPORT—1864.
bryos, some few empty shells, and several highly active embryos adhering
by their finely pointed tails to the glass slide on which the mud was spread
out. The whole aspect and behaviour of these embryo nematodes differed
very markedly from those of Ascaris osculata, and also from the young
Anguillule. The digestive organs were well developed in several; but at
least one specimen was dead and disintegrated internally. I could not
satisfy myself as to the existence of any rudiments of a reproductive
apparatus.
On the 18th of July, 1863, I also placed some of the aboye advanced eggs
in muddy pond-water, to which I added some cowdung. This was also
examined on the 23rd September, when a few empty shells were seen, their
former occupants not being visible. Most of the eggs contained segmented
yelks and young embryos. On the 25th of April, 1864, the same conditions
were still observed: none of the embryos had escaped. At the aboye-men-
tioned date (July 18), ova were also put into another jar of pond-water,
with horse-dung added. In this case (September 23) a few living embryos
were detected, free and active. On the 25th of April, 1864, I found the
eggs still segmenting, a few with embryos; but none of the latter were
observed free. At the same period (July 18) other eggs were deposited in
simple horse-dung; and here also (September 23) a few embryos had freed
themselves of their egg-covering, and were still living. On the 25th April,
1864, I found numerous embryos free, active, and much grown.
On the 23rd December, 1863, I still found the majority of the eggs in
the fresh water (of April 24th), with their embryos coiled in the interior
and alive. One free embryo was particularly active, and there were several
empty shells. On the 25th April, 1864, they still seemed to have under-
gone no material change, and I did not on this occasion observe any free
embryos.
As the free embryos of A. megalocephala, reared in horse-dung, had, on
the 4th of January, 1864, attained considerable size, and likewise exhibited
traces of the sexual organs, I washed them out of the excreta; and, after
straining through muslin, they were placed in a large jar with the water
employed in separating them. . My next object was to administer part of
them to a horse, with the view of rearing the sexually mature worm. This
was done on the 26th of April, 1864; but here again I was prevented
ascertaining the result. The horse, becoming violent and vicious (from other
causes), was slaughtered on the seventh day after the worm-feeding ; and,
by another mischance, I was also prevented from examining the intestines.
When I last examined the ova first placed in fresh water on the 24th of
April, 1863, many of them still displayed living embryos in their interior,
whilst hundreds of embryos were found free; the latter, however, showed
no further advance in growth, and were by no means so active and healthy-
looking as those contained in the jar of impure water. I satisfied myself,
moreover, that these last were a trifle more advanced in development.
10. Oxyuris vermicularis.—On the 22nd December, 1862, numerous eggs
were deposited in the substance of the pulp of two partially rotten pears
and one decayed apple. I had not noticed embryos in any of the eggs at
the time of their lodgment within the parent oviducts; but, on examining
the fruits ten days later (January Ist, 1863), I found many of the ova to
contain the characteristic tadpole-like embryos of Oxyuris. On the 13th of
March following, none of the embryos appeared to have escaped their shells ;
but when I again examined these pears and the apple, on the 17th and 18th
of the succeeding July, I found multitudes of minute nematodes which, at
ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATIONS OF THE ENTOZOA. 117
the time, I referred to the ova and embryos in question. To add strength to
that conclusion, I noticed a number of empty egg-shells of Owywris amongst
the loose and decayed vegetable parenchyma. These little nematodes mea-
sured about =), of an inch in length, but their form did not correspond with
the shape of the Oxyuris-embryo. The contents of one of the pears and the
apple were subsequently employed in new experiments; but the other pear,
which had now become thoroughly rotten and of a blackish-brown colour,
was retained for the purpose of preserving these young nematodes. On the
23rd of September, 1863, I again examined this pear, and found a consider-
able number of the nematodes which had scarcely advanced in length or
breadth. On the day following (24th) I had an opportunity of showing
them to Professor Leuckart, of Giessen, who considered it possible that they
might be the young of Oxywris, notwithstanding their little resemblance to
the tadpole-like condition of the embryo as it exists in ova. He suggested
the probability, however, of their being Anguillule, and was resolved to
satisfy his doubt on this score by repeating my experiment. It is known
that Anguillule may suddenly make their appearance in decaying vegetable
matter under similar conditions to those here recorded: but it seemed rather
singular that they should appear in such remarkable abundance in the three
specimens of fruit specially selected for my experiment. The fact that
empty egg-shells were found in the pear, associated with the equally im-
portant fact that, before I introduced the eggs, I took the precaution to
examine the partially decayed pulp of these fruits, and ascertained that no
Anguillule or other nematodes existed in them, appeared at the time to
warrant the conelusion that the nematodes in question could only be refer-
able to Oxywris vermicularis. I have, however, since satisfied myself that
they were true Anguillules (A. pyri, T.8.C.)*.
On the 18th July, 1863, a portion of decayed pear, containing the Anguil-
Inles, was placed in cowdung. This mass, though inclosed in a jar, became
very dry at the surface; but on the 23rd September, when it was carefully
examined, several of the young nematodes were still alive, though very little
advanced in size. One, which appeared dead and rather smaller than the
others, still measured only the =), of an inch.
At the same date (July 18) others were placed in the same material, with
water added, and here also I subsequently (September 23) found a few
inactive individuals. One appeared to be quite dead, its parenchyma having
degenerated into a mass of large fat-globules.
At the same date (July 18), several Anguillules were placed, with portions
of the pear, in a small jar of pond-water. Numbers of these were after-
wards found (Sept. 23) at the bottom of the vessel, stretched out and
exhibiting very few signs of vitality. They displayed traces of a pharynx,
but the intestinal canal had not developed. Their bodies only contained a
quantity of fine granules.
At the same date (July 18) a considerable number of the Anguillules were
* Having recently forwarded specimens to Mr. Henry Charlton Bastian, F.L.S., that
gentleman (who has specially and most successfully devoted his attention to the free
nematoids) has informed me (December 30th, 1864) that he recognizes two distinct spe-
cies from the pear. They belong to his genera Apheleuchus and Plectus respectively,
“two out of the four genera whose members possess extraordinary tenacity of life.” He
proposes to call the one Apheleuchus pyri, leaving the other at present undescribed. The
portions of pear which I forwarded were perfectly dry and brittle; and in confirmation of
iny statements respecting the vitality of the nematodes, Mr. Bastian remarks, in a letter
to me, as follows :—“ After soaking for a few hours in water they resumed all their acti-
vity, as you had observed.”—Jan. 21st, 1865.
118 REPORT—1864.
mixed with simple moist horse-dung, which was also examined (September
23), with the following result ;—Many were found alive, one or two being
active, but most of them closely coiled upom themselves in various ways.
Those that were stretched out and apparently lifeless were afterwards seen
to moye slowly their slightly curved tails. In one example the digestive
tube, from mouth to anus, seemed well developed and complete, and in none
of them did there appear to be any traces of decomposition.
On the 5th of October, 1863, I re-examined the Anguillules in the pear
and found them still alive, The longest measured ;},”.
On the 28th October, 1863, I commenced a new series of experiments
(ten in number), with the view of verifying the previous results. I again
procured a considerable number of perfectly fresh eggs, containing embryos,
and placed them in pcrtions of decayed apples and pears ; and in all cases I
examined these fruits with high magnifying powers, previous to my employ-
ing them for experiment. In no single instance could I detect the presence
of Anguillule, or any other kind of animal parasite, within their parenchyma.
On the 30th December, 1863, I re-examined the apples and pears, which
had all become mouldy. In none could I find any free embryos; and the
contents of the eggs appeared to have perished, the eggs themselves having
turned to a yellow-brown colour, I strained off the pulp in water, for sub-
sequent examination, before finally abandoning this series of experiments.
On the 4th January, 1864, I commenced another series of experiments,
with the view of again testing the results above mentioned, I procured two
partially decayed pears and one apple, and (having by careful microscopic
examination satisfied myself that they contained no animal parasites of any
kind) I inserted seyeral entire female Oxyurides, and also a few loose ova,
into each. A very large proportion of the eggs contained the characteristic
tadpole-like embryos. On examining the decayed fruits, on the 20th April,
1864, I could find no trace of the embryonic Oxyurides ; neither were there
any Anguillules.
These several sets of experiments appeared sufficient to establish the fact
that we cannot rear the eggs of embryos of Ovyuris either in fresh or in de-
caying vegetable matters.
The presence of Anguillules in the original experiment must be regarded
as accidental; but as their development is not without interest, I may,
before dismissing the subject, further observe that, on the 30th December,
1863, I reexamined one of the pears, which was first employed for experi-
ment more than a year previously (December 22nd, 1862). In the pulp
(which was perfectly free from mould, though still in a loosely closed vessel)
I found large numbers of Anguillules in every conceivable stage of develop-
ment, from the early free embryo, measuring ;,", to the sexually mature
condition, measuring j.”. Some of-them contained a single egg. There
were also a few discoloured Oryuris-eggs, with dead granular contents, and a
considerable number of free Anguilluline ova. These latter were pale, almost
colourless, and contained: actively moving embryos in their interior, totally
unlike those of Ovyuris. On the 20th April, 1864, hundreds of the Anguil-
lules were still living. They were still living on the 21st of July last, and,
I have no doubt, are yet in the enjoyment of an active vitality. _
Eges of Oxyuris, containing embryos, placed in water on the 22nd Decem-
ber, 1862, and others again on the 4th of January, 1864, failed either to
develope further or to set free their embryonic contents.
On the 5th October, 1863, I placed some full-grown female Oxyurides in
pure fresh water, On examining the water (December 23, 1863), I found
ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATIONS OF THE ENTOZOA. 119
that a large number of the eggs had escaped (probably by the bursting of the
worms), some of which contained the characteristic tadpole-like embryos. I
could not, however, find one single embryo, although there were hundreds
of empty eggs and broken-up egg-shells. One embryo presented an appear-
ance of central division—the only instance I had seen up to the date in
question.
From a subsequent and final examination, it was clear that the yelk and
embryonic contents of all the ova had disintegrated, sometimes causing the
shell to burst.
On the 2nd of January, 1863, I fed a monkey (Macacus) with numerous
eggs of Oxyuwris, containing living embryos. On the 11th of February this
animal was destroyed ; but there were no young Oxyurides discoverable in its
intestinal canal. At one time I almost looked for a positive result, as the
monkey displayed marked signs of anal irritation after the worm-feeding.
On the 10th and on the 14th of January, 1863, fresh eggs of Oaywris, in
which the characteristic embryos were well developed, were administered
to a large goat. This animal was destroyed on the 21st of January, without
furnishing any other than a negative result.
11. Strongylus armatus.—On the 9th of March, 1863, I placed a quantity
of the eggs of this species in a jar of fresh water, without any vegetable
matter. On examining the contents of the jar, on the 16th of the following
July, I could find no embryos, ova, or entire egg-shells; but there was a
quantity of granular débris at the bottom of the vessel.
12. Prosthecosacter infleaus.—Through the kindness of Mr. Kiel, I received,
on the 19th of October, 1863, the lungs of a porpoise which had just died
at the Zoological Society, Regent’s Park. The lungs were quite fresh, and
plugged throughout by the presence of multitudes of this parasite. After
examining the ova very carefully, I placed a quantity of them, already con-
taining incompletely developed embryos, in salt water; and I also mixed
some of the bronchial mucus of the porpoise (which, besides eggs, contained
several free embryos) with salt water in a separate vessel.
On the 23rd December, 1863, I carefully examined the contents of both
jars. In the jar originally containing eggs only, I found one egg with an
embryo still coiled within it, many of the other eggs having apparently dis-
appeared, leaving a very small quantity of débris, partly consisting of shell-
fragments. Two living embryos were detected, severally measuring about
+4;" and j,’. They displayed a tolerably complete digestive apparatus ;
but there were no certain traces of sexual organs. There were a few speci-
mens of Euplotes travelling about.
The jar containing eggs and young displayed, at the same date of exami-
nation, several active embryos in all respects resembling those above men-
tioned, and also an astonishing number of animaleules (Huplotes). But
there were also several larval nematodes of much larger size, and yet possi-
bly belonging to the same species. There were, it is true, some slight
differences, possibly due to their more advanced growth. They measured
about =1,”.
On 25th April, 1864, I found both jars to contain living embryos, those
mixed with frothy mucus from the bronchi being more numerous and much
more largely developed. The longest specimen, developed from the ova,
measured no more than =1,” in length.
When I last examined the contents of these jars (July 21, 1864), both
still contained living worms, the larger specimens reared from the egg still
measuring only 1, of an inch. The largest embryo from the jar containing
120 REPORT—1864.
the frothy mucus measured, as before, about =4,”, and displayed, moreover
; vy ’ ; 30 ? P ’ ’
rudimentary traces of male reproductive organs.
Report on the Physiological Action of Nitrite of Amyl.
By Brensamin W. Ricuarpson, M.A., M.D.
Tue Report which I have the honour to lay before the Physiological Section
springs out of a short paper read at the Newcastle Meeting last year, entitled
«On the Physiological Action of the Nitrite of Amyl.” In that paper I
stated a few preliminary facts, to one or two of which I would again briefly
direct attention, in order that the present audience may be enabled to follow
the subject, connectively, from its commencement.
The nitrite of amyl is a fluid of amber colour, and having a flavour and
odour of over-ripe pears. It approaches, in fact, in matter of flavour the
acetate of oxide of amyl, the substance commonly sold under the name of
essence of pears. The composition of the nitrite is C,,H,,NO,+HO. It
is made by the action of nitrous acid gas on fusel oil—amylic alcohol. The
fluid, when pure, has a specific gravity of 913, and it boils at 182° Fahr. It
is soluble in equal parts of chloroform, pure alcohol, and ether.
Diffused through the air in a chamber or jar, the vapour of nitrite of
amyl extinguishes flame unless it be largely diluted with air, or unless the
flame be introduced slowly. Under the latter circumstances the vapour ex-
plodes in a sharp puff.
Placed so as to diffuse through a closed bottle or jar with phosphorus, it
prevents the oxidation of the phosphorus.
Placed in a closed jar with animal or vegetable substances, it acts like am-
monia, ether, chloroform, and alcohol in preventing decomposition. As an
antiseptic it is equal to ammonia, but is less active in this respect than chlo-
roform, ether, and alcohol. It also is objectionable in that it destroys the
colour of both vegetable and animal structures, turning the vegetable reds
brown, and giving to the muscular tissues of animals, first a pale white, and
afterwards a dirty brown appearance.
Puystcat Errect on Drap Organic Marrers.
I have made a large number of experiments to determine the antiseptic
power of the nitrite, of which I may give a few illustrations.
Observations.—Series 1. Five minims of nitrite of amyl were placed in a
glass jar capable of receiving 40 cubic inches of common air. A rose with
leaves attached to the stalk was next placed in the jar, and the stopper was
inserted. In a few minutes the green colour of the rose was turned of a
dirty brown, and the red colour, moving at first to violet, lapsed also after a
time into brown. After the colour was in this way destroyed no further
change followed, and the flower remained in the jar for nine months without
undergoing the slightest decomposition. This experiment was repeated with
mignonette, calceolarias, leaves of camellias, and other plants; the results
were the same.
Observations.—Series 2. The viscera of animals and portions of the mus-
cular structure were placed in jars capable of receiving 100 cubic inches of
air. Into each jar was then poured half a drachm of the nitrite of amyl,
and the jar was closed. The effect in every case was to change the animal
ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF NITRITE OF AMYL, 121
tissue of a whitey-brown colour, which in time became dark or dirty looking,
Decomposition of the tissue was, however, arrested, and I haye several speci-
mens of a pathological character which have been thus preserved for six
months.
In the extreme heat of the past summer, I placed in jars of equal size
two frogs that had recently died; the jars were lightly covered with cloth
substance, and each one was covered to the same extent. Into one jar was
poured ten minims of the nitrite ; the other was left untouched. The frog in
the jar that contained common air only was rapidly decomposing in six hours,
and on the following day was putrid. The frog in the jar through which the
nitrite was diffused in vapour was quite fresh three days after, and remained
fresh so long as the smell of the nitrite could be detected, showing that it had
not entirely evaporated. When the odour could no longer be perceived,
signs of putrefaction were observed in the animal, and these gradually ad-
vanced, but the change was very slow, and the body dried up at last rather
than putrefied.
Observations.—Series 3. Specimens of blood were drawn into open glass
vessels, containing proportions of nitrite varying from one to fifteen per cent.
in respect of the blood drawn. The blood thus charged coagulated in the
usual manner and in the natural space of time ; it became, however, of a dirty
red colour. Set aside in the open air, serum escaped from the clot; but the
upper surface of the blood, instead of soon becoming of a bright red from the
absorption of oxygen, remained long dark. In proportion to the time of escape
of the nitrite the blood remained free from decomposition, and the period of
change in each vessel (five vessels were used) varied precisely according to
the degree with which the blood, while in the fluid state, was charged with
the nitrite. So long as there was distinct odour of the amyl-compound
there was no change. ‘The first sign of change, which even in the specimens
containing the lowest charge was never observed before six hours, consisted
in reddening of the upper surface of the clot ; then softening followed, decom-
position, and fluidity. In the heat of summer I found blood containing
fifteen per cent. of the nitrite remain unchanged for five days. The same
observations were made on simple albuminous fluids, on fluids from animal
cysts, and on saliva and certain other of the excretions.
We gather from these experiments that nitrite of amyl, like chloroform,
alcohol, or other bodies to which reference has been made, arrests by its pre-
sence the change known as decomposition, preventing by catalysis the com-
bination of oxygen. That the nitrite itself remains undecomposed admits of
ready proof, because it can be re-collected; and that it does not combine with
the structures or parts of the structures which it preserves, is shown by the
fact that the process of decomposition is set up only as the nitrite makes its
escape by evolution.
PuystoLocicaL EFrrrcts oN LIVING ORGANISMS.
EFFrEcts ON THE SKIN.
Observations.—Series 4. When nitrite of amyl is applied to the cuta-
neous human surface and held in close contact with it by being placed under
oiled silk or tinfoil, it produces after a brief period some injection of the vessels,
and a slight tingling sensation with heat. If the skin be previously moist-
ened with water for a long time, the effect of the nitrite is somewhat increased ;
but at no time is the action so rapid and marked as is that of chloroform or
turpentine. To test the relative powers of the nitrite and of chloroform, I
122 f REPORT—1864.
placed a pledget of bibulous paper an inch square, and saturated with nitrite,
on one of my arms, and covered the paper with thin metal. On the other
arm I placed a similar pledget saturated with chloroform, and covered it in
the same manner. The nitrite, retained on until it was quite dry, produced
only pale redness and slight irritation: the chloroform caused great pain,
so that I had some difficulty to keep it on, intense injection and redness, and
some excoriation of skin.
At the same time I may observe that the nitrite is undoubtedly absorbed
by the skin. To prove this, I applied it to the skin of a frog by immersing
the hinder limbs of the animal in a solution of it. In a few minutes the
symptoms which markedly characterize the action of the substance, viz.,
violent circulatory action followed by prostration, were developed. I also
applied some of the substance to my own skin, carefully retaining it in con-
tact over a six-inch surface: during the application the pulse rose, sensa-
tion of fullness in the head followed, and other signs which will be more
fully described in the sequel.
Observations.—Series 5. Administered by the mouth the nitrite is com-
paratively slow in its action, but very decisive. Administered to rabbits in
doses of five, ten, fifteen and twenty minims, and in more potent doses, its
effects are striking. It admits of being readily given in tincture diluted
with water. In five-minim doses it produces on these animals temporary
excitement. The circulation is quickened, the breathing is quickened, the
pupil is dilated, and the animal is restless ; the symptoms subside in from five
to ten minutes, and no harm seems to have been done. Im doses of ten
minims the symptoms are the same, but more marked. In doses of twenty
minims, after the stage of excitement has passed away, depression follows,
and continues seyeral minutes, and there may be feeble convulsive action,
but the animal recovers. There is no indication of vomiting.
In drachm doses the nitrite is often fatal to dogs, cats, and rabbits. The
symptoms induced are violent action of the heart, rapid breathing, wide
dilatation of the pupil, convulsions, not clonic but quick, and after an inter-
val of a few minutes rapid collapse and paralysis of motion. The heart falls
in its beats to a minimum, and the breathing may be reduced to one re-
spiration in two or even four minutes. To appearance, in fact, the animal is
nearly dead. It lies like an animal profoundly narcotized with chloroform,
but still it feels. When it is touched at any part or lightly pinched, it winces
instantly if it has the power to move. The period of death is usually pro-
longed; and often when the animal seems so nearly dead that recoyery
appears hopeless, it continues still to breathe, it throws off the nitrite by the
lungs, and ultimately recovers.
Observations.—Series 6. Administered by inhalation, the effects of the
nitrite are elicited with remarkable precision and quickness, and the pheno-
mena are amongst the most striking, perhaps are the most striking of any I
have seen in all my large physiological experience. Ifa piece of bibulous paper
be formed into a tube, and if an expanded end of the tube be made to absorb
two or at most three minims of the nitrite, a surface sufficiently charged for
inhalation even by the human subject is obtained. If the tube, charged as
directed, be held about two inches from the nose, and respiration be carried
on in the usual manner, the following symptoms rapidly show themselves.
The action of the heart is suddenly and greatly increased, so that in one
minute I have counted it rising eighty beats; the breathing also becomes
quickened ; the face becomes deeply suffused with blood, the suffusion extend-
ing over the whole face, down the neck, and in persons who are bald, more or
ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF NITRITE OF AMYL. 128
less over the head. The eyes are also injected, and occasionally fill with tears ;
the pupil slightly dilates, and over the suffused surface there is sensation of
heat, described by some as burning heat, and by others as mere tingling.
When these symptoms are at their height, a peculiar sensation is felt in the
head, a sensation of tightness across the forehead, of fullness, giddiness, and
prostration, but with no acute pain, The agent being taken away, the effects
cease rapidly.
I have now witnessed these effects on more than two hundred ocg¢asions,
and have experienced them myself forty times: I can pronounce them abso-
lute and valid phenomena, in no way dependent on mental excitement or
fancied excitement. They are nevertheless developed differently in intensity
in different persons, and they even slightly differ in the same person on
different occasions. I will give briefly two examples.
On Mr. Kempton, a friend who has inhaled the vapour many times, the
effect on the heart is so rapid that it can be felt after the first three inhala-
tions. His pulse will rise from 72 to 105 in ten seconds, and he is conscious
of pulsation in every large artery in his body. His face becomes as red as
vermilion, and is not only subjectively but objectively heated,
On Dr. Gibb, after inhalation a quarter of a minute, the pulse rises during
the following quarter minute eight beats, and during the next quarter twenty
beats ; rising successively from 68 beats per minute to 76 and 88; the face
meantime becomes greatly suffused, and giddiness is experienced. In both
the gentlemen named, the pulse comes down to the natural standard in two
minutes after cessation of the inhaling process. On myself the symptoms
are almost identical with those presented by Dr. Gibb.
In one instance I was so unhappy as to see the inhalation carried to the
extreme of danger. An incredulous friend seeing a bottle of the nitrite on
my library mantelshelf, during a minute in which I was absent from the
room, opened the bottle and commenced inhaling from the mouth. When I
returned I found him walking the library still inhaling, his face and neck red
as raw beef. In spite of all I could do, he would continue, till as he said he
felt some effect, While I was using forcible efforts to get the bottle from
him, he suddenly gave it me himself, and became speechless. I shall never
forget the gallop of that man’s heart. As he leaned against a table, the
table vibrated and recorded visibly the pulsations. He panted for breath as
one who has run to the extremity: I could not get him to move reasonably,
and had the greatest difficulty in leading him into the open air. In a little
time the excitement declined, and was succeeded by depression and partial
loss of power; but fortunately he slowly recovered, and I do not think he
was any worse for his misadventure; although, being a stout middle-aged
man, I feared that during the excitement some “mischief might have happened
to the vessels of the brain.
In the anxiety of looking after this gentleman, I did not count minute by
minute the pulsations of the heart ; but the action was at one time 130 per
minute, and the violence was extreme: both sounds were lost, or rather they
occurred so quickly that the ear could not distinguish them, and the rapid
motion communicated a peculiar synchronous tremor to the upper limbs.
My friend explained to me afterwards that his first sensation was that of
burning in the face, but that he thought this arose from laughing ; that the
next thing he felt, and which at length alarmed him, was the hearing the
pulsations of his own body very loudly and painfully. Then he felt a pecu-
liar powerlessness which could not be described; but at no time did he lose
either sensation or consciousness. I estimated, from the loss in the bottle,
124: REPORT—1864.
that this gentleman had been exposed to the vapour derived from the escape
of twenty minims of the nitrite, much of which necessarily was lost by dis-
tribution in the air.
In a long series of experiments I have submitted animals to the inhalation
of the nitrite, and with the most interesting results. I must, at the risk of
being tedious, give the salient points of observation.
Into a jar capable of receiving 200 cubic inches of air, a large healthy
frog was placed, and ten minims of the nitrite were slowly introduced.
The animal, after exhibiting violent vascular action with reddening of the
feet, sank into a condition which so closely resembled death, that I thought
it was dead. At 11 o’clock at night it remained the same (the experi-
ment was made at 8 p.u.), and I laid it aside as dead; but I was struck
with one fact, that the eyelid was not contracted, as is common in these ani-
mals after dissolution: on the following morning, upon going into the labo-
ratory, I found the animal alive and as active as though nothing had happened
to it.
This observation led me naturally to make many inquiries as to the con-
dition of frogs during this state of suspended animation; and I found little
difficulty in obtaining a repetition of the phenomenon. The experiment
usually succeeds well, and the suspension of animation may, under proper
supervision, be sustained even for days. In one case an animal came back
to consciousness after nine days. The experimentalist must, however, be
prepared for some failures. Thus, if the frogs are not fresh and strong, if
they have been kept in confinement for some weeks, and are thin and feeble,
the experiment will fail ; or if after the cessation of motion the animal is left
too dry, so that he loses water, the experiment will not suceeed ; or if the
amount of amyl-vapour given is too great, the experiment may not succeed.
In six cases where the animals recovered, I made numerous observations.
Examining the web of the foot, I found that there was no sign of circulation
there. Laying open the thigh muscles and exposing them to continuous
galvanic current as well as to the induction-current, and to shocks from the
positive conductor of the friction-machine, I found no evidence of irritability.
Exposing the muscles to water warmed to various degrees, from 70° to 120°
Fahr., there was no evidence of irritability. The only circumstance that
would lead an observer to infer that death had not actually taken place, was
that the limbs remained flaccid. In cases where rigor mortis came on,
although the animals would lie for many hours without undergoing decom-
position, they never afterwards showed signs of irritability, but ultimately
became flaccid and decomposed.
On warm-blooded animals the nitrite produces conditions similar, but not
so extreme in character. Administered gradually by inhalation to a strong
rabbit until complete prostration was induced, I laid the animal on a table
and found that the respirations were reduced to one per minute. The limbs
were flaccid and motionless ; and when they were moved and were laid in any
given position, there they remained. : The pupils were widely dilated, and
the red portions of the body, as the mucous membranes of the mouth and
eyelids, were absolutely white ; the action of the heart could not be felt, nor
was it certain that the motion could be heard with the stethoscope. Cer-
tainly the two sounds were lost. In this condition, breathing softly but
sharply once in sixty or eighty seconds, the animal continued for two hours ;
then the breathing gradually rose. In three hours and a quarter the action
of the heart could be felt by the hand; in three hours there was movement
of the limbs, and in five hours the animal had recovered so as to be able to
ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF NITRITE OF AMYL. 125
move. The animal, whenever he had the power, winced on being touched,
and showed signs of consciousness.
In an experiment performed by Dr. Gibb and myself, a cat was rapidly
struck down by being placed in a thousand cubic inch jar through which the
vapour from one fluid-drachm of the nitrite had been diffused from a surface
of bibulous paper. Death took place in two minutes. The animal was re-
moved and was watched with great care, but the breathing had ceased. The
pupils were dilated to their fullest extent. After a time we laid open the
chest. On exposure to the air, the heart was found contracting most vigo-
rously, and soon the muscles of respiration also commenced spontaneously to
contract, moving the ribs, and disturbing the abdominal viscera. The dia-
phragm contracted very steadily, and a muscle of the thigh, on being laid
bare, did the same. These contractions actually continued spontaneously
from twenty-four minutes past twelve until forty-eight minutes past one in
the day—a phenomenon which has I believe never before been observed after
death in any of the muscles of warm-blooded animals except the heart.
Respecting the heart itself, in this case it continued contracting on the
right side when all the other muscles were at rest. To observe the local
action of the nitrite on the heart, we gradually instilled three minims of it on
the right auricle. The muscular structure soon became of a dirty white, but
the contractions continued. At seven in the evening the auricle, with a seg-
ment of the ventricle, was still contracting five times in the minute; at ten
o’clock it was contracting in the same way, although the lower limbs of the
animal were rigid from rigor mortis ; at twelve (midnight) it was contracting
at the rate of two per minute; at one it was reported by Dr. Henry as con-
tracting strongly from one to two beats per minute; at five a.m. I found it
myself contracting three times in a minute and a half, and at eight it made a
contraction on being touched with a needle. Jor many hours before this all
the other muscles of the body were rigid. Thus there was witnessed the
strange phenomenon of muscular contractility in the heart while all the other
muscles were rigid; and of muscular contractility of the heart for nearly
eighteen hours after what would technically be considered the death of the
animal.
Observations—Series 7. If instead of administering the nitrite of amyl
through the skin, by the mouth, or by the lungs, it be injected under the skin
with a hollow needle, it exerts its influence in the same way, and leads,
though more slowly, to the same symptoms. From an injection of twenty
minims decided symptoms are induced in such animals as rabbits, cats, and
dogs, but after a time they recover. In the case of a young cat, Dr. Gibb
and I slowly instilled twenty minims of the nitrite under the skin, and when
the first symptoms had subsided we instilled twenty more. The result was
that the animal fell into a powerless condition, but continued to breathe.
Four hours after the last instillation it was the same, and was breathing six
times in the minute. Eight hours afterwards, the upper and lower limbs
and the muscles of the neck being rigid, it was breathing once in two minutes,
and the respiratory motion did not absolutely cease for two hours later.
Observations.—Series 8. Local effects of the nitrite. I have made some
very minute observations on the effect of the nitrite upon the capillary vessels
of the web of the frog’s foot. The results are very uniform and decisive. A
few seconds after the web is treated with the nitrite, the capillary vessels are
seen to dilate to more than twice their natural calibre, and the rate of motion
of blood is immensely quickened. After an interval of fifty or sixty seconds,
the vessels become tortuous as from irregular contraction of their walls; then
126 REPORT—1864..
there follows a decided narrowing of the vessel at its minutest part, which
continues until at last the vessel becomes indistinct, and all motion of blood
is lost, except a faint oscillation in vessels which are running transversely
into a main current. These experiments were confirmed by observations
made by my friends Dr. Henry and Mr. Yeats.
Observations.—Series 9. On the blood. The blood of animals destroyed
by the nitrite may always be smelt as charged with the substance. On a
large animal that had been killed by the injection of forty minims, I drew off
an ounce of blood from the right side of the heart into a flask, and on inha=
ling from the flask, absorbed sufficient of the nitrite vapour to induce the
specific signs of its action. The fluid, however, in no way interferes with
coagulation, but, as I have said before, it arrests oxidation and decomposition.
On the corpuscles it exerts a powerful osmotic action. It has no effect on
them in the way of dissolution, nor does it, when added to them, destroy their
form or modify the central depression, but it reduces them to half their ordi-
nary size, leaving them well defined and capable of running together in the
ordinary and natural way.
From these narrations of experiments we may learn, in brief, the following
facts in reference to the physiological action of the nitrite of amyl.
1. It is absorbed by the bodies of animals however introduced into the
organism—by the skin, by the stomach, by the lungs, by the cellular tissue.
2. After its absorption its effects are seen immediately on the heart and
circulation ; there is in the first instance violent action of the heart with
dilatation of the capillaries, followed by diminished but not extinguished
power of the heart, and contraction of the extreme vessels. As an excitant
of vascular action, the nitrite of amyl may be considered the most powerful
agent as yet physiologically discovered.
3. On animals, such as frogs, whose bodies admit of its removal sponta-
neously, and whose circulatory and respiratory systems are simple, the nitrite
suspends animation, and when the animals are placed under favourable con-
ditions for the process of recovery, they may recover after considerable periods
of time. There is no other known substance that suspends animation in
these animals for so long a period. On warm-blooded animals, which are
clothed in thick and less penetrable:skin, and in whose bodies the circulatory
and respiratory systems are more complicated, the nitrite cannot actually
stop the movements of respiration and circulation without destroying life.
But even in these animals it can without destroying life reduce the forces of
respiration and circulation so extremely, that a condition precisely analogous
to what is known as trance or catalepsy in the human subject, can be brought
on and sustained for many hours.
4, The nitrite of amyl is not an anesthetic. By it consciousness is
never destroyed, unless a condition approaching to death be produced.
5. The effects of the nitrite on the organism are directed to the motive
force, which it first wildly excites and then subdues.
6. The modus operandi of the nitrite appears to be by arresting the pro-
cess of oxidation in the tissues.
7. Physically the nitrite holds a place between the volatile bodies, such
as chloroform, and the solid bodies, such as opium and woorali. Hence its
effects are less evanescent than those of the very volatile substances, and less
certainly destructive than the solid substances. In this lies the secret of its
prolonged action.
ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF NITRITE OF AMYL. 127
ParnoroeicaL Errects or THE Nitrite or Amyt.
In cases where the nitrite of amyl is carried to its extremest effects,
the appearances of the internal organs present some modifications. The
appearances are not the same in every instance, but vary according to the
mode in which the substance is administered. If it be administered very
quickly, the lungs and all the other organs are found blanched and free of
blood, the right side of the heart is engorged with blood, and the left side is
empty, the brain being free of congestion. If the substance be administered
slowly, the lungs are congested, the brain is congested, and blood is found
both on the nght and left sides of the heart. The organs of the body are
also of a dirty reddish-brown colour, and the_blood is similarly discoloured,
no distinction in colour existing between the arterial and venous bloods.
Notwithstanding the violent action of the heart, I have never seen rupture of
any vessel nor extravasation of blood. The inner lining of the blood-vessels
is unchanged, and the valvular mechanism of the heart maintains its integrity.
It is to be remembered that these observations have all been made on healthy
animals.
Compartson or Errects or tHe Nitrite with orner AMYL-comPoUNDS
AND OTHER Bopres.
Observations.—Series 10. I have compared the action of nitrite of amyl
with certain other of the amyl-compounds, but I haye not had sufficient time
to complete this line of research, each new compound opening up for itself a
new field of observation rich in variety. As yet I have only tried the com-
parison with amylene and acetate of amyl. Amylene differs from the ni-
trite in that it acts as an anesthetic ; butit resembles the nitrite in exciting
the circulation in a minor degree and in causing redness of the skin. The
symptoms produced by amylene are, however, very transitory as compared
with those following the use of nitrite ; there is this in common, that neither
of them entirely destroy consciousness, but amylene destroys sensibility, which
the nitrite does not. I once saw Dr. Snow give amylene to a boy who was
being subjected to an operation, and who was playing with a ball the whole
time. The acetate of amyl, in comparison with the nitrite, seems to me to
produce a more marked local and a less severe general effect. It causes on
inhalation, not only redness of the face, but swelling and soreness of the
mucous surfaces, without any violent excitation of the heart. From chloro-
form the nitrite differs in that it does not produce anesthesia; and the same
remark applies to ether, the monochloruretted chloride of ethyle, nitrous
oxide gas, Dutch liquid, turpentine, and ammonia, although it resembles all
these in that it excites the circulation in the early stages of its action. The
only substance which approaches the nitrite in action is woorali, a vegetable
compound which is much the same in its elementary composition. Woorali
produces less preliminary excitement of the circulation, it paralyzes more
determinately all the muscles except the heart, and being a solid substance,
possessing no means of escaping from the body except in solution, it is more
slowly eliminated. Woorali and the nitrite have, however, this in common,
they produce paralysis of the extreme filaments of nerves before they influence
the central portions of the nervous circuit.
Cavsz or rue Raprprry or tax Crrecvtation UnpER Nirrire oF AMYt,
Why the nitrite of amyl should produce such suddenly increased action of
the heart is a point of great physiological interest. I thought at first that
[28 REPORT—1 864.
this must be an effect primarily manifested on the blood, then on the heart,
and through the increased impetus of the heart, on the capillary circulation.
It was, however, soon apparent that the injection of the capillary system was
too quickly developed to be a sequence of mere overaction of the pulsatory
power of the central organ of the circulation, and the experiments on the web
of the frog’s foot settled the question, I think, absolutely. It is possible
that the action of the nitrite is exerted immediately upon the extreme fila-
ments of the vaso-motor nerves, and that the heart beats quickly, because
the resistance to its force is taken off by the dilatation of the minute vessels
which it supplies with blood. At the same time the vascular currents of the
heart itself are quickened, and its movement is intensified proportionately.
On the facts so far presented in this Report, two questions call for a mo-
ment’s consideration. The first is:—Whether we ought dogmatically to
deny the possibility of placing the human body in such a condition that it may
for some hours, or even some days, assume the appearance of temporary
death? We are conversant of rare cases of disease, called cases of trance or
catalepsy, in which life, seeming for an interval suspended, is restored: we
have heard of other cases in which it is said that certain natives of India who
are called Fakirs, produce, by some secret art, an imitation of death so de-
terminate that the most intelligent are deceived. I cannot but feel, after
what I have seen in the experiments on which the present inquiry is based,
that the explanation of the cataleptic state admits of a better solution than
ever before it did, and that the validity of the Fakir experiment is rendered,
at the least, probable. I doubt not that in catalepsy there is formed in the
body itself a chemical substance which, without actually stopping the motions
of the heart and of respiration, suspends them so nearly that passive life only
is carried on, and that this condition is continued until such time as the sub-
stance is removed from the circulation. I conceive it is also quite reasonable
to presume that the Fakir holds in his hand some substance derived from the
vegetable world, which, more effective than the agent that has been before
us this day, possesses the power, when introduced into the body, of suspend-
ing the common signs of animation for a certain number of hours, and that
‘in this borrowed likeness of shrunk death” the facts of the phenomena are
presented and explained.
The second question is:-—Whether, from what we have learned in this in-
quiry, any knowledge may be gathered relative to the application of the nitrite
of amyl as a remedy in disease? I have been too closely and intently oceu-
pied in the task of obtaining elementary facts, to devote time to the practical
elucidation of this important point. But, subject to further and better ex-
perience, I should infer that in cases where in a healthy organism sudden
death is apprehended from failure of the heart, as for example in syncope
from severe pain, fright, or inhalation of chloroform, the cautious administra-
tion of the nitrite by inhalation might call into action the failing organ and
give it time to recover from the shock to which it has been subjected. Again,
I believe that in tetanus the nitrite might be employed with advantage.
Paralyzing the extreme filaments of nerves, and reducing the muscular power
of all the voluntary muscles in the same manner as does woorali, the nitrite ©
possesses advantages over woorali which the man of science will at once
recognize. It is more easily administered; it does not necessarily destroy
the power of the muscles of respiration, and it is much more easily removed
from the organism by excretion. It might therefore in tetanus, for which
there is now no remedy, be employed to suspend the violent spasm, and give
the system time to {2:1o;7 off the primary evil. Physiologists have long felt -
BA Report Best Aaron 1804
oS we
| NABURN Lock;
| 4
The strony horisntal Kine sn wach section, repwnrents the wwe
ey fest
OF the gou.at Liverpost, ar given in the oritnance tevebs
ion Cy cele _ L
oo
The dotted tine in each ancton. repearents the zero 36 tide gouge:
on | |
if co
The shirk vertiest Uner represent midinught
. i ao fi fa Fe = sits . |
pili TAA: 3
Sestestesesssoesresnssss|
Engraved by Lowey
a
fails
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 129
that in tetanus thisis the direction in which to move, and practice has shown
that whenever recovery does take place from tetanus, it has been in rare cases
where time has been gained, in cases, that is to say, where the sufferer has
lived through the acute stage of the terrible ordeal to which he has been
subjected.
As regards the mode of administration of the nitrite. It may be given by
direct inhalation ; it may be given by inhalation in combination with chloro-
form and ether; or it may be given by the mouth as an alcoholic tincture in
doses of three, five, or ten minims, or even in larger doses, according to the
effects produced. It would of course be the safest plan to use it in small
doses at first, and to keep up the effect by frequent and cautious repetition.
In the course of preparing this Report, many new lines of inquiry have
suggested themselves, and many temptations to leave the immediate subject
and to explore new paths and promising fields of discovery have been offered.
The examination of the whole of the amyl series of bodies in a physiological
point of view is particularly important. In this series there is probably to
be found another and safer anesthetic than chloroform: in the same series
we may hope to find bodies analogous in their action to quinine; and other
bodies more potent in suspending animation than the one to which I have
invited attention to-day. But I had one object before me, and that itself has
demanded undivided work. Should the labours thus far carried out be con-
sidered by this learned body of sufficient importance to call for further and
more extended research, I need only add that I shall feel myself the debtor
of the Section in being again its servant.
Report on Tidal Observations made on the Humber and Rivers Trent
and Ouse, 1864. By a Committee, consisting of Jamus OLpuam,
C.E.; J. F. Bateman, C.E., F.R.S.; Joun Scorr Russr, C.E.,
F.R.S.; and Tuomas Tuomrson.
Your Committee for the above purpose, after reporting a series of tidal obser-
vations made at Hull, New Holland, and Goole, at the Mecting of the British
Association at Cambridge in 1862, were reappointed for more extended ob-
servations, to be reported upon at Newcastle last year, but, owing to circum-
stances over which we had no control, we were unable then to comply with
the resolution of the Association; but as the question of the tides of the
Humber and some of its tributaries was considered of importance in a scien-
tific point of view, the request was again repeated, and we your Committee
reappointed, with a grant of £50 at their disposal for the expenses attending
our observations.
Your Committee have now therefore to report to the Association that they
have obtained tidal observations at Hull, at Gainsborough on the Trent, and
at Goole and Naburn Lock on the Yorkshire Ouse. Those at Hull were
obtained by your Committee from the Dock Company’s gauge at that place ;
those at Goole from that of the Aire and Calder Navigation Company ; for
those at Naburn Lock permission was kindly given to your Committee by the
Commissioners of the River Ouse Navigation to use their tide-gauge; those
at Gainsborough were made at a point on the town side of the river about
300 yards below the bridge, from a gauge which we procured and erected.
The observations at each station were made at intervals of 15 minutes, and
ea over fifty-four tides, commencing at 12 o’clock at noon on the 9th of
. K
130 - -REPORT—1864.
May, and ceasing at 12 o’clock at noon on the 6th of June of the present year,
The books in which the whole of the observations were entered are herewith
presented to the Association.
In order, however, to give a more readily comprehended explanation of the
results of our labours, the entire sets of observations have been drawn in sec-
tion by contour lines, as will be seen by the accompanying drawings, also now
presented to the Association. The vertical lines give the hours and minutes
of the observed time of the tides in rising and falling, and the horizontal lines
or divisions give in feet and inches the observed height of such rise and fall.
The red line running through each section represents the datum line of the
mean rise of the sea at Liverpool, as given by the Ordnance Survey Board,
in the published work entitled “ Abstracts of the principal lines of Spirit
Levelling in England and Wales, by Colonel Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S.,
&e.” The zero of the tide-gauge in each case is represented by a dotted
line on the section above or below the red line, as the case may be: that of
Naburn Lock is 1-680 feet above the said line; Goole is 3-823 feet below ;
Gainsborough 3:140 feet above; and Hull 14:707 feet below. The tidal
wave is represented by the blue contour lines.
During the whole of the time the observations were being made the
weather was not undaly influenced by either rain or wind, and therefore the
tides were natural and of a regular character.
The phenomenon as to the time of high water above a certain point of the
Hull Dock gauge, referred to in the last Report, is again verified, 7. e. when
the tide has reached the 16-feet mark of the tide-gauge above the dock-sill,
or 1-293 feet above the mean rise of the sea at Liverpool, it then, in every
tide, wants exactly three hours to high water.
Tidal Observations taken at the Ship Lock, Goole, as to the time of high
water after the tide has reached the 8-feet mark, by Mr. Thomas Kendall,
Dock Master.
Morning. Evening.
State of Time when Time when| Differ- Time when Time when! Differ-
tides. Dae, ee high water.| ence. duping high water.| ence.
1864. h “4 htm) } oh) om h m he? a) Pe
Neaps . ./Aug. 10. 10 45 | 12 45 |} 2 0
re I 10°50 1250 | 2 0
fe 12)| 12 20 2°0O"| © 40 12 45 2 20a ie 3h
eee 13.) 1 20 o LOL DP 65 2 Ocb. & 45>) 1 45
Springs 14., 2 20 4 40 | 2 20 3. (0 5 10 | 2 10
Ly 15.) —3 10 5 20 e210 3° 55 610°} 2 15 |
Fe 16; 415 620° 12 8 4 40 7 WOi 2920
£ D7. 4°25 6 45. | 2 20 5 25 7 AB -f-2.20
oe US MGsD5 POO sR 225 6 10 Srls je2ics
i; TOR G15 SunlG Ab 55 6 50 9 Q) pf 2k
i 20., 6 50 8 55 |2 5 Tide 940 |2 5
3 A We a (as3 133 Gis 2 eo 8 25 10 30 |} 2 5
Neaps.. 29) 78.088 ED 25 ye A 9 10 11 20 | 2 10
i ; 23.1 9 10 11 30 | 2 20 10 O IBIS swe Lb
wine arte 24., 10 10 12 20 | 2 10 11 15 Biase: of
Fa hg ee SS eee ee eee
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 131
The fact exists; but the immediate cause of this occurrence your Com-
mittee are still unable to determine, and must therefore leave the solutioa
for further light and knowledge to be brought to bear upon it.
The nearest approximation to this fixed law occurs at Goole, where we
find that when the tide has reached the 8-feet mark of the tide-gauge, or
4-177 feet above the mean rise of the sea at Live ‘pool, the average time to
high water, as observed over twenty-seven tides and recorded in the following
Tables, is 2 hours and 6 minutes, but the extreme variation is found to ex-
tend from 1 hour and 35 minutes to 2 hours and 25 minutes.
Jn analyzing or redrcing the observations of the various stations, the fol-
lowing are the results on the fifty-four tides in reference to the zero of each
gauge :—
Mean rise Highest tide | Lowest tide | Highest low | Lowest low
Place. eae the above zero ofabove zero of} water above | water above
re gauge. | gauge. | zero of gauge.| zero of gauge.
ft. dn. Mii aha ft. ms ft. in. ft. in.
Naburn Lock 6 4 10 11 4 10 4 3 Lene
Goole". :. . LEO 16 9 LO” Si 3 10 2.3
Gainsborough} 5 8 8 11 3 0 3 0 0 OF
Reger ote 16 3 26 4 20 3 10.4 4 5
The following Table gives the greatest rise of tide during the observa-
tions above the Ordnance datum at each station :—
Greatest rise above the
Place. Ordnance datum.
feet.
Naburn Lock, May 9th, 1864 .............. 13°50
Gainsborough, May 9th, 1864 .............. ‘12-25
Goole; May 25th, 1864 wos cess ince cweus ones 12-93
Pal May 25th 1864. ieisids inovves wees ved « 11:63
i a ea a
Tt will be seen by the above that the highest surface-rise occurred on the
9th of May at Naburn Lock and at Gainsberough, and that at Goole and
Hull on the 25th of May. The excessive height at Naburn Lock and Gains-
borough taking place on the above date, indicates a considerable flush in the
rivers at the time from’ rains which had fallen previously in districts above
the pointsof observation. The superior rise at Hull and Goole only indicates
tidal influence.
The following Table gives the time at each station the tides on an average
require in rising and falling :—
on ee Be I ELE ee a
Place. Rising tide. Falling tide.
Naburn Lock ........ 2 to 24 hours. 10 to 103 hours.
FI 5 Sin ie, ead ne about 3 hours. about 97 hours.
Gainsborough ........ 2 to 23 hours. 10 to 103 hours.
Me A ato ae Ou rp sce | about 53 hours. | “about 62 hours.
a
K 2
182 REPORT—1864..
TaBeE giving the time of flood and high water at Naburn Lock, Goole, and
Gainsborough after it is flood and high water at Hull.
Place. Flood tide. High water.
h m hm
Nabumn Lock ..5. 25 cere» folie 3 50
(Calo) es ee a 8 15 125
Gainsborough ........ 6 20 2 50
The following statement shows the difference between the mean and
extreme rise of the tides at Hull and Goole as taken in 1862 and 1864 :—
Place. Mean rise. Extreme rise.
fect. feet.
PTS BS GDA. thts aleve e 16:95 27-92
MM S64. oe aes ssl 16°25 , 26°33
Difference .. “70 1:59
GoolesmS62. 05 48. .y.% 11:67 15:33
Goole, 1864 ....... += | 11-00 16°75
Difference . .| 67 1:42
By the above it will be observed that the mean rise at Hull in 1864 was
less by -70 feet than in 1862, and that the extreme rise in 1864 was less by
1:59 feet than in 1862; and at Goole the mean rise was less in 1864 than
in 1862 by -67 feet, but the extreme rise in 1864 was more by 1°42 feet than
in 1862.
In bringing their labours to a conclusion, your Committee confidently hope
that, although they may not have shed any new light on the phenomena of
the tides of the Humber, they may have established such data as may enable
others to follow out the inquiry so as to lead to valuable results.
Your Committee cannot close their report without expressing their great
obligation to W. H. Huffam, Esq., and R. A. Marrillier, Esq., of Hull;
Thomas Wilson, Esq., and W. H. Bartholomew, Esq., of Leeds; and Luke
Thompson, Esq., of York, for the valuable assistance they have received from
those gentlemen,
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 133
Tidal Observations taken at Hull, Gainsborough, Goole*, and Naburn Lock,
May 9 to June 6, 1864.
May 9.—1864.
Hutt. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.ez. Nasurn Locr.
Time. |Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide.|Wind.|; Time. |Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide.|Wind.
hom (ft. in. hm (ft. in. hm ft. in. hm |ft. in.
12 OP.MJI4 2 12 OP.M.|8 oO | ESE. ||12 OP.M.|II 3] ESE. ||12 OP.M./1I ro} XE.
15 13 4 15 Teo) 15 Io 9) » 15 Ir 4
30 12 4 30 70 30 TONG 2 aay 30 10 Io
45 |Ir 6 45 |7 3 45 gic); 45 |10 4
176 10 7 Io ve ee Io Qu (Gl, 10 9 II
15 10 c 15 6 11 15 On Z| Mes, 15 9 8
30 923 30 Gein 30 Sex0l 1, 30 9 4
45 a3 '7 45 |6 6 45 8 6 45 42
20 7 Io 2 0 6 3 2 6 8 2) .5, |} 2 0 8 6/\Deals up.
15 W's 15 ( Nae 25 yi tele eee 15 8 o
30 6 8 30/6 | 3° 7 7» 30 7 8
45 6 2 457) Se 8 45 Fs = loncia? 45 ZA Shae
Bo (So) Chants: 5 6s 3.0 Gora. cs 3.0 Ce es
15 6 1 15 a 15 GAG bas, 15 6 11
30 652 30 Fgh 30 6.) 6) 5; 5° 6 9
45 6 10 45 |5 cB 45 6 3] » 45 6 6
4.0 7 TO 4.0 4 113| =F 4.0 5rd)" 3 4.0 6 4
15 8 11 15 4 10 15 ET hs Sa 15 6 2
30 10 © 30 4 9 30 5 7| » 30 6 0
AS 1. (TX 1 45 4 63) 45 5 Al oo» 45 5 Io] &
Ss IZ 2 5 0 4a” 55 (eats) 5. 2 a 5 o oo
ES jy (2a. 6 | Aas 15 411) 3, ENS) ay,
390/14 11 30 | 28 30 4 9 » 30 5 6
45 |16 3 45 4 of 45 4 8) £ 45 5 4
6 0 17 4 6 o “nO 60 aa} Glens 60 5.) 3 .B.
15 18 Io 15 3.10 15 Act Slee. 15 50 2
39 OER 3° 3529 $° 4 3) » 30 | eie)
45 |21 © 45 |3 8 45 4 1 3 45 411
7:0 21 11 7 Oo 3-63 Yano} oe SB i> 7 0 4 10
15 22 II 15 35.6 15 3 10 : 15 4 9
30 23043 3c gS 30 419 30 4 9
45 23 11 AS 1513.93 45 7 5} 1» 45 4 8
8 o 24 4! 8 o 3. 1: 8 o ue Cla se 8 o 4.9
15 24. 8 15 ope 15 Tibet 8) tse 15 4 6
30 24 II 30 aay 30 Uae ECT A (mee 30 4 6
fhe el ae Ms 45/3 © | 45. [13 41 os 45 4 6
9 0 24 10 9 0 250 9 0 TANS Glee 9 0 4 6
15 24 5 15 4 6 15 TA pO) secs, 15 was
30 23 10 30 6 oO 30 PEG 2 30 4 4
45 |23 3 45 |6 Io 45 7 tbe Opes 45 4 4
10 oO 22 5 10 o 7 iS 10 oO 1 ie ily Ma | oer a} 4 4
15 21 5 15 3 oO 15 Hirt ole eee 15 Aan
30 20 Il 30 8 3 30 CH al 39 6 2\)-
45/20 0 45 8 6 45 |14 11] 4 45 Tad
Bir Oo rg 43 II o 8 9 Ir 0 TA 2 ss II oO 8 4
15 |18 3 a Poon aoe rairess. lt 35 g.49
3017 4 308g 30-12 og) 30 9 11
5m m.16 2 45P.M\8 3 45P.M.\I2 Cl 4, 45P.M.j10 6
—_ SSS
* The observations are taken from the lower Sill of the Outer Ship Lock at Goole.
134 REPORT—1864,
May 10.—1864.
Hui GAINSBOROUGH. Goorz.
Time. |Tide.|Wind.|} Time. | Tide.) Wind.|| Time, | Tide.
h m_ ft. im. h m_ (ft, in. Wem.) | fb. _ in.
IZ OAMJI5 5 12 OAM|7 11 | E. |}1z2 OAMJIr 4
15 ee) 15 ee 15 TONES
30 135 30 oath 30 TOLN2
45 12 6 45 |7 4 45 59
im Xe) i 70 G feig 2 Io 95
15 iL ao 15 6 11 15 co)n
30 Io 2 30 6 10 30 8 9
45 9 7 45 |6 7 45 UE
20 8 10 270 Grea 2 0 Sana
15 Bhs 15 6° 2 15 Tae S
30 7:9 go 6 30 7x05
45 pp 45 5,70 45 es
3.0 7 2 30 5 83 340 6 10
15 1 FC ON ie 9 15 6 6
3° 78 so 1 15. 8 30 6 3
45 8 3 45 yz 45 Spe
4 0 213 4 Oo |4 11 40 5 8
15 re) ae! 15 4 10 15 Bone
gore tE tS 304 83 30 OE.
45 |12 3 45/4 62 45 aes
BO ap Es +O gPO <4 5 5 0 4 10
15 |14 6 15 |4 43 15 4 8
30 15 8 30 3 11 30 4 6
45 |16 6 45 3 9 45 4 4
60 17 6 60 37 BENE. 16 Aen
15 18 9 15 Fhe oe 15 ANOT
go. |19 20 3°35 30 4 0
45 20 10 45 3. 4 45 3.19
ROP EN 2EE SG jo meee S 70° 3 8
15 22 6 15 gr -2 15 Cpe
30 28) \.2, 30 ape 3 30 5 4
45 |23 8 45 38.¢ 45 6 10
8 o 24 2 S80. cn lge Oo 8 o 8 9
15 oa 47 15 Pai ire 15 10 4
30 24. 10 30 2 10 30 Tt eo
45 |25 © 45 |2 9 45 |12 8
Ms He Mi) ye 2 9 FS 13 ond
15 |24 7 #5. 12 15, But at
30 24 1 30 4 8 30 ite
45 [23 5 45 |G 0 45° 115 5
10 © 22 9 Io 0 6 8 Io O uc pae
15/22 0 MS 7 2s tS | rs. 19
go. j2r 1 30/79 B0'' 9 105 ay
45 [20 2 45 |7 113 45. | 75210
II 0 19 3 II oO 8 4 cm wo) 14 2
15 con 4S 15 87 15 Ng et 5
30 rie ty 30 8 83 30 12 8
45A.M./16 6 454.M./8 6 45A.M./II 10
Nasurn Lock.
Time.
15
30
45
ryo
15
30
45
h m
I2 OAM,/10
Tide.
"f
ie}
=
Leal
eal
=~
OW DN DY YwoPPU AHN cw OH OO HWS CO WH HW WO OW DOH YN DON OW OM
Wind.
N.E.
HSA
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 135
May 10,—1864,
Hutt. GAINSBOROUGH. GooLe. Nazsurn Locg.
Tide.|Wind. | Time. |Tide.|Wind.| Time. | Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide./Wind.
ft. in. h m _— j{ft, in. h m_ ft. in. h m_ ft. in.
nS of 12 OP.M|8 oO |HN.E. |/12 OP.MJ/II 4) E.N.E, 12 OP.M.|IO 5) HE.
14 10 Laas 7 43 15 Io 9| # 15 10 8
139 20:9 |W eee 30 IO 3) 5 30 Io 7
13 0 £5 Snes 45 9 9) » 45 |kO 2
ae 1uc0:-t hula 48 Io 2) ued ito 9 6 NE,
Be 35 15 6 6 15 Re 1Ol es; 15 9 ©
ID) 7 30 6 4 30 Cute ar 30 8 8
Io © 45 |6 1 45 8 4) » 45 8 4
Dp L2 2.40 5 113 | 2 0 Pee Sitll 1 45 2 0 8 0
8 7 15 ae, | 15 Te AINE 15 7 8
8 0 got iu 30 Te 3) Se g0.13 |g 18
77 45 |5 43 | 45 7 O » 45 phe
i 30 Saee e Ba) ZG) IS) (ie ee) 7 O| NE.
6 0 15 5 of 15 Gur ‘bl B45 15 6 9
6 8 30 = 4: To 30 6 31 5, 3° hy
6 9 45 |4 9 45 5 Ii] » 45 6 4
7 2 40 |4 7 40 5 9} » 4 0 6 2
97 IC 15 4 6 15 ISAS oe 15 Ne)
8 6 30 4, 4 30 5 5| BSE. 30 5 10
9 6 45 |4 2 45 5 3) 9» 45 5 8
Io 4 Cie: Ay 50 BLO O, 5 0 5 6) &
Be 4 5 15 40 15 4 IC) 3 iS Sha
Tey 5 30 3 10 30 4 8 5, 3° B43
13 6 45 |3 9 45 4 6 4, 45 5 2
1A we 5|\ 6 60 3 $3] B.N.E. || 5 Oo ASL 42a 5; 6 0 mG)
i; 7 15 ah 16 15 Ae 2\) si 1s 4 11
16 8 30 Be A. || Pte) ae Ol! ies 30 4 10
17 & a5 ksp.3 | 45 3.11) 45 4 9
Ties -7: (7 Maes 362 || 7.0 ZecLOlh ays Uli) 4 3| N.E.
con 9 x5 8m = ee 2) 3a Ol as 15 4 7
20 8 30 |3,«o 30 3 7) » 30 4 6
21 5 45 |2 11 | 45 3 6 » |] 45 4 5
Be 2 8 0 22.00) 8 o Ag Ol Gy; 8 oO 4 4
2m 9 a5 239 15 5b 5) 2% 15 4 3
280) 2 30 2 8 30 Gee Ol Be 30 4 2
23:6 45 2m 6 45 Ser) v3 45 Ant
23 «8 9 0 2 6 9 0° TOs, 4)" a; ; ome) Pia ee
23 10 15 2 6 15 II 5) E.N.E. 15 4 1| NE.
23 Ic 30 2 6 30 D2gh'3)) ca, 30 4 0
23 07 45 |2 6 45 |12 13) 5, 45 3 10
2@ 2 I0 0 2500 Io Oo 1395 0|) eh; Io oO R69
22 6 15 |4 3 15 |13 11) 15 3 9
22 0 ZO toe te 3043) 30 3 8
21 5 45 |5 8 45 |4 6 4, 45 3 8
20 8 II o 6 0 II oO CASA 5 een} 0T -.O 3 6
1g I0 15 Gn 7 15 L4g>Cl, 3% 15 4 8 NE.
19 3 30 6 10 30 13=°9| NE 30 5 8
45P.M.|18 5 45P.M.|7 1 45 PMNEZ SB 355 45P.M.| 6 7
136 - REPORT—1864.
May 11.—1864.
Hutt. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.E, Nasurn Lock.
Time. |Tide.|Wind.|) Time. | Tide.|Wind.|) Time. | Tide.|Wind.|) Time. | Tide.) Wind.
bh m_ {ft. in. lakemcstg es |biire, shay, h m_ (/ft. in. hh) a) its ead,
12 OAMJII7Z 7 12 OAM.|7 3] E.N.E. ||12 OAM.|II To] N.E. 112 OAM) 7 4| NE
15 re 7 15 7 6}: 15 eas RLS 15 8 o
30 15 6 30 RO 30 IT ).o}) Ve; 30 8 8
45 |14 8 45 |7 © 45 |10 5) a 45 9 2
Io rr) Io 6 Io Io 9 38] 3» be, 5
age? |33" C ye PRE. |} 35 9 3) » 15 OF 3
30 12 2 30 6 4 30 Seat! Oy Ad 39 8 11
45 |1l 7 45 |6 o 45 8 7» || 45 a7
2 0 10 8 20 5 of 20 S.gl. Se eelleek 8 4
15 TOs 15 Seas, 15 711) 4 15 7 10] NE
30 9 6 go 15 4 30 7 8, 30 715
45 D2 45 5 Op 45 7 4 » 45 ia:
0 yey 3 0 4 10 | 370 FO}, Ws; Eh ie 6 10
15 8 3 15 |4 92 | Bes 6 9 15 Sh 7
30 8 0 eR ar 7 30 6 5) “3 30 on
45 8 45 |4 4 | 45 6 2) 4 45 6 3
4.0 8 4 4.0 | |4 of 4.0 GRclT a. 4.0 Calc
15 8 9 15 3 113 15 5m Ol RS 15 5 1c
30 9 6 30 3 10 30 5b Of) eae 30 5 8
45 |I0 3 #5 £ 3h 9 45 Ce ee 45 ela
° mr 3 540 3 72 |5 0 Soest ee WESao 5 4| NE
15° )) 112% 2 5° 492. 6 | 15 4 Ic), 15 5 2
30° 27303 = gil Ebel | 30 4 3 5 30 “eles
45 |13 Io 45°" |36 3 ae 4 6 4 45 411
60 14 10 60 Be 25 60 Altai) a 60 4 Ic] N.E.
15 15 9 15 26 oT x5 4 2| E.N.E, 15 4 9
3016 og 3030 - || 30 4 oO » 30 4 7
45 17 7 45 |2 41 | 45 3.11) 5 45 4 6
wees ee 7 790 Ze 9 |7 0 3 9] » 17 0 4 5
5 |I9 7 15 |2 8 ts ES 32) 8I> hs; 15 4 4
30 |20 6 (> gor = lam 6 | 30 Bon Gl we 30 4 3
45 |21 3 oe en 2B | 45 oer ee 45 an
8 o 2200 | 8.0 oi Erie 8 o Ae an 8 o 4x4
15 22 6 | 15 2 3 55 5 4 ” 15 4 0
30 2217 30 ee 30 ORs 71h Gs 30 4 0
45 |23 4 45 |2 1 45 8 oy, 45 3°11
38 oh) gine: hte 12) be OP ar. Ss 9 0° 3 10
15 23 10 [eget pa {0} 15 Io 9] &E 15 3 9
30 23 11 30 I Il 30 TES) ook 30 eh te,
45 [23 8 [45> irerge 45 |12 6) 4, 45 g4 8
Io 0 OE ee |I0 0 I gf I0 o 1ge oe; 10 oO 3 8} =.
15 22 10 1 5 2 0 15 ey OS, Oe 15 g* 6
30 22 2 | 30 Am FO 30 eg ex ts 30 gh 6
45 [21 7 45° |4 9 45 |14 3] » 45 3 6
II 0 20 II II oO iy II o 14 4] E.S.E. |/1I 0 B05
15 20 3 15 Sea 15 TAME BS 15 grr
30 19 7 30 6 3 30 13 8] 30 Bieac
45A.M./18 Io 45AmM./6 8 AMA Ta MON 3.5 45 A.M.) 5 11
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS,
May 11.—1864.
137
GAINSBOROUGH. GooLe. Naszurn Lock.
Time. | Tide.|Wind.|| Time. | Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide. |/Wind.
he na)" fea h m = ift. in. bs ah fest
I2 OP.M.|6 11 | ENE. ||I2 OP.MJ1I2 4] ESE. [112 OP.M.| 6 E,
15 phase 15 mu 8 15 7a 6
30 yaa) 30 TOUTE) 55 30 8 4
45 G6 45 TON Thess 45 & 8
rio or re Io TO) J f re ate) 9 0
15 5 Io | ae OWE Lt Mss 15 PORE)
30 Ce | 3° Cr ey Elo 3 30 8 Io
45 |5 6 | 45 8 10] ,, 45 8 5
2 0 Ear 20 Set GIP, ZG ue) |) Wao
15 [5 23 15 8 2) ,, 15 Tan
30 5 «Cy 30 Hie Xe) eda 30 Fea
45 |4 Ton 45 Thee WAI abe 45 Ta 8
EY io. 4 9 3 0 Ter ale sy 3,0 6 10
5 lt 7 15 POMS, 15 6 7
30 4 5 30 6 10) ,, 3° 6 5
45 4 3 45 ot ee |e 45 6 3
4.0 (4a 4.0 Gar”. 4.0 6 oO} z,
ie 2s 4 0 15 GSE) ©, 15 5 10
30 3 10 30 Kage)! 5 30 Gye BG:
45 Bag 45 ig Wl liaeees 45 3, 3
5 0° ised Lye, 5 4 ” bo Bi ee
15 3 6 15 Bee Tl) ©: 15 tee:
393 48 30 4 10) ,, 30 Ly hy
aed ae 45 4 8, 45 4.11
60 3 13] §. 60 Am Olt”. 6 0 i ats)
| a eae 15 4 5) » 15 4 8
300 2 aT 30 4 3)» 30 4 6
45 |2 98 45 |4 1 4Ster| eer 5
7 0 2 8 7S Che LEE pee be) 4 4| NE
a5 Clie 5 Be iSl Poss 15 Cae)
3002 «6 30 3 8 , 3° 4 1
45 <e) 45 < eed es 45 oy eS
ce) 2" 3 8 o ch Balen 8 o 2 21
15 2 13 15 Bie Aes, 15 3 10
30 a 9 3° Ie) Laer 30 ape,
45 |I Io 45 4° 4, 45 aus
9 0 tr 9 9 0 Fig Bll a 9 0 3 7| NE.
15 1 8 15 Gy 6\hoe 15 a6
30 |r 8 30 $7 ols 30 3.5
45 I 7 45 OD Sips, 45 355
10 o 1 6 10 0 TO: -- 2s, 10 oO ZA
15 Nig ahs) 15 o0 tee Telia 15 a3
30 rm 6 30 2 Gyr ite) | aie, 30 2983
45 |1 6 45 |I2 2) ,, 45 aa 2
ED “0 2 6 II o 12s :3|ht oe EEO Hoe
ae eg 15.3) 138 Oe, 15 aa?
30 4 0 30 e302 39 30 K fp
452P.Mj4 6 45P.M.J13 2] ,, 45P.M.| 3 1
138
REPORT—1864.
May 12.—1864.
Hui GAINSBOROUGII. Goo.e, Nasurn Lock.
Time. |Tide.|Wind.| Time. | Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |'Tide.)Wind. |} Time. |Tide.|/Wind.
hen) iftcein. lene bite chee hye: | Sittin. Layercate "hie Shee
12 OAM.|I19 4 IZ OAM.}5 © | E.N.E. |/12 OA.M.|12 IO} E. |/12 OAM.!3 0
15 BD 7 15 5 6 1S 12 3] E.S.E. 15 4 0
BO -{. iitg eS 30/598 30.0 TT 9} 30/49
45 {16 13 45 |6 © 45 [10 2) .» 45° telgas®
Io I5 11 Io 6 oO 1 {9) TOR ICID ass Io 6 3
15 |15 4 TS esl 7) 15 9 Ic] » 15 |, \6 32
39 IA 5 39 |5 48 30 9 5| » 30 7.8
45 |13 8 45 |5 2 45 9 oO 5, 45 |7 11
20 12 10 Zao 5e0 20 SL eS. ase 20 3. 9
15 Iz 4 15 4 10 15 SecA wean 15 7 10| N.E
30 i: 76 30 4 10 30 SPHO| aes 30 7.6
45 IIo 45 4 9 45 ee 45 7 2
shh eT) omc 4:7 3° 7 4, 9» a 2 6 10
15 9 8 15) pldees 15 Tob a 15. |6, 6
30 9 5 30/438 30 6 9] &. 30/6 3
45 9 2 45 |4 2 45 6 6 » 45 |6 ©
4.0 8 11 4.0 4 1 4.0 Gosia as ZL fo) 5 10
15 8 I0 15 3 10 15 [St elle 15 5 8
30 9 0 30 (3g 30 Sy Olea 30 4. 5. 18
45 gS 45 1/306 45 5 6 4» AD Gildan
GeO) to's x 50) ia Bs 5 0 Cee eee 5.0 yisaus
15 Io Io 15 3. @ 15 Stele ee 15 pare
go. TX 7 30 15; © 30 4 1c] 5 30.0 |g
AS WZ 3 AS ie 2 arr 45 4 8 45 |4 lo
6 o ligt 6) 0 45|250p 6 o Fabs Halbs S icp 6-0 7 14500) ip hee
15 Tae I 15 2 9 15 4 5| NE 15 4 8
30 14 11 30 2.8 30 A) le nas 30 4. 7
45 |t5 8 45 |2 5 45 FA Ife) 0H 45 [4 6
igo aco 9 TO dgley 8 7 0 3.11) 5 7, 9) Sellfnas
TS Pek 3 15 |2 23) * 15 Be Ch ™ |\4 4
30 Tight 30 Zr 30 Siar sess 30 4.3
45 |18 9 45 |2 © 45 Gen Glass 45 |4 I
8 0 I9 8 8 o eo rt S70 Z EL PeSese 8 0 4.0
15 20 4 15 I 10% 15 ZU ELD me 15 3.11
30 2% 0 30 ae) 30 Av 3\- Uy 30 3 10
45 |r 6 45 |r 82 45 Sig! Tl. aap 45 |3 9
9 0° 22 0 9 0 7 9 0 Gat |aes 9 0 3 8 N.
15 |22 5 TS ital 15 Tig las 15 tin lS ime?
30 2Z 9 30 1 6 30 Silholl is tee 30 B48
45 [22 Io 45 AP'S 45 yt Sie am 45 misigue
10 oO 22 11 10 oO Lae: 10 oO TON) 2 les 10 oO ena
15 22 10 15 Ti8 15 II o| E,N.E. 15 Suan
30 22 8 30 ray 538 30 T1183) 30 ce
45 22 4 45 |I 23 45 |I2 2) » 45 |3 33
IIo 21 9 II o Ne II oO Peal a iW) Balto 3. 8
15 Op ee 15 Ce 15 sist Holle Dae 15 ozo
30 20 10 30 aos 30 G0) 3 ctass 30 Sie
45A.M.)20 4) 45AM-14 4 45A-M.J13 4) 4 45A.M./3 1
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
May 12,—1864.
Hout. GAINSBOROUGH.
Time. | Tide.|Wind.|| Time. | Tide.|Wind.
h m_(/ft. in. h m_f{ft. in
12 OP.MJI9g 8 12 OP.M|J4 10 | N.E
15 I9 0 15 5 2
30 18 3 30 5. 6
45 |17 5 45 |5 92
Io 16 7 T oO 6 0
15 15 10 15 5 10
30 14 11 30 5 9
45 14 3 45 5. 3
2.0 13 6 2 0 5 P
15 IZ 9 15 4 9%
30 1)\ I 30 4 9
45 |ir 6 45 |4 7
ac IO IO 3,0 A a
15 Io 5 15 4 33
30 p29 30 4 2
45 9 3 45 4 1
4 0 8 10 40 |3 113
15 8 5 15 3.9
30 8 3 30 (37a
45 8 2 45 |3 6
eae | 2/2 Rout, 8. aa
aah y | 8) 5 5 1 13, Bd
30 8 I0 30 a. 2
45 a) 45 |3. On
60 Io oO 60 211
15 190 9 15 2 92
30 Ir 6 30 2 83
45 ote 45 Peay
7.9 I2 10 7 | 2 6
15 1g 37 15 2 aig
39 14 5 30 es,
45 15 5 45 2 1
8 o TD (2 8 0 2 0
15 16 11 15 2 0
30 r7 8 30 Ioir
45 18 6 45 I Io
9 0 1§ £1 9 0 tp
15 19 6 15 ae
30 20 2 30 ‘ae
45 29 67 45 I 6
Io 0 20 10 10 0 5
15 21 3 15 To A
39 21 4 30 I 3
m 645 06=COi2x 5 45 | 2
BiIr oO 21 4 II o I 7
a Zt 3 15 Leys.
30 2% |e 30 [6
45P.M|j20 8 | 45P.M./I o
139
Goose, Nasurn Locx.
Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time, | Tide.|Wind.
i Ft SHG, in | no) 1 ie in:
12 OP.M|13 0| E.N.E. |l12 OPM] 3 3/ N.E
15 12 6| N.E 15 AO
30 SS | ae 3° mee
45 1X 3] <» 45 os 5
Io TO tel he, 5 a) 5°: 6
15 POM Zi!) oo. 15 6 8
30 9 8 y 3° 7 4
45 Et Sie ata) 45 q1 9
2 0 ero} 5) 2 0 8 oO
15 Bt Gl Bier 15 7 11
30 3 2) |, 3° ANG
45 7, EOy as 45 ye
3.0 Nt 7 eae 3.0 6 9] N.E.
15 7 4) » 15 6 6
30 ee a) a, 30 O34
45 6 10 ” 45 6 0
40 Ghia) <F, 4.0 5 10
15 6 4] » 15 5 8
30 Gre Tt: Say 30 Ete
45 5 Ic] 4, 45 5 4
5 ° 5 oi ” 5 ° 5 I
15 5 44 » 15 ys
30 Goiay be 30 4 10
45 411) » 45 49
60 AtG|| Ss 6 0 4 7| NE
15 4 7| & 15 4 6
3° 4 5) » ao 4 5
45 4 3] .» 45 4 4
7S 4 1) » W'S a
15 g. TEs 15 4, ©
30 3, F Sieeas 3¢ 8. 20
45 3,¢ Giese 45 Oe)
8 0 3 + Gla 8 o ies
15 aE per: 15 3 6
30 3.) 3) ma 3¢ 3 5) NE.
45 3,7) 3 ob 45 B14
Sp Eee ek 9 0 3.13
15 3. 5| BNE 15 3° 2
3° 4 OF on 39 au
45 49) 2 45 Be
IO0 o 5. 8] S55, KO. 3.0
15 6 8 , 15 39
30 Ted ON teas 30 sue gs
45 8 7] -» 45 2
II oO 9.2 Tees II 0 2
15 9, rel * 15 2
30 To 4) 30 4
45P.M.JI0 9] N.wW. 45 P.M.| 2
140 REPORT—1864.
May 13.—1864.
|
Hou. | GAINSBOROUGH. Gooue. Nasurn Lock.
Time. | Tide.} Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. | Tide.|Wind.|| Time. | Tide.| Wind.
h m ft. in. hm firme hm ff, in. hm ft. in.
IZ OAM./20 4 12 OAM.|I Oo 12 OAM.JII I] N.W. |/12 OAM.) 2 QO] N.E
15 19 10 15 jake) 15 TIERS). Sr 15 2 9
30 TO) 5 30 2.5 30 ie Pee 30 oe "ie
45 18 11 45 -/2 9 45 Il 4) 3 45 2 9
Io Ta) 3 Lie) Haley. Io IO II} 3, + ame) oe
15 aad 15 3 10 15 TON Sie ae 15 3119
30 16 10 30 Aa 2 30 OMELET) Ss 30 She 05
45 |16 2 454 5 45 9 5) » 45 4 0
2 0 Tit) 20 4 5 210 8 11 “ 2 oO (oe 1G) aa
ee any ay 15 14 3 25 oF 7, eas 15 Re he
30 13 10 30 4 0 30 & 2) “3 30 Cm ke
45 Eg)! 2 45 3 10 45 Teel aes 45 5
Sao 2 5 328 3 72 3,8, | go 6 2
15 II II 15 BE 1a as les telk a naet 15 6 2
30 abet 3) 30 30 as 30 Graritls, 30 6 o
45. |10 10 45 135 3 45 6 8» 45 5 9
2100! lp 10. 5 49 3 1 4.0 6 5} » || 4 0 5 6
15 10 oO 15 Zeit 15 6h 21) tes 15 5 3
30 9 9 30 2 10 30 5 11] 30 Fine a)
45 BA 45 2 83 45 5 8 45 4 10
5.0 9 8 BO) | uj2e 5 0 be) Sy ey 5 0 4 8
15 g 10 15 |2 6 15 Sa) Sa 15 4 6
30 TO) | 2, 30 2 4 30 EROS cas 30 216
AS te (LOT 45 |2 32 45 4 10| 4, 45 4 4
60 Ir 2 60 ae" 60 7 60 Ary 3\ 0 MN:
15 II 9 15 2 2 15 AL ol ©, 15 Zig 2)
32 12 5 30 2 1 30 4 4 » 30 4 1
45 132 45 ri 45 4 1) » 45 4 0
7. oO 13 10 7. I Io gfe {o) cb ” Te i ae
15 14 6 15 I 9 15 205 Gt &., 15 3 10
30. 15 zo Ot 8 3° 3 8 » 30 3 9
45 |15 9 45 | 7 45 3 6 ,, 45 ate
8 o 16 5 8 o 6 8 o an 4ir_ = 8 0 a-40
2) 17 1 w5 tea 15 BA) na 15 3 5] NE
30 17 9 30 a gO SsbA. ae 30 3 4
45 |18 6 45 |i 3 45 3 I) N.NE. || 45 3 4
wy) ws 7 2 re Eyes 3a) 5) aa ees, 2.13
15 19 9 15 I 4 15 4 D> 5 15 343
30 20 4 30 Io 30 7 |: 30 Sal
45 20.9 45 wee 45 5. 4) o3 45 3 1
10 oO OTe} 2 10 Oo Oo 11 10 oO Ory Ole ans 10 oO Srl
15 21 4 15 ° 10 15 GTO), &,, 15 zim A:
30 ZIRT, 30 ° 93 30 Fe bole ots 30 3 O|_N.E.
45 |2r 8 45 jo 8 45 8 7)» 45 2 11
II 0 2h II 0 OF 7. II 0 Gu Gicas (zr 12 2 11
15 Pye Bs 15 o 63 15 QE10|" 15 2 Ic
30 en 30 Oo, 6s. 30 TOoS|S cay 30 2 10
45A.M.|20 IO 45A4.M.|O 9 45A.M./IO Io] ,, 45A.M.] 2 9
Hutt.
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
May 13.—1864.
GAINSBOROUGH.
Time. | Tide.
ft, in.
.|20
20
19
19
18
18
17
16
15
14
14.
13
Leal
=]
Leal
|
CON DAW ONT NU HPWO HW O NUmAT HNO DP O CONIO HW COOH DH COW OO DY ONINMW ON YD COHN
Leal Lal
Leal
12
12
II
II
10
10
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
10
fe)
II
II
12
13
13
14
a5
15
i6
17
17
18
19
19
20
20
20
20
Wind.|| Time.
hm
i220 PM.
Tide.
e
OO0O0O0C OF HH HHH Re Re ee RD YY YY YD YP NDWWWWWwWWWWH HHH HPwWWW DY DH
DO owrODOMN
ble wily
ble
wie
i
Lola!
CO}ONW OO HHO OR HH WPAN DIO OF OH NP DI COO OOH ND OW DIO OW
ble tole to tol tole
re)
aes ian)
tole
we
Wind. |
Goo.
Time.
jh m
12 OP.M.|1I
15
30
45
Te
a5
Tide.
ft. in.
It
cl
Leal
Leal
se
Lal
0 OWNWCO DOO OF ONWUNDAWO OWWNNO HYMNS WH HBPN OHNO HNO YD OPW CONNIN DYN
141
Nasurn Lock.
Time.
hm
I2 OPM.
15
30
45
ri)
15
30
PYPYP NY NN NN YD NYPWWHHWNWHWHWWHWAHABHHPAUAUNUNUNDADAGADKHAP HWW VY VYynvnnp
Tide.} Wind.
ft. in.
rT
Lal
OOH NWA DN COO HO HWP DYNO OWN HH HPWH DOWW CHO NI COLO
142 REFORT—1864.
May 14.—1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.e. Nasvurn Lock.
Time. |Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. |Tide.}Wind.|| Time. |Tide.} Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
I2 OAM.|20 7 12 OAMJo 7 | N 12 OAM.) 8 6] S.E. |[12 OAM) 2 6
15 20 5 15 o 8 15 9* GC], 15 2G
30 2G. to 30 1* 53 3c 9° 6) “% 30 cag
45 wey OS 45 ame) 45 et 45 ae)
Io 19 7 Io 2°46 LN) TORE) ro 25
15 TH 2 15 gis 15 70'\6) 15 214
30 18 Io 30 Beas 30 TO" 7| “4h 30 2 4
45 |18 5 45 |3 7 45 |10 5) 5 45 2 4
2 0 17 9 2 0 4 0 2 0 Io oO ” 2 0 2 3
15 79g 15 4-0 15 ger} Ss 15 2 6| N.E.
30 16 5 30 3 11 30 OF 3| “h 30 2 10
45 175 40 45 |3 9 45 8 8) ys 45 3 2
$0 7 155. 1C ee i Re 38 8 4 » | 3 0 3 6
15 TAD 1's 15 3 6 15 7 11) N.w. 15 3 9
3013, 8 me 18. a0 ER Te 30 | 4 4
45 Ey he 45 3 22 45 7 3) » 45 4 9
40 12 6 4.0 shag! 4.0 TELO| sos 4.0 5 1| Calm.
15 II Io 15 Ewe) 15 Gig) G 15 lsh
30 Im 5 30 2 10 30 6.6) “ 30 $3
45 |tr 2 45 |2 8 45 6 cl 5 45 411
50 10 8 5.0 Z* Of 5 oO 5"hg| “3; ane) 4 9
15 10 6 15 ane 15 5° )Gl, Sas 15 4 6
30 115) 30 eee 89 WS Pah os 39 4 4
45 if 4 45 2 13 45 ia ie 45 4 3
6 0 Io 5 lt © is 7 alt > Ni 6 o Brel oa 6 0 4 1) Calm.
15 10 8 15 1 10 15 4 IO} N.E. 15 4.0
30 rf 12 30 I 9 30 AP esi os 30 2 ae a
45 |1t 5 45 |r 8 45 4 4 ,, 45 3 Io
ofan) II Io 70 ry7 7 © ie 5 ae 70 3 9
15 IZ 4 15 1 6 15 Area Ses 15 38
30 12 11 30 rt 5 30 4 oO 30 a Be
45 3° 5 45 I 4 45 3.10 » 45 cA ws
8 o 14, 1% 8 0 Te ad ae) SMES! ag 8 0 3 6 Sz.
15 |14 8 BS. ee ee 15 359| a 15 a5
30 15 4 218) EY ue 30 3 St oe 30 3 4
45 TZ 70 45 sone 45 3.44 is 45 ee
9 0 16 6 9 0 ol 9 0 a ial 9 0 a t2
15 17 2 15 ope s 15 ee ee 15 ce
39 ANS, a2 ea 30 B.S) oe 30 3)
45 |18 5 45 0 9 45 33] » 45 3 0
10 oO 18 Io 10 0 Oo 7 Io Oo 3. 9| SS.E. |lI0 Oo 3.0
15 19 4 15 Omid 15 4 4, » 15 211
30 19 9 30 o 6 30 4 10| jy 30 2 10
45 20 2 45 pr 45 5 4 Oy 45 2} 9) \ Bek
II oO 20) 15 IO oe & II oO (yg ol eure 14) to) 2 9
15 20 8 15 ‘Seamer icy 15 Geel Gy 15 2 8
30 |20 Io 30. 0 43 30 7S oe 30 pF)
45A.M.20 11 45A.M.|0 35 45AM.) 8 O] 75, 45AM.| 2 7
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 143
May 14.—1864.
Hutt. GAINSBOROUGH. Goorr. Nasurn Lock.
Time. | Tide.| Wind.) Time. | Tide.) Wind.) Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. | Tide.} Wind.
hm _ = fft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
12 OP.M.|20 10 12 OP.M.1O 3 8 12 OP.M.| 8 8/ S.S.E. 112 oPM.| 2 7
235 20 8 15 lo 2 15 ox 3 8 15 7
30 20 5 30 o 30 Ger Si a3 30 2aaG
45 20 2 45 on 7 45 IO O| 4 45 2 6
pe 19 9 I. 10 ° 9 Io TO 5] ji; 146 2 6
15 9 5 15 re 3 15 1o 8 5; 15 2 5| §.
‘ 30 19 0 30 Le 9 3° Io 9) » 30 2 5
45 |18 7 45 |2 Ie 45 ONO) 4: 45 ma} 5
20 1361 2 0 286 2 0 KOsl3t fi; 2.0 ZL,
15 EP iS 15 2 10 15 9 Ir 4; 15 29
30 16 8 30 5 ih 30 Om 5) 98 30 E ate)
45 16 0 45 3 4 45 9 Oo » 45 3 6
3.70 ry 4 3.0 40.6 ao Bae8 | 495 310 3 11
15 14 8 15 g06 LS SARA, «9 15 4 6
30 14 0 30 char ao Tawny, 1434 30 gato
45 |13 5] | as get 45 ew, ae. 45 5° 3) fatwa.
40 IZ 9 4.0 3 0| SE 4° 7 44 » 4.0 5 8|Deals
15 i 15 2 10 5) vi Aa 15 5 Io
30 rti7 30 2° 9 3° 6 to} 35 30 5 9
45 1% 0 45 |2 8 45 Gmyi | oe 45 5 9
Ces) 10 7 50 2 63 oy 6 4) 8.5 5.0 5 3\Deals up.
15 10 2 15 2 6 15 Oxtl ty 15 4 11
30 9 9 go. 24 - 5 10] 55 30 4 8
95 45 eee, biel Ve 45 4
ae 9 1 6-0 |2 of] Bsx. |] 6 © Sash 60 4 2! Calm.
ze 8 11 15 2° 0 a Ser gh Bs 15 41
30 8 10 30 1311 3° 5 Ol oy 30 3 11
45 | 811 45 |r 9 450 | 410) » 45 3 10
mz7o |9 1 gee Tey 7S) (hq 8) a7 22 3 9
im 6 6xS G43 15 1 8 15 4:6) oy 15 3 8
30 9 8 30 rie 3e 4.5 4h 93 30 3 6
aq (iid 2 we CUE e “ae Ail ts 45 aig
8-0 10 7 8 0 Ens y ATG as 8 0 3 3
15 II 3 15 1 33 ys Zeto| a3 15 3 2
30 += | IE 10 go «|r 22 3° S28, oF 30 ai
45 |12 § 45 “fn 4 45 gu6| i 45 Zia
9 0 i g9 0 rt 922 3 4, » 9 © Zio
a Pits 9 me: CaeS ms 5 ul: 3 15 2 41
go 4 5 go. ojo mr 3° soll” 94 30 2 9
45 Th iT 45 oO 103 3) Zclo| 8 45 29
oo |15 9 10 0 |o 10 FOES 211| 4, |l10 0 abs
as in6 8 rs ‘lof 9} t5 aeRo}| 4 15 wg
30 7 3 30 ° 9 3° Zo Gs 30 Ainley
45 rf 11 45 o 83 45 Zearsl a 45 2 6
Tr o 1 5 II 4.0 o 7 wes ZeeO! OG eee) z 6
15 18 Io PMs o 63 3 3-16} 33 15 2 5
2 | oF o 6 39 Geax) . a] 30 Hrs
7 45P.MJO 53 45 PM 4.0 Gh Hg 45PM.| 2 5
144,
Hutt.
Time. | Tide.
hm ft. in.
IZ OAM.|19 11
15 Holme 2)
30 oes
45 oe
Io ZO) 83
15 Poy in
30 19 IC
45 j19 8
2, 10 19 5
15 1gi +2
30 litehes tg
45 |18 5
Vo) 17 10
15 17 3
30 16 97
45 15 11
“a o 15 1
15 14 6
30 13 8
45 Et) $3
5 0 TZ 17,
15 Iz 2
30 Ir 8
45 EE. /15
60 10 10
15 10 7
62 ene
45 10 4
7 Oo 1a 3
15 To 05
30 10 8
45 Ti ‘0
8 o Ir 5
15 II Io
30 ize 45
45 ene)
es Us 7
15 14% 1
32 14 7
45 cS
Io oO I5 9
15 16 5
30 a ee
45 |17 8
II oO 18 3
15 18 10
oo 19 4
45A.M.JI9 9
REPORT—1864.
May 15.—1864.
Wind.
GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.r.
Time. |Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide. fWind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
12 OAMJo 52) S.E. |/I2 OAM.) 5 | S.
15 Og 15 5 11| W.
30 o 4 30 6 To} 45
45 0033 45 7 6 3»
1 ae) ol if) Siokt|- gs
15 o 8 15 8 8 ”
3° ion 30 9 2 9
45 I 4 45 Oo .ss7 ”
oa) res 20 9 Io] »
15 I or 15 190 Oo ”
a2 243 32 IO 3) 3»
45 2 5 45 Io 2 ”
8 ye 2 Bis 3.0 9 II} 5
us 2 10 15 9 P| Ae
$2) ae 30 9 Fe3|'
45 2 114 45 8: 40|. es
4.0 2 10 40 8 aa! nas
15 2 9 I$ Seo] ss
30 2 8 30 7 8) te
45 2, 07 45 7 228) ws
5 0 2 65 5 2° ft BO) Bs
15 2 6 15 6 9]
3° 2 43 3° 6586 ”
45 2a 45 6 3)
60 |2 13\w.nw.]] 6 o Gasol es
15 Ze 15 5 10] &.
30 pe ES) 30 57 los
45 I 105 45 5 a4. a3
HO I 9s 7 0° ete ec
15 Tr abs 15 4 II ”
30 Loy 3° 4 9] N.W.
45 t 6 45 4:7)
ae) ae 80 ARTS5| op
15 I 3 15 4 2 ”
30 X 433 oe 4.9 »
45 rear 45 2 sEt|) as
9 0 I 0 Pao 3.9) »
£5, Moga st) 3 il)
39 = fo Io 3° 3. 5}
45 jo 9 45 8 uke) 2
10 0 o 8 Io 0 3b le 4g
15 OFF 15 3 | > ss
30 o 63 39 20] as
45 oO a6 45 2 ET sy
rm 40 o (6 II o Bis |! as,
IS Jo° 5 ar) 311| 3
30 D fas 3° 4 3 ”
45AMJO 44 A Sree TAO! skies
Nazurn Lock.
Tide. | Wind.
Time.
hm ft.
I2 OAM,} 2
15
30
45
z 20
15
30
45
2 0
15
30
in.
Calm.
N.W.
OWN coun OP ODWOdDO OHH NDNWHHWHAAHA
i!
Ow
oe
aS
nA
PY PPP YPN DNDN VOY WHHWWHWWHWHWWYWHAAAAAAAABRWWYPNNNYNNNNNNNNKNNNDNDN
PUN DAO 0 OH OH NW HB DN CMO
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS, 145
May 15.—1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Gootz. Nasurn Locx.
Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. | Tide.} Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
I2 OP.M/20 2 12 OP.MJo 43] NW. 12 OPM) 5 2) N.W. 12 OPM)! 2 4
15 pm) 5 15 °o 4 15 Orr): 23; 15 2h) 4.
30 20) 7 30 oe 3 30 65, 8}, 95, 30 2, 3
45 |20 8 45 |O 23 45 Te 5) 24 45 Ons 3
Io 20 9 Io ob 2 Io S$) 2) 9, Io 2) 3) “Ww.
15 20 8 15 oF a 15 $7) 25 15 2 2
30 20 7 30 o 1 30 On 4) Ss, 30 BEI 2)
45 209 5 45 oS 45 es) 45 2 1
20 20 2 2 0 or 5 2 0 IO 2] 5; 2 0 2 1
15 19 Io 15 o 6 15 10 5| 3 15 2 0
30 19 5 30 mW ir 30 Ton 8) O5; 30 2 o| W
45 |19 0 45 | 53 45.) airar 8) ta, 45 2 0
3.0 18 6 3.0 I 9 3.0 Toe Fes, 319 2 0
15 18 0 15 wr 3 15 Io 4) 5 15 2 2
30 17 4 30 29 30 9 To) ©» 3a 2 5
45 |16 7 45 |3 © 45 9 6 Bz 45 a)
4.0 15 11 4.0 0 4 0 OF 1); Oss 4 0 ont
EG, IS 3 rs: |eias 15 8 8 15 3 6
39 147 30.3 4a le 8 4) » 30 4 2
45 13 Io 45 3 4 45 8-o » 45 4 6
5 9 13 3 5 0 3 OF 5 0° Ti 8 ” By te 4 11) W
15 a 15 2 11¢ 15 Ter 4h B45 15 Gt i
30 12 2 30 2 9 30 Tet) OF, 30 5 0
45 rt 6 45 7 45 6 10} 5, 45 4 11
6 0 II o 60 2 7] Nw. || 6 0 Get oI @,, 60 4 9] Ww.
15 TOY 5 15 Mm 6 15 68 4) 23, 15 4 8
30 10 oO 30 2 43 30 Ge x) OF; 30 4 6
45 9 8 45 2 3 45 5 10) 45 45 eo
To 9 4 70 am ir 7 0° oe 8).%,, 70 mel a
15 Dy x 15 2? 'o 15 Ge Ol 25, 15 3 11] 8.E.
30 8 Io 30 I Il 30 5h! 4), Ps, 30 3 Io
45 8 11 45 I 10 45 of Tes 45 318
8 o 9 0 8 o I 9g 80 Ae 1c] 9, 8 o Bt 7
15 9 2 Sta 15 4 8) 5 15 3 6
} 30 9 6 30 I 6% 32 4) 6}\ 5; 30 3 6
| 45 9 Io 45 |r 5 45 4 44 » 45 BR5
19 0 Toe 3 9 0 Ih % eS. 4 2) » Sige) 3 4
me 15 10 Io 15 & 3 a5 4 OF y 15 Sar,
i) 30 In) 5 30 I 2 32 3 10} 5, 30 3 1
45 I2 2 45 re 45 ah Si) Bs 45 ie
|I0 o 12s 9 Io oO Io Io 0 Bh 6h G. 10 Oo a0
15 13 6 15 o II 15 Bh) 4 es, 15 211
30 14 2 30 o 10 3° au sor, 30 2 10
45 |14 9 45 jo 9 45 3 1 oy 45 2 9
bs ame) TS 5 IIo o 8 EL» 9 Pisa @ dy cone SO |b di aa. 20) 8
15 16 2 15 Oo 7% 15 KO ira 15 27
30 16 8 30 o 7 3° 2a\- Oi “OF, 30 24/6
45P.M.|/17 6 45P.M.jo 6 45PMi 2 8) ,, 45P.M.| 2 6
1864, L
146 ; REPORT— 1864.
May 16,—1864.
Hot. GAINSBOROUGH. Gooxz. Naszurn Locg.
Time. |'Tide./Wind. || Time. |Tide./Wind.|) Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. | Tide./Wind.
h m= |{ft. in. h m_{ft. in. h m_ (ft. in. h m_ (ft. in.
IZ OAM.|18 2 12 OAMJO 5 | N.N.E. ||12 OAM! 2 9] S.E, |/12 OAM.) 2 5
15 1p 17 15 °o 5 15 3 2| + 15 Ori 5
30 fig ez 30 Oo 43 30 45108) ass 30 a 4
45 |19 6 45 0 4% 45 4 3] » 45 2 4) Calm.
Io 19 Io Io Oo 4 Io 4 TI) oy Io 2 3
15 20; 7 15 Oo 33 15 5 8 » 15 G3
39 20 4 39 jo 3 3° 6 5) » 30 2 2
45 20:5 45 Os 2 -45 7 2 45 2 2
20 29 7 2 0 o Id 20 me ttl ys 20 Be 3
15 20 6 15 o 1% 15 San | ee 15 2 0
30 20 4 30 o 1 30 grr 2| ap 30 2 0
45 20 2 45 Qos 45 Oi7| Bb 45 21 ol
360 19 Io 3.0 o 6 gio 9 IO] 45 3/50 Iai
15 19 7 15 Io 15 103) 3) bh 15 Iu
30 Ig | 2 30 19 '5 30 TOL! §| wy 30 141
45 18 Io 45 Typat 45 TO; 6l\ wa, 45 r 10) Calm.
4 0 18 4 4.0 ie 7 4.0 TORE (S| Gs, 4.0 I 10
15 17 10 15 2 10 15 10:52) wy 15 I 10
3° 7 2 30 3478 ae OY) 2D 30 2 1
45 |16 6 45 B 2 45 9 4 » 45 2 3
5.0 15 9 5.0 3 2 5 0 8 XI] «,, 5 0 2 8
15 |15 2 a5 eis = 15 8 7] » 15 ay) 3
30 14 6 30 act 30 Sch 2] ig 30 gr! -7
45 1g 0 45 ae Base) TE 9| 3 45 4 2
60 igi fi 60 3 0 | ES.E. || 6 0 Tnt Si-coss 6 0 4 6|Calm.
2 iz 8 15 2 8 15 7 3) 8.E. 15 4 9
30 Zz 50 30 z 6 30 6; FI) oy 30 ae)
45 gett £7 45 |2 4 45 6 8 6» 45 5 0
7 0 Iz | 2 7.0 2p Be 70 6215) O55 7,0 4 9
15 Io 10 15 2a i 15 6242) ax 15 A 7
33) rp 5 ae Eyles 30 5:21) op 30 4 5
45 10 3 45 aa 45 ee) ea 45 4 3
8 0 Io 2 ie) Tes 80 Be) Gl s,s 80 git
15 Ip | 1 15 1 8 15 54 sh 15 ea
30 TO°)3 30 Rge7. 30 5H 3] Of 3° 379
45 |10 6 45 pitas 45 4 10] ;, 45 3 8
9 0° Io Io 9° Tend. 9 0 461-8] G5; ° ar°°7
TS tlre 1S a5 ieee 15 4 6 ,, 15 3 6
30.02O«IE 9 30.0 Jt 38 30 4 4 » 30 35
45 215 45 73 45 4 2 45 34
Io oO I2 II Io oO I iy Io Oo 4340) 9,5 10 oO sro 3
15 13.)7 15 1 1 15 3.11) 15 Bit 2
Be na 3° nae 39 3579/0 3° ar 3
45 |14 8 45 jo 41 45 S07 7| sage 45 3 0
II oO 15 4 II oO Oo 9f Ir 0 Z6)'5| ar at itr 5c 2 11
15 16 0 15 ° 9 15 3613) 26 15 2 10
30 «6/16 8 30 o 8 30 Shi 2! ox 30 2 9
45AMII7 4 10 7 45A.M.| 3 © 2 9
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 147
May 16.1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.e. Nasurn Lock.
Time. | Tide.)Wind. || Time. | Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide. ices Time. | Tide.|Wind.
hom + }ft/)in. h m ‘/ft, in. h m “ft. in. h m ‘ft, in.
12 OP.M.J|I7 10 12 OPM.JO 6 | E.S.E.|/12 OP.M.| 2.11} 8S. ||12 OPM] 2 8] s.
15 13 6 15 o 6 15 3 3] S.S.W. 15 BF,
30 Ig 1 30 or S55 30 S10} Of 30 2h) 7
45 Ig 6 45 [0 5 45 4 4! 455 45 2 6
Io 19 10 Io o 43 Io 4 10] ,, Io 26
15 aS 15 O 43 15 ey Si) & 15 ie
30 2 «6 30 Oo 4 30 Go| Of, 30 2 4
| 45° j20 8 45 |O 33 45 6 8 45 2 4
20 20 10 2.0 Oo 3 2 0 Te) TNs, 26 2° 3) 8H:
15 20 10 15 oS i25 15 8 5| SE. 15 at 3
30 20 9 30 o 4 30 G? -o|| OF 30 2
45 20 6 45 jo 1 45 9 7) » 45 2 2
ee} 20 3] « | 3.0 a ft 3.0 9) 10) ©, 3.0 on
15 Ig II 15 Oo 23 15 TOM 7) 2%, 15 2 Ft
30 I9 7 30 o 8 30 1G); S| Ye; 30 2 0
45 a) 2 45 P'3 45 TOE O | 85 45 tee
4.0 18 8 40 t 6 4.0 10 Io] _,, 4.0 a
15 ae 15 2.0 15 Toy 8) 2%, 15 2 4) SE.
30087 4 39 |2 og 30. «ro 3], 30 2 6
45 |16 7 45 |2 10 45 9 8) 45 2 9
5.0 15 10 5.0 ar 5.0 Ge 5) 2, 50 a
15 1 2 15 ‘lah BY 15 eS ae 15 30),
30 14 6 30 3 6 30 & 9 95, 30 4 1] faown.
45 |13 9 45 |3 53 45 8 5] 45 a GPeae
60 i3 0 60 3 33] BS.E. |] 6 © Si 5) G5 60 is 66
a5 a) 15 3 08 15 % Ol 23: 15 sess)
30 II Io 30 = jo 30 mst Re, 30 Vaaze)
45 |Ir 2 45 |2 92 45 % 3 ts 45 6 3) SE.
7A@ id | 7 by Pale 2 83 7 5O @ ro) @.! 770 5 11
15 To 2 15 2 le 27 15 6 7] «4 15 5 10
30 g 10 30 jz 30 6 4 5 30 5 9
45 9 4 45 |2 43 45 6 1 5, 45 5 |Deals up.
ae) 8 11 8.0 2 3 8 0 Hiroe: 8 0 4 9|
15 8 7 15 9 |2 0 15 5 3, 15 4 5
30 8 3 30 I 11 30 Ee Gag; 30 4 I): SE.
45 8 2 45 |r ix 45 5 4 » 45 3.11
9 0 5) 2) 9.0 I Io 9 0 a re 9 0 Big
15 8 4 x5 |f (8h 15 4 10] ,, 15 g. 7
30 8 8 30k O78 30 4 7| » 30 3 5
45 9 1 45 |t 6 45 4 5) » 45 lee
Io o 9 6 10 oO z 16 10 0 A 2 eo 3 10 0 Ri 7
15 TO. 2 15 Tr 55 15 #: Ol 24; 15 Ht io
30 Io 10 30 m4 30 J 10) OF," 30 POae wt
45 |1r 6 45 |1 3 45 3 8 5 45 2 10
II o : 2 II 0 Ee 12 Le a. Ghee. W ee itr-“o 2 8
15 12 11 15 E io 15 Fi alee; 15 2G)
30 a3. 9 30 Oo 11% | 30 F-2)ee,; 30 2 6
45P.M.|14 7 45P.M.\o 10d 45 2-M.| J APs, 45 PM.) 2 5
148 REPORT—1864.
May 17.—1864.
Hutt. GAINsporovucH. Gooxe. Nasurn Lock.
| Es
Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide.|Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind.
ne zee | ittayimé lh m_ . |ft.am. h m_ /ft. in. lh m_ {ft. in.
I2 OA.M. mS 3 12 OA.M.|O 9 E.S.E. ||I2 OA.M.| 3 © 8.E. 12 OAM.) 2 4
15 16 1 tan o 8 rs) gi, ain) ees 15 2 4
30 16 8 30 on 7 30 2. 9) os» 30 2) 3
45 |17 5 45 0 6 45 2 8 » 45 2 2
Io 17 11 Io ° 53 Io S| Bey Io 2 2
15 18 6 15 oy 5 15 ZMIOC|, FF; 15 2 1
30 819 2 30. 0 4a 30 3.4, » 3° sak Mad
45 |19 8 45 |O 4 45 4 1» 45 2 0
2 0 ZO PI By 9(e) oO 33 2 0 AIO! ©; 2 0 2 0
15 20715 15 a 3 15 5 Io] 4 15 Iii
30 20 8 30 Oy 25 30 6 9| 5, 30 I 10
45 ae) se, 45 ae 45 hs AN 4) 45 oe,
Smo) 20 II ZS) o 1% 3.0 SIS) Ge 3.0 1 8
15 20 10 15 °o 13) 15 9 Oo] °5; 15 iy
30 20 8 30 o 1 30 ont 6] eg; 30 nF
45 201155 45 oa 45 LG}! Ol), Pay 45 1 6
40 20 2 4.0 Oo 4 4 0 TO) 4) Gis 4.0 1 6
15 I9 8 15 o 10 15 ra: Ses; 15 1 6
30 19 3 30 mg) 30 IO 10} 5; 30 1 6
45 |18 a1 45 |1 9 45 |Ir Oo] 4 45 I 7
5 tO TS) 5 5.0 Ze 2 5 0 IO 10] | ;, 5 0 I 9
15 17 8 15 2 6 15 IO) °7|| P43: 15 I 1
30 17 | 2 30 ZS) 30 Io O| 4, 30 2) 3
45 |16 5 45 |3 4 45 : Oe 45 2 8
60 15 8 60 3 6| ESE. || 6 0 9 2/8.3.E. || 6 0 3. 2| SE.
15 aA Ee 15 sie 15 8 10), 15 Bi 7,
218 14 3 3° Sim 30 8 5} 30 4 1
45 |13 6 45 |3 6 45 8 oO} ys 45 4 6) [aown
7° |12 9 7° |3 4 7 ve 7 8 7 0 #3 Deale
si) 12) 12 15 Be i= EY HG za Oe) a 15 a7
30 Ir 8 30 3) 1 30 Tay 12 Saks 30 6° 2
45 mr) 1 45 2 Io 45 G16} #4, 45 6 1
8 o ID). 7 8 0 2 8% 8 0 7|) 55 8 0 6 0
15 KO) 2) 15 a 7 15 GE Al Ss; 15 5 10
30-18 |toO ) 8 30 2 6 30 Gl x) ak 30 5 8
45 9 4 45 |2 42 45 5 IO] 4, 45 5 O|Deals up.
ogo oy 2 9.9 zs Lye BYE 7) Say 99 4 7
15 8 10 15 Dyer 15 Al hy 15 4 4
30 8 11 30 I II 30 Bi 2) Oe; 30 As
45 ee 45 ese) 45 4 11) 45 Btn
10 0 9-5 10 0 % 9 10 0 AS 9) Otyy 10 oO 3 9| SE.
15 g 10 e5 oy pe iB 15 4 7) » 15 a7
30 = {to 6 Bo wale: £7 30 4 5| 4» 30 3 6
45 |ir 2 45 |r 6 45 4 3) » 45 3 5
II oO II 10 II oO rae II 0 A G|| Ny hay eI Br te
15 12 7 15 y 3 15 Ste! 6 15 Ge)
30 4 4 30 r 2 30 gh 8! Ue, 30 aH 2
45 ASS Xe ¢| 45A.M.jI I 45 AM! 3 97) 59 45A.M.| 3 1
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS, 149
May 17.—1864.
Huu. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.e. Nazurn Lock.
Tide. |Wind. || Time. | Tide./Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind. |} Time. Tide. Wind.
ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.| |
9 I2 OP.M|r° oO | S.W. |[I2 OP.M.| 3. 5| S.E. |l12 OPM.) 3 0} SE. |
6 15 oO Ilys 15 4 1968 15 2 11
3 30 Oo II 30 ey Oe 30 2 10
2 45 © 10 45 31 1S) Hiss 45 2 9
9 Io ° 9 Io PLN, ens) 2G)
5 15 o 8 15 ZO! @F,, 15 2 8
4 30 Sat 30 Bt Sha 3 3° eet a7,
9 45 jo 6 45 3 6 » 45 2 7
2) Zao Oo 43 2 0 fing WE A es 2 0 D9,
8 15 oO Bs 15 Br) Ol as 15 2 8
° 30 o 3 30 Bera hs 30 2 §
4 45 |O 22 45 7B © % 45 2 8
6 3.0 o 1 3150 Sarco! gio 2 8] Sz.
7 15 Ou /T 15 9 0 ; 15 2 8
6 30 Oo I i; 30 g 1c! "5, 30 2 9 1
5 45 o 1 45 IO S| GS 45 Zz 9
II | 4.0 anni 4.0 Konto) 35 4 0 2G
6 | 15 o 6 | ae Pipers! 2%, 15 2 10
I 30 34 30 Irn 7| &.5 30 2 10
7 45 2 0 45 1x 9} 25, 45 eh)
° 5.0 iza6 | 5 0 IDO) “55 50 211] SE
4 15 3 OF 15 Borel! Ray 15 a7 9
8 3036 30.0 fax 4] 30 WE
we 45 oo ao 45 Io 6, 45 S11 7
2 60 4 0] SE 6 0 TOL 2) 60 4 1 &.
4 25 a 3 15 9 9 » 15 4 10
7 30 4 4 312 OF Al a3 30 bree!
10 45 |\4 2 45 8 Io} ;, 45 511
c 7 0 3 10 oft oe 5) 70 Gros
5 15 3 63 15 3? Tears 15 6 8
8 30 ae iis 30 Ta Sheers 30 6 10
© 45 |3 4 45 Zi Spee 45 6 10
3 8 0 ee 8 o Te) Zhe. 8 o 6 6
10 15 gy a 15 Gite! as 15 6 4 |
3 30 AE Ot 30 63).7) *% 30 6F) 2
8 45 |2 9 45 6 4) » 45 6 ©
2 9 0 ze a, 9 0 6 1 : 9 0° 5 10] 8.E.
II 15 adel 3) 15 5 Io) ;, 15 5
3 ESD Lal ages) 30 ST 30 #16
6 45 |2 4 45 5 4] 45 ae:
6 10 0 2 35 10. 0 Se LT, SF lino; fo ee
9 15 DAs 15 4Xrol tf 15 Gea
2 30 2h 2 30 Ar Sh 5 30 Ge:
8 45 jz 1 45 4 5) 45 ao
8 II oO Ze II o Ariat 8. 28inro 5 ©
2 15 III 15 ALTE Es iG 5.0
Ic 30 I 103 30 Sige || Tass 30 4 12
9 45P.M.i1 8 7S 2 | 45 P.M.) 4 11
150 } REPORT——1864..
May 18,.—1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. GooLe. Nasury Locr.
Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide.|Wind.|} Time. | Tide./Wind.
h m_ (ft, in. hom itt: m_ {ft. in. h m_ ft. in.
12 OAM.|12 6 IZ OAM |r 6| SE. |l12 OAM) 3 7}. 8.E. ||12 OA.M.! 4 10) Calm.
15 et 5 15 i Fy I5 Bua 0) abe 15 4 10
3° 14 3 aie ye, 30 3245] aps 30 4 9
45/15 2 45 | 23 45 3. 3) >» 45 4 8
T 6 16 I se) I of iirc) 33, Til, aac 16 4 8
15 16 8 15 I oF 15 211) was 15 oo) 7
30 uy) 6 30 Oo Ilys 30 2.10] —» 30 A 7
a i) 45 |O Ios 45 2 9! 45 4 6
D3 Ko) 18 11 2G o 8 2,0 Za Oth mes 2 0 4 6
15° |79), 9 15 0 62 15 %) 1] ap 15 4 5
30 20 5 30. jo G 30 4 Oo 35 30 4 5
45 20 II 45 oS 45 Sar OF a3 45 4 4
3.0 Ze 1 & 3.0 Oo 4 3.0 GAZ eas: 2510 4 4
15 21 8 15 4 5) de T) og -15 4 3
30, |2n xs 390 3 30 8 7)» 30 4 2
45 22 2 45 |O 23 45 9 5) oa 45 4 1
4.0 2212 4.0 On 4.0 Tins! ass, 4 0 1 Kel
15 21 10 15 °o 15 15 TOshO]| aa, 15 Aetir
30 Izu 7 30 Oj ox 30 Eee Tl) sates 30 aed
45 |21 4 45 jo 83% 45 [ir 6 4 45 3.11
5.0 20 9g 5 0 1% 43 N 50 IZ. 0) Ass iyere! 3 10
15 20 3 15 2 0 15 T2h°3| Sa 15 CG)
30, Ig 8 3° \4 [2107 ZO. TZ 4} gg 30 3 8
45° |¥9 1 £5 1) |3yr 6 45 | WIZ) 3) 42 45 3 8
6.0 ES) 7 60 3 10 N. 60 1h We Col | ees 60 3.1 9
8) Sis) 15 4 3 15 II 3) os 15 4 2
30 16 11 30 4 6 30 TO.) 31> aes 30 410
45 |16 13 45 |4 7 45 |10 I) » 45 5 6
FS |) te | 3 7° 4 9 7 Pe) deDe | Tous Pee 6 0
15 |14 6 15 |4 6 15 9:2] 15 6 6 nw.
39 «13, «9 30/4 3 30 8 9 os 30 6 10
45 13 0 45 |3 9 45 8 4) 45 7 2
8 0 TA! 8 o oe 7 8 o SBEO| =a, 8 o 7 4
15 Tt 1S 15 3, 6 15 ToS) 5 15 pha)
30.0 2 a0. + 13). 5 30 7 5| 9 30 6 10
AS ite 17 45 |3 4 45 7. 3| om 45 6 8
9 0 Io 0 9 0 gp 2 9 0 Ghali, 9 0 6 4
15 9 6 15 35 0 15 Gin 7) ax 15 6 31
30 9) 30 2 10 30 6 4) Nw. 30 5 10
45 8 9 45 |2 8 45 6 3) » 45 5 6
10 oO 8 Oo Io oO 2. 6 10 oO RETO dass Io o a 4.
15 8 4 1S igi2e 5 15 Se Ths pa 15 5 3
30 3 5 3923 30 Sep! ‘ea 30 5 2
45 8 8 45 2 2 45 5st) 39 45 5 Oo Nw.
Il 0 gq 1 1 10 2 O8 1I oO ABIG!! #4; s i|0T 2 4 10
15 9 8 15 I 11g 15 4a Sl sag 15 4 8
30 10 4 30 I 109 30 Ag 6|) wens 30 Age,
A5A.M.IEI O 45AM.|1 8a 45A.M| 4 3] 3, 45A.M.| 4 6
a
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. . 151
May 18.—1864.
Hou. GAINSBOROUGH. _ Goous. Naxnurn Loce.
Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide.|Wind. |} Time. | Tide.) Wind. || Time. | Tide.) Wind.
h ms fft. in. h m _|ft. in. hy, m. jf. an. h m_fft. in.
I2 OP.MJ|II 9 12 OP.M.|I 63) .N.w. ||I2 OPM) 4 1] N.W. [112 OPM) 4 5
IZ 7 15 I 53 15 357°) “as 15 4 4
ng. 17 39 JI 3a 30 Syi8} "exp 30 4 3
14 5 45 I 23 45 Sai Tle 45 4 1
ES 13 Io 1 1 |E.bynj} r 0 BG) ts Io 4,10} > SN.
16 0 15 Ty © 15 3.1 4| aw 15 3 10
16 Io 30 or 30 ETE pF 30 3 8
17 10 45 9 10 aS 3: 9} os 45 Suh
1S 17, 2.0 o 8 2 0 2 TTI) p55 20 5,6
19 5 15 ° 15 EN {| ES 15 3.15
20 1 30 «jo 6 30 3) S| toss 30 3 4
20 10 45 Ce 45 4 OF » 45 3353
21 4 3.50 o 3 3.0 411) 5 3.0 3 2
2m 9 15 Oo 2% 15 GM ah oe 15 3.1
22 2 30 o 2 30 ye ol ae 30 g,70
22 4 45 Oo 1% 45 Sard) mas 45 3,19
22 6 40 Ge 40 9 8 5, 4.0 a i
22 7 15 o of 15 FQ ee) aa 15 2111 Ww.
2m 14. 30 Oo oF 30 BC, Fd ne 30 2 10
22 0 45 o of 45 TEE 9) ox 45 2 10
21 6 5 0 Fez ee) a 5 9 29
21 0 15 2 0 15 1) 15 200
20 «5 30 2 8 30 12 9) 1» 30 2 9
Ig 10 45 3 32 45 12 10} E.S.E. 45 2.9
t@ (2 60 3 11 | E.n.z. || 6 o a A Ht, 6 0 3.2
13 5 15 eas 15 12, 2) 8.5 15 2... Ol) ok
ne 7 30 Ao e7 30 EE. Ol) Bas 30 pea Ke)
16 8 45 |5 0 45 |10 10) 45 4 9
15 8 Lo Beat To TO, | 3) Cong 700 5 4
14 10 a 5: 2 15 9. .9|- sx U5) 6 ©
14 0 30 «5 8 30 9 4 » 30 6 7
Hp 1 45 |4 6 45 8 6 ys 45 714
ne +3 8 0 4 3 8 0 Sai oss 8 0 7 Gl A
TF 17 15 Anris 15 So. Gl ae 15 7 2s
Io 10 30 3 10 30 Tee Ol seas 30 a
Io. 2 45. |3 10 45 7 6 oy 45 6 8
9 7 90 tise gz 9 0 Tall ee 9 0 6 4
9 © 15s wiae3 15 7 ol 5% 15 6 1
ae 30 Qiu 2 30 6,7 5], te 30 5 10
8 0 45 |3 32 45 6 5) os 45 517
77 IG o Sa 2 10 0 6. ol) oe 10 0 1A ie:
2 15 rat 15 Se tGl) ate 15 Z [Oo
6 11 30 2 11 30 idly er 30 4 10
6 Io 45 |2 10 45 5 4] 2 45 4 8
6 11 II o 2 8% II 0 | es ie | ob Boy 4.57
e 8 15 [2 53 15 411)» 15 4 5
7 Io 30/24 30 4.9] » 3° 4 3
fae 6 45P.Mi2 4 APM) A Zl, we 45P.M| 4 I
REPORT—1864.,
May 19.—1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Gootz.
Time. | Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide.|Wind.|) Time. | Tide.|Wind.
hm ff. in h m_ ft. in. ‘hom (ft. in
12 OAM) 9 4 IZ OAM|2 2|EN.E.|/12 oAM.! 4 4] S.EL
15 10 =% 15 Ze Gy i 1s 4 2) Be
30 1. 3 30 2 0 30 4°10) 35
45 Ir 11 45 1 15 45 gtzo| #3)
Io 12 10 Io I 10 Io g47S1™- 45
15 139 15 1 83 15 a5 161 33
30 |14 10 go "ln 7 30 3 41 »
45 |1§ 10 45 |r 6 45 3% 3)
20 16 10 ZNO ) ain 20 362). Bs
15 |13 3 i in 4 15 3 Oo} 45
30 18 11 30 Ee 35 30 Bert We
45 Le 45 ees 45 210; 5,
3g 0 20 5 3.0 Tt © 3.0 210) 4;
15 2a Fe 15 o 10 15 3°77 24
30 21 9 30 o 8 30 AMG)
45 |22 2 45 |o 6 45 5°11) ty
40 22/6 4.0 o 43 4 0 weg Se.
15 22 9 15 o 33 15 8 10] ,,
30 22 11 30 Sines) 30 Tov 2) OF
45 22 11 45 0 23 45 rr )3) 43
5.0 22 10 5.0 oO" 2 5.0 parol) G;
15 22 5 15 oF 15 12 5) E.S.E.
30 22 O 30 o 10 30 IZeL0)
45° 28 15 45 |2 6 45 13, 2] 45
60 20 II 60 3 5 |=ENE. || 6 0 IZA By
) 200s 15 4 1 15 13 5] »
30 {19 8 30/45 } 30 13 2] 4»
45 19 0 45 4 10 ie 2 Gl ge
7 Oo 18 2 770 5 2 7° Ss TDRPyO|*<%,,
i (ea ic) Signs ts. | HEths) ty
Bo) $h (re 5 Zo. ise 7 30) 7 roel 7) Re
45 |15 6 ee ee | 45 ‘202 1) &
Bra C4 17 a ibis. © 80 97 7) “ss
15 Le, 15 yes FS 9 3) »
go |. tg. 30/4 7 30 8 10;
45/122 45 4 3 | 45 a)
9 0 Ir 7 9 0 aed 9 0 Sip Fs
15 10 10 15 4 0 15 gti) By
30, 10 4 30.0 3 aT 30 |
45 9 5 45 |3 9 45 7 2 4
10 oO 8 10 10 0 3 64 10 0 6tro| &,
15 8 5 H5) (13% 5 Hae) Gi7|' &
30 8 © yO Vie 8 | 30 6 4 4,
45 7 8 as P13" 5a | 45 6tiol
lic eS II 0 2 112 LE <6 5 9 os
15 CS)? 15 |2 93 | 25 Pg ty
30 7 5 30, 2 63 | 30 grat
45A.M.| 7 11 45A.M.2 5% | Aga 58 Ch"? Gy
Nasvurn Lock.
Time.
hm
I2 OAM.
15
30
45
2 oe
15
30
45
2 0
15
30
45
15
3°
Tide.
=o
5
Leal
Ot W BUN DANIO + O
Calm.
—
~
es
PNY OO MPF OWN ON MO DO DOH OOK YPWWHEAHUDAHOWNO
PPRPAMAMMN DOAYNYAWYNN DAP HPWYNNN YY NNNNND DN DNDD NYWWHWHWWWWWWWF Ss
Calm.
Calm.
Calm.
8.E.
ee,
—_
; ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 1538
May 19.—1864.
|
GAINSBOROUGH. Goote. Nasvrn Lock.
Time. |Tide.|Wind.|| Time. | Tide.|Wind.|| Time. | Tide./Wind.
ih m _ (ft. in. iene it. an. (thi ms Tre. mn,
12 opm.i2 4 | =, |l12 oOP.M.| 4 9] ESE. |l12 OPM! 4 3
15 Peek] i) Pers 4 7| E.S.E. 15 4 2
go. 2 } 30 |4 5] » 30 | 4 0
45 |r 131g 45 4 3) » 45 3 10
Io I Io Io 79 et 4 Io 3. 9| SE.
5. [ie Se 15 3.11) ss 15 3 8
30 rE 63 |} 30 2G] Pare 30 36
45 I 5% 45 30 a 45 3.55
. Zo I 44 2 0 See Sh Pag ZO a
ag ie 2g 15 al es 15 a3
30 I 23 30 Sel Aas 30 Qerd
| 45 roti | 45 28 oS] ponte 45 oe
| 3.0 i 26 206 FANE OP 3.0 2 11] Sz.
15 Oo 10} 15 3 OF » 15 2 10
30 o 83 30 413 kK 30 2.9
i P45) eo a7a 45 5 4» 45 2 8
4.0 o 63 |4 0 (Oy oC) Nae 4.0 ty |
15 o 6 | = 55 Pie Pe i a 15 2 6
39 | 4 3° 9 7) » 30 2 5
45 o 4 45 169 45 255
: 5.0 io 5 0° um 6 y sur. eae
15 o 23 15 ees ere 15 2 4
zo jo 1d go [13 Oy, qo 1. ae
45 |2 5 45. Fras) Se, 45 2 4
| 6 0 gars) | “a.” Go. Olga ei oe bo 2 3
i 15 4 0 15 |13 10] S.E 15 2 2) Es
: 30 4 6 i = 40 19 °r0) ee, 30 ei i
7 45 |5 © S45) Cis 7. a as 29
é TO G26 7 0 1270) 7 0 as
15 aed 15 12 4 5 |) 15 4 3
so eee) Be i) 40° Piet ol e, 3° 5 4
45 Geir i as LL) Ofer, 45 6 0
| 8 0 60 8 o ra) Oley 8 o 6 11
15 |5 63) E 5 |10 oO 5, 15 Teed
39 (5p 3° 7 a3 30 8 0
4 93 45 Chas Devs 45 8 3] 8.
4 6 9 0 SS) ay Bed, gx
4 42 15 8 3} as 15 i rts]
4 3 30 Pie GaN Macy. 30 eel
4 13 | 45 Fy Th os a as 6 7
4 0 10 0 FAS Base ATO "0 6 4
3 11 15 Grrr) oe. Bl ne 6 0
3 10 30 Gy S| Pes. Bl 240 5 10
3 9 45 6 5) 1 45 5 8
Sah II oO Gra Ts; bY 1G En 6
ie 15 5 11) yy 15 5 4
we 30 5 8 30 5 2
eG 45PM.| 5 4| 4, || 453-M-| 4 12
Nasurn Locr.
Time. | Tide. |/Wind.
h .m: | sift:
I2 OAM) 4 8
15
30
45
I 50
aS
30
45
2.0
15
30
45
3.40
tS
30
45
154 REPORT—1864.
May 20.—1864.
Hutt | Garssorovcn. Goo.r,
| | |
Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. | Tide.| Wind.|| Time. | Tide.|Wind. ||
hm ft. in. |h m ft. in. hom —jiftain:
12 OAM) 6 2 12 OAM!2 93] E. |/12 OAM) 5 1| S.E.
15 6 8 15 2 53 15 4. 10] N.w.
3° ana. 30 2 4 3° Abe? as
45 8 6 45 |2 2 45 4 4| »
TO One7 ile (6) 2 14 i) te) 42) as
15 Io 6 15 I 4r13 15 ALMIO| aay
30 11 8 30 It to 30 Auto|! ana,
45 |12 7 45 |1 9 45 3 8
2; 40 ie 2.0 I 7% 2 0 Ca) a
15 14 10 15 5 15 3 4 »
30 15 11 30 I 23 30 Que? eae
45 17. 0 45 11 45 302) yas
ZO RS (a2 3.0 1 ee 3 40 3.940 43
15 KQ\1a3 15 o 113 15 Zi ET way
30 20 I 3° on ay 30 2 10 ”
45 21 0 45 oO 10% 45 2 Ql 4
4 0 2r 9 4 0 o 9 4 0 S005] egss
15 22) a5 15 o 83 15 ADL! “sas
30 22 11 30 °o 7% 30 Gida0)) as
45 Eee 45 o 62 45 El
Bic’ roe h vik 5 0 Oo 53 5 0 D609) ae
15 23 «6 15 Oo 43 15 DE ad | vies
30 23 «6 30 © (35 30 12 01| eps
45 23° «3 45 Oo 23 45 12 8 ”
60 22/10 » || 6°0 o 33) N. 60 FR ame
15 22 3 15 Ze i 15 E387) 9.23
3902C«*d2r 8 30! uid) 9 39 {13 9) os
45 20 10 45 4 8 45 3. WET || ea
7 0 20 2 7.0 Br) 8 Ws wh ei DSL|! ns
15 I9 8 15 BO 15 EON IB Ol aes
30 18 6 30 eG: 30 T2LT| eas
45 T7118 45 6.0" 45 12, I] 5,
8 0 16 10 8 oO 6 3 8 o Types || ys
15 16 0 15 ie) 15 IQ 9! .»
30 Ts tart 30 6 0 30 TCuees|| oss
45 |14 2 45 |5 6 45 O99! sae
9S 13.4 950 by a 9 0 9.03). gs
15 |12 3 5 |4 9 15 8 9 »
30 cr a0 30 4 8 30 Sal! Das
45 |10 8 45 14 58 45 8 o »
10 0 Iolh6(O Io Oo 4 3 19 oO 7 9 ”
15 9 2 15 AS Ad 15 A eee
30 Sic 30 4 0 30 Teh || ies
45 71 45 [3 93 45 6 9
Il 0 7 ag II oO 3 7% II o OnGl| aay
15 6 10 15 3 6 15 Gio! ga,
30 BAG BO: |walt ea 30 5.10] 5
454M.) 6 2 45AM.|3 If Ap AM 57 ss
-
un
AMAMMA DAQDYIN CWCNNIARMFPWONNYNPNYHNHDHNHDNHNDNHNNNYNHDNDNDNDYP RD NYWWHWWWWWAAALH
OW DC OP DWODMDAOWN WDONWNAWO OK HH NNDNWHA BUN DI HOO OO OHWUN DOO OKA A
Caln.
Calm.
Calm.
Calm.
a
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 135
May 20.—1864.
Huu. GAINSBOROUGH. Goose. | Nasurn Locr.
Time. |Tide./Wind.|| Time. |Tide.|/Wind.|| Time. | Tide.Wind. || Time. | Tide.| Wind.
Hd tG.emn. h, m9 jibeins hm ft. in. h m ft. in.|
TZ \OPM:) 5 2% 12 OP.M.|2 11¥] Sw. ||12 OPM) 5 4! Ww. |lt2 opm.) 4 I0
15 6 0 15 ZaLO 15 Rist T || oe 15 4 8
30 6 6 30 ame 30 ATO) jay 30 4 6
45 m2. 45 |2 6 45 4 8) «5 45 4 4 8.
Tie 8 o Io PINE Io Aig Ol s ro 405%
15 9 3 15 |2 of 15 Ae Al ay 15 3 11
3° Io 5 30 2 0 30 4 2) 45 3° 3 9
: 45 |tr 7 45 |r 10% 45; | ppeah en 45 3 7
eB} 2 0 TG 2 0 Iu 9 20 Sak Aiea, 2 0 Syl Gl! 65s
m 615) (lrg 8 TGe* ey |Cage 15 Se Sl ass 15 ay) 5
30 14 9 30 i. 6 8. 30 3. 6 sz 30 gk) 4
45 15 10 45 I 43 45 Fig Al) bss 45 3 3| W.
3.0 rz 16 ce. I 33] s.w. 70 Ber Oe. 3 0 Ae
15 Tig [1 15 1 15 Beh Die ais 15 305
30 Ig 6 30 I oF 30 Teale’ aaa 30 3 0] W.
45 20 6 45 I oO|W.NW. 45 2 l| SR 45 2 11
4,0 2k 4.0 o 114 4.0 Zetec 4.0 2 10
15 2202 15 ° 9 15 3 6 ” 15 2 9
30 22 9 30 o 8 30 AameA ian 30 Qu 8
45/23 3 45 |0 7 45 6 -8) Nw. 45 2 8
ere 23°°7 cate On 62 5 0 Se6h bane Del 7,
15 23°09 15 °o 6 15 TOMI ZF si 15 Din Gls as
30 23 10 30 Ci 30 T Tigh Ollie 30 Zel 5
45 23 10 45 °o 4 45 12 3) 45 2 5
6.0 zat 2s 60 °o.3/ N 60 TS Ol es 6.0 2 4| N.w.
BS 2%) 3 15 On3 15 13 5) NW 15 au 3
30 22 18 30 2 9 30 TS.1C(0 wee 30 2 3
45 21 10 45 3 Io 45 4 9 5 45 2 3
Zhe ype 4 5 750 I4 2 95 7 © 2 2
15 20 4 15 5 1 15 14 I) 4, 15 2 2
30 Ig 6 30 Sle aol 30 Tsp. S|) ies 30 2 6| Now.
45 13 6 45 5 11 45 12 10] NW 45 BullG
° ry 16 8 o 60 4 8 0 ES lla 8 0 |
15 16 6 15 fab 15 EE veh Of ing 15 R19
30 Ee iS 30 6 8 30 FOeEIL! 30 6 6
45 |14 Io 45 |6 6 45. j10 4] 4, 45 qi 5
13 10 9 0° 5 11} 9 0° Qetol” sas 9 0 8 3 —e
15 |t2 11 TSiy t4|5ee 8 15 9 5] os 15 8 9 Deals
30 T2410 30 5 of 30 GiB Ol) gaa 30 oe 7
45 [Ir 3 45 |4 9 45 8 7 4 45 8 2
xe Io 7 Io o 4 7 10 oO er | es IO o 7 9Q| Nw.
15 9 8 5 |4 5 15 7 11) 45 15 7 3/Deals up
390 9 2 30° 4 3 30 ie wh ” 30 65/7
45 8 5 45 |4 2 45 7/3) 4s 45 6 3
7 9 Ilo pete TG Gatti c, II oO 6 11
15 7 2 15) .|3 40 15 On 7 ss 15 5 9
30 6 8 305 2134 8 30 654) oe || 30 5 6
5P.M.| 6 o 45P.Mj3 6 45PM.| 6 o| ,, | A5P.M.| 5 3
156 REPORT—1864..
May 21.—1864.
om.” * GAINSBOROUGH. Goote. Nasurn Lock.
Time. |'Tide.|Wind.| Time. |'Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide. Wind. Time. | Tide./Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hom /ft. in. h m_ (ft. in.
TZ) OAM. § 8 12.70 AMIg* Aol) N, 12 OAM) 5° 9) N.° ll12 OAM) G oF
15 a 7 1. fis se 15 5 6 15 4 10
30 5 10 jo" ig" 2 3° SmeS|\ Pas 30 4 8
45 6 3 45 |3 0 45 5 oO 4» 45 4 6
if ae) PA Ea 8) 2 103! 10 AATO| 4; ro 4 4
15 8 2 15 2s 15 APTS Aes 15 ied
30 9: 05 30 27 | 30 4 6 » 30 4 0
45 |lo 5 45 |2 6 45 4 4 » 45 3 10
260 ir 6 Zao 2 4h 20 hae AMD 2 0 3 8
15 12 8 15 Zs 15 Aa Sor GF 15 q16
30 14 0 30 Zee 30 3.10)» 30 BY al
45 15 © 45 |2 0 45 3 8) 545 45 BES
3.0 ToT 2 3.0 I 10% 3°°o S 406i. #8, ro ek)
15 wie BA 15 ro us) 3 4) 15 ST Ee
30 18 11 30 1 8 30 qetait, Py 30 ao
45 20 oO 45 C7 45 3 O|N.N.W. 45 211
4 0 20 10 4,0 ar 5 40 210) ‘5; 4.16 2 10
15 2207 15 I 32 15 2° 9] 45 15 LO
30 22 30 30 1%) ap 30 cee AN an 30 2 to) “IN.
45 [23 6 45 jo 113 45 5 Po) ae 45 2 8
5.2 ae ty sy o 10 rg 7 6 3 a ae
a 24 5 15 cas 15 9." S| as 15 HY
30 24 8 30 o 83 30 Live 3) aesy 30 216
4524. 10 45 jo 8 45 |12 6 ,, 45 2 6
6 0 25 0 60 o 7) N 60 TSI bO| etsy 60 216
15 24 10 15 °o 6 | 15 14 4! N.N.W. 15 2 6) nw.
30 24 8 30 Oo 4 30 14. 10] ~ 5; 30 2 6
45 |24 0 45 |3 6 45 115 3] ow 45 2 6
pee Zi} SS) if 2) 4 7 ips 5) 55] 99 1? es 5
15 22 6 15 ke) 15 rs (16) ) 4 15 ee
30 2I 9 30 6 0 30 Pei] oy 30 2 5, N.
45 20 11 45 |6 9 45 l!4 7] 45 a. 1
8 0 20 2 re) sie) 80 i a co) mT) 8 0 aa Gh
15 19) | 2 15 7416 15 12) fO) “ 15 5 8
30 re 63 30 nD 30 12 “io| aby 30 6 11
45 |!7 3 45 |7 93 45 |Ir 5] os 45 8 0
9 0 16 4 9 0 hase) 9 0° IO 10} 4; 9 0° 9 oO
ile HES 25 G28 15 |10 4] 4, 15 Re
30 |14 6 go. 1G oes 3° 9 9} 1 32 = jlo o
ee 45 |6 o 45 9 3] 4» 45 g 11
190 Oo To) 0 Io 0 5 6 Io Oo 8 10) 4 10 oO g 5| N:
15 Tr tS 15 5 A: 15 3 46} — &, 15 8 10
30 Io II 30 aac! | 30 S42) 30 8 3
45 Shy) 45 5 1 45 7 10} 45 45 7 te
IIo 9 5 IIo 4 10 Ir o 6) o II 0 7 6
15 8 9 5 |4 9 15 7 2] %; 15 7 2
30 8 o 30 A 7 30 Gan) 5 30 6 10
45A4.M.) 7 5 45A.M.14 3 454M.) 6 9) ,, 454M. 6 5
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
May 21.—1864,
157
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Goore. Nasurn Lock.
Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide. Wind. |) Time. | Tide./Wind.
h m_ [ft. in. h m_ |ft, in. hm ft. in. h m_ [ft. in,
12. OP.M.| 7 © 12 OP.Mj4 13| N. ||12 OP.M.| 6 7|N.N.W. ||12 OP.M| 6 1
15 br-7 15 3 10 15 62) i) Sax. 15 5 10] NW.
30 (Jae i360) a8 9 30 bpi-ol. Oe 30 5 8
45 6 2 45 |3 73 45 5 9)» 45 5/6
Io 6 | 5 EO 3 6 Ww. Io ia 6} o;, ro 5 4
15 7 Be 15 3 32 15 5) +3) 9 5) 5x03
30 7 10 30 3 2 30 5) Oly ae 30 Epa
45 a 9 45 3 0 45 4 10)» 45 4 11
2,0 9 9 20 2 93 20 4) 8) Oy z 0 4 9
15 II oO 15 2 81 15 Amy iG) 83, 15 a
300/122 go jz 63 30 43) » 3° 45
45 aS) 3 45 2 5 45 sig Weel | Se ade 45 + 4
a 2 m 5 The 2 3 &) AS 3 11) 3», 3 0 45. 3}, VAs
15 |15 8 TSh eZ 15 3.9) » 15 4 2
30 16 I0 30 1 113 30 eG | mare 30 4.0
45 18 2 45 |r 10 45 3 5) » 45 3.11
4° j19 6 #0 ) | 9 4.0 3 4, » ||4 0 3 9
15 20 6 15 1 8 15 Eee aear 15 318
30 ee. 7 3° I 7 30 3 2] 5 30 SA as
45 |22 6 45 |r 6 45 3-3 » 45 3 6
5 Oo [23 2 5° |r 43 5 0 4F 2) Mat | 59 ar G6
15 23 10 15 re 3 15 6) 8) +3; 15 ah 5
30 24 3 30 I 2 38 8 8) 30 3 4
45 ear 7. 45 rol 45 TOU Sir oe 45 3h 3
60 24. 9 6.0 te O°] =cW: 6 0 1281 Z|, B5, 60 Beis
is 24. 10 15 Tt oO 15 13° 2| N.w. 15 ar) 2!
30 24. 7 30 o1r 30 14% || ©}, 30 ge ail gy:
45 24 3 45 9 10 45 14 To) 45 BF I
7 Oe |2g): 8 Tin O* 1 13e2 6 7 @ | eirdy' ai a, oe Cam)
15 22 11 | ae 4 6 15 nigh 6) Bas 15 )
30 22 2 30 Cy AES) 30 op 7 9 30 211
45 |2r 4 45 |6 3 45 |15 6 © ,, 45 2 11
8 0 20 5 8 0 6 I0 8 o ES, Ti 85; 8 o 4s 1} OW.
TS a 5 15 Tet 2 15 Ea’ 3) eh 15 an 3
30184 go = 786 32 | MIS 7) OF; 30 6 3
45 |I7 5 45 |7 8 45 |12 9) 5, 45 a: &
9 0 16 8 9 0 7 9 9 0 TZ) Gl ©; 9 0 on)
a5 155 7 FS = |nvG FS (TO \4l 24, 15 9 6
30 14 7\* 30 tO 30 EON 19) SS 30 10 Oo] w.
45 |13 8 45 |6 3 45 {19 3) y || 45 |10 2
Io o IZ 9 Io o Garo Com} qt 9) @,, 2% TO: 6 9 11
15 |r 8 F5 Sp 9 15 9 3) » 15 9 6
30 10 Io 30 5 6 30 8 10} 5, 30 9 ©
45 10 © 45 |5 3 45 8 5) 45 8 5
|Ir oO 9 4 II o 4 11 1b Ge) So) 8, II o yg
15 8 8 5 |4 9 15 7 3 15 7 4
30 7 11 30/4 «6 3° 7 4, » 30 7 | ©
45P.M.| 7 2 45P.M.j4 3 AS PM! Fe Ol 24, 45P.M.| 6 8
ee ee Nh eee
158
REPORT—1864.
May 22.—1864.
Hou. GAINSBOROUGH. GooL.
|
Time. |Tide.|Wind.| Time. |Tide.|Wind.|/ Time. | Tide.
h m __ /ft. in. bh, my eet yan. h m_ ft, in.
Iz OAM) 6 6 IZ OAM|4 0 | N.N.W.||12. 0AM.) 6 9
15 6 +2, 15 3 10 15 6 6
30 Rhy 30 30 83 30 6 2
45 |S 2 452 js: 6 45 5 11
Io ae Ie? ne) ae Io 5 8
15 ee) 15 on 15 bee 5
30 6 2 30/3 (On 30 5 2
45 7.13 45 2 10 45 411
280 8 5 2,10 2 9 20 aes
15 9 3 15 2) 75 15 4 6
30 = |10 9 gO ¢ ze 5 30 4 4
45 tm 7% 45 2 4 45 4 2
2.0 Le eee) 20 2 24 BHO ARO
15 ia: 13 15 OP oe 15 3 Io
30 15 6 30 I Io 30 3 8
45 |16 9 45 |r 9 45 3; 6
4.0 17 10 4.0 I 8 4.0 Bt 5
15 19) (3 15 7 15 3 4
30 20 6 30 if 6 30 3 3
45 Es a: 45 1 4 45 ch
5.0 22 10 5.0 1 2 5 0 gto
15 23 3 15 I om 15 3° 6
30 24. 2 30 1 x 30 cia
45 [24 7 A5) @ |texb 45 8 2
60 24. 10 60 I o|NN.W.|] 60 g 10
15 2h 2 15 Tero 15 Ir 6
30 25 5 3° Lo 30 I2 Io
45 25 4 45 Oyar 45 soy 43
7 0 2m) oO 740 ° Io 7a 14 9
15 24 7 15 3 4 15 T5PL 5
30 23 10 30 4 8 30 Tept:9
45) 23 9 45 5 4 45 reo
8 0 22 13 ae) 6 4 \N.byw.|| 8 o 15 8
15 215 15 6 11 15 T5t 2
30 20 6 307 «6 go. [145
45 19) 5 45 7 9 45 ey Zi
9 0 13.7, 9.0 8 0 9 0 Iz 9
15 ry | 8 15 8 23 15 Tat yo
30 16 7 30 8 0 30 Im) 4
45 15 6 45 17 7 45 |Io 9
Io oO 14 8 I0 oO le © 10 0 toms
15 1g, : 8 15 6 5 15 9 8
30 1g, | 9 30 5 112 30 9) 2
45‘ |II 10 45 |5 82 45 8 9
II oO Ta.) I TIO Be is II o 8 5
15 10) 2 15 ise tig 15 Sh a
30 Oy. 3° 5 1 52 Vente)
454M. 8 9 45A.M.14 IF 454M] 7 5
Wind.
Nasurn Lock.
Time.
hm ft. in.
I2 OAM.
15
Lal
Lol
OF NWWABU DANIO HHWNNTO HH HO OWN
Lal
PAH HOWW HH ONT DO DOANIN CWONO
=)
°
°
ra
cl
nn
I
wo
[e}
NYY COW DO OUWM OAMUF NYP HNN NPN VN DNV VN WHWHWWWWHWHWWHWAAHDAAAUNUAU ADA
Lk
Tide. | Wind.
2
a
N.W.
N.W.
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 159
May 22.—1864.
Hun. — GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.Le. Nasurn Lock.
Time. | Tide.| Wind.|| Time. | Tide. Wind. | Time. | Tide.|Wind.|) Time. | Tide.| Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in. jh m ft. in.| hm ft. in.
12 oPM| 8 o 12 OP.M.|4 9 | W.S.W.||I2 OPM! 7 1| N.W. |l12 OPM.) 6 9
15 7 6 15 4 6 15 6. ro} +5; 15 Bh
30 6 10 30 4s oe 30 Gra ag; 30 Pitts
45 6 3 45 |4 1 45 6 4 » 45 6 ©
Lwo 5 11 pe To) 4 0 Io Ge Thaers T4o EC)
15 5 8 15 3 10% 15 Seid 24; 15 5 46 w.
30 5 8 30 |3s« 8 3° 5 8 » 30 5 4
Bi} 45 6 2 458219116 45 5 5] 45 Bs
20 6 ro 20 3 4 250 Ge Dass 240 4 10
15 7 10 15 Zio 15 Ar TEI = 45 15 "8
30 8 11 30 2 IIs 30 A 8-35; 30 a6
45. |Io © 45 |2 Tos 45 4 6 ,, 45 4 4
3.0 ir) 3 3,0 2 82 3.0 Ap “Al is 3 30 42
15 Iz 4 15 2 6% 15 4 2 os, 15 A I
30 i 7 30 2 4 30 AO} 63, 30 6) Ir
45 mm 9 45 2 3 45 3 10] », 45 3 9
4 0 16 2 4.0 2 24 4.0 | ee 4 0 3 8] 5.w.
15 17 9 15 2 fo 15 3H 28) gas 15 gi 6
30 Ig 0 30 I Io 30 BH 16) oa, 30 gf 4
45 |20 0 45 |I 95 45 3.4, » 45 a 3
5.0 aX) 2, sO & 9 5.0 Sr 8|| eas Sato Bi| 2
15 22 3 os) 1 8 15 3 2 » 15 3.0
30 ag ot 30 » 16 30 30 "Al sas 30 @ 11
45. |23 10 45 jf 5 45 5 6 » 45 211
60 24. 2 6 0 Bi 4: E 6 0 Ay LO|. ey as 60 2 Io
15 24. 8 15 Bb 3 15 9 8 S=. 15 29
30 24 11 30 HIS 30 rn! 73) 4; 30 on 8
45 a5 2 45 ro1 45 1%) 9! Sm 45 sah ee
710 25 2 Fe) & y03 TO 13 9| NW. || 7 0 2 6 w.
15 25 1 15 Io 15 14% 9g] 4; 15 2 6
30 24 7 30 203 30 2S 7| ibe 30 alee)
45 |24 0 45 |4 6 45 |I5 Io) 45 2 5
Re) ag 2 8 0 5 13 w 8 o 16. ‘Ol bs 8 0 2 4
15 22 6 15 6 3 15 16. 1} os; 15 2 \ 13
30 ges 30 Rito 30 15 11| w. 30 3 11
45 [20 8 45 |7 6 45 115 5/ a 45 4 2| Ww.
9° |19 8 G0 y Taaig 92 0184) 8) oan if] 9 0 awe
15 18 I0 15 Br 15 £4} /TO| «5, 15 Gg
30 18 1 30 $2 30 EDATT) ey, 30 8 o
45 16 Io 45 8 o 45 Late SE) 5, 45 91 fo
10 0 16 o 10 0 $6 10 Oo D146) onsen} |tO).O 9 Io
15 15 0 15 Bid 15 HGNET| 95, 15 Io 4
30 13 II 30 6 6 30 DG 3)! wa 30 10) 5
45 |I2 9 45 |6 o 45 9 9 » 45 |10 0
II o II 10 DELO Rri9 II o 23) os 559 CALLER LO 9 5
1S Ir o 15 5 6 15 3 0] 95, 15 Bi °7
39 |1o 73 Baie Ve 13 30 8 S|» 30 8 0
45P.M./5 2 45P.M.| 8 ©} 9s 45P.M.| 7 7) W
160 REPORT—1864.
May 23,—1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.e. Nasurn Lock.
Time. | Tide.;Wind.| Time. |Tide.) Wind.| Time. (Tide, Wind. || Time. | Tide.| Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
T2 OAM) 8 7 IZ OAM.!5 oO | N.w. |112 OAM! 7 8! (WwW. 12 OAM.) 76%
15 8 0 15 4 11 15 7 5] NEW. 15 6 11
30 i TZ 30 4 8 30 ae a) OE, 30 6 6
45 6 7 45 |4 5 45 6 9 » 45 6 3
Io panr i to) 3 Io Gy 5) 2, x to 6 o| w.
15 S15 15 4 0 15 Gr 2h O%; 15 a)
30 4 Io 30 3 Io 30 5 II ” 30 5 7
45 4 8 As: Tae a7 45 5 8 5, 45 54
2 0 4 11 20 3 65 20 re 5 20 5 2
15 5 8 aS OB 1G 3 15 5 2) 15 411
30 6 7 30 ae 2 30 Ari! 2%, 30 4 8
45 7 6 45 |2 Io 45 4 8 » 45 4 5
300 8 9 3.0 oe iS B20 Ao) 6) 9, 3 0 43
15 Io 4 15 ae 16 15 494) 2, 15 ES
30 rt 30 area: 30 4) ai) SE, 30 3 11
45 12 9 45 2 2 45 4 oO » 45 3 9
4 fe) 14 fe) 4 (eo) 2 I 4 fe} 3 Io ” 4 fe) 3 #7;
15 ms 1 6 35 yn} 15 F) Si Bs, 15 3° 5
30 «16 8 go. | IIS 30 3 6 ,, 30 3 4
45 |18 1 45 |r 10 45 3 4 45 3 2
Syed) 19 9 5 0 m9 5.0 qq 3/25 5X0 3 1) NW.
15 20 II 15 m i ts ay x b 15 2 TT
30 21 II 30 mF, 30 pho} aR 30 2 10
45 22 10 45 Tr 6 45 D11| De, 45 29
60 23 8 60 I 5 60 Fes) Oy 60 2 8] nw.
15 a 15 ie 9A: 15 GP oes, 15 eg
30 24. 11 30 rt 30 So03) ae 30 a6
45 25 4 45 I 13 45 10 6 ” 45 2 5
Fado 25° 7 Fae 2) ae pie) 12 3) » 7 Oo 2 4
15 25 11 15 Do 15 13 6 ,, 15 a 3
30 25 10 30 H to 30 14 7| “% 30 2 3/- XN.
poe. eo 45 |15 5] » 45 19 2}, [own
8 o 2 2) 8 o 4 0 8 0 ro | @s 8 0 FS nean mit
15 24 6 15 5 0 15 1@ _5|_2%, 15 3.0
30 23 «9 30 6 1 N 30 16 6) N. 30 Zi id
45 |23 © 45 |6 9 45 |16 6) ,, 45 3 0
9 0 22 Al 9 0 Wri 9 0 LO! 3) Se; 9 0 Zz. 7) OM
15 vai 15 8 0 15 15 to) 2%, 15 4 11
30 20) 5 30 $ 4 30 Thy O| OF; 30 Gs
45 |19 5 45 |8 8 45 |14 2) 5 45 7G
Io o 18 6 10 oO 8 9 10 oO 13) 3) S582 4|Xo 8 7
15 wy °6, 15 8 33 15 12) U7 Bs 15 9. 6
30 16 6 30 Brae 30 Dr To) OF, 30 15: 3
45 |15 4 a5 aK FF 45. Sire! 45 |Io 8
TL) tO 14 6 IIo 7 oF II 0 TO) 8) O20 lve So Io g| NX.
15 13 09 {| ax i 16 15 10 2 4
30 1218 |) 30 6 3S 30 9 8 6
ASAM.JII II 45A.M.|5 II 454M.) 9 3 I
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
May 23.—1864.
161
Hott.
ih m ft. in.
Noon, |1r 2
IZI5P.MjIO 4
30 9 6
45 3 9
ze) Se 2
15 am 6
30 mat
45 6 8
2 0 Gos
15 6 6
30 6 10
45 Fi aid
a0 8 7
15 9 8
3° Io 10
45 12 0
4 0 5)
15 14 6
30 eae?
45 16 11
5 0 18 1
15 2945
30 20 9
45 Bey
6 0 22 10
15 23 «8
30 24 5
45 aa 9
7 0° Reto)
15 Foe 9 A
30 25 6
45 eee
8 o Ze 2,
15 24. 8
30 23 11
45 ze ee
9 0 220 ee)
15 255
30 20 6
45 |19 6
Io 0 18 9
15 cae?
30 16 9
45 |15 8
II o 14 7
15 nor 9
30 12 10
45P.M.|I2 0
Time. | Tide.| Wind.
Time.
12 15 P.M.
Tide.
ft. i
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
7
6
6
6
5
Ll
SN WCOOKRE HNO ONDA Qo
OO hWUN
i
bos
oe
OHPMHNTWY DAN OW HWUWWR DOO Om O HWE QUO
I
5
tol
im
tole Lol
bl
bole
bol bol
GAINSBOROUGI.
Wind.
N.N.E.
GooLe.
Time.
hm
Noon.
1215 P.M.
30
45
Io
15
30
Tide.
ft. in.
8 10
ONIPFPLOWwWHKHwWHYADHARERUUUY DD Ha~1~1 ~1 00 00
Le ee
ODO OH HF RPWHBUANDAGAKNUHPwW DN »
I] ~
Wind.
Nasvurn Lock.
Time. | Tide. Wind.
3
3
2
I
I
°
ro)
7
8
I
4| Calm.
6
7
2
7
2
9
3
162 REPORT—1864.
May 24,—1864.
Hout. GAINSBOROUGH. GooxeE. Nasurn Lock.
Time. |Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. | Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
12 OAM.J|II 2 12 OAMJ|5 6|N.NE. |l12 OAM) 8 g| N. |i12 OAM! 8 8
15 Io 5 15 5 a4 15 8 5} os 15 8 1| N.w.
30 9 7 30 Far) 3c Spates ~ 30 a iG
45 8 9 45 |4 To 45 7 9» 45 Fe (2
Io 7 Io ro 4 8 Io aw 5) edas Io 6 11
1S Te 46 15 A 8 15 Dy eA Y 15 6 8
30 6 Io 30 4 3% 30 6iRig|| ise 30 6 4
45 6 4 45 |4 1 45 6 5) 45 6 ©
ZO 5 Io 20 3 Io 250 642) ai) 20 5 9
15 5 8 15 328 15 ea 15 5 6) Calm.
30 Ene yy 303 G 30 5 8 30 nme
45 5 11 45 13 4 45 5 5| 45 411
3.0 6 9 3 0 322 3.0 eeihare 3.0 4 8
5 te 9 15 3%9 15 4 11) » ui a8)
30 9 0 30 2 (te 30 AE'8|\ Ge 30 Dr3
45 |lo 1 45 |2 8 45 4 4 45 4 2
Ago, ODE ‘th 40 |2 6 4 0 4 4 » [4 0 4 0
15 Iz 6 15 Zs 15 Ae 2) i 15 3 10
go 15 18 30. 24 30 4 Fo » 30 3 8
45 14 Io 45 “i283 45 4890). ty 45 3 6
SxO 16 3 5 0 2.2 5 0° 3° 9) » 56 a4)
15 WG is 15 2 1 15 gm8|) ee 15 aya.
30 18g go bE uxt 30 387) aR 30 ae
45 20 oO 45 TAI 45 3° S|moe 45 a2/0
6.0 21 0 6 0 I 9 60 eh ee 60 2 II
15 22 3 15 t 8 15 3 I/N.N.W. 15 2 Ic
30 23 «0 30 Oe 4 3° BTS) Use 39 zag
45 "12% To 45 |r 6 45 5a) te 45 Bei7
750 24. 6 7.0 Dits 70 FIO! 4, 7.0 2° 6) WN.
15 24 11 a5 EAS 15 9 7) » 15 2 5! (down
30 25) 53 30 xe"8 3° Ir 7) 4» 3° 2 =,9)Deals
45 25 6 45 |I 13 45 |12 Io) 45 2 Io
8 o 25 8 8 o rio 8 o 13°10] 5, 8 o 33.0
15 25 5 15 Io 15 PERO! 15 2 8|Deals up
30 25 I 30 rio 30 15* 9) “3 30 2 5
45 24 5 45 |4 6 45 |16 3 yy 45 2 3
9x0 Sag yg 9.0 415946 9:0 + 42604) Spe He 9x9 2 1
15 22 11 15 6 3 15 TOTV3|) Bs 15 2 0
30 ay Or 30 74 30 T6505) tes 30 2 0
45 eee 45 7* 8 45 Eo e7| oa 45 ars
10 o 20 0 10 0 8 o Io oO 14, 10} ,, 10 oO R220
15 |18 a1 5 «68 5 15} Mag@eal os |i Sag 6 5
30 18 o 30 8 3 30 1 Yad Co) | har 30 7 1
45 |I7 © 45 |8 3 45 |t2 2] 45 8 11
IIo 16 0 II oO 7 11 IIo 519) (6|) ¢; TI, 0 9 10
15 14 II 15 Tete 15 ToeLr| 33 15 Io 5
30 = |1g. 0 30 «(6 6 BO. if M10"? 3) a5 30 = |10. 7] &W
45A.M.|12 11 45AM./6 1 454M.) 9 9] 4 45A.M.J10 3
te
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
May 24.—1864.
Hon GAINSBOROUGH. GooLe.
Time, |Tide Wind. || Time. | Tide. Wind.) Time. | Tide.| Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
Noon. |11 11 Noon. {5 9] n.E. || Noon. | 9 3/N.N.w.
IZI5PM.J1I 2 I215P.M./5 63 IZ15P.M.| g Io| &.
30 To 3 30 Cree: 30 Shi Gh sy
45 9 4 45-15 2 45 ae |r
i <0 ® 6 Io 52 0 Io yeas | eanee
15 ce} oS) 4 10 15 7 4 9»
30 Zo 30 kay il Mk 3° Tagg SN e39
45 6 3 45 |4 5 45 6 9 »
20 5 8 2.0 4 24 20 me | ee
15 5-2 15 4. © 15 Gel ah ys
30 4 8 30 3 I0 30 5i-TQ] cy
45 4 5 45 13° 8 45 vile
3.0 4 7 3,0 |3 6% 3.0 5 4
15 Bat 45° (09 4 15 Swell 33
30 6 3 G0. i; 35-3 30 431 oy
45 RB \2 45 4035 25 45 4 8
4.0 $ 3 4.0 2 nT 40 Ain Gl ays
15 9 6 15 pee tel 15 4 4 »
30 19 °7 30 2 82 30 4 2) »
45 Ir Ir 45- |2 6 45 Age? Ol ose
Sv 1g 1 5,2 2 4 5.5 SaFO|, ea
15 14 6 £5 os ae 15 Ba Sl sig
39 = |I5 og 39 |2 2 30 3.6
45 |17 0 45 |2. 0% 45 3 4
6.0 18 3 60 DoT 60 See Slan
15 19 6 15 1 93 15 3 2) W.S.W
30 20 0 30 1 8 30 qT Ole
45 2-9 45 nas 45 210)
7 oS 22 6 7 © ep 8. 70 Ze 9 Fes
15 23 3 6) Bah) 15 4 OO ox
“30 Fa) 20 qe mE 4 30 6 7 ow»
45 |24 3 45 |r 3 45 8 9
8 0 24 6 8 0 Lis 8 o TO Stn ua,
15 24 9 i Ley 15 Ts) Ol, we
30 24 10 30 I of 30 ce pol ens
45 |24 8 45 |r 0 45 |14 2)
9.0 24 4 9 0 o Il 9 0 14 9| S.w.
5) 2a 49 15 3079 15 Bige) 2 ay
3° ean 2 30 5058 30 Le) ae) fee
‘ 45 22 4 45 |5 8 45 |15 5)
m |Io 0 2g 6 Io oO DY ot 10 O weet Al) as,
: 15 20 8 15 6h: 15 TAs Tl) io
. 30 Ig 9 30 To 1B 30 TAs, 2) 45
45 |18 9 45 = (7.05 45 113 4 »
II o 7 10 Lr. 0 re 1 © T2%' |G) is.
15 16 6 15 Pee 15 TT Bi aan
30 I5 Io 30 (ae 9) 30 Ow DE!
45 P.M./14 10 45 P.M.6 11 45P.M.|IO 4|. ,,
163
Nasvyrn Lock.
Time.
hm
Noon.
12 15 P.M.
30
45
Io
15
30
Tide.
ft. in.
mw NO
ian!
-
al
ot
co CO}O MIP NOH OOOH HN HWS COO OH OH NDA HWOONDA DO OWN OH PAD
eI
Wind.
N.W.
Calm.
5.W.
S.W.
Calm.
M2
164
Hout.
Time. | Tide.
h m ft. in.
12 OA.M.|I3 10
15 Lau iC
30 Iz 0
45 Tr jo
Io fe) 3
I 9
ie 8 8
45 ee
2 0 ee
15 6 8
30 65 3
45 phe
aimee 5 4;
15 54
3° Se
45 sae
4 O° 7 10
15 9 O°
30 To 5
45 Ir 8
5 0 12 8
15 13 10
30 15 4
ASB lp) iG
60 1707
15 Ig 0
30 20 8
45 21 10
7° 22 9
15 23 «8
30 245
45 Piy He
8 o or
15 25 Io
30 26) &2
45 |26 4
9 0 26) 92
15 25°49
30 25 4
45 |24 6
10 0 Ps
15 Py OK
30 een
45 21 2
TINO ZO0N3
5) tomes
go. 184
45AMJI7 3
REPORT—1864.
May 25,—1864.
GAINSBOROUGH. Gooxz. Nazurn Locr.
Wind.|} Time. |Tide.} Wind.|| Time. |Tide.|Wind.|) Time. |Tide.} Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
IZ OAM.|6 4 8. |[12 OAM] 9 II| S.W. |/12 OAM.J10 5
15 6 o 15 9 6| Nw. 15 g II
oo Sheek 38 OES aes 39 saa ih
45 |5 6 45 BET 45 9 2
THO ee Io 823i) 3 Io O17
15 chee 15 Le ON, oe 15 pee)
30 ree ao hog | Bree 39 Te
45 \¢ 6 45 7 oO » 45 6 6
2 0 4 4 2.0 69) SG; 2 0 6 2
15 4 1 15 6G5|| ti 15 Bard
30 3 10 30 CP PR = 30 Bye
45 |3 72 45 5 10} 5, 45 ey 3
3} BS 5 sj fe ABSA. ach 3 0° Bra cly
15 eS 4) 5 4 » 15 Ato
30 oat 39 Shel Bate 39 447
45 211 45 4 1I) 45 4 5
40 |2 9 40 4 8 5, 40 4 3
SiGe te |220 7) 15 4 6 15 4 1
30 2°6| W. 30 A Al 3 30 3.11
45 2 5 45 4 1 » 45 ce)
5 HO 2 3 5 0 Hust ” 5 0 3 7| SW.
15 |2 2 15 3.9) » 15 3 6
3° 2 1 30 ST ss 30 3 3
45 2p. 18) 45 Si) o|Peats 45 3 2
60 1 Io | N.w. || 6 0 REY yer 60 3 OO] Sw.
15 reo 15 oe Lay, 15 loa
30 «| 78 30 Th Bd ete 30 2 Io
45 |r 6 45 3 OF » 45 2 9! W.
7 #0 ta.5 nO 2 TDS, 70 a |
5 |t 4 15 Spe ne, 15 2 6
go. | 3 0.0) 1 S81). 78 go. <P onan
45 |i 2 45 8 1) 45 211
a) I 13 8 0 LOS Sie 39 8 o 2 7|\Deals up.
15 Tar 15 12 Oo §; 15 2 6
30 Leno 30 us| Pee 30 2 4
45 O11 45 TAS Gle tye 45 Pe)
9 0 ° 10 9 0 DES 9 0° DAT |P Ne
15 3 8 15 TOme O| pis 15 ZO
30 4 11 30 TOS) Glin a3 30 1
45 {5 10 FASS Piel. FA ae 45 I Io
Io oO 6 8 10 oO TORO] tts; I0 0 I Io
nd 7s 15 TOR» 7a bss 15 I Io
30 3 0 30 16.03) Py; 30 3° 6
45 [8 43 ASie 105 163| ess 45 5 0
IIo 8 8 II oO TANS" 53 II 0 6 6) N.w.
15 8 of 15 n gee Tes 15 7 LT
30 8 9 30 We GN ey 30 8 11
45A.M./8 2 45 A.M./1I TO) Gs 45A.M./I0 0
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 165
May 25.—1864.
GAINSBOROUGH. GooxE. Nasurn Lock.
Time. | Tide./Wind. || Time. | Tide.)Wind.|) Time. | Tide.|Wind. |
in. h m © {ft. in. h m_ /ft. in. h m_ (ft. in.
Noon, |16 1 Noon. |7 5 n.w. || Noon. [11 2) n.w. || Noon. |10 6] Nw. |
IZI5P.M.J15 0 I215P.M|6 9 IZI5PM|IO 8] 5, |I215P.M.|10 9
30 14 0 30 Ga 30 TOW O76, 30 TO) 5
45 |13 2 | 5 JP SRS 45 9 8 » 45 9 9
Io m4 Io 5 9 Io Oe shes Io 9 2
mp 5 5° ie 15 8 11| 5, 15 8 6
30 Io 8 30 5 5 30 § 5) 4» 30 7 10
45 he Bs. 3 45 8 1 » 45 i)
20 9 1 20 A aRTs, 2% 0 FY aes 20 ae
15 $ 6 15 49 15 tats a 15 6 8
30 7 Io 39/4 7 30 Test ey 30 6 5) WN.
45 7 4 45 |4 5 45 6 10) 5, 45 6 1
3.0 6 Io 3.0 4 3 3 0 Gy 7 *2 3.0 5 10
15 6 6 15 4 1 15 Gest, 15 Sno
30 6 4 30 3 11 30 Gi io} 74, 30 Bees: |
45 |6 5 45 13 9 45°] F 9] th Ag OR | a |
40 he: | 4c & le tye 4 0 516 %yb 14 9 * | 4 T°
75 Leg 15 Sr. t3) 15 Sip 3} © 5» 15 4 7
30 8 Io 30 3) 13 30 Sel Shes se 415
45 Nee 45 By t3 45 AAS) Mens 45 4 3) NE
bts Tr 2 5.9 ah 12 ao 4 7) » oS cues
15 12 4 15 2 10 15 Bis) @. 53 15 3 11
ge a4 4 30 a 19 3° 4 3) 39 eae)
45 |14 6 45 |2 7 45 4 1 o» 45 Bye
60 I5 9 60 2 15°) N.Wasi|| =o Ey ed Weck 6 0 Eee
ES wie S ES) 2 3 15 S59}, oy a ip es
30 JIS 4 go! "iz 15 30 3 7) » 30 ce
45 |I9 6 45 |2 o8 | 45 3 6 » 45 3 0 |
7a 20 6 7 0 246) 710 Bhi Al Saas 70 2 11
ig 2% 9 5 I Io} 15 a Olas 15 2,19 |
39 za), 30 BL 30 3) Sieos 39 En py
45 |23 6 45 |r 8 45 4 9 5 45 2 6
8 0 24. 0 8 0 r 63 8 o G@, Gres, 8 0 DP ORION:
15 24. °7 15 I 6 15 So BS 15 2 4
30 25 0 30 Te} 15 30 Tq 5] ey 3° 2 3
45 250 5 45 D4 45 12 2) 55 45 2 2
90 25 7 INS I 3 9 ° 13,4)» ee hg
15 25 8 15 I 23 15 TAM 3 £53 15 DX
30 SEE 30 I 2 30 15 3) » a2 2 0
45 2a) 2 45 4 es 45 15 10) 35 45 2 0
Io Oo 24 9 I0 o 5 0 I0 0 LOM <r| Yeh TO 10 Iii
15 24 0 15 5 Io 15 TG) (2h 24; 15 I 10
30 23 3 30 6 8 30 16) 2) %%, 30 I 10
45 |22 7 45% 3 45 16 3) y 45 3 0°
II oO 21 8 II o mts II oO Tine Sie sya e re O 4 4, nN.
15 21 0 15 8 0 15 14 10] ,, 15 5 5
30 20 2 30 8 3 30 TAhr-o} 35 30 6 Io
45P.M.|19 0 45P.M.|8 4 45PM.|13 2] 4s 45PM.| 8 0
166
REPORT—1864,
May 26.—1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH.
Time. |Tide.,Wind.| Time. | Tide./Wind.
h m _ jft, in. h. .m -iftiean?
12 OAM.|18 0 12 OAM.|8 oO N,
Toa FF) 15 a le 6
30 16) 4 I 30 6 10
45 15 2 45 |6 4
Io 14 3 IO 6 0
15 eS) 15 Die 49)
32 Ee eo, 3° Bae 7,
45 9 45 a
2 0 iz | 0 2 0 a 8.
15 10 6 15 ie BL
30 9 Io 30 4.11
45 93 45 a9
3 0 8 9 3.09 = | 7
15 8 4 5 |4 5
30 8 1 304 3
45 7 Io 45 |4 oO
4.0 SRE 4.0 3 10
15 8 7 15 7S
3° 9 4 30 3. «6
45 TOa: 45 3. 4
5 0 Lg }..6 5.0 3 2
15 12 4 15 Bi 1.
30 167 5 30 2 11
45 |14 6 45 |2 Io
6 0 5 5 60 Mm 18 N.
15 16 6 15 2 7
30 i 6 30 2 5
45 |18 9 45 2 4
70 Ig II 7 0 2, 2
15 2 20 15 2. ix
30 22 © 30 2 0
45 22 11 45 tp Ut
8.0 28°07 8 0 I 9
15 2H 2, 15 i 8
sj aE had, 3° Ti 7
45 |= 1261 0 45 .|1 6
9 0 2s 2 9 0 he 5
5) 254.5 15 1.4
30 2 4 ao 113
45 Pe A5 ietits 2
10 oO 24 8 5 Come) 4 1
15 23 10 15 Sea 0
30 2g 30 6 0
45 |22 4 45 |6 723
It 70 20.05 IIo Fax
15 20.7 15 7 6
3019 To 40 7ee9
45A.M.JI9 1 454.M./3 0
15
30
45
iis {0}
15
30
45
2 0
15
30
45
3:0
15
30
3°
45A.
IZ OA.
Nasurn Lock.
M./12
13
M.|13
”
WO NN HH OH
al
=]
cal
OO CNC O CODOHP ANNO HWHN CHUN DWOOONF HOON COfN OHNO HN
Time.
h m
15
30
45
To!
15
30
45
I2 OAM.
Tide.
ft. in.
Leal
fPoOnRW NO AYN DAWWH O
Wind.
a]
_
i
_
*ODW OF OH eH NWN DI OO OO HO NBN DANIO HHW DO OW DO O
N.W.
an 5 ed
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS 167
May 26.—1864,
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Goons. Nasurn Lock.
|
Time. |Tide.| Wind. || Time. |Tide./Wind. |} Time. | Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide. | Wind.
h m_ ft. in. hy.) yt: h m_ (/ft. in. h m_jft. in.
Noon. |18 2 Noon. [8 1] N. Noon. |12 “4| N.N.z. |} Noon. | 8 2
IZ15P.M.jI7 © IZ215P.M.|7 8% IZ1SPM|1r 7/ N. |/I215P.M) 9 ©
30 16 0 30 6 103 30 Tips O| ay 30 9 9
45 15 0 45 6 5% 45 FOR Gl) 5% 45 LQ. O| N.E.
Io 14, 0 Io Gye Io QeTL) “Ws Io 9 II
15 |13 2 £5 5eR9 15 9 6 » 15 9 5
30 mm 25 20: tS B 30 OR Tha 30 8 9
45 |iz 6 45 |5 33 45 8 9 » 45 8 1
20 10 10 20 5 1 2 0 33) 41) ceo INKS) 7G
15 9 11 15 54.0 15 FaET|\ a3y 15 Aes
30 9 2 30/4 «98 30 Teal ne 3° 6 7 &.
45 8 5 45 [4 73 45 7 3) o» 45 6 4
3150 7-9 ZnO 4 6 3.0 Fig Ol. ass 20 6 0
15 7 4 5 4 4 15 6 9 » 15 5 8
30 6 8 30/4 2 30 Ger 5). cp 30 § 15
45 6 3 45 |4 0 45 6 2 » 45 5 3
4 0° iy eS. 4.0 3 Io 4 0 5 11) 40 & aS
15 ey) 15 |3 8% 15 5 8 15 4 9) XN.
30 537 30 3. 6 30 5 5} » 30 4 6
45 5 11 45 325 45 5 2) 45 4 3
5° 6 5 540) las-48 5 0 Sing! toe fh 50.2 4 0
15 cap 15 3,2 15 AatGl, “sss 15 3 10
30 8 2 BO: infdig & 30 4 8) » 30 3 8
45 9 3 45 |2 Io 45 4 5) 4» 45 3 6
60 10 3 6 0 2 $2) oN. 60 Ange3 || is; 60 gr
15 Il 4 15 an 15 4 1} NE, 15 @ ne
30 12 6 30 2. 6 30 ZeTT|). “boy 30 Big ed) NG
45 113 5 45 |2 42 45 3.9) » 45 3 1
79° {14 6 TAO Bl” > 3 “ee 34) 7|| a pe 3 0
15 15 8 15 2 i 15 32) S|. ey 15 Z 9
30 16 Io 30 2 © 30 3'263|) Mase 30 27
45. |I7 10 45 rir 45 3. 2 4 45 2 6
8 0 18 10 80 I Io co) Sn lola ge; 80 Bits
I$ tg 10 15 is 9 15 ZsIOl "as 15 2 4
30 20. 9 zo. jt 8 30 2 9 33 2 3
45 |21 7 45 |i 63 45 210) 4, 45 2 2
9 0 Sa 3 9 0 re 9 0 Aaa Me 9 0 Zapt
15 22 8 15 r 4 15 Gigi Ol) sss 15 2.1
30 23. «0 30 Lie 3 30 Sgt) Tay 30 Zz 10)
45 23:53 45 re 45 9 19 5 45 2 0
Io o 23 4 Io o I 1 Io 0 Lr jO| “ Aalco? 0 Zo N.
15 23 15 15 L,\0 15 TEeT|) hey 15 I it
30 2a 14 30 oO II 30 12 7| N.N.E. 30 re
45 23 1 45 °o Io 45 132) 45 I Io
II o 22 8 II o 2 11 II o Lit 7) ass eae he O I 10
15 22 0 15 3 Io 15 ED EO | lay, 15 I Io
39 piers 3° 5g 30 13 11) 3 3 epee)
45P.M.j20 8 45P.M.|5 71. 45 P.M.|J13 11] 4, 45P.M| Ig
nnn ee ————ee
168 REPORT—1864.
May 27.—1864.
Huw. GAINSBOROUGH. GooLe. Nasurn Locks.
Time. | Tide. Wind.|| Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. | Tide. Wind. || Time. | Tide./Wind.
h m_ (ft. in. h m_ (ft, in h m_ /[ft. in. h m_ {ft. in.
IZ OA.M./19 I0 12 OAM|6 oO | N.w. |/12 OAM/13 7| N.N.E. |/12 OAM! 2 5
15 19 2 15 6 4 15 13 O} NE, 15 3 4
30 re 53 30 6 8 30 1 Se} 30 4-5
45 lI7 4 45 (611 45 |r 8) 5 45 5 6
Io 1G) 05 Io aes rao Tt) <2) Io 6 6| Calm.
15 15 6 15 qe 15 190 6] ,, 15 va
30 4% 6 30 6 10 30 LO) G|. oye 30 TD
aS SEs TG 45 |6 2 45 9 6 5, 45 343
ZO 12 9 2 10 5° 7 20 Geer A 29 8 5
15 Wea 15 Se eI 5 8 9) » 15 81
30 TL $2 30 an igs 30 SEA ey 30 7 6
45 PIS a7 45 |4 83 45 711) 45 6 31
3 0 o +9 39° 4 4 30 PRG Sel lg 6 5
15 9 2 15 a 15 Teel) Gs 15 6 0
30 8 6 30/3: 103 ao) asa 3° 5 9
45 7 10 45 |3 8 45 6 9 » 45 5 6, Calm.
4 0 ay, 40 |3 6% 4.0 6 5 » 140 523
15 Fe 15 30 53 15 6A)2)) es 15 5 0
30 6 Io 30 Be Ga 30 ero}! 30 4 10
45 6 10 45 (86.2 | 45 Ree) SF 45 Rely
BLO Ue 5: 80 OES 5,40 Sea a3 5muc 4 4
15 ig 28 15 2 10 15 Gay Tl. tas 15 aed
30 iS. kG 30 2 9 30 AIO) “sy 30 3 Io
45 G59 45 aed, 45 4 7) ow» 45 347,
60 10 Io 60 2 5 | Nw. || 6-0 4° 4), 6 0 ee
15 II Io 15 J we} 15 4 2) N.w. 15 Bee Ei)
30 2 8 30 2 14 30 avniol 53 30 gee
45 aan oe 45 zat 45 ce (2 a 45 Eis 32
7G 14 9 70 I riz 7° gris). 5: 7 0 Fao} WwW.
15 rs a9 15 I 10 15 Re 6) 3 15 2 11
30 16 8 30 I 2 30 gri4| 30 2 10
45 Ya) z 4 3} 2
8 o Ig 0 ee re 7 8 3 : Tl) oe rae 3 elpelfo™™
15 20 0 15 r= 6 15 2 a5|) GF 15 2 8|Deals up.
30 wT 40 30 I 43 30 2 Yo) a 30 2 6
45 ZS 45 eae 45 21 3 45 2 5
92 c= Ne) Lar Bye 44 » 90 243
15 Rey 15 : le 15 6)" 2) ° 93 15 22,
30 2g 37 30 reo 30 7 fe 30 foe
45 |23 To 45 joi 45 9 § ,, 45 2 0
10 0 Dee tx 10 0 o 10 I0 Oo 1o)11| 3 “xo +o 111} w.
15 24 12 15 ° 9 15 Tze Ol ae 15 I iI
30 24 «1 30 lo = "85 30 TZ. OQ}. “ay 30 I 10
45 23 9 45 jo 8 45 [13 5) » 45 19
Ir oO 2a 05 II o Z*'o |r Ww." rr 0 TZP1O! *s; 1I 0 ras
15 22 Io 15 aL 15 waoes|| oF 15 a7
39 22 3 39/4 3 30,143) 30 1 6
45A.M./2I 5 45A.M./4 II 45A.M./14 3] yy 454M. 1 6
May 27.—1864.
|
Huw GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.e. Nasurn Lock.
Time. |Tide.}Wind.| Time. | Tide./Wind. | Time. |Tide.} Wind.|| Time. | Tide. Wind.
h m_ (ft. in. h m_ ft. in. hm ft. in, ‘hm {ff. in
Noon. |z0 8 Noon. |5 6] w. Noon. |14 0] n.w. || Noon. | 1 6
12 15 P.M./19 10 IZ15P.M./5 9g IZ2T5PM\1Z 8) «:, IZ15P.M.| 3 Oo
30. «19 1 30/6 oo go fiz 8], 30 4 0
45 18 2 45 |6 4 45 |r Io) ,, 45 4 11
ro 17 4 Io 6 6 |} x 0 Lah ns, Io 6 o WwW.
15 m0) 13 15 Gr te 15 row t7|. 24, 15 6 11
39/15 4 Boi). HORNS. 39 [roo], 30 79
45 |14 4 45 |5 6 45 9 7] » 45 8 3
2 0 mgt 7 ZO 4 113 20 sil are || ie Hc) Sis
15 |1z2 8 15 |4 93 15 8 7] 15 8 3
3° 0—s | _-10 39/478 30 3 2], 30 Ded
45 IIo 45 Ga 45 BA Wt 45 ES
B03 re) 3 g70) Fit 3 30 PAG Me It sO 6 6 w.
15 9 8 15 4 2 |W.NW.|| 15 rn 22; Pe, 15 6 0
30 $11 30 4 0 30 GpenH| 30 ee!
45 8 3 45 |3 10 45 6 7 os 45 3
40 7 8 Bras Pes 4.0 Gg) at 400 Sess
15 7 2 15). F306 15 - iaer 15 4 9
© 30 6 8 ae aad 30 Be Tay Ph 30 4 6
45 6 4 45 |3 3 45 5 6, 45 4 4
ae ee Ce pl ae 50 SiS) Soe WS @ PE Aa) ee
15 O75 Shih iz © 15 5 oF 15 4 0
30 6 8 30 2 11 30 #5 To|) hy; 30 3 10
45 rN 45 |2 9 45 4 8 ,, 45 3 8
6 0 Sto 6 0 2 6|w.n.w.|| 6 0 aay al. Oy: 60 Bt 6
15 8 9 15 a 5 15 AME S| fy 15 BOA aN.
30 9 8 30 2 4 30 4 9 4 30 3 2
45 |to0 6 45 |2 3 45 3 10] ,, 45 Sede
7 Oo Ir 6 70° 2 2 a Si ts oe 7 0 2 11
15 12 6 15 2. 0 15 ah 6] ee 15 2 9
30 139 30 baa i 30 BP Al Soe 30 ae |
45 |14 8 45 |1 10 45 3 2] &, 45 2 6
8 o HG 2S 8 o I 9 8 0 Cin oa 8 0 2p Gl eta
15 16 8 15 re eS 15 2) Ti ee 15 2 3
30 17 11 30 ee 37 3° PhS) | 30 Fo
45 |18 11 45 |r 6 45 2 9 5 45 thc
19 0 Ig Io 9 0° ah 5 9 0° Zk | oar 9 0° 2 0
y 65S 20 9 15 i 2 15 po Mey | eas 15 2 0
30 iG) 30 m3 30 3 2) NE 30 i
45 Ee 3 45 12 45 4 64 ,, 45 tot
10 oO 2207 Io oO mB Io o Gt) 3h..Y SPF liza" 6 TS
15 23 0 15 oO Ir 15 SF) | es 15 I Io
30 234 30 Oo 9F 30 9, 7 ee 30 419
45 23 6 45 jo 8 45 10 3) ,, ae a ee
Io aa Vs TT 10 o 7 II 0 Eee eee er gd Nats
15 2317 15 ne) 15 12) 3 GN: 15 r 8
30 za) 6 30 o 63 30 NY yapats) lames 30 bak
45P.M.|23 2 45P.M.io 6 45 P.M.113 5] © ,, 45P.M. I 7
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS,
169
170 _, REPorT—1864.
May 28.—1864.
|
Hout. GAINSBOROUGH. | Gooxs, Naszourn Lock.
Time. |Tide., Wind.|) Time. | Tide. Wind. | Time. | Tide. | Time. | Tide. |Wind.
h m_{ft. in. h m 4 |ft.in: [h m_ . if. in. lh m_ |ftedn.
IZ OAM.|22 8 12 OAMJI 6 Ns ||12 OAM./13 I2 OAM.| 1. 6
15 22 2 15 es 15 13 11 15 i, 6
30 2L 7 30 ZI 30 LAat 30 Bigs §
45 20 10 45 |3 6 45 |13 To) 45 I 5
Io 20 4! re) 4 0 Io 13ee 4! ree) QoL Tl) News
5 yd 15 4.5 5) cee) as oo
30 18 8 30 4 10 30 Il I 30 49
45 179 45 5a 4 45 eh ee 45 ap) 9
2 0 17 Oo} Zz 0 519 | 2 0 10 8 270 6 6
15 16 0 15 6 0 15 TO I 15 Gee 5
30 pt 30 5 10 | 30 omy 30 7 11
45 |14 3 45 5 |5- 6 45) 4 Oe 2 45 8 3
3.0 13 6 Zu 0 5m 10 3.0 8 8 29 8 4
15 IZ 9 15 4 9 15 ou 3 15 7 Io
30 120 30 4 6 30 711 30 on 2
45 tt 4 45 |4 3 | 45 Te 7 45 6 6
4.0 IO 9 4.0 ame) | 4 0 7 4 40 5 11] Nw.
15 1 15 3B 19 ay Te 2 15 5 7
3° 9 8 39 3:9 30 6 8 30 5 4
45 9 2 45° [3k 2 45 Ge 5 45 5 2
5 0 8 I0 50 beige 15 0 6 2 5 0 5 ©
15 8 8 15 35 6 15 5 11 15 4 10
30 3:17 30/38 4 | 30 5 8 30 47
45 8 9 45 |3 2 45 5a 45 4 4
60 B53 60 3510 (60 See 2 60 4 1
15 9 9 15 2 10g PeRG EI Se 15 3 11
30 10 6 30 25. 'D boc 4 Io 30 3 9
45 WRITS 45 2 8 | 45 4 8 45 3 8
720 12° 2 7-0 2 6 710. Dal AEs 7 0 3. 7) ewe
15 12 Io 15 ya ol D5) eae 3 15 2/6
32 13° 9 39 or i 32 40 39 3 4
45 14) 9 45 ae 1 45 4370 45 3 2
8 0 15 6 8 o 20 18 0 45.8 ge 3.0
15 16 6 15 I 11 | BNE. 15 34) 6 15 2 10
30 17) 4 30 I Io 30 ZF 4 30 a 8
45 |18 8 45 |r 8 | 45 3. 3 45 2.7
9 0 I9 6 9 0° ey 1/9 0 25-1 9 0 2 6
15 20), 5 15 6 15 3.0 15 ae1'S
30 25673 30 ss 30 Bane 30 2 4
45 eee 45 te 45 4 8 +5 Sars
Io 0 22 5 Io Oo i, 2 Io o Sp) Io 0 2, 2| SW,
15 22) CT 15 Io 15 Ce 15 Bas T
30 23° 5 30 Io 30 8 Io 30 2. 0
45 |23 8 45 jo 1 45 \ ato); 2 45 2 0
II 0 23 Io II 0 ° 10 II 0 Ir 2 II 0 I II
15 23 10 15 °.9 15 12a 15 I 10
30 2309 30 o 8 30 12.8 30 i 9
45 A.M.|23 4 45AM.JO 7 45A4M.13 4 45AM) I 8
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS,
May 28,—1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Goouz.
Time. | Tide. | Wind. Time. | Tide./Wind. |) Time. | Tide.|Wind.
hm. ..}ftsin, h m_ |{ft. in. hy m4 aift-san.
Noon. |22 10 Noon. |2 6 | u.n.u. |} Noon. [13 9| N.N.W.
IZ215P.M|j22 4 IZ215P.M|/3 44 (IZ 15 P.MJI4 ©] 5,
30 21 8 30 4.0 30 ee die
45 2a. 2 45 4 7 45 4 I) 5-99
to) 20 4 {0 5. OF ro 13 10] ,;
15 ‘|I9 8 25 oo (Ber i6 15 193. 9) ow
9 30 5 10 30 2p Giaans
Io 45 Gur 45 LE, TO|| “s\55
Il ZO Guin 25 PE |e
° 15 6) V3" 15 TOP S| hays
2) 30 5 10 30 ON atl sates
5 45 S505 45 95 A\ Gaz
6 3.0 5,90 a0 10 Sig | |enss
9 1S |4 9 15 8 9} »
fo} 30 4 6 30 8 4 ”
3 45 4 5 45 8 oO} 5,
6 4° l4 3 4.0 7 8 »
HO 15 4 1 15 7 4 oo»
2 30 3 il 30 7 BS ”
6 AS +. 130 9 45 6a0) ,,
° 5 50: loerl tp 378 52 6 7»
5 15/3, 6 15 6 4) »
2 2° ip (3 38 30 6 1 y
ue 45 35 2 45 510 yy
8 60 a, 40 60 eal 55
8 15 2 10} 15 Lent) ieee.
II 30 2 95 30 EO! a5
5 45 |2 73 45 4 9 oy
= ae 2 6 es 4 7 ”
ao 15 |2 48 15 4 5) »
7 30 2 3 3° 4 3) »
6 45 2 1% 45 4 0 ”
6 8 o a, 10%] We 8 0 anol ae
3 15 ae 15 BeixS|) eogs
3 30 I Io 30 3 2) »
3 45 I 9 45 311) S| Gory
9 9.9 iF Ae o7d 9 0 SB oss
II 15 I 6 15 Be 2| oi,
° 30.0 iT 4a 30 SHO, gs
10 45 |L 32 45 ETT 5 a
7 10 0 I 25 Io 0 2aNON ass
5 15 i. 42 15 2a lai,
2 “30 aie 30 2 Ol ees
9 45 oe ie 45 3 4 »
4 II o Ba | AN.y HTT .0 ASG Br
8 15 jor B54 Sole a5 la 95
II 30 ° 10 30 6 To”,
I 45P.M.|0 9 Zacpm| 8 1] ,,
. |
171
Nasurn Lock.
Se ee ee NY YY NYY YP NYDN DPWWHWWHWWHWHDHHAHPH HUAN ADIN 000 OO ON) DANPWW HH HH
Tide.
ft. in.
6
6
4
°
OH DHT Ni # DOW DO O
=
_
~
OO HW DO O HWM OH NA
La en ae |
“SIcCoS OO bh Oh WHR DN CO
Wind.
N.W.
W.
W.
Ww.
172 REPORT—1864.
May 29,—1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. GooLe. Nasvrn Lock.
Time. | Tide.) Wind. || Time. | Tide.)Wind.|) Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind.
hm {ft. in. h m_ ft. in. /h m — ft. in. h m_ ft. in.
/I2 OAM./22 2 12 OAM.|O 8 | Ne |/12 OAM.) 9 3/N-NeW. |/12 OAM] I 7
15 |Z2) 3 15 o 8 15 10 63} Nw. 15 r 6
30 |2/2) lat 30 I 103 30 TOP S| ee; 30 I 6
45 21 Io 45 |2 8 45 [1 3)» 45 on)
ipo) ye al Io 354: ts 1G) Eee | ass are) Tip las
15 2G eT 15 guar 15 T2270! (es; 15 hae
39 =|20 6 39/4 4 30 TZ 3} ng 30 I 4
45 |19 11 45 |4 83 45 [12 4) 5 45 I 4
20 19 4 240 Sees 2, Dias ell Eb ce aC I 4
15 rs | 7, 15 Fan” 15 Te TO|\ ws, 15 Sige)
30 17 I0 30 i576 I yo Tiot3|| Ps; 30 2 9
45 wy 2 45 5.16 | 45 EO) )=o|, Gk; 45 3. 6| w.s.w.
he) TO Erz 3.0 Ge te, 20 Boner |) 55 37a 4 0
15 15 2 .<) 4. Io 15 9 8]; 15 4 9
30 4 5 Be 4 7 3° ple Shae aye ye PS)
ee 45 |4 4 45 8 8) 45 6 ©
40 1 0 4.0 ave 40 Shea) As 4.0 Gis
15 ide) 15 4 0 15 7AXG| es, 15 6 8
30 a 7 30 3 Io 30 7G) eee 30 6 6
Ay [pad Me) 45 |3 8 45 7 2) 35 45 6 1
DO, fed Lose 5 Se Mike 5.0 6 Io), 5 0 BECO
15 9 Io 15 |3 4 15 6 6 15 5 4
30 g 1 BO gaz. 30 6 3] » 30 Blo
45 8 9 45 |3 8 45 6 of » 45 4 8
6 0 8 6 60 2 ir) N, 60 SPO es 60 A 5,
15 8 4 15 2 On 15 iS 1 1G| ONG 15 a) a), WONe
30 8 3 3027 3° 5 4 oy 30 3 U1
45 8 5 45 |2 6 45 5 2] » 45 3 8
7 we} 8 11 Vie) ame 78 FE 8] Neer A 70 3 6
un) DF a Zo 13 15 dpe 2H ch 15 31 A
30 TOY 30 a 2 30 An Sl) Ks 30 By 2
45 m 7 45 a 45 4, 5) N.N.E. 45 3 0
8 o 2 "6 8 0 ae) 8 0 Ane ome, 8 0 2 /To|| “Ne
a5 es Be 15 aS 15 ao) = 15 2 8
30 14 2 3° 1 83 3° SES) 30 a tf
Nya pe Be 45 | 7 45 3 8 45 2 6
SF WG |S) go r 6 Fo 3 6 5, ye 23) 95)
15 |16 9 ee aes 15 3 41 os 15 2 4
go: tz F 30 |r 4 30 pe Big) 30 2 3
45 18 7 a 45 3 2 45 2 2
10 o TQ) 55 10 oO mB Io 0 A 5r]) Ps, on oO Cale lake
15 ZOm a 15 I 3 15 Zein | one, 15 4s ie]
30 2I I 30 trio 3° cP | ” 30° ns Be
45 CS 45 oat 45 A 3) S) 45 I 10
10'o 22.5 5 II oO o 10 II oO Sybase Tr (6 rt 8
15 22 10 15 °o 9 15 Ch aad dae Na uc eae
30 23 093 30 o 83 30 Bry | ais 30 I 6
45A.M./23 6 45A.M.jo 8 | AiR AMs| iG | hes, 454M.) 1 5
eg a a A
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
173
May 29,—1864.
Hutt. GAINSBOROUGH. Gooxe. Naxsvrn Lock.
|
Time. | Tide.|Wind. |) Time. |Tide.|/Wind.|| Time. |Tide.}/Wind. || Time. | Tide. Wind. |
h m _/ft. in. hm _ (ft. in hy ah) a fein. h m _. |ft. in.
Noon. |23 8 Noon. jo 7] Nn Noon. |10 6) N. Noon. | 1 5
I215P.M.|23 9 IZ15P.M.jo 6 IZI§P.MJ|IL 7| N.N.E. |/1215P.M.| I 4
i 3° 237 8 30 o 5 30 Doig 2) Ges 30 an RS
45 23 5 45 0 5 45 12 11) ,, 45 1 3} |
3 Ke) 2340 TO I 10 i ie: ESE A} eis, 5 to. Ik SGN 4
Thee |220 6 15 3,0 15 T3elO|y By, 15 r°3 |
30 21 10 30 Ce) 30 TAG I) aa 30 m= 3
45 Zika. 3 45 455 45 ery el lt 2: 45 re 5
20 208 7 210 4 103 by fe. TQUITO@;, 2 0 C2 ae
15 |19 10 5 2 |[smez 15 (3p G5, 15 2 8
30/19 0 3015 «6 30, 12g) 30 3 5
45 [18 2 45 |5 10 45 [12 a] 4, 45 4 3
eon ry 2 3.0 |6 o 3.0 ee Glhats: 3.0 Se alone
15 16) 5 hap ekg Gr t 15 tit Mol ni Pa 15 (ei
go’ > 151) 6 ea ba 30, {TO 3], 30 Wes
45 |14 9 45° % (908 5 45 9 8 45 Te 6
4 Oo |14 © 440° 6 [505 2 4 0 OF Si Ossd | 4° 8 ©
a5 e)\ng”) 4 5 |4 9| Ww. 15 8 to}, 15 7 10
30 nea 0 30 4a 63 30 Sig Gir ms, 30 7 Gl
45 |1I Io 45 |\4 53 45 8 yy 45 my 3
Beare. (ha) 2 50 14 33 5 0 BIO SV A Seo 6 6 NY.
15 |10 7 5 4 15 7 51 4 15 6 ©
30 10 2 30 dp 39 Vin ae ee 3° Oe 7;
45 9 6 45/3 11 45 6 Io) ,, 45 me 3
6 0 Oa) 60 F791 <w 60 Gre? aes 60 Be:
iguiees| 3); 6 15 ae 7, 15 6 4| N.w. 15 4 10
30 S41 30 08:5 30 Colones, 30 4 8
45 ia 9 45 apes at Se Ol Baa 45 4 5
h7 0 Fag) 70 3 4 7 0 Ste 75855 70 4 2\Calm.
m. 35 v5 15 BTeS 15 5 4) ° 15 4 0
30 776 30 2 105 30 Sy 1 |g 30 3 10}
45 ih 45 |2 9 45 411) N. 45 3 8
8 o Sats; 8 0 Gi 8 0 AD) 9) aires 8 0 g4. 6
15 8 8 15 Zens 15 Ae Gi care, 15 3 4
30 9 4 3° 2 3 30 ee 3s 30 By2
45 TOs 45 2 Ty 45 4 1) NE 45 2) ae
9 0 1o II 9 0 2 0 9 ° 3 11 i 9 9° 2 10
15 II Io 15 I 103 15 Sak Oli San tl eS 2 8
30 12 Io 30 I 9 30 Za 7|cars, 30 z2 6 Calm.
45 |13 8 45 |r 8 45 J 5 Eas 45 2 4
oo 14 8 110 o 27 10 0 Be 3| Nass Io oO 2 3]
® 15 De 3 15 EEG 15 Sa TSE 15 72 9)
30 16 6 30 EES 30 Fe Clan, 30 chat
45 |17 6 45 | 4 45 210 ,, 45 2 Oo
Io 13 4 II 0 Ie 35 II o Zions; IIo Text)
15 19 0 15 rk} 15 Dee e, 15 I 10
30 Ig 8 eee: I 2 30 Ze 6) 26, 30 I 9g
45P.M.j20 6 45P.Mj/I 1 AS EOE Sal ea, 45P.M.| 1 8} Calm.
174 rEPoRT—1864.
May 30.—1864.
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo. Nasurn Lock.
Time. |Tide.|Wind. |} Time. |Tide./V/ird.|| Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind.
h m_{ft. in. hy, a tte an: h m _ /ft..in. h m_ [ft. in.
I2 OAM./2I 2 12 oAMJr o| SW. |l12 OAM.) 4 Of N.E. ||I2 OAM) I 7
15 oa 1G 15 o 11 15 5-E) 1S.We 1S 1 6
30 21 Io 30 ° 10 30 Gare) 6s 30 Br 6
45 aaa 45 Steit) 45 72 TO! 45 45 Te! 5
Io 22. 2, Io o 8 ame) 8 11 a ro Fe} 5
15 22 A 15 o 7 15 9rIa) #5 15 Ry | 5
30 22 4 30 o 6 30 TOP, 'S| Vag 30 Rat
45 22 2 45 Obns 45 DIS2) 45 ie 4
20 2M XI 2 0 Tigs 2 0 Tp S| B55 2,0 Fe.
15 27, 15 I II IS 1G Mo} > 5 15 REG
30 2r 2 30 2a 30 25a) Gay 30 Fe kg
45 |20 8 45 io[geta 45 |t2 6) » 45 I 3
3.80 20 2 3.0 3 6 B50 T2016) Sm,, 3°40 403
15 19 6 15 ghax 15 Ir 9} » 15 1 6
30 «= |18 9 cn Cm aa 30 2 0
45 17 Io 45 Ath ik 45 roy 8} fa 45 2 Io
4.0 16 I0 4.0 4 8 4.0 ties. EAI ee 4.0 Br1.8
15 |16 © 15 |4 9 |: 355 9 8) 5 15 4 3
30 15 2 30 4 9 1 Ee 9 2 » 30 5) 0
45 14 4 45 |¢ 8 45 8 8 45 Bie]
5.0 ng 57 5.0 4 5 }5 0 Sey hars 5.0 63
15 12 11 15 aa Pens FES aes 15 6 7
30. tag g° (8130 9 30 1 #5) Oy go 6} 6 9
45 |Ir 8 45 (3 7 45 7 2 » 45 67
60 II oO 60 3) 6 | 6.0 Oral as; 60 6 >3
15 |Io 5 0 eee | Kn 15 6 8 w 15 5 Io|
30 9 11 30 g2 30 GPE | aie, 30 5 6
45 9155 45 |S © 45 6 3) » 45 Seg
7aO pits Tig a 7.0 Gri io) a3 7 Oo 4 9
15 8 9 152m 9 15 5 9 » 15 4 6
30 Ch oY 30 2 8 30 Bri 6l” oa, 30 4 4
45 8 6 45 [2 7 45 5 3] 45 4 2
8 o 8 8 8.0 216 w. 8 oO Git Ol sss, 8 0 Aiko
15 8 11 15 2 5 15 ARKO! 35, 15 3,10
30 9 6 30/2 3 30 4 8 ,, 30 g)8
45 jo 3 45 |2 2 45 4 6 » 45 3 6
9 0 Io Io 9 ° ome ir 9 0 Agta ars 9 0 3 3
x Ir 9 15 BS) 15 4 Toy 15 Br Eio
30 8 30 I 10 30 3 11) W.S.W. 30 2 Io
45 |13 6 45 > (P8 45 3 9 oo» 45 29
Io 0 4 4 Io oO Diy 10 0 30-7 wen Io oO 2 8
15 Loy 15 By 56 15 SERS Abts 15 S107
30 16 2 30 35 30 su) 31) am, 30 27/6
AS [EF 0.3 45 I 23 45 3 To» 45 2 4
II oO 17 Io II oO r 13 II oO 2701) O54) tla G Feng)
15 18 8 15 I O% 15 PATO!) 03s; 15 Bi 2
30 19 6 30 oO 113 30 2° 8) ns, 30 24
45A.M.|20 4! 45A.M.JO 10% AS AME] 2: Bie» iy 45A.M.| 2 ©
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 175
May 30.—1864.
Hout. GAINSBOROUGH. Goous. Nasurn Lock.
| Time. |Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind. |) Time. |Tide.|Wind.
h m= ft, in hm dfheint h m_ ([ft. in. hm _ |ft. in.
Noon, |2z0 11 Noon. jo 94 Noon, | 3 5} w.s.w.|| Noon, | 1 11
I215P.M.|21 6 I215PM.jo 8 IZ15P.M.| 4 3] N.W. ||I215P.M.| I 10
30 22 0 30 oF 30 SS |) mss 30 I g| w.
Ag 1) \2% 5 45. fox 6 45 Geral bs 45 1 8
Io 22/8 To Oo 53 to SOPs |). 55, aye) Nyy
15 j22 9 ™§ |0 43 15 9° 3) is 15 ee |
30 22 11 30 o 33 30 Toe 3) We 30 EEXG
45 22 8 45 o 2k 45 LE O| Fy 45 1 6
20 226 20 o 13% 20 Te Si ay 20 re 5
15 22 2 15 oF OF 15 TE rT| ¥> 15 see's
30 21 8 30 OMiD. Saw. 30 TZ 3) By, 30 ze 4!
45 bo tH 45 2 0 45 2-7 6) 45 rt 4
30 20 6 3-0 |2 63 ee as ae aCe oe.
15 19 Io 15 ae ex 15 TT) Bas 15 Eo. 4
30 rg) 11 30 Brt6 30 ree ar 30 en 5
45 |18 4 45 /3 113 45 |r 7] os 45 |
40 |17 6 4° 4 3 4° |1r 2) 4 | 4 0 3 4
15 16 8 15 aa) 15 Io 5} 15 3 11] s.w.
30.5 8 3°94 72 30 911] » 30 4 8
45 |14 8 45 4 9 45 9-4) » 45 5 6
a) 13 2x 55.0 4 8 Crete) Shiroh ot, 5.0 6 3
15 13 76 15 4er3 15 St 5) ads 15 6 6
gOS EAS 39/398 30 8 Oo 4», 30 6 10
Ce see 130 7k 45 Pr al ch 45 6 Io
60 Te 6 o 2° 6 | sw. || 6 oO aA Oe 60 6 6
eal ose Boo |3 <4. 15 ae Ol eas 15 6 0
30 9 8 39/32 30 & gl 4, 30 5 8
45 9 1 45 |3 Js 45 6 6 45 5 4) Sw.
7 0 8 6 770 ~~ 3" 9 7 0 i 3) yh a7 oO 5 0
15 WT 15 |2 93 15 5 11) 5 15 4 8
30 7 6 30. 2 «9 30 5 8 oy 30 4 4
45 wast 45 |2 73 45 5 5) ay 45 4 1
8 0 6 9 8 0 2 6 8 0 ge | 22 Gree 8 0 3 10
15 6 6 15 |2 4 15 Ari| sees 15 3 8
3° 6 3 30 2 25 30 4 9 ” 30 3 6
45 ory 45 |2 1 45°) V4 9) iin 45 3 4
a) 6 Io 90 |2 o 9 0 Ae | foe, 9 0 3 2) SW.
15 7 6 15 1 10 15 Cee lees 15 2, 0
30 Bing 30 1 83 30 AbtiOl) fees 30 2 10
45 9 0 45 03e 7 45 F LON Hips 45 2 9
Io oO SRG, Io oO r. 6 Io Oo BY Sl he llinan (oO a §
Rowe 2O'R 5 25. -® eee5 15 3. 6) 9%, 15 2 7
30 nr 6 30 I 4 30 3 4 Bq 2 6
45 BOE: 45 r 3 45 32) Das 45 2 °5
Ir o mg. °3 II o I 2 1 are | zz Oo ” Lie fa) 2 4
15 14 3 15 Le 15 211 > 15 2 3
30 m5: 3 30 0. 3° 2 9 ” 30 2. 2] ‘BW.
45P.M.|16 2 45P.M.JI oO 45P.M.| 2 8) ,, 45P.M.| 2 0
176 REPORT— 1864.
May 31.—1864.
Huu. GAINsBorovuct. GooLe. Nasurn Locs.
Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind. |} Time. | Tide.| Wind.
hm /[ft. in. h m (ft. in i mn, |i fb. gi: h m_/ft. in.
12 OAM.|16 11 12 OAMJO II | S.w. [12 OAM) 2 7] NW. []12 OAM.) X 11
15 17 10 15 © 10 15 2 6) N.N.W. 15 I 10
30 18 10 30 °o 9 30 2 Gi Bi ees 30 I 9
45. + |19) 9 45 |o 8 45 2 31 » 45 rR
Io 20 5 Io o2 7 Io De O\ ie, Io hee 7|" Save
15 apes 15 o 6 15 SES es 15 1 6
30, «27 30 |O 53 30 4 4 » 30 I 5
45 |20 11 45 |0 4% 45 6 o 45 ae4
20 o2Ere, 2550 o 34 2 0 ae ell te, 2 0 Tid
15 22-4 15 opez 15 Sah Fiiy ays 15 I 4
30 22 6 30 Oper 30 Saysip os 30 he. 4
45 22 7 45 |0 of 45 |1o 6 y 45 I 3
zy. fe) 22 6 Gh) Oo OF 380 pe) ie ey 2! De 3
15 22 5 15 o 8] N 15 TT pp Si, aay 15 De 3
30 220G 30 I 10 30 T2guO|Ny Gas 30 Ee 2
AB S27 45 |2 6 45 |12 4) » 45 I 2
4.0 21 so 4.0 ey shy 4.0 Tier lea 4 0 I2
15/20 6 15 |3 42 15 |12 8 oy 15 r 2
go. | 19. «9 30-3. 8 go. 125] as 30 I 2
45 |18 To 45 |3 10 45 |I2 Of » 45 I 9
Rv) LS) 2) 5.0 4.0 5.0 LLP 6\) Gs, Ee Xo) 2 6] N.w.
15 1719 15 48 3 15 WOM T|N pay 15 sik} 2
30 16) 5 30 4 6] NE 30 TOR]. cay 30 gy 8
45 is) 2 45 ane a) 45 OP Ol) Bas 45 4 7
60 |14 9 60 |4 7| NE || 6 0 9 3/ » | 6 0 55
15 7 ae) 15 4a 3 15 SPaOl 335 15 6 0
go; Bt54 3 ZO ip /3err 30 8 5)» 30 6 6
45 |12 6 45 |3 8 45 8 Oo y 45 6 10
7 eC Ly rt 7 a0 3 6 7 0 He. Bile eas 710 6 8 N.w.
Bs ete 3 1G AEH Se 4 15 TH ASS 15 6 5
30 10 8 30 eg 30 Gyerit|aee 30 6 0
figs Woh x 45 |3 2 45 6 8 ,, 45 5 8
8 0 9 8 8 0 300 nd te) 6H Ales; 8 0 LA
15 9 3 15 2 10 15 Gyr al ads 15 G10
30 8 11 a 30 5 10] 5, 30 4 9
45 8 10 45 |2 6 45 SREY Dee 45 4 6
9 0 8 9 9 9 |2 4 9 0 5 4A on 9 0 4 3
15 8 II 15 2 2 15 i lh eS 15 ye)
30 9 6 30 asi’ 30 APT) spe 30 ay
45 *¢/19 0 45 |2 0 45 4 9 oo» 45 3 6
10 0 Io 9 IO oO 2m iC Io 0 ee Gees Io 0 3 4| N.w.
15 |tr 8 15 |2 0 15 4 4 15 Btb:3
go 8 12) 7 cn 30 4 I 30 Bt a
45 |13 6 45 | 8 45 3.11 4, 45 3 0
II o 14 4 II 0 Teer7, II o 3-0} O71 || Sno 2 11
15 nS 4 15 1 6 15 277 |- ees 15 2 10
30:2 0p S go. 3 |h 5 30 ge 5) Sigs 30 2 9
45A.M.IL7) 2 45AM|r 4 45A.M| 3 3/9 45AM) 2 7
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS,
May 31.—1864.
177
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Gooxz. Naxsurn Lock.
Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. | Tide.| Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. |Tide.} Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft, in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
Noon. |18 2 Noon. |r 33] N. Noon. | 3 1) n.x.w.|| Noon. | 2 6
IZI5P.MII9 2 1215P.MJI Id IZ15P.M.| 2 11] E.S.E. ||I215P.M.| 2 5
30 Zor 5 30 I 0% 3° 2 O} Sas 30 24
45 20 II 45 I oO 45 7 eh 45 243
Io 25 7 Io o 104 Io 35 10) &;, Io 2 2! NE
15 22 3 15 OF OF 15 AIT] oy 15 2 1
30 22 Io 30 o 8 30 63) 8) “Be 30 2 0
45 |23 5 45 |9 73 45 71 5 45 III
20 239 20 o 6 20 9 oO} 5; 2110 I 10
15 24.0 15 Oo 54 15 TOR 7) 235 15 I 10
30 24 3 30 Oo 4 30 Tiley (81) fa3s 30 I 9
45 24 4 45 on 3 45 I2 10] ;; 45 tr 9
3.0 24 2 3.0 °o I 3.0 T2e | ae, Ey ie) 1 8
15 Pe 15 TH. 15 Tage Song 15 me 7
30 23 3 3° 2 3 30 14, CO} 39 3° Tes 7,
45 22 9 45 3. OF 45 14 31» 45 r 6) sx.
40 22 2 4 0 Ch HG} 4.0 TAD G| 3, 4.0 Te 6
15 an) 6 15 4 7 15 14 7| S.E. 15 22)
30 cog 32 See 32 14) 3)» 30 Bh 2
45 |19 11 45 |5 6 a5) Nt37| Sa 45 3 9
50 Oe) 5 0 5 11 Bie 13 1 oma 49
15 17 11 15 6 23 15 E20) 5] oa 15 es
30 itr ae Eh 30 6 44 30 II) 9] «35 30 6 6
45 |16 4 45 |6 6 450) WaT 25s 45 7 6
60 15 6 6 0 Oz 60 10 6 ,, 6 0 8 3
15 14 9 15 5 9 15 LOMO] os, 15 8 6
30 13 Il 30 5 3 30 OFT cry 30 8 11
45 |13 3 45 4 10 45 9 3) » 45 8 8
7 10 iz 6 70 4 7% 7 9° Suro a. Gj {e) 8 2] s.Z.
15 II 9 15 4 6 15 Se 6] vs, 15 7, 8
ZO UIT. 30/433 oe 8. 2) ax 30 fet
45 |t0 5 45 |4 2 45 7 10] » 45 Ci?
8 0 9 Io 8 o ae 10 8 0 Teh Oli tas 8 0 6 3
15 9): 2 wi Sh nr 15 Val 28s 15 5 11
30 on BS 30 spd 30 6 Io] 5, 30 oy 8
45 8 2 45 |3 63 45 6 7] 3 45 Cae:
9 0 7 10 90° 5 [ah % Dana 6) 3] owe || 9° 5 2
15 FAT, 15 3 35 15 Gir oll 25, 15 4 11) 8.5.
30 Hines 30 «3 2 ge SEPOIh) Gap 30 4 8
45 hate 45 32.9 45 Sep Oll, Ss 45 4 5
10 o 7 6 Io o 2 10% Io Oo ‘Sie S li tss5 Io oO Ai 3
15 7p a 15 Zang 15 See) ey BS AT
30 Bee's 30 SEs 30 AS IOl| gy 30 Q 1x
45 9 2 45 |2 6 45 4" 8, 45 a5 9
IIo g II II oO 2 5 Imo Aaa Gil sates II oO eG
15 |1o 8 15 |2 4 B5 4 3] oo» 15 3 5|
3o.0=4fIE 7 30 3 3° 4 1 » 30 3 3| SE
45P.Mj12 6 45P.M.|2 I 45 PM! 3 311] ,, 45P.M.) 3 2
1864.
178 REPORT—1864.
June 1.—-1864,
Hutt. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.e.
Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.|} Time. |Tide.
hm ft. in. hm
ft. in. hm ft. in.
IZ OAM.|13 8 12 OAMJ|2 oO | W. |/I2 OAM! 3° 9
15 14% 6 15 1 10} 15 307
30 15) 7 30 I 9 30 3 5
45 16 7 45 |r 8 aS ote
Io 17 6 Io ry Io 3 3
15 18 4 15 1 6 15 3 2
30 19 2 30.0 | 48 30 3.0
|e 3 45 |i 3 45 2 10
ZrO 20 9 20 ree 2 0 211
15 j2r 5 15 I oF 15 3 3
30 21 II 30 o II 30 5 0
45 22 5 45 ° 10 45 6 8
380 22 8 3.0 ° 9 3.0 8 3
15 22 10 15 o 8 15 9 6
30 22 11 30 opty. 30 Io 4
45 230 45 o 6 45 II) 2
4 0 23 10 4 0 °o 5 4 0 Ir II
x5 22 )'8 15 O° 43 15 IZ) 3
30 22 4 30 Beg 30 12 8
oa bol Kes oe 45 jz 5 | Nw 45 12 ‘31
5 0 2h Ing 5 0 B5%8 5 o Hepa Gu
15 20 7 15 3 8 15 13,1
30 19 10 30 4 1 30 B20NG
45 19 0 45 4 8 45 120 sI
60 18 3 6 0 4.11 | Nw || 6 0 11 8
15 TF 3 15 nD 15 Tg 0
30 16 5 30 ee} 30 Io 6
crtel vb eed ad 45° £15828 45 9 I0
7 0 14 8 70 4 11 70 ones
a5 a 2 15 4 7 aS 9 0°
BOS ho 39/4 3 30 S547
a5 FB. 3 45 |4 © 45 8 2
8 0 II 5 5 a0 3 Io 8 o 7 9
Le) ae) 15 3m9 zs a6
30 IO 1 30 anes 30 A wa
45 D5 45 ey 45 6 10
gy: 2 50 9 0 3 5 ee) 6 6
RP a ig das a5 [ougheg 15 16 3
30 8 2 30 3h as 30 60
45 7 10 45 gitb 45 Seng
Io 0 7 8 10 0 2 103 oe) 5 6
15 79 15 2 &9 15 5. 3
30 8 o 30 2ne6 a2 5 0
45 8 8 45 |2 43 45 4 I0
1d Be] 9 4 II oO hela 1 eo) 4°7
15 Io 2 15 2s 15 Ae 5
30 Ir I 30 28 <0 89 pte)
45A.M./Ir II 45A.M.J1 1oF 45A.M.! 4
Nasurn Lock.
OwoOWWWHhAAHDHBUMNNA DONNY DAODNAPDPW DH HH RM RM RR eR Re ee BY YD DNDN D HWY =
Tide.
col
ie)
al
mH mH OO -B in NI 00L0
lal
ie)
al
H DOH CON DDH COHW DOOMNUNN AAA A As! COO
cal
{e)
=
wBAaAwO ONAN
Wind.
8.E.
Calm.
S.W.
2
|
_ ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS,
June 1.—1864.
179
Hun GAINSBOROUGH. GooLe. Nasurn Lock.
Time. | Tide.} Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. |Tide.|Wind.|| Time. | Tide.| Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in.| hm ft. in, hm ft. in.
Noon. |12 8 Noon. '|1 93 Noon. | 3 10} N.w. || Noon. | 3 ©
12 1§ P.M./13 10 IZI5P.MJI 83 IZ15P.M.| 3 8] 3, 12 15 PM.| 2 II
30 14 10 30 1 sey 30 3B pHO}' bse 30 2 10
45 |16 © 45 |r 6 45 3.4 » 45 2 9) Ww.
10 17 0 i 10 I. 4% Io iat? | o> Io 2 8
15 13 I 15 I 4 15 fra ke) eae J 15 2 7
30 18 11 30 I 28 30 2sEG| os» 30 2 6
45 |20 © 45 |I of 45 2 9 » 45 2 5
20 20 10 2 0 I. o Ww. 2 0 Zin tOll vate 240 ae
15 ze. 17 15 © Ios 15 3.9 » 15 Beal We
30 ee 30 oo <o) 30 | 30 z-2
45 |22 8 45 |o 9 45 5 10) 5 45 2 1
2°16 Ba 32 3.0 o 83 3.40 FO a3) 3.0 2.0
15 2g) 5 15 o 7 15 Sant! 5, 15 I 10
30 2g, ef 30 o 6 30 DOME |" cx, 30 I 9| W.
45 |23 8 45 |9 5 45 |1r 7| » 45 1 8
4.0 2a 87 4.0 o 4 4.0 Doz)” sy 4.0 Lady
1 Zar |5 15 0. 33 15 HOMEO|.: has 15 cuba
30 22 II 30 (omni 30 ne) ee 30 any
45/22 5 45 |2 6 45 |13 8) » 45 Ra7
542 21 8 5.0 Bi gG 5 0 E3),10) -.5 Tere) Tab6
15 25 0 15 4 OF 15 DQUIE| as 15 Pais
30 _ 20 4 30 4 7 30. {13 8) 30 $5
45 |19 6 45 |5 © 45 |13, 2) on 45 2 4
60 18 9 60 5 43] N.w. || 6 oO EO 7) ass 60 36
15 |I7 Io Ra's [Sea 15 |Iz2 oO » 15 4 3
30 16 11 30 6 0 30 BESTT S| ass 30 Sao! ie
45 |16 1 45 |6 o8 45 |10 9) » 45 5.11
7 tO ES 42! 70 5 11 7 0 TORT i Ase) 6 Io
15 A 1/3 15 CONS 15 Qyiad || sacs 15 Tato
30013 30 «(5 30 9013) maw 3° Geex
45 |I2 8 45 |4 73 45 8 9 » 45 8 1
8 0 If Zi 550 4 4 8.0 8 4) 4s 8 Oo 7 Io
15 jtr 1 5 |4 2 15 8 Oo» 15 743) SXF
30 = jlo 4 394 30 7 9 » 30 6 9
45 9 8 45 |3 103, 45 Fea5| 343 ON 245 6143
ago Ce Fine a5 See eine) mk? one 5 Fry
15 8 4 15 3 8 15 Gekola.. 15 es Baal
30 7 9 30/3, «6 30 6 7) » 30 5 3}Calm.
45 243 45, 113 45 6 4.» 45 Gees
Io o 6 Io i Colmer) 3. 23 10 0 Om oF 3 10 0 B29
15 6 6 15 3. of 15 Cart pees 15 4 6
ae Bs go. 2 aT 30 5 7] » 30 4 3
45 6 3 45 |2 98 45 5 Al sp 45 4 0
II o 6 7 II o 2, 33 II Oo eat esse EE LO 3 10
15 Te 15 2, 6 15 ALO! m5; 15 3) pan |
30 7 10 30 2 5 30 ee pe 30 3 6|Calm.
45P.M.| 8 9 45P.M.|2 35 45P.M.) 4 5 xf 45P.M.. 3 4
n2
180
REPORT—1864.
June 2.—1864.
Huu. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo.e.
Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. |Tide.}Wind.
h m_ ft. in. h m_ |ft. in. h m_ ([ft. in
IZ OAM! 9 8 IZ OAM.|2 2 N. ||12 OAM.) 4 3] N.W.
15 10 6 15 2, OF teers 4 oO] 5
30 II 9 30 I iI | S30 QMO |p ares
45 [12 9 45, Pr Sigs | 45 3 8) »
fio) 113 69 ey rite 3 I 0 3.1625;
15 14 10 15 107 15 Beil ass
30 51 30 r 5% 30 3) 32! Stas
EUS AE Gee 45 |l 45 45 3 9%
20 18 0 z 10 I 2} 20 ay DT pees,
15 19 I 15 I mt 15 2 1O|| ss
30 20 0 30 tO 30 2A OY ss
45 20 10) 45 oI 45 ae CA
3) 21 9 21 nO © 10 3.0 3°40 2;
15 22, 5 15 che) 15 45 Sines
30 22 TI 30 ons 30 GiaGis
45 |23 4 45 |0 7 45 8 6
40 [23 7 40 Jo 6 40 19 9 »
15 23 10 15 ons 15 noe OE A
30 23 11 30 oun 30 12-02) Sy
45 23 11 45 0°73 45 nZone
5.04 (238 CR eich! f° tome) Fe;
15 Enea 15 I 10 15 TZ°no| <.
30 22 10 30 3583 30 Lite TNS
45 22 2 45 fae 45 TAS | ney
60 2% 7 60 4="6) |e IN: 60 TASe Al Ras
15 20 10 15 Sate 15 14 3| NE
30 20 1 30 ei 30 L3°LG|" ee,
45 19 4 45 5 11 |) 245 13,02) »
TO ia 18015 7 7 we \O8t3 700) Dee hcl
15 17 6 15 Greg 15 TLE Q|| less
30 16 8 30 6 6 30 (th tt diene
5 IES) 45 |6 3 45 [10 7| E.N.E
8 0 14 9 8 o 5 11 nm." 11'S io Tora =;
15 ah ufey 15 S098 15 OTA Ras
30 reed et 30 4-11 30 Chee |enn
45 12 3 45 |4 9 45 8 9
9 0 1a) 16 9 0 4 5 9 0 2)
15 TONG 15 4 3 | 15 Shi tots;
30 Coa 30 Ph 3 30 TELO| Se,
45 5 45 4 0 45 Vises || Sas
IO oO 8 I0 10 0 3 11 Io o Gh Wey oa
15 8 3 a5 Ft 13s 28 15 6 Io} ,,
30 of 1h} 30 3. 63 | 30 GE 6/1 as,
45 Zia 45 |3 42 | 45 6 2)
II 0 7 a II o aU aS LT Vo ip Gl bey
15 Tez 15 Bhgnecg 15 5 8 y
30 iS 30 Cig ie 23° 5S 5)
45A.M.| 8 0 45A.M.|2 Ios | 454M.) 5 2) 4,
Time.
I2 OA.M.
15
| 30
45
L 9
15
30
45
2 0
15
30
45
hm
Tide.
ft. in.
wo
w
_
HOM NWA DOO HH
woe
ie]
Nasvurn Lock.
Wind.
Calm.
cal
Leal
Yu OK FN OWOW WON ADO DOWOWON ANHUUNH ADA ow
PBRPBUUNN ADIN CMO MNI ANPW NH HHH HH RRR eR Ree DYDD DKK NNN NW
E.
a > ee
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS,
181
Nasurn Lock.
Time.
hm
Noon.
12 15 P.M.
30
45
Tz 0
15
30
45
gz 9
15
30
45
Tide. |Wind.
ft. in.
4.0
3.10
3 8
3 6
3 4
he
Sk del
Ze)
2 10
ABMS
2 8
2 7
2056
2iheG |) pide
2 4
ZENS
Zs
220
II
I Io
b ae Co) mn of
I Io
BEKO
I 8
I 8
De 7
2 11
3.11
GO}, es
6 4
76
8 4
9 0
97. 6
oms
9° 4
8 9} Calm.
8 2
7 6
76
6.7
6 3
6 oc
a 9)
5 6|Calm.} *
543
5 °C
14° 9
June 2.—1864.
Ce ee a tt IL, _ REINS MOOTED 7 Ieee NIE es
Hutt. GAINSBOROUGH. Goo...
Time. |Tide.|Wind. || Time. | Tide.)Wind.|| Time. | Tide.
h m_ ft. in. hy im: } |fit..in: him, | Abt. am.
Noon. | 8 to Noon. [2 9] &. Noon. | 4 11
12 15P.M.| 9 Io 1215 P.MJ2 7 I215P.M) 4 9
30 Io I 30 2 6 30 4 6
45 (tb 31 45 |2 43 45 4 4
ji LPN 12 II Io 2 an 3 Io 452
15 14, © 15 2 14 15 4 0
30 15 2 30 I 113 30 3 10
45 |16 3 45 |I 10 45 3 8
2.0 17 2 2.0 Ig | 2 0 3 6
15 18 3 15 Me a) 15 3 4
30 19 6 30 I 62 | 30 3 2
| 45 Zo) <7 45 ee) 45 hg I
ig, 0 20 6 3.0 Faas 30 2 10
ee 22 6 15 I 2 15 20L8
30 237.3 30 tee 30 516
45 [23 10 45 |E o8 45 FU,6
4 0 BAL? 40 Io 4.0 9 4
HG f)24: 5 15 [0 10% 15 {10 10
30 24. 8 30 Oo 9s 30 IZ 2
45 [24 10 45 9 83 45 [13 6
int RO) 24 10 | 5 0° O01 75 S40 4° 2
15 BALLS 15 °o 63 15 14 8
. 30 23.11 30 Bag 30 ng
45 i an 45 ee 45 15 4
6 0 22 6 60 Sion | | +E 60 15 5
15 jar 9 15 {5 9% 15) GS
30 20 0 30 6 3 30 15 1
45 |20 1 45) Ubi 45 |14 6
7 0° 19 4 Leo TPO Tao 13 9
15 m 5 15 TAS 15 T3iL 0
30 17 6 30 Tans 30 120-4!
45 |16 6 45 7 43 45 2 Wah 7
8 o re 76 8 0 6 of 8 0 reno
ms 147 15 Giss 15 10 6
30 13° 9 30 5 83 30 10 I
45 aS 45 5 4 45 9° 7
Divo 12 2 9 oO SP 9 0 97).3
15 Pt) 4! 15 4. 10 15 8 11
30 TO) 7 30 4 8 30 8 6
45 |9 10 45/4 6% 45 8 2
10 0 9 2 Io o 4 4% 10 oO 7 10
15 B7, 15 |4 25 15 TH 7
30 ee 3° 4 1 30 13
45 75 45 3 11 45 TAO
II o "Ae G| IIo 3 84 II 0 6 8
15 ee ry Oe gf 15 Gri 5
30 6 6 30 3506 30 6 1
45P.Mi 6 7 45P.M.13° 4 45P.M.| 5 10
182 - RErFORT—1864,
June 3.—1864,
|
Hott. | GarnsBorovau. . Goous. Nasurn Lock.
Time. |Tide.) Wind.| Time. |Tide.| Wind.|| Time. | Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide.| Wind.
hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in. hm ft. in.
I2 OAM! 7 oO 12 OAM.|3 2 E. ||12 OAM.| 5 7| ESE. ||12 OAM.) 4 6
15 7 8 15 (3 0 15 5 41» 15 4 4
30 8 6 30 2 10 3c Sua | Gy 30 4 2
45 5 5 a2 eS 45 5 oO ys 4 0
Io re 5 ite 296 Io A. MO ay < 3 10| Calm.
a5 Ir 6 I 2 4% 15 4° 7| 1» 15 3 8
30 iz 6 30 ee 30 Ar tials ae 30 3 6
45 |13 8 45 |2 Ie 45 4 2) 45 3.4
2 0 4 7 20 2. fue 20 ANSIOl) ay 2 0 Zi
15 Le 9 15 I 103 15 Suiko| a3 15 gyro
30 16 10 30 ERO 30 3.2/8] a5 30 2 10
45 |17. Io 45 |r 73 45 3 6). 5 45 2 8
3.0 19 0 3.0 TA6 3 0 TMA. by 3.0 207
15 20 2 15 Das 15 Sh 2 eas 15 aa 6
30 21 2 30 I 4 30 3510}, by 30 2 5
45 |2m2 45 NTS 45 3 21 45 2 4
4.0 272 tg 4.0 Tie 4.0 Ate8| 0285 4.0 2.259
15 23 (4 i5 Tcgt 15 6 9) » 15 are
30 23.9 30 Tago 30 Seas)’ Ge 30 2 1
45 24. I 45 oO 11 45 TOmg2| 0 a6 45 ato
5.0 24 4 5.0 ° Io 5.0 CeO 7| less 5 0 Ii
15 a4 15 15 Cao 15 ae) er 15 EEeS
30 24 5 30 °o 8 30 ee 30 Faso
45 24 2 | 45 o 7 45 FAee | as 45 Bend
60 23°09 60 2b E 6.0 TAL tes 60 bey
15 23 2 15 4 0 15 14 9] 8.5 15 ry-36
30 22 6 30 4 8 30 TAIT) ge 30 FanG
45 ee AS 45 Swa7 45 TAUET) ~d35 45 bay
7 gO 21 #1 || 7 9° 5 10 7 0 T4900) sy 70 EyTS| EH.
15 |20 3 15 |6 3 15 Wala 3) 38 15 3.1
3019, 4 30 «(6 6 GO NES ENS) say 30 4 0
45 |18 6 45 |6 9 a yr 45 5 4
8 o 17 6 re) 7eao 8 0 T2ayO) By 8 0 6 6
15 OES. 5 15. 9170 15 JIT Al oy 15 7 6
30 15 6 30 6 6 30 LOSES) oss 30 Eye
45 LA 7 45 6 2 45 TOSN2 | gx 45 8 10
9 0; 113 9 9.0 Wisec7 9 0 92-9]. aie fig 0 9 1
2) az to 15 Sees 15 Tas hae 15 9,9
30 IZ 0 30 4 11 30 3 10} 3,8.E. 30 8 6
45 jin 2 45 45-9 45 8 6 45 7 10
10 0 I@. 55 Io o 4 7] N.E. |l1o o Sp0 2] -o., 10 oO 7 5) N.W.
15 9 8 a5 ‘Glee 53 15 7/19 oh 15 6 9
30 8 11 go 5 |4° 8 30 746) oe 30 6 3
£5 se 92 45 |4 1 45 17 2 » 45 | § 10
II 0 eG ea) 3.11 8 II oO 6510] G,, /ir1 co 5 6
15 ie LS = (30.9 15 6 6 ,, 15 593
30 6 8 go 139 9 30 6 3] » 30 5 0
454M.) 6 5 45A.MJ3 5% 45A.M.) 6 oO} ,, 454.M.) 4 10
am NEE ee —EE————EE——E—E ES eee
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
183
June 3,—1864,
Hui. GAINSBOROUGH. Goouz. Nasurn Locks.
Time, | Tide.|Wind. |} Time, | Tide.|Wind. || Time. |Tide./Wind. |} Time, | Tide.|W
h m= (ft. in. h m __ fft. in. boom) it an: h m ft. in.
Noon. | 6 3 Noon. |3. 33 Noon. | 5 9g] 8s.z. |) Noon. | 4 7
I215P.M.| 6 6 IZ15P.M.j3. Iq IZI5P.M. 5 6] ESE. |/I215 P.M.) 4 5
39 2 9 30 3502 30 LYS et 30 4 3
45 7 10 45 |2 103 45 5 Oo y 45 4 0
Io 8 Io i dpe) 2. 9 ro AueO| ass Io 3.19) ©.
15 g 10 mG Oe 15 4 6 » 15 3 6
30 Ir o 30 2. $ 3° 4 4 » 30 3 4
45 IZ 2 45 2 3 45 4 2) » 45 By 3
2 0 ma 13 2 0 2 9% 2-10 A vols, 2 0 Bene
15 4 4 15 2 OF 15 3,20) <5, 15 eb
30 1§ 6 30 EU IXx 30 ci geld ee 30 3.9
45 |16 8 45 |1 10 45 ce 45 211
3a 17 II 3.0 1 Rely 2 sr 0 Baral sss ZFFO 2 10
15 i: ee 15 Fa) iN. 15 ne | 15 2. 8
30 zo 4 30 Lae 30 cee] ee 30 Bin?
45 2m Be 45 1 64 45 QE" 9s 45 rae fe
40 ame 1S 40 I 43 4.0 2 To|. 4.0 Zonal oe,
15 Oe a 15 I 3 15 fom" Ls 15 peg
30 24) 16 30 Lee 30 Ors ee 30 2s
45 24 3 45, igi teoe 45 8 5} 45 2 2
510 eve f 5 0 Io 5 0 9 Io; 5, 5 0 2 0
15 24 10 15 1.63 15 THORS 5 csp 15 I 10
30 24 11 30 o 10 30 EZ ET eg 30 The9
45 [25 0 45 |° 9 45 |13 10] » 45 1 3
6 0 {24 10 60 |o 83] nx. || 6 © Taber gl ess 60 I 6
15 24 4 RS ke ty) ieee os! oy 15 1 6
30 Za 29 30 Aen 30 Cea) ee 30 Dears
45 23 2 45 Lr 45 Us ey | ee 45 a)
vee) 22 4 Finke} 5 10 7 20) Sea aes 7 0 ros
15 21 6 15 haa 15 re Ol A 15 1
30 20 8 30 6 9 30 15 o| & 30 2033
45 |19 8 45 |7 O28 45 {14 3) oo» 45 4 6
8 o 18 11 8 0 7 4% 8 0 i ar 7 eee 8 0 5 6
15 17 11 15 7 63 15 ta rd DE 15 7 SO
30 I% ‘Oo 30 a” 6 30 ie to) 30 3 ar
45 |t5 11 #5. 17,8 45 |Ir 4) » 45 8 11
9 0 re. Fe 9 0 6 8 9 0 FOr |) 2155 9 0 9 7| Calm.
15 14 1 15 6.6 15 foe AE DIS 15 g Io
39 «133 BO Tel Saeae 30 gio} ,, 30 9 7
45 Iz 5 45 |5 43 45 9 5} » 45 PAG
10 o 1h. \7 10 0 5 Oy 10 oO Gu rOl) Gas onto; 8 4
paises 9 15 |4 103 15 8 8) ly 15 9
30 0-0 30 4 9 30 8 4) » 30 7 2
45 9 2 45 4 7 45 8 Oo 5 45 6 9
IIo 8 6 IIo a 5 II oO G Bel 7) Ne ee 8 is GER: 6 4
) 7 io 15 |4 23 15 Teal aw 15 6 ©
3 30/4 08 40/4 FFX op 30 5 9} Calm.
9 45 P.M.|3 104 45P.M.| 6 9g] ,, 45P.M.| 5 6
184. REPORT—1864.
June 4.—1864,
Hott. GAINSBOROUGH. Goote. Nasurn Lock.
Time. | Tide.|Wind. | Time. |Tide.|Wind.|) Time. | Tide./Wind. |} Time. |Tide.|Wind.
lh-m _ {ft, in. h m_ (ft. in. ih m_ |ft. in. h m_{ft. in.
IZ OAM.) 6 4 12 OAM.I3 83] N.E. ||12 oOAM.| 6 6) E. |l112 OAM) 5 3
15 6-2 15 gen6 15 6 2! NW. 15 ‘Sapo
30 6 3 30 (3.33 30 5 10} 4 30 49
| 45 6 5 A513" 3% 45 5a tT kee 45 47
beI;.O Toba Io 2 114 ro GRA euss Io 4 5) Calm.
15 ae) 15 2 10 15 5.3] .%) 15 4 3
hae Ph ig 30, jz 83 3° 411) 5; 30 4 1
p445 to 45 aor | 45 49) 3 45 fj,
b2 0 Ir 2 2 0 2 5% 20 A 6)) os 20 ci
15 12 3 15 2 45 15 4 4 » 15 ci of
30 13.5 3° 2 3 30 4 2) » 3° ayers
45 |14 7 45 |2 1% 45 4 oO] 55 45 383,
3.0 15 9 3.0 2 0 3.0 3 10] W.N.W.|| 3 0 dee a
15 16 11 15 I 10g 15 20S) es 15 2 11
30 ES. bt 30 T9 30 CW ellaene, 30 2 9
45 19 4 45 |r 8 45 344) she 45 LAT
4.0 20 6 4.0 19 |4 0 3 82h os 4.0 rg
15 21 15 I. 54 EES, 2 90), 15 2 4
go 80 225 30 |r 48 30 3 2} 30 2 1k3
45 |23 2 45 I 32 | 45 4 9) » 45 a rs
5.0 23 08 5 £6 I. 24 5.0 Grd) 3 50 Zot
15 24 2 15 tts |} 35 8 10) Ww 15 Zz {0
30 24 6 30 1 of 30 To 10] 45 30 III
45 24 9 45 Io 1262) 5S I 10
6 0 24. Io 60 [eyerue (Pes O2h gah 13) 52) is ee I 10
15 24. 10 15 ° 10 15 14 0] S.w. 15 I 9
30 24 6 30 o 10 30 TAP oe 30 ee iy
45 |23 1 AS: ieig 48 45 |15 Oo 4, 45 a9
FO 1423 15 7 *D. ties 3 8 AES 53) ae Ae aa 1 6
15 22 8 TS tig 6 3 a5 NES 385) tae 15 1 6
30 21 II 30 6 0 30 BS Stal gs 30 TS
45 j2t 4 45 |6 5 Hie ese ae Me 45 2 4
8 o 20) 13 8 o 6 9 ae) 14 6/w.s.w. || 8 o 3 Io
15 19 4 15 Te 15 Cia errs 15 5. Fee
30 18 15 30 73 30 ia To! ss 30 6 1
45 |17 6 a5 ig 5 45 12 ob 4, 45 7P3) Wy)
9 0 16 6 9 0 yaat 9 0 POs WAP. 9 0 S32,
15 Tees 15 65 15 TO TO) es 15 8 11
30 14 6 30 6 1 3° 10 3 ” 3° 9 4
45 |13 6 45 |5 9 45 9 9) WwW 45 9 6 |
Io oO Iz 9 Io oO 5h 10 Oo OPA os I0 oO 9.19 |
15 |1X 10 aS 15, oF tba i fe 5 | 9.2
30 II oO 30 4 11 30 Sig (ee 30 S on
45 | |19 2 45 |4 9 45 8 2)w.Nw.|| 45 “47
IIo 9 5 II Oo 4 62 II oO 710) 5 II o 6 11
15 eis 5 4 5 55 746 » 15 6 5
30 8 0 39,4 3 30 ae Oe 30 6 o
454M! 7 4 45A.MJq 1 | 454M 6 %13|" 5! 454.M.| 5 9
a a a Ue ee
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS, 185
: June 4.—1864,
EE ae
GAINSBOROUGH. Goorz. Nazvrn Locr,
Time. | Tide.|Wind. || Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. | Tide. Wind.
hom © }ff-in. hom [ft in. h m ft. in.
Noon. /3 10} Noon. | 6 8)w.n.w.|| Noon. | 5 6
IZI5P.MJ3 9 1215P.M| 6 4) Nw. |lt2 15 P.M.) 5 3
39 «13. 7 |w.n.w.|} 30 6 o ,, 30 5 0
45 13 43 45 5 9)» 45 4 9
To gh ga 7° bee 6}, Io 4 6 w.
TS 3st 15 See 3! oh, 15 4 3
59 Sino: 30 5 Oo ” 30° 4 1
45 2 9% 45 4 9) 155 45 3 Io
20 2 8 2 0 AMOINP, ; 2 0 3 8
5) pe|2007 15 4 4. » 15 3 6
39 [2 6 30 42 er, 30 3 4
45 |2 43 45 4 Fo » 45 SPee2 aie
Zingh) 23 Sige) BUOY 55 30 cid De
15 2 1 15 3 8 ” 15 3 0
30 2G 30 PRG, 30 211
45 |I 103 45 3 4) » 45 2 I0
40 ro mse Se ot 99 40 2a
15 ts) 15 Ke f(s 15 2 8
30 Tare 30 Z*F0| #5 30 ae oN aap
45 ToA6 45 25rn as, 45 2 6
5=o I 43 5 0 3 4 » 5 0 2 5
PO rll ake 15 Frees 15 2 4
30 I 23 30 Sa 3; 30 23
i gas 45 TOMEI i Fe 45 Zar 2,
I o| nw. || 6 0 ib ee ated a 60 ato
re 15 Taian) 35, 15 Ii
Hengelo) 30 14 3] 30 I Io
our 45 oe Se) ee 45 aD) nw
2 9 TO DSPs 9] te 7 0 I 8
4.0 15 Te 46) a3, 15 yy
Roe 30 ee ee 30 rr
5 9 45 |35 8) 3; 45 a)
6 33 mater” | sine? 6S, 8 0 bbs
6 10 15 DAT IT| «hss 15 chee
7 2 39 14 2, 30 4 6
Thee 45 132! 4, 45 Cras
Theis 9 0 12 6) 4, 9 0 6 10
eG 15 mI 9} yy 15 oo a
rg 30 Trerr|( 30 9 0
6 6 45 EORNG| | a 45 9 8
6 2 10 0 10,0} ©; Io oO 9 11
ere 6) ead i x5 gS
Pee 30 Omer ep 30 8 8
5 1 45 8 8) ss 45 s7 8
4 11 1G uae) Se ral II o 7 6) s.w.
4 83 15 Sho) a; 15 PENS
4 63 30 ey, 30 6 6
45P.M14 4 AGP M.| 7 Bly 45P.M.| 6 1
186 REPORT—1864,
June 5,—1864,
Huy GAINSBOROUGH. Gooxz. Nasurn Locg.
Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. | Tide.|Wind.|| Time. |Tide./Wind.|| Time. | Tide.|Wind.
hm) * aift.sin. h am | iftiain hays wicoegin. h m_ ft. in.
12 OAM) 7 9 IZ OAM.|4 2 | N.W. ||12 OAM.) 7 Of NW. [l1z2 OA.M.| § 10
15 758 15 |4 © 15 6 9) » 15 5 +3
30 6 8 39 = |3.: 10a 30 ey ae 30 5 4
45 6 4 45 |3 8 » 45 6 2) 45 Oe Yi
Io 6 Wa Ta 3. 54 TO Ee Xo} es iy is) 4 I0
15 6 2 x5 leashes 15 5 6 » 15 4 7
30 Oey 3931S 30 pee 30 4 5
45 778 45 |3 © 45 5 oO on 45 4 2
ZO pines Mo} Peay ZG A aeons 216 4 0
45 9:55 a5 Pale 15 4 7) 1% 15 3 10
30 Io 6 30 2 8% 30 Ae ST ag 30 2.8
45 |r 9 45 |2 7 45 4 3) » 45 3 6
3.0 12 10 3.0 2. 6 20 7a ee 3.0 ey
15 14.50 15 Zoek 15 3 AuL|| Fase 15 B12)
go 115-1 30, 2 38 30 3. 9) 30 3 0
45 |16 4 45 |2 2 45 Sahil mse 45 2 10
4 0 ue OG 4.0 2 Of 4.0 3115 | ees 4.0 2 8
15 13 8 15 I 10 15 Sheil) basa 15 26
30 19° 11 30 ie 9) 30 Bol id|| ee 30 ee OT
45 j21 0 a5 jist B 45 Siyhe| Sse 45 2 4) Ww.
5 0 22 0 BLO Teg 5 0 pe er 5 0 dukes
15 22 10 15 rms) 15 ae | eslsg 15 2 ue,
30 2g ° 6 30 Te 30 Cee TA Bet 30 cma
45 24. 2 45 I 4 45 8 Oo} W.N.W. 45 20
60 24°79 60 1 22!) w.s.w.|| 6 0 Suns ess 60 T YI
15 24 10 15 I 34 15 Tit eA eal. 15 I 10
30 250% 30 I Of 30 12) ol) Pay 30 I 9
45 25 2 45 joit 45 Eig 7 lta: 45 1 8
712) 24. II op Xe Oo 10} ye ue) TAs S| ~ Sas Too 137
15 2A vg 15 Oo 9% Le 15 0] W.8.W 15 be a)
30/24. «0 30/3, 8 Zor Wal Tse S' lay 30 rap)
45 [23 3 45 |4 6 45 (15 7] 3s 45 I 4
8 0 2a 8 0 5 7 |w.bys.l| 8 0 TORE Ol. as 8 0 oe Be)
15 21 8 15 6 3 15 He) aes 15 ram
30 20 10 30 6.9 30 Deadly eee 30 2. 6] 8.W.
45 |19 11 45 |7 © 45 $114.3! 45 3 8
Pe) tOALS, one 738 oF 9 13 6 ,, ee 5 6
15 es) 15 yp ah 15 ET 5 ee 15 6 8
30 17 12 30 Fee 30 It 11 Pr 30 7 Io
45 |16 1 45 6 |70 5 45 jit 4) » 45 8 9
10 oO Tet IO oO 6 9 IO o TOWNS | oe 10 0 (oy 1
15 14 3 15 Giana, 15 TOWED 15 9 6
30113 4 201 i lbe 8 30 9 7| » 30 9 5
45 12 4 45 |5 4 45 9 2) » 45 8 11
rhe te 1h 16 1G ete) 5) II o SEe Ol caste EEO bei
15 Io 9 ae 410 15 et S|" kay 15 ee)
30 9 II 30 4 83 30 el anor 30 Lee:
454M.) 9 2 45A.M./4. 7 ARAM 7 a Ol a uss 45A.M.! 6 6
~—
ON TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
June 5,—1864.
187
GAINSBOROUGH. GooLE Nasurn Lock.
Tide.| Wind.) Time. | Tide. Wind. || Time. | Tide. Wind. || Time. Tide. |Wind.
ft. in. jh m_ /ft. in. hw 4) itt.,ah. h m_ ft. in
4 Noon. |4 4 |w.s.w.|| Noon. | 7 5/w.s.w.|| Noon. | 6 1) s.w.
8 I2ZI15P.Mj4 2 IZ15P.M.| 7 1I| S.W. |/12 15 P.M.) 5 Io
° 30 4 oF 30 Geri es 30 a 96
5 45 |3 10 45 6 5) » 45 5 4
10 Io 3. 83 ip Ne) Lily ir Tene; 5, 72
5 15 3 73 15 5 11) » 15 4/9
3 gp Ns Be 30 St7| oe 30 4 7
3 45 (30 34 45 5 4 oy 45 4 5
9 2 Oo 3. 141 2,0 Bra aes 20 4 2) Sw.
i 15 32 15 410) 5 15 4.0
7 309 |2_ 105 30 4 7) » 30 3 9
8 45 2 9 45 4 5) » 45 27
9 5° ae a2 Sa eS l= Sah) 345
II 15 re AS 15 Assay ex rs aus
2 30 Pe) 30 a gl eee 30 Zon
4 45 |2 Ia 45 3 9 » 45 2 11
6 4.0 2 0 4.0 ena | ere: 4 0 2 9| S.w.
is 15 Eerss| 15 uae aoe 15 28
2 30, Eg 30 ee 30 2 7
5 45 jt 8a. 45 ey ee 45 2 6
8 5 gO ieee 55:0 3 ” 3} he 24 5
9 15 ir. 6 15 Dahl Sse 15 Zet3
9 30 0 JE 4 30 2 9) 5 30 2 2
6 45 Tots 45 ZS as 45 ZI
4 60 I 23| S.W. 60 Ag Wasps 60 Deo
° 15 te Ty 15 77g | aaa 15 Iii
4 30 T).0 30 Ow Ole ze 30 bab io)
7 45 |O 113 45 |tr o| y 45 I9
8 rh ke oO 11 7 +O TOYS yes 70° DT ,b3
2) 15 Oe 1o 15 ESHA) oy 15 aay |
6 go 9 9 390 1H oT] 3° 17
I 45 jo 83 45 |14 9) 45 Bi
7 8 0 24 8 0 Tepe Ol. ony 8 o I 6
10 15 aed 15 Cd ers 15 WG
2 30 5 0 30 Tipe GSI! has 30 Pob5
3 45 |5 83 45 |I5 O » 45 Zshos
6 9 0 Chee 9 0 AEG Biss 9 0 TAEG| Ose.
7 DE oy Out 7 15 AG) REE 15 AIG
7 30 6 41 30 Li ol Baw er, 30 ny 3
8 45 Taae 45 HI | 45 6 6
9 I0 oO 7 it 10 oO BES lm psy Io oO eat)
8 15 6 8 15 TO. TO|, oy 15 8 4
9 30 6 3 30 EQUA ie 30 8 Io
9 45 5 10 45 is) AS) geen 45 9 2
Il II oO a) II oO Qa alt <5 IIo DL Polr as:
1| - 15 5 2 15 South oe 15 8 6
2 30 4 10 30 pe Gee 30 7 10
4 45P.M|4 7 45P.M| 8 2) _,, CARS
188 REPORT—1864.,
June 6.—1864.
Hutt. GaArnsBorouGH. Goo... Nasurn Lock.
Time. |'Tide./Wind. || Time. | Tide. |Wind. || Time. |Tide./Wind. || Time. |Tide.|Wind.
h m _ {ft. in. h m = fft. in. h m_ ft. in, h m= (ft. in.
12 OAM) 9 7 IZ OAMJ4 4] 8. |/12 OAM) 7 IO] S.W. |i12 OAM) 6 8
15 8 10 15 rie Se 15 7 6) Nw. 15 6 3
30 8 2 30 chen 30 7052), 5. oP Be 5 10
45 17 45/3 9 45 6 10) 5 45 5.16
i faite) 7 0 Tie) 3) GI TO 6 6) |, Io 5 83
15 6 6 15 B85 15 Cieg2| tes sth 5 0
30 6 2 30 353 30 BALI | 55 30 4 9
45 6 © 25) iia a2 45 CBSE akc: 45 4 6
Chaves) 6 1 20 2 114 20 ee Cea 20 4 3
15 6 8 15 2 10 15 Coes, 15 4 oO] w.
30 39 3028 30 4 10] ;, 30 3.59
45 8 8 45 |2 7 45 Ant 7 | seks? 45 Sib
30 9 10 39 8 |2 5% 3.0 4 5) 3 0 gS
15 Dey 15 ay 15 AES les 15 stirs
30 12 3 30 2 25 30 4 I| Ww 30 SF ar
45 Hei |e) 45 aoe 45 SLES a 45 Zr
40 |14 4 4 Oo {I 11g 4.0 3-19) 79 ® | AO 29
KS) 45) 7 15 sre) 15 Hh 7) MA CT 15 Sa
30 16g 30 OE 30 EP oie 30 2 6
45 |18 © 45 |1 8 45 Ce) a 45 2 5
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DREDGING ON THE COASTS OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 189
Deep-sea Dredging on the Coasts of Northumberland and Durham,
in 1864. Reported by Guores 8. Brapy.
Tux following Report is intended to embrace notices only of the more inter-
esting captures of the present year. Next year we hope to be able to lay
before the section a general account of the results which have been obtained
during the three years in which our dredging has been assisted by the grants
of the British Association.
In the course of the summer, eight days have been spent in dredging—two
of these on the Durham coast, and stv off the northern shores of Northumber-
land. The weather, on the whole, was good, or at least such as not to put a
stop to our operations, except during the two days spent on the Durham
coast, on both of which we were unfortunately driven into harbour by violent
gales rising suddenly and unexpectedly.
The Mollusca obtained this year are very poor, aud afford little to remark
upon, the only species new to the district being Chiton albus, L., of which a
single specimen was dredged off Holy Island. Some of the sand-covered
Ascidians taken on the Durham coast require further examination. Two fine
examples of Stylifer Turtoni were dredged off Holy Island, adherent to an
Lchinus pictus. With reference to this species, it may be mentioned that,
though the dredges were put down, as we thought, on the very spot where we
obtained, last year, abundance of Echinus neglectus (in some cases with Stylifers
attached), this time not one specimen of the Echinus came up. There must
have been plenty of it within a few yards of the dredge; for the nature of
the locality, almost close beneath the cliffs of one of the Farne Islands,
precluded the possibility of any great error in this respect.
Amongst stalk-eyed Crustacea the following deservenotice:—Atelecyclus hete-
rodon, Pagurus cuanensis, P.Hyndmanni, and P. ferrugineus, Crangon Allmani,
C. spinosus, C.nanus,and C. fasciatus. Pagurus ferrugineus and Crangon fascia-
tus are new to the district. The most important Amphipoda are the following:
—Lysianassa Coste, Anonyx Holbollii, Haploops tubicola, Monoculodes cari-
natus, Westwoodilla cecula, Protomedeia Whitei, Hdiceros parvimanus, Urothoé
marinus, Decamine vedlomensis, Calliope bidentata (undescribed), Eusirus Hel-
vetie, Heascladus longicaudatus, Cheirocratus Mantis and Unciolaplanipes, the
two last named being new species, descriptions of which, by the Rey. A. M.
Norman, are appended to this Report. Of Ostracoda, besides Cythere contorta
and C, avena, the following new species, also described by Mr. Norman, were
taken :—Cythere latissima, C. guttata, C. multifora, C. levata, C. declivis, C.
Bradii, Cythereis dunelmensis, and C. limicola. A new Pycnogon, Nymphon
ruber, Hodge, was got on the Durham coast, and is described in the Appen-
dix. Thirty-two species of Echinodermata were obtained, and amongst them
several species of great interest. Off Dunstanbro’ were taken three speci-
mens of Antedon rosaceus, a very rarely noticed inhabitant of our district, and
several remarkably fine examples of Ophiopholis aculeata. A small Echinus
exhibited by Mr. Norman at the Manchester Meeting of the British Associ-
ation, and called by him Z. neglectus, var. 3, was taken abundantly. This,
however, has claims to be regarded as a distinct species, and will be described
by Mr. Norman from his Shetland specimens under the name of Echinus
pictus. A single fine specimen of Echinocardium pennatifidum, Norman *,
was dredged off Holy Island. This is the more interesting as the specimen
* This is the species described by the late Mr. Barrett from Shetland under the name
of Amphidetus gibbosus, Agassiz (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xix, p. 33, pl. 7.
fig. 2). Itis not, however, Agassiz’s species.
190 REPORT—1864.
taken by Mr. Barrett, in Shetland, from which alone the species has been
recognized as British, appears to have been lost. Three or four specimens of
Psolus squamatus were taken off Holy Island.
Amongst Polyzoa, Mr. Alder reports the following as being new to the
. coast :—Lepralia annulata and Tubulipora lobulata. Bugula Murrayana was
abundant, and appears to be pretty nearly confined to the east coast.
Among Hydrozoa the most interesting captures were Tubiclava cornucopie (a
new species lately described by Mr. Norman from specimens taken in Shetland),
Plumularia myriophyllum, a rare species new to this coast, and Halecium
labrosum.
Several fine Sponges were obtained off Dunstanbro’, but these and the Fora-
minifera have not yet been examined.
APPENDIX.
Nymphon ruber, Hodge (nov. sp.).
“Body moderately stout. Lateral abdominal processes distant, once and
a half as long as broad. Rostrum short, stout, not equal in length to the first
joint of the footjaws. Palpi equal in length to the first joint of the footjaws.
Legs long, furnished with strong spines: first and third joints equal; second
as long as both ; fourth longer than first ; fifth longer than fourth ; sixth longer
than fifth. Tarsus as long as, or slightly longer than hand, with a strong
spine at joint on the inner side. Hand slightly curved, with four large spines
and a few hairs along the margin. Claw about half the length of the hand;
auxiliary claws more than half the length of claw. Colour of body bright
red; limbs banded with red.”
Subfam. Gammarides, Bate & Westwood.
Genus Cheirocratus (xeip, kpdros), Norman (noy. gen.).
Superior antennse having a secondary appendage, shorter than the inferior.
First gnathopods not subchelate; second subchelate and very large. Last
pair of pereiopods very long. Telson deeply and widely cleft.
Cheirocratus Mantis, Norman (n. sp.).
Eyes irregularly round, of moderate size, placed between the bases of the
antenne. Superior antenne not longer than four first segments of the body ;
the first joint of the peduncle much thicker than, but not quite so long as, the
second; third joint half the length of the second: filament consisting of
about twenty articulations, scarcely, if at all, longer than the peduncle.
Inferior antenne (imperfect in the typical specimen) having the peduncle
greatly developed, the end of the penultimate joint reaching to half the
length of the filament of the superior antenne ; the olfactory denticle is large,
and there is a small spine on the lower side of the termination of the third
joint. First gnathopods not subchelate; the propodos 3-4 times as long as
broad ; dactylos scarcely curved, broad, furnished with numerous short spines
on the posterior margin. Second gnathopods having a long basis, which
gradually widens towards the distal extremity, and is fringed anteriorly with
very long simple hairs, and posteriorly with a few short and very minute
hairs ; carpus triangular, widening towards the extremity to receive the very
large propodos, but not produced either above or below ; propodos as long as
the first three segments of the body, about two and a half times as long as
broad, widest at the commencement of the palm, which is very oblique, occu-
pies half the length of the propodos, and is furnished with three large tooth-
-———
DREDGING ON THE COASTS OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 19]
like processes ; dactylos strong, much curved, rather more than half the length
of the palm, and having the inner margin simple. The basis of the last
three pereiopods is about twice as long as broad, the anterior margin furnished
with strong (spine-like) hairs, the posterior with very minute and slender
hairs set in little notches. Posterior pereiopods very long, and having the
propodos greatly developed and flat. The first pair of uropods extend con-
siderably beyond the second; the last pair were mutilated. Telson so deeply
and widely excavated in the centre as to appear double until closely examined,
each portion having an obliquely truncate extremity terminating in spines.
Lateral margins of 2nd and 3rd segments of pleon fringed with hairs, and
produced posteriorly into a spine-like point. Fourth segment of pleon dorsally
produced into two or three spines. Fifth segment having two dorsal spines
on either side of the central line. Coxe of all the legs shallow.
Genus Unceiola, Say.
Superior antenne with a minute secondary appendage; filaments of both pairs
of antenn multiarticulate. First gnathopods subchelate; second not sub-
chelate. Telson squamiform, simple. Last uropods double-branched, very
minute, scarcely longer than peduncle of the preceding pair, tipped with small
spines. First two pairs of uropods having their branches truncate at the end,
and furnished with strong spines.
Unciola planipes, Norman (n. sp.).
Superior antenne with first joint of peduncle not so long as the second, and
slightly longer than the third ; filament (17-jointed) equal in length to the
peduncle ; secondary appendage very minute, consisting of a single joint only,
and not longer than the first joint of the filament. Inferior antenne with the
peduncle equal in length to that of the superior, but the filament only half
the length. First joint of peduncle much shorter than the second, which is
of the same length as the third. Head rostrated. First gnathopods subchelate,
beset on each margin with tufts of simple hairs; propodos slightly longer
than the carpus (which has the distal angle rounded, and of equal width with
the articulating propodos), somewhat ovate, and having the palm very oblique
and undefined ; dactylos simple, gently curved. Second gnathopods not sub-
chelate; carpus and propodos much flattened, and fringed with thick-set hairs;
dactylos small, springing from the inferior half of the truncated apex of the
propodos, and immersed in a dense tuft of hair which springs from the upper
portion of the distal extremity and from the sides of the propodos. Daetyli
of the posterior pereiopods large and falciform, margined within with a row
simple spines. Body very slender, and coxe of all the legs very small;
posterior lateral angles of first three abdominal segments produced into
conspicuous teeth. No trace of an eye. Posterior uropods very minute,
scarcely as long as the telson.
Cythere latissima, Norman (n. sp.).
Peach-stone-formed or shortly ovate, with a short central posterior pro-
jecting process; greatest height subcentral; length to breadth as one and a
half to one ; excessively tumid and gibbous. The ventral margins of the valves
are produced into a conspicuous keel, on either side of which the carapace is
extremely broad, the valves being projected directly outwards in the form of
a strong ridge which externally bends outwards and downwards so as to reach
below the level of the margin of the valves. The tumidity of the carapace in
this part is excessive, and from thence the yalves slope rapidly to the dorsal
192 REPORT—1864.
margin. End view triangular. Carapace white, opaque, punctate. Length
one-third of a line.
Cythere guttata, Norman (n. sp.).
Ovate or peach-stone-shaped, slightly produced to a central point behind ;
greatest height and greatest tumidity before the centre; very tumid. Dorsal
margin nearly straight in the centre, suddenly sloping posteally, and forming
in conjunction with the infero-posteal similarly suddenly sloping margin a
small truncated projection. Ventral margin slightly waved. Anterior ex-
tremity broadly rounded. Carapace excavated with large cells, which have
a somewhat concentric arrangement. Length a quarter of a line.
Cythere multifora, Norman (un. sp.).
Oblongo-ovate, of nearly equal height throughout; length to breadth as
two and a half to one; abruptly swollen immediately above the margin of the
valves, and thence sloping to the dorsal margin. Dorsal and ventral margins
nearly straight and subparallel; both extremities rounded. Dorsal view
prismoidal (parallel-sided, with conical extremities). Carapace excavated with
large, deep cells, which leave the interstices standing out in the form of an
elegant network. Junction of the valyes keeled. Length one-fourth of a line.
Cythere levata, Norman (n. sp.).
Oblongo-ovate, highest before the middle at the commencement of the
supero-anteal slope; length to breadth as one and three-quarters to one;
moderately convex. Ventral margin slightly concave on the anterior half,
and convex posteriorly ; dorsal margin nearly straight, the anterior slope the
longer. Anterior extremity well rounded, gradually arched into the superior
margin above, more suddenly rounded below. Posterior extremity slightly
produced centrally ; the superior and inferior slopes nearly equal. Lucid spots
consisting of four oblong impressions in a transyerse line, and a semicircular
spot in front. Carapace white, smooth, polished, with a few small scattered
punctures ; valves bordered by a keel-like fillet, which is more conspicuous
behind. Length not one-third of a line.
Cythere declivis, Norman (n. sp.).
Subtriangular, closely resembling a miniature Mytilus edulis in form;
highest before the middle ; length to breadth as about one and three-quarters
to one; subcompressed. Ventral margin slightly (rarely considerably) in-
curved in the centre ; dorsal margin anteriorly well arched, but sloping rapidly
from about the middle towards the posterior extremity. Anterior end wide
and well rounded; posterior extremity narrow, rounded. Lucid spots con-
sisting of four, placed close together in a transverse curved line (of which the
lowest is the largest, and each of those above smaller than its predecessor) ;
and in front of these a large comma-formed spot, apparently formed by the
coalescence of two. Ventral view cuneiform, moderately convex behind, much
compressed in front ; juncture of the valves impressed. Carapace white, trans-
lucent, smooth, but marked with conspicuous opaque-white, scattered punc-
tures; anterior margin with radiating rib-like markings. Length not quite
one-third of a line.
Cythere Bradii, Norman (nu. sp.).
Oblongo-oyate, of nearly equal height throughout; length to breadth as
two and a half to one; very tumid. Ventral margin nearly straight, very
slightly incurved a little before the middle; dorsal margin subparallel to
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 193
ventral, having a nearly equal slope at the two extremities, the anterior of
which is well and equally rounded, while the posterior, which is slightly the
wider of the two, and a little more produced below, has the dorsal curve much
longer than the ventral. Lucid spots consisting of a transverse row of four
placed close to each other, and two others at some distance in advance of these,
and separated from each other. Dorsal view elongated ovate. End view
nearly round. Hinge-margin crenulated throughout its length. Carapace
white, smooth, but studded with scattered opaque-white punctures. Length
half a line.
Cythereis Dunelmensis, Norman (n. sp.).
Oblong. Dorsal and ventral margins straight, but not parallel, gradually
inclining towards each other from the broad, well-rounded anterior extremity
to the rectangularly truncate posterior end. Surface of valves excavated with
cells, the interstices between which stand out as a network. Carapace mar-
gined in front by a row of bead-like spines; posteal extremity of ventral
margin bearing four large, semierect, flattened, linguiform processes; other
parts of the surface are also armed with small spines, conspicuous among
which is a tubercular spine at the anterior extremity of the hinge-line.
Length half a line. ,
Cythereis imicola, Norman (n, sp.).
Oblong, short; greatest height at the commencement of the antero-dorsal
slope; length to breadth as one and three-quarters to one; subcompressed.
Ventral margin straight ; dorsal having a long anterior slope from the highest
point, and a gradual downward inclination from the same point posteriorwards.
Anterior extremity wide, rounded; posterior extremity rather narrower and
subtruncate. Carapace having a greatly elevated longitudinal rib a little
within the ventral margin, from the anterior extremity of which about three
smaller ribs or crenations proceed divergingly to the front of the valve ; there
are also two nodular humps placed side by side near the posterior termination
of the hinge-margin. Length about one-fourth of a line.
An Account of Meteorological and Physical Observations in Nine
Balloon Ascents made in the years 1863 and 1864 (in continuation of
thirteen made in the year 1862 and first part of 1863), under the
auspices of the Committee of the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, by James GuarsHeER, F.R.S., at the request of the
Committee, consisting of Colonel Sykes, the Astronomer Royal, Lord
Wrottesley, Sir D. Brewster, Sir J. Herschel, Dr. Lloyd, Admiral
FitzRoy, Dr. Lee, Dr. Robinson, Mr. Gassiot, Mr. Glaisher, Prof.
Tyndall, Dr. Fairbairn, and Dr. W. A. Miller.
Tar Committee on Balloon Experiments was appointed last year for the
following purposes :—
Ist. To examine the electrical condition of the air at different heights.
2nd. To verify the law of the decrease of temperature, and to compare the
constants in different states of the atmosphere.
hes respect to the first of these objects, no progress whatever has been
. ty)
194 REPORT—1864.
made in the past year, with the exception of preparing an instrument and
apparatus for the investigation.
At the request of the Committee Mr. Fleeming Jenkin kindly undertook
to superintend the construction of the instrument best adapted for the purpose,
but it unfortunately happens that no flame or fire of any kind can be admitted
into the car of the balloon for fear of igniting the gas, and this instrument,
which was furnished a little before the end of the year 1863, was constructed
to be used with fire. It therefore had to be altered so that it could be used
with water, but is not yet quite in a state for observation.
It happens unfortunately that electrical experiments in balloons necessitate
the use of one constant flow of water, and occasionally of two flowing at the
same time, just below the car of the balloon. [
The Committee felt that the presence of water but little removed from
the instruments, if exercising no influence when the balloon was rising,
might exercise such an influence on the balloon falling and passing through
the just moistened atmosphere as to throw a very considerable doubt on
some of the experiments, particularly on those relating to the humidity of
the air (a primary object of research), that I was requested to defer taking
them, that no doubt might rest on the results, till our knowledge on this
subject was much increased.
The Committee consider that the general laws on the humidity of the air
have now so advanced, that electrical experiments may now be included,
providing that such observations can be made with safety to ourselves.
With respect to the second of these objects, viz. verifying the law of the
decrease of temperature in different states of the atmosphere. The Committee
considered that this would be best attained by taking as many observations
as possible, at times in the year and at times in the day at which no experi-
ments had been made, for the purpose of determining whether the laws which
hold good at one time in the year, hold good at other times in the year, and
also to determine whether the laws which hold good at noon, apply equally
well at all other times in the day.
The Committee at all times have pressed on me the importance of magnetic
observations in the higher regions of the atmosphere, the Astronomer Royal
suggesting the use of a horizontal magnet, and taking the times of its vibra-
tion at different elevations, a method which is seldom practicable, owing to
the balloon almost constantly revolving on its own axis. To obviate the
effect of this, Dr. Lloyd suggested the use of a dipping-needle placed
horizontal when on the ground by means of a magnet adjustible above it, so
that when in the balloon the deviation from horizontality might be readily
noticed, and which deviation would be independent of the revolying motion
of the balloon, and could thus be noticed at any instant.
T have been unable to attempt the latter method, as Dr. Lloyd wished some
experiments to be made before the instrument should be constructed.
At Newcastle a very general wish was expressed by the Members of
the Council that I should not ascend to heights exceeding 4 or 5 miles. To
this I readily consented, because for the most part, from the preceding experi-
ments, all the observations above 5 miles could have been inferred from those
made below 5 miles; and there was another reason, that the balloon, after
the many rough descents, had become, in Mr. Coxwell’s opinion, too unsafe
for extreme high ascents.
I have therefore no report to give upon any extreme high elevation
attained during the past year, yet new facts and new physical conditions
have become known in some of the nine ascents upon which I haye to speak,
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 195
§ 1. Instruments AnD APPARATUS.
The instruments used were for the most part the same in construction with
those of the two preceding years, consisting of mercurial and aneroid baro-
meters ; Daniell’s and Regnault’s hygrometers ; maximum and minimum ther-
mometers, blackened bulb thermometers, both free and enclosed in vacuum
tubes; Herschel’s actinometer ;—all these instruments have been frequently
in the hands of Mr. Zambra, who superintended their replacement when
broken, and their perfect order at all times; two spectroscopes, one lent by
the Astronomer Royal, the other by Mr. Simms; a magnet for horizontal
vibration ; large caoutchouc bags, furnished by Professor Tyndall, for collect-
ing air at high elevations, ozone-papers, &c.
In all the highest ascents both a mercurial and an aneroid barometer (the
one which was used on the ascent of September 5, 1862), and which was
found to read in close accordance with the mercurial barometer to very low
readings, were used; in the ascents to moderate elevations, the same aneroid
was used alone, it being examined both before and after the ascents, with
the mercurial barometer, and occasionally with the mercurial barometer when
placed in an exhausted receiver under an air-pump.
§ 2. OsseRviINe ARRANGEMENTS
Were precisely similar to those in previous years; viz. in the high ascents,
a board was placed across the car which carried the several instruments, so
placed as to be readily read by myself, seated at one end of the car, with my
face towards Mr. Coxwell; in the other ascents, when a smaller number of
instruments were used, they were placed upon a board projecting beyond the
car, easily read by myself standing at one end, with my back to Mr. Coxwell.
Circumstances of the Ascents, and General Observations,
The ascents to April 6 were made by the same balloon as all the preceding
ascents; those on June 13, 20, and 27 by a new and larger balloon, and that
on August 29 by the old balloon.
Ascent from Newcastle, August 31, 1863.—The situation of Newcastle, as
regards the Tyne and the sea, is such as to cause anxiety in respect to any
balloon ascent from there.
The balloon left the earth at 6" 12™ p.m.; the wind was North; in 4
minutes we were over the High-Level Bridge, at an elevation of 1800 feet ;
we passed over Gateshead at 6"21™, being 1 mile from the earth, and in
10 minutes afterwards the height of 13 mile was reached.
We continued nearly at this level for some little time, and then began our
downward journey; passed into cloud at 6° 54™ at the height of 1600 feet,
out of it at 1800 feet, in cloud again at 2000 feet, then turned to descend,
passing again through clouds at 1900 feet. At 6" 57" we saw Durham
Cathedral, and reached the ground at 5 minutes past seven at Pittington,
near Durham.
The colours of the clouds observed in this ascent are very remarkable :—
At 6" 32™ 308, at 7912 feet high, the colours of the clouds in the east oppo-
site to the sun were as follows:—the upper layer brown; next below bluish
black, then a darker bluish black; lower still, a thin layer of white cumulo-
stratus, next a greenish brown resting on uniform white rocky clouds.
At 6" 35™ 30°, at 7329 fect, the colours of the clouds in the west, or under
the sun, were as follows :—the upper layer was brown, the second dark blue,
0 2
196 REPORT—1864.
under which was a whitish-greyish black resting on uniform white rocky
cumulus clouds.
At 6"37™ 10%, at the height of 6981 feet, the colours of the clouds in the
south were:—the top layer brown, under which was bluish brown, then
rocky-brown cumulostratus, below bluish black resting on a base of rocky
cumulus.
At 6" 43", peaks after peaks, apparently rising up to our level, and clearly
defined against the sky ; cloud with a little red in it not opposite to the sun.
At 6" 54" 108, at the height of 1580 feet, colours of clouds were as follows :
—top layer deep greenish blue ; next bluish black, below green rocky clouds,
then slightly rocky cumulus clouds.
Ascent from Wolverhampton, September 29, 1863.—The gas used on this
occasion was specially prepared in the month of July, as a high ascent was
arranged to have taken place before the Meeting of the Association last year,
but circumstances prevented it, and the Directors of the Gas Works had most
obligingly devoted a gasometer to our use from July to September, much to
their own inconvenience.
The balloon was filled the preceding day, and watched all night. On
leaving, Lord Wrottesley quietly said, “‘ Beware of the Wash,” at the same
time pressing my hand, and repeating, ‘‘ Beware of the Wash; I fear that is
your direction.” We left the earth at 7" 43™ a.m. with a cloudy sky and a
south-west wind. At 7°52™, at the height of 3000 feet, the sun’s disk was
seen, and the earth was obscured by mist.
At 8" 4™, at the height of 6000 feet, clouds were situated both above and
below; at 8" 18", at the height of 8200 feet, there were two layers of clouds
below us, and very dense clouds still far above.
When at 11,000 feet clouds were still a mile higher; there was a beau-
tiful sea of cloud below with a blue tinge over its surface, and the peeps of
the earth as seen through the breaks in the clouds were beautiful, having a
purple hue ; when at 13,000 feet, clouds were still at a higher elevation, and
after this they began to dissipate; and at 9" 38™, at 14,000 feet, the sun shone
brightly, and we thought we might gradually approach a height of 5 miles,
and remain in the higher regions till after noon, so that I might make a series
of actinometer and blackened bulb observations ; but, to our deep regret, at
9» 48™ we found ourselves moving directly for the Wash, as seen through a
break in the lower clouds, at an estimated distance of 10 miles only, and we
were compelled to begin our descent; at 10" 19™, at the height of 3000 feet,
we saw by the bending of the trees that a gale of wind from the south was
blowing on the earth, and we had a rough descent, being drawn over hedges,
across fields and ditches ; indeed so strong was the wind that the balloon was
torn from top to bottom, and was very much injured, but it was only by the
almost destruction of the balloon that its course was stopped; we ourselves
escaped with slight injuries.
Ascent from the Crystal Palace, October 9, 1863.—The balloon left the
Crystal Palace at 4" 29™ p.m. ; in 4 minutes it was 2500 feet high; at 4" 46™
was 7300 feet, and directly ae London Bridge, at which height with one
glance the vast number of buildings comprising the whole of London could be
seen, some so plainly that the plans of their inner courts could have easily been
drawn ; in this situation it was difficult, to persuade oneself that that small
building directly under us was the Cathedral of St. Paul’s ; we then gradually
descended to 2300 feet at 5” 15™, ascended to 3600 feet by 5» 24™ and de-
scended again to 1500 feet by 5» 36" ; ascended to 8600 feet by 6", and
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 197
reached the earth by 6" 40™ at Pirton Grange on the boundaries of Hertford
and Bedford.
Ascent from Woolwich Arsenal, January 12, 1864.—The Secretary of
State for War, the Right Hon. Earl de Grey and Ripon, having kindly granted
permission to the Committee of the British Association to avail themselves of
the facilities afforded in the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, for future balloon
ascents for scientific purposes, the ascent took place from there. The ascent
was intended to have been made on December 21, the day of the winter
solstice, and from this time to the end of the year the balloon was frequently
partially inflated: on December 30 it was filled, but its completion was at too
late an hour to ascend ; it was left filled in the care of watchmen, but a strong
wind arose at night, and it was driven against a gasometer, and so injured as
to require repairing, and it was not till January 12 that we succeeded.
The balloon on this day left the earth at 2"7™p.m.; in 3 minutes the
height of 1500 feet was attained ; at 2" 14™ we crossed the Tilbury Railway
line, and in 7 minutes afterwards we were over Hainault Forest ; at 2" 26™
3000 feet was reached ; the first mile was passed at 2" 32™, the second at
3° 24™, and the height of 12,000 feet was attained by 3"31™, The balloon
then began to descend and touched the ground at 4" 10", at Lakenheath
Warren, near Brandon, the descent not having taken one-half the time of
ascent. :
On the earth the wind was S.E.; at the height of 1300 feet we entered a
strong S.W. current; we continued in this current till we reached a height
of 4000 feet, when the wind changed to the south; and after some little time
we determined upon ascending. At the height of 8000 feet the wind changed
to S.S.W.; at the height of 4000 feet the wind changed to S.S.E.; at
11,000 feet we met with fine granular snow; passed through snow on de-
scending till we were within 8000 feet of the earth; entered clouds at 7000
feet, and passed out of them at about 6000 feet into mist.
Ascent from Woolwich Arsenal, April 6, 1864.—This ascent was intended
to be made as near March 21 as possible; but although frequent attempts
were made, it was not till April 6 that we succeeded.
The balloon left Woolwich on this day at 4" 7" p.m., with a south-east
wind ; in 9 minutes, when at the height of 3000 feet, we crossed over the River
Thames, ascending very evenly at the,rate of 1000 feet in little more than 3
minutes, till 11,000 feet was attained at 42 37™, and descended at about the
same rate till within 1500 feet of the earth, when the rapidity of the descent
was checked, reaching the ground at 5" 25™, on the outskirts of a pine plan-
tation in Wilderness Park, near Sevenoaks, in Kent.
Our course in this ascent was most remarkable ; having first passed over the
River Thames into Essex, we must have repassed and moved in a directly
opposite direction, and continued thus till we approached the earth, when we
again moved in the same direction as at first.
After the great injury to the balloon on September 29, in addition to the
numbers of repairs that it had previously needed, it was not, when again
repaired, in such a condition as (in Mr. Coxwell’s opinion) to be quite safe
to ourselves for extreme high ascents; and after those of January 12 and
April 6, having been made at a time of year that any balloon would be most
severely tested, Mr. Coxwell determined, before venturing again with myself
to any great elevation, to build a new balloon.
This he did, and one of a capacity capable of containing 10,000 cubic feet
more than the old one, so that, if need be, two observers could ascend to-
gether to the height of 5 miles.
198 REPORT—1864,
A new balloon, however, needs trying in low ascents till it proves to be
gas-tight, before it can be used for great elevations.
Ascent from the Crystal Palace, June 13, 1864.—On this ascent the balloon
left the grounds of the Crystal Palace at 7 o'clock. The sky was cloudless,
and the air perfectly clear, excepting in the direction of London.
An elevation of 1000 feet was reached in 11 minute; 3000 feet was at-
tained at 7" 8™, when the balloon turned to descend, and passed down to 2300
feet by 7°13™; on reascending, 3400 feet was gained at 7" 20™; after taking
aslight dip, it again ascended to 3550 feet (the highest point) by 7" 28™; then
descended to 2500 feet, and after several small ascents, began the downward
journey at 7° 50™ from the height of 2800 feet, reaching the ground at East
Horndon, 5 miles from Brentwood, at 8" 14™.
Ascent from Derby, June 20, 1864,—The balloon left Derby at 17 minutes
past 6" p.m.; at 6" 30™ the height of 1000 feet was reached, the next 1000 feet
being passed in half a minute ; then ascended less rapidly ; cloud was entered
at 6" 26™, 3600 feet being gained, and 4000 feet at 6" 30™; descended to
2700 feet by 6" 36™, being over Ilkeston ; Nottinghamjand its race-course
were visible at 6" 41™; we then reascended to 4300 feet at 6" 50™; on de-
scending, passed over Southwell at 6"56™, and touched the ground at 7" 16"
on a farm at Norwell Woodhouse, ncar Newark.
Ascent from the Crystal Palace, June 27, 1864.—The balloon left the
grounds of the Crystal Palace at 6" 333"; the sky was cloudy, and the wind
was blowing from the West.
At 6" 38™, when 1000 feet from the earth, we crossed over Penge, reached
1500 feet high at 6" 43™, descended to 800 feet by 6".48™, being over Short-
lands ; ascended to 1200 feet by 6" 52™, being over Hayes Common ; remained
at about this elevation for 8 minutes, descended about 300 feet, and then as-
cended to 4200 feet by 7" 16"; descended 1000 feet slowly, and reascended,
to the height of 5000 feet by 7° 42™; began to descend, passing over the left
of Tonbridge, near the village of Hudlow, and over the Medway on reaching
2400 feet at 8" 8"; we then ascended 1200 feet, and began to descend again
at 8" 15™, passing between Hawkhurst and Cranbrook ; were within 600 feet
of the earth at 8" 55™, being nearly over Tenterden; we then reascended,
and in 13 minutes had attained an elevation of 6000 feet, and reached the
earth at 9" 21" in Romney Marsh, about half a mile from Cheyne Court,
4 miles from Lydd, and 5 miles from the coast.
These several trial trips of the new balloon were made, and it had gradu-
ally become gas-tight, and capable of any work required, when at Leicester,
I regret to say, it was destroyed with all its appurtenances.
One would scarcely believe it possible that such an act could take place in
the centre of England in the present day, but it was so destroyed, and effect-
ually stopped all the prearranged experiments. The Mayor of Leicester has
presided over meetings for the purpose of collecting subscriptions to assist
Mr. Coxwell to rebuild a new balloon, which I hope will help to remove the
stigma now resting upon Leicester; and I trust the Foresters will also help
to remove the stain now resting upon them ; for if not the act of the Foresters
themselves, it was at one of their gatherings, under their superintendence,
and the destruction of the balloon was not, so far as I can learn, attempted
to be stopped by those Foresters present.
Mr. Coxwell then had recourse to the old balloon, which he had repaired as
best he could, and the next and last ascent of which I haye to speak took place.
Ascent from the Crystal Palace, August 29, 1864.—At 4° 6™ 30* the balloon
rose from the Crystal Palace, passing the first.3000 feet in 4 minutes, after
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 199
which it did not rise so rapidly. At 4°36", at the height of 11,000 feet, it was
over Lewisham ; at 4" 42™ nearly stationary; over Charlton at 4" 46™, and
Woolwich at 4" 50™ when at the height of 13,500 feet. It then began to
descend ; was over Erith at 5" 9™, moving quickly, crossed over the river
at 5" 18", and reached the ground at 6” 32™ at Wybridge, near Rainham, in
Essex.
§ 3. Description or THE TABLE OF OBSERVATIONS.
All the meteorological observations taken during the ascents are contained
in Table I.
Column 1 contains the times at which the observations were made, Column
2 contains observations of the siphon barometer corrected for temperature and
index error. Column 3 contains the readings of the thermometer attached
to the barometer. Column 4 contains the readings of an aneroid barometer.
Column 5 contains the height above the level of the sea, as reduced from the
barometric readings in column 2 on the days the siphon barometer was used,
and from column 4 on other days, by the formula of Baily, checked at inter-
vals by that of Laplace, which is as follows :—
of 2 t+¢—64 ‘ 2+4+52251
4=l0x( 7) x g0159(1 i 0) +0-002837 cos 2L)(1+ sassa000)*
where Z is the height required, and h, h’, t and?’ the height of the barometer
corrected for temperature, and the temperature of the air at the lower and
upper stations respectively, L the latitude. The temperature of the air for the
position of the balloon has been derived from the readings in column 10,
when such have been taken, otherwise from column 6. Columns 6 to 9
contain the observations with the dry- and wet-bulb thermometers free,
and the deduced dew-point. Column 10 contains the readings of a
gridiron thermometer. Columns 11 to 14 contain the observations with
the dry- and wet-bulb thermometers aspirated, and the deduced dew-
point. Columns 15 and 16 contain the direct dew-point observations with
Daniell’s and Regnault’s hygrometers. When numbers are entered in
columns 15 and 16 with “no dew” affixed to them, it is meant that the
temperature of the hygrometer has been lowered to the degree stated, but that
no dew has been deposited. Column 17 contains the readings of a yery deli-
cate blackened bulb thermometer fully exposed to the sun’s rays.
The Astronomer Royal had observations made every 10 minutes at the
- Royal Observatory, Greenwich, on five days of ascents; Lord Wrottesley had
observations made by Mr. Hough at Wrottesley Observatory on the ascent
from Wolverhampton; E. J. Lowe, Esq., had observations made at Beeston
Observatory for the ascents at Wolverhampton and Derby ; and observations
were made at my house at Blackheath by Messrs. Yair and Howe on June 27
and August 29.
In calculating the height of the balloon, the observations made at the Philo-
sophical Society’s Rooms, Newcastle, have been employed for August 31;
those at Wrottesley for September 29; those at the Royal Observatory for
October 9, 1863, January 12, April 6, June 13, and June 27, 1864; those
at Nottingham for June 20; and those at Blackheath for August 29, 1864,
The height of Greenwich above the mean sea-level =159 feet.
The height of Wrottesley above the mean sea-level=531 fect.
The height of Newcastle above the mean sea-leyel=121 feet.
The height of Nottingham above the mean sea-leyel=174 feet.
The height of Blackheath above the mean sea-level =160 feet.
200
REPORT—1864.
TastE I.— Meteorological Observations made in the Fourteenth
2. Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
23 ; Aneroid | Height above 7
aS ‘i Readin 5
BD, Time. g Att. Barometer,| sea-level.
cE anielucea | Thera. | NO? Dante
to 32° Fahr.
hm i s in. o in, feet ° =
6 o opm. aspaer® |) Bens Si Gseens 64°0 600
6n65508,, ZOUO WE. |eiteseiss alll a szcore ground 64°0 60°0
G7 oe Zoe Oe! Sereace/f|| assess 64°0 60°0
(1) 612 0, Dept Nt tear Ul sanoce 196 56:0 54°0
(2) Gict3WiOasy Dye |" ease eos 422 5670 5375
(3) rales hue | Ri cae stin Hialnesterst Lilli dusnises (650)
(4) 613-40 ,,
6 14 to, ZERGO Gs well ceasent |p etaeeaes 874 55°5 53°0
6 14 20 ,, ZOLGAteE i (Pabececete | enesant 1,109 54°2 52°1
(5) 6 14 30 ,, BSisOMe access Wit casaas 1,145 53°5 512
(6) (erie toy Seta 8 ated Sh coocep.. | Pemostece eter,
(7) (Tee ON ag eh» cornell cere ienayen 1,496)
(8) 6 15 40 ,, ofa. MNS caasco ol ©, aobard 1,963 51°5 49°0
616 0,, QT EROWe HM cached leVceciats 2,270 50°5 48°5
6-17) ols Dif olevetne||. « nocberees Ite foster 2,670 5075 47°2
(9) GieI7e AO ns; Cental |i gereceicto fy enll t Mle>tae oo leniaas'e ze (2,737)
6 18,,0°,, 2GGG Hh TC iscwes. ll Uepcens 2,770 478 45°1
6 18 30 ,, DOM sal nesess! aa] ie esas 3,263 47°2 44°0
618 4o ,, ROOT | sacdesepa alltel oacloas 3,694 46°0 42°1
6 18 50 ,, 25°92) | seceee | sce 3,778 45°2 4Vl
Gert XO); Peg iy ances: AP codec 4,167 45°2 40°5
6°25 Zon BigeZOW yl! Tease Millle iss cose 4,425 45°0 40°5
6 20 20 ,, Cassia) ~ ool Sac A Wasps 4,632 43°5 38°38
(10) 6 20 30 ,, DACRE > In Mieessthe| 5 ann axe 45907 43'0 38'2
6 20 40 ,, SAAR at edlens | || Bethiess 5,403 42°0 B70
6 21 10 ,, DASOO weal puessawe ll Wasesines 5,844 40°70 35°5
(11) 6 21 30 ,, ae whe Pceoass ye Sasce 6,4.04. 37°0 32°5
Gu22 Om, Pig peyon ™ ll wesnscny |i ered 6,627 35°5 30°5
Gl22esous EEA ME ctacd Wl. cSieed 6,963 350 29'0
6iageo. 8: ZO RIS \\eeasiecs || Mueccie se 7,022 34°5 29°0
(12) 6 23 30,, On| opgees Mi |mp coricer 7,080 34°0 28°5
6G 245 ou, De TO ea || agate Ns oe ae a eo 79315 34°0 28°7
6 24 10 ,, AG A ererree Ill Mester 73374 33°9 28°5
6.25" so" Cr IES} ban | y aeocealh al | We coeds 73549 33°5 27°38
(13) GRO GIAO 4s, CRIN) ccanee Cal | Midsessac yD] estas (7,629)
(14) B)i27 7 Fors, 2ZBO lt atenss- ell) ess ao 7,790 34'0 28°5
: Gra 5 Ons Deoeetoh a | Pisco Bly oon 7,799 34°0 28°5
6 28000) 5 22ZOm wl wocaivas pel) yeusjeae 73922 34°0 28°5
6128 30 ,, ZAsVO Me ol oti wekente || yaeelane 7,912 34°0 28°5
6°29 "0 ,; 22°20) Fh) |i usattes Myllt blis datene 7,912 34°0 28°5
i 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7.
Norns anp
(1) Left the earth a few seconds earlier.
(3) Heard people shouting.
(5) Entering cloud.
(7) Over the Tyne; cumulus below in detached masses.
(8) Tynemouth very clear; cumulus and scud far below ; sun shining beautifully on the
balloon ; over Newcastle ; lower clouds moving apparently faster than we are ; railway whistle
heard ; can see an island in the Tyne higher up than Newcastle; hear loud buzzing noise.
(9) Passing over the High Level Bridge.
(2) Over suburbs of Newcastle.
(4) Over Manors railway station.
(6) Above clouds.
Can see masts of ships in Tyne; cumulus in
white heaps on our level; sun shining on some clouds and not on others; can see fields and
houses through distant break in clouds; gas cloudy.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 201
Balloon Ascent, from Newcastle, August 31, 1863.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers. | 4
Gudirons emer ry) Lai, em afin,
Th = Daniell’s. | Regnault’s.| 5° el
Diff. |Dew-point. ae Dry. | Wet. Diff. = eee uy ge
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
4°0 56°7 GASH AL V secewodllbeeeeteallll hippo gael ctcwsas 57°70
4°0 56°7 64:0
4°0 56°7 63°8
2°0 52°1
2°5 Sir
2°5 50°6
2° 50°0
23 48°5 53°5
2°5 PAPAS ec MM cadesal ppce<e dl! Gaivue itt sccaelleb ceereay) “Tl backer 52°0
2°0 AM cc teeMl|| caweseailh pesenet ooseans ilkGsnont 48°0
3°3 43°7
2°7 42°3 47°8
3°2 AEA a esSaOM ll! soo taudl tints ceet'l| “racasal| | sess 45°0
3°9 37°6
41 36°4
47 BASRA caste Rall sedestalasaccse, ||) sossac’ | hecoceepeMaceben ih esacunct 46:0
4°5 35°3
47 Seen laos ace Mall ecceseiy||iismesse || cassay I envaae 34°0
4°8 32°4
4°9 Pima eet Mall| levees lkisucese | cwccon |||) a«s0d5 eee) il geese sar 42°5
4°5 29°6 AOTMMEL ccc soli |ipene ssa ||) spepus. || Tedes as 30°0
4°5 26°1
50 eam Matec ulll sestnasull: saase%) ||| Gacppp i|ineenede 25°0
6:0 19°4
Sy) 19°3
5°5 18'0
593 PM vce Mea Mlli'<te cs air alk smenics acaull esocee. || easeo sce tes 37°90
5°4. 19'0 FAROE || ee ecas Pemene? || Paccieas 22°0
5°7 17'l
5°5 18°8
5°5 13-2
5°5 SECM eb ciieserh iil! cesictiew lltewecealt oscese IiPoceess 19°5
re 18°8 BAr Ome ll sonasel | esceti | Meaeesa allncraes . 20°0
5°5 18°83
ae Ee ee Se See ere ee aes (Pe ee
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17.
GENERAL REMARKS.
(10) Noozone; cumulus in beautiful hills. Over Gateshead ; balloon full; cirrocumulus
above us at angles of 45° and 75°; cumulus far above, the same as on J uly 21st, 1862.
(11) Cirrus above; balloon quite full; gas coming out; opened valve; Tyne visible
almost to its source ; clouds piled up in heaps around, above, and below us, peak upon peak ;
a very dark cloud with a little blue in it.
(12) Wind blowing in our faces; clouds piled up in heaps around us ;
opened valve.
(13) Undoing the grapnel ; cirrus, cirrocumulus, and a blackish-brown stratus above ;
clouds of all shapes and sizes; masses of cumulus in distorted forms, ;
(14) Let grapnel down ; can see Newcastle.
blue sky above us;
202 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Fourteenth
25 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
res Aneroid 3
Be Time. Reading Att. Barometer, Heipht she Me
= 2 pi pas Therm, | No- 2+ Dry.” Wet.
to 32° Fahr.
hm s ie 6 in. feet. a 2
a) 29 30 p.m. POO Mi ecayaes, 0h’ geo<sé= eos 340 28°5
29 5° » qededo****] Sesees |) -eseece 3033
6°32 jo BOO Wi Aeecisve, |A|\ vevsieas 8,033 34°0 28°5
@) : 42) 701%, POZO Hib tesa. pil hececte 7,912 34°0 Sh
2 32 30 x PIO Wi |\beeodses Mil\, “escnks 7,912 34°0 28°5
6.43) 4055 BEBE ol Eeecaises. Milla Wesel 73770 35°70 30°0
(3) OR SUE oN yc fie) bee awe I opereeome | lmccaes 6 (7,696)
(4) i” 34 0 » ZOLA Sd Miiessccoy tae | seciehe O80) 36°0 32°0
Ute O2i | nm ocr Soc mn MS Am SCOUOCRE 1 Woe 1 74.00
6 35 30 » Bene al Tikenches | unreesegs 75327 36°5 32'0
6 36-0 3 BZ) {| Pasevicse 4 )|! ixesieds 7,124. 3772 a3he
(5) : a7 WO a Der sree Mi oorcsoe || onsa © bo) 38°0 33°5
BF TOlissy | Mle fades =e | oneste Hl] <ossspo 3980
(6) 6 37°30 BZTO=-4) |) xvwess hi seenews 6,898 38°5 342
(7) 6 38 30 5, 23°92 1 | | oeews ga laasenste 6,626 38-3 34:2
639 0» Ag} Comme |S ceoeeng A Wecca 6,404. 38°2 34/2
649 oy, 23165 i) tesenes yl Sessints 6,233 38°5 342
ae EO i359 2 ty oa MT pe 385 34-5
42 Os, 23°95 | weraee | coveee 5,891 38:2 3571
8) 3 AZ (ZO. ZHAO | | eesesve LE] sesh 5,389 38'5 35°70
43 0 BAtOL |S eeccets) © || antes 5,389 38°5 3570
(9) 6 43 B95 DAL G*=\ | wesvsy | | yeseuene pee 38°5 34°38
WA SBO ay li: BSeets. 4| bosses acelin! ===> 4,927
(10) 6 44 30 4, 24°92 | eee ST lbeesswiegs 4,865 39°0 3671
(11) 6 45 Mo 5, BEIOO EEN sesevs ] ass g 4,784. 39°5 372
(12) 6 45 3° 5 QE'ZO* | seuss |. =~ voness 45452 39°5 3771
(13) 646 0, AGRO r 1] -ertans. || --seenee 4,231 40°5 37°38
14) 6 4615 ,, BRU7O! |b vexatse- || | B=s= 4 4,009 41°5 38°5
15) OAT “O03, ZEQOs1| wevws, | - secre. 3,787 42°1 40°5
(16) G7 SOs; | Ti) Pecperce =| beacons: 4 reed (3,685)
6 47 3° » DOO." |b cusees. Yi) #Pssse. 3,480 42'1 40°8
648 0,, Grate Will leoeases, mill iss one? 3,264 42°8 412
. 6 48 10 ,, BORG +4} ) ase asi: |) Press nee 3,018 4371 42°8
(17) 6 48 20 ,, CA fia eee eee 2,957 43°8 421
(18) OAS Oey, Pele meceeen leiescssn% Pu eneces (2,908)
6°49 “fog, RGIGO.. | eextwes Ol Fe=s ep 2,762 44°1 43°0
64g Zor", D7EZOW It ceseivve! pi) assets 2,466 45°2 44°1
649 45 BGeaG) V\ivretecke,. yi]! sees 2,317 45°2 45°0
1 2, 3 4. 5. 6 a
(1) Cricket ground at Newcastle, the place we left, visible; rainbow seen between lower
cumulus and upper clouds; sense of warmth; small patches of cirrus.
(2) Can see rainbow again; over cumulus in rocky heaps; sun shining on us ; can see
Neweastle through break in clouds. Colour of clouds opposite to the sun: Top (1) brown
stratus; (2) bluish-black stratus; (3) darker bluish-black stratus ; (4) thin layer of white
cumulostratus; (5) greenish-brown stratus; (6) uniform rocky clouds forming the base of
everything. (3) Blue sky above; wind felt in our face.
(4) Uniform rocky clouds below us. Colour of clouds under the sun: Top (1) brown
stratus ; (2) dark-blue stratus ; (3) whitish-greyish black stratus; (4) uniform rocky cumulus.
(5) Perfectly quiet; cumuli visible, apparently resting on the earth. Colour of clouds
opposite to the sun: Top (1) brown stratus; (2) bluish-brown stratus; (3) rocky brown
cumulostratus; (4) bluish-black stratus; (5) uniform base of rocky cumulus.
(6). Losing sight of the sun; beautiful gilded edge of clouds visible ; travelling along over
a line of railway in the direction of Durham; wind gentle; no ozone; can see fields with
sheaves of corn through a break in the clouds,
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 18638 anp 1864. 203
Balloon Ascent, from Newcastle, August 31, 1863.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated), Hygrometers. =
elicate
Sie )~C«|té<“‘é‘éC*dS G@rricdixonn . Blackened
Th is Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. :
Diff. [Dew-point.| meter. | Dry. | Wet. | Diff uae ee
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °o
5°5 18°83
5°5 18°38
5°5 oc) Pa ee ee es Pee eer tesies, eacoss TSG wav aay 37°0
5°5 18°8
50 22°0
40 BGG | ll} vege ‘eapericlbase=s= |lsecore ecoeae <eapesh h ahistes 39°0
3°5 25°3
41 27°3
4°5 27°4 Oneal cae coMlhags=ses |hieseapey \accoes 2EO' . Basatas 39°90
43 RPM EE Sieg cates, (e tessa || goteag IN esscee eB eren se, alte ka * 38°2
41 28°6
4/0 28°8
43 28°4
4:0 29'0
31 MD |) 8 sc SURE UH, ecessoceacasea |i ceswas’ leecesky 31°5
35 MMS HD cemeat Mh wae’, Ne aancact | amagan aceage “ewes wocece 39°0
35 3953
3°7 29°8
a9 32°2 39°2
23 34°3
2°4 34°0
27 34°8
370 3307 hy ASS OE SC ere gl Creer peer 307) Bevete 42°0
1°6 38°5
tie eae ivneeccre |ceueeeys|cccecacy [ittacces, | secnecnlh lceseet tle teat 42°5
1°6 40°9
23 42°4
7 40'5
I'l 417
I'l 42°8 SAD bs lise cal ieds wedt || ceases foe scans 43'0
o'2 44°8
8. 9: 10. a: 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17.
(7) Edge of cumulus and brownish cloud tinged by the sun. The tops of the peaks of
the rocky clouds on nearly the same level as ourselves; saw struggling bits of cloud between
the upper and lower stratum.
(8) Peaks after peaks of cloud (apparently) rising up on every side so much as to greatly
confine the view; car hanging rather on one side; cloud with alittle red in it, not opposite
to the sun. (9) Gas clearing; valve faintly seen.
(10) In basin of clouds; higher on three sides than on the fourth.
(11) Gas clearer; netting visible. (12) Getting into cloud.
(13) Clouds appear to be rising. (14) In basin of cloud; misty.
15) In cloud; gas clearer still, but not quite clear.
tie) In white mist or cloud; blue above; can see earth clearly, with the river; over a
railway ; can see two trains.
(17) Over heaps of smoking lime; can see Lambdon Castle with its woods; scaffolding
poles visible surrounding it.
(18) Heavy leaden sky above; layers of detached clouds below,
204: REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Fourteenth
2. Siphon Barometer. Dry aud Wet Ther-
53 Time. Reading eee Height above
$3 ] corrected Att. No. 2. sea-level. Dry. Wet.
2 and reduced | Therm. I
to 32° Fahr.
hm i =s in. a in. feet. ° rat
(1) 6 50 opm. casas |) sgaapre esbaans (2,061)
(2) 6 50 10 ,, 2G sep ||| eeeecoos! || Nieeector 1,891 46°83 46:2
THe Ay POS mn Micswac ollie een 1,724 472 46°8
6 51 10 ,, DSrDEi rl” Aeaaee Jilivenssae 1,434 47°38 47°0
(FT Tee Cfomeny ZOEE Oma eesasctit lluwasces 1,193 48°2 47°5
Giu52erO., ZOgOl sel Meisssses) lll aectawe 1,003 49'0 482
(3) 6753) Ol, 28°85 “whonoaons, aneiceece 859 49°8 49°0
6 53 10 ,, ZB ts||| issver | |kcnsetee Siai-. | Feasheete |) Ceaeeen
Gs 320", EASE |) adsache Il Wapenes 812 50°5 50°0
6.53730), exsaGy 9 |, aeanse., | isogars 1,050 510 50°0
(4) (Gein herr 2A Oa |eeisercne eles ects 1,287 510 50°5
(5) 6 54 10 ,, ZBTOv ses vssene. [Hegenens 1,580 50°5 50°5
6 54.20 ,, Aggy lI) “eeasadgs iI) Ssadous 1,775 50°5 49°8
6 54 30 5, 27°72 Serene | [eso sesame 1,954 50°5 48°9
(6) BS alas Pa OIA M|), aeeecoy. |), vaccbec 2,024. 49°8 48°5
GsGe gO! 4, 2705 el mesiees Oy iektocc 6 1,995 50° 48:0
(7) GREG Moms. Pitre Se |) coccesSe ||P aeechs (1,793)
(8) OOS ee yee” | ee ioeesieeedl! Seostiods ol feeiosectt - (1,597)
(9) Sy Gy <skeh tp ZOCROmeeb lie aeoens Bi|ksther oes 1,200 50°5 50°0
6 53-0 5, ZOPES seh eccne > [rar bane 1,171 50°5 50°0
6 58 30 ,, ZOPOON lM nnseee hill \cscend 909 51'0 50°0
(10) Epes ei} |h eebonal 4] pesabas 840 5370 52°5
(11) 6 59 30 ,, ZOELO aE fenseeen an fete tna 704, 53°2 52°4
(12) Fie OP MED vc 6 ZOO Wiiaswece hil seven 635 53°5 52°5
hes sa banlelesy 4 ZORA Mies sne Hi) ences 600 53°77 52°5
bh Oss Ay cos Schissay ? IE iscancd 531 53°8
(8) | 7 5 0, |
EMGRSCO 6, OWE Neideon: seal’) @otaes (|= oth ters ground 53°5
ects Crrpeet |p eicsvnns meson lhe -seBtic 53°5
Meteorological Observations made in the Fifteenth
Sufey tere aee. Ill Mekiseticn core | hat Jacoas 29°58 }
Me TON ss 29°436 EER A iasodoc zc 44°2 43°3
7 asaOn as; ZO 27 Weewenen 29°55 2 +| 47°2 460
CA) 97 36% ©. 29°459 | evaeee 29°55 & J 475 | 45°5
WisA@e KO's, 2A SA wll a sesswe 29°55 48°0 46°1
AGO tase ZO OND Nwb cues esibill Uuracnine 731 47°0 45°
AR Ones ZOOTS wie ledeas sally ieesenes 879 46°0 44'2
(15) FAO WON 55 27 Ole aaabecent 28°85 1,092 45°2 44°1
746530) ..5 280A A Ae apacee 28°72 1,270 4571 43°8
(16) 7 TAT REO ss ZBi2ZA7 || vewsae 28°30 1,853 451 43°0
il 2 3 4 5. 6. 7
(1) A uniform stratum of cloud above. (2) Can see Castle clearly ; sheep visible.
(3) Gas clearing ; over thin wood; can see small village or hamlet.
(4) In clouds; valve opened; can see the sky, of a greenish colour.
(5) Above clouds. Colour of clouds: Top (1) deep greenish blue; (2) bluish black ;
(8) green rocky clouds ; (4) slightly rocky clouds. (6) In clouds again.
(7) In clouds; descending rapidly ; cannot see earth. ;
(8) Descending slowly; profound silence ; in white mist; gas beautifully clear.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 205
Balloon Ascent, from Newcastle, August 31, 1863.
|
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
‘di —| Delicate
Thenne: pet Daniell’s. | Regnault’s, Parse op
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter. Dry. | Wet. | Diff. point. : i mometer,
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° oO °
06 Gan | oseaduk |) deccet, deeds lowers tee 45°0
o"4 46°3
o'8 46°1 48°0
o'7 46°7 ccecnlp ||| secsmet es ncee- | Qetncomlecteetm ceaeecbut ify vestes 48°5
08 473
o'8 43°r
eeineecee | Seer. 3 jl) ssrccuell) ceschs |, accede oem 48°0
BS | 455 | 50's
I'o 49°0
O'5 ROR eBooks eillleeasoes liecasaec |) eeeane 50°0
oo 50°5
o'7 POEM DY seeece will csacnoiilt ccc ses,’ Vegan al cca 49°0
1°6 47°2
13 471
2°0 45°9 etensauhl biaos stay acest cee ae 46°5 ceeee 51-0
O'5 CRS lh doe zeae ti Saaccvallbuwescts: lecaec’ oll roomie 50°0
o's aie? | aeecem® ||| sasegeh |Papeans |, enact ccaees 50°0
1'o 49'0
O°5 52°0
o'8 GMB) Secs 2s0 |) esses seb counties, lieeatdetes: Vita iets 51°0
1r'o 51'S
rz 51°3
Balloon Ascent, from Wolverhampton, September 29, 1863.
a nnseee ae ee ge ee Oe a
o"4 43°4 446 | 44°5 | 43°5 | 10 | 424 43°5
V2 447
2°0 43°4 ;
I'9 44°1 48:0
+) 43°0
1°83 42°2
I'l 42°9
i53 412
21 40°7 45'2
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
(9) Can see earth faintly ; can hear children’s voices; can see furnaces and tramways ;
Durham Minster in sight on a hill; Leamside Junction visible.
(10) Going towards hills beyond Leamside. (11) Crossed the North-Eastern Railway.
(12) Over tramway. (18) On the ground near Pittington.
(14) Cloudy sky; wind S.W.
(15) Misty all round; east clearest.
(16) Can see the top of a high hill; query the Wrekin.
:
206 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Fifteenth
2 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
gs 3 Aneroid | Height above
oOo " .
52 Time. Reading Att, |Barometer,| sea-level.
a3 ecgrested | ihern, | No-2 cst Sie
to 32° Fahr.
hm s in. 5 in. feet. a <
(1) 7 47 50am. 28049 AG;O% ur ees ; 2,129 44°9 43'0
7 50! -O5, 27°849 GQO +} hieeceet 2,197 44°38 43°0
(2) Jao ROW ss 26950 49°0 27°00 2,870 42°0 4u't
7 52 30 3 26°451 49°0 26°50 3,278 41°5 39°0
3) WGA OO) 55 267154. 48°'0 26°20 eee, pit 37 5
E aS Ostet ee eser Pi P ares os} 4 |) verses 3,811 38°5 36°5
(4) 750 Ol, 25°859 AGIO TN Wes cece ao 38'0 35°8
Tt 57 Oe, Se cae enees |) Mwdeans 25°70 4539 37°5 35°0
(5) 759.208 ;, 24°619 42°5 24°75 51314 35°2 32°2
(6) 3°50) OF an 24°469 42°5 24°42 5,473 33°8 grr
(7) Sar Oe: 24°270 BQO) s|-nceesas 5,789 330 30°4
(8) Set2"04.,, 2 Os pe ae toe 24°00 6,000 32°2 29°8
cio} re Cec tsh ae 23°373 410
10) SUNaeT OR PATSS Nel Wreese 3 23°81 6,117 31°5 29'0
11) Sans O85; 23°674. BOS 1 | <seebes 6,321 Bagh [le SEA
(12) SeANGOS jC Bi petscsen | Store.) -| doses (6,375) 310 29°2
(13) BAe ONG, 237496 40°0 23°52 6,429 30°5 29°0
(14) lol Stop Tre BEI Uitte. 23°55 6,335 30°0 28°5
Hie : 6rob; 237529 39'0 +} sieeswes 6,385 30°5 =
i belek Gh BEGBRs || weaew. 23°55 3385 29°0 27
(17) 8 8 o
(18) $ 9 oO ; 23°382 37°0 23°40 6,647 29°5 27°8
(19) : Tow 10 55 23°362 37 OT sb-owceae 6,659 29°3 27°5
TLOl; 23°103 36°5 2grt2, 9 29°0 271
3 : II 30 . 22°884 36 ° 22°85 Pepe eb 5 26'0
2 EZ Os 55 22°734 BGO} 14 Serene. 7,43 28°O 25°7
(22) Sir3 40% ,, 22°485 36°0 22°50 7,671 27°2 25°0
(23) 3 TA OF 55 22 387 BICOL lle tienee, « gaan a ° 24°1
Tf e), Hae 22°1 BaES Pe erence e's 024 26°0 24°0
24 $16 Ol, 22°10 ° 22°12 8,041 26°0 24°0
, 9 34 +
(25) $18) 0 5, BUH) || 0 Peaes 22°01 8,259 27° 25°1
Srr9) OF, ZISQOOPE | ieeszes fl Dve=ses 8,364 26°5 24'8
(26) S520) (Oins 21°840 34°0 21°85 8,446 2.6°2 24°8
S020, 905 35 a jeteesess ores (8,475) | vevcanee | aeeees |
(27) Suzi Ore; “Asse yevem | surrey es al Bee CO ry, 8,504 25°0 32"0
(28) 82x 307 ., 21°690 33°5 maeees 8,621 25°0 32°70 |
(29) 3522 NOW, 21'590 33°0 21°50 8,726 24°5 32°0
(30) SE2DOAG Ms, MT eee |, Pricemiccc he «fh Meectee (8,726)" [0 Geeta Neate.
Sia or.: 21°S51I 33°0 21°48 8,819 re Bh | ease
(31) $24 40h 5, QENO2) ees on5 9,193 21°5
(32) Sexe iow, 21142 33°5 eae Ee 9,252 21g
1 2 3 4, 5 6 7
(1) Assisted My. Coxwell in lowering the grapnel.
(2) Sun faint. (3) Misty over the earth.
(4) The sun is not visible. (5) The lines from B to G visible ; sky spectrum.
(6) Jerks in the balloon ; the line F is beautifully defined ; cannot see A, and can just
see G; sky spectrum.
(7) No ozone by paper. (8) No sun; no ozone by powder.
(9) Mist in straight lines in places, and spread out in other places; very misty on the
earth everywhere. (10) Valve opened. (11) Gas cloudy.
(12) Clouds above and below. (18) Clouds very high above us.
(14) B to G; sky spectrum. (15) Sand out.
(16) Fine view to the H.; nosun. (17) Gas heavy; sand out.
(18) Gleam of light.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anpD 1864. 207
Balloon Ascent, from Wolverhampton, September 29, 1863.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
oe . Delicate
‘ : ponies a Hie. Tee Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. beiani= aen)
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter. Dry. et. * | point, eet ee momieher
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
I'9 ry Ta Dl (Ee Soe es fee ee 41°0
rs Aage |) ..bAi 45°0 | 43°0 20 | 40°7
o'9 Ram |). SSeReE b. ccg aces lfevecccg: [UNeie sail cokes? JOP ccdvee ey | Tee 43°0
2°5 35°9 ANGLO A agocae lepaewed, (erate, Pewstemes 5:5
25 342 [no dew
2°0 Bae | tekst Of cade eG E...g | BSR) weewae 38°0
2°2, 32°38
2°5 31°6 ERO STH} 95°2, |< 8S gam
3°0 BG * |) ccBeesa ef cece. SW Gt. ocd || cecets [Pace OeOR IMM audacn. oF |) weatee 36-0
27 teakiay | sree — «|e mice vcacs ad. deeewece | rlaceteeue ee eese my Ine, cembes 34°2
2°6 IA | agen" daa seneyli vexeesd , || tcdeass || senees 26-0
24 24°4
2°5 ZZ"Q | wen ene | veneer | cence | ‘eoeeee | seers | ceeoee | serene 32°0
SOMO Pe cee ene? ||! caWtgsee h csgecsritedencg fo vesets fi <sogsee [OE vadewe! = [Psi cege 31°8
18 24°3
I's QP |) adele oll segues eteceg | eerete fl venee 2625) Ay'| Pas 31°5
5 pe Wi ceduaee | ssgueWh fi aaccd | twasvas |b vecWat TOR cegese: th'|, cove :
18 25°7
Ea) DGEAED || octtbere ll caqeoes Wreccct | eaende bh costes 2I'0
17 DAT |) sSeedubel| dcqeeds |) teveng | etree ||) a+se0e 21'0
1°83 2353 29°5
I'9 ZEEE jh ccsttste |! woqace| cheesy | Gadkim | sete 20°5
2°5 IQR =| vvecse | cecvee’ | seevee | teeeee | seveee | coccce | secves 29°2
23 16°2
2°2, gra ft saseap rel’ aceser i) texece Babies fo eax COPD Sc dace antl © cadets 28°1
29 14°4
2°0 13°83 262
2'0 Ie Kall MEE canes MELE Clad (ee PEC) ie eral RACES I5'0
I'9 YGaet |) Ae 27°0 | 24°8 22 | 14°7
nz 16°7
1'4 cit Go i (eee 26°5 :|.24°6 E5Q. |e USA ATOL acces: aa | “pouees 27°2
oe Saegah eh | | ewcWie --]* ccqene "| eevee | seccee | coveee 150
See 1 ee 25°0
ae aan <TR 28s CON RS. 5d \ | intooete de ccs eee 15°5
5 Se eee 24°0
8. oO: 10. Vl? 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. ie
(19) Balloon is quite full, and on examination appeared to be quite sound.
(20) Faint gleams of light. (21) Cannot get any dew on Regnault’s hygrometey.
22) Gun heard. (23) Over a town; can see two spires.
24) Apparently moving more south.
(25) Dense clouds above us, very high indeed ; there are two layers below us.
(26) A very winding canal. (27) Temperature of gas 29°-0 in neck of balloon.
(28) Temperature of gas in balloon 293°. (29) Gas clearing a little.
(30) No sun here, but is shining on the landscape over a large space about 30 miles distant,
which appears very bright in contrast with all around.
(31) Many clouds apparently on the ground; twelve cumuli in a pateh.
(82) Detached cumuli apparently resting on the ground, like huge swans in some places, in
ea st if there had been a simultaneous discharge of heavy ordnance ; three distinct layers
of cloud.
208 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Fifteenth
ie Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
ze Aneroid | ye;
BE Time. Reading | te Bavometer, gee e er Aap
28 dreduced | Therm. v° . i
na
hi 3) 8 in cay =~ in. feet Feta h
(1) 827 0 4 21'090 34°0 21°00 9,310 aos |! ate
(2) S 235 Ones, 20°895 310 20°90 9,563 21°5 21°5
@ $29.30 ;, 20°547 30°0 daseee yen 21° 18
) 8) Zolmion ys. palin aeeoce. Sanco eon 10,300). |. <aanpe 9 seetts
(4) Sige Oles 20°002 27°5 20°00 10,646 18-1 14°2
O93 Ole, 19°902 278 19°90 10,785 172 14'1
6) : sib Toles 19°802 Diaz ae tases (poe 17'0 13'°9
SATAO Mya Il) ToeeeeeRe (0) Geebes | ||leterr. ns 11,082
(6) $ 35 .0 >; 19°702 27°2 19°70 11,062 bay i 14'2
SFG yOu hss - adilllsteme eee ounll ft iceaelame-boill y smaivn es, Ie eas dee sees || | ascot
B37, ON igs Ge Miimesemecnes «| asceisse | [ierasneess (11,075) 17°5 14'1
3.33) 0) },; 19°552 21G=S Nall i kestans 11,082 162 I4°1
(7) : 39 0 |» 19°523 asceny |lieerasaS 11,127 3 14°2
AGmO Nhs, 197303....:| .cenese 19°30 11,592 16'2 140
(8) 8 41 0 . 19°253 PASH de || teeece 11,654 160 tae
(9) STAD CO. .5 TOLOS WP sanene 1g'lo 11,857 16'0 140
; tyes Fey aie DEAO OS. vlliiaanses 1 [il penne 12,113 15°S 14°8
(10) SnAt ROL Es, TSe7EO ve ll ueanigae 18°70 12,305 13°38 12°5
(11) 8 44 30 ,, 133705 |), eonins Re) atic 12,416 12°2 II's
(12) TAS On) 55 ROTO Guel Pi iescives fll usin 12,416 130 12°1
SeAGe WOR tsa | VsCicideses| well Usenseehlle uawan's (12,405). ||| § scereeaerab cance
(13) 824630) 455) PU macecdeh -2||) vesclenuhll aun (12,415)
SAT Olas. 18°706 24°5 18°70 12,414 142 ene
: ae Cle, 18°606 24°5 18°60 12,800 13°0
PATS Yo any EU /EE ak pene obs comm Wee cecocc so ekats wes, || | aesteeoile |) | aaeeeee
(14) S401 0. %., 18°506 DAE) MND istenaiee 12,857 1672 150
$50) 20) |, 18°507 24'0 18°50 12,857
(15) Sgr 0. 4,, 18°307 DACOM | Mieswele 12,972 160
852 0 ,, 18°357 BAGO L AM easeass 12,900 TORORES| | an date
(16) Sih2630l 45; Gri tock one Eesti satepuibe (12;800),, |} .-stepe IP ssaeee
S53. 10.15, US*56O).t | dveicee, | snenne 12,666 T7GSbk |) | sack
(17) 854. 07), 18°633 | cee ene 1862 | 12,533 17°8 17'0
(18) CTP Mac Yo): | Be UB7TA || sess. siete io 12,818
(19) SO B5 HOT, ,, Oe Cech eceuace| fences’? | wewerees 12,818 17°5 16°9
(20) SiS Fay t., 18°548 18:0 18°50 12,704. ETE Ah b espiecs
(21) 8 53 .0 |, 18°618 Aaron |p sboane 12,593 17°5 169
859° 0: |, 18°318 | essen 18°30 12,926 14'0 13°5
(22) cope rey Coun a 13°ZI8 | soars 18°30 12,926 IIS 115
Geet. 30:45, DOES bs aacese ances 12,926 11°8 115
(23) Seg L Ah tiie. | chiicstecme, oil Puvencecanhyl| nicesees 12,926 | -sgenmenna |e veces
(24) 9 st.3e-%, 18°315 | weeeee 18°30 12,926 12°5 12'0
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. le
(1) A faint sun ; the liquid in the actinometer did not move at all; wind below apparently.
(2) A faint sun; examined everywhere with small spectroscope ; the spectrum the same as
on the earth.
(3) Looks like a beautiful garden at places from 20 to 30 miles distant, upon which the
sun is shining brightly ; in some places the sun is shining on beautifully curved clouds.
(4) Gleam of sun. (5) Beautiful bed of clouds; beautiful blue tinge over clouds.
(6) Clouds a mile above us at least.
(7) Passing a large town ; query Nottingham or Ashby de la Zouch.
(8) Ozone powders=4; dotted clouds. (9) Ice on water.
(10) Moving straight for the Wash. (11) No sun.
(12) Image of the sun faint. (13) Gun heard.
(14) Clouds above. (15) Clouds far above us, at least a mile,
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 209
Balloon Ascent, from Wolverhampton, September 29, 1863.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated), Hygrometers.
Gridiron ——__________—_| Delicate
Thermo- at Daniell’s. | Regnault’s, Pe ae
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter. Dry. | Wet. | Diff. point. 3 , mometer.
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° °
esenas teeeee 230
5°0
seescs 13°4
6-0
25
39
570) dele See, 12°5
7°
eedese, ant 1G, fem 16°5
Aes) tal) Picccets 17'0
goesas Ol @ saeco 162
3°5
10'S | cee nne 20°0
seeeee seevee 19°5
P25 te | Oke 20°9
13°0
13°5
DEO ae |) OS. 13'0
Ill
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17.
(16) Stratus clouds, some on our level, and some at a higher elevation.
(17) The actinometer reading decreased on exposing the chamber of the instrument.
(18) A very great variety of clouds. J
(19) Stratus on our level; sixteen distinct cumuli resting apparently on the earth; like
the smoke on discharging ordnance; dark shadow on the ground,
on} Beautiful tinge of blue.
21) Seas of white rocky cloud; mist; patches of light on the earth.
(22) Smoke streaming up to a height of 14 mile; counted forty separate cumuli, appa-~
pie resting on the earth.
|. (23) Gas clear ; examined balloon internally for holes or rents.
(24) Gas clear; examined the balloon internally for rents; the dome of the balloon appeared
reatly increased in size ; does looking through a volume of gas apparently enlarge objects?
1864, P
210 2 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Fifteenth
n Siphon Barometer, Dry and Wet Ther-
2 3 Ta Te eealen old -
A Time, Renting. Att, |Barometer, apeia rie =
as and cecieteedl Therm. ei oa ded
to 32° Fahr.
hm 5s in. ° in. feet ° °
(1) 9 2 Oam TO-2OS Me Masses Ff Weoenat 12,975
(2) Op [Sao bs moa. 5..1.| BM sscacs 18°20 | 13,025 15°0 14°5
(3) one4uro. hs Reese |i Maoist lt Lavan te 13,025 15"0 14°8
(4) Ly Klee Teel rey 18-20 13,025 15:0 14°83
(5) OTT a0 ats, TSP PINI AND Syknns tlt tases 13,030 TSG EH) woteee
Gy aE elie SE Sai tT Sater elle ae xe 13,160 TOIOE Wa nets
(6) OMe OO Fysh | mipletbaes ah At Picks ode |) assess |) Deets SO | RceeeeeRnn anes
(7) 9IOy 0745, TSSEOR || | bovasas2 |e ccanet= 13,279 151 14°5
(8) 9 1105301; TSROOS) Pritiees(cco | Rip ene 13,321 15°0 14°5
QT T MO 1;) - GAWL mobeee aeh clita omsase. 1 |lwemeao'¥® 4 llam dereaeveeen el) aenaeenl Mn ceh tks
(9) ATT BEG ahd hl Meeacctis sat Al Geneseo oo a. | nlaweaete (13,602)
(10) ONO. bs Ti7sOTS | Metecce- te]. lesions 13,882 14°5 140
9eI2939.4,5
(11) yee} Ae] Pe 177645 24/0 ase 14,218 Li he iia We Bere,
(12) 9)\T4 0. |, 177663 ZAQ |. aceene 14,096 12°38 12°4
Onrse OLE, 17°713 240 17°70 13,791 12°2 11'2
(13) 916 © ,, 17°713 DASONE |nisesesre 13,805 14°5
QET 7 On bsy | ees Oca ccedd | Mbeeeeee: i eee 14°5 27°O
(14) 9 18 0 ”
15) O08 01 F;, EGIOTS) Wi pcaacerl | |peduowsbe 13,695 EQ hy .sitS
(16) By ear oye iy 7 OT 2 was | CA aonlanel basa see 13,695 80
(17) On23u. 0) by THOUSY || tuersesceee teas . 13,695 eh eel Miceeee
(18) Qh ZA te Ok). le eve ve ie sei heateeee ls aeaeee es (195738)\- |iecmcete lide aoouee
(19) e256, Ob by, UU PLAY a | oe PRS Bll as 13,982 570
OFZ Te CO ts, E7813 ZED lv ineesps 13,982 S°Be bs. sexton
Of23500 ¥., 17°643 Bx*O) Gols aiaas spo 13,807 FA. neh .
(20) 9129) ©), 17°513 ZOO! Flite soci 13,982 2°5 2°0
Oust. 0. |, 16°514 T9Q°O | swe eee 15,517 2°0 1'o
(21 i328 0-4: EOIOES) | Radeevess bali msnscys 16,284 1"2 o'2
(22 aae Onn 15°815 UR Ot4 ldauake oss 16,590 COOL Ih. caiees
ONg4, © 45; HE ING jgeee | Meee et | Perea 14,295
Dean OUl ss Gf A ty 1 ial Pe Bee 17°30 14,235 475th aie
; 9.30: © 3,5) ni ai | Peseaeane el AP escae 14,219 75)" Migesyeds
(23) 938 0° ,, 17°517 180 17°50 | 14,175 i) 5°9
24) Di ADs 0 fas ged Rekince yy cv [le imaneee +. Hoi teaneps sdefieaeaaness epee ieeaseenenn
(25) O41 0 |, Ba pA DoT heaastans oh le waans oe 14,203 SER [i dea
(26) On43) (0.1, TOTS SAN sanniane 17°60 13,897 6°0 4°9
(27) ae. © |; 17°618 57.51) leaker 13,897
1. 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7.
(1) Shadow of cloud upon mist very fine; earth has a violet colour.
(2) Sun bringing mist up vertically.
(3) The sun was shining ; the increase of scale reading in one minute by the actinometer
was 5 divisions.
(4) Clouds above; a bright sun; actinometer increased 4 divisions in one minute.
(5) Clouds above us still ; the sun was bright; actinometer increased 7 divisions in one
minute, and fell 3 divisions in the shade in one minute,
(6) Stratus on our level. (7) Crossing a river; query Trent.
(8) Sand out; suspect the direction of the wind changed here.
(9) A shrill whistleup the balloon was followed by a ringing sound for 10 seconds, after-
wards passing down the balloon,
(10) The air is very nearly saturated ; clouds above us still.
(11) Sun shining ; spectrum everywhere, (12) B to G; F very distinct ; sky spectrum.
(13) Water applied to Wet-bulb Thermometer ; no ozone paper coloured anywhere.
(14) Sun shining on Gridiron Thermometer,
2
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 211
Balloon Ascent, from Wolverhampton, September 29, 1863.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers,
Gridiron Delicate
Wiesnee Daniell’s | Regnault’s, Tanne
. : Diff, Dew- er-
Diff. |Dew-point.! meter. Dry. | Wet. * | point. : , monet
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
o'5 reo a ies At a hey fee ected oho Rad (ere MR 15°0
o"2 1 12 i Pel 3. (Ea mcs A ictooe | aso 14'0
o2 13°3
Rr een i ch escee |, ceascoit]) Ox onaay lh aeteeene onsets 7'2 ath 16°5
DME eos |W) ) weeare! 8) ocvans, |) eleced A) sacs eRraee Ts cusaee) TIA) “lence 19*0
Seen Lg scotch) comecel | cs-.04 | sectece Minecaee i
06 oO Of ateracle |, ceadset] Atos nt | ceves ee ean 120
o's 10°6
Sree at ceyeeelOl]| ccdsectitcs-ssa- | os-e tht comer 13°0
o°5 EOS Si Ewlaacestien Vr oassnetilitesesesis|| "ssses05, |) wamaee IIs
REIS ecass, [dv ccneoibeh. sebipey |, <oesage | cesscem || aepettee Tem iestccs MM | heaueh 13°1
o"4 93 13°0
I‘o BURN |G kevangne ||) cotestelll cos seea| seaeccnllt seecer ECT | teaness 12'2
ames! | fl “snesse ii scoepp | evtooe’ | esersp | cnavce | necboe oo
2A SS SS: Sa i Sper aeeal eees ee Ie cece el fieocscc el | weer BB ee: Be ee Io’o
MN eternecy ib) Och Sere] ssp sccil vosssep) | 2htbeer ll oscees — 40
eeeaialscsst. {i cteeee Sch ostr |e erescbi it acters) ft sareeee I eG
BUEN Bacres [b> stoves’. | scpoese| “esos sp ||| eatenes} -ascvost | — 20'S sebene 60
05
SR sacneee FAL ccksveehs | ccspaoct’} Seoeaecr]scsete) | seceed —Io'o aaeriee 4°6
SEOEEE “pescas 1) ichvate | cess Seemeplilt areessth aeane —I0'o
Sears tabs Chg P ell capers] Ser adel | Mccce. 21) lantaeet | adescc ME | webens 370
Sascee | scovsn | covcce | ecocvec | eevece | coccce | ceveve — see
Ee ecsssce ft ested | soseed Wecade) | sesses) | sompac 5"0 veeees 10°0
TPS eA i dis es Salle me (Ne Sul he aeeeot [uetaete OSM dD west ee 8°5
Ea encGe) 1) secinckS. || actos |! wheees, dh ovcses eoeas 4°0
LSet | POR 5°0 Sobel Wivescdoiatevsren. |) adenes 4°5
PROP boaper i] vusreber |) «scaser|ieeude ceveee | veceee — 3°0 apenas 85
8, 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17.
(15) Blue sky; actinometer increased 5 divisions in one minute.
(16) Sun spectrum H clear, dark beyond. . (17) Sun spectrum A clear.
(18) Many lines in sun spectrum. ; 1
(19) Lines clear and numerous in the sun spectrum, extending from A to beyond H.
(20) Filled bag with air. aha: :
(21) Opened valve, gas expanding rapidly ; filled bags with air; saw outline of coast
through a break in the clouds from N, of Yarmouth and to the West.
(22) Opened valve. :
_ (23) Sun shining brightly ; increase of 7 divisions in the actinometer scale in one minute,
' (24) The sun spectrum extended from A to far beyond H, and was very beautiful.
_ (25) Packed up Regnault’s Hygrometer; opened valve ; gas expanding rapidly.
(26) Line H in the spectrum clear and vivid; beautiful ring on black bulb of Hygrometer ;
packed Bp ry and Wet aspirated.
(27) The sun spectrum very vivid and yery long, H made up of fine lines; moving directly
towards the Wash,
- P 7s) Py
212 REPORT—1864.
Tasie I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Fifteenth
2 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
Bz Time. Reading | gy, [Barometer "oeslevel.
38 sctreitty | them. | NO | al
to 3z° Fahr,
hy mm. s in. ° Pe ae re ° °
(1) 9 45 o4a.m TAOS ME Mocscee. | lll jascisks 14,224 g°0 1S
Qh AOM OR ty, lee eek Ph esclens | ||P costa 14,190 9°3 ‘2
(2) 047 Ons, Hila Meee hl Ramee ae 9°5 8-6
(3) QuASe 1OnE, MGegC Se ||, sees 17°30 14,308 II's 110
(4) 949 ° ;, 17°518 SS Oem, By lak Boece 14,031 13°0 12°3
OVAOE SON sn seein NE sscbes fil) ceccss il teawepe 139 13°72
- 9 50 © 5, 2 Orie 0 ty aa P ocsoa 17°00 13,175 I4'l 13°5
(5) gs2) (OLE: pire ss (77 a) Simcoe 17°10 13,175 151 14'I
: ” = oe S25 ae BIL Recess 14,459 7 ee
a Te | eeces EN skeet 14,347 3 EZ
(6) 9 56 Olfs; nepal Scocnad lh ise se 13,947 13°5 11'9
(7) : _ ap ” ae SSOOL En tel bp SEE (13,947) 3 es
” BEES IP aewwess Pall) -o.s-60 13,947 i 5
(8) gn 573001 ss T7818. | -oaeees 17°80 13,747 132 10°5
9 3 > LSPUTS» ~ |) conse eecaps 13,332 I4'1 I1‘o
9 Oo »
959 O° » 18°619 | aeeeee shade 12,642 170 14°5
TOL Os Ole 5, 18°719 meee 18°70 12,504. 17'2 1570
10 On! ‘55 18°919 caeat Volla-aweas = 12,225 17°5 150
TO) 19 30') 5) 19°069 wives He. acct 12,030 172 14°5
TOY Ze Ox) ss, 19°210 23°0 19°20 11,834 175,
3 TOMS ONES, atge se ghd (tWeareeeod ml coeterece (10,964) | 19°5 16°1
(9) TOs 43i3OWh ss TOTS: «ile seme : 20°20 10,534 21° 16°5
2 vote + ae Wass ie see 22°0 ae
hs ZOH6Os fF oses60 20°65 10,084. 23°2 Ior
(10) ae a 55 20°909 24°0 20°90 ees 2370 19°0
On; Pear | 2! seems of TP tosses PADS) |) ssexeeh oh race 5
TOL ROP... 5, ZARAOO | |! | wecnes eekeee be 25°2 20°5
TOR ONgolec, ZI"5O9 | sence 3 AP Sopot e 5 8,933 26:0 21°0
TOM ie 'Oln iy 21"909 tosese 21°90 8,439 26°5 21'0
ie z 30 a ey — age “ace aye. 27°0 21'I
” 059 seeeee | ceeeee ,62 29'0 24°
(11) FORO) roe 22°809 mentee ante oh: Res 268
(12) ae Z 3 xe Bee 29°5 acnecs 5,613 34°5 30°9
” 2 secces | ceeeee ,;0 52 O°
10 13 3° 5; 25°492 seeeee aeaees Ba se ait
(138) a = 4 * : apnea 32°0 25°50 4,438 37'2 311
AF DEO: Wh seuss Bradt sushos ’ 2 xo)
TO Sh SOs: 26°391 SAooe ©) Basie ne a eS
TOO ow 26°689 9300!" |—-se088 ‘ 3,224 412 23°5
(14) FOUN7. ol 5 27°007 BEO™ mts tee 2,828 42°0 33°38
TO) IO PIO ss, 27°881 PoCEOOE We kerpack 2,039 47°0 37°5
(15) LO)L9.0o) »,; 27:98) 6 | ssies ; See 1,831 :
2 ee Ore 277070) || iectwer A\eaeses~ 1,881 roe 40°0 |
I One, ras Te Peal Wie ice 1,717 48°0 40°5
(16) 1023/0 ,, 2B°A7D chidienees a oo 1,469 50°0 45°0
(17) TOUZOMMOH se ile Ute ee'es @. wal Senaeeiee s Beeeee ground.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
(1) Gun again heard. (2) Can see 50 miles of coast well.
(3) Supposed to be about 10 miles from the mouth of the Wash; we cannot go higher,
but must descend.
(4) An increase of 8 divisions in the reading of the actinometer in one minute, in full
rays of the sun.
(5) An increase of 7 divisions in the reading of the actinometer in one minute, in full rays
of the sun, and then of 8 divisions in one minute.
(6) Wash obscured by second layer of clouds. _ (7) Noozone. (8) Ozone powder=8.
(9) A railway seen. (10) Balloon collapsing. (11) Sun warm.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864, 2138
Balloon Ascent, from Wolverhampton, September 29, 1863.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
Gridiron : Bs nen
’ __ | Thermo- ; Dew. | Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. Bulb Ther-
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter. Dry. | Wet. Diff. point. 3 i mometer.
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° o ° ° ° ° ° °
TSMR etieacivse’s |) scx ccal. sf <oageom mane SUMMnax wenn Macca — 30
MEM OBawexs) | | ecccse” |) wecgeeQh aeteael li moses au||t sneer — 2'0
SPE ee |) | sca cete =| cso OO raed fe naeceee |i totenep, ll), + eougns cae 12'0
e's 72, 5 GOES iting pel carta i|ccecess |) Sosa ie)
o'7 GEOR, |) f cconssete | scot os ses oe fl facet , GO! 5) gases I7'I
o'7 etme kb ectcca, Wuseesee Biheoe! | sernss Petes Seatietasll “easko she 19'0
06 SQN Iie ecre ho (Cadttiaatlinessaces [ecete Palle Coes wate eh eyaccges 18°9
ro (UTS A ess wal eee Seite. soseov ltewene T° 18°9
o's BES, | | cha Tl caobeckah Rives cenoce ewencailine eaee aig |t) epaneceey 15°2
I'l Bees th) ONS | ck obese. aésoau) []eeeaee eaebcc |) ceeterees 15'0
TaGbe | Osha | | .F2)T|! sccece “Ce ere o Neweeen GOs haces. 172
2°5 — 34 13°8
Sate |— Gorn | ..525) sadeattt Roast. |) sitcoms liikewssee =="! Ol Byeegas 17°5
2°7 —10°4 13°5
31 1370 CaN teee™ I iccsjaseh yl See vce) | ccnanon (\hesensge dh, ssessee pyyl| -poasoaiey I9'0
2°5 A Tim | 1-5 selene SaeemeDth aKcissd liramevamil fi devseqa diel Rob <0 ac. (eB inc oieae 21'0
zl ESS (ie a i PPE ae eee wjabke WMedsens — 60
ie | 4:0 17°5
27 |— 60
34 |— 87 20°0 aceccM Ebest \V apenas |Penncae —10'0
45 —14°4 CORSO coer SNK Boies |) widapiee |) aisaagen der eioestane (1. lhl pcetems 25°2
42 = 9 eee Seqeeoh eemees || wiseide, ||P sicesyeliy insctees, el Gy ceattte 27°90
SI |—13°9
4o- |— 61 sae caesar ced | batccacn | Poserapulie cacteas oF lh eype 1s 28°5
Wee lin socseor |) 2.0 ReeEE | scese Sean oed * | Salers. bv sta — 50
Se SeSEE | teres || ois. TAN emeed | sneoee wilt ott le ede. hoes Sts 29°5
57O — 470 Seep a cde satan ces Aeaainias. {tsicss sib ee f sicdeccols, la tysctts 30°0
GO || F .08,O | colesS Ne aeend | sacoan. |i secres -- 5'0
5°9 =~ gi deed emma Mesa! | Meodas- Moses ne, -asconce lis meee 31°9
45 8-2 29°0
4°2 15°5 315
3°6 zeae |) ees CORE 1 ly tA Sal en | Le 2S TOL relltey cnaee 39°0
43 24°1
49 23°38 serae rachel (eRe teas |laatases lewis <étscot.s Iilby axeas 39°1
6°1 22°5
62 24°9
6°5 24°6 seat dh ecQMl Poe Soar aaaaeae .\Mesease 25°0
ie) 23°8 Sek be | Weres sail eeecee ll gvqaade: |Mtescczeualimenssicac: al Ree coat a 49°2
8-2 23°7 Cae AeeA Ml tac igs sql Eek cay |agarade “btee segeuuliae testes. bell Melo ee 49°90
9°5 26°8 omer | atoeatil ute. PI talecrcciel” Hhks eispites [he vel apeibet Iley" some 53°0
8:0 312
75 32°3
50 39°7
ea aA ee eS
8.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
(12) The readings of the actinometer increased 20 divisions in one minute in full rays of
the sun.
(13) Packed up
be a gale below.
(14) Packed up Daniell’s Hygrometer ;
in one minute, and again 25 divisions in o
(15) The wind rough,
(16) Packed up all the instruments; on the ground at Temple Bruer, 6 miles from
81 (17) The increase of the actinometer in one minute was 48 divisions
eafo.
~
Aneroid Barometer ; trees are bending before the wind; there seems to
the reading of the actinometer increased 25 diy.
ne minute ; can hear the barking of a dog.
214 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Sixteenth
ES Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
23 Aneroid i
zs Time. Beading Att. Barometer, Hele ~
= 2 - a cecaced Therm. No. 2. Ty« Wet.
to 32° Fahr.
hm s in. 5 in. feet. A i
(1) 3) OO PAN ee esunttsa||. seeeee 29°34.
390 Ol 29°35 | eeweee 29°29
Ais HOUO® 7,5 Si] v<aeensesvte |) cawese 29°30 | eeeere 53°38 48°6
(2) AigeG B:Oi% by) PNR A aicecase™ oh] asec = |amseesste pi] loa, 8088 53°0 49°2
Ba ZH -O 59 FP ana aceryaea] , casese 29°23 | sevens 54°5 49°2
A. ZBBO iy99. Ak ]ehs cecevets 9 9| coweee 29°32
(3) 429 9 »
B29 °GO shy PW tengeetyee | | sence 29°12 426 53°0 47°9
ArZO°4O 19) \+h/rasivecatae nips] | cases 28°70 845 52°0 46°38
(4) A. 30130. 9) ee lrati casero ees} | secos 28°42 899 50°0 45°5
(5) A SEO by PP Cagssat 1 seenus 27°92 1,573 48°2 44°1
4 3E AO 53 Jw vaeeee i | cece 27°70 1,748 47°83 43°0
A BE GO yy OP easeean cA[) eciens 27°60 1,887 47°4 42°83
BZ a1O: Vs Ba ceca i Meese 27°50 1,984 46°38 42°5
A 32°15 oy «| + weenee |. ce wene 27°35 2,131 46°0 42°0
(6) A 32 30 i 27°20 2,279 45°2 41'I
A 3245 99 | ceveee | setae 27°08 24399 44°8 40°5
(7) A 83 yO dss Oly mesgawe: 0] Wisesess 27°00 254.74. 43°5 40'0
(8) MURSRSOLEsy ON yitetere, | ssncee 26°42 3,060 42°0 384.
(9) BBA 20 bs) | plentsee || | acetone 25°80 3,700 410 37°72
Bua BO ses ilo sebees Ga, isesiees 25°70 3,805 40°8 36°3 ~
AWS HO yy SE rergecs edt <asince 25°62 3,878 40°5 36°5
(10) 435.30 5 | vveeee | teens 25°40 4,114 | 39° 35°6
(11) A 3O~ 0 gy 2 4c+ ceescee 9) | cncieee 25°20 4,219 37°5 33°0
(12) Avg 7m Obs, onl ie eeesess | ||(bausannsett || Vajaspnes (55200) 1 42. se2ei tte eon
(13) A. B37*SO 3). I eeneete | janainge 23°95 5,672 34°2 31°5
(14) 4 38 © 45 — | wvneee | sanene 24°10 5,499 33°0 30°5
AB Bi23O 55 ifm cesens 4] senernne 24°00 5,605 32°5 29°7
A 3948.05), sl mereaness 23°90 59717 32°0 29°5
(15) ABO 30. v5, atl escisse” <- |) sesejace 23°40 6,277 31°5 28°2
A 3QAS ay - fe seminar] soerees 23°31 6,378 313 284,
(16) AVAOWO 4s, | |\hebeeerts |] isesiece 23°20 6,506 312 28°5
AAO AOU Wey... |tibiesiex: | 7 tiaras 23°10 6,619 312 28°5
(17) ANARAWO! 15, Ki ccenasecry=s,|| seaamne 23°00 6,732 31'0 28°5
(18) ALATNZO UN, Nm aeensse lll tjsasaes 22°95 6,796 31°5 28°7
442-0 |;, sence avese 22°75 7,030 31°83 28°9
4 42 30 5,
(19) BVASTAOL Rs; | iiiiecense” ii] shenens 22°62 7,184. 31r"0 27°1
ANAS 30.75, Ai Rc ieeceuan oith: ieces . 22°60 7,193 30°5 27°%
(20) A AGIA! | 55 Holt te 'cccnve eevee 22°60 75193 29°5 27°1
(21) AAG AO 155) bee Veasabe hn) ssecese 22°55 7 2b 2 29°2 27°1
(22) Aint 622101 25 ~4-) eet sape¥ele |||, anew 22°52 7,303 2970 27°
(28) 4 46 30 ,, feet i ORARaRe 22°50 7,310 30°0 27°1
(24) eh KOVR Ge welll Mamiletwcte trl Ri cesasiee 22°55 7,267 31°5 27°2
it 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. Te
(1) Clear sky generally ; fine wind S.E.
(2) Both the Gridiron Thermometer and the Blackened Bulb Thermometer were broken
just before leaving. (3) Left the earth.
(4) A very rapid decline of temperature. (5) Sky cloudless except near the horizon.
(6) Golden sunset ; colours very intense. (7) Sand out.
(8) Rising quickly. (9) Wind changed from 8.E. to S.
(10) Temperature falling quickly again. (11) The Thames visible to its mouth.
(12) The mouth of the Thames visible, and surrounding coast.
(13) The sea beyond the mouth of the Thames visible.
(14) Gas like smoke on coming out of the lower valve or neck of balloon.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 215
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, October 9, 1863.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms, (aspirated). Hygrometers. Rtas
3 a elicate
Seidven : Decl Daniell’s. Regnault’s. Eg nes
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter. Dry. | Wet. | Diff. point. s ; mmometer:
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
rel ° ° ° °o ° °o ° ° °
52 43°5
38 46°0
53 441
51 42°83
52 41°5
45 4°°7
41 39°6
48 37°7
4°6 37°7
43 37°7
4o 37°4
oes 36"4.
43 35°6
S15, 35°9
3°6 33°9
38 | 324
40 318
40 314
3°6 30°38
4°5 26°83
sapese omental cated (| sacwacra gecate' | cssees, || “oocnce 29°0
27 26"9
2°5 ER eer stew avocgs: | cessccilt ssorses|) nicdcess 26°0
2°38 23°38
ash 24°2
353 200
2°9 2I'0
27 TON tere | tah gatcbeyl ce rsea<.| vorceee |) - «tease 22°0
207 257
2°5 Sees) emeate lt) ee comeilly aca ngs. (iv accees Ml leseess 22°2
2°8 RTE Wecmekerm licks caaallié neces ||| cccrcsafl cacees |[t-, octave 210
2°9 22°
3°9 MACAO, idee tedal li seo<e mina ace. At cares Wonasea fi). 28 Seve 20'0
34 17°2
24 19°r
2°1 phere | vtcmatate ||| <poeqaethaseey® |) cok ven A tacesns 20°O
I'9 20°2
2°9 BBiO. § | ansear.. | “epasne, fh ancees ern Higacoceial lau occ 19'0
43 16°5
15) Over London ; the roar of London deep.
ie Roar of London loud and continuous. (17) The river Thames like a canal. *
(18) London looks very fine indeed. (19) Nearly over London Bridge.
(20) The sunset is gorgeous; rose-coloured cumuli extending from near the place of the
sun to the 8S. and N.; white cumuli in the E.; no clouds except near the horizon.
(21) The ships in the Thames appear long and narrow, and steamboats like moving toys.
. (22) The Docks distinct and very clear.
(28) Can see the inner court of the Bank; St. Paul’s looks very small; all streets in the
city are distinctly visible ; Milbank Prison and Oxford Street seen very clearly.
(24) Over the Thames. :
216 REPORT—1864,
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Sixteenth
me Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
23 oe
2 | Time. Reading | 44 [Barometer "setter a
Ze acieieeea | Therm, | NO? i ca
to 32° Fahr.
(1) ios oe in. g in. 2 ee = ~
4 48 o p.m. eS Sere 22°69 7,087 30°0 27°2
(2) 449 O° » eerie itll Malswe : 23°00 6,731 30°5 27°2
(3) 450 © » =e . rie : 23°15 6,557 31°0 27°5
4 5E 0 59) | cece A onbsac 23°60 6,310 317 28°0
4 52 30 55 | cence . seeeee 24°00 5,600 32°0 29°2
(4) 45245 » teense woeees 24°15 5,433 3255 29°5
453 ° » ae ree 24°50 5 33°0 29°8
4 53 3° » Sones waccvs 25°55 3,92 33'2 30°0
454 9° » eeeeee eeeeee 24°70 4,335 34°0 30°5
Fe Se bios seeees tee 25°10 2,409 34°8 30°7
(5) CP sje ee Bee lie teostoccee |W eens 25°20 4,302 34°8 31-2
AMS DRO Says. lp sciences otal euesexes 25°40 4,095 35°5 32°0
4 Sie On Cort Fe Serer 25°55 4,024 360 32°0
457 30 5 | aeveee eccses 25°70 3,783 36°5 32°5
AEST RA'S Miss HM istcsce. Bi! mmicceet 25°80 3,679 37°0 33°0
4 38 ORG mal betcsaces | ill Ssiesiea ae 3,679 37°0 33°0
2 eM Tely MA Se A ia Same eae 25°80 3,679 37°0 4g%%
Ae 59 20 tc, AUT white. 0tsl) Mitewoe's 25°85 3,548 37°0 33°2
Sie OmeOt 55 Rl) idenaes) Ml iaenne . 26°20 3,268 38-0 34°2
ne ao ME | mele Srrr ome | Care 26°42 tees 38°7 35°1
5 EeZOe aac Pi | capa al © RT deecsieash whl) aeeeeee 3:043 seweue waeeee
(6) 5 2 O55 Ce 6 eee 26°42 3,040 39°0 3571
3 Sess os Wi casas, | eee ae —— 39°2 35°5
5 Oa se' Bib seaapes” aiiaieceaae 26°3 3,087 39°0 3571
5 ag SOE x59 Min aisveet sal! cetines ° 26°35 3,125 39°2 351
GM ss CAME. axee WN aus cake Bt emer (3,220) beet (I
(9) 5 2 CO) tae |i cocoa, | taeancrae rae 39323 39°5 355
5 OFe ss) dimecinace ath! lebcaee 26°15 3:330 39°2 35°5
5 630 ,, ae |e 26°15 3,323 39°5 35°5
(10) Be OF 52 lleintewces ~ Ul - caree . 26°20 3,272 39°2 3571
{13} Sp sce\e? wey || Gon Seeman anes cts 3:159 39°0 35'5
ges O'R so0 TN’ Maines’ fl! Sexewes 26°60 2,863 39°5 360
Bie OV ys. oil Mcetaies. bal a wanes - 26°70 2,765 40°5 361
(13) Bile: Ob as a il caste cM aaeeiter 26°80 2,665 40°5 37°0
(14) SS eR sy i aieaaee’ Ul emeaa 26°75 2,715 41'0 37°8
Spe Beet ok Seow eam SScommme’ Maa cs ae 27°08 25386 42°0 38°5
BRLAWUSEGss) Po aveuse > (Il, neeonne 27°14 25327 42'0 39°2
E ee SOk cay a ecegen dl Peseene 27°14 2,327 42°0 39'0
(15) BATS Me 3S fil! Meese Ml Pieces “ 27°10 2,369 42°5 39°1
RaNO MOM oss aa|4 a Sean e Blea n 26°85 2,629 42°0 38°5
Be Or 3. N) » aus rachel eeares 26°72 25750 42°5 38°1
51s Ol, ees eee 26°60 2,870 42°0 37°5
519 °o tohetoply tex scoce 26°55 25920 41°5 37°0
REZOOON ss Ne” st asner- dle eesti 26°35 3,121 41'0 36°8
Gy Cie i fe RY Yaa) eet cerca | ee ee 26°20 3,275 40°7 36-2
(16) 5 2 0 59. | eevee oy Neal likeer ee SA 26°15 31323 40°5 361
DROZ MMO oes iil <sestsce. | h) Teuhes ‘ 26°10 3,368 40°0. 36-0
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ihe
(1) Roar of London deep; some blue smoke of London seen curving upward.
(2) Mist towards the 8. of London, bounded by straight lines.
(3) All the S. of London is bounded by mist mixed with smoke, all N. of London clear.
(4) Leaving London,
(5) The wet thermometer readin
(6) Nearly over Tottenham,
gis increasing more rapidly than the dry bulb.
—
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, October 9, 1863.
dd EE ee: sine eee
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated), Hygrometers.
Geidion Daniell’s. | Regnault Blackened
ermo- Ss. nault’s. 1
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter. Dry. | Wet. | Diff. ree : b> panko
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° °
2°8 18'0 } Z
Cie) eZee || b codvental) scsheapil Webco lwasepe) ||P snoce 20°0
3°5 18°1
37 19°5
2'8 2ATER | 1 seein) neveeoa Pe and sossewi i ceseatylas Gon thes 210
3°0 23°1
3°2 SRA ef 4 wiccstesch t74\ cesichnof4pl eae oss eel “4 neeaak 22'0
3°2 23°6
3°5 24°4
4°1 LATIF iesictttet| ceca Ph getaeet |. canntowe |i\lenceveulad SEL. 24°0
3°6 TM || PinnceeOeA i cinch cai edtecct | xeeces, |\iesceue 26'0
4°5 26°6
4°0 POOR Do Maeett sacl Mp Rot acce|, Seenser:|boedscck les 2c eee 26'0
4°0 26°6
40 27°3
4'0 Diese) ||| sexvee OM casiessall! peoccal | wwoneie || odnees 28'0
3°9 2705 [dew off.
3°8 Efepe ts | 7 ceawaeeedl) oeasomt| wars ccd | weee "|! Seesee 27°5
3°8 ORME! § ecacortll. vcsccnih veces | wena) | ancecap les bocks, 29°0
3°6 30°3 [dew off.
MEER enw | | oceltaeWe nl! caslce\|! wadbloaa | cwarkns’ |) acovne lIMem oct 30°0
30) 29°9
3°7 30°6
3°9 2g
41 POM NroeRO EE! ccceicell Riess! | sewmacl | ococee inn
Seeteee| Pivsceser | | asses qinletn si eOei sce) ||| omar Faccees safes 25°0
4:0 30°2
37 30°6
40 30°2,
41 29°6 eaaveE OE) cabaeeat ll Negtiaca || Weimeaies V1) aacues 260
3°5 30°8
3°5 32%
44 30°4.
35 32°5
32 33°7
SiS 34°2
2°8 35°7
Egy 35°3
3°4 Be Ge ll? <azdeoh eats Reece |) sonnet! cccedt 28'5
3°5 34°2
44 32°7
45 | 32°0
45 314
42 315
ee 30°2 Soe CGEM) asges PN tess | teeewes, | cenave 28°o
44 30°4
4°0 30°8
ee il 8 ee 6 hE aad
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14: 15. 16.
(7) Noise of London still heard.
(8) Beautiful golden sunset.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864.
217
17.
(9) Changed direction of motion.
(10) A faint spectrum on all sides. (11) Misty over the land.
(12) Misty; sky blue. (13) Over New River; two miles from Tottenham.
(14) Entered another current; moying N.W. (15) Beautiful sunset,
(16) 8.E. current.
218 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Sixteenth
Fa Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
23 ee See | a MeO F
36 - : Height above
Ez | Time | Beating | gy, |Patometes) “sewiorel. | pes, | wet
28 and reduced | Therm. et m4 ,
to 32° Fahr.
hm =s in = in. feet a io
(1) SR IZZEZOmENI: Ae scdess ||| t (ons see 26°10 3,368 39°5 362
5 $24 LO. = Opie evgere +1 |) soaexes 26°33 3,590 39°5 3671
(2) Ree 5 eC CM metadss | || be csoces 26°40 3,382 39°38 36°5
GUT EE GORE, | hs ageee 26°56 2,905 40°5 362
52545 » ee Pee 26°65 2,905 40°5 365
WELOSTO Deg Sil) Mekkese = Bil hy bveces 26°91 2,554 410 3755
6127) *O'He pe peewnc 27°05 2,386 41°5 37°38
5 28 © '5, | — saveee . 27°20 2,268 42°0 39°1
G29) 80. sy); ili ieeatees. 9] Laienane 27°40 2,072 43°0 40°5
6°4q0™%;, cee 27°45 2,042 43°0 410
5.3L On, 5p | tpi Nisngece te] scenes - 27°50 1,976 43'8 40'S
PATE 4O wy 1) Wewgens | Pe aoaspss 27°50 1,970 44°0 421
5 ZBBTS ~ 5y . |- eeeern- | envene 27°50 1,958 43°5 421
(3) SEZZaGO. le Nicdewee | Peeeeese 27°50 1,930 44/0 42°5
RR Ses Ole UL aixsasp Bee) erro 27°55 1,890 44°0 42°5
ERAT Ot ss MOE I rasesce A 27°60 1,877 44°0 42°5
BeAr ZO Mane WNP eckcse po mnncce 27°65 1,827 44'0 42°5
i nr el ee ee 27°75 1,831 44°5 42°3
BAEVBROW boy wile! Len easexsss)| # hsnaane 27°35 1,633 44/2 43°1
GN FGHEO hy 6 Pe sceeee’ | [Pwiceseee 27°90 1,586 44°5 432
BGGAZOT Ls bl on es eeee ne 28°00 1,490 44°38 43°6
B47, mOess ve) kaateces ae 27°70 1,782 44:8 43°6
BBS Ont, Fi) eiseenesey. bl eens re 27°55 1,927 45°0 43°4
5 39 FO 59 | conwee 27°35 2,120 45°72 431
FEO ONS oy AMS ecince yb il: ate es 27235 2,124. 45°0 43°1
ie a) Se irene Pr eecssece 26°92 2,552 44°2 43°0
GARI O N55. |) eres ewe oe loam ss 26°85 2,619 43°0 415
(4) PAD Bet STR, 5 stall actechiee 26°56 2,910 42°5 38°5
BE42 SOM sy We |p oiseere — —[P iansines 26°30 3,174 41°5 375
(5) BEAST ONt,, UNE copes ee 26°15 3,326 41° 37°2
Pig as ie ee Ee tien Bee Sale Pee 2.6700 3,476 39°5 36'0
5 43 39 5» | cveeee | sane 25°75 3,735 392 35°0
BT AAR ORL, TBie eerccce = Lbmianene 25°72 3,762 38°5 33°0
5 45~ O ig5 - | + cenese 25°30 4,318 37°38 32°5
Ai ce!) Geel tata nee ea oro 25°25 4,259 375% 3571
EAC MOM at lest i (|Encrs sn F 25°25 45303 3772 3570
5 46 30 ,, tees 25°00 4,584 370 35°2
547 O° » vese | teeeee 24°75 45786 36°6 32°5
Bras ON ,5 pha ace ess-c.~ | anew 24°60 4,949 36°0 315
RAR TGORR Fl) Peeckeee © |p ~sscces 24°50 5,052 36°0 31°5
GAO. Od bys, 57 eeaeesech A] Pecosssee 24°30 5,263 35°70 31°38
TAG SOR Ess |) Satwasens me iRibenonve 24°20 53377 34°2 31°0
BRAQUAGR Ts, ) | Polaco sstie It rorecos 23°80 5,813 33'0 30°8 |
(6) RU GOMOM Ess. 2 | hen eaace es leeientaen 23°55 6,091 32°5 23°2
BORE! Ob}, ONS sah 200, otf eoisennes 23°10 6,310 312 27°5
Ba Ge OMS |, eakone 1 of pRteeseee 22°75 6,992 29°38
ic) oe epee ie lee comes | eccrrs 22°40 75305 29°2 2552
GS AupdOodity cael uae =nsenir SIP sexes fs 22°20 7,633 28°5
BSGuO gs) Me uetsenap yo a) Sawgss 22°10 75755 28°5 24°5
a Ty<S1e)" iy | i Ramee a sce : 21°90 7:988 28°1 24°5
1 2 3. 4. 5 6 7
(1) Direction N.W.
(2) The western sky is magnificent; the eastern sky is dotted with fine cumuli,
(3) A thin mist.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS ‘IN 1863 anp 1864. 219
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, October 9, 1863.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
| Gridiron Blackened
Thermo- Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. 3
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter. Dry. | Wet. | Diff. eh 4 . t aan
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° =
33 31°8
34 31°6
3°3 32
43 30°6
4'0 31°4 aendanall sesncselingdes still seuees sessment, 31°5
3°9 BPRS If | esanaey Se cesoncifitaagece: | govaee’ || ctucen 33°5
3°7 Ie Apap teaches eweee | eecel [P eeace s! Wreaeaee 34°0
29 35°5
2°5 MER ii dono enh | WainsscalAll acon sey | seoceal| cena 36°0
2'0 38°6 asegde OR cents. | Aasana |. onsen |) 9c 33°5
24 21 Spe Mad ele ees avila ate Del 40°0
Be) 39°8
14 41°0
bal iat Ea nscess aglnsetuta. 1] uncsiatt || tere wat ors'ock 40°0
x5 40°7
ae 40°7
re PEON] a | etoompiay’ 11 cesvie tt acaced || egeqae “t* ccctene 40°0
U7 40°7
hei 418
ie 41°4 adses- a| craves teliaces oi) oxspan iw <5 ees 41°0
I'2 42°1
12 42°I saan Bl) tian ireaescd aenegss | cotidet 43°0
16 415
21° AQT | ccavee weerceuct maecee | ossicge || oasicex MT a caqses 41'0
1'9 40°9 SeaReM codesst[rescseat|| peice es | seeese 410
1'2 41°6
1s 37°5
40 33°5
40 32°5
3°38 BAe ee beeet Fl! scgeccr . sineeds'|) sapgaus lick 33°0
3°5 314
42 29°5:
5°5 25°6
53 34°2
21 32°1
22 32°0
1°8 32°7
41 26*5
4°5 24°7
45 24°7
3°2 26°7
32 25°4
Py) 264.
43 19°90
3°7 17°6
40 10°'7
40 oe!
3°6 9°7
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17.
i) Sudden dryness. ;
(5) Too dark to observe either Daniell’s or Regnault’s hygrometers after this time.
6) Earth looks dark.
220 REPORT— 1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Sixteenth
Fa Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
ES Aneroid | ye}
bz Time. aicalis Att, |Barometer, Belg aoe . 2 dh
ae and reduced | Therm. ae Y e s
to 32° Fahr.
hm =s in. ° in. feet. ° °
5 56 opm. SCONBER. Nan ht ccaeeD 21°80 8,108 28°0 24°1
(1) BACOMCOm DE, CuletMaaieas © rh ocaces 21°60 8,354 280 24°0
(2) GE ty ete cor Be aise 20°55 8,416 27°5 23s
5G tS) aye | ee Sheer elle ocean 21°50 8,467 27°O 23°0
55595 On ig aeqewmaein| Pisacess 21°40 8,499 27°0 23°0
(3) GEO" Ouhs, PPaivie - deswes 21°30 8,714 26°5 23'0
Meteorological Observations made in the Seventeenth
8 2 5 o p.m. BONLO PW cerns. zou |) Rm cckstant 42°0 39°3
2 al) acco 6 alt cydacic SEM aero bee Sotrcne eal Peetu, le aac
(6) Dg. OMB ape Pies ESP bzcbate Hato’ bole es'ee: tna| reese 8d | dusttese
Zune Os, 29°856 45°0 20°OGn||\telnevesae 415 39°0
(7) Dee ZO"E;. 29°717 teh) Wieendsanc SOS Se aeareete | teaccectes
(8) 25 'o Oks; 29°409 ZG ee se Ae 655 40°0 38°2
(9) PS titey 9 eh. 28°679 BASE” Fonsciee 1,328 38°5 a7°2
(10) 2 LOO Vis, 28°389 44°3 28°42 1,598 39°5 38°1
(11) Zar OM, 28°469 ar seis | (Pree ake 1,518 39°7 33°3
(12) 2 Owes 28°560 44°0 28°60 1,436 40°O 38°5
2ITZ OWES; 28°610 43°7 28°65 1,390 405 39°5
2 12 30 4, 28°871 43°5 28°90 1,148 41°5 39°5
a Wy Ve op 28°713 oe OO Neue 1,336 41°0 39°5
213 39 » 287593 43°0 28°60 1,733 41°5 39°5
(13) 2th Oe, 28°383 7 Skew | | ae 1,773 417 39°8
(14) 2rG O:, 28°313 43°0 28°34 1,787 42° 40°!
(15) ZTE {OR 5, 28°243 AStOUNn te eaeee = 1,801 425 40°3
2 ae Om; 28°163 ASD Fe tscc.« ches) 43°0 40°5
De ORG OM ar | ie ee DSN eMC ctae's 1,860) ) |) street Macatee
(16) Oy Str) athe Ie 28'073 43°0 28°11 1,903 43°2 41'0
2S! TONE; 27°963 ABO. 8) || tecnate 2,010 44°0 43°1
(17) 219 0 5 27°763 43°0 tees 2,204 440 41°5
(18) 220) 10), 27°314 AZO Lil) isa. 2,639 44/0 412
POT "O05, 27°264 43°0 27°31 2,687 44°0 4l'l
(19) PUOTEAG Mss, 8 i| 27220 44°0 27-25 2,735 44'0 412
(20) Zi23wO vs, 27°173 BA tg) | React 25775 44'0 41°0
(21) E28) 2 Ps 27a23 vo allie ahs (2/670) ' | |< cecaaeonal Beene
224. © ;) 27°262 AAO areas 2,689 44/2 41°0
225 Outs, 26°262 44°5 27°30 2,689 44°5 41°0
2°26) “Ol’s, 26°943 AAOW | ewenes 3,005 44°5 40°8
(22) Zaz 70) Ds, 26°663 ALON || vosde 3,282 43°5 39°5
Zaz ss Ol), AMAT || yoscsany || Ronde 3,675 42°2, 33°1
if 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. Us
(1) Too dark to read well. (2) Not sure of decimals in thermometer readings.
(3) Can scarcely take this reading; could not read after this; came down at 6" 30™ at
Pirton Grange, on the boundary of the. counties of Hertford and Bedford ; from 6 I was
watching the increasing darkness of the earth; the earth began to get dark at half-past 5
o’clock ; it continuously increased.
(4) Cloudy; overcast; misty; thick. (5) Great deposit on Regnault’s Hygrometer.
(6) Balloon left the earth. (7) Over the river.
(8) Changing direction towards 8.W. (9) Moving directly down the river.
(10) The wind below is S.E. (11) We are now going N.E.
en
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. ’ 221
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, October 9, 1863.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
euas Delicate
Tied 1 D Daniell’s, | Regnault’s. ere aed
Diff. |Dew-point.) mometer.| Dry. | Wet. | Diff. nant mometer.
* | Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
3°9 Sr
4:0 76
40 49
4:0 4:6
40 4°6
3°5 6-1
. |
2°7 36°0 APOE cst <<oh MEA ot), «paver, || soon Bt oa |! reese 418
} eae BR) ca nrncuteh, actesssih pantech [aseacen, | -ceeeinp eokee 35°0
| bosses Basser aia ars 417 | 39°2 2°5 | 36:1 | [dew off.
2°5 Ee oo el Ses el Pee ee so ncatini| URES apres airete 36°5 ¥
RCE Peete || h wasa gil) cocks ufiacessch: || vossons || socmeepiPe sates, Tuk) seeens 40°0
18 35°99 SOPSAD | sabe acrdl asacesy Seraas iiceccnaie lac ceetaaet bet be eeaens 39°5
1°3 35°4
14 36°3
1'4. 36'4
5 36°6
2° 37°1
2'0 37°1
zs 37°7 ASBUG |) 2.00. eases || Gtedver | sORRIOe sheow, | ey eottene 41'0
Pesce eaeeae \AGRER s,1|| = setika Bi cs eee 43'5
egecee | ceecse | Ceensve | ceceee 39°0
44°09 | 43°71 o'9 | 42°0
44°2 | 42°r pie Sa ie ty Cg oe a 37°0
44°0 | 41°2 ZB) |) SHOR RB cance, (ar saree. 44°0
44°0 | 41°0 Bie | SARSRE aaecce lig ade ane 44°0
Sac ts || GORA. |) oneal cade eae. lier“ eaease 44°1
44°0 | 41°0 BiOr (SRE Ree oes) |p caters 44°0
PE ceya | Peeck seal Meee ccesinl iets al Perey mess 37°5
sdaseneill cach aemal ttaites alike Camber has cso ln a Soke 44'0
cnelesamifiane se dau Ceebtt | s-Raeeeliwe lode cose, 1 lent famace 45°0
Sadeopbilecavant sh |p ataaacedl.xosReOpliae Vote acces lee tas 44°7
sasvearibyacects® usage sattaemMiime Cavece: Juilley aceseve 43°0
10. 11. 12. 135. 14, 1b. 16. 17.
12) Sensibly warm. 13) Mist. Crossing Tilbury line ; off the river.
y & ye
14) Higher; moving more easterly ; crossing Tilbury railway again.
5) Quite warm.
(16) Mr. Norris from this time noted the first appearance of dew on the hygrometer.
(17) Still S.W. wind; going N.E. (18) Cloudy.
(19) Crossing Hainault Forest ; in fog; all ponds covered with ice; the earth looks dull.
(20) Calm and warm to sense.
(21) Going due N.E; cannot go high with this wind.
(22) Gas let out; the earth looks dull and bare.
222 ; REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Seventeenth
References
to Notes.
=
Reading
corrected
and reduced | Therm.
to 32° Fahr.
Siphon Barometer.
Att.
Aneroid | Height above
Barometer,| sea-level.
No. 2
Dry and Wet Ther-
ee | Cee | ee RS
hm s in. ° in. feet. 7 5
2 28 30 p.m BOSUNG 4\) fe rera |. romeo 3,821 415 36°2
230 0O,, 257390 | weweee | teen 4,044 38°0 33°5
2.31 0! 5, ZA'QTZ | eveeee | caeeee 5,001 36°2 3371
REQ) TG ye Sicesenee fl Memesorecat | peer (5,200) 36°0 32°2
2 32 30 >», DAST5 | wnviene 24°60 5,401 34°2 315
2 33 SO» 24°397 39°09 | 24°40 5,610 332 31°5
2 34. 00%, ZATOBB ~ | secene | coven 5,924. 32°2 31'I
2 34.30.) 2BSSOM 0 | esc 23°90 6,144 31°5 30°5
ee aN 23°681 37°5 23°70 6,364 BT-O\ 1) tesa
2 365 0%; 237603) [mdy i eon ees 23°62 6,453 30°6 29'2
2 uOnse 2B STL Ceoneeale |.) usevione 6,516 402 © Ji eee one
2 37 30 4, BiG2S> hak bean eses> Ag eens 6,802 “Tt MARS
2-39 0 », 237232 |, seen 23°25 6,844 29RE Ni. tee
2 RO? (05; 23°283 | weeene | ceneens | cennee Bray ac eeaias
241 0 4; 23°493 | aeeeee 23°40 6,678 30°0 30°0
2 AE 20%,, 237433 BOD frsivserene 6,650 29°5 27%
243-0 4 23°385 © | sevens 4d sevens 6,692 29°2 Cay Be
DZGAOO gy cr |e caw ave: <P cetnnee | finvees ase (6,790) ZOTAE | astiees
2a JO; DSEIS 7) Whe sosaeet |) Wovsiess 6,88
DeaGt Orb, 5) AM ai.ve oO ceewent 4 Aeeaeuere (6,885)
2 46 10 ,, 23°187 35°0 23°20 6,885
2 AT) O's 23°087 35°0 23°10 6,984. 30°8 29°0
DOATERME ee Ne trea APadieeese? |i Wreredes (7,006) 30°7 29°0
2 47 3° » ZDHOST MMe covnes. || © wevace 7,029
2°48: 0+, 22°967 B5IO.S de Seveee 7,118 30°7 27°38
249) 0-45; ZZOZ7 |i eorece) | evsisee 7,089 3rl 29°0
250 0), ZO7Z8 | wescce fi “sesbne 7:277 31'0 28°5
ZeeT 'O'F,, 22°608 BAS |e scobae 7:448 30°5 26°5
252 0, 22°488 B42 | eevee 7,602 29°2 25°0
2 §2'°30)),, 22°438 3450) tnvaveses 7,666 29°2 24°5
253 Oy 22°398 B40 wee. 75730 28°5 24'0
2 54. 0'» 22°388 | wweeee 23°40 T:741 |. ones «| uses ate
2°55 <O%5, ZAR TG. Ease bee 7,666 29°2 27°
2°95, 045, 22°489 § | \sebece 22°50 7,614 29°2 27°%
2°57: 0 » 22°88Q | veveee | tenner 7,044. 30°5 27°2
25S! Oly 22°089 © | “Sepewe ff) eens 8,148 30°5 27°5
259 SO » 23°039 34°0 | 23°05 6,768 30°5 27°%
3 +2070, QZBAZQ © | wabece fh Seoeee 7,666 29°I 25: i
Se ay Olt; 22°439 Hever), Adesneaper 7,666 23°5 24°5. if
3-02 O'ls, 22°293 32'0 71931 27°2 23°
3g 04,, 22°143 32'0 oy 8,086 D"o, 2y°a
34 05, 22°O43 | + coseee Seiten 8,189 27°2 23°5 i
2-9 H="O 15, 21°993-> | scene -| \ ceneee 8,230 270 23°5
BIR SO bsyek, lS Matcoves |, MW rene rent lle esopes (8,288) SER Wiel. ooeen
3 WOSIOs 21°944 315 tie 8,346 26°5 23°7
BBE jOnay 21°595 310 21°60 8,766 26'0 22°5
REO eOlis, 21°485 GitO ele eGe ges 8,894. 25°5 22°6
(1) Sudden change of temperature and direction.
(3) The wind below is 8.E.
(5) Can see Chelmsford.
(2) Going N.; wind 8.
(4) Cloudy; gas opake.
(6) Can hear machinery in action.
(7) Can hear steam-ploughing and a thrashing-machine.
(8) Can see up balloon now; gas not quite transparent.
(9) Can just see the Thames south of us; going N. still.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 223
Balloon Ascent, from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, J anuary 12, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
ae Delicate
G
ee Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. | Blackened
Diff, |Dew-point.| meter. | Dry. | Wet. | Diff. ace = Pipe ni
pom | Dew-point. Dew-point. ;
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
5°3 29°5 ge el he Ro casa rash. acer fsa eset Wt avetess 41°5
45 cf SM A iol IIe be | a a 27°5
31 28°5
3°8 26°5 speteery | caeeet fi eeacds Mateus eal deste | weadews 26°1
27 273
1°7 Bites |) scwres it | ag.ztdhdean cess (Meech eee oeeeae 29°5
I'l 29°3 FO ee | woes |\“oarenn ils eeeomitiel odeseeoeel eh kf 32°0
I‘o 30°1 BEFORE anced] eecse! |S aecen! Wl cena iom: See in| My me | 32°7
oeene ‘ teekee oubtce eqoeasM “avoeds | "oncsea ft) ope 26°2
BEM geree |) ertecn | cee cetdencests: ltwcsrss | . Ree ADR GOP 15
resem i, oweske 29°2 wan seB EAs acids, (i Poeees, f oceees ee 1°5
So | | Bc SR (RS a ee ee ee eo 29°8
sn es 30°0 spe scdPilt enone’ dPeredaes A) UMeRe Fr Base | 30°0
hod ol Mie 29°3 wbesstt| Matvase’ | Seeeees 1 OeRE fs 9°5 29°3
<dneee “A053 sewer rl] bn. ott ewavcsa levercas ot Me)
Saxe é Pane 30°7 apenek ves \ltawedee Il oxbeee ropeee Spee et 30°7
(Ce BES 31°
ae. ft wt: . 310 apecshtM-seocbo [*ésstes 1 cent Aeses Bees 31'0
=| JOS SS CeO TS een Pee ed Cee or fe 45
42 9°8 Favawi® FL epeasee WiSesess P1cstbes ibacsIte cabeeee 60
47 4g!
4°5 67
i EA SIG i, Sook te eee See Ol Geaoceete | eee = Eec8 “pee 29°0
22 193 B
21 ZG | aes RosobiN((Sacsba ite teen. -fll) odeece chases |". bac 29°2
3°3 17°6 cises Spaasti"t"Sescms! W*sess~. i] ceeter NM . baccoke (Mo Re a
30 18°8 ell (a Oe ie oe Rest | Re So Spesso tt [Pe dette 30°5
34 17°2
4°0 1S ies 4 a i eal freee Seo | MG ss, hae ee 112
4o 9°0
41 4°2 27°2 | 22°2 Soyo We b.... (PE RAR 28°0
4'I a ee ore Ct LCS IO acc er | PY, s“Gcty eae eee Ml Ids ee 27°5
3°7 6°5 wendy | obasce | We eeperisezesee |. ceeee T5nodew] ...... 27°2
35 74
seeeee
Peeeee
sereee
seneee
(10) Can hear people’s voices.
(12) Can see Blackwater; estimated distance from co
(13) Going N. still; determined to go higher.
(15) Colder current.
(16) In another current,
_(18) Could not get Daniell lower than 1 bie
(20) Iodine paper slightly coloured in 5 minutes.
feneee
seneee
Pe eeee
teeeee
(11) We are very warm.
ast twenty miles.
(14) Ozone =r.
(17) Going N.N.E.; wind S.8.W.
(19) Ozone =1,
224 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Seventeenth
2 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
28 : : Aneroid | Height above
ORS Reading 8
EZ Time. & Att. Barometer,| .¢-Jeyel,
22 Bae 2 Therm. se an mye Wet
to 32° Fahr.
hm =s in. > in, feet. + 3
(1) 310 op.m.] 21°296 ASO:5 eI tow kes 9,104. 24°5 212
(2) 3 LUO ins; 21295 REO (|| ts .aks . 9,105 23°0 19°5
3 2rO Bs; QIMNOT Me ||) \cccpecty |. vesenes 9,217 22°8 ;
cents fe) PTEODG. 4) s,nhesh =| snes cle 9,327 21° ice.
(3) Baten, PIRGOLES |) Sa ccevst|| uiescuse 95437 20°5 25'0
(4) Susi fs, 21001 28°0 sennce 9:437 20°5 25°0
Ba Gag ay, 20°951 Mole = | © ore 9,500 20°5 19°0
(5) 2 OTRO, - 20°951 28°0 20°95 9,500 20°5 17°5
3.1690 &,, 20°951 28°0 20°95 9,500 20°5 18°4
(6) Bit 700 ws, 20°921 Semi paekes 9,536 210 18°5
Sm 7msbies, 20°902 27° 20°90 9,560 21°0 18°7
(7) 2 SeeOre, reper, UAPeE eel AP ales ee es 9,586 210 18°5
(8) 2 gms O Re; DOM OR Pe | Paxson teal, aes¥ere 9,822 20°0 13°5
(9) ZEZONIO Nj, DEWMOZee |! Lacscvebeal, Lasokes 10,017 17°5 16°2
(10) 2 2IerO bs; ZODGLS Denes nauees 10,090 172 15'0
Bu2cE20u,, 20°355 26'0 20°35 10,090 17'2 15'0
(11) 32140 5, 2205 © | veces pei ase aeet 10,319 16°2 I4'1
RAD EMOWss OTIS Wee | nical lll pipe” eens 10,394 159 13°8
22260 aay ZOWOHPT | Bosses 20°10 10,469 15°5 13'I
Wor). “op A 20°105 25°0 20°10 10,469 15'0 13°0
3 124490%,, ZOCOR | Tecedse | beeches 10,619 14°0 Ilo
(12) 2, 26nNO te: T9:606).. j.ccee : saaats 11,016 13 Ill
(13) 352 sOn,, 19:406,/) 4.. ane 19°40 11,278 12°I 9°4
242767 Ob, TOS OP eee cerns) ceases 11,429 115 9°2
3 27—G0ns, 19°307 Seas 19°30 11,533 11'l 972
(14) 3°28.40):,, TQZOQ UE iascucowe| taaos 11,664 1r'2 g'I
329 Oy NOP 5git) | Genego | Be codecs 11,664 LUE g‘0
(15) 329230) 5, TG TOOM |) ies. os De aee eee 11,708 Iro 8-7
(16) 3 29 45 » nie ou Co) 9 etre al Pee EBA 11,761 110 8°7
3 3073075, EQIOGONE HT Sade || Teesevs 9] b apace 11'2 8°5
S318 g01%; MO iOT 2A ince |) | eeavles 11,897 110 8°3
(17) B\ 92 tsps, TOMES el! lesecesingl lee dory 11,774 13°2 12'S
(18) dusky Gli TOMTZ CI “Peatecsp ll «sores 11,528
3° 3475015, TOMES Sell) sascevatall tseccns 11,528 14°5 13'°8
(19) 3°25 On 5; 19°43 argcet JA Weesecegy 11,353 ;
3 35°39 » 15,6632) ee2.03 Ay 11,071 150 13°
(20) 8 30" 307%, TO W/E Coal ease seal. , (se dae 11,007 ;
(21) 2.136 401), MOPS estes Wal. Clas anes 10,879
337-25, EOGAS el eects nal Vises 10,751 160 14'0
437 3015, 19'964 Torres ee oe 10,697 16'0 152
3.45) 40r,; 207064 ceceee | ceeeee 10,561 162 15°8
ee he eo 20°365 eseeee 20°25 10,289 16'2 16°0
3.38 40>%, 20°316 20° 20°30 10,221 16'2 160
Bago NOns, ZOATO gh eeceon 20°40 10,085 16*2 160
Bu30).001 3; 20°4.66 20°0 20°45 10,017 162 16'0 |
(22) Rugoraorss 20°536 20°0 20°50 9,921 16°5 16°3 |
(1) Ozone =1. (2) Applied water to wet-bulb thermometer.
(3) On a level with Harwich or Colchester. (4) Regnault failed ; misty.
(5) Ozone =1; Iodine =1. (6) Ozone =1; Iodine paper =1.
(7) Regnault’s Hygrometer will not act. (8) Cloudy.
(9) Cold to sense; changed direction; wind 8.S.E.
(10) Regnault difficult to work and to get dew deposited. (11) Over Newmarket.
)
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AND 1864. 225
Balloon Ascent, from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, January 12, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers. a
elicate
Gridiron sell’ 25. | Blackened
Th 4 4 Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. |: m
Diff. |Dew-point. aes Dry. | Wet. | Diff. eo pe
Latah Dew-point. | Dew-point. ;
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
a°4 + 24 piel (Go cei 8 Nec oec a! ieitc Cds | | (apor ree) ane Sere | | 24°5
3°5 tors |} | veaces 23°70 | 19°8 3°2 |—o'2 |
|
wneee ‘ cocees Hees rises Wecaedea Visas ie dott Rate antes. 20°5
5 |+ 86 Saree ||) ZOOS) 1972 Lo |b Rec he (Ra Es Me 20°5
30 Sid, | | edases 20°5 | 17'0 35) | 7e5 —2°'0 —2°0 20°5
=f a oo Re Gt all es 20°5 | 18°5 20 1 irae retail Reser 20°5
25 1°3
2°3 PO tt cedanre uimetesea te dwcras [i odes: (IM sceeeer aime ceesacann iil nese: 21'0
2°5 Te || teedee 7 210 | 18°5 2°5 iil sae sete Mt Mebane Fe 21'0
1°5 78 sesege | 20°O “1X85 2°5 gE iste Nees? Arlee ce UPA at 20°0
Egy, ht 6°4.
2°2 = 1) lal SPs igh ceaidu Iphenseds= | sderee nit wwaaten ice tence) | iia. seater 17°2
22 reat WA Peed Ml oxaaase | eoatess || coesenen Ik wcities POI iy ee seas by (8
2°I — 21 OPE dell rare) Meer Ae ner saml| Banat Sell ee Rn Ree 16°2
2°I — 24
2°4 — 54 TEZe | \ccdes atl faseialed Ml waisaisy th wraem am iccices eo] but oames a ded
2°0 — 2°5 REO mil) slaves Wevscavded-saeeaesl |B eccasan unease, «lence 150
30 —12'2 stapes, | sacce a], wes Seat erssdea|Puxscpaime eetecs, cll 4 Meagits 40 |
2'I — 52
2°7 ES
23 — 86
19 05
2X ay ee pers II'2 g'I a fa | Saco foXe)
2°I Bere!
2°3 — 74 |
2°3 Series |
27 —12°5
27 —12°7
o7 |+71
o'7 $3
m2 | + 4°5
20 — 14
o8 |+ go
04. 14°3
oz eam al daca | ecacas!, || oxen aawew I eceaece let sassae, y iimets cases 16°5
o'2 14°5 Seeman | ieadeaa. [Péwenetl hicecac Aa| Pepe catia ap eect al | Se 16°2
8. 9. 10. 1h. +. .12. 13. 14, 15. 16. Ae
(12) Hoar-frost on ropes and all round the neck of the balloon in long fringes.
(13) Earth nearly obscured. (14) Filled one air-bag ; Regnault failed again.
(15) Fine snow under us.
16) Filled the second bag with air; can rise no higher. (17) Snow granular.
tis} Repeated application of ether to Daniell’s Hygrometer was not followed by the usual
deposition of dew on the blackened bulb. (19) Rabbits heavy and dull.
(20) Snow fine and thin. (21) Dog whining. (22) Snow still granular.
1864. Q
226 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Seventeenth
So Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
gS ; ; Aneroid | Height above
Ez Time. Reading Att, |Barometer,| sea-level.
a3 ecdreea | Therm. | NO? ie | Sa
to 32° Fahr.
ant. in. a in feet. = re
(1) 3 39 30 p.m. 20°836 SHOE wana. C 9,516 16°83 16°5
3 39 45 » 20°916 ZOOM on steels 9,408 17'2 17°0
349 Oy QUFOGO. Pane sved mill tasage 9:273 18'0 18'0
3 40 30 » DOOR at vavew 21°05 9,316 18°0 18:0
(2) 341 0 5 21215 *ikevs Lo|E2Ne20 9,199 18°5 18°3
Gh ysi eit p 21265 abeese; | (2a ms 95156
(3) 3 41 30 5 ps 1s a BP Ae 21°40 9,026 20°0 19°8
34145 » OTB MR 4 sweegee 21°55 8,939 210 20°5
3 42 3° »» DGTP Ole wesese 21°70 8,765 21'0 20°5
344 0 3; 21°444 Rtedas annie 8,904. 218 21°5
3 44 30 22°213 220: | cache 7:993 22°5 22°
(4) 345 O35; 22°4.33 220: |” weeds 7:7 32 22°5 22°0
(5) 3°47 TO 4 22°723 | eeciconl 4 Died 1447 23°2 22°9
(6) 3.47 30 »» 22863 Paris Aull tenth as 7,226 24'0 24°0
3.47 45 » 22 HOG alles teens pill valaat 7,136 2.4°2 24°
(7) 348 0 ,, 23°113 D2 |e cate 6,967 24°5 24°4
(8) 349 0 4 23°414 Spates balls tasks 6,640 25°2 25°1
(9) 3.49 3° 5, B47 TG,” A giRaugese | ily ness ts 6,313 26'0 25°83
ROLL a4; QRS TR Gb eeerses Pall evests 6,204 262 26°0
(10) 3 50 30 }, A02 \\itesetes fall asses 6,040 26°5 26°0
Bar Ot, BAOUS” dl ees ets oceone 55932 26°9 26°38
3 5x 30:4, DAAOT SNP cestees apie tddeds 5,824. 27°0 26'8
3 52 'O j; PUB UE Ut eccstet.| ceeets 5,670 27°6 2728
3 52 30 35 2.4°360 24°0 sivebe 5,619 28'1 27°9
353 0» DAScOQs alt Wasepes weocts 5,465 28°5 283
3 53 30 »» DATGSS | Assesses | | - ctacte 5,384. 29'1 28°38
(11) 354 04, 249687 |i sccexe || aeuabe 5,284 29°2 29°0
3 5A. 40 "4, DASO2 7) at vawsee, bil teense 5,142 30°3 30°3
Rebs mow, DhoROO ul | Sevawae delltlewecede 4,636 31°0 30°7
3.55 30 9 i739) eae Nh Saeed | |Pycou sc 4;739 31'2 EP aps
356 0}, 25°804 Q7TEO | Oaseke 4,121
356 15 ;, 5c COMET | bette rR ol ercted (4,183) 31°5 31°2
3 56 30 5, 25°703 BeyOaw| eects 45224. 32°2 30°8
BN57, O 25°951 2870 | sarees 3,973 32'5 320
4 153° 10%, Roc Ene 4 ncnocche w Meco e (3,703) 34°2 32'0
BI 5050; ZOROO ld Mesesss ql eteveess 3,433 360
(12) 4 *0) 10 4, ZO SO el eredsas Bi] sents 3,334 36°2
(13) 4. 0! 30: 5, 26°779 Pecreite al eateries es 35159
(14) Al wore, 2OISAD 2} Pcccees b [i ivecesds 3,091 97°24 gl CAsaae
An Tees he, 26i98a) |) teceeesnh| (heecabe 25953 37°5
ALe DL. Sous, 27°122 29°5 | | censbs 2,821 38°0
Ain 2 VOwhs BIAAG -.|\hirassdancbel |e Mewone 2,451 38°5 38°5
Ale ZUR Os; 27°51 E G2 OF ev ccuttne 2,384 39°2 38°5
eG tee oye 27°81I 32°2 eeesee 2,096 39°8 39°2
Auea S00, 28'089 AG Coy | eccvas 1,878 40°8 40°0
(15) AUeAWOCRs 28°188 OMS A ater 4 1,807 41'0 40°5
AsseKiet Omyy 28586 weoecs | cease 1,415 40°O 39°0
4 eye HOnss 2S'OSgb | emer. | We oven 1,366 40°O 39°5
1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. tf
(1) I am redder than usual, and my eyes are suffused. Mr. Norris is reddish blue.
(2) Note-book covered with snow. ‘The ether is not good.
(3) Clouds below us; very dense cloud above us. :
(4) Above cloud; the view is beautiful. Line of cloud due N. and 8.
(5) Line of cloud remarkably well defined.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AND 1864. 227
Balloon Ascent, from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, J anuary 12, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers. ;
nn —- Daniell’s. | Regnault’s Blackened
ermo- . :
Dis. fpewepsing| metre | Drs. | Wet. | pir. | Dew | DNR!'® [Rem pul the
ew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ; °
o°3 14°3 PS) (HO. doen jeasoec a cecnculel | paces it ieee acs | Buea a ‘. 16°8
o'2 71S seadal | Bo toes PEO: Oboe | LcceeL | icoacneta) ERE reed eae Re ad 17°2
fohfe) 2 ae ll (PRO Sad (Re Oa leans ol reo ore Rapen eit ]) Faces [pecans 18-2
oo MEO |e swatve: © iit) onde cisialfmonscag: [ensrute el Roeser IES ocak c fud) Ow 18:2
o'2 2 aly erating Get oan hace ner ||, | Se OT a 18°5
o2 18°4
o's ike ibe \Mawweeg |icsencss: It) sceses | inecutnn in nesenenl|| mune sey oP ee ce ot 21°O
05 Ae )|(t. esther | eteeeme tle tes cca. |P vaneeee |ppeeateeel | Mmemeeeeee tr ale Rie dil 210
03 19°6
O'5 TATE) TA) isda so eel lou ceed ERB Ocaae tel ened | Bee Sn see. ele resi 22°5
o°5 18°9 l
0°%3 201 Soeimigemn||'4ae pete) Ode ma Woeecnee|| Seema eapesy el at woasce 2.372
o'o 240
o"2 22°9
o'r 23°9
o'r 24:6
O72 24°8
o'2 25°I
O'5 23°7
orl 2674
o'2 25°9
o'3 26°0
oz 27°%
oz 25°F 3p Stpecr ictal ibe rel aie al Pareto | meh lee at Bae 2 23°5
0°%3 27°8
oz 28°4
oo G12 egal & redo Dyan NiseReanilMaisieomtid| Erecnstis, WW woceoe i bael eeteee 0 lhe see ase . 30°5
a3 29°9 87
or 30°38
os 3975
iA 27°7
o's 310
22 28°2,
SR Mere 0 vee a LocBecc- | focsect (incceaes Weonte sult omes. ares 37°5
10. ie 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17.
(6) About entering cloud. (7) In cloud. j
(8) Out of cloud. (9) Cannot tell where we are. (10) Very misty,
11) Ozone =1. (12) Applied water to the Wet-bulb; forest of pines.
13) Can see a circle of trees. (14) Villages scarce,
15) Cannot see two miles ahead.
Q2
228 _ REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Seventeenth
ae Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
S 2 3 recone ero | Zeaneroid Height above
Ee Time. Reading Att. |Barometer,| ” sea-level.
| 3 eeecied then, | “Now? Dry. Wet.
to 32° Fahr. |
hm =°s in. ° in. feet. o o
4 8 opm. DOUGRE laces!) | ctruseees 1,420 39°38 38°0
(1) AUCS aoe; DROS: ai\Pacssnc: | || saecan 5 1,324 40°0 39°5
AIO) SOU, DRAGS: Nieicarnas ti | measue 1,514 40°4. 39°38
(2) | 4 9205
| Aico 1G Oues 291977 | sseeee Pawg ground. 418 40°7
Meteorological Observations made in the Eighteenth
(3) | Bessie saaeipaiets ctor icy. heat | eee eae coe Wa tee eee 46°2 43°1
3.20 Opm. ZO:204~ I!) < veanes BO-Miah | abewstens 47°0 44°2
Ae EO! os Z0°114 Seanies Teri ali © Aaeece 4670 42°5
Be oLeOurs AOWITAy Wi iwceee ZOMEQ ler eae 46°0 42°5
AWD ee Olss eee\ty- Nae eee 30°17 estan 45°7
ASELO LO; Si ebleewesc:. git aemesso tft wanes Pel ameraenr 45°5
4 9 3°» ZOB75 (- [tecasest sh penanes 320 45°5 42°0
4 9 40 » 29°604 45°5 | 29°65 557 44°8 41'S
(4) 4 10 IO 4, Notas Te tpee wll) cca cee #4 [opreeee 867 42°0 38°7
4 II 30 4; Daa 7 Omi \eiastens sacha 1,219
4212 ON,5 28°658 EONS Wiecelas 1,400 40°8 37°2
4:13 20.) 28°'258 450 28°25 1,749
(5) 414 04, 27°379 |. ceeve. 28°00 2,161 37°38 361
(6) 4 14 30» 27°762 | eevee 27°73 2,170 36°5 35°5
(7) AaTS Ov ss BONS et Meseccc pel a cases 2,469 3670 35°2
(8) 416 0,, 27°245 42°5 27'25 2.7715, 2 \\ i ese eh eee
(9) 4 16 30 ,, 26°817 APO} | lure ose 3,194 34°5 33°2
(10) 416 45 ;,
427. (0.53 2OGAG Wl secces 26°68 3,362
(11) 418 © ,, 26°490 acai’ 26°51 3,507 331 32'S
(12) ABIQIMON,; 26°152 40°5 26°15 3,884, || | csauso Pipi asses
(13) 419 3° »
(14) AIZO me OD 5, REO a Milles ere MT tsiacah 4,260 33°0 32°I
(15) 4 20 30 », 25°724 39°5 | 25°70 45404 342 32°2
422A 55 DSSS silt nose, oie eecess 4,373 36°0 341
(16) AazgunOly, BAB2 5. VT i\taavanaes 24°85 5,251 36'2 35°2
42550 |, PAP OO aisara.e 24°31 5,82 6"0 34°5
(17) ANORMRO UE, Me lumieengin || wsveaane dell.’ bectides (G;363))> fl) eeeermmaiwacoees
426° 0 ,, CHL Oe Sl AEA al Raber ce 6,500 34°2 a4"%
(18) Ave OMAOms sku 2 ||wuamenaenes (Mill coscecm mt booker (6,627)
(19) 4 27 30 », 23°378 390 | 23°40 6,882 38°5 37°2
(20) 428 ©,, DRrOOK telsecceetell| ieee 7,281 |
429 ” 225337 eae cceae 22°85 7,493 40°2 36°0
(21) 2°30. 0 |, ZI229) |e waseass 22°35 8,083 39°0 EEL
4532 40.),, QUSOS Viteeenns 21°92 8,594 35°6 30°5
A248 NO"), ae tame |) Pa eck 4 8,854 34-2 30°0
(22) 4 34 30 » ey ie ||| AS ee 21°51 9,090 34°5 29°1
1 2. 3 4. 5. 6 vf
(1) Can scarcely see to read; very misty.
(2) On the ground at Lakenheath Warren, near Brandon. Never saw the sun, and there
was therefore no opportunity for using the actinometer, polariscope, or spectroscope.
(3) The sky uniformly cloudy; no sun; objects misty in the distance ; wind S.E.
(4) Very misty. (5) Entered a W.S.W. current. (6) Misty ; entering cloud.
(7) Moving down the river. (8) Over the edge of the river on the Essex side.
(9) In cloud. (10) Getting lighter. (11) The goat uneasy ; fog wetting,
ent
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AND 1864.
Balloon Ascent, from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, January 12, 1864,
nee ere te fs © eee et rte A SS ek
mometers (free). |
. a
Diff.
Balloon Ascent, from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, April 6, 1864.
Dew-point.
Gridiron
Thermo-
meter,
Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
i Bs a
Daniell’s. »s,| Blackened
Dry. | Wet. | Dis, | Dew- int vecnmembed
point. Dew. pom. Dew-puint, mometer.
° ‘ ° ° ° ° Ps S
Lassa Sennen eee emer meee eee
tee wee
(12) Much lighter.
39°6
41°0
38°5
38°5
teense
418
(14) Two layers of cloud.
(16) Can see a very large oval in the cloud, with balloon in the centre; n
colours ; no break in the clouds.
wee eee
tee eee
seeeee
teens
tee eee
seeeee
weet
teeeee
wee eee
seeeee
waeeee
seeeee
weeeee
tenes
seeeee
eeeeee
wenees
wees
(17) Gas clearer.
senna
tenes
seeeee
eens
eeeeee
fen eee
tenes
feeeee
teeeee
weeeee
35°9
(13) In mist; can see the sun’s outline,
(15) Goat Jess uneasy.
(19) Shadow of balloon on clouds; very fine; blue sky.
(20) Beautiful sound heard when closing the valve.
(21) Can feel wind pressing against us.
(22) Sun warm.
0 prismatic
(18) Immense halo upon the cloud,
230 REPORT—1864,
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Eighteenth
eS Siphon Barometer. Dry oa Wet Ther-
28 2 Aneroid | Height above
ORS] Time, Reading Barometer, .
SZ Att. ever,) sea-level.
a3 ociweaaag | them. | 80-2 Prat
to 32° Fahr.
hve aos a in. a in. F feet. e Gi
435 Opm. COE CIT Ten | 9 option li "dee oe 9,378 34°5 272
42 Oc OuRs 2107 OF ol) 2. esen. 20°72 -| 10,155 35°2 27°5
4:46.40) 3; BOW 7 fli. caceee 20°20 10,805 36°0 27°8
(1) A Bija Olys THIQTO |e es coe 20°00 11,075 36°5
(2) 4 37 3° »
438° © 5, DOWIZO MN a ceccns Fo | oveeeees 10,987 39°0 29°2
7 ie iis ays ame COL ISPS] Ree OECC (105790) -— Peers errorates
439 °» 20°4.74. BADOE 20°50 10,470 43°0 33°38
pogo de devor Alls as isse's ie ss cnt (MT ai aac (90;300)\ ||Aycecaseae lua teas
4 39 IO », 20°673 A310 | eeaete 10,240
440704; DGS Ss WW ade cae 20°90 10,010 46'0 351
A AO WBOnss DOOuZae |) wena 21°00 9,895 46°1 35/0
(3) ASAI 50.5, 29290 ARSO. || Maseene 95513 46:2 351
A 42, $0.5, 21°967 BELO. Tp |"eeesesbes 8,642 46°83 37°1
4. AR 204, 25 GAs, |! iccwode- Milnavareens 7,783 Act a ae a
AAA! SO), 22°744. 4670 | sesees 7,696 47°2 37°8
444+ ,, deren wees P| eeeeens (GAS Ce) We aD cceaccie Wf Mpease
4 44 30 5, 2A7GA. 1: Macceess 22°80 75524. 46:2, BRE
A 405805, 22°564. Bek} ||| OR aes 7,869 46°0 365
4 46 30 ,, DRICTA: Nim scents. | eases 7;947 46'0 37°5
(4) AvATenOUL, DAC OAL. |i urascws ech: 7:553 46°70 37'S
ATT, BO), 22°981 ABO Till Beeisee 7.410 462 385
448 oy 23°309 48:0 | 23°38 7,036 462 38°4
AZGO SOwnse |) Pies) a lneese ss sacaes’ |. > Poteose «0 |) Paneresten a dee eee
(5) 4 50 30 5, EY. Tyo ite¥ | ee renee | rere 6,153 44°0 37°8
(6) AVEN LO™s, BASE tel -mesces geil) Roeewes 55536 43°8 38°3
7. Wal Fren ofe. ZAQGGW- ll Pisco 25°00 5,213 430 38°0
4 52 30 5, ZEISS Mal Besse <osdue 4,163 42°2 380
PSG MOM.) = elie curs: Ma Wassese gh onivewabs (4,049) | > seas. see {hs epee
ARS) BO}. Lael baepeest disitete Sesese (33935) |) carseat eaies
Assn Io b, DALZIRAS acl tsa tas Werass 3,821 41'0 380
(7) 4.54 30 ,, ZG654). | arenes: serese 3,405 i ae) 371
45445 » 26°773 see | neeeee 3,280 40°4 36°8
(8) AWE tO |, 26'953 ecarentalt eres 3,071 39°9 36°5
AYGOLEO 4,, DAG. eee Neate aa : 2,881 39° 36°0
AsO 20}, DBR? «Waseca: S| ianedes 2,691 39°5 3672
4 SO |, 28°250 ca «ee 1,836 39°38 37°!
4s: 7, QEIGZO: | was caus eccees 1,437 40°0 37°8
4 59 30 », 2B°980) 1 aI] sessaes seonee 1,163 40°6 38°1
5 9 OO, 29°049 evoees 29°10 1,069 455 38°6
5 Os, ZOOOGi) al) aes! aariees 1,024. 418 38°7
5 e270 |, 29°149 Seene st) tadlaaen ers 979 419 38°8
5 8 Onde, 29°268 Sasas o. 869 42°0 33°7
at aO) 1; 29°468 dane Pahestdedens 725 42°9 39°4
tho cn acon 29°628 eoaee deedee 545 43°5 39°9
Gaby Onk, 29.678 Secives LUM) Metaes 497 45°70 402
5 are, 29°748 aia i Itachi’ 416 45°38
(9) § eyo %.; 29°828 481 29°35 ground 47'0 42°2
1 2. 3 4, 5. 6. dr
(1) A rent in the balloon; very high up. (2) Very warm.
(3) Heard railway trains. (4) Valve opened.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 231
Balloon Ascent, from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, April 6, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms, (aspirated). Hygrometers. :
Gridiron Daniell R wettea
is aniell’s. | Regnault’s, %
Dif. [Dew-point:| ‘met’ | Dry. | Wet. | Dis, | Dew. eps
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° =)
7h 15°0
y lay A 152
3-2 15°5 34°O) 1 |\ epee paeee Wieser ll fsseac” ||| ccnave . ae
8 16°
3 -ace | eee 3 Be LD ais asg ap. dP esto siad Miteaes oe fh ost comer erl Le kate ci 1670
972 SA a | MA eal a SS Baveeh | -cocenMeeereteee eareene te ha esas 48°5
Reet Nob watt unoesk:.|' ceccss Mie 23°0 ’
10°9 22°7 48°5 [no dew
I'l 22°4 ee ol oe oper uaesices | ave sesnils ccemeeeitan Aaa 35°0
II'l 22°5
97 26'2 EoMml: dee cemaMiaaesch «|! cscs: Bo nsccaey Wigeeeberc ™ I oeacce 51a
eee Ect eee ene ee, RM CMOS eo 52°0
9°4 262 22°7
EC coearen i). ostet dell ‘oenesaill basse | casos Pe vecte. 26°0
gt OEP caer |\ career set lie ca. co Mie Geves ie Ree Maen a Cee 530
9°5 Ce i aR aie ee Re Ss dete a (aR a ie 53°0
ae | oo ete es oe toe ne, ee oN 53°0
85 27°38
ley ZADHGy “En Tete haath ie ae ieee A Ss Ses canbe Ae elec ios A) Sl he 54°0
78 A UP gee Wb occ AM tag aath| | isaense Slice ores a eetoteos c 24°5 53°7
UE ace Lucan AE exe Sects: || occuem, E nueana 25°0
eT ed eters poke serie cee] OAM. 47°0
55 316
50 32°0
42 | 32°9
I eemea NG vietee 2 Wl ode ves. | pacene | ceccce | caccac 34/0
Seetee sean SN rdsu Nie aecus’ | caccx |) cacec, Ih cobain 35°70
30 34°2 Ae oa ~emaeors I saveas | stcdec Iho: «sb one1 «io seaane 410
39 32°2
3°6 32°2
34 32"0
31 31'9
33 Me spcete a” Sitaeereleeseds alt .sasecs [t cussen 34°0
27 33°6
22 34°9
2°5 34°9
29 34°9
31 34°8
31 35°0
33 34°6
355 35°2
36 35°5
3°3 36°83
4:3 36°8 AEOe Mle leoas Speeds |btecses VI setece 37°0 37°5 4376
ee eee BS ee he ee 2 EE ee
8. o: 10. idk 12. 13, 14. 15. 16. Ue:
m Entered cloud and lost sight of sun. (6) Stratus clouds on our level.
7) We are over water. (8) Raining. (9) On the ground in Wilderness Park.
REPORT— 1864.
Tasre I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Nineteenth
2 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
og ‘ i 3
gS Time. Reading eae oral Bech sient
ee corrected so eae |r Dry. Wet.
Bs and reduced | Therm. 7
to 32° Fahr.
h m s in o in. feet, ° °
(1) 6558\- Oep A iecaecs. wiles tonne 2920) 5) Meyedesnc 61°5 52°5
TOR Oty “Caley | accoke . ZOiZO NN a enens 61°38 Sly,
fits. sae Con Soh pales sets: 29°25 317 6o0'0 510
7, SOLOW Ml MER Tess 8 ol), <aeseas 29°13 491 591 50°1
jp else se el Paichaae 2 lamsoaeg 28°92 691 59°2 50°1
7] ALO Mss mua eeiemece |) wens’ 28°75 885 59°1 50°0
(2 Twit O ity. ett takese Beveate 28°47 1,155 58°2 50°2
Tina Ol Ze cose 28°36 1,265 572 482
7 W201 hs SOREL Ul ewenss . 28°15 1,437 56°38 48°1
Gfe Vn leh FF . eanene 27°95 1,635 56°0 43°1
7 245 » a seve | 27°90 1,685 55°5 481
TROLS: 135, See aeanse 2 INNO eRese 27°61 1,982 541 46°5
PAN Ol es, INE aa cs aie ebs 27°45 25132 54°2 47°1
(3) TAREE Ors SEA lamer cee 27°30 2,282 54°0 47°1
Aa ode Re | lode Maree Cea Ce tare caes 27°18 2,301 52°5 47°1
iP NSIS) F33\ eal Leta «6 cWesen 27°05 2,530 52°2 46°1
FPORTOM NS, etl) aitepscce seves 26°95 2,630 52°1 46'4
MM ORRO t3y IN. feesee sf Ret sip 26°80 2,780 52°1 46-2
FM ARON Soy 2 Oe cipaeics Seiten ey se 26°74. 2,840 52°5 45°7
Tin Ley aN |e ceases ¢. iiuieesen's 26°70 2,880 (Garza ase
EE be chole oy PH eos) 26°70 2,880 52°0 45°5
PA SeEOVE Lo Pe fentice. [Peterman 26°56 3,031 51°5 4570
FOO (Olgry ae eesese eh teens 26°65 2,937 51° 451
WaTOUD Oss |, ok eoeaee fous 26°75 (2,630) |(sE-7) Pines
7 ARORAO so Nee een Suakes 27°05 2,530 52°5 45°6
PRET OTO EF ml eeseese | ||) eaesns 27°05 2,520 52°5 46°0
(4) RIL SGO4ss cal ase soso |nvieness . 27°20 2,380 52°38 45°9
7eI2 OO) Es) aaa teres Seeeaah | care: (25920) I(Saegor || t-coess
7 112 4013 SPE Bieeenes 27°20 2,280 538 46°6
FLO O psy ral eatecee 2 4| aban els 27°15 25327 52°8 46°0
7137305; Seatac ceeese 27°13 25337 515 45°2
PeTAY Oey. |) | ategteces/ i|)h eaeree 27°05 2,522 510 4570
GRTASIO Us5 lr epee eevee 26°95 2,604. 50°5 448
(5) EUS Ol pays Nate eben, Pui|Meesa cans 26°37 2,694 50°2 44°2
LOO Psy, | easemncs ul winds’ 26°70 2,854 49°70 43°5
Gp towcle)) pow wee cued yevee 26°56 3,004. 48°2 43°5
TAO. V5) 0s | 1 eee SOD 2 beac (33055) |) levee eae leee
“fe fectel con) lees oees aes 26°47 3,106 47°2 42°6
(6) WETS (Og |e epeces eeuel, iP ascees (3,234)
NLS TO) bay, dis | mae, eet Sees 26°30 3,276 46°8 42°5
WTS HOt, = |\ha Seed. 26°32 3,296 46°9 42°0
Fe od rR eM Wace SER Wel peaands «lip hora: on (35337). |? (467) |) © Beaee
WELOWNO By5 1) | 0 tepeee= lessees 26°13 3,461 46°6 42°1
(7) eo NOs Reed LR eiven 26°35 3,291 46°5 42°1
Gp ee ol an bie eae (eo 26°33 31307
FL 2E3O Psy | erase acge dit eetese 26°33 3,307 47°2 44°1
apseeh 1S rile seal ae Mace iy ee 26°35 35327 47°72 44°1
(8) 7 23 39 » tees 26°35 35327 | 47° 44°0
ig: 5 LE pikes Iieeaelasadnasiant | manne ° 26°24 3,407 48°0 44°1
1, 2 3. 4. 5. 6 7.
(1) Cloudless ; horizon misty; moon bright; left the earth.
(2) London misty ; apparently going over the Isle of Dogs.
(3) Sun on water dazzling in the direction of London.
(5) In a line with Charlton.
(4) Sun bright.
ey =
(6) In a line with Woolwich.
ay? Heard a gun fired on Woolwich Common. Report heard 10 seconds after seeing the
(8) Lowering grapnel, Gas transparent.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AND 1864. 233
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, June 13, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
Gridiron Bloketa
ui Daniell’s. | Regnault’s, | Piackene
Diff. | Dew-point, = Dry. | Wet. | Diff. Bask : ee)
Dew-point. | Dew-point. ‘
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° o °
go Ae | cospeie | cssesat Httewaien| |reesere At caper ifs siecceod 44°0
10°! 43°1
90 431
g°0 42°1
91 419
gt 41°9
Ee) 430
go 40°0
37 441
am, 40°7
74 | 4370
76 39°70 agekes © i] oepennl Geese ce Seuevethl>, omens 40°5
7 40°1
69 40°3
54 41°6
61 39°9
60 40°0
5°9 HOiZ
68 38°8
SRE ccc, “N). atee ne [oa new eed Ueveee jlineapaas: |r veaecdal= ecvvon ty on Santebc 53°0
65 38'9
65 7 ees a OEM bascic iste! peek | Seemraocs 38°5
5°9 39°90
Serer i esetee |) eBeceeR P| cceee-|-ttecee [rosrvee f ccceasali®. cessed te | O actebe 53°70
69 | 385
6°5 39°5
69 39°0 Caachi || oalnoadeie| Greaves |atevsee || scoaarilei loebecel. Bhs Puspnewe 55°5
SECs tparsencet tll SSewaenne) | Uaeseer} unsere \|~eoonts | casesetie ‘lessees tr | lO leetdas 56°0
72 39°6
6°38 39°2
673 38°8
6'0 38°83
57 38'9
6'0 37°38
8s 37°5
47 38°3
5 6: TS os eens edesiamneiMeexeda ih surews, | cecaee ade 35°0
4°6 S7Ay |) (terB ee | d.5% Savage t|hwonwse's|) ccbesalp? cosets ata| Ste ebeos 47°5
4°3 377.
4°9 36°5
2) NES 0 Sil Ie al a a See ee wail oe tiene Boddne eee 46°3
4°5 Se VS os a Ee Be 4 | ace ep eee] (meee oly a Me 37°5
44 38°4
31 40°9
Zr 40°9
2°2 el aa baa tc scwasauilraveiee (li%dacees! || csnetes |! easacee 40°0-+
39 39'8 |
ee a ee
8. 9. 10. 1 2: 13. 14, 15. 16. 17.
234: REPORT—1864. |
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations in the Nineteeth
2 Siphon Barometer, Dry and Wet Ther-
$3 we i :
Z = fees meats Pca Height above
3 e conrectiet i ae, No.8.) Se Dry. Wet.
sl and reduce: :
to 32° Fahr.
h m 8 in. Q in. feet. = = t
726 opm, Seer “re 26°L7 35459 48:2 44°2 ;
Wu2o. 40 ae. =cd5ee |} “SsAdes 26°15 3,463 48°5 44°1
7/29. 40 as, econ, yl it iesress 26°06 3,536 47°0 402
(1) 728 Om, “Soon || aeosoeea 26°05 3,543 47°1 4I'l
7H 2) Oris, ose teense 26°05 35543 47°0 410
(2) 730: ©%1,; ace eb | aoe 26°05 33543 46°0 40°5 :
(3) Fao Ge A6, es m 26°13 3.517 | 46'0 40°5
Igo iO) Ls, edeinas prosies ol] hort aee (33445) ll ) poeta eee
7 32 30 4, = . 26°27 3.409 479 418 F
Be a ee ee eee ae 26°35 3349 | 482 43°70
7, 83S WO Sal. “oesess! aM senses 26°70 3,097 49°0 44°2
J. SAS Be, vse alcs saeco etecee 26°37 2,755 51°2 4570" }
he CR NS ae senvas 26°90 2,680 51x 44°5 ;
7-260 ©: bs, seeon eee 27°05 2,527 Ce ee) 44°38
7 3030 ws; Beene UP asises 27°05 2,527 srr 45°5 :
(4) of P27 PRO tes da lt yMecesess . Alt cepease 26°94, 2,740 50°5 4570
7.38 1D. js, secaee ae 26'90 2,782 50°2 45°0 ;
7.20510: i, peice answes > |) dite swan (2,790) ease WE seeds j
(5) 7. BO ~ a0 tsp, A toe ees eae 26°35 2,834 49°5 44°2 a
7 136,80); . ttteee 26°33 2,854. 50°2 45'0 2
Fi AOINEO Vass agenwe eneses 26°35 2,834. 510 451 ;
7 MAIO Nes, al) secwes ove 26°37 2,812 51°8 45°7 '
FAR. 1 th, cag aE vos sets 26°94, 2,740 51°8 45°8 }
MAA) Te) ee aS} aliuaases. |S eheecase © Aueaaeeees (2,683) 52°0 46°0 )
vag MOM as) secs ES) Babee 27°05 2,625 5I'9 460 2
7,40 OCS shade LAIR consume Pet aaaeack (25550) |) Go2tah My See. {
si agi Crinte el te 27°20 2,4.70 52°0 46x ;
7) A030: i535 sPeasa ikl} \eenees ii -asesscmco lly. peewdeain iti eereeel GME neRE.
DEAT §S0 15; seniaay ableton sane 26°95 2,629 510 45°5 ;
TASTE OML ss oil heeietane ao iL weesdac 26°89 2,689 51'0 45°0
7 49° © _,, erecee RII Mester 26°83 2,740 5re 45°2
7 AGhQON Sh fal eaepiee ie Maas nase 26°75 2,823 518 4570
CP Lyon tetas Adkoboe pl Asean 26°65 2,927 5i°5 46-0
O30. | 5, Aros ieee Weayoeesoe 26°56 3,017 510 462
ge BO “cee ia lemocno sa 26°55 33027 © |) -adeemer tlaneueene
eS ZemOUs,) cu li= Mctses BP if Wasasieee 26°53 3,053 49°2 43°0
BASES Way oe |e< sgeqne --? |! necaee 26°83 2,753 49°0 43°4
IGAEMO: 1 \5, Wea cen'veurill. eaten: 26°95 2,613 49°0 440
wi Bae Or 5, Pacem Ul poete ata 27°20 2,363 50°5 46°0
TESS BO! 5, | spess Beeb |lmeatncae 27°40 2,003 517 47°6
FTaSOruOiT 5, Fowee Leif” eeanee 27°65 1,923 53°0 50°0
een 10. \,, otek eu P Raeeee 27°77 1,807 53°2 50°0
SRMGMROM sy 2h.” seuegen ds L juunparts 27°85 1,726 53°5 50°0
3 apart 35 Pies! Se eaecre 28°35 1,238 53°5 50°0
m4 0 »y mppemey. Cub slates 29°49 53°3 491
SMMC MEIy Wh! vasesas™ cn .etatec 29°50 } oer 54°0 50°0
a
{lp 2. 3. 4. 5. 6, We
(1) Mist in horizon all round.
(2) Going towards Erith,
ti Erith Church nearly under us.
4) Over the river bank at 74 86™ 515.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AND 1864.
235
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, June 13, 1864.
mometers (free).
Diff.
6°0
An
UN
WAL DD DRM
NU QN QN on v
CBE ENS a Oy
O00 FO PW
weit
Ne}
PW Qin
Our OW OM
ARMAND
onN
ane | hee be
ORPUMD OHM
@
Dew-point.
Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
Phen: D Daniell’s. | Regnault’s.
meter, Dry. | Wet. | Diff. poine
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° °
pe CLC cry Ree fm lerer rin icone Segcc ac 3570
caved gilicoducqmirccssde U stcmee'assgess [it amente<s 39°5
PE eer oc ey ae (ecotcanl | Poco) Mears coe 39°5
Seeded |e seaevaliigess=2" lficecee|hes-ceey [fd anaes 39°0
10. Le 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Delicate
Blackened
Bulb Ther-
mometer.
18
2. Over the river bank on Hssex side at 7% 38™ 36%, therefore the river was crossed in
jn»
6) Packed up the instruments.
7) On the ground at East Hendon, five miles from Brentwood.
236 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Twentieth
2 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
23 ; Aneroid Height above
Ay i Readin B
Ee Time. & Att. arometer,) sea-level. 7
3 3 sores | Therm. No. 2. Dry. Wet.
to 32° Fahr.
(1) h mi s in o in. feet. 6&6 8 °
4 TO) ONO.) merase = | \pcaaces ZQIQN: >|) esseae f 59°5
(2) SUT Ome Be Weoneeea se be etesvest | sceae cel (eaters 65°8 58°9
GO; COME Sante eatisc Coie. sashes ZOQ°Soa| encase 66°0 60°0
Sane Ite caine.) bil] (serees A aloes 66°5 59°5
(3) 7 ROiessien Peston — atest ere eee dpstite woes ae
TRO Mss) Ul ersencasocalit gaeswes 29°5 511 570 58°0
(4) OCTS LO te, a Wee manmeS oc e, 29°28 772 63°2 571
ORES 620. Tey iY emcee. UID Peenisne 29'0I 1,022
(5) GTS SO ans, fail ssness sajo% 28°95 1,082 62°1 56°1
i car eects ali enrees: Bel ass =e he : ae 55°5
LO} | Mgy a Ml) — ecrans | MIN sees 28°5 1,462 O° 5570
(8) G19 -4O sy. Gl | cewees GPa) aeeesor hl tee ne~ (15582) ||) C90)" al) See
(9) 619 45 »
(10) G20) FOliss sali ecbese ToMId Seances 28°23 1,702 582 54°1
O20 AO ay Me CAsapees. Al "acre - 28"o1 2,006 582 54°1
GEO ers oN Mce sess, oil ta teats 27°91 2,106 58°2 54°0
G2 TAO) is, A) oeeckaes Secere 27°84 2,236 58'2 531
3 4 In, Uy, caeeses) iho tessess 27°36 2,696 5505 52°0
220) a3,
(13) GI2q SOlmeses dl dy seecen | al eat 27°27 2,786 54°5 51°0
(14) OPZALITO May Ht aheceren pelt) fectens 26°96 3,086 54°0 510
8 3 ZA GO) iesy| 92 ai, ceesees) = fh Teenes 26°81 teas 54°0° a
2h Oar Ay etree cs alt Meee enn iL ite? meester 35375 53°0 50°
(17) G26 ROG ale « Senece (Pall Seseees 26°34, 3,696 52°0°° |.) Goto
620130 oN;
GTR ONET As ietress saa, cote 26°11 3,978 52°5 50°2
GyZ7 SAO ,, | allt lateees cuales ees = 26:05 4,038 52°2 50°2
O25) 00 lge;.. th terete Nal Lieeseee 26°01 4,068 517 50°2
Orolo Mae Vato Reedee. up as canes 25°97 4,082 512 49°7
GAZ OEFO +8 shal Miciumecrensl.4 sally a ecaete 25°95 4,102 51°2 49°7
193 A ZOULO Ws, winiiateteceses. Lelt ps scess 25°95 4,102 5x2 49°2
BOUEO We. aoa mc sckwee | bh: (ae se 25°93 4,122 512 49°5
ORAGEGO Us ll cuwetpes Nit -fesciins 25°97 4,082 512 49°5
(20) Boar eON ts, c Nl ul erearat Il ese seus 26°04 4,006 512 49°2
Bear erOutss Walk eeckeceh || ares nese 26°19 3,841 5x2 49°2
GaSaemOge., ial! pibecesce ole maces 26°77 3,242 52'0 50°0
} (Te Sv So AS links 5 SSS | Beco Soca 26°81 3,202 52°2 50°5
{59} . ARO pies tir! | ecents! Mille exes pth sp 52°8 50°!
22 BaIh, Wey | leeheer ee ih | sremee 2774 2,840
6 36 o % Pacdod wen doods 27°26 2,740 53°5 51:2
(GCS. apy |eeeensscastee |Paeotooh 27°26 2,740 53°5 51°5
; GAFOMOLIS) |? Re ceeaslk alam hccee Imeccwre (2,740)
(23) Goa 10. dee, I Patera cele eavene 27°26 2,740 54°0 52°0
al 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. ¥
(1) In Mr. Webster’s garden, wind W.
(2) In Mr. Webster’s garden, wind W.S.W.; cloudy.
(3) Left the earth. (4) Passing over Derby.
(5) Moving.due E.; cloudy sky. Over the railway.
(6) Going towards Mansfield. (7) Over the Derwent; misty all round.
) Over meadows.
) The car has turned half round since leaving the earth; can see people as specs.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864.
Balloon Ascent, from Derby, June 20, 1864.
mometers (free),
Gridiron
‘ Thermo-
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter.
° ° °
mea 50 ee a | eres
69 ee. Wi wsanae
6:0 55°r
7° 53°9
5"0 55°9
7° 52°3
61 51'9
6'0 50°9
54 50°8
5°5 5072.
:
:
10,
(16) Entering cloud.
muddy looking; warm.
over the river.
(22) Gas bright.
SS
Dry and Wet Therm. (aspirated.)
Dry.
teeeee
seeeee
(19) Heard a railway train.
(20) At 65 31™ 30° at 3938 feet. Mr. Goodchild’s pulsations were 90 in a minute; Mr.
Allport’s the same; Master Glaisher’s 86; Mr. Jackson’s and Mr. Coxwell’s 94; Mr.
Glaisher’s 96; Mr. Knight’s 110; and Mr. Bourne’s 112.
Over Ilkeston, or about 10 miles from Derby; saw ten furnaces, &c. ; counted ten bridges
11.
Wet.
weeeee
seeeee
teeeee
seenee
Diff.
seeeae
teens
12.
13.
237
Hygrometers.
Delicate
Dew- Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. ira ced
Mai Dew-point. | Dew-point. mone
° ° ° °
esteatily Siete 45°0
aessos 1h. sichacsiy lh pncenmate 66'0
sascoe | coneee 48'1 59°0
eesseasll| aaepeso ety separ « 58:2
ROCCE | Magic hl lp Reee cor 58°3
Pree © leccrore 48°3
casase ie 480
Prec eer ° 480
14, 15. 16. Lf
(15) Clouds around us; gas issuing from the neck of the balloon; earth misty.
(17) In a white cloud; fog; can see nothing; clouds blacker above than below; gas
(18) Can hear watch ticking plainly.
(21) Gas clear; heard shouting ; can see men, sheep, &c.
(23) Can see Nottingham.
238 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Twentieth
2 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
FS 2 . Readin Aneroid Height above
aS Time. a a _ Att, _|Barometer,| sea-level.
2 £ paasedated Therm. a oe og
to 32° Fahr.
hod as in ° in. feet. ° °
6 37 3op.m mmesrecpe Tt neeses 27°26 25740 54°0 52°1
G28 Ao Aue ens: “real | saotadet 27°18 2,820 53°9 512
6°30 OM TtulNy teeeiena? Si[t tvesnas 27°II 2,890 54°0 52"0
Gr 20 maoisyetlterbedeseds:. f)||Vicesess 27°06 2,940 54°0 51°7
(1) Gi Ao) TO. 5; aR ae Pe eaceee 27°01 2,990 53°9 515
OPAC ROR ye | levees Ul) was var 27°O1 2,990 54°0 51°5
(2) 64x Yo}; 5 Goeent” lie aeons 26°95 3,050 54°0 51°5
Gi Os! Peale ceeeses | MIN cee. 26°88 3,120 54°0 515
(3) Gi 4g ano ish) cdlamidigtnosts a4 MN pesjoas oe 26°78 3,237 54°0 51°5
(4) G44) Ose tau) busavene: Walle «espe 26°47 3,549 53°5 52°0
(5) Gras Olin: mal aoatass Salle cesesise 26°36 3,669 53°0 50°5
(6) 6 45 Io 5,
OPGR SOs OW) Sedeven | I] tonnes 26°27 3,758 52°2 49°5
646 V01),, tae cove ke eaeaies 26°26 3,768 51" 50°0
(iy 6 46 30 ,,
OTAT EO) By Mewes... oilsvesssee 26°27 35759 51°5 50°0
(8) Oi aRo, oy ene cacete oO Wi cesaest || iM eemes (3,886)
GRAB aor, Viiylinetees-* oS (biveenens 26°02 4,013 50°7 49°8
BAG aso bys he a iteaesss oveeee 25°91 4,123 50°2 49°2
RAG Pover pene | cere cocomen | apconcce 25°81 4,230 50°0 49°2
Op rey alo Smee Petey Seay RA 25°78 4,271 49°2 49°2
OIEONIO yt i ekeese 17 We amens ° 25°78 4,271 49°2 49°2
(9) Grew O ay?) os ederts: oat Meosnas 25°78 4,271 49°2 49°2
(10) CORSE Toln }yifurinn | ee Sace eaeae dial cpaeetes (4j276). [ire Skee
Glee Oley Soe | eSagase 25°77 4,280 49°5 49°0
6 5230) |, Pret litte cory et irae os (4s25 5) i etaee
CRP te, Sle | wR Rader ||\roscgee 25°81 45230 49°5 48°2
GREG 30 ayy EN eetecenl Ea[y ss este 25°81 4,230 49°5 48°1
11) G Garo) UT gerne eS eecees 25°86 4,180 49°5 481
(12) GRA aGiles yall comatenss) lb inecescs 25°91 4,130 49°2 48°1
6 54.45 5» | eters + | 25°91 4,130 49°3 48°1
O23 COREE NOS Falter lee ler SOP MUR! scoters 26°07 4,080 49°5 48°1
14) GURGIIS, 50" l oMadeste . 26°56 3,390 512 49°5
(15) 6 56 30 »
(16) Guay Ons, eee a) hanecto 26°68 3,360 51°5 50°0
ORET RO Ike eGtaecrs Ol ycesea 26°84 3,187 52°0 51°5
6us8 Nos, Pevee ee Mel cases 27°27 2,696 57°5 53°2
GUE NO. wey St katerts Shh “so oscee 27°28 2,688 58:0 54°8
TO COP Loli Averagemmnhl) nes are 27°56 2,493 58°0 5570
itt AOMsse Ga Aueetrecete AI “ocean. 28°01 2,088 59°3 54°8
Cf CREA FIL EN| eeret cece: Gs peodrs: 28°78 1,388 60°4 56:2
7 aia te Oulsy dee iil ce atas been DARE 28°96 1,061 61°8 57°5
(17) 7.16) TOs,
7 28 0%, wtease aaeves 29°58 4 64°6 58°5
PEAOwO ies anal Masta Gee 1 een ees BOTS MT veces 64°0 58'2
1 2. 3 4; 5. 6 7.
(1) Gas clear.
(2) Nottingham race-course and Burford seen. Gas coming out fast from the neck of
the balloon. Nottingham appeared covered with smoke ; moving towards Sherwood Forest.
(3) Over railway. (4) Mist below ; can see the earth clearly.
(5) Black mist below.
(6) Lost sight of the earth on entering cloud; clouds apparently blacker below than
above; gas getting cloudy. (7) Can hear sounds.
(8) Gas much cloudier; lighter; gas coming out of the neck of the balloon; light all
round ; gas thick. (9) Heard a gun ; still in cloud.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 239
Balloon Ascent, from Derby, June 20, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
= ean ———______—_—__——_ | Deli
pegs oo Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. Blackened
Diff. |Dew-point.| qneter. | Dry. | Wet. | Diff ion geet ae
Dew-point. | Dew-point. s
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
1'9 50°2
2°7 ABOGe |) ckees hhh was etell emcvca Ui wise seul |b cocest iI. -estass 48°0
2'0 50°0
2°3 49°5
2°4. 49°r
2°5 49°1
2°5 -49°1
2°5 491
2°5 | 4gtt
1°5 bers)
2°5 48°0
27 46°7
r'o 49°0
1°5 48°5
o'9 48°38
I'o 43°1
o's 48°3
o’o / Go emae NS Se ce REESE, eee coool | Onee ee cry cc 49'0
oye) 49°2
oo 49°2
0°5 48°5
eoced | eooce WURLEM Sete cema |. csdabe ll) ‘ccesde Ieedeee: [i wascte™ th’ setece 47°5
13 46°8
14 46°6
I"4 46°6
rl 46°38
1°2 46°83
14 46°6
I'7 ereaeee |b ieeearehe|| aetecat ices sed il) @XePSe tl acna¥eMp> \ecdecs 47°0
:
: 1°5 48°5
: 0's 510
43 49°3
72 52°0
3°0 52°3
45 | 510
42 52°6
43 53°9
61 53°4
58 53'9
8. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1A. 15. 16. 17.
(10) The number of pulsations per minute were as follows:—Mr. Coxwell, 94; Mr.
Bourne, 98; Mr. Goodchild, 86; Mr. Allport, 84; Mr. Jackson, 96; Mr. Knight, 90.
(11) Valve opened ; slight wind against the face.
(12) Can hear a church-¢lock striking ; clouds darker.
(13) Can see the earth ; over fields. ‘ ,
(14) Earth clear; can see the edges of the clouds; cannot see péople.
(15) Can see people; over a park; going over Southwell.
-(16) Over Nottingham and Lincoln Railway ; see sun faintly.
(17) On the ground at Nowell Woodhouse, about 9 miles from Newark.
240 REPORT—1864.
Tasiz I,—Meteorological Observations made in the Twenty-first
3s Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
gs Aneroid ;
£2 | mime, | Rewtng | gu, [pager Meter
25 Sees iiare, [ene po. | wee
to 32° Fahr.
h mcs in ° in. feet. 5 A
(1) ONZE OMpP Me | iwewet |} ieee 29°75 6371 55°5
GESGae Os Milisrmiesese. CO crete 29°75 ground 64:0 56 +
GES ZEON yee gmesbewen fie ners 29°75 63°0 54°
6 SEP Doles a eaeaemee 5H tees 29°67 432 61 5 52'0
(2) Gi SAT GOr sy Sf reeweee. = |) reeees 29°64 484 620 ja"
6 34 45 a9) ah Siewrares | tauceceses 29°61 514 60°! 51 2
Gys5esO hs fl vecnees fbr erat 29°51 610 6o°1 51°3
6 35 BOriss Oe eab Matepees Sp reese 29°38 719 59°5 5r2
(3) 6 Bf SOiSsy | ES a mrad ass) aU ag icaceee 29°21 865 58°5 50°2
(4) 6 38 OTe Wd eeepc) VIN pieces 29°08 970° 58 ° 50°0
(5) 6 38 SO rca i Peretsves © Ud oincdve 28°98 1,054 57 8 5070
6 39 ON Th cxivensesep, [Ly useaese 28°88 1,138 G72 49 5
GiAOTO Hy FA Wig storss 7 hs eee 28°81 1,188 57°2 s50°0
6 42 OF Geer eat |) ght eesres 28°56 1,493 56 8 500
6 B24 sayy itd seers eos el eee 29°55 1,497 56°5 50°0
(6) 6 a iss Uh wisoncus MO! Mea iecss 28°55 1,497 56 2 49 8
DARKO lye Til Adzenese Sf veccee 29°18 891 57°0 51°0
(7) GAS Ob me Aaceses [i ueseses 29°24 $40 57°2 515
(8) 6 48 COR OAS a a hocrome fe) hEPCoCG 29°35 750 57 8 51°9
eee ee 29°36 wag) | tree eae
6 49 cS OM ie ge cio it yee a) ee COOUUE 29°40 FLT pee Is tine
6 BOAO’ tgp) cwdeead, |p posers 29°38 714 58'0 51°5
(9) 6 AGS TS ff) veessica 7}. Sees 29°37 rie 57 4 ; 512
(10) 6 50°04, | ceceee = | seeree 29°24 841 57°5 50°9
(11) 6 P| 2s: 2 a a Ea (PPC 29°17 9°3
6 Bee SO! iy oi) ce eeeee. es, Hei tence (980) 57°2 50°5
12) 6 BEF AO tert ral i Mardsde £F Te amedsns 29°05 1,019 57°0 50°3
(13) 6 Be Oey TAA Uy eides a fn wr sewes 28 74 1,309 56 2 50°0
(14) 6 BAAD hag bo hewesoe [ye ssedee 28 45 1,589 55°5 48 9
BuSAGAG 1.) “sfamimececse.! ppb eewee 28°41 1,621 ee 48°9
(15) BesG OT, 3 Uimacerda. © tlibmecond 28°38 1,660 5572 48-2
GEO 40% © egence Lil sences 28°37 1,670 54°9 48'2
(Go ofl Pe eal BC Cy eee fey 28°81 1,188 5570 49°2
oe na hae i poveppese ef) vendss 29°06 950 55° 49°2
Do - a GO! bay 4.5 lM apniepogen LI) ae areee 28°98 1,004. 56°0 49°5
(16) hi CEO. ay A a Peleiadn * <hasiscn ee 28°86 1,134 55°9 49°0
(17) fe BS fay f aiteate eaves 28°64. 1,370 552 49°
(18) iP - Wg Olas 4, VEO. tuideees +. b . eeees 28°56 1,460 5570 48 5
(19) 7 3 3° Be Vileweuddoedy) i peseenee 28°51 1,514 54°5 48:0
(20) | 7 4 O sy | waeees 28°45 ert |) seas.) hag
‘ Tq. he BO a5 - by Db iedcease ilu ceenne 28°31 1,714 532 46 8
(21) Fe. ST tay Deh Moe vaio, (ies ndames 28°05 1,979 527 46 1
Tre Se iis | sidan b+ h seaee . 28°0c 2,026 52°2 46 I
Rosehip deme ht de be ee eee
i I 3. 4, 5. eu ue
(1) Sky cloudy ; cirrocumulus ; wind N.N.W. (2) Misty.
(3) Over Penge. (4) Going towards Bromley.
(5) Over Chatham and Dover line of railway.
6) The number of pulsations per minute were as follows:—Mr. E. Atkinson, 78;
Mr. Glaisher, 104; Mr. Ingelow, 108; Mr. Collins, 108; and Mr. Woodroffe, 120. ; :
(7) Over Shortlands.
(8) Can see the fountains playing at the Crystal Palace.
(9) See New Church at Bromley. (10) Passing south of Bromley.
(11) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet in 48 seconds.
(12) On a level with Bromley.
\ thy
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AND 1864.
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, June 27, 1864.
mometers (free),
Diff. | Dew-point.
76 491
sence 49°4
9°0 46°4
9°5 43°7
9°9 43°6
8°9 43°4
8-8 43°5
8°3 43°9
8-3 42°8
8:0 42'8
78 43°0
Th 42°5
72 43°4
6°8 43°8
6°5 44°0
64 43°8
6:0 45°5
57 46°3
59 46°7
59 46°7
6°5 43°8
66 45°3
6°6 45°1
6-7 44°5
6-7 44°2
6:2 44°8
6°6 43°7
6°3 42°9
T° 41°5
6°7 43°2
5°8 43°6
60 43°4
6°5 43°4
69 42°5
6-0 43°4
6°5 422
6°5 417
66 417
6-4 40°4
6-6 39°6
61 39°9
8. 9.
Gridiron
Thermo-
meter.
eeeree
seeeee
eeeeae
10.
Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers,
De Daniell’s. | Regnault’s,
w-
Dry. | Wet. | Diff. ;
a paws Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° °
Pt yf iccoeenl || aeeee “eee sane 45°6
ile 12. 13. 14, 15. 16.
(13) Going over Hayes Common.
(14) Crystal Palace looks well.
(15) The number of res
Coxwell, 15; Mr. J. and M
Mr. Woodroffe, 19 ;
them still the same.
i Ozone-paper tinged to 1; ozone-
17) Can feel wind in the face.
(19) Moving 8.1.
ny Sun visible.
186
241
Delicate
Blackened
Bulb Ther-
mometer, | -
°
IE
59j°
580
57°0
55°0
56°83
55°9
54°0
53'5
17.
pirations per minute were as follows:—Mr. Collins, 11; Mr.
ry. KE. Atkinson, both 17; Mr. Ingelow, 18; Mr. Glaisher, 181;
and Mr. Ellis, 20. Mr. Collins repeated the experiments and found
powder coloured to 2.
(18) Passing down the Sevenoaks road.
(20) Sun at edge of cloud.
242 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Twenty-first
P) Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
ae : istic oul. oalemneroid ‘lira ipahoge Ba: ac; RNS
Erin SMe eae | caw, PADS seeleyel | egal ae
Zs and reduced | Therm
to 32° Fahr.
hm =°s in. a in. feet. @ ie
7 MOR OPIN Ree seceded |i) eines 27°97 2,057 522 46°1
(1) Seno 44> |e igesasele on) elecpapes 27°75 2,295 51°5 460
Te SOME Me nr ceesoe rn aesissic's 27°41 2,603 50°5 45°.
Fie $3. XSi: Tee | lly ite ocecar ele| MeaeanoeeD 27°36 2,648 49°5 45°0
ORO ae aie remsicns's 1). acesa's 27°08 2,941 49 45°0
ESOL eel at sarees Wy bevees 27°CO 3,021 49°2 45°72
spite ay Fame NW sateccs | (Me an 26°91 3,111 49°5 45°2
RTOS O: Basi laexiic » sszqnnu aur fiauesios 26°81 3,202 49°5 4571
A RLOMAK Ese Wea iina: 2c esitcwe Pa ie wleatla 6 26°56 35454 48°4 43°5
FADE IG 8s, Gcdseee. pe) OP astoase 26°27 3,767 469 43°0
FsLEB2 ‘95 adacece elit Hester 26°17 3,831 46°5 42°
TAT LOVES. Abita vancdectous ulller acess 26°11 3,871 46°2 42°71
T'S as Os (ecso {es Reacece 26°01 3,965 45°9 42°1
cr eigs Oh" ay all Besse. aa Meannnce 25°96 4,017 45°5 42°1
Ete oyd Pee al UR Ne lie Ipmene 25°88 4,086 44-2 4l‘t
nme O's! Swi ircmseessse'e fi amiciies 25°91 4,131 43°71 40°5
oN iG] RSD Bia. ||) a Adar eion Rell conadge 25°91 4,131 43°0 40°0
(2) ied SOF, Me | astshs's, ) Stages oss 26°00 4,040 43°0 40'S
eS ES OM) (ll besasass | “V(tblawsus ¢ 26°06 3,985 431 40°5
VLOME OL, aie || kessies. hen cance: 26°11 3,845 soteeeh Ut crt
TE Qin Os Br horcte Mall Erne 26°25 39795 43°1 40°5
eeaecesae ss seeeee qadece 26°26 39790 43°9 410
TRACOM OM Na Os eesseet Reale ana nar 26°37 3,680 44°0 42°0
TROORCOt, OP i ccarses en aaaaie 26°41 3,640 44°! 41'9
Sree. a | gptanese tk lladlanelnss 26°41 3,640 44°2 42°1
(3) ohne Ce aye all ieeocecce pe || 2 aecdeee 26°46 3,590
27 OWN sy agile c's gnaeaeees lt ehmetians 26°51 3,511 44°38 42°T
(4) fea EW ESAS ol IPE t Boe | occ 26°54 3487 44°5 431
T2228 O! h sy ot OGaae eel bracee 26°57 3,453 43°2 42°1
eee Tote Wie al eerc-one pe ||" beoase 26°57 3,453 45°2 42°5
Gh Ce, (ON Bai © A\ |e ine Gtaaee 9} eeesage 26°61 3,423 45°9 430
(5) CCSD of4 era d Lk oe Cat ae (actrees 26°71 3,322 AW Rel extort
(6) Gp Sto” Sa lek Se Soepie a | Cae 26°73 3,302 472 44°5
Wp 77h Mole “Fee aol bast Seoome wal Merreorce 26°76 3,277 47°5 45°0
Of ek atom ‘ope PE S-Geese bel)! Conor 26°85 3,187 47°5 44°1
(7) TAZ OMNOMES Acide WWegeaanas 26°86 3,197 47 44'2
7.30mi Onn, Sececn) “|itiesess . 26°90 3,119 47°5 43°7
TRO Ss) || Vitedanes 2 —|\Weewesces 26°81 3,209 47°2 421
(8) MM OVEL Wad lw ie dsatuamsaeltuecosaes 26°61 3,415 47°0 42°2
F TUS8 BOVE ss Sai hielincducsenat ell ltepascase 26°48 3,527 47°0 42°2
(9) 7 BALCONY | acassee © Miigskwaee 26°44 3,561 46°5 421
(10) TESA Ot as') || laedicce) alboleasncee | Petes (3,734)
(11) WESRESON «Lol ca etetam Mbera ages 26-0 3907 43° 413
TSS SOURS. 9 Ds wirdaces di mises ere 25°86 4,191 42°8 41°5
ice ens ae) ns mea Ramee o [tee gee 25°78 4270 | 43°0 42°0
(18) SES (he See sal) h. focsacds 9. | moddiene 25°61 4,467 43°0 42°0
Fag8) "0! 5, acco 25°41 4,661 43°7 41°5
ESD OMe mile asses phdll eean sss 25°36 4,716 43°0 413
ds Be? 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
(1) Near New Bromley. (2) Golden tinge over water. (3) Sun again seen.
(4) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet was observed in 49:1 seconds.
(5) Sun shining on Blackened Bulb Thermometer.
(6) Can see Farningham; passing Madamscourt Hill.
(7) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet was observed in 49 seconds.
7=s eR)
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864.
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, June 27, 1864.
243
mometers (free).
Diff. |Dew-point.
61 39°9
5°5 412
5°4 40°3
4°5 40°2
4°6 40°!
4:0 40°9
43 40°6
44 40°4
3°9 331
3°9 38°6
4°4 37°1
41 374
3°8 377
3°4 38'2
31 37°5
2°6 37°4
370 36°4
2°5 37°4
26 374
2°6 37°4
2°9 37°6
2°0 39°6
22 39°3
21 39°6
27 38°8
14 413
er 40°8
27 39°4
2°9 39°7
27 415
2°5 42°2
3°4 42°4
3°6 40°2
38 39°4
51 36°4
48 36°8
48 36°8
44 3f°2
Gridiron
Thermo-
meter. Dry. | Wet.
° ° °
10. 11. 12,
Diff.
13.
Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated).
Dew-
point,
seeeee
seeeee
14.
Hygrometers.
—_—____________| Delicate
Daniell’s.
Dew-point.
15.
Regnault’s,
Dew-point.
3912
16,
(8) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet was observed in 48-9 seconds.
(10) Crossing Sevenoaks line.
(9) Sevenoaks on our level.
11) Can see Knoll House.
12) Ozone by paper was coloured to 2, that by powder 3.
(13) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet was observed in 49:2 seconds.
RQ
Blackened
Bulb Ther-
mometer.
4570
42'0
45°0
17.
244.
References
to Notes
REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Twenty-first
Time.
0000 CO COD OOOO OO OO KONI NI SSSISISEN NNN SIN NNN NNN NNN NNN NNN
in
w
CN AnhWW DH HO
°
Up
Siphon Barometer.
Reading
corrected at
and reduced rahe
to 32° Fahr.
in. °
apamen pol) aaewas!
2. 3.
Aneroid
Barometer,
No. 2.
in.
25°28
25°18
25°18
25°18
25°26
25°28
25°36
25°38
25°45
25145
25°38
25°36
25°45
2555
Dry and Wet Ther-
Height above
sea-level.
Dry Wet.
feet. - a a
4,796 4471 40°2
4,898 42°9 412
4,898 42°38 410
4,898 42°2 40°5
4,816 419 39°8
4,796 | 42-2 39°9
5 ae 41'9 38°5
4,699 412 38°5
4,597 41-2 38°5
45597 40°2 37°8
4,699 40'2 378
4,692 40°2 37°38
4,597 40°9 382
4,492 40°9 38°2
4,471 410 38-2
4,471 41°0 38-2
45357 41"0 38-2
4,115 40-2 38°5
3,958 42°0 38-2
(3,958) | 42-0 38-0
3,958 42"0 38:9
3,958 419 39°0
3,958 41°9 39°2
3,936 419 39°0
35958 419 3970
3,958 41°5 39°5
93 x "0
Gan) |) ele os
3,637 419 39°5
3,588 42°0 39°2
3,547 419 39°8
3,604 419 39°8
3,450 421 39°8
35343 42°I 40°°
35244 42°5 40°0
35144 42°5 40°5
33044 42°5 40°5
23994 43°0 410
25744 43°5 410
2,694 44°0 4U5
25594 44°5 42°0
254.40 44°9 42°0
2,409 44°9 42°0
5. 6. i
(1) Over the Weald of Kent; temperature of gas in balloon 55°.
(2) Very misty; no object at any distance can be seen.
(3) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet in 49-2 seconds.
(4) The sky clear and light blue; detached cumuli.
(5) Heard dog barking ; passing to the left of Tunbridge.
(6) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet in 49 seconds.
(7) Very misty.
(9) Ozone paper coloured to 3, powder to 4.
(10) Can see Tunbridge Wells to the right and §. of us.
(11) Can hear voices, but see no one on the earth,
(8) Very misty.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 245
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, June 27, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers. ,
an Gridiron iell R l Bina
Thermo- Daniell’s. egnault’s, nee
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter Dry. | Wet. | Diff. pane ’ 4 peers
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
3°9 BRON | 2s. -cdspanl fecces NE Weacs cc =| Pos cceer | ~ ce seceeel pee. Me 41°5
1'7 39°1
18 38°38
1'7 33°4
21 37°1
2°3 37°0
i 34:3
2°7 Ratti) F
2°7 35°71
24 34°7
2°4. 34°7
2°4 34°7
27 34°7
27 34°7
2°8 34°7
2'8 34°7
2'8 34°7
27 35°1
3°8 33°5
4°0 SS) a8 oN ASRS | ccc ro Reese] (enema ae tae See Ices eee 41°5
31 35°0
2°9 35°4
27 35°9
29 35°4
2°9 35°4
2°0 37°0
2°5 36°9
24 36°6
2°8 35°7
21 37°1
21 371
2°3 36°9
21 37°4
2°5 370
2'0 38-0
2°0 380
2"0 Ste". UNE Beppo as i Meco ees || cee Fai neg I en . 44°0
2°5 380
2°5 38°5
2°5 39°0
2°9 38°6
2°9 | 38°6 |
(12) The sun at edge of cloud.
(14) Nearly over the Medway.
(15) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet in 49 seconds.
(16) We are changing our direction. (17) Heard a gun.
(13) Near village of Hadlow.
(18) Can see main line of the South-Eastern Railway ; a train coming towards us.
(19) Can see people. (20) Belt across the sun
(21) Can see two horses, and a man leading them.
(22) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet in 48-7 seconds.
(23) Heard a gun; can see three trains.
(24) Can just see the edge of the sun.
apparently on our level.
246 REPORT—1864.
Tanz I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Twenty-first
3 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
gs : Aneroid | Height above
& Z Time. Heading att. |B pagel nee_-levale Dry Wet
28 and reduced | Therm. Pe. , 7
to 32° Fahr.
ae in. 3 in. feet. ° °
(1) S) ASN Jor peel eee eestein call iest ee. 27°46 2,529 45'0 42°2
(2) 8 Sg) SOaee allueseters [rar ceetees 27°06 2,929 452 42°3
8’. FO) ones eres aM eSeccs 26°76 3,229 44°83 42°5
SiDr AsO mae w ercetiens Il) sere 26°66 3,329 448 42'0
Soong lr tee. IR inesese 26°51 3,479 43°9 41°5
Se tntemOmiee. le Meresghes il (iM sees 26°41 3,579 43°5 410
(3) Steege. he oe eee 26°41 35579 43°5, 410
SURO Ne Pll) eeeee HE sees 26°41 33579 433 41°0
(4) | pear » 2656 | 3.444 | 432 | 40°5
(5) SECON MOu ye i) usedeta onl Wie teas'aee 26°66 3,340 430 40°!
SG OMB we ih wrcswarety! lb ovewsse 26°71 3,288 43°1 40°5
GSE ZOOLan Ph. aadeeete: Wide 'ces'ess 26°76 3,236 43°2 40°5
Se2O Oe NM) nesters 27°01 2,978 43°5 40°8
SZOrAGh a hh Unctheac 8A sewe=s 27°08 2,978 43°5 41°5
Sigresorge llr seess ail. wacacec 27°01 2,978 43°5 412
ors Se ae el es occ Wee sedcon 27°11 2,878 43°8 412
(6) She c-bin cae rie | beige: Coca fs Wccooc 27°16 2,828 44'0 415
89290 0° 5 Fo COS) SBade80 27°16 2,828 44°0 42°0
iS Gy hh Sha a) hei coca), accocce 27°26 2,720 44°2 42°0
(7) Bi AGEXO apr) callow baeeety tal | -exeees 27°27 2,710 44°5 42°2
EO oe 5 Sli IG Goan b heccocsc 27°56 2,434 45°2 43°2
NGG Pile Co ey On| cca | Mine 27°66 2,337 45°0 4370
SEZTESON ge ih “adce) |) Sense 27°71 2,289 45°9 43°°
| Sposmiotee ie \.sasces fd cies . 27°76 2,241 46°0 43°9
-(8) Szke2otmer lk acdsee # 27°78 2,221 46°0 435
Si 2S "FOr ggt) 4]| saeco al Presets 27°81 2,199 46°2 44°0
SLAG MOMs lp “ettedehs a. sesbes 27°96 2,151 46°2 44°0
(9) SP2orsOr ah | Gosecee? LI eens ° 28°01 2,003 47°0 44°I
BrzOrAGees lle tegatee | Rl edawss 28°06 1,955 47°0 44°1
| Sagar OMe be emeset Py een 28°08 1,937 47°2 44°2
SeGORE Rial -Anllplaeetewet: All| Beccss em 28°08 1,937 ATI 44/2
SEQOUION eG ei wisctece AE \aclewes 28°15 1,910 47°5 44:2
SES IT OOM A ulin. rineese seeeae 28°18 1,831 47°5 44°2
(10) Link elas age i COR omil Meco 5 28°18 1,831 47°7 44°7
Seszesow es. | ie tases i) Retees 28°16 1,884. 47°9 44°6
SP 3245" 5 BSA ie BP Sees 28°16 1,884. 48°0 44°5
(11) SEIAa OMe olen aveseey |p acedss 28°11 1,936. 482 44°7
(12) SESESDUSS sli. caaccetin(u 1-steee - 28°06 1,988 48°2 44°9
SEQAm Ors, sues al A aoeees 27°95 2,098 47°38 44°5
vdig (op Tek s el fe leiGocoom we Geooce 3 27°38 2,168 47°83 44°2
(13) 8u367 0%; oc ate Scone 27°34. 2,208 47°9 44°0
8 36 30 ,, saave aus 27°78 2,268 47°83 44°0
Sea7eLOuse |). ccene . POEL 27°76 2,288 47°6 44°0
Bray 140) a5 aeeac Ml Micaces 27°68 2,322 47°6 44°2
3 35n10 5, sees cesses 27°66 2,337 47°2 43°9
8 38 15 ,, Jeeves Boaae 27°64 2,348 47°2 43°9
8 38 30 ,, anaes cree 27°64. 2,348 47°2 44°0
(14) LJ 12 Rehan ety Mami OP Soe 27°66 2,337 472 43'7
ue 2. 3. 4, 5. Gi i.
(1) Heard the whistle of a train.
(2) Sixteen vibrations of horizontal magnet in 26°5 seconds.
(3) Lowered grapnel ; clear sky above.
(4) Going over Goudhurst.
(6) We are passing between Hawkhurst and Cranbrook.
(5) Sunset.
a eS Oiees
4 ibe
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 247
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, June 27, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
Gridiron Delicate
Thermo- Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. | Blackened
Diff. Dew-point.| meter. Dry. Wet. Diff. Dew- Bulb Ther-
po: Dew-point. | Dew-point. moe
28 38°9 e = ° © ° ° ° °
2"9 38°9
2°3 38°8
2°83 38°7
24 | 38°6 3
2°5 38°0
2°5 33°0
2°3 38°3
26 374
2'9 33°6
2°6 374
27 37°3
2°7 37°6
2°0 39°2
2°3 38"4
2°6 38'r
2°5 38°5
2'0 39°6
22 39°4
230 | «394
20 40°°9
2" 40°7
29 | 39°7
21 41'5
2°5 40°6
2°2 41°5
2:2 41°5
2°9 40°38
2°9 40°8
3°0 40°8 ;
29 40°9
3°3 40°5
3°3 40°5
gio | «(414
33. | 40°9
Bie | 406
Sor ji 42%
373 aaa
33 40°8
3°6 40°2
39 39°7
3°8 39°8
3°6 40°0
34 40°4
3°3 40°2
3°3 4c°2
32 40°4
3°5 39°8
8. 9. 10. ial 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
(7) Thirty vibrations of horizontal magnet in 48-5 seconds.
(8) Cranbrook very distinct. (9) Sounds very distinctly heard.
(10) The country is very beautiful indeed. ;
(11) A bell heard with a clear sound. (12) The shades of evening are coming over.
(13) Over Tenterden. (14) Heard a gun.
248 } REPORT—186-4.
TasiE I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Twenty-first
2 Siphon Barometer. | Dry and Wet Ther-
gS : P Ancroid | Height ahove |
Ee Time ee oe eee ee
gs and reduced | Therm.
to 32° Fahr.
hm s in. > in. fect. a a
8 39 30 p-m. cones coon 27°66 25337 47°2 43°5
330545 Bayt call) tees yi yl. isssess 27°66 2.an7) 47°2 43°5
SLAC! SOls; Bees snl irss~ ase 27°81 2,187 47°90 43°5
“TENS GY gaeen Ul ye Saori y Geace 27°86 2,136 47° 43°6
Ae ihe SHC)! Gy a | MASSA lis aneee 27°91 2,086 47°0 43°7
SAD LOUNss ||) = renee So | LS eases 27°94. 2,056 473 43°9
$ 42 305, eawre mre a arses 28°01 1,986 47°2 43°9
(1) SeAQEOI Rss DM ut cbcecerigall tre~clese 28°16 1,836 47°0 44°0
Sag. 2Ow yt etc etcaee dW ih gtescane 28°21 1,786 47°2 44°5
SeAA, SOR Raa Uressceey UM Uavcess 28°28 1,716 47°5 45°
BAA USO se © Wh otebaccs! Ui locke 28°28 1,716 47°38 44/8
(2) Si ASeTO Ese Bl) vtsesomsen Wi scnecs 28°35 1,668 48°2 44°5
SEAG AGO Rn Weldcstesee UT) decsiece 28°36 1,678 48°5 45°2
BAGO Bye. (Blt ea tetcsaen Wh secs exe 28°41 1,628 483°7 45°1
SuAmO ts, yu ease SO) Sages 28°42 1,618 48'9 45°5
(3) Pee O MEO Efi |) Gaccecs sv Ull uescess huni mensiecs (1,478) 49°I
S501 'Ou,, COST aeanD ||| ooeeee 28°84 1,198 49°0 45°5
(4) Suet O s, smaaee ee 28°91 1,114 49° 44°2
SUG COs a ii ticestes SIP “ees Ncs 28°91 1,114 49°0 44°0
DS e OMe owl catans Bit AIL Sansieve 28°98 1,030 49° 43°9
SAGES ole ay ae |enmetceooeen || Mcadeto 29°06 944 49° 43°5
S 1535055 ebhate Retains 29°06 944. 49'0 43°2
SSP Te tos, Sie a | eee pectin 29°21 770 49°0 43°5
‘SG oa Ae sl DA ier cccoren {| Wececune 29°21 770° 49°0 44°0
8 54 30 5, stsnep call | aaaeee 29°26 662 49°0 44°0
eset apevei | amare soo ae || pes - 29°23 698 488 43°8
BGS ston i Sscom || aa “ 29°16 772 48°9 43°5
SbOO4, sauwan Keaoc 29°06 890 48°9 43°5
Secceqoun,.” Vibe ksaech NEM eses : 28°91 949 48°6 43°2
BEET gale Semen |e Se Seana || pee 28°66 1,245 48°38 42°83
35730 uss peice | UOICS 28°56 1,363 48°5 42°3
S585.0) 1, Saeed | shake 28°41 1,540 47°9 42°2
SSS SOM jl) cinaees Heecciees 28°31 1,658 47°90 42°0
Ss 10: k, ee Sea | ere 28°26 1,717, 46°5 41°83
Sab ORGO as blades SE | s Seeae eS 28°16 1,843 46°0 40°6
DMNOMUS ert oc steses If witsctie 27°36 2,651 472 41°0
Om Onn: Ccetciees It Uaseans 27°06 2,954 47°5 42°2
DetasOM se i \eteseeel Veveons 26°78 3,244 46°5 42°7
She PAeOe is iG Atecocty UHM vaccines 26°81 3,214 46°7 42°5
Gees eOndas) la cusescae aia MIN ciosaies 26°31 3,517 46°9 41°5
(5) Dy “Haare Ava | fe tet ate 6) || saeco 26°06 3,964 46°0 412
(6) De eOmr ile cece mm tencts 25°91 4,019 44°8 40°5
aneeocie3 » Specs Seabee 25°78 4,166 44°5
3) ADC Si seer ‘Wiesgct 25°06 4,956
DR Oss Alb esesteas | esses 24°66 5,396
(7) Gp. Shs Gy) oak une sesame) lie Bases 24°06 6,168
(3) |e oF. |
(9) 9) GOmmO ermal ee seeese [sees 29°96 | ground 46°5 452
1, 2. 3. 4. 3. 6. rf
(1) Gas clear. (2) Mist over marshes.
(3) Packed up the Hygrometer and Blackened Bulb Thermometer.
(4) Still over Tenterden ; came within the influence of a westerly current.
(5) Difficult to read the instruments.
(6) In fog.
(7) Could not see to read the instruments.
in?
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 249
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, June 27, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
ee | Grdinon —| Delicate
Thermo- Daniell’s | Regnault’s, | Blackened
Diff. |Dew-point.| meter. Dry. | Wet. | Diff. Dewa Bulb Ther-
pone Dew-point. | Dew-point. SHOU Te
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° o
Biv 39°3
357 39°3
3°5 39°5
34 39°7
S05 39°9
34 4o'l
3°3 40°2
370 40°6
27 414
24 43°4
370 414
oe 40°4
373 | 416
3°6 412
34 | 418
35 4'7
48 39°0
570 38°6
51 38"4
55 37°5
Be} 36°9
5°5 37°5
50 38°6
50 38°6
aor |) 38'3
54 37°8
54 37°8
5°4 373
6:0 362
62 | 35°5
57 345°9
5 6
ae 10. ine 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. IF.
(8) On the ground at Romney Marsh, about half a mile from Cheynecourt.
(9) At the Alliance Inn, Brookland, at midnight, Mr. Coxwell’s pulsations were 90 in a
minute ; Mr. Glaisher’s 88; Mr. Collins’s 94, and Mr. J. Atkinson’s 74. The number of
respirations per minute were—Mr. Coxwell, 18; Mr. Glaisher 17,and Mr. Collins 15. At
the hour of ra.m., J) une 28, 30 vibrations of the same horizontal magnet were observed, as
follows :—in 47°2 ; again 47°2 ; again 47°2; again 46°5 ; and in 47-2 seconds.
250 REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Twenty-second
2 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
o 3 oe - i i a] a
a2 : Aneroid ight ab
Ee Time. Reading Att Barometer, pipe ee r
S's corrected Th < No. 2. Dry. Wet.
f~* and reduced erm.
to 32° Fahr.
hm °s in iS in.
le Suro) oyerat, ||") Coaer te teen | benneaeoe 29°64.
(1) 4 6a20%;
AT RTO Mey eee Geriare sss). ‘ite sicsess 29°54.
TES Sh ON ay el) lo See | (eee 29°26
PRES UMOML. ae jiMetaes eco A canes. 28°49
Ae DinGOm sh 0 i |eeideccss ec dle rives ers 28°10
4 OA ane fid| SAP esses. Sana Pte sioee 27°54.
4 “ OM rst: SIMON rei) Mi tensinwe 26°84
AO ZOWias) © | ttaeecces || peiaenea= 26°59
ADO wees pk | Mes ech ibrar simee 26°34,
AOSD NQO Saat AME Mcssjeset: \ Him vesa =: 26°09
APEMON s;5) | etree Af iecas ces 25°79
AMES MOM ayn he lee Midelcceg. OYE apnede 25°80
(2) PTY ee Fon Wiley A | Soe a encore 25°46
7a selee (a) Wen Vea lek «coarse al penconere 25°44.
(3) AGLOM RO Liye | Mwececch. Mises ss 25'36
Dee OP Gash a emeaee cach) viet isevcens 25°29
AAO Biases |i iaesiessl> | a)" Gonstees 25°06
ARLOOMOL oe CS eaeech | Aliteresas ze 24°86
(4) EQ) MOMs wo lletere ces. aplttisénjese 24°53
(5) B2ZOMOe sh WeReeosce, Mibttewnnes 24°44
ADDR UTOR gf) | |Meiicsace a A |P Pisses 23°79
Bip Glas fhe Fapeiuceh: . hi) sees ees 23°49
ANZA) GO lash HikPepescoh Aetlsyeaeeh oP ese re
ADE MO Pas (|) Wee sieeel wot ietees ae 23°24
(Mees Se Cop wh ie sce: ||) sconce 22°96
BiDOIROn sree Meksece Uf ehie=l-0e 22°89
(6) A LEDO Pics Wee sccce iW [Riracaese 22°54.
(7) 428 0 ,,
(8) ROXIE Toy Py gdh ic HME | eect 22°34.
Alia Site's RMLEE Micka ace. Tite Nesss 22°14
Taneafe ye (0) I ep ysiaeal oe sie EEE ol fe MEBORTE 22°04
AUZOISO ss) Pees ace! nll Meccees 21°92
WSOMZO dias sl |eiieesnsel Wifi heestax< 21°44
(9) Pst CToh Reyes) [bins CoaCOe || ReechOCoe 21°34
AVB2 Ody ee Biesiecey | Ul *eeaees 20°59
APSZ MRO as) al iicernsel, A4'e 's<~'aes 20°46
(10) AMGQeOme tk. || Wetesmcen Wt! i vssnices 20°36
(11) AS cOdeay |) esetemee iii | cenices 19°94
ABO MOS sy) Mall Piaccos. Uh Mecsas 19°64
OPEN Co one Oe Nl eee Deco | foe tore 19°07
BETeEZO 4S [be ieescom. 1 ikarninenet| UMsecees
AES) BOR 5b 5) helene anes «cae 18°94
PSO eSOS is 1 NN) Reverse ML eNoo sare 18°82
(12) ERO uAriist | |b asavoa #llitiseste 18°84
(15) JSS Cy, RR | meee cece laecpbe ed 18°34
(14) JAR Suit) fay) "pate el NIRS ers enechyes a merece
(15) AAS OMe HP fuecnpe Mtl Petcnnan.
1 2 3. 4
(1) Left the earth. (2) Balloon revolving once in 3 minutes. (3) No wind.
(4) Deep blue sky; horizon very misty ; cirri above.
(5) Tried vibrations of a horizontal magnet, but failed. r
(6) Changed direction to move west. (7) Moving quickly.
(8) Ships look small.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864, 251
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, August 29, 1864.
mometers (free). Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers,
See : eae
Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. | Blackene
Diff. | Dew-point. Dry. | Wet. | Diff. sare P ‘ ge i oe
Dew-point. | Dew-point.
° °o ° ° ° ° ° ° °
15°5 45°4
I5‘0 45°7
14'0 46°7
15'0 45°2
T27, 45°6 SM aS Hera Weer re ecco | lee Pe ° oes 7O°O
Irs Be oh] ORAM} chonctshiobas <4 | socupes RAO eons On cgR 64°5
EI, 41°4,
TI's 39°5
120 38°0
11°3 371
10°0 36°9
go 37°4
55 415
61 410
570 AAAS MN. <P | as docMeHetscct Picveces ff exnccerafh., - obese 43°5 54°0
5 44°2
5°7 Se VL na Pee ee Tiong ck Chaos. (Mastewecs [h axzvoseifieSabece: hy I Phachbcs 54:8
57 42°9
370 479
60 Merete Nh oe B | os5. a Mean cs lewseaies. |b soscemnifle cegcae oul) Onc cMes 52°0
62 38°6
62 33°6
REI eel |) as St hs, el) coded |ieeeee |! cosvos Il esstdeh | tects 33°0
i ae ELE w MOO! sok oPuthGcecs’ | vesoess |) sesecelde wehtte 38°0
85 33°6
97 SL ad ESC: Cr |S -Oe l ee Pae e 29°5 52°0
I0°o 28°1
78 28°r
yp 23°7
67 28:5
72 274
58 29°0
5°2 25
52 29°5 -
re 28°0
5°4 ABE hl. UGE] 20d BMI ect | Nuaosoec Mh cc eceddh= sckes. 25°0
75 16°7
9°3 1255
62 Lr
Rese el) Sse he A) occee chi Weidmeed | Wacecee |) secre: ly . cedvee 5, [amd co Site 35°70
5°6 Se Weta OW Wl. Ble. .., fiesss [ccm cideee 12'0 35°2
6°6 13°0
ey, 100
ionas'e eee acehcoml ficnc rol Maarre 42°0
8. 3) ile 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
9) Tried vibrations of horizontal magnet again, but failed.
11) Dreadnought looks smail.
13) Fountains at the Crystal Palace small.
(15) Thirty vibrations of a horizontal magnet in 42
10) The fountains of the Crystal Palace look very small ; ozone coloured to 1.
(12) Applied water to Wet-bulb,
(14) Sun hot to the face.
seconds.
REPORT—1864.
Taste I.—Meteorological Observations made in the Twenty-second
2 Siphon Barometer. Dry and Wet Ther-
ag ; 2 Aneroid | Height above
54 anal reg akexs | Emo semana |e rg
38 and reduced | Therm.
to 32° Fahr.
hm 5s in. + in. feet. a a
7 MON “e)aseitss9|\"] boscco we || | pode 17°94 14,293 35°72 310
Ay ATe OMe 1 Wad tbisesci: iia ets. 17°94 14,293 35°2 30°7
(1) AL ATT ZOM sy iMate ewe Mo cxearae 17°92 14,317 2555 30°5
AS ASSO 5) OUI Vi ieseinces © ih © wrewacs 17°34 14,415 33°2 311
AVADU NOUR s sy = em uede. | iPe Gestews 17°74 14,581 33°2 31'0
AVA WG Olay gules Wistanes cy IP xeeaices 17°74, 14,581 34°2 30°9
(2) ANE EN Ole Yar) rad Iban veetscet nis Nh sossiene aeoceen |. (dag 80)
PA bak Moye Ee at RA eri ied | Sian aee 17°89 14,330 33/0 30°5
(3) BESLUGON sy ilo eesees 2” IP ceva 17°92 14,281 33°0 30°0
yay eae )e ach) | eters aceree lel Cr OCEE 17°94 14,248 32°3 28°
Ae SAMBO beguo) , Ne hecciosone «feb ewnas 18'04 14,086 32°70 26°!
ASIST GORE ay ulus Metease ftp aioteoan [P cesaemen? 4|le parceememte lune na nee
BAGG ONT sy | Maisasiorte Ih Seesises 13°04 14,086 2.9°5 22°
(4) Ase aw OF sia ll) oe eeecee. -|\b erect 18°09 13,991 28°5 22°1
(5) AlegSrl Ow sy) eat LS estaesel | WV cvotees\ Bol) eenare aveeed | Pc APRS eee
AVAGO! bisa wealliel vomeiseoy ous i|h upeuteae 18°14, 13,895 29'0 22°0
AGO” TOs sie encates | |p eeees> 18°26 13,730 30°0 23°71
Sey OL nO ley. ||P cooese eat || UPrseces 18°29 13,688 310 22°5
BIR BOM Ess AS) HOT aso LIP weiss 18°74 13,016 30°0 22'0
(6) 5, aT TON RT | Stacker” Lil Moreen 18°84. 12,866 31'0 227,
ie) eto) ieyner?|(Mameceoge iy oral Getce bec 20°64 9,943 34°0 28°9
BL RIGOR Ree ||) sekecoen 1p | roaee 20°79 9,868 34°2 29'0
bp AS) Obs
ae ON Tyee |! mast el | aioce ces 21°05 9,740 36°2 30°2
GREE On Royce, jseeieeeret || vacate 21°42 9,268 362 30°5
REMAN GON Tsp Neon eeptecss = |porettioes 21°52 95143 372: 30°5
Gua Oi! sy aude leeshreaebee fal Sensteae 21°65 8,981 37:8 30°9
eA uOm ay) oilememacrasel fy alle vaeqieets 22°34, 8,146 412 32°0
BuaRANeS OW bal WilWiraisaenes,i) SIM \weseds 22°69 7,726 415 31°38
CN Us caer eae ol| oa Map sacremei || smpoocee 22°74, 7,666 410 318
ap cae (CM ern i ee| mts er aimll| Meroe 23°00 7,351 42°5 32'0
EUG fea) eye) Meccatce aN! Mecrocos 23°29 7,018 44°2 33°5
(7) BOTTA nig aehtess — ob, Sacto 23°69 6,558 45°5 38°1
ETO RO De Hae loatincsns wll) -crsnee 24°18 5,996 47°0 42°8
MOR MOMiay ll estnes (IB veethave 25°26 4,815 49°5 46:2
BEZOCN Oo aum | yp aaetece? [I Wveetces 25°49 4,550 512 43°1
Ge OMB | rckwene || serv 25°70 4,326 5205 48'1
PCO OR Mss) ae \ili'i —ctdvwenweny |p sewers 26°14 3,857 53°5 49°5
G25) Yo). ul coe | MEO 26°74 3,225 54°2 49°1
(8) 52! CElem econ: | ailinocer 26°74 3,238 58'2 49°5
Ei fale). (3) \ el (oc aia | cece 28°06 1,902
GRRE MORM ss. callin ci’ wepreaey an y:l| Po acentee 28°54. 1,417 64°0 5570
(9) | SSO OM basi heal. schon cual lh coaatuce 29°86 jon the ground) 69:0 572
ie 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 ie
(1) Ozone paper coloured to 2; 28 vibrations of a horizontal magnet in 49°5 seconds.
(2) Mr. Glaisher’s pulsations were 110, and respirations 20 in a minute.
(3) Mr. Glaisher’s pulsations were 97 in a minute.
(4) Field appeared 20 feet square.
(5) Nearly over Brith.
t
4
;
mometers (free),
Diff.
hee avin
COOL AANA YN wmwOwWaY
MPNINOYIO NSHwouse
-
oO
A
Dew-point.
II
a8
a
aeeeee
Steal steal
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 253
Balloon Ascent, from the Crystal Palace, August 29, 1864,
Dry and Wet Therms. (aspirated). Hygrometers.
| Gridiron Delicate
Thermo. | Dew. | Daniell’s. | Regnault’s. aekenedl
meter. Dry. | Wet. | Diff. F
pout Dew-point. | Dew-point. oe ag on
° ° ° °o ° ° ° °
Jethae he 2ssEee OT wcdd ey MMeeR Ae eR eal La ee, Ae, es 3 42°70
Fecal ile vbcoelll, xceccs. | eect eee S snes 3685
Pavieeig ||crocesan'|t toreeealll waste ts (tenet ceatl Mianmeeee ¢ ererEs 37°0
BeOS oe | Racecey | heer, Ce odected | nerecee Re — 3°0
3 okecote afl. ee mallecaose ll abostem tages scutes — 30
Pema Ecard | te aseann ll avtesce Pctcees cearce o'o
Cee Reoe Pill emcee llecevaeee) ||) aweaees |) otvnen oe 20°0
sanfeetelet al anhalt .'s)s 5 3h Saleen rile at asc eeeeee wants 42°0
Siododk | ete Aca |fitaecey aml [tee Be || anode Sinai bonne 43°0
ee li snaane ls lAees endenar |i sraespal (ult aQeee 19'0 51‘o
10. 11. 12, 13. 14, 15. 16. 17.
(6) Mr. Glaisher’s pulsations here were 99; Mr. Coxwell’
te, The number of respirations
sher, 18 ; and Messrs. Coxwell a
e River Thames.
ston each 118 in one minu
Mr. Norris, 10; Mr. Gai
(7) Over the edge of th
(9) On the ground at Wybridge, near Rainham,
(8) Sand out.
in Essex.
8 102 ; Messrs. Norris and Cran-
Im one minute were as follows :—
nd Cranston each 22.
254
REPORT—1864,
§ 4. Avoprep TempERATURES oF THE ArR AND Dew-Pornt, wirn Heicur,
IN THE FoURTEENTH TO THE TWENTY-SECOND BaLtoon ASCENTS.
From all the observations of the temperature and of the dew-point in the preceding
Tables, a determination was made of both elements, with the corresponding readings of the
Some of the numbers in the column for heights have been interpo-
lated when either of these elements have been observed without a corresponding observation
of the barometer. The numbers thus found are within brackets. The results are contained
barometer and heights.
in the following Tables.
Tasie II.—Showing the adopted Reading of the Barometer, calculated Height
above the Sea, Temperatures of the Air, Wet-bulb, and the Dew-point,
in the Fourteenth to the Twenty-second Balloon Ascents.—FouRTEENTH
Ascrnt.—August 31, 1863.
aes
Minelol Reading
observa-
tion.
P.M.
Barom.
reduced
to 32° F.
s/ in.
Q} 29°70
| 29°70
7 2) 29579.
0} 29°55
o| 29°30
o| 28°80
14 20| 28°64
14 30] 28°50
of the |:
_———
» onthe >
15 40) 27°70
16 0| 27°40
17 0| 27°00
18 0/2690
18 30) 26-42
18 40] 26°00
18 50) 25°92
Tg 0) 25°55
20 0/25°30
20 20| 25°10
20 30| 24°85
20 40) 24°48
21 10] 24°00
21 30) 23750
22 0/23°30
22 30/ 23°00
23° 0 22°95
23 30| 22°90
24. 0| 22°70
24 10) 22°50
25 0|22°50
27 0| 22°30
27 50| 22°30
28 0] 22°20
28 30] 22°20
29 0/ 22°20
29 30] 22°10
31 0/2210
32 0/ 22°20
32 30) 22°20
33 9) 22°35
34 0) 22°45
35 30) 22°70
36 0] 22°90
37. 0} 23°00
37 30) 23°10
38 30 23°32
39 0) 23°50
Height
above the
level of
the sea,
is]
or
ie}
2 eround
—
—
Lal
m Cof
ont NN
oP Dn
1145
1963
2270
2670
2770
3263
3694
3778
4167
4425
4632
4907
Sse!
5844
6404
6627
6963
7022
7080
1345)
7549
7549
779°
7192
YE
USS
7922
8033
8033
791%
DIEZ
777°
7621
7327
7124
7022
6898
6626
6404
Temp.
of the
Air.
Temp.
of the
Wet-
bulb.
60°0
600
60°'0
54°0
53.5
53°0
540
512
49°0
43°5
47-2
451
44°0
42°1
41°I
40°5
Time of Reading
observa-
tion.
P.M.
hm
6 40
40
42
30
O1O10 OV ONOnGEG
of the
Barom.
reduced
to 32°F.
in.
23°65
23°70
23°95
24°40
24°40
24°45
24°92
25°00
25°30
25°50
25°70
25°90
26:20
26°41
26°65
26°71
26°90
27°20
27°35
27°78
27°95
28°25
28°50
28°70
28°35
28°90
28-90
28°75
28°40
28°10
27°90
27°72
27°65
27°63
28°50
28°53
28°80
28-90
29°10
29°20
29°25
29°35
eee
Height
above the
level of
the sea.
feet.
6233
6176
5891
5389
5389
5339
3865
4784
4452
4231
4009
3787
3480
3264
3018
2957
2762
2466
2317
1803
1724
1434
1193
100 3
859
812
812
1050
1287
1580
1775
1954
2024
emp. | Temp.
of the | of the
Wet- | Dew-
bulb. | point.
° °
34°2 | 284
34°5 | 2970
3571 310
35°O | 30°3
35°0 | 30°3
34°8 | 29°8
361 | 32°2
372 | 34°3
371 | 34°0
37°8 | 348
38°5 | 33°7
40°5 | 38°5
408 | 39°2
41°2 | 40°9
42°38 | 4274
42° | 40°3
43°09 | 41°7
441 | 42°9
45°0 | 44°83
462 | 452
46°38 | 463
47°0 | 461
47°5 | 46°7
482 | 473
49°0 | 481
see | 48°0
50° | 45°5
50°0 | 49°0
50°5 | 50°0
50°5 | 50°5
49°38 | 48°6
48°9 | 47°2
48°5 | 4772
480 | 45°9
50°0 | 49°5
50°0 | 49°5
50°0 | 49°0
52°5 | 52°0
52°4 | 516
52°5 | 51°5
52°5 | 513
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AnD 1864.
Taste I. (continued.)—Firreenta Ascenr.—September 29, 1863.
Time of | Reading
of the
“ton. | Bam,
AM. Ito 32°F.
h m_ s| in.
7 12 0} 297436
$3 0) 29°427
36 9/29°459
42 0) 29°483
43 0} 29176
45 0}29°018
46 0} 28°791
46 30| 28-644
47 0 28:247
47 50| 28-049
50 0/27°849
§2 0|26'950
52 30| 26451
54 of 26°154
Oey el @ooge
56 of25°859
B72) Of fae ss
59 0} 24°619
8 0 of 24°469
I 0|24'270
2 0/23°972
3 0/23°783
4 0) 23°674
4 30] «.-.
5 0 23°496
6 0} 237528
6 30) 23°529
7 9% 23°531
9 0] 23°382
TO 0|23°362
II 0} 23°103
II 30| 22°884
I2 0} 22°734/
13° 0) 22°485
14 0] 22°387
15 0} 227188
16 0} 22°109
18 0}21°999
19 0/21°909
20 0} 21°840
BO Sojic...
2I 0} 21°790
21 30) 21°690
22 0}/21°590
22 30] «...
23° O}21°511
24. oO} 21°192
25 0} 21142
27 0} 21090
28 0] 20°895
29 30) 20°547
ar joj.....°|¢
32 0] 20°002
33 0} 19902
34 9} 19°802
35 9/ 19°702
Height
above the
level of
the sea,
5314
5473
5789
6000
6117
6321
(6375)
8504
8621
8726
(8726)
8819
9193
9252
9310
9563
10005
10300)
10646
10785
10924
11062
Temp. oF the
of the | Wop
Air. | bulb.
° °
442 | 43°8
4772 | 46'0
475!) 45°5
480 | 461
470 | 45°1
46:0 | 44°2
452) 441
451 | 438
4S ma 4370
A499 43°0
See Ante ite
42°0 | 41-1
41°5 | 39:0
40°0 | 37°5
38°5 | 365
380 | 35°8
37°5 | 35°0
35°2 | 32°2
Bose enw
33°6 | 304
322 | 29°8
BP se 2919
13
310 | 29:2
g2/5)9 49'S
300 | 285
30°5 | 287
29°70 | 27°83
29°5 | 27°8
29°3 | 27°5
29°0 | 27°1
28°5 | 26:0
28°'0 | 25°7
27 24025°Q
260 | 24°1
26°0 | 24°0
260 | 24°0
27°0 | 25°%
2675 | 24°8
26°2 | 24°38
25°0 | 32°0
25°0 | 32°0
24°5 | 32°0
23°5
215
P18
210 | 26°0
21°5 | 21°5
2m'r } 185
18'r | 34°2
1772 | 34'1
17 Ose 239
175 | 142
Temp.
of the
Dew-
point.
15°5
o'7
50
—14'0
> Se:
= ig
—I0'9
| Time of
observa-
tion.
A.M.
hein fs
8 37 0
38 0
39 0
40 Oo
41 0
42) 0
43 0
44 0
44 30
45 0
46 o
47 0°
49 0
50 Oo
5I oO
52) a
52 30
53 0
54 0
54 30
Eye ts)
58 o
59° 9
989
ra
ITs
I 30
2 0
Sie |
4 0
and
ie te |
8 o
Io o
Io 30
3277 2
13,0
14 0
I5 0
16 o
20 Oo
22 +6
23 aq
24 0
25 iG
27 0G
28 o
29 0
31 0
opal fe!
$3: 1S
Reading
of the
Barom.
reduced
to 32° F,
in,
19°552
19°523
19°303
19°253
1g"1O5
18905
18°756
18°705
13°705
13-706
18-606
(11075)
Height
above the
level of
the sea.
feet.
11082
11127
11592
11654.
11857
12113
12305
12416
12416
(12415)
12414
12800
12857
12857
12972
12900
(12800)
12666
12533
11818
see
12704.
eye K
12926
12926
12926
12926
12975
13025
13025
13025
13030
13160
13279
13321
13832
14218
14096
13791
13805
13695
13695
13695
(13738)
13982
13982
13807
13982
15517
16284
16590
2
Temp.
T ‘i
of the | Qyate
Air. | bulb.
r7°5 | 14°
162 | I4°1
16°5 | 14°2
162 | 14:0
16°0 | 1470
16'0 | 14°0
DSS £25
13°8 | 12°5
Ae WY Wa
1370 |. 12°
14'2
13'0
I7°O | waes
162 | 15:0
16:0
160
17'S |. «ses
17°8 | I7°0
17°5 | 16'9
20°9
17°5 | 16°9
TR OM tr B3"S
EI2§, 305
Tres. |) 05
125) |} 120
1570 | 14°5
1570 | 14°8
1570 | 14°8
16°5 | 1570
16'0
1ST | 14°5
TSO} 14°5
14°5 | 1470
13°I
12°8 | 12°4
122} I1'2
145
14°5
Ou age
8:0
72
50
355
370
pia 20
2° axe)
Toy, oz
oo o2
55
Temp.
of the
Dew-
point.
256 ; REPORT—1864.
Taste II. (continued.)—Firreenta Ascent._September 29 (continued).
10 © of 18°719] 12504 |17°2 | 1570 23
Io} 18919) 12225 |17°5 | 1571 |— 4'0 30
I 30] 19°:069]} 12030 |17°2 | 14°5 |— 6°0
Time of Reading! Height Temp.| Temp. || Time of Reading) Height Temp. | Temp.
observa- te “aes the pean of the of he observa- Be ae abavatie er of the of the
tion. Bere d level of FOS Wet- | Dew- tion. etnced level of Aine Wet- | Dew-
A.M. [15 39° RF, the sea. bulb, | point. AM+ 15399 F, the sea, bulb. | point.
h m_ s| in. feet. = 4 ° h m_ s| in. feet. > 5 a
9 34 ©} 17°317| 14295 Io 2 O]1g9'210] 11834 | 17°5
35 0} 17°417] 14235 AE ip siele |e I°2 apse Age aid 195 | 1671 |— o'2
36 0} 17°417| 14219 a7 Stal Bretate:e 50 3 30) 20°210) 10534 |2I'0 | 1675 |—14°4
38 of 17°517| 14175 6°0 59 4°5 4 0}20°410} 10284 |22°0 | 17°8 |— 99
490 Of] sees ea sinha al efoiso 1|\Cejsves 4:0 4. 30} 20°660| 10084 |23°2 | 181 |—13°9
41 01 177417) 14203 Bobi dl a eiote 4°5 5 0}21°909) 967% |23°0| 1970 |— 61
43 0/17°618) 13897 | 72] 4°9 |— 370 6 0217309] 9179 |25°0 | 20°5 |— 43
44. 0} 17°618| 13897 6 30)/21°509| 8933 |26'0 | 21°0 |— 40
45 of 177468] 14224 go Te ene 7 0©|22°909| 8439 |26°5 | 21°70 |— 6:9
46 oj .... (14190) | 9°3 8-2 |— 2°0 7 30|22°109} 8209 |27°0] 21°r |— 5°99
47 0} 177418} 14155 9°5 8°6 o'9 8 0] 227659] 7626 |29°0 |} 24°5 |4 82
48 0] 17°318) 14308 | 1175 | 11°5 x35 9 0|22°809] 7396 |31°0 | 268 15°5
49 0) 177518) 14031 | 13°0 | 12°3 6°9 II 0} 24°398) 5613 |34°5 | 30°9 | 24°9
50 oO} 177117] 13175 |13'9 | 13°2 7°38 13 0/24°388) 5078 |35'2 | 30°99 | 2471
eicis Bests ais wit] MLAS Dll) BES"5 89 Ons ee os aval OF Chad Mune 33°8
52 O|17°117| 13175 |15°0 | 471 64 14 0}25°492| 4438 |372 |. 31% | 22°5
54 0] 17°318| 14459 |13'1 | 12°6 8:8 15 0/25°992] 3933 13973 | 33°09 | 24°9
55 0} 177518) 14347 |13°2 | 121 3°6 15 30/26°391| 3529 |39°5 | 33°0 | 24°6
§6 of 17°718) 13947 |13°5 | 119 |— O'5 16 0| 26°689| 3224 |41'2 | 33°5 | 23°8
BONGO tre. HI(XS947) MalNG Sale LO |e 4, 17 0/27°007/ 2828 |42°0 | 33°38 | 23°7
57 0/17°718] 13947 |13'2 | 110 |— 60 Ig 0/27°881) 2039 |47°0 | 37°5 | 26°8
57 30|17°818] 13747 |13°2 | 10°5 |—10°4 Igl 0/27'981| 1881
58 of 18°118] 13332 | 15° | I1'0 |—13°0 20 0|27°979| 1881 |48°0 | 4oro 31°2
59 0] 18°619} 12642 |17°0 |. 14°5 |—.4°7 21 | O| 27°777| 21777 Si48'ON ed's) | ees28
°
°
28°471| 1469 | 50° |. 45°0 | 39°7
«++. | ground | 53°0
SrxreentH Ascunt.—October 9, 1863.
P.M. P.M.
4 © 0/2930} onthe | 53:8 | 486 | 43°5|| 4 41 0/23°00 | 6732 | 310} 28°5
27 0|29°23 | ground | 54°5 | 49°2 | 44°13 4I 30) 22°95 | 6796 | 31°5| 287
29 30/2912 | | 426 |53°0 | 47°9 42°38 42 0] 22°75 7030 31°8| 289
30 09/2870 845 | 52°70 | 46°38 | 41°5 43 0/22°62 | 7184 | 310] 27°
30 30) 28°42 899 |50°0 | 45°5 | 40°7 43 30| 22°62 | 7161 30°5| 27°%
3I 0} 27°92 1573 |482 | 44°1 39°6 44. 0|/22'60 | 7193 29°5| 27°1
31 40/27°70 | 1748 | 47°38) 43°00 | 37°77 45 01 22°55 | 7252 | 2921) 27°75
31 50/2760 | 1887 |47°4 | 42°38 | 37°7 46 0) 22°52 | 7303 | 29°70] 277%
32 0127750 | 1984 | 463 | 42°5 MPa 46 301 22°50 | 7310 | 30°0| 27°1
32 15/2735 | 2131 |46°0 | 42:0 | 37°4 47 22°55 | 7267 | 31°5| 27°2
32 30|27°20 | 2279 |45°2 | 4rd 364/48 22°69 7087 30°0 |. 27°2
32 45/27°00 | 2399 |44°8 | 405 | 35°6 49 23°00 | 6731 | 30°5| 27°2
33 0|27°00 | 2474 |43°5 | 40°0 | 35°9 5° 23°15 | 6557 | 310) 27°5
33 30/2642 | 3060 |42°0 | 384] 33°99] 51 0/2360 | 6310 | 317] 28:0
34. 0|25°80 | 3700 {410 | 3772 32°4|| 52 30;24°00 | 5600 | 32°0/ 292
34 30}25°70 | 3805 |4o°8 | 368 | 318) 52 45/2415 | 5433 | 32°5| 29°5
35 0/2562 | 3878 |40°5 | 36°5 | 31°4|| 53 9124750 | 5052 | 33°0| 29°8
35 30/25°40 | 4114 | 39°2 | 35° | 30°8 53 30,25°55 | 3928 | 332) 30°0
36 o}25°720 | 4219 |37°5 | 3370 | 26°38 54 024°70 | 4835 | 34°0| 30°5
37 30/2395 |' 5672 |34°2 | 315 | 269] 55 oO 25710 | 4409 | 34°8) 30°7
38 cl2g10 | 5499 |33°0| 30°5 | 25°5| 55 10 2520 | 4302 | 34°8| 31-2
38 30,2400 | 5605 | 32°5 | 29°7 | 23°8 56 0 25740.) 4095 | 35°5} 32°0 |
39 0/23°90 | 5717 |32°0 | 29°5 | 24°2|| 57 0 25°55 | 4024 | 36°0| 320
39 30/2340 | 6277 |31°5 | 282 | 20°0|| 57 30/25°70 | 3783 | 36°5| 32°5
39 45/23°31 | 6378 | 313 | 284 | 2170 57 45\25°80 | 3679 | 37°0/ 33°0
40 ,0|23°720 | 6506 | 312 | 28°5 | 22°3 58 of 2580 | 3679 | 37°0| 33°0
ro-
Or
Xt
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 18638 anp 1864.
Taste IT. (continued.)—Srxrennta Ascent.—October 9, 1863.
Time of Reading i te .| Temp. || Time of Reading Heig F Temp. | Temp.
observa- pene poetine ree a the of the observa- geeshe Shave ie tone of the of the
tion. | educed| level of o AGE Wet- | Dew- tion. | veduced| level of ree Wet- | Dew-
P.M. to 32° F. the sea. bulb, | point. P.M, to 32° F, the sea. bulb. | point,
h m_ s/} in, feet. ° ° ° h m_ss/n. feet. te y °
4 58 30/25°80 | 3679 | 37°0 | 33°% | 27°5 || 5 33 30/2765 | 1890 | 4570 | 42°5 | 49°7
59 9125°35 | 3548 |37°0 | 342 | 27°7 34 0/27°60 | 1877 |'44'0| 425: | 40°7
5 9 02620) 3268 | 38:0 | 34'2 | 29°0 34 30/27°65 | 1827 | 4470 | 42°5 | 40°7
I 0/2642 | 3046 | 387 | 3571 | 30°3 35. 01 27°75 1731 | 44°5 | 42°38 | 40°7
2 0/2642 | 3040 |39°0 | 35°1 | 29°9 35 30127°85 | 1633 | 44-2 | 4371 | 41°8
3 2640 | 3067 | 39°2 | 35°5 | 30°6 36 0277990 | 1586 | 44-5 | 43°2 | 41°4
4 0 26°38 3087 |39°0 | 35°71 | 29°9 36 30] 28-00 1490 | 44°8 | 43°6 | 4271
4 30/26°35 | 3125 |39°2 | 35°1 | 29°6 37 0/27°70 | 1782 | 448 | 43°6 | 42°71
5 2615 | 3323 | 39°5 | 35°5 | 30°2 38 0f27°55 | 1927 | 45° | 43°4 | 41°5
6 02615 | 3330 | 39°2 | 35°5 | 30°6 39 0/27°35 | 2120 | 45:2 | 43°1 | 40°7
6 30) 2615 3323 (39°51 '35°5 | 30°2 40 0f27°35 | 2124 |45'0 | 43°71 | 40°9
7 0126:20| 3272 | 39:2 | 351 | 29°6 AL cl26°92 | 2552 | 44:2 | 43:0 | 41°6
8 0/2631 | 3159 |39°0 | 35°5 | 30°8 42 0/2635 | 2619 |43°0 | 41°5 | 37°5
Io 0/26°60 | 2863 |39°5 | 36°0 | 31-4 42 15| «.-- | (2910) | 42°5 | 385 | 33°5
II 0} 26°70 2765 |40°5 | 36% | 30°4 42 30] 26°30 3174 |41°5 | 37°5 | 32°5
I2 0/26°80 | 2665 | 40°5 | 37°0 | 32°5 43 9) 26°15 2926 141-9 ||§ 39°2R | 32°4:
13 0/2675 | 2715 | 41-0 | 37°8 | 33°7 43 15/2600 | 3476 |39°5 | 36:0 | 31°4
14 0/27°08 | 2386 | 42°0 | 38°5 | 34°2 43. 39/25 75 | 713735 | 392 1° 55°S) 29°5
14 15)27°14 | 2327 |42°0 | 39°3 | 35°7 44 0/25°72 | 3762 | 38-5 | 330 | 25°6
14 30)27°I4 | 2327 | 42°0 | 39°0 | 3573 45 0/25°20 | 4318 | 37°8 | 32°5 | 34°2
BS [27°10 | 2369 | 42°5 | 39° | 34°9 AS 30) 25725.) 4259 1372) 35:2" | 321
16 0/2635 | 2629 | 42°0 | 385 | 342 46 0) 25°25 | 4303 | 37:2 | 351 | 3271
17 0)26°72 | 2750 | 42°5 | 381 | 32°7 46 30/25°00 | 4584 | 37°2 | 35°2 | 32°r
18 0/26°60 | 2870 | 42°0 | 37°5 | 32°0 47 024°75 | 4786 | 36°6 | 32°5 | 26°5
1g 0/26°55 | 2920 | 415 | 37°0 | 31°4 48 0/2460 | 4949 | 360 | 318 | 25°5
20 0} 26°35 3121 | 4I'o | 36°38 | 31°5 48 30) 24°50 5052 | 36:0 | 31°5 | 24°9
20 30/26°20 | 3275 | 40°7 | 36°2 | 30°2 49 0}24°30 | 5263 |135'0 | 31°38 | 26°7
2I 0/2615 | 3323 | 40°5 | 361 | 3074 49 30) 24°20 | 5377 |34°2 | 380 | 254
22 o]26:10{ 3368 | 40°0 | 36:0 | 30°8 49 45|23°80 | 5813 | 33°0 | 30°8 | 26-4
22 30/26'10 | 3368 | 39°5 | 36°5 | 32°6 50 0/23°55 | G6og1 | 32°5 | 28-2 | 19°0
24 0/26°33 | 3590 | 39°5 | 361 | 31°6 51 0/2310 | 6310 | 3172 | 27°5 | 17°6
25 0/2600 | 3479 | 39°38 | 36°5 | 32°2 52 0/22°75 | 6992 |29°8
25 30}26°56 | 2905 | 40°5 | 36°2 | 30°6 53 9)22°40 | 7305 |29°2 | 25:2 | 10°7
25 45|26°65 | 2905 | 40°5 | 36°5 | 314 54 0/22°20 | 7633 | 285 | 230 18
26 ol2691 | 2554 |41°o | 37°71 | 32°2 55 0/2210) 7755 | 285 | 24°5 Che
27 0}27°05 | 2386 |41°5 | 37°8 | 33°72 55 30/2190 | 7988 | 281 | 24°5 9°7
28 o]27°20| 2268 | 42°0 | 391 | 35°5 56 of2180} 8108 | 28-0 | 241 Sr
29 027740] 2072 | 43°0 | 40°5 | 37°5 56 30) 21°60 | 8354 | 28-0 | 24°0 7°6
39 9/2745 2042 |43°0 | 41°0 | 38°6 57 O} 21°55 8416 [2775 | 23°5 4°9
31 0/27°50 | 1976 |43°8 | ars | 38°8 58 of21°50 | 8467 |27°0 | 23°0 4°6
31 30)27°50 1970 |44°0 | 42°1 | 39°8 59 0] 21°40 8499 |27°0 | 23°0 46
32 15)27°50 | 1958 | 43°5 | 42°r | 4I'o || 6 O oOf2r30 | 8714 | 26°5 | 23°0 61
32 30) 27°50 | 1930 | 44°0 | 42°5 | 40°7
SrventerntH Ascent.—January 12, 1864.
2 § ojgozro]) 42°O | 39°3 | 360 || 2 Ir 30/28-560/ 1436 | 4oro | 38-5 | 36:6
6 of. 3 Ra alee eemaisk || Si5°O 12 0/ 28-610] 1399 | 41°5 | 39°5 | 3771
NOs... & Aa Tel hive! 30d 12 30/ 28-871] 1148 | 41°5 39°5 | 37°L
8 0/29°356) .... | 41°5 | 39°0 | 35°9 13° 0} 28°713) 1336 | 41°0 | 39°5 | 377
8 30) 29°717/ 368 13 30) 28°593) 1733 | 41°5 | 39° 37°1
9 29'409] 655 |40°0 | 38:2 | 35°9 14 of 28°383) 1773) | 41°7 | 39°83 | 374
To 0/ 28°679| 1328 | 38°5 | 37°2 | 3574 15 cj) 28-313! 1787 |42°0 | gor | 37-7
TO 30/28°389| 1598 | 39°5 | 381 | 36°3 15 3c] 28°243) 1801 | 42°5 | 40°3 | 37-6
Tt 0/ 28469} 1518 | 39°7 | 38°3 | 364 16 c/ 28-163}. 1816 | 42°0.} 4or5 | 37°5
258 REPORT—1864.
Taste I. (continued.)—SrventeentH Ascent.—January 12 (continued).
Time of |Reading) Height Temp. | Temp. || Time of Reading) Height Temp. | Temp.
observa- pe iiase the ape. of the of the observa- Res sind the ar. of the of the
tion. | reduced level of Age Wet- | Dew- tion. | seduce level of | “4iy, Wet- | Dew-
PM. (15 39°F the sea. bulb. | point. PeM- |t9 99°F, the sea. bulb. | point.
hm s | in. feet. S = a hm s| in. feet. s = <
2 16 30] .... | (1860) |....| ---- | 39°0]] 3 6 of21944| 8346 | 26°5 | 23°7 10°2
17 0|28'073| 1903 |43'2 | 41°0 38°38 8 o]21°595| 8766 | 26:0 | 22°5 4°7
18 0}27°963| 2010 |44°0 | 431] 42°0 9 O}21°485) 8894 |25°5 22°6 72
Ig 0|27°763) 2204 |44°0 | 41°5 384 IO 0}21'296} 9104 |24°5 | 21°2 24
20 0/27°314| 2639 |44°0 | 412) 37°9 II 0|21'295| 9105 |23°0 | 19°5 |— 0°5
21 0}27°263| 2687 |44°0} 4I'1| 37°6 12 olairg7| 9217 |22°8
21 30) 27°213) 2735 |44°0 412} 37°9 13 O}21'099} 9327 | 21°5
23 0127573) 2775 |44°0 | 410) 37°5 14 O|2I*co1| 9437 | 20°5
23 45| -... | (2670) | ....] «+. 37°5 I5§ O|2I'00l| 9437
24 0|27°262| 2689 |44°2 | 41°0| 3773 I§ 30|20°951| 9500 |20°5 | I9°0 8-6
25 0|27°262} 2689 |44°5 | 41°0| 37°0 16 0}20°951] 9500 |20°5 | 17°5 |— 3°5
26 0/26'943| 3005 |44°5 | 408) 364 16 30) 20°951| 9500 |20°5 | 184 3°38
27 0| 26663) 3282 |43°5 | 39°5| 34°7 17 ©}20°921| 9536 |21°0 | 18°5 1°3
28 0 26266} 3675 |42°2 | 38%] 33°71 17 30|20'902] 9560 |21°0 | 187 2°9
28 30| 26119] 3821 | 41°5 | 362) 29°5 18 0}20°882] 9586 |21°0 | 18°5 1'4
go 0]25°890| 4044 |38°0 |} 33°5| 274 Ig 0|20°702| 9822 |20°0 | 18°5 78
31 0] 24°972| 500l | 362 33°1 | 28°5 20 o}20'402| 10017 |17°5 | 16:2 |+ 64
31 15] .... | (5200) | 360 | 32:2] 26°5 21 0} 207352] 10090 |17°2 | 15:0 |— 1°7
32 301247575] 5401 |34°2 | 31°5| 27°3 21 20|20°352] Ioogo + |17°2 | 15:0 |— 1°7
33 0}24°397| 5610 1332 | 31°5} 29°0 21 40|20°205| 10319 |16'2 | 141 |— 2°71
34 0} 24°088| 5924 |32°2 | 3II| 29°3 22 0}20°155| 10394 |15°9 | 13°83 |— 274
34. 30|23°880) 6144 | 31°5 30°5| 30°! 22 30|20°105| 10469 |15°5 | 13 |— 54
35 0/23°681| 6364 | 310 | «-.. 262 23 0|20°f0s5| 10469 |15°0 | 1370 |— 2°5
36 of23°601} 6453 |30°6 | 29°2 24 ©}|20°005| 10619 |14°0 | Il°o |—12°2
37. 01 23°531| 6516 |30°2 |} 3r°o| 11'S 25 ©}19°606) 11016 | 13°2 | 1zr |+ 52
37 30|23°282| 6802 |292 | 3o0°0| I'S 26 o|1g9'406| 11278 | 12°71 | 94 |— 2°8
39 0] 23'232) 6844 |29'2 | 3o'0 27 0|19°386| 11429 |11°5 | 92 |— 86
41 0} 23°403| 6678 | 30°0 | 30°0 27 30) 19°307| 11533 | III 92 |— 5°5
4I 30) 237433] 6650 |29°5 | 27°1 9°5 28 ol 19209] 11664 |11'2 | gt |— 72
43 0}23°385| 6692 |29°2 | 2771 29 0|19'209] 11664 |1I1 | 90 |— 73
BA! Ol paces (6790) | 29°4 29 30| 19160] 11708 |11'70 | 87 |— 7°4
45 0|23°187| 6885 30 30; 19110] 11761 | 110 | 87 |— 74
46 10)23°187| 6885 31 30| 1g'012| 11897 |11'0 | 83 |—12°7
47 0|23'087| 6984 |30°8 | 29°0 32 ol 1g'si2| 11774 |13°2 | 12°8 |+ 9°8
47 15| «.... | (7006) | 30°7 | 29°0 33 0} 19°313| 11528
47 30|23°037| 7029 34 0] 19°313| 11528 |14°5 | 13°8 83
48 0} 22"967| 7118 |30°7 | 27°8 35 ©} 19°433| 11353
49 0] 22°937| 7089 |31r | 29°0 35 30|19°663| T1071 |15°0 | 13°8 4°5
50 0} 22°738) 7277 1310 | 28°5 36 0) 19°714| 11007
Puasa Peceney Basse OHH mass Bc 4°5 36 30| 19°814| 10879
51 0) 22°608| 7448 |30°5 | 26°5 37 01 19°914| 10751 | 160 | 14°0 |— 14
52 0] 22488) 7602 |29'2 | 25°0 6°0 37 30|19°964| 10697 |16°0 | 152 |4+ 9:0
52 30|22°438| 7666 |2972 | 24°5 75 38 0}. 20°064| Io56r | 16°2 | 15°8 143
53 0|22°398| 7730 |28°5 | 24°0 6°7 38 15|20°265| 10289 | 16'2 | 16'0 14°5
54 0] 22°388) 7741 38 30|20°316| Io221 | 16-2 | 16°0 14°5
55 0|22°438| 7666 |29°2 | 2770] 19°3 39. 0|20°416| T0085 | 16:2 | 16°0 14°5
56 0227489) 7614 |29°2 | 27°71} 20°6 39 10| 20°466| 10017 | 16°2 | 16-0 14°5
57 0} 22°889) 7044 | 30°5 27°2| 17°6 39 20] 20°536| 9921 | 16°5 | 16°3 14°83
58 oj22°089| 8148 |30°5 | 2775; 18°8 39 30|20°836| 9516 | 168 | 16°5 14:3
59 0} 237039} 6768 39 45|20°916| 9408 |17°2 | I7°0 15°5 i=
3.0 of 22-439] 7666 |2971 | 25'1| 10°6 4O 0} 217016] 9273 | 18'0 | 18'0 180} |
I 0\22°439| 7666 {285 | 24°5 g°0 40 30} 21°065| 9316 | 18'0 | 180 180] —
2 0|22°293|) 7932 |27°2 | 23°12 4°2 41 o|21215| 9199 | 18°5 | 18°3 169]
3 0|22°143| 8086 |27°2 | 2371 4°2 41 15|21°265| 9156 ‘
4 0/22°043} 8189 |27°2 | 2375 6°5 AI 30|/21'415| 9026 |20°0 | 19°8 184}
5 of21°993| 8230 |27°0 | 23°5 74 41 4.5|21°515| 8939 | 21°0 | 20°5 17-r f
5 30) eevee | (8288) | oe aes 570 42 30|21°714| 8765 |21'0 | 20°5 171},
Tasie II. (continued.)—Srventeenta Ascent.—January 12 (continued).
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864.
259
oF ———— ee ee
Reading i ¥ .| Tem Tim
dimer | ote | ESE, | Tomp,| Temp | Temp || Time of
tion. - eed level of ate ©) Wet- Dew- tion.
PM. to 30° p,| the sea. bulb. | point. P.M.
hm _sé s/ in. feet. ° ° ° om. 1s
3 44 0/21'444) 8904 | 218 | 2175 | 19°6 || 3 56 15
44 30) 22°213! 7993 | 22°5 | 22°0 | 18°9 56 30
45 0/22°433/ 7732 |22°5 | 22°0 | 18-9 57 ©
47 0) 22°733/ 7447 |22°2 | 22°9 | 211 58 0
47 30/22°863] 7226 |24°0 | 24'0 | 24°0 59 ©
47 45/22°963| 7136 |24'2 | 2470 | 22°99 |] 4 0 0
48 0/23°113| 6967 -|24°5 | 24-4 | 23°9 © 30
49 023414] 6640 |25:2 | 25-1 | 24°6 Io
49 30)23°713| 6313 | 26:0 | 25°38 | 24°8 E-Ig
50 0/23°813) 6204 | 26:2 | 26:0 | 2571 I 30
50 30/23°962} 6040 | 26°5 | 26:0 | 23:7 2 0
51 0/24°062} 5932 | 26:9 | 26°38 | 26-4 2 30
51 30) 24°161) 5824 | 2770 | 268] 25:9 37. oO
52 0/24°311| 5670 |27°6 | 27°3 | 26:0 3 30
52 30/24°360| 5619 [281 | 27°9 | 27°1 4 0
53 9 24°509} 5465 | 285 | 28°3 | 27°6 5 0
53 30/24°588| 5384 |29'1 | 28°83 | 27°8 ETO)
54 0/24°687| 5284 |29'2 | 29:0 | 28-4 8 o
54 30|24°827) 5142 | 30°3 | 30°3 | 30°3 8 30
55 9 257306) 4636 {31:0 | 30°7 | 29°9 9 0
55 39 25°206) 4739 | 312 | 311 | 30°8 9 30
56 of 25°804) 4121
Readin
of the
Barom.
reduced
to 32°F,
ng
in.
Height
chat the ea
level of =
the sea, ;
feet. °
(4473) | 31°5
4224 | 32°2
3973 | 32°5
(3703) | 34°2
3433 | 3670
3384 | 36-2
3159
3091 |37°2
=e BIN (EAB
2821 | 38'0
245% | 38°5
2384 | 39°72
2096 | 39°8
1878 | 40°83
1807 |4I°o
1415 | 40°
1366 | 4o'o
1420 | 39°8
1324 |40°0
1514 | 40°4
ground | 41°8
Temp. | Temp
of the | of the
et- Dew-
bulb. | point
312 30°5
30°8 | 27°7
32°0 3 I’o
38°5 | 38°5
38°5 | 37°6
39°2 | 38°5
40°0 3 go
40°5 | 39°9
39°0 | 365
39°5 | 37°6
38°0 | 35°7
39°5 | 376
39°8 | 39°0
40°7 | 38°83
ec a BE dl Ed OE ek OS bee ia Bee 7 cle ee)
Eicutrnntu Ascent.—April 6, 1864.
a). i eg
40°204
307114)
30°14
30°094
29°875
29°604
29°2.74,
28-876
28°658
28°258
27°879
27°862
27° 564|
27-245
26°817
26°649
26°490
26°152
25°373
25°724)
Sey B
24°825
0) 24°296
dole sats «
©} 23°696
30/ 23°378
©} 23°001
0} 22°834
46°0
os | |47°0
S 3 46°0
S & | | 45°
45°7
45°5
320 1 45°5
557 |44°8
867 | 42°0
1219
1405 | 40°8
1749
2161 | 37°8
2170 | 36°5
2469 | 36-0
2775
599400 1-34°5 |
3362
S507 | 3351
3884 | 32°0
4260 | 33°0
4404 | 34°2
4873 | 36°0
5251 |36'0
5827 | 36:0
(6163) | -..
6800 | 34'2
6882 | 38-5
7281
7493 | 40°2
4371
442
42°5
42°5
42°0
415
38°7
37°2
3671
35°5
35°2
33°2
32°5
32°1
32°2
34-1
35°2
at 4
33°
aL
3 6 mf
39°6
40°8
38°5
38°5
37°9
37°7
34°6
32°6
33°8
34°0
3379)
310
32°0
3973
23°7
312
28°7
32°2
327
28°5
35°4
30°6
22°329
21898
21°678
21°487
21°276
20°676
20°17
19°976
20°026
20474,
20°373
| 20°972
21°271
21°967
22°676
22°744
22'864
22'564
22°514
22°864
22°981
23/309,
24-060
24.537
24°906
25°955
eeee
8083
8594
8854
gogo
9378
Io! 55
10805
11075
10987
(10730)
10470
IooIo
9895
9513
8642
7783
7696
(7610)
7524.
7869
7947
7553
fare
7036
6153
5536
5213
4163
(4049)
47°2
260
REPORT—1 864.
Taste II. (continued.)—Ercurrenta Ascrnt.—April 6 (continued).
Time of |Reading| eight Temp. | Temp. || Time of ~|®¢24iM€| Freight Temp. | Temp.
ober ms fie ae the eam of the of the A He Swe one the eee ofthe of the
tion. = ee q| levelof o cand Wet- | Dew- tion, fediond level of | ° eg Wet- | Dew-
P.M. to 32° F. the sea. bulb. | point. P.M. to 32° F. the sea. bulb. | point.
h m= 8} in. feet. o ° ° \h ms] in. feet. ° ° °
4 53 30) --++ | (3935) | -- ++ | 35° | § © 0)29°049) 106g | 41°5 | 38°6 | 34°9
54 026254) 3821 |4r'o | 380 | 34-2 I 0/29'099) 1024 | 41°8 | 38:7 | 34°8
54 3026654) 3405 | 410 | 37°1 | 32°2 2 029149} 979 |41°9 | 38°8 | 35°0
54 45|26°773| 3280 |40°4 | 36°83 | 32°2 3 0] 29°268 869 | 42°0 | 38°7 | 34°6
55 026953, 3071 |39°9 | 36°5 | 32°0 4 0/29°468| 725 |42°9 | 39°4 | 35°2
56 01277153) 2881 | 39% | 360 | 319 5 0297628) 545 |43°5 | 39°9 | 35°5
56 301277352] 2691 |39°5 | 3672 | 31°8 6 0/29°678| 497 |45°0 | 41-2 | 36°83
58 of28:250| 1836 | 39°38 | 37°71 | 33°6 7 0|29°748 ground f 45'8
59 0128670] 1437 |40°0 | 37°8 | 34°9 25 0)29°728) J 470 | 42°2 | 36°8
59 30/28°949, 1163 | 40°6 | 381 | 34°9
Nuyererntn Ascent.—June 13, 1864.
29°300| .«.- [6175 | 52°5 | 44°7 || 7 21 cl26°450] 3126 | 46'5 | 42°1 6 4
29°300] «.-. |61°8 | 51°7 | 43°1 22 026330] 3307 | -0.24 «=
7 © 10}29'250 317. |60°0 | 51°0 | 43°1 22 30|26°330] 3307 |47°2 | 44°1 40°9
© 20)29°130} 490 | 591 | 5o°r | 42°1 23 0/26°350| 3327 |47°2 | 44°1 | 40°9
© 30/28'920| 691 | 59°2 | Sor | 41°9 23 30/26°350| 3327 |47°2 | 44°0 | 41°0
I 0/ 28750 885 |591 | 50°0 | 41°9 25 0|26:240| 3407 | 48°0 | 44°71 | 39°8
I 30|28°470| 3155 | 58:2 | 50°2 | 43°0 || 26 0/26170) 3459 | 482 | 442 | 398
2 0|28°360) 1265 |57°2 | 48:2 | 4070 27 0 26°150| 3463 | 48°5 | 44° | 39°73
2 10/28'150| 1437 |56°8 | 48x | 44°1 27 30|26'060) 3536 |47°0 | 412 | 34°7
2 30|27°950| 1635 | 56:0 | 481 | 407 | 28 30; 26050; 3543 [47°71 | 411 | 344
2 45/27°900| 1685 1.5575 | 481 | 43°0 29 0} 26'05c/ 3543 |47°0 | 410 | 34°3
3.15|27°610} 1982 | 5471 | 46°5 | 3g°0 30 026050! 3543 |46'0 | 405 | 34°2
4 01277450] 2132 | 54:2 | 4771 | 4O°r 31 0| 26° le 3517 | 46:0 | 40°5 | 34°2
5 ©}27°300| 2282 |54°0 | 47°71 | 403 32.0 (3445) |--++] «+e | 3570
5 20|27°180] 2301 |54°5 | 471 | 41°6 || 32 30 26° 270 3409 |47°0 | 418 | 35°9
5 55|27°050| 2530 |52°2 | 461 | 39°9 32 45/26°350] 3349 | 482 | 43°0 | 37°3
6 0/26'950] 2630 | 5271 | 46"1 | 4o°o 33. 0|26'700| 3097 |49°0 | 44°2 | 39°0
6 30/26°800| 2780 | 5271 | 46:2 | 40°2 34 0|26°870| 2755 | 512 | 45°70 | 386
7 0/26°740| 2840 | 52°75 | 45°7 | 38°8 35 0126900) 2680 | 5r°l | 44°5 | 37°7
7 15|26°700| 2880 36 of 27'050| 2527 | 51°0 | 44°38 | 38:3
7 30|26°700| 2880 |52°0 | 45°5 | 38°9 36 30/27°050) 2527 | 51°F | 45°5 | 39°7
8 0}26°560) 3031 |51°5 | 45:0 | 39°8 37 30|26'940| 2740 | 50°5 | 45°0 | 39°4
9 0/27°650| 2937 |51'0 | 45°71 | 39°0 38 0o]26900] 2782 |50°2 | 45°0 | 39°5
10 0|27°750| 2630 38 Lo] ..-+ | (2790) | eeee | eee | 39°5
10 30)27°050] 2530 | 52°5 | 45°6 | 38°5 39 026850) 2834 | 49°5 | 44°2 | 38°5
Ir 0|27°055| 2520 |52°5 | 46:0 | 39°5 39 30) 26°830) 2854 | 50°2 | 45°0 | 39°5
II 30|27°Z00o} 2310 | 52°8 | 45°9 | 39°° 40 01267350] 2834 |51°0 | 45°1 | 39°0
I2 30|27°200] 2280 | 53°38 | 466 | 39°6 42 0|26°870| 2812 |51°8 | 45°7 | 39°5
13 0/27°150| 2327 | 52°8 | 460 | 39°2 43 026940) 2740 | 51°8 | 45°38 | 39°7
13 30/27°130] 2337 |51°5 | 45°2 | 38°8 44 0} ..+-| (2683) | 52°0 | 460 | 39°9
14 0f27°050| 2522 |51°0 | 45°0 | 38°8 45 0|27°050| 2625 | 51°9 | 46°0 | 4oro
14 30|26°950| 2604 |50°5 | 44°0 | 37°72 46 O} ...- | (2550) | +00} sone | 39°5
15 0/26°870| 2694 |50°2 | 44:2 | 37°8 .see | 27°200] 2470 | 52°0 | 46"r | 4orr
16 0} 26°700) 2854 |49°0 | 43°5 | 37°5 47 30|26'950) 2629 | 51°0 | 45°5 | 39°8 ©
16 30] 267560) 3004 ata Aa 5 leg se3 48 0/26°890| 2689 | 51°0 | 45°0 | 38°8
T7 1Gl wos Caos sy) SORT MAGES) 49 0|26°830| 2740 |51°5 | 45°2 | 38-4
17 30|26°470| 3106 47" 2 | 42°6 | 37°0 49 30]26°750| 2823 |51°8 | 45°0 | 38-2
18 10|26°300] 3276 |46°8 | 42°5 | 37°7 50 0|26°650| 2927 |51°5 | 46°0 | 404
18 40) 26°320| 3296 | 46'9 | 42°70 | 36°5 50 30| 267560] 3017 | 510 | 462 | 4r'2
TO | Close. WSs ele eidieii.\| 4053 51 0|26°550] 3027 |.-.-| ---- | 39°0
20 0/261%30) 3461 |46°6 | 421 | 37°0 52 0} 267530] 3053 | 49°2 | 43°0 | 363
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 261
TasE II. (continued.)\—Ninerernts Ascent.—June 13 (continucd.)
< Readin . a Readin .
Time of 8| Height T .| Temp. || Time of &| Height Temp.| Temp.
obserya- ne ae pee the eae of ine of the observa- a exe ee the pe of the of the
tion need level of iis ©! Wet- Dew- tion. _ Gaced level of aie Wet- | Dew-
PM. |t9 30°F, the sea. bulb. | point. P.M. lig 309 F, the sea. bulb. | point.
hm s| in. feet. A = 5 h m_ s|/ in. feet. ° ° 5
7 52 30 26°830) 2753 | 49°0 | 434 | 37°3 || 8 © of27°850) 1276 | 53°5 | 50°0 | 46°6
53 © 26950} 2613 |49°0 | 4g°o | 38°6 2 0} 28°350 1238 | 53°5 | 50°0 | 46°6
54 0 27°200) 2363 | 50°5 | 460 | 4173 14 o/29°'49c; (Bl | 53°3 | 49°! | 44°9
55 277450; 2003 | 51°7 | 47°6 | 4374 T5 9} 29°5¢0 és 54°0 | 50:0 | 461
§6 0/27°650/ 1923 | 53°0 | 50°0 | 47°0
§8 0/27°770| 1807 | 53:2 | S5o°0 | 46°38
Twentiern Ascent,—June 20, 1864.
66:0 | Goro | 55x 6 39 oOj27'110] 2890 | 54'0 | 52°0 | 50°0
66°5 | 59°5 | 53°9 39 30} 27°06c} 2940 | 54°0 | 51°7 | 49°5
w
oO
6 10 0/29°880
on the
ground
AES
17 0} 29°860 65°0 | 60°0 | 55°9 | 40 O}27°C1O] 2990 |53°9 |] 51°5 | 49°2
17 30] 29°560 51r | 650 | 58°0 | 52°3 || . 40 30/27°01C] 2990. | 54°0 | 51°5 | 49°2
18 Cc} 29'280 FZ, J\O32 alee e 51°9 41 c}/26'95c} 3050 5470 | 51°5 | 49°71
18 20] 29°010/ 1022 42 0] 26880] 3320 |54°0 | 51°5 | 49°17
18 30) 28-95} 1082 | 6271 | 561 | so°9 43 c}26°780) 3237 |540 | 51°5 | 49°72
Sarat eee | 60°9 | 55°5 | 50°8 44 0 26°470) 3549 | 53°5 | 52°0 | 50°5
19 c¢ 28° 560 1462 | 60°5 55° Oo | 50°2 45 0} 26°360) 3669 | 53:0 | 50°5 | 480
19 30 (1582)! |... 2). 48°1 45 3°) 26270] 3758 | 5272 | 49°5 | 46°7
20 oO 28: 230 1702 | 582 5act Te |esara: 46 0} 26'260] 3768 | 51°0 | soro | 49°0
20 30/28°010} 2006 | 58-2 | 5471 | 50°4 47 ©| 26270] 3759 |51°5 | 50°0 | 48°5
21 0/27°910/ 2106 | 582 | 54'0 | 50°2 48 0} 26'020] 4013 | 50°7 | 49°8 | 48°8
21 30/27°340) 2236 | 58:2 | 53°71 | 48-4 49 ©O}25*910] 4123 | 50°2 | 49:2 | 48x
22 0/27°360) 2696 | 55°5 | 52°0 | 48-6 49 30/25°810] 4230 | 50°0 | 492 | 4873
23° 0/27°270; 2786 | 54°5 | 51:0 | 47°6 50 0f25°780| 4271 |49°2 | 49°2 | 49°2
24. 0/26°960! 3086 | 54°0 | 51°0 | 481 50 30) 25°780] 4271 |49°2 | 49°2 | 49°2
24 30/ 26810! 3214 | 540 | 51°0 | 48-1 51 0}25°780) 4271 | 492 | 49°2 | 49°2
25 O} «++ | (3375) | 5370 | 50°6 | 48:0 52 0 a5; 770| 4280 49" 5 4970 | 48°5
26 0/26°340) 3696 | 52:0 | 50°0 | 48-0 52 30 (4255) Bape EAT" 5
27 0/26110| 3978 | 5275 | 502 | 47°9 53. «0 25° 810 4230 49° 5 482 | 46°38
27 30/26°050) 4038 | 52:2 | so-2 | 48:2 53 30|25°810] 4230 |49°5 | 481 | 46°6
28 0]26010! 4068 | 5177 | 502 | 48-7 54 ©|25°860! 4180 |49°5 | 481 | 46°6
28 10)/25°970] 4082 | 51°2 | ag'7 | 48-1 54 30/25°910] 4130 |49°2 | 481 | 46°83
28 30/25°950| 4102 | 512 | 49°7 | 481 54 45]25°910] 4130 | 49°3 | 481 | 46°8
29 9) 257950) 4102 | 512 | 49°2 | 47°1 55 3c|26°070] 4080 | 49°5 | 481 | 46°6
39 0/25°930/ 94122 | 51'2 | 49°5 | 47°7 56 0} 26560) 3390 | 512 | 49°5 | 47°7
3° 30}25°970} 4082 | 512 | 49°5 | 47°7 57 9} 26680) 3360 | 51°5 | 50°0 | 48°5
31 of 26-040) 4oo6 | 5172 | 492 | 4771 57 30} 26840] 3187 | 52°0 | 51°5 | §51°0
32 0/26'190/ 3841 | 51°2 | 49:2 | 471 58 of27°270| 2696 |57°5 | 53:2 | 49°3
33 0/26°770/ 3242 | 52°0 | so‘o | 48:0 59 0/27°280] 2688 | 58:0 | 54°8 | 52°0
34 0/26°810) 3202 | 52:2 | 50°5 | 488 || 7 0 0 27°560 2493 | 580 | 55°0 | 52°3
35 O}27°010) 3002 | 52°38 | sox | 47°2 I of 28'oro] 2088 | 59°3 | 54°8 | 510
35 15|27°160| 2840 2 0©|28°780| 1388 |604 |] 56:2 | 52°6
36 0) 27'260} 2740 | 53°5 | 5172 489 3. 0/2896c} 061 | 618 | 57°5 | 53°9
36 30) 27°260) 2740 | 53°5 | 51°5 49°5 G6: aOlmoers o sl etehs
37 0}27°260! 2740 | 54°0 | 52°0 | soto 25 0|29°580 g / 64°6 | 58°5 | 53°4
37 30/27°260/ 2740 | 54:0 | 521 | sora 30 ¢/29°780|) £ [) 640 | 582 | 53°9
38 0)27°180) 2820 | 53:9 | 51-2 48°5
262 REPORT—1864,
Tasre II, (continued),—TwEnty-rrrst Ascrent.—June 27, 1864,
Time of |Reading Height Temp. | Temp. Ti g | Reading) Height Temp. | Temp,
observa, Fens aac ety Or the: of the of the dimers pt ee ware the tone of the of the
tion. eae d level of ae Wet- | Dew- tion. reduced| level of ir, | Wet- rei
P.M. |t9 390p,| the sea. bulb. | point. PM. |i) 390 p,| the sea. bulb, | point.
hm = s| in. feet. D - > hm sj] in. feet. ° ° °
6 3r ojay'75 |) BZ [l6sx | 55°5 | 4g | 7 15 0] 25°88 | 4086 | 44-2 | grrx | 37°5
33 0} 29°75 5 }| S40 | 56+ | 4974 16 0) 25°91 | 413 | 43°1 | 40°5 | 37°4
33 30| 29°75 E> Lb} 63°0 | 54°0 | 46-4 17 0\25°91 | 413 |43°0 | goro | 364
34 0} 29°67 432 |61°5 | 52°0 | 43°7 | 18 0}26'00 | gogo | 43°0 | 40°5 | 3774
34 30) 29°64 484. |62°0 | 52°t | 43°6 18 30| 26°06 3985 |43°1 | 40°5 | 374
34. 45) 29°61 514 |6o7r | 512 | 43°4 Ig 0} 26°11 3845
35 9) 29°51 610 | 6o°r | 51°3 | 43°5 19 20)26'25 | 3795 |43°1 | 40°5 | 37°4
35 50/29°38 | 719 | 59°5 | 51°2 | 43°9 || 19 40/2626 | 3790 |43°9 | 4r°0 | 37°6
37. ol 29°21 865 | 58:5 | 502 | 428 20 0/2637 | 3680 | 44°0 | 42°0 | 39°6
37 30) 29°08 972 | 58:0 | Soto | 42°8 20 30) 26°41 3640 | 441 | 41°9 | 39°3
38 0} 28°98 To54 |57°8 | 50°0 | 43°0 20 45| 26°41 3640 | 44°2 | 42°1 | 39°6
39 0} 28°88 1138 =| 57°2 | 49°5 | 42°5 21 0} 26°46 3590
40 oj 28°81 1188 | 57°2 | 50:0 | 43°4 22 0] 26°51 3511 |44°8 | 42°1 | 38°38
42 0) 28°56 | 1493 | 568 | 50°0 | 43°8 22 15) 26°54 | 3487 |44°5 | 43°r | 41°3
42 30|/28°55 | 1497 | 56°5 | 50°a | 440 22 30) 26°57 | 3453 |43°2 | gar | 40°8
43 0/28°55 | 1497 | 562 | 49°3 | 43°8 24 01 26°57 | 3453 | 45°2 | .42°5 | 39°4
47 0} 29°18 891 | 57°0 | §1°0 | 45°5 25 0/2661 | 3423 | 45°9 | 43°0 | 41°7
48 0} 29°24 840 | 572 | 51°5 | 4673 26 0} 26°71 3322 1472
48 30) 29°35 75° |57°8 | 519 | 467 || 26 30/2673 | 3302 |47°2 | 4g'o | 41°5
49 0) 29°36 747 | 57°99 | 52°0 | 46°7 27 0/26°76 | 3277 |47°5 | 45°0 | 42°2
49 10] 29°40 717 28 0/2635 | 3187 |47°5 | 44°2 | 42°4
49 20] 29°38 714 | 58°0 | 51°5 | 43°8 29 0/2686 | 3197 |47°8 | 44°2 | 40°2
49 39) 29°37 713 (57°38 | 512 | 45°3 30 0/2690 | 3119 | 47°5 | 43°7 | 39°4
50 oO} 29°24. 841 | 57°5 | 50°9 | 45°2 31 0} 26°81 3209 |47°2 | 42°r | 364
50 30| 29°17 903 32 012661 | 3415 |47°0 | 422 | 36°8
51 30] «-.. | (980) | 57:2 | 50's | 44r5 33 0/2640 | 3527 |47°0 | q22 | 368
52 O}29°05 | 019 |57°0 | 50°3 | 44-2 34 0/26°44 | 3561 | 46°5 | g2°1 | 37°1
530 28°74 | 1309 | 562 | 50°0 | 448 || 35 012606 | 3907 |43°0 | 4173 | 39°2
54 30/2845 | 31589 |55°5 | 489 | 43-7 35 30)25°86 | grgx | 42°8 | 4r’5 | 4o"2
54 45/2841 | 1621 | 552 | 48:9 | 42-9 36 0/25°78 | 4270 | 43°0 | 42°0 | 40°8
56 0 28°38 | 1660 | 55:2 | 48-2 41°5 37 0125°61 | 4467 |43°0 | 42°0 | 40°8
56 30) 28°37 | 1670 | 549 | 48-2 | 43-2 38 9/2541 | 4661 | 43-7 | 41°5 | 338
59 30] 28°81 1188 | 55°0 | 49°2 | 43°6 39 0125°36 | 4716 |43°0 | 413 | 39°2
7 X 29°06 | 950 | 55°2 | 49°2 | 43°4 || 39 3025-28 | 4796 | 441 | 4or2 | 35°6
30| 28°98 1004, | 56°0 | 49°5 | 43°4 40 0/2518 | 4898 |42'9 | 412 | 397%
0} 28°86 1134 | 55°9 | 49°0 | 42°5 41 0/2518 | 4898 | 42°8 | gro | 38°38
30] 28°64) 1370 |55°2 | 492 | 434 || ga 30/25°18 | 4898 | 42:2 | 40°75 | 38°4
0} 28°56 | 1460 | 35°0 | 48-5 | 42-2 42 0/25°26 | 4816 |41'9 | 39°38 | 37°1
30) 28°51 | 1514 | 54°5 | 48°0 | 4r-7 42 30/25°28 | 4796 | 42°2 | 39°9 | 37°0
I
I
2
2
3
3
4 of 2845 1578 |54°0 | 47°8 | 41-7 42 45| 25°36 4722 |41°9 | 38°5 | 34°3
4 30/2831 | 3714 | 5372 | 46°38 | 40-4 43 9/2538 | 4799 |41°2 | 38°5 | 351
5 0} 28°05 | 1979 |52°7 | 461 | 39°6 44 925745 | 4597 |41°2 | 38°5 | 35°72
5
6
6
7
8
9
9
30} 28°00 | 2026 | 52:2 | 46:1 | 399 44 3°/25°45 | 4597 |40°2 | 37°38 | 34°7
9] 27°97 | 2057 | 52'2 | 461 | 39°9 45 0125738 | 4699 | 402 | 37°8 | 34°7
: . 0} 25°36 | 4692 |40'2 | 37°83 | 34°7
30 27°41 | 2603 | 50°5 | 45" | 4o°3 48 02545 | 4597 |40°9 | 38°2 | 34°7
: : j ©}25°55 | 4492 |40°9 | 382 | 34°7
Oo} 27°08 2941 |49°6 | 45°0 | gorr 49 20] 25°57 4471 |410 | 38°2 | 34°7
30| 27°00 | 302% | 49°2 | 45°2 | 4or9 49 30125°57 | 4471 | 410 | 382 | 34°7
Io 0/2691 | 3111 |49°5 | 45°2 | 40°6 50 0]25°68 | 4357 |41°0 | 382 | 34°7
IO 30/ 26°81 | 3202 |4975 | 45x | 40°4 5I O}259r | 4115 | 412 | 38°5 | 35°F
TO 45/ 26°56 | 3454 |48°4 | 43°5 | 38:2 52 30} 26°06 | 3958 | 42°0 | 38°2 | 33°5
II 30/2617 | 3831 |46°5 | ga-r | 37-1 53 30] 26°06 | 3958 |42°0 | 389 | 35°0
12 o/2611 | 3871 | 46:2 | gaz | 3774 53 45|26°06 | 3958 | 419 | 39°° | 3574
13 0/2601 | 3965 | 45" | 42°71 | 37°7 54 0) 26°06 | 3958 | 41'9 | 39°2 | 35°9
14 02596 | 4017 |45°5 | gar | 38:2 54 30|26°08 | 3936 |4179 | 39°0 | 35°4
ee
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AnD 1864. 263
Tasre II. (continwed).-—Twenty-rirst Ascunt.—June 27 (continued).
Reading
Time of [Reading Height Temp.| Temp. || Time of Height Temp. | Temp.
observa- A the above the apt of the | of the || observa- gee above the Ee ais of the | of the
tion. Papedl level of ase Wet- | Dew- tion. rariGe i level of TAGE Wet- | Dew-
P.M. ee 30° F the sea, * | bulb, | point, PM. |t9 39° F, the sea, “| bulb. | point.
hm = s| in. feet. a hm i s feet. ° °
° ° in. °
7 55 30} 2606 | 3958 | 419 | 39°0 | 354 || 8 35 30/27°88 | 2168 | 47°8 | 44r2 | 4orn
56 0/2606 | 3958 | 41°5 | 39°5 | 37°70 36 0/27°84 | 2208 |47°9 | 44°0 | 39°7
56 30] 26°08 | 3936 |41°5 | 39°0 | 36'9 36 30/27°78 | 2268 |47°3 | 44*o | 39°8
58: 0126736 | 3637 |41°9 | 39°5 | 36°6 37. 0/27°76 | 2288 |47°6 | gato | 4o°0
58 30/2641 | 3588 |42°0 | 39°2 | 35-7 37 30|27°68 | 2322 |47°6 | gagc2 | 404
59 0/2645 | 3547 |41°9 | 39°8 | 3772 38 0/27°66 | 2337 | 472 | 43°9 | 402
0} 26°48 | 3604 |41°9 | 39°38 | 3771 38 15}27°64 | 2348 |47°2 | 43°9 | 40°2
30) 26°55 | 3450 |42°1 | 39°8 | 36:9 38 30/27°64 | 2348 |47°2 | 44°0 | 404
0} 26°66 | 3343 | 42°1 | 4oro | 37-4 39 27°66 | 2337 |47'2 | 43°7 | 39°8
30| 26°76 | 3244 | 42°5 | 40° | 37°0 39 30)27°66 | 2337 |47°2 | 43°5 | 39°3
30] 26°86 | 3144 | 42°5 | 40's | 38-0 39 45/2766 | 2337 |47°2 | 43°5 | 39°3
0} 26°96 | 3044 | 42°5 | 40°5 | 38°0 || 40 0) 27°81 2187 |47°0 | 43°5 | 39°5
30] 27°01 2994 |43°9 | 41'0 | 38°6 41 0} 27°86 2136 |47°0 | 43°6 | 39°7
0| 27°26 | 2744 |43°5 | gro | 380 4I 30/2791 | 2086 |47°O | 43°7 | 39°9
0}27°31 | 2694 |44°0 | 415 | 38°5 42 0/27°94 | 2056 |47°3 | 43°9 | 402
O| 27°41 2594 |445 | 42°0 | 3970 42 30] 28-01 1986 | 47°2 43°99 | 40°2
ro)
°o
27°56 | 2440 |44°9 | 42°0 | 38°6 43 0/2816] 1836 |47°0 | 44°0 | 40°6
27°58 | 2409 |44°9 | 42:0 | 38°6 43. 30) 28°21 1786 |47°2 | 4475 | 41°4
30] 27°46 2529 145°O | 422 | 38'9 44. 09) 28°28 1716 |47°5 | 457 | 43°4
9 39)27°06 | 2929 | 45° | 42°3 | 38°9 44 30/28°28 | 31716 |47°8 | 44-8 | 414
Io 0/26°76 | 3229 |44°8 | 42-5 | 38:8 45 0} 28°35 | 1668 |482 | gars | 404
II 0/2666 | 3329 |44°8 | 42:0 | 387 |} 45 30/2836 | 1678 |48°5 | 4s-2 | 41°6
14 0/2651 | 3479 |43°9 | 41°5 | 38°6 46 0/2841 | 1628 |48°7 | 451 | 412
15 0/2641 | 3579 |43°5 | 41°0 | 38°0 47 0/2842 | 1618 |48°9 | a5 | 41°8
35 30/2641 | 3579 |43°5 | 410 | 38°0 48 oOo} .... | (1478) |49°1
16 0/2641 | 3579 | 43°3 | 410 | 3373 50 0) 28°84 | 1198 [49° | 455 | 41°7
17 0/2656 | 3444 |43°1 | 4ors | 3774 51 0/2891 | 114 |49'0 | 44-2 | 3970
18 0} 26°66 3349 |43°° | gor | 38°6 51 30) 28-91 1114 | 49'0 | 4470 | 38°6
19 026-71 | 3288 |43°1 | 4075 | 37°4 52 0/2898 | 1030 |49'0 | 43°9 | 38°4
20 0/ 26°76 3236 1432 | gos | 37°3 52 30] 29°06 944 |49°O | 43°5 | 37°5
27°01 | 2978 | 43°5'| go°8 | 37°6 53 29°06 | 944 | 49'0 | 43°2 | 369
27°01 | 2978 |43°5 | ars | 39°2 54 0) 29°21 779 |49°° | 43°5 | 37°5
27°01 | 2978 | 43°5 | ar2 | 384 54 15/2921 | 770 |49'0 | 44ro | 38°6
27°11 | 2878 |43°8 | ar2 | 3871 54 30) 29°26 662 |49'0 | 4470 | 38°6
27°16 | 2828 |44'0 | arts | 38°5 55 9} 29°23 698 |48°8 | 43°8 | 3873
27°16 | 2828 |44°0 | 42'0 | 39°6 55 30/2916 | 772 | 489 | 43°5 | 37°8
27°26 | 2720 |44°2 | 42°0 | 39°4 56 0) 29°06 890 | 48°9 | 43°5 | 37°8
27°27 | 2710 |44°5 | 42'2 | 394 56 30) 28-91 949 |48°6 | 43:2 | 37°3
27°56 | 2434 1452 | 43°2 | 40°9 57 0) 28°66 | 1245 | 48°8 | g2°8 | 36-2
27°66 | 2337 |45°0 | 43°0 | 40°7 57 30) 28°56 | 1363 | 48°5 | 42°3 | 3575
27 30/27°71 | 2289 |45°9 | 43°0 | 39°7 58 ofa84r | 1540 |47°9 | 422 | 35°9
28 0/27°76 | 2241 | 46°0 | 43°9 | 41°5 58 30) 28°31 | 1658 |47°0 | qz°o | 3674
28 20/27°78 | 2221 | 4670 | 4375 | 40°6 59 0/2826 | 31717 1465 | 418 | 364
28 30/27°81 | 2199 | 462 | ago | 41°5 59 30/2816 | 1843 |46°0 | 406 | 34°4
29 927796 | 2151 | 462 | ago | 45 || 9 0 15) 27°36 | 2651 | 472 | 410 | 341
29 30)28°0r | 2003 |47°0 | g4tz | 4o'8 0] 27°06 | 2954 |47°5 | 42°2 | 363
29 45/28°06 | 1955 |47°0 | garr | 40°8 30|26°78 | 3244 |46°5 | 42°7 | 384
30 0/2808 | 1937 |47°2 | agra | 4o°8 0} 26°81 | 3214 146-7 | 42°5 | 37°7
“30 15) 28°08 | 1937 |47°1 | 44:2 | 409 0) 26°31 | 3517 | 469 | airs | 35°5
30 30/2815 | 910 |47°5 | 44:2 | 40°5 30]26°06 | 3964 |46:0 | 4rr2 | 35°7
3I 0] 28°18 1831 |47°5 | 44°2 | 40°5 O}25°91 | 4019 |44°8 | gor5 | 3575
32 0] 28°18 1831 147°7 | 44°7 | 414 0} 25°78 | 4166 | 44°5
“32 30/2816 | 1884 |47°9 | 44°6 | 4o'9 0} 25'06 | 4956
32 45/2816 | 1884 | 48-0 | a4r5 | 4o°6 0] 24°66 | 5396
33 0] 28°11 1936 |48'2 | 44'7 | 40°8 0} 24°06 | 6168
33 39) 28°06 | 1988 | 48:2 | 44-9 | 412 3° 0/2996 | ground | 465 | 45:2 | 43°8
34. 9 27°95 | 2098 |47°8 | 44*5 | 40°8
nv
fo)
uo
nN
N
w
ooooo0o0 0 0Mm0
0 ONDA PWW DH Hw
264: REPORT—1864.
Taste IT. (continued).—Twenty-srconp Ascrnt.—August 29, 1864.
Time of |Reading Height emp. | Temp. || Time of pene i Temp. | Temp.
observa- yaa above the He i, of the of tie iene a se the pet of the of the
tion. Pear level of Air, | Wet- Dew- tion. reduced Jevel of ‘Aine Wet- | Dew-
P.M. to 32° F, the sea. bulb. point. P.M. to 32° F. the sea. bulb. | point.
h m_ s| in feet. ° 3 ° h m_ s|] in. feet. ° ° °
4 6 0} 29°64 | ground | 72°5 | 57°0 | 45°4 || 4 42 0] 18°34 | 13675 | 34°2 | 33°5
te BO 29654: 444 |72°0 | 57° | 45°7 46 0/17°94 | 14293 | 35°2 | 3170 25°3
7 30) 29°26 769 |712 | 57°2 | 467 47 © 17°94 | 14293 | 35°2 | 30°7 235
8 0/2849 | 1484 |71°0 | 56:0 | 45°2 47 30) 17°92 | 14317 |35°5 | 30°5 | 22°8
8 30] 28°10 1883 | 64°2 | 55°5 | 45°6 48 30/17°84 | 14415 |33°2 | 312 27°0
9 9 27°54 | 2433 | 64°5 | 53°0 | 43°6 49 0/17°74 | 14581 | 33°2 | 3170 | 27°0
IO o| 26°84 3166 |62°2 | sro | 414 49 3°117°74 | 14581 | 34'2 | 30°9 25°1
10 30/ 26°59 | 3427 | 61°0 | 49°5 | 39°5 52 01 17°89 | 14330 | 33° | 30°5 25'5
II 0) 26°34 | 3632 | 6o0°5 | 48°5 | 38-0 52 30/1792 | 14281 | 33°0 | 30°70 24°0
II 30) 26°09 | 3837 |58°5 | 47°2 | 37% 53 ©} 17°94 | 14248 | 32°3 | 281 | 18°9
12 0/25°79 | 4412 |562 | 46-2 | 36-9 54 3c) 18°04 | 14086 | 32°0 | 261 | 22°5
13 0] 25°80 | 4404 | 55°0.| 460 | 37°74 RCH uel are Se Bo tire || sed 30
14) O25 AO 4|\agole. elus2eselts-O. | gEIns 56 0] 18:04 | 14086 | 29°5 | 22°0 |— 2°4
15 0) 25°44 | 4635 | 532 | 471 | 410 57 ¢|t8oy | 13991 | 28°5 | 2271 |— 1°6
16 6/2536 | 4730 | 54°2 | 49°2 | 44°3 58 30/1814 | 13895 | 29°90 | 2270 |— 374
17 0| 25°29 4808 | 54°3 | 49°2 | 44°2 59 0] 18°26 | 13730 | 30°0-| 23°71 |+4+ 14
17 30| 25°06 5066 | 54°2 | 48°5 | 42°9 || 5 © of 18:29 | 13688 | 310 | 22°5 |— 4
18 0/ 24°86 | 5289 | 54:2 | 48°5 | 42°9 I 30/18°74 | 13016 |30°0 | 22°0 |= 3°2
19 0] 24°53 5664 |54°2 | 51:0 | 47°9 | 3 0} 18°84 | 12866 |31°0 | 22°7 |-4+ o4
20 0 24°44 | 5767 | 54°2 | 482 | 42°3 7 0)20°64 | 9943 |34°0 | 28°9 oie
23 39] 23°79 6513 | 51°2 | 4570 | 38°6 7 3°|20°79 | 9868 | 34°2 | 29°0 19°9
24 0| 23°49 6858 | 51°2 | 4570 | 38°6 9 2°05 | 9740 | 36°2 | 30°2 21°2
25 0} 23°24 7158 | 512 | agar | 37°1 II oj} 21°42 9268 | 362 | 30°5 22°0
26 0} 22°96 | 7496 | 51°0 | 42°5 | 33°6 II 30) 21°52 | 9143 | 37°2 | 30°5 31!
26 30} 22°89 | 7578 | 50°2 | 40°5 | 30°2 I2 0)21'65 | 8981 |37°8 | 30°9 31°7
27 0|22°54 | 7994 |48°9 | 389 | 2871 14 0/22°34 | 8146 |41°2 | 32°0 20°5
28 30) 22°34 $224 | 45°0 | 37°2 | 2871 14 30] 22°69 7726 |41°5 | 31'°8 19°7
28 45/2214 | 8454 |44°2 | 37°71 | 28°7 15 0|22°74 | 7666 | 4170 | 31°8 20°2
29 0)22°04 | 8568 | 43°2 | 36°5 | 28°5 16 0}23°00 | 7352 |42°5 | 32°0 19°2
29 30] 21°92 8719 |43°2 | 3670 | 27°4 17° 0| 23°29 7018 | 44°2 | 33°5 20°9
30 30] 21°44 9322 |42°0 | 362 | 29°0 17 30] 23°69 6558 |45°5 | 382 29°6
3I 0] 21°34 | g610 -|41°2 | 3670 | 29°5 18 0/2418 | 5996 |47°0 | 42°8 381
32 0] 20°59 | 10575 |41°2 | 36°0 | 2975 Ig 0/25°26 | 4815 |49°5 | 46°2 43°0
32 30) 20°46 | 10744 | 40°5 | 35°0 | 28:0 20 0}25'49 | 4550 | 51°2 | 48°12 44°9
33 0/2036 | 10875 | 40'2 | 34°8 | 27°8 21 012570 | 4326 | 5275 | 48:1 | 4376
34 9/19°94 | 141 | 36'0 | 28'5 | 16°7 22 0/2614 | 3857 | 53°5 | 49°5 | 45°°
36 of 19°64 | 11813 | 35°5 | 26:2 | 12°71 23 0/2674 | 3225 | 54°2 | 4g°1 44°1
Zo) POO ‘OV set 2ZO60n 8 4402 1280.) arr 25 0/2674 | 3238 | 582 | 49°5 416
39 0} 18°94 | 12773 | 32°8 | 2772 | 16:0 | 26 | 28°c6 1902
39 30) 18°82 | 12944 | 32°38 | 26:2 | 13°70 || 27 0/2854 | 1417 | 64:0 | 55°0 47°5|
39 45| 18°84 | 12924 | 33°2 | 25°5 | I0°0 / 32 0 ground | 69°0 | 57°2 47°9|
In every ascent a second thermometer has be
29°36
A used to check the accuracy
of the readings of the dry thermometer, and the truthfulness of the tempera-
tures shown by it; in some of the ascents a delicate blackened bulb thermo-
meter was placed near to the place of the dry-bulb thermometer, fully ex-
posed to the sun in cloudless skies, or to the sky at all times: the readings of
this instrument were nearly identical with those of the dry-bulb thermometer
in clouded states of the sky, and thus acted as an additional check. At all
times one or the other, or both Regnault’s and Daniell’s hygrometer, have been
used sufficiently often at all heights to show whether the wet-bulb thermo-
meter was in proper action, and to check the results given by the use of the
dry- and wet-bulb thermometers on the reduction of the observations.
Tn all cases the readings of the dry-bulb thermometer for the temperature
of the air and the temperature of the dew-point, as found from the dry- and
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864, 265
wet-bulb thermometer, have been adopted, without combination with similar
results otherwise derived, excepting only when thé wet-bulb failed to act
either at times when the temperature of the air had just descended below the
freezing-point, or just ascended above it, and when I have had occasion to
apply water to the wet-bulb at such times the dew-point as found from
- either Daniecll’s or Regnault’s hygrometer has been used.
§ 5. Variation or TemPERATORE or THE Arr wiTH HeEIcut.
Every reading of temperature in the preceding Tables, or the means of
small groups of readings when observations have been taken in quick succes-
sion, at about the same altitude, was laid down on a diagram; all these
points were joined, and a curved line was drawn passing through or near
them, giving an equal weight to every point, and such that the area of the
spaces between the original and adopted lines on one side of the adopted line
was equal to that of the spaces on the other side of the line. The curves
thus formed, for the most part, in the previous experiments have shown a
gradual decrease of temperature with increase of elevation, and a gradual in-
crease of temperature with decrease of elevation; but this was not the case
this year, and I have not been able to adopt any curves for January 12 and
April 6.
On the other days of experiments, a curve of assumed normal temperature
has been adopted, and by comparison between the results as read from this
curve, and the observations at the same elevations, the places and amount of
disturbances are shown in the following Tables.
The numbers in the first column show the height in feet, beginning at the
ground and increasing upwards ; the numbers in the second column show the
interval of time in ascending to the highest point; the notes in the third column
show the circumstances of the observations; the numbers in the fourth and
fifth columns the observations and the approximate normal temperatures of the
air; and those in the next column the difference between the two preceding
columns, or the most probable effect of the presence of cloud or mist on the
temperature, or of other disturbing causes in operation.
The next group of columns is arranged similarly for the descent, and the
other groups for succeeding ascents and descents.
266 dl REPORT—1864,
Taste III.—Showing the Temperature of the Air, as read off the curve
drawn through the observed temperatures, and as read off the curve of
most probable normal temperature, called adopted temperature, and the
calculated amount of disturbance from the assumed law of decrease of
temperature.
Fourrerenta Ascent.
Temperature of the Air,
1863. TN :
3 Ascending. | Descending.
Height, in feet,
above the mean | Caleu- |! preg
level of the sea. |Between! _.. Ob- lated |/Between|_.- Ob- ate!
what | CtcuM-|" served eres effect of || what prea? served Send effect of
times, | St@nces. temp. | ‘°™P: |disturb-|| times, | St@2¢es- temp. * | disturb-
ance. | ance.
August 31. gan +) 4 5 Cirri if $ 3
8000 shining.| 34°09 | 33°9 |-+ O'1 higher. | 34°° | 34" aS)
8 Very i ; = = 38°0 a5°6 + pas
7900 Bg, SK | 34°71 35°. |. 05 || 2S 38°3. | 372 J+ 3
a~™ | cloud 295) 38° 383 |+ o1
™ O | near us. Aad 9
6000 © oi meee ag Or egerl 2 - O79 et
5000 SO | very | 42°38 | 495 J+ 131] GS ; F
M : ; ell 2 n basin 3 ; .
4000 SS | cold. | 45°2 | 44°6 |+ 0°6)) 3 cc ofclouds.| 475 | 479) |4-.0'5
ee) : a
3000 a s 475 | 476 |— o1 % | Justin! 43:2 | 43°5 |— 03
2008 Above | 51°3 | 50°7 [+ 0°6 Scatae ; F 3
1000 cloud. | 54°9 | 53°99 |+ 10 oficlouns 46°3 “6a oP
Enter- above. | 49°9 | 49°4 |— 04
ing into + : .
ground. wie 64°0 | 64°0 fovfe) sia,
gee tu
2.000 Sug 50°0 3B g In | 50°2 | 50°2 o'0
1000 Bane ae oleh roar || B Bp 9 ROEE Le 61°01 58 Eee eta
ground. pep leaped hah ee) ss cs me | 53's | 53@ |— o-4
August 31,—The decrease of temperature within the first 200 feet of the
earth in this ascent is very remarkable, no such rapid decrease having been
found in any other ascent: on the ground the temperature was 64°, and by
the time 200 feet was reached a decrease of 8° had taken place, the tempera-
ture at 200 feet being 56°: from this height, up to 1200 feet, there was but
little change ; and above this the temperature decreased from 2° to 33° in each
succeeding 1000 feet, till 7000 feet were passed, when the balloon entered a
relatively warm current of air.
On descending, but little change of temperature was experienced in passing
downwards from 7000 to 5500 feet; then there was an increase of 22° in
passing from 5000 feet to 4000 feet, and 1°-7 from 4000 feet to 3000 feet ;
the temperature then gradually increased to 49° at 1000 feet; at 860 feet it
was 49°-8, and on descending to nearly 800 feet it was 503°; on reascending
to 1000 feet it increased to 51°, but decreased to 50° at 2000 feet. The
balloon then turned to descend, the temperature increasing to 51° on passing
downwards to 1000 feet, the same temperature as in the last ascension, and
to 533° on the ground.
er
1863.
Height, in feet,
above the mean
level of the sea. |Between Gipcunae Ob-
Sept. 29.
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
gooo
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
ground.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864, 267
Tasie III, (continued.)
Firreenta Ascent,
Temperature of the Air.
Ascending. Descending.
Cale Caleu-
late Between| ,- Ob- lated
E Adopted Circum- Adopted
dimes. |°"9€25+ temp | tM |itseurh:| chee, |stanees-| fene | temp. |Ststurh:
ance: ance.
io} ° °o fo} ° °
10 25 es mat 16 1°6 oe
See ee eS la shining| 4°8 | 4°8 oro
shining.| _7°5 72 |+ 03 brightly. 775 74 |+ ol
° 14°5 | 1o°5 [+ 4°0 = 1572 | 110 |4+ 4°2
A No sun-| 1499} 13°5 [+ 14) 2 17:72 | 14:2 |+ 3:0
2) Clouds ; B
. . - . . 1 .
s mee, 169 | 164 |+ o5 % 20°O | 17°93 |+ 2°7
” A faint) 204. | 19° | 2|| % 22°9 | 20°5 |-4+ 24
“O\. lense | 2302 | 2272 | 12 % 2570 | 2374 |4+ 1°6
i} clouds | 26°0 | 25:0 |+ 1°o ae 28'2 | 26°3 |4 1'9
oe aboveus.| 29°70 | 28'r |-+ o'9) © El 311 | 29°5 |+ 16
ah Clouds oy
a soe 322 | 310 |+ m1 S 33°2 | 32°6 |+ 06
g below. 3
3 35°6 | 34°72 |+ 174 rs) Bois. |) Sa07, o"o
i 37°38 | 372 |+ 06) B 38°7 | 386 |4+ o1
ae 41'°8 | 4072 |+ 1°6 41°5 |°4274 |— o9
faint, | 45°° | 43°3 [+ 17 47° | 46°83 |+ 02
Misty all 45°5 46°5 |— 1'o . ° c!
round. 480 | 49°99 |— 1°9 * B :
September 29.—On leaving the earth the temperature decreased from 48°
on the ground to 453° at 1000 feet, and to 1° at 16,000 feet ; a warm current
haying been met with between 12,000 and 13,500 feet. On descending a warm
current was passed extending from 14,000 feet to 9000 feet, and afterwards
the temperature increased constantly with decrease of elevation till the
ground was reached,
268 REPORT—1864.
TasxE IIT. (continued.)
SrxTrentH ASCENT.
Temperature of the Air.
1863.
3 Ascending. Descending.
Height, in feet,
above aa mean Caleu- Calcu-
level of the sea. | Between! _. Ob- lated ||Between|_- Ob- lated
what |CiTCUM-) coved pata effect of || what Crew served pipet effect of
times. | Stances. temp. P+ | disturb-|| times. ‘| temp. P- | disturb-
ance. ance.
October 9. s A ‘ i‘ A j 5
7.000 S|! clear | 31° | 30°4 |+ 0°6 30°7 | 30°7 o"o
6 a 6 : +9 ||"s Clear : : i
000 o &) sky. | 31 215) Si O59) ae Pai INN) ai oo
5000 Spa 35°O | 350 | o'0|/ "BP ny | 33°6 | 33°6 oro
ayeile ese Mist 39°8 | 38°6 |+ 1-2 3°36 35:89) 35°09) or
3000 Fa ‘col land | 42°2 | 42°2 oro], S 5 39° | 3774 |+ 1°6
2000 SET 46°38 | 45°8 |+ 1°o g
1000 + 49°8 | 5o°0 |— or2|/F
ground. 54°5 | 546 |— on
“s
al
3000 41'0 zs eves || gages 40°5
2000 a3 ++ [hs 3) Athin | 43°5
5 Ss mist.
8000 3 28°5 | 285 fohze) as
7000 oe. 29°8 | 30°3 |— o'5 = }
6000 gis, 32°38 | 32°99 |— o1 i 5
5000 & or 35'S 35° o°0 a
= . AR. aay .
400 FASnE-| suaten| 38° | 384 |— 04 Ee
afoels a ldryness.| 42°2 | 41°2 | 10 Bo
2000 cra) 44°38 | 43°8 |+ 10) 2s.
|
October 9.—The temperature before starting from the ground on this day
was 545°, decreasing gradually on ascending till the height of 7300 feet was
reached, where it was 30°; the balloon then turned to descend, and the tem-
perature increased gradually to 42° at 2300 feet. On reascending the tem-
perature was found to be 393° at 3600 feet ; it increased to 45° on descending
to 1500 feet, and on again ascending declined to 28° at 7200 feet; the decline
of temperature after this was very slight, but it became too dark to read the
instruments, so that no observations were made either at the highest point
reached, or during the descent to the earth.
There were neither warm nor cold currents met with on this day.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 269
Tasre IIT. (continued.)
SEVENTEENTH ASCENT.
Temperature of the Air.
1864. :
+ Ascending. Descending.
Height, in feet,
Cag ae mean Calcu- ey
level of the sea. | Between| ,. Ob- lated ||Between! ,.- Ob- late
what pears] served Adopted effect of | what wane served e ve effect of
times. | *°°°S*| temp. * | disturb-| times. “| temp. P+ | disturb-
ance. ance.
January 12. Fine a 3 reg’ 4 i v
11000 owe naar thin, | 23°6
10000 : 189 Clouds | 26°6
Misty. a above
coo 23°6 3 and | 20°0
7 A 3 5 below
8000 £, | Colder | 28°0 “z | Snow. | 22:9
® |current.) — os Near
7ooo a 30°8 ] cloud 24°9
mh Very C
6000 8g 32°8 te misty. | 29°O
5000 &, | Cloudy. 3674 = 30°0
4000 Es 38°2 os 33°0
3000 S| Cloud. | 44-8 » | Misty. | 36°8
E Calm “
cal and a) :
2000 ie tages 5 39°1
sense, ke
1000 Sensibly 391 :
ground. ae anaes Misty. | 41-8
Erentrente Ascent.
April 6.
11c00 6 36°5 390
19000 E | Sun | 35°0 og 44°3
9000 4 warm, 34°4 iP 4s Very 46°2
& | 8 warm. 3
8000 i 39°0 46°2
7000 3 Blue | 38°7 + 46°0
6coo + sky. | 35% os ee 43°9
5000 £ 360 a cloud 43°0
4000 ° Fog. (133° ¢ 41°8
30co z _|wetting.| 33°6 nw 39°7
. sem + Below
2000 + ing : e .
| clouds, an sS cloud. 39°7
is) misty. =}
a ¢ ?
FA 4V'7 407
Very | :
misty. | 45°5 45°8
January 12.—The temperature of the air before starting was 413°; it de-
ereased very slowly till 1300 feet was reached, a warm current was Pihea met
with, and at 3000 feet the temperature was nearly 45°, being 31° higher than
on the ground, and for a space of 3000 feet in height the “temperature was
higher than on the earth; it then gradually declined to 11° at 11,500 feet,
and remained at about this degree till the highest point was reached ; on de-
scending it gradually increased with decrease of elevation, till on reaching
the ground at 4"10™ it was 41°-8. The results on this day are so remark-
able that no adopted temperature has been attempted.
April 6.—This ascent is remarkable for the small decrease of temperature
with increase of elevation. The temperature of the air was 452° on leaving
270 REPORT—1864.
the earth, zt did not decline at all till after 300 feet had been passed, after
which it decreased pretty gradually to 33° when 4300 feet was reached; a
warm current was then: entered, and the temperature increased till 7500 feet
was attained, being of the same temperature as has been experienced at
1500 feet high, viz. 40°, then decreased to 34° at 8800 feet, and then in-
creased slowly to 364° at 11,000 feet, a temperature which had been ex-
perienced at the height of 2170 feet in ascending.
On descending the temperature increased about 5° in the first 1000 feet ;
remained at about that temperature till within 7000 feet of the earth, then
gradually decreased to 40° at 3000 feet, remained at about this point till
1500 feet of the earth, and then increased to nearly 46° on the ground, The
observed temperatures on this day are so remarkable that no adopted tem-
peratures have been made.
Taste III. (continued.)
NINETEENTH ASCENT.
36 Temperature of the Air.
1864.
Ascending. Descending.
Height, in feet,
aaa fe mean Caleu- Caleu-
evel of the sea. Between). b- lated ||/Between|,- Ob- lated
what [sence served apentel effect of || what Pere’ served aes effect of
times. ‘| temp. P- | disturb-|| times. | 5“ *|. temp. P- | disturb-
ance, ance.
June 1 3: 2 g om ° ° ° ° ° °
3000 ey Ea BL ied BRS o'o Clear.) 514 | 51°5 | —ovr
2000 Sa Z 542 | 54°5 | —9°3
1000 Pe ee a
ground. ar (S) 61°8 61°5 +0°3
3000 48'r | 481 oro 49°6 | 494 | +o2
co
3000 51°0 | 51°0 feptey da 49°0 | 49°2 | —o'2
2000 Fo a 517 | 519 | —o'2
1000 ~ 3g S42» |) Sade =
ground. 5S 54°0 | 54°0 rohte)
June 13.—The temperature of the air on the ground before starting was
62°, declining with increase of elevation till 3000 feet was reached, where
it was 513°; on descending ‘the temperature was found to be 54° at 2300
feet; the balloon then reascended, the temperature declining gradually to
3100 feet, then began to increase, being 483° at 3450 feet, but declined to
47° by passing upwards to 3540 feet ; on again descending it increased evenly
till at 2700 feet, it being there 51°, and remained about the same for 200 feet >
on reascending the temperature scarcely differed from 51° till 3000 feet was
gained, when a sudden decrease of 2° occurred in 35 feet; then began our
final descent, the temperature remaining the same for 400 feet, then increased
to 513° by 2000 feet, and to 53°-2 at 1800 feet, below which there was scarcely
any change till the earth was reached.
This fact of no change in the temperature of the air within 1800 feet of the
earth at the time of sunset was very remarkable, for it indicated that if such
be a law, the law of decrease of temperature with increase of elevation may
be reversed at night for some distance from the earth,
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 271
Tasxe III. (continued.)
TWENTIETH ASCENT.
Temperature of the Air,
1864. Ascending. " Descendin g.
Height, in feet, Caleu- Ree
above the mean |Between| ,. Ob- lated | Between/,,. Ob- ate
1 of th 2 Cireum Adopted h Cireum- d Adopted fect of |’
level ofthe sea | what fotances| = temp. (ecto | WRAE eancen | Gated |tem. [fect of
ance, ance.
June 20. | , 3 : ° ° S 7 4 ° 18
n oa) n I’2 I'l ol
4000 Se eS 524 | 514 | +10 = i Eee 5
3000 © oy rie 54°0 | 54°0 oo || “% F | Out of | 529 | 53°9 | —1°0
8 = | cloulds coe cloud.
2000 ae 581 | 58x ool] B
1000 ~ | Misty. | 62°4 | 62°4 o"0
ground. 665 | 66°6 | +orx
el 1 In ; :
4000 | e 8 clouds sank 514 —0'8 i A | cloud. | 49°9 | 5° pai
3000 B48 540") 53°9 | F021 ES benace| SFP | 545 | — 4
a 09. ne 8 an see
2000 ame Do | the | 61x | 59°38 | +23
oO 5 e& | earth. t
1000 S | Misty. | 62°0 | 62°38 | —o'8
ground. Bos 64°6 | 64:7 | —o'71
Twenty-First AscENT.
June 27 3% g a Very
5000 a a 42°3 | 41'7 | +0°6|| SS | misty. | 42°3 | 41°7 | +0°6
4000 pe] 43°% | 43°7 O70 || w 5 41°6 | 416 foe)
gooo fay | Su" | 494 | 482 | +12|| ‘ae 42°7 | agro | —1°3
2000 a4 524 | 522 | +or2/| oF 47°90 | 47°74 | —o'4|:
L000 5 > | misty. | 56°7 | 569 | —o2|| B 5 48°9 | 48:9 o'0 |:
ground, | & = 63:0 | 67°51 Ss
4000 Paar 45°09 | 44°8 | +02
3000 goa 46°38 | 46°8 o’o
2000 oH, 46'7 | 47°6 | +o'9
1000 co ral 48°5 | 48°5 oo
ground, © 9 a
June 20.—The temperature of the air on the ground before starting was
663°, which declined very gradually to 4100 feet, where it was 51°. On
descending it increased gradually till 2700 feet was reached, it then being
54°. On ascending to 4200 feet, the temperature fell to 493°. On de-
scending for the last time, it increased to 61° at 2000 feet, and to 643°
on the ground: this was about one hour before sunset, showing in the last
2000 feet an increase of temperature of 3°, thus showing that the usual
law holds good to this time, but apparently with far less energy, as on
ascending the decrease of temperature in the same space was three times as
large, or 9°. .
June 27—On this occasion the temperature was 63° on the ground,
gradually decreasing to 1000 feet, where it was nearly 57°, then declined 13° in
200 feet, then gradually to 2600 feet, when a comparatively warmer current
was met with, the temperature declining only 14° in the following 900 feet,
272 REPORT— 1864.
decreased more rapidly in the next 600 feet, and remained nearly stationary
during the following 900 feet, it being at 5000 feet rather more than 42°,
On descending it slightly declined in the first 300 fect, then increased slowly
till 2000 feet, after which it was nearly stationary till within 400 feet of the
earth, where it was 49°.
On reascending it declined very slowly till 4000 fect was attained, it being
then 46°, after which it became too dark to read the thermometers; this was
a matter of great regret, for the balloon passed above 6000 feet ; the tempera-
ture was found to be 463° on the ground.
Tas iE IIT. (continued.)
TWENTY-sECOND ASCENT.
Temperature of the Air.
1864.
Ascending. Descending.
Bete in feet, Calcu- | pei
above the mean |Between| ,.- Ob- lated | Between] ,.- Ob- ate
level of the es. | ‘what |stancen| S004 |"emp. Beef | WBE | tanenn| seed "tomy est of
ance. | ance,
August 29. ° ° ° | ° ° °
15000 g 33°09 | 32°99 | +o7r 33°0 | 32°99 | or
14000 =f 34°8 | 33°38 | +1°0]]| 29°0 | 3371 | —4°1
13000 % 33°0 | 35°3 | —2°3|| § 30°7 | 33°7 | —3°0
12000 o 3555 | BOS alo reg ns 319 | 343 | —2°4
11000 ce : 39°72 | 38°5 | +0'7]| x a | 3277 | 349 | —22
10000 + ey 4r'o | 41'0 oo}| & = 33°38 | 36°38 | —3°0
= am F = 8 2 °,
gooo + out | 4271} 434 | = o'7 1 |, A 37S ge neem
8000 2 3 48:0 | 4670 | +2°0]/ 9 st || 42, oiaqnez oro
7000 2 = Sir | 48°38 | +2°3 | § = 44°3 | 4470 | +03
6000 a 5 Soa [58°F *| A157 wn 2, 469 | 47°0 | —o'1
5000 & O | 544 | 54°38 | —o4] | | 4g'o | Sor | —1'7
4000 2 5055 | pee | — os, & 5 3 4537 ee ay.
3000 = 62°8 | 61°8 | +1°0 58°5 | 5774 | +41
2000 = 674 | 65:3 | +16|| © 61°8 | 61°0. | +08
1000 2 71'0 | 70'°o | +10] B 65°5 | 6570 | +0°5
ground. 72°5 | 7493 | —1'8]| 69°0 | 69:0 oo
August 29.—On the ground the temperature of the air was 723°; on as-
cending several warm and cold currents were passed through; the tempera-
ture was 33° on reaching the highest point, viz. 15,000 feet ; on descending
the increase of temperature to 14,000 feet was as much as 4°, having en-
tered a cold current which continued till 9000 feet was passed; from 8000
fect the increase of temperature was very regular, and continued so till the
earth was reached.
vies
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 273
It is very clear from the numbers in the following Table, that they differ
very much from those in previous years, and that they cannot be combined, or
all used in deducing general laws. The ascent on August 31 was made in
the evening with a partially clear sky, and the results are somewhat abnormal.
Some of the numbers in January 12 and April 6 are affected by + signs,
circumstances never before met with; on June 13, at sunset, no difference was
found within 2000 feet of the earth ; and those of June 20, made a little before
sunset, and those of June 27, made a little before and after sunset, all seem
to differ from the general laws as found by experiments made when the sun
is situated at a good altitude.
The only experiments this year which can be combined with previous re-
sults are those of September 29 with a cloudy sky, those of October 9 and
August 29, mostly with clear skies.
It is certain from the numbers in this Table that there are at times, in the
higher regions of the earth’s atmosphere, spaces subjected to great cold,’and
others to considerable heat; and from the notes made at the time of passing
through clouds, that there exist some clouds of very low temperature, and
some, as those of January 12, of high temperature.
The presence of such either cold or hot currents passing over the country
must play an important part in all our meteorological phenomena, and must
exert a great influence upon our climate. ,
The numbers in columns 24 and 26 show the mean results from the experi-
ments of the year, the former when the sky was cloudy, September 29, and
the latter when clear or mostly clear, on October 9 and August 29.
The numbers in column 25 show the number of experiments upon which
each result in column 24 is based; at heights up to 5000 feet these vary from
13 to 22, at 6000 feet and 7000 feet to 5 and 7, and to heights exceeding
7000 feet to 4, these having been made on two days only, viz. June 26 and
September 29, 1863, on which days the balloon was frequently enveloped in
fog and clouds to the height of 3 and 4 miles.
The numbers in column 32 show the total number of experiments upon
which the numbers in column 31 are based ; they vary from 7 to 17 up to the
height of 23,000 feet, and there can be but little doubt that the numbers in
column 31 are very nearly true, and approximate closely to the general law.
Above 24,000 feet the number of experiments are too few to speak confi-
dently upon them, but they are in accordance with the series below this ele-
vation.
The numbers in column 28 show the decrease of temperature at each 1000
feet increase of elevation with a cloudy sky, they differ from those in column
31, showing the decrease for the same space with a clear sky, the former being
smaller, the latter up to the usual height of the cloud plane, and are nearly
alike above that plane, but the observations of cloudy skies at heights exceed-
ing 5000 and 6000 feet, are too few to place great confidence in them.
In forming the last six columns of the following Table, no use has been
made of the observations taken on July 17, 1862, August 31, 1863, J anuary
12, April 6, June 13, 20, and 27 of the year 1864, ‘The results on all those
days are abnormal ; I defer studying the results on these days till I can com-
pare them with some confidence with the general laws, which may be found
to hold good at times of the year at which they were made ; their study then
will be profitable, and probably fruitful in yielding valuable results.
The numbers in column 30 show the average increase of elevation at every
1000 feet for a decrease of 1° with a cloudy sky; from these we see that
up to 1000 feet the average space is 223, the space for each 1000 feet in-
creasing, till at 22,000 feet it requires more than 1000 feet for a change of
1° of temperature.
1864. T
274 REPORT—1864.
Taste [VY.—Showing the decrease of Temperature
August 31, 1863. Ree ae October 9, 1863. ae Mi April 6, 1864. June 18
Height above State of the Sky.
the level of the
nese [Ee td rou lsu
ft. Clear| below | yyice || Cloudy. Clear. Misty. Cloudy. Clear.
above, | 3000 ft.
» | £ |] & | ol #] eo] F] of so] Pl] 2] BY ol 2
Fl4ai}4|a\4)4/s/4] 6/2) 4] 24| ss
Ee 8 8 3/838] 8! 3 # | sil gs 8 g| 3
3 Sd oe si gi-3} 38) 28] 8/8 87 #7 8) am
From | To 3 Aa Fa 2ial4ial< 4ajall 4 a 2/aA
ft. ft. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° o °
28000|29000] ... ae mn ie Rr cal | hecicte (cciol O Fe ey | ees
27000|28000| .«.- wi mee ROSE A eeeeee| Dee «es oe hoc! |i owe
26000|27000| ... tae oy eepelbysewennd| Peeel d! Sen Webs Ay resepailfesbull omeaetdl. amas tem oem
25000|26000}] ... ees Fa Sepa devel Iibcet. 4,988. | Bas Soria Reree Wade an
24000|25000| «+s ene Soc Ssottlrecsjilasenul) seaigl acne || eester lteeell ineete fee {fees | eal
23000 | 24000 eee see abe see see wee one eee eee oes one eee see eee
22000|23000| ... wae as Fee He VSM ICTSEE EA SeRMCY eS CHIP Wek CRN eee |e lake eee iteew | eam
21000|22000] ... es bis ood llewwet Hl 8S Yorvne i Fetcdlley esene aep [ihtamereligveneiall eee [rom
20000] 21000] «.s. : . Pe err eR Steal bce | [Gere : a
Ig000]20000] ... “a Ve : eee : Baoan kes nae soe oom
18000|Ig000] ... see Ae Remalianet || tote |lreadun Tacs PP els fc | ia eee ‘ot | om
17000|18000] ... ats bas RGA ides Tos ot Woke faien Jaa} abe Hee wee coe | oom
16000/1I7000} .. tee mei pe pc oe cee [eee |] one oo
15000] 16000} ... 2:8 | 372 a lls sem cee oes eee oat
14000 | 15000 2°g| 2°6 se | eee «| eee «| oe .
13000 | 14000 2 Nak . ve lf” see | eee 4 : oes
12000] 13000] - ... at 3°0| 3°2 ry Pat ars ae ah soe
IIl000|1I2000} ... 2°9| 3°1 sbeill ieee spell fe wall] Glens oe ood
I0000|II000} 4... A = 2°83} 3°2 sein par 4°83) g4:o||—1°5 | 5°3
g000|Io000} ... ae a 2°9| 2°9 “A Ss 4°7| 3°4||-0°6| I°9
8000] gooo] ... nee see 2°9} 2°9 coe | aoe 4°4|2°9|/4+4°6| oro oes
7000} 8000} 1°3 1°6 3°01] 3°2]] .. | oe | 18H} 2°78} 2:0] 073 |—o'2 |! ...
6000} 7000} 29 1°6 eee || 29] 3°r |] 24] To] 2°6 |} 2:0] 4°t|]—3°2 |—2°E | wee | aoe
5000] 6000} 2°4 1°6 we 3:2] 3°1}] 2°5| 19] 2°76} 3°6 | 3°0\|+0°5 |—0'9 |) wae | oe
4000] 5000] 3°1 22, 3°0| 2°9 || 3°6| 2°3] 2°9]} 1°38) 3°8)|—30]/—1°2 11 . *
3000] 4000} 3°0 2°5 3°0| 3°g || 3°6] ... | 2:8 ]4-6°6 | 2°3/|-+-0°6 |—271]/ ...
2000] 3000] 3°1 2°83 aoe 3°] 4°4|] 3°60] o. | 2°6]—1°O| oe 3°99} OO}] 3:0] 2
1000| 2000] 3°2 1 1°3 || 3°2| 5°70 |] 4°] vee —4'7 |... |] 4°2/+2°0]] 4:0] 2%
©} Loco] gt rc : 3°4| sri] 4°61] ... « T274.]...]] 3°38 /+47 |] 370] o
As
on
oo
~J
ies)
We}
_—
S
i
ae
io
bo
—
jes)
_
No, of Col, ity 2, a.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 275
_ in every 1000 feet of elevation up to 29,000 feet.
General Means (omitting July 17, 1862,
i June 20, 1864. June 27, 1864, |/Aug. 29, Mean, Aug. 31, 1863, Jan. 12, April 6, June 13,
; 1864. 20, 27, 1864).
a te BN ee
i State of the Sky.
ee as ee BO aE De ciey Be
g = Cloudy. Clear.
Partially Clear. || Clear. § 2
Hi (2
Ey a. ’ vy
: a : A : FA S 8 Space S | Spae
o| © a ee fell ele 5 5S ‘S | Passed "S 9 | passed
ee 3 3 3 420 |eP llics! ae te 5 ee] fora 58| fora
: 5 5 e s (EE /8 |/2 I. 1s gq |2 9 | decline j | 2 | decline
ge) 3 si 8) 2 (22/8 /2/2 |e /8] glee] ome |) 2] Ee | ore
4/84 Al =| 8 l4}4lais lz lela | s jag B28
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° feet. ° feet
Prayer | Wei : Meta sé ahd oak 5 o8} 1 | 1250
s “ : sacil) fone ase Ooi xr | TTT
; - Peet | Fay a I‘o| 1 | 1000
: * Bee || Wrsae : 1"0/ I | Iooo
F oe oop pee . Tf, 2" |" 909
. A weet | foal ack BEL iol eae |e ize
40 - o8} 2 I250 || r°o| 4 | Iooo
. 3 68!) saqdE250 |] rn) 7 | ort
Pe TEs B20 BOLD it aie |) 183g
ave “ -{1 O9] 21 gog |] 13} 7 | 77%
* F eee coo ll I°4] 21 775 || 1°5| 71] 666
ey dee: | seal] em wes |] 0°39) |) tes 7 iN | el Ws Fh 588
+0 see [cee feos} eee ff 12] 2 1 833 || r°9] 7] 526
oa seo} oo 13°C] Zi...) ZI] az 4 477 2°2 9 455
set |] see | eee | eee 1 O"Q/ 0°21] 2°8) 2 /lors] 2/1 2°0/ 4] soo |] 1°7 9 588
see |] see | cere | eos |] 1°5) 076) 3°4) 2 |) reo] 2]] ag] 4 435 || 2°0| 11 500
see |] eee | nee | oo [| 175] 076 3°) 2)) Lo] 2} 22!) 4] 455 || 22] rr | 455
see | ese || 2°O/ O°!) 3-0] 2/1 1-3] 2]! 2:2 4} 455 || 293] 11 | 435
Sodas se | os 2) Bongo] zi 2°of 2) 22) 4 lage ll 261 ag | 385
ree |] see | see Jove 1 2°4) gil arg) 2 |/2°2) 211 22) 41 455 || 24] 121 417
see J see | soe | one [1 2°6] 275] 2¢9] 2 |] 2°96} ail a2] 4 455 || 2°5| 12 | 400
tee |] see | eee | one |] 2°8) 2°8i geal 2 Il arg] 3 |] ang AM T4AI7-\| 2:7) 2 371
=: sre | ee 1 2°9] 3°OH] gro} 2 |) 2°3) 5 || 2-7] gs 371 || 2°5/ 15 | 4or
tie erst sais cee 2 271 5 32) cal ars | abl x7 | 485
se 20 On ee 13°21 363-0) 2 I gal 5H 3°3| 23 303 |] 2°99] 12 | 345
4°3|| 4°0 |-+2°4 | 2°0!/ 3°7| 3°71] 3-4] 2 3°5] -4|| 3°4] 20 | 295 |] 3°3] 12 | 304
5°3|| 40] 174} 0°8) 40} 3°6]| 38] 2 3°5| 4]| 3°7| 22 271 || 3°8| 11 264
370] 47 | 25 | 09) 42) gro 473) 2 || art] 3] 3°6| ax | 278 | 4:7] 9 | 233
B9|| 19] 02) --- {1 4°3) 4°0]] 4°3]. 2 4-3} 3 4:5| 17 | 223 || 6:2| 9.| x62
18. 19. 20. 21. 22, 93. 24, 25, 26. BT 28,298 US0P ar ali32. 183.
tT 2
276 REPORT—1864.
In the last column of Table IV. the same results are shown for clear, or
nearly clear skies, and they show that a change of 1° takes place for an average
increase of 162 feet ; this space gradually increasing to 1000 feet at 23, 000
feet.
By comparing the numbers in columns 30 and 33 together, the different
spaces required to be passed through for a decline of 1° of temperature in the
two states of the sky will be readily seen: up to 23,000 feet it is necessary
to pass through a much larger change of elevation with a cloudy sky for a
decline of 1° of temperature than with a clear sky.
Crovpy Sxy.
By adding together successively the numbers in column 28, we shall find
the whole decrease of temperature from the earth to the different elevations ;
the results with a cloudy sky are as follows :—
feet feet feet.
From 0 to 1,000 the decrease was 4 5, or 1° on the average of 223
2,000 Pr 8: he oe 247
ef, 3,000 re 11:8 2 255 .
hs 4,000 Pr 15-2 sy 263
Ss 5,000 . 18:5 4 271
A 6,000 3 21-7 > HT
7 7,000 os 24-4 ‘5 287
3 8,000 Si 26°8 z 299
5 9,000 x 29-0 i 311
Pe 10,000 5 31:2 ‘5 321
sf 11,000 > 33°4 35 329
eS 12,000 > 35:6 35 337
55 13,000 as 37:8 - 344
a 14,000 5 40-1 ‘3 349
a 15,000 if 42-1 o> 356
ep 16,000 Al 44-2 ay 362
a 17,000 3 45-4 5 375
55 18,000 = 46:7 Bae ies 386
5 19,000 - 48°1 - 395
ms 20,000 HE 49-0 i. 409
35 21,000 Pe: 50-1 35 419
3 22,000 55 50:9 " 432
5 23, 000 51:7 op 445
These results, showing the tithe decrease of temperature of the air from
the earth up to 23,000 fect, differ very considerably from those with a clear
sky, to be spoken of presently, The numbers in the last column show the
average increment of height for a decline of 1°, as found by using the tempe-
ratures of the extremities of the column above. To 1000 feet high the average
is 1° in 223 feet, increasing gradually to 1° in 445 feet at 23,000 feet.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AnD 1864. 277
Crear Sry.
By adding together the numbers in column 31 in the same way the
following results are found: —
feet.
feet feet °
From 0 to 1,000 the decrease was 6:2, or 1° on the average of 162
r 2,000 : 10-9 p 184
" 3,000 3 14:7 <5 204
ie 4,000 - 18-0 w 223
sn 5,000 c 20-9 i" 239
“ 6,000 . 23-5 - 256
- 7,000 i? 26-0 +; 271
‘ 8,000 ¢ 28-7 y 279
e 9,000 is 31-2 i‘ 289
Fes, 10,000 F. 33-6 a 298
os | 11,000 ., 35°6 i 309
» 12,000 4 37-9 tj 317
» 13,000 i, 40-1 " 324
» 14,000 s 42-1 tf 333
» 15,000 ‘ 43-8 4 343
» 16,000 is 46-0 i 348
en 17,000 i 47-9 =i 355
» 18,000 o 49-6 ¥ 363
» 19,000 . 51-1 : 372
» 20,000 t 52-4 fi 382
» 21,000 : 53°6 if 392
» 22,000 4 54-7 is 405
» 23,000 : 557 A 413
» 24,000 if 57-0 « - 422
«25,000 is 58-1 a» 431
» 26,000 ‘ 59-1 « 441
» 27,000 ; 60-1 . 449
» 28,000 * 61-0 % 459
» 29,000 i 61:8 . 469
» 80,000 A 62:3 is 482
These results, showing the whole decrease of temperature from the ground
to 30,000 feet, differ greatly, as just mentioned, from those with a cloudy sky.
The numbers in the last column, showing the average increase of height for
a decline of 1° of temperature from the ground to that elevation, are all smaller
than those with a cloudy sky at the same elevation. Lach result is based
upon at least seven experiments, taken at different times of the year, and up
to this height considerable confidence may be placed in the results ; they show
that a change takes place in the first 1000 feet of 1° on an average of 162
feet, increasing to about 300 feet at 10,000 feet ; in the year 1862 this space
of 300 feet was at 14,000 feet high, and in 1863 at 12,000 feet high, there-
fore the changes of temperature have been less in 1863 than those in 1862, and
also less in 1864 than in 1863; but the experiments have all been taken at
different times of the year.
Without exception the fall of 1° has always taken place in the smallest
space when near the earth. To determine this space, and also the law of de-
crease near the earth, all the observations-of temperature of the air up to 5000
feet were laid down on large diagrams, and a line was made to pass through
them, giving equal weight to every observation; the result at every 200 feet
was then read out, and in this way the next series of Tables were formed.
278 REPORT—1864,
Taste V.—Showing the Mean Temperature of the Air at every 200 feet up
to 5000 feet.—FourtEnntH ASCENT.
Temperature of the Air.
7883 Ascending. Descending,
Beene in feet,
above the mean Caleu- Calcu-
level of the sea. | Between] ,.- Ob- lated ||Between/q: Ob- lated
Circum- Adopted Circum- Adopted
dimes, (stanees.| fern | temp. |ercrb: | imes. [800% fenmp, | €™P lai ccurb.
ance. ance.
August 3r- ° ° ° ) °
5000 428 | girs | +173 In basin) 33°9 | 38°8 | --orr
4800 43'2 | 42°2 | +1°0 of 392 | 391 | +orx
4600 43°6 | 42°9 Ee! —— 39°6 | 39°6 o"0
4400 Ve 45°1 | 434 o'7 etting| 4o°r | 40°% [ohfe)
4200 ed 452 | 44:0} +172 eo 40°7 | 40°6 | +o'r
4000 % 45°2 | 44°6 | +0°6 a Fane Gal 4r5 ard Hos
3800 Gs 452 | 45°2 he. g cloud. | 441) 415 | —O'4
3600 Ms 46°3 | 45°83] +0'5|| & |inwhitel 42°19 | 42°0 | +o7
34.00 O: 47°90 | 464 | +06 > | mist. | 4294 | 42°5 | —ocr
3200 a 474 oe +04 7 a ne 43°0 ae
: : a. cade a) eee
set |S loeemnml 175 | 450] oo mines | me
wD, on our 477 ae 5 B above, 3 : 3
2600 ae} level. | 507 | 48°8 | +1°9 on ila ee a 447 | +o71
2400 F eR? SO AO tees =) 451 45% ya
2200 ns 5019: | See) Ooi 457 | 457 | 90
2000 51°3 | 50°7 ait ee (stratum 46'3 46°3 0
1800 = 5r9 | 514] +05]! 5 of | 46°99 | 46°99] oro |
1600 & 52°4| 52°0] +04]]| © | clouds} 47°5 | 47°5 o°0 ;
1400 3 |ahoe| 52°83 | 52°6| +o2]] above. 48°0 43°1 —orr ;
1200 2 |clouds.| 53°3 | 532 | -or|] B 48°3.| 48°38 | —o'5
1000 FH | Rnter-| 54°9 | 53°9 | +1°0 49°° | 49°4 | —0'4 }
800 inginto| 55°7 | 54°8 | +o'9 50°3
600 cloud. ae 55°99 | —o7 53°7
400 56:0 | 57°74} —1'4 q
200 560 | 594 | —3°4 .
ground. 64°0 | 64:0 o'o ,
2000 5o°0 oan 30 50°'2 | 50°2 o’o
1800 50°6 al ie pt 50'4. | 504 o’o
1600 2 50°3 ‘5 emir 5075 | 50°5 oo
1400 | 50°9 ae : O°5- | BO 4 Oe
nes | E Inetoues. 510 “a 2 be ti gos | srr | —oG
1000 Be 510 Sg B} mist. | 51° | “gies | =0'5
800 eR Be 50°5 f : BE 53°1 | Sato | Lacs
600 a = we bh. mis i} 53°7 | 52°5 | +12
400 i He ad Me 53:7 |p SSO | OT
200 ahs “iA Sal ASH 534 | 52°74 | +1°0
ground, 15 Ahad OMA de | 53°5 | $39 | —o%4
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 279
TaBLE Y. (continued.)
Firtrents ASCENT.
Temperature of the Air.
n863. Ascending. Descending.
Height, in feet,
above a ee Caleu- Caleu
vel of the sea. |Between Ci reum- Ob- Adopted lated _||Between| (; ee | eles Adoptea|_J2ted
Sines. |stances,| Ser | temp issn] dimes. | *tmees} ferme | temp. (yee
ance ance
September Eo: ° ° ° ° ° °
5000 35°6 | 34°2 [+ 14 aa7. | 35-24 eS
4800 36:0] 34°7 |+ 13 36°0 | 36°0 foe)
4600 366 | 35°3 |+ 313 36°8 | 365 |+ 03
4400 371 | 36:0 | 1 . 376 | 37°0 |+ 06
4200 Fi 37°4 | 36°6 |+ o8 as 38°5 | 37°38 |+ o7
4000 3 37°8 | 3772 |+ 06 os 33°7 | 38°6 | O17
3800 % 33°6 | 37°83 |+ o8 te ee 33°4.| 392 |— 08
3600 ” 40.0 | 384 |+ 1°6)| on 38°5 | 39°38 |— 13
34.00 ER 412 | 39°70 |4 2°2 B ve 40°3 | 40°7 |— 04
3200 = 41°7 | 39°6 |4 21 & = 412 | 416 |— o4
3000 TK Ae 41°8 | 4go'2 |-4+ 1°6 Es eee 41°5 | 42°4 |— o'9
2800 2 ane | AZ fh 408) |= 829 Wc Ag 42°2 | 43° |— O'9
2600 F 43°38 | 414 |+ 24] 3 431 | 43°83 |— 07
24.00 3 44°90 | 42°r |+ 1°9 B 45°0 | 44°7 |4+ 03
2200 a, 450 | 42°7 [4+ 231) 2 464 | 45°38 |+ 06
2000 + 45° | 43°3 J+ 17) © 47°0 | 468 |4 02
1800 ie 45°9 | 43°9 |+ Ir 3° 48-0 | 47°83 |4+ o2
1600 g 45°0 | 44°6 |4+ 04] 49°0 | 48°8 |4 o-2
1400 iS} 45°0 | 45°2 |— 02 || Re 5070
120 Fe Mistyat| 45°° | 45°99 |— °9]| . » 51°0
T0900 round, | 45°5 | 46°5 |— 10 5 518
800 460 | 471 j— 11]| * 52°6
600 471 | 47°7 |— 06 53°4
400 47°8 | 48-5 |— 07 54°5
ge 47°9 |. 49°2 |— 13 557
ground. 48°0 | 49°99 |— 19 569
Srxreenta Ascent.
October 9.
5000 35°0 | 35°0 oo a 33°6 | 33°6 oo
ao ty, | 357] 358 |— o7]] g 34°0 | 3x7 |+ 2°3
4600 pa 25) 387 | 2°51 op 34°5 | 33°6 |+ o'9
4400 SO 3e 637-4 — Orb ee 35° | 340 |4 ro
_ cS dele Aen fetes ae 33°8 | 34°5 |— 07
4000 F 39°8 33-6 + 12 s 35°8 35°9 fb O'l
oe a 40°8 | 393 |+ 1'5]) & 365 | 35°5 [+ 10
3600 3 412 | gor f+ 11 + 370 | 35°99 |+ 11
3400 & _ | 485 | 408 + o7l oo a75)| 39 5.\-- 29
3200 s Mist | 41°9 | 41°5 |-+ o'4/| * 38°3 | 369 |+ 14
— Ny over | 42°2 | 42°2 o°e}) 390 | 374 |+ 16
ae : "| 42°81 42-9 |— ol] 40°7 | 37°99 |4+ 2°8
0 | 43°1 | 436 |— o'5|| & se | 4I'o
ee S 450 | 44°3 |+ o7]| 'D
2200 a 457 | 450 |+ o7|| B
ae g 46°38 | 45°38 |4+ 10
1800 af 477 | 466 |+ 11
1600 g 481 | 4774 |+ 07
1400 Ez 48°3 | 48:2 |+ 06
1200 49'1 49°1 [owe}
res 49°38 | 50:0 |— or
a 52°5 | 50°99 |+ 16
lofe) 52°7 | 51°9 |4+ o8
ae rks + o2
Ph Ss FOG
grourfd, 54°5. | 54°6 |— ox
(se scot ale IE UI aaa a 1 RITE a Zs UE et 2) UN cl
280 TABLE V. (continued.)
SrxTEENTH Ascent (continued.)
Temperature of the Air.
1864.
Ascending. Descending.
Height, in feet,
oe ae mean Caleu- Calcu-
evel of the sea. | Between! ,. Ob- lated || Between| ,.- Ob- lated
Cireum- Adopted Circum-| | Adopted
rat [stances $e5ve4 |'temp. [Gretel] canes, ( tamees| tomes | temp. |gnect ot
ance. ance.
Oct. 9 (cont.). fe 6 ° ° ° °
3200 ie} 40° ae Ee 40°3
3000 ad a 41'0 : 2 40°5
2800 8 ag 42°5 oO ae 40°9
2600 = e 42°8 eu 413
24.00 wa, ae ~ | @ s 41°9
2200 a eee = “4 42°4
2000 | Bes ; 43'5
1800 aed . 5 A thin 44°4
1600 a Ne SE a 44°5
1400 oe = 44°7
5000 355 Wi so05 ae
4800 : 361 | 361 foe)
4600 zt 36'9 | 36°9 oro 8
4300 m, 372 | 371 |+.01 =
4200 cn 2558 (37°83 oo =
4.000 Es 38°0 | 384 |— 0% ee
3800 yt 38°5 | 39:0 |— O'5 s
3600 rv) 394 | 396 |— 072
3400 te) 404 | 401 |+ 073 =.
3200 ; Asud-| 41°3 | 40°6 |-+4+ 07 ‘x
3000 a den dry-) 42-2 | 41°2 |-4+ 1'0 =
2800 », Messe | 43.3 | 4x8 | 15 er
2600 PY 44°4 42°4 + v2 =
2400 & 44°7 | 42°9 |+ 18 5
2200 me 44°38 | 43:3 |+ 15 o
2000 ray 44°8 | 43°38 |4+ 10 =
1800 q 44°38 | 44°3 |+ 0°5 E
1600 EA 448 | 44°8 oo
1400 a 44°7 | 4573 |— 06
SEVENTEENTH ASCENT.
Jan. 12, 1864.
5000 3674 =A Very
4800 36°6 PA ap {| ee
4600 37°0 ; g
4400 373 . 3
4200 Sudden | 37°3 am |
4000 - change | 3 8-2 - >
3800 q of temp.) 41°5 . ns
3600 a 42°5 = oy
3400 BS 43°0 ” Fs)
3200 4 442 st B
3000 a Calm | 44°8 “0 s
2800 8 mae AAS : AN
¥ “5 a
wee fH |"sense. | 44° +.
24.00 a, 44°1 5B
2200 Es 440 xo}
2000 a Quite | 43°8 : =]
1800 S warm. | 43°0 be =}
1600 8 4U'l ¢ ;
1400 Ns Sensibly 40°5
eo warm, 38°9
1000 391
800 8915
600 39°7
400 40°7
200 AN
ground. 41'S
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 281
Taste V. (continued.)
EIGHtrentH ASCENT.
Temperature of the Air.
sic Ascending. Descending
Height, in fect,
te rel of the sea. {Bet Ob Gated _||Bet Ob ee
the ea. |Between| circum- ~, |Adopted|_<o°© etween! Circun- =. | Adoptea|_Jated
; rv effect of ||| what 13)
taut Cees) poeeg GEE Finbivh: times. | Stances. ae Pe aed
ance. ance.
April 6. aS ° ° 2 z 4
5000 36°0 aes see 43'0
4800 35°38 “ce te 42°8
4600 a | 3570 aes oes 42°5
4400 34/2 gas oa 42°3
4200 33°0 Biz one 42°2
4000 33/0 ae wae 41°8
3800 Fi 33°0 = ~ = 41'2
3600 a, > 33°0 g 410
3400 OE 4/335 410
3200 x wetting. 33°5 & 40°1
3000 ay 33°6 x 39°7
2800 S 35°0 ra 39°2
2600 p= 36°5 54 eee B 39°5
24.00 | Very 36°2 eee : a 39°5
2200 e misty; | 37° a 39°6
2000 centering) 37°5 a Below | 39°7
1800 a, | cloud. | 33.3 ~B | cloud. | gorr
1600 F 39°5 ss) 40°0
1400 iS 40°8 B 40°4
1200 oy 41°I one ae 40°8
1000 Very | 41°7 aes eee 41°7
800 Segre |e es 424
600 44°2 ae ane 43°2
400 45°72 xr nee 45°2
200 45°5 mae Ar 45°
ground. 45°5 | ead 45°38
NInEereentH ASCENT.
June 13. st ky .
3000 SES: SES oo}) aS SUA 5a |Sn OF
2800 524 | §2°3 (+ ox |S 7B 516 | 51°7 |— OF
2.600 52°7 | 52°77 |— o5 |B a 52:2 | 524 |— or2
2400 g SA aa pe meneul Hes oe SS.h ob 53:3 eis aC
2200 a 54°0 | 53°6 |+ o4 we
ZQEO g 54°2 | 54°5 |— 073
1800 oo 55: | 55°2 |= oF
16co a ead 5671 | 5671 070
1400 i) eas | 56"9 ||| 77x t= 0
1200 aL 576 | 57°38 |— o2
Ioco g 53°8 | 585 |+ 03
Sco ° 591 | 589 |+ o2
600 eal 5972 | 594 |— o2
4co 597 | 59°83 |— 07
200 60°3 | 60°5 |+ 03
ground. 61°38 | 6175 |+ 03
3400 EE 48'0 | 48:0 oo Sy 47°70 | 468 |+ o2
3200 eres 46°99 | 47°70 |— or || VS 48:2 | 48°5 |— 03
3000 aa 8 48-1 | 481 oo |/Ee E 49°6 | 49°74 |+ 02
2800 g2 2 49°6 | 49°5 |4 or/|/> BE 50°38 | 50°38 fohie)
2600 Sam BOS Ei ahOunN O-siil) Sa 51°0 | 51° Coho)
24.00 + 5r2 | 51°5 |— 03 es:
282 REPORT—1864,
TABLE V. (continued.)
NIvETeentTH ASCENT (continued).
Temperature of the Air.
364.
Eyre Ascending. Descending.
eign in feet,
above the mean Caleu- Calcu-
level of the sea. |Between|,:...4_| Ob- |4 dopted Tated Between|oisoum-| Ob-_ |Adopted lated
dimes. [stamces.| Sano. | temp. lGisrarb-\| games. | s##€es.| emp. | temp. (Sistua.
ance. ance.
June 13(con.). > if 3 a z é
3000 51°o 510 loko) = 49°0 49°2 ee
2800 515 | 52°5 o'o 3 49° | 49°5 |— O°5
2600 BLO) (P5170 O70 B 49° | 50°0 |— 08
2400 . vee eee ay 503 5055") o°2,
2200 wn srt | 5170 |4 OF
2000 “s 514 |\seic5 =a O'2
1800 Ss : 53°3 | 52°38 |+ 05
1600" 5 - | 53°7 | 534 |+ 03
1400 Ss - | 1538" | i537 “fee Oe
1200 © : 53°99 | 53°38 |- o7
1000 = - | 54°09 | 53°9 |+ oF
800 * 54°0 | 54°0 [oxe)
600 mS . 54°09 | 54°0 o"o
400 8 54°0 | 54°0 rose)
200 ims 549 | 5470 o'o
ground, 54°0 | 54°0 o’o
TWENTIETH ASCENT.
June 20.
In 5 F : ; . ‘
4000 52°74. | 51°4 |-+ Io te 5 512 | 51°4 |— o'2
3800 clouds. | bo-7 | 519 |+ o2 aS woo) Seas egal — weer
3600 524 | 52°4 ool] ow B +. | 52:6. | Siero
3400 : 53° | 532 |— orl] BS] .. | 519 | 515 |4+ O74
3200 g 540 | 53°5 I+ O5]| SS 52°0 | 52°0 oro
3000 a 54°0 | 54°0 oro || BE 52°9 | 53°9 |+ to
2800 to 54°3 | 547 |— 04 © 53° || S3i Saale O35
2600 4 55°99 | 55°55 |+ 04
2400 rt 571 | 566 |+ o5
2200 5 585 | 574 |+ o7
2000 it Ease Nene roe)
1800 a 581 | 587 |— 06
1600 > 591 | 59°95 |— 0%
1400 a 60°8 | 604 |+ 04
1200 = 617 | 615 |4+ o-2
1000 8 62°4. | 62°4. foxe)
800 ey 63°0 | 63:2 |— o2
600 64:2 | 6470 |+ or2
400 65:2 | 64°9 |+ 073
200 6670 | 65°38 |+ o2
ground. 6675 | 666 |— ot
Se a SS
ee ne Po
Cee ee eee re
. a
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1868 anv 1864. 283
TaBxe V. (continued.)
TwentietH Ascent (continued).
Temperature of the Air.
be Ascending. Descending.
Height, in feet,
above the mean Caleu- Caleu-
level of the sea. pete Chests ces Adopted|, Laie Bese Circum- Ob- Adopted pose.
shat stances | seve temp. leach) cmt, [stances S22 | tem. nan
ance. ance,
June 20. 6 rs a 5 q >
4200 Bes Gor 19500 oro 49°3 | 49°6 | —0°3
4000 sae 50°6 | 51:4 | —o'8 49°99 | 50°2 | —0'3
3800 2A 50°9 | 52°0 | —I1°1 50°2 | 51:0 | —o'8
3600 . cee 53°2 | 52°6 | +0°6| 50°8 | 51°38 | —1°0
34.00 | or 53°77 | 53°72 | +05 aj 512 | 52°6 | —1°4
3200 iy 54°09 | 53°6 | +04]| & 52°70 | 53°5 | —1'5
3000 = 549 | 53°99 | +0°1 B 541 54°5 | —0'4
ata a 53°99 | 540 | —o'L roa) is 55'5 1°39
2600 a “Ee ae an wv 58'0 | 56° 14
24.00 re * 58°38 | 57°77 | +11
2200 2 As Gor2 | 58°7 | + 1°5
2000 2, Be 6rr | 59°38 | +1°3
1800 + ‘e 6o°9 | 60°6 | +03
1600 ie ee 60°7 | 61:2 | —o'5
1400 = > 60°5 | 61°7 | —1'2
1200 a 6rr | 62°2 | —1'1
1000 B F 62°0 | 62°38 | —o'8
800 E Ceid jane 62°6 | 63°0 | —o%4
600 ot 25 ae nF 63°2 | 63°5 | —o%3
400 zed sas ae oie 64°0 | 6471 | —ovr
200 ere sta see ae 64°3 | 64°5 | —or2
ground. aah ee as er 64°6 | 64°7 | —orr
TWENTY-Frrst ASCENT.
June 27.
5000 42°3 | 41°7 | +0°6 «- | 42°3 | 41°7 | +0°6
4800 43°33 | 41-9 | +14 Bee 41°5 | 41°5 Coffe)
4.600 43°3 | 422 | 41°12 sea OP Ee Sige, [oe)
4400 43°1 | 42°7 | +04 ee | 402 | 42 oro
4200 42'9 | 43°0 | —o'r gan 249 1] 403 o'o
4000 43°7 | 43°7 "0 vee | 41°6 | 41°6 "0
3800 e 44°7 | 44°7 [ohe) tai ae 41°99 | 42°0 | —orl
3600 A 46°0 | 45-7 | +03]| #2 =| 4270 | 4275 | —ors
34.00 i 46°8 | 466 | +o-2 5 .. | 42°2 | 43°0 | —o'8
3200 is. 48:0 | 474 | +0°6]| ~~ ws | 42°5 | 43°5 | —10
3000 a awe 494 | 482 | +r2]| «ay | 4287 | 44t0 | —1°3
2800 3 49°5 | 49°0 | +0°5 z 43°5 | 446 | —1'1
2600 Py 501 | 498 | +03 Ss 44°5 | 45°93 | —o'8
2400 Ms 50°9 | 50°6 | +03 °, 45°2 | 46°0 | —o'8
2200 a. 517 | 524 | +03] & 462 | 46°7 | —o'5
2000 * ta) 52°4 | 52°2 | +02 8 47°O | 474 | —o'4
1800 & 52:O) |p 5a,0 |) oF ||, oS 47°5 | 48°0 | —o'5
1600 8 53°4 | 53°83 | —O4]] og 47°6 | 48:3 | —o'7
1400 5 54°r | 54°6 | —or5 B .. | 482 | 48°7 | —or5
1200 54°8 | 55°7 | +01 : we | 48°5 | 48°83 | —0°3
1000 56°7 | 569 | —o'2 -- =| 48°99 | 489 oo
800 59°5 | 582 | +13 + | 49°O | 49°0 oro
600 610 | 59°38 | +12 «- | 49°70 | 49°0 (ore)
400 62°5 | 62°0 | +0'5 foe we IL 40S
200 Ee Atay Ht eee Thebaljloon thjen
ground. | “as Le et ... {turned |to asce|nd.
284 REPORT—1864.
Tasre V. (continued.)
Twenty-First Ascent (continued).
Temperature of the Air.
1864. Ascending. Descending.
Beara on = Ted’ IiBet ob Tated
level of th . | PeEWE’D) Circum- -, |Adopted|_ tate etween Circum- ~, |Adopted| atte
ey nas, |stancen| Sire emp. eet ces. (S866 Gomme | "MD uae
ance. ance.
June 27 (con.). ie : m7 le ° ° °
4000 eee = i "2
3800 vue 46°3 | 45°2 | +11
3600 se 46°38 | 45°7 | +171
3400 g eae 46°7 46°2 +0°5
3200 a 46°7 | 46°7 oo
3000 5 46°83 | 46°83 rove)
2800 py 47°° | 47°0 o"o
2600 Cy 47°2 | 47°2 oo
2400 £ |... | 4770 | 4773 | —0%3
2200 oy oe | 46°38 | 47°4 | —0'6
2000 a mee) |) 4.Gr7 | oa7s6 foe)
1800 = see WAOrs) eager e——Or3
1600 & we =| 47°93 | 48°0 | —O'7
1400 g oo. | 48:2 | 48°2 | —o'9
1200 2 Fe 48°6 | 484 | +02
1000 al coe | 48°5 | 48°5 foMe)
800 ete 48°5 | 48°5 foe)
600 vee =| 48°6 | 48°6 oo
400 oe | 48°4 | 48°4 o'o
200
ground.
TWENTY-SECOND ASCENT.
August 29.
am 54°4 | 54°38 | —o'4 49°0 | Sor | —I'I
4800 54°4 | 55°4 | —r°0 500 | 50°38 | —o'8
4600 53°0 | 560 | —3°0 50°38 | 515 | —O'7
4400 : COG a aakaey || See 52°0 | 52°2 | —o'2
4200 q BHO | 5754) | = O-4: 52 5) Sao cal oe On
4000 a 57-5) Ses 1 —e8 53°0 | 53°7 | —O'7
3800 coe 580 | 58°38 | —o'8 ce 540 | 54°4 | —0O%4
3600 = 59°5 | 59°5 oo} 3 551 | 55°% o"0
3400 is 614 | 603 | +11] & 554 | 55°99 | —o'5
3200 a pe) [pOtaa Weemony | horse 3 = Q | 57°6 | 566 | +1°0
3000 = “a 62°8 | 61°38 | +10] & 8 585 | 57°4 | +11
2800 = 2 631 | 62°5 | +0°6| fe et | SQ eee Eso.
2600 g ira 63°8 | 63:2 | +o06|/ Oo = | 59°38 | 588° | +1°0
2400 ay q 6570 | 642 | +0°8 < = 60°5 | 59°6 | +o0'9
2200 ce) = 66°6 | 6570 | +1°6 wn & | 612 | 60°3 | +09
2000 = © | 67:4 | 65:8 | +1°6|| is : 61°8 | 6rro | +08
1800 Xe) 68°6 | 66-7 | +19||. %y 62°5 | 61°7 | +08
1600 a 69°9 | 67°6 | +2°3]] +3 63°0 | 62°4 | +0°6
1400 g 70°7 | 684 | +23 8 64°9 | 63°2 | +08
1200 = 710 | 692 | +1°8 64°5 | 6470 | +0°5
1000 FA 710 | 7o°o | +1°0} 65°5 | 65:0 | +0°5
800 7rI | 7o°8 | +03} 66:0 | 65°38 | +072
600 71°4. | 71°6 | +08 66°6 | 66°6 foe)
400 721 | 72°5 | —o'4} 67°6 | 67°4 | +o'2
200 72°4 | 73°74 | —10| 68:0 | 68:2 | —o2
ground, 72°75 | 7493 | —1°8 || 69'0 | 69°0 o'o
me
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTs IN 1865 anp 1864. 285
The numbers in the following Table differ very much from those in Table VI.
in the Reports for the year 1862 and 1863 ; in these the largest numbers were
those at the bottom of the column, and the smaller at higher elevations,
and a decrease of temperature with elevation was shown without exception.
In the following Table there are instances of departure from both those in-
dications, and other particulars which present all the above numbers to be
combined with previous results.
In the first remarks on Table III. at page 266, the decrease of temperature
as observed in the first 200 feet was no less than 8°; by the adopted curves
passing nearly through the observed temperatures, it gives 23° decline in
each 100 fect near the earth; these results seem doubtful ; they differ so much
from all others, that it seems likely that the readings were affected by the
presence of many persons near the car of the balloon before starting, or that
I have read the instruments wrongly by 5° before leaving the earth.
On January 12 (the only winter ascent in the series) the numbers are for
the first time affected by the sign —, showing an increase of temperature
with increase of elevation, and the numbers near the earth are smaller than
those at higher elevations.
On April 6 the numbers are also anomalous as compared with those
previously obtained ; near the earth there was no change, and then a large
change, and higher still some numbers are affected with the — sign.
On June 13, on descending at the time of sunset, it will be seen that there
was scarcely any change of temperature for 1500 feet.
On June 20, on descending a little before sunset, the change was very
small, and very different from corresponding changes on the ascent an hour
before.
On June 27 there seemed scarcely any change in temperature up to
3000 feet, at readings taken after sunset, and till it was too dark to read the
instruments.
The results on none of these days can be used in deducing general laws.
The endeavour has been in the past year to take observations at times in
the day and times in the year at which no observations had previously been
made, resulting in these very different results.
The only days this year available for general combination are September 29,
from observations made between 8" a.m. and 10" a.m., with a chiefly cloudy
sky; and the numbers in column 28 show the mean values at the different
elevations, and October 9 and August 29 for clear skies, and these results
are shown in column 30.
The numbers in column 32 show the general mean from all the observa-
tions with cloudy skies, as based upon the number of experiments as shown
in column 33 at each elevation, and these vary from 19 to 29.
The numbers in column 35 show the results for clear or nearly clear skies,
as based on the number of experiments as shown in the column 36, varying
in number from 8 to 12.
In column 34 the space in feet is shown for an increase of 1° with cloudy
oe varying from 167 feet near the earth to 334 at heights exceeding 3000
eet.
In column 37 the same results are shown for clear skies, being 143 feet
cond the earth, gradually increasing to 334 feet at heights exceeding 1600
eet.
REPORT—1864.
Taste VI.—Showing the Decrease of Temperature with eve
Aug. 31, | Sept. 29, Oct. 9, Jan. 12, Apr. 6,
1863. 1863, 1863. 1864, 1864, 6
pe Ton? Sn Lib
Bast 0h - State of the Sky. 4
sea. 8 eB | | ;
Sols .| € || Cloudy. Clear. Misty. Cloudy.
SD nf O8
sete
S| Sisto emo me | ay (ee ; bo tb
SSG Si eel Pie 2] 2) 2] 8 | 8
3 Sal ce Petty: |S 3 § 3 §
SoleEleelgizi/eigiet & 2 3 Z
From| To S218 8/88] 2 Aad sa | 2 < (=) < A
feet.| feet.|| Forel ET I | ao IE > ¥ a 5
4900/5000}! 0°3] oz} «+ || 0-2] 0°1| org] 02] 0°3]] or 06 ||—o'r |—o-1r
4800/4900]! 074) o-2 0°3] O°2| 0-4] 0'2] 03] ovo o7 ||—o'r |—o'r
4700!4800]| 03] o-2 0°3] O°2) o*4] O'2} O'4)| orn OT || O14 ei Ole
4600)4700]| o-4 073 0°3| 0°3) 0°5| 0°3} 0'4]] ove 0°3. ||—0'4 |—o'2
4.500]4.600]| 03] o:2 04] 0°2) o'4| 0°2} 0°6)| ~on1 |—o'2 ||—0'4 |—ovr
4400/4500] 0°2| 973 0°3} 9°3) 073] 0°3} 0°6)] ~o'2 |—-0'2 |l—o'4 |—o'x
430014.4.00]| 0°3) ora 0°3| 0°4) 0°3] 0'2) o'4)] ova 05 ||—o'6 oo
42.00/4.300}] 0°3) 0°3] « « || 0°3] 0°4| 073] 0°3] 0°3|| 03 o5 |iI—o'6 |—o'z
4.100/4200]| 0°3) o:2 0°3} 04) 0°3] 0°2! 073 o2 03 oOo |—o'2
4000|4.100]} 03] o*2 0°3| 0°4| 073] 0°2] 03/1 o-2 o'2 oo |—o'2
3900|4.000]| 0°3} 92) . 0°3} O°3) 073] 073] 03 I's o3 o'O |-07%3
38003900]! 0°3 0°3} ++ || 0°3/ 03} o°4] 0°3) o-3/] 1-6 o'4 oo |—0%3
3700|3800}| 0°3) o°2] .. || 073] 0°3 0°4] O°2) 0°3/] O'5 o"4 MO. lO
3600)3700]| 0°3| 0°3) . 0°3| 9°3] o'4) O°2] o°3/] Org o'4 oe ior
3 500|3600]] 0°3/ 02} «« || 0°3] 0°3) 0-3] 0-2 O73}, 00:3 O74 o'2 o'o
3400/3 §00)| 0°3) 073} «~ || 03] 0°4|0°4| 073] 0-2||_ 02 o°3 03 oo
3300/3400} 0°3) o°2] -. || 0°3] 9°4! 0°3] 0°2/ 0°3/| 0°6 o4 oo |—0'4
3200/3 300}| 0°3) 073] -- |] 073) O°4) 0'4] 0°3) O73]! 06 o's oO |—o'5
3100/3200 0°3] o'2} « o°%3 0*4 0°3) -- | 03 0%4 o'4 oO |—o'2
3000/3 100}| 0°3/ 973) -. || 073) O°3/ og} -- | orl] 03 o°3 or |—o'2
2900/3000} 0°3/ 0°3] «+ || 073} O°3) 0°3] -- | o-3]]—o'r o3 o7 |-o'2
2800/2.900]| 0°3) o°3) .. || 073] 0°3/ ong] -- | 0°3|| —o'2 04 ony Bi srel)
2700|2800]} 0°3) 072) .. |] 0°3| 0°4! 0°3) -- | 0°3]| 0-2 o"4 Oe | Om
26002700]| 0°3| o°3] .. || 0°3/ 0°3] ong} « 0°3||—0'2 o's ps) | orn
2500|2.660]| 0°3} 0:2) «. || 0°3/ 0°4/ 0°3] «+ | 0°3|| o'r or ||—o'2 [oMe)
24.00/2 500} 0°3} 073) «|| 0°4| O°4! 074] -- | otr|] O'0 oO ||—o'! oo
2300/2400) 03) 0°2) «« |) 0°3) 0°5| 073] -- | o'2|| ovo oI O'4 oo
2200/2300) 0°3] 0°3} «« || 0°3) 0°5| o'4] -- | o'2||—O'1 o2 o'4 ol
2100/2200] 0°3] 0°3| .. || 0°3} 06) o-4| .. | or2|/|—o'r o'l ; o'0
2000/2 100]} 0°4) 0°3) «- |) 0°3| 0°5) org] « r 3 Bi i
1900/2000) 0°3} 073} O°1|| 0°3} O'S) o-4} «
1800|1g00]] 074] 9-3) orr|| 073] 0°5! ong!
1700) 1800}] 0°3} 9-3) o'o]| 0°3) 0°5| 074} ..
1600}1700}| 0°3] 0-3} o*1|| 04) 0°5 O°4) ..
1500] 1600}] 0°3] 0°3} o°1/| 0°3| 0°6| org) ..
14.00|1500]| 0°4] 0°3| 01)! 0°3| 0°6| org] ..
1300/1400] 0°3] 0°3) 0°2|| 073] 05) org] ..
1200}1300]| 0°3] 04] O'2/| 0°4] O75) org] ..
IIOO|T200}] 0°3) o°3] 0°2)) 073] O°4) Ov4] ..
1000] 1 T00}| 074] 0°3] O72]| 0°3| 0°4) o'5) .
900|1000]] 0°4] .. | 0°2|] 0°3] *4/ o'4! .
800] goo} 0°5} ... | o°3]|0°3) “4| org] ..
700! 800} 0°5! ,. | o'2|| 073] *4} org] ..
600} 700] 0°6) .. | o°3]} 0°3] 074) o-5] ..
500} 600]| 0°97} .. | o-2|| 0-4] 075) o°4] ..
400} 500}| 0°8) .. | 0°3|| 0-4) 06] o'5] ..
300} 400]| I°z] .. | 0-2]/ 0°3] 0°6| org] ..
200} 300/| 1°} .. | 0°2|| 074! 06} 05) ..
100} 200]| 2°2| .. | o2|/0°3| 0°6) og} ..
©} Ioo}] 2°2] .. | 0'3|| 0r4| 0°6) o'5] ..
INowohicolemwts)2)53,= 4.0 15. 165. 4%
Clear.
ge
| Ascending.
| Descending.
| Ascendin
a | Descending.
Ce ee | Ascending.
fo}
ec 2 «2 C6
= © © «© O
omel-s 8 an ae) 8
.
.
b:6 6% 8, Sadie. gw Oia ah Je
© Uae! Geren —aatel ey 48
Waa caer ei
ob « = Se tom vl eo
. .
et} ts) ee ee le oe
sa Ss ©! Sie
.
.
Crete: sae Deters “es 56 6S le Ue oe 0 See -e ee On
ows. Ie
| Descending.
* Oo
.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 287
June 27, Aug. 29, General mean (omitti 7 2, August 31,
1864. 1864. Rom, 1863, January if Ret dae and a, 1864.)
State of the Sky.
Cloudy. pmiews Clear. 2 2 Cloudy.
f A i Space s
. A : 5 52 Space ac
= & = & El & Ee 2 5 a Number paced Number peed
e = Eis |si|e| 3 Sis fell | | Si] mean. of | through!| yyean, of | through
8 §i/3]8/8;8] 8] 38138) e s}e experi- | for a; experi- | fora
2 2/8) s/s) es] 2 sisi slg ments. | decline ments. | decline
A SJ/ATS/Als i sa /Asolallolzg of 1°. of 1°.
° © jo fio |o Jo jlo fo ° ° ° feet. ° feet.
o ++ |] OL] OF} «- |] O'2] 0°3}| Orr] 2 || 0°3) 5 03 20 334 o°3 Io 334
es e+ || ovr] O'F 0°3] 0°4]/ O72] 2 || O73) 5 o'3 20 334 o'3 Io 334
s+ |] OL) O'L} «+ |] 03] 0°3}| O'2] 2 || 0°3) 5 03 19 334. 03 Io 334
we ++ || O72] or2 0°3] 0°4/| 0°3/ 2 |] 0°41 5 || 073 19 334 0°%3 10 334
: 0°2| O'o 073] 0°3//0°3} 2 |/0°4) 5 || 03 20 334 03 Io 334
. . O°3] O°O} «+ |] O°4) 0°4)/ 073] 2 || O74) 5 0°3 20 334. 0°%3 Io 334
oe ** |] O°L] O°O} + || 0°3/ 0°3/| 0°32 |] O31 5 |] 073 23 334 O73 10 334
se [se | ee] O'2] O'3] «+ | 0°4} 0°4I] 073] 2 |] 073] 5 |] 073 23 334 03 To 334
++ | 0°5] 0°3)] 0'3| o'r 0°3] 0°4]] 0°3) 2 |] 0°3/ 5 || 03 23 334 O°%3 12 334.
++ | 076} 0°3/] org] o'2, 04] 0°4|| 0°3} 2 || 0°3/ 5 || 073 24 334 0°3 12 334
9°0 | 0°4, 0°4)) 0°5| 0°2) 0°21) 0°3/ 0°3]/ 0°3] 2 || 0°3/ 5 || 0°3 24. 334 0°%3 12 334
O°3| — O° | O°5} 0°41] 075] 0'2} O'2|| 0'4} 0°4|| 0°3} 2 |] 073] 5 0°3 24. 334 O73 12 334
0°0 | 0°3) 0°4}) 0°5) 0°2| 0°21! 0°3) 03} 073} 2 || 073] 5 |] 073 25 334 o°%3 It 334.
"0 | 0°3/ 0°4)] 0°5) 073} 0°3]| O°4| 0°4}/ 073} 2 |1 0°35 |] 0°3 25 334 o3 II 334
O°E | 0°3) 0°4}] 0°4) 0°2) 0°21! 0°4| 0°41] 0°3/ 2 |] 073] 5 0°%3 25 334 03 II 334
O°E | 0°3) 0°4)] 075) 0°3] 0°31) 0°4] 0°4}| 073] 2 |]. 0°3] 5 |] 073 25 334 073 Ir 334
O°2 | 0°2) 0°41! 0°4| 0°2) 0°2)| 0'4| 0°3]| 073] 2 03) 5 O73 25 334 o3 II 334
0°3 | 0°2) 0°5)| 0°4| 0°3} 0°3}] 04! 0°4)| 073! 2 || 0°3) 5 |] 0°3 25 334 03 Ir 334.
0°4.| O°1| 0°5}| 0°4) 0-2) oo} 0°3} 0°4)| 0°3} 2 |] 073) 4 || 0°3 26 334. 03 Io 334.
O°4 | 0°2) 0°5|| 074) 0°3) O'1}| 0°4| 0°4|/ 03} 2 |] 073} 4 |] 074 25 251 03 Io 334
0°3 | 0°0/ 0°5}| 0°4) 073] O'1}] 0°3/ 0°3/ 0°3} 2 |1.0°3/ 4 || 04 26 251 03 Io 334
0°4.| 0°21) 0°5}| 0°4| 0°3) O° 1} 074 0°4|| 073] 2 |] 073) 4 |] 04 26 251 03 Io 334
Z O°5}| 0°4} 0°3) O°1}| 0°4} 0°3}] 073} 2 |] 073] 4 || 0°g 27 251 0°3 Io 334
o. 9°6} 0°4) 0°4] o°1|| 04] 0°4/| 0°3) 2 | 074] 4/] 0-4 27 251 3 Io 334.
me 0°5|| 0°4} 03) 0°O|| 074) 0°41)! 0°3] 2 |) o'4) 4 |] ong 28 251 0°%3 10 334
0°6}| 0°4| 0°4) or1|| 0°5] o'4|| o'4] 2 |} og} al] 0-4 28 25% 0°73 IO |} 334:
0°5}| 0°4| 073} O°O}| 074) 0°3]] 074] 2 |] 073 4 O74 27 251 0% Io 334
- 0°5}| 0°4) O°4) O'T|| O74) 0°4]| o'4} 2 O'4) 4 o*4 27 251 o3 Io 334
.- O°5}} 0°4) 0°3} O°T|| 0°4) 0°3)! o'g] 2 0°3/ 4 o4 27 251 o°3 Io 334
an 0°6| 0°4) 074) o°1|| 0°4) 0°4]| ota] 2 |] 0-4 4]| O74 27 251 °°3 Io 334
se O°4|| O74] 0°3) O7T]) O°4| 0°3)) O'4} 2 || 0°3) 4 "4, a7 251 o%3 Io 334.
44 O°4)| 0°) 0°3| O°T)| 0°5} O°4// o'4} 2 |] O-4] 4 |] 074 27 251 03 Io 334
++] += | O°3]| 0°4) O°1/ O°) 0°) 0°31 o-4} 2. || 0°3/ 4] 074 29 251 0% Io 334.
aie 0°3/] 0°4) 0°2| O° 1}] 0°5/ 0°41! ong] 2 || 0°44. |] 074 29 251 o°%3 Io 334
ve | ++ | 0°2} O'4) 0°2) Orr!) O°) 04) 0'4) 2 |] O°4) 4. || 074 31 251 o"4 II 251
s+ | ++ | 0°3| 0°4) 0°2) o'1}/ 074) 0°4)/ 0-4} 2 || 074! 4 |] 04 31 251 O74 II 251
se | #* | 0°2|| O'S] O'O) O'L)) O'4) O'4I] 0°4} 2 || 074] 3 |] 04 28 251 o4 8 251
t+ | + | 0°3}] 0°6| o°2) O°!) 074) 0°5|) 04} 2 || 0'4] 3 o'4 28 251 o'5 8 201
++ | ++ | 0°3|| 0°6| 0°) ool/ 0°4) 04]! 04) 2 || 0°4| 3 O74 28 251 0°5 8 201
++ | ++ | 0°3}] 0°6) 0°21] o'r] 0-4) 0°5|! 074} 2 || 0°43 |] 04 28 251 O'5 8 201
++ | ++ | O°2]] 0°6) or} oro} 074! 074]! 0°4| 2 || o'4] 3 o%4 24. 251 O'S 8 201
++ | ++ | O°T] 0°7| O*1) O°} 04) O'4]! 0-4! 2 |] 0°43 |] 0°74 22 251 OS 8 201
+} #* | 0°2}) 0°8/ o°0) 0°0}) o°4] 0°41! 074! 2 || o'4) 3 |] ong. 22 251 o's 8 201
++ | «* | 0°3]/ 0°8/ 0°) o°r}] 0*4) 0°4]/ 04] 2 || o'4| 3 o'4 22 251 O'S 8 201
se | ++ | 0°3} I°I) O°O} o'F)| 0°4) 0-4] 04! 2 |] 0°41 3 |] og 20 201 o'5 3 201
ee} es | 0°3}] I°X) O°O} OL]! 05) 0°41] 075) 2 || 0°41} 3|| 0'5 20 201 O°5 8 201
ee} se O°2)) 12) «+ | +» | 0°4) O'4/| 05] 2 | 0'4) 3 |] 0'5 20 201 O'S 8 | 201
ee] ee | Or2il ro ++ |] 0°5] O°4]| 075] 2 || 0°41 3/1 ong 20 201 06 8 167
te] ce [OT] 2°3] 26 | «+ | O'S) o°4|/ o°5} 2 |! 0°41 3 |] org 20 201 06 8 167
sefes [OK 4) oe] 66 ors) org! or5] 2 |] 05/3 || 06 | 20 167 || 0-7 8 143
19, 20, 21. 22. 23, 24, 25. 26. 27, 28, 29. 30.31, 32. 33. 34, 30. 86. 37
288 REPORT—1864.
§ 6. Varration or tHE Hyeromerric Conpition or THE AIR with ELEVATION.
All the adopted readings of the temperature of the dew-point in, Section 4
were laid down on diagrams, and joined by lines drawn from one to the other.
Tn the case of the temperature of the air, when thus joined, a curved line can
be drawn through them, giving equal weight to every observation, but this
cannot be done with respect to the temperature of the dew-point, it being far
more variable than the temperature of the air, and the numbers in the fol-
lowing Table are those as read at every 1000 feet from the diagram formed
simply by joining the point of observation.
Taste VII.—Showing the Variation of the Hygrometric condition of the
Air at every 1000 feet of Height.
FourrerentH ASCENT.
Humidity of the Air.
1863. Ascending. Descending.
face feet, T D T
above the mean empe- F egree | ‘empe- . | Degree
B 0
level of the sea. -atadg ™ Circum-|rature of a of | aga | Cireum- rature of fear ra
times. | Stances.|the dew- humi- || | stances, the dew-| humi-
pointys| SPOUTS ditye = |}; ames: point. | V@P°UF+| ity,
August 31. Ron - in. 5 in,
8000 _ . |shining.| 18°8 | *102 52 whee 24°5 | °132 53
7000 | A |Very | 191 | *103 51 > g 27:3" | “14g 65
6000 ay BY a 28°6 | °157 66 Bas 30°3 | ‘169 a3
5000 Re lineman) 32 kOe | OO ee he el ato ae, 75
| lage a %2 | of
Ro) Ver
4000 | S| aon) 367°) "218 72 he clouds. | 33°9 | *195 74
3000 Brey 41°5 | °262 79 5m 42°1 | *268 97
2000 S| Above | 475° }2329 -|_ 88 “'S | Justin} 45°0 | -299 | 95
1000 cloud. | 52°7 | °399 93 B | clouds. | 47-4 °328 94
ground :|Getting| 5677 | -461 77 Stratum
g 5 Srito’ D pone:
> S| cloud. Cyr Staares
= [ale % |x VX a .
2000 SA! m | 472 | °325 go a In uni-| 46°0 | +311 85
1000 [FA “az | clouds.| 48°5 | °342 | 91 [1.5 4 S| form | 4o'r | 349 | 93
ground ao z B 5] mist.
72 5 s
August 31.—The temperature of the dew-point on the ground before
starting was 56°-7, or 7°3 below that of the air; at 1100 feet these two
temperatures were both 54°, the air being saturated with moisture; at 1150
feet the air suddenly became drier, the difference between the temperatures
of the air and dew-point was 5°; at 7100 feet the temperatures of the air
and dew-point were 34° and 18° respectively, and remained at these values
nearly, while the balloon ascended to more than 8000 feet and descended to
7900 feet. The difference between the temperatures of the air and dew-point
after this was generally less and less to 3000 feet, at which clouds were
entered, and the air was nearly saturated with moisture; at 1000 feet high
the temperature of the air was 49°, and that of the dew-point 47°4.
The balloon then reascended, and on again entering cloud at 1580 feet, the
air was again saturated with moisture, and on descending, it was nearly satu-
rated at 1200 feet and at 820 feet; at the latter height the respective tempe-
ratures were 53° and 52°.
_
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 18614. 289
Taste VII. (continued.)
Firreenta Ascent.
Humidity of the Air.
J
hg Ascending. Descending.
Height, in feet, = S 2 Degtes
above the mean empe- . egree | ‘empe- .
level of the sea. Bstwee ”! Cireum-|rature of, ee, of pao 5 ee of eA . of |
times. | Stances. Keong vapour. — times. | Stances. ee *| vapour. es.
September 29. is in. a in.
16000 i
15000 =| Sun |—I0'0! *026 54.
14000 S&S |shining.| + 0°5 | ‘o45. 68
13000 o 1o'1 | *068 8x = 1°3| *046 54
12000 g |Nosun-| 2:7/ -o4g 58 5 2°2| *048 51
11000 fae — 8-6| -o29 31 mel — 3°8| 036 33
10000 a — 2°0| ‘o40 36 Qo. —I0'2 | *026 21
Dense “ce! -o88 Pes, = Bel) «6 2
gooo on || clouds 25151) 7 Ss ail 083 5
8000 above 13'7| ‘o81 53 a8 aaa 2°8 | "049 32
7000 | us. 19°5| *105 66 eo | Sun 14'8 | ‘085 48
6000 gq | Clouds} 24:4/ +131 | 72 Bige) | Watbte: |) “0-8: “x7 59
5000 q pi 28°5| *156 75 5 23°8| ‘128 56
— = | below.| 32°4/ 184 | 81 ee 24°5| 132 | 56
3000 ~~ Sin 38°5 | °233 87 3 40 2306) )) 2177 49
2000 A | faint. | 40°7| -254 | 86 ava 26°8| 146 | 45
1000 # =|Mistyall] 42°6| °273 89
ground FA | round. 44:1] ‘289 | 86
September 29.—The temperature of the dew-point decreased from 44° on
the ground, or 490 feet above the sea, to 423° at 1000 feet above the sea,
where mist was prevalent, and the degree of humidity increased from 86 to 89.
On passing out of the mist at 3000 feet the humidity declined from 87 to
58 at 8000 feet; here there were dense clouds both above and below; at
9000 feet the degree of humidity was 71.
There were faint gleams of the sun at 10,000 feet, and the difference between
the temperature of the air and dew-point was 221°, the degree of humidity
being 36, showing a decrease of no less than 35 in a difference of 1000 feet
of elevation ; at 11,000 feet it was drier still, the temperatures of the air and
dew-point being 16°-9 and — 8°-6 respectively, or a difference of 25°-5, and the
degree of humidity 31; at 13,000 feet the difference had decreased to 4°-4
and the humidity increased to 81; at 15,000 feet it was 12°-0, and the hu-
midity had decreased to 54; the balloon continued to ascend, but the humi-
dity is unknown above the last-mentioned height, till on descending to 13,000
feet it was 54, and the difference between the temperatures of the air and
dew-point was 13°-9 ; at 10,000 feet the air again became very dry, the two
temperatures being 22°-9 and —10°-2 respectively, showing a difference of
33°1 and a humidity of 21; the air then gradually became less dry till
5000 feet, when the difference was 11°-9 and the humidity 56; after this
the difference increased in a small amount, and then decreased to 20°2 at
2000 feet, where the humidity was 45.
1864, v
290 nerortT—1864.
Taste VIL. (continued.)
SrxteentH ASCENT.
Humidity of the Air.
pee ee eee Ss
elk Ascending. Descending.
een, in feet, Tempe Degree a Degree
above the mean Ag eS i pe- i
level of the sea. eae ™! Cireum- eae of lerepe bs of | Heer ”) Circum- pees 0 pee hurd
times. | Stances. eon vapour, ality: times, | Stances. poe vapour. dity,
October 9. a in. . in.
7000 da 19°8 | ‘107 61 go 183 | -o99 | 58
6000 a5, 22°r | *118 66 un g 20°5 | ‘110 61
5000 a % 26'0 | 141 | 69 re 23°74 | 7125 | 65
4000 Se | mist | 32° | 274 | 73 Bop 262 | "142 68
3000 S| over | 343 | ‘198 | 74 || SO gua | 174 | 77
2000 ga land. | 37°6 | °225 70 ea
1000 oe. gos | 252 | 70 z=
ground a> 44'1 | *289 68 PB
oe
Su
wn
3000 oon ve | 32a | *182 Pe |e 2 we 1 350 | 188 74
2000 uve oe eer§ "oss see B A thin . 238 8
o oP BI ‘mist, | 39° 23 4
BB
8000 of 9°7 | :067 43 eee eee
7000 are 12°8 | °077 46 ses eee 8
6000 a az. 1g'0 | "103 | 56 vas ser | SO
5000 Sat 27-Gxh sX5r | yz si on oe
4oco. JFAH,G) a | 3rx | 174 | 76 oe
3000 tag keene 35°0 | "204 76 ¢
2000 Beg] LIES ase i ha58 87
te ng
October 9.—The difference between the temperatures of the air and dew-
point on the ground was 102°, their respective readings being 545° and 44°;
and this difference varied but little till 7310 feet was reached, at which height
the temperatures were 30° and 18° respectively. On descending to 2330 feet
the temperature of the air was 42°, and that of the dew-point 353°, the dif-
ference being 61°, On reascending the difference was found to be rather
larger, but on descending again it decreased to 64° at 2270 feet, where mist
was prevalent; and it decreased to 27 at 1500 feet, the two temperatures
being 44°8 and 421 respectively. On ascending to 3300 feet, the air
became suddenly drier, continued of the same degree of humidity to 4000 feet,
‘above which there was less and less humidity with increase of elevation till
the height of 8000 feet was reached, when it became too dark to read the
instruments.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 291
Taste VII. (continued.)
SEVENTEENTH AscENT.
fp OEE
: Humidity of the Air.
1864. Ascending. Descending.
Height, in feet,
Tempe- ., | Degree Tempe- . | Degree
k ag a sacar Circum-|rature of Elantic of Between Circum-|rature of) Pe oid of |
pees thee wat stances.|the dew-| free Of| pumi. || What tances, |the dew-| f°TCe Of | pumi-
times. ipees | vapour. dity. || times. | S#nces. point. | Y@PUr-| ity,
Sa ea! -—
| January 12. : 5 in. | Snove i in.
"11000 a —o9| ‘o42| 51 || peed 2°4. | ‘04g | 61
10000 | =4°8| °053| 52 cs "| 14°5 | 084 | gt
g | 8 Clouds
9000 a | Misty. 2°5| -o4g| . 38 ie abowe 174 | °095 88
a = | below.
8000 a 9°5| *066] 43 ox 20°70 | "108 88
a | |
co Colder : . Near . ‘
7000 jourrent. 15'2| ‘086| 50 oats, | 23° | “123 92
| ————
6000 =| 28°3| s155| 83 + nee. 25°9 | “140 87
5000 ba 28°5 | “x56) Fo tS 28°5 | "256 93
4.000 co 27°6| ‘151| 65 #3 30°1 | *168 89
3000 “| cam | 36°5| 1286) 73 te 34°4 | "199 | 91
| and uy
2000 = jwarmto| 39°5| '242| 85 is 380 | *229 96
Fy sense. B
1000 Sensibly) 35°7! -209| 84 “
ground. ermal). 3isro]|| sana) 8c
January 12.—The temperature of the dew-point on leaving the earth was
36°, that of the air 414°, the degree of humidity was 80. The air gradually
became more moist on ascending till 1300 feet was reached, when the dif-
ference between the two temperatures was 3°1; a warm current was then
met with, but the difference between the two temperatures did not vary
much till 2200 feet was passed, then it increased to 103° at 4000 feet; the
air again became moist, and at 6000 feet the difference of temperature
amounted to only 43°, with 83 as the degree of humidity. The depression
of the wet thermometer below the dry greatly increased, till at 9300 feet it
was 20°-7, the degree of humidity being 38; and at 9800 feet cloud was
entered; the difference decreased to 12°-2, and the degree of humidity in-
ereased to 56; the air then became drier, and at 11,900 feet (the highest
point) the difference was 23°-7, and the degree of humidity 42. On descend-
ing the air gradually became moist, till at 8600 feet it was nearly saturated,
then became somewhat drier, but was again nearly saturated at 5000 feet,
the degree of humidity being 93 ; again it became drier, but at 2000 feet the
air was within 1° of saturation, after which it became slightly drier till the
ground was reached,
w2
292 REPORT—1864.
Tastu VII. (continued.)
ErcutrerenraH ASCENT.
Humidity of the Air.
1864. Ascending. || Descending.
pas, in feet, pies Ree | eee Rilinaeree
thors the mets Between cieumnlatur off Elstic| af” PANES izeum.ratute of Praga Oh
dines, [anes the dew fre of] Lum | ns, nee | ane | ge
April 6. a in. c in.
11000 15°2| ‘086 Bp aleatad 16°5 | ‘og2 39
10000 15°0| °086 sar || 8 22°5 | *120 41
ee, bg OTD ae 56 2 Biss A age |e 42
80co0 a Grol ep 58 = 26°83 | +146 47
7000 ag 34°4.| *199 85 o 29°8 | *166 53
6000 @, a Bluesky} 31-4| °176 84 “8 Enger 310 | "174 64
5000 on 28°8| *158 74 © “A gas Wier Sor 66
4000 am aa 310 | °174 87 B 32°5 | 184 69
a t<] or
3000 a+ wetting.| 31°5 | °177 91 ° 320 | +181 74
gS | Enter- ox
2000 | | toua, | 33°7| 193 | 85 | “b 33°3 | ‘190 | 78
misty. ce}
1000 34'2 | *197 75 B 35°2 | *205 78
Very 3
ground, misty. | 38°5 | °233 76 36°38 | 218 61
Nrvereente ASCENT.
June 13. qi
3000 ale 3 38°6 | °234 64 38°6 | 234 64
2000 oak 39°0 | ‘238 | 56
1000 Fa 42°4. | °271 55
ground. * 44°7 | 296 54.
~~
3000 38°3 | 023 | 69 || _, 37°5 | *225 | 63
on
oo i
3000 4r'r | ‘258 7° ||s OF 36°5 | *216 62
2.000' Bey B 43°4 | *281 73
1000 SB 465 | °317 | 75 |
ground. Bh 461 | °312 74, |
April 6.—The temperature of the dew-point on leaving the earth was |
38°5, and the degree of humidity 76, the difference between the temperature |
of the air and that of the dew-point being 7°.
This difference remained nearly stationary till about 1400 feet, where mist
was prevalent; the balloon entered cloud at 2100 feet, and by the time
2470 feet was reached the difference had declined to 2°, The air then —
became rather drier, but by the time 3500 feet was attained, the difference
only equalled 1°, after which the air became several times moist and dry; at
6900 fect the difference was 3°, then it suddenly became drier, and continued
to get so till 9400 feet, when it amounted to 193°, and continued about the
same till 11,000 feet (the highest point), where it equalled 21°. On descend-
ing the air gradually became moist, and continued so till within 1400 feet
of the earth, the difference being at that height 5°, after which it began to
increase, and continued to do so, till on the ground it amounted to 9°, these
respective values being 45°8 and 36°°8,
June 13.—The temperature of the dew-point was 442° on the ground
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 Anp 1864. 293
before starting, the difference between that and the temperature of the air
being 17°, which nearly gradually declined to 13° by the time 3000 feet was
gained. On descending the temperature was found to be nearly the same at
2300 feet as it was at 3000 feet; the difference at the lower of these eleva-
tions was 14°; on reascending the difference decreased till 3450 feet was
gained, then increased to 13° by 3540 feet ; on descending it remained nearly
the same; on again ascending it differed very little also till 3050 feet was
reached, where it was also 13°; the balloon then turned to make our down-
ward journey, when the difference decreased to 9° and to 8° by the time the
ground was reached.
Taste VII. (continued.)
TWENTIETH ASCENT.
Humidity of the Air.
1864.
Ascending. Descending.
Beight. in feet,
above the mean
level of the sea. |Between| _. Tempe-| plastic | Destee || Between| ,. Tempe- | mastic | Degree
what | Circum-|rature of; Racietnt of | hae Circum- ralnre of foreenet 7 of |
times. |Stances. Pky vapour. ae times. | Stances. ie ace vapour. ait,
June 20. F e ed ele S a fi in.
4000 ie BE OW RSS | BH Ue e 47°7| °331| 88
3000 Pa 48:0} °335) 80 |e 4H 47'0| °323| 80
2000 AUS 50:0] °366) 76 Si =
1000 aa Sere 2375) iGaen || ee
ground LS): 55°8| *446/ 68 |/B°
ae
~_
4000 ag 48°6| 343] 93 ||Sa 46-9) °332| 89
3000 ga, & 492) °35t) 84 50°4| °366| 87
Gs _ ror . 6
2000 Og & DES 5 375 9
1000 eas rig B 540 4x6 75
ground aS BH 54°0| 418
R=) rae
June 20,—The temperature of the dew-point was 55°8 on the ground,
the difference between that and the temperature of the air being 10°-7, de-
clining very gradually till 4100 fect was gained, where the difference was 33° ;
on descending it gradually increased to 2740 feet, it then being 4°; on reas-
cending the air again began to get moist, although at several points it seemed
inclined to get drier, but then went back to its moist state again ; at 4270 feet,
however, complete saturation was met with ; on descending it became drier in
the first 100 feet, remained about the same for 800 feet, then became moist
at 3200 feet ; became drier at 2700 feet, after which, with one slight exception,
it remained the same till the ground was reached, the difference then being
104°,
June 27.—The temperature of the dew-point was 463° on the ground,
differed but little from 43° from 500 feet to 1500 feet high, was about 403°
at 3000 feet, and 38° at 4000 feet; at about 4100 feet the air was more
moist, the difference between the temperatures of the air and dew-point being
21°; this difference increased till at 5000feet it was rather less than 4°,the hu-
midity being 86°. On descending the air became gradually drier, till at nearly
4500 feet the difference was 6°2; the air then again became moist, for at
3600 feet it was 24°, the air then began to get drier; continuing to do so
till at 660 feet it was 102°; on reascending this difference very gradually in-
creased till about 3650 feet, when it was 13°; on reaching 3240 feet it had
294 ; REPORT—1864..°
Taste VII, (continued.)
Twenty-First Ascent,
Humidity of the Air.
64.
es Ascending, Descending,
Height, in feet,
above the mean
T a ont Tempe- : | Degree
layelen Fhe sep. 1B etween | circum- dished e Hastie | ‘e “|B Syed Cireum- datne off Hiastic oe
what Held force of humi- || What | o¢, the d force of ki
times, | @nces- ee ar “|vapour. dity.. | times. ca paint. “| vapour, dity.
June 27. ane z in. a in.
5000 ag B85) 233) 360 ale 33°5 | 253] 87
4000 g 5 ry 382 1agt,) «8x aaa 35°3 | | 206) 78
3000 ee 40°5| °252| 71 is Bi * 38:3] -2gr| 84
2000 2 Hl 40°2| °249| 63 ls See 40°5| '232| 78
1000 a 44°5| 294) 64 |\5 BF 38°3| -231| 67
° aa r) \° s
ae
4,000 ae 350i)" S208.) 1.7 |
3000 : 5 a 36°7| ‘218) 68 ||
2000 £ aati 35°4.| °207| 65
1000 | 37°0| ‘220| 64
° 2 8|
oo
TWENTY-SECOND ASCENT.
August 29.
14000 22 BW SLZO)|MeSS — 22] ‘o40] 25
13000 10°8| *070| 37 — 23] ‘o40} 24
12000 re 13°9| ‘o8I] 4o 6°2 |) 057 | | 32,
11000 ag E 2570] °135| 56 tal 12°8| ‘077| 41
ro0co Sia, | 296) 164) 64 +6 I9°5| ‘I05} 54
gooo cols) a 288) 158) 58 || WE = 31'7| °179| 79
8000 a 3 28'2| ‘154| 46 ms its 20°r} ‘108} 42
7000 hee ES 97° 5.) | -225'|') 60 ad o 20 |) “129738
6000 Sa 5 7-9) Bo Une” Al Nema SB I~ 37°2 | “2221-79
5000 aS] s | 435] 283] 67 || BS | m | 423] '270| 78
4000 ae 37°0| °220) 47 2 | 3 44°38 | °207| 74
3000 41'9| °266 | 47 8 51°9| °386) 79
welels 45'4| 394) 45 ; 45°4| » "3041, 55
1000 464) °316] 42 47°6| °330| 53
ground. 45°4| “304| 38 47°9| °334| 47
decreased to 8°, but on attaining 3520 feet it was 114°, and at 4000 feet the
temperatures of the air and dew-point were 45° and 353° respectively, showing
a difference of 93°, and a humidity of 70°.
August 29,—The differences between the temperatures of the air and those
of the dew-point in this ascent were rather remarkable ; on starting it was very
large, viz. 27°, their respective readings being 724° and 453°, and the degree
of humidity 38. The difference decreased very gradually till 4500 feet was
gained, when the air became suddenly moist, the difference only amounting to
64° at 5600 feet, then became dry, and continued so till 11,000 feet was
reached, the humidity being 56; after which it increased in dryness till the
difference equalled 23° at 13,000 feet, the humidity having decreased to 37 ;
it was moderately moist at the highest point, the difference there being 9°.
On descending, at 14,000 feet the air became very suddenly dry, the differ-
ence between the two temperatures increasing from 9° to 32° in a minute and a
half, and the humidity being 25; it then declined to 6° at 9100 feet, increased
again to 23° at 7350 feet ; decreased to 64° by 4550 feet, after which it in-
creased to 21° on the ground, where the degree of humidity was 47.
295.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AnD 1864.
Taste VIII.—Showing the Degree of Humidity at every 1000 feet.
Sept. a Jan. 12, || April 6,
August 31, 1863. Pigs. ||October 9, 1864.)| “T8i 4° 4 June 13, 1864, Jones ia mets, ig Wann
State of the Sky.
F In cloud Cloudy | Uni- : 3 P
sesig, (ER S| aE Fem. cme | tity cnt}. tes, | coy. | PSY] cme. || EE
es of above. want E z:|
the sea. sae | —— cs) S
, oe : : : - devcmlee (Ee ‘ ‘ ; i Bl |g
a to +]. oo} - is) -|, BO} |, SH], P to - bo =|, ~| ao} -| Sol] -] aol -] ani] «| abl 4 < o o
2 | & |set a) J) es eeig) 2) 2) 2] JUSS Se Sel Ff ay f2)21 2/2] ]3] |
@ | e Stele] ist ersl erst S| ERS) BU Sr ret sie] 8] S| 5) SiS] Ble S| Bye 8) 8
eB | 8 fers f) Si sr erg) esi 8] 2i) 8] 2 Bi st 8) st Sf ai Sl gl 8) gi S|] Bi 8] SiS] e] 812
& | 2 leg S| Ai S]alSial4] 4) &f 2] Al 4}a) 4/4) 2/4] 2/4) 2/4] 4/4) 2) 2) Alisiziaiz
feet.
15000 rt ie wae(boafeesll sa) Paxa|| sealHeoe |v eateeeae [eatli'y=l ina ces) nail iees Weal ltl ey tenn taeen|(eet HSAl|eeT
14000 ot see see l earl ene ae | see se | eee seeleeeleceleee|[erslece| ere 59 25 68 1/42) 2
13000 oe eee 9 . oe 2
12000 aa wea . 5
11000 bec no sealteeallee ;
10000 or Se mals valb :
gooo a i 5
8000 52 53 5
7000 51 65 7
6000 66 73 7
5000 66 "15 eg 9
4.000 72 74. ‘colon yas a
3000 79 97 71/74|76 17
2000 33 95 +++ |84187 Be
1000 93 94. sealiedlivas 8
° 77 ae pel er cee 5
296 REPORT—1864.
The numbers in this Table show, as in all the previous experiments, that
the moisture of the air at the same elevation is very different at different
times ; and that on the same day the moisture is very differently distributed,
there having been on some of the days of experiments several successive wet
and dry strata placed one above the other.
The numbers in the last columns show the average results at the different
elevations, in the two states of cloudy and clear skies, and the number of ex-
periments upon which each result is based.
By combining those with a cloudy sky with those previously obtained,
according to the number of observations upon which each value was based,
the following results were obtained :—
With an overcast sky, the degree of } 74 from 19 experiments.
humidity on the carth was........
AG LOGO tees seein & as, hee es hens 16 55 33 9
20002 52 G8 Shit cabo ber dee 76 ,, 34 2
SOOO! nectar st pars renee oe 18g Be ss
BOOT og Meas a bin HERON so awd TB = jy Ad “
BUOU Tey ac Sb cetiees op his « 4 tees 74 4, 16 $e
GO00 pare Free ees Perea Ss (ometpeg | 4
0 Us Be eens ore eee a eee 62- +557 FI y
BUOO | 59 Ge - de etmemer omnes aotate 54° ,, 1 is
SOOO. (5. Be.. cienne ear eiews anette ae BO. 59 A -
1,000 |, 03 sewers revenue AS > 55-410 3
DE000 [igure aninsteatemceed sete mee s AT rep LO 8
1S OOD |, 55 Mays speeieeeOeh bore bck os 52.2 5p 3 6 nf
See DID o's ee cen ne huaca fects DBin gy ont is
TASCOG | Ay lonaten xciewernt amiss sme Oar sya 3
1S, COO 1,5 ie a s\. CER EEN EET: lhe» DIT% we SB f
AG UD bo, nd Gul tapi f dk a 59 <4~ 2 3
FOOD | 55s Eee eee ile Ce OW WS AG. - 998 eS
CERO 0) UDRP Mma ae eerie riaaite Sa. wnt’ ad. ye a9
MOOG Ss, coc cee ares snip tates ey a ae
PDO 55 gs virkwte eee oe sete ¢-6 >: eae oy
PAAUOOY 5 Ss draws eee eerie ow 23.25 - 2 vi
2EODO V5 ce cler Pan we ys point ne DA > yy oh 9s
BIO i ceidiwiare tev sinus + owe ews AO s5c3.d0 5
The law of moisture here shown is a slight increase from the earth to the
height of 3000 feet, and then a slight decrease to 6000 feet, the degree of
humidity being at this clevation nearly of the same yalue as on the ground.
From 6000 to 7000 feet there is a large decrease, and then an almost uni-
form decrease to 11,000 feet; it increases from 12,000 to 16,000 feet, and
then decreases. The number of experiments up to 11,000 feet vary from 10
to 35, and I think great confidence may be placed in the results to this ele-
vation; but at heights from 12,000 feet the number of experiments are evi-
dently too small to speak with any confidence in respect to the results.
By treating the results with a clear or a nearly clear sky in the same way,
the following results were obtained.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864, 297
With a clear sky, the degree of humidity was—
PMR MAES MEOEEEUID, 8-15, Leyhln ciniaiahs Bois sx wie 59 from 9 experiments.
Berd OOO feeb, 2ils acd Ha eS Se He oe Gh, 14 if
ee ee bbe Rene "
BOGOd 4) 2aat ee Ts. ao ese ble: Baaygte »
BO00-s:,, xescearemeP ag. pale wen 34 Aare 2
BRO) 54S Lars or ee a rartisceiea aie «(2 2 ae os
NE Bites Sse Sn, Re 62 ,, 15 e
MO 255. en) v-a-w'st ares niger igi Basi Li a
RO 5 te aw brake ae tote 50 , 14 Rs
BME e - a.< ig em 4 ds oe oe Boe ey 8 -
Oe oS De a Blan aaa) wat 404 of} WA 99
ees Se Eee. oi 43, 10 >
PN ge coo e aces once cscs Sb.frget 18 59
Rs, cn clo ain piel os ties od. o Sleawanet y
MEN, bg 5 ES ois ne Maen oo ST egg =
Ee re 44, 5 -
Meena a ROS ke Pee Pas aS old ays 40 , 5 Pe
one ee cL eA A pS
Oh 551i Sa civedscnegalals. sre « ci0e © dois BAe pdt 2 -
(LT ean ae eee eee 66-0) 2 es
SO ee eee SB ee Sie ee
POD, AIH ara-sis « F- s oS wa is ea ax | ok S
=. Se ener C1 ee Fe | os
22 UU Bee eee ree eee er a a | HA
The law of moisture here shown is a slight increase to 1000 feet, a con-
siderable increase between 1000 and 2000 feet, a nearly constant degree of
humidity from 2000 to 5000 feet, and a gradual decrease afterwards to 12,000
feet; at greater heights the numbers are less regular. The results up to
11,000 feet are based upon experiments varying from 10 to 23, and are most
likely very nearly true normal values; at heights exceeding 12,000 feet the
number of experiments have varied from 1 to 8, and no great confidence can
be placed in them.
By comparing the results from the two states of the sky, the degree of
humidity of the air up to 1000 feet high is 15 less with a clear sky than with
a cloudy ; from 2000 to 5000 feet it is from 4 to 6 less; at 6000 feet the air
with a clear sky is much drier than at 5000, but with a cloudy sky it is
nearly of the same degree of humidity, so that the difference between the two
states is large, amounting to no less than 11; this difference decreases to 0
at 9000 feet, but increases to 4 at 11,000 feet; at heights exceeding 11,000
feet the air with clear skies generally becomes very dry, but with cloudy skies
frequently becomes more humid, as was to be expected from the fact of the
presence of clouds at heights exceeding 3 and 4 miles,
In both states of the sky at extreme elevations the air becomes very dry,
but, so far as my experiments go, is never free from water.
298 : REPORT—1864.
§ 7. Comparison oF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE DEW-POINT, AS DETERMINED BY
DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS AND Muruops, AND CoMPARISON OF THE RESULTS
TOGETHER.
Taste [X.—Showing the Temperature. of the Dew-point, as determined at
about the same height by different instruments and methods, and compa-
rison of the results together.
Under 1000 feet.
Dew-point Temperature of the dew-point as deter-
temperatures. mined by
Calculated Observed Dry and Wet (free): | Dry and Wet | 5
from by -- Saad Oats . Apecaar by E be
ee Baigit-2 he ; ST) et) 2 alee ee
— => Sa 4 1
| E.|B2] 8/28] FF) 8] 22] 2 | £3 fees
g2| EE) 52/28 | £212 | 22] e8| #2 ee
BE] Sa] 22) ee | eo | 28 ae | 26 ae |g'a
iy pg |i BD | BOR. ill oBe cd. |, nbd. veot| uetetiae | estate ia eaftaan lied
A a~|antliaztla~ lant | at |] am |] am la
d h m | feet, s é 5 e F | 5 4 e a ‘3
Aug. 31 6 o |ground| 56°7 Gre —0%3
6 532] 812 | 46° eh ail ASSO s .. |—1'2
6 593} 704] 51°6] .. BE Gilles. .. |+o6
Sept. 29 7 12 |ground) 43°4| 42°4| 43°5] .. ||+r'oj—or] .. J-4T
Jan. 12 2 6§ /ground] 3670] .. | 350] -- -» |+1'0
Apr 6 4 8 {ground} 385) .. | 40°°] .. 22 [15
5 25 \ground| 36-7} .. | 37°0| 37°5|| ++ |—o2|—O'7] «+ we [O'S
June 13 ..-. |ground| 4477] .- en AAO 2 |-or7
27 6 31 |ground| 49° oe he BAI MAE GNE os |43°5
Between 1000 to 2000 feet.
Aug. 31 6 503) 1803 | 454] -- | 45°0| -- “" lto4
G54 | 1287 “| koto) eet) FoI st. 4 oo
6 542} 1775 | 48°2| .. | 4970] «- “* |—o'8
6 553] 1995 | 45°99] -- | 465] -- "+ |-0°6
6 573} 1200 | 49°5| -- | 50°O] -- ss 1—o'5
6rGS) | ear zt| 4.975:| « ie 500 | = DO val =ror 5
Oct. 9 5 31 | 1976 | 38°38} -.- | 400! .«. “9 |— 1-2
5 324] 1930 | 4go'7] .. | 400] .-. ‘> |+0°7
5 344] 1827 | 40°7| .. | 40°O/ .. ++ |40°7
5 36 | 1586 | 4r4] .. | 410] oe ss |+o'4
BSL | Sr7e2 aero .. | 4:350ir a s+ |—o'9
June 3 7 32/1982) \\eggrc]|_.- jo) olla OP5)} | ius 22 [OVS
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864.
Taste IX, (continued.)
Between, 2000 to 3000 feet.
299
Dew-point Temperatures of the dew-point as deter-
temperatures. mined by
Dry and Wet | &
Calculated Observed Dry and Wet (free) aspirated) |
from by above that by ih ee vi Z 2s
ae Height. s 3s
3 3 # ee aes: || a 33 z Ps a |RSs
Pepe |oe (oe hed bea |e let | 2 leek
pe [ba | 22 | BE] og | gS) S| eB) BE fe
5 A~ |} AR |see | A~| Am | am | am | em iq
d h m| feet. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Q °
31 6 16 | 2270 | 464 AsO) 7. -- |—716
6 493| 2466 | 42°8 43°70 +. |-o72
29 7 478| 2129 | 408] .. | 4ro o. |—o'e
7 50 | 2197 | 40°9 ‘42°7 ee +02
9 5 15 | 2369 | 34°99! .. | 28'5 -» [+64
5 254%] 2905 | 314 |" 31°5 —o'1
5 26 | 2554 | 322 33°5 aig:
5 27 | 2386 | 33-2 340 —o'8
5 29 | 2072 | 37°5 36°0 +15
5 30 | 2042 | 38-6 Senet os. +or1
5 39 | 2120 | 40°7 men lh Axed ne) |—O3
ReAo | 2124 | 40:9 a. | Anto| s. -. [—Ot7
IZ 2 18 | 2010 | 42°0| 42°0| .. siz foMfe)
2 19 | 2204 | 38°5| 37°5| -- | 37°0/|+1°0 +15 +0°5
2 20 | 2639 | 37°99] 37°99] .. ai [ofo)
Pe PE |) ROBG. | 972713795). oe +o'2
2A23 1) 2775 h39:5 | 337'°5*|. i pei itis
6 4 143] 2170 | 340]... 35°0 —i'o
4 563) 2691 | 31°8 34:0 —2'2
20 6 23 | 2786 | 47°6 43°3 —o'7
6 38 | 2820 | 48°5 48-0 +0°5
From 8000 to. 4000 feet.
Aug. 31 6 183) 3263 | 404 45'0 —4°6
Sept. 29 7 523/ 3278 | 35°9 35°5 -» |+0%4
, Io 3153! 3529 | 24°6 25°0 +. |-0'4
Oct. 9 4 58 | 3679 | 2773] .. | 280 24 4|—0'7
4 59 | 3548 | 27°7| -- | 27°5] .. ++ | +O2
5 ©} 3268 | 2970 wot [ose | 2g]. se o"o
5 42] 3125 | 29°6|''.. | 25°5 ‘se [+41
B71 3272 | 29°6 a Zoro +36
5 203] 3275 | 30°2 ie ‘28-0 +2°2
: 5 43 | 3326 | 324/'.. | 33°0 —o'6
April 6 4 18 | 3507 | 315 [". 32°90) 2. —0'5
June 13 7 8 | 3031 | 39°8 aaa 48-5 +13
7 20 | 3461 | 37°0 ade 37°5 —0'°5
7 2341 3327 |. Are|-. 40°6 ||"*.. +10
June 20 6 38 | 2820 | 48-5 oe 48°0 ||"* +05
6 56 | 3390] 47°7|"".. | °..:] 470 +0'7
June 27 7 12 | 3871 | 37°4| .. o* | 392 —18
REPORT—1864.
Tasre IX. (continued.)
From 4000 to 5000 feet.
Dew-point Temperatures of the dew-point as deter-
temperatures. d by
3 Dry and Wet | &
Calculated Observed Dry and Wet (fi MEP ic
Soa” = pics aa (aspirated) |S
Date. Height. y ees
2 Ce K g || BA B g w e | pag
e.(2¢| 2/22 | 22) 2128] 2] 22 |ee
A a] mn - ~ a zs x) 2o |m
BE | Ei |32| 26 | Fi| 32/28 | 22] 28 |22"
pb | >| Bo m3 | Bb | Ged | gb |
A |Av| Am [ar | at] Ag |ad| de | de [4
dh feet. ¥ a = ° 6 i Ms z
31 6 Mga eae) clem || 34:0) Bee =) 0
6 4009 | 33°7 35°O| oe as
29 7 4398 | 31°6| 3271] .. «- ||—o'5
9 4 4409 | 24°2 =| 24°0 ||".
4 AZOz | 25°3)| se | 2670] .-. e. |-O'7
4 4024 | 26:0] .. ss | 26°0]| «a.
ee) 4044 | 27°4| «- sreeh (ft 275) || 1 rare
20 6 4006 | 471] «. eo | 48°0]] 2
6 4271 | 49°2| «- ee | 49°0|] we
ype 4131 | 36°4.| -. oe | 34°5 || oe
29 14 473° | 443] ss mist 43.5
From 5000 to 6000 feet.
31 5844 | 29°6| .. | 30°0| <. oe |—0'F4
589m | 31:0] oe | 315] « ee |—O'S
Sept. 29 8 5789. |'25:2 | =. | 26t0| -s6 ee |—o'8
IO Il | 5613 | 24°9| «- | 25'°0| .. ee |—O'L
9 5499 | 25°5| «- Pee| ZOO || Pare
ROC)" 22 271s sone Keyl" se
5054 | 23°4| -- | 22'°0| .. ee [14
12 5200 | 26°5| . sot || 20S ||| — ele :
5610 | 28°38] .. ee | 2975 || ve
6 5827 | 32°2| «os So Meio | ioe
From 6000 to 7000 feet.
31 6 66271 (227ril| oem e5Ollunee ee |—2°5
Sept. 29 8 6429 | 25°9| «= | 265) ve «+ |—0'6
8 6385 || 23-4) 2.8 | 200! soe oe [274
8 C6475 C2AnF | ce |Z Toll ree > |+3°7
8 6966 | 20:2] .. | 20°5| .. ee |—O°3
9 4 6506 "| 22°3)| sie | 227O)|! we
4 GS E222 | «082222! le 6 ee
4 6796 | 21°38] .. ee |. 210 || ve
4 O730\| 1777)| ss! | 20:0} |S. ee |—2°3
6 4 WGsee laces.) | 33-0)! "Fs ee [+274
“ss
ON NINE
BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 801
Tasre IX. (continued.)
From 7000 to 8000 feet.
Dew-point Temperatures of the dew-point as deter-
temperatures. mined by
Calculated Observed Dry and Wet (free) | DY ant Wet 8
f from by above that by aap by Bes
ate. Height.|— = : eS i : nes
o OL. oo we of e w u rt a3
Ba (PE) ob lee 22 | ei St | 2/28 ee
~| pe | 82) S| pF) eh | be | eh) be i
& |8*|da| de | | ae |ae| ae) de 2
dre m-|~feete os a a é = é 6 Ps 3
Aug. 31 6 243] 7549 | I9°0] .- | 22°0| .. —j3°0
6 28 | 7912 | 18°83} «. | 19°75] «- +. |—0'7
6 283] 7912 | 18°38} «. | 2070] .. ee [—1'2
6 32 | 7912 | 18°38] «es | 195] oe +. |—0'7
6 37 | 7022 | 27°4 - | 28:0 : -- |—0°6
Oct. 9 4 43 | 7184 | 169] «. oa | 2070)! aie | "aele == 9°
445 | 72ez-| 1978] ss | ZOO) << +. |—o'2
4 463] 7310 | 180| .. »» | Igo] . +. |—I'o
Jan. 12 2 52 | 7602 | -9°8 ee 60 ||. «- [+3°8
3 ©! 7775 | 10°6| «. a: sae | 2a +. |—0o°6
3 2/7931 | 4°2|/—08]-.. -- [l+5'0
Apel 6) 4.48 | '7036.;).29°5 |’ sa | oes | 24s .. +5'0
Aug. 29) 4 25 | 7158 | 37°1| «- setae OSONl were - |—o'9
4 263) 7578 | 30°2| .- ee i sZOH5}||| vale va Noe
5 16 | 7352 | 19°2| o« ois AOsO! || erg e- |tor2
From 8000 to 9000 feet.
Sept. 29 8 16 | 8041 | 13°8] .. | r5'0| .. +. |—12
8 18 | 8259 | 16-4] 14°7| .. ee |b x7
8 20 | 8446 | 17°9| 15°5] ee ee [+274
Io 7 | 8439 |—6:9| .. |—50/ .. oe ig
Jan, 12 3 9 | 8894] 7:2| 8-5|-.. Abe wl le Se,
April 6 4 30 | 8083 | 25°3| .. slate | ROE TOs a> |+0°3
a a eR ae ee
From 9000 to 10,000 feet.
SSS EE EEE EE ee eee
Sept. 29 10 53] 9425 |—5°8| .- |—sto| .. +. |—0'8
Jan. 12 3 11 | g105 |—o'5}—or2| .. «2 ||-0%3
3 153] 9500 | 8:6] 13°5| .. -» ||—4°'9
3 16 | 9500 |—3°5 |—7°5 |—2'0 |—2"0 ||-+-4"0 |—3°5 |—1°5 |—5°5 |—5"5| oro
3 163] 9500] 3°38] 4°5] .. Jey || O77
Beiseigss6e)! 123:)) x5) a. ee, || —o'2
‘ 3 19 | 9822 | 7°38} 15] .. e+ ||4+63
April 6 4 343) 9090 | 20°0] .. og | LOn || en os |+1°8
Aug. 29 5 9] 9740| 212] .. = | 2050" ae ee [12
From 10,000 to 11,000 feet.
0 ES
Jan. 12
April 6 4 38 [10987
3 213/10093 |—1°7| ..
—2°0
TGE3 |e toe
ee ee El La A Cle | ae |
302 REPORT—1864.,
Tasre IX. (continued.)
From 11,000 to 12,000 feet.
ti f the dew-poi -
Dew-point tempexabitels Temperatures a ame i point as deter
Calculated Observed Dry and Wet (free) pce g
Date. Height. from by above that by above that by| #2
Re
Saal eas
» ee. 3 E ee E = Z a baa
s./E¢| S]e8 |e3] 8] 28 | § | 28 |RSe
as aes no | »o a2 me ae ao|eo 2 eh
a2 | 38158 | 28] 68) 88 | 28 | S8 | 28 B82
ak} ea} oo = Ss) 2k a) oS se |
rp | bs | ee] S2] es | ge) BS) ge) Bele
a a |;aml/enm | a~| am | a= | am | am ia
d hm| feet. 5 aa 3 ° ° ° °
Sept. 29 8 40 |11592|—2°7|. -- 2.75 kos) BLES 52,
$ 4¥)| 165424 |....) |. .3°OW oe. +. (=44
Jan. IZ 3 28 | 11664)|—7"°2 |--.. |. .0°O}' os. ices —7'2
_ From 12,000 ta 13,000 feet.
Sept. 29 8 44%/12305] 61] .. Quen heer eer +11
3) 58) | rego | t275 |"... ergot... |\*-.4 6 |eore
8 59) |} r29a6) Trt5 fs rg i *.. -s |—2°0
9 GL hrega6 fog = a errs. Si. «meen
IO © | 12ho4 J—1'7/".. [670 |* "2. 1”. eR Argiy eee
Aug. 29 4 39 |12973| 160/ .. a 2a: .. |+4'o
Beege rzsGGi "0-4/2. ts Gralla. -- |-o%4
From 13,000 to-14,000 feet.
Sept. 299 4 | 13025 | i3°g uu. | a4to|” .s -. |—0'7
9 IG |-13279]. 98], -» f-02'O| oe |]. fae
Oki Presser o'r || te jorale |e «. [—-1'4
Cy ee sehr Oral Ses (a al ey -» [274
9 52°) 19175 | 674+] -.% Gee wor, -. -|—0°6
9 56 |13947|—0°5] .. Oil! ere -. |—O'5
9°57 |13947|—670] «+ |—370| .. so
From 14,000 to 15,000 feet.
Sept. 29 9 48 |14308] 72 "* 80 é —o'8
9 49 |14031| 69] .. bod aera | a faa a
Aug. 29 4 56 |14086/—24| .. ce I73'°| a8 -- |-+0°6
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 303
Taser X.
Excess of Temperature of the Dew-
point as found by
Dry and Wet Thermometers (free)
above that found by
Heights between
3 2 22 & D
nev ee 2
Sees oite Bee os
aS 6 bo So 3
Am A fa=4e") vA
feet. feet. 5 3
o tO 1000 —o'2 7 +12 3
I000 4, 2000 —0'2 II —1'5 I
2000 5, 3000 +04 10 —o'4 6
3000 , 4000} +04 Io +o'2 6
4000 ,, 5000 —o8 3 +073 7
5000 ,, -6000 —o'l 5 oro 5
6000 ,, 7000 +043 3 +o0'5 2
7ooo 5 8000] —I'l 6 +0°5 8
8000 ,, 9goco =1°5 2 +073 I
gooo 4, 10000 —1's I +0'5 3
10000 4, IIO00O0 +03 I +15 2
II000 4, 12000 —56 ht i te adn
12000 ,, 13000 +0°3 5 +22 2
13000 ,, 14000 —o'8 7 sa pe
14000 ,, 15000 —Tr'o > +0°6 I
In the experiments of every year there seems to be no certain difference in
the determinations of the temperature of the dew-point by Daniell’s and
Regnault’s hygrometers, and this temperature, determined by the use of the
dry- and wet-bulb thermometers, seems to be very closely approximate in-
deed to the results obtained by either of these instruments, as can be seen
by the following comparison of results as found from all the simultaneous
determinations of the temperature of the dew-point by Daniell’s hygrometer
and the dry- and wet-bulb thermometers (free).
The temperature of the dew-point by the dry- and wet-bulb (free) Exps.
up to 1000 feet was 0-1 lower than by Daniell’s hygrometer, from 21.
From 1000 to 2000 feet was 0-1 lower than by 3 from 40.
2000 to 5000 feet was 0-1 lower than by ie from 54.
3000 to 4000 feet was the same as by a from 60.
4000 to 5000 feet was 0-4 lower than by = from 33.
5000 to 6000 feet was 0-6 lower than by © ee from 33.
6000 to 7000 feet was 0-2 lower than by 55 from 34.
7000 to 8000 feet was the same as by os from 8,
8000 to 9000 feet was 1-5 higher than by ~ from 2.
9000 to 10,000 feet was 1-2 higher than by 5 from 2.
10,000 to 11,000 feet was 0-3 higher than by 3 from 1.
11,000 to 12, 000 feet was 5°6 lower than by oe from 3.
12,000 to 13, 000 feet was 0-3 higher than by = from 5.
13, 000 to 14, 000 feet was 0-8 lower than by 35 from 7.
14,000 to 15,000 feet was 1-0 lower than by - from 2.
The number of experiments made up to the height of 7000 feet varying
as 21 to 60 in each 1000 feet, as taken in the last 3 years, is sufficient to
304
REPORT—1864.
enable us to speak with confidence ; the results are that the temperatures of
the dew-point, as found by the use of the dry- and wet-bulb thermometers
and my Hygrometrical Tables, are worthy of full confidence up to this
point. At heights exceeding 7000 feet, the three years’ experiences do not
yield a sufficient number of experiments to give satisfactory results. Before
we can speak with certainty at these elevations more experiments must
be made.
Taste XI.—Simultaneous readings of a delicate blackened bulb thermometer
fully exposed to the sun’s rays, and of a delicate thermometer carefully
shaded from the influence of the sun, the bulbs of the two instruments
being within 3 inches of each other, together with observations by
Herschel’s actinometer, at different elevations.
August 31, 1863.
Height
above
mean
sea-level.
Time of obser-
vation.
hm s feet.
615 40op.m.| 1963
19 9 » 4167
20 40 ,, 5403
24,0 55 7315
32 O35; 7912
34) One, 7621
37 $1 Oi 35 7022
37 3° 5 6898
42 30 5, 5289
46 15 4, | 4009
47 3° 3480
51 32 (fy I193
55 3° 1» 1995
Temperature of
‘Shaded
Thermo-
meter.
°
525
A5i=
420
34°0
34°0
36'0
38°0
38°5
38°5
415
42°1
43'2
50°0
Blackened
Bulb Ther-
mometer.
°
52°0
46°0
42°5
Sie
3772
Bo)
aie)
38°2
39/2
42°0
425
43°5
51°0
Excess of
reading of
Blackened
Bulb Ther-
mometer.
+o'5
+08
+0'5
+3°0
+3°0
+370
+1°'0
—OEs
+o'5
+0'5
+0°4
+03
+10
Remarks,
Sun shining.
Blue sky.
Blue sky.
Losing sight of the sun.
In basin of cloud; misty.
Tn clouds.
September 29, 1863.
7 52 Oam 2870
7259 Omess 5314
8 oo » 5473
Rp eh -y 6117
Ain OmSs 6325
5 o » 6429
60 6385
TLIC? ;; 7201
13 0 y 7671
200. ne, 8446
28 0 is, 9563
42°0
35°2
33°8
315
313
+ 30°5
30'0
28°5
27°2
262
2175
181
43°0
360
34°2
32°0
31°8
315
310
29°2
28°1
27'°2
23°0
13°4.
+10
+0°8
+94
nos
+0°5
+10
+10
+07
+or9
+1'o
+15
+0°3
Faint sun.
The liquid in the chamber of the
actinometer fully exposed did
not move at all.
Faint gleams of light.
The reading of the actinometer
did not change.
A faint sun.
Gleams of sun,
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AanpD 1864. 805
Taste XI.—September 29 (continued).
Height Temperature of Excess of.
. al ri pean, VE ac. cbdy t-1, | FOROS 0:
Time of obser- | Tnean_ | Shaded | Blackened Blackened
% sea-level. | Thermo- |Bulb Ther-/Bulb Ther-
meter. mometer. | mometer.
hm i s feet. ° ° °
8 44 3joa.m.| 12416 12°2 12°5 +0°3
a7 05; 12414 14°2 16°5 +23
49 © 5, 12857 162 16°2 [ole)
53 O° » 12666 17°8 20°0 +2°2
54 0 » 12533 | 178 19°5 +1°7
57 © » | 42704 | 17°5 20°9 | +34
2) Oe 12926 II's 13'0 F1'5
Celery 13025 15'0 I5‘0 oro
Ta Ole 55 13030 I5'0 16°5 +1°5
a Ol 5, 13160 16'0 I9‘0 +3'0
an '55 14218 131 131 foe)
TO! 5; 13791 12-2) 12°2 oo
230 yy 13695 72 b foXfo) +2°8
2550 ,; 13807 3'0 6:0 +3'0
Ba 'O: 55 15517 2°90 4°6 +2°6
Ba S), 5) 16590 oo oo oo
gZ6, 0. 14219 75 10'0 $2°5
38 0 » | 14175 60 85 | 42°5
43 9 » | 13897 6:0 85 | 25
47 ° » 14155 9°5 12°0 +2°5
49 O° » 14031 | 13°0 17°! +471
49 3° 13175 | 13°9 19°0 +51
ROMO, 13175 I4'l 18°9 +4°8
E25 .O)* 5» 13175 I5‘I 18°9 +3°8
54 9° » 14459 13°I 15-2 +21
55 9 » | 14347 | 13°2 150 | +1°8
56 © » | 13947 | 13°5 Lh Oi = Ki
57° 9° » 13947 13°2 TES +4°3
58 © 4» | 13332 | 41 190 | +4°9
Ron Ges, 12642 170 210 +4'0
1a) 53030. ,, 10534. 21°0 25°2 +42
FeO 55 10284 22°0 27'0 +5'0
§ Oo x 9671 | 2370 28-5 | +5°5
60, 9179 | 252 | 295 | +473
630 ,, 8933 | 26:0 30°0 | +4°0
7 3° » 8209 | 27°0 319 | +49
Ir 0 y 5618 | 34°5 Seo | aS
16 oO", 3224 412 49°2 +8'o
70" 5, 2828 42°0 49°0 +7°0
19 ° » 2039 | 47°0 Ee ies
40), 0 ,, .| ground. | ...... AEA Weld ae
Remarks.
No sun.
Clouds above.
The reading of the actinometer
decreased on exposing it to the
sun.
Sun shining. *
A bright sun. The increase of
scale reading by the actino-
meter was 5 divisions in 1™,
Sun shining. The scale reading
of the actinometer increased 3
divisions ; then 4 divs.; then
5 divs. in 1™, and decreased
5 divisions in the shade in 1™.
Sun shining brightly. The in-
crease of actinometer scale di-
visions in 1™ was7 divisions.
Sun shining. The actinometer
increased 8 divisions in one
minute; then 7 divisions in
one minute; and then 8 divi-
sions in one minute,
The increase of scale division in
1™ by the actinometer was 20
divs.; then 25 divs., andat 2500
ft. 25 divs. The actinometer
increase in 1™ was 48 divs.
1864,
306.
00
z
B
oooo°o
w
wo Wo Ww
WwW WwW
worm w& Nn
Onood0oond
wo vo wo Bowne
3 On 0 6 OUx ONO.0 Oo
fomme)
w
[omre)
oo00o000e00C00C00000000000000000000 0
Time of obser-
vation.
REPORT—1864,
January 12, 1864.
Height Temperature of
DOVE) |= 5) elie et
mean Shaded | Blackened
sea-level. | Thermo- |Bulb Ther-
meter. mometer.
feet. 5 a
ground | 42°70 418
655 400 39°5
1336 410 41‘
1816 43°0 43°5
2639 440 44°0
2687 44°0 44°0
2735 -44°0 44-1
2775 44°0 44°0
2689 44'2 44°0
2689 44°5 45°0
8905 44°5 447
3282 43°5 43°0
3821 41°5 41'5
5924. 32° 320
6144 32°5 32°7
6678 30°0 30°0
6650 | 29°5 29°3
6984 30°8 30°7
7277 310 31'0
7614. 29°2 29'2
7944 gRy5 30°5
8118 30°5 30°5
7931 27°2 23°0
8086 27°2 27° 5
8189 27°2 27:2)
8346 26°5 26°5
8766 26°90 26°0
9104. 245 24°5
9437 Zo SOE:
9500 20°5 20°5
9500 20°5 20°5
9500 20°5 20°5
9560 21'0 21°0
9586 210 210
9822 20°0 20°0
10090 17'2 172
Toogo 72, E7r
Io319 16'2 1672
10469 F5°5 152
10469 15'0 I5'0
To6Ig 14'0 14'0
10289 16°2 16°5
Io221 162 162
10085 16:2 162
10017 16°2 16°2
9921 36°5 16°5
9516 16°38 16°8
9408 Lee, 17 2
9273 18'0 182
9316 180 18°2
9199 13°5 13°5
8939 21'0 21°0
8765 21r'0 270
7993 22°5 22°5
7447 23/2 232
5465 28'5 28°5
5142 30°3 305
3091 372 37°5
Excess of
reading of
Blackened
Bulb Ther-
mometer.
Remarks.
Atmosphere thick and misty.
Over the river Thames.
Cloudy.
Cloudy.
Cloudy.
Tn snow.
No use could be made of the
actinometer at all in this
ascent.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 807
Height
_ April 6, 1864,
Temperature of
nia ad hs
ee ae se Shaded | Blackened Blackened Remarks.
i ee sea-level. | Thermo- |Bulb Ther-|Bulb Ther-
meter, | mometer, | mometer.
hms feet. Ss ° °
4 Io Io p.m. 867 42°0 43'0 +10 | Very misty.
16 0 ;, 2775 34°5 35°9 ame
TOEEO« i, 3884 32°0 34°1 +2°1
Borgo) ;, 4404. 34°2 35°5 +1°3 | Cloudy.
2a OF .; 5251 3672 33°1 +1'9
Zao. 5, 5827 36°0 36°2 +o'2
GENO? \55 6500 34°2 348 +0°6
29 © » | 7493 40°2 42°1 +19
34 20 » 8854. 342 35°1 +09
R00" 5, | Torss 35°2 41°0 +53
990 ,, | 10470 43°0 48°5 +5:5 | Sun shining; could not get the
BOVE ||; 8642 46°8 510 +42 sun to shine full on the acti-
Ago. ,; 7783 47°0 52°0 +5'0 nometer, and did not succeed
AaeR0 5 7524. 46°2 53:8 +6°8 in obtaining one good result.
AGO} 5, 7869 460 5370 +7°0
46 30 5 | 7947 46°0 53°09 | +770
47 32 5 7410 46-2 54°0 +7°8
48 0 4, | 7036 46°2 53°7 +6'5
5O 30) ;, 6153 44/0 47°0 +3°0 | Entered cloud.
54.0 5, 3821 410 410 oro
June 13, 1864.
7 7135 p.m.| 2880 522 53°70 +o0'8
Io 0 ,, 2837 57 53°0 +13
RECS 5, 2380 52°38 55°5 +2°7 | Sun bright.
2 © ;, 2300 53°3 56°0 +2°7
17 30 4, | 3106 47°2 47°5 +0°3
19 © 4» | 3350 46°7 46°3 04
3245 » 3349 48-2 48°5 +0°3
46 30 | 2550 515 5270 | +0'5
June 20, 1864.
6 19 30 p.m 1550 59°0 59°90 oo
20 30 5, 2006 53'2 58:2 oo | Misty all round,
ZI 20) 2236 53°2 58°3 +o'1 |
June 27, 1864,
1578
3871
3845
3322
4796
3958
2994
54°0
46°2
43°
47°2
4471
42°0
43°0
53°5
45'0
42°0
45°0
41'5
41°5
44°0
O55
—1'2
—Ir'l
—272
—2°6
= O'R
+1'0
Sun at the edge of cloud.
Sun shining on the blackened
bulb thermometer.
x 2
308 REPORT—1864.
August 29, 1864.
Height Temperature of Excess of
F above reading of
‘Time of obser- mean Shaded | Blackened | Blackened Remarks.
vations sea-level. | Thermo- |Bulb Ther-|Bulb Ther-
meter. mometer, | mometer.
ihm) is feet. ° 3 °
417 opm.| 4730 54°2 54'0 —o'2
17 30 » 5066 54°2 54°8 —0°6
20 0 » 5767 54°2 52°0 —2'2
26 30 5», 7578 50°2 52'°0 +1°8
35: 20m. 12700 33°5 3570 +1°5
39 O 5, | 12773 32°8 35°2 +2°4
44 © 5, | 14000 346 42°0 +7°4 | Sun hot.
47 30 955 | 14317 35°5 42°0 +65
49 30 »y | 14581 34°2 35°5 a5
55M 0 5 14086 31° 37°0 +6°0
Re Taoe 4% 9268 36°2 42°0 +58
II 30 5 9143 372 43°0 +58
1 0 , D352 42°5 510 +8°5
On August 31, at the height of 7000 and 8000 feet high, the blackened
bulb thermometer exposed to the full influence of the sun, read 3° only higher
than the shaded thermometer.
On September 29, at the height of 14,000 feet, the excess of reading of the
blackened bulb thermometer was 24° only under a bright sun, and the in-
erease of readings of the actinometer was 3 divisions to 5 divisions only ;
at 13,000 feet the excess of blackened bulb readings increased to 4° and 5°,
and the increase in one minute of the actinometer readings were 7 to 8 divi-
sions. At the height of 3000 and 4000 feet the influence of the sun increased,
raising the blackened bulb to 7° and 8° in excess of the readings of the shaded
thermometer; the scale readings of the actinometer increased to 20 and 25
divisions in one minute, and on reaching the ground the increase in the same
time was from 48 to 50 divisions,
On January 12 the readings of the exposed and shaded thermometers were
nearly always alike.
On April 6 I was unable to use the actinometer, and never succeeded in
placing it properly. The excess of reading of the blackened bulb thermometer
was but small during the cloudy state of the sky, and increased to 5° and 6°
at 10,000 feet, this excess becoming larger on descending into the lower
atmosphere, until cloud was entered.
On June 13 the excess was at all times small.
On June 20, at many inspections the readings of the two thermometers
were identical.
On June 27 the exposed thermometer nearly always read lower than the
shaded thermometer; on examination of these instruments afterwards, they
were both found to read correctly.
On August 29 the blackened bulb thermometer read lower than the shaded
thermometer, when 6000 feet were passed; it then read higher, increasing to
7° at 14,000 feet high.
From all these experiments it seems that the heat-rays from the sun for
the small bulb of a thermometer, communicate very little or no heat to it,
and the heat is less in proportion to the less density of the atmosphere; si-
milar results being shown by the use of Herschel’s actinometer.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864, 309
On THE OXYGENIC CONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE,
August 31, 1863,
At 6" 20™ 308 p.m., at 4907 feet. There was no ozone.
At 6" 37™ 308 p.m., at 6898 feet. There was no ozone.
September 29, 1863,
At 8" 1" a.m., at 5789 feet. There was no ozone by paper test.
At 8" 2" a.m., at 6000 feet. No ozone by powder test.
At 8" 41™ a.m., at 11,654 feet. Ozone by powder tinged to 4,
At 9" 16™ a.m., at 13,805 feet. No ozone by paper.
At 9" 57™ a.m., at 13,947 feet. No ozone.
At 9" 57™ 30° a.m., at 13,747 feet. Ozone powder coloured to 8,
January 12, 1864,
At 2" 57™ p.m., at 7044 feet. Ozone=1.
At 3" 6™ p.m., at 8346 feet. Ozone=1.
At 3" 10™ p.m., at 9104 feet. Ozone=1. '
At 3" 16™ p.m., at 9500 feet. Ozone=1. Iodide paper coloured to 1.
At 3"17™ p.m., at 9536 feet. Ozone=1. Iodide paper coloured to 1.
June 27, 1864,
At 7" 2™ p.m., at 1134 feet. Ozone paper tinged to 1, powder to 2.
At 7" 36™ p.m., at 4270 feet. Ozone paper tinged to 2, powder to 3.
At 7° 51™ p.m., at 4115 feet. Ozone paper tinged to 3, powder to 4.
August 29, 1864.
At 4" 33™ p.m., at 10,875 feet. Ozone coloured to 1.
At 4" 47™ 30° p.m., at 14,317 feet. Ozone paper coloured to 2.
Hereuts anp APPEARANCE OF THE CLouDs.
August 31, 1863.
At 6" 14™ 30° p.m., at 1145 feet. Entering the clouds.
At 6" 14™ 40* p.m., at (1262) feet. Above the clouds.
At 6" 15" p.m., at (1496) feet. Cumulus clouds below, in detached
masses.
At 6" 15™ 40° p.m., at 1963 feet. Cumulus and seud far below.
At 6" 17™ 40° p.m., at (2737) feet. Cumulus in white heaps on our level.
Sun shining on some clouds, but not others.
At 6" 20™ 30% p.m., at (4907) feet. Cumulus in beautiful hills, cirrocu-
mulus above us at angles of 45° and 75°. Cumulus far above, the same as
on July 21, 1862,
At 6" 21™ 30° p.m., at 6404 feet. Cirrus above; clouds piled up in heaps
around, above and below us, peak upon peak. A very dark cloud witha little
blue in it.
At 6" 25™ 40° p.m., at (7629) feet. Cirrus, cirrocumulus and blackish-
brown strata above. Clouds all shapes and sizes. Masses of cumulus in dis-
torted forms. Rocky clouds below us.
810 j REPORT—1864,
At 6" 29™ 508 p.m., at (8033) feet. Rainbow between lower cumulus and
upper clouds. :
At 6" 31™ p.m., at 8033 feet. Very small patches of cirrus.
At 6" 32™ 308 p.m., at 7912 feet. Another rainbow over clouds in rocky
heaps. Colours of the clouds opposite to the sun:—Top layer (1) brown ;
(2) bluish black ;.(3) darker bluish black; (4) thin layer of white; (5)
greenish brown; (6) uniform rocky clouds forming the base of everything.
At 6" 35™ p.m., at (7480) feet. Colour of the clouds under the sun :—Top
layer (1) brown; (2) dark blue; (8) whitish grey-black ; (4) uniform rocky
cumulus clouds.
At 6" 37" p.m., at 7022 feet. Patches of cumulus apparently resting
on the earth.
At 6" 37™ 10% p.m., at 6980 feet. The colour of the clouds opposite to the
sun :—Top layer (1) brown; (2) bluish brown; (3) rocky brown clouds ;
(4) bluish black; (5) uniform base of rocky cumulus.
At 6° 38™ 308 p.m., at 6626 feet. Edge of cumulus and brownish cloud
tinged by the sun. The tops of the peaks of the rocky clouds on nearly the
same level as ourselves. Saw straggling bits of cloud between the upper and
lower strata.
At 6" 43™ p.m., at 5389 feet. Peaks after peaks rising up to our level.
and clearly defined against the sky; a cloud with a little red in it, not
opposite to the sun. View confined on all sides by peaks of cloud, higher on
three sides than on the fourth.
At 6" 44™ 30° p.m., at 4865 feet. In a basin of clouds, higher on three
sides than on the fourth.
At 6" 45™ 308 p.m., at 4452 feet. Entering into the clouds.
At 6° 46™ 158 p.m., at 4009 feet. In basin of clouds ; misty.
At 6" 46™ 408 p.m., at (3886) feet. Just entering into cloud.
At 6" 47™ p.m., at 3787 feet. Just in clouds.
At 6" 47" 108 p.m., at (8685) feet. In white mist.
At 6" 48™ 30° p.m., at (2908) feet. . Steady leaden sky above; layers of
detached clouds below.
At 6" 50™ p.m., at (2061) feet. A uniform stratum of cloud above.
At 6" 54™ p.m., at 1287 feet. In clouds.
At 6" 54™ 10° p.m., at 1580 feet. Above the clouds. Colours of the
clouds :—Top layer (1) deep greenish blue ; (2) bluish black ; (3) green rocky
clouds ; (4) slightly rocky clouds.
At 6" 55™ p.m., at 2024 feet. In clouds again.
At 6" 56™ 30° p.m., at (1597) feet. In uniform white mist.
September 29, 1863.
Before starting the sky was cloudy.
At 7" 46™ a.m., at 1092 feet. Misty all round, east the clearest.
At 8° 4™ 308 a.m., at 6375 feet. Clouds above and below.
At 8" 5™ a.m., at 6429 feet. There are clouds very high above us.
At 8" 18™ a.m., at 8259 feet. Dense clouds above us, very high indeed ;
there are two layers below us.
At 8" 20™ a.m., at 8446 feet. Misty.
At 8" 24" a.m., at 9193 feet. Many clouds apponaite on the ground,
twelve cumuli in a patch.
_ At 8" 25" a.m., at 9252 feet. Detached cumuli apparently resting on the
ground like huge swans in some places, in others as though there had been
a simultaneous discharge of heavy ordnance. Three distinct layers of cloud.
Roe,
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 811
At 8° 34™ 408, a.m. at 11,082 feet. Beautiful blue tinge over bed of clouds.
At 8" 35™ a.m., at 11,062 feet. Clouds a mile above us at least.
At 8 49" a.m., at 12,857 feet. Clouds above us. :
At 8" 52™ 308 a.m., at 12,800 feet. Stratus clouds, some on our level and
some at a higher elevation.
At 8" 54™ 30° a.m., at 12,818 feet. A very great variety of cloud.
At 8" 55™ a.m., at 12,818 feet. Stratus on our level, sixteen distinct
cumuli apparently resting on the ground, like smoke on discharging ordnance.
At 8° 57™ a.m., at 12,704 feet. A beautiful tinge of blue over the clouds.
At 8" 58™ a.m., at 12,593 feet. Seas of white rocky cloud; mist.
At 9° 1™ a.m., at 12,926 feet. Counted forty separate cumuli, apparently
resting on the earth.
At 9° 3™ a.m., at 13,025 feet. Sun bringing mist up vertically.
At 9" 8™ a.m., at 13,160 feet. Clouds are above us still.
At 9° 12™ a.m., at 13,882 feet. Clouds are above us still.
October 9, 1863.
Before starting the sky was clear.
At 4" 31™ p.m., at 1573 feet. The sky was cloudless except near the
horieon.
At 4" 44™ p.m., at 7193 feet. Rose coloured cumuli clouds in the 8.;
white in the W. ; no clouds except near the horizon.
At 5" 10" p.m., at 2863 feet. Misty.
At 5" 25" p.m., at 3383 feet. The western sky is magnificent, the eastern
is dotted with fine cumuli.
At 5" 32™ 30° p.m., at 1930 feet. A thin mist.
January 12, 1864.
Before starting the sky was cloudy, overcast, the air misty and thick.
At 2" 20™ p.m., at 2639 feet. Cloudy.
At 2" 21™ 30° p.m., at 2735 feet. In fog.
At 2" 41™ 30° p.m., at 6650 feet. Cloudy.
At 3" 32™ p.m., at 11,774 feet. Snow-granules.
At 3" 36™ p.m.,.at 11,007 feet. Snow fine and thin.
At 3" 41™ 30° p.m., at 9026 feet. Clouds below us, a great dense cloud .
above us.
At 3" 45™ p.m., at 7732 feet. Above cloud ; line of cloud due N. and §.
At 3" 47™ p.m., at 7447 feet. Line of cloud remarkable, very well defined.
At 3" 47™ 30° p.m., at 7226. About entering cloud.
At 3" 48™ p.m., at 6967 feet. In cloud.
At 3" 49™ p.m., at 6640 feet. Out of cloud.
At 3" 50™ 30° p.m., at 6040 feet. Very misty.
At 4" 8™ 30° p.m., at 1324 feet. Very misty.
April 6, 1864. -
Before starting the sky was uniformly cloudy; there was no sun, and objects
were misty in the distance. .
At 4" 10™ 10° p.m., at 867 feet. Very misty.
At 4" 14™ 30° p.m., at 2170 feet. Misty; entering cloud.
At 4" 20™ p.m., at 4260 feet. Two layers of cloud.
At 4" 23™ p.m., at 5251 feet. No break in the clouds.
At 4" 50™ 30° p.m., at 6153 feet. Entered cloud. _
At 4" 51™ p.m., at 5536 feet. Stratus clouds on our level.
312 REPORT—1864.
June 13, 1864.
Before starting the sky was cloudless, the horizon misty.
At 7° 28™ 30°. p-m., at 3543 feet. The horizon was misty all round.
June 20, 1864.
Before starting the sky was cloudy.
At 6" 19™ p.m., at 1462 feet. Misty all round.
At 6" 24™ p.m., at 3086 feet. Clouds under us.
At 6" 24™ 30% p.m., at 3214 feet. Clouds around us.
At 6" 25" p.m., at 3375 feet. Entering cloud.
At 6" 26™ p.m., at 3696 feet. In a white cloud; fog; can see nothing;
the clouds are blacker above than below.
At 6" 44™ p.m., at 3549 feet. Misty below.
At 6" 45™ p.m., at 3669 feet. Black mist below. Clouds apparently
blacker below than above, entering cloud.
At 6" 51™ p.m., at 4271 feet. ‘Still j in cloud.
At 6" 54™ 308 p.m., at 4130 feet. Clouds darker.
June 27, 1864.
Before starting the sky was covered with cirrocumulus.
At 6" 34™ 30° p.m., at 484 feet. Misty.
At 7° 49™ 208 p.m., at 4471 feet. Very misty.
At 8" 15™ 30° p.m., at 3579 feet. Clear sky above.
August 29, 1864.
At 4" 19™ p.m., at 5664 feet. Cirri above.
APPEARANCE OF THE SKY.
August 31, 1863.
At 6" 33™ 308 p.m., at (7696) feet. Blue sky above.
At 6" 54" p.m., at 1287 feet. Sky ofa greenish colour.
September 29, 1863.
At 9" 20™ a.m., at 13,695.feet. Blue sky above.
October 9, 1863.
At 5" 10™ p.m., at 2863 feet. Blue sky above.
June 27, 1864.
At 7" 44™ 30° p.m., at 4597 feet. Light blue sky.
August 29, 1864.
At 4" 19™ p.m., at 5664 feet. Deep blue sky.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 3138
VELOCITY OF THE WIND BY THE BALLOON, AND BY Rosrnson’s ANEMOMETER
AT THE Roya OnsERVATORY, GREENWICH.
On September 29 the balloon left Wolverhampton at 7" 43™ a.m., and fell
near Sleaford, a point 95 miles from the place of ascent, at 10" 30™ a.m.
During this time the horizontal movement of the air was 33 miles as regis-
tered at Wrottesley Observatory.
On October 9 the balloon left the Crystal Palace at 4" 29™ p.m., and de-
scended at Pirton Grange, a point 35 miles from the place of ascent, at 6" 30™
p-m. Robinson’s anemometer during this time registered 8 miles at the Royal
Observatory, Greenwich, as the horizontal movement of the air.
On January 12 the balloon left the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, at 2" 8™ p.m.,
and descended at Lakenheath, a point 70 miles from the place of ascent, at
4" 19" p.m. At the Royal Observatory, by Robinson’s anemometer, during
this time the motion of the air was 6 miles only.
On April 6 the balloon left the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, at 4° 8™ p.m.
Its correct path is not known, as it entered several different currents of air,
the earth being invisible owing to the mist; it descended at Sevenoaks, in
Kent, at 5"17™ p.m., a point 15 miles from the place of ascent. 5 miles was
registered during this time by Robinson’s anemometer at the Royal Observa-
tory, Greenwich.
On June 13 the balloon left the Crystal Palace at 7" 0™ p.m., and descended
at East Hornden, a point 20 miles from the place of ascent, at 8" 15™ p.m.
Robinson’s anemometer during this time registered 17 miles at the Royal
Observatory, Greenwich.
On August 29 the balloon left the Crystal Palace at 4" 6™ p.m., and de-
scended at Wybridge, at 5" 30™ p.m., a point 13 miles from the place of
ascent. During this time 15 miles was registered by Robinson’s anemometer
at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
DrIREctTIon OF THE WIND.
September 29, 1863.
Before starting, the wind was from the 8.W., and remained so during the
ascent and descent of the balloon.
October 9, 1863.
Before starting the wind was from the S.E.
At 4" 34" p.m., at 3700 feet. Changed direction from N.W. to N.
At 5° 13™ p.m., at 2715 feet. Moving N.W. again.
January 12, 1864.
At 2" 9" p.m., at 655 feet. Changing direction towards the 8S.W.; wind
N.E.
At 2" 10™ p.m., at 1328 feet. Moving W.; wind E.
At 2" 11™ p.m., at 1518 feet. Wind 8.W.
At 2" 19™ p.m., at 2204 feet. Wind still S.W.
At 2" 32™ 30% p.m., at 5401 feet. We are now going northwards; wind S.
3 At 3" 3" p.m., at 8086 feet. Changed direction; moving N.N.E.; wind
S.W.
At 3" 20™ p.m., at 10,017 feet. Entered a §8.8.E. current.
314 a REPORT—1864,
April 6, 1864.
Before starting the wind was from the 8S.E.
At 4” 14" p.m., at 2161 feet. Entered a W.S.W. current.
On THE PROPAGATION OF SounD.
August 31, 1863.
At 6" 13™ 308 p.m., at 648 feet. People heard shouting.
At 6" 15™ 40° p.m., at 1963 feet. Could hear a loud buzzing noise ; rail-
way whistle heard.
At 6 37™ p.m., at 7022 feet. No sound of any sort.
At 6" 57™ 30° p.m., at 1200 feet. Heard children’s voices.
September 29, 1863.
At 8" 13™ a.m., at 7671 feet. The report of a gun was heard.
At 8" 46™ 30° a.m., at (12,415) feet. The report of a gun was heard.
At 9" 11™ 158 a.m., at (13,602) feet. A shrill whistle in the balloon was
heard as a ringing sound for 10 seconds, afterwards passing down the balloon.
At 9" 45™ a.m., at 14,224 feet. The report of a gun again heard.
October 9, 1868.
At 4" 39™ 308 p.m., at 6277 feet. The deep roar of London heard.
At 4" 40™ p.m., at 6506 feet. The roar of London deep and continuous.
At 4" 48™ p.m., at 7087 feet. The roar of London very deep.
At 5" 3™ p.m., at 3067 feet. Noise of London heard.
January 12, 1864.
At 2" 46™ p.m., at 6885 feet. Can hear the ticking of a steam-threshing
machine.
At 2 48™ p.m., at 7118 feet. Can hear people’s voices.
June 13, 1864.
At 7" 21™ p.m., at 3291 feet. Heard the report of a gun 10 seconds after
seeing the flash.
June 20, 1864.
At 6" 29™ p.m., at 4102 feet. Can hear the ticking of a watch plainly.
At 6" 30™ p.m., at 4122 feet. Heard a railway train.
At 6" 51” p.m., at 4271 feet. Heard the report of a gun.
At 6" 54™ 30° p.m., at 4130 feet. A church clock striking. _
June 27, 1864.
At 7" 45™ p.m., at 4699 feet. Heard a dog barking.
At 7° 53™ p.m., at 3958 feet. Can hear voices.
At 8" p.m., at 3604 feet. The report of a gun heard.
At 8" 6™ p.m., at 2594 feet. The report of a gun again heard.
At 8" 8™ 30° p.m., at 2529 feet. Heard the whistle of a railway train.
At 8" 29™ 30° p.m., at 2003 feet. Sounds very distinctly heard.
At 8" 33™ p.m., at 1936 feet. A bell heard with a clear sound.
At 8" 39™ p.m., at 2337 feet, Heard the report of a gun again.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv» 1864. 815
PuystoLocicaL OBSERVATIONS,
January 12, 1864.
At 3" 39™ 30% p.m., at 9516 feet. Mr. Norris reddish blue, Mr. Coxwell
darker, and Mr. Glaisher redder than usual.
June 20, 1864.
At 6" 31™ 30° p.m., at 3938 feet. The number of pulsations in a minnte
were as follows :—Mr. Goodchild, 90; Mr. Allport, the same; Master Glaisher,
86; Mr. Jackson and Mr. Coxwell, 94; Mr. Glaisher, 96; Mr. Knight, 110;
and Mr. Bourne, 112.
At 6" 51™ 30° p.m., at (4276) feet. The number of pulsations in a minute
were as follows :—Mr. Allport, 84; Mr. Goodchild, 86 ; Mr. Knight, 90; Mr.
Coxwell, 94; Mr. Jackson, 96; Mr. Bourne, 98.
June 27, 1864.
At 6" 43™ p.m., at 1497 feet. The number of pulsations in a minute were
as follows:—Mr. E. Atkinson, 78; Mr. Coxwell, 84; Mr. Glaisher, 104;
Mr. Ingelow, 108; Mr. Collins, 108; Mr. Woodroffe, 120.
At 6" 56™ p.m., at 1660 feet. The number of respirations per minute were
as follows:—Mr. Collins, 11; Mr. Coxwell, 15; Mr. J. Atkinson, 17; Mr.
E. Atkinson, 17; Mr. Ingelow, 18; Mr. Glaisher, 183; Mr. Woodroffe, 19 ;
Mr. Ellis, 20. Mr. Collins repeated the experiment and found it still the
same.
At the Alliance Inn, Brookland, at midnight. Mr. Coxwell’s pulsations
were 90 in a minute; Mr. Glaisher’s pulsations were 88 in a minute; Mr.
~Collins’s pulsations were 94 in a minute; Mr. J. Atkinson’s pulsations were
74 in a minute.
The number of respirations per minute were as follows :—Mr. Coxwell, 18 ;
Mr. Glaisher, 17; and Mr. Collins, 15.
August 29, 1864.
At 4" 50™ p.m., at 14,580°feet. Mr. Glaisher’s pulsations were 110, and
respiration 20 in a minute. :
At 4" 52™ 30° p.m., at 14,281 feet. Mr. Glaisher’s pulsations were 97 in a
minute. ; ;
At 5" 3™ p.m., at 12,866 feet. Mr. Glaisher’s pulsations were 99, Mr.
Coxwell’s 102, and Messrs. Norris and Cranston’s each 118 ina minute. The
number of respirations in one minute were as follows :—Mr. N. orris, 10; Mr.
Glaisher, 18 ; and Messrs, Coxwell and Cranston, each 22.
ON THE DIFFERENT APPEARANCE OF GAs IN THE BALLOON.
August 31, 1863.
At 6" 17™ 40° p.m., at 2737 feet. Gas cloudy.
At 6" 21™ 30° p.m., at 6409 feet. Balloon quite full; gas very opaque,
and issuing from the neck.
_ At 6" 43" 30° p.m., at 5235 feet. Gas cloudy.
At 6" 44™ 20° p.m., at (4927) feet. Gas clearing; valve faintly seen.
At 6" 45™ p.m., at 4784 feet. Gas clearer ; netting visible.
At 6" 47" p.m., at 3787 feet: Gas clearer still, but not quite clear.
At 6" 53™ p.m, at 859 feet. Gas clear.
At 6" 56™ 30° p.m., at 1597 feet. Gas beautifully clear.
316 REPORT—1864.
September 29, 1863.
At 8" 4™ a.m., at 6321 feet. Gas cloudy.
At 8" 22™ a.m., at 8726 feet. Gas getting clearer,
At 9° 1™ 15° a.m., at 12,926 feet. Gas clear.
January 12, 1864.
At 2" 41™ 30° p.m., at 6650 feet. Gas opaque.
" April 6, 1864.
_ At 4" 25™ 30° p.m., at 6163 feet. Gas clearer.
June 20, 1864.
At 6" 24™ p.m., at 3086 feet. Gas thick and cloudy, and issuing from the
neck of the balloon.
At 6" 35™ p.m., at 3002 feet. Gas clear.
At 6" 35™ 15° p.m., at 2840 feet. Gas bright.
At 6" 40™ p.m., at 2990 feet. Gas clear.
At 6" 47™ 30° p.m., at (3886) feet. Gas much cloudier, and issuing from
the neck of the balloon.
At 6" 48™ p.m., at 4013 feet. Gas thick.
June 27, 1864.
At 8" 43™ p.m., at 1836 feet. Gas clear,
Tue Lines IN THE SPECTRUM.
September 29, 1863.
At 7° 59™ a.m., at 5314 feet. The lines B to G in the sky spectrum visible.
At 8" a.m., at 5473 feet. The line F is beautifully defined; cannot see A,
and can just see G; sky spectrum.
At 8" 6" a.m., at 6385 feet. Can see B to G, sky spectrum.
At 9" 14" a.m., 14,096 feet. Spectrum everywhere, B to G, F very dis-
tinct; sky spectrum.
At 9" 22™ a.m., at 13,695 feet. Sun spectrum, H clear, dark beyond.
At 9" 23" a.m., at 13,695 feet. Sun spectrum, A clear.
At 9" 25™ a.m., at 13,982 feet. Lines clear and numerous in the sun
spectrum, extending from A to beyond H.
At 9" 41™ a.m., at 14,203 feet. The sun spectrum extended from A to far
beyond H, and was very beautiful.
At 9" 43™ a.m., at 13,897 feet. Line H in the spectrum clear and vivid.
At 9° 44™ a.m., at 13,897 feet. The sun spectrum very vivid and very
long ; H made up of fine lines.
October 9, 1868.
At 5" 7™ p.m., at 3272 feet. Faint spectrum on all sides,
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 AnD 1864. 317
Time oF VIBRATION OF A HorizontaL Magner.
June 27, 1864.
hm 5 feet seconds.
At 6 50 30 at 903 there were 30 vibrations of a horizontal magnet in 48-0
» @ 22 15 ,, 3487 ” 30 ” » ” ” 49-1
3? 4 29 0 ”? 3197 39 30 3? 3? 33 ” 49:0
” 7 32 0 bP] 3415 33 30 33 ”? 3? 239 48:9
» 1 37 0,, 4467 ” 30 ” ” ” ” 49:2
» 7 44 0,, 4597 = 30 . 5 a Bs. 49-2
” 7 46 0 9 4692 ” 30 ” 2? 29 2? 49-0
» 7 57 30 ,, 3686 ” 30 ” ” ” 7 49-0
38 4 05, 2744 ” 30 ” ” ” ” 48-7
ae 9 30 ,, 2929 = 16 ‘3 x i oe 26:5
9 8 25 0 9 2710 9? 30 2? ” 33 39 48:5
At the Alliance Inn, Brookland, at 1" a.m., on June 28, 30 vibrations of
the same horizontal magnet were observed as follows :—in 47*2, 47*2, 47°2,
46*-5, and in 47*2,
August 29, 1864.
At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, at noon,
seconds.
30 vibrations of a horizontal magnet was 49-0
30 ” ” ” > 48:5
30 ” ” ” » 48:8
30 9 3? ”? a2 49:0
hm s feet. seconds.
At 4 41 30 at 13,375 there were 26 vibrations of a horizontal magnet in 46-8
9 4 45 0 ” 14,293 ”? 30 bP) 3 ” 9 52
» 4 47 30 ,, 14,317 “ 28 xd a i a 49-5
On June 27, at the average height of 3350 feet, the magnet vibrated in 1:635
On the ground at Brookland, one vibration Was ...........eeeee0- 1-698
On Aug. 29, at the average height of 14000 feet, the magnet vibrated in 1-767
At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, one vibration was .......... 1:627
Therefore the time of vibration seems to be somewhat longer in the higher
atmosphere than on the ground; the difference being somewhat greater than
as shown above in consequence of the higher temperature of the earth.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
August 31, 1863.
_ At 6" 21" 30° p.m., at 6404 feet. The Tyne was visible almost to its source.
At 6" 27" p.m., at 7790 feet. Newcastle seen.
At 6" 33™ 30° p.m., at 7690 feet. Wind was felt in our faces.
_ At 6" 37™ 30° p.m., at 6898 feet. Losing sight of the sun. Travelling
along a line of railway in the direction of Durham. Wind gentle. Fields
seen with sheaves of corn through a break in the clouds.
At 6" 57™ 30° p.m., at 1200 feet. Earth seen faintly; can see furnaces
and tramways; Durham Minster in sight on a hill; Leanside Junction visible.
At 6" 59™ p.m., at 840 feet. Going towards hills beyond Leanside,
318 ' REPORT— 1864,
September 29, 1863.
At 8" 21™ a.m., at 8504 feet. Temperature of gas 29°0 in the neck of
balloon. '
At 8" 22™ 308 a.m., at 8726 feet. No sun here; about 30 miles distant
the sun is shining on the landscape, over a large space, which appears yery
bright in contrast with all around.
At 8" 31" a.m., at 1030 feet. The earth looks like a beautiful garden at
places from 20 to 30 miles distant, upon which the sun is shining brightly,
At 8° 40™ a.m., at 11,592 feet. Passing a large town; query, Nottingham
or Ashby-de-la-Zouch.
At 8" 42™ a.m., at 11,857 feet. Ice on water.
At 8" 44™ a.m., at 12,305 feet. Moving straight for the Wash.
At 8° 57™ a.m., at 12,704 feet. A beautiful tinge of blue.
At 9" a.m., at 12,926 feet. Smoke streaming up to a height of about 13
e.
At 9" 1™ 308 a.m., at 12,926 feet. Examined the balloon internally for
holes or rents; the dome of the balloon appeared greatly increased in size;
does looking through gas enlarge objects?
At 9" 12™ a.m., at 18,882 feet. The air is nearly saturated.
At 9" 29 a.m., at 13,982 feet. Filled bag with air.
At 9" 32™ a.m., at 16,284 feet. Filled another bag with air.
At 9" 43™ a.m., at 13,897 feet. A beautiful ring on the blackened bulb
of hygrometer. Packed up dry and wet thermometers.
At 9" 47™ a.m.,, at 14,155 feet. Can see 50 miles of coast well.
At 10" 9™ a.m,, at 7396 feet. Sun warm.
October 9, 1863.
At 4" 30™ 308 p.m., at 899 feet. Very rapid decline of temperature.
_ At 4" 32™ 30° pan., at 2279 feet. A golden sunset, colours very intense.
~ At 4" 35™ 30° pam., at 4111 feet. Temperature again falling quickly.
. At 4" 36™ p.m., at 4219 feet. The Thames visible to its mouth,
At 4°37" 30° p.m., at 5672 feet. The sea beyond the mouth of the Thames
visible.
At 4" 39™ 305 p.m, at 6277 feet. Over London.
~ At 4 41™ p.m., at 6732 feet. The river Thames like a canal.
At 4" 41™ 30° p.m., at 6796 feet. London looks very fine indeed.
At 4" 44™ p.m., at 7193 feet. The sunset is gorgeous.
At 4" 45™ p.m., at 7252 feet. The ships in the Thames appear long and
narrow, and steamboats like moving toys.
At 4" 46™ p.m., at 7303 feet. The docks distinct and very clear.
At 4" 46™ 30° p.m., at 7310 feet. Can see the inner court of the Bank ;
St. Paul’s Cathedral looks small; all streets in the city are distinctly visible ;
Milbank Prison and Oxford Street seen very clearly.
* At 4" 49™ p.m., at 6731 feet. Blue-smoke of London curving upward ;
mist towards south of London bounded by a straight line.
At 4" 52" 45° p.m., at 5433 feet. Leaving London.
At 5 55™ 10* p.m., at 4302 feet. The wet thermometer reading is in-
creasing more than the dry-bulb.
At 5" 2™ p.m., at 3040 feet. Nearly over Tottenham.
At 5 4™ p.m., at 3087 feet. Beautiful golden sunset.
~ At 5" 42™ 15° p.m., at 2909 feet. A sudden dryness.
At 5" 43™ p.m.; at 8326 fect. Too dark to observe either Daniell’s-or
Regnault’s hygrometer,
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anv 1864. 319
At 5" 57™ p.m., at 8416 feet. Not sure of decimals in thermometer read-
ings.
At 6" p.m., at 8714 feet, Could not read at all after this.
January 12, 1864.
At 2° 6™ p.m., on ground. Great deposit on Regnault.
At 2" 8™ 308 p.m., at 368 feet. Over the river- Thames.
At 2" 14™ p.m., at 1773 feet. Crossing Tilbury ; off the river.
At 2" 15™ p.m., at 1787 feet. Crossing the line again.
At 2" 21™ 30% p.m., at 2735 feet. Crossing Hainault Forest; earth looks
dull.
At 2" 44™ p.m., at 6692 feet. Can see Chelmsford.
At 2" 55™ p.m., at 7666 feet. Can see Blackwater; estimated distance
from the coast 10 ‘miles.
At 3" 11™ p.m., at 9105 feet. Applied water to wet-bulb thermometer.
At 3" 14™ p.m., at 9437 feet. On a level with Harwich or Colchester.
At 3" 21™ 408 p.m., at 10,319 feet. Query over Newmarket.
At 3" 35™ p.m., at 11,353 feet. Rabbits heavy and dull.
At 3" 36™ 30° p.m., at 10,879 feet. Dog whining.
At 4" p.m., at 3384 feet. Applied water to wet-bulb thermometer ; forest
of pines visible.
April 6, 1864.
At 4" 16" p.m., at 2775 feet. Over the edge of the river on the Essex
side. }
At 4" 18™ p.m., at 3507 feet. The goat. uneasy.
At 4" 20™ 30° p.m., at 4404 feet. Goat less uneasy.
At 4" 23™ p.m., at 5251 feet. Can see a very large oval in the cloud, with
balloon in the centre; no prismatic colours.
At 4" 26™ 308 p.m., at 6627 feet. Immense halo upon the clouds.
At 6" 37" p.m., at 11,075 feet. A rent in the balloon very high up.
June 13, 1864.
ik 7* 1™ 30° p.m., at 1155 feet. Apparently going over the Isle of Dogs..
mb fo” p.m., at 2282 feet. Sun on the water dazzling in the direction
of London,
At 7° 15™ p.m,, at 2694 feet. In a line with Charlton.
At 7°18" p.m., at 3234 feet. In a line with Woolwich.
At 7° 31™ p.m., at 3517 feet. Erith Church nearly under us.
At 7° 36™ 51° p.m., at 2602 feet. Over the edge of the river bank.
At 7" 38™ 36° p.m., at 2813 feet. Over the edge of the riyer bank on the
Essex side: therefore 1™ 45° was the timé occupied in crossing the river. ~
June 20, 1864,
At 65 18™ p.m., at 772 feet. Passing over Derby.
At 65 19™ p.m., at 1462 feet. Over the Derwent.
At 6" 36™ 40° p.m., at 2740 feet. Can see Nottingham.
At 6" 41™ p.m., at 3050 feet. Nottingham race-course and Burford seen ;
moying towards Sherwood Forest.
At 6" 57™ p.m., at 3360 feet, Over Nottingham and Lincoln Railway.
320 | REPORT—1864.
June 27, 1864.
At 6" 37™ p.m., at 865 feet. Over Penge.
At 6" 38™ p.m., at 970 feet. Going nearly towards Bromley.
At 6" 38" 30° p.m., at 1054 feet. Over Chatham and Dover line of rail-
way.
Ae 6" 48™ p.m., at 840 feet. Over Shortlands.
At 6" 48™ 30° p.m., at 750 fect. Can see the fountains playing at the
Crystal Palace.
‘At 6" 49™ 308 p.m., at 713 feet. Can see the new church at Bromley.
At 6" 50™ p.m., at 846 feet. Passing south of Bromley.
At 6" 538™ p.m., at 1309 feet. Going over Hayes Common.
At 7" 3™ p.m., at 1460 feet. Passing down the Sevenoaks road.
At 7° 18™ p.m., at 4840 feet. Golden tinge over the water.
At 7" 26" p.m., at 3322 feet. Sun shining on black-bulb thermometer.
At 7* 26" 30° p.m., at 3302 feet. Can see Farningham ; passing Madams-
court Hill.
At 7" 34™ 308 p.m., at 3734 feet. Crossing Sevenoaks line.
At 7" 35™ p.m., at 3907 feet. Can see Knoll House.
At 7° 45™ p.m., at 4699 feet. Passing to the left of Tunbridge.
At 7" 54™ p.m., at 3958 feet. Near village of Hadlow.
At 7" 56™ 30° p.m., at 3936 feet. Nearly over the Medway.
At 8" 0™ 30° p.m., at 3450 feet. Can see main line of South-eastern
Railway.
At 8 3" p.m., at 3044 feet. Belt across the sun visible, apparently on
our level. :
At 8" 3™ 30° p.m., at 2994 feet. Can see two horses, and a man leading
them.
At 8° 17™ p.m., at 3444 feet. Going over Goudhurst.
At 8" 22" 30° p.m., at 2828 feet. Passing between Hawkhurst and Cran-
brook.
At 8 28™ 20° p.m., at 2221 feet. Cranbrook very distinct.
At 8° 32™ p.m., at 1831 feet. The country is very beautiful.
At 8" 36™ p.m., at 2208 feet. Over Tenterden.
At 9" 8" p.m., at 6168 feet. Could not see to read the instruments after
this time.
August 29, 1864.
At 4" 14™ p.m., at 4612 feet. Balloon revolving once in three minutes.
At 4" 28" 30° p.m., at 8224 feet. Ships appear very small.
At 4" 36" p.m., at 10,875 feet. The fountains at the Crystal Palace look
very small.
At 4" 57™ p.m., at 13,991 feet. Nearly over Erith.
At 5" 17™ 30° p.m., at 6558 feet. Over the edge of the river bank.
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864.
321
Meteorological Observations made at different Stations in connexion with
ns Ee ee SE ae SEE a beget: ht De 0 ie Se ee)
7 308.m.| 29°456) 43-0] 42°6| 42°1| -268 97 8. 9°90) .-». | )
7 4° 5 | 29°453) 43°0| 42°7| 42°3| 270] 98 =
7 5° »» |29°457) 43°8| 43°0| 43°0| 277] 100 8.
8 © ,, | 29°458) 44°0 43°5| 42°9| 276] 96 8. 8:0
8 10 ,, | 29°458) 44°5 43°9| 434] -281| 96 8.
8 20 5, |29°458] 45°0| 444| 43°7| 285) 89 8.
8 30 » | 29°455| 46°0| 45°0| 43°9/ 287] 93 8. 570
8 40 |29°454) 468) 45-7] 44:4| -293| 92 8.
8 50 5, |29°454| 47°1| 46°0| 44°8| 297] 92 s,
9 © » |29°455) 48°0) 46°9/ 45°6| -306| 92 8. 970
9 TO 5, |29°455| 48-1) 46-7) 45:1] “307 go Ss. Fine.
9 20 » | 29°456) 47°9| 46°5| 44°9| -298| 93 8.
9 32 » |29°454) 48'4| 46°9| 45°2| -302| 89 8. 75
9 49 +» | 29°453| 49°4| 47°9| 462] -313] go 8.
9 5° » |29°450) 50°0| 48°0/ 45°9| -309| 86 8.
TO © 5, | 29456! 50'r| 47°9| 45°6| -306 85 | s.s.w. | 6:0
TO TO 45 | 29°450| 51°4/ 49°0| 46°5| -317| 84| 5.s.w.
BO 20 55 | 29451) 51°2| 49°0| 46°7| -319| 85 | s.s.w.
HO 3° » | 29°457| 52°0| 49°2| 46°3| 31°5| 81 | ss.w. | 6-0
10 40 5, |29°454| 52°8| 49°7| 46°6 318) 80] s.s.w.
TO 50 5, | 297459) 52°8+| 49°0| 45°2 302) 76] s.s.w.
Between 75 45™ a.m. and 102
30™ a.m. 33 miles of air
passed over the observatory.
: according to the anemome-
ter.
eee
9 45 a.m.| 29°989
© © ,, | 29°988
O15 ,, | 297988
1864.
55°6
55°5
55°0
52°2
5271
507
the Balloon Ascent on
August 31, 1863.
NewcastLe-on-Tyne.
eS
Reading of 3
Time of ‘ofthe ion of| a] Direc. | SS
observation.|Barom.| Thermom. | Gey | va. |humi-| tion of | 5S
reduced point.| pour. | dity. | wind. £2
to 32°F.) Dry. | Wet. eo
h m in, G ° = in.
9 0am.) 29°708) 49°5 | 47°5| 45°3| 303] 86 | NE. byx
3 OP-M.| 29°698| Goro! 58-5| 57-2 *469| gt |N.E. byN.| ..
mea 2972915775) 55°24 53-2406 Bq | ..2..:
9 2 » | 29°742) 55:0) 52:0) 49-1 81 \N.w. by N
9 60 60
loa oR e)
September 29, 1863.
Wrortrestey OpsERvVATORY.
September 29, 1863.
Brrsron OBsERVATORY.
Amount of
ozone.
*349 N.W. Vaca coc
Remarks,
Dull. Thunder with heavy
rain at 8 p.m. and afternoon.
Dull.
*346| 79 |s.w. bys. 2:2
"346| 82 Is.w. bys.| 2:0
343] 79 |s.w. bys.| 2°7
lin the Wi and. IN mepelanesa
The weather very fine.
cumulus and cirri coming
up and moving rapidly in
W.S.W. currents, and very
high cirri in N. current,
some low cirri rapidly
in N.E. currents. The
sky in S. to E., from zenith
Y
$22 A REPORT—1864.
Meteorological Observations made at different Stations in connexion with
the Balloon Ascent on
September 29, 1863 (continued.)
Beeston OBSERVATORY (continued).
Reading of
pee a | Temp. |Ren-||Dégree| “7. se\s
a : Direc- = 1
Time of of the |sion of| of 2 eile
bservation.| Barom. Thermom. | Gew-} va- |humi-| "2 of | ESS Remarks.
onaer duced... > alms . wind evicg
RECS point. | pour. | dity. ¢ eelgsS
to 32°F.) Dry. | Wet. “5/25
hm in. a S 2 in.
to horizon, cloudless, except
two or three small hemi-
spherical cumuli; sky clear
and brilliant; distant hills
hazy. The wind became
S.W. by 8. at 54, and in
which quarter it remained
(moying in oscillations from
S.W. to S.S.W. till 35 3™
p-m., when it was 8.S.E. for
5 minutes, after which it |
became stationary in the
W.S.W. all day).
10 30a.m.| 29°988) 54°7| 51°6| 48°7) °344| 80 |S.W. by s.| 5*0| ... |The weather fine, but clouds }
: moving in W.S.W., N.E.,
and N. currents.
10 45 5, |29°984| 54-5| 51°6| 48°8| °345| 80 |s.w. bys.| 5°5| -.- \
11 0 ,, | 297984] 54°5| 51°5| 48°6| °343| 80 |s.w. by s.| 3°0] ... ‘ The weather fine.
II 30 ;, 29°980) 55:0] 51°8| 48°8| -345| 80 |s.w. bys.| 3°0
12 30p.m.| 29°977| 55°7| 51°7| 48°0| °335| 75 |S-W- by s.| 9°0
Nearly overcast ; brisk wind ;
cumulostrati. |
3.0 5 129-937! 56-3) 5272 48°4| -346| 74 |s.w. bys.| 2°0| ... [The weather very fine.
October 9, 1863.
Roya OpsERVATORY, GREENWICH.
3 op.m.|29°409| 57°6| 51°7| 464) °3 16| 67 s.sz. | 2 | ... Some patches of cumulus and
cirrus scattered over the sky.
3.15 5, | 297408] 57°6| 52°0| 46°9| “322 68 s.3.E. | 4 | --- |Cumulus, cirrus, and a few
cirrostratus clouds.
3 30 5 |29°408) 57°2| 5t°0| 45°3| “303 64 8.3.5. | 3 \ Cirrus, cumulus, and cirro-
3.45 4, |29°407| 57°0| 50°7| 45°0| "299 64 Hea EZ BE ilie See stratus.
4 © 4, |29°405| §5°7| 50°5| 45°6| “306 69 RISE |) Omens eet cirrocumulus, cu-
415 4, |297405| 54°8| 49°7| 44°8| °297 69 §.8.E. 2 pain h lO oe
o ,, |29°406] 53° ; *2,| °302 8.5.E. | 0 . [Sky is nearly cloudless; a
cae ey ee ce ; is little ight Sera in the S.W.
and W.
445 5, |29°407| 52°6| 48°7| 44°8| 297) 75 BBB. lod |) ie oe in the N.E. and
o ,, |29°408) 51° 8-2 KON he #2 s.s.E. | I | ... |Balloon first seen at 4> 55™ N.
: i cE | So Fs i pes of the River Thames.
5 15 5, |29°408] 50°4| 47°7| 44°8| °297 82 S.E. 1 | ... |Clear southward; hazy in the
: N. Balloon seen bearing
N.N.W.; moving north-
wards. '
5 30 4, |29°410| 49°8| 46°8 43°6| 284] 78 S.E. o |... |A few light clouds in N.E.;
hazy in N.;__ cirrostratus
generally round the horizon.
5 45 » |29°414| 48°9| 46°5 | 43°9| 287 86 ns.z. | 0 | ... |Cirrostratus near the horizon,
. but of no numerical value;
hazy in the N. Balloon dis-
appeared at 5 27™.
6 o ,, | 29414] 48°4| 464] 44°2| “290 86 B.S.B. ps O. Mcae } cloudless.
6 30 ,, -|29°414| 48°4| 46°8| 45°0| “299| 89 E. yh Ba
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864.
323
Meteorological Observations made at different Stations in connexion with
the Balloon Ascent on
January 12, 1864.—Royat OsservaTory, GREENWICH.
Reading of e es
: Temp eae’ Degree] | Diree- had ia
Baerenca, oe ea Thermom. aoe wy ane tion oh 23 3 a
i ] wind, =
bamciad Dry. | wet Pe ie, ee aS S|) casabeal
hm in. 3 iS 3 in.
2 op.m.| 297962) 40°7| 384] 35°8| ‘210] 84 8.8.E. 10
215 y, |29°961| 40'1 | 38°4| 362] *214| 86 8.S.E. 10
2 30 5, | 297961! 39°9| 38°2| 36°0| 212] 87 8.8.E, Io
245 », | 29°964) 39°3| 38°2|] 36:1 | *213] 87 8.8.E. fe)
3 © 4, |29°973| 39°7| 38°14] 36°0| -212] 87 8.S.E. 10
Bens) 5s) | 297978) 39°2 | 37°7| 3579) 211 | 89 S.8.E. | Io
3 30 ,, |29°980] 38°6| 37°2| 35°4| *207] 89 8.8.E. 10 Overcast ; cirrostratus.
3.45 » | 297983] 38°6| 37°3| 35°6] -208] 90 8.8.E. | 10
4 © ,, |29°985| 38°6| 37°73] 35°6| -208] 89 S.8.E. 10
415 ,, |29°986| 38°6| 37°3| 35°6| -208] 89 8.8.E. 10
4 3° 5, | 297986) 38°3] 37:2] 352] 205] 89 S.S.E. 10
4 45 5) | 297989) 38°2| 37°0| 35°3| ‘206] 90 S.S.B. 10
5 © ,, |29°998) 38°7] 37°2] 35°7| *209| 90 S.S.E. 10
April 6, 1864.
Royar Osservatory, GREENWICH.
2 Op.m.| 307070] 44°38] 41°8| 38:2] -231] 78 N.N.E. | 10 | 0
| 215 5, | 30°70] 45°0| 42°3| 39°1| °238] 64 N.N.E. | 10 | 0
2 30 ,, | 30°069] 44°9) 42°1| 38°38] °236] 80 N.N.E. | 10 | ©
245 4, | 30°065| 44°9| 42°1 | 38°8| -236| 80 N.N.E. | 10 | 0
3 © 4, | 30°056) 45°0| 42°2| 38°9| -237|] 79 N.N.E. | 10 | 0
3.15 » | 30°056) 44°7| 41°8| 38°3| -231] 79 N.N.E. | 10 | ©
3 32 » |-30°057| 45°0| 42:2] 38°9| -237| 79 N.N.E. | 10 | ©
{3 45 307056 44°9| 4270 38°6 234 - N.N.E. | 10 | © Overcast; a few drops of
Bin -|,30°055)45°0).42°3 | 39° 238 7 N.N.E. | 10 | © fine rain at 4" 20".
4 15 5, | 39°057| 44°8| 42°1| 38°9| -237) 80 N.N.E. 10] 0
4 32 5, | 30°055| 45°1| 42°1 | 38°6| -234]| 79 N.N.E. 10 | 0
445 », | 30°055) 45°6| 42°6| 39°0| -238] 79 N.N.E. | 10 | 0
5 © 5, } 307053) 44°8| 41°5| 37°8| °227| 76 N.N.E. | 10 | 0
5 15 » | 30°0S3| 44°7]| 41°4| 37°5| 225]. 76 N.N.E. | 10 | 2
5 302 5, | 39°54) 44°3) 41°2| 37°6| -227| 77 N.N.E. 10 |] 2
5 45 + | 30°054| 44°2| 41°6| 38°5| -233] 80 N.N.E. Lon, 2
6 © ,, | 30°054] 44°] 41°5| 38°4| *232]. 80 N.N.E. | 10 | 2° |)
June 13, 1864.
Royat Opservatory, GREENWICH.
6 op.m.|29°476| 61°9| 52°3| 44:0] 288] 52 | ...... o |... |Sky cloudless, excepting a
small patch of cirrocumulus
in the N.E.
7 © x» |29°480] 59°0| 52°2| 46-2] °313] 62 | ...... 2) leer ee eae at 75 7™ moving
ue E.
Byet5 >, |29°481| 58'2| 52°0| 46-2| -313| 65 | ...... ° Cloudless. Balloon still ra-
pidly moving to the E.,
veering in a slight degree
to the 8.
7 3° », |29°484) 57°2| 51°2| 45°7| -307| 65 | ...... ° . |Cloudless. Balloon last seen
at 7223™,
7 45 » |29°486) 56°5) 5o°7| 45°4| 304] 67 | ...... °
8 © » |29°487) 55°9| 49°5| 45°5| 305] 64 | -... e
8 15 ,, | 29488] 54:9] 48°6| 42°6| 273] 64 | ...... ° { Gigadiess
8 30 ,, | 297498] 53°1| 48°4| 42°9| :276| 70 | ...... ° =
8 45 ., |29°498| 52:8] 48:2) 43°6| -284| 71 |... ° |
9 © 4, |29°499] 52°8| 48:2] 43°6| 284] 71 |... fr) )
324 REPORT—1864.
Meteorological Observations made at different Stations in connexion with
the Balloon Ascent on
June 20, 1864.
Brrston OBSERVATORY.
3° » |29°918) 63°83) 58:0} 53°2| “406! 70 9
3° » |29°918) 63°0) 57°4| 52°6| *397| 6g oe 9
© y | 29°913| 62°4) 57°5| 53°2| 406) 73 se 9
st 9
9
Reading of r bs on a
= i = i o2|o
Time of Thermom. of the bien of oo Diret- [32/3 : Remarks.
observation. ee ere dew- | va- | humi- Senn Baie
to 39°F. Dry. | Wet. point. | pour. | dity. — £2 EE
hm in. a ° co in.
4 35P-M.| 29°949| 68°0| 601) 53°9| -416| 60 “ce 10
4 40 4, |29°949| 68-0) 60°71) §3°9/ "416| 60 nee 10
445 » |29°947| 68:0| 6071) 53°9| -416| 60 65 10
4 50 + |29°947| 67°7| Goo) 53°9/ -416| 61 ae 10
4 55 » |29°946) 67°6) 60°r) 5a°2| -g2r| 62 oe 9
5 © » |29°945) 67°4) 59°9 Sarr | “419/62 8
5 5 » |29°943] 67°2| 59°8) sar] -419| 62 6 - |Considerable breaks in the
5 10 4, |29°943| 67°0| 60°0| 54°4| *424| 64 7 clouds.
5 15 1 | 29°944) 66°7| 59°38) sq4r2| -g21| 64 7
5 20 » | 29°939) 66°3/ 59°7| 54°3| 422) 66 7
5 25 » |29°941) 66:0/ 59°6| 54-3) 422) 66 7
5 32 » |29°941) 65°6) 59°5| 54°5| 425) 69 oe 7
5 35 »» |29°941) 6573) 59°2) 54:2 | “g21| 68 “ 7
5 40 » |29°941) 65°7| 59°6) 54:5) “425| 68 “ 4
5 45 »» | 29°941| 66°0) 59°7| 54‘2| “421} 67 8
5 52 » | 29°939| 66°3) 59°38) 54°5| 425] 66 9
5 55 » | 29°939| 66°3| 59°38) sq-5|.-g25| 66 9
6 9 w | 29°941| 66:1 59°7) 541| “419| 67 9
6 5 » |29°940) 66:0| 59°5 sq'2| 421) 66 9
6 10 5 |29°940) 65°7| 59°3| 5470) -413| 67 te 9
6 15 » | 29°938) 65°7| 59°3) sqro| -418| 67 oo 10
6 20 5, | 29°938] 65°5| §59°2! sqo| *418| 67 Bee 10
6 25 » |29°937 65°3| 59°1| Sq'1| -419| 68 oe 10
6 30 » | 297938) 65°0| 59°0) 54*1| -419| 68 =e 10 | «+» |At 65 29™ the balloon was ex-
+e actly opposite this observa-
5 tory (Beeston), a.m.
6 35 » |29°933| 64°7| 58°9| sq'0| “418) 69 vs 10 |. Ace; serena te aw nodal
See the balloon rose 2°.
6 40 5, | 297930) 64°7| 58°6| 53:4) -409| 67 “ TO | ... |At 6% 38™ balloon exactly over
Bee Wollaston Hall, altitudez 5°.
6 45 ., | 29°929) 64°7| 58:4) 52°7| 399) 66 vs 10 | .. |Ato® 41™ balloon disappeared
ae in clouds in the N.N.E.
6 50 5 |29°929) 64°7) 58°4| 52°7| 399] 66 os 10
6 55 s |29°927| 64°8| 58°4| 53°1| 404) 66 aoe Io
7 © w» |29°925| 64°8| 58°4| 53°1| 404) 66 ot 10
7 5§ » |29°921| 64°6| 58°3] 53:0] *403] 67 oor 10
7 10 4, |29°921| 64°6| 58°2| 52°8| -400| 66 in 10
7 15 5, |29°919| 64°3| 58°2| 52°9| -gor| 66 ae 10
7 20 5 |29°919) 6471] 58-1] 53°1| -404| 72 oe 10
7 25 » |29°917| 64:0] 58-1] 53°2| *406| 68 ae 10
7
8
9
9
°
30 sw |29°899) 62°0| 57°5| 53°7| 443) 74
IO ,, | 29°882] 61°7| §7°1| 53°0| 403] 74
ON NINE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1863 anp 1864. 325
Meteorological Observations made at different Stations in connexion with
the Balloon Ascent on
June 27, 1864.—Brackneata.
pene Temp.| Ten- | Degree Ssls
Time of ? eta Direc- sar das
Son: Barom.| Thermom. aay pan of Tw west ES Ss Remarks.
reduced |" ~~}"____| point. | pour. | dity, | #@4+ Zz 25
to 32° F.| Dry. | Wet. <s/<48
hm in. f 4 Adaline
6 Es5p.m.) 30°045) 60°4) 53°7| 47°9| °334| 63 | w.s.w. | 9 | ... [Nearly overcast. :
6 30 ,, | 307045] 6o:0| 52°8| 46-4] -316| 61 | ...... a . Blue increasing above, cumuli
surrounding.
6 40 4, | 30°045| 60°0| 52°6| 46-0] -311| 60 | ...... 9 Cumuli and cumulostratus
6 50 4, | 30°045) 60°0| 52°5| 45°9/ -309| 60 | ...... 9 in the east.
7 © % |30°045) Go-r} 53-1] 46°8| -321] 62 | ...... 7
7 10 30°045) 60°0| 52°5|] 45°9| *309| 60 | ...... 7 , :
7 20 * 30°046) S9°1| 52°2| 46-1 | 312] 62 | «...... 5 . |Zenith clear; cumuliall round.
7 3° 15 | 30°046| 58-5} 52°5| 47-2] -325| 66 | ...... 3
7 4° 3 | 307040) 58°3| 52°0/ 46°4| -316| 65 | ...... 5
7 50° 35 | 30°037| 58:2] 52°1| 46:7] -319| 66 | ...... 6
Bo 5, | 307035} §8°2| 52°3] 47°0| -323] 67 | 2... 6 Cumulus and cirrocumulus.
8 10 ,, | 30°028) 57°9| 52-0! 46-7 | 35)! 67) [0 cacews 7 rte, be
8 20-5, | 30°028] 57-4) 51°8| 46°8| +321} 67 | ...... 8 | ... |Zenith particularly clear.
B 30 5, | 307028) 56°5| 51-7| 47°4| 328] 72 | ...... 3 . |Zenith perfectly clear ; clouds
; in N.
Cumulus and cirrocumulus
-¢ : in the zenith ; cumulus in
. 40 5, gor028 56-1| 510! 46:2] °313] 7o |... CPi ee tio Wit) enmaleetenbasns
GO), | 30°027] ... “omy! NEE ast Stan ML sess Ge. (FR the B:, dud eleakntha S.
and 8.B.
August 29, 1864.
Royat Oxzservatory, GREENWICH.
3 Op.m. 29°377 77°5 Ph 51°4| 379] 40 . 5
245 » | 29877) 77°9| 61°7| 51°0| -374| 4o | sw. | 5 |... saht holt aR
3 30 » | 29°877| 75°5| 61°6| 51°6| -382| 44 S.W. BP coats Light high cirrus.
3.45 » | 29879) 74°7| 61°4| 51°8| -385] 45 8.8.W. 5 | +3
4 © 5». | 29879 73°3| 60°3| 50°4| +366) 44 SW. | 5 | 0
| te ot ee Ae Po ee | eee --. | .. |Balloon seen to rise from the
t Crystal Palace grounds.
415.» |29°881) 73°4| 59°7| 49°7| -357| 43 | ssw. | 5
4 30 5, |29°873) 72°4| 58°5| 48-1| -366) 43 | ssw. | 5
Otay Vetctics. |. i.. be Cir (a Irs Reet lege | fie Sion a .-- | ... |Estimated place of balloon S.
. of Woolwich.
445 » |29°873| 72°0| 57°6| 46°83) -321| 41 S.S.W. 4
§ © 5, | 29870) 71°0| 57°5| 47-2 *325| 42 S.S.W. S ° .
BED yy | Teese. ages hcisceh Needs lars 1) MAL +» |... [Through a 30-in. achromatic
telescope, the several parts
of the grapnel, connecting-
Ps rope, netting, &e. could be
distinctly seen; and Mr.
Glaisher could also be seen
at one end of the car (pro-
bable distance from Green-
wich 8 miles). From 55 1™
to 556™+. The balloon ro-
tated in the direction S8.W.,
N.E., in 53™.
Mel RI ET PP a --. | «. Sand was thrown out several
times from 54 7™ to 5h 12™.,
Another reyolution of bal-
loon S.W., N.E., in 5™.
326
REPORT—1864.
Meteorological Observations made at different Stations in connexion with
the Balloon Ascent in
August 29, 1864 (continued).—Royat OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH.
Reading of Be a
: bey oe aha Bowe Diree- | © = 2
Pesan Y Barom.| Tbermom. ‘aes ek Adwtesi<|) hom Vg aes FI 2 Remarks.
reduced point. | pour. | dity. | “™° | 22/28
to 32°F.) Dry. | Wet ao/<s
hm in. ° ° 3 in. , aH
cay nae oe ae al ae Grapnel still visible, but con-
necting - rope not distin-
5 15 4, |29°869| 69°9| 58°3| 49°4| 353) 48 | SSW 3 Sand thrown out. _[ guished.
Beit RO ae BS S| (UN abe 2 | aR ere coe ”. |... [Mr. Coxwell visible in ring.
B22 ores elih neces Bf | lesa nea a | eae oe . |Balloon descending ; gas being
let off rapidly ; balloon quite
flaccid. :
[OE Ame lf See Perse St cecth, || Meseae || Nicer lvee5 0) Baro ceo . [Moving northwards ; _ still
seen through mist, appa-
rently over Essex Marshes,
far beyond North Woolwich.
5 30 ,, |29°871] 69°6| 58°F] 49°3| 352] 49 8.8. 2 . |The zenith is almost entirely
free from clouds.
Pea ee ote Pill tees Miele s-ikl| et Wags [hese Balloon down; grapnel caught;
balloon jerked over. The
place of descent was observed
to be not far from the Essex
bank of the river, and was
estimated near Purfleet, or
perhapsfurther on near bank
opposite to Northfleet.
5 45 ,, |29°875| 68°6| 57°5| 48°8| 345) 49 8.8.W. 1 | ... |Light clouds near horizon.
6 0 ,, |29°875| 67°5| 57°0| 48°7| *344| 50 $.8.W. ° o |Cloudless, with the exception
< of a few light clouds in the
S. and 8.E.
August 29, 1864.—BiackHEATH.
1 op.m,| 29:944| 71°1| 58°4| 48°7| -344| 45 | w.bys. | 7 . |Cirrus, cumulus, cirrostratus,
; and cumulostratus.
2 © 4, |29°950| 74°6| 62°9| 54°5| 425] 50 | w.bys. | 3 | © Cumulus and cirrostratus in
horizon ; clear in zenith.
2 30 4, |29°950| 74°71 | 62°6| 54°1| -419| 50 Ww. 3 . [Detached cirrocumulus and
cirrostratus ; clearinzenith.
3 © 4, |29°950| 73°6| 62°12] §3°7| “413| 50 w. 3 |_o |Clear in zenith ; cirrocumulus |
in horizon.
3 10 ,, |29°950| 73°0| 6171] 52°3| °393] 48 | w.bys. | 4 OF Se. ee
3.20 » |29°950| 73°6| 6173) 52°4| -394| 48 | w.bys.| 4 malas elaad?
3 30 5, |29°950| 73°1| 610] §2°0| -388) 48 S.W. 4
3.40 5, |29°950| 72°6| 60°7| 51°8| °385| 48 S.W. 4 Cirrostratus and cumulus.
3.50 » |29°950| 72°2| 60°5) 51°8| 385) 49 S.W. Sf alles
4 © 5, |29°950| 71°8| 60°3| 51°6| *382| 49 | SW. | 7 | 0
4 10 ,, |29°950| 71°0| 60°0/ 51°6| *382| 50 s.W. 4 | ... | | Cirrostratus and cirrocumu-
4 20 5, |29°950| 70°9| 6070] 51°6| °382| 50 | ssw. | 4 | -- lus.
4 30 5, |29°950| 70°8| 59°0| 49°8| °358 48 S.8.W Beales
4 40 ,, |29°950| 70°7| 59°2| 50°2| *364|) 48 | s.s.w Dp hi| dds
4 50 y |29°950| 79°4| 59°4] 51°0| °374| 5° | S.S.W 2 | ... | } Cirrus in horizon.
5 © 4 | 297940] 7o°2| 59°5| 542| -377| 5x | ssw. | 2 | ©
§ 10 ,, |29°940| 69:9] 59°4| 51°3| 378] 52 | 8.S.W, 2 |... || Clear above ; cirrostratus in
5 20 ,, |29°940| 68°8| 59°0| 51°3| °378| 53 | 8.8.W 2 the horizon.
5 30 » |29°940| 68°6| 5970} 51°5| 381) 54 | S.S.w. 2 A few light cirrus clouds
5 4° 4, |29°940| 68°5] 59°70] 51°5| “381| 54 |s.s.w.bys.| © orion
5 50 4, |29°940| 68:0} 58-3] 50°7| 370) 53 |s.s.w.bys.| O | + d
6 0 4, |29°940 67°5| 58:0} 50°4| -366| 54 |s.s.w.bys| © | ... |Sky looks misty.
DREDGING ON THE COAST OF SHETLAND. 3827
Further Report on Shetland Dredgings.
By J. Gwyn Jerrreys, F.R.S,
Tue dredging-expedition this year occupied nearly three months. A relation
lent me his yacht, and I had every reason to be satisfied with the master and
- erew, who did all in their power to promote the object of the expedition.
The master had been my dredger on the last occasion; and I this time en-
gaged in that capacity Archibald McNab, of Inverary, who had formerly been
employed by the late Mr. Barlee and myself in dredging on the west coast of
Scotland and that part of Shetland which we now visited. McNab evidently
took a great interest in the work, and I cannot speak too highly of his conduct.
I had also extra hands to assist in dredging. Mr. Waller and Mr. Peach
Were my companions; and both most ably and zealously cooperated with me
in this last investigation of the marine invertebrate fauna of the Shetland
Isles. The cost of the expedition (exclusive of travelling and personal ex-
penses) was about £220, towards which £75 was granted by the Association.
But the weather was, as usual, unpropitious. We found, to our disappoint-
ment, that in this year the beginning of May was fine, and that time we just
missed. The rest of May and all June were more or less stormy. The second
week in July was more favourable than any other part of the season. The
variability of the weather in this district is very great, and no year is alike
in that respect. The fishermen say that they never could depend on any
particular month in previous years as the finest or best suited for their
work; and they told me that this season was the worst they had experi-
enced for the last twenty years. However, we continued to get some
dredging (on an average one or two days in each week) ; and altogether we
were not unsuccessful, owing in a great measure to having so much time
at our disposal. The stations which we revisited this year, and made our
head-quarters, were the Whalsey Skerries and Balta, both exceedingly well
adapted for the exploration of the eastern side of the Shetland sea-bed. It
would of course be desirable to explore also the western side, although that
has partially been done by Mr. McAndrew. Perhaps he, or some other zoolo-
gist, will at a future time complete this part of the investigation.
The most interesting species of Mollusca obtained on this occasion were
Kellia cycladia, Trochus amabilis, Margarita elegantula, Rissoa Sarsi, R. Jef-
freysi, Hulima stenostoma, Cerithiopsis costulata, Nassa haliieti, Mangelia niva-
lis, Cylichna alba, a new species of Amphisphyra (which I propose to call
expansa and will presently describe), Clio retusa, and C. infundibulum. The
Nassa halideti is described and figured in Hérnes’s valuable monograph on the
miocene shells of the Vienna Basin, under the name of Columbella corrugata,
Bonelli, who seems to have considered it the same as the Buccinwm corruga-
tum of Brocchi. I do not know Bonelli’s work ; but the Buccinum corrugatum
of Brocchi (‘Conchiologia fossile Subapennina,’ tom. ii. p. 652, tab. 15.
fig. 16) is certainly not our shell. Brocchi refers his species to the
Buceinum stolatum of Renier, an Adriatic shell, which the latter mistook for
the species of that name described by Gmelin, and which is a native of Tran-
quebar. Ourspecies does not belong to the genus Cithara of Schumacher,
as I had at first supposed; but it is remarkably interesting as being identical
with a miocene species, which has not reappeared or been detected in the
pliocene formation, and therefore might naturally be supposed to have become
extinct. I lately took an opportunity of showing both the recent and fossil
shells to Mr. Henry Adams ; and his skilful and practised eye could not detect
any difference between them.
328 REPORT—1864,
Isocardia cor, Natica monilifera, N. sordida, and Defrancia gracilis occurred
in a living state. These haye been usually regarded as southern forms; and
the last two are not in Lovén’s Catalogue. All are conspicuous and well-
known species; and I have selected them from many others in the same
category to show the wide range of their distribution. The first (Jsocardia
cor) is not uncommon in the newer glacial deposits near Christiania, and is -
associated, with species some of which exist at present only within the arctic
circle.
In one of my former Reports I noticed that the marine fauna of Shetland
is in the main Scandinavian. This, indeed, would be the natural inference
from the geographical position of these isles. But it has undoubtedly also
a southern character, and includes many species which inhabit the Mediter-
ranean. Some naturalists, who appear not to have studied the question in
all its bearings, ascribe this southern element to the influence of the Gulf-
stream. I cannot help repeating what I have already urged elsewhere*, that
the eastern coasts of Shetland are, so far as can be ascertained, quite exempt
from the operation and effect of this mighty ‘river in the ocean.” No seeds
of tropical plants, no Janthine, Spirula, exotic kinds of Teredo, Velella, or
other pelagic animals which usually accompany the course of the Gulf-stream
have ever been found on any part of these coasts. The only driftwood which
has been observed floating in the sea, or cast ashore by the waves—and in
this treeless district every kind of wood is much sought after—-consists of
Norwegian fir-trees, often with their roots, and drilled by the same species
of Teredo (T'. megotara or nana) that attacks piles and fixed wood-work, as
well as boats, equally in the harbours of East Shetland and Norway. Besides,
another consideration must not be lost sight of, viz. that the Mediterranean
fauna is quite independent of the Gulf-stream; and a glance at Maury’s
chart will show that the direction of its course, or of the “ drift” which
may have been mistaken for it, off the western coasts of Europe and
Africa (including the entrance to the Straits of Gibraltar) is entirely south-
ward, and forms in fact the return-current. The present distribution of
marine life in the European seas must be traced in some other way, and with
reference to geological conditions. Palontologists are well aware that many
kinds of Mollusca which still inhabit the Mediterranean, but not our seas,
left their remains on the area that now constitutes the eastern coasts of
England, perhaps ata period long antecedent to the origin of the Gulf-stream.
Several species of Mollusca, which may be termed southern forms, likewise
occur on the Dogger Bank and the coasts of Yorkshire and Northumberland ;
and among them may be enumerated Vrochus millegranus, Scalaria Turtoni,
Natica sordida, Murex erinaceus, Defrancia brachystoma, and Pleurotoma teres.
To these may be added a fine Echinoderm lately captured off Scarborough,
which had not before been observed so far north, viz. Echinus melo, var. Sar-
dica. It is not uncommon in the south of Europe; but I believe it is only
known as British through Mr. Peach having discovered it, some years ago, on
the Cornish coast.
Other branches of marine zoology, in connexion with the Shetland dredg-
ings, have been worked out by skilful and experienced naturalists ; and when
I mention their names and the departments which they have undertaken, the
members of the Association will doubtless be satisfied that full justice has.
been done to these explorations. Reports or lists will be presented by Mr.
Aider as to the Nudibranchs, Tunicata, and Polyzoa, by: Mr. Spence Bate
and the Rey. A. M. Norman on the Crustacea, by Dr. Baird on the Annelids,
* ‘British Conchology,’ Introduction, p. xcvili.
:
|
|
DREDGING ON THE COAS?S OF SHETLAND. 829
by Mr. Norman on the Echinodermata, by Mr. Peach also on the last-named
class as well as the Polyzoa, by Professor Allman on the Hydrozoa, by Mr.
Brady on the Foraminifera, and by Dr. Bowerbank on the Sponges*. "Such
a division of labour has, I think, had the effect of increasing the result, and
making the whole more complete and valuable.
I have been enabled by means of this expedition to confirm my former ob-
servations, embodied in the last Report, with respect to the nature of the
sea-bed which has been thus explored, and to certain physiological and
geological conditions, To these may be now added some further remarks.
More quasi-fossil shells were dredged, and for the first time in this district
Lepeta ceca, dead, but apparently as fresh as any Scandinavian specimen. A
perfect specimen of Rhynchonella psittacea was also obtained at a depth of
86 fathoms; but it had two tell-tale associates. One was Pecten Islandicus,
and the other Spirorbis granulatus, var. heterostropha, of much larger size
than specimens of the same Annelid from the southern coasts of England ; the
Spirorbis was also dead, and covered both the Rhynchonella and Pecten. S.
granulatus has not been found in a living state north of the Hebrides, so
far as I have been able to discover. This appears to have been one of the
numerous relics of the glacial or post-glacial epoch; it is an inhabitant of
shallow water, and affords another confirmatory proof of my hypothesis that
the Shetland sea-bed has sunk considerably during a comparatively recent
period.
It seems to me as if shells belonging to the same species, that are common
to the littoral and deep-water zones, attain a greater size and thickness
in the former than in the latter habitat. Such are Venus gallina, Tellina
fabula, Mactra solida (compared with its variety elliptica), Tectura virginea,
Rissoa Alderi (R. soluta of Forbes and Hanley, but not of Philippi), Zrochus
zizyphinus, T.cinerarius, T. twmidus, and Buccinum undatum compared with its
variety Zetlandica, Mr. Jordan informs me that he has observed the same
difference with regard to specimens of Pandora mequivalvis and its variety
obtusa, Tectura virginea, and Chiton discrepans, which he has lately taken on
the shore and dredged off the Channel Isles. More extensive observations
are unquestionably desirable, if not necessary, before this proposition can be
substantiated; but it has been abundantly proved by the researches of Di.
Davy, Forchhammer, and Bischof that the quantity of carbonate of lime held
in solution by sea-water, and from which shells are secreted, occurs chiefly
along coast-lines, being derived from terrestrial sources, and brought down
to the sea by rivers, streams, and the washings of rain and waves. This
would give a reason for littoral shells being more solid than those from deep
water; and possibly the greater abundance of food in the former than in the
latter case might account for the increase of bulk.
I noticed in the last Report that living Mollusca taken by the dredge
from considerable depths, and placed in a shallow vessel of water drawn from
the shore, did not appear to be in the slightest degree affected by the sudden
change of bathymetrical conditions, I wish to qualify this statement, and
at the same time to record a further observation. It is quite true that the
Mollusca in question were lively and active in their new habitat ; but those
which were of the univalve kind exhibited a peculiarity and habits with
which I was much struck. All of them, on being placed in the vessel, tried
to escape from the bottom, and quickly found their way up the sides to the
open air; some floated with the sole of the foot uppermost, and the shell
downwards. Now it is very certain that in their native habitat, at a depth
‘ * These lists will be given in the next volume of Reports.
1864, Zz
j
330 REPORT—1864.
of nearly 500 feet, these mollusks, which are ground-dwellers and have no
means of rising to the surface of the sea, could not have floated in this way,
or even had time or an opportunity, since they were taken up from the depths
of the ocean, to acquire such a habit. Was it instinct? If so, when was
it implanted? Another fact worthy of notice is the eagerness which they
displayed to escape out of the water and to breathe the openair. One would
have supposed that the water at the bottom of the ocean was much less
aérated or oxygenated than that on the shore, and that the mollusks would
have supplied their gills more copiously in surface-water with the requisite
element. But exactly the contrary has been ascertained by some experiments
conducted on board the French surveying-ship ‘ Bonite’; and it is now
clearly established that the quantities of atmospheric air increase with the
depth. According to Dr. Wallich, in an admirable chapter of his ‘ North
Atlantic Sea-bed,’ entitled “ The Bathymetrical Limits of Life in the Ocean,”
the proportion of gaseous matter taken up by water is very greatly increased
under an increase of pressure, all gases (especially oxygen and hydrogen)
being easily compressible and becoming fluid under a comparatively slight
pressure. We but imperfectly understand the mode in which the solution of
atmospheric air in sea-water is brought about; but the terdency of fluids to
absorb gaseous bodies is constant under all circumstances, and the quantity
which they are capable of appropriating increases with pressure. It therefore
follows that the deeper the stratum of water, the greater must be the amount
of gaseous matter held in solution by it. For a more detailed explanation of
this problem I must refer to the work above cited. I can now understand
why deep-water mollusks do not find in the surface-water the same supply
of atmospheric air as they had been accustomed to, and why they creep out
of it into the open air to avoid a sensation which we should call stifling or
suffocation.
T will conclude with extracts from the works of two great and pleasant
writers, which relate to the subject-matter of this Report. We will first hear
Professor Edward Forbes :—
“‘T can speak personally as to the pleasure of such explorations, the more
to be esteemed since in these days there are few countries so entirely new as
to warrant the trayeller’s boast that he is the first educated man to visit
them and to discover their wonders. But beneath the waves there are many
dominions yet to be visited, and kingdoms to be discovered; and he who
venturously brings up from the abyss enough of their inhabitants to display
the physiognomy of the country will taste that cup of delight, the sweetness
of whose draught those only who have made a discovery know.” (‘The
Natural History of the European Seas,’ p. 11.)
Professor Kingsley comes next and last. He says, with equal truth,
that there is a mysterious delight in the discovery of a new species ; but he
thinks “the pleasure is too great; that it is morally dangerovs, for it brings
with it the temptation to look on the thing found as your own possession, all
but your own creation; to pride yourself on it, as if God had not known it
for ages since,—as if all the angels in heaven had not been admiring it, eae
before you were born or thought of.” (‘Glaueus,’ p. 28.)
Description of a New Species of Amphisphyra*.
AMPHISPHYRA EXPANSAT, Jeffreys.
Bovy gelatinous, clear white, sprinkled all over with minute black specks.
* Shaped at both ends like a mallet, Sa aa -t-Spread out,
DREDGING ON THE COASTS OF SHETLAND. 331
Snout broad, bilobed in front.
_ Eyes none.
Foot oval, cloven in front, with a large triangular expansion or ear-shaped
process at each side of this part, widely, deeply, and evenly forked
behind.
Ovary yellowish brown.
Suett barrel-shaped, but much narrower at the top than the bottom (where
it is considerably expanded), thin, nearly transparent, and slightly
prismatic.
Seulptwre apparently smooth, but exhibiting under the microscope a few
slight and indistinct spiral strie.
Colowr white, except the apex or nucleus, which is horn-colour.
Spire truncated.
Suture deep or channelled, and somewhat angulated.
Whorls three and a half, rapidly increasing; the first is nipple-shaped, and
projects beyond the rest.
Mouth pear-shaped, upper corner not quite reaching to the spire; base
spread out and rounded.
Outer lip thin and flexuous.
Pillar-lip folded outwards, at first straightish, and afterwards curved. _
Umbilicus narrow and groove-like, formed by the reflexion of the pillar-lip.
Length, O -215; breadth, 0-185.
Hasrrar. Shetland, in muddy sand, 82 fathoms, fifty miles 8.8.E. of the
Whalsey Skerries; and on a sandy bottom called the “ Haddock ground,”
43 fathoms, at a distance of about five miles from the shore between the
Skerries and Fetlar Island. One living specimca was dredged in each of
these places, and a dead shell also in the former; it appears, therefore, to be
a rare species, The animal is bold and active, and crawls rapidly. It differs
from that of A. hyalina in colour ; in the front lobes forming part of the foot
in the present species, but of the srout or head-veil in the other (which
in. that species resemble tentacles, and are folded back or carried erect
when the animal crawls, as in Oylichna); in the total want of eyes; and in
the tail of the foot being evenly forked in A. expansa, end unequally divided
or heterocercal in A. hyalina. The absence of eyes is a remarkable character ;
and there can be no question of the fact, so far as the best optical instruments,
long and patient examination under the most favourable circumstances, and
the concurrent testimony of three practised observers can establish it. A
living individual of each species was placed side by side, and fully displayed
itself. One had distinct eyes, which were widely separated, placed outside
the shell, but far back on the head-veil. The other, which was three times
as large and equally exposed to view, exhibited no trace of eyes anywhere,
although it was examined in every position in order to detect their existence.
They could not haye been subcutaneous, because the tissues of the animal
were nearly transparent, and a high wicroscopical power was employed, by
which the internal structure was clearly seen. Analogous cases occur In
Eulima distorta and E. stenostoma, as well as in Mangelia nebula and M.
nivalis among our native .mollusks. The shell of A. expansa differs from
that of A. hyalina chiefly in being broader and more dilated at the sides; it
is likewise of a much larger size. From A. globosa it may be distinguished
by its greater solidity, being proportionally larger, and especially in the form
of the spire, which is broader and entirely visible, instead of being (as in the
last-named species) acuminated or erding in an obliquely angular sisal so
VA ©
332 REPORT—1864.
as almost to conceal the whorls. The kindness of Professor Lovén in supply-
ing me with, among other types of his species, a specimen of A. globosa has
enabled me to institute this comparison; and I have also been favoured
by Professor Lilljeborg with a Norwegian example of the same species.
With respect to the genus Amphisphyra of Lovén, I would take this
opportunity of remarking that Messrs. H. and A. Adams, in their well-known
‘Genera of Recent Mollusca,’ have substituted the name Diaphana, as having
been given by the late Captain Brown before the publication of Lovén’s
‘Index Molluscorum Scandinavie’ ; but on referring to the second and latest
edition of Brown’s ‘ Illustrations of the Recent Conchology of Great Britain
and Ireland,’ which bears the date of 1844, it will be seen that he cancelled
or discarded that name, and placed his Diaphana candida (our Amphisphyra
hyalina) in his new genus Utriculus, along with Cylichna obtusa and a fossil
species of Philine.
There are four British species of Amphisphyra, viz. A. hyalina, A. expansa,
and two others. One of these last I noticed and figured in the ‘ Annals and
Magazine of Natural History’ for January 1858, under the name of A. glo-
bosa, erroneously supposing it to be Lovén’s species. The name of the British
shell may be changed to ventricosa. The other is undescribed, and was found
by Mr. Robert Dawson in shell-sand from Haroldswick Bay, in the north of
Shetland ; it may be the Bulla denticulata of Adams.
In the course of the above mentioned dredging-operations on the coast of
Shetland, which were undertaken last year at the instance of the British
Association, I obtained two full-grown and living specimens of Stilifer
Lurtont, adhering to an Echinus Drobachiensis of O. F. Miiller, or E. neglectus
of Lamarck. The Zchinus was also covered with numerous clusters of egg-
shaped spawn, which apparently had been deposited by one of the Stilifers.
I will not say, as is too frequently said on such occasions, that nothing or
but little is known on the subject. This is not the case; but I will endeavour
to add something to our knowledge of a curious mollusk, which is especially
interesting in respect to its peculiar structure and habits, as well as of the
difficulty felt by naturalists in assigning to it a correct place in the system of
conchology.
For the discovery of this mollusk science is indebted to the indefatigable
labours of the late Dr. Turton. In the <‘ Zoological Journal,’ for October
1825, an article by him, entitled ‘‘ Description of some new British Shells,”
comprised one which he named Phasianella stylifera, and of which he
says, ‘‘ We found a dozen of these beautiful little shells alive, and attached
to the spines of the Echinus esculentus, dredged up in Torbay.” The reason
which he gives for placing it in Phasianella is smgular. It is that, in order
to prevent the excessive multiplication of genera, he combined with that
genus many of the small turbinated shells, such as otherwise answer to
Lamarck’s character, whether they have an operculum or not; and such as
have the margin of the aperture united all round he cast into the new genus
Cingulus, after Dr. Fleming.
This last-named author, in his ‘History of British Animals,’ included in
his genus Velutina Turton’s little shell; but, after showing in what respects
it differed from Phasianella, not less than from Velutina, he suggested that
it should probably constitute a new genus, Stylina. That name, however,
had been pre-engaged twelve years before by Lamarck for a tropical genus
of stony Polypes, which he had originally called Fusctcularia. Its adoption
for the Mollusk also would therefore be contrary to usage, especially as the
DREDGING ON THE COASTS OF SHETLAND, 339
somewhat similar name of Stilifer has now been recognized for upwards of
thirty years. Iam aware that this is one of the questions of scientific nomen-
clature upon which naturalists are by no means agreed. I do not pretend to
set myself up as a judge, and my opinion may be taken for what it is worth.
Mr. Broderip was the first to ascertain the zoological nature of the mollusk
now under consideration ; and in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’
for 1832 will be found an admirable communication from him on the subject.
He there proposed the generic name which it still bears—/S¢zlifer. A more
detailed description of the animal from his pen will be presently given in
full. The following remarks were appended to Broderip’s memoir in the
‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society :’—** Mr. Owen, to whom Mr. Broderip
acknowledges himself indebted for the anatomical particulars which he had
recorded of Stilfer Astericola, subsequently exhibited a series of drawings of
the animal and of its various parts, so far as he had been able to observe
them in the specimens brought home by Mr. Cuming. He also read a more
detailed description of the peculiarities remarked by him during the dissec-
tion of the individuals which had been entrusted to him for that purpose.”
Some such drawings are engraved in Sowerby’s ‘ Genera of Recent and Fossil
Shells,’ and the different parts are designated by letters ; but, unfortunately,
no reference was published, except to one of the figures.
Soon afterwards appeared one of the Numbers of Sowerby’s ‘ Genera’ con-
taining an account of the present genus, with the signature of Mr. Broderip.
The first syllable of the name Stilifer is here spelt (probably owing to a
printer’s error) with ay; in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ it
is correctly spelt with an7z. The generic characters of the animal are as
follows :—
Pallium crassum, carnosum, cyathiforme, teste anfractus ultimos obtegens.
Proboscis longissima, retractilis. Tentacula rotunda, crassa, subacuminata, ad
basin proboscidis posita. Oculi ad basin tentaculorum sessiles, minimi. Branchize
stirps solitaria. Animal marinum. Asteriz cutem penetrans.
After the English version of these characters, a few more particulars are
given,—viz. that the mantle is of a green hue, and has a small aperture at
its base, and that on its ventral aspect is the rudiment of a foot. It is like-
wise mentioned that ‘‘ Mr. Cuming found this elegant parasite burrowed in
different parts of the rays of the oral disk of Asterias solaris. It is almost
hidden from sight, so deeply does the animal penetrate into the substance
of the Starfish, in which its make a comfortable cyst for itself, wherein it
most probably turns by the aid of its rudimentary foot. All the specimens
infested with Stylifert appeared to be in the best health. Though there is
reason to believe that they feed upon the juices of the Starfish, with that
instinct of self-preservation imparted to all parasites, whose existence
depends upon that of their nidus, the Stylifer, like the Ichneumon among
insects, appears to ayoid the vital parts; for in no instance did Mr. Cuming
find it imbedded anywhere save in the rays, though some had penetrated at
their base, and very near the pelvis.” I must confess that I am not pre~
pared to adopt this teleological mode of reasoning, so far as regards the
Stilifer; because it does not appear that the Starfish has, in the calcareous
and solid parts inhabited by its so-called parasite, any internal juices or soft
tissue on which the latter can feed. The investing membrane is wholly
external. Although the above description of the animal was undoubtedly
correct and circumstantial, it must not be forgotten that it was drawn up
from specimens which had been preserved for a considerable time in spirits.
The examination of such specimens could not yield the same result, in a
scientific point of view, as that of living individuals in their native habitat.
834 REPORT—1864.
Our best British malacologist, Mr. Alder, is the only one who has noticed
the animal of S. Turtonit. The specimen which he examined was rather
injured, and in a yery sickly state. He says, “It was white, had a rather
large foot, without operculum, and a rounded head with two cylindrical ten-
tacles, and minute eyes at the (external or posterior) base. No portion of the
shell was covered by the fleshy parts; but we are not prepared to say that, in
a state of vigour, the animal has not the power of extending some part of the
mantle or foot over it. The remains of the animal, examined under a micro-
scope, did not show any denticulated tongue.’ (I may add, by way of paren-
thesis, that Mr. Alder has, within the last few days, examined the soft parts
of two more individuals which I sent him for that purpose, but failed to
detect any traces of a spinous tongue.) He has also observed that ‘ the
otolites are circulav, with a central dot, that the gill consists of a single
series of triangular izdes, and that the mouth breaks up ito squarish angular
fragments, not crystalline, perhaps horny.”
In 1850, Mr, Arthur Adams, one of the authors of a work so indispensable
to all students of general conchology (‘The Genera of Recent Mollusca’),
published in the ‘ Voyage of the Samarang’ some interesting details with
respect to the animal of another species of Stilifer. This species he named
S. astericola, erroneously supposing it to be identical with the one described
by Broderip ; but afterwards, finding out his mistake, he substituted ovozdeus
as the specific name of his Stilifer. His diagnosis is as follows :—
«Tentacles slender, subulate, simple. Eyes sessile at the outer bases of
the tentacles. Mantle enclosed. Foot linguiform, forming an elon-
gated anterior lobe, rudimentary behind.”
As will be presently seen, the animal of the European species differs in
several respects from the above description. Its tentacles are thick, cylin-
drical, and more or less strangulated, instead of “slender, subulate, simple ;”
the eyes are not placed “at the outer bases of the tentacles,” but behind
them on the neck; the mantle is always expanded over part of the shell
during the lifetime of the animal, and never “ enclosed,” nor is it even with-
drawn at its death; and so far from the foot being “ rudimentary behind,”
it is well developed, and peculiarly constructed, The animal of S. Turtoni
is, besides, ciliated all over—a character which distinguishes it at once from
any species of Hulima, with which it has been usually associated in works
treating on the classification of the Mollusca. Perhaps this character may
have been hitherto overlooked.
Messrs. Adams, in their ‘Genera,’ added some further information as to
the habits of Stdfer :—
“These singular animals are parasitic in the skins of Starfishes, burrowing
beneath the surface, and producing tumours often of a considerable size,
When removed and placed in water, they do not appear to possess much
locomotive power, but extend the tongue-shaped foot, and use it as an
exploring organ.”
The ‘Journal de Conchyliologie’ for 1851 contains a notice by M. Petit
de la Saussaye of the present genus, and a description of a new species, S.
Mittrei. He added nothing to our knowledge of the animal, but attributed
a greater antiquity than had been supposed to the discovery of Stlifer, in a
purely conchological point of view, by identifying Heliw corallina of
Chemnitz as the original species. Chemnitz says that he found a dozen
specimens of the shell, which he had thus provisionally named, in the crevices
of Madrepores and other stony corals that had been collected on the shore
of one of the West-India Islands for the purpose of being burnt into lime
DREDGING ON THE COASTS OF SHETLAND,. 335
and that had formed part of the ballast of a vessel bound to Europe. As the
corals had lain on the beach for a long time, Chemnitz thought the shells
might have been terrestrial, and not marie. Mistakes of a similar kind
have been made by modern conchologists—e. g. Halia Priamus.
M. Hupé, the able and courteous curator of the natural-history collections
in the Jardin des Plantes (whose knowledge of the recent Echinodermata is
very extensive), published in the ‘ Revue et Magasin de Zoologie’ for March
1860 a description of another species, under the name of Stlifer Orbignyanus.
While examining aspecimens of Cidaris imperialis, Lam., from New Holland,
he noticed that two of the spines were unusually enlarged, tumid and irre-
gularly spherical; at their base he observed two small vertical slits, like
button-holes, placed opposite to each other. A section of these spines
showed that in the cavity of one was enclosed an adult Stilifer, and in the
other, two specimens, which were also adult, besides several embryonic
shells. With respect to the mode by which the Stilifer had thus become
enclosed, M. Hupé was of opinion that the cavities were not made by them,
but that the interposition of some part of the mollusk had prevented its being
completely imprisoned in the spine during the progress of the growth of the
Cidaris, which would otherwise have enveloped and smothered the Séilzfer.
He was kind enough to show me the specimens; and theyseemed to present
an analogous case to that of Stilifer astericola, which I had examined in
Mr. Cuming’s collection.
Lastly, I would cite an excellent monograph by Dr. Fischer, which
appeared in the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie’ for April last, on the genera
Stylifer and Entoconcha (p. 91 &c.). In this monograph all the known
species of Stilifer are redescribed, and a new one (S. Paulucciw) well
described and figured. According to Fischer, the Entoconcha mirabilis of
J. Miller, found in Synapte at Trieste, is probably the fry of some other
mollusk. At all events, we want more information about it. It is almost
microscopic.
But to return to Stilifer. Fischer suspected that it is not a true parasite.
He says that the discovery by M. Hupé proves that, although living lke a
parasite on the tegumentary system of the Echinoderms or their appendages,
the Stilifer does not feed on their substance, as has been supposed. Its
nourishment comes with the sea-water through the openings of the cavity
which it occupies: perhaps its proboscis may be protruded for the purpose of
seeking this nourishment. I need not say that the reputation of Dr. Fischer
as a physiologist, especially with regard to the Mollusca, makes any opinion
of his on such subjects very valuable. I share his incredulity as to Stilifer
being a parasite in the ordinary meaning of the word; but my impression
is that it feeds on the excretions of Echinoderms, and not on animalcules
or other organized and living matter with which sea-water abourds. It
has never been found except on Echinoderms, or imbedded in their rays or
spines. All the specimens of Stilifer Turtoni which I have seen in situ (and
they have been rather numerous) occupied the wpper sides of Hchini, in. the
area of the vent or anal opening. The Echini so infested appeared to be
invariably in perfect health and vigour. The Shetland specimen of Z. Dré-
bachiensis was carefully watched by me for more than twelve hours. Its
tubular suckers and pedicellariz continued in active although intermittent
motion during all that period. The Stilifers were nestling or slowly crawling
about among the spines; but they did not touch any of the suckers of the
Echinus, which, being retractile, could easily have been withdrawn into the
test ; nor could I detect either of the mollusks in the act of feeding on the
336 REPORT—1864,
outer membrane or any other part of the Hchinus. At the same time it is clear
that there is some connexion between the peculiar habitat selected by the
Stilifer and its food; for if it subsisted on any living organisms, it would
hardly confine itself to Echinoderms, but have a more varied range of
habitat. Such shelter as an Hchinus or Asterias could afford might be as
easily obtained in crevices of rocks or in the cavities of deserted shells. Con-
sequently, although I do not consider this a case of true parasitism, like
that of the mistletoe among plants, neither would I refer it to epiphytism,
like that of a tropical orchid. It rather reminds one of the scayenger-habits
of dung-beetles.
I have in another place* endeavoured to show that the pretty little bivalve
shell called Montacuta substriata, which also infests various Echinoids, is not
really a parasite. This always occupies a different part of the Echinus from
that where the Stilifer take up its abode; it adheres by its byssus to the
ventral spines near the opening of the mouth on the under side. Here it
probably avails itself of the current or indraught excited by the ciliary action
of the Spatangus or other Echinoid for its own purposes; and both partake
of the same food in amicable but unconscious relation to each other. As
far as I have been able to observe, the Stilifer does not cause more inconye-
nience than the Montacuta to its not unwilling host.
The suctorial proboscis, as well as the want of a denticulated tongue in
Stilifer Turtoni, strengthens the supposition that its food consists of extremely
soft or semifluid matter, and not of organisms which have any degree of
solidity. Dentalium, which preys on Foraminifera and other minute animals,
has (according to Lacaze-Duthiers) a very complicated lingual apparatus ;
and even the little Rissoa, which feeds on seaweeds, often of the most
delicate and filmy texture, possesses a pair of horny jaws and a tongue armed
with a strong central tooth, which is flanked on each side by a formidable
row of serrated lateral teeth. Stilifer has no jaw or tooth of any kind.
The late Mr. Stewart, of the College of Surgeons (whose untimely death
is still deplored by all who study the British Echinodermata), was of opinion
that Stilifer Turton infested Echini for the sole purpose of depositing its
spawn. We know, from the observations of Mr. Peach, that Lamellaria per-
spicua frequents the shore at Wick, between tide-marks, every summer, and
makes a nidus for its spawn in a species of Botryllus. But Lamellaria is
not, like Stilifer, restricted to a particular habitat. The former attaches
itself to the underside of loose stones, and is also found generally distributed
over the sea-bed, except perhaps in the spawning-season. The Eehini on
which Stlifer Turtoni have been taken are very rarely covered with spawn:
and Stilifers of all ages, from one to half-a-dozen, occur on Echini, but
nowhere else,
The fecundity of Stlifer is very great; and it therefore ought not to be a
rare shell. I counted at least one hundred fry in one of the clusters of spawn
on the back of the Shetland sea-egg ; and as there were 41 of these clusters,
this would yield a prospective harvest of more than 4000 specimens—enough
to supply almost all the conchologists in the world. Moreover one of the
adult Stilifers appeared to be full of spawn. As the Echinus probably could
not accommodate more than half-a-dozen Stilifers when they came to matu-
rity, what would have become of the rest, supposing any of them escaped
being the prey of other animals? Would they migrate, and form colonies
on other Hcehini? They have feet and eyes; and suitable habitations are not
* British Conchology, vol. ii. p. 208.
DREDGING ON THE COASTS OF SHETLAND. 3807
wanting in the same part of the sea-bed where I procured the specimens
which have given rise to the above remarks.
Various haye been the positions which conchologists have, from time to
time, assigned to this remarkable mollusk in their systems of classification.
Turton placed it in Phasianella; Fleming in Velutina, but with doubt ;
Reeve at first between Turritella and Cerithium, but recently between
Canalifera and his Turbinacea ; Macgillivray among his Turbinina, and next
to Lacuna; Forbes and Hanley, as well as Woodward, in Pyramidellide ;
H. & A. Adams as a distinct family between Hulimide and Cerithiopside ;
Clark in Pyramidellide, between Aclis and Scalaria; and Gray also in the
same family, between his genus Hyala (Rissoa vitrea) and Entoconcha. I
am inclined to agree with the Messrs. Adams in making Stilifer the type
of a separate family ; but it is much more difficult to say to what other
families it has the nearest affinity. Pyramidellide, as represented in our
seas by Odostomia, ought not to be far separated from it; and Janthinide
have similar relations to it in respect of the nucleus or apex of the shell.
Homalogyra has sessile eyes placed on the neck, as in Stilifer, but has no
tentacles ; and it is also finely ciliated all over.
The presence or absence of an operculum is evidently not a character of
sufficient value to distinguish one family, or even one genus, from another,
seeing that some species of the same genus (e. g. Mangelia) possess an oper-
culum, while their congeners (although closely allied in all other respects)
have none.
The stiliform character of the spire in this genus, although remarkable,
is not peculiar to it, or to Odostomia, Turbonilla (or Chemnitzia), Eulimella,
or Ianthina. Melampus bulleoides has the apical whorls formed in the same
mamillated fashion ; and in several genera of Bullide the shell exhibits the
same feature. These, however, may be regarded as cases of analogy rather
than of affinity. The nucleus of the spire, or first-formed whorls, in many
univalves ceases to be occupied by the animal after it has attained a certain
growth, being too small for its requirements—like a householder, who usually
moves, once at least during his life, into a tenement larger than the one he
at first inhabited. In the case of the Mollusca above referred to, the original
and now useless tenement remains fixed to the new one; butin Bulimus decol-
latus, some species of Clausilia, and in Truncatella truncatula the topmost story
is knocked off and replaced by a partition wall. Caecum glabrum and C.
trachea even undergo partial metamorphoses, the shell of each having at first
a regular spire, and, when this is lost, becoming a slightly curved cylinder.
The genera Leptoconchus of Riippell and Campulotus of Guettard (Magilus,
Montfort) also appear to be related to Stilifer in their quasiparasitic habits.
The first-named genus is destitute of an operculum, except in its younger
state; the other has an operculum at all ages (Deshayes, ‘ Mollusques de ile
de Réunion’).
The conjecture of the late Professor d’Orbigny that Stilifer ought to
merge in Zulima, and that the latter may be also parasitic, has no founda-
tion. It is true that species of Hulima have been found in the stomachs of
Holothurie ; and the “trepang,” or dried ‘“béche de mer,” of which the
Japanese are so fond, frequently contains these shells. But this is not a
case of parasitism: the Hulima feeds the Holothuria, instead of feeding
upon it.
Let me say a few words as to the name of this genus and the European
species. Although the Greek orthography is followed in our word style, it
is clear that the Latin word stilus was not spelt with a y: it is from this
338 : REPORT—1864,
latter word that Svlifer is derived. Whether it is correct to form a generic.
name with an adjective may be very questionable; but use has sanctioned
it in the present instance, as well as in Spirifer, Stiliger, Lobiger, Ianthina,
Vitrna, and many other such names of general acceptation.
According to some purists, the specific name given by the discoverer, if
subsequently adopted as generic, ought to be retained; so that the Euro-
pean species would be Stilifer stilifer. Precedents are not wanting for such
a reduplication of the name under similar circumstances, e.g. Volua volva,
Furricula turricula, &e, But it would be very inconvenient to alter the
specific name 7’wrton, which is so familiar to all conchologists, to say
nothing of the inelegance of this system of nomenclature, or of its being
contrary to one of the rules recommended by a committee of the British
Association.
This specific name has been spelt, too, in different ways. We have
Galeomma Turtoni, Scalaria Turtonis, and not only Stilifer Turtoni of
Broderip, but S. Zurtonii of Lovén, The termination of the proper name from
which all these originated is a Greek, and not a Latin, form; and if it is to
be so declined, the genitive would be -is, with the penultimate syllable short,
as Acteon, Actednis; Alemcon, Alemednis, &c.: so Turton, Turtonis. But
if we Latinize the name by adding us to it, the genitive would be 7:
Turtonus, Turtoni; just as Galen was G'alenus-i in the works of ancient
authors. I must offer an apology for this pedantic explanation, although it
may be well to have the name in question uniformly spelt.
The following are all the known species of Stilifer, with such particulars
of their geographical distribution and habits as I have been able to collect.
A. Spire short.
1. Stilifer Turtoni, Broderip.
Synonyms: Phastanella stylifera, Turton.
Styhfer globosus, Johnston (1841).
S. astericola, Brown (1844).
S. stylifera, Hanley (1844),
S. Turtonit, Loyén (1846),
Habitat. On Echinus esculentus, E, sawatilis, E. pictus (Norman, MS.), and
E. Drébachiensis, in from 20 to 80 fathoms, British and Scandinavian Seas.
This being local, and more especially the subject of the present paper,
some further details of its distribution may be desirable.
British Isles.—Torbay, on Echinus esculentus, L. (EZ. sphera, Mill.) :
Turton. Berwick, on ZH. esculentus: Johnston. Northumberland and Dur-
ham, on EH, pictus: Alder, Howse, and Brady. Cork: Humphreys. Ply-
mouth, on H#. sawatilis: Stewart, Bate, and J.G.J. Shetland, on ZF. Dré-
bachiensis, Mill. (H. neglectus, Lam.): J.G. J.
(N.B. Although most Scandinavian naturalists consider the Achinus neg-
lectus of Lamarck to be the same species as the Z. Droibachiensis of Miiller’s
Prodromus to the ‘ Zoologia Danica,’ it may be doubted whether the latter
species is not the #. Flemingit of Ball. Miiller’s description is “ hemi-
spheericus, pallidus, spinis longis, albis,” which seems to agree better with
E. Flemingii than with £. neglectus.)
The shell described by Professor Macgillivray, in his ‘ Molluscous Animals
of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff,’ as Stylina stylifera, and stated to have
been found by one of his pupils “ adhering to an Actinia brought up by the
lines,” was the young of a common West Indian land shell belonging to the.
Cyclophoride. The habitat alone might have induced a suspicion that this
oles
DREDGING ON THE COASTS OF SHETLAND, 3839
shell was not our Stilifer ; and I had an opportunity of ascertaining what it
really was.
Scandinavia.—From Bohusliin in Sweden to the coast of Norway: Lovén.
Christiania-fiord, Norway, on Echinus esculentus at Drobak, and on fishing-
grounds at two other places: Asbjérnsen. Bohusliin, in 20 fathoms, on Z,
neglectus: Malm.
Fischer also states that Stilifer Turtoni is not uncommon on LKchinus
lividus, near the mouth-opening ; but he cites no authority for this unusual
habitat. Z. lividus, as is well known, excavates holes in slate and gneissic
rocks, within tide-marks, and its lower surface is pressed closely to the stone.
Another instance of the same kind of mollusk infesting different Echinoids
is that, of Montacuta substriata, which has been found not only on Spatangus
purpureus, but on S. meridionalis, Amphidetus ovatus, Brissus lyrifer, Echinus
esculentus, and Cidaris hystrix.
2. S. astericola, Broderip.
Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on Asterias solaris (A. helianthus, Lam.):
Cuming.
3. S. Mittrei, Petit.
Hab. Indian Ocean: Mittré.
4. 8. fulvescens, A, Adams.
Hab, Isle of Labuan, *n an Asterias: A, Adams.
5. S. ovoideus, H. & A. Adams.
Syn. S. astericola, A. Adams.
Hab. Borneo, in the body of an Asterias: A. Adams.
6. S. Orbignyanus, Hupé.
Hab. New Holland, enclosed in the spines of Cidaris imperialis; Hupé.
7. S. robustus, Pease.
Hab. Sandwich Isles, on Echini: Pease.
8, S. apiculatus, Souverbie.
Hab. New Caledonia?: Montrougier.
9. S. eburneus, Deshayes.
Hab. Isle of Bourbon, on Echini and Asterie: Maillard.
B. Spire long.
10. S. corallinus, Chemnitz.
Hab. West Indies, in madrepores and other corals: Chemnitz.
11. S. subulatus, Broderip.
Hab. West Indies ?
12. S. Barronii, A. Adams.
Hab. Tropical seas, encysted in the integuments of an Asterias: Barron.
13. S. ewaratus, A. Adams.
. Hab. Philippine Isles, in the integuments of an Asterias: A. Adams,
14, S. subangulatus, A. Adams.
' Hab. West Indies.
15. S. Acieula, Gould.
Syn. Eulma vitrea, A. Adams.
_ Hab. Fiji Isles, in Holothurie: United States Exploring Expedition.
3840 REPORT—1864.
16. S. Pauluccie, Fischer.
Hab. Red Sea, among the spines of Echinus trigonarius, Lam.: Marquise
Paulucci.
Besides the above, may be noticed an undescribed or unnamed species
dredged by Mr. M‘Andrew off the Canary Isles (if it is not S. Turtoni),
another collected at Guadeloupe by M. Beau, and five more, bearing the
following names, but without description,—viz. Stilifer Broderipi, S. Cu-
mingu, S. fastigiatus, and S. solidus of Adams’s ‘ Genera,’ and 8. pyramidalis
of Mr. Reeve. In the British Museum is an unnamed Selifer from Port
Natal, said to have been found attached to the mouth of a Starfish.
It is not improbable that some of the species enumerated in the 2nd sec-
tion, having an elongated spire, may belong to Hulima or Niso, instead of to
Stilifer.
I AS not aware of any fossil species having been discovered.
I will now give the result of my examination of the animal of S. Turtoni,
from notes made at the time.
Body white, and delicately stippled; the whole of the upper surface is
covered with microscopical and extremely short cilia, which are in con-
stant motion; these cilia are arranged in scale-like bunches, and by
their action produce a circulating current.
Mantle thickened at its edges, and spread over the lower part of the shell,
so as to form a disk.
Pallial fold, or branchial opening, on the right-hand side, forming a canal
which terminates in an oval or roundish hole.
Head-lobes, rounded and flattened, nearly transparent, one on each side a
little below the snout or mouth.
Snout rather long when extended, but usually folded inwards and trunk-
like, slightly bilobed, and placed between the tentacles and the foot.
Tentacles club-shaped, somewhat compressed, thick, and rather long, some-
times expanded at the tips, which are blunt and widely diverging,
but united at their bases; they are more or less strangulated or con-
stricted, usually at about one-fourth of the distance from their bases.
Eyes exceedingly small, seated on the neck or back of the head, at some
distance behind the tentacles.
Foot tongue-shaped and elongated, bulbous and forming a creeping-disk in
front, somewhat tubular in the middle, and tapering to a fine point
behind; the sole, or under part, is slit in the middle for more than
three-fourths of its length, the opening or commencement of the slit
being near the bulbous part and oval.
Male organ spike-shaped, and resembling an auxiliary tentacle.
Habitat. Whalsey Skerries, East Shetland, about 40 miles from land, in
80 fathoms, sandy bottom, on an Echinus Drobachiensis. A pair of the Stilifer
were attached to the sea-egg on its upper surface, between the spines near
the vent or anal orifice ; and the same part was also covered with about forty
clusters of spawn, which appeared to be in various stages of development.
The adult Stilifers were not firmly attached to the Echinus (like the Caligus
to a codfish), but frequently shifted their places by creeping between the
spines. I gently removed one of them with a stiff camel’s-hair brush, and
placed it in a glass tube with sea-water. It was at first very sluggish or
timid, and evidently unaccustomed to its new habitat, lying at the bottom of
the tube; but afterwards it recovered itself, and crawled up the side by
DREDGING ON THE COASTS OF SHETLAND. 841
means of the front part of its foot, very slowly and by an imperceptible
movement; the other part of the foot was not pressed to the glass, but rested
on the mantle. The foot was occasionally twisted about and contracted, as if
through uneasiness. The animal was never wholly withdrawn into the
shell, although I irritated it with that object. The slit in the foot probably
serves for the admission of water into some tubular cavity or vessels which
permeate this organ; this would have the effect of enlarging and swelling
the foot, so as to protect the Stilifer trom being crushed by the spines of the
Echinus. A slight leverage or action of this kind at the base of the spines
would, of course, answer the purpose far better than a much stronger leverage
or power exerted at the top of the spines. The fry are enveloped in a gela-
tinous case. When detached and examined under a microscope, each had
three lobes, of which the two larger were in front; these were finely ciliated,
the cilia being rather long, and their points sometimes touching the surface
of the glass cell which contained the fry. The fry rapidly whirled them-
selves about by means of the cilia, but occasionally rested. They occupied
nautiloid shells of a single turn.
One of the Stilifers appeared to be full of spawn-masses, which were per-
ceptible with the microscope by reason of the shell being transparent. The
other Stlifer was a male. I afterwards replaced the latter in its old
quarters, where it was evidently more comfortable than in the glass tube ;
and it soon adhered to the sea-egg by the prehensile lobe of its foot, and
settled down among the spines.
The ciliation of the body of Stilifer is also a characteristic feature of
Homalogyra (perhaps the living representative of Huomphalus), which is a
minute (but not microscopical) mollusk, without tentacles, and forms a
discoidal shell. It is an inhabitant of the European seas, and comprises two
species. Forbes and Hanley called one of these species Skenea nitidissima,
and the other Skenea rota. Dr. Fischer imagined that the first-named
species was the fry of some larger mollusk, because it was ciliated; but he
must have either overlooked the fact, or else not have been aware, that in
all the species of Trochus, Rissoa, and other genera the tentacles are ciliated,
and also, in some species, other parts of the body. Mr. Clark was not more
happy in his conjecture that Homalogyra rota was the fry of Cacum trachea,
the natural history of which this accomplished malacologist had so success-
fully investigated. I am not aware, indeed, that these shells or their animals
have any character in common ; besides which, it may be observed that the
operculum of Homalogyra is flat and paucispiral, with an excentric nucleus,
while that of Cecwm is more or less conical and multispiral, with a central
nucleus, as in Vermetus. (Since this paper was read, I have received from
the Marquis James Doria specimens of the young of C. trachea, which he
had dredged at Spezzia. The terminal part or spire is very different from
that of H. rota.)
The sexes in Stilifer appear to be separate, as may be seen from my
description of the animal of S. Turtont.
The shell of this species has been often described ; but I will briefly notice
some of its characters, which have not been satisfactorily stated. The spire,
for the first three whorls, is cylindrical and narrow; it then enlarges sud-
denly and disproportionately, and consists of three or four more whorls,
which are rounded and extremely ventricose or swollen. The apex or
nucleus of the spire is not reversed, although often set obliquely ; it projects
like the stump of a flagstaff which had been stuck in a slanting position on a
steep mound. The columellar lip, in adult and perfect specimens, is
342 REPORT—1864.
slightly reflected. The lower part of the mouth is semicircular; it is not
effuse or spread outwards, as in Hulima or Aclis.
I cannot conclude without acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Peach
for the diagram which has illustrated this paper, and to my old and worthy
friend Mr. Alder for the loan of an exquisite drawing of the animal of
Stilifer Turtoni, made by him a few years ago, and which fully confirms my
account of its organization.
Report of the Committee on the Distribution of the Organic Remains
of the North Staffordshire Coal-field—Preliminary Notice. By a
Committee, consisting of Sir Putrie pr M. Grey Eeerton, Bart.,
M.P., F.R.S., Professor J. H. Huxtsy, F.R.S., and WitiaM
Motynevx, F.G.S. (Reporter).
Tue great or Pottery coal-field of North Staftordshire is triangular in form,
the apex resting to the North between ridges of the Millstone-grits of Bid-
dulph Moor and Mow Cop, the base stretching out from Madeley on the
west to Weston Coyney on the east, bordered by Permian and New Red
Sandstones, a distance of nearly ten miles. With this may be included the de-
tached measures of Cheadle, Cheddleton, Wetley Moor, and the Roaches, the
whole comprising an area of upwards of eighty square miles. It is difficult to
determine the actual number of workable beds of either coal or ironstone
contained in these fields, in consequence of the lithological difference in the
measures of collieries distant from each other; but notwithstanding this, it
appears tolerably certain that there are from forty-five to fifty workable
seams of coal 2 feet and upwards in thickness, and about half that number
which may be taken as of little or no commercial value, the whole constituting
a mass of about 180 feet of solid coal. With these are associated about twenty
workable bands of ironstone, and numerous others of inferior quality and
local range, but interesting from the character of the organic remains they
are generally found to contain.
The base of the series is a somewhat remarkable band of hematite resting
immediately upon (or separated by an irregular deposit of yellowish clays from)
the Upper Millstone-grits of Ipstones and the Churnet valley. There is a tra-
dition that this ore was worked by the Danes 800 years ago ; and this opinion
is strengthened by the fact of the stone having been extensively worked
along the sides of the Churnet valley at a time (of which no other record
exists) previous to its rediscovery by a Cornish miner, named Bishop, within
the last few years. Many thousands of pounds have been lost in the fruitless
search for this stone outside the basin in which it appears to be confined, and
efforts are still being made to reach it in the neighbourhood of Cellarhead
and Wetley Moor. From this to the uppermost of the unproductive beds
of the coal-field, the measures represent a thickness of nearly 5700 feet,
and to the work of collecting and tabulating the organic remains of this enor-
mous thickness of strata, grouped over an area of eighty square miles, the
last two years have been principally devoted ; but it will require another
year at least to prepare satisfactory tables of the distribution of the fish and
shells of which the field contains such varied and interesting examples.
Previous to last year but one instance was known of the occurrence of
marine shells in other than deposits belonging to the lower, or lowest mea-
sures of this field. The exception consists of the discovery, about five years
ago, of Discine in a nodule of the Priors-field ironstone, which lies near the
NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE COAL-FIELD ORGANIC REMAINS. 843
base of the thick ironstones of the middle measures ; but the circumstance was
overlooked, and such organisms were supposed to be confined to a certain horizon,
defined by a bed of what is generally known as Stinking Coal, worked princi-
pally for furnace purposes in the Churnet valley, and finding its representative
in the little coal of Wetley Moor, and the thin seam of the Roaches. A careful
examination, however, of beds exposed by sinkings at Longton, led to the
_ discovery of fossils in the shales of a thin unworked coal called the Bay Coal,
lying nearly 4000 feet above the Stinking Coal, which corresponded in every
essential degree with the fossils of that well known bed in the Churnet valley.
It is, however, a remarkable fact that, although some of the organisms of
these widely-separated beds belong to the same type, there is a marked
difference in their mode of occurrence, and in the number and variety of both
the genera and species they represent. The Stinking-Coal Mollusca consist
of immense numbers of compressed Aviculo-pecten, Goniatites, and Posi-
donia, with Lingula and Orthoceras. In the Bay Coal shales Posidonia
appears, so far as is known, to be absent, but Aviculo-pecten is represented
by two species, accompanied by interesting examples of Goniatites, Lingula,
and Orthoceras. Here, however, come for the first time in this field, Spircfer,
Ctenodonta, Macrocheilus, Naticopsis, Nautilus, and Lowonema, and with
these are associated at least two species of Discina. Again, below the Bay
Coal, in the Prior’s-field ironstone, Discina is now found to be accompanied
by Lingula, but hitherto none of the other forms alluded to have been
found associated with them. Up to the present moment no instance has
come under notice of the direct commingling of Anthracosia or its congeners
with either of the shells referred to. In the case of the Bay Coal, there is
immediately above, and in contact with the Lingula shales, a thin band of
ironstone, containing Anthracomya Phillipsii; but the separation of the or-
ganic contents of the two beds is as complete as if hundreds of feet of strata
divided the period of deposition of the one from that of the other. Equally
marked and distinct are the Aviculo-pecten and Goniatite beds of the lowest
measures ; wherever they occur they are found in immense numbers, generally
compressed and confined to a well-marked line of deposit, never exceeding
16 inches in thickness, and in no case becoming incorporated with the
shales immediately above or below it. This peculiarity is further illustrated
by a thin band of lean ironstone, lying about 50 feet above the Stinking
Coal in the Churnet valley, in which were discovered last year remarkably
fine examples of <Aviculo-pecten papyraceus. The Froghall hematite, in
some instances of thinning out, forms the matrix of Anthracosia acuta, but
beyond this its organic contents are remarkably scanty and obscure. Below
this bed, at the base of what, however, appears to be the shales of the first
grit, occurs another band of hematite, which, in its line of outcrop on the banks
of the river Churnet near Consall, is overlaid by a nodular bed of earthy iron-
stone, containing Goniatites and Posidonia ; and in the shales by which it is
covered, these fossils are accompanied by Aviculo-pecten and Orthoceras.
_ Tt is therefore a matter of some interest that the lowest or first fossiliferous
- deposit of the true coal-measures of this field is characterized by a mollusk
- regarded as of freshwater origin, which, existing during the deposition of
the thick intervening chocolate-coloured shales, ultimately gave place to the
marine forms of the Stinking Coal shales, and with its congeners alter-
nated with <Aviculo-pecten, Goniatites, and Posidonia to the base of the
more productive measures of the great Pottery coal-field. Beyond this, up
to the Prior’s-field ironstone, 2500 feet above it, no known break occurs in
the distribution of the inferred freshwater mollusks, but they spread outwards
344 REPoRT—1864.
and upwards, varying in species and thickness of deposit, occasionally form-
ing compact masses several feet in depth, and affording, independent of their
geological interest, in many well-known cases a reliable key to the miner in
his critical and laborious pursuits.
The distribution of fish-remains is as arule more general and uniform than
that of the mollusks ; and although in the presumed marine deposits there
is a specific difference in the case of Paleoniscus, in no other genus met with
is it perceptible. In the hematite bed a fish-scale, and one only, has been
found, and this, the earliest representative of the order appears to be an ex-
ample of Diplopterus. The Stinking-Coal shales contain, intermixed with the
marine fossils enumerated, two or three species of Palwoniscus, large spines,
and a curious palate as yet undescribed ; and it is an interesting fact in con-
nexion with this bed that in no other deposit but the shales of the Bay Coal
have similar species of Palewoniscus been met with. As far therefore as the
subject has been investigated, two instances occur throughout this enormous
deposit of coal-measures, of the introduction on a definite horizon of animal
life restricted to particular limits, and holding no communion with that by
which it was preceded and followed.
Palconiscus is the most widely distributed fish in this field, remains of it
being found in nearly sixty different beds; it often occurs in a beautiful
state of preservation, especially in the shales of the Deep Mine ironstone at
Longton ; and it may be here remarked as a somewhat significant cireum-
stance that, in coal and ironstone shales thickly charged with shells, fish-
remains seldom occur otherwise than as detached scales and teeth ; and even
these as a rule are confined to a bed, lying in the form of a bone-bed, imme-
diately upon the coal or ironstone with which they are associated. The
ironstones of the Knowles and Cockshead coal often contain well-preserved
fish ; and in the shales of the former, as well as in those of the Brown Mine, are
occasionally found concretionary masses of shells in the form of nodules, but
in no instance has either fish or shell been detected within the body of coal
itself, although almost every coal-seam contains upon its upper surface a
thin coating as it were of broken and detached organisms, either fish or shell,
or both. It-would therefore appear that after the submergence of the coal-
bed, and before the waters had become charged with mud or other extra-
neous matter, subsequently deposited, the fish or mollusk sinking to the
bottom was subjected to the action of currents, by which the disintegrated
parts were carried here and there, and redeposited on the surface of the future
coal-seam, or band of ironstone.
Succeeding Paleoniscus in point of numbers and general distribution is a
fish with small cycloid scales, provisionally assigned to the genus Rhizodus,
but to which in point of fact no satisfactory position has at present been
attributed. There are at least three speceies of it, and, like Megalichthys, it
occurs in from forty to fifty separate deposits. Occasionally in the Brown
Mine, New and Knowles ironstones, are found portions of jaws of various
sizes, some of which belong undoubtedly to Megalichthys, but others are as
yet undetermined. It is a circumstance of note, that of the great number of
such fragments of Megalichthys as show scales in situ, not one has been met
with which could possibly have formed part of a fish less than 18 inches in
length, whereas in the case of the cycloidal-scaled fishes the majority of spe-
cimens range in length from 6 to 8 inches. With the other fish contained
in this field the Report will deal hereafter: as far as can at present be
ascertained, they comprise a list of nearly forty genera, represented by pro-
bably ninety species, many of which are new to science,
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. 345
Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance.
The Committee consists of—Professor Williamson, Professor Wheatstone,
Professor W. Thomson, Professor Miller, Dr. A. Matthiessen, Mr.
Fleeming Jenkin, Sir Charles Bright, Professor Maxwell, Mr. C. W.
Siemens, Mr. Balfour Stewart, Dr. Joule, and Mr. C. F. Varley.
In the present Report it is thought unnecessary again to refer to the objects
with which the Committee was appointed, or to recapitulate the arguments
for and against the various systems of standards which have been from
time to time proposed. The Committee have seen no reason to alter the
conclusions previously adopted, and now propose briefly to state the progress
made in the practical development of those conclusions, which may be found
expressed at length in the Report for 1863.
That Report announced the adoption by the Committee of the absolute
electromagnetic system of measurement, based on the metre, gramme, and
second, with certain modifications to facilitate the practical construction or
use of the standards; and it further stated that in 1863 the absolute resist-
ance of a certain German-silver coil had been measured with considerable
accuracy.
No standards based on the 1863 determination were officially issued, in-
asmuch as it was felt that a second determination was absolutely required
before complete dependence could be placed either on the method employed
or on the results obtained. Some coils representing 10 of the British Asso-
ciation units, 7. ¢. 107 absolute units according to the 1863 determination,
were made by Messrs. Elliott Brothers, and a set from 1 to 10000 was made
from the 1863 determination by Messrs. Siemens and Halske of Berlin. This
last set is intended for Col. Douglas, the Superintendent of the Government
telegraph lines in India; and a few of Messrs. Elliotts’ coils have been bought
by persons who were unwilling to wait for the final experiments by the Com-
mittee. None of these coils haye been in any way certified as correct by
the Committee.
In order thoroughly to test the value of the experiments made in 1863, it
was determined that not only every measurement should be made afresh,
but that every element in the experiment should be varied. The experiment
consisted essentially in causing a coil, or rather two coils, of copper wire to
revolve or spin at a certain definite rate, and in observing the deflection of a
magnet, suspended within the coil, by the reflexion of a scale in a mirror
attached to the magnet.
The measurements required in the calculation are the following :—
a. The mean radius of the coils.
m. The number of turns made by the copper conductor forming the coils,
1. The effective length of the wire.
b. The breadth of the section of the coil.
ce. The depth of the section of the coil.
b'. The distance of the mean plane of the coil from the axis of rotation.
T. The time of 100 revolutions of the coil.
D. The distance of the scale from the mirror.
6. The scale-reading during each experiment.
The above measurements are required for what may be called the simple
theory, that is to say, the theory omitting all the necessary corrections arising
1864. 24
346 REPORT—1864.
from self-induction, torsion of fibre, &c. For these corrections it is further
necessary to measure—
Ist. The coefficient of torsion of the fibre.
2nd. The magnetic moment of the suspended magnet.
3rd. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetism.
4th. The variation of the electrical resistance of the coil during each ex-
periment and between each experiment.
5th. The variation in the direction of the earth’s magnetic force.
6th. The irregularities resulting from the unavoidable departures from
that relative position of the telescope, mirror, scale, and magnet which would
be theoretically most desirable.
In the experiments made at King’s College in 1864, every part of the
apparatus, except the distance of the mean planes of the two coils from the
axis of rotation, was altered; so that every measurement was not only made
afresh, but, where susceptible of change, was considerably different in mag-
nitude.
Few of the measurements could be made by the means employed with
greater accuracy than one part in 10000, and some of them were not deter-
mined even with this degree of accuracy. No very perfect agreement be-
tween two entirely distinct series of experiments was therefore to be expected ;
but the Sub-Committee, consisting of Professor Maxwell and Mr. Jenkin,
who this year have undertaken the experiments, are fortunately able to
report a concordance between the determinations of 1863 and 1864 which is
most satisfactory.
The difference between a standard constructed from the mean result of the
1863 experiments and a standard constructed from the mean result of the
1864 experiments would be only 0:16 per cent. The probable error of the
1863 experiments is 0-24 per cent. if the mean of each day’s experiments
be counted as one only; the probable error of the 1864 experiments is 0-1
per cent. if the mean of each pair of experiments with the coil revolving in
two opposite directions be taken as one experiment.
Taking into account the agreement between the means of the two years,
we may say that the determination of the Sub-Committee does not probably
differ from true absolute measurement by 0-08 per cent.
The Committee are of opinion that, in the present state of electrical science,
the result now obtained is satisfactory, and will justify the immediate con-
struction of final standards of electrical resistance.
It can hardly be doubted that, with the lapse of time and the inevitable
progress of knowledge, still better determinations will some day be made;
and that even now, with still greater care and by still further multiplying
the number of experiments, a somewhat more perfect agreement between the -
standards and the theoretical absolute measurement could be ensured.
The Committee had then to consider whether this possibly still more per-
fect agreement would be worth the very great time, the labour, and the
money which would have to be bestowed upon it. It has never been pro-
posed that the British Association standard should be considered as repre-
senting exactly an absolute measurement; whatever may be the state of
science, any such pretension could not be well founded, for all that can be
done at any time, by the very greatest care, is to reduce the possible error to
less than a certain amount. The amount of probable error in the present de-
termination is so small as to be insignificant for any of the present purposes of
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. 847
science, and will always remain insignificant for any practical applications.
For these applications it is chiefly important that every copy of the standard,
whatever that may be, should be accurately made—a condition which is quite
unaffected by the greater or less discrepancy between the standard and true
absolute measurement.
The reproduction of the standard can perhaps be more easily effected, if
ever it be necessary, by a given weight of metal or alloy than by a fresh
absolute determination.
Meanwhile practical standards of resistance are urgently required, and the
Committee are pressed to come to a decision. Defective systems are daily
taking firmer root, and the measurement of currents, quantity, capacity, and,
electromotive force call urgently for the attention of your Committee.
Under these circumstances they have decided to rest content with the
results of the experiments now completed, and to commence at once the
construction of standard coils.
The details of the experiments on absolute resistance are given in Ap-
pendix A.
It may be useful here to mention that the new unit will be roughly equal
to 0:0736 times Dr. Matthiessen’s mile of copper wire, and more exactly 1:0456
times Siemens’s unit, according to standards which have kindly been sent by
Dr. Siemens to several members of the Committee and others*.
The questions of chief importance, after the magnitude of the standard has
been chosen and determined, concern the choice of a suitable form and mate-
rial for the actual construction of the standard, and in this choice the per-
manence of the standard is above all essential.
Dr. Matthiessen has for two years been endeavouring, at the request of
the Committee, to discover whether the electrical resistance of various metals,
under various conditions, can be considered as constant, or can be proved to
alter. His Report for the present year is given in Appendix B, and will be
found to confirm, in a great measure, the conclusions arrived at in his Report
for 1863.
No variation has been observed by him in the electrical resistance of an-
nealed wires of silver, copper, gold, platinum, nor in the hard-drawn wires
of gold, platinum, or of the gold-silver alloy. Buta change has been observed
in the hard-drawn wires of silver and copper—a change most rapid in the
first year, but very sensible in the second year; a somewhat capricious change
has also been observed in certain annealed German-silver wires, while others
have been proved constant. This result has been independently observed by
other members of the Committee. In the hard-drawn wires of silver and
copper the direction of the change has been such as to bring the resistance
of hard-drawn wires more nearly to resemble that of annealed wires, dimi-
nishing the resistance; in other words, it is such a change as would be pro-
duced by partial annealing.
From these experiments it is clearly undesirable that silver or copper
should be used for standards even in their annealed state; and the change in
these metals further indicates that for standards of other metals the partially
annealed is preferable to the hard-drawn condition.
The experiments on these points must be continued for many years before
much reliance can be placed on the results; and meanwhile equal standards
* Twenty-five units are within one per cent. equal to the mile of No. 16 copper wire in
use by the Electric and International Company. Mr. Varley has promised that for the
future exact equality shall be aimed at. ie
242
348 REPORT—1864.,
must be constructed of various materials, and protected in various ways, for
reference and comparison.
The precautions taken to prevent chemical action and mechanical injury
are given in Appendix B. of the Report for 1863. Coils of wire covered with
silk, baked, and imbedded in solid paraftin, appear, at present, to be the
most promising form for the unit standards. Authentic copies of the standard
coils made of platinum-silver alloy, which appears likely to be permanent,
might be issued at about £2 10s. each, and coils prepared from these by
electrical instrument-makers could be verified at a moderate rate at Kew,
where the original standards will be deposited. No officially authentic
_coil can be issued until the standards themselves have been made.
The reproduction of the standard forms the next point for consideration.
Notwithstanding the good results obtained by Professor Thomson’s method of
making an absolute measurement, the Sub-Committee do not recommend the
adoption of this process for the reproduction of the standard, which may
some day become necessary, owing to the accidental destruction of, or change
in the Kew standards. Dr. Matthiessen, on the other hand, states, with con-
fidence, that a standard may be reproduced by means of metal wires of given
weight and length, or by means of mercury, within about 0-01 per cent.; the
report of his investigation on this subject, made conjointly with Mr. C. Hoc-
kin, is contained in Appendix C, and may be summed up as follows. He first
draws a distinction between ordinary care, great care, and absolute care. He
considers that with ordinary care the gold-silver alloy is the most suitable
material (see Report, 1862) for the reproduction ; but when great care is used
lead is recommended as the most suitable material, but any reproduction by one
material should be checked by others, such as mercury. With absolute care
it appears that almost any material might be used. It must be remembered
that Dr. Matthiessen considers that he himself has not taken absolute but
only great care.
The following Table shows the number of wires of each material tested,
their maximum discrepancy, and the probable error in a standard reproduced
by similar experiments :—
Maximum discre-
pancy expressed
Metal. No. of | as a fraction of, Probable
wires. | the whole con-|) © TO:
ducting-power.
00014 0-00052
Silverieyyinier ooh ede: 3
Comper nese s cule sos ale p51 3 0-0011 0-00021
GOLDS Fp ajaieis, thacsso ares 3 0:0005 0:00011
ORCS. tress arse aciaios 4 0:00054 0:00006
Gold-silver alloy ...... 5 0-00073 0-00001
MErCHIty. Asc. eee ee aes 3 000151 000009
Commercially pure lead differed from the chemically pure lead by only
about 0-04 per cent.
For an account of the care taken by Dr. Matthiessen in the chemical pre-
paration of the metals he used, and in their subsequent treatment and
electrical comparison, we must refer to Dr. Matthiessen’s own Report, Ap-
pendix C.
With reference to mercury, great difficulty exists in making the experi-
ments, and it is much to be regretted that Dr. Matthiessen’s experiments, very
accordant in themselves, do not give results agreeing with Dr. Siemens’s
o 1 Pea
at 5 fog os + eS tb
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4 ree Fe d f = 4
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: an © veld pe ‘4
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tt Petidaied olies pecnd
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[To face page 349.]
Approximate Relative Values of various Units of Electrical Resistance.
Description.
}
|
| Absolute ak ax eee
netic units (new determination)
foot
s ——— x 10 electro-mag-
Absolute =a -
netic units (old determination)
Twenty-five feet of a certain cop-
per wire, weighing 345 grains...
metre =
Absolate BER x10 per
| netic units determined by Weber
(IED) Mercere neces
| One metre of pure mercury, oa}
| square millimetre section at 0° C.
|
‘One metre of pure mercury, one
square millimetre section at 0° C.
One metre of pure mercury, one
square millimetre section at U° C.
British Association unit ..............-
One kilometre of iron wire, four
millimetres in diameter (tempe-
rature not known) .
| One kilometre of iron wire, for
millimetres in diameter (tempe-
rature not EnOWN).++..-+.::ss+e+000
| One kilometre of iron wire, four
millimetres in diameter (tempe-
rature not known). .......-
annealed copper wire +'y in. dia-
meter at 15°-D OC. .ss...eseeeseee-
One English standard mile of one
special copper wire py inch in
diameter.
One German
Absolute
Name. foot
second
LAbsolute 2% y<107.| 1-000
second
Thomson's unit 10505
Jacobi . 2-088
Weber's absolute
metre ; |} 3015
—— X10? sevveeees
second
Siemens 1864 issue...... 3-138
Siemens (Berlin) ...... 3-156
‘Siemens (London) ..... 3-194
B.A. unit, or Ohmad...) 3°821
| IDigmey.seecreeseseereeeeeee| SOO
Bréquet . 82-03
SWISS ceesceseesessssseree| SAZL
iron wire % inch in diameter
(temperature not known*)
| One English standard mile of pure \
| Weber's
son’: ibsolute {Si 1864) Siemens Siemens |B, A. unit, or A fs ;
aatiests Jacobi. ree é 3 or anita! (Berlin). (London). Obmad, Dignoy. Bréquet. Swiss. Matthiessen. | Varley,
second ~
09520 0:4783 03316 03187 03168 03131 03048 003289 003123 002924 002243 0-01190
1000 0:5029 0:3483 03348 0:3328 0:3289 03202 003455 0:03279 003071 002357 001251
1-988 1-000 0:6925 0:6655 06618 0-6540 0'6367 0:06869 0:06520 0:06106 0:04686 0.02486
2-871 1444 1000 09607 0:9556 09443 09191 009919 009416 0:08817 0:06767 003591
2:988 1-503 1041 1000 09950 09829 09563 0:1033 0:09799 0:09177 0:07047 003737
3:004 1511 1-046 1-005 1-000 09881 09625 01038 009852 0:0922 0:07081 003757
3-040 1529 1059 1017 1-012 1000 09742 0:1050 00997 0:09337 007166 0-03802
3123 1570 1088 10456 1039 1026 1000 01079 01024 0:0959 0:0736 003905
28:94 14:56 10:08 0:0968 9634 9520 9:266 1000 09491 08889 06822 0:3620
30:50 1534 10:62 10-20 1015 1013 9760 1054 1-000 0:9365 07187 03814
32:56 1638 11:34 1090 10:84 1071 10-42 1-125 1.068 1-000 07675 04072
42-43 21:34 14°78 14:19 1412 13:95 13:59 1:66 1391 1303 1-000 05306
79-96 40-21 27:85 26-75 26°61 26:30 25°61 2-763 2622 2456 1885 1000
79-4 90:22 62:48 60:03 59°71 59:00 57-44 6198 5882 5509 4-228 2-243
* Messrs, Siemens do not now manufacture coils with this unit, which has been abandoned by them in fayour of the mereury unit given above.
German
Miles,
0:005307
0005574
901108
001655
0:01666
0:01675
001695
001741
01613
01700
01815
02965
04457
1-000
Observations,
==
Calculated from the B, A. unit
From an old
Weber.
i Measurement made; ratio be-
Asterminstion by
tween Siemens (Bo
cabi taken from pe) aud
ret
easurement taken fro)
mination in 1862 of state
sent by Prof. Thomson ; does nat!
agree with Weber's own measure:
ment of Siemens’s units ; by Wel
ber 1 Siomens's unit =1095 191
\ Metres-second, |
{ Measurement taken from threecoils |
issued by Messrs, Siemens:
Measurement taken from coils exhi.
bited in 1862 by Messrs, Siomens|
Halske & Co. (well adjusted),
Measurement taken from coils exhi-|
bited in 1862 by Messrs, Siemens
Halske & Co, (‘well adjusted),
qual to 10,000,000 NA
com
cording to experiments of Stand-
“Weber's Gal-|
ard Committee,
well adjusted).
differently adjusted),
From coils exhibited in 1862 (badly
adjusted).
From a coil lent by Dr. Matthies-
sen (of German-silyer wire),
From coils lent by Mr. Varley {well
adjusted).
{From coils exhibited in 1862 by|
Messrs. Siemens, Halske & Co, *
|
{ From coils exhibited in 1862 (pretty
From coils exhibited in 1862 (in-|
|
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. 349
experiments. The discrepancy will be best explained by the following Table,
giving the value of a column of mercury at 0° C. one metre long, and having
a cross section equal to one square millimetre, according to various experi-
ments, and with the specific gravity used respectively by Dr. Siemens and Dr,
Matthiessen.
Value in
Definition. hy eae
. A. units.
1. Mercury unit according to Siemens’s standard issued in
1864. Sp. gr. mercury assumed at 13:'557 .......... 0:9564
2. Mercury unit according to Siemens’s experiments made for
1864 standard, but assuming sp. gr. mercury at 13:595*. —_-0-9534.
3. Mercury unit according to Dr. Matthiessen’s experiments.
Sp. gr. mercury assumed at 13557 .............05. 09646
4, Mercury unit according to Dr. Mathiessen’s experiments.
Sp. gr. mercury assumed at 13°595 .. 25.1... 2. eee 0-9619
5. Mercury unit according to one set of coils exhibited in 1862
1D RSG CIENT 2.) oh rn eile ty See eat 0°9625
6. Mercury unit according to a second set of coils exhibited in
1862 by Dr. Siemens (London) ...................- 0:9742
Dr. Matthiessen considers No. 4 the true value, while Dr. Siemens sup-
ports No.1. The Committee do; not desire to express any opinion on this
- subject, but only to draw attention to the great discrepancies which follow
the apparently simple definition of the mercury unit (first proposed by Marié
Davy). Even now it cannot be said that a trustwerthy standard, answering
to the definition, exists. an
The Committee have little to report concerning the standard instruments
for the measurement of currents, quantity, capacity, or electromotive force.
The drawings for a standard galvanometer and electro-dynamometer have
been begun. An electro-dynamometer, suitable for general use, has been
constructed by Professor W. Thomson, and experiments are being made with it.
Professor Thomson has also had some fine apparatus made for the measure-
ment of electrostatic phenomena and their comparison with electromagnetic
measurements ; but it will be best to describe the instruments when the ex-
periments have been completed.
Dr. Joule has made some preliminary experiments with the view to rede-
termine the mechanical equivalent of the unit of heat by electrical means.
Thus, although the Committee haye not accomplished all that they hoped,
they feel that such progress is being made as will justify their reappointment.
They have received assurances that the British Association system of units
will be readily adopted in this kingdom, in India, Australia, and Germany.
They believe that it will be accepted in America and in many other parts of
the world. ;
From France no response has yet been obtained.
The Committee wish to express their sincere regret at the death of one of
their members, Dr. Esselbach. He had made valuable experiments on the
electromotive force of various chemical combinations, and had promised to
communicate them to the Committee ; but their record is now probably lost.
Before concluding, the Committee have to thank Mr. Charles Hockin for
the efficient assistance he has afforded, both in the determination of the
resistance unit and in Dr. Matthiessen’s researches,
* This is the mean of the values given by Kopp, Regnault, and Balfour Stewart. The
discrepancy between the two values is far greater than could be due to any confusion as
to the reference of the specific gravity to water at 0° and at maximum density.
350 REPORT—18564,
Appenvix A.—Description of a further Experimental measurement of Electrical
Resistance made at King’s College. By Prof. T. C. Maxwern and Mr,
Freemine Jenkin, with the assistance of Mr, Cuartes Hocxrn.
Tue method employed in these experiments has been fully described in Ap-
pendix D. to the Report of 1863. In the new experiments, the elements of
the calculation were varied as much as possible; fresh wire was wound on
the experimental coils; observations were made with velocities differing
widely from one another. Fresh measurements were made of all the cor-
rections required, and greater precautions were taken to avoid local disturb-
ances.
n, the number of windings, was..... 319.
1, the effective length of the wire.... 311-2356 metres.
the mean circumference ........ 0°9938987 ,,
ga, the mean radius Se x,t 0:158194
b, the breadth of each coil ........ 0-1841
2b, the distance from centre to centre
OL egchwenile fe ekGe oes Lee eS 0-03851
c, the depth of the layers.......... 0-01608
The weight of the wire and silk .... 1100z. 8 dwt.
sin? a=1.
D the distance from the mirror to the scale; 2212 millims. in some
experiments, 2116 millims. in others.
The following Table gives the result of the experiments, and the com-
parison witlf those of 1863.
Value of B.A. unit in
Time of 100 | Values found for metre | Value from Pinbecabsline
revolutions, in coil in terms of _ |terms of ihe a qs’| mean of each pies os se
seconds. 10" for each expe- | 4. calculated from | P?™ of-expe- | mean value.
riment. each experiment, riments.
Banta 47201 10121 ; He
17°58 45914 - 0-9836 i i
7762 4-3848 1-0468 ;
76-17 4-4871 0-9613 Oe ae
53-07 4-G607 0-985
54-53 4-6666 0-9998 bikie ei diye 42
41:76 4-6279 0-9915 riataig
41-79 4-6275 0-9936 OR O2B nd rete
54-07 4-6496 0-9961
53°78 4-6146 0-9886 09924 | P76
17-697 46108 | 09878
17-783 4-7313 1-0136 LT aetieee
1781 4-6452 0-9952
17-78 4-749 10174 10068, |, anes
17-01 4-7567 10191 Pree ot
16:89. 46187 1-9895 ¢ 2004 | +048
21:35 46834 10034
21:38 4-6727 10011 10022 | +0:22
21362 4-6526 0-968
21-643 47134. 10006 |¢-F0040 | +0-40
11-247 4-8658 1-0424
16-737 4'5305 0-9707 a ae
Probable error of R (1864)=0-1 per cent.
Probable error of R (1863)=0-24 per cent.
Difference in two values 1864 and 1863=0°16 per cent.
Probable error of two experiments=0-08 per cent.
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE, 351
In constructing the standard coil, in consideration of the much greater
range of velocities used in 1864, the 1864 mean value was allowed to have
five times the weight of the mean value obtained in 1863.
AppEnvix B.—On the Electrical Permanency of Metals and Alloys.
By A. Marruissen, F228.
In Appendix A. of the Report of your Committee of last year, I gave the
results of some experiments made to test the electrical permanency of some
metals and alloys. On August 5 of this year I re-tested them, and give the
results in the following Table, taking the conducting-power of No. 15=100-00,
as was done in last year’s Report.
May 9, June 14, Aug. 5,
isea.’ | T |iee3. | © | tee.” | 7
J. Silver: hard-drawn ....| 100-00 | 20-2 | 103-915 | 20-0 |104:397 | 20-2
2. Silver: annealed........ 100-00 | 20:2 | 99-947 | 20-1 | 100-013 | 20-1
3. Silver: hard-drawn ....| 100°00 | 20:2 |102:807 | 20-2 | 103-655 | 20-1
4. Silver: annealed........ 100-00 | 20-2 | 100-031 | 20-0 | 100-048 | 20-0
5. Copper: hard-drawn'....| 100-00 | 20-1 | 100-248 | 20-2 | 100-276 | 20-0
6. Copper: annealed ...... 100-00 | 20-1 | 100-015 | 20-0 | 100-010 | 20:1
7. Copper: hard-drawn ....} 100-00 | 20-0 | 100-149 | 19:8 | 100-200 | 20:2
8. Copper: annealed ...... 100-00 | 20-0
9. Geld : hard-drawn...... 100-00 | 20-0 | 100:045 | 20-2 | 100-000 | 20-2
10. Gold: annealed ........ 100-00 | 20:0 | 100-062 | 20:0 | 99:960 | 20-2
11. Gold: hard-drawn...... 100-00 | 20:0 | 99:869 | 20:2 | 99:937 | 20.0
12. Gold: annealed ........ 100:00 | 20:0 | 99:877 | 20:3 | 99-960 | 20:0
13. Platinum: hard-drawn ..| 10000 | 20:0 | 99:951 | 20-2 | 99-989 | 20-2
14, Platinum: hard-drawn ..| 100-00 | 20:0 | 99-999 | 20-2 | 100-008 | 20:1
15. Gold-silver alloy: hard-
BET ARR TA) 3 5 6 yoyo sy's roi 9 100:00 | 20-0 | 100-000 | 20-2 | 100-000 | 20-2
16, Gold-silver alloy: hard-
JEEP), eaten ieee 100:00 | 19:9 | 99-963 | 20:3 | -99:996 | 20:0
17. German silver: annealed.| 100-00 | 20:3 |100:162 | 20-0 |100:135 | 20:0
18. German silver: annealed .| 100-00 | 20-3 |100:145 | 20-0 | 100-152 | 20:0
19. German silver: annealed.) 100-00 .. | 100-217 } 20:2 | 100-1938 | 20:2
From the above it will be seen that the following wires have not sensibly
altered in their conducting-power during the space of two years.
/ Maximum dif-
No. cote rt fez 5, ference corre-
sponds to.
2.| 100-00 | 99-911 | 99-977 0:25
4.| 100-00 | 99:959 | 99-976 0:10
6.| 100:00 | 99-979 | 100-010 0-0
9
10
05
100-00 | 100-117 | 100-072 0-30
. | 100-00 | 100-062 | 100-032 0:20
*11.| 100-00 | 99:941 | 99-937 0-15
*12.| 10000 | 99-985 | 99-960 0-10
13. |} 100-00 | 100-023 | 100-061 0-15
14,| 100-00 | 100-071 | 100-044 0:20
15. | 100-00 | 100-000 | 100-000
16.} 100-00 | 99:963 | 99-996
* Without taking into consideration the corrections due to temperature, I placed in
last year’s Report these two wires with those whose conducting-powers had changed.
302 REPORT—1864.
All the values have been reduced to the first observed temperature, assuming
that all pure metals vary in conducting-power alike with temperature. The
correction made was the addition or subtraction of 0:036 for each 01,
which number corresponds to the correction of conducting-power for tempe-
rature at 20°. No correction has been made in the cases of No. 15 and 16,
for it is so small that it may be neglected, being about 0-006 for each 0°1.
As stated in last year’s Report, the differences may be considered due to
temperature ; for, as there explained, a difference in the temperature of the
wire and the bath might well exist, and we find in most cases a difference
in the conducting-power corresponding to 0°1 to 0°2.
It is interesting to find that hard-drawn silver and copper wires become
‘partially annealed by age, at least the increment in the conducting-power
would indicate such to be the case. In the case of silver, a decided increment
will be observed.
No. 8, copper, annealed, has altered so much, that there can be no doubt
that it was badly soldered.
With regard to the alteration observed with the German-silver wires, it
may here again be stated that it is not to be assumed that all wires of this
alloy will alter in like manner. An example of this has lately come to my
notice. About two years ago I made a coil of the gold-silver alloy, which
was compared with one of Prof. Thomson’s German-silver coils, and having
them still in my possession, they haye now been re-compared with the follow-
ing results :—
July 8th, 1862. Resistance of Thomson’s coil being 1 at 18°-4, that of
the gold-silver coil was 88445 at 18°-4,
August 6, 1864. Resistance of Thomson’s coil being 1 at 18°4, that of
the gold-silver coil was ‘88447 at 18°4.
It is worthy of remark that the first comparison was made by Dr. C. Vogt,
the last by Mr. C. Hockin, and with entirely different apparatus, showing
that different observers with different apparatus obtain absolutely the same
results, when they take great care in making the observations.
The above proves that the conducting power of all specimens of German-
silver wire does not alter by age. Further experiments are being made on
this subject, and in the course of a year or so we shall be able to say how
far German silyer may be trusted for making resistance coils.
Arprnpix C,.—On the Reproduction of Electrical Standards by Chemical Means.
By A. Marruressen, /.2S., and C, Hooxty, Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge.
Havine been requested by your Committee to make some experiments with
the view of discovering the best method of reproducing an unit of electrical
resistance by chemical means, we have carried out the research of which we
now propose to give the results.
The experiments have been made with unusual care. It is important to
point out the degree of precaution that has been taken to insure trustworthy
results. The care taken in these experiments may be called great care as
opposed to ordinary care on the one hand, and thorough care on the other.
By ordinary care is meant the care usually taken in scientific research, where
no extraordinary precautions are had recourse to, The sort of accuracy
obtained when a unit is reproduced with ordinary care may be seen by
reference to former results. For instance, in the determination of the con-
ducting-power of mercury, described in ‘ Phil, Trans.’, results were obtained
ea ¥
) :
¢ ,
a4 a ,
> 4 at.
rt 4
PEN rent br
. BN
. ' : RP
a tc) ck
. yas ‘ ;
Hi " oe: aa %
. ge
\ ni
j ,
|
:
;
4
ee
uPg TPL]
eves FEE
bey]
VEE Dy peodry, ps
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. 353
differing in some cases by 1:6 per cent. The same degree of accuracy was
obtained in the determination of the mercury unit’ by Dr. W. Siemens, de-
scribed in ‘ Phil. Mag.’
On the other hand, in the experiments to be described, and in those made
by Mr. Sabine, the results differ by only a few hundredths per cent.
The results of the determinations of the conducting-power of the gold-
silver alloy, described in the ‘ Phil. Mag.’ Feb. 1861, differ from each other
by 1-5 per cent., the values now found for the same quantity differ by only
seven-hundredths per cent. No doubt if greater care had been taken and
more perfect instruments used, still better results would have been obtained.
Perhaps the great difference between what is above called great care and
ordinary care lies in the time employed. The experimenter using great care
has to neglect almost all consideration of time, and repeat his experiments at
reasonable intervals, in all cases in which it is possible, that by lapse of time
such error, as at first there is no means of detecting, may increase, and so
become apparent. The meaning of absolute care is clear. When absolute
care is taken no precautions are omitted, the best instruments obtained, and
every care taken in the manipulation.
_ The apparatus used in the following research will first be described, the
results obtained will be then given, and finally some remarks made on them.
DEscRIPTION OF APPARATUS.
Battery.—The battery employed was a single Bunsen’s cell. The wires
connecting it with the bridge ran parallel to each other the whole of their
length, so that no attraction was exercised on the magnet of the galvano-
meter by the current traversing them*.
Balance.—For measuring the resistance of the wires a Wheatstone’s ba-
lance, as modified by Kirchhoff, was employed. A plan of it is given at
Plate IV. (fig. 1).
Land RB are two resistance coils acting as the arms of the balance. They
are joined by the wire A A,, along which the eblock B connected with one end
of the galvanometer coil can be moved.
The wire A A’ of the instrument was made of an alloy containing 85 per
cent. of platinum and 15 per cent. of iridium. The advantages of employing
this alloy are that it does not readily oxidize, that it does not change much
in conducting-power with an alteration of temperature, and that it does not
alloy with mercury.
§ is a standard coil immersed in an oil-bath.
OP is the wire to be measured or compared with the standard S, and is
immersed in a large trough of water.
G is an ordinary galvanometer by which approximate results are first
observed.
G, is a very sensitive Thomson’s reflecting galvanometer, by which the
final observations are made.
M,, M, &c., m,, m, &c. are mercury cups used to connect the several parts
of the circuit by thick copper rods and bars, plainly shown on the drawing.
The arrangement shown was found convenient, as it admitted of adjustment
to various positions and dimensions of conductors to be compared. The
position of B on the wire A A! could be observed by a boxwood scale divided
into millimetres and a pointer on the block.
K is a key used to complete the battery circuit, and worked by a treadle
* The battery circuit was generally broken, and was closed by pressing down a treadle,
placed under the table, with the foot. The terminals were of platinum.
354 REPORT—1864.
from below. An enlarged section of the block B is given in fig. 3. a, is a
wooden handle, by which the rod 6, with the platinum point d, can be de-
pressed so as to come in contact with the wire of the bridge. When the pres-
sure of the hand is removed the spring ¢ lifts the handle and breaks the con-
tact. The galvanometer wire is screwed in between the metal plates f and g.
A pad of gutta percha between the knob ” and the handle prevented any
sensible thermal current. To the top of the block was fixed a piece of brass
with a slit in it to serve as a pointer. A lens also was fastened to the handle
to read fractions of a millimetre on the scale. The body of the block was of
lead, with a slab of ebonite at the top and bottom. The block ran on a tram-
way parallel to the scale and wire of the balance.
A section of one of the mercury cups is given at fig. 2. At the bottom of
the cylindrical cup 7 mo is placed an amalgamated copper plate, and
mercury is poured into the cup; the plate is held down by the wooden
cylinder p, and this is kept in its place by the prs. This plug fits the
cup closely, and is pierced with two or more holes for the terminals to pass
through. The cups were propped up with wedges, when placed under the
fixed terminals of the balance, that these might press firmly against the
metal bottoms of the cups.
Each of the coils R and L had a resistance of about 20 metres of the
wire of the instrument. Careful measures were made of the resistance of
the wire of the bridge at different points in order to find if there were any
very faulty points init; this was done by putting the coils R and L in their
places, and increasing the resistance of one of them by means of a short
piece of wire. The effect of this wire was to shift the zero-point. Two
coils, differing about one-tenth per cent., were then placed in the centre of the
instrument and the reading taken; these coils were then reversed and the
reading again taken.
Suppose 27 the resistance of the circuit from the point B to B’ when
the short wire is removed, z the change in the zero-point caused by the in-
sertion of the short wire above mentioned, and « the difference of a pair of
- readings; resistances being expressed in millimetres of the wire A A’, and
lengths expressed in millimetres of the scale. Then the resistance of a milli-
metre of the wire of the instrument about the zero-point is
2
=(+2). 225 -
; is the ratio of the two centre coils.
The value of this expression was found for different points from one end
to the other of the wire, and did not vary more than two- or three-tenths
of a millimetre, an error not considerable enough to affect the results obtained
with the instrument.
The value of the coil R was thus found. It was placed in the mereury
cups m',, nv, and the cups m,, m, were joined by a stout copper bar. Two coils,
the ratio of the resistance of which was known, were placed in the two centre
cups and the reading taken.
Let ; be the ratio of two centre coils, a the reading of scale, which
was divided from A’ to A, R-+-;r the resistance of the circuit from B' to the
point of wire opposite that end of the scale nearest to R, viz. A’, / the corre-
sponding quantity for the other side of the instrument.
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. 355
_ Then clearly
R+r+a
7+1000—a
R+r= ; (1+ 1000 —«)—2.
a
= e
or
The readings are given in the following Table.
Ratio of > Reading. Value of R+-7. Value of R+7.
24:1 120-5 20987 + 241 21215
26:1 186°5 209644 261 21210
29:1 269 20930 + 291 21205
34:1 375 208754341 21197
36:1 409 20867 +361 21208
37:1 425:°25 20841+4371 21192
39:1 454-25 20830 +391 21201
42:1 493-25 20790 + 421 21188
A7T:1 547-25 20732 +471 21177
55:1 613 20672 +551 "21193
60:1 645-25 20625 + 601 ~~ 21194
68:1 688 20528 + 681 21173
767% 720-75 20483 + 761 21203
Zero-point was at 516.
Resistance of half length of circuit is 21712 millimetres of wire.
All these values are within necessary errors of observation. ‘The first few
values are most to be relied on, as the values of r+R depend nearly directly
on 1000—r,
So many measurements were made in order to find whether the wire
tapered towards either end. The similarity of the values found for R+r
shows this better, perhaps, than the direct method before described.
A set of similar measurements were made with the coil L in the left-hand
mercury cups, and equally good results obtained,
The galvanometer employed was one of Thomson’s reflecting galvano-
meters, made by Messrs. Elliott Brothers. A short coil was employed.
The instrument was placed in a deal box, blackened inside, with large aper-
tures to observe through. The spot of light could thus be clearly seen, and
the divisions of the scale were sufficiently illuminated to enable the observer
to see immediately in which direction the spot of light moved. The instru-
ment was sufficiently delicate to show 0-001 per cent. difference in the ratio
of any two nearly equal conductors compared, corresponding to ;4; millims.
on scale of bridge.
An ordinary galvanometer was also at hand to find about the place of
reading on the scale.
The balance employed for weighing was by Liebrich of Giessen, and would
weigh to =1,th of a milligramme with accuracy, The weights were adjusted
by Oertling, and again tested by weighing them against the largest weight
(50 grms.). Mr. Balfour Stewart was kind enough to test this weight, and
found its value to be exactly 50-0000 grms, All weighings made in this
research were double weighings,
856 REPORT—1864.
The measurements of lengths of wires tested were made with a beam
compass. It was furnished with a vernier carrying a telescope. The in
strument was fixed horizontally before a window, the ends being clamped t
shelves in the wall on either side of the window.
The telescope pointed downwards, and the wires to be measured were laic
on a board fixed below the instrument.
With this apparatus measurements could be made with the greatest cer-
tainty to ;4;th of a millimetre, the telescope being sufficiently powerful t
show much smaller lengths than this.
We are indebted to Mr. B. Stewart for measuring the values of the divi-
sions of the instrument.
Thermometers.—Two thermometers were employed. They were made by
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra. One was divided to 1th of a degree Centi-
grade, the other to single degrees. The large thermometer was found to be
correct by the Kew standard. The zero-points of the thermometers were
carefully taken.
Trough.—The wires, the resistance of which were to be determined, were
placed in a glass tube immersed in a trough of water.
The trough was 1:5 m. long by 0:15 m. square section. A stream of water
flowed through it, coming in by the tube V (fig. 1) and escaping by the waste-
pipe W. This arrangement was adopted because it was found that naphtha
or oil soon acted on the wires and altered their resistance, so that they could
not be immediately exposed to the action of a liquid. The details of the
arrangement will be understood by reference to fig. 4.
The wire to be tested, a b, was soldered at its ends to copper bars as ac.
On to each of these bars was slipt a piece of glass tubing, as ¢f. These tubes
were fastened to the copper bars by india-rubber tubing. The wire, with
its connexions, was then placed in the large glass tube AB. The piece of
tubing ef was then fastened to the bent tube CEDF by india-rubber tubing.
The ends of the terminals a c¢ were beaten out flat and amalgamated.
The bent tubes were nearly filled with mercury, and the terminal ¢ was con-
nected with the mercury cups m’,, m’, of the instrument by copper rods amal-
gamated at each end.
The resistances of the wires were compared with those of coils of German
silver, well varnished, immersed in a cup of oil. The temperature of the oil
was determined by the small thermometer before described.
Method of observing.—The wires were placed in the trough and the con-
nexions made. The water was then turned on and allowed to flow for about
fifteen minutes. The large thermometer was placed in the trough, and the
temperature was read off by means of a lens placed so as to avoid all error
of parallax. The small galvanometer was then connected with the electric
balance, and the approximate reading found.
The large galvanometer was next connected, and the block handle pressed
down until any thermal current that existed had ceased to cause the needle
of the galvanometer to oscillate. The battery contact was then made for an
instant with the foot. The slight kick given by the spot of light at once
showed which way the block had to be moved, without its being necessary
to keep the battery on long enough to heat the conductors sensibly.
The observing-room was kept at a very equable temperature by a screen
before the window, also the wire of the balance was protected by a piece of
boarding from the heat radiating from the observer’s body.
After every observation the temperature of the coil and the water in the
trough was read off, and if any difference was observed between these read-
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. oO7
ings and those first taken, the observation was rejected and another one
taken.
Four observations were made on each wire at intervals of from twenty to
forty minutes.
Before noting down the scale-reading all the connectors were moved, and
if no change in resistance was observed the connexions were presumed to be
good.
All results are given in terms of weight and length, as it is impossible to
measure the diameter of a small wire with the accuracy with which the
weight can be found; moreover, the cross section of a wire is not generally a
circle, and the mean diameter varies slightly from point to point however
carefully it may be drawn.
A great oversight was made in not observing the specific gravity of each
wire, so that the results of the experiments now made could be compared
with former ones. This omission was first made because it was thought
that the results of former experiments could be used; but after several
measurements had been made it was found that the values of the specific
gravity of wires of the same metal, given by different observers, varied so
much that it was impossible to find the resistance of a wire of a metal of
which the length and sectional area are known, from the resistance of a wire
of which the length and weight are known without taking the specific gravity
of the wire actually experimented on.
SILVER.
Three silver wires were compared.
I. From commercially pure nitrate of silver.
II. From French coin.
III. From English coin.
The silver was first dissolved in nitric acid and theri diluted with water and
precipitated by hydrochloric acid. The chloride was then well washed, and
afterwards fused with pure carbonate of sodium. The resulting button of
silver was fused a second time with borax and a little nitrate of potas-
sium ; lastly, before casting, it was fused with a piece of charcoal floating on
the top. The mould was about 35 millimetres long by 43 millimetres dia-
meter. The drawing of the wire was conducted with the utmost care. The
Wire was annealed only twice during the process.
In drawing all wires the end first entering the hole was reversed at each
successive drawing, after it had been drawn down to about one-half its re-
quired diameter. The wires were twice drawn through each of the smallest
holes, the ends being reversed as before.
To measure the harder wires they were straightened by rolling them
between two smooth boards, and then passed through a thermometer tube of
such a length that the ends just projected from the tube, the long ones being
cut into two or three lengths for the purpose. It was found that the wire
could be pulled out of the tube and reinserted many times without altering
the length by half one-tenth of a millimetre. Some care was necessary in
soldering the wires to their connexions. A small lump of hot solder was
placed in the terminal, and the end of the wire steadily and slowly pushed
into it until it set. Thus the boundary between the wire and solder was well
defined, and the wire could be cut off at exactly the required point. The
wires were weighed and measured after the resistance had been taken.
The care taken in drawing the silver wires accounts for the close agree-
358 REPORT—1864.
ment of the results. Another wire was drawn as rapidly as possible through
the latter holes to harden it, and a difference of 33 per cent. was found in
its conducting power.
The results are given in the following Table :—
Wire No. I.
Temperature of coil. Reading of bridge-scale. Temperature of wire.
21:1 888 21:3
21-2 888 21:3
21-4 890 21°4
21:3 891 21-4
Length 1:5906 m. Zero-point at 514-25, Weight 2-9208 grammes.
No. I.
18:8 194 19°3
19-0 199 19-4
19:3 204 19:5
19-4 206 19:6
Length 1-:6749 m. Zero-point at 514°25. Weight 5:4419 grammes.
No. III.
18°6 840 18-2
18-8 855 18°8
19-3 870 19-2
19°8 880 19°5
Length 1:3692 m, Zero-point at 513°7. Weight 21572 grammes.
Resistance of metre-gramme wire No. I. 1-0000.
- ae II. 0-9991.
No. II. 0:9986.
29
99
CoprER.
Three copper wires were tried. The copper employed was electrotype
copper, and it was drawn without previous fusion. The copper of wires
Nos. I. and II. was prepared by Messrs. De la Rue & Co., that of No. IIT. wire
as follows. Sulphate of copper was made by dissolving electrotype copper
in pure sulphuric acid, and twice recrystallizing.
from the sulphate thus prepared by electrolysis.
The copper was obtained
It was precipitated on a
greased platinum pole, the other pole being of electrotype copper.
Wire No. I.
Temperature of coil. Reading of bridge-scale. Temperature of wire.
23-4 244 21-2
23°6 246 21°3
23°7 248 21:3
23°8 250 21-4
Length 1-9324 m. Zero-point at 514. Weight 3-9867 grammes.
No. II.
20-1 198 19-9
20°5 217 20-2
20°8 221 20-4
20°8 223 20-45
Length1181-05m. Zero-point at 514. Weight 1:4908 grammes.
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. 359
No. III.
21:6 565 20:8
21:8 570 21
21°8 573 21
22-0 5725 21
Length 1-°6187 m. Zero-point at 514. Weight 2°7151 grammes.
Resistance of metregramme of wire No. I. 1-0000,
No. II. 1-0005.
No. IIT. 1:0011.
9? 22
Gor.
Three gold wires were tried.
No. I. from Australian gold.
No. I. from English coin.
No. ILI. from English coin.
The metal was first dissolved in nitro-hydrochloric acid, the excess of
acid was then evaporated off, and the salt largely diluted with water to
precipitate the chloride of silver. After filtering the gold was precipitated
by sulphurous acid, the precipitate collected in a small beaker, and washed
four times with hydrochloric and nitric acid alternately. After drying it
was fused with borax and nitrate of potassium and cast. It was again fused,
and finally cast in the mould.
Wire No. I.
Temperature of coil. Reading of bridge-scale. Temperature of wire.
20-2 849 18°8
20-4 849-8 18:8
20-4 851°5 18-9
20:8 852°5 18-9
Length 0-8854 m. Zero-point at 515-2. Weight 2-2200 grammes.
No. II.
21°6 634-5 20-2
21:6 638 20:3
21°6 638 20:3
21:8 638 20°3
Length 0-9998 m. Zero-point at 515-2, Weight 29021 grammes.
No. III.
19°8 782 19-2
20-1 788 19-4
20°5 784-6 19-6
20:8 797 19-8
Length 1-:0211 m. Zero point-at 515. Weight 2-9753 grammes.
Resistance of metregramme of wire No. I. 1:0000
No. II. 0-:9998
No. III. 0:9995
) 39
39 : 2?
Leap.
With lead very good results were obtained. Five wires were determined,
360 REPORT—1864,
* The wires were pressed at a gentle heat, the press being carefully bored and
cleaned beforehand. As the wire came from the press it was received on a
smooth board. It was then at once soldered on to the connexions and placed
in the trough. The solder employed was Wood’s cadmium alloy. After
being cut from the connectors the wire was straightened by rolling between
two boards with great care; it was then placed on the board beneath the
beam-compass, adjusted to the groove below the line of motion of the cross
wires of the telescope, and carefully measured and then weighed.
Wire No. I. was cut from a bar of commercially pure lead, prepared by
Mr. Baker of Sheffield.
Wire No. II. made from lead obtained by heating the acetate thrice re-
crystallized.
This specimen was kindly prepared by Mr. Mathews.
Wire No. III. from the acetate of lead of commerce twice crystallized.
Wire No. IV. from the acetate of lead of commerce three times crystallized.
Wire No. V. from the seventh recrystallization of acctate of lead. Kindly
prepared by Professor Atkinson.
Wire No. I.
Temperature of coil. Reading of bridge-scale. Temperature of wire.
18-1 355 17-5
18-2 362 17°8
18°3 362 17:6
18-4 362 17-6
Length 0:4907 m. Zero-point at 514. Weight 2°0689 grammes.
Now ET:
16-4 855 78
16-4 867 17:5
18-0 869 17°6
18-1 869 17°6
Length 0:5100 m. Zero-point at 514°5, Weight 2:1320 grammes.
No. III.
17:0 746 16-1
17:0 748 16-2
17-2 748 16-2
17-4 748 16-3
Length 0:4910 m. Zero-point at 516. Weight 1:9583 grammes,
No ly:
ice 525 15:3
17:6 529 15:3
17-7 530 15:3
17°8 535 15-4
Length 488-2 m. Zero-point at 515-2. Weight 1:9991 grammes.
Nowe
18°8 628 17:8
18:8 628 17:8
19+ 634 18-0
19°6 640 18-2
Length 0:4915 m, Zero-point at 515°5, Weight 2:0253 grammes.
SOA
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. 361
I. 1:00000
II. 1:00045
I1I. 1-00029
IV. 1:00054
V. 1:00026
Resistance of metregramme of wire No.
GoLD-SILVER ALLOY.
_ No. I. Part of the alloy formerly prepared for the experiments described
in ‘ Phil. Mag.’ Feb. 1861, and there described as wire No. I.
No. Il. Part of No. VII. there described.
No. III. Part of No. VIII. there described.
No. IV. From the first three alloys mixed and refused and drawn.
No. Y. Alloy reprepared from the pure metals.
Wire No. I.
Temperature of coil. Reading of bridge-scale. Temperature of wire.
17:8 816 17:8
18-4 821°6 18-2
19°8 831:5 20-2
20:0 845 21-2
Length 0-5374 m. Zero-point at 517-6. Weight 1-8607 grammes,
No. IT.
18-4 481-0 18-6
18°8 482-4 18°8
19-6 486-0 19-4
20-0 497-6 21:3
Length 0:4263 m. Zero-point at 517-3. Weight 1:2082 grammes.
No. III.
19-2 594 17:8
20:0 600-2 IS
18-6 595°4 18-2
19-0 596-0 18°5
Length 0:3709 m. Zero-point at 517-4, Weight 0-9052 grammes.
No. IY.
18-8 870 17:8
19-0 870 17-9
19-1 869 18-0
19-3 869 18:0
Length 0:5472 m. - Zero-point at 514-5. Weight 1:9199 grammes,
No. V.
18-8 542 17:6
19-0 541°6 LPT
19:2 BAl-4 17-6
19-2 541-8 17-7
- Length 0-6333 m.
1864,
Zero-point at 515.
Weight 2:6497 grammes,
2B
362 <i : REPORT—1864.
Resv.ts For GoLd-sILVER ALLOY.
Resistance of metre-gramme of wire No. I. 1-00000.
‘3 " No. II. 0-99963.
” ” No. IT. 1:00017.
” ” No. TV. 1:00036.
” ” No. V. 0:99996.
Mernrcvry.
Three tubes were filled with mercury and their resistance taken.
Tubes Nos. I. and II. with distilled mercury treated with nitric and sul-
phurie acid. .
Tube No. III. with mercury distilled from a specimen which contained a
small quantity of gold.
The lengths of the column are given below in their order.
Tube I. ~ ube IT. Tube III.
mim. mm, mm.
383 291 245
384 288 242
390 289 240
386 1 287 240
389 ; 288 249
3843 288 243
381 Spi 243
377 290 244
3845 292 246
392 288 246
399 288 248
405: , 289 van. 248
407 288 252
407 288 253
406 288 254
413 2903 254.
418 292 257
AQA 293 298
4165 ‘ 295 260.
416 y i 297 ~° 262
414 : 265
405 : 267
405 ; ;
C' 1 7 14 ,
log ron log a log =
=1-9995018. =1-:9998710. =1-:9995614.
+
Several other kinds of mercury were tried in one and the same tube, and —
the resistances found to be the same within two or three-hundredths per cent.
Sixteen’ tubes were obtained, picked from a great number, and of these the
three best ones were taken. No. I. was not so good a tube as the others, as
the outside was uneyen, rendering it impossible to calibrate it with very great
accuracy.
jay
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. 863
To calibrate a tube it was taken and carefully cleaned with pure nitric acid,
-and then with a solution of caustic potash. It was then well rinsed with
distilled water, and dried by passing a current of hot air through a chloride-
of-calcium bulb, and then through the tube. A small column of mercury
was put in the tube, and the length of column measured by the beam-com-
pass. The column was shifted along the tube by sucking up or blowing
through an india-rubber tube with a chloride-of-calcium tube inserted be-
tween it and the tube to be calibrated. By this arrangement the column
could be adjusted with the greatest nicety to the place in the tube required.
The lengths of the column were taken at equal intervals from one end of tube
to the other. The formula for correction used is given below.
Let C be conducting-power of a tube of uniform bore and of length, ca-
pacity equal to that of tube considered; C’ observed conducting-power.
Then
n?
C=C ;
DAD
' where n is the number of measurements made, \ the length of the column of
mercury in any position. The summation extending to all the Evautee
taken
The ends of the tubes were ground by putting some emery ide and
naphtha ona slate table, holding the tube vertically upright with the left hand
and with the right hand rubbing the end of the tube in contact with the
table round the circumference of a small circle. Thus the end of the tube
was made slightly convex, the opening being at the apex of the convexity.
To measure the tubes they were placed under the beam-compass, and a stout
pin inserted partially into each end,
From the shape of the ends of the tube, the point where the pin emerged
from the tube could be exactly seen and the measurement made with cer-
tainty. Many measurements were made turning the tube round its axis through
a small angle before each measurement, and the mean of the lengths found
taken for the true length. To find the weight of the tube full of mercury it
was carefully cleaned, filled with mercury, and placed in a long narrow
trough full of pure mercury. The tube was held down by iron weights, a
thermometer inserted in the trough, and the apparatus allowed to stand until
the temperature was constant. After the true temperature had been obtained
the tube was taken out of the trough and the contents weighed.
This was managed in the following manner. One operator took hold of
the tube by pressing a finger against each end and lifting from the trough ;
the little globules adhering to the outside of the tube were then rapidly 1 re-
moved by two assistants with brushes.
The mercury was then allowed to flow slowly out into a small porcelain
_ crucible and weighed. In this way pretty consistent results were obtained
if the tubes were cleaned before each filling.
To determine the resistances of the tubes they were placed in the water -
trough, with bent pieces of tubing fastened on to the ends with india-rubber
tubing and reaching above the surface of the water.
The terminals were of copper, well amalgamated. They dipped into the
bent tubes and came flat against the ends of the tubes, the resistance of which
was to be determined. In the calculation of the weight of mercury at 0° in
eae from the observed weight, Regnault’s alae. for the expansion was
use
?
232
364
REPORT—1864.
Connexions of amalgamated platinum were first used, but did not give
good results. It was found that the amalgamation was imperfect. The mer-
cury adhering to the platinum was rubbed off against the ends of the tube,
and the resistance varied with the height of the mercury in the bent tubes.
The platinum was amalgamated by dipping it into a mixture of mercury and
sodium amalgam. The sodium was then oxidized and dissolved off by dip-
ping the platinum in a little dish of water and hydrochloric acid. The ter-
minal was then drawn through a dish of clean mercury, so that the water
floated off. The platinum was then for the time beautifully amalgamated ;
but the mercury soon drained off when the plate was exposed to the air, and
could be easily rubbed off even when the platinum was immersed in mercury.
Temperature of coil.
18-1
18-4
18-4
18-8
Wt., temp. 19-6
B10
» :20°8
Wts. reduced to 21°:—
Merctry.
Tube No. I.
Reading of .
bridge-scale. Temperature of wire.
346 18-2
349-2 18-6
349.2 18:8
348 18-0
grms. Zero-point 515 | Length 0-9365 m.
.. 24-7021
. 24-6930
. 24-6950
24-6958
24-6930
24-6940
Tube No. II.
188. 19-0
186-8 19-05
186-5 19-4
186°5 19-1
grms. Length 0°6563 m.
12-3140
12-3132
Tube No. IIT.
633-5 18-9
633-1 18:8
631-7 18-8
grms. 631°3 18-8
.. 8.2894 Length 0-5497 m.
. 82836
\ je oe aaah
ON STANDARDS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. 365
Results.
Resistance of tube No. I. 1-00000
i » No. II. 0-99849
a! » No. III. 1-00000
An approximate table is subjoined of the resistances of a metre-gramme
of the different metals in terms of the B. A. unit, 1864.
CABPEE 5 3:0:/s,m.aye:4) 015i a) ae att tae ahem 0:1469
ROUEN 6 ay na, Fp 00 bay sn a aut RR a aia 0-1682
BT oi. ar nmiaya! 8 syst Rye 8 +09 serial 04150
Gold-silver alloy <6. -0< os... Smee 1-668
CU ee ee ee 2°257
ETUDES, 10 ocd ea. ia capaci Synsyein unt Re igee 13:06
From the foregoing results we may draw these conclusions.
That with great care an unit may be reproduced with great accuracy by
any of the metals or alloys above mentioned.
Of those tested it appears that lead is the most preferable on account of
its easy purification, and because the presence of impurities, amounting to
several per cent., produce no very disproportionate effect on its conducting-
power. For instance—
Conducting-power of lead is ........... eee ee ee eee TAG
Of lead with 12-7 per cent. volume of tin is ........ 8:13
# HOG. 39% 32 cadmium .... 8:38
7 BoM Be bismuth...... 7:0
re S18 O15: fH antimony .... 7-1
o Bo i ,5 ri silver’) 6% 2% 3. 79
With the other metals and alloys tested a much greater difference is found
in the conducting-power when such impurity exists,
A few examples will show this.
The conducting-power of pure copperis .............. 100
Of copper with 1:6 per cent. in volume of silver ...... 65
Of silver with 1:2 53 A olds ach i. 59
Pure silver being taken as 100.
Of gold with 1-2 per cent. of silver .............64. 73°8
The conducting-power of pure gold being 78.
If the conducting-power of mercury is .............- 10:9
That of mercury with 1:18 per cent. volume of lead is.. 11-5
a 1:8 2 % fit it 18
bs 1:8 A: Me zinc.... 12-4
33 0:7 iy ‘3 gold.... 11:6
“5 1-2 Hy 55 silver .. 11°6
The manipulation with lead is rendered easier by its high resistance.
Mercury is easily purified, and good results are always obtained with
it. It would, however, in reproducing an unit, be necessary to distill the
mercury, because traces of such impurities as silver and gold, which may
easily get into it when in use in a laboratory, cannot be removed by treat-
366 BRPORT=-1864.
ment with nitric acid. The chief labour is in selecting and calibrating the
tubes, and this is very great.
The results obtained with the gold-silver alloy, even when prepared by
different persons, supposing great care used, give very accordant results,
and for the easiness with which it can be made may be recommended for re-
producing an unit.
© Electrotype copper would appear a good substance. The agreement of
results obtained with commercial électrotype copper with those obtained
with copper prepared from pure salts shows this.
The maximum difference of the conducting-powers of electrotype copper,
as observed with ordinary care, is 1:6 per cent. Copper is not, however, to
be preferred, as great care and some practice is necessary to draw a good
wire.
The purification and drawing of pure gold and silver would, in the hands
of anyone but a chemist, lead to no good results, in all probability. These
facts being considered, we should prefer lead for the reproduction of an unit.
No doubt it would be well to use two or three substances to check the results.
For these auxiliary substances mercury and the gold-silver alloy may be re-
commended. The choice between these two will depend on the appliances of
the individual observer. When thorough care is taken all the aboye means
are equally good.
On forming an opinion on the difficulty of reproducing an unit by chemical
means it must be remembered that if anything like accuracy is wished for,
not only expensive and delicate apparatus is required, but also very much time
must be spent, and a great deal of experience in the manipulation is required.
The experiments here described extended over about six months. Any
person wishing to reproduce an unit should bear these considerations in mind,
especially as it is the intention of your Committee to cause coils to be issued
representing a known resistance. That copies of a given resistance can be
made to a much greater accuracy than that to be obtained by chemical or
other known means of reproduction, and that coils can be compared by dif-
ferent observers with different apparatus to almost any degree of accuracy,
although this fact has been brought into question by a former experimenter,
is proved by the following facts.
The two units which have come into our hands, made by Messrs. Siemens
and Halske from copies of the coil used last year by your Committee for the
determination of the absolute unit, were compared against the standard coil
and found to agree with it within two-hundredths per cent. Again, copies of
Weber’s unit, one made of the gold-silver alloy, the other of German silver,
were compared at the interval of two years by different observers with dif-
ferent apparatus, and the results found to agree to one-half a hundreth per
cent.
It is from the, fact that copies can be produced with almost absolute
accuracy, With a minimum of cost and labour as compared with chemical or
mechanical means of reproduction, that we seem quite justified in recom-
mending all who wish to obtain a standard to procure a copy of the British
Association unit, or any other in general use. As copies of the British Asso-
ciation unit are being sold at a reasonable price by several of the leading in-
strument-makers, which we are given to understand will agree together very _
closely, we confidently recommend the adoption of this unit.
And in conclusion, we still adhere to the opinion, given in Appendix C of
the Report of 1862, that the best means of reproducing an unit, for those
who have not the opportunity of procuring a copy, and who cannot afford the
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, 3867
time and expense necessary to reproduce the unit with great care, is to pro-
eure a given length and weight of the gold-silver alloy, such as shall have
been found equal to the unit adopted. The quantity required being very
nearly 0:5995 of a metre of a wire, one metre in length of which would weigh
a gramme for the British Association unit.
On the Fall of Rain in the British Wiles during the Years 1862
und 1863. By G. J. Symons, M.B.M.S.
Tue resolution of the General Committee of this Association having involved
two branches of progress in the collection of rainfall statistics, it appears best
to notice separately what has been done in each.
To take first the grant for additional rain-gauges and its appropriation.
The whole of the existing stations contributing to the tables of rainfall pub-
lished in the British Association Report for 1862, together with all additional
stations subsequently obtained, were laid down on blank maps, a list was
then made of the localities where new stations were most urgently required,
and this list was forwarded (with the following letter) to “The Times.”
To the Editor of The Times.
Srr,—TI have on several occasions been indebted to your courtesy for the
rapid circulation of particulars of rainfall; may I anticipate your assistance
in obtaining a few recruits in rather out-of-the-way districts, some of which
can hardly be reached save by “ The Times ?”
Those of your readers who take an interest in the subject are mostly aware
that the collection of statistics of rainfall which I commenced a few years since,
has extended so much, that there are now nearly 700 stations contributing
their observations to a common centre, and receiving in return copies of those
made at all the others. They will, therefore, probably be at first surprised
to find that the object of this letter is to obtain more stations, and will re-
quire some information before they see the necessity that exists for their
establishment. The fact is, that although there are now probably as many
stations at work as are necessary for most purposes, they are not uniformly
distributed throughout the United Kingdom ; and as it is impossible to expect
a gentleman to change his residence because his observations would be more
valuable elsewhere, it is obvious that the only plan is to start fresh gauges
in the districts where observations are required.
_ This proposal has been endorsed by the British Association, and funds have
_ been placed at my disposal “for the purpose of constructing and transmitting
rain-gauges to districts where observations are not at present made.”
My first request is, that any persons who regularly observe the fall of rain,
and have not yet communicated with me, will do so at once, as otherwise I
might be starting gauges unnecessarily close to them: My second request is
that persons residing i in or near any of the undermentioned towns or districts,
having an available open space, and willing to take charge of a very simple
gauge, will notify their consent to me. It: will save much correspondence if
368 REPORT—1864,
they also state whether they will purchase a gauge (both Negretti and Zambra,
and Casella now make them accurately, as low as 10s. 6d. each), or prefer
my sending one of the British Association gauges.
The list looks rather extensive, and is so, but the blank places exist, and it
is surely better to acknowledge than to ignore them. It is a good time for
commencing, as a little practice may now be had before the new year begins.
There is no subscription, nor anything of the kind; for the observers either
receive the publications gratis, or at the cost of printing, paper, and postage ;
neither is there any difficulty in observing, for my correspondents are of both
sexes, all ages, and all classes,
I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
G. J. SYMONS.
129 Camden Road Villas, N.W., Noy. 24th, 1863.
Towns and Districts from the Vicinity of which Returns of the Fall of Rain
are desired,
Enetanp.—Appleby, Westmoreland. Bellingham, Morpeth, Northumber-
land. Whitby, Northallerton, Goole, Yorkshire. Spilsby, Lincoln. Upping-
ham, Rutland. Downham Market, Swaffham, Cambridge. Tamworth, Staf-
ford. Hereford. Whitchurch, Salop. Shaftesbury, Dorset. Moreton-Hamp-
stead, Hartland, Devon.
Watrs.—Between Brecknock and Rhayader, Merthyr-Tydvil, Carmarthen,
Aberystwith, Montgomery, Dolgelley, Bala, near Snowdon.
Scorranp.—Along the border line. Woodhead, Ayrshire. In the Carse
of Gowrie. Huntly, Aberdeen. In the inland parts of Caithness, Ross, and
Inverness.
Inetanp.—In the Counties of Mayo, Roscommon, Longford, Leitrim, Cavan,
Louth, Antrim, Donegal, Wexford, Tipperary, Limerick (South), and Kerry
(East), especially near the Lakes.
About three hundred replies were received to this letter, and the task of
selecting the most eligible localities and persons was very onerous, not to
mention the correspondence necessarily involved. Eventually, however, Mr
Symons was enabled to send the following letter to “The Times,” as some
acknowledgment of the service rendered by the insertion of the previous
letter.
To the Editor of The Times.
Srr,—Many of your readers may feel interested in the result of your in-
serting my plea for additional observers of the fall of rain in districts whence
previously returns had not been received.
As letters are still pouring in daily, and the arrangements far from com-
plete, the following list comprises but a portion of the service rendered. I
thought I knew pretty well what assistance I should receive, but am happy
to say that both in quality and quantity my estimate has been surpassed.
The applications for “ Association” gauges from districts to which I should
like to have sent them, have been so much more numerous than was ex-
pected, that a most reluctant refusal has been frequently necessitated, and
individual replies to all the offers of assistance rendered all but impossible.
The former (financial) difficulty has been much lessened, by the large pro-
portion of my correspondents, who, on learning how matters stood, have
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 369
defrayed the cost of their own instrument, as well as undertaken the neces-
sary duties.
The extent to which this extra kindness has prevailed, will not be the least
pleasant feature in the account of my stewardship, which I shall have to
render at the Bath Meeting of the British Association.
It may be well to correct an erroneous impression which seems rather pre-
valent, viz., that I do not care for observations save from the districts I
named ; that is not the case. I do not for a moment undertake to use any-
body’s observations—good, bad, or indifferent ; but in an amateur system, re-
moval and death are constantly thinning the ranks, and hence it becomes
necessary to have a reserve corps ready to fill the vacancies; besides which,
they act as checks on one another.
I cannot conclude without a special word of thanks for the sister isle,
whence a most unexpectedly warm response has been received—unexpected,
because Ireland had been far behind both England and Scotland, haying in
1862 only 24 contributors, against 404 and 160 respectively. Now however,
though still least in number, they are so well distributed over the country, as
to afford safe data for the discussion of its rainfall, save that Killarney has
not yet sent in a representative.
With many thanks for your assistance, to which science owes so much,
I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
G. J. SYMONS.
129 Camden Road Villas, N.W., Dec. 16th, 1863.
Additional Localities whence Returns of the Fall of Rain will in future be
received,
Tretann.—Londonderry—Moneydig, Garvagh. Antrim—Antrim. Down—
Waringstown. Louth—Dundalk. Cavan—Owendoon, Bawnboy; Red Hills,
Belturbet; Cavan. Sligo—Doo Castle, Bunninadden; Hazlewood; Sligo.
Mayo—Castlebar. Roscommon—Holywell. Longford—Edgworthstown.
Westmeath—Athlone. Dublin—Clonsilla; Dublin. Galway—tInnishambo,
Lough Corrib; Galway. Clare—Ennis. Tipperary—Ballytristreen ; Bally-
walter-house, Cashel; Roscrea. Limerichk—Blackwater.
Scorranp.—LRoawburgh—Falnash ; Borthwickbrae ; Goldielands, Hawick ;
Lynnwood; Kirkton; Langraw; Menslaws; Sunlawshill; Sunnyside, Jed-
burgh Renfrew—Lochwinnoch. Ayr—Mauchline. Dumbarton—Stuck-
gown, Arrochar,
Mownmovrn anp Watzs.—Monmouth—Abercarn ; Abergavenny ; Rockfield.
Glamorgan—Merthyr-Tydvil. Carmarthen—Carmarthen. Cardigan—Go-
ginan, Aberystwith; Frongoch, Aberystwith. Merioneth—Talgarth Hall,
Machynlleth. Montgomery — Berriew. Carnarvon — Lanfairfechan ;
Pwllheli.
Enetanv.—Middlesea—Highgate. Swrrey—Croydon: Bagshot. Kent—
Sandgate; West Wickham. Hants—Ryde. Berks—Wallingford. Bedford
—Potton. Oaford—Henley-on-Thames. Cambridge—Abington Pigotts ;
Bexwell, Downham. Essew—Rochford. Dorset—Fontmell Magna, Shaftes-
bury ; Gillingham ; Sherborne. Devon—Great Torrington; Hartland; Hele,
Cullompton ; Torquay; Sidmouth; Otterhead, Honiton. Gloucester—Charl-
ton Kings. Hereford—Hereford; Broomy Hill, Hereford. Salop— Evelith,
Shifnal; Whitchurch. Worcester—Malyern. Leicester—Woodhouse, Lough-
borough. Lincoln—Welton House, Spilsby; Horncastle. Lancashire—Ul-
870 REPORT—1864,
verstone. York—Tranby Park, Hessle; Doncaster; Saddleworth; Whitby ;
Helmesley-in Ryedale ; Northallerton ; Upleatham, Redcar. Northumberland
—Deadwater; Millfield, Wooler ; Morpeth ; Whitley, North Shields. Cuwm-
berland—Soalaby; Carlisle. Westmoreland-—Appleby.
Gauges at Owendoon, Pwllheli, Torquay, Whitchurch, Fontmell Magna,
Hartland, Holywell, Whitby, Antrim, Bunninadden, Innishambo, Northaller-
ton, Berriew, Letterkenny, Ennis, Kiltennel, Acol, Caermarthen, and Brithdin,
Dolgelley, were erected out of the grant made last year, and a further grant will
be applied for this year in order to render the system still more complete.
It may be added that the above list of new stations must be looked upon
simply as the record of stations at work prior to January 1st, 1864, since
which time there has been a steady increase in the numbers,
One most important step has been taken during the present year, namely,
the organization of a series of stations in the nor th of Wales, especial atten-
tion being paid to the district immediately around Snowdon, the principal
object being to compare the fall in that part of the country with that in the
Lake District of Cumberland and Westmoreland. Owing to the previous ex-
penditure of the whole of last year’s small grant, the cost of this series of
stations has fallen on Captain Mathew, of Wer nj Carnarvon ; while, owing to
Mr. Symons’s illness, the trouble of organizing them and superintending the
erection of the gauges has also fallen on Captain Mathew; it is, however,
doubtful if it could have been in better hands. The gauges were specially
constructed with regard to their adaptability for the measurement of snow as
well as rain; how far they will answer remains to be proved; they were
made by Casella, and tested by Mr. Symons before being despatched to
Captain Mathew. It is proposed that there shall be not less than twenty-
two stations, so as to render the series as complete as possible.
The following Table gives their heights above Mean Sea-Level, and other
particulars.
Height of
Rain-gauge.
Stations.
Above | Above
, Ground. |Sea-level.
f+ 1H. ft.
| Portmadoc’. . . oe. lode Weiss 20
Maentwrog—Cae'n-y- coed . inc] 1s
Festiniog—Blaen-y- -ddol Io 600
Trawsfynydd . . oly'F 700
Beddgelert—Sygun . Seo 330
Llangybi—Cefn . 5 t ae 200
Carnarvon—Plas Brereton. ORS 35
Llanberis—Glyn Padarn . TO 377
Royal Victoria Hotel. 3S 370
Dinorwic Quarry . . ; I 10 850
Bethesda—Penrbyn Quarry : 5 ©] 1000
Brynderwen : ipa co) 550
Llanllyfni—Gilgwyn Quarry . PTS 500
Bettws-y-coed. . ° mete 7o
Rhiwbryfdir —Rhiwbryfdir Quarry é | 1004 @ 1. i260
Llanystumdwy—Talarvor . , 340 50
Pwllheli—Bodfaen . Ser eis
Clynnog .
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, 871
TABLE (continued),
Height of
Rain-gauge.
Stations.
Above | Above
Ground. |Sea-level.
: ft. in. ft.
ONWAY ©) @.5, oan? at 0 pee i 6 15
Bala . as eae 2 EO ati a, Md
Dalgellep ws. es 5, «ae. Pee oti as 43
Aberdaron—Sarn ...... 14, $8 349
Anglesea—Menaifron . . .. . a9 17
Llanfair-yn-nghornwy 5 S20 120
It cannot but be very gratifying to all those who are interested in the im-
portant practical question of the fall of rain in this country to find Captain
Mathew ready to take, single-handed, both the trouble and expense of
organizing this extensive cordon of stations, almost, if not quite as extensive
as those supported for.some years in the Lake District by the Royal Society ;
but he, like Colonel Ward and the Rey. J. Chadwick Bates, spare neither
trouble nor expense in working out their several branches of rainfall investi-
gations, so that there is good ground to expect that many questions hitherto
unsolved will be completely settled in the course of a very few more years.
Further examination has been made of the gauges actually at work, up-
wards of 100 having been visited and tested in situ, a most important matter ;
far more so than the examination of gauges before they are sent off into the
country, inasmuch as the former ensures the knowledge of the accuracy or
otherwise of the instrument, and a/so the suitability of its position, while the
latter object is of course only to be attained by actually visiting each station.
Although this requires both labour, time, and expense, its paramount impor-
tance demands its speedy accomplishment. In the interim every endeavour
is made to check the erection of any but accurate instruments, upwards of
150 having been tested last year previous to their despatch to various parts
of the United Kingdom, as well as some for foreign countries.
Details respecting the fall of rain in 1862-63 can only be given advanta-
geously in tables, whereof are appended to this Report such as will render
evident the variations and particulars most worthy of interest; but the broad
outlines characterizing the distribution of rain during 1862 and 1863 may be
thus briefly sketched. Taking, first, the whole of the stations in England,
Scotland, and Ireland, we find the average fall in each of the years 1860,
1861, and 1862 about 10 per cent. above the average of the last half-
century*; but on closely examining Table I., it will be found that the ex-
cess thus shown is apparent rather than real, being due mainly to the enor-
mous excesses in the Lake District—averaging about 30 inches per year.
We find moreover that the fall in the three years 1860, 1861, and 1862 was
nearly equal, the difference in fact being less than half an inch, while 1863,
which was rather drier than the others, differed only by 5 per cent. These
uniform results are very surprising, considering that in some districts the
fluctuation has been nearly 100 per cent.; for instance, Holkham, 1860, was
35 inches, 1863, was only 18 inches, Torosay Castle, 1860, was 70 inches,
* See Brit. Assoc. Report, 1862, p. 296, Table II., whence it appears that the rainfall
during the ten years 1850-59 was 5 per cent. below the mean of the 50 years ending 1861.
Therefore the mean value 34-98 has been raised to 36-73 before making these deductions.
372 REPORT—1864.
and 1863 was 111 inches—a difference in the one case the reverse of the
other; in the one case of 17 inches excess in 1860, the other 41 inches
excess in 1863; yet the general average throughout the country remains
nearly constant; it is in fact a similar compensation in yearly totals to that
which has prevailed during the drought now so much felt in the south of
England at the very time that the north-west of Scotland has been suffering
from want of dry weather.
It is further evident, from even a cursory examination of the Table of
average fall, that there has been a series of three dry years in the Midland
Counties of England, just as there has been a series of three wet ones in
Treland and along the west coast of Scotland.
The drought at stations in the North Midland Counties has been even more
felt than is warranted by the small fall in 1863, because the ground has
had no chance of resuming its normal condition since the partial drought in
1861. The minimum recorded fall is 14:46 in 1863 at Southwell, Nottingham-
shire, in which district seven stations return less than 17 inches; on the
other hand the maximum of 1863, 173°84 at Seathwaite, is supported by
173 inches at Drishaig, by Dalmally, and by six other stations with an
annual fall between 100 and 150 inches.
The fall in different districts, and the difference between the fall in the
years 1862 and 1863, are shown by the accompanying map, similar in scale
and design to the one published with the last Report, and in many respects
evidencing the same equipoise, if it may so be termed, as in the years 1860
and 1861. In this map, as in the previous one, we find the lighter disks
larger than the dark in the greater part of England, Eastern Scotland, and
most parts of Ireland; that is to say, the earlier year wetter than the later,
1862 wetter than 1863, just as 1860 was wetter than 1861; the differences
between the two years (shown by the breadth of the annulus) was less than
in the previous case, and in one instance (Alderbury), vanished entirely.
The English Lakes, North Wales, and West Scotland had their heaviest fall
in the other year, 1863, just as they had previously in 1861; thus, as before
stated, seeming to suggest a species of compensation.
In these Tables the arrangement is primarily into counties, the stations in
each county being in the order of latitude from 8. to N. The counties are
grouped similarly with the classification of the Registrars-General of England
and Scotland, as explained on p. 294 of the previous Report. It should be
mentioned that the following Tables do not contain all the observations re-
ceived by Mr. Symons; persons requiring further information should apply to
him at 136 Camden Road, N.W., London.
Taste I.—Comparison of the Rainfall in the four years 1860, 1861, 1862,
and 1863, with the average of the ten years 1850-59.
ENGLAND.
Division. Station. County. pa 1860. | 1861. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in.
TI. | Enfield. . . . .| Middlesex. . .| 22°67 | 34°57} 20°c2| 26°41] 24°83
II. | Chichester. . .|Sussex . . . .| 26°67 | 37°44] 25°15] 27°47] 25°08
Ventnor . . . .| Hants . . . .| 28:46 | 36°18] 27°29] 29°93] 27°56
III. | Hitchin . . . .| Herts . . . «| 24°72 | 30°28] 19°92] 22°52] 19°35
Banbury . . . .|Oxon . . . «| 24°73 | 31°92) 22°34] 27°51] 21°15
ALMOT YC 4
fq paamibug SUOWAS [°F
° @ + 9 8
Ag usvagr
rwozduidyg, ‘Avmabprr
os
e991 i es Appeng
CIBL UL YRs ay, moys sostp papoys Apybry
YLOT \ AW . \ \ \
~~ : ge — | eH
ASD) SATPAULOIP 404 ayTos
Say OOL 06 OF OL OF QO OF OF 0% OF oO
teeerernt 7+ + +
rrr
\— “$f
ys2 wp.tota ADIT
Uuopg:
med by DWLowry
y,
stations in
unties are
f England
should be
ations re-
d apply to
Penxance
Stonefield
Tarbert
61, 1862,
m
A
cree ;
Sall the. Bittoh. Soles
Soile for diameters
abr
Hi
JAS Repore British Aravciadon 10
)
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Ix.
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
Taste I. (continued),
Station.
Hpping.
Dorward’s Hall .
Burnham .
Holkham .
Baverstock
Goodamoor
Exeter Institution .
.| Devon
.| Devon .
.| Cornwall
.| Cornwall
.| Somerset
.| Gloucester .
.| Shropshire .
.| Worcester .
.| Leicester
.| Derby
.| Lancashire .
.| Lancashire .
.| Lancashire .
.| Lancashire .
.| Lancashire .
.| Lancashire. . .
.| York, W. Riding
Clysthydon
Broadhembury .
Helstone
Bodmin
Brislington
Cirencester . .
Shiffnal
Orleton
Wigston
Derby .
Liverpool .
Bolton .
Rufford :
Preston (Howick)
Stonyhurst
Coniston .
Redmires .
Standedge.
Well Head, Halifax
.| York, W. Riding
.| York, W. Riding
.| York, E. Riding
.| York, E. Ridin
.|Durham . .
.| Cumberland
.| Cumberland
Scornann,
-| Haddington .
.| Edinburgh .
.| Edinburgh .
| Damar ee a
| LA aaa
CASI rekearon ad
A |
ay skve dl
.| Fife . p
.| Perth
.| Perth
.| Forfar .
.| Forfar .
.| Forfar . .
.| Aberdeen .
-| Orkney .
.| Shetland
Leeds, M. & Co,
Settle . . ...
Patrington . .
York.” ; ae
Bishopwearmouth
Seathwaite
Keswick
Thurston .
Glencorse .
Inveresk . . .
Bothwell Castle .
Mansfield, Largs
Brisbane . . .
Castle Toward .
Torosay Castle
Pittenween
Deanston Ho.
Stanley
Craigton .
Hill Head.
Seichen ...
Castle Newe . .
Sandwick .
Bressay
Portlaw
Killaloe
Black Rock, Dublin
. .| Sligo
Markree
EnGuanp (continued).
373
County.
.| Essex
.| Essex.
.| Norfolk .
.| Norfolk .
.| Wilts
Devon
Devon
York, W. Riding
York, W. Riding
TRELAND.
.| Waterford .
Clare
Dublin .
Average
Fall.
in.
23°18
ZO55
26°86
26°13
28°69
54°12
26°91
30°74
32°75
36°22
43°48
27°74
29°60
24°02
28°82
26°39
23°98
24°34
44/01
33/24:
34°28
45°37
7140
37°86
49°58
30°71
20°91
35°55
20°65
22°02
16°91
: 12698
55°01
26°96
36°96
24°72
27°76
43°06
46°86
47°88
74°64
24°38
39°21
29°05
31°87
31°06
3207
32°99
36°14
36:22
39°49
38°35
21°78
36°35,
1860.
in.
37°93
26°08
34°69
34°69
37°45
72°02
36°08
41°52
42°62
42°96
56°33
41°23
36°94
31°23
36°89
31°47
32°77
24°53
57°66
39°66
39°76
50°60
89°50
44°28
56°75
34°33
28°60
41°78
28°58
30°37
24°71
142'20
54°17
34°10
29°70
31°97
26°02
44°60
48°45
47°18
69°70
27°36
37°30
3IIl
37°57
37°43
38°80
40°49
37°96
36°80
46°71
48°76
26°70
1861.
in.
20°42
13°33
24°78
21°80
26°75
53°66
25°80
25°21
28°52
37°62
44°56
28°91
27°39
23°80
29°81
23°20
22°01
2a 25
44°91
34°79
36°59
auy oe
102°20
37°94
49°75
30°79
23°30
AY79
18°62
20°27
19°30
182°58
74°42
25°80
38°10
28°51
25°44
55°80
62°00
65°34
96"00
28°45
45°05
34°58
34°93
35°55
36°88
39°06
41'18
41°15
4953
51°84
24°67
43°74| 47°16 |
1862.
in.
25°86
21°78
26°71
22°72
30°30
63°14
29°58
32°93
36°77
38°43
47°36
35°94
32°46
25°70
34°31
26°13
26°28
27°66
53°43
37°79
44°33
54°40
9640
40°06
53°25
32°22
21°25
42°77
18°72
2311
22197
170°03
61°63
30°40
43°10
32°89
38°96
54°70
59°70
62°27
94°00
25°97
51°55
34°07
38°24.
37°33
38°46
29°41
34°38
45°95
50°Io
47°37
24°98
39°97
1863.
in.
19°25
17°33
22°96
18°23
30°45
58°80
31°44
32°32
35°28
35°96
42°35
30°92
27°95
21°21
27°67
21°77
23°60
30°21
53°75
39°74
41°87
58°06
83°90
40°70
60°50
37°58
21°45
44°28
18°84.
22°23
21°71
173°84
71°54
25°8c
39°30
29°10
30°32
54710
55°60
57°26
III‘00
22°40
44°55
27°75
28°85
28°40
30°21
28°79
30572
43,40
41°74
52°53
28597
34°71
374A REPORT—1 864.
Tare I. (continued).
ABSTRACT.
Average | 1360, | 1861. | 1862. | 1863.
Fall.
in. in. in. in, in.
Juba CIEY FT light tien Abe peal ine > 7 Ee ee 34°37 | 42°89] 36°50] 39°11 | 37°78
CONAN va Ree cemeaMeey shee 2st ee 36°58 | 38°62] 43°17] 44°20] 40°97
Ireland .. + eh pees ee 33°99 | 41°48] 43°24] 40°59] 37°51
United Kingdom nae kas Re ihe eee 34°98 | 41°00] 40°97] 41°30] 38°75
Taste 1].—Rainfall in 1862 and 1863, at selected stations.
Div, I.—Mippresex, : 1861.
in,
ae ees Wellingborough. . . . | 27°00
Hammersmith . . . . | 26°64] 21°23 yy Hall... » a 4
Camden Town . . . . | 27°57| 21°49 Belfer avd. eee saa
Tottenham . . . . . | 26°48] 20°68 Cambri: $20. me er
Diy. I1.—Sovuru-Easrern Counties, . || Wisbeach Observatory « pjeettgo
Dunsfold . . . . . . | 25tr0| an'5x Mid Level Sluice . . . | 23°26
Redhill. . 29°84| 20°97 Hao Sen
Brockham, Betchworth . | 29°48] 22°19 : Dive LV rrsBAer pan COU aIE.
Bagshot . . . . | 2849] 25-47|| Epping . . . . « « | 25°86
Horton Park, Hythe . . | 30°74] 2677|| Witham . . . . . . | 21°78
Tunbridge . . . . . | 27°62] 23'°28|)/ Dunmow. . . . . . | 22°81
Linton Park. . . . . | 26°93| 22°75|| Bocking . . . . . . | 241g
Welling . . - « « | 26°08] r9'52|]Ashdon . .-. . .)« | 22°53
Alawick, Bognor . . . | 25°48] 21°70|/ Grundisburgh . . 24°61
Brighton... . . . | 28°80) 28z0 || Culford, mah St. t Edmunds 23°78
West Thorney . . . . 24°72 | 24°24|| Diss . .« 23°25
Chichester Museum . . | 27°47| 25°08|/Cossey. . . 2... . 22°26
Chilgrove. . . . . - | 32°35| 30°45||Hgmere . . . . .). | 23°92
Hurstpierpoint . . . . | 28°74] 27°09 ||Holkham. . . . . . | 22°72
peat ee es ie ee <e Div. V.—Sourn-Wesrern Count
Hairlighti i o. -\0- -- |-27°t8| 22:09| Alderpbpry, «~~ |» a 5 "leeueo
Battle. . . | 32°47] 29°55|| Baverstock .. Pat pai 249)
Maresfield, F\ orest t Lodge. 31°05} 25°71 || Longbridge, Deverill 218869
Ventnor . . - + + | 29°93| 27°56 || Marlborough . 2 Tig ee a een:
Mstiomiarts (A752 1 2": 30°65'| 28°34 "Calne. . = e e
Bournemouth . . . . | 27°99] 3o'r0||Badminton . . . . . | 33°14
Lyndhurst . . +, | 30°28| 99°32 |) Portland’: ... «1... «..°e ees
Southampton Ord. Survey Encombs{ . =. 2° > +. "i eaero
Office . . -s = | 34°01 | 31°50]! Little Bridy . . .° . . |"g9-22
Petérsfield'= m2. 8.0 4% $209) $5779 )|(eoridports, v7. 4. ieee ime
Ane Buryié .) 7.00. sl 32°46.) 26:90)||"Ford Abbey. i. +2) *. 2 gees
Aldersho sos + + + | 25°88) 23°45|/Saltram . .°. . . . | 46°92
Long Wittenham . . ~ | 29°79| 25°20|/Torhill. . .:. . . . | 50°49
Diy. I11.—Sournm Mrpnanp Countizs. Hichwick re. ae
Hunton Bridge. . . . { 26°79] 23°38])Dartmoor. .°. . - . | 98°51
Hield's*Weirs.°*.7e be Le] 25°72 | 22°07 ||"Westbrook -.*. *. -.) 2" \"ga6r
Berkhampstead . . . . | 29°50) 26°75 || Edgecumbe . -. 52°02
Bifchiny Sip anes ween eee 521" TO.ai5 Exeter (Albert Morrace) | 31°40
Royston . . - +. | 23°93) 17°87]| Broadhembury . . « | 3679
Hartwell Rectory a) LP ere g8 | r9'o8 | Ftverton *!/ ie. Se. Soee aN orm,
Oxford Speges : Obs.) “= | 27°42) 22°37 | Meshaw 4°. 9. a. «. 32 Amroo
Banbury . . «(+ s | O7°sr| 2n-rs | Castle Ball Gea Os “As 86
Althorp House . . . . | 24°21] 16°97|) Barnstaple . . . . + | 43°78
il ree
| Grantham .
| Gainsborough
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
Tasze II. (continued).
375
Helstone .
Penzance . .
Tehidy Park .
Truro...
Newquay .
Tideford .
Bodmin .
Treharrock .
Rosecarrock .
Camelford
Taunton . .
Long Sutton .
Street .
Sidcot . oe
Sherborne . bt
Batheaston
Brislington
Diy, VI.— West Mipianp
Clifton .
Cirencester
Quedgeley. . .
Gloucester (The Spa) -
Leominster 2
Cleobury Mortimer.
Haughton Hall, ‘Shifnal
Shrewsbury SEES eS
Hengoed .
Wrottesley Bots
Northwick Park .
West Malvern . . .
Lark Hill, Worcester .
Orleton a .
Birmingham :
1862.
in.
33°43
44°64
45°70
44°65
38°62,
43°89
47°36
41°04
42°27
54°63
27°32
28°22
32°22
35°18
39°55
29°61
35°94
1863,
in.
35°96
38°00
36°88
40°28
37°40
37°99
42135
40°42
4o'l4.
50°58
28°54
30°42
32°18
34°39
36°97
25°46
39°92
Countinzs,
32°87
32°46
29°96
26°36
29°09
28°83
25°70
26°51
34°68
26°61
30°20
31°89
30°44
34°31
27°09
25°19
31°28
32°26
27°95
23°74
20°06
Seah a
23°50
21°21
25°44
30°32
23°36
23°80
28°23
23°80
27°67
21°82
1851
24°56
Diy. VII.—Norrn Mipuanp Countizs.
Wigston .
Leicester .
Thornton Reservoir
Waltham OT OT 4 :
Greatford .
Boston .
South Kyme
Stubton
Lincohn ..
Market Rasen
Brigg .
Grieby Es
New Holland .
Highfield House
Southwell. . .
Welbeck Abbey .
East Retford .
Derby .
Chatsworth
Chesterfield . . .
Chapel-en-le-Frith .
26°13
27°24
28°14
23°95
20°53
2955
79°93
20°45
22197
| 20°31
21°31
| 21°36
23°02
17°34
21°62
23°88
19°56
22°77
| 22°69
26°28
30°61
26°34
4191
21°77
22°34
21°99
19°3
laa
16°80
18-2
16-47
a5
16°64
16°73
18°52
24°06
21°48
22°52
18"20
14°46
E255
19°63
23°60
30°52)||
25°06
46°65
1868.
in.
37° II
37°09
30°40
38°46
39°25
30°21
38°33
36°22
53°75
44°70
46°25
39°74
41°87
35,5
58°06
45°78
43°20
83°90
31°62
40°70
I8'15
73°95
59°46
32°26
47°94
2750
Div. VITI.—Norra-Weustern Counties.
1862.
in.
Macclesfield . . . 36°97
Kingsley, Frodsham 37°20
Willaston . 27°04
Thelwall OE 35°84
Marple Aqueduct 40°41
Liverpool erry, 27°66
Old Trafford . ; 38°60
Eccles . 37°66
Bolton-le-Moors 53°43
Standish . . 49‘0I
Heywood Reservoir, Roch-
dale . ; 49°86
Rufford 37°70
Howick: . . 44°33
South Shore . 37°55
Stonyhurst 54°40
Lancaster . 46°31
Holker . 47°58
Coniston . 96°40
Div. IX.—Yorxsuirp,
Broomhall Park’. | 30°87
Redmires . | 40°06
Tickhills\c 13°76
West Melton. . 21°99
Dunford Bridge . 52°55
Penistone. . . . « , | 29°09
Saddleworth . . 43°02
Ackworth Villa . 24°79
Wakefield . 26°84.
Well Head 32°22
Otley 31°15
Boston Spa ‘| 25°63
York marr
Harrogate . 32°58
Settle 42°77
Arncliffe 64°05
Patrington . 18°72
Hull (Beverley Road). : 23°70
Holme on pldies ee 24°17
Malton .. 26°29
Beadlam Grange 27°95
Scarborough . 19°83
Redear . 19°14
Div. X.—Norrnern Countiss.
Shotley. . . 24°04.
North Shields 28°02
Stamfordham 26°00
Alnwick . . 31°02
Park End, Hexham 34°74
Roddam Hall 36°00
Seathwaite . 17003
Whinfell Hall 60°81
Mirehouse 55°29
Silloth . 44°19
isendal.... . 54°41
| The How, Windermere 94°27
Brougham Hall . 33°79
376 REPORT—~ 1864.
Taste II. (continued).
Div. XI.—Monmovutn, WALEs, AND 1862. | 1863.
THE IsLANDs. in. in.
1862. | 1863. || M°Arthur’s Head 68°60} 58710
in. in. || Stonefield . a sa 73°70| 80°40
Chepstow . 39°55| 37°59 || Castle Toward . . - 62°27| 57°26
Ystalyfera . 67°07 | 61°92 || Hafton, Dunoon 91°32 | 89°64
Rhydwen . 53°06| 49°13 || Otterhouse 64°46 | 63°86
Haverfordwest 38°30| 45°13 || Fladda. 80°g0| 70°20
Buckland . 31°29] 31°12|| Inverary . 63°90} 87°20
Lampeter . 43°22 | 45°38 || Oban 72°40 | 82°63
Gogignan . 46°50| 48°85 || Lismore. 48°39] 54°12
Cefnfaes 47°81 | 42°72 || Corran, Loch Eil 54°54. |104°05
Llandyfrydog 40°14} 40°83 Torosay ae 94°00 |III"00
Bangor. 45°52 | 44°94|| Ardnamurchan . 53°04] 53°93
tee ete 38-98 Div. XVI.—East Mintanp Covuntizs.
Guernsey . 32°50] 34°80|| Dollar. . . - « w i a77aleacgs
Jersey. . .- 26°84 27°54|| Loch Leven Sluice. 2. 42°20 | 34°30
Calf-of-Man . 42°49 | 27°87 || Isle of May 25°08 | 18°61
Point of Ayr . 31°73 | 30°91 || Nookton 34°28 | 25°79
Pittenweem 25°97 | 22°40
SCOTLAND. Deanston . 51°55 | 44°55
Div. XII.—Sovuruern Counties. Loch Dhu. . . TOI"IO| 94°70
: : : Bridge of Turk . 71°90} 68°50
South Cairn . 56°00 | 54°5° || Teny 75°00 | 66°
' ; iGnten bs he go
Corsewall . 42°39 | 37°°°|| Glengyle . 10510 |105°50
Little Ross 26°87 | 27°3°|] Auchterarder . : 38°97 | 33°29
Dumfries - 41°43| 3677|| Stronvar, Loch Earn Head 97°84.| 89°80
Wanlock head 74°10 | 60°44 |) Minity Gask . ¢ ;
Borthwickbrae IIo tools capo Loe 39°34) 31°05
SA 3 5 49 Perth Academy . 25°97| 21°99
F be “ Stanle ; 34°07 | 27°7
Woe XIII.—Sovurn-Hastern Counrizs. Dun an Water Works. palaces 3
Thirlstane . 34'50| 26°45 || Craigton . 38°24] 28°85
Mungo’s Walls . 28°80| 27°58 || Kettins. 34°49 | 26°32
Yester. . . + 37°84| 29°59 || Arbroath . 31°33 | 24°73
East Linton . 29°28 | 24°10 || Montrose . 30°27 | 23°47
Glencorse . 43 20103 9)3° :
Inveresk . 32°89 | 2910 || Div. XVII.—Nortu-Eastern Countizs.
Edinburgh (Charlotte 84. ) 33°92 | 25°64 | The Burn, Brechin . 36:20 | 26°60
Inchkeith . 21°87| 17°02|| Bogmuir . : 32°40 | 24°80
Div. XIV.—Sovrn-Western Counrizs. ee ; ee ee
Newmains. . . . 70°92 | 65°00 |) Aberdeen (Rose St. ) : 30°77 | 25°94
Auchinraith . . . 40°40] 35°05 || Castle Newe . Ao 29°41 | 28°79
Baillieston > ae 60°67] 49°32 |) Tillydesk . 28°26] 30°03
Hillend House . . 41'09| 31°42|| Buchanness . . 22°44] 18°93
Auchendrane. . - 50°17| 49°95 || Kinnaird Head . 25°02 | 26°93
Brisbane . Sr 59°70 5 5"60 || Ashgrove, Elgin . 29°63 | 27°09
elites ts ze) E :
Se aed 7a ae Diy. XVIII.—Norru-Western Counrtizs.
Ferguslie House . 62°03] 55°64|| Kyleakin . . . 68°04.) 95°10
Greenock . 74°25 | 75°56 || Stornoway 37°23 | 36°17
Berneray . 104°95 |102"40
Div. XV.—West Mipianp Countizs. Wasbataesd petits ite
Ballock Castle ° 67°68 | 57°91 || Ardross Castle 34°30 | 44°36
Arddarrock 85°13] 78°63 || Cromarty . 20°36 | 26°63
Mugdock . 60°60] 54°80|| Oronsay . . - + - 67°50 |123°81
Polmaise . 49°30| 32°85 || Raasay. . . - + - 79°20} 90°35
Ben Lomond . 114'70 |117°00 || Portree Re III*Ig |148°89
Pladda . : 53°69| 43°34 || Barrahead 34°65 | 26°73
Isle of Cumbre . 48°40| 42°40 || Ushenish . 51°93] 55°73
Mull of Cantyre. : 43°22| 43°55 || Island Glass . 25°14 23°90
Devaar, Campbeltown . 52°54.| 51°13 || Beaufort Castle . 30°07 | 42°76
Rhinns of Islay . 34°47 | 35°11 || Culloden House . 24°63 | 33°88
Ce ES Ee ee
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES,
Taste IT. (continued).
377
Div. XIX.—Nortuern Counties. Div. XXT.— Leister.
1862. | 1863. | 1862.
in. in. in.
Dunrobin . . 23°65) 32°03 | Birr Castle 36°28
House of Tongue 37°50| 41°60 | Portarlington 45°16
Cape Wrath . 40°26] 50°95 || Fassaroe Bray. 45°80
Noss Head 21°04| 23°99 Dublin (Ordnance Survey
Dunnet Head 25°11 | 24°42 Office) . 30°18
em Skerries 29°23 | 27°40 |
irkwall . 34°73 | 34°92 : - :
a ne gaeguil gaa Div. XXII.—Connavenr.
North Ronaldsay 34°27 | 36°32 || Galway (Queen’s eter 5161
Samburghead 27°62| 25°61 || Markree : 39°91
Bressay_ . 45°95 | 43°49)
Bist Yell Sees [05870 Div. XXIII.—Uxsrer.
IRELAND. | Armagh 42°05
: Bs WwW aringstown - 34°45
Div. XX.—Monstzr, Belfast, Linen Hall. 41°18
Cork (Queen’s Dalles?) 47°27 | 40°18 || Leckpatrick Bat
Valentia . . 62°19 / 64°64 |
Waterford 45°23| 37°10
Portlaw 50°10 | 41°74 |
Killaloe 49°85 | 52°12 |
Tasre ITI.—Average fall of Rain in 1862
the two years:
1863.
in.
28°81
45°31
35°87
26°41
| 62°52
34°71
39°00
28°39
38°55
41°70
and 1863, and difference between
deduced from Table II.
Division, 1862. 1863. | 1862-1863.
in. in. in.
England:— _I. Middlesex 26°877| 21°133| — 5°744
: IL. South-eastern Counties 29°468| 26°234] — 3°234
“e III. South Midland Counties . 24°622| 20°234| — 4°388
” IV. Eastern Counties . 23°424| 18°604| — 4°820
” V. South-western Counties . 40°620} 38°032| — 2°588
= VI. West Midland Counties . 29°645| 24°640| — 5°005
Fe VII. North Midland Counties 23°908| 21°338| — 2°570
“6 VIII. North-western Counties . 44331 | 43°312| — r'o1g
_ IX. Yorkshire 30°403| 317656] + 1:253
on X. Northern Counties 53°278| 53899| + ‘6ar
XI. Monmouth, Wales, and the islands 40°129| 39'489| — ‘640
Scotland: — XIL. Southern Counties . j 48°648| 44168) — 4'480
i XIII. South-eastern Counties 32°775| 27°347| — 4°428
be XIV. South-western Counties . 57°743| 55°129| — 2°614
“ XV. West Midland Counties . 65°330| 66778) + 17448
rr XVI. East Midland Counties . 49185} 42°139| — 7°046
5 XVII. North-eastern Counties . 30°136| 27°015| — 3°121
. XVIII. North-western Counties . 52°627| 647161) +11°534
- XIX. Northern Counties 33°829| 365838} + 2°759
Treland:— XX. Munster . 50°928| 477156] — 3°772
5 XXI. Leinster . 39°355| 34°100| — 5°255
5 XXIT. Connaught 45°760| 48615} + 2°855
f XXIII. Ulster . 40°032| 36910) — 37122
General average 39°698| 37°769| — 1°929
England 33°337| 39779] — 2°558
Scotland . 46'279| 45416] — 0°863
Treland 44019] 41°695| — 2°324
1864, 2¢
378 REPORT—1864.
TABLES OF MONTHLY RAI
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division I.—Minpresex.
Mippiisex.
Height of | Hammer- | Bryanston One Hackney. | Hampstead. | Tottenham.
Bed ents smith. Square. Town. sed P
above es |e es
Ground ...... 1 ft. 0 in 4ft.6in, | Oft.4in, | Oft.6in. | Oft.10in. | O ft. 3in.
Sea-level...... 12 ft 93 ft. 100 ft. 40 ft. 360 ft, 60 ft. |
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 18634
in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. iu. in.
January ...... 9965)| -2°6n) x°71 |“ 2taell rg! 2°69)|) “1'92.) 2:64) 200) se2igg)| “Tigg
February . Bah °49) OTN soyy ah) 79h “7a | 72° 7 as
March’ \ i506 3°58 *65| 3°68 m7 | 5°09 85) 3°62 82) 3°59 997i) F4Q3gr
2Movall sn dongnane 2°62 *58| 2°22 "73| 2°30 38) 2°44 “40|. 2°38 °33| 2°04
May peeeees «3 3°39) 134.) 3°23} 134] 3°06) 34r) 36] 1°38], 3°45) aag8i) 9296
PUTO Werenoss se 2°38| 4°74.) 2°63| 4°12) 2°43) > 4:86] < 2°38) . 5:04). 2°71) . 5:76 neIR7
STIR Soccer 1°94 84.| 2°43 *86| 2°61 92] 2°48 86). 2°22| »reg| 2rg1
August ...... 3293.|-0:69)|.-.2534.1. 2100!) 2°93) TAT jn 9°66) ..0:96)))- 2059 | ce eG Ol peta
September . 2575 33°76 | 2°54)" (gaa Brg)! 3°23) 220] 3-28 2°6o) \pomhGis sang
October ...s-.|, 3°33] «1:38. 3°52 | :2:05] -3°50| d:91]|. 4°12] -3°94.| 3571 | sE92| 3°64
November...) 1°16) “r%92| rioqg| “x'82'] “113)) 1°83] roa 172 |" x21 | 2726) 78
December ...! 1°63] 1°23] r60| ro} 370] xr] 2:28) 118] 99) 116] 1°77
Totals ...... 26°64) 21:23] 27°34| 21°07] 27°57| 21°49] 29°82] 21°94 28°75 | 22°97 | 26°48 | 20%
Division I1,.—Sovrn-Easrern Counties (continued).
Surrey (continued). Kent.
Heicht of Kew Ob- || Horton Park F Linton Park, ee
Rain-gange Bagshot. | servatory. Hythe. || Tmbridge. | ‘staplehuret, | Matdstom
above sap ES NES eS Wl Se I, 2, =
Ground ...... 3 ft.Oin. | 0 ft. 0 in. Oft.Oin. | 1f.O0in, | Oft.6in | 1ft. Sim
Sea-level...... 200 ft.? 18 ft. 280 ft.? 125 ft. 200 ft. ? 60 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 18
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
January ...... 2°26] 3:04] 1°64] 2°49 4°23) 1°88] 2°61) 3°75 |p 2:2, 1°74
February . “71 79 "AI pel oe 1°38 ‘69| 4x12] 105 “92 67
March ...... 4°31] 107] 4°47 68 || 2 T:o7| 3°79 *74.| 3°90 ial Ai SS
1W sal Faas es 1°90 *56| 2°58 "30 || = 1°34| 1°93 *54.| 1°80 72) _ 2°00
May tins. e 4°24) ©7971) 3:77) 1°39|| Ad | 1°94] 2:21] 1°78) 2°284 1:62) 2°37
PUNE! cecowe sss 219] 3°51) 2°37) 417] SE | 251] 252) gsr] 229) 451] 2°02
Didliy' Teorests ne T'7O|> DLOWLs2ros “76 || rane "79 | 1°32 <3] 1°72 73) 123
August ...... 2°42| 3:47| 2°69| 1°75 (2 S 2:75| 2°43| 180] 2°50] 2-42] 240
September...) 1:43] 3:79] 2:60| 2°82 | = 325| 3°03| 3:12] 41°93] 3°28] 2°05
October ...... 4°48 3°04, 3°22 2°04 5 3°33 4:78 2°64 430 2°10 414
November .... 119] 1°83] ~-g1| 1°92 2°14) | *87| 4187] x30] 3185] 116
December .. 1°86 1°56 1°58 I'i2 1°99 2°17 1'72 2‘11 171 1°85
Totals ..... -| 28°49 25°47| 28'29| 19°95 / 30°74.| 26°77 | 27°62| 23°28 | 26°93 | 22°75 26'16 3
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 379
‘ALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
pay. I. Division II.—Sovru-Easrern Counttirs.
(cont.).
MIppLEspx t
continued). 2dr a
Dunsfold, . Deepdene Brockham, Weybridge
Enfield. Godalming. Red Balt: Dorking. Betchworth. Cobham. Heath.
30 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. G in. 3 ft. 0 in. 2 f¢. 9 in. O ft. 6 in. O ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 6 in.
MMR scaisst-s5- || bo seschesttes |. oss C825 130 ft. 100 ft. 120 ft.
862. | 1863. 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
n. i in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in. in.
2°24. 2°79| 3°46) 2°63] 2:13] 3°60}. 2°16] 288] 1°82] 2°65 T°O7 |. 2°74:
38 ‘70 ‘70 | 64. 67 85 “69 "70 67 *60 “60 “52,
3°60 PON ALTA) | 5341 AtkS') S70” SeSBil i ao) graz). | Soe4 baa eg
198 45) 2°59 54] 2°50 50} 2°45 "57| 1°83 41) 2°13 “4.2
3°18 135) 315] 348) 3°67) 2:05] 3:65] x54] 3°66] 1:66 3°48 | 1:28
7 3°90} 260} 3°23] 2°93] 3°03] 2:76] 2:85] 190 R510), B74t | 954
3°99 115} 1°30 88) x50] 1:27] 1:684 or] 1°43 *94.| 1°67 33
ss I'50} 2°13} 1°75) 3°22] 31°63] 2°93) 1°74| 3:01] 2°12] 2°86| 1:62
3°45} 1°52) 3°77) Yoo] 3°50) 144! 3°75] 1°93] 2°87] 2°03] 4:02
3°89 2°20} 519} 2°55] 480! 3°62] 4°66| 2°81} 3°78 225i) | 3°55). 27R3
23 Bo2)) iia 8) tei a0g i). 22a ema) agi, 46 1'94.| 1°13] 1°91
I'7o 140} 1°88) 140] 2:27] 2:08] 2°35] 1°64] 1:60 142| 164] 1°48
6-41 21°51 | 29°84) 20°97] 29°95) 25°20| 29°48] 22°19] 26:26 20°51 | 27°28 | 21°54
Division II,—Sourn-Easrern Counrtes (continued),
_ Kaz (continued). West Sussex.
i Welling, Aldwick, , Chichester Dale Park.
pa paoake, Bexley Heath.|| Bognor. Brighton, | West Thorney. Museum. Arundel.
) ft. 0 in. 6 ft. 0 in. O ft. 6 in, 4 ft. O in. O ft. 6 in. O ft. 6 in. 4 ft. 0 in,
820 ft. 150 ft. 8 ft. 50 ft. ? 10 ft. 20 ft. 316 ft.
d2. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. / 1862. | 1863, | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. ins" yi) Ins in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
709| 2°80} 115) 2:18 180) 2°50| 190] 3°40] 3°31] 3°10) 2°14 319} 2°09] 3°70
59| 1:05 53 58]; 62 "42 "70 "80 36 ‘90} <2 "49 “56 28
: ee ee ay od "79 3°81 9°} S10] Too} gio} 118} 4:20 99} 4°56] x51
i 41} 3°10 "42 || 1°46 *63| 1°30 7Q| /E:53 s6mi|| lake *58) 164 “90
8 I99| 2°62) 1:20)! 3°32] 345] 2:80] 1°60 2°90] 142} 3°52] 120] 3°90] 2:94
2) 466| 2°52| 3:37]! 140] 3:50] 2°00 3°40} 50} 3°01] 131] 346] 2:02] 417
81] 1°86 “80 || 1°87 05} 1°90 60} 1°79 “732.|° Eeaoi 75| 224) 145
mO} 210} 2°24) 1°85 17O| 495) oo] 280) 1°34] zor} 31°45] 187| 2:12] 2:07
2) 4 ro) 140} 3:25]! 1°55] 3°56] 2:10 459] go} 420] 162) 487] 1°68} 5:25
"64| 2°26| 4:22] 2°09) 4°67 2°85| 710] 4:00] 4°89 3°32} 5°60) 3:19] 8:94] 4:05
99/ 240) 10} 1°82/} 15] 2:27 *90/ 1°50 76] 2°05| 1°32] 183] 1-28]. 1°88
OT) 186) 1°57) 31°17 213] 3x62} 2:00} 3°80] 2°34] 1°76 240] 2°66) 2:99] 2°81
“31 | 24°95) 26:08) 19°52 | 25°48 | 21°70] 28°80] 28-10| 2472 24°24! 27°47 | 25°08] 34°02] 30°95
!
380 REPORT— 1864.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division I1.—Souru-Eassrern Counrres (continued).
West Sussex (continued). East Sussex.
, Chilgrove, Hurstpier- Petworth | Balcombe PL, Fe
Height of Chichester. point. Rectory. Cuckfield. Fairlight. Battle.
Rain-gauge
above — -
Ground ...... O ft. 6 in. O ft. O in. O ft. + in. 0 ft-6 in O ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 3 in.
Sea-level...... 284 ft. UZ0Eii ga | es owe weenees 340 ft. 500 ft. rae rh ee Reue
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863, | 1862. | 1863. |
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. wait in. in. in.
January ...... B-20) |) 2:96] ‘z2)| Baas! i275 \Bs301|) )g:4e" | esos || r-On| |eeocom lezen zi Aco
February .-.| °75 94 “61 95 25h gO Ogi] Tey "80 93 89) 116
March ...... 3999] 2r] 3°46) 81) 4°45) 1°35) 5°48] ‘93|| 345] 74) 497] 1°20
April ..... Pinner ines oltre te *60| 1°90 40} 1°97 60 "86 *62] 1°30 "74.
Miay ee isterese Bian (2-35 |) 3°23) 2°18) | 3°70) a4o'| 3:36)|\ x96 |) o-nnil ta-bo lez Os) owe
JUNE ......0%- 2°60} 4°52] 1°73] 4°80 ; ; : . 5 2°60} gI] 3°73
CJ ee aed 2°74 89] 1°07 78 58) 1°95 78
August ...... 2°39 |" 1°99) 1'99 | s2-52 2°31| 2714) 2°30
September...| 2:24] 4:20] 2°00] 3°47 3°28| 2°56] 4°16
October ......] 5°17] 4°33] 671] 3°43 2°64.| 8:14] 3752
November ...} 1°45] 2°24] 1°26] 1°77 1°50 "159 |, = 8205
December ...| 3°13] 3:26) 3°01] 2°40 1°46) | 3°05.) 1253
Totals ......] 32°35 | 30°45 | 28°74. 27°09 | 32°47 | 29°05
Division I1.—Sovrn-Easrurn Countims (continued).
Height of
Rain-gauge
above
January ......
February .
March ......
Oe ee reese
eee eeeeee
November ...
December ..
HaAmpsuire (continucd). BeErRKSUuIRE.
Lyndhurst, Arle Bury, | The Wakes, Long
New Forest. Petersfield. NewAlresford.| Selborne. ee Wittenham.
oovicec 1 ft. 3 in. 4 ft. O in. 3 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. O in.
aidobie fied 80 ft.? 500 ft. ? 325 ft. 170 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. ea) in. in. in.
318| 3°36] 3°54] 4°65) 1°75] 400] 2°87] 5°42) 1'92| 3°62] 2°11
69 65 cS) e338) |) msG2'|| roo 68] 1°43 56 *80 “49
3°72| 1:26] 4°56] 120] 4°88 TAO), (5°23 B4.| 4°67 "B80 || 4°94
1°76| 1'05| 2°86 eS 215) (F60 |" 2755 67) 2°77 *36 || 2°51
3°64'| 2:r74" 3°96) 2°59 3°77) 1°70) 3762). T:96)) 3:42)\) zie
1°89} 5°67) 3°65) 3°58] 2°99) 3°40] 2°43] 4:07] 2°20) 3°22)| 2°77
2:09) |" |TrO8 | eagiaig were)! 12°20 *60| 1°62 *96| 1°36 *83 || 2°30
1194| 3°54| 176] 2°79] 2°60] 3:00] 2°93] 2°52] 2°65) 2°61 2°01
165| 4°24) 2°37| 6:07] 380} 380] 3°76) 3°77) 113] 3°20]) I-72
637| 4:28] 678| 517] 5:20] 4°00] 5°53] 4°89] 3°03] 3°58|| 3°62
78) 2°24 | VE-4on 2°24 x10 *go| 128) 1°87) 3°14] 1°30|| 1°07
2°57| 3°78| 3:15| 4°16] 240] 2°50| 2°62] 2°80} 3163] 1°36|) 1°54
3or28| 33°82 | 38°13 | 35°79 | 32°46) 26°90] 33°12] 31°20| 25°88 | 23°45 || 29°79
Totals ...<+.
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, 881
ENGLAND AND WALES
Division II.—Sovurn-Eastern Counties (continued).
Hast Sussex }
(continued). Bee ey
Southampton, | Southampton
Forest Lodge, || Ventnor. Ryde Osborne B j ;
ac feretlt +g ournemouth.| Ordnance Ordnance
Maresfield. || Isle of Wight.| Isle of Wight.| Isle of Wight. = Survey Office. Sunrer ont
Pl ft. 2 in. 3 ft. O in. 7 ft. O in. 0 ft. 8 in. 1 ft. O in. O ft. O in. 18 ft. 6 in.
301 ft. 150 ft. UD ft. 172 ft. 30 ft. 74 ft. 92 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1868.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in. in.
2°55) 3°31 2°26] 419] 2°79] 4°13] 2°60 413] 2°59] 3:16] 4:08] 5:10] 2°88] 3:67
a72.\|- 106 "62 “33 *83) 41'I0 *90 “98 “42 “96 "79| 128 “54 87
3°93 82 AAL| FOS} 5:20} 322] A'40 76) 4°76) 4124] 4:90} 1°52] 3752 I'l3
1°60 “59 1°65 62} 181 “Aialt + L5O 48| 1°29 *Si5-lh fac27 80] 1°56 "70
2°72) | © 1°43 BOL} 1°79) 4°03) 2°52] 390) 1°92] 3°87) 1746] 466) 2:17] 4:07} 1°74
2°67} 3:78 053) ° 3°15.) “1°56)|| “3°27: Pago!) 83°02) tx-22 AsgG |) (2-07 |) 83772, ran ea)
n°57 89 1°81 Sree ERG) ar 1°70 "63|| 1°63 7z2| 208] oq] 191 1°06
2°06] 2°39 135) 2°32) Igor] 2°23| 80) 2718] 2:24) 2:75] 1°43] 2°51 89] 2°67
2°09] 3°69 1°74} 3°62] 1°84] go4| 390] 5:40] 1°47 3°86] “r-17)|, 3°89) x28) 3557
705) 3:32|| 687) 3°30) 9°79) 4:09/ 7:00) 3°62] 5:18] 4-70} 6:77| 4°54] 5°38] 3°42
Irs} 2°10 r°g6'l| 19°07 1°35| 2°88 °97| 2°41 *92| 2°98 *89| 2°39 78 r8r
294) 2°33]/ 3°32] 3°07) 2°95} 4°06) 248] 3°31] 2°50| 2:46] 2°86] 2°54] 2:13] 1°86
31°05 | 25°71 || 29°93] 27°56] 35°85) 30°82] 30°65] 28°84 27°99 | 30°10} 34°01 | 31°50] 26°68] 25°82
Division ITI.—Sourn Miptanp Counties.
Herts. Bucks. OxroRDSHIRE.
at
; A ; : Radcliffe
untonBridge,| Field’s Weir, | Berkhamp- Behr Hartwell
Watford. Hoddesdon. stead. Hitchin. Royston. Rectory. eee
a otto Oxford.
is.
‘5 ft. 6 in. 2 ft. O in. 1 ft. 6 in, 1 ft. 6 in. O ft. 7 in. 4 ft. O in. 0 ft. 10 in.
200 ft. ? 82 ft. 370 ft. 240 ft. 267 ft. 290 ft. 210 ft.
8 62. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863.
Lf Series [ef aa bee Tepe eee easy z F oeuag Iie .
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
EF . . - . . . .
P96) 2°99) 2°15] 3°50) 2°81] 440] 1°64] 3°04 E71) (2°79) 0-82) 2761) | sca eens
me) 52) «°38) 70) 56] B80] 4g] 55] 4x] 52] 24] 58] 28) 68
ee) 8) 342] 85) 4°44) 95) 3:07| “72| 3°07] 67/1 3°03] -65|| 546] “67
2°48 *64.| 2°60 80] 2°86] 3116] 3°77 60} 1°88 *59|| 240 Sri] 2°28)° rar
Mee) 243) 2°80) roo! 3°33| 407) 2°57) rog| 2°99| -95// 2°69 -77/] 3°75| -94
I) 476) 2°30) 3°94] 2°55| 4°87| 2-50 2°94| 2:00] 2°48 157} 279|| 2°24) 3°41
1°54 "g0] 1°32 -78| 1°86 "95| 1°37 oe rig “53 1°68 “57 1°75 "66
260] 3°12] 2°65] 1:85] 2°54] 2°60 2°57| 2°10] 3:00] 219]/ 1°84] 2:04]! 41°75! 2°65
27*) 3°39) 150) 3°05] 1°93} 3°36] 1°66) 2°33] 2:01] 1°98} 2:10] 2°78 2I5| 2°72
3°37| 188) 3:45} 2130} 341| 3°17 2°42/ 1'99/ 2°70] 1°70] 2°34] 2°12]| 2°89] 2°96
W18| 1°78] 1-40) 2°05} 3°26] 2:20| 110 2'07| 141] 2°40 59] 2°23 *99| 2°01
S77} E7] 175) 45) 495] 142] 1°36] xxx} x52] x07] 128 *98 || 1743] 1°08
479 | 23°38] 25°72 | 22°07} 29°50 | 26°75] 22°52 | 19°35| 23°93| 17°87 || 21-58| 19°08 || 27°42 | 22°37
382
REPORT—1864.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division III.—Sovurm Mriptanp Covntins (continued).
OxrorpsuirE (continued). NortHaMprTon. Hunts. Beprorp.
pe Althor Welling- | ‘Tetworth Aspl
Height of | Observatory. Banbury. P 6 7 Poy
Rain-gange Oxford. House. borough. Hall. Woburn.
above pn
Ground ...... 24 ft. 0 in. 7 ft. O in. 3 ft. 4 in, O ft. 2 in. O ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 8 in.
Sea-level...... 234 ft. 345 ft, SLO; || stave msaegee |] sookghepitians 460 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. |- in in. in. in. 9
January ...... 2°14| 2°68) 2°32] 2°73]/ 2°62] 2-21] 2°21) ayo}! 1°34] 2°35]| 41°59] 2°85)
February ... "24. 353 Dt) gprs 233 2i3 ah) *30 oa 234 35 54.1
March ...... 4°31 *56| 4°22 69 || 3°40 44; 3°72 63 |] 2°55 "75 || 4°49 75]
Wale le Sanaa 188| 41:13] 4:88] xo4|| r4o| 1:03] 41:96] x°x3|| 2°05 83 || 2°06) 1°34)
I tcaaes ase 3°09 536 |\) Bran "84.|| 2°96 "20| 3°36 47 || 2°20 “69 3°20 "75 |
UNC Vea sa ys 2°20| 2°84] 3°32] 4°64|| 2°31] 3:48| 2:06) 266]| 2°01] 2°69|/ 2°57) 2°68
DULY *vissss sss 1°58 54] 2°29 TEN DB) POT a RN Bi 61 1°69 98 || 1°98 73 H
August ...... Te3a)|| | (220 |\) Gheke | espa EGE |begrOz | p2082)|° “1st 197| 2°69]| 2°36] 3°13}
September...) 2°02| 2°31] 3°37] 2°57|| 2°47| 4°97] 3°20] 2°20] 218] 2°75]| 247) 2:94
October:......| 2°68} 2°36] 2°73] .a98|| 2:65] 1:65) 2:36) 2:30) -3"Fo|) «x75 i; 285 | Sakae
November...) °72| 1°44 "74.| 2°38 “77 NW W2,05 *96 | 257 ||| x05 | 72535 °97| 2°70]
December ...} 1°20 680) |'| 53) | Pag) ||: )Ee24:| Exo) |) Maz 95 || 1°34 °78|| 1°63] 124.19
ie
Totals ...... 23°39 | 18:25 | 27°51| 21°15 || 24°21] 16°97] 27°00! 17°63 || 21°89 | 18°94.|| 26°52 21°82 |
=
Division [V.—EHasrern Countins (continued). e
Essex (continued). SUFFOLK. Norrork. | |
: Bocking, Ashdon . Culford, Bury . Cossey, near |
+ een Braintree. Linton. pea, St. Edmunds. | —— Norwich. |
above Ses Sees
Ground ...... 3 ft. O in. 1 ft O in. 4 ft, 1 in 1 ft. 2 in. O ft. 6 in. 1 ft.Oin. |
Sea-level...... 200 ft. ? SOO Eig: ||. | Jeeahagpee | (eee aeome 110 fix. "| |. Soe i
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863, |
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, |
January ...... I99| 2°94) 139.) 2745 1°83] 2729] 210} 2°36)| 145] 70] IIo) 2°37
February “58 ‘41 225 237, 62 "41 "41 22 || | ho “40 "40 45] |
March ...... 2°64. 89 | 2°29 97 || 3°26 7Q)| J2°40 "39 || u2iBo *70| 4°16 95] |
PATI ge scs 2°30 83) 2744 Styl)! (a7 64) 141 "72,|| 1°30 “80 95 “98 | |
EY ia ths eiicc= 2°09 "73,| 2°88 68 || 2°85 "79| 2°44 "99 || 2°30] “Igo) (27a 731
J ee 21ag| 3732] 152) 3-231! 2°18] 3:72) 3:25] “2:69 || 13:00] (2:40 $86) Toa
Ue 1°62 64} 1°94 “51 || 1-46 "79| 2°20 tO! Tago | Fao!) Bes 74)
August. ...... 3:26 | Tas) 2:62.) Brey 2:62) 125! lorem) Goal! fag §ioo)| Bees
September 1-52| 2°62! 123] 257] (2°03) 2:34] gx! 2'99)|| I75|. 2100] M78) ime
October ...... 343] 2°79| 3°24] 2:09]| 2°21] 2:26] 2°62) 2°67)! 2°50] 3°00] 2°51) of
November...) 1°23] 2°33| 129] 2°58/! 14x} 2:24] 1°33) -2°75)] 1754] 230] rg2) 2
Decemb r...| 1°39 'O7.| 234i) as07 || ior, 93] 1794 1°20) 2°58 "90 |< 2°01} 23%
Totals ...... 24°14.| 19°72 | 22°53] 19°84|| 24°61] 18°36] 23°78 | 20°39] 23°25 | 17:20] 22°26] 18%
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES,
ENGLAND AND WALES.
383
Division 111.—Sovurn Mipranp Countries
Division [V.—Easrrern Countizs.
(continued).
ae CAMBRIDG ; Es
| (continued). M me SSEX,
tg
; ; Wisbech Mid-level 3 Dorwards
| Bedford. || Cambridge. | Opservatory.| _ Sluice, Epping: fall, Witham,| Dunmow.
‘ Wisbech.
8 ft. 6 in. 4 ft. 0 in. O ft. 6 in. 4 ft. O in, 6 ft. O in. 2 ft O in. 0 ft. 6 in.
112 ft. 46 ft 10 ft. 16 ft. 360 ft. 20 ft. 254 ft.
1862. 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in, in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in, in. in.
139] 2'08|| 1:32] 2:32| 142] 196] 1°64] 2:20] 1°64] 2°74] 169] 2x1] 1:93] 2°18
eS 5 Ws 0137 | 33 | 52), 35] ee Aly 4] ASL 45] 2°37) 29136) ae ne
3°14 63 2°84 £33 | » 33102 "79 | 2°43 994. 0Bi85)|'_ 1,06) -2°76\|| Sao gca5 *4.0
1°83 82 ||) 2°29 $84) 51309 | OA eE-QT | . 1:73] 2210 *50] 2°08 66| 2°22 65
2°93 62 2°76 "75 1°98 97 I75 I'20 3°32 1°24 2°01 78 2°23 "Bo
17o| 2°17|| 2:22) 2742)! 1°87) 3°09] I'50!| 3°94) 2°45] 3°75] 2°20) 3°27] 210) 3°55
167 "46 || 1°88] 410g] 2°09 *67| 2°49 *53) 196 ASN aks 30 62) 3°78 "70
a7 | e29)|| 913]. 2:22] 1:97| 243) 2:80] 22) ..2:25| 31°55) 2:21) froz} 2°25) 380
215) 2°43 219| 216) 2°72) 2:13] 3°88) 2:59] 260] 237] 1°59] 2°88) 148| 2:82
Baz) 3°80] 2:26| 1:99] 61] 2°61) I'90} 2:61) 2°87] 1°75] 3:10| x81] 2°75] 1°85
meergr| 2°24 ¥on3,|. 2°65]. 1°51] 2:50] 1°49] 2778 *95| 2°06] roo] 1798] 1°45] 2°00
| 114 “96 ) 1'29 72) 1°50 81] 1°61 S562 85] 1°46 83) Tigi zoe
—— | Se a eek
| 20°95 16°75 || 23°86| 18°12 | 21°30] 19°36] 23:26] 22°13] 25°86 | 19°25] 21°78] 17°33| 22°81] 18°05
| on TY.—Easreen Division Y.—Sovuru- Western Counrtss.
i Counties (continued).
Norroux (continued). WInTsHIRE.
i .
_ Eemere. i Alderbury Longbridge, Castle House,
ee sihgin. Hioiktian, Salisbury. Baresi Deverill. | Marlborough. Calne.
4 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. O in 3 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. O in. 4 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 11 in.
150 ft. AUGER. shoes: 300 ft. 400 ft.? 500 ft. ? 251 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.| in.
1°14 2°40] 4°30] 3°25] 3°80) 3°78) 4°53] 3°65] 3°55] 3°35) 2°92
50/430 49] «9°85| =40} go] 78} 89] 52) 69) 47) 7k
328) Bo} g6r| 73} 4°35] 1:05] 5°54} “40] 4°31] °77] 479°] 90
5°37 | F245) 22078 | m5 | aso "go |. 3°22] 1°68} 2°75] 1°38] 3°02] 2°51
2°50 WOhares) eaAA | «5:00 | wes | 4°95 || 326) . 3°75 | Ier7 |) 4ro2 |) eaters
2°05| 2°60} 1°98] 4°44] 2745] 5°30] 2°86] 8:07] 2°97] 4:06] 318] 4°35
1°75 ‘62 I'90 “81 | 2°60 || 500 | . 1°13 ar2| 4 202] 19° 2°76 “76
25 | ar7ol .b7 | orgs | pies | a gr5o| . 3°r7 E70 | 23°79), 2:00 arog
E60} 95:95] + 2°26 9°38 | pazo} 29°55) .2°46| .7'07| 61 | 3°47) 2:16). B:00
208 | 2°58] 4°86] 3°56) 4°30] 4:20] 668! 3°39) 4°94] 4°42] 4°66) 3°54
I50| 2°15 80] 1°47 SS) eiSs || M23) 9 2rb2 | otros hezegs *89| 2°31
H70|. a0] x80] 2°32 | 42°25| 2°65) 3°75 |. ..3°54| 197 | 22°68} 1:86)| r-22
23°92 18'24.| 22°72 | 18:23] 26°80] 26°80] 30°30| 30°45
38°69 | 37°97
31°22 | 28°84} 33°27) 25°88
384
REPORT——1864:.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division V.—Sourn-Wesrern Counties (continued),
WitswirzE (continued), Dorsersuirn.
parent of | Badminton. Portland Eh a | Little Bridy. | Bridport. voor ey
ain-gauge
above —___—_____
Ground ......| Oft,10 in. |] 2 ft. Oin O ft. 6 in, Oft.4in. | Oft.1lin. | 0 ft. 8 in,
Searlevelis....|' ..cccosco ess 52 ft. 150 ft. 348 ft. Sot, *| |) ae és
1862. | 1863. || 1862.| 1863.) 1862. | 1863.) 1862.| 1863.| 1862. | 1863.| 1862.] 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. bug Free in. in. in.
January......| 3°09] 3°08 I5r| 3°42] 2°80) 4°95] 3°23] 5°84] 2°75] 3°92] 3°09] 5°63
February ...| °45 "74 "92| 02) 108) 427) 4:15) Tog] ros] 315] I-09 *96 ||
March @i.4...|) =3°715 93 /] 4°43] 1769] G10] 1°88] 640] 2°55] 5:35] 219] 7:22] 2°20
April ..s0es..| © 2°80} 92 || 1°75) (1°33) 2°45 *94| 2°80] 1°59] 2°72] 1°32) 3°93] 1°69
May soos... 4°82] 1°84]/ 3:11] 1°53] 3°86] 3°22| 3718] 2°30] 2°80] 1°84] I'95 1°79 ||
UMN: Fees. 3°03] 521|/ 3145] 3°59] 1°65] 5:20) 2°38] 4:06] 2°28] gto7| 2°87] 5:27 HII
July .........| -1°76 "54 || 1°82 °67| 216] 00] 2°66 °97| 2°24 *72| 2°59| 1748 ]]
August ...... 2'14| 3°81 102) 2°66] 2°10} 4:7o| 161) 5°14} 164) 3:42] 3°48] 3:74]1
September ...| 3°67] 3°37|/ 1°66] 3°50] 1°85) 3°35) 2°13] 4:19] 1°76) gig 3°31] 3°37I)
October ...... Sir} 4°88\) 5°18! 3°93] 5°98) 7°53) 6°65] 5°59] 5°50) G17] 5:23] 6-74
November ... *82| 2°62 VI2| 2°23) ¥'51|) 3°56) 322) 2°44) oz} 218] a15| 3°14 ]h
December ...). 1°70] * 1°74] 2°25] 2°55] 3°25| 3:10] 3°83] 2°86] 3:01] 2:78] 2°60] 2:27
Totals ...... 33°14] 30°68 || 26:22/| 28°12] 34°7g| 41'20| 37°22] 38°62] 32°12] 33°90] 37°71 | 3822
1 |
Division V.—Sovurn- Western Countizs (continued).
Dryonsuie (continued).
Meshaw
: Edgecumbe, a St. Leonards, | Broadhem- Hayne,
Sse Milton Abbot. | Dawlish. Exeter. bury. Tiverton. 5 pee
above
Ground ...... 0 ft. 8 in. 0 ft. 8 in: O ft. 3 in. 2 ft. 4. in. 0 ft. 3 in. O ft. 6 in.
pedsleyeleersce|| | sacesvaneeeds 62 ft. 140 ft: 660 ft. 400 ft. 472 ft.
1862. | 1863.| 1862. | 1863.| 1862.] 1863.| 1862.} 1863.| 1862. | 1863.| 1862.| 1863.)
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. @
January ......| 3°43) 4°70] 2°43| 4°56] 2:92| 431] 3°26) 4°97] 3:22) 5°08) 4°36| 4-74]
February TIS2i) 2erO)|) Mae *86| 1:05 "58 | 110 77) \t | 2258; | eng 94] 1°70]
March ......) 4°35] 2°90| 492] 2°63] 459] 2°71] 5:07] 2°14] 5°33) 2°42 3°16| 2°42)
SAT cos, secs 3°54] 2°35] 330] 165] 299] 1°69] 3:15] 2711] 3°38] 1°96] 367! aro}
May ..... veel 2°50) WIA] 81) 1:25) 184] 1°34) 2°68) 2°07/ 2°63] 2:04] 2°87] 195)
Tune wee os) 5°24 218] 2°98] 3°93} 2°71] 3°69] 3°46) 4°92] 3°66] 4-46] 4-42] 546
July ....00...) 4°68) 2°85) 1°53] 3°24) 2:15] Tog] 2°83 “76 (P3777) 2 ees |) weds "75
August ...... 528) 415| 213) 3:24) 2°19] 3:16] 2°57) 3:90] 3°97] 2°69] 2°86] 3°45
September...) 4°32| 5:12] 2°30] 2°95] 2:79] 2°51] 3°57) 3:23] 3°76] 4:12 4°57| 5°24
October ...... 788) 7°60} 5°99| 5°10] 4°93] 664] 518] 5:92] 680] 702] 810] 6:07
November...) 2°78/ 5°55 “8 || eeam 84.) 2°57] I2] 2°89] 242) 4gog| 1°73] 42g
December ...! 6:20, 1°32] 2°79| 2°62] 2740] 2:06] 2°78| 1°60] 320] 2°50] 3°89 3°29
Totals ......) 52°02 | 41°96 | 32°16 | 32°24] 31°40| 32°15| 36°77] 35°28| 42°72| 38°94] 45°02 | qr4t
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, 385
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division V.—Sovrn-WeEstern Covntigs (continued).
DrvonsuiReE,
Saltram as J Highwick, : | + ,
Gardens, ae Goreapen Lee Moor. Newton pei A oe ge
Plymouth. y ge. ympton. Boshel. rison. eignmouth,
0 ft. 3 in, O ft. 4 in. O ft. 2 in. O ft. 2 in. 1 ft. 6 in. O ft. 2 in. 0 ft. 3 in.
_ 96 ft. 240 ft. 580 ft. 900 ft. ? 250 ft. ? 1400 ft. 50 ft.
1862.} 1863.| 1862.) 1863.) 1862.) 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.) 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. Te? ||) ime in. in. in.
521) 4°44) 5°20) 5°50) 661) G92) 7°85) 7°96) 3°69] 5°15] g°50/ 10"31| 2°72| 416
330) 1°63) 1'69/ 1°86) 1°96) 2°59] 2°20) 2°66/ 1°36] 1°44] 2°87| 3°47| 1°30] 1°39
5°53] 2°95] 7°48) 2°66) 8°05) 3°56) 9°50] 3°%60/ 6°37| 2°57] 12°33] 4°75] 5:19] 3°38
Beat) 92°22) '4:49| 1°94] 5:12| 2°83] 6°03] 3°03] 3°47] 2°01 | S:21 |) (4°31 | 2:88) Tog
B2G izes | 2°94) 3°28| 3°36] 3°50! 3°47) 3°97] 2°45] 2°49] 5°71} 48x] 2234) “TA
305] 4°50) 3°88) 3°74) 4°32] 648) 480! 655) 363) 3°23) 8°81] 833] 3°74] 416
364) 1°48] 3°84) 1°46) 5°39] 1°86] 5°84] 1°93] 2°21] 1°46) 7°54] 1780] 1°85] 1:49
233| 417| 2°86) 4°19] 3°67) 5:20] 4°86) 546) 2°53] 3°18) 7°85] 7°73) 31°87] 3°39
G08} 491} 4°34) 5°36| 568) 698) G60) 713) 3°42] 3°24| 7°15] ytoq| 2°57] 2°36
765| 7°95| 7°35| 6:06|-10°64| 8°33] 12°40] 8°84] 7:20] 6:34] 15°06] 10°91] 6:15] 6°52
B67) 323) ©79) 3°990| 2°10) 4°70] 2°55] 5:22] 106) 2°88} 2°93] 87:09 *83,| 2°66
380/ 3°95) 4133) 4°31) 624) 5°85] 847] 7°20] 3°06] 3°30) 10°55] 8°59] 3°17] 2°45
46-92 | 43°68 | 50°49 | 44°26 | 63°14) 5880) 74°57| 63°55 | 40°45| 37°29 | 98°51] 82°14 | 34°61] 35°37
Division V.—Sourn-Wesrern Counties (continued),
Devonsurre (continued). Cornwat.
astle Hill Tehidy Park, | Royal Institu-
¢ Mion. Barnstaple. Helstone. Penzance. Re Fil it : re Serre Newquay.
3 ft. Oin O ft. 6 in. ‘5 ft. O in. 3 ft. O in. O ft. 0 in. 40 ft. 0 in. 3 ft. 0 in,
3l ft. 115 ft. 94 ft. 100 ft. 56 ft. 90 ft.
1863. |} 1862. | 1863. || 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.) 1863.| 1862.} 1863.
in. in. at in. || in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
495) 365) 4:24] 3°35| 3°35| 4°99) 443) 445] 5°45] S10] 5°02) 4°34] 412
1°80 *95| 1:28 LIE || 6137)| 2-23 |) ©1'48!|| S210 M Tso) KHE5y |. Le | ace eee
2°23) 4°06| 3°93]) 4°81) 2°73) 5°06] 3°29] 4°13] 3°04] 5°07] 2°57) 3°72] 2°18
I'99| 3:28] 1°88 2°63] 1°52| 2°91] I-60] 2°83 "og. | ~2'44.| 3°63)| ~2rgae) MeartAyy
2°20) 3°51 | 31°75 || 2°33) 2°70) 199) 2°16) 2°50| 2°52) 2°87} 2°40) 2°53] 215
G60} 4°24| 5°65|| 310) 4748] 3°26) 429] 3°88] 4°50] 3°61) 4°37| 3°21] 510
I°I2| 3°00 "79 2g || 1-75 | 3°§9)| " W:4H || ° 3°35 || | T*r0|| e3"or | 2758: |) Neregi | agg
460]: 3°79} 4'og]] 1°83] 3°96] 181) 3°91] 3°30] 2°50] 2°04] 401] 2°00] 3°88
G81 | 3°89) G61! 473) 3°58} 347] 4:09] 4°07] 3°85) 4°69] 4°45] 3°35] 3°68
5°87| 690] 4°64|) 5°07] 3°59] 683] 3°36] 630] 460) 6°34] 513) 6°30] 5700
6°34] 2°53] 4°48 3°51 | ° 3°06 | "4°05 | © 3°75) ° 3°80] 3°68) © 3782 || Ya28e | oreo) *o74x
3°81) 3°98) 2°83 || 376) 3°77/ 4°55| 420] 499] 4°10| 4x5| 419] 4°06} 3°91
B86) 48°32) 43°78 | gorr7 || 38°43 | 35°96] 44°64] 38°00) 45°70] 36°88| 44°65| 40°28 | 38°62| 37°40
386
Height of
Rain-gauge
above
Ground ......
Sea-level......
January
February .
see eeeeee
September ...
October
November ...
December ...
Totals; d...5.
Height of
Rain-gauge
above
Ground ......
Sea-level......
January
February ...
September ...
October
November ...
December ...
sates
REPORT—1864.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division V.—Soura-Western Countixs (continued).
Cornwauu (continued).
: Treharrock
Tideford, 5 Warleggan, Rosecarrock,
St. German’s. Bodmin. Bodmin. House z Port Isaac. Camelford.
Wadebridge.
O ft. 4 in. 2 ft. O in. 3 ft. O in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 3 ft. 6 in.
75 ft. 2? 325 ft. 800 ft. 303 ft. 210 ft. 580 ft.
1862. | 1863.) 1862.| 1863. | 1862.| 1863.| 1862.) 1863.) 1862.) 1863. 1862. | 1863,
in. in. in. in. in. in. Ines) eos in. in. in. in.
504} 4°70] 5°52] 4°35] 5°91] 5754| 3°59| 4°59] 4°30] 3°96| 5°67] 4°46)
0°37| wrx] 186) 1:15] 3°43] 140] 145] 3°77] 1°48] 143] a'99] o1IgR
5°34| 37°00] 5°63) 3°51) 6'20/ 3°89) 3°38] 41°97] 3°06) 2:18) 5:48) 3°10)
gitar |. 2°02,|° 2°65] 1°69] 3°00] 2°30] 2°79] -1°93| ©2196 94:82] 4:44) socamm
165} 41°74| 2°73) 196| 4°00] 3°02] 2°68] 1°85) 2°79] 2°31] 2°99! 2°3em
3°95} 3°41) 4°59| 3°66) 4°51) 4°47) 4°22] 4°51} 4°08] 4°98) 5°76) 6°34)
2°57| 1°53| 3°34) 139] 4°57| 4°64| 2°85] Iq) 2°60] 1°39) 3°78) 1°19
2°66 |" 3°47) 12°38] 4°49| 2°98) 4°51 | 2°61} 5°29} 2°42| 4°88] 2°36] 5°98
495| 5°25) 445| 4°77) 5°64] 5°97| 4°62] 401] 4°91} 3°97] 642] 4°99)
7°37| 482] 638) 6°75] 8:92] 8:21! 6°65] 5°564 7°13] 6°08) 8:46) 71
m°B2:'|i args | 42r0g'|! o4°§%| «2°26 | » 681 |) w2'o7 | 39m |) ..2'g2-|| ater) sete | eure
4'06| 3°99] 5°20] 4°12] 6:19] 6°16] 413] 3°82] 422] 3°47] 5°66] 5°69m
43°89] 37°99 | 47°36| 42°35| 55°61] 53°92, 41°c4| 40°42| 42°27| gorrq| 54°63 | 50'S)
Division VI.—Weust Mrptanp Countries,
GLOUCESTER. SHROPSHIRE, |
Bristol, 3 ; TI e
re ae Clifton. Cirencester. | Quedgeley. Ge Week toms
6 ft. 0 in. O ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 2 in. O ft. 10 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 6 in.
140 ft. 192 ft. 446 ft. 100 ft. 50 ft. 229 ft.
1862. | 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862. 1863. 1862. | 1863.| 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
2:36 || 43588 |) 2°20], .4:09) 27701) 3:30] 2°64 | 2:62] | 2°32)| | otal agsay
*53 192 “41 81 235 72 °25 ‘7° "22 58 “45
4°38} "94| 4°50} 83] 4°70] 1°25) 3°70) *70| 2°95] 756]! 3756
2°97 |t 1502 |) s2209 Parag)! 2°22) -9°23'|! coccy |. x:07)|| Sacer | | ememateea.
3°24| 2°29) 3°36) 2°25) 3°95] 140) 3°89] 94) 3°33] “85|| 3°84
2°64) 4°36) 2°73) 4°65) 2°97) 5°32) 3°75] 5°20] 3°51] 3°96] 1-98
2°44) 45) 2°53) 51) 2°08) 50) 1°97) 44} 4°64} -°36)| 2°29
142|| 4708 |) TasHl 3:88) 2:25) -9'6s] 17:38 || ogs67 | are | toes ol meng
2°36 || 3°28 |) 2°30) 3°58 | 3°87 | 3:00] .3°%6| G2:40)1e acioll | ora) eases
502) 4°92| 5°72) 5°20) 4°72| 3°75) 4°13] 3°08) 3°85] 2°98|| 3°59
1°48] 2°98] 147] 2°90 £55. || = 200 °78| 1°90 "92 | Is] 85
QL | TTF) |t eteS it setebe |) eer O'|| omeng lh SER *83| 1°60 °72|| 1°96
31°95 | 30°89] 32°87] 32°26] 32°46/ 27°95] 29°96| 23°74 26°86| 20706 29°09 2.2)
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, 387
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division V.—Sourn-Wesrern Counttss (continued),
Somerset.
Long Sutton, Street, Sidcot, Sherborne Brislington,
Paunton. Langport. | Glastonbury. | Axbridge. Reservoir. Bathpaston, Bristol.
1 ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 7in 1 ft. 6 in. 5 ft. O in. 5 ft. O in. 2 ft. Oin 2 ft. 0 in.
38 ft. 170 ft.? 100 ft. 250 ft. - 360 ft. 226 ft 181 ft.
862.) 1863.) 1862. | 1863.| 1862.| 1863.) 1862.| 1863.| 1862. } 1863.| 1862. | 1863.| 1862.| 1863
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in.
2°34 3°97) 2°55] 3°50] 3:11) 3°80) 214! 342) 3°38) 4:29] 2°90} 2°56] 342) 3°50
Ree ss fA) 52] 259] 56) 53] 78] x07 Pf omg] 735) 571.7854 caree
et} 043) 3°98} 226) 3°61] 3°54} -4°66) 41:92] 4°56) \a:27| 3:91 "90| 6'90| 1°07
2°74) 142| 2°85] 148] 2°98| 2°02| 4°07| 2°01} 3°68) 2°03] 2°85] 1:60} 3°36] 1°90
265) 4x79! 2°86) mix) 3°35] 31°73) 2°75) 2°61) 4°63] 2°59] 3°86) 184] 3°57] 1°97
2°07| 3°96) 2°36) 539} 3°66) 4°43| 2°60) 491} 3°45| 4°77| 3°21] 4°62] 2°69] 4°03
W838) 54) 2°47| "92) 2°53| *50/ 40g! 52) 419] 52) 2°69| 49] 240] 32
222) 414] 1°95} 3°88) 471} 4:04] 201] 441} 60] 3°55 87 | 92572) 1°64.1.. ara
W95| 246) 2:22) 2°74) 3°13} 3°82] 3°62] 5:62) 3713] 444] 3°05] 3°54] 2°22] 4:05
396) 441| 3°77) 5°67/ 4°46] 5°55) 5°63) 517| 5°66) 6:77| 3°64] 3°32] 5°62] 492
85) 2°51 $63\| .2°53| - 1:02] . 2°55] -argt | . 2:65) .1°98| «9:66 °"93| 2734] 1°92) 2°64
mes) 1738) 94) 142] 2°07) 1°64] 1°77 97 | eZie2|) SUS.) mess *96| 2°25] 1°62
7°32} 28°54) 28°22 | 30°42 | 32°22 | 32°18| 35°18| 34°39| 39°55| 36°97) 29°61] 25°46] 35°94| 30°92
Division VI.—-Wxsr Miptanp Counts (continued).
Suropsuire (continued). STAFFORD. Worcester.
Cleobury Haughton Highfield, Hengoed, Wrottesley Northwick
ortimer. Hall, Shifnall.| Shrewsbury. Oswestry. | Peay Park. West Malvern.
. O in. 4 ft. 6 in. 5 ft. 6 in. 6 ft. O in. O ft. O in. 1 ft. 0 in 1 ft. 3 in
G 300 ft.? 450 ft. 200 ft. 471 ft. 1: a | es 900 ft
362. | 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.] 1862.| 1863. | 1862.| 1863 || 1862.) 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
1 in. in. in. in. in. in. in... || tin. in. in, Das in : in.
| 247) 199) 248) 3°95] 2°88) 2°67| 5:27); 2:00] 2:01} 1°97| 3°45| 2:32] 2°99
mB9| °54/ “19| 44) °26) “40/ °38) 89] 48) *30|] 3:20] -55] 1°39] *66
I *g1| 2°60) 103) 2°52 85) 3°76) 152 11> 3°44 "83 ||. 4°67 767) 4°30] 2°25
#35| 1°09 2°08 ‘72| 175) 44) 2°92) 4o}) 2°50) rool! 2°55 72) 2°76 farsa
yO} -7t| 4°34) 127) 483] 103] 443] 1°59|| 3°84] ‘92/| 4:76| -68| gos| 82
I " ; ; 1°93) 436) 286) 2°89]) 1753) 4°86|| 3:41] 4°63] 247] 4:87
47 33 W65/ 150) 2°52] 128) 1°75] £23/| 2°33 "78 | 2°21 "92
3°08} 2°30] 2°78) 2-91 194] 2°69|| 189] 2:06] 1°83] 3°64
2°72) 3°56) 3°45) 3°67|| 361! 3:26) 2:07] 2°60| 4:34] 3°17
3°15] 3°59} 440] 4°90]/ 2°88) 3:24)) 2°93] 3:91] 3°83] 5°25
135] 229) 143) 2°15 199 | 247 || 5 eee aye *9O) 2°35
£32] B24) g:08|.| a85 197| 105|) 3142) x05] 1°70} 100
"83 | 23°50 | 25°70| 21°21] 26°51| 25°44] 34°68) 30°32 || 26°93| 23°86 || 30:20| 23°80 31°89 | 28°23
—
:
“
Pe)
_
388
REPORT—1864.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division VI.—Wesr Mipianp Covntiss (continued).
Height of
Rain-gauge
above
Ground ......
Sea-level......
January
February ...
se eeeeeee
wee eeeeee
sseeee
September ...
October
November ...
December ...
Totalett ss.
Height of
Rain-gauge
above
Ground ......
Sea-level......
-——
January
February
March
August
September ...
October
November ...
December ...
Totals
Worcester (continued). WARWICKSHIRE.
Lark Hill, Orleton, - sn |
‘Werecsion, Tenbury. Leamington. Rugby. Edgbaston. | Birmingham i
1 ft. O in. O ft. 9 in. O ft. 8 in. 2 ft. 4 in. 1 ft. 6 in. Oft. 10in
140 ft. 200 ft. 195 ft. 315 ft. 510 fo. 340 ft. |
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.] 1863.| 1862.| 1863
in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in.
2°66) 2°92 | 3°33 | 3°48'|| © 2°54. |-- 2°60 © 2°29 | (2°07 | *34q)| 308 | 93°12) © oa
59) Pe72 | EPGG Ve 82) 8563 | 645 |. P0880 | Was | OSs ey ee | ae
A702 qz2| 4°16) x11 3°25 *67| 3°58 31) 4°64 “92) 4°44 “9:
FOsMer 2A) || aan |) eke T 1°62) 746) 2956) “a"41 || 2747) Moo wos “96
5°44] 62) 4°54) gt] 3°82) 51) 2°34) 44) 3°86) 65) 3°77| “Sa
2°15 | 3°73] “2°30 (4°66 3°31] 4°88 |. 3°32 | § 3°72 © axh2 | gob e223 | ae 5
1°89 "65| 2°24 "86 2°14, *57| 1°89 "66| 2°08 *98| 2°11 “9!
Zor | 3°46 | §2°27| 2°57 2°06] 2°44/ I'90| 2°02] 1°85] 2°93) 71) 39)
3°75 23:07 | ear 22 |) arO7, 3'06| 2°26] 3°28] 2°23] ©4°5r| %2°86)|" 5°01 | Toam
3°49| 3°32] 414] 4°09|| 2°58) 2°90) 2°59) 2°13) 3°63) 3°78) 3°11] 3°95)
“Si |} E2725 )| been) ae G2 70} 2°28 *7'5 | kO7 "85 2°54: 83] 2:9
1°59] 10} 2°08] 1°47 1°38 *80] 1°30] x10] 2°13) 91:48) 2°05) 1m |
30°44.| 23°80] 34°31 | 27°67|| 27°09| 21°82] 25°19| 18°51] 32°86] 24°75] 31°27] 24°95) if
iy
Division VII.—Norra Miprayp Covntras (continued). |
is
Linconnsuire (continued).
Boston. gat e a ae ® trae Lincoln. | Market Rasen-|Gainsboroug
4 ft. O in. O ft. O in. 5 ft. O in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. Gin. 3 ft. 6 in,
20 ft. Debs P| acetuawes res 26 ft. 100 ft. 76 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862.} 1863.] 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.) 1862.) 186d
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
P54) 225 160) 2:61) 1°46) 240| Iog| 1°49] 1 1°53')\ aes *97| 2°
*39 S53 54 °27 "36 °33 54 “II “92 “42 “91 ‘2
3°22 ESS) ag" 5 5 *63] 3°86 °66| 2°46 "59| 2°72 ‘x"ag| 3-o4, *
T°30)}) Fargo) wat) 1-40] 2°10) 1°23) % r?5'5 *92| 1°76 “30 |) wel 7 6!
2°06 77. read ta en E63) || 1275 *42))| © Te8e) *80}| 2°66 4
1°98 |) 0 m75 | repr |i gr) 3°36) 3°32) 156) e236)! a7 Wes) ireok ee
2°22, *60] 1°49 S75) iro 273) | 1ST | Saeoe) Treg 94] 1°83) x78
1°70} 2°75 | x68) “r6r!| 2°45] 2°26] 21x] 2709)s' #20) 3°78)) Tio n)
M47} 1°90] 2°21) 1°49] 3°13] 2°37| 2°72] 2°56| 2°98) 2°54! 4°47| 2702
1°84.) 2°47| 2°09] 2°37| 2°47) 2°31| 1°71] 2°34| 1°77] 2°02| I'97| 2°36
86] 2°45 *92)|') 2:06)| | t7O5)) F257 "8O| (178 | Tom) 177 "72| Tae
1°35 °95] 1°54 80] 1°28 95) x12 *96| 1°84 °78| x08] 1°37
19°93 | 18°29] 20°45] 16°47] 22°97] 19°75| 20°31] 16°64] 21°31 | 16°73 | 21°36 1852
eto erie see oe eee eo tae
ra
| ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 389
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division VII.—Norra Miptanyp Covunrins.
L&IcEsTERSHIRE. LIncoLNsuIre.
Wigston : Greatford
Grange, Leicester. z hamiton bihees Belvoir Castle. Hall, Grantham,
ueicester. ae sie || Stamford.
) ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 6 in. 2 ft. 8 in. 4 ft. Oin. 0 ft. 8 in. 0 ft. 9 in. O ft. 6 in.
220 ft. AAA it a 540 ft. ? Doreen # ||| jo .ased deo 179 ft.
62.| 1863. | 1862.| 1863.| 1862.) 1863.| 1862.) 1863.| 1862.| 1863. || 1862.] 1863.| 1862.| 1863.
5 in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
27| 288) 2°25] 2°90] 2°24] 2°90] 1°70| 2°76| 3°65] 2°70|| 4°59] 2°27] 162] 2°54
me) 48) 69) 45) G2] 35) 50] 47] 42 | 726 *53| °30] 42) = *23
31 *63| 3°22 *64| 3°40 "One gia "54.| 3°20 58 || 3°30 1360 1.3055 “61
Bae dey2)) 87) 1°59) 99) 56) 1°57)! wag} 159) WIE I'og| 104! 1°33 85
30 ame 3:22 Pz Sl) ° 37915 radi ~Z°O1 *60} 2°88 54 || 2°24. TIGA bale 62
95) 3°59) 229) 3°54] 2°65] 3°64] 2:24] 2°77] 2°09]-2°70]| 2:10] 2748] 1°76]. 2°59
OS) °74| 2°54| 87) 2°25) ox! 395] *62] 182)° 93! 362] 89] 13x]. -76
49) 2°40) 2°54) 2°48) 1°64} 2°43] 1°83] 179] 2°77] 3°58] 1°92] 1°39] 2°06] r'00
94) 2°63) 290] 2°49) 4°52| 2°35] 3°00] 2°40/ 2°59] 2°52]! 2°05] 1°72] 2°84] 1°99
Meee so7| 297) 3°84) 2°74) 2°75) 272} 2°55) 2°08) 2°63)l| 2:06) 2:42) 2:22 299
gO} 2°04 "95| 1°67 *9g0] 2°81 °93| 2°76 *92| 2°40 "O7)|| 29h | moni ata
65} rrr) 80} og! 184] x21] 149 83] 1°34 *g2 || 1°06 "65] 1°30 85
13) 21°77| 27°24) 22°34] 28°14] 21°99] 23°95] 19°39} 23°35 | 18°87 || 20°53] 16°36] 21°55] 16°80
Division VII.—Norra Mipranp Counrtres (continued).
Lincornsuire (continued) NorrinGHAMSHIRE.
Be, : Highfield Welbeck
Brigg. Grimsby. | New Holland. Haaiee Southwell. Abbey. East Retford.
ft. 6 in. 15 ft. O in. 3 ft. 6 in. O ft. 6 in. 1 ft. O in. 4 ft. 0 in. 2 ft. 0 in
6 ft. 42 ft. 18 ft. 162 ft. ZOOECIEE | 40 -saccuee ee 50 ft.
2. 1863. | 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863. || 1862.| 1863.) 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.} 1862 | 1863.
— | ——__—_ _———__ — —— | / —__.__ | —
| in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
4 3°72| 16) 2°97} 1°38] 3°09 1°56] 2°00] 1°03] 1°49 Soi 2:32 *67| 2°14
my 45) «°65/ =°35] 92] - “43 B41. 99'|) F570 3g) +) 256i) 0°38) - Oe
¢ *76| 1°68) 1°83) 2:90] 1°36] 3°38 "29 | 2°56 46) 3°68 62] 3°45 *58
I'07 "80 2460)|5 2°36) |4 ae17 T 58) “2°42 “x18 84.) 1°42 48) 1°45 "59
) 67/96) 49) rot} *87|| 344] 54] 2°72] 49] 2°38] . +53] 2°58] -46
: 180} 1°98] 3°95] 2°18] 1°79|| 31°47] 3°42] 1°89 1°83] 1°74] 2°88] 1°68) 2°76
1°96| 1°07 43) 1°72) 16% 140) 1°25] 1°37] 1°05] 31°83] 1°34] 2°04] 1°37
9) 279) %31) 2°59) 1°93] 2°80} 2°41} 2°70) go] 1°53) 395] 2°53] 2°06] 2°57
Be 3°57) 3°52) 4:rr| 3°46] 2°27 3°85] 1°80) 3°63) 1°76) 3°78) 2°78] 4-14 2°65
8] 3°10 T29] 2°36) 2°15] 2°78]] 2°43] 2°32] 1°82] 2°24 BTA | 2rSet aang |" 29x
O} 2°74] 121] 3°08 89] 2°58 46) 1°43 *45|) I'4r *98| 2°21 G85 ||P ea
8} 143) 171 *96) | 1°52] 1°82 I'll "64 “94. ‘97 "44 *63 *98| 1°14
24°06 | 17°34| 21°48| 21°62] 22°52 || 23°88] 18:20] 19°56| 14°46| 22°77 19°55| 22°69] 19°63
390 REPORT—1864.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division VII.—Norra Mroztanp Countims (continued).
DERBYSHIRE.
. Chatsworth : Comb’s Chapel-en-
Soeaoaee Derby. Gardens, | Chesterfield. | Comb’s Moss.| Reservoir. 1e-FYrith.
above a ee a
Ground ...... 5 ft. Oin. 6 ft. 0 in. 3 ft. 6 in 3 ft. 6 in 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. ©
Sea-level...... 180 ft. 404 ft. 248 ft. 1669 ft 710 ft. 965 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863)
in. in in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. g
January ...... 142| 2°59] 198| 533] 349] 3°89] 4:21] 5°35] 4°23] 8°26] 3°24 6°6
February ...| 76 *49| 10 "92 66 *K9'| 12°66) (ajo | fEtzO)|| ag "92| 1°93
March 5... 3°53 49] 4°04 *80| 3°88 *52| 4°18] ro] 4°58) 190) 3715] 1°44
Agia) o2.2s5%. 2556)| “Ita@ | parse! y1fo9,| we Sin *68| 2°43] 2°65) 3°72) 2°32!) 2°53) I°gE
INGEIY os jeaeh sie 3°70 162| 2965) x74) 3°85 -77| 4:68| 4°:07| 4°21] 3°54] 3°98] 375g
MIG: cies 2°35| §°52| 2:21| 4°30| 1°97| 5:04] 8'79| 4°80] 7°23) 437] 5°51] 3°84
DALY: sop base kt 2:21] 1°33) 2°64] 1°84] 1:65] 2°06] 5:06] 3°66] 667) 331) 4°79) 2°3¢)
August ...... 1°76| 2°72| 1°46| 2°36| 1:82] 2:26] 3:71] 7°03] 3°80] 7705] 3°08] 4°38
September...) 3°73| 2°26) 3°44] 2°83] 3°54] 2:20] 5°39] 658) 4°71 625] 3°71] 68
October ...... 2'°43| 3'54| 4°83| 4°41| 3°60] 3°73] 617] 9°92] 5°93| 833] 5°67| 65
November...) °61) 61] 21] 2°61 "55| 1°72] 2°73) 4°59| 2°00| 5°49] 1°57] 4
December ...} 1°52| 1°12| 2°51] 2:49] 1°52] 1°60] 5°90] 4:46} 5°03] 5°34 3°76| 4
Totals 3..... 26°28 | 23°60| 30°61} 30°52 | 26°34| 25°06| 55°81] 55°71] 53°30) 57°59| 41°91 | 46°6)
Division VIII.—Norru-Western Counties (continued). }
|
CueEsuire (continued). LANCASHIRE.
P f Liverpool | Old Trafford, Eccles, Waterhouses, | Bolton-le.
Pegs Never Observatory. | Manchester. | Manchester. Oldham. Moors. ©
above r
Ground ...... 3ft.Gin. || 30ft.O0in. | 2 ft. 7 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in,
Sea-level...... 396 ft. 52 ft. 106 ft. 115 ft. 345 ft. 286 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1962. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 18 i
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.)
January ...... 1'72| 4'50]| 1°68] 3:34] 3°90] 4°43] 2°82] 3°96| 2°78] 4°89] 3:68) 5
February ...| 109 “98 26 "32 96 94 "80 37 "65 i71-} 538
TUE} ele ees 2h52) "78 || 2°63 s6o)|\" 3°67 “80! 4°39 296. grag "72| 4°62 |
PATI |e eacep. 3:10} 162|| 1:61] 1°32) 2°72| 1°39] 2°46] 1:26] 2:45] 1°30] 3°36
INES. caw» 4'07| 1°35|| 4°68] 1°53] 447| 1:72] 3°82] 1°79) 5°28] 4°76) 4:93
INE seamen 3610 | 372 110] 3°70] 3:07| 4°63| 3:25| 436] 3°28] 4°15) 5733
PUY hap owes 3°62| xs0l| 3:07) 1°53] 4°53] 1°63] 422} 2169) 4°55] 144) 3°90
August ...... - 2193) 4°75|| 2°16] 3:18| 2°35] 5:03] 2:22] 4°74| 3:01) 4°67| 530) (ge
September...) 4°67] 5°35|| 3°07| 5:01| soo] 5°56] 4°54] 5°28] 477) 5:9%| 546) ae
October ...... 5703| 5°44] 3°66] 5:06] 5:03] 6:24] 4°59] 5°39] 5°29] 5°72) 7758) 4 yl
November ...| 121] 2°89|| 1°54] 2°97| 1°68] 2:90} 1°67| 3°16] 1°35) 2°16) 2°69) SR
December ....| 2°45] 2°36|| .2°26] 3°65] 3:22] 3°06] 2°88] 2°76] 3:12|) 2°96] 5:40 4 |
| a (i REA a
Totals ...... 35°51 | 35°23 || 27°66| 30°21| 38°60] 38°33] 37°66| 36°22) 39°74| 36°39] 53°43) 53”
SS
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 391
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division VIII.—Norrn-Wersrern Counts.
CuEsiiIRe.
_ Bosley Bosley Kingsley : Thelwall,
_ Minns. Reservoir. Macclesfield. Frodsham. Willaston. | Quarry Bank. Warrington.
ia
i"
8 ft.Gin. | 3f.Gin. | 3f.Gin. | Oft.8in. | 4f.0in. | Of. Sin. | 1 ft. Oin.
1210 ft. 590 ft. 539 ft. 198: ft. / |) sae 295 ft. 96 ft.
| =a
862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. ma
263! 421) 240) S10] 2°49] 441] 2°12] 3°71] 4a51| 2°75] 2°50] 3:94] 2°14] 3:72
me! 69) 66) 82) 54) 86) 48) 73] 26) qo] ogg] 9°87] 7g oo rBr
3718 *92) 3°41] 1°58) 3°20) 1°35) 3°70 “OL} 2°44 A>) 3°58 *95| 3°94} T'oo
2°30 86) 4195) $18] 2°70] 08} 2°58] 1:20] rI'99 99} 2°37) 1°38) 2°34). 1°99
Ppa as)| 6 4srn| 2°32 | g7n |. 2:27) 5:50) (2°38) 5746 83) 4°27] 1°63] 4°14]. 2°28
300) 4°53) 3°79] 451] 5°07] 4°76] 3°05] 5°66) 87! 3°49] 3:26] 4:26] 2°66] 5:64
406] 2°75) 4°25| 2°47] 4°83] 2°09] 4°43] 2°07| 2°08! 1°72] 4°55] 1°90 3°97| 198
$°73| 4°04] 2°51] 4°09] 2°56] 4°28] 3°36] 3:25] 3°04} 3°54] 2°91] 4°49] 2°96 3°90
988) 518) 5:07) 4°54) 2°99] 5°52] 3°56) 542) 3°12] 3°80] 3°33] 5°02] 3:40] 5:73
$88/ 631) 5:24/ 4°63) 4:18) 5°35] 4°55) 645) 3°29) 687) 4:27) 547] 4:92] 6:80
Hoo} 2°98) 140; 2°80] 61} 2°57] 1:44] 2°96 °97| 429] 1°63] 249] 1:67] 3:49
230| 2°86) 2°74) 2°30] 3:09] 2°57] 2°63] 2°35] 2°01] x90] 2:41] 2°30 2°96) 2°33
A419) 37°41 | 37°59| 36°34| 36°97) 37°11 | 37°20] 37°09) 27°04] 30°40] 35°40] 34°70] 35°84| 38°46
Heywood
LAncasuire (continued).
Division VIII.—Norru- Western Counrins (continued).
‘Standish, R i Rufford, |Howick House, House of Correction, South Shore,
Wigan. Rochdale. Ormskirk. Preston. Preston. Blackpool.
MNGi |... Of. Sin. | Of.Gin. | 1f.1in. | 53f.6im. | 14. Sin.
800 ft. 900 ft 38 ft. 72 ft. 140 ft. 187 ft. 29 ft.
1863. | 1862. | 1865. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
446) 3°44) 4°85) 2°83) 4°38) 5:17) 460) 2°50) 415] 2°30] 3°50] 3:30] ago
rrr *80}] 2°16 +58 *g0 "70| 1°25 63) 126 ‘47 "94. "70| 1°00
ROG)! | 4x57 |) 1 tio} | 3775) 1.2233) Si00| | 2:38) sroo| arg | 4°22) | ror | |-3:90)]) Meet
26) 340} 136] 2754) 114) 3°15| 160] 3:40] 3:70] 2°79] 1739] 2:60). ao5
282} 5°70| 1°64| 4°44) 2°43] 400| 2°75| 3°97| 2°78] 3°51| 2°37| 5:35]. 2°40
549| 4°62] soo] 3°57] 4°46] 3°15] 4°80) 3°44] 5:10] 2°69] 4°64| 2°60]. 2°60
79) 5°77| x6| 3°59] 185} 447| 2°00] 4°98] 2°17) 425] 4175) 3°45]. r'05
4°91) 3°05] 5°77| 2°95| 4°37) 3°55| 495) 3°08] 500) 2°72| 4°52] 2°65] 410
: 6°77) 4°43] 8°04) 3°80) 5°62) 3°68) 5°65) 3°94) 5°62) 3°47| 4°77| 2°30] 4°90
; 7oz| 6°68) 7:25) 5:00] 6°57| 6°37] 6:94| 623] 6:05] 4:69] 5:15] 6:00} 6710
oy 4'21| 3°85] 3°92] 91] 3°89) x99] 3°70] 90} 3°98] 1°55] 3:02] -1:50] 3°90
4°38) 3°20] 5°55] 3°90) 3°10) 2°80] 3°10] 2°85] 2°69] 3°14] 2:12] 2:14] 3:20] 2°50
Mor | 44°70} 49°86 | 46°25 | 37°70] 39°74| 44°33) 41°87 | 41°76) 42°10| 34°68| 35°20| 37°55] 35°30
Wray Castle,
Windermere.
4f% 9 ine
250 ft?
1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in, | ing |
790] 9712]
1°39| 434 |
5°78) 2835)
7755) 49208
477) 49°90)
591] 47318
6°70] 12008
4700} 5°44 i
3°00| 9°67}
14°45] 680}|
277| 7°89}
10°50] 6°51 |
74°72 | 68°34]
Bradford.
48 ft. 0 in. |)
370 ft. |
1962. | 1863, |
in. in, © | f
1°62| 5°12)
"62 12g 4 |
412) 17
2°OrI 117 | f
4x4) 16g
2°34| 3°87 9
2°15 | 1°37)
98 | 3°51 Ii
2°31] 4°59 [9
5°57 | 4aae
79| 2a
1°68} 2°
392 REPORT—1864.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division VIII.—Norru-Western Countiss (continued).
LAncasuire (continued).
: Stonyhurst Caton ( (5
Bante Ouseratery: Lancaster. | 7. / castor. Holker. Coniston.
above
Ground ...... O ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. 9 in. 4 ft. 8 in. 4 ft. 11 in.
Sea-level...... 381 ft. 114 ft. 120 ft. 155 ft. 150 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in,
January ...... 4°05} 631} 4°60] 5°61] 3°36] 5°54] 4°38| 5°07] 12°80} 13°50
February ...| 1°34] 2°68 *46| 1°89 "41| 2°24 "44| 169] 1°50] 4°50
March ...... 4:70| 2°30] 4:49] 1'27| 4°34] 1°47| 4°87] 1°30] 6:00] 2°80
y:\\ iq eee 447| 2°50] 3°57] 492] 3°72] 2°63] 3°85] 2°15] 8:20) 4°70
May ae cohen cee- 5°23] 3°90] 3°96] 3°26] 380] 3°33] 4742]. 3°22] 5:00] - 5°30
June 4°90) 5°08) 4°55) 4°30| 4°89) 5°07] 3°39). 4°10) 7°50) 520
July... 5°48] 199| 425] 105] 415] I'15| 3°99 *93| 7°00 *50
August ...... 4°87] 5°73| 466] 540] 5:12] 5:24] 3°50] 4°09] 6:70) 6:40
September...) 3°71] 8:01] 2°65| 6°67] 2:23] 6°03] 2°26] 6:20] 4'50/ 11°50
October ......| 7°98] 639] 7°10] 6°59] 7:17] 7°61] grt] 5°84] 17°50] 8°50
November ...| 2°58] 7°68) 1°95] 4°45| 1°94] 496] 2°02] 5:09| 6°70] 12°00
December ...} 5°09] 5°49] 4°07] 3°37] 3°53] 3°61] 5°35] 3°52] 13°00] g'0o
Totals ...... 54°40| 58°06| 46°31] 45°78] 44°66] 48°88] 47°58 | 43°20| 96:40) 83°90
Division IX.—YorxsurrE (continued).
Yorxsnire—Wesr Rivne (continued).
Tieichtiok Ackworth Longwood, Wakefield Well Head, Ovenden
Rain-gauge Villa. Huddersfield. Prison. Halifax. Moor, Halifax.
above ———EE——_
Ground ...... 0 ft. 1 in. 4 ft. 6 in. 4 ft. O in. 0 ft. 11 in. 1 ft. 0 in.
Sea-level...... 135 ft. 600 ft. 115 ft. 487 ft. 1375 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. |. 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in,
January ...... IGhT | = 4x70) 220701. 16356) \" argoi| 4:46) 1:87|- st9%:] 4120)" Lggao
February *52 *38 "44.| 2°14 +56 a7 *52| 168] 00] 3°70
March ...... 4:21 "74.| 4:27) 4:65?) - 3°87 86] 4°39] 1°23] 5°30] 1°30
Ag os.aseees 1°33 gy) S235 74) Ti92 1°39 *86| 2°16] 1°34) 4'20] 3°00
May 2°43) “89| 3°80] 1°57 | 4°0r| *94/ 3°76| 1°72] 4°90} 3°00
June .......4. I'90| 3:04| 1°98] 3°84 1'97| 2'95| 2°74] 4°02] 4°40] 4°50
DIY} sce gmnts 2°DA| Ties y gueaileire87))|’ 2°66'|" x:6g|) 260) aagz7il BaOO)| eames
August ...... 1°59| 2°98) 1°94) 4:46 | 1°88] 3°08] 2°14] 4°50] 3°20] 5°40
September ...| 4:09} 2°30] 3°22] 5°33 | 2°83] 3:02] 2°50] 5°24] 3°10} 5°90
October ...... 3°05| 3°32| 613] 4°98 | 4:27] 3°57] 6:37] 5*52| 8°50] 8:50
November...) *51| 1°56 ‘91 | 2°15 °63| 1°93] 1:06] 2°38] 2°40] 3°30
December ...) 141] 1:40] 3°62| 2°61 | 3°57] 1°51| 2°31] 2°67] 5:20] 6:60
Totals ...... 24°79 | 22°55] 34°08] 42°08| 26°84| 25°52] 32°22] 37°58] 50°00
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division [X.—Yorx«suire—West Rriprne.
393
Yorxsuire— West Rivine.
igen _ d. Fes Tickhill. | West Melton. Pelee Penistone. | Saddleworth.
0 ft. 4 in. 4 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 1 in. 9 ft. 10 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 5 ft. 0 in.
337 ft? 1100 ft. 61 ft. 172 ft. 954 ft. 717 ft. 640 ft.
862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
ie; | in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in.
Zor) 5°49) 2°78) S71] 4rIT} 395 *78| 4°51] 3°98} 9°82] 1°59) 6:25] 2°36] 5°69
“81 | 105} 41°44] 1°60 "75 "16 *g90 °54| 1°48] 2°53 63 FO) |) TSS heighgig
4°53] 96) 4°63) Igo) 2°85) 24) 3°35) 68) 5°85) 31°57) 4°73) 117] 4°30] °75
2°36 "94| 3°03] 1°47] 127 “Ir | 440 89} 4:61] 2°46] 1°67 "96! 3°51} 2°23
3°87 | r15| 4°96) 1°78] 2°13) 45] 3°38] 90} 5°63) 2°73] 3°64) *97| 4°87| 2°04
2°17| 5°59| 3°92] 4°50/ 156/ 2°23) 1°43] 2°87| 3°83] 5°63} 2°13| 644) 4°73) 625
2°08 | 1'94| 3°36|] 1°94] 1°30] 1°89 *88] 1°93] 510] 2°10] 2°01] 1°75] 4°95| 1°20
1°84] 2°48) 2°44] 4°93]. 149| 2°89] 102] 2°74] 2°92] 5°89] 2°07] 2°56] 1°75| 5°26
3°85] 3°16) 3°57) 4°65) 2°95] 2°52] 241] 2°03] 4°37| 6:45] 3°16] 3°36] 5°73) 6:32
441} 4°07| 5°38) 541} I-91) 2°87! 4:05| 3°07| 8°53] 9°38] 5°07| 4°38] 3°02] g'04
1°32 | 2°63 *96| 3°30 "53.| . 571 64. 47) .3520)| 95°33 *66,|| 1257], 15658), 2268
162 | 2716/ 3°09) 4°01 *91| 1°13] 1°75) 132] 5°05] 5°57] 1°73] 2°21] 4°82] 4718
31°62 | 40°06 | 4o'70} 18°76| 18°15) 21°99] 21°95] 52°55) 59°46| 29°09| 32°26] 43°02] 47°94
Division [X.—YorxsuHire (continued).
“|
Yor«suimre—West Rinine (continued),
Eccup, East Chevin,
Leeds OtL me Otley. Boston Spa. York. Harrogate.
0 ft. 0 in 4 ft. 7 in O ft. 7 in. 0 ft. 11 in. O ft. 6 in. O ft. 6 in.
340 ft. 764 ft 206 ft. 74 ft. 50 ft. 420 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
3°64.) 1°56) 4°32) 2°09) 5°92) 2°23] 648) 1753] 3°55| 1'99| 2°81| 2°09] 6°32
“58 “71 “85 "71 | 1°27 “71 "94 "69 68 "64. *51]| 104 "98
7 *48| 3°99/ I14] 4°32] 4217! 4°36] ror! gor] 1°46] 3°43] 311] 416] 1°89
104 °53| 2°79 °77| 2°08 Bo] 2°85 *80} 1°66 °74.| 4°30 61) 2°53 “88
84) 1°32) 3°23] 1°53) 4°79] 1°59] 3°56] 419] 2°77| 99] 2°19 £95: | yi Zane eae
P71} 2°57) 2:27] 3°07| 2°68) 3°08] 2°60] 3°16] 2:40] 2:20] 2°59] 1°98] 241] 3°56
16} 1°27, 2710| “89| 2:87] 1°46] 2°62! 3-27] 2:xr] 394] 41°58] 1°86] 2°31] 1°65
*84| 3°61 2°07] 3°28] 2:90| 4°63} 2°40 410| 1°84] 3°26] 490} 3°36} 3°32] 4'or
31] 2°37| 1'92| 2°18] 2°16] 3°62] 2°05] 3°79] 2°48| 2°64] 2°51] 2°47| 2°50] 3°10
‘74| 3°40| 4°22| 3°99] 5°32] 4°52] 4°43) 4:20] 3°96| 4:09| 2°80] 3°13/ 4°95] 4°55
*56| 1°63 °58| x61} x12| 2°63] 407} 2°87 *6o| 185 83) 1°85 89] 3°35
90) 1°67) 1°55] 2°32) 2°75] 2:27| 2:19] 1°58] 769] 13°35] 1°59] 1°83} 2°54
18| 22°30] 26°11] 25°18] 32°76) 33°34| 31°15 | 31°70] 25°63 | 25°09| 23°11) 22°23] 32°58| 34°76
2D
394
REPORT—1864.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division [IX.—Yorxsume (continued).
Yorx—Wesr Runive (continued). Yorx—Hast Ripine. York— Jf
Nortu Ripine)
Height of | — Settl Arnelif Hall "Spalding:
eight 0. ettle. rncliffe. Patrington. , aldin, Malton.
Rain-gauge 4 Barrly Road. irae z
above z. es ten
Ground ...... 40 ft. 0 in. 5 ft. 0 in. 4 ft. 8 in. 3 ft. 10 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. 0 in.
Sea-level...... 498 ft. 750 ft. 32 ft. 11 ft. 30 ft. 73 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863.)
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
January ...... 3°36| 6:90| 4°88] 10°32|| 140| 2°50) 1°57| 3°48 126] 3°12|| 164] 3°31
February .... °84| 2°71] 2°34] 4°36 *50 °32 “83 42| 1°65 “41 || 121 63
March ...... 5°38] 31°75) 5°67] 2°53|| 2°46| x12) 2°76] 161) 3°46 1°18 || 3°85 66
April ..:...... 2°83| 261] 6:47) 422 64} 18] 13] 149] 1°33 *80/| 1°77] 1°79@
May «sere... 3°89] 2°30] 4°39] 4°02 1°84 *46| 2°04 $89) nas57 *74.|| 2°08] 1°13
June 3°60| 4:05| stor| §5°07|| 1°74] 168) 2°06/ I°99| 2°00/ 2°35 2°76| 1°8
uly jeescees. 3°§2| 1°03) 5°23] 151i] 1°36| 4°72) 1°84) 1°73] I94) 2°12] 3ror 2°16
August ...... 2'98| 3°43] 5°95| 4°84]] 114) 2°26) 4159] 3°25] 3°33) 4141| 192) 53 |
September...) 1°95] 5°59| 2°12] 8°97|| 3°42] 160] 4°51] 2°35] 2°70| 1°74 2°80| 2°16)
October .....| 8°43] 5°39| 12°50] 6°92} 41°70] 220] 2°57] 2°94) 2°22) 3°94) 2°33) 4 3%
November ...| 2°30| 4°49| 3°06] 7°70|| 1°26] 240] roq| 2°85 *59| 2715|| rx8] 2°7
December ...| 3°69] 4°03| 6°43| 5°97|| 1°26) 140] 153] 169] 1°32 1°86|| 1°74] 2°06
Totals...... 42°77| 44°28 | 64°05 | 66°43 || 18°72 | 18°84| 23°70 24°63 | 24°17| 24°55 || 26°29] 27°83
i
Division X.—Norruern Counties (continued).
NorvTHuMBERLAND.
Height of | Allenheads. | Shotley. [North Shields Stamfordham.| Alnwick. | Parkend,
Rain-gauge ora
above bo oes h
Ground ...... Oft.5in. | 0 ft. 8 in. 1 ft. 0 in. 1ft.Oin. | Oft.Gin. | 0 ft. 4in
Sea-level...... 1360 ft. 309 ft. 124 ft. 400 ft. 400 ft. 277 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863, | 1862. 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
January ...... 417| goo} 2°44) 4°54] 2°50] 2°97] 2°43 3°63| 214] 3716] goo) 77 }
February 1°75| 3°20] 1°22 F62)(|\| (1°33 *40| 1°20 *96| 2°77 34] 1723] 2°49
March 4:29| 2°40] 4°27| 2°24] 3°43] 148] 3°28| 2°05) 465) 1:21 3°26] 1°23
April ......... 3°00] 4°24. *98| 115) 1°53 70| 148| 164] 17! 1°44 2°18) 2°87
May i.08 2.5 3°85| 2°64| 2°89] 1°53] 3°09] 1°43] 2°73) 1°83) 2°17 1°62) 3°51] 2°5395
June ......... 5°27| 4°03] 2°42] 448] 3°30] 4°12] 3°91] 3°90 3708] 4708] 2°93] 6521
dfn laces abode 3°14} 1°38] 184] 71] 2°01 "73| 1°93 8g] 2°21 83) 3710) WIT
August ...... 3°31| 4°52| 2°48| 3:10] 5°92] 2°69] 4°33] 3°63] 640 2°63); 2°77] 2°72
September 1:72| 634) ‘81| 301] 09] 1°97 *92| 2°83] r05] 2°83] 170) 3°55
October ...... 6°89| 5°84) 2:22] 3747] 169] 3°43} 198} 2°94] 2°43) 3°13 5°36] 4°12!
November ...! 1°70} 5°33 *86| 2°86 ‘79 | 2°91 83| 2°98) rq] 3°52) 2°13 3°62
December ...) 5:12] 5:10] 41:61] 1°75] 1°34] 1°88 *98| 1°34] 1°87] 2°21) 2°57 3°22
Totals ...... 44°21 | 54°02 | 24°04] 30°46| 28°02] 24°71] 26°00] 28°60] 31°02] 27°05 | 34°74 407i} |
| [PS ee Ss EEEE||!O!C*~«*
Division [X.—Yorxsuire (continued).
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
395
Division X.—Norrugrrn Covnrins.
Yorx—Nortu Rinne (continued).
Dornan.
| Beadlam : Stubb House, Durham |
Grange. Scarborough. Redcar. Darlington. Winston. "| Observatory. Sunderland.
4 ft. 0 in. 8 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. 6 in. 4 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 9 in. 1 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. 5 in.
200 ft. 99 ft. 20 ft. 140 ft. 458 ft. 339 ft. 85 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
J in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
Z 3°02] 1°35] 2°63] 1°20 241] 2°00) 4°15] 1°79) 2°89] 1°97] 2°58
82 *49| 1°00 "20 *92 "57 99 84) 118 *42| 1°48 55
3°56| 1°46] 3°10 60) 415 1°54) 4°11] 1°75| 3°98] 1°86) 3:21] 1°13
160} 105} 1°24 60) 54 *55| 1°88 *74| 1706 *63| 1°07 87
2°46| 110] 2°06 *58| 1°78 29] 2°72| 1°32] 2°17/ 1°42/ 1°79! 1°33)
3°16] 2°44} 1°34] 2°03] 1°79 2°29] 2°19] 3°20] 2°17]| 441) 3°28] 3°68
2°97| 160} 3:05} 2°16) 1°76 *65| 3°20) 105] 1°50] 100] 3°93) 1°17
393; 345) 35) 3°72) 2°37 BAP WED Z 1h 3087 | S20 CGA |ieen 77.) ange
2°25) 317) 246] 149] 1°05 61] 10} 2°29] 1°24| 207 "98 | 2°15
311) 3°43] 134) 378] 73 3°03] 2°90| 3°63) 1°57) 3°44) 13°77! 3719
*93.| 2°55 *49| 2°29] 1°20 1°95} or} 2°35 *B9| 2°54] 1:00] 3°15
1°86| 2°00] 1°05] 1°42] 1°05 15} 182| 1°56) 1°07] 1°53) 1°34) 2°34
27°95 | 25°76] 19°83| 20°90] 19°14 21°25 | 19°26] 25°84) 26°25] 21°82| 24:09| 21°59] 24°93
Division X.—Norruern Counties (continued). |
NorrnumBertanp
(continued). CumBERLAND. |
Lilburn Seathwaite, : Whinfell Hall,| Mire House, |,
ell Tower. Borrowdale. i Cockermouth. |Bassenthwaite. Cockermouth.
. 61 6 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. 0 in. 6 ft. 3 in. 2 ft. O in. 0 ft. 5 in. 0 ft. 6 ins
545 ft 290 ft. 22 ft. 270 ft. 266 ft. 300 ft. 158 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
J in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
; 468) 1°68/ 3°42 || 16°78] 20°65] 6°38] 11°79] 5°83} 8°71] 5°48| 9°21] 4°93] 7°48
u 67) 1°50} *50]] 5:50] 14°25] 3°92] 4:06] 1°66] 3°79] 1°52) 3°65] 1°39] 3°45
515 65} 3°88) 421]! 10°30] 8:31] 4°52} 2°33] 3°90| 1°84] 2°94| 2°26] 3:07 1°38
©235| 2°29) 1°40] 1°02]! 17°26] 10°94] 5°67) 4:27] 6°03) 4°51| 4:60) 57°15) 4°45 3°50
R09) 195) 217) I°5q|| 828] 13°30] 3°86| 4:20] 4°49] 3°93) 5°15] 3°33| 3°60] 3°69
1341) 2°38) 3:12) 3°88) 15°62) rior) 6:47| 4:26] 5°55| 5°77| 5°53) 4°92] 4:20] 5°13
2°54) 12! 1°68/ rog/} 13°67] 2°82] 3:29] 1°46] 3°76] 1°32| 3°72] 1°35 3°03| 1°48
G81) 4°49) 5°46| 3°13|| 12°81] 9°79] 4°66) 5:70] S10] 4°37) 440] 4°59] 4:23) 3°94
Wrs| 2°51 68) 3°19|| 6°38] 25°03] 2°16] 1140] 2°59] 9°99] 2°15| 8°68| 2:24] 7:97
414) 2°77| 5°86) 1°93|) 32°13] 14°86| 1177| 7°64] 10°89] 681} 9°98] Gr10| 10°38] 6:09
V2r] 173 ‘77| 2°62|| 5°14| 24°75| 1°92) 848] 2°61| 8:47] 2'22| 8°89] 1°94] 6°38
PF Wr4| 184] 2°28 |) 26°16] 18°13] 8°75! 5°95] 840] 4°94] 7°60] 5°57] 7°03] 4°14
170°03 |173°84.| 61°37| 71°54 60°81) 64°45) 55°29] 63°70] 50°49] 54°63
ei
396
REPORT—1864.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division X.—Norruern Counties (continued).
Div. XI.
Cumpernanp (continued). WESTMORELAND. Monmoutu-
SHIRE.
|
: F ( Lesketh How,| The How, Brougham :
gente. Silloth. Kendal Ambleside. | Windermere. Hall. eat
above
Ground ......| 6 ft. 0 in. 4ft.6in. | 3 ft. Oin. 1 ft. 2 in. 4 ft. 0 in.
Sea-level...... 28 tt. 149 ft. 200 ft. 470 ft. 400? ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862.| 1863.} 1862.| 1863.] 1862.) 1863.| 1862.| 1863.] 1862. | 1863. |
in. in, in. in. in. in. in. in. in, e
January ...... 333] 712] 4°75| 7°72] 9°61] 13°14] 12°12] 12°02) 3°47 2°39] 4°53
February ...) 10g] 3:11|| 1°05] 3°32] 2°65] 5°80] 3°22] 6°14 78 48) 1°58]
March ...... 1°85 69 || 5710} 1°37| 626) 3°66) g'04| 3°34) 2°55 5717| 122)
April 4:03] 4:16|| 5712] 3°56] 9°24] 4°54] Togo] 5713] 1°98 3°39| 2°05]
May 3°81| 2°59]] 470) 3°83] 492] 4°99} 403) 5°94| 120 3°46| 2°05 |
June 3°77| 423] 454] 5°37| 628| 525) 7°33) 5°56] 3°31 4°76| 5°56]/
SUVS sew poeies 5°24 "76 || 4°30 54.) 77°03 *79| 9°53] 1°36] 3°36 2°67 "64 |]
August ...... 3°58| 2°38]! 4:73] 447] 474] 463) 53 502| 2°61 198} 4°46)
September ...} 2°80] 5*99|| 2°05| 7°66) 3:13] 11°42] 2°61] 10°85) 1°85 5°06} 4°30])
October ...... 7°82| 4°77|| 10°56| 6°33] 18°43] g'21| 1616] 879] 6°38 5°85] 5°87]
November ...| 2°63} 4°52/| 2719] 5°99] 2°91| 11°44] 2°75] 11°35] 1°20 185} 3°15} |
December ...! 4°49] - 3°03|| 5°32| 476] 13°06] 6°82] 11°72] 9°47] 5710 2°49] 2°36]!
“a toe 4419 54°41 39°55
ANGLESEA.
Height of
Rain-gauge
above
Ground
Sea-level......
January
February ...
wees
eeeeeeee
August AG
September ...
October
Noyember ...
December ...
Division XI.—Monmovurn, Waters, AND THE IsLANDs (continued).
Totals
Carnarvon. | Dennran. Fut. Tue Isnanps.
Liandyfrydo Bangor. Llandudno Hawarden Maes y dre,
Hye Bor. : ; Holywell.
2 ft. O in. 5 ft. 0 in. O ft. 6 in, 1 ft. 0 in. ? 6 ft. O in.
92 ft. 40 ft. 80 ft. 260 ft. 400 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
3°46| 6:07]|| 5:06] 5°75]| 280] 4°53||/ 192] 3°02] 1°86) 3°38]) a-gx
121] 1°49 2/53 aaa 110} r'og 58 “46 “31 53 r'00
3°74| 139|| 47°] 128]] 3°90 *88 || 3710 *s0| 102] 1'09]| 5°73
A It) 1°55|| 5°51] 1°88]| 2°20] 2°16|| 2°28 *90/} 199) 139]| 1°48
2°98| 2°38]| 3°29] 2°36/| 4:00} 1714]] 4°39 -70)||. <2252)| - eIcO7iimu@ag G
2°65| 2°59 2°16 1°83| 2°37 2°31] 41°78] 442] 2511 1°95
3°75| 1°65 roar } 181 || 2°31] 3°17)| 2°38 8g| 3°04] 1°70]] 1°86
2°78| 3°67 5°83 || 2°46] 3°07|| 3:22] 2°77) 2°52] 3°67]) 1°13
248] 5'50|] 2°67] 6°34]| 2°64] 3°95|| 3°25] 2°88] 2°62) 3°74)|) 127
5°61 7°38 5°14 7°20 3°75 6:27 3700 497 3°04. 5°80 6°89
1°97, 4°61]| 2°63] 512]) 1°76) 3°32} 1°37] 2°74] 17) 3:01] 3°76
540} 2°55|| 5:00] 3°38 3720| 2°17|| 2°57| 205] 2°58) r49]] 2°76
4014) 40°83 || 45752] 44°94] 31°95] 34°12) 30°37 | 23°06] 24°09 | 28°98
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Division XI.—Monmoutu, WALzEs, AND THE IsLANDs.
GuaMoRGAN- |CArRMARTHEN-|| PEMBROKE- iRemcani Ginprean
SHIRE. SHIRE. SHIRE. ‘ j :
Haverford- Buckland, Goginan.
Yetalyfera. Rhydwen. west. Crickhowell. Tampeter. Aberystwith.
4 ft. 0 in 1 ft. 0 in. 2 ft. 0 in. 2 ft. 6 in. 5 ft. O in. 4 ft. 0 in.
368 ft. 150 ft. 60 ft. 190 ft. 420 ft. 290 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
i) | in. |) in| in fine | im Pim | im YP ime | i | i | am, |
Gar} 685\| 4°33} 643]} 3°64] 5:72] 170) 3°66|) 490] 527| _; 5"10
1°38| 2°68]! a92] 1°77|| 1°32] 1°26 85| 218|| 197| 167] © 2°12
6°34) 1°41} 5°86) 2°42]| 5°37] 2°72]| 3°66 63 || 3°84] 2°60] -g 1°60
6:33] 248]| 4:23) 142|1 343) 149|] 2°73 07 || 3°86) 2716 2 2°12
436] 3°13]| 3°52] 222]) 2°82] 2°09|| 3°57 06 || 3704] 2°30 = 3°00
581} 641i} 4:05] 4:19|| 3°35] 440]| 2°86] 1°76|| 3°91] 3°35| «a 4°25
754| 1°42]! 4°99 *61 || 2°00 61 || 92°25) 2778) 93:25] 5:05) 9S 125
423) 7724)|) 409] 617]|| 140] 6°05|| 2°67] 4 12|| 2°71 ‘70| & 5°50
391| 898 || 3°81) s:92|| 2°65) 5°39|| 3:49| Oxx|| 3°31) 6:94) — | gr10
10°30} 9°78) 7:08) 7°79]! 5°77] 633]| 3°89) 657|| 598] 702) 3 5°90
2°06} 7°00]) 3°47| 635|| 2°66) 5:73|| 123] 2°51]) 230] 5°36) 8 6°30
760] 4:54|| 5:71| 3°94]) 389| 3°34]| 239] “67|| 419] 246) = 2°61
67°07 | 61°92 || 53°06 | 49°13 |) 38°30] 45°13 || 31°29 | 31°12 || 43°22 | 45°38 | 46°50) 48°85
ENGLAND AND WALES. SCOTLAND.
Jersey. | Calf of Man.
.
| 5ft.Oin. | 0 f. 10iv.
«45 ft. 325 ft. ?
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. | in. in. in.
169) 2°62) 514] 3°85
67) = *59| 122 "65
5°04) 2°56) 4°35] 1r'09
§207| *99) 4°98) 2°04
92°32| 50| 2°99] 1°69
7163) 2°87! 4°48) 1°95
) 196) 110} 4°64) 66
| 95] 2°78) 2°98) 3°52
| 2°00} 3°30] 1°24] 2°75
| 446| 3°91] 410] 5°20
| V80| 2°74) 2°46] 2°67
| 2°25| 2°58| 3:91] 1°80
| 26°84. 27°54| 42°49 | 27°87
Division XI.—Monmovurn, WALES, AND
Tue Istanps (continued).
Tue Isuanns (continued).
Point of Ayr.
3 ft. 4 in.
27 ft.?
1862. | 1863.
in. in.
422) 3°37
1°43] 140
2°27| 181
2°59) 1°54
2°18] 1°57
Ze) targy
3°30 “40
3°Ir} 3°50
Tor] 2°74
3°68} 5°48
1'47| 3°83
375| 2°96
31°73) 30°91
Division XIJ.—Sovurnern Countiss.
Wiaerown.
South Cairn,
Seen Corsewall.
397
880
1862.
in.
Return not yet received.
KirKcup-
BRIGHT.
O ft. 4 in.
209 ft.
3 ft. 4 in.
22 ft.?
Rapnor.
Cefnfaes,
Rhayader.
2 ft. O in.
ft.
1863. |
in.
541
3°20
1°85
224
1°39
3°97
“72 |
3°32
7 Oz
6°72
4°00
2°88
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in.
715| 7°70} 6°83) 5°24
210} 2°55] 161] 1°30
4°00} 4°35| Zor] 2°29
5700} 3°65| 3°44] 2°56
5°25| 4°65| 3°84] 3°48
515] 4°85] 3°47| 3°47
650] ITO) 3°95) "34
310] 4°65] 2°24)] 3°21
2°10] 4°75] 118] 3°66
695) 7°50| 6°51) 4°63
2°70| 4°45) 1°82) 3°87
Goo} 4°30] 4°49] 2°95
56°00 42°39 | 37°00
Little Ross.
3 ft. 3 in.
130 ft. ?
1862. | 1863.
in. in.
2°88) 3°34
*g0} IIo
1°38/ 1°56
2°03] 1°84
440) 2°52
2°53 | 2°81
2°41 “49
2°46| 1°85
1°75 2°35
2°73] 420
*64| 3°21
2°76| 2°03
—_—_——— | —— | | | — YO | | —_—“—|—
27°39
398 REPORT—1864.
SCOTLAND.
Division XII.—Sovrnern Counties (continued). |Div. XITI.—Sovurn-Easrern Counties.
Dumrrizs. Roxpureu. BErwick. Happineron.
. Tae Wanlock Borthwick | Thirlestane Mungo’s
Erin 2 ae Head. Brae. Castle. Walls, Dunse. Yester.
above bitte ws len ei
Ground ...... Oft.5in. | Oft. 4 in. Oft.2in. | Oft.3in. | 0 ft. 6 in.
Sea-level...... 70 ft. 1330 ft. 800 ft. 558 ft. 267 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
January ...... 3°91| 710] 8'52| 7:02|| 5:00] 8:50] 3:20) 4°55] 182] 3°36
February ...| 1°50| 2°90] 1°92} 2°07|| I°50| 3°10] I'50] 50} 1°72 56
Tach ess... 3°05] roo] 4°50] 4°39]! 580} 160} 2°35] 160] 4:21] Ir
| April ........- 3°20| 3°25] 5°89] 3°69|| 3°90] 4°20] 2°20] 2°00] 1°68] 1°83
ay, 5.2000. 3°75| 2°55| 485] 5°01|| 340] 2°70] 3°50 85] 3°06) 163
MUNG >...270--. 2°65| 4:10} 828] 5°34)|| 540] 6:10] 3°50] 2°00] 2748] 3°50
Guly |. 2.480... 3°45 67 } “eae { "B80 || 3°10 "70] 1°70 *50| 2°62 “41
August ...... 4°47| 2°10 91 692/| 4°70] 410] 3°30] 340] g10] 5°23
| September ...} 1°70] 4°00] 2°15] 6°89|/ 2°70) 6:20] 1°65] 3:00] qr] 2°51
October ...... 7710| 3°70] 10°86] 5°16]! 920] 3°70] 4°00] 2°60] 2°78) 2:40
November ...| 1°30] 2°90] 3°22] 6°25 120] 440} 4°60] 2°80 83] 3°15
December ...| 5°35} 2°50] 11°82] 6:90]! 5:20] 3°70} 3:00] 1°65] 2°09] 1°90
Totals ......) 41°43 | 36°77] 74°10] 60°44 || 51°10] 49°00] 34°50] 26°45] 28°80] 27°58
Division XIV—Sovru-Wesrern Counties (continued).
Lanark (continued)., Ayr. Reyrrew.
é Auchendrane :
Height of | Auchinraith. | Bailliestown. ee Bue House, ~ isbene
Rain- gauge ouse, Ay r. args.
above z oe |
Ground ...... 4ft.9in. | Oft.3in. | 7 ft. Oin. 2ft.3in. | 0 ft. Oin.
Sea-level...... 150 ft. 230 ft. 620 ft. 94 ft. 125 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in, in, in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
January ...... 3725| 640] 6:06} 7°98] 4°30] 4°75 || 3°13] 655] 8:00] 860
February...) °76| 2°45] 491] 2°78| 1°45] 1'69]) 2°67] 5:15| 2°20] 3°30
March ...... 3°55] 00] 4°91} 1°76| 3°08] Io4 3°29] 1°28| 3°90] 2°70
OTE seed a. 2'°90| 3°00] 3°62) 432] 2°82] 249|/ 4:15) 4°23) 4°50] 4:10
May siccce..: 4'07| 2°10] 5°69] 3°85] 3°33] 2°70]! 4°95] 3117] 480] 4°20
Juner ......... 3°34] 280} 592] 3°63] 2°97] 2°72/| 3°33] 475] 4°70] 410
SI ah eee 3°80 *65| 5°67 48! 4°80 "55 || 4°08 "22| 6°50 "70
August ...... 2°77| 2°75] 4°69| 4°38] 3°21] 2°77|| 3°62] 3:22] 4°20] 5:20
September ...| 2°28} 3:30] 3°52] 4°93] 2°32] 2°85|/ 2°88] 582] 2°70} 6°50
October ...... 6°76] 4:05] 9°32] 5:21] 625] 3°77/| 8:24) 4°57] 7°70] 4°60
November...) 1°87] 2°60] 2°84] 3°72] 1°85} 2°84]] 3°55] 461] 3°00] 4°60
December ...| 5°05] 3°95] 6°52] 6:28] 4°71] 3°18|| 6:28] 638] 7°50] 7°00
Totals ...... 40°40] 35°05] 60°67] 49°32] 41°09] 31°42 |150°17| 49°95] 59°70] 55°60
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
399
_ Ferguslie
House,
Paisley.
WO ft: 3 in.
Diy. XLV.—S.-W. Covn-
TIES (continued).
SCOTLAND.
Division XIII.—Sourn-Eastern Covntiss (continued). Div. XIV.—
8.-W. C.
Happinarov || E Taare
(continued). anh noreonae eres
. Inveresk, Charlotte Square, . :
Peekanton, || »,Glencorse. Musselburgh. Edinburgh. Da pM og
0 ft. 3 in. 0 ft. 6 in. 2 ft. O in. 0 ft. 6 in. 63 ft. 0 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 2 in.
90 ft. 787 ft. 60 ft. 230 ft. 300 ft. 182 ft. 783 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862. 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. ane, # any in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
Bezai a7 55/ | 3°15 | ~7700|' ) 2°67 | 4-03)|" 3°83 : { 2°70 3 1°26} 2°68 | 6:05 | 10°69
1°45 "49 || 2°05] 2°60] 1°26] 2°02 *g0 as "30 \ 2721) 302 "56 2°45 5°35
3°72| wi1|| 4°60; 100] 3°58 64) 4°64 "74.| 2°40 q2| 52] "24 [11412] 2°75
m4olerr37 || 2°05 | © 3°45) 1°78 |) ©2ex7) |" 192)19 2703 *90| 1°60 *96| ‘80 5°39 5°21
a4) 81°32 3°40| 2°15] 2°98| x24) 3°71] 362] 3°05] 1°22) 3°63] 1:24 J 4°66 4°90
2°80| 2°62]] 3°30) 3°85] 3°63] 3:18] 2°80] 3°50| 2°14] 2°90} 2°56] 1°60 | 4°97 | 4:90
2°46 57 || 3°80 *65| 2°59 *54.| 2°70 *65| I'g0 48] 4158] ‘24 | 3°97 | 1°95
3100} 4°96|| Goo! 4°25] 4°14] 4°67| 3°70] 3°47] 3°08] 2°90] 2°87| 2°56 F S12 | 5°25
249| 2°43]| 2°10] 4°80] 2°13] 3:21] 2:10] 2°65] 41°73] 2°30] 1°53] 2°59 2°25 5°75
2°39| 2718]) 625) 3715] 3°96| 2°36 } “an |J 279 Ts 168] 3°14] 1°95 J 1136 | 6°27
120| 2°19]| 2°00} 2°80] 1°52] 2°49 54 Ig! 4 1537 44| 180 | 435 | 4°97
2700] 211]| 440] 3°60] 2°65] 2°55] 280] 2:22] 380] 1°63] 1°36] °76 | 8:94) 7-oF
29°28 | 24°10 || 43°10] 39°30] 32°89] 29°10| 33°92 | 25°64| 24°12| 19°22] 21°87 |17°02 | 70°92?) 65:00
Division XV.— West Mrpranp Covunries.
| 62°03 | 55°64
RENFREW (continued). Domparron.
Balloch
Greenock. Gantla: Arddarroch.
O ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 4 in. 1 ft. O in.
64 ft. 91 ft. 80 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in.
8-49| 8°14) 13°04) 8°58
2°33| 4°57) 2°39| 697
480] 3°00} 542) 5°84
5°34] 424) 7°31} 6°95
5°33) 2°87) 5°77] 4°53
4°49| 4°30] 686] 4:91
6'95| 65) 870] °33
4°90| 4°82] 5'40| 6:06
261| 7°40] 2°89] 9756
9°90] 5°55| 14°40] 7°58
3°83] 4°70] 521] 6°47
871} 7°67) 7°74) 10°85
7425] 75°56] 67°68) 57°91} 85°13 | 78°63
STIRLING.
see staeeed Polmaise. |Ben Lomond.
0 ft. 6 in. O ft. 1 in. O ft. 6 in.
320 ft. 12 ft. 1800 ft.
1862. | 1863. | 1862. 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. | in. in. in.
8°00} 9°40] 7°60! 7°50} 12°50] 14°40
1°80] 3°90 "80! 3°00] 4°50) 12°20
430] 3:10] 4°20| 2°00] 2°70] 440
430| 430] 3°50; 2°05] 11°80] 980
4°80] 3110] 3°30] 2°00] 1o°80}| 4°40
4:10] 3°60] 4'20| 3°80] 6:20] 8°20
6°30] x10} 4°30 *50| 11°20 *80
4:20] 4°30} 3°00] 3°70] 7°20] 11°70
3°00| 640] 2°50| 3°80] 6:20] 15°50
840] 4°00} 7°50} 3°50] 14°60| 14°20
3°00] 5:00] 2°70! 2°50] 8°50}. 8-30
8:40} 6°60} 5°70} 4°50] 18°50} 13°10
60°60} 54°80} 49°30| 38°85 |114°70 |117°00
400 REPORT—1864.
SCOTLAND.
Division XV.—Westr Miptanp Counties (continued).
Burs. ARGYLL.
. Mull of Devaar, Rhinns of M‘Arthur’s | Stonefield
=o Bia. Cantire. | Campbeltown. Islay. Head, Islay. Tarbert.
above 2
Ground ......! 3 ft. 3in. |]... 3 ft. 4 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 4 in. 1 ft. 3 in
Sea-level...... 5D ft.? 279 ft.? 75 ft.? 74 ft.? 106 ft. ? 90 ft.
1862. 1863. || 1862. | 1863.| 1862.| 1863.} 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863. ;
ins; |) nies Hames cing j] ing Hime |] dng || dng |) dng cia ays), ee
January ...... 5°25] 643] 7°03) 5°41] 8:26] 7°32 *64| 4°41] 9°80] 7°70] 8°80] 940
February 2'21| 3705] 2°09 “9I/} 99} 241] 1'29| 2°45] 3°90] 4°80] 1°40| 7°60
March ...... 4°07) 2°88); 3°62) 3°39) 225] 2°99] 2°63) 2:10] 3°70] 4°50]. 5:20] 450]
April ......... 4°67| 3:01|| 2°95] 2°43] 3:14] 4:09] 1°92] 2°06] 4°50] 4°20] 4°30] 6°10]
May 3°80/ 3°47|| 413] 3°27] 4°47) gor] 414] 2°36] 630] 4:50} 5:30) 4°60
June ......... 4°52| 4°04]/ 3°03] 6:04] 3°16] 4°17] 2°20] 2°98] 4°20] 5°70] 440] 4°80)
July ......... 5°37 66 || 4°37 *54| 6°30 SATS" a7 *17| 7°80 *50] 5°90 *30 |
August. ...... 2°70} 3°20|/ 4°10] 4°19] 2°43] 5°08] 2°06] 3°27] 2°60] 5°60} 380} 6:20
September ...| 181} 4°95]] 2°33] 3°97] 1°89] 5:71] 1°35] 4°73] 2°40] 9°40] 3°20] 9°60}
October ...... 10°55; 3°76]) 2°56] 4°94] 9°70! 4°17] 611] 3°75] 9°30] 710] 13°60| 7°40
November 2°34.| 3°76) 3°29) 461) 3°35| 5°76| 3°45] 3°34] 5°50] 9°70] 530| 7710
December 640!} 4'14|| 3°72] 3°85] 5°60] 5:01! 5°31] 3°49] 9°60] 9°70] 12°50} 12°80
Totals ...... 53°69 | 43°34 || 43°22] 43°55 | 52°54] 51°13| 34°47 | 35°11) 69°60) 73°40| 73°70] 80°40
Division XV.—Wesr Mipranp Counties (continued).
Height of
Rain-gauge
above
Ground
Sea-level
Mealy, ens hd.
August ......
September ...
October
November ...
December ...
Totals
Diy. XVI.—Easr Miv- |
LAND CounrrIEs.
ARGYLL (continued). CLACKMANNAN.|| Kinross, |]
Corran, /Torosay Castle, Ardna- Lochleven
Loch Eil. Mull. murchan. Dollar Sluice.
O ft. 4 in. 1 ft. O in. 3 ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 4 in. 0 ft. 10 in.
14 ft? 18 ft. 82 ft.? L7O'4te | 5. Sear
1862. | 1863. | 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.] 1862.| 1863. || 1862.) 1863. if
in, | in, | in| im. | im. | in. Pin. | an am, be
7°65 | 13°45] 12°60} 14°60] 6:42] 663] 7°45] 5:28]) 5:70] 4°70 |
2°60] g'05} 3°30] 12°60} 1744] 4°58] 1°58 "73 || 130| ro}
225) 435) 440} 5°40] 2°43) 241] 4°48) 1°23]/ goo] 1°70
435/ 940} 7°00) 9°20) 3°41) 3°40]. 3°33] 2°20]) 310) 2°70 i
445] 5°20] 700] 4too| 3°76] 2°86 3:58) 1°33]] 410] 2:20]
2°25] 8:50} 5°50] 6:00} 3°84] 3°24] 2°94] 1°82]/ 4:10] 3°00}
4°90 *80} 8°60 "ZO| 5°32 851 4°52] o00|] 3°80] ooo} }
- 2°70| g10} 510} 980] 3°69] 617] 541] 4:20]) 2°70] 3°90]
1'70| 935] 4°20] 12°20] 2:21} 660] 2:90] 3°61 150] 4°70 |
9°30] 6°55] 1640] 840] 9°86] 3:33} 6:02} 3:01] 570] 3°30])
2°35| 895| 470] 11°50} 5°08] 5796] 1°39] 2°75]! 2°20] 290}
10°04] 19°55| 15°20| 17710] 5°58] 740f 4°14] 2°82]] goo} 3°60
54°54 |104°05 | 94°00 |111°00| 53°04] | 53°93} 47°74] 28°98 || 42°20} 34°30
Lismore.
3 ft. 4 in.
37 ft.?
1862. | 1863.
in. in.
5°42| 642
179| 4°81
2530.) O26,
3°64) 4°39
4°76] 214
3°10] 3°97
475| °63
2'89| 6:26
2°59| 5°42
8°69| 4°97
189) 4°53
6°65} 7°96
48°39 | 54°12
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
SCOTLAND.
401
Division XV.—West Mrnranp Countixzs (continued).
ARGYLL (continued).
Castle Hafton, Fladda, Inverary Drishaig,
Toward. Dunoon, | Otter House. | Jura Sound. Castle. Dalmally. Oban.
4 ft. 0 in. 4 ft. O in. O ft. 6 in. O ft. 6 in. 0 ft. O in. 3 ft, 0 in. O ft. 4 in.
80 ft. ? 40 ft. 130 ft. 20 ft. 2 30 ft. 250 ft. 10 ft.
862.| 1863.) 1862.| 1863.| 1862. | 1863.) 1862.) 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.) 1863.) 1862. | 1863.
n. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
7°86| 8:18] 10°59] 15°09] 889] 867] 13°70) 8:20] 7°00] 15:00" 22°70| 9°45] 10°90
54] 3°43] 2°63] 850] 2°31] 4°29] 470] 6:10} 2°20] 8:00 17°80] 2°60] 8°70
3°48] 3:16] 421) 4°07] 2°56] 4°32) 440] 7:10] 100] 4:00 8:00} 3°00] 4°20
4°83] 4°47| 7:21] 8:07] 3°87] 481] 6:00] 540] 5:00] 8:00] ... 13°20} 4°50| 6:00
§°36| 3°66) 646] 437] 7°05] 3°51] 5°20] 3:70] 4:00] 3:00] 7°80] 6:75} 6°00) 2'90
g21| 4°04] 5°51) 4°94] 4°32] 4°88] 5°40] 3°80] S10} 4:00} 10°20] 8:20} 4:20] 4°65
5°78 41] 9°23 71) 6714 ‘47| 7710 ‘I0| 6:00 "20| 15°70| 2°00| 6:20 "68
4:20] 5°79] 4°52] 5°91| 3:44] 6:00] 5760} 7°60] 3:10] 5:00] 7°00} 12°50] 4:10] 845
2°84| 7:28| 4:24] 10°66] 2°:10/ 6°80} 4:10] 8:10} 3°00] goo] 6°85} 20°90} 3°65] 9:30
g60} 501] 16°50| 7°36] 10°16) 6°51] 11°40] 5°70} 10°00} 6:00] 26°75] 11740] 12°85] 8°55
336| 416| 577] 7°35) 5°52] 5714] -3°80] 660) 4:50) 8:00] 6:00) 15:92] 3:90] 7:90
B21] 7°67! 14°45] 12°61] 8:10] 8:46] 9°50} 7:80] 13°00] 17°00} 24°50) 33°18] 11°95] 10°40
"27 | 57°26| 91°32 | 89°64| 64°46] 63°36| 80°90] 70°20} 63°90] 87°20] ...... 172°55| 72°40] 82°63
Division XVI.—Easr Mipianp Countizs (continued).
Fire. PERTH.
le of May. | Nookton. | Pittenweem. || Ledard. Deanston, | Bridge of Loch
¥ Turk, Katrine.
Qin, | Oft6in. | 3f.Oin | Of. Gin. | Of. Oin. | Of. 6in. | 0 f.6in.
‘182 ft.? 80 ft. 75 ft. 1500 ft. 130 ft. 270 ft. 830 ft.
62. 1863.} 1862.) 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862.) 1863.| 1862.} 1863.| 1862. | 1863.) 1862.| 1863.
MO i, [amy in; | im; | im, | im; | ay | tas | is | ue, | im Pee
273| 227] 462] 3°92] 362) 315]! 7:70] 9:40] 6:30} 8:00] 10:60} 10°60} 14:00] 14°50
170 66| 20} ror] 2°14 *81|| 5°80] 6:20] 1°35] 3°40] 1°90] 6:20] 3:20] 7-40
82 painih , 3528) "79| 2°70 *B1|) 3°70] 710} 380] 4170] 3°50] 3:70] 5:10] 5°60
“9t) 124} 195) 194) 1°55} 1°59]| g80| 700] 3°60} 3°30] 610] 560} 7°50) 6:70
$09| 159] 3°79] 179) 263] 145]! 8:20] 4:00] 3:90] 3°60] 3:40] 2°50] 7°20] 3°20
233) 135] 2°81] 177) 2:26) 2314/1 gsc] 8:90/ 3°60) 3°45] 5730] 4°50] 7°20] 4:90
192 "39 } 9°76 49} 217 37 || 11°40 "20} 5°20 "20| 6730 '20| 8*So *60
3°59] 3°04] 248) 360] 1°75} 414]| 7:80] 1010} 3°50] 4:00] 5:40] 7:00] 5:00 7°80
W18) 2°59] 195} 3°61} 2°03] 2°93]] 5:70] 8:30] 2:50] 5:00] 2:60] 830] 2°70 9°50
317) 80] 421| 2°62} 3°38] 1°67]| 15:00| 860] 7-70} 4:20] 12°90} 5:60 I5I0| 6:80
76) 183] 115] 2°34 *39| 2°11 3°50] I2*00} 3°00] 2°85] 3°60} 560] 5:90] 7°70
188 156) 3°08) x91] 4135] 4123]] 14°60] 1340] 710] 4°85} 10°30| 8'g0| 15°50| 12°80
(5°08 | 18°61] 34°28 25°79 25°97 | 22°40 ||102°70] 95°20] 51°55] 44°55] 71°90] 68°50] 96:90] 87°50
402
REPORT— 18614.
SCOTLAND
Division XVI.—Easr Miptanp Counties (continued).
a EE EO 0080 00
Prrtu (continued). Forrar. §
: Auchterarder |Stronvar, Loch) .,-_ - Perth Dundee §
= eke House. Earn Head. Leyak Academy. Stanley. = Work
above Ss | ee :
Ground ...... 2 ft. 3 in. O ft. 5 in. 0 ft. 1 in. 64 ft. 5 in. 1 ft. 0 in: 0 ft. O in,
Sea-level...... 172 ft. 463 ft. 133 ft. 105 ft. 200 ft. 60 ft.
1862. | 1863.] 1862.] 1863. | 1862.] 1863.| 1862.| 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862.| 186
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
January...... 5°89] 5°08] 12°10] 15°70] 7°35] 4°80] 3°52] 3°03] 5°02] 3°65 || 5°24) 372
February 113] 3705] 2°64] 8:15] 4x0] 1°70] 106] 11} 340] 1°36]| 2°00 4
March ...... 4°08 *95| 882] 4°50} 2°50] rI'20] 1756 44] 2°50| I°30}| 290] 13
Aion ee cbortee 2°59] 2°24| 810| 7°20] 2:10] 2°20] 147] 1°78| 2°21] arrr|| 1°76) 14
May ......... 2°44| 1°30] 615] 2°80] 3:10] 1:20] 2°68 *88| 3°53] 1°65|| 3°92] 1m
Ne! ve eee etd 4°25| 2°50| 7°40] 5°40] 310] 2°60] 3°11] 2°28) 3°51] 2°95|| 4°50] 39°C
ST eae 2°70 "17| 7°09 40] 3°80 "I0} 1°95 "19| 2°50 “55 il 3°53 I
August ...... 3°34| 510] 4:00} 7°76] 4°50] 5°90] 1°63] 3°06) 3°15] 4°57]| 2°03] 4°8
September 115] 4°05| 3°78| 9°26] 190] 3°40] 1°89] 3°03] 1°35] 2°92|] 1°65] 37%
October ...... 525| 3°70| 15°16] 7°46] 460] 3°30] 3°20] Igo} 3°90] 2°45|| 2°05] 2°%
November ...| 2°05] 2°15] 5°35] 8°92] 19] 2°55] 1°23] 2°13] 1°45] 1°87 88) 23
December ...| 4:10] 3°00] 17°25] 12°25] 4°10] 2°10) 2°67] 2°16] 3°55] 2°37]| 2°80] 1°9
Totals ......] 38°97 | 33°29| 97°84| 89°80] 39°34] 31°05 | 25°97| 21°99| 34°07| 27°75 || 33°26) 25°
Division XVII.—Norru-Eastern Counties (continued).
Kincarpine (continued). ABERDEEN,
Height of grad Braemar. say aA Castle Newe. Tilde®, Burhenns 1
Rain-gauge . 3 7
above Seen SS SS eee ee
Ground ...... O ft. 4 in. 1 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 4 in. 1 ft. 0 in. O ft. 4 in. 3 ft. 4 in
Sea-level...... 99 ft. 1110 ft. 95 ft. 915 ft. 349 ft. 35 ft. ?
1862. | 1863. || 1862.| 1863.| 1862.) 1863. | 1862.| 1863.| 1862.) 1863.| 1862. | 18
in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in, in. in.
January ...... 41o| 3:20]] 4°26] 591) 4:18) 2°58] 3°77] 3°54] 3°16] 3°29] 3°23] 19
February ...| 1750 "10 160} 1°28] 1°57 540i] x°66) |r" 3°32 [P= x77 40| 143 “!
March ...... 2°50] 2*10|/ 2°33] 108] 2°50] 2°50] 2°83] 1°97] 3°33) 2°41) 147) 4!
April) Setecen So] xrol] x51) 2°84] 1°82! 1°75 *65| 1°94] 1°39] 2°01] 1°36) ©
May cicssccee 3°50 *go|] 2°39| 1°32] 3°70| 180] 2°69] 1758) 2°67| 1°96] 2°09) 1%
June 2°50| x'80]| 4:25] 3°50| 2°85| 2°48] 3°80] 1°69] 2°82} 1°82) 249) 1
July ......... 1°80 *Z0]| 2°23 *52] 2°30 *97| 2°13] 1°03] 2°co} 00] 2°09] 1
August ...... Irg0| 4'20]] 3°84] 4°43] 2°50) 4°86] 3°21] 3°92] 2°30) 4°42) 1°71) 20
September... 1°30] r10|} 2°08] 3°59| 190] 2*r1] 1°94] 4°02] 2°09] 4°96] 1°39] 2%
October ...... 2'70| 2°8o0l] 4°36] 3°77] 3°00] 2°52] 2°35] 3°63] 2°84) 3°03] 2°37) 2
November ...) 110 “90 "99 | 2°25| 3°70| 3°17 *86| 8x] 3°59] 1°44] Vor] 1
December ...| 2°80| 2°70|| 4:00] 3°62] 2°75] 2°80] 3°52] 3°34] 2°30] 3°29] 1°80] 24
Totals ...... 26°50| 21°20]| 33°84] 34°11] 30°77| 25°94| 29°41| 28°79 | 28°26| 30°03 | 22°44 18%
oa SY
Division XVI.—Kasr Mrpzanp Counties (cont.). | Div. XVII.—N.-Easrern Counties.
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
SCOTLAND.
Forrar (continued).
KINCARDINE.
403
Craigton. Kettins. Arbroath. Montrose. The en ia Bogmuir. Boe,
0 ft. O in. 1 ft. 0 in. 2 ft. O in. 6 ft. 0 in. O ft. 6 in, O ft. 3 in. 1 ft. 6 in.
440 ft. 218 ft. 65 ft. 21 ft. 237 ft. 200 ft. 200 ft.
1862. | 1863.) 1862.| 1863. | 1862.| 1863. | 1862.| 1863.] 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
B77) 3°37) 525) 2°59! 3°32) 2°71) 3°75 5°50} 3°80| 4°70| 3°00] 500} 3°50
2°58 68/181 83] Ig! "54| 1°46 2°20 *50| 2°00 *40| 2°33 *30
3°87| 330}; 2°30] 1°45] 3:20 81] 2°43 3°30| 00] 3°00] 3160] 2°72] 2°15
148) 189} 171] 1°56) 40] 1°32] Tog 180] 180] 180] 2°70 *80| 1°65
315) 1°75] 4°48] 1°59] 4°02} 1°58] 3°67 3°20] 1°60] 3°10} 1°70] 3°50] 1°80
440/ 3°20] 4°21) 2°85] 2°84] 2°51] goo 3°70} 3°80] 4°20] 2°60] 4°35) 2°70
3°85 85] 2°45 $32) | 43056)| @tr22 | ey2783 2°40 "70| 2°10 *60| 1°58 *60
3°37| 460) 3°39) 5:25] 2°64) 3°87] 1°85 2°80] 3°50| 2°00] 2°80} 2°95] 3°55
2°43| 4°00] 1°72! 2°74] 2°00] 3°69] 2°43 3110] 2740] 2°60} 2°20] 2°60] 2°70
3°24| 260} 3°32] 3°90] 3:02] 2°51] 3712 3°20| 3°60] 310] 3°60] 3°86} 3°58
°97| 2°54) 16) 1°45 *94| 2°17 “74. IIo} 160} 10] 160} 1°30] 1°70
313| 2°07] 2°69] 1°79] 248] 1°80] 2°90 3°90] 2°30] 2°70) 2°00} 240] 2°70
38'24.| 28°85 | 34°49 | 26°32 | 31°33 | 24°73| 30°27| 23°47] 36°20] 26°60] 32°40) 24°80] 33°39] 26°93
hy. XVII.—N.-Easrrrn
Countixs (continued).
Division X VIII.—Norru-Western Countiss.
ABERDEEN
Brtinued). Eten. West Ross. East Ross.
innairdhead. rere BS sone Stornoway. | Berneray. Tarbetness. Ardross Cor
£
ft. 4 in 0 ft. 3 in. 0 ft. 2 in 3 ft. 4 in. O ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 4 in. 1 ft. 0 in.
64 ft. 33 ft. 3 ft. ? 31 ft. ? 15 ft. 61 ft.? 450 ft.
862. | 1865. || 1862.| 1863.] 1862. | 1863. | 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863. || 1862. | 1863.| 1862.| 1863.
in in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
¥57| 3°06 1'79| 3°77] 7°02) 11°40] 3°50] G51] 10°20] 1o-qgo|| 4°88] 7°82] 2°65 7°07
2°11 "43 || 1°48 871 3°15] 7°45] roo] 3718] 2°30] 5x10|| 2°06] x2] 4x61} 3°42
M51] 2°30) 2°56) 116] 3°45| 3:05] 1°17 1'72| 6:10} 6°30]! 3°98] 1°39] 3°41] 1°82
S57 | 2°12|| 10) 2°38) 4°63) 6:90| 3°81) 3°67| 7:20] 4°40] 3:02] 4°30] 1°55] 4709
251) 1°57|| 3°61) 31°43] 4:90] 280] 2°57| 1:22] 8:40] 6:10|| 5°74] 4°50] 3°16 1°33
#27) 1°37)) 4°14) 186) 5°59] 515] 3°30] 2719] g'20] 640] 4°54] 4°53] 4x1] 1°83
oz} 128)) 3°45) "759 5°45] 3°35] 2°70] 44] r0'20/ 7°30] 4°35) 46] 2°46] 55
271) 4°15|]| 3°89) 4°32] 3°30) 10°04] 2°26| 3°18] 11°40] rotlO|| 5°16] 6°65] 2°88] 5°94
131) 2°84|) 198) 410] 4:35] 11°92) 1°53) 4:22] 9°30| 11°20 *86| 5°94] 1°26) 6°65
45| 3O1|) 2°31] 1°53] 12°95) 3°69] 6°75) 3°20] 1o"r0/ r2"r0|/ 714] 2°82] 5°43] 2°53
140} 1'70|/ 31°62) 50} 4°35) 14°30] 3°99] 3°63] 6:00] 11'00]] 2:18] 3:41] I'90| 2°68
2°58 | 3°05 1°70| 3°42] 10°g0/ 17°05] 4°65| 3°01] 14°55] 12°00]! 3°68| 4°52] 3°88] 5°95
5°02 | 26°93 29°63] 27°09} 68°04 gsi10| 37°23 36°17 |104°95 |102°40
47°59 | 47°55 | 34°39] 44°36
404. REPORT—1864.
SCOTLAND.
Division X VILI.—Nortu-Western Counties (continued).
E. Ross (continued). West Inverness.
Height of Cromarty. || Glen Quoich. Ide of She. Raasay. Portree. Barrahead. © :
Rain-gauge
above : SSS
Ground ...... Sib. inyy il Wepetave 0 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. Oft.lin. | 3 ft.0in.
Sea-level...... 28 ft. ? 700 ft. 15 ft. ? 80 ft. 60 ft. 640 ft.? Ff
1862. | 1863. || 1862.| 1863. | 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.} 1862.| 1863,
in. | in, |] in. | in, | im | im | im | im | im | im | in | ig
January ...... 1°93| 3°89]| 10°25] 16°24] 4°77] 11°85| 8°70] 13°25] 13°50] 20°14| 4:27| 2°94
February ...| 1°03] 1°21 4°38] 1412] 2°54) 8:50] 2°50} gi10| 5°29] 15719] 1:08] 1:26%)
March ....... 1°36 764|| 3°65] 10°83] 1°55] 3°35| 2°65] 4°65] 3:10] 7:02| 2°76| 2°64)
April ....0...| °57| 2°26/} 8:32] 10°55] 5:00] 5°93] 4°25| 6°65] 7:19| 10°81] 2:04] 2-308
May serss.. 219 86]) 4-41] 4°57] 6:45] 10°65) 5°80) 435] 7°77] 650] 2°93] 1°93)
JUNE ...000... 2°59| 1°98]! 11°14] 5:49] 4°75] 7°64) 6:40] 440] 6:06! 518] 2:52] 2-848
July ins... 1°93 706 |] 11°57] 1°25] 6:20] 3°92] 8°75] 1°95] 10°07] 2°84] 2°36 47)
August ...... 2°31| 4°87 tp 12°24| §:08| 17°08] 4°10] 9:05] 4°64] 10°36] 3:25] 2:08
September...) go] 4°54]| --- | 17°16] 2°25] 15°48] 5°55] I0'20| 8°35] 13°76] 1:69] 3°82
October ......| 2°48] 1°47|] ... 9:22] 13710] 11°06] 13°80| 5°95| 18°82] 8:72] 482] 1°53
November ...|. 1°82] 1°69]] ... | 11°34] 5°55| 8°80] 5°40] g 10] 9:22] 15°94| 3°65] 278m
December ...) 1°25] 3°16]} ... | 24°43] 10°26] 19°55] 11°30| 11°70] 17°18] 32°43] 3°28] 2 i
Totals......... 20°36| 26°63 || ... |137°44.| 67°50 |123°81 | 79°20} 90°35 |I11'19 |148°89| 34°65 | 26°73)
. ve. . i
Division XIX.—Nortuern Countries (continued).
]
SurHERLAND (continued), CaITHNEsS. ORKNEY.
2 Holburnhead, Pentland, Melsetter —
ae of |Cape Wrath. || Nosshead. Thurso. | Dunnethead | “gi orries, Hoy.
-gauge
above S|] —_—_— :
Ground ...... 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 4 in. O ft. 4 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 3 in. O ft. 2 in.
Sea-level...... 355 ft. 2 127 ft. ? 60 ft. ? 300 ft. ? 72 ft.? 55 ft.
BD
1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.| 1862.) 1863. || 1862. | 1866
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in in.
January ...... 2°75| 7°31 2°21 | 2°84 4°25)| 02°92] ©2722] ~ 3-12] ©2198 z 5"1c
February ...| 149) 412|| 169) 108) 3 1-7o| 4°42 *61.| °1:26| 2746] 28 2°6c
March ...... 185] 1°95|| 1°39] 2°37] .& 2°70 "97 "53| 2°27] 1°66|| -& 2°76
PATI 3.5 ak -< 2°96| 4°09|| 1712] 1°98 3 1°29] 1°57| 2°60 °53| 2°34 2 4°0C
May i .ba%.- 2°81} 339]| 2°92] 1°48) # 1°85) 2°48| 1°35] -2:77| «2:20 || 2 2
June --| 2°97] 1°64}] 1°96 gI a 1°29)| 52°23 | ©1:23)|| 94:03 “86 Ry “6c
Owy a. h2..5-. | 4:16 76 || 1°21 “77. || .a5 90] 1°65 *53\|) 22720 *60|/ 2 ric
August ...... 3°08] 517|| 121] 3°13 I 3°16} 1°80] 50] 1°39] 3°01 a ic
September 2°93| 38°77 67| 2°59] 4°33| 116) 3°16) 4°45) 2°34 5 Sc
October ...... 661] 301]| 287] 235) 38 2°63 | 02°73) 74:37 || 63:26] \ 1769 2°36
November ...| 4:28] 4:13 "95| 105| 3700| 1°73| 2°05] 1°65] 179/] = 2°96
December ...| 4°37| 6°61 /} 2°84] 3:44 6°03} 1°47] 437] 5°40] 6-46 8°74
Division X VIII.-—Norra- Western Countiss (continued).
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
SCOTLAND.
405
West Inverness (continued).
Ushenish,
8. Uist.
O ft. 4 in.
157 ft. ?
862. | 1863.
n. in.
45°) 7710
197} 5°58
2°62] 2°65
3°85] 5:20
Bos) 12"3- 05
3°93| 3°85
5°22 55
pao | 3 7°
215} 7°30
8°62) 5°15
O05] 3°55
*00} 8:05
1°93) 55°73
East InvErRNEss.
Div. XI X.—NortrHern
CounrTIEs.
SuTHERLAND.
362. | 1863.| 1862.| 1863.
in
ro 455
65| 2°42
63) 1°84
328) 2°76
382) 1°87
r57| 1°82
“75 1°28
66) 4:02
307| 4°76
*83| 2°50
"98| 2°23
47| 487
Loch Maddy, | Island Glass, Beaufort Culloden . House of
N. Uist. Harris. Castle. House. Dunrobin: Tongue.
2 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 4 in. 4 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 0 in. O ft. 6 in. O ft. 1 in.
30 ft. ? 50 ft. ? 40 ft. 104 ft. 6 ft. 33 ft.
1862. | 1863.| 1862.) 1863. || 1862.| 1863.| 1862.| 1863.] 1862. | 1865.| 1862.| 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
11°30} 820] 3°03] 180|] 2°33} 9°81] 1°79] 6:02 5°38| 240 | 7°50
2°05} 3°25] 1°56] 2°33 93] 401) 4133] 194 PAPE ZO) 3°30
2°80] 315] 42:04] 2°13]} 2°23 *90| 1748 *78 1°00} 8°80?} 2°50
435| 5°80} 31°88] 43°77]| 1°22] 3°42 "93! 3°06 3°33| 2°80] 4°80
2°85} 3°60| 1°67} 18r]| 2°80} 1°38] 2°65} 1°78 1°25| 2°50 | 2°50
430] 3°80) 2744 "99 || 3°60] 1744] 2°92] I°g1 1'22| 2:10 | 2°80
6-40 *20| 2°49 *99 || 2°68 23) ee 2°57, 34 *30| 3°00 “70
5700] 310] 2°97] 2°76]] 246] 3°55] 2°42] 6°67 3°28} 1°60 | 3:20
3°39] 4°00} 1°97} 3°31|/ 1°37) 5°64) 127] 4°57 AOSIONEGO |) 7-29
99°] 3°25) 3°10] 2°09] 3°91) 3°13) 2°65] 2°24 BOSS OS} 2572
780} 4°50] 2°34] I-92]! 2°39] 3°51] 2°43] 2°20 1°60| 3°30 | 3°60
9°40} 4°50 65] 2°00]| 4°15] 5°74] 2°19] 2°97 6°30] 3:00 “80?
69°45 | 47°35 | 25°14] 23°90] 30°07| 42°76 | 24°63 | 33°88] 23°65 | 32°03 | 37°50 | 41°60
Division XIX.—Norruern Countries (continued).
OrxNEyY (continued). SHETLAND.
oye North The Manse,
Sandwick. Ronaldsay. Sumburghead. Bressay. East Yell.
2 ft. 0 in 3 ft. 4 in. 3 ft. 4 in. 0 ft. 4 in. 0 ft. Oin.
78 ft. 21? ft. 265 ? ft. 12 ft. 273 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862.| 1863.) 1862.| 1863.| 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.-
4:02] 5°16) 3°68} 5°49]) 2:76) 410| 4°95| 6:20| 6:94) 6:97
1°42] 3°06] 1°32] 3°30] 1°22] 1°86] 1°85] 3:20] 2:80] 4-48
1°85] 2°60] 1°23] 2°47 69] 1°74) 1°75] 2°60] 4°52| 2°60
2°27! 3°24] 2°50] 2°88] 2:12) 2°93) 2°85] 4°10] 4°44] 5:10
2°86) 2°61] 2:09] 1°97]} 1°94] 1°53] 3°10] 3°20] 2°62] 1°93
2°33] %Iog| 1°13] 1'02]| 1°07 "72| 1'75| 160} 260] 2:47
252 || @ TZ | 2537 86 || 2°81 *36| 4:10 *30| 3°56 "97
2°25] 3°09] 1°63] 2°22]| 330] 1753] 1°30] 3°30 95| 4°18
Zor} 5°38) 2°35) 412 1°78] 2°71) 4:00} 4°20} 2°90] 5°82
5°69| 3°84) 7°20) 3°07]! 5°34) 1°96| 10°50} 4°20| 8-72] 6°55
2°38) 3°08| 2°76) 2°45]! I-79] 2°35) 2°60] 3:00] 3°32] 3°56
3°78| 5°36) Gor] 647|| 4°80] 3:32] 7:20] 7°50] 8:84) 14°07
34°27 | 36°32 || 27°62| 25°61 | 45°95} 43°40) 52°21] 58°70
“73| 34°92| 34°38| 39°72
4.06
REPORT—1864.
IRELAND.
Division XX.—Munster.
i -
Cork. Kerry. _ WATERFORD. | CLARE.
Queen’s | )
Height of College, Valentia. Waterford. Portlaw. || Killaloe.
Rain-gauge Cork.
above hie Sone | 7
Ground ...... 6ft.Oin. || 2ft.6in. | 4ft.Oin. | 20ft.Oin. | 0 ft. 5 in.
Sea-level...... 65 ft. 40 ft. 50 ft. 50 ft. 123 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 18638. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
January ...... 6°72| 3°41 822} 5°32]! 7°34| 413|/ 9°43] 3°60]] 6:17] 5:40
February 2°49| 1°32|| 2°11] 3°30|] 142] 4247} 8x} 17441] 1°36) 2°90
March span 4:27| 4°70|| 4°86] 8:23]] 4°35] 3°67] 468| 5°38] 4°61) 3°95
Atpril’) 274.0<- 3°01 | 2°01 514] 3°27]| 4°86 *95| 499| 100|] 5°33] 2°86
May ......... 3°65) 1°53]| 4:95] 2°15 || 2°37] 1x8] 3°39] I90]] 4°07] 2°91
June ......... 3°91| 3°89|| 4°70] 3°67]| 3°48] 2°18] 4°08] 2°69||/ 2°99] 3°25
OMhy: }238..5.- 3°91| 1°48]|| 3°06] 1°26)| 3°48] 117] 3°67] 31°48]| 4754 "86
August ...... 2°57| 4°77\| 3°57| 7°67} 2°63| 4°64] 2°61} 4°84]] 242] 5°60
September ...| 3°07] 1°80]]/ 3°33] 5°94/] 3°24] 3°82] 2°33] 3°48]] 198] 6:23
October ...... 5°22] 7°24.|| 10°03} 8°56]| 4°32] 6°60} 4°42] 8°26)! 8:07) 6:27
November 3°38| 3°96|| 6:02) 8°76]/ 2°70] 4:05} 2°64] 4°81 || 2°96) 7°27
December 5:07| 4°07] 7700} 65x] 5°04] 3°24) 605] 2°86)! 5:35} 4°62
Totals ...... 47°27| 40°18 || 62°19] 64°64]! 45°23 | 37°10] 5o0°ro 4t-74| 49°85 | 52°12
Div. X XI.—LeEinsTER
Div. XXII.—Connaveur.| Div. XXIII.—Utsrer.
(continued).
Lonerorp. GALWAY. Siico. FERMANAGH. ARMAGH.
een’ Florence
Height of Edgeworths- Cattepe Markree Gonsie Armagh
Rain-gauge town. Galway. Observatory. Enniskillen, || Observatory.
above
Ground...) 6 ft. 0 in. 16 ft. 3in. | Oft.1lin. || 30 ft. 0 in.
Sea-level...... 333 ft. 25 ft. 145 ft. 300 ft. 236 ft. |
1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
January ......| ...... | 5°00 8521] 4°64) 414] 7°34] 5°24]] 5°76] 4:95
February ;...|/eerss. || 2735 5°02 192 |) 22°25 | Sugg | S272 || Saawe7 | eereso
March ...... me | engrol 4°44|| 3°22] 2°627 5°45] 3°02|| 3:70] 2:27
April 52.552.) gabiene 2°10 4°22 || 301) 2°57] 343] 1°62|| 3°47] 2°57
May $e.d:%.. |hservee 5°04 5°25 || 2°58] 2°44) 2°79| 2°70|) 3°57| 2°53
JUNC Bovesse<:|! wadee 3°34. 5°18 || 2°56] 3°12] 4°03] 3°70]) 3°60} 3°74
July Recg:::..|| Sseeee "21 "41 || 3°72 23 5°04 "79 || 4°55 26
August ...... 23) 6°02 5°36 || 2°86] 4°53] 2°50] 4°60)| 218) 3°51
September ...! 2°24] 5:21 7°03 || 02357) ear pose | eass4 || (ore7a)| egrag
October ...... 6°17} 6°15 4°90 || 646} 2°72] 571] 4°69|| 5:90] 6°36
November ...} 3°14 6°00 8°01 3°08] 50} 3°12] 4°32|| 1°96| 4:02
December ...) 6:30} 4°03 418 || 4:29] 3°38] 637] 4:51|] 4°36) 3:16)
Potala; s Flt dsc 48°42] 51°61 | 62°52 ! 39°91 | 34°71] 49°38 | 42°45 || 42°05) 39°00
ae
- eee.
ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 407
IRELAND.
Divison XXI.—Letnster.
KILKEnny. Kine’s Co. || Queen's Co. WiIckLow. Dusuin.
Kilkenny. Birr Castle. || Portarlington.||Fassaroe Bray. ee Pe.
0 ft. 6 in. 0 it. 3 in 9 ft. O in. 5 ft. 0 in. 28 ft. O in. 7 ft. 0 in.
200 ft. 202 ft. 236 ft. 200 ft. 90 ft. 166 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. | 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
ee Resa) 375 Sr | st12 5°41) 4crl 6°54.| 6°14}/ 3°38) 1°64] 2°91} 2°13
oe *62 ||. 2°26) 1°65]| 3°07] 1°36] 3°26 58 *gI “36 37 "58
seeees 3°95 || 3°84] 2°53] 2°5t| 3°90]) 4°34] 3°31|) 2°59) 1°38] 3°04] II2
anes °86 || 2°81] 1°25]| 3°87] 1°96|| 3°49 "74.\| 2°40 *92| 4719] 1°17
Pecans 140|/ 3°86] ror] 4°92} 2°89] 2°76] 1°26} 2°19 *56| 2°76] 1°46
27a 3512 |< 2°73 *90|/ 3°58] 4°65 |] gor] 2°05|/ 2°29] 1°82] 2°59] 2°35
2°36) 94) 3°76} °33]| 3°92] °70]/ 3°23] 340]! 240} *72) 3°59] 87
2°57| 3°30|/ 2°92] 3°77|| 3°81] 5°64)| 2°53) 3°20]) 194} 2°25) 1°33] 3°99
2°26| 2°42\) 4x51| 3°67|| 2°91) 3°87 ]| 3:01] 2°26]] 150] 3°29] 1°78] 2°73
3°89| 7°89] 4°86] 4:21] 5°54) 7°92)/ 439] 8:07) 1°95] 54x] 313] 5°75
1°63] 3°23 1°95] 4°07]| 2°95] 4°83]| 2°91] 2°74]! Tag] 1°59] 2°45] 2°22
3°57] 2°59|) 2°20] 2°30]/ 4°66) 3°48] 5°33] 4°12|| 3°94] 3°13) 2°04] 2°04
soo | 33°66 |) 36°28 | 28°81 |] 45°15] 45°31 || 45°80] 35°87 || 24°98) 23°07] 30°18] 26-41
Div. XXIII.—Utsrer (continued).
Down.
| Waringstown.
0 ft. 4 in.
191 ft.
"| 1862. | 1863.
=) in. in.
Rees 2°68
i “76
iz 1°53
Pein 1°55
ocee 2°08
2°36
ae “52
Reaces 3°66
Basic 3°00
3°65) 5°74
2-71) 2°55
ah 1°96
28°39
ANTRIM. LonponDerry.|} Tyrone.
ee Londonderry. || Leckpatrick.
4 ft. 0 in 40 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 5 in.
12 ft. 50 ft. 260 ft.
1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863. || 1862. | 1863.
in. in. in. in. in. in.
5°32| 4°56|| 4°60/ 4°57] 4°88) 418
m5r| 115 |] 1°34) 2°26)/ 146) 1°74
3°25| 2°24 | 3°43] 2°05] 3°86| 152
4°00} 2°34|| 2°93] 2°83]| 3°81] 2°60
3°82] 2°78|} 2°63} 2°65)/ 2:73] 2°84
3°09] 3°37|| 2°29] 4°82]) 2°67/ 5:87
400] °53/| 3°94] °74]| 4:00] ‘52
2°57} 4°08 1°89| 3°36 2°48} 4°68
1°33] 3°52]/ 2°13) 5°81]) 2:26] 5-46
4°67| 7°44|| 629] 5°27]) 668) s:25
3°23) 3°70] 3°18] 3°60]/ 2°69) 3°45
4°39] 2°84] 519) 4°22]! 4°93) 3°59
41°18) 38°55 || 39°84) 42°18 yeas 4878
408 REPORT—1864.
Preliminary Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of the pro-
posed Atlantic Cable. By Wit1iaM Farrzarrn, LL.D., &c., F.R.S.
Ir appeared essential to the public interest that the second attempt to sub-
merge a telegraphic cable across the Atlantic should not be left to chance,
that a close and searching investigation should be entered upon, and that
nothing should be left undone that could be accomplished to ensure success.
For the satisfactory attainment of this object, it was considered necessary—
Ist. To determine by direct experiment the mechanical properties of every
cable submitted for submergence in deep water;
2nd. To ascertain the chemical properties of the insulator, and the best
means to be adopted for the preservation and duration of the cable ;
and,
3rd. To determine the electrical properties and conditions of the cable
when immersed under pressure at great depths.
These varied conditions were left to a committee, on whom devolved
the consideration of every question relating to
the efficiency and ultimate security of the cable.
That of its mechanical properties was left in
my hands; and I was requested to undertake
the first division of the inquiry, and to deter-
mine, by actual experiment, the strengths, com-
binations, forms, and conditions of every cable
considered of suitable strength and proportion
to cross the Atlantic. To fulfil these condi-
tions and ensure correct results, a laborious series
of experiments were instituted ; and in order to
attain accuracy as regards the resisting powers
of each cable to a tensile strain, they were broken
by dead weights suspended from a crab or crane A,
by which they could be raised or lowered at
pleasure. The weights were laid on one hundred-
weight at a time, and the elongations were care-
fully taken and recorded in the table as each
alternate fourth hundredweight was placed on the
scale until the cable was broken. By this process
we were enabled to ascertain with great exactitude
the amount of elongation in 7 ft. 6 in.—the length
between the two iron clips screwed round the
cable, near the ends of the loops by which they
were suspended, as shown in the annexed figure
at a, 6. The hook and blocks to which the cables
were attached belonged to a travelling crane
that elevated or lowered the platform 3B, contain-
ing the weights, to heights corresponding with the
stretch as the weights were laid on. Having ad-
justed the apparatus, the experiments proceeded
in the order shown in the following Tables.
In this investigation it will not be necessary
to give the experiments in detail, and for the
present a summary of results will suffice.
In the following table will be found the ultimate strength of nearly all
the differently manufactured cables of Great Britain, and it will be seen that
|
&
t<-----—----90 INS------—----s1
i
o
me shied
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PROPOSED ATLANTIC CABLE. 409
they vary considerably as regards strength, ductility, &e. Several of these
cables are of a high order of merit, and well entitled to special notice as they
reached the required point of strength—a quality of great importance in cables
for submergence in deep water.
Taste of the Tensile Breaking-strain of Atlantic Submarine Electric Cables,
as supplied by different manufacturers.
Summary of Results.
Number Z Elongation
of Breaking-weight. | Diameter | in $ feet Elongation
detailed Description of Cable. | of Cable, | length of | per unit
experi- in inches.} Cable, | of length.
ment. Ibs. tons. in inches.
12 Messrs. Silver & Co. ............ 130 058 35 os eer
13 ee MllWeNe CON. cscs ences. 354 ‘158 35 ae ae
I bring DUXICAN seccess7sckeete|) 2140 958 Ti} 17°10 “1781
Io pth, ALBIN 32 cs obdeceose 2258 1008 of: 6°75* { 80 3
II Sgt st SEL later pear va 2818 1°258 67 1°67 ‘o169 (c)
2 nh hallo Wells: 25..5.5. 4946 2007 76 2°16 "0225
3 »» Siemens & Co.,B. ...] 5394 2°408 or iy 2°60 0270
4 » Siemens & Co., a. ...| 5730 2°553 oF} 2°85 0296
5 », Glass, Elliott ......... 7690 3°433 1°10 3°77? |°0392?
6 », Glass, Elliott ......... 7690 3°433 I'Io 4°10 0427
7 bee We HE Honley 20.5... 9594 | 4'283 85 1°85 ‘o1g1 (ad)
8 Bree We EB Henley =.=. .1 12786 5°708 85 2°72 0339 (e)
9 » Glass, Elliot, & Chat-
DEMCOM ose ticccer aac aot oe 14.783 6°600 1'Io 3°57 "0449
(a) For outside steel wires. (d) Without outside covering.
(6) For copper wires. (e) The completed cable.
(ce) The completed cable.
From these considerations it was deemed advisable to select a description
of cable containing this element, and all the requirements to meet the con-
tingent forces to which it might be subjected. With these impressions on
the minds of the Committee, it was found desirable to select that of Messrs.
Glass, Elliott & Co., which stands highest in the order of strength in the
_ foregoing Table, and from the results in p- 410, deduced from subsequent
_ experiments on upwards of forty specimens manufactured by the same firm.
_ In this inquiry it will be observed that upwards of forty specimens of
cables have been tested in their finished state, and this might have been
sufficient for the Committee to determine the best description of cable; but it
was deemed advisable to investigate still further, not only the cable as a
cable, but to test experimentally each separate part, in order that every
_ security should be afforded as to the strength and quality of the material to
_ be employed in the construction. The whole of the specimens submitted by
Messrs. Glass, Elliott & Co., were composed of the same sizes of conducting
_ Wire insulated within alternate layers of gutta-percha and Chatterton’s com-
_ pound, which formed the core of each. Surrounding this core, were lapped,
in a spiral direction, nine and in some cases ten wires, of -089 to -098 inch
diameter; and each wire was covered with Manilla-yarn, or St. Petersburg
hemp, saturated with tar and other materials. Now, as these covering wires
constituted the principal strength of the cable, it was found desirable to test
them separately, for the purpose of ascertaining their tenacity, ductility,
* This elongation refers to the inside strand of Messrs. Allan’s cable.
+ The elongations of Messrs. Silver and Co.’s Cable, as given in the detailed experi-
ments, are not reliable.
1864. 25
410 REPORT—1864.
Summary of results of Experiments on the Submarine Electric Cable, of 1-10 inch in
diameter, of the Atlantic Telegraph Company ; Glass, Elliott, Manufacturers.
Diameter : . Ultimate | Ultimate Length eci
No. of | Description of Cable. cf exterior aes site elongation elongation | No. of jof etre aoe
Exp. wire of ___|in gO inches) per unit (strands. lay of of
Cable. lb in inches. | of length. Cable. | Cable.
Ss tons.
1 |No. 5 Manilla ...} ‘089 13,690 | 6111 3°50 0388 9 % | 1-61
2 |\No. 5 Hemp......| -089 11,424. | | §°100 4°19 "04.65 9 % | 1°69
3 \No. 9 Manilla ...) *083 13,104 | 5°850 3°75 "04.16 9 % | 1°58
4 \No. 16 Manilla...) 095 15,882 | 7°090 3°78 0420 9 & | 1°69
5 |No. 16 Hemp......) 095 15,260 | 6812 3°44 0382 9 51°76
6 |No. 18 Manilla ...| ‘097 16,876 | 7°533 3°82 "0425 9 83 | 1°77
7 |No. 18 Hemp...... “097 13,104 | 5°850 2°97 0330 Io 10 || 1°81
g |No. 22 Manilla ...| ‘096 16,876 | 7°533 3°27, 0363 10 10 1°74.
g |No. 22 Hemp...... 096 13,104 | 5°850 4°01 0445 Io 10 1°67
10 |No. 23 Manila ...| ‘096 12,368 5°74-4 3°34. 0371 9 4 hac7e
11 |Ne. 23 Hemp......| *096 14,628 | 6°530 4°09 "04.54. 9 % | 1°75
12 |No. 24 Manilla ...| “089 16,244 7251 3°82 ° "0424. 9 8} | 1°63
13 |No. 24 Hemp......| “089 12,432 | 5°550 3°68 "0409 9 4 | 1°69
14 |No. 25 Manilla ...| *o89 16,876 | 7°533 4°05 "0450 9 4 | 1°60
15 |No. 26 Manilla...) 093 14,628 | 6°530 3°57 0396 9 84 | 1°67
16 |No. 26 Hemp...... 093 12,544 | 5°600 4°18 04.64. 9 % | 1°72
17 |No. 27 Manilla ...| ‘ogo 14,228 | 6°351 3°93 04.36 9 84 | 1°70
18 |No. 27 Hemp...... “090 11,760 5250 3°42 70380 9 77
19 |No. 28 Manilla...) 095 | ssesee | ceeeee | ceesee | cetene | cerees ao ae
20 |No. 29 Manilla ...| 085 13,104 | 5°850 3°88 "0431 10 9s | 1°65
21 |No. 30 Manilla ...| | -085 10,640 | 4°750 2°05? ? 10 gk | 1°71
22 |No. 31 Manilla ...| 095 11,312 | 5°050 3°30 0366 10 9% | 1°74
23 |No. 32 Manilla ...| 095 12,432 | 5°550 3°01 0334. 10 gy | 1°81
24 |No. 33 Manilla ...) *095 11,760 | 5°250 2°77 "0307 10 gs | 1°81
25 |No. 34 Manilla ...| *096 13,104 | 5850 3°27 0363 10 gt | 1°83
26 |No. 18a@ Manilla..| *097 15,260 | 6812 2°32 0257 10 9% | 1°79
27 |No. 35 Manilla ...) *o92 14,628, | 67530 4:97 0452 10 9s | 1°73
28 |No. 37 Manilla ...| ‘og1 13,552 | 6:050 3°25 0361 10 9% | 1°77
29 |No. 38 Manilla ...| 094 13,552 | .6°:050 2°98 0331 10 gi | 1°69
30 |No. go Manilla ...) -095 13,226 | 5°904 3°02 "0335 10 gk | 1°81
31 |No. 42 Manilla ...) 095 13,104 | 5°850 2°94. 0326 10 93 | 180
32. |No. 43 Manilla ...) 097 17,358 7749 2°92 0324 10 Qe |i vees
33 |No. 46 Manilla ..,|_ °097 16,414 a2) 2°65 0294. 10 94 saa
34 |No. 47 Manilla...) ...... 15,828 7090 3°01 0334 Sh otis Me
35 |No. 48 Manilla ...| ..... 14,092 | 6°291 3°04 0351 add ao oes
36 |No. 49 Manilla ...| ...... |. 17,088 | 7°628 3°58 "O44 es
1. Broke in centre. 13. Broke 12 inches from cramps. |25. Broke 3 inches from cramps
2. Broke at cramps. 14. Broke at cramps. 26. Broke 1 inch from cramps.
3. Broke at cramps. 1s. Broke 27 inches from cramps. | 27. Broke 3 inches from cramp
4. Broke 19 inches from cramps. | 16. Broke 12 inches from cramps. 28. Broke 1 inch from eramps.
s. Broke 3 inches from cramps. |.17. Broke 8 inches from cramps. | 29. Broke 1 inch from cramps.
6. Broke 24 inchesfrom cramps. | 18. Broke at cramps. 30. Broke in 3 places.
7. Broke 9 inches from cramps. | 19. Not tested. 31. Broke near centre.
8. Broke 3 inches from cramps. | 20. Broke in centre. 32. Broke 1 inch from cramps._
g. Broke in centre. 21. Broke 15 inches from cramps. | 33. Broke 3 inches from cramps
ro. Broke in bend of the barrel. | 22. Broke in the centre. 34. Broke 3 inches. from cramps
11. Broke 3 inches from cramps. | 23. Broke 1 inch from cramps. | 35. Broke 1 inch from cramps. —
12. Broke rs inches from cramps. | 24. Broke 8 inches from cramps. | 36. Broke ; not registered.
N.B. In this Table, the elongations are taken from the weight immediately preceding that whie
fractured the Cable.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PROPOSED ATLANTIC CABLE. 411
elasticity, &c... The wires were of, three sorts, namely, steel and iron in its
homogeneous or simple state of manufacture from coke, coal, and charcoal.
From the samples the following results were obtained :—
Experiments to determine the Strength and other properties of Steel, Homo-
geneous, and Iron Wire, calculated to establish a secure and, as nearly as
possible, a perfect Cable for an Electric Telegraph across the Atlantic.
Summary of Results of Experiments on Bare Wires.
Number of Dia- B ' Ultimate
Exp. in meters reaking- | elongation
Table of Name of manufacturer. of wire,| Description of wire. weight of |“ in’s0
completed _ in “tb, 2 in | inches,
Cable. inches. = in inches.
1&2 | Messrs. Taylor & Co. ......... ‘087 | Heematite)..2...5...... 650 *280 (a)
4&5 og llorsta Isis ee ass a: ‘095 | Homogeneous ...... 950 "366 (0)
6&7 PELUTSIOLISS..ccstectae ccs ‘og7 | Specialhomogeneous| — 850 267 (c)|
8&9 3 ei ormeons . 23.28.29 093 | Chareoal’ ............ 750 173
10 & 11 » Johnsons ............04- 098 | Galvanised............ 650 +198 (d)
12 & 13 » Shortridge & Co. ...| *o89 | Homogeneous........ 650 "190 (@)
14 » Smith and Houghton) ‘og1 | Homogeneous ...... 1250 “712
16 By PELUPNOSS ‘soticpnaes. ane 2 soggy |\Charcoals frog as. o< 600 "198
17 & 18 » Hirth and Sons ...... “088 | Homogeneous ...... E50 218(f)
20 » | Jenkins and Hill ...| -o85 | Soft patent steel ... 6co 264 (9)
21 » Jenkins and Hill ...) 1085 | Annealed steel ...... 450 | 2*760(h)
22 » . Ayland Brothers, ...| °og3 | Charcoal, ........:... 550 *320
23 ay ae eaylorin, CO. cn5. sone ‘089 | Hematite, $3 .....- 550 "171 (2)
24 Bee Wavlor o5\@0, Prestasce- ‘og5 | Hematite, S 4 ...... 750 *366(7)
32 i, ) Hlovéfall, NOW 7" 2.) le! Homogeneous, No. 7} 1150 480
33 ) Gyr), Horsfall, (Nos: 9: cz: .2:]0e.te. Homogeneous, No.9] 1050 *550
I Pee sOBBSOME Tors Sucess sical 095) | Steel wire .......:.... 1950 "353
is.) be PU ONNSON 2.” ae ecn assets *og5 | Patent steel ......... 1950 631
= "3 By gO OMNSON,, FAM ccs. as "095 | Homogeneous ...... 950 346
Bla » Johnson, 2A ......... *og5 | Homogeneous .....- 550 “116
{ 5 = sdohnson, 3.4 | cates *og5 | Special charcoal .,.! 750 "170
(a) -087 inches at the fracture. (f) *086 inches at the fracture.
(4) +083 + £ (9) °083 5 >
(c) “og2 ” ” (2) ‘o71 ” ”
(d) ‘098 ” ” (z) *082 ” ”
(e) ‘088 ” ” (7) "082 ” ”
From the above, it will be seen that, out of 21 specimens experimented
upon, the maximum of strength rests with Johnson, and the minimum
with Jenkins, Hill & Co., the ratios being as 1950 : 450, or as 4:33: 1. The
maximum of elongation to that of the minimum varies with a load of 550
~~ Tbs. as the numbers *320 for Ryland’s and about :014 for Johnson’s steel wire
in experiment 2, being in the ratio of :320: -014, or as 22:8: 1, nearly.
Softness and ductility have always been considered an important element in
the construction ; but this measure of ductility is probably overrated, as the
Ryland wire, with the last weight laid on (50 Ibs.), was sufficient to extend
or stretch considerably before it broke. Viewing the subject in this light,
it is obvious that a yery high ductility, with a low. standard of strength is
not what is wanted, but a combination of strength and ductility that will
prevent snapping from brittleness, on the one hand, and giye the requisite
powers of elongation without material injury to the strength, on the other.
What is therefore wanted in these wires is tenacity united to ductility in
resistance to a tensile strain, without incurring fracture, up to at least seven-
eighths of its ultimate strength.
252
412 REPORT—1864.
From a long series of well-conducted experiments, it has been found that
a good quality of ductile iron improves in strength by elongation, that is, the
whole of its fibres are brought into action by the elongation of those first
subjected to strain, or, in other words, they yield up only part of their strength
until the force reaches the other parts, so as to produce uniformity of action
throughout the whole section of the wire. This is a property of good iron
which requires to be extended to the manufacture of both steel and homo-
geneous wire ; and taking the experiments as they exist in the foregoing series
of results, [ find that with proper care in the selection of the material in the
first instance, a judicious system of manipulation in the second, and a rigid
system of inspection and check upon the quality as delivered, from time to
time, during the manufacture, that wire of homogeneous iron, -095 inch
diameter, can be made of strength sufficient to sustain from 900 to 1000
Ibs. with an elongation of ‘0068 or —&8_ per unit of length. This description
of iron appears to be the most suitable for the Atlantic cable, as it combines
strength with ductility, and may be produced at a comparatively moderate
cost. Great care is, however, required to maintain, during the whole process
of manufacture, the full standard adopted at starting, both as regards the
strength and ductility of the wire.
It was, also, found desirable to test the separate strands of each cable, as
well as the wires themselves. For this purpose a number of strands similar
to those employed in the manufacture of the different cables were procured,
and the tensile breaking-strain and elongations carefully observed and re-
corded. In order to ascertain whether the length of the lay of the hemp and
Manilla round the strand was of that spiral which produced a maximum
strength, the yarn separated from the strand was also tested, and, comparing
the sum of the breaking-strains of the wire and yarn separately with the
whole in combination, this object was approximately gained. The summary of
results of these experiments will be seen in the two following Tables :—
Taste of the Tensile Breaking-strain of the Yarn (twisted) composing the
covering of the strands of Messrs. Glass, Elliott's Cables for the Atlantic
Submarine Telegraph.
Summary of Results on Manilla and Hemp Yarn.
No. of Roce Mean break- |Elongation in
. D ti f A = cigs
edit are aolokntd eee. pac
I & 2| White Manilla ... 152 81 { P pisses pieces oe
: E Permanent set with 160 Ibs. after
3 fea White Hemp ®. .22% 766 186 { removal of load, 1°32 inch.
P Permanent set with 120 Ibs. after
5 & 6} Tarred Manilla... 137 1°35 { aT of load =-76 inch.
7 & 8| Tarred hemp....... Iol 1°28
Another very important question arises in the construction of this cable,
and that is the strength of the core and its conducting wire, and how it is to
be protected under a pressure of 7000 to 8000 lbs. per square inch when
lodged at the bottom of the ocean. This appears a question well entitled to
consideration ; and provided a properly insulated wire of one or more strands
can, without any exterior covering, be deposited in safety at these great
depths, itis obvious that the simpler the cable, the better. Assuming, there-
413
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PROPOSED ATLANTIC CABLE.
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AV 4 REPORT—1864.
fore, that gutta percha is the most desirable material that can be employed
as an insulator, it then resolves itself into the question, What additional cover-
ing, and what additional strength, is necessary to enable the engineer to pay
out of a ship a length of 1600 miles into deep water so as to deposit it with-
out strain at the bottom of the ocean? ‘This is one of the questions the
Committee was called upon to solve, and for this very important object the
following experiments were instituted :—
Experiments to determine the Strength of the Central Core, and the
Materials of which it is composed.
Summary of Results.
: ~ . | Permanent
No. of ees Diameter of HESS SAN JD set in 30
experi- Description of material. ic weight, | 30inches, in) 5) es j
ment. aerae inlbs. | inches. er
inches.
I Gentral core ....d5.0000...00 "464 650 7°00 6:90
2 ComitalsCores .:.steas.-2-ca-ese "464. 630 5°72 5°64 (a)
3 Copper wire strand ......... 144 450 6°71 6°71 (0)
4 Gutta-percha covering....... 464 200 8-7 6:21
(@) In this experiment the core was not broken, but laid open for inspection.
(4) One wire broke first, and subsequently the others followed.
It is of considerable importance in marine cables to have all the parts as
nearly uniform as possible, and in the foregoing experiments on the central
core will be observed the difference of elasticity which exists between the
copper-wire conductor and the insulator or gutta-percha covering. In the
former case we have at the point of fracture an elongation of 6-71 inch
and a permanent set of 6°71 inches in a length of 2 feet 6 inches, whereas in
the insulating material there is 8-735 inches of extension and only 6-215
inches of a permanent set in the same length. These discrepancies of elasti-
city and elongation are of considerable importance, in so far as they show that
in cables of this description we have to contend with materials of different
properties, the first beg to that of the second as 6°71: 6-215, or as 1:08: 1;
in other words, the gutta percha is 8 per cent. more elastic than the copper
conducti1 g wire which it covers. These facts account for the extraordinary
developme it which presented itself on cutting a slice of the gutta-percha
covering from the wires which, on being liberated burst through the opening
in the form of loops, as shown in the annexed figure,
the wire bursting out in this and in a former experiment, after being
forcibly stretched and liberated from its confinement, in the form shown
above at a, a, a.
From these experiments will be noticed the facility with which the copper
_
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PROPOSED ATLANTIC CABLE. 415
wires elongate by tension, and that to a degree highly injurions to the gutta
percha insulator, which contracts the already stretched wires, producing a ten-
dency to force themselves in loops through the covering in which they are
incased. To prevent these injurious effects it is necessary to protect the core
by an outside covering of strong material, to relieve it from severe tension, and
also to protect the gutta percha from injury.
Regarding this as a circumstance of great importance bearing directly
upon the ultimate strength of the cable, the Committee arrived at the con-
clusion that the cable No. 46, composed of homogeneous wire, calculated to
bear not less than from 850 to 1000 lbs. per wire, with a stretch of =>;ths of
an inch in 50 inches, was the most suitable for the Atlantic Cable.
Impressed with these views the Committee therefore recommended this
cable, the particulars of which will be seen in the following specification :—
Specification of No. 46 Cable.
The conductor consists of a copper strand of seven wires (six laid round
one), each wire gauging ‘048 (or No. 18 of the Birmingham wire-gauge), the
entire strand gauging *144 inch (or No. 10 Birmingham gauge) and weigh-
ing 300 lbs. per nautical mile, embedded for solidity in the composition known
as “ Chatterton’s Compound.”
The insulator consists of gutta percha, four layers of which are laid on
alternately with four thin layers of Chatterton’s compound, making a dia-
meter of the core of :464 inch and a circumference of 1:392 inch. The
weight of the entire insulator is 400 lbs. per nautical mile.
The External Protection.—This is in two parts. First the core is sur-
rounded with a padding of soft jute yarn, saturated with a preservative mix-
ture. Next to this padding is the protective covering, which consists of ten
solid wires of the gauge -095 inch, drawn from homogeneous iron, each wire
surrounded separately with five strands of Manilla yarn saturated with a
preservative compound, the whole of the ten strands thus formed of the hemp
and iron being laid spirally round the padded core.
The weight of this cable in air is 34 cwt. per nautical mile; the weight
in water is 14 ewt. per nautical mile. The breaking-strain is 7 tons 15 ewt.,
or equal to 11 times its weight per nautical mile in water, that is to say, if
suspended perpendicularly, it would bear its own weight in 11 miles’ depth of
water. The deepest water to be encountered between Ireland and Newfound-
land is about 2400 fathoms ; and one mile being equal to 1014 fathoms, there-
fore 1014 x 11= oe =4-64, the cable having thus a strength equal to
4-64 times of its own vertical weight in the deepest water.
In this report we have not entered upon the process of immersion, either
in tanks or the sea; we have confined our attention exclusively to the cable
and the quality of the materials of which it should be composed, and the
questions of coiling, shipping, submersion, &c., we have left for future
inguiry.
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NOTICES AND ABSTRACTS
MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS TO THE SECTIONS.
r ¢ « n
EVOITGaS TUT OF.
NOTICES AND ABSTRACTS
OF
MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS TO THE SECTIONS.
MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.
MatTHEMATICS.
On a Formula of M. Chasles relating to the Contact of Conics.
By Professor Carter, /.R.S.
THE author gave an account of the recent investigations of M. Chasles in relation
to the theory of conics, viz., M. Chasles has found that the properties of a system
of conics, containing one arbitrary parameter, depend upon two quantities called
by him the characteristics of the system; these are, p, the number of conics of the
system which pass through a given point, and, y, the number of conics of the
system which touch a given line; or, say, » is the parametric order, v the para-
metric class, of the system. And he exhibited a transformation obtained by him
of a formula of M. Chasles for the number of conics which touch five given
curves, viz., if (M, m) (N, x) (BP, p) (Q, g) (R, 7) be the orders and classes of the
five given curves respectively, then the number of curves is
=(1, 2, 4, 4, 2, 1) AML, m) (N, x) @ vp) Q@ 9 7),
where the notation stands for 1. MNPQR+2smNPQR+43mnPQR+&c. The
transformed formula in question was communicated by the author to M. Chasles,
and had appeared in the ‘Comptes Rendus;’ but it is, in fact, included in a very
beautiful and general theorem given in the same Number by M. Chasles himself.
On the Problem of the In-and-cireumscribed Triangle.
By Professor Carrey, FR.S.
The general problem of the in-and-cireumscribed triangle may be thus stated,
viz., to find a triangle the angles whereof severally lie in, and the sides severally
touch, a given curve or curyes; and we may, in the first instance, inquire as to
the number of such triangles. The first and easiest case is when the curves are
all distinct ; here, if the angles lie in curves of the orders m, n, p, respectively,
and the sides touch curves of the classes Q, R, S, respectively, then the number
of triangles is =2mnpQRS. The number may be obtained for some other cases ;
but the author has not yet considered the final and most difficult case, viz. that in
which the angles severally lie in, and the sides severally touch, one and the same
given curve.
1864, 1
2 REPORT—1864..
On Stigmatics. By Arexanper J. Exus, PRS.
In ordinary analytical geometry, a point M, moving along the axis OM, is con-
jugated by means of certain equations, with one or more points P, P’...so situated
that MP, MP’... are all parallel to a given line. In stigmatics the point M, called
the index, may be situated anywhere upon a plane, and the points P, P’... , called the
stigmata, may be so situated that the angles OMP,OMP’ ... are any whatever con-
sistent with certain conditions. The position and length of MP, MP’ ..., with re-
spect to those of OM, are determined by a certain law for each particular case.
he locus of P, P’... for a given locus of M is a stigmatic path. The aggregate
of all possible groups of conjugated points forms a stigmatic. Stigmatics are the
general geometrical representatives of algebraical equations, and comprehend as
articular cases all possible and imaginary results of ordinary algebraical geometry.
H and K be fixed stigmata, having the indices A and B, and the triangles
HPK, AMB be always similar and similarly situated, M is the index and P the
stigma of a stigmatic straight line, the theory of which embraces the whole theory
of similar figures and of rays (real or imaginary) in involution. If E and F be
fixed points, and the triangles EMP, PMF be similar and similarly situated, then
M is the index, and P the stigma, of a stigmatic circle, the theory of which com-
prehends that of radical axes, and geometrical involution and homography of points
ona plane. The mode of calculating the relations of stigmatics is by means of
clinants. The clinant ab is the operation of turning the axis of reference, OI, through
the angle (OI, AB), and altering its length in the ratio of the length of OI to that
of AB, so that AB=ab. OF. The clinant wie the operation of turning the straight
line CD through the angle (CD, AB), and altering its length in the ratio of that
of CD to that of AB, so that = . CD=AB. These clinants completely obey the
laws of ordinary algebra. The clinant equations to the stigmatic straight line and
circle, as just defined, are, therefore, ie a mp mt respectively, whence all their
properties may be deduced. If OI, OX, OY be radii of a unit circle, then, in ordinary
analytical geometry, if OM, MP be thé abscissa and ordinate of any point, P, re-
ferred to the lines OX, OY as axes, we shall have
. om , OI=OM=z. OX=z. ox . OI,
and
mp.Ol=MP=y. OY=y, oy. OI,
om m
so that t=, Y= , and thus the ordinary algebraical equation to a curve,
F(x, y)=9, is converted into the clinant equation to a stigmatic a wt) =0,
which is its general form, comprehending both the real and imaginary results of
the former as particular cases, The constants of such an equation should also be
transformed into clinants, so as to make the equations homogeneous. Thus the
equation to the straight line e401, becomes
a
Uh O85 Tn, OB on gp OM LY,
ox * ox oy ° oy oa Oo}
which can be shown to be identical with that already obtained. The equation to
the circle referred to rectangular coordinates, in which case ox? oy?=0, is 2?-+-y?
=a, whence
om? , mp? __ oa? ‘ 9 2
: an rae om? — mp" =00",
which is identical with the former if fe=2oa, Stigmaties, therefore, furnish the
required complete generalization of algebraical plane geometry, comprehending all
the results already obtained, explaining all the “‘impossibilities” hitherto encoun-
tered, and developing many new properties of plane figures.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. ee
On the Geometrical Transformation of Plane Curves. By Professor Cremona,
of Bologna. Communicated by T. A. Hirst, 7.2.8.
In a note on the geometrical transformation of plane curyes, published in the
‘Giornale di Matematiche,’ vol. i. p. 305, several remarkable properties possessed by
a certain system of curves of the n-th order, situated in the same plane, weré con-
sidered. The important one which forms the subject of this note has heen more
recently detected, and has reference to the Jacobian of such a system, that is to
say, to the focus of a point whose polar lines, relative to all curves of the system,
are concurrent.
The curves in question form, in fact, a réseau; in other words, they satisfy, in com-
mon, nies) —2 conditions in such a manner that through any two assumed points
only one curve passes. They have, moreover, so many fixed (fundamental) points
in common that no two curves intersect in more than one variable point. In shart,
if, in general, x, denote the number of fundamental points which are multiple
points of the r-th order on every curve of the réseau, the following two equations
are satisfied :—
48 ( fn let at bate) _9.
“a
#,4527,+67,....
#,+47,492,..... + (n—1)*a,,_,=n?-1.
This being premised, the property alluded to is, that the Jacobian of every such
réseau resolves itself into y, right lines, y, conics, y, cubics, &c., and y,_, curves
of the order n—1; where the integers y,, y,, &c. also satisfy the above equations,
and constitute a conjugate solution to x,, v,, &e., being connected therewith by the
relation
n—1
Ty Hye os Thy Hite ee +Yp—1
On a Generalization of the Method of Geometrical Inversion,
By T. A. Hirst, RS.
It is well known that Steiner, by assuming, instead of a conic, any fundamental
curve whatever, succeeded in generalizing Poncelet’s theory of reciprocal polars,
The ordinary method of inversion is susceptible of a generalization of the same
character, and may then be appropriately termed Quantic Inversion, A fixed origin
o being taken, the radius vector from it to any point p in the plane is, of course,
cut in (m—r) points p' by the r-th polar of p, relative to any fixed fundamental
eurve of the m-th order. If p describe a primitive curve of the n-th order P”, it
can readily be shown that its corresponding points p' will generate a curye eS of
the order mn (independent of ) which, amongst other singularities, always possesses
amultiple point at the origin of the order mr. The properties of the series of
(m—1) inverse curves corresponding to any primitive m-ic, and relative to the
same origin and fundamental m-ic, formed the subject of the communication,
When m=2, the fundamental curve is a conie which is intersected in two, real
or imaginary, points 0, and 0, by the polar of the origin o, In this case the first
and sole guadrie inverse of a given n-ic which passes a times through the origin 0,
a, times through the point 0,, and a, times through the point o,, is (if the sides of the
principal triangle 00, 0, be excluded) a curve of the order (2n—a—a,—a,), which
passes (n—a, —a,) times through 0, (xn —a—a,) through 0,,and (»—a@—<a,) through o,,
As a simple illustration of the utility of this special case of quantic inversion, when
employed as a method of transformation, it may be remarked that the number of
double tangents to the quadric inverse curve, as determined by Pliicker’s formula,
is equal to the number of conies which can be drawn through three fixed points
so as to have double contact with the primitive curve. The results of quadric in-
version are identical with those obtained by the somewhat more general, but less
easily manipulated, transformations of Steiner and of Magnus. When the funda-
mental curve is a circle around.the origin, the fundamental points 0,, 0, coincide with
1*
4 REPORT—1864..
the imaginary circular points at infinity, and we have the ordinary method of inyer-
sion as first proposed, in 1836, by Professor Bellavitis, of Padua, and now universally
employed. When the fundamental curve is an equilateral hyperbola, with its centre
at the origin, we haye the hyperbolic transformation of Professor Schiaparelli, of
Milan.
On an easy Mode of Measuring Heights. By M. Mocermner,
On Symbolical Expansions. By W. H. L. Russetr, A.B., PBS.
In this paper the author pointed out the connexion between his own binomial
theorems and the general theorems of symbolical development, given by Professor
Boole a long time ago. He also made some remarks upon the application of the
calculus of symbols to the integration of linear differential equations. It would
be interesting to know the real extent of the power of the calculus of symbols as
ae to the latter subject. It is certain that many differential equations known
to be integrable by other methods are solved with great facility by the calculus of
symbols. The author particularly specitied Laplace’s equation, the well-lnown
equation occurring in investigations respecting the figure of the earth, and a dif-
ferential equation, integrated by Professor Stokes, relating to the pressure on rail-
way bridges. The most remarkable instance, however, was the equation Inown
as Pfaff’s equation, which was of considerable generality. In this case, as had
been ascertained by Professor Boole, the calculus of symbols gave the same con-
ditions of integrability as had been previously ascertained by Pfaff, by an entirely
different process,
ASTRONOMY.
On Methods of Detecting Changes on the Moon’s Surface.
“ By W. RB. Brat, RAS.
The author commenced by alluding to the theories that had been submitted for
explaining the appearances on the moon’s surface. One, he said, had reference to
the fixity of those appearances; so that how long soever observations might be
continued, no changes would be detected, all volcanic action on the surface (which
appears to be admitted on all hands) having long ago ceased—the largest lunar
forms having been the result of the most violent outbreaks, the smaller mountains,
se aged in the larger craters, indicating the last expiring efforts of this action.
This theory, the author said, would not satisfy all minds; and accordingly astro-
nomers were not wanting who leaned to the hypothesis that eruptive action still
exists, although in a subdued form.
In order ultimately to set at rest the question as to whether the surface of the
moon is in a state of quiescence or activity, the author recommended the forma-
tion of a catalogue of lunar objects, remarking that our existing records were
inadequate to determine the question. He gave instances of lunar craters figured
as far back as 1792, by the astronomer Schroter, which have been entirely over-
looked by Beer and Midler, and consequently omitted in their map, which is the
acknowledged authority in lunar matters. These craters, the author said, he had
himself seen very recently ; and in order to assist in detecting future changes, should
there be any, he had already commenced a catalogue in which 886 objects were
entered, many of them very small.
On the present Aspect of the Discussion respecting the Telescopic Appearance
of the Solar Photosphere. By the Rev. W. R. Dawzs.
After reviewing the statements of Sir W. Herschel, Mr. Nasmyth, Mr. Stone of
the Greenwich Observatory, and others, the author considered the discussion to
be reduced to these alternatives :—Lither, first, the objects described by Mr. Stone
as like “rice-grains,” are not identical with those Mr, Nasmyth has compared to
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 5
“ willow-leaves,” and therefore can afford no corroboration of Mr. Nasmyth’s
“ discovery” ; or secondly, if they are the same, they are so easily seen as to have
been well known to Sir W. Herschel seventy years ago, and to others more
recently,
On the Possibility of constructing Ellipsoidal Lenses.
By the Rey. Tuomas Furtone.
If a circular disk be put in a convenient position, and a line be supposed pro-
ceeding from its centre, and perpendicular to its plane, an eve placed in that line
will see the disk as a circle. TE the plate be made to revolve on one of its dia-
meters through a right angle, it will be seen edgeways as a line; as the disk so
moves through 90°, the eye will perceive it assume every form of ellipse, from the
circle, its limit on the one hand, to the right line, its limit on the other. The
elements of those elliptic forms are easily found; for the radius of the disk is
always the semiaxis major, and the natural cosine of the angle through which
the disk (or the eye) moves multiplied by the number of inches or feet in the
radius of the disk will be the semiaxis minor, from which, if the focus be given,
the angle of revolution can be found, or, if the angle be given, the focus may be
found ; or, easier still, to the ;1,th of an inch, by measuring off those numbers on
the legs of a right angle on a scale of equal parts. The common slide-rest has
two motions, one parallel to the bed of the lathe, the other at right angles to it;
and if a cutting-tool be arranged as for boring a cylinder, that cutter will produce
a cylindrical groove if the work attached to the slide-rest be moved parallel to the
bed, or a line (like the cut of a circular saw) if moved across the bed. Now if
the upper part of the slide-rest be made capable of moving in azimuth 90°, the
cutting point, moving in a circle, can be made to produce grooves corresponding
to the small end of the ellipse, or, by a vertical arrangement to the flatter side, of
any eccentricity required. Crossed lenses, ground and polished in circular grooves
(the discovery of a French gentleman, he believed), are well known and valued for
flatness of field and good definition. His strong impression is that elliptic lenses
could be produced in the same way. The only point of difference is that, while
the circular grooye permits the glass to be worked in it in various positions, the
elliptic groove must have the glass worked in it always in the same plane. The
al read was not intended for the learned, but for a plain workman, and in the
ope that some one would try the experiment. The author feels confident that, if
ellipsoidal curves were introduced, great advantages are likely to arise,
On the possible Connexion between the Ellipticity of Mars and the general
Appearance of its Surface. By Professor Hennessy, F.R.S., M.RLA.
The physical characters of Mars have attracted considerable notice, on account
of the supposed resemblance of that planet to our earth, and at the same time one
of the most prominent of these characters presents a striking contrast with its
terrestrial counterpart, namely, its ellipticity, which is estimated by most astro-
nomers at a higher value than mechanical theory would assign, if the planet had
been originally in a fluid state. In accordance with hydrostatical laws, a planet
similar to Mars, and rotatory around its axis in the same period of time, should
have an ellipticity very nearly approaching to that of our earth. Two observers
of great eminence, Bessel and Johnson, seem to have arrived at a similar con-
clusion. The observations made by the former were fully discussed by M. Oude-
manns in the ‘ Astronomische Nachrichten,’ No. 838, p. 352. After combining
the results of different observed diameters with various angles of position, by the
method of least squares, Oudemanns came to the conclusion that the observations
gave varied and uncertain values for the diameters; and therefore that it was
sete to regard the planet as approximately spherical. Johnson, in the
adcliffe Observations for 1850 and 1853, discussed the results of measurements
made with the heliometer, and arrived at substantially the same result. Although
the late M. Arago referred to some of the author’s views regarding terrestrial
physics, as probably affording explanation for the anomaly of the large ellipticity
which he assigned to Mars, in his posthumous publication on the structure of the
6 REPORT—1864.
planet, the author had heard the same eminent person express views almost
identical with those flowing from the observations of Bessel and Johnson. At the
same time, the simplification which the author endeavoured to introduce into the
theory of the Earth’s figure will not, if < ipplied to that of Mars, suffice to. account
for the usually received high ellipticity of that body. Abstaining, for the present,
from any attempt at an explanation of this peculiarity, let us endeavour to trace
out its consequences with reference to the configuration of that planet. It seems
to be generally admitted that there is, in the neighbourhood of one of the poles of
Mars, a great mass of brilliant matter, analogous to a mass of terrestrial snow.
This very substance is even supposed, with great probability, to seriously inter-
fere with the accuracy of telescopic observations, owing to the optical disturb-
ances arising from the irradiation of such an extremely bright object. It is also
manifest that, if this substance should be snow, the varying seasons of the planet
would cause its dimensions to vary, and thus the power of the disturbing in-
fluence. These circumstances show that great caution should be used in accepting
any results which are liable to be affected by the presence of this snowy patch,
and they also necessarily imply the existence of a fluid like water in that part of
the surface of Mars wherever the temperature is above the freezing-point of the
fluid. If this should be so, the generally assumed large ellipticity of Mars should
be followed by another result. Several years ago, when controverting and dis-
proving an erroneous theory of the Harth’s figure, put forward by Playfair, and
which has since acquired some importance by being reproduced by Sir John
Herschel, in support of his general views, and appealed to by Sir Charles Lyell,
the author obtained mathematical expressions for the equilibrium of a fluid like
water spread over an exterior aliradalt spheroid such as this theory assumed the
Earth to be. It follows from these expressions that if the Earth possessed a very
small ellipticity, or were spherical, it would consist of two great cireumpolar
continents, with an intermediate belt of equatorial ocean. He has assigned the
dimensions of these continents, supposing the ocean to have its present volume.
it also immediately follows that if the Earth had a very great ellipticity, such,
for example, as that so frequently assumed for Mars, the reverse would take place,
and the dry land would form an equatorial belt, while the poles would be
enveloped in water. The dimensions of these circumpolar oceans, with the
assumed ellipticity of Mars, could be also assigned, and they should exist on its
surface, unless there should be great irregularities in the density of the matter
composing the planet. The mechanical theory on which these conclusions are
based is simple, and therefore the attention of observers may be directed to the
inquiry as_to whether, compared with our Earth, a greater predominance of dry
land exists at the equatorial parts of Mars compared to its polar regions. If the
author might venture to draw any conclusion from the results hitherto observed,
and especially from the drawings appended to Mr. Lockyer’s paper, in the
‘Memoirs of the Astronomical Society,’ he would say that no such predominance
of equatorial land exists on the surface of Mars, and therefore if its appearances
are partly due to the presence of a liquid on its surface, we must conclude that its
ellipticity has been generally exaggerated, and that the results of Bessel and
Johnson’s observations are, upon the whole, nearer to the truth than those of
other observers,
Speculations on Physical Astronomy. By R. W. Harpy.
On an extensive Lunar Plain near the Montes Hercynii, which it is proposed to
name Otto Struve. By Dr. Lez, F.R.S., F.GS.
The paper which the author presented to the Section was intended as a supple-
ment to those already brought before the Members of the British Association by
the Rey. T. W. Webb and Mr. Birt. After alluding to the three large and beautiful
drawings of the Mare Crisium by Professor Piazzi Smyth, Dr. Lee called attention
to_a large plain in the north-east quadrant of the moon, formerly designated
“Lichtenberg ” by the Hanoverian astronomer Schriter. It is situated between two
mountain-chains, to the easternmost of which the German selenographers, Beer and
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 7
Midler, appropriated the term “Montes Hercynii,” at the same time transferring
the name “ Lichtenberg” to a crater some little distance from this plain, Dr, Lee
illustrated his description of the plain and iis surrounding mountains by copies of
four delineations, which, with the one on Lohrmann’s map, are all that are in exist-
ence—one by Schriter, made in the year 1792; the portion of Beer and Madler’s
map of this region; a fine drawing of the northern part of the plain by Lord Rosse ;
and an unpublished drawitig by Mx. Birt, executed during the present year. In
these drawings, Dr. Lee pointed out the features that were common to them, espe-
cially a large crater on the north part of the west wall, which was very conspicuous
in them all. The west wall Dr. Lee remarked is the most interesting of the two
principal ones which bound the plain. This wall is shown by Schroter as being
perforated by four craters, including the conspicuous one above mentioned. Of
these craters the author said Beer and Miidler have but one on their large map.
Lord Rosse’s drawings of a part of the chain only have the nearest to the large crater,
and Mr. Birt appears to have observed the four given by Schroter. After alluding
to the confusion likely to arise from the changes in the names before mentioned,
Dr. Lee suggested that in future this large plain should be denominated ‘ Otto
Struve,” as commemorative of the extensive astronomical labours of the astronomer
of Pulkova; and that the crater to which Beer and Madler gave the name “ Lich-
tenberg” should still retain it, especially as, according to the German selenographers,
it is almost unique in exhibiting on some occasions a red tint,
Notice of the Physical Aspect of the Sun.
By Professor Puiuuirs, M.A., LLD.; FBS.
Since the author had been provided with the diagonal sun-glass adjusted to his
equatorial by Mr. Cooke, he had taken many occasions for scrutinizing the aspect
of the sun’s disk in regard to spots, facule, and the general porosity of the surface.
For tracing the path of a spot across the disk, a Kellner eyepiece was employed,
with five engraved transit lines, the intervals being equal to 10° in the central
oe of the sun’s circumference. In drawing, negative eyepieces of the ordinary
ind were sometimes employed; at others, a peculiar kind, arranged by himself,
with powers varying from 75 to 300, the best performances being usually between
100 and 200; the higher powers, however, being occasionally useful towards the
limb of the sun. He described the bright streaks or facule as of diversified form
and distinct outline, either entirely separate or coalescing in various ways into
ridges and network. When the spots became invisible near the limb, the undu-
lated shining ridges and folds still indicated their place, being more remarkable
thereabout than elsewhere on the limb, though almost everywhere traceable in
good observing weather. In a diagram made on the 29th of March last, facule
are sown in the most brilliant parts of the sun. They appear of all magnitudes,
from barely discernible, softly gleaming spots a thousand miles long, to continuous,
complicated, and heaped ridges 40,000 and more miles in length, and 1000 to
4000 miles and more broad. They are never regularly arched, and never found
in straight bands, but always devious and minutely undulated, like clouds in the
evening sky or very distant ranges of snowy mountains. When minutely studied,
the ridges appear prominent in cusps and depressed into hollows. By the frequent
meeting of the bright ridges, spaces of the sun’s surface are included of various
magnitudes, and forms somewhat corresponding to the areas and forms of the
irregular spots with penumbre. Ridges of this kind often embrace and enclose a
spot, though not very closely, the spot appearing the more conspicuous from the
surrounding brightness; but sometimes there appears a broad white platform
yound the spot, and from this the white crumpled ridges pass in various directions.
Towards the limb the ridges appear nearly parallel to it; further off this cha-
racter is exchanged for indeterminate direction and lessened distinctness; over the
rest of the surface they are less conspicuous, but can be traced as an irregular net-
work, more or less disguised by that structure which has been designated as porosity.
The facule preserve their shapes and position, with no visible change, during a
few hours of observation, and probably for much longer periods. They do not
appear to project beyond the general circular outline of the sui—a circumstance
which the author explains, without denying that they actually do rise above the
8 REPORT—1864..
general surface, whether as clouds or mountains, to either of which they may be
truly likened. In respect to porosity, the author had also devoted much time to
a scrutiny of the interspaces between the facule towards the limb and the general
surface towards the interior of the disk. Towards the interior the ground acquires
more evident lights and shades, a sort of granulation difficult to analyze. Under
favourable conditions for observation, there appears little or none of that tremor
and internal motion described by earlier observers. What is then seen is a com-
plicated surface of interrupted lights and shades, the limits of which appear
arched, or straight, or confused, according to the case; and the indeterminate
union of these produces sometimes faint luminous ridges, the intervals filled up by
shaded interstices and insulated patches of illuminated surface. The best resem-
blance to these complicated small surfaces of light and shade he had been able to
procure was a disk of a particular sort of white paper placed near the eye-end of
the telescope, and seen by transmitted light. Heaps of small fragments of white
substances, not so uniform in figure or equal in size as rice-grains, might also be
suggested for comparison.
On a suspected Change of Brightness in the Lunar Spot, Werner.
By the Rev. T. W. Wesn, A.M, F.R.AS.
The mysterious appearance of the Moon under high illumination, and the want of
accordance between its actual relief and what may be called its docal colouring, have
by no means received a degree of attention corresponding with the present position
and requirements of science, or with the unprecedented optical resources now at
our command. The investigation would no doubt present many difficulties, but
we ought not to be thus deterred from attempting the solution of so interesting a
question ; and a more persevering and minute examination of the topography of
the full Moon could scarcely fail of meeting with its reward in a well-marked ad-
vance in the boundary of our knowledge. One probable result might be the dis-
covery of variation in the brightness of the luminous markings. No reason can be
given for geqrocsring in the general supposition of their permanence, except the
testimony of very inadequate representations. The changes remarked by Schriter
and Gruithuisen are periodical, and therefore of another character ; but a suspicion
has begun to be entertained of more permanent alteration. Messrs. Birt and Hunter
(the Earl of Rosse’s observer), as well as the present writer, have found the interior
of Plato different from the representation of Beer and Midler; and the object of
this paper is to bring Povah evidence of another change, in the interior of the
crater Werner. A small luminous spot at the foot of the wall on the N.E. side has
been twice referred to by Beer and Madler, in the most distinct and positive man-
ner, as equalling the brightness of Avzistarchus, and surpassing in this respect every
other portion of the lunar disk. Such, according to the observations of the present
writer, is no longer the case. In 1855 and 1856 its comparative inferiority was
noticed with two achromatics of 3-7 inches aperture ; and daring the present year,
a careful investigation with a 5:5-inch object-glass under very various angles of in-
cident light, with many magnifying powers, and the occasional employment of
coloured screen-glasses, leads to the same conclusion. So far from rivalling the
intensity of Aristarchus, it never equalled that of Proclus, Censorinus, or Dionysius,
all which are rated lower by Beer and Madler. Fromits position it does not seem
likely that other circumstances of libration would influence its apparent brightness ;
and since Beer and Midler have studied the vicinity with especial minuteness
(much more than they have bestowed on some other regions), it appears highly
probable that the spot has decreased in brilliancy during the lapse of twenty years.
A careful examination of other districts might probably detect similar changes.
For this purpose, in place of yague and arbitrary estimations, a method of sequences
similar to that adopted by Sir J. Herschel in stellar photometry might prove of
great service, and coloured screen-glasses of various depths would be useful; but
care must be taken to discriminate between the impressions of extent and intensity,
and to avoid fragmentary comparisons with unequal apertures, as it is probable
that the decrease of differences in apparent brightness with increasing light, which
is known to obtain in the case of stars, may find place also in these observations.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 9
On the Invisible Part of the Moon’s Surface.
By the Rev. T. W. Wess, A.M, F.R.A.S.
Assuming the correctness, or at least probability, of Hansen’s assertion that the
centres of fioure and gravity of the Moon are not coincident, and that consequently
a different condition, both as to surface and atmosphere, might possibly obtain on
its remoter side, an attempt,was made to inquire whether there is any evidence of
progressive change in proportion as we recede from the centre of the visible hemi-
sphere ; and it was shown that though there are departures of more than one kind
towards the limb from the types of form prevailing in the centre of the disk, yet
those variations are not sufficiently consistent to lead to any reliable inference ; and
that on the whole it is not possible, from what we see, to form any satisfactory
conclusion as to the condition of the invisible region.
Licut.
On a New Form of Spectroscope, in which Direct Vision is obtained with a
Single Prism. By J. Brownrye.
Some time since it was suggested to the author by Mr. Huggins that a direct-
vision spectroscope, more powerful than Hoffman’s, would be a valuable addition
to the instruments used for spectrum analysis. If made portable for travellers, it
could be used in the manner of a telescope for observing differences in the solar
spectrum at various elevations, for the spectra of flames, the absorption-bands
produced by different liquids; and, above all, it would be most readily adaptable
to telescopes for examining the spectra of stars. Whilst the author was engaged
on various contrivances having this end in view, Mr. A. Herschel showed him a
single prism he had contrived, which answered the purpose. It was of the form
that has been termed 3 to 1] right-angled, from the hypothenuse being three times
as large as the base. These proportions are very simple and easy of execution.
In this prism, which was of crown glass 2°5 specific gravity, refraction occurs both
in the ray of light entering at the face perpendicular to the short side, but near
the point, and also on its leaying the prism by the short face, the correction of the
inclination of the ray, so as to make it emerge in the same line as it enters, being
effected by its performing two internal reflexions. In making this kind of prism
of yery dense flint glass, the author had found the task more difficult than he had
anticipated: the acute angle required considerable modification, and it became very
difficult to keep the path of the ray within the prism. The best results had been
obtained by throwing the ray to the left of the prism, and correcting this by cement-
ing a small crown-glass prism to the short face. The refractive angle, exercising a
contrary dispersion, need not be more than 5°—scarcely more than a tenth of that
employed by Hoffman in his construction. The three surfaces of this prism, being
in use, must be all equally true, or the definition suffers. After the result of all the
experiments he had made, the author would wish to express his conviction that
whatever advantages may be gained on the score of portability or convenience in
use, they were more than counterbalanced by the inferior performance of these
arrangements, when compared with plain prisms of the best workmanship. In
connexion with this paper, the author added some remarks on the great difficulty
encountered in working plane surfaces on extra-dense glass prisms, and exhibited
two wonderfully delicate instruments for measuring the irregularities. With the
first, inequalities of =>$,, of an inch could be taken by direct reading, and of
subse Of an inch by estimation; with the second, inequalities of the z554;55 of
an inch were discoverable. The common method is to take the reflexion of a
distant image through a telescope; but the prisms Mr. Browning has produced
fully justify his choice of direct mechanical means for proving the perfection of
their surface-planes.
10 nEPORT—1864.
On the Connexion between the Form and Optical Properties of Crystals.
By A, Carron.
It was the object of this paper to give an account of the results of investigations
which have had for their object the discovery of the connexion between the form
and optical properties of crystals. It is believed that, in the results here given,
some of the principal difficulties of this important problem have been overcome.
The first step towards the solution of this problem was made by Sir David Brewster
in 1818, He discovered that crystals belonging to the prismatic, oblique, and
anorthic systems are biaxal; those belonging to the pyramidal and rhombohedral
systems uniaxal; while crystals of the cubic system do not possess double refrac-
tion (a fact which had been previously stated by Hauy). In this paper is con-
sidered in detail the connexion between the form and optical properties of crystals
belonging to the prismatic system. The investigation of the optical properties of
crystals belonging to the oblique system is still in progress. The following is the
method employed in this investigation:—LHach crystal is referred to three rect-
angular axes, one axis being perpendicular to the plane of the optic axes, the other
two being the internal and external bisectors of the angle between the optic axes.
The new parameters are calculated by means of formulze investigated in a paper on
the ‘‘Rhombohedral system;” and thence the angle between the optic axes is
found, as if the crystal belonged to the prismatic system, by means of the formula
given in this paper. The angle between the fees axes of one mineral belonging
to the oblique system has been calculated by this process; and the calculated has
been found to agree approximately with the observed angle. If this should prove
to be generally the case, it will not only be a solution of the problem which forms
the subject of this note for crystals of the oblique system, but it will prove that
these crystals are formed according to the same laws of symmetry as crystals of the
prismatic system,
Photo-Sculpture. By A. Cuavvrr, F.R.S.
After having explained the advantages of photography and its progress, the
author described in what manner it has been applied to sculpture.
This beautiful application of photography is called Photo-Sculpture, and is the
invention of M. Willéme, an eminent French sculptor.
The story of the invention may be told in a few words, M. Willéme was in the
habit, whenever he could procure photographs of his sitters, of endeavouring to
communicate to the model the correctness of those unerring types. But how should
he raise the outlines of flat pictures into a solid form ?
Yet these single photographs, such as they were, could serve him to measure
exactly profile outlines. He could, indeed, by means of one of the points of a
pantograph, follow the outline of the photograph, while, with the other point
directed on the model, he ascertained and corrected any error which had been
communicated to his work during the modelling. What he could do with one
view, or one single photograph of the sitter, he might do also with several other
views, if he had them. "This was sufficient to open the inquiry of an ingenious
mind. He saw atonce that if he had photographs of many other profiles of the
sitter, taken at the same moment, by a number of cameras-obscuras placed around,
he might alternately and consecutively correct his model by comparing the pro-
file outline of each photograph with the corresponding outline of the model. Such
was the origin of this discovery. But it soon naturally occurred to him that, in-
stead of correcting his model when nearly completed, he had better work at once
with the pantograph upon the rough block of clay, and cut it out gradually all round
in following one after the other the outline of each of the photographs.
Now supposing that he had twenty-four photographs, representing the sitter in as
many points of view (all taken at once), he had but to turn the block of clay, after
every operation, th of the base upon which it is fixed, and to cut out the next
profile, until the block had completed its entire revolution, and then the clay was
transformed into a perfect solid figure of the twenty-four photographs—the statue
or bust was made.
As an illustration of the process, the author has executed a bust of the President
of the Association, Sir Charles Lyell, which was exhibited to the Section.
»
oe
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. Ld
On the Adaptation of Bisulphide-of-Carbon Prisms, and the use of Telescopes
of Long Focal Distance, in the Examination of the Sun’s Spectrum. By
J. P. Gassior, 7. R.S.
The dispersive power of sulphide of carbon has caused it to be generally
used for producing the spectrum; and some time since the author had a battery
of eleven prisms constructed, which has been used at the Kew Observatory in ob-
serving the spectrum of the sun. By means of this apparatus, the double D line
was observed in a very remarkable manner, presenting an angular separation of
3' 6", while at the same time eleven other associated lines were counted which had
not previously been detected. But although this great angular separation is a
proof of the power of the instrument, spectrum observations made with sulphide-
of-carbon prisms are attended with difficulties of the most perplexing and often
annoying character. One of these is the necessity of readjusting their position
whenever different portions of the spectrum have to be examined, the time thus
occupied being often fatal to the securing of true and faithful results. Another
and serious difficulty arises from the changes of temperature taking place during the
eriod of observation. The author had been informed by Mr. Browning that Prof.
ook, of New York, who had a battery of nine prisms, made by Alvan Clarke,
had found the influence of temperature so great as to render the battery unser-
viceable for long-continued and exact investigations. In order to test the effects
of changes of temperature upon Mr. Gassiot’s battery, a careful observation was
made of the lines discovered in the space between the double lines of D, <A tin
vessel containing hot water was placed on the plate in the centre of the battery,
the heat from which soon affected the fluid in the prisms, and the spectral lines
gradually became confused and indistinct, travelling at the same time rapidly
across the field of view; several hours elapsed before the prisms resumed their
normal state. The fluid prisms are, notwithstanding all difficulties in using them,
the author considered, an indispensable and most valuable adjunct to a complete
spectroscope, as, by the enormous dispersive power of this sulphide, observations
of lines in the spectrum are obtainable that otherwise would probably entirely
escape notice; and if, as in the battery which Mr. Browning had constructed
for him, the prisms have surfaces so perfectly plane as, at equable temperatures, to
give such satisfactory definition, they become highly valuable for the purposes of
comparison, and thus of determining in a remarkable manner the coincidence of
certain lines, the accuracy of the results not being interfered with, as it is evident
both sets of lines would be equally affected. The observers at Kew believe they
have noticed the coincidence of several bright gold lines with corresponding dark
lines in the solar spectrum, from which the presence of that metal may be inferred
in the sun’s atmosphere. If confirmed by further observations, this will be an im-
portant addition to our present knowledge. In order to increase the power of the
author’s unequalled battery of flint-glass prisms, Mr. Browning has recently adapted
a pair of telescopes of three feet focal length, in place of those of two feet, for-
merly used. The improvement thus effected is very striking; and on the only
opportunity for using it, the solar spectrum assumed an appearance far more nearly
resembling that obtained by the battery of fluid prisms, This single observation,
however, has been enough to show that the employment of telescopes of long
focal length may be indispensable for minute and reliable research on the lines
in the solar spectrum.
On the Transmission of the Red Ray by many Coloured Solutions.
By Dr. Gravstonn, FBS.
The author has been in the habit of observing the absorption of the different parts
of the prismatic spectrum by coloured liquids, by allowing a line of light to pass
through the varying thicknesses of the liquid contained in a hollow wedge of glass
and analyzing it by a prism. From the diagrams representing the phenomena thus
produced, it was evident that in many cases the extreme red ray was capable of
penetrating very far, while the less refrangible red or orange ray was almost imme-
diately absorbed. The following instances were given :—Solutions of chromium
12 REPORT—1864.
salts, uranous salts, permanganates, blue salts of cobalt, ferric sulphocyanide,
sulphindigotic acid, litmus, azuline, chinoline blue, bleu de Paris, ceruleine, acid
nitrosonaphthaline, cochineal, chlorophyll, and the purple colour produced by the
action of a sulphide on a nitroprusside. These solutions were exhibited; and two
of them, litmus and chinoline blue, being placed in the hollow glass wedges,
showed the phenomena of dichromatism—that is, the thin part of the wedge of liquid
was blue, the middle part purple, while the thick part was red. This is due to the
free transmission of the red ray, while the other parts of the spectrum are more
quickly absorbed. Several of the other liquids are dichromatic from the same cause ;
for instance, the salts of chromium, which are either green or red, according to the
quantity seen through. No probable cause was assigned for this double peculiarity
—the very free transmission of the red ray, and the speedy absorption of the neigh-
bouring ray; nor did the author see any chemical relationship between the sub-
stances that exhibit it.
On the Spectra of some of the Heavenly Bodies.
By Professor W. A. Mittrr, V.P.2.S., and W. Hees, Baas
The first part of the communication related to observations on planetary spectra.
Tt was necessary to compare these spectra side by side with that of the sun; but
here arose a difficulty, for a planet is not usually visible until sunset. Ultimately
the plan adopted was to compare the light of the planet with that of the sun
reflected from the sky in the immediate vicinity of the planet, just after the sun
had sunk below the horizon. The object of this comparison was chiefly to ascertain
whether the sun’s light, after being reflected from a planet, and having passed
through a portion of its atmosphere, contains any of those lines of absorption which
are produced in the solar spectrum when the rays of the sun traverse a large extent
of our earth’s atmosphere. This was found to be the case, and one line in particular
was much more powerfully developed by the atmosphere of Jupiter than by that
of our earth. The colour of the light of Mars was in like manner found to be due
to absorption exercised by something in the atmosphere of that planet.
The second part of the communication referred to the spectra of binary stars.
These are most difficult of observation, as the two members of the system are so
very near one another that it is difficult to obtain the spectrum of one without the
other. This difficulty was, however, overcome in some cases, where the stars were
not extremely close, by rotating the spectroscope in the tube of the telescope until
the slit for admitting the light was at right angles to the line joining the two stars ;
the coloured appearance presented by some of these interesting bodies was found
to be produced by peculiar absorption of certain parts of the spectrum, similar to
that which, on a small scale, is produced by the atmosphere of our luminary.
The third and most remarkable part of this communication was that which re-
ferred to the spectra of nebule ; and the observations in this field were stated to
have been conducted solely by Mr. Huggins. The nebulz examined were chiefly
those denominated planetary nebule. ‘Tt was scarcely expected that the extremely
faint light of these bodies would be sufficient to produce any spectrum at all; nor
would it have done so had their construction been that which has been usually
assigned to them. But to the surprise of the observer he beheld, not a continuous
spectrum such as that which proceeds from a solid body interspersed with dark
lines due to atmospheric absorption, but a spectrum consisting of a few bright lines
such as that ahich proceeds from an intensely heated gas. It was, indeed, the
smallness in number of these component lines that enabled any success to be ob-
tained ; and the result from three or four of these nebulz revealed the fact that
they were in each case composed of glowing gas, probably hydrogen and nitrogen,
without any solid nucleus whatever. But what can be the origin of this high
temperature, since, upon the principle of the conservation of energy, some other form
of motion must be destroyed in order to produce the luminosity? The origin of the
light of the heavenly bodies thus becomes more perplexing than eyer, and seems to
point to some law regarding which we are yet in the dark.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 13
On a recent Description of an Iris seen in the Lake of Lucerne.
By Mr. J. J. Waker.
In a letter which appeared in the ‘Athenzeum’ of September 3, the writer described
the appearance of a splendid solar rainbow, and its “reflected image” in the Lake
of Lucerne. This was an instance, seen under very favourable circumstances (from
the calmness of the water, the low altitude of the sun, and the elevation of the observer
above the surface of the lake), of that secondary iris, to the rationale of which the
author had drawn the attention of the Section at the Aberdeen Meeting, 1859,
ELECTRICITY.
Description of a Cheap Form of Automatic Regulator for the Electric Light.
By Samvet Hieutey, £.GS.
The principle of this “ Pneumatic Electric Regulator” was suggested to the
author by Mr. Malden. The instrument is sensitive in action, and, from its
simplicity, little liable to get out of order, and can be arranged for any length of
carbon. The rod supporting the upper carbon is attached to a copper float, which
rests upon a column of water, contained in a chamber communicating by an opening
with an air-chamber, from which a pipe, terminated by a flexible tube of vulcanized
rubber, is carried under a wedge-shaped piece attached to the rod holding the lower
carbon, and which passes through a coil of stout insulated wire. “When the carbons
are brought into contact, the current passes through, and the coil becomes magnetic,
pulls down the iron core, and separates the carbons, so as to produce the proper
are of light, at the same time forcing down the wedge upon the flexible tube,
closing it as effectually as with a stop-cock, As soon as the distance between the
poles becomes too great for the current to pass freely, the coil ceases to be magnetic,
and the lower rod is raised slightly by means of a lever and counterpoise spring.
Air is thus forced from the chamber by the column of water; the float sinks,
bringing down the upper carbon into contact with the lower one: the current is
thus again completed; the coil becomes magnetic, and pulls down the iron core,
pressing the stop-cock wedge upon the rubber tube. These operations are repeated
sympathetically as the carbon burns away.
On the Retardation of Electrical Signals on Land-Lines.
By Firemine Junk.
The retardation of electrical signals through submarine cables has been studied
closely for some years ; but on land-lines, owing to the difficulty of the experiment
and small influence of the retardation on the signals usually employed, little atten-
tion has been paid to the phenomenon. The invention of automatic instruments,
such as Prof. Wheatstone’s transmitting
signals, which succeed one another with
great rapidity, now renders the retardation
an important element of calculation, even
on the common aérial lines. The electric
current is never received at a distant sta-
tion at the very instant of its transmis-
sion; it arrives gradually, as represented
in the annexed curve, in which the hori-
zontal ordinates represent the times after
the circuit has been completed in terms
of a quantity a; while the vertical ordi-
nates represent the relative streneths of the current at each moment: thus on
any circuit the received current will have reached about 65 per cent. of its whole
strength after a period of 6a. The quantity a varies with the circumstances of each
’ kel? 4 p : -
case, and is equal to melcdegls where =the resistance of the conducting wire
14 REPORT—1864.
per unit of length, in electrostatic absolute measure; ¢ the capacity per unit of
length in the same measure; and / the total length of the wire; & is known for all
the ordinary metals, but ¢ has hitherto been undetermined; and the object of the
paper was to deduce the value of e, from some experiments made by M, Guillemin,
and fully detailed in the ‘Annales de Physique et de Chimie’ for 1860, These
experiments gave with considerable accuracy the form of the curye for various
lengths; but the experimenter had not applied his results so as to give the con-
stants required for the mathematical theory. After describing the method employed
by M. Guillemin with high commendation, Mr. Jenkin gave the results of his cal-
culations. The electrostatical capacity per foot of the common No. 8 wire in the
lines used by M. Guillemin must have ae from 0:15 to 0:22 in British absolute
electrostatic measure (feet, grains, seconds). This number is nearly three times
that given by pure theory for a wire, stretched horizontally, without supports, at
a uniform height of ten feet from the ground—a discrepancy probably to be ac-
counted for by the induction occurring at each post. The form of the curve was
also modified by imperfect insulation. The retardation due to the statical charge—
the capacity for which is thus determined—not only delays the signals, but causes
confusion and utter illegibility if they succeed each other too rapidly. A limit is
thus put to the performance of signalling-instruments ; and calculations made with
the A en value of ¢ show that we must not expect to transmit by the common
Morse instrument more than about tweuty words per minute between stations 1300
miles apart ; that the performance of Prof. Wheatstone’s beautiful automatic trans-
mitter may be limited to speeds below 120 words per minute when 530 miles are
exceeded; and that the Chevaliér Bonelli would have to diminish his speed of 400
words per minute (with five wires), even on considerably shorter circuits. It must
be remembered that larger wires, fewer posts, and a better form of insulator may
considerably extend these limits.
Description of an Electric-resistance Balance constructed by Prof. W. Thomson.
By Firemine Jenkin.
The author described an instrument made under the superintendence of Prof. W,
Thomson, of Glasgow, for the purpose of practically carrying out the important
improvements in the methods of comparing the electric resistances of short thick
bars of wires of metal, as described in a paper by Prof. Thomson, published in the
‘Philosophical Magazine.’ The special merits of the method are, that the bars or
wires to be tested do not require to be eut to any definite length, that they do not
require to be soldered or joined by amalgamated terminals to the connexions of
the instrument, and that any resistance due to slightly imperfect connexion between
the bar tested and these connexions does not vitiate the measurements. This im-
portant practical improvement, by which the accuracy of the measurement and the
ease with which it can be effected are alike increased, was explained by reference
to the fine instrument exhibited, which has been constructed for Col. Douglas,
Superintendent of the Telegraphs in India, by Mr. James White, of Glasgow.
On the Development of Electricity from the Rays of the Sun and other Sources
of Light. By H. Kenvin.
Descriptions of the * Liquid Steering Compass” and “ Monitor Compass.”
By Professor H. D, Rogurs.
The compasses described were constructed by Mr. E. 8. Ritchie, of Boston, U. 8.
The distinctive peculiarities of the liquid compass are an air-tight metallic case,
within which is placed the magnetic needle, and of such size and weight as to be
of very nearly the same specific gravity as the liquid in which it is intended to
float. The weight is thus removed from the pivot, and friction is almost pre-
vented; certain modifications being introduced to provide against tilting and other
emergencies occurring during the motion of the ship.. The distinctive principle of
the monitor compass is the separation of the magnet from the card or index, so
that the magnet may be elevated above the sphere of disturbing attraction of the
|
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 15
iron of the ship, while the card is brought to a convenient position to be seen by
the pilot ; and suspending the moveable portion in a liquid, so as to ensure entire
freedom from friction, that the needle may obey the polar force, at the same time
that great steadiness is secured for the card.
On the Mechanical Theory and Application of the Laws of Magnetic
Induction and Electricity. By J. B. Taomrson.
In this paper electricity and magnetism were considered as a force in the same
way as heat and light; and electric and magnetic induction were treated in corre-
spondence with mechanics. The summary of the author’s theories is :—That the
enomena called electricity and magnetism are two forms of force which may
either be in conatus or in act. If in conatus, they are in a state of tension; if in
act, then in a state of fluxion. Electricity is in conatus when in the static form of
excitation, or when the voltaic circuit is not completed; in act, when the matter
highly excited is brought in contact with matter less highly excited, or when the
voltaic circuit is completed. Magnetism is in conatus when the magnetic vortical
sphere is held constant by a constant electric current, or by hardened steel or mag-
netic iron ore, so that the earth-magnetism may flow in; in act, on its electric projec-
tion and recession, or when iron or some other paramagnetic is moved through this
sphere. That electric conduction is by certain molecular movements of particular por-
tions of matter. Those wherein this movement is easily excited are called conductors,
and those wherein it is with difficulty excited are called insulators. That magnetie
conduction is by the symmetrical arrangement into a vortical sphere of spirals of a
ag medium, which pervades all matter, and holds it in that form for the time
eing. That particular matter wherein the sphere is easily excited is called para-
magnetic, and that wherein it is with more difficulty excited is called diamagnetic.
That this sphere can be fixed by means of hardened steel or magnetic iron ore. That
the magnetic vortical can be excited by means of spiral currents of electricity
generally, and even by a tangent to such spiral. Also it can be induced by mag-
netic conduction in paramagnetics. That the magnetic force is only in a state of
fluxion on the projection and recession of this sphere. That this sphere is pro-
jected in the direction of the exciting electric current, and recedes in the opposite
irection. That the electric force is induced on the projection of the magnetic vor-
tical, and also on its recession. That, consequently, for one inducing current there
are two induced currents; therefore, it would appear that by induction electric ex-
citation is multiplied. Finally, that these inductions and conversions of force are
in strict accordance with the laws of mechanical motion. In connexion with the
paper an induction machine was exhibited, the chief points of novelty in which ap-
pear to be these :—that it is self-acting; the current of voltaic electricity which
produces the induced current also drives the machine; that the machine can be so
adjusted that the quantity and intensity of the induced current shall range from
that of 10 Daniell’s cells to that of 1000, and this without employing more than
three or four cells. These are valuable properties to electricians who are engaged
in experiments with electricity of high or even moderately high tension, Besides,
it is applicable to whatever batteries are, haying been used experimentally for tele-
graphy and for electro-depositing. For telegraphy through submarine and subter-
raneous cables there appears to have been a great objection to induction machines,
or rather induction coils. The objection was, that these induction coils sent their
electricity through the cables in sudden intense shocks, which injured the insulation
of the cable. In this machine it is apparently a continuous flow, and no spark will
jump from one electrode to the other, unless first brought in contact, as in batteries,
en modified for electroplating it is much more efficient than the ordinary bat-
tery ; for though it deposits the metal more slowly on any one article, yet it de-
posits it much more firmly and with a better surface than the ordinary battery does ;
and it will deposit the same quantity on a thousand articles at once, which enables
it to deposit ten times more metal in the same time than its own exciting battery
would do, The construction of the machine is simple, and will not be easily de-
ranged or speedily worn out.
16 REPORT—1864.
Merrrorooey.
On a New Anemometer. By C. O. F. Cavor, MA.
The object of this instrument is to obtain, by the wind acting on one surface
only, a daily curve of its pressure in pounds on an area of a square foot, and the
number of miles travelled by it in a horizontal direction in twenty-four hours, or
any other given time, and thence its hourly velocity. The surface upon which
the wind acts, or the pressure-plate, is the base of a cone, the axis of which is
horizontal, and the area of the base equal to one square foot, the object of the
cone being to offer as little resistance as possible that may be due to any air on the
leeward side of the plate, and to neutralize the effect of any vacuum formed behind
it. The pressure-plate is attached to the end of a horizontal bar, and with it is
moved backwards and forwards, the bar resting on friction-rollers; this is the only
ortion of the instrument out-of-doors and exposed to the weather, and is connected
fe a chain and steel rod with the rest of the instrument within the building on
which the anemometer is fixed. The pressure of the wind is measured by two
curved levers of equal length acting against each other, their motion being in a ver-
tical plane. At one end of the upper lever is a fixed weight, and to the opposite
end of the under one is attached the end of the connecting rod. When there is a
calm, the point of contact is at the fixed weight, and as the wind presses against
the pressure-plate it causes the rod to lift up the levers, and then the point of
contact moves along towards the other end, indicating the strength of the gale, and
the levers return by their own weight as the pressure of the wind subsides. To the
end of the under lever a cord is attached, carrying a pencil to and fro along a cylinder
in the direction of its tenet, upon which a pencil will trace the pressure of the wind
for twenty-four hours. The velocity of the wind is shown by a “gaining-clock ;”
a second cord attached to the end of the under lever is connected with the regulator
of this gaining-clock, and is so arranged that as the wind blows more or less strongly
it pulls the regulator more or less towards the fast end, and proportionally accele-
rates the gaining of the clock. A counterpoise weight brings the regulator back
as the pressure decreases. This gaining-clock also shows the trwe mean daily pres-
sure. This anemometer also registers simultaneously, and on the same paper with
the pressure, a perfect record of the directional variations.
On the Earthquake and Storm in Sussex of 21st August 1864,
By the Rey. E. B, Erimar.
In this paper attention was directed to the following facts :—For the previous
three months there had been scarcely a shower, and the wells were consequently
very low, and watercourses dried up, when, towards the end of the week ending
20th August, in certain situations springs broke up, or increased in their supply
of water (a circumstance not uncommon after a long drought, and which is always
considered a prognosticator of approaching rain, but to which public attention is
not known to have been directed). It was full moon on Wednesday the 17th,
and consequently the highest tides were on the 18th and 19th, which are said
to raise the level of the water in certain wells; but that the tidal pressure was not
the only influence on this occasion to increase the supply of spring water was
evident from springs largely increasing their supply, which had never been known
to have been influenced by the tide. At last, on Saturday the 20th, there were
copious showers; but in the evening it was fine and clear, and so continued, when,
about 1.25 on the Sunday morning, the inhabitants of the district for about fifteen
miles around Lewes were aroused by a shock of an earthquake, the wave pro-
ceeding from N.W. to 8.H. The violence of the shock was manifested by bottles
and even heavy stoneware being thrown down and broken, bells rung, walls
cracked, &c. The time of the shock was coincident with that of high tide on
that part of the Sussex coast, when, of course, the tidal pressure was the greatest.
After the shock had passed, it was perfectly calm and clear for some hours ; but
about 8 or 9 A.M. a very heavy storm came from the S.W., the lightning being
very vivid, and the hail coming down in such quantities as to lie on the ground
in some places more than two feet deep. Two waterspouts were observed, which
i
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Diagram of the Storm December 18 p
ynd grt
Decemba: 2 December
Midnaght
a = 1
by the Self Regustering Msruments at the Liverpool Observatory.
Midraight
ae ae
Plate 3
December 7%
er with
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Jo a a “4 2 3 + 5 6 oo g& g Jo vik i 5 4 6 7 a J 10 z J 4 5 6 a a ie u 1 L 2 a sd 5 6 “i - =~
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Mira fragn 4014 eat nt ie eee ae ea ai TS pee amet iene BY
| Dry ee ia ; i ! i “Sala ‘Fae! r t won| ; [ \ pe | Do i is
| Wee Blab Rie Tia sift We iT t Ct ree |e
- , EBnarawed by JW Lowry,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. wg
‘burst with terrific violence. The writer stated that these few facts led him to
conclude that changes of weather are produced, not merely by aérial and electrical
causes, but partly by subterranean causes. It was suggested that, if it were
thought sufficiently important to investigate the subject, it would be desirable to
obtain the magnetic disturbances at the time at the Kew Observatory, which is within
fifty miles N.W.—the very direction from which the earthquake-wave proceeded.
The writer's views were supported by an extract from a letter by Dr. Nicholson, of
Framfield, in which, after aladine to this earthquake, he says, “I have frequently
experienced in the West Indies similar shocks after a long drought, and am inclined
to attribute some of them at least to electricity, as propounded by Dr. Stukely in
1749, when an earthquake was felt in London and other parts of England.”
Diagram of the Great Storm of December 3, 1863, from the records of the self-
registering Instruments of the Liverpool Observatory. By Joun Hartnup,
F.R.AS., Director of the Observatory.
It is scarcely possible, by means of tables of figures, to convey an idea of the way
in which the different meteorological instruments are affected previous to and during
these destructive gales of wind, and I have therefore endeavoured to make the sub-
fort pote infelligible by arranging the records under each other in a diagram. See
ate IL.
As is not unfrequently the case, the heavy storm of the 3rd of December last was
preceded by a light gale on the 2nd, in which the fall and rise of the barometer, the
calm, and the changes in the direction of the wind were somewhat similar to those
which accompanied the heavy gale. The rapid fall of the barometer from midnight
to 6 A.M. on the 3rd, the calm between six and seven, and the sudden shift of wind
from east through south to west are all indications of the approaching storm.
The barometer-tracing has been taken from the original record produced by
King’s self-registering barometer. The strength and direction of the wind and the
rain-fall Be ceiicen taken from the sheets of Osler’s self-registering anemometer and
rain-gauge. The figures at the bottom of the diagram show the readings of the
thermometers as recorded during the storm. The changes of barometric pressure,
the strength and direction of the wind, and the fall of rain are shown on the dia-
gram, from 9 a.m. on the 2nd to 9 a.m. on the 4th of December.
On the Regression of Temperature during the Month of May.
By Professor Huywussy, 7.R.S., M.R.I.A.
He referred to the various explanations offered with regard to this remarkable
phenomenon. Dry winds from Asia and Eastern Europe appear to be the direct
causes of high nocturnal radiation, as well as immediate cooling of the west of
Europe during May. Why these winds should produce these results in a manner
so remarkably periodical is the point requiring explanation. At this time the
isothermals of mean temperature are nearly pestle ie the equator in the greater
per of our continent; therefore easterly winds could not directly arise from dif-
erences of temperature. These winds might, however, be northerly currents in
Asia, which the earth’s rotation had gradually transformed into easterly winds .
on reaching Western Europe. The Russian observatories in Siberia might furnish
facts to verify this conjecture. Another operating influence might also arise from
the diurnal variations of wind-force and temperature, both of which are very
remarkable during May. If we conceive the distribution of atmospheric tem-
perature to be A la by a system of synthermal lines, showing the actual
temperature of different places at the same time, it appears from tables calculated by
the author, as well as from a graphical projection, that such lines would deviate
most from equatorial parallelism during May. The paper concluded by reference to
the frequent occurrences of warm dry summers following marked regressions of tem-
perature during the early part of May, and the remarkably cold and wet summer
of 1860 was mentioned as preceded by precisely the opposite phenomenon.
The Temperature and Rainfall at Bath.
By the Rev. L. Jenyys, M.A., F.LS., F.G.S.
ah author stated that no register of the weather at Bath appeared to have been
: 2
18 REPORT—1864.
kept for a sufficient length of time to determine the mean yearly temperature of the
town itself. He was enabled, however, from observations of his own, combined
with those of others, to correct a popular error respecting the summer temperature.
Strangers often suppose that as Bath is milder than many towns in the midland,
eastern, and south-eastern counties of England in winter, it must necessarily be
hotter in summer. Several instances were adduced in which, during periods of
yery high temperature in most parts of England, the contrary was shown to be the
ease; and he stated generally, in reference to both summer and winter, that he
found on an ayerage a difference of 5° between extremes of heat and cold at Bath
and the extremes of heat and cold registered during the same states of weather at
those other places above alluded to. This difference increased as the seasons
became more extreme, and diminished when they were of a more moderate cha-
racter, sometimes being scarcely porceptible,
The towns in England cooler than Bath in summer were stated to be Liverpool,
Manchester, York, and Scarborough. Those decidedly warmer than Bath in winter
were considered to be Ventnor, Torquay, and Penzance.
If Bath, notwithstanding its lower mean summer temperature than many other
places, has anything of a relaxing character at that season, as it is often considered
to have, it was thought this might be due to its being situated at the bottom of a
basin, surrounded nearly on all sides by high hills, which must necessarily check
the circulation of the air, and render the atmosphere in the town, to a certain
extent, oppressive in sultry weather. The same hills probably have an influence in
moderating both the heat of summer and the cold of winter.
The ayerage yearly rainfall in the town of Bath, calculated from the measure-
ments of twenty years (1842 to 1861, both inclusive) by a gentleman whose gauge
was on the top nf his house, 90 feet above the sea-level, was stated to be 31:97
inches.
The following Tables give the rain at three other stations in the neighbourhood
of Bath :—
The first of these stations is Swanswick Cottage, about two miles north of Bath,
the measurements having been made by the Rev. F’. Lockey for a period of thi
years, 1834-1863. Gauge 32 feet above the ground, and at the estimated height of
350 feet above the river at Bath.
The second station is Radstock, about eight miles south of Bath. Register
kept by the late rector for ten years, 1841-1850. Gauge 250 feet above the sea-
level.
The third is Batheaston Reservoirs, about three miles north-east of Bath, where
a register was commenced by Mr. Mitchell in 1860, and is still carried on. Gauge
about 2 feet from the ground, and 226 feet above the sea. The fall of rain in this
locality for each month of the four complete years since elapsed, with the addition
of the number of days in each month on which rain fell, is given separate in the
second Table.
TasieE I.—Average Rainfall in inches.
Swanswick.} Radstock.
30 years. | 10 years.
SANUANY 5 cp jowe- vase cceer sense een 1-85 2-76
February 1:30 2-66
Pree e ee eee eee eee eee eee
Sete e eee ete ee sseeereneeenes
eee meen eee e eect ese eseernas
a eee weer wenn ener seeeeaaeee
Peer eet esenseeeeessere
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 19
TasLE [1.—Rainfall at Batheaston Reservoirs.
1860. 1861. 1862. 1863.
Depth} Days || Depth} Days || Depth| Days / Depth! Days
in of in of in of in of
inches.| rain. ||inches.| rain. ||inches.| rain. ||inches.| rain.
bo bo
COWwem
WaT a OW WOK 19H
bet ht ht 9 Rt 9 C9
fore RUC N Wa alonknS |
33°69 | 170 || 22:13 | 179 || 29°61 | 195 || 25-46 179
From the above Tables it appears that the average rainfall at Swanswick,
amounting to 25-78 inches, is less than that at Bath by six inches or more, and
less than that at Radstock by between eight and nine inches, this last being
34:59 inches.
The fall at Batheaston Reservoirs would seem to be intermediate between Bath
and Swanswick; but it requires to be measured for a longer term of years to de-
termine this accurately.
The above differences are considerable, regard being had to the proximity of the
several stations, which are not many miles apart; but they are perhaps not greater
than would arise from the difference of level and the configuration of the ground.
Swanswick is on the slope of a hill, inclining down to Bath; Radstock Rectory,
though moderately high above the sea, is situate in a valley close to a brook.
Taking the rainfall of the several seasons respectively, it appears that at both
Swanswick and Radstock the autumn (probably the case in most other places) is the
wettest season, and October the wettest month, in the year.
The driest season at Swanswick, or in which least rain falls, is the winter; at
Radstock, the spring. But there is not a great deal of difference between the
winter and the spring in this respect at either place.
The greatest yearly fall at Swanswick during the thirty years was 42°64 inches,
in 1852. The least yearly fall at the same place was 18°58 inches, in 1854.
The greatest yearly fall at Radstock during the ten years was 44°85 inches, in
1848. The least yearly fall was 25-05 inches, in 1849.
The greatest quantity fallen in any one month at Swanswick was 8:32 inches, in
November 1852.
The greatest quantity in any one month at Radstock was 8:33 inches, in November
1842, or nearly the same as that at Swanswick.
MECHANICS, ETC.
New Formula for calculating Steam Pressures, Steam and Volcanos, Bursting
of Boilers. By R. A. Pracock, C.E., Jersey.
From 25 Ibs. per square inch up to 411°6 lbs., the pressure of steam increases as
the 42 power of the temperature, and the temperature increases as the 43 root of the
pressure. Calculations thus made never differ as much as 4 per cent., from the
experiments of Dr. Fairbairn and M. Regnault, within that range. The author
exhibited a MS. giving fifty cases where steam or hot water had been Se in all
20 REPORT—1864.
the species of natural disturbances of the earth’s crust. And if the same law of
increase continues up to very high temperatures, steam would be powerful eed
to cause earthquakes and volcanos. The heat of a common fire is known to be
1141° F., dull red heat 980° (difference 161°); and he thought boiler explosions
were often caused by stirring the fire rapidly, and changing the latter temperature
into the former, which would greatly increase the pressure.
On the Properties of certain Stream-lines.
By Professor W. J. Macavorn Ranxinz, LL.D., F.RS.
This paper was a summary of an investigation in continuation of one of which an
abstract was read to the British Association in 1863, and which has been published
in full in the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’ The new investigation consists of
three parts. The first part relates to certain exponential stream-lines, suitable for
the “buttock-lines” of ships, and resembling the lines introduced by Mr. Scott
Russell for that purpose. It also shows that, by the action of certain pressures on
the surfaces of water, waves may travel, which begin to break when the two slopes
of their crests meet at right angles*. The second part relates to Lissoneoids, that
is, to those forms of stream-lines which are the fullest, consistently with not pro-
ducing unnecessary disturbance in the water: it solves the problem in three
dimensions, which in the previous paper had been solved in two. The third part
relates to stream-line surfaces of revolution. (See Phil. Mag. October 1864 and
January 1865.)
On a Mode of Determining the Velocity of Sound. By Dr. J. StevEtty.
Suppose a piece of clock-work prepared, for instance, to strike single strokes
upon a bell each time the detent is set free ; the detent to be under the control of
an electro-magnet, which is instantly set in action by an observer, at a measured
distance from the bell or other origin of sound, depressing a key, and thus com-
pleting a galvanic circuit. The observer, being furnished with a chronometer,
depresses the key; the instant he hears the stroke of the bell he again depresses
it; hears a second sound, and so goes on for 100 or 1000 times, carefully noting
by the chronometer the instant at which he hears the last sound of the series. A
trained observer would not make a probable error of one-tenth of a second in
noting the whole time occupied by the whole series; and to ayoid all chance of
miscounting the number of sounds in the series, the clock may be readily made to
keep count of the number of strokes it makes. The whole time occupied by the
entire series is made up of the following portions :—1st. The time consumed in the
mechanical work of the clock in producing the stroke, and of the key, from the
instant the observer touches it until it has completed the circuit. 2nd. The
personal equation of the observer. 3rd. The time the sound takes to travel 100
(or 1000) times the measured distance of the origin of the sound from the observer.
4th. The time the sound takes to travel 100 times (or 1000 times, as the case may
be) the measured distance. Now the first, second, and fourth of these portions
of time can be readily eliminated by repeating the same series of observations
exactly (the clock being wound up at the commencement of each series exactly to
the same extent); the observer, on the second occasion, placing himself at one-
half, or one-fourth, or at any determined part of his previous distance from the
origin of sound; or by placing himself close up to it, using the same wires for the
galvanic circuit on each occasion, in order to eliminate the fourth portion. The
author was not fully aware of the exact mechanism by which Professor Piazzi
Smyth discharges the cannons which he has introduced as time-signals, but he
had no doubt it could be adapted to this method, and thus determine experi-
mentally whether the velocity of sound is affected by the violence of its origina-
ting cause—a question which Mr. Earnshaw has from theory decided in the
affirmative. It would, however, involve, the author supposed, the use of two
* The author has since proved that the property of beginning to break when the two
coed of the crest meet at right angles belongs to all waves in which “ molecular rotation ”
is null.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 21
cannons, each alternately to be in process of being charged while the other was
at work. This, however, either at Greenwich or Edinburgh could be readily
accomplished.
On the Cohesion-Figures of Liquids. By C. Tomurson, F.C.S.
This subject was introduced to the British Association at Manchester, in 1861.
The author now stated the progress which had been made since that time, and
introduced two new sets of figures. The principle of the examination by this me-
thod is to place a drop of a liquid on the surface of clean water in a chemically
clean glass, when a figure is produced which was characteristic of the liquid so
tested, and capable of being used for its identification. The figure formed is a func-
tion of cohesion, adhesion, and diffusibility. If any one of these forces be varied,
the figure varies. The figures of alcohol, for example, on water, mercury, the fixed
oils, melted lard, spermaceti, paraffin, sulphur, &c., are all different. A new set of
figures is produced by allowing the drop to subside in a column of liquid instead of
diffusing over its surface. These last the author calls “submersion figures of
liquids.” The figure of a drop of oil of lavender in a column of alcohol thus pro-
duced is Giedaity complicated and beautiful. A drop of oil of cloves or of cin-
namon in a column of castor oil also forms a remarkable submersion figure. The
test by cohesion-figures was stated by the author to be so delicate as to readily
distinguish differences between oils so closely related as the oleines of beef-fat and
mutton-fat.
CHEMISTRY.
Address by Witt1am Oprine, M.B., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., Secretary to the Che-
mical Society, Lecturer on Chemistry at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital.
At the Leeds Meeting of the British Association in 1858, Sir John Herschel, the
then President of the Chemical Section, opened its proceedings with an introductory
address of singular interest, and thereby established a precedent which, with a
solitary exception, has been uniformly adopted by successive occupants of the posi-
tion which I have now the honour to hold. Following in his footsteps, longo inter-
vallo, 1 in my turn now venture upon a few words of introduction to the proper
business that we have in hand. In the first place, I may congratulate the Section
ae the presence among usof so many distinguished chemists, including several
of my more immediate predecessors. I need scarcely express the personal gratifi-
cation I feel at meeting them here, nor say how much their presence relieves me
from the feeling of responsibility and self-mistrust with which I undertook the
honourable office so kindly entrusted to me by the General Committee, feeling now
that, upon any occasion of difficulty, I shall have them to apply to for counsel
and assistance.
After the great diversity, or rather antagonism, of opinion which has existed for
the last dozen years or so, J am almost bound to take a somewhat prominent notice
of the substantial agreement which now prevails among English chemists as to the
combining proportions of the elementary bodies and the molecular weights of their
most important compounds. The present unanimity of opinion on this fundamental
subject among those who have given it their attention is, I conceive, greater than
has ever been the case since Dalton published his ‘ New System of Chemical Phi-
losophy,’ more than half a century ago. As yet, indeed, the unanimity of practice
falls considerably short of the unanimity of belief; but, even in this direction, great
progress is being made, to which the publication of Miller’s ‘Elements of Che-
mistry,’ Watts’s ‘Dictionary of Chemistry,’ and Hofmann’s ‘Jury Report on the
Chemical Products in the Great Exhibition,’ will doubtless give a yet stronger im-
petus. As was well observed by Dr. Miller at a previous Meeting of this Association,
“Chemistry is not merely a science; it is also an art, which has introduced its
nomenclature and its notation into our manufactories, and in some measure even
22 REPORT—1864.
into our daily life.” Hence the great difficulty of effecting a speedy change in
chemical usages alike so time-honoured and intimately ramified with the affairs of
our everyday existence. I propose, by your permission, to make a few remarks
upon the history of this chemical reformation, more especially in connexion with
certain points which one or two of its acknowledged leaders have scarcely, I
think, correctly estimated.
From the time when Dalton first introduced the expression “atomic weight,” up
to the year 1842, when Gerhardt announced his views upon the molecular con-
stitution of water, there does not appear to have been any marked difference of
opinion among chemists as to the combining proportions of the principal elements.
That 1 part by weight of hydrogen united with 36 parts by weight of chlorine to
form a single molecule of hydrochloric acid, and with 8 parts by weight of oxygen
to form a single molecule of water, was the notion both of Berzelius and Gmelin,
who may be taken as representatives of the two chief Continental schools of theo-
retic chemistry. Indeed, no doubts seem to have been entertained in their time
as to the combining proportions of the three elements. Using the hydrogen scale
of numbers, both chemists represented the combining proportion of hydrogen as 1,
that of chlorine as 36, and that of oxygen as 8. Both, moreover, represented the
molecular weight of hydrochloric acid as 37, and the molecular weight of water
as 9. It is true that Berzelius professedly regarded the single combining propor-
tions of hydrogen and chlorine as consisting each of two physical atoms; but, sce
the two atoms of hydrogen, for instance, which constituted the one combining
proportion of hydrogen, were chemically inseparable from one another, they were
really tantamount to one atom only of hydrogen, and, in point of fact, were always
employed by Berzelius as representing the single chemical atom of hydrogen, or its
smallest actual combining proportion. Distinguishing thus between the physical
atom and the combining proportion, Berzelius’srecognition of the truth, that equal vo-
lumes of the elementary gases contain an equal number of atoms, was utterly barren.
But, identifying the physical atom with the combining proportion, Gerhardt’s re-
cognition, or rather establishment, of the broader truth, that equal volumes of all
gases, elementary and compound, contain the same number of atoms, has been in
the highest degree prolific. From Gerhardt’s division of volatile bodies into a
majority whose recognized molecules corresponded respectively with four volumes
of vapour, and a minority whose recognized molecules corresponded respectively
with but two volumes, and from his proposal, in conjunction with Laurent, to
double the molecular weights of these last, so as to make the molecules of all
volatile bodies, simple and compound, correspond each with four volumes of vapour,
must, I conceive, be traced the development by himself and others of the matured
views on chemical philosophy which now prevail. With every respect for my
predecessor in this chair, and for the accomplished author of the ‘ Legons de Philo-
sophie Chimique,’ from neither of whom do I ever venture to differ without fear
and trembling, I cannot join with them in regarding the initiation of Gerhardt’s
system as an imperfect return, and its remarkable maturation in these recent days
as a more complete return to the notions of Berzelius. Although, indeed, the ele-
mentary weights now employed, with the exception of those for some half-dozen
metals, are identical with the atomic weights of Berzelius, yet so unlike are they
to his combining weights that fully four-fifths of all known compounds have to be
expressed by formule entirely different from his—namely, all those bodies, with
but very few exceptions, into which hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, ni-
trogen, phosphorus, arsenic, boron, and the metals lithium,sodium, potassium, silver,
and gold, enter as constituents. Fully admitting that the new system of atomic
weights, as it now exists, is the joint product of many minds—fully admitting
that it owes its present general acceptance chiefly to the introduction of the water
type by Williamson during Gerhardt’s lifetime, and the recognition of diatomic
metals by Wurtz and Cannizzaro, after his decease—and fully admitting, moreover,
that some of Gerhardt’s steps in the development of his unitary system were de-
cidedly, though perhaps excusably, retrograde, I yet look upon him, not I trust
with the fond admiration of the pupil, but with the calm judgment of the chemist,
as being the ereat founder of that modern chemical philosophy in the general spread
of which I have already ventured to congratulate the Members of the Section.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 23
Prior to the time of Gerhardt, the selection of molecular weights for different
bodies, elementary and compound, had been almost a matter of hazard. Relying
conjointly upon physical and chemical phenomena, he first established definite
principles of selection, by pointing out the considerations upon which the determina-
tion of atomic weights must logically depend. Relying upon these principles, he
established his classification of the non-metallic elements into monhydrides, repre-
sented by chlorine ; dihydrides, represented by oxygen; trihydrides, represented by
nitrogen, &c.; and, relying upon the same principles, but with a greatly increased
Imowledge of phenoména, later chemists have given to his method a development
and unity, more especially as regards the metallic elements, which have secured
for the new system the impregnable and acknowledged position which it at present
occupies. The comparative unanimity which prevailed before the time of Gerhardt
was the unanimity of submission to authority; but the greater unanimity which
now pee is the unanimity of conviction consequent upon an intermediate
period of solitary insurrection, general disturbance, and ultimate triumph.
Bearing in mind how much the origin of the new system by Gerhardt, and its
completion by his colleagues and disciples, are due to a correct appreciation of the
harmony subsisting between chemical and physical relations, we cannot but give
a hearty welcome to any large exposition of mixed chemico-physical phenomena;
and, whether or not we agree with all his conclusions, there can be but one opinion
as to the obligation chemists are under to Professor Kopp, of Giessen, for the great
addition he has recently made to our knowledge and means of obtaining a further
knowledge of what has hitherto been but a very limited subject—namely, specific
heat.
The agreement of chemists as to the elemental atomic weights is tantamount to
an agreement among them as to the relative quantities of the different kinds of
matter which shall be represented by the different elemental symbols; and this
brings me to the subject of chemical notation. At one time many chemists, even
of considerable eminence, believed and taught that Gerhardt’s reformation had
reference mainly to notation, and not to the association and interpretation of
phenomena, and it became rather a fashion among them to declaim against
the puerilities of notational questions. That the idea is of far greater import-
ance than the mode of expressing it, is an obvious truism; nevertheless the
mode of expression has an importance of its own, as facilitating the spread of the
idea, and more especially its development and procreation. It has been well asked,
in what position would the science of arithmetic have been but for the substitution
of Arabic for Roman numerals, the notation in which value is expressed by the
change in position for that in which it is expressed mainly by the repetition of
a few simple signs? It is unfortunately too true that chemical notation is at pre-
sent in anything but a satisfactory state. The much-used sign of addition is, I
conceive, about the last one would deliberately select to represent the fine idea of
chemical combination, which seems allied rather, I should say, to an interpene-
tration than to a coarse apposition of atoms. The placing of symbols in con-
tiguity, or simply introducing a point between them, as indicative of a sort of
multiplication or involution of the one atom into the other, is, I think, far pre-
ferable; but here, as pointed out by Sir John Herschel, we violate the ordinary
algebraic understanding, which assigns very different numerical values to the ex-
ressions XY and X+Y respectively. I know, indeed, that one among us has
tien engaged for some years past in conceiving and working out a new and strictly
philosophical system of chemical notation by means of actual formule, instead of
mere symbols; and I am sure that I only express the general wish of the Section
when I ask Sir Benjamin Brodie not to postpone the publication of his views for a
longer time than is absolutely necessary for their sufficient elaboration. In any
case, however, the symbolic notation at present employed, with more or less mo-
dification of detail, must continue to have its peculiar uses as an instrument of
interpretation ; and hence the importance of our endeavouring to render it more
a in meaning and consistent in its application. Many of its incongruities
elong to the very lowest order of convention; such, for example, as the custom of
distinguishing between the representation of so-called mineral and organic com-
pounds, one particular sequence of symbols being habitually employed in repre-
24, REPORT—1864.
senting the compounds of carbon, and an entirely different sequence of symbols in
se eipemees | the more or less analogous compounds of all other elements. Now that
organic and mineral chemistry are properly regarded as forming one continuous
whole, a conclusion to which in my opinion Kolbe’s researches on sulphuretted
organic bodies have largely contributed, it is high time that such relics of the ancient
superstition that organic and mineral chemistry were essentially different from one
another should be done away with.
Although, during the past year, the direct advance of that crucial organic
chemistry, the synthesis of natural organic bodies, has not been striking, yet, on
the other hand, its indirect advance has, I submit, been very considerable. Several
of the artificially produced organic compounds, at first thought to be identical
with those of natural origin, have proved to be, as is well known, not identical,
but only isomeric therewith. Hence, recwer powr mieux sauter, chemists have
been stepping back a little to examine more intimately the constitution both of
natural organic bodies and of their artificial isomers. The synthetic power having
been attained of putting the bricks together in almost any desired way, it is yet
necessary, in order to construct some particular biological edifice, first to learn
the way in which its constituent bricks have been naturally put together. We
accordingly find the study of isomerism, or, what comes to the same thing, the
study of the intimate constitution of bodies, assuming an importance never before
accorded to it. Isomerism is, in fact, the chemical problem of the day, and con-
currently with its rapidly advancing solution, through the varied endeavours of
many workers, will be the advance in rational organic synthesis. It is curious to
note the oscillations of opinion in reference to this subject. Twenty years ago the
molecular constitution of bodies was perceived by a special instinct, simultane-
ously with, or even prior to, the establishment of their molecular weights. Then
came an interval of scepticism, when the intimate constitution of bodies was main-
tained to be not only unknown, but unknowable. Now we have a period of tem-
perate reaction, not recognizing the desired knowledge as unattainable, but only as
difficult of attainment. And in this, as in many other instances, we find evidence
of the healthier state of mind in which, now more perhaps than ever, the first
principles of chemical philosophy are explored. Speculation, indeed, is not less
rife and scarcely less esteemed than formerly, but is now seldom or never mis-
taken for ascertained truth. c2pticism, indeed, still prevails—not, however, the
sterile scepticism of resignation, but the fertile scepticism which aspires to greater
and greater certainty of knowledze. Chemical science is advancing, I believe, not
only more rapidly, but upon a surer basis than heretofore; and, while with every
advance the prospect widens before our eyes, so that we become almost alarmed
at contemplating what those who come after us will have to learn, we console
ourselves with the determination that their labour of unlearning shall be as little
as possible—far less, we hope, than what we in our time have had to experience.
On some Bituminous Substances. By Dr. T, ANDERSON.
On the Utilization of Sewage. By Dr. Henry Brrp.
On the Prismatic Formation of Ice in certain Ice-Caves and Glaciers.
By the Rey. G. Browne.
The ice-cayes to which the author referred were found in limestone rocks in
various parts of France and Switzerland. The ice was found at depths of from 50
to 200 feet below the surface, and at altitudes varying from under 2000 to nearly
6000 feet above the sea, and appeared in the form of columns with spreading bases
formed by the freezing of water which dropped from the roof; of ice cascades,
supported by the sloping walls, and formed by water running into the cave from
lateral fissures, and in other forms, which he illustrated by drawings. In visiting
these caves he was struck by the columnar appearance presented by the fractured
side of the ice; and, on examining it, he found that the whole mass was composed
of a vast number of prisms closely compacted. He separated the prisms at the
Le
‘TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 25
edge with the’greatest ease, and thrust them out one after the other, as one might
thrust out a knot of wood from the edge of a board. The prisms reminded him of
the construction of a stone wall built without mortar in a slaty country. To com-
plete the resemblance, the irregular stones should form a compact mass, and the
surface of the wall should be ground smooth. This ice he always found to
resist the effect of heat more successfully than ordinary ice. He observed that
the axes of all the prisms, in the vertical columns of which he had spoken, lay
horizontally.
On a New Method of extracting Gold from Auriferous Ores.
By F, Crace-Catvert, PAS., FCS.
At the present time, when the auriferous ores of Great Britain are attracting
ee attention, it may be advantageous to persons interested in gold-mining to
e made acquainted with a new and simple method of extracting gold from such
ores, which presents the advantages of not only dispensing with the costly use of
mercury, but of also extracting the silver and copper which the ore may contain.
Further, it may be stated that the process can be profitably adopted in cases where
the amount of gold is small, and the expense of mercury consequently too great.
Ineed not enter here into all the details of the numerous (about one hundred)
experiments which I made some years since, before I finally arrived at the new
method of extracting gold, which I have now the honour of communicating. I there-
fore propose the following plan for extracting the gold on a commercial scale :—The
finely reduced auriferous quartz should be intimately mixed with about one per
cent. of peroxide of manganese ; and if common salt be used, this material should
be added at the same time as the manganese, in the proportion of three parts of salt
to two of manganese. The whole should be then introduced into closed vats,
having false bottoms, upon which is laid a quantity of small branches covered with
straw, so as to prevent the reduced quartz from filling the holes in the false bottom.
Muriatic acid should then be added if manganese alone is used, and diluted sul-
phuric acid if manganese and salt have been employed, and, after having left the
whole in contact for twelve hours, water should be added so as to fill up the whole
space between the false and true bottomswith fluid. This fluid should then be pumped
up and allowed to percolate through the mass, and after this has been done several
times, the fluid should be run off into separate vats for extracting the gold and
copper that it may contain. To effect this, old iron is placed in it to precipitate
the copper; and after this has been removed, the liquor is heated to drive away
the excess of free chlorine, and _a concentrated solution of sulphate of protoxide of
iron, or green copperas, must be added, which, acting on the gold-solution, will
precipitate the gold in a metallic form. By this method both gold and copper are
obtained in a marketable condition. If silver is present in the ore, a slight modifi-
cation in the process will enable the operator to obtain this metal also. It is simply
necessary to generate the chlorine of the vitriol, manganese, and chloride of sodium
process, taking care to use an excess of salt, that is, six parts instead of three, as
above directed. The purpose of this chloride of sodium betas to hold in solution
any chloride of silver that may haye been formed by the action of chlorine on the
silver ore, and to extract the metal, the following alteration in the mode of precipi-
tation is necessary :—Blades of copper must be placed in the metallic solutions, to
throw down the silver in a metallic form, then blades of iron to throw down the
copper, the gold being then extracted as previously directed. I think the advan-
tages of this process are, 1st, cheapness ; 2nd, absence of injury to the health of the
persons employed; 3rd, that not only is the metallic gold in the ore extracted (ag
is done by mercury), but it attacks and dissolves all gold which may be present in
a combined state, besides enabling the miner also to extract what silver and copper
the ore may contain. I cannot, however, conclude without reminding you of That
is generally underrated—that is, the heavy expenses which attend the bringing of
the ore to the surface of the ground, and crushing and preparing it for being acted
upon either by mercury or by any other agents. ei
26 REPORT—1864.
On the Molecular Constitution of Carbon Compounds. By A. R. Catton.
On the Direct Conversion of Acetic Acid into Butyric and Caprove Acids.
By A. R. Carron.
Description of an Apparatus for Estimating the Organic Impurities m Atmo-
spherie Air and in Water. By Srewart Cuarx.
On the Thermal Waters of Bath.
By Dr. Davseyy, F.R.S., Professor of Botany, Oxford.
After alluding very briefly to the mineral constitution of the Bath waters as
affording no adequate explanation of the medicinal virtues ascribed to them, the
author proceeded to one point of scientific interest connected with their appear-
ance—namely, the large volume of gas which they have gone on constantly dis-
engaging, apparently from time immemorial. The nature and amount of this
were made the subject of the author’s examination, in the year 1832, during an
entire month; and the result arrived at was that the gas consisted mainly of
nitrogen, which is present, indeed, in most other thermal waters, but in none so
copiously as at Bath. Judging from the circumstance that the majority of these
springs are associated with volcanos, and likewise that the same gas is freely
evolved from the latter both in an active and in a more dormant condition, we
may fairly infer that the evolution of nitrogen at Bath is in some manner or other
connected with the same widely-spreading and deep-seated cause. And, if this be
the case, the phenomenon in question acquires an additional interest, as affording
a possible clue to the true nature of the processes which give rise to volcanos as
well as to thermal springs. Now this evolution of nitrogen seems best to admit
of explanation by supposing a process of combustion to be going on in the interior of
the globe, by which oxygen may be abstracted from the common air which pene-
trates to these depths, whilst the residuary nitrogen is evolved. What may be
the nature of the boaica by which this process of combustion is maintained must,
from the depth at which the latter is carried on, be ever shrouded in mystery ; but
it is at least certain that, whilst they cannot belong to the category of those
which supply fuel for the ordinary processes of combustion of which we are our-
selves eye-witnesses, there is nothing in the nature of the products resulting from
volcanic action inconsistent with the idea that metals possessing a strong aftinity
for oxygen, but not already combined with it, might, if they existed in the interior
of the earth, be instrumental in producing the supposed combustion. And, if we
indulge in speculation, it may be maintained, with some show of probability, that
the basis of the earths and alkalies which constitute the present crust of the globe
would have existed originally uncombined with oxygen, and therefore must at
one time have been subjected to that very process of oxidation and combustion
which we imagine to be at the present time continued. The author therefore
suggested that volcanic action may be owing to certain chemical reactions pro-
ceeding in the interior of the globe between the constituents of air and water, on
the one hand, and the metallic bases of the earths and alkalies on the other.
After developing this theory, the paper concluded with pointing out a practical
use to which the waste waters of the thermal springs of Bath might be applied
after they had fed the several baths, suggesting that, if, instead of being at once
discharged into the river, they were first conveyed through underground pipes a
few feet beneath the surface within a given area, the warmth imparted to the soil
would prove highly favourable to the culture of tender exotics, and that, if the
ground were further “ae from cold by a glass roof, a winter garden might be
obtained with scarcely any further expense beyond that of the original outlay.
On the Action of Hydrogen on Polycyanides*. By Tuomas Fatruey,
* Published in extenso in Journal of Chem. Soc., Ser. 2. vol. ii. p. 362.
wy
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 27
On a Specimen of Tin-ore hitherto undescribed. By Freprricx Frexp.
The author, some years since, purchased a specimen of what was called on the
label “Slime Tin.” In a matrix of quartz and fluor are disseminated streaks of
cassiterite, and in immediate connexion with these are found similar streaks of an
earthy-looking matter of a yellowish-brown colour. This matter is rather soft,
and can be easily cut with a knife. Whilst arranging the mineralogical collection
of the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution, he met with two specimens thus
labelled :—“Tin Ore, new variety, Cornwall.” The first of these (the gift of Mr.
Fox) is a mass of a dull earthy appearance, yellowish brown in colour, and so hard
in many places as to be with difficulty scratched with a file. Its specific gravity
is 44. On examining with a lens, there are to be found, in some parts, specks of
cassiterite and portions of what appears to be felspar. The second specimen (the
gift of Colonel Page) is darker in colour than the first, but of equal hardness, Its
specific gravity, however, is only 3:6, and from it the author could obtain no indi-
cations of tin. With regard to these specimens, the author thinks that the slime
tin is a variety of what is called “toad’s-eye wood-tin,” and Mr. Fox’s specimen
is this form of cassiterite mixed with much earthy matter. As for the specimen of
Colonel Page, it has no claim whatever to be called an ore of tin.
On the Artificial Production of Anhydrite. By AurHonsr Gaczs,
The circumstances under which natural anhydrite is formed have not yet been
well determined. The experiments already made, and bearing upon the various
properties of sulphate of lime, and its behaviour at various temperatures, although
presenting great interest, have not yet given crystallized anhydrite under the same
conditions as it occurs in the saliferous formations. Gay-Lussac had already observed
that overheated gypsum partially lost its well-known properties, and he attributed
the cause of it to the partial formation of anhydrite. The experiments of Graham
proved, also, that gypsum passes into a kind of amorphous anhydrite at a tempera-
ture of 204° C. At the Meeting of the British Association in Dublin, Dr. Sullivan
gave an account of some experiments by which he obtained anhydrous sulphate of
lime from its solution in water, at a temperature of about 800° C.
A mixture of gypsum and common salt fused in a crucible, and treated by water,
leaves undissolved prismatic lamellar crystals of anhydrite. Left for many days in
water, the quantity of moisture absorbed did not exceed that which some varieties
of natural anhydrite would have absorbed if placed under the same circumstances.
I give here the results obtained :—
VSO te faecal atid! orciks oreph «Bua aie si acloneee 0-472
hee PR HA Eas = Dee oe Ee 39-531
SUING ACI 5 cys pualelohose clageiehe) oad, He 60°142
100-145
Gypsum melted with anhydrous sulphate of soda gives also crystals of anhydrite ;
but the formation of anhydrite in sulphate of soda requires a higher temperature ;
the crystals of anhydrite, separated by water from the sulphate of soda, were, how-
ever, perfectly anhydrous. Analysis gave the following, namely :—
OH Oper au eatienctel me eibaarcaen tia herd Get 40-952
ROEHee sere tenec sc rite ic sais htt e te tee 59-085
100-037
Mitscherlich fused gypsum at the highest temperature of the porcelain furnace,
and obtained a white crystalline mass of anhydrite. The occurrence of anhydrite
amongst rocks of an undoubted sedimentary origin, and the necessity of a tempera-
ture hicher than melted lava, have been the great argument employed to prove the
impossibility of anhydrite having been formed by fusion. If we could consider
melted chloride of sodium as the solvent in which anhydrite has been produced,
the problem would be solved at once, as gypsum dissolves and crystallizes in com-
mon salt at a temperature far below mare lava, and not rising above a dull red
heat—a temperature to which local circumstances may give rise; at such tempera-
ture the liquid mass would possess a great fluidity.
28 REPORT—1864.
Account of the Mode adopted at the Bradford-on-Avon Union for the
Utilization of Sewage. By W. Gxx.
The author stated that by the daily admixture of common earth, the excreta, liquid
as well as solid, of forty-five children in the two schools at the workhouse had been
wholly saved, with decency and without any offence, the operation being cleanly
and the deodorization rapid and complete. A remarkable feature in this method
(first published by the Rey. H. Moule of Dorchester) is the fact that the earth,
when raked out from receptacles which at Bradford are completely above the level
of the yards, may, if kept under cover till tolerably dry, be used over and over again ;
nor are aes fragments found to be troublesome, as they rot and become impercep-
tible. The result of this discovery is that an incredibly small quantity of earth is
sufficient for a large household ; three tons weight of earth (dry) used several times
over having been the whole product of the schools in fifteen months. A sample
produced was quite free from smell, and looked like mere earth in small nodules
which crumbled on slight pressure into a very fine dust, fit for the turnip-drill or
for mixing with water, like guano.
The author strongly urged Mr. Moule’s plan upon general notice through the me-
dium of the Association as a means, hitherto slighted, of meeting the great sewage
difficulty in everydwelling in the kingdom not forming part of a close street ;
although the plan is not impracticable even in streets: it would be very superior
to the cesspools in common use forty years ago, and would in fact restore the
drains of towns to their legitimate purpose—the discharge of rain- and sink-water.
On the Rate of Chemical Change. By A. Vernon Harcourt, M.A.
Two years ago, at the Cambridge Meeting of the Association, the author com-
municated to this Section a paper on certain cases of induced chemical action. In
following up the course of experiments upon which he had then entered, he became
engaged in the study of various chemical changes which take place more or less
slowly, and has thus been led into an inquiry as to the rate at which those changes
proceed. The principal case of induced oxidation, before described, was that which
occurs when permanganate of potassium is added to a solution containing chloride
of tin and oxygen. ‘Under these circumstances, while a portion of the tin salt is
oxidized by the permanganate, another portion is tacked by the free oxygen. A
large number of similar cases have since been investigated by Kessler, The author’s
principal object was to determine what ratio existed between the two oxidations,
and in scrutinizing the conditions of the experiment it occurred to him to try whe-
ther the sulphate of manganese, formed by the reduction of the permanganate in
the acid solution, had any influence. He found, greatly to his surprise, that this
fixed neutral salt has itself the power of determining the transference of oxygen.
Sulphurous acid, as is well known, when mixed with a large bulk of water which
has been exposed to the air, is but slowly oxidized, and this change proceeds still
more slowly when the solution is freely acidified. But if to such a solution a
minute quantity of sulphate of manganese is added, the oxidation of the sulphurous
acid is at once determined. It is like, so far as the result is concerned, the effect of
adding a drop of sulphuric acid to a mixture of chlorate of potassium and sugar.
a ee of manganese has also the power of determining the action of various
oxidizing agents, as well as that of free oxygen. Professor Kessler observes that
the cause of a phenomenon known to all chemists who have tried a chameleon
solution with oxalic acid—namely, that the colour of the portion of solution first
added disappears very slowly, but that of succeeding portions more rapidly—is that
the sulphate of manganese, formed by the reduction of the first portion, hastens
the subsequent action. Chromic acid has apparently no action upon oxalic acid in
a cold dilute solution. The addition to this mixture of pure sulphate of manganese
determines, under proper conditions, an immediate reduction of the chromic acid.
How the sulphate of manganese acts in these cases is, at present, matter for con-
jecture. We may compare the action of this salt in determining the union of
sulphurous acid and oxygen with that of nitric oxide. Perhaps in this case, as in
that, an alternate oxidation and reduction takes place. If we suppose that water
can act to a small extent upon a manganese salt as it acts upon a bismuth salt,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 29
separate, that is, the base from the acid, then the hydrate of manganese thus dis-
aaa would absorb free oxygen, and the sulphurous acid at once reduce again the
inoxide formed. At any rate, without insisting on so definite a hypothesis, it is
probable that this action of the manganese salt 1s in some way related to the fact
that the protohydrate of this metal has the property of absorbing oxygen from
water, and parting with this oxygen to sulphurous acid. Similarly this proto-
hydrate is readily oxidized by chromic or permanganic acid, and the resulting bin-
oxide is readily reduced by oxalic acid.
Of these actions the author has selected for study that of permanganic upon
oxalic acid.
When the four following substances, permanganate of potassium, sulphuric acid,
oxalic acid, and sulphate of manganese, are brought together in aqueous solution,
a chemical change takes place, resulting in the formation of sulphate of potassium,
sulphate of manganese, carbonic acid, and water. The amount of change depends
upon the amount of each of the first-named four substances, upon the dilution and
temperature of the solution, and upon the time during which the substances are left
in contact. As far as can be observed, these are all the conditions which affect the
amount of chemical change in this case; it is not affected by light, nor by the agita-
tion of the solution. The amount of change is greater, within certain limits, in
proportion as the quantities of permanganate of potassium, sulphuric acid, and
sulphate of manganese are greater, and the quantity of water less; in proportion
also as the temperature is higher, and the time of mutual contact longer, It is
greater, the larger the quantity of oxalic acid, up to that point at which the oxalic
and permanganic acids are present in the proportions in which they act one upon
the other; after that point, an increase in the quantity of oxalic acid diminishes
the amount of chemical change. The author has made many series of experi-
ments, in each of which all of these conditions, except one, were kept invariable,
and that one was varied according to a regular progression. He hoped thus
to determine what function of each of these variable quantities the chemical
change is, and so to obtain a true expression of the reaction. He made, for ex-
ample, a series of experiments, in all of which he took the same quantities of per-
manganic acid, oxalic acid, sulphate of manganese, and water, maintaining always
a temperature of 16° C., and allowing each experiment to proceed for exactly five
minutes; but in the second experiment he took twice the quantity of sulphuric
acid used in the first, thrice the quantity in the third, four times the quantity in
the fourth, and soon. When five minutes from the moment of mixing had expired,
the action was SHODHOSs and the amount of permanganate still remaining deter-
mined. A series of numbers was thus obtained, presenting a regular decrease,
which should bear an ascertainable relation to the corresponding quantities of sul-
panic acid, taken in arithmetical progression. This relation, however, the author
as not yet succeeded in determining ; but in this, as in other series, the numbers
exhibit the most perfect regularity. This is best seen by representing the results
graphically. Along the axis of # is mea-
sured that quantity, which is varied in -
each successive experiment; along that of
y the quantity of changing substance which
remains still unchanged at the close of the
experiment. This quantity, it will be seen,
varies rapidly at first, the differences be-
coming less and less as the total quantity of
residual substance diminishes. The series
of experiments which pupenrad most inter-
esting was that in which, all other condi-
tions being kept constant, the time during
which the experiment lasted was varied.
Such a series yields a curve similar to that |
which represents the effect of varying the oe
amount of sulphuric acid. The curve above
serves, therefore, as a general representation
of such aseries. It may be regarded in this case as exhibiting the course of a
30 REPORT—1864.
single experiment, showing exactly how much of the substance measured remains
after the lapse of any interval. The numbers, 1, 2, 3, &c., here represent the num-
ber of minutes during which the corresponding experiment was allel to procee 1,
The mode of conducting an experiment was briefly as follows :—The solution con-
taining all the substances except the permanganate was brought to the required
temperature, and the permanganate added from a pipette exactly at the beat of a
seconds’ pendulum. When the time had expired, the temperature of the solution
having been kept rigidly constant throughout, a solution of iodide of potassium
was added again at the beat of the clock. During and after both additions the
liquid was strongly agitated to secure rapid and perfect mixture. The addition of
iodide of potassium stops the action. The remaining permanganate is at once re-
duced, and liberates thereby an equivalent of iodine which can be determined at
leisure in the usual way. Of such series of experiments the author has made a great
number. In the first instance he took the exact quantities of the different substances
which react oné with another, according to these equations :—
(1.) K, Mn, 0,+3MnSo,+ 2H, O=2H, S0,+K,50,+5Mn0, ;
(2.) 5MnO,+5H, SO,+ 10H, C, 0,=15H, 0+5MnSO,+ 2000, ;
t. e., K, Mn, O,; 3MnSO,; 3H, SO,; 10H, C, O,, 2H, O, 5
But he was led to abandon atomic quantities principally by two considerations :
first, any error in the proportion of the substances becomes magnified as the expe-
riment proceeds; secondly, the solution changes, not in one particular only, but in
several. The quantities of sulphuric acid, oxalic acid, and permanganate diminish,
the quantity of sulphate of manganese increases, while that of the water alone re-
mains sensibly constant. In later experiments he had taken all the other substances
in such excess, as compared with the permanganate, as to be practically, like the
water, infinite in relation to it. Of all, he has taken 100 times the atomic propor-
tion, so that the total change taking place in the solution from end to end of the
reaction would be a diminution in the amount of oxalic acid and sulphuric acid
from 100 to 99 parts, and an increase of 1 per cent. in the amount of sulphate of
manganese. He found by an experiment in which the quantities at starting were
varied 1 per cent., that such an alteration did not perceptibly affect the result.
Under these conditions, then, one chemical substance gradually disappears, all around
it remaining unchanged. A known quantity is introduced into the solution, which
has from the first, where the oxalic acid and sulphate of manganese are in large
excess, not a red, but a deep brown colour; the substance thus formed, and whose
gradual disappearance we desire to trace, is in all probability binoxide of manga-
nese. Having made a number of determinations after the lapse of various times, we
can follow exactly the course of its diminution. At first the colour changes rapidly,
but as it becomes paler it fades more and more slowly. The axis of x is, no doubt,
an asymptote of the curve; theoretically the whole would never disappear. The
problem, then, to be determined was to find the relation between these two series
of numbers—or, in other words, given this curve to find its equation. Both in it and
in many of the experiments already described, the author enjoyed the cooperation of
Mr. Esson, Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. The result at which the author and
Mr. Esson believe themselves to have arrived is, that the numbers representing the
quantities remaining after equal intervals of time are in geometrical progression, and
the curve consequently a logarithmic curve. This result admits of a simple and in-
teresting interpretation. It is precisely that which would follow from the hypothesis
that the dissolved binoxide exists in the fluid in the form of minute spheres upon
whose unit of surface is performed a constant action. The total action thus at any
moment varies with the surface exposed, and diminishes continually as the spheres,
shell after shell, melt away. But the result may be explained without the introduc-
tion of an hypothesis. If we suppose the binoxide of manganese to be replaced as it
disappears, so that the quantity present is always the same, chemical change will
proceed, since no condition alters, at a uniform rate, a certain fraction of the whole
amount disappearing in a unit of time. But since the relation between the binoxide
and the solution in which it is, is not affected by a change in the quantity of the
former, one of these magnitudes being infinite relatively to the other, this fraction
will remain always constant when the binoxide is not replaced, but is allowed to
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 31
diminish ; that is to say, the amount which changes during a moment of time is
directly proportional to the total amount existing in solution at that time; or, if
we regard the binoxide as doing work—oxidizing oxalic acid—then the statement
is that the amount of work done is directly proportional to the amount of substance
which at any time is there to doit. It will be of interest to examine by similar
methods other cases of chemical change in solutions. If it is found, as appears
highly probable, that wherever the rate of change is measurable,—wherever, that
is, it proceeds slowly, and can be started and terminated at a are moment, and
the amount changed or remaining unchanged determined,—it follows the same law,
then we may pass inductively to a generalization covering those cases of chemical
change which take place with an immeasurable velocity, or which cannot be arrested
at will, or for the determination of whose residues or products no exact methods are
known ; just as by the use of the pendulum or of Attwood’s machine we may prove
experimentally the laws of falling bodies, when in the common case of bodies fall-
ing freely the velocity with which they move is too great for measurement.
On a New Method of detecting Arsenic, Antimony, Sulphur, and Phosphorus,
by their Hydrogen Compounds, when in mived Gases. By Dr. W. Biro
Herapata, W.D., PRS. L. § £., F.CS., Se. &e.
Haying to investigate a case of suspected poisoning by ose nape in which
the traces of free phosphorus had disappeared during the long interval between
administration of the poison and analysis, Dr. Herapath examined for phosphorous
acid by Scherer’s pistols but as several of the hydrogen compounds of sulphur
and arsenic, for instance, have the property of blackening the salt of silver, he
eliminated these hydrogen compounds from the gas before its rags Hors by
ammoniacal nitrate of silver, or tested the gas, as it was being evolved, for any of
these compounds. He dissolved in dilute hot hydrochloric acid the organic matter,
stomach, intestines, and contents; the room of opefation being at the time quite
dark ; and to the flask an apparatus was fixed for exhibiting any phosphoric flashes
of light, as in Mitscherlich’s experiment: no flashes appeared. The acid solution
might, however, have contained arsenic, phosphorus as phosphorous acid, antimony
as chloride, and sulphur as taurine, &c. No chlorate of potassa could be employed
in oxidizing the organic matter, or phosphorous acid would become phosphoric,
and all evidence be lost, for sulphates and phosphates are not reducible in the
hydrogen apparatus. To the liquid filtered there was added one-third of spirit of
wine, and it was then ready for use. A gas evolution bottle, with funnel and
pipe, armed with a tube containing chloride of calcium and chalk in coarse
powder, for the preparation of pure hydrogen gas, was arranged and tested, as
usual, for arsenic. To the exit-pipe was attached a green glass tube, well sup-
ported, passing over two or more spirit-lamp flames. The exit-pipe was bent at
right angles, to go through a wide-mouthed bottle, containing slips of white
Sine Paper, dipped in a solution of nitroprusside of sodium, made alkaline by
ammonia, from which the gas was carried to the next bottle, containing ammo-
niacal nitrate of silver; and there was another exit-pipe leading to a bottle of some
salt of lead, or armed with a jet for burning. The apparatus being at this period
ready for use, pure zinc, sulphuric acid, and distilled water were placed in the hydro-
gen evolution bottle, and the stream of gas having been allowed to escape through
the apparatus, to expel atmospheric air, heat was applied to the tubes with spirit-
lamps. Now, if arsenic had been present it should have produced a crust in the usual
place; and eee would, if present, have been deposited at a spot near it; whilst
sulphur would partly have been sublimed and deposited in front of the arsenic, and
the remaining undecomposed sulphuretted hydrogen gas have communicated a
deep purple-blue tint to the paper charged with the ammoniacal nitroprusside of
sodium; whilst the phosphoretted hydrogen, passing unchanged through all these
tests, would have been at once seized ‘by the ammoniacal nitrate of silver and
have produced the black phosphide of silver, and the free hydrogen have escaped
through the lead solution without changing its colour, unless the evolution (sup-
posing phosphorus to be present) of phosphoretted hydrogen should have been teo
violent for the perfect reaction of the silver salt. It was now possible to examine
382 REPORT—1864.
the prepared organic liquid with this apparatus: yy inserting it in quantities of
only a few drachms at a time into the hydrogen bottle, through the tubulated
funnel, and by employing sufficient spirit, no frothing could occur to endanger the
success of the experiment; but it might at any moment be checked by the addition
of a little spirit down the funnel. If the tubes showed no se tk and the paper
remained white, neither arsenic, antimony, nor sulphur could be present. The
black precipitate in the silver bottle would inferentially have been phosphide of
silver, but it admitted of absolute proof by testing with Scherer’s process. The
operation being completed, the silver salt was passed through a filter previously
washed with acetic or nitric acid, and afterwards with ammonia, and the collected
black precipitate submitted to proof by burning the filter-paper. Acting on the
ashes with nitric acid and heat until oxidized, the silver precipitated by pure
hydrochloric acid, and the solution filtered, it contained all the phosphorus as
sliohticeid acid, which could be tested by the nitrate of magnesia or the chloride
with ammonia, the characteristic crystals of triple aap aes of ammonia and mag-
nesia examined in the microscope and identified by the action of polarized light,
and the measurement of their angles in the goniometer, or by a solution of nitrate
of silver added with ammonia, when the yellow phosphate of silver would be
obtained, and the blue phosphate of iron, with a solution of its protosalt.
Memorandum on Ozone. By Dr. G. Kemp.
On the Production of Cold by the Expansion of Air. By A. C. Kirx.
On the Premature Decay of the Frescoes in the Houses of Parliament, its Oause
and Remedy. By Wrt11aM Poorer Kine.
The decay of frescoes first shows itself as a bloom, rendering the whole surface
dull and clouded ; soon after raised blotches appear, which become white and after-
wards drop off in a dry powder, carrying off the colour in patches trom the fresco.
If walls built with mortar made from limestone of marine origin be examined in
cold weather, the pointing of the wall will be found to be covered with a bloom
which in places is lengthened out into needle-formed crystals, varying from ;j>th
of an inch to 2 inches long. These crystals in warm weather change into a white
powder, and drop off, carrying much of the pointing of the wall with them. These
crystals, when examined chemically, are found to consist, for the most part, of sul-
phate of soda, sometimes, though rarely, mixed with nitrate of potash and nitrate
of lime, with small quantities of muriate of lime and magnesia. The droppings
from frescoes are composed of nearly the same materials, and are brought down by
the efflorescence of the sulphate of soda. To preserve frescoes, the sulphate of soda
in the wall should be kept in a dormant state by being always dry and warm.
On an Apparatus for the Preservation or Disengagement of Sulphuretted
Hydrogen, Carbonic Acid, or other Gases. By Maxweut Lyte.
On the Pollution of Rivers by the Sewage of Towns.
By Dr. Stevenson Macapam, F.RS.E., FCS,
The author recently undertook a lengthened series of experimental observations
on the pollution of rivers by the sewage of towns, with special reference to the
contamination of the Water of Leith by the sewage of Edinburgh and Leith. The
principal points brought out in the course of the investigation were—
I. The chemical nature and condition of the Water of Leith as it arrives at
Edinburgh, and before being contaminated by the sewage from the dwellings of
100,000 of the inhabitants of Edinburgh and Leith.
II. The chemical composition of the liquids conveyed by the main sewers of
Edinburgh and Leith into the Water of Leith, by day and by night, during five
weeks in spring and ten days in summer.
III. The analyses of the sedimentary matters found. in the open sewers draining
into the Water of Leith.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 33
IY. The chemical condition of the Water of Leith, and the lakes connected there-
with, as they receive successive quantities of sewage from 180 drains and sewers
which discharge their contents into the stream at intervals from Coltbridge, west
of Edinburgh, down to the harbour of Leith.
Y. The analyses of the deposits of organic matter which are found in large
quantities in the bed of the Water of Leith after the entrance of the sewage, and
especially in rocky pools and above the dams; as also of the sediment in the Lades
and in the harbour of Leith.
VI. The chemical nature of the gases evolved in large quantities from the putre-
fying sedimentary deposits in the Lades and Water of Leith, including the harbour.
VIL. The nature and proportion of the gases dissolved in the waters of the river
above and below the influence of the sewage. And
VIII. The degree of impurity in the atmosphere in the immediate neighbourhood
of the Water of Leith conveying sewage, and including the open sewers, the Lades,
and the harbour of Leith; and contrasting the air under the influence of the foul
sewage and Water of Leith with the air in the centre of Edinburgh and Leith, and
away from the immediate influence of sewage.
The author stated that the special part of the inquiry to which he wished to direct
the attention of the Section was the proportion and nature of the gases dissolved in
the waters which were contaminated with sewage, as contrasted with those which
were uncontaminated by sewage. This department of the inquiry, in relation to the
contamination of rivers by the sewage of towns, had not received that amount of
attention which it apparently deserves. The presence of oxygen gas dissolved in
natural waters aids in the decomposition of any organic matters which may pass
thereinto, and all healthy waters contain an amount of oxygen dissolved therein
which is equivalent to about 29 per cent. of the entire volume of the gases in solution.
The following Table gives the proportions of the gases present in one imperial
_Cubie | Percentage composition of
inches of the gases by volume.
gas per ;
gallon of |Carbonic Other
water. acid. | Oxygen. gases.
10-01 9:59 28°77 61:64
9:96 10:71 29°47 59°82
9°33 8:70 29°40 61:90
9:24 1:92 29:23 68°85
9:69 1:89 28°87 69:24
Gases from spring water supplied to
Edinburgh and Leith for household
use.
Gases from water taken from the
sources of the Water of Leith.
Gases from water from Water of
Leith, after receiving discharges
from paper-mills, &c., and as the
| 9:30 5:88 22-06 72:06
water arrives at Coltbridge, where {
9-21 6:10 25:20 68-70
9:60 7:41 22°22 70°37
9:29 6:60 22-20 71:20
:
\*
*
*
the first portion of Edinburgh
f *y det 52:67 3°33 44:00
sewage enters,
9-77 50:00 2:70 47°30
12:67 54:70 2:10 43°20
10:74 42°30 2°80 54:90
13°87 59°60 2-60 37:80
| 6:31 6:30 4:20 89:50
*
Gases from the liquids conveyed in
the sewers of Edinburgh,
7:22 14°30 5:70 80:00
i 6:90 14:29 10-20 75:51
Gases from the water of the Water of 7-99 29-00 6:10 71-90
Leith at various stations, after re-4 6-95 19-70 6:60 73:70
ceiving the sewage of Edinburgh. 5-60 24-60 410 71-30
*| 7:64 18:60 6:98 74:42
8:87 25°80 4:10 70°10
*| 6:47 9:52 4-76 85:72
713 12:80 6-40 80:80
7-64 14:20 5-40 80°40
Gases from the water of the Lade,
which traverses Edinburgh, and
which contains sewage. +
1864,
en
34 : REPORT—1864.
gallon of the waters of the Water of Leith before reaching Edinburgh, of the spring
water supplied to Edinburgh and Leith, of the liquids conveyed by the sewers,
and of the Water of Leith after receiving sewage, and including the Lades and
harbour of Leith. It may be stated that the analyses marked * were made on @
day in spring, and the remainder were made on a day in summer.
Froth the above Table it will be observed that the spring water supplied to
Edinburgh, as also the waters which form the sources of the Water of Leith,
contain about 29 per cent. of oxygen in the gases dissolved therein; and as the
Water of Leith passes several paper-mills and arrives at Coltbridge, where it meets
the sewage of Edinburgh, the amount of oxygen is fully 22 per cent. of the gases.
The gases dissolved in the liquids conveyed by the sewers contain only from 2°10
to 3°33 per cent. of oxygen; and when the sewage has mingled with the Water of
Leith, the percentage of oxygen in the main stream falls to 10:20 and even to 4°10,
and in the Lade to 5-40 and. even 4°76.
These experimental facts demonstrate that the amount of oxygen dissolved in
the water of the Water of Leith, after receiving the sewage of Edinburgh, is reduced
to a minimum, and is practically of little use in consuming the large amount of
organic matter in solution and suspension in the water; and moreover shows that,
even were the more foul impurities to be separated from sewage and streams
conveying sewage, the liquid, though it might be clear, would not contain that
amount of oxygen gas dissolved therein which would admit of fishes living in it,
and finding the air required for their respiration. Trials have been made by the
author with water obtained from irrigating meadows, and with the water of the
Water of Leith, after separation of the gross impurities by mechanical filtering-beds
of sand and clay, and the water in either case did not possess the power of supporting
the life of fish; and, indeed, when the fish were introduced therein, they quickly
died.
A Suggestion on the Detection of Poisons by Dialysis.
By Dr. A. T. Macuarrie, F.C.S., Lecturer on Chemisiry, Glasgow.
The author suggested that in some cases it might be of advantage to employ
the coats of the stomach or intestines of an animal as the membrane or septum of
the dialyzer, and in this way avoid interference with the organs themselves. This
can the more readily be done, since the exterior of the stomach of animals is
seldom coated with any appreciable amount of fatty matter, and therefore the
whole preparation necessary seems to consist in thoroughly washing the exterior
of the stomach or intestines to be examined; for thereafter the organ may be at
once exposed to the external action of pure water, as in the commonly pursued
methods of dialysis. This manner of detecting poison need not entirely prevent
the previous examination of the interior lining of the stomach, provided that the
opening be made so as to enable the stomach to be afterwards suspended in water
without mechanical leakage. The intestines of an animal supposed to be poisoned
scarcely require to be opened throughout their entire length, and accordingly a
portion of them left untouched may be tied firmly at each end, washed carefully, and
exposed to the external action of water for twenty-four hours, or longer if necessary,
in the usual way. Into a portion of the duodenum of a sheep, one-half of a grain
of arsenious acid was placed, dissolved and suspended in water. This part of the
duodenum, after being washed, was tied at each end and suspended in eight
ounces of water, in such a manner as to keep the tied ends entirely out of the
water, and so prevent the contents from escaping by any opening that might still
exist. The liquid, after twenty-four hours, yielded arsenic by Reinsch’s process ; but
" no appreciable precipitate was obtained by treating the liquids with hydrochloric and
| hydrosulphurie acids. The author described a similar experiment which he had
made with strychnine.
On the Presence of Nickel in Metallic Lead.
By Dr. A. T. Macuartis, F.0.S., Lecturer on Chemistry, Glasgow.
|» Having had occasion recently to examine several specimens of lead for commercial
purposes, I was surprised to find that one of them contained a considerable quantity
a ie
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 83,
of metallic nickel; and as I am not aware that nickel is a commonly occurring
impurity in lead, or, indeed, that it’ has been found in commercial lead before, I take
this opportunity of recording the results of the analysis which was made by me of
the sample referred to. ;
The composition of the sample analyzed was as follows :—
Leer seer eee sheet se he PAS Werchter’ fia
ANUMONVR A sster tera et ele tees: 10°86
Nickel, fameememn te see eee 5-20
f Gia) sagen ote nico cle kt See an 86
Loss, including traces of arsenic .... 33
100-00
It will be observed that the above is a highly impure specimen of lead; for, besides
the nickel which gives to it its present interest, the sample contains nearly 11 per
cent. of antimony. The physical properties of the lead were such as to show, even
revious to the analysis, that the sample was very impure. When attempting to
ivide a portion with an iron chisel, the piece broke with a highly crystalline frac-
ture, and was not cut or beaten out by hammering like ordinarylead. The brittle-
ness of the alloy is, no doubt, much more due to the antimony than to the nickel,
but the latter probably assists in communicating this property to the metal. The
specific gravity of this lead is 9°95, while that of pure lead is 11-4. Again, as nickel
has a specific gravity of 8-8, and antimony of 6:8, the low density of the alloy is
easily accounted for.
The source of the ore from which the metal was obtained I could not discover,
further than that the lead is of German manufacture, which so far explains the pre-
sence of such a large proportion of nickel. The lead can scarcely be used for the
ordinary applications of that metal; but the large percentage of antimony would
probably recommend it in the manufacture of type-metal.
Chemical Examination of a Hot Spring in Wheal Clifford, Cornwall.
‘By Professor W. A. Mittrer, M.D., Treas. R.S.
In the course of conversation with Sir C. Lyell a few months ago, he men-
tioned to me the occurrence of a remarkably powerful hot spring, at a great depth,
in one of the Cornish mines, no detailed examination of which had hitherto been
made. ‘The interest of such an examination was obvious, and it was arranged that
a supply of the water should be forwarded to me for analysis.
Wheal Clifford is a copper mine near Redruth in Cornwall. The lode, con-
sisting of a porous pyrites, runs east and west, and the spring comes out in a fissure
at the junction of the elvan or granitic porphyry with the killas or clay-slate ; the
mass of the lode, however, exists in the clay-slate itself. Mr. H. Davey, by whose
kindness the water was obtained, estimated the flow of the spring roughly at
about 150 gallons per minute. It occurs in the 230-fathom level, at a depth of
about 220 fathoms, of 1520 feet below the sea. The water comes out at a tempera-
ture of 125° F., the temperature of the air in that part of the mine being 110° at
the time that the water was collected. The water is nearly clear, but becomes:
turbid on standing, and deposits a scanty ochreous sediment. It has a strong
saline taste, and when boiled does not give any fur, The gaseous components
were the following at 60° F., and 30 inches bar. :—
{ Cubic inches.
Total-gas in cubic inches in 1-imperial gallon .... 8-91
Consisting of—
Garbomicnaide Hai 'orrecd baw, balky. in. oehe: 1:89 ae
Cayce tennindee . fin. Bild ,onikt, Re Verret oui 1-72 ‘
Niteogerty Ueaa2% uc uk paeutied. 0. de ls 5:30
Ratio of oxygen to nitrogen ............0. 000 ee eee 1:3
Speoiid sraviny ta. betietivas, ia dower, oie ey. ied, 1:007
The saline constituents were found, by evaporation, to amount to 646'1 grains per
unperial gallon, consisting of—
ge
36 REPORT—1864.
Chloride of lithium .........0..... S, Ea 26:05
Chloride of potassium with a little chlorideofcesium 14:84
Chioridevofsodium Vane se... ee ie eects 363°61
Chloride of magnesium ..........ceee eee eseeee : 8°86
Chloride of calcium we Fi Bs St ile jae
sulphate of calcium Wee. fo... 1c see e se eee ae 12:27
SAC eh siaeeehe. MRE oa ee vie 5 ae Vere « Siete MenY ve 3°65
Oxides of iron, aluminum, and of manganese...... in minute quantity
64545
The quantity of cesium I have not yet had leisure to ascertain, but the amount
must be relatively rather considerable, as the precipitate of the double chloride of
platinum and potassium, from a quart of the water, gives evidence before the
rism of the presence of cesium. But the most remarkable point, chemically,
in the constitution of this water is the unprecedented amount of chloride of
lithium which it contains, and which no doubt will furnish an abundant supply
of the compounds of this alkaline metal.
Lithium has been found in a great number of springs, but usually in quantity not
exceeding one or two grains of the chloride per gallon. Its extraction from this
water would not be very difficult. The water itself might undergo a preliminary
concentration by boiling down in a steam-boiler ; the absence of a deposit or “fur”
would render this perfectly feasible; the concentrated liquid should then be boiled
down till reduced to one-tenth or one-twelfth of its bulk; to the hot liquid milk of
lime is added, till slightly alkaline, to separate magnesia, then a concentrated solu-
tion of carbonate of sodium is added cautiously to the boiling liquid as long as it
occasions a precipitate; a granular precipitate of carbonate of calcium is produced,
from which the mother-liquor, now containing alkaline salts only, is easily decanted.
It is further concentrated, part of the chloride of sodium is separated by crystal-
lization, and the lithium is then precipitated as carbonate, by the addition of car-
bonate of sodium in slight excess. ‘The mother-liquor may then be used to fur-
nish compounds of cesium by the process of Bunsen and Kirchhoff.
Some Observations on the Constitution of the Atmosphere.
By Dr. 8. Mossman.
On Réaumur’s Porcelain. By A. Nosux.
Circumstances have put me in possession of some beautiful specimens illustrating
the devitrification of glass. A drinking-glass, made of ordinary flint glass, was
buried in fine sand and exposed to the heat of a pottery-kiln by Mr. Septimus
Powell, of Temple Gate Pottery, Bristol, and cooled gradually with the kiln. It
was perfectly devitrified. Glass containing the greater number of bases devitrified
the most readily. I am also able to show some specimens of light-green bottle-
lass which have cooled very slowly, and in which crystallization is very distinct.
hey are from the glass-works of Messrs. Powell and Ricketts, Bristol.
On the Disposal of Town Refuse. By Dr. Paut.
On Crude Paraffin Oil. By Dr. B. H. Paut.
The author remarked that very little attention had hitherto been paid to that
poe of crude paraffin oil which was heavier than water, and its existence had
een denied. He found, however, that the oil obtained from coal, or any similar
material, by distillation at a moderate heat not exceeding low redness, always
contains oils heavier than water and that these oils are precisely the same
as the oils heavier than water, which are contained in the ordinary coal-tar of
gas-works, consisting in both cases chiefly of carbonic acid and a thick pitchy
substance. It was also shown that the product obtained by distilling different
varieties of bituminous coal at a low heat differs very considerably in its cha-
>», -
eee ae
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 37
racter, according to the kind of coal it is obtained from, and that this difference is
mainly due to the relative roportions of oil lighter than water and of oil heavier
than water. In the case of the oil obtained from the kind of coal commonly used
as fuel, the proportion of heavy oil is so large that the product closely resembles
the coal-tar of gas-works in all its outward characters, although the oils lighter
than water which it contains are identical with those contained in crude paraffin
oil, as it is usually manufactured from particular kinds of coal and other bituminous
minerals, which are exceptional in so far as they yield by distillation a product
containing the light oils in much larger proportions than the heavy oils.
On Useful Applications of Slag from Iron Smelting. By Dr. B. H. Pavt.
He said slag was of a nature between porcelain and glass. Attempts had been
made to cast the slag into blocks as it issued from the furnace, to be afterwards
used as artificial stone, but all attempts of this kind had failed. The application
praposed with slag at the present time was to convert it into bricks for building.
his was done by a simple and ingenious contrivance. A gentleman had suc-
ceeded in blowing the slag into a state of very fine division, by sending steam or
air into it, just as it flowed from the blast furnace in the liquid state. It was thus
blown into a substance resembling wool in appearance. This substance was taken
and ground into dust, mixed with lime, subjected to powerful pressure, and made
into bricks, of which he exhibited some examples. These bricks required no fire.
After being pressed, they were allowed to dry, and could be used at once, the
influence of the atmosphere producing a slow kind of hardening. It was also
intended to use the powder as a manure.
On the Black Stones which fell from the Atmosphere at Birmingham in 1858.
By Dr. T. L, Purpson, F.C.S. Lond.
These stones, which have hitherto been regarded as aérolites, fell at Birming-
ham in great numbers during a violent storm which broke over that town in the
month of August 1858. Several of these stones have recently been forwarded to
me by Mr. W. B. Beale, in order that I might submit them to analysis. They
are small, angular, and black, presenting here and there a few indications of
crystallization. They act very slightly on a magnetic needle, but the action is
sensible. They give a lightish-coloured streak, and when finely pulverized are
ae soluble in hydrochloric acid. The analysis which I have made of them
as proved to me that these stones are not aérolites, but small fragments of basalt
rock, similar to that which exists at a few leagues from Birmingham, near the
parish of Rowley. They have given me—
SSIES rete meay a eae ts cas eacert hous soaskonn ces fener tue ewe ». 46:13
POLITE rate resa pcos 0) a, diene asf titienataciaieaan emer ss o4 LOZ
Protoxide of iron ......... Sscas) ateuah epake Natta iecois .. 8:86
IPELOXIG Cy OIsILON..f.5. speirichoge suchensvauans caine alosteinlD 371
TO ate ae aco bi beinsn sasaeraienceesuscteaks ie iatisha, osaas ou ek AOD
LITE eI Siena Se at afi ets catatateyal) 5) Sate . 674
Alkalies (by, difference). .\.,..0. sie «sss wie as .. 376
WV UCINT ate nt ecesass ays onerace sexepeictakalne syste aentavebaTalshas 3°30
100-00
The specific gravity of these stones is about 2-7; they fuse with some difficulty
on the edges before the blowpipe; when heated quietly in a platinum crucible, they
emit a marked odour of ozone. a is evident to me that these stones, which fell
in great numbers in Ann-street and other adjacent streets of the town of Bir-
mingham, were carried there by a waterspout; as was also the case, doubtless, with
the curious fall of hay which I observed in London in June 1861, and described
in the Comptes Rendus of the Paris Academy of Sciences, and the remarkable fall
of ironstone which occurred in August 1841 at Iwan in Hungary. The sizes of
the pieces of this ironstone which fell varied from that of a grain of hemp-seed
to that of a nut. The black stones which fell in Birmingham are about the size
of nuts, to judge from the specimens I have examined.
38 REPORT— 1864.
On the Medicinal Muds of the Islund of Ischia, Bay of Naples.
By Dr. T, L. Purrsoy, F.0.8. Lond.
Two specimens of these muds were forwarded, not long ago, to my laboratory.
Invalids visiting Ischia plunge their arms, legs, or entire bodies into them, for various
diseases, more particularly for scrofula and rheumatism. One of the bottles con-
taining these muds was ticketed Fango di Gurgitella, the other Fango del Aritta.
They differ very much in appearance and in smell, though they are essentially the
same in composition and properties, being formed of volcanic or felspathic grains,
The whole constitutes a volcanic sand rendered muddy by water, and a certain
quantity of vegetable débris. The grains are composed of lava, green felspar,
ryacolite in beautiful glassy grains, augite, quartz, mica, here and there a few grains
of marble, &c.
My analysis of these muds gives them the following composition :—
Fango di Gurgitella. | Fango del Aritta.
_ Greenish grey; no smell; insipid; Black; smell of putrid Algee and
sandy, with little mud, Deposits sul- | sulphuretted hydrogen. Gives PbS on
|
phoy on a plate of silver in twenty-four , paper imbibed with acetate of lead,
ours. when heated.
Water\cs. assrewes - uetewog-os é 80:00.| Water fiw. ose.) Jnc2.uiyene 42:85
Organic matters. ins evar 0% 4:00 | Organic matter... 6.0... Jose. 4:05
Oxide.otaran bans «ab diacios ee 1:40 , Black sulphide of iron.......... 136
Carbonate of lime .,,.....++5. 1:20 | Oxide of tron ........2..ee eee 2:00
Bromine and iodine............ none | Carbonate of lime ............ 2-60
Sha aca ete ase ton big ab traces | Bromine and iodine............ none
Volcanic sand as above described 63-40 Sulphur..........+.+. distinct traces
00" Volcanic sand as above described 47-14
100-00
The Italian bottles in which these specimens of the Ischia muds were forwarded
to me, though corked with large glass stoppers, do not close hermetically ; and I have
no doubt that the water of these muds, in its natural state, is strongly impregnated
with sulphuretted hydrogen, which has almost entirely escaped from the samples
during the journey. The black colour of the Fungo del Aritta is owing to a layer
of black sulphide of iron, formed by the action of sulphuretted hydrogen upon the
' grains of green felspar, which it envelopes completely. When the mud is exposed
to the air for some time, the black sulphide is gradually oxidized, and the grains
assume their original green colour; in this manner the Fango del Aritta becomes
similar to the Fungo di Gurgitella.
It is remarkable that ‘sulphuretted hydrogen, like carbonic and sulphurous acids,
attacks the zron of the felspar rocks in preferencé to the alkalies, which are not
attacked at all, for the glassy grains of ryacolite have undergone no decomposition
whatever. Diluted hydrochloric acid dissolves this black sulphide of iron, formed
on the surface of the green grains, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen gas.
No iodine or bromine was detected in either of the muds; but, by passing a mag-
net through some of the ‘Aritta mud, a number of brilliant black grains, which were
proved to he magnetic oxide of iron, were extracted from it. The water separated
by filtration from the sand, and merely gave indications of lime, sulphuric acid, and
chlorine; and did not differ from ordinary river-water in composition, except by the
presence of a small proportion of free sulphuretted hydrogen gas, which in that of
the Fungo del Ariita only amounted to Too.0g0 ths, but I believe the greater por-
tion of this gas had escaped during the journey.
The curious custom of plunging the body into muds of this kind, as a means of
restoring health, is not confined to the island of Ischia. I have lately found that
a similar custom prevails in the neighbourhood of the Salt Lake, Balta Alba, in
the Danubian provinces ; and I have heard that the same practice was once resorted
to in the south of England.
The beneficial effects that are said to follow such treatment are probably owing
as much to the cleansing and stimulating effect produced by the friction of the grains
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 39
of sand upon the skin, as to the presence of sulphur and sulphuretted hydrogen in the
muds.
An Account of Apparatus and Processes for the Chemical and Photometrical
Testing of Illuminating Gas. By Professor W. B. Rogurs.
Professor Rogers stated that the instruments and processes, of which he pro-
posed to give a short account, had been devised and employed by him as part of
the system of gas inspection which he had organized for the State of Massachusetts,
and which applied to the mechanical measurement as well as to the photometric
and sedtical Lasting of illuminating gas.
1. The entire plan comprises the primary determination of the cubic foot,
standard measure, and its convenient adjustment for use in gauging the gaso-
meters employed in meter-testing in different parts of the State. This differs
chiefly from the apparatus in use in Great Britain in being moveably suspended,
and expelling the measured yolume of air by its descent in a tank, the final
reading on the gasometer being taken, after adjusting to zero of pressure, by a
pressure-gauge of extreme delicacy. Figures of the standard apparatus and the
pressure-gauge were exhibited to the Section.
2. To give greater facility and certainty to the observations on the registra-
tion of meters, two contrivances were adopted, the one intended for a ready
and secure adjustment of the connexions at the inlet and the outlet of the meter,
and the other for indicating the temperature and the pressure of the air or gas at
these points. The former apparatus consists of a clamp composed of two metallic
limbs, hung by pivots on a central piece, and capable of being fixed at any required
degree of opening by the action of a screw passing through the central piece.
When thus firmly attached to the narrow or wide neck of the meter, as the
case might be, the clamp is used as a gallows-screw, by having a second screw
working within the screw of the clamp-head already described, which is made
to bear i the end of the connecting tube, so as to make the juncture unfail-
ingly tight.
; The other contrivance to be applied to the meter, in observing its registration,
is a short horizontal connecting tube, whose opening at one end is in a flat surface
at the lower side, capable of being secured by the apparatus just described cae
the inlet or outlet of the meter. Near this end the tube enlarges to a little chamber,
in which is inserted the small cylindrical bulb of a delicate thermometer and one
end of a siphon-gauge, so as to enable the observer to read the temperature of the
entering and issuing air, and to determine its pressure, or to test the meter for
leakage. On the outlet side, this appendage is prolonged by a short rubber-tube,
which can be closed by a clip at the moment of completing the registration. And
the outer end of this tube is furnished with a disk-stopper, which, by turning more
or less, varies the aperture to secure the proper rate of transit of the air or gas.
3. For the chemical testing of gas, Professor Rogers devised a form of simple
eudiometer, which has been found to answer the purpose better than those usually
employed in gas inspection, both on the ground of convenience and accuracy. It
consists of a tube with a cylindrical enlargement at the closed end, the tube being
graduated to ;},ths and tenths of ,1,ths of the entire capacity. his at its open
end is fitted with a hollow stopper accurately ground, and intended to hold the
several liquid absorbents used in the successive experiments. The entire tube, with
enlargement, is enclosed in a water-case, consisting of a slender cylindrical vessel of
glass filled with water at the temperature of the room, the open mouth of the tube
payocting slightly from the cork-stopper of the case. Through the great. specific
eat of water, it is found that the temperature of the gas, while submitted to
successive testings, is almost completely protected from the effect of the necessary
handling of the apparatus.
With this eudiometer it is quite easy to determine, first, the percentage of
carbonic acid in the gas, then the illuminating hydrocarbons, and then the
oxygen and the carbonic oxide, by introducing in the hollow stopper the apprc-
priate reagents. The hydrogen and light carburetted hydrogen may be sub-
sequently determined by explosion of the residue with oxygen, in an apparatus
consisting mainly of two glass tubes, united below by a long loop of rubber-tuhe,
40 REPORI—1864.
one of the glass tubes which is fixed serving as the chamber for explosion and
measurement, and the other moveable up and down on the vertical frame serving
to adjust the level of mercury before and after the experiment, and also to bring
the gas, after explosion, into contact with potassa for the removal of carbonic acid.
4, For determining the amount of sulphur present in gas, use is made of the
ordinary process of slow combustion under a funnel-tube connected with a Liebig
condenser; but an improved arrangement is adopted, by which a supply of am-
monia is introduced, at some distance above the flame, where it is free from the danger
of combustion, and, combining with the sulphur products of the combustion, secures
their retention in the collected liquid. This is effected by causing the stream of
water which supplies the condenser to draw a small amount of air by aspiration
into the descending feed-pipe. This air, collected in a separate vessel, or in the
enlarged head of the condenser, is, by its own compressure, driven through a small
bottle containing dilute ammonia, and thence delivered by a slender tube into the
neck of the condensing tube some inches above the gas-flame. This apparatus, as
well as the improved eudiometer, besides their value in the ordinary routine of
gas inspection, may, it is thought, be of use in various laboratory experiments.
5. The great difficulty of determining the illuminating power of gas depends, as
all know, on the want of a reliable and uniform standard of light to which to
refer. The uncertainty of the ordinary photometric determinations, by the use of
the standard candle, resulting from the unavoidable variability of the candle, is
further increased by the fact, that the unit is so small that the observer is confined
to the part of the scale where a very slight change in the position of the disk
makes a great difference in the reading. To secure a more uniform light, and a
larger unit of comparison, Professor Rogers has used a kerosene lamp with a flat
flame, limited at the sides and top by a strip of platinum foil. This he found
capable of affording a very uniform disk of light equal to about 71 candles. The
lamp is supported in a balance of peculiar construction, enabling the observer to
mark exactly the rate at which the oil is consumed in each stage of the experi-
ment, and to make such corrections as are needed on this account. Although far
from affording a perfect standard, this arrangement promises much more satis-
factory results than the ordinary method of observation.
Neither of the chemical processes referred to were put forward as replacing the
refined and exact methods of gaseous analysis with which chemists are familiar.
They have been found convenient for the purposes of ordinary gas inspection, and
are of such accuracy as not only to serve this object, but to prove useful in the
laboratory assays where the highest degree of exactness is not demanded.
In conclusion, Professor Rogers made a brief reference to his experiments on the
influence exerted by the presence of carbonic acid in gas on its illuminating power.
He found that even the small amount of this impurity, which in some manufac-
tories is allowed to remain in the gas, produces a sensible diminution of the light.
The effect varies with the quality of the illuminating gas, and was found to range
from three to nearly five per cent. of the illuminating power for each per cent.
of carbonic acid present in the mixture. In a series of experiments with gas
successively mingled with larger and larger quantities of carbonic acid, it was
found that 58 per cent. of carbonic acid, although it did not prevent combustion,
rendered the flame so dim as to be inappreciable on the photometric screen.
On an Invention by Mr. Cornelius, of Philadelphia, for Lighting Gas by
Electricity. By Professor W. B. Rogers.
The electrical apparatus was attached to a common gas-burner. It was an ap-
plication of the pean: of frictional electricity (the apparatus being a modified
form of electrophorus), and, on the removal of a stopper of vulcanite, the friction
generated an electric charge, and the gas was instantly ignited. It could be ar-
ranged so as at the same instant to light the whole of the burners in a room.
Contribntions towards the Foundation of Quantitative Photography.
By Professor Roscor, B.A., Ph.D., F.BS., FCS.
Our knowledge of the photographic processes has, as yet, attained only the quali-
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 41
tative stage; and the author communicated the results of experiments (carried out
in his laboratory by Mr. A. McDougall, B.Sc.) instituted for the purpose of estab-
lishing facts upon which a quantitative photography might be founded, the method
being based upon the experimental law, discovered by Professor Bunsen and himself,
to the effect that a constant product of the intensities of the acting light into the
times of exposure always corresponded to a constant tint on the photographic paper.
Hence, if several differently sensitive prepared papers are exposed to a constant
light for varying periods of time, until they all exhibit the same degree of tint, the
reciprocals of these times of exposure represent the relative sensitiveness of the
papers. By the help of the pendulum-photometer, the times during which the
papers had been exposed were ascertained, and the degree of tint attained was read
off by the sodalight. Tables were constructed showing the variation in the sensi-
tiveness produced by increasing the strength of the solution of salts employed, and
curyes drawn representing this relation. The salts used were chloride of sodium,
chloride of potassium, chloride of ammonium, and bromide of potassium. The
next point ascertained was the fact that the sensitiveness of the paper did not vary
with variation of the base with which the chlorine or bromine was combined. The
third portion of the experiments referred to the comparison of the relative sensi-
tiveness of the chloride, bromide, and iodide, and mixtures of these.
Description of a Chemical Photometer for Meteorological Observation.
By Professor Rosco, B.A., Ph.D., F.BS., FCS.
The author exhibited and described a modification of the pendulum chemical
photometer, by means of which the meteorological registration of the chemical
action of light may be accurately and easily carried on. No less than forty curves
of the daily chemical intensity at Manchester, in the year 1863-64, have thus been
made. The author believes that the method is now so simple that such a series of
determinations may be carried on at any meteorological observatory.
Note on the Existence of Lithium, Strontium, and Copper in the Bath Waters.
By Professor Roscor, B.A., Ph.D., F.RS., F.OS.
At the request of Sir Charles Lyell, the author undertook the examination of the
residue obtained by the evaporation of the Bath waters (King’s Bath spring) by
spectrum-analysis. No trace of barium was found; but strontium was present in
quantities sufficiently large to enable it to be easily detected. The portion of the
deposit soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid was freed from alkaline earths by several
precipitations with carbonate and oxalate of ammonia, and in this precipitate
strontium was again detected. The magnesium was next separated by ignition of
the mixed chlorides with oxide of mercury; and, on examining the portions of the
residue soluble in water, the red lithium line was plainly visible. In salts derived
from twenty gallons of water the author was still unable to detect the smallest
traces of either rubidium or cesium. In the course of both analyses the presence
of copper was detected.
On some probable New Sources of Thallium. By W. L. Scorr.
Some time back, during the examination of a fine but highly ferruginous sand,
obtained from the neighbourhood of Whitby, it struck the author as remarkable
that a certain precipitate, which he knew to be entirely free from both barium and
copper, should tint a hydrogen flame green. On going into the matter somewhat
more carefully, he found that this precipitate exhibited the thallic spectrum very
distinctly. From this he was led to examine other sands; amongst them, those
from Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, and some others. The sands containing the thal-
lium are the rock-sands; the sea-shore sand, as a rule, contains no thallium.
Many of the deeply coloured clays which alternate with the sands at Alum Bay
also give indications, more or less marked, of containing thallium.
On Copper-smelting. By P. Spence, F.C.S.
The author said he had for some years directed his attention to this subject, and
42 : REPORT—1864.
his aim had been to erect works on sound chemical principles. The first furnace
he erected was successful in calcining the small ores with a small expenditure of
fuel and labour, with elimination of all the sulphur from the ores if that was re-
quired ; and it enabled him to send all the sulphur so eliminated into the vitriol-
chambers as sulphurous-acid gas. Very soon afterwards he erected additional
furnaces, and all the sulphuric acid made at his works since the end of 1861 had
been made from these small ores by similar fwnaces. The amount of sulphur
wasted in copper-smelting, and which could be economized for the use of such
calcining furnaces as he had erected, was something enormous. It had been
estimated at 70,000 tons per annum, which at the present time would be worth
455,0007. A more recent improvement, and which he has now in successful ope-
ration, is the combining of these calcining furnaces with the ordinary copper-smelt-
ing furnace, in such a manner that the flame of the smelting furnace, instead of
passing directly to the stack or chimney, is made to pass under the calciner, and
affords sufficient heat to effect the calcination of the ore required by the smelter ;
thus at once saying 30 to 33 per cent. of all the fuel required for copper-smelting,
that being about the proportion required by the calcination part of the process.
Another advantage of this mode is that the calciner is so placed that when a
charge of ore is required for the smelter, it is at once passed in a red-hot condition
by a shoot from the calciner directly on to the bed of the smelter. In the present
mode of manufacture, the ore is dropped out of the caleiner into a cave under it,
and is there dredged with water until completely damp, and by barrows is then
removed, and in this wet condition is thrown into the highly heated smelting fur-
nace. The saving of fuel, labour, destruction of furnaces, and nuisance from escap-
ing gases must be very evident.
On the Precipitation of Aluminous Silicates from Solution. By Dr, Suctrvan,
On the Colouring of Agates. By Professor Tennant, F.GS.
Some details were given respecting the structure of agate, and the artifices re-
sorted to by the workmen of Oberstein in colouring the agate ornaments manu-
factured at that place and distributed over Europe. A large number of specimens
were exhibited, not only of ornaments, but of the stones, both cut and uncut, the
former well adapted to show the structure. The black colour is produced by
steeping the specimens in oil, and then blackening them by the action of sulphuric
acid,
On the Rational Formula of Rosaniline. By J. AurrepD WANKLYN.
According to Hofmann, the empirical formula for anhydrous rosaniline is C,,H,,N,;
the salts bemg C,, H,, N,, XH and C,, H,, N,,3XH, whilst the base on being liberated
from one of its salts takes the form C,, H,, N,, H, O.
It will be apparent that anhydrous rosaniline is just equal to a base consisting of
two atoms of toluyl and one of phenyl along with three atoms of nitrogen,
Co, H,, N,=N, C, H,
This manner of constructing the formula of rosaniline, which appears to be adopted
by some chemists, derives a remarkable confirmation from the circumstance dis-
covered by Hofmann, that it is requisite to employ a mixture of toluidine and
aniline in the manufacture of rosaniline, neither toluidine nor aniline alone being
capable of yielding the dye.
Notwithstanding this capital fact, it is quite certain that rosaniline is not
C,H,
N, (C,H,
C, H,
In several reactions rosaniline displays three atoms of easily replaceable hydrogen.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 43
Thus, in the famous process for producing aniline blue three atoms of phenyl are
changed against three atoms of hydrogen,
C,, H,. N,+3C,H, H,N=C,, H,, (80,H,) N,+8H, N.*
Hofmann’s beautiful research relating to this transformation of aniline red into
aniline blue leaves no doubt that three atoms of hydrogen are concerned.
Again, the iodides of the alcohol radicals react upon rosaniline, producing
ethylated bases. Hofmann has not yet published his research on “ Ethyl-rosa-
niline,” but, judging from the quantity of iodide of ethyl actually destroyed in the
operation, there can be little doubt that substitution goes on to the length of three
atoms.
In order to judge whether this action upon the “hydrogen atoms” in rosaniline
must be looked upon as a very close representation of the action upon the hydrogen
atoms in common ammonia, I haye inquired whether Carey Lea’s method Was ap-
plicable to rosaniline.
~ Carey Lea, as is well known, has shown that nitrate of ethyl occupies a place
among the very few ethers capable of forming ethylated ammonias by reaction upon
ammonia. I have recently succeeded in obtaining ethylated rosaniline by the action
of nitrate of ethyl upon rosaniline.
From all this it results that the rational formula of rosaniline must display three
atoms of hydrogen in association with nitrogen.
A consideration of the entire case leads me to propose the following formula :—
Type.
NHC, H, fal
C.. NHC, H, GC H
2) NHC, H, 2) H
i li
I here write rosaniline on the “ ethylene” type, replacing three atoms of typical
hydrogen by three atoms of phenylamid.
Just as ethylene tends to take up the representatives of two atoms of hydrogen,
and thereby passes into a body of the “hydride of ethyl’ type, so rosaniline tends
to oa up two atoms of hydrogen, thereby becoming a representative of hydride of
ethyl.
( H
f H H
C, 4 H+H,=C, J H
lH H
EL
Rosaniline. Leucaniline.
( NHC, H,
{ BHC, i, NHC, H,
vs NHC, H,
Gi Hi
| H
The three atoms of hydrogen in union with the three atoms of nitrogen are, of course
easily replaceable. 5
The fourth atom of hydrogen, being in direct association with carbon, is not easily
replaceable.
The power that nitrogen has of being either three or five atomic is, of course, the
explanation of the mono-acid and tri-acid salts. There should be likewise bi-acid
salts.
* The first suggestion of the kind of change which takes place when aniline red becomes
aniline blue was, | believe, due to me. In the winter of 1862-63 I explained it by saying
that aniline red lost hydrogen and gained phenyl; supporting my yiew by adducing the
fact that the red gave more than its weight of blue while ammonia was evolved.
44. REPORT—1864.
Quite in accordance with the formula is the fact that distillation with potash
gives much aniline and a residue of carbon.
NHC, 4H, "
0, JNHC.Hs 4 H,0=C, |NHC,H,+2NC, H,
H 66 H
The group oO"
C, ; NHC, H,
H
would, on maltreatment, be very likely to carbonize.
A reaction which may be predicted is this. Careful treatment with alkali may
be expected to give aniline and glycolic acid.
Note on the Probable Constitution of Kolbe and Schmitt’s Colouring Matter
obtained by acting upon Carbolic Acid with Oxalic and Sulphuric Acids.
By J, ALFRED WANKLYN.
The production of a colouring-matter by the action of oxalic acid upon phenyl-
alcohol in presence of sulphuric acid is a very remarkable thing. As yet no attempt
has been made to give any explanation of the changes which take place during this
process, and yet considerable quantities of a dye-stuff are now being made in France
in this manner.
The following hypothesis may be offered to connect together the facts as they are
at present known.
Kolbe and Schmitt give C,H, 0 as the result of their analysis, state of conden-
sation being unknown.
C.) H,,0,=C, C,H,;O
The probable reaction in Kolbe and Schmitt’s process is between carbonic oxide
and phenyl-alcohol, thus :—
6 H, O
C, 0,4+3C,H, HO=C, C! Seow
HO
The colouring-matter is thus an “ethylene.” Kolbe and Schmitt have observed
that it is decolorized by means of nascent hydrogen. Explanation:—The ethylene
becomes a hydride of ethyl.
As might have been expected, it is a weak acid.
The obtaining of a blue dye from it by the action of aniline may possibly be by
this equation :—
2
C,H,0 H, C,H,N C,H, C,H,N H,0
o JO:HO + H,C,H,N_g JC,H.C,H.N + H,0
210°H,0 H, CH, N= 2 C,H, C,H,N HO
HO HO
On a curious Example of Etherification. By J. Atrrep WANKLYN.
Some years ago Frankland showed that iodide of ethyl and water yield hydriodic
acid and ether, on being exposed to the action of a temperature of 150° C. under
pressure ;
20, H,I+H, O=(C, H,), 0+2HI.
T have recently observed a somewhat similar reaction which, however, takes place
at temperatures so low as 100° C.
When rosaniline, iodide of ethyl, and alcohol are heated together to 100° C. for
about twelve hours, there is formed, in addition to the iodide of ethyl-rosaniline, a
quantity of common ether. The production of this ether may be explained as
follows :—
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 45
The three atoms of hydriodic acid resulting from reaction between three atoms
of iodide of ethyl and one atom of rosaniline are thus appropriated; one atom goes
to saturate the ethyl-rosaniline, and the remaining two react upon the alcohol :
2H1+2C, H, O=2HI+H, 0+(C, H,), O.
Or we may suppose that the production of ether takes place quite directly :
C, H,1+C, H,O=HI+(C, H,), 0.
Whichever way we regard the reaction, the fact is deserving of attention. Rea-
soning upon it, we should be led to expect the production of ether in the process
for the preparation of the ethylated ammonias, 7. e. when we heat iodide of ethyl
with alcoholic solution of ammonia. Common ether is likewise to be looked for in
the preparation of various compound ethers by digesting different salts with iodide
yof ethyl and alcohol.
I am informed that this formation of ether as a by-product in the manufacture
of ethylated rosaniline has also been noticed by Continental manufacturers.
On Isomorphism. By Dr. WILLIAMSON.
GEOLOGY.
Address by Joun Purtuties, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.GS., Professor of Geology
im the University of Oxford, President of the Section.
THE age of geological discovery is by many persons thought to have passed away
with Hutton and Werner, Humboldt and Von Buch, Smith and Cuvier, Cony-
beare and Buckland, Forbes and De la Beche; and they regard as almost final the
honoured researches of Sedgwick and Murchison, and Lyell. Yet in this very
district, the most carefully examined perhaps of all the richly fossiliferous tracts
of England, our friend Mr. C. Moore is finding a multitude of interesting forms of
life of the later triassic age, and is thus enriching in an unexpected manner the
catalogue of fossils in Britain. Nor is the practical application of our science less
actively exercised. In this very district Mr. Sanders has just completed that ad-
tnirable Survey ofthe strata on the large scale of 4 inches to a mile, and showing
every field, which is suspended before you. Sir R. Murchison has informed us of
the further proof of the extension of coal under the Permians of Nottinghamshire ;
and at this very Meeting we receive through the same channel, from Mr. M‘Kenzie,
the news of the finding of an additional bed of coal in Australia, thirty miles from
aplemer known site of coal, the bed being 38 feet thick and of good quality.
othing is better settled than the series of great events in our geological history ;
yet even now we are rejoicing over the large addition made to this history by the
discovery of the richly fossiliferous beds of St. Cassian and Késsen, by which the
triassic fauna is enlarged, and the means of comparing Paleozoic and Mesozoic life
augmented by some hundreds of forms, including some genera of the older, and
others of the newer systems. The Director of the National Survey has decided to
give to these strata in England and Wales a distinct colour on his map and a
definite name.
But a few years since, the varied strata of marine and freshwater origin above
the chalk were carelessly, if not contemptuously, classed as ‘superficial deposits ;
now they have acquired a large and regular history, embracing a great succession
of organic life, in the sea and on the land, which is appropriately crowned by the
works of intelligent man. Not long since, the ‘ diluvium’ or ‘drift’ was merely
an ill-understood basis for ill-considered speculation: now we have classified its
parts; have begun to survey the movements of land and sea which preceded and
accompanied these latest superficial accumulations; and have even ventured to
apply to them measures of time, in a continuous chronology. ,
‘The new problems opened by these researches, the inferences to which they
46 REPORT—1864.
lead, and the speculations which they suggest, require only to be named. How
to explain the all but universal glaciation of the mountain regions of Europe—
once, or perhaps twice, since the era of the Crag; how to trace the course and
limits of those gelid waters which since that era rose to half the height of
Helvellyn and Snowdon ; how to account for the changes of physical geography
which allowed Hippopotami to be buried in the sediments of a Yorkshire river,
troops of Mammoths to crowd the Cotswold Hills, and the mingled remains of
Reindeer and Man to fili the caverns of the South of France—these and many
more questions of equal importance occupy the attention of geologists, and give a
special interest to the later geological periods.
In each of these cases, and in all which come before geologists for interpretation,
there is one general rule:—we compare always the ancient phenomena with the
most similar effects we can find of forces now in action.
As in existing nature the amount of effect produced by known causes varies
with the conditions of each case—as the sun’s effect varies from hour to hour, from
day to night, from summer to winter, and from year to year—as the force of
moving water is greater or less according to the slope of the ground, and the
sea’s movement is modified by the age of the moon and the position of land—
so in earlier nature the combinations of phenomena yaried, and the measures of
effect were modified accordingly. In another point of view the aspect of nature is
found to be variable, and subject to cycles of change, periods of greater and less
effect of particular forces which in their own nature are constant. The distance of
the earth from the sun is not constant, the form of its orbit is not constant, it was
not always nor will always be nearer to the sun in winter than in summer. From
these varied conditions, which are measured by long astronomical periods, cycles of
greater and less heating effect on the earth in general, and on parts of it in parti-
cular, arise; so that speculations as to the causes of the differences of climate during
geological periods are entirely incomplete if we leave out of view these real and
definite sources of terrestrial vicissitude. Whether they are sufficient, and justly
applicable to the facts established in geology, is a proper subject of deliberate
inquiry.
em the facts put in evidence by geology regarding the former condition of
the land and sea, none are so convincing of great change and systematic diversity as
the remains of plants and animals. By appeals to these innumerable witnesses
conclusions of much importance are maintained, touching the greater warmth of the
carboniferous land, and the colder climate of the later ceenozoic seas. By the same
testimony, it appears that over every part of the earth’s surface, in every class of
organic life, the whole series of created forms has been changed many times.
Have we measured these changes of climate, and assigned their true physical
causes? Have we determined the law of the successive variations of life, and de-
clared the physiological principles on which the differences depend? No! the
variations of climate must be further investigated, the limits of specific diversity
more surely defined, before we can give clear answers to these critical questions.
Late researches, partly archeological and partly geological, both in England and
France, haye been held to prove the contemporaneity of Man and the Mammoth in
the northern zones of the world. Have we, then, been too confidentin our belief that
the human period was long posterior to, and strongly marked off from, that of the
Cavern Bear and the woolly Rhinoceros? Did the races of Hyzna and Hippopo-
tamus remain inhabitants of Europe till a comparatively modern epoch, or was Man
in Peg of the earth in times far earlier than history and tradition allow ?
he preyalent opinion seems to be, that as variations of the forms of life are ex-
tremely slow in existing nature, for every case of considerable change in the pre-
dominant types of ancient plants and animals, very long intervals of time must be
allowed to have elapsed. If in some thousands of years of human experience no
very material change has happened in our wild plants or wild animals, or in cultivated
grains, or domestic birds and quadrupeds, it is evident that no considerable changes
of this kind can arise from such causes as are now in action without the aid of
periods of time not contemplated in our chronology, Estimated in this way, the
antiquity of the earth grows to be inconceivable—not to be counted by centuries, or
myriads of years—not to be really compassed by the understanding of men, whose
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 4.7
individual age is less than a century, and whose histories and traditions, however
freely rendered, fall short of a hundred centuries. The whole human period, as we
have been accustomed to view it, is but a unit in the vast sum of elapsed time:
yet in all those innumerable ages the same forces were seated in the same particles
of matter; the same laws of combination prevailed in inorganic and in living
bodies ; the same general influences resided on the surfaces or governed the masses
of the planets, in their ever-changing paths round the sun.
All natural effects are performed in time, and when the agency is uniform, are
in proportion to the time. And though the agency be not uniform, if the law of
its variation be known, the time consumed in producing a given effect can be
determined by calculation. Geological phenomena of every order can be expressed
in terms of magnitude, as the uplifting of mountains, the deposition of strata, the
numerical changes of the forms of life. The time required to produce these effects
can be calculated if we know at what rate in time, whether uniform or not, they
were produced : if we know, not the true rate, but the mits within which it must
have operated, the result of the calculation will have a corresponding uncertainty ;
if we have no knowledge of the rate, calculations are out of the question.
In applying this general view to the history of the earth, philosophers of emi-
nence in physical science have employed different considerations and obtained a
variety of results. The conclusions of two eminent mathematicians which haye
lately appeared may be cited with advantage.
A careful computation by Professor W. Thomson, on selected data, which deter-
mine the rate of cooling of earthy masses, assigns 98,000,000 years for the whole
eriod of the cooling of the earth’s crust from a state of fusion to its present con-
ition ; so that, in his judgment, within one hundred millions of years all our
speculations regarding the solid earth must be limited *.
On the other hand, Professor Haughton finds, from the data which he adopts,
1018 millions of years to have elapsed while the earth was cooled from 212° F,
to 122° F., at which temperature we may suppose the waters to have become
habitable ; and 1280 millions of years more, in cooling from 122° to 77°, which is
assumed to represent the climate of the later Eocene period in Britain, Com-
putations of this kind cannot be applied except on the large scale here exemplified ;
and they lose all their value in the eyes of those who deny the general doctrine
of a cooling globet. Much as these periods exceed our conception, they appear to
be in harmony with the results of astronomical research, which contemplates spaces,
motions, and cycles of periods too vast for words to express, or numerals to count, or
symbols to represent.
The greatest difficulty in obtaining trustworthy results as to elapsed time is
found where it was least expected—among the later ceenozoic deposits from rivers
and lakes, and on the variable shores of the sea. This is the more disa pointing
because within this period falls the history of the human race. Taking as its earlier
limit the latest wide prevalence of glaciers in Europe, attempts have been made to
measure its duration by several processes. Quite recently Mr. Croll} recalls
attention to an astronomical cause of change of temperature—the varying excentri-
city of the earth’s orbit—by which ina small degree the total quantity of heat
received in the earth in a year, and in a much greater degree the distribution of
this heat on the opposite circumpolar spaces, are altered§. The effect of this at
particular epochs would be, on one hemisphere an approximate equality of summer
and winter heat, on the other an augmented difference between them. If at the
epoch of maximum excentricity the earth was in aphelion during our winter, a
al accession of snow might arise and be continued for ages, and glaciers have a
arge augmentation; under the contrary circumstances, less snow and shortened
glaciers. To this latter condition the present state of the north corresponds ; and
by consulting the astronomical tables, 1t appears that a condition of extreme glaci-
ation, dependent on the maximum excentricity of the earth’s orbit, cannot have
* Phil. Mag. Jan. 1863.
+ Appendix to a Lecture on Geology, in the * Reader,’ Feb. 1864.
t Phil. Mag. Aug. 1864. P
§ Consult on this subject generally the valuable communication of Sir J. Herschel to
the Geological Society, Proc. vol. i. p. 244, for Dec. 1830,
48 REPORT—1864.,
happened within the last 100,000 years. This, it will be remembered, corresponds
with the conjecture of our President regarding the possible antiquity of the fluvi-
atile gravel-beds with flint implements at St. Acheul; and with the computation
of M. Morlot, of the age of the oldest gravel-cone of La Tiniére on the Lake of
Geneva, which he supposes to have followed the latest extreme extension of glaci-
ation in the Alps.
Quite a different conclusion, however, was presented a few years since by a
German mathematician, Herr Adhemar*, who, reflecting on the difference of mean
annual temperature of the two hemispheres of the earth—dependent on the in-
equality of the half-yearly periods, ow hemisphere having now the advantage of
position—finds that within each half ‘tropical’ period (about 10,500 years) snows
would gather and glaciers thicken round one pole, to be afterwards melted
while glaciation was spreading round the other. Thus, periodical deluges, at
intervals of 10,500 years, are found by this inquirer to be part of the system of
nature.
The opinion, however, has long been growing among geologists, that it is rather
by rising and falling of the land, and displacement of the sea, that the alternations
of snows and floods must be explained, which are admitted to have visited the
mountain regions of the north. In Switzerland two great extensions of ice in
former times have been traced by Escher and the eminent geologists of that country
—the latter one corresponding perhaps to the age of our glacial drift.
The melting of snow and ice in the valleys of the Alps is far more rapid under
the influence of certain winds than by the direct effect of sunshine. Withdraw
the hot Féhn for a season, the glaciers would renew their advance; let it cease, or
lose its specific action for a century, the progress of the ice would be considerable.
In many centuries the Rhone glacier might reach again to Sion, Villeneuve, and
Lausanne; in many thousands of years, all the valleys, and lakes, and borders of
the Alps might be reoecupied by ice.
Now the southerly wind, which so rapidly strips the alpine peaks of their snows,
draws its melting power from the hot northern tracts of Africa. Were these tracts
again covered, as once they were, with an expansion of the Mediterranean, the
wind would lose its excessive dissolying power,—snows would gather above, and
glaciers extend below to levels and distances now quite unattainable without some
great physical change.
Great physical change, then, is the inevitable antecedent to extensive glaciation
and abundant dissolution of ice round the mountains of the north. Astronomical
vicissitudes returning in cycles of long duration, changes of level of the land, ex-
pansions and contractions of the sea, deviations of the currents of the ocean,
alterations in the prevalent direction and quality of the winds—whichever of these
causes we assume, and however we combine them, it is evident that we are ap-
pealing from the existing order of nature and the present measures of effect in
time, to some other combination of natural agencies, some other standard of
physical energy. The conclusion is obvious. Inductive geology refuses to accept
definite periods for phenomena produced under conditions not yet really determined.
I will not, by any further observations, discourage you from exploring this
attractive field of research, or restrain the freedom with which you will desire to
discuss it. Only let me add, that to one fresh from the Alps—from the old
Pfahlbauten of the lakes, and much older monuments of overspreading snow and
gliding ice, the later ages of geology and the earlier ages of mankind seem to be
fairly united in one large field of inquiry. That it must be trodden with heedful
steps, and demands all possible care in the scrutiny of facts, in the estimation of
natural agencies, and in the choice of right measures of time, before the Pleistocene,
Quaternary, or Human period can be said to be accurately known by natural phe-
nomena, even in this the best-examined part of the world, is obvious.
But the same remark applies to every one of the many perplexing questions
which have been considered by geologists. By following the same good processes
of strict. inquiry and cautious interpretation which have settled those difficulties,
we may hope to settle this.* Let every one join in the effort, and bring selected
* Revolution des Meeres. Leipzig, 1843.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 49
materials to the growing fabric; so that we may not erect a rude and barbarous
cairn, the memorial of dead aa but construct a temple of well-fitted stones,
in which we may worship with delight the God of Truth, and be followed in the
same pleasing duty by many successors.
On some New Points in the Structure of Palechinus.
By W. Herrmr Barry, F.L.S., F.GS.
The genus Palechinus—a fossil Echinoderm of great beauty, which is almost en-
tirely confined to the Carboniferous epoch—includes several species, all the described
forms of which occur in Ireland. On examining a fine series of these fossils, in-
cluding the original figured specimens in the ‘Synopsis of Carboniferous Fossils of
Treland,’ for the purpose of comparison, in the collection of Sir Richard Griffith,
Bart., the author was fortunate enough to find amongst them one belonging to-
the species (P. elegans) which was sufficiently perfect to enable him to trace out
the arrangement of the plates composing the apical disk—an important part of
the test or shell, which had not, he believed, hitherto been described. The great
difference between these ancient Echini and those of more recent date, consists in
the possession by the former of a much more numerous series of interambulacral
plates, and a corresponding larger number of rows of holes, or poriferous zones; the
genus Palechinus, as far as at present known, having from four to seven columns
of these interambulacral plates, whilst the Echini of the Secondary, Tertiary, and
Recent periods are confined to two rows only. It became, therefore, a matter of
interest as to whether the plates composing the apical disk would exhibit any
change corresponding with that of the great increase in the number of the inter-
ambulacral plates. By the fortunate discovery of this specimen, it was found that
in the Palechinus the principal plates are the same in number and position, although
differing somewhat in their proportions; there are therefore five genital, including
one larger than the others, which appears to be the madreporiform plate, but which
is imperfect, and five ocular plates; the latter beimg much larger than usual in
more recent forms, and the genital shorter in proportion to their breadth; there
are inner circles of ten sur-anal and a similar number of anal plates. The great
peculiarity, and most remarkable difference between this part of the structure of
Palechinus and the recent Echinide, consists in the double perforation of the ocular
and triple perforation of the genital plates. Another addition to the structure of
this interesting Paleozoic Kchinus, not hitherto published, is that of the spines,
which the author had some time previously observed on a specimen of the same
species (P. elegans), in the collection of the Geological Survey of Ireland, from the
same locality, Hook Point, County of Wexford, a number of the minute spines still
remaining attached to the plates, the principal tubercles on which are seen to be
distinctly perforated, and surrounded by a circle of smaller tubercles. He found
these spines to be a little less than the tenth of an inch in length, and, on exami-
nation with the microscope, are seen to be longitudinally situated.
On the Occurrence of Fish Remains in the Old Red Sandstone at Portishead,
near Bristol. By W. Hetrier Barry, F.L.S., F.GS.
The author stated that, having had occasion to visit Portishead about two years
pomonely, he was inyited to examine the collection of fossils made by the Rev. B.
lenkiron, a gentleman resident in that neighbourhood, now curate of that parish.
Amongst those shown to him were some slabs which had been collected from the
shingle of the beach. Upon these he observed bones and scales of fish, some of
which he was enabled to identify with characteristic Old Red Sandstone species.
On examining the cliff, he was successful in obtaining, from the base of a conglo-
merate bed, an additional scale to one he had identified as Holoptychius nobilissimus.
On a subsequent and recent visit, he made a more detailed examination, collecting
other fish remains, of a similar character, associated with plants, from red flaggy
beds, exposed on the shore between high and low water. He described the geology
of the parish of Portishead as presenting many features of interest, independent of
its other local attractions, such as beauty of scenery, &c. Portishead Point, to the
ar eo of a steep ridge of carboniferous limestone, the beds dipping at a
: 4
50 ROSA SANOB4:
considerable angle, about 60° N.N.E.; some of them being very tossiliferous. The
lower beds, which occasionally appear, for a short distance, along the north shore of
Wood-hill Bay, are of a reddish tint, and sometimes full of crinoidal joints, accom-
panied by a few corals, Michelinea, &c. Beyond this the shore of the bay becomes
flat for about a quarter of a mile, the beach being covered with shingle, principally
derived from the Old Red Sandstone cliffs, from whence the fish remains were ob-
tained. The beds forming the cliffs, consisting of deep red shales and sandstone, com-
mence a little to the south-west of Beach Cottage, rising gradually, and continuing,
with tolerable uniformity, for rather more than eleven chains; their greatest height
being about 34 feet. The ground above this, at the commencement of Portishead
Down, attains, however, more to the south, a considerable elevation, 364 feet being
marked on the map as its highest part, near Down Farm. This tract of Old Red
Sandstone extends along the coast, to the south-west, for about four miles, being
occasionally exposed on the beach, and sometimes covered unconformably by a
ereat conglomerate, composed of angular and partially rounded blocks of limestone,
&e., imbedded in a yellow cementing paste (one of these blocks measuring nearly
6 feet in length)? This irregular deposit was formerly called Dolomitic Conglome-
rate, but is now considered to be part of the New Red Sandstone series. Diagrams,
showing horizontal and vertical sections of the cliff, were exhibited, measurements
of the principal beds having been taken at each chain for that purpose. The series
of deposits were described as consisting of alternations of deep red, micaceous,
flazgy beds, and shales varying in thickness, with thick-bedded compact red and
yellow sandstones and quartzose conglomerates, the general dip being about 20° south.
The fish remains alluded to in this communication, of which enlarged drawings were
exhibited, were found both in the conglomerate and the micaceous flags; they con-
sisted of scales of Holoptychius nobilissimus and Glyptolepis elegans, with detached
bones, and a fragment of scale having an external ornamentation like that of
Bothriolepis or Asterolepis; together with what appeared to be fin-rays of a fish
like Glyptolepis or Platygnathus, in a yellowish sandstone.
On the South Wales Mineral Basin. By A. Bassurt.
On the Foraminifera of the Middle and Upper Lias of Somersetshire.
By Henry B. Bravy, /.L.8.
This paper was presented to the Section as a sort of supplement to Mr. Charles
Moore’s paper on the geology of the district. After enumerating the few seat-
tered memoirs which form the scanty literature of the subject, the author gave a
brief outline of the great Nodosarian group, to which almost all the Rhizopods of
the Upper and Middle Lias belong, particularizing some of the more important forms
which oécur in the district. Passing allusion was also made to the so-called
Nummulite of the Lias, and this organism was assigned to a much lower type
(Involutina) than the true Nummulites. The author stated that he was at present
engaged upon the Liassic Foraminifera generally, and exhibited a series of draw-
ings, made from specimens in Mr. C. Moore’s collection, of the species occurring
in the upper and middle portion of the series,
On the Rhetic (or Penarth) Beds of the Neighbourhood of Bristol and the
South-West of England. By Hunry W. Bristow, F.RS., F.GS., of the
Geological Survey of Great Britain. Communicated by Sir Ropdrricx I.
Mourcuison, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., PRS.
In this paper the author stated that, having received orders from the Directors
of the Geological Survey to ascertain whether the Rhetic beds were sufficientl
developed in this country to be represented by a distinct colour on the one-inc
maps, he visited several localities in the spring of the present year, and made de-
tailed sections of the various beds at Saltford, Pyle Hill, and Uphill near Bristol ;
Aust and Garden Cliff on the banks of the Severn; Combe Hill near Cheltenham;
Watchett in Somersetshire, and Penarth near Cardiff—in all which places, in addi-
tion to the strata being carefully measured bed by bed, the fossils were also identi- —
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 51
fied and noted on the spot by Mr. Htheridge, the Palieontologist te the Geological
Survey. The Rheetic beds, although not always exposed, or at times only imper-
fectly visible, after careful searching, were found to be of invariable occurrence
over the entire area examined, between the Red Mazls of the Keuper and the base
of the Lias; and they were mapped by Mr. Bristow during the present summer, in
the country round Bristol, as well as at Penarth and other places in the West of
England.
The general section of the Rheetic beds was described as consisting of a central
mass of black, thinly laminated shales (weathering into paper-shale), with thin
occasional bands of hard and tough, blue-grey, coarsely-fissile limestone, very
unlike those of the Lias in appearance, and containing great numbers of a highly
characteristic shell (Pecten valoniensis), as also do the shales of the other emi-
nently distinctive shells, Avieula contorta, Cardium rheticum, &c.
At Aust, Patchway, and other places north of Bristol, and likewise at Penarth,
a thin layer of sandstone is met with near the base of those black shales, which is
often very pyritiferous, of a brecciated structure, and frequently crowded with
bones, teeth, coprolites, and other remains of fishes, to which the name of “ Aust
Bone-bed ” has been given by collectors, in consequence of its well-known occur=
tence in the cliffs of the locality in question.
The central mass of black shales rests upon a series of hard and soft greenish
marls, which pass by an almost insensible downward passage into the red and
variezated marls of the Keuper, so that it is scarcely possible to adopt any other
line of demarcation on a map than the top of the great mass of the red beds of the
latter series.
The uppermost division of the Rhetic beds, lying at the base of the Lias, con-
sists of beds of marl and marly (argillaceous) limestone, composed in the upper
part of beds of cream-coloured or nearly white argillaceous limestone, breaking with
a smooth conchoidal fracture, and with sharp-cutting splintery edges (and closely
resembling in appearance the lithographic limestone of Solenhofen), to which the
name of “ White Lias ” is given by certain quarrymen in the West of England.
The curious stone called Cotham Marble, to which the name “ Landscape Stone’
has been given on account of the fanciful resemblance which the darker delinea-
tions shown on its fractured surface bear to a landscape, with trees, water, &c., is
of almost invariable occurrence at the base of the White Lias series, and was found
of much use in indicating the position of the upper boundary of the Rheetic beds,
especially when (as is the case over a large part of the area north of Bristol and
elsewhere) the “ White Lias” beds of the quarrymen are altogether wanting, or
ay. (ied attenuated and imperfectly represented. .
Although the passage from the lowermost Rheetic beds into the Keuper Marls is
very gradual, there are clear indications of a pause or break'in the deposition of the
beds forming the two overlying subdivisions, in the signs of erosion sometimes
shown in the upper surfaces of the hard bands of limestones containing Pecten
valoniensis, and commonly in that of the Cotham marble. The proofs are still
stronger in the beds of “ White Lias,” which not only afford unmistakeable evidence
of having suffered erosion since their deposition and prior to that of the superim-
posed Lias, but also of having been penetrated by boring mollusca, the cavities
made by which are in many cases still remaining. ir
The paleontological evidence on this point tends equally to show that there is
nothing in common between the fossils of the uppermost Rheti¢ beds and those of
the overlying liassic strata; the former consisting of Modiola minima, Pullastra
arencola, Axinus, &c., the latter of Ammonites planorbis, at Watchett, and at
Penarth of that shell together with immense numbers of Ostrea liassica in a re-
markable state of preservation.
In conclusion, Mr. Bristow stated that, it being desirable that the Rhetic beds
of this country should be distinguished in the maps of the Geological Survey by a
synonym derived from a British locality where these beds are well displayed and
fully developed, he was induced, at the suggestion of the Director-General Sir Ro-
derick Murchison, to propose Penarth as a good typical name, in preference to many
others which had been recommended, but which were for several reasons objec-
tionable. ;
4%
52 REPORT—1864.
The term Penarth, to which no such objections would apply, is, besides, particu-
larly appropriate, inasmuch as the beds in question are clearly exposed in the sea-
cliffs of that and the adjacent headlands in a southerly direction, where (as well as
in the railway-cuttings in connexion with the large and important docks now in
course of construction) they are seen to attain a thickness of nearly 100 feet, rest-
ing upon the red marls of the Keuper, and capped by the lower lias, in which the
fossils are altogether different.
Remarks on two outliers of Lias in South Warwickshire, and on the presence
of the Rhetice Bone-bed at Knowle, its furthest northern extension hitherto
recognized in that County. By the Rey. P. B. Bropre, M.A., F.G.S.
The Liassic outlier at Knowle was first described, and was shown to be of limited
extent, and to consist of limestones and shales belonging to the zone of Ammonites
planorbis, and equivalent to the Saurian beds, as seen at Brockeridge Common, near
Tewkesbury. Lower beds, however, crop out near the canal, where dark laminated
shales may be observed resting upon the Red Marl, and amongst them fragments of
a yellow micaceous sandstone containing Pullastra arenicola, a shell which always
occurs low down in the series, in close connexion with the bone-bed, and seems to
have a very limited range. The section is very obscure, so that it was impossible
to say whether any true bone-bed actually existed zm situ; but the position of the
dark shales, and the presence of a band of sandstone always associated with it, marks
the existence of the Rhetic series at this spot, and not hitherto observed there.
The larger outlier at Wootton Park was described, where similar beds may be traced,
from the Pecten-valoniensis bed up to the Lima beds, with the usual characteristic
fossils, including Estheria and Naiadita in the Estheria bed. Elsewhere insect
limestone was observed unusually rich in wings and elytra of insects. This outlier
is traversed by a line of fault running from N.W. to 8.E. These two remnants of
the Lias are the extreme limit of that formation in Warwickshire in a northerly
direction, and no trace of it appears again nearer than the outlier in North Stafford-
shire, where Mr. Howell, of the Geological Survey, detected the yellow sandstone
and black Rhetic shales above referred to, which seems to be their extreme
northern limit.
On the Formation and Condition of the Ice in certain Ice Caves of the Jura,
Vosgian Jura, Dauphiné, and Savoy. By the Rey. C. F. Browne.
On the Connexion between the Crag Formations and the recent North Pacific
Faunas. By Purp P. Carpenter, B.A., Ph.D.
The object of this paper was to draw the attention of geologists to the evidence
of ancient British species now living in the North Pacific. Many of these are sub-
boreal, and may have travelled through Behring’s Straits. Others belong to a
warmer type, and seem to indicate a previous connexion between the two oceans
through the Asiatic continent. Others have died out in the Atlantic, but reappear
in Vancouver and California. The list of species will be found in Reports, 1863,
pp. 682, 683.
On the Geological Formation of the District around Kingswood Hill, with espe-
cial reference to the supposed development of Millstone Grit in that neigh-
bourhood. By Hanpe. CossHam.
On the Cause of the Extrication of Carbonic Acid from the Interior ef the
Earth, and on its Chemical Action upon the Constituents of Felspathic
Rocks. By Dr. Davseny, F.RS., F.GS.
The author made some comments upon a theory advanced by Prof. Bischoff, of
Bonn, in his work entitled “Elements of Chemical and Physical Geology,” in
which the elevation and dislocation of certain rocks were attributed to the decom-
position of felspar, through the agency of the carbonic acid disengaged from the
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 53
interior of the earth, seeing that the products of the decomposition of granite are
found to possess a lower specific gravity, and therefore occupy more space, than
the original materials of the rock. Such a change would, doubtless, occur in gra-
nite and trap, if acted upon by carbonic acid at temperatures below 212°; but above
that point the very opposite would be observed, inasmuch as the silicic would then
take the place of the carbonic acid, and consequently, if brought into contact with
earthy or alkaline carbonates in the interior of the earth, would produce silicates
and expel carbonic acid, as, indeed, was long ago pointed out by the author of this
paper in his work on Volcanos, and is insisted upon by Prof. Bischoff himself in
other parts of his volume. It seems difficult, therefore, to attach much importance
to the cause assigned by Prof. Bischoff for the elevation of strata, especially con-
sidering that the loss of substance incurred by the rock, through the removal of its
alkali by the agency of carbonic acid, would go far towards counterbalancing any
expansion due to the lower specific gravity of the kaolin resulting, and moreover
recollecting that no theory which professes to account for the elevation of certain
portions of the earth’s surface ought to be accepted if it does not embrace likewise
the corresponding phenomenon of the sinking or depression of others,
On the Newer Pliocene Fauna of the Caverns and River-Deposits of Somerset-
shire. By W. Bory Dawxtns, B.A., F.G.S.
The author described the remains of the following newer Pliocene Mammalia,
from the caverns of Banwell, Bleadon, Uphill, Sandford Hill, Hutton, Wookey
Hole, Dudham Down, and Burrington ; and from the river-deposits of the Tone,
the Parrett, and the Avon.
Felis speleea. Spermophilus.
antiqua. Bos primigenius.
— catus. Bison priscus.
Hyena spelea. minor.
Var. a. H. intermedia (M. de Megaceros hibernicus.
Serres). Cervus elaphus.
Var. 8. H. Perrieri (Croizet and tarandus.
Jobert). Var. «. C. Guettardi.
Mustela martes. Var. 8. C. Bucklandi.
Ursus spelzeus. ; capreolus.
arctos. Ovibos moschatus.
Meles taxus. Rhinoceros tichorhinus.
Canis lupus. hemitzechus.
vulpes. Equus.
Arvicola amphibia. Elephas antiquus.
—— pratensis. primigenius.
agrestis. Hippopotamus major.
Lepus timidus. Sus scrofa.
cuniculus.
On Fossil and Human Remains of the Gibraltar Cave. By Dr. Fatconzr.
On the Lower Silurian Rocks of the South-East of Cumberland and the North-
East of Westmoreland. By Professor Harxnuss, F.R.S., F.G.S.
The district to which this communication has reference is an area in Cumber-
land and Westmoreland, about 15 miles in a N.N.W. and S.S.E. direction, along
the western margin of the Pennine escarpment. Its breadth does not exceed 14
mile, and in one locality it becomes a very narrow band. Its eastern boundary
consists of the upper Old Red Sandstone and the succeeding carboniferous rocks—
rocks of the same age also, in part, form its western border; but the south-west
portion of the district has, as a margin, the upper Permian sandstones, from which
the Lower Silurian rocks are separated by the great Pennine Fault.
The contour of the Lower Silurian rocks of the 8.E. of Cumberland and the N.E.
of Westmoreland is widely different from that of the strata which border them.
54 REPORT—1864.
This consists of a series of conical hills, the outline of which is well marked in the
Pikes of Knock, Dufton, and Murton, The rocks which make up the Lower Silu-
vians in this portion of the North of England consist of sedimentary strata having
the mineral nature and fossils of the Skiddaw slate series of the Lake country; and
of these there are several anticlinal axes exposed. ‘T'o the Skiddaw slates succeed
greenstones, porphyries, and ash-beds, of great thickness; and these are the equi-
valents of rocks of the same nature which, in the Lake district, overlie the Sliaddaw
slates.
In the upper portion of this series, in the neighbourhood of Dufton, there is a
considerable development of dark-coloured flaggy slates, and these abound in
fossils ; the most abundant being Trinucleus concentricus, Calymene Blumenbachii,
Beyrichia strangulata, Leptena sericea, and Stenopora fibrosa. These fossiliferous
flagey slates are succeeded by porphyries and ash-beds having upon them a lime-
stone, which is worked near Keisley.
The mineral nature of this limestone shows it to possess a great affinity to the Bala
limestone, or its northern equivalent, the Coniston limestone; and it is also very
nearly allied to the Ivish type of this series—that of the Chair of Kildare. Fossils
are seen abundantly in this limestone of Keisley after it has weathered, and these
fossils, of which about twenty-eight species occur, still further connect the Keisley
limestone with the Bala or Coniston portion of the Caradoc group.
Immediately south of Keisley, a great fault brings the Skiddaw slates in contact
with the representative of the Bala limestone. This fault, which has a down-
throw towards the N.N.W., must be at least 10,000 feet in extent, as no portion
of the greenstones, porphyries, ash-beds, or the intercalated fossiliferous flaggy
shales which intervene between the Skiddaw slates and the Keisley limestone, is
here seen.
The Skiddaw slates brought in by this fault, on its $.S.E. side, form the Lower
Silurian area south of Keisley; and in this portion of the district the dip of the
strata is entirely reversed, being N.N.W.
This Skiddaw slate, south of Keisley, forms Murton Pike, the highest of the
conical hills in the area under consideration.
Besides the great fault, which brings in contact the Keisley limestone and the
Skiddaw slates, and which is of an ancient date, as it does not affect the Old Red
Sandstones or carboniferous strata under which it passes eastwards, there is an-
other fault of a newer age having a N.N.W. and 8.8.E. course, or being parallel to
the great Pennine Fault. This latter fault has cut through the carboniferous rocks
and their supporting Old Red Sandstones ; and on the west of the Pennine chain,
bordering the more northern portion of the Lower Silurian rocks, we have a de-
tached area of Old Red Sandstones and the succeeding carboniferous series, the
result of this fault, lying on its west side, and separated from the great mass of the
rocks of the Pennine chain hy subsequent denudation.
A Notice of the latest labours of the Imperial Geological Institute of the
Austrian Empire. By F. von Haver. ° ;
On the Geology of the Province of Otago, New Zealand.
By Dr. James Heoror, F.G.S.
to the east. These old slaly rocks, often micaceous, quartzose, or ehloritic, were
described, in some detail, as fo
—
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 55
with brown-coal, and the great gold-drift, as shown by special maps and sections.
East of the schistose country are—(1) inclined sandstones, with estuarine shells,
and excellent brown-coal; (2) marine clays, with septaria; and (3) the white
‘crag. Some marine beds, possibly contemporaneous, also occur near the coast.
The carbonaceous beds may possibly be Upper Mesozoic, the others are Tertiary.
There are also extensive alluyial deposits. Volcanic rocks occur at Otago Harbour,
and elsewhere near the eastern coast, and are of late Tertiary age. The author
thinks that the country was higher, and glacial action greater, in Post-tertiary times
than now, but that no great or general submergence has taken place since.
On the Possible Conditions of Geological Climate.
By Professor Hunnussy, /.R.S., MRLA.
It appeared to the author that we have now attained to a sufficiently complete
knowledge of the causes which aflect the earth’s existing climate to attempt the
investigation of the climatic condition of different geological epochs, with a view
of arriving at results capable of being verified by the facts accumulated by geolo-
gical observers. The principal active conditions upon which climate depends are
(1) the temperature oft space and the influence of stellar irradiation ; (2) the sun’s
intensity and the earth’s position in its orbit; (3) the amount of heat gained by
the superticial parts of the earth from its interior. The secondary conditions of
climate are the absorbing, radiating, and conducting powers of the matter com-
posing the earth’s exterior coating, as well as the state of consistence in the solid
or fluid form of the several parts of this coating. The author referred to the
possible variations of the first primary source of heat as suggested by Poisson—
namely, that the temperature of space may he variable, and thus that the earth,
moying with the sun and the rest of our system, might be alternately warmed and
cooled by passing, after the lapse of ages, through regions of space with very dif-
ferent thermal conditions. Fie had already criticized this speculation at the
Meeting of the Association in Manchester in 1861, when it had been referred to as
56 REPORT—1864.
to its temperature. Such results do not agree with the general mass of facts
presented by geological inquiries, and we have, moreover, no geological evidence
of the past existence of considerable groups of fossil aérolites. Had such bodies
fallen upon the sun during its passage through space in much greater quantities
formerly than now, we should expect to find some corresponding accumulations in
the stratified deposits which form the outer crust of the sun’s satellite, our earth ;
and their apparent absence shows that it is scarcely safe to use Mayer’s theory for
explaining such climatic changes as those under consideration. The varying
position of the earth in its orbit around the sun was then referred to; and the
author concludes that, in the present state of the question, our only reliable
evidence is negative, or, in other words, the variations in the earth’s position in
its orbit are not proved to be sufficient to account for great changes in its climate.
The author referred briefly to the proofs of the stability of the axis of rotation of
the earth as eliminating a possible cause of changes of climate, and to the commu-
nications he published on the subject in the Proceedings of the Royal Society fer
1852, and in the ‘ Athenzeum’ for September 1860. On the last occasion the same
subject was treated by the Astronomer Royai, and with precisely the same results
as those previously established by the author. The modes of accounting for the
obsewved increase of heat in approaching the earth’s interior imply a different
order of increase or decrease of its influence during former geological epochs. The
hypothesis of an incandescent nucleus of fused matter contained in a shell which
had solidified from the fluid has been objected to on various grounds. These
objections, when fully examined, tend to confirm the probable truth of the hypo-
thesis. Thus, in 1857, Mr. Hopkins communicated to the Association an account
of his experiments on the conductive powers of different rocks. He also compared
the conductivities so found with the rate of increase of temperature in descending
mines excavated out of rocks such as had been made the subject of experiment.
It seemed to follow that no connexion was traceable between the increase of
interior temperature and the conducting-power of different parts of the earth’s crust.
The conclusion was hence drawn that the supposition of a cooling central mass of
matter in the earth was inconsistent with observation... The author now ventures
to reproduce the remarks he then made on Mr. Hopkins’s communication, as these
remarks have never hitherto appeared in a printed form.
The author described the discontinuous and broken structure of the greater part
of the rock-formations constituting the earth’s crust. The propagation of heat
throughout such a mass could not follow the same simple laws as in a continuous
unbroken homogeneous solid. He showed that the rate of transmission of heat
would be much slower than even the extremely slow rate assigned by mathematical
analysis to a continuous mass. The amount of heat passing outwardly to the earth’s
surface through the dry rocks and soil would thus he generally so small as to pos-
sess no geological importance. By studying the actual conditions of the interior
rocky masses rendered accessible by mines, we shall arrive at more valuable and
trustworthy conclusions relative to terrestrial heat. The mines from which most of
our facts regarding interior temperature have been collected are provided with exten-
sive hydraulic apparatus for draining off the rapidly accumulating water. Many of
our facts have been deduced from observing the temperature of artesian wells bored
through water-bearing strata. Thermal springs, like those of Bath, would undoubt-
edly arise wherever we could bore downwards to similar depths. The constant per-
colation of superficial moisture tends to saturate the joints and fissures among the
lower rocky beds as well as the more porous and permeable overlying strata. In
limited masses of liquid, heat is propagated upwards, not by conduction, but by the
far more energetic process of convection; and thus, while each piece of rock is
bathed by water, it acquires a different temperature from what it would possess
under the imaginary conditions of continuity and dryness. We should thus be led
to expect no kind of definite connexion between the rate of increase of temperature
and the conducting properties of the dry stone, although we might fairly expect to
trace such a connexion between the permeability of rocks to moisture and the
distribution of temperature in borings made through great depths. A consequence
of primary geological importance appears to the author to be deducible from these
considerations. The consequence alluded to is deduced from the probable past
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 5,
condition of the earth’s crust, as inferred not only from the hypothesis of its con-
solidation from a fused nucleus, but from the accumulated facts of recent inquiries
into the chemical and physical structure of rocks. The former condition of the
solid shell should have been highly favourable to interchanges of heat between
the earth’s watery coating and its interior, while chemical geology seems to estab-
lish that multitudes of mineral products, previously supposed to be the results of
dry fusion and solidification, have been really formed under conditions where both
heat and water were abundantly present. Metamorphic actions especially, as
alluded to by Sir Charles Lyell, have been shown to have been produced on a
vast scale by the infiltration of water. The influence which water may have thus
exercised as a heat-carrier is declared by Professor Hennessy to have been so
great, that the effects of conduction through the crust considered as a dry solid
may be regarded as comparatively insignificant. The author further considers
how his views regarding hydrothermal action in the earth’s crust would accelerate
the cooling of the supposed interior source of heat, and he comes to the conclusion
that this would take place much more rapidly than we have been hitherto led to
believe from the calculations of mathematicians who considered only the unreal
case of a dry continuous solid. He also points out that hydrothermal action,
unlike mere conduction, might be intermittent in its energy, while the efforts of
the latter must diminish continuously.
The remainder of the paper is occupied with a discussion of the relative in-
fluences of air, earth, and water on the reception, retention, and distribution of
heat coming from exterior and interior sources. The author adduces further proofs
of the conclusions to which he was led in his essay on the influence of the distri-
bution of land and water on terrestrial temperature during different geological
epochs, of which an outline had been communicated to the Association in 1856,
although the paper itself did not appear in a complete form until three years sub-
sequently*. One of these conclusions was subsequently adopted by Professor
Phillips, and this is now further extended by the author. It appears to him that
the distribution of land and water most favourable, upon the whole, to a general
augmentation of terrestrial temperature arising from all possible primary sources,
is that of a water-covered spheroid, with numerous small islands scattered over its
surface. The physical conditions originating a low temperature are also examined,
and finally the circumstances most favourable to the presence, at the same epoch
of time, of opposite, contiguous, and simultaneous climatic conditions. Among
other questions, the influence of dry and moist thermal currents of air upon snow
and ice was discussed from considerations depending on the capacity of air and
vapour for heat. From these considerations it follows that, while cold moist air
favours the formation of snow and glaciers, warm moist air is highly favourable to
their destruction compared with dry air at the same temperature.
The author has thus been led to adopt views as to the possible formation and
development of glaciers at former epochs apparently in harmony with some of the
conclusions of Charpentier, Tyndall, and Frankland. It seems to follow from the
views developed by the author that epochs characterized by the simultaneous co-
existence of very different climatic conditions over different regions would depend
upon variations in the distribution of land and water, combined with obstructions
ot the hydrothermal agency, whereby the surface of the earth receives heat from
its interior. Geological observation seems to point out that such conditions woul!
be most likely to arise during the later and prehistoric formations, as well as durin:
the period of the physical history of the planet which now witnesses the develop-
ment of our own race.
Note on some of the Oolitic Strata seen at Dundry. By M. Hfserr.
On Otolites. By E. 8. Hiearys.
On the Origin of certain Rocks, and on the Ossiferous Caverns of the South of
Devonshire. By H. C. Hone.
* See Atlantis, January 1859; and Phil. Mag. vol. xvii. S. 4. p. 181.
58 REPORT— 1864.
Notice of some Geological Appearances in the North-west of Morocco,
By Dr. T. Hopvexiy.
On the Coal-measures of New South Wales with Spirifer, Glossopteris, and
Lepidodendron, By Writ1am Kenn, Evaminer of Coal-fields and Keeper
of Mining Records, New South Wales.
A geological map of the country, as far as examined by the author, and ageneral-
ized section, illustrated this paper, which referred, first, to the existence of Belem-
nites (indicating Secondary rocks) near the River Belliando in Queensland ; 2nd,
the siliceous fern-shales, with dicotyledonous leaves, from the southern part of New
South Wales, which the author thinks to be older than the Coal-measures; 3rd, the
false Coal-measures, or Wyanamatta shales, in the upper part of the Sydney Sand-
stone; 4th, the existence of eleven workable seams of coal in the true Coal-
measures of New South Wales, and the occurrence of Vertebraria and Glossopteris
throughout the erftire series. Pachydomus and Bellerophon (abundant) and Spirifer .
(rare) are found towards the lowest seams; and here, as well as lower down,
Spirifer, Fenestella, and Orthoceras abound. A Heterocercal fish has also been
found in the shale aboye the ‘yard seam.’ Siliceous grits underneath the lowest
seam contain Lepidodendron (Pachyphleus). 5th. The author alluded to the
volcanic phenomena of the Peale Ranges, which have been upheaved since the
Coal-period ;, indeed in some of the lavas Mr. Keene found a freshwater mussel of
a probably existing species. 6th. Referring to the auriferous quartz-rocks, shales,
and fossiliferous limestones, on which the Coal-measures he unconformably, the
author stated that he believed these older rocks were mutually connected, and
belonged to one and the same system of strata; and that, besides gold, the
quartz was rich with copper- and iron-ores. An illustrative series of specimens
accompanied the paper; and the author referred to a still finer collection deposited
in the Bath Museum in 1862.
On the Species of the Genus Pteraspis. By HK. R. Lanxzster.
In this paper the author first reviewed the present state of our knowledge of
those remarkable fossils of the Old Red Sandstone, the Cephalaspis and Pteraspis,
which he stated was in a very unsatisfactory condition, Cephalaspis had been
taken in hand by Sir Philip Egerton, but Pteraspis was in a state of complete con-
fusion. His friend Prof. Huxley had intended to work at the latter genus, and had
made drawings and notes for the purpose, but had finally relinquished his inten-
tion, and handed his material very kindly to the author. From this and other
material at his disposal, the author was enabled to establish three genera, Pteraspis,
Cyathaspis, Scaphaspis, in place of the one Pteraspis. In the first, the shield con-
sists of seven separable pieces; it includes Pt. rostratus, Ag., Pt. Crouchit, Salter.
In the second genus, Cyathaspis, the head-plate is separable into four pieces only ;
it contains Cyathaspis Banksii, and a new species, Cy. Symondsiz. The last genus
is characterized by the shield being composed of one simple, oval, indivisible plate.
Scaphaspis includes Se. Lloydii, Sc. Lewisti, Sc. truncatus, and Se. ludensis.
On the Boulder-clay and Drift of Scarborough and East Yorkshire.
By Joun Lecxensy, F.GS.
The post-tertiary beds in the north-east of Yorkshire exhibit distinct traces of
lacial action. At Scarborough they attain a thickness of rather more than 200
feet, The fossils collected in the boulder-clay at that place by the author, and in
the same material at Whitby, by Mr. Jeffreys, represented thirteen species, All
of them are marine; they inhabit high latitudes, and (with two exceptions, viz.
Astarte borealis and Tellina calcaria) also the British seas. Mya truncata vay.
uddevallensis is also extinct as a variety in our seas.
On Organic Remains in Laurentian Rocks in Canada.
By Sir W. Loaay, Dr. Dawson, and Dr. Sterry Honr.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 59
On the New South Wales Ooal Field, By J. Mackunzte,
On the Geology of the South - West of England. By C. Moors, F.G.S.
The author pointed out certain physical features which led him to the conclu-
sion that the Mendip Hills had performed an important part in modifying the phy-
sical geology of the West of England, and that it was probable that that range of
hills had proved a barrier to the incursion of the Secondary seas which washed their
southern slopes, He then observed that, whilst the Secondary rocks outside the
coal-basin were generally deposited conformably, those on the outer edge, and
within the Somersetshire coal-basin, afforded evidences of general unconformability,
and were found under very abnormal conditions, his view being that the Mendips
were at times only so far depressed as to admit of occasional irruptions of the sea
within the coal-basin, the thick deposits of the New Red Sandstone and the Rheetic
and Liassic seas being very thinly represented therein. The Rhetic beds were
payored by Mr, Moore for a group of rocks intermediate between the Lias and the
rias. Though thinly represented in this country as compared with the Continental
beds, they were shown to be of great interest in a paleontological point of view.
Mr. Moore described the contents of three cartloads of deposit of this age he had
found washed into a fissure of carboniferous limestone near Frome. From this he
exhibited twenty-nine teeth of the oldest mammals, three only having been pre~
viously found—together with nine genera of reptiles, most of them new to this
country, and fifteen genera of fishes. Mr. Moore produced to the Meeting 70,000
teeth of the Zophodus alone as the result of his labour, and stated that the three
loads of clay had probably yielded him one million specimens. He then referred
to the ironstone of the Middle Lias in the North of England, and remarked that
one landed proprietor alone possessed there a quantity which, it had been calculated,
when converted into iron and sold at the present price of iron, would bring in
money enough to pay off the national debt. The same beds, he remarked, occurred
around Bath and in the West of England; but, from their not containing quite so
much iron, and from their being thinner, the fair city of the West would be spared
the mortification of finding blast furnaces springing up around. Passing to the
Upper Lias, the author described a very remarkable bed containing insects, fruits,
erustacea, fishes, and reptilia. In doing this he produced a number of nodular
stones, and was enabled to say that one contained the tail of a Pachycormus, that a
second contained a head of the same fish, a third a perfect fish, whilst another held
in its stony embrace a cuttle-fish, which it was prophesied would contain the cut-
tle-bone and ink-bag. Mr. Moore proceeded to open them, when the fish he had
previously indicated was discovered ; and the most interesting specimen was that
which contained the cuttle-fish When Mr. Moore broke open the stone, not only
was the cuttle-fish visible, but the inky fluid (the sepia) was discovered, as in a
fish of the same kind that might be taken out of the sea at the present day. There
was as much of it as would fill an ordinary-sized ink-bottle. He then produced
some very perfect specimens of the Ichthyosauri found in the neighbourhood of
Bath, and a specimen of a fish, about the size of a salmon, of six or seven pounds
weight. Tt was so perfect in its form and appearance and shape that, but for its
colour, as Mr. Moore said, it might be handed by mistake to the cook to dress;
and yet millions and millions of years must have elapsed since this fish lived and
moved about in the water. In the mammal drift, which entirely surrounded Bath,
the remains of extinct mammalia were abundant, and Mr. Moore exhibited many
specimens. :
Note on the Occwrrence of the same Fossil Plants in the Permian Rocks of West-
moreland and Durham, By Sir R, I. Murcutsoy, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.,
ERS.
Traces of Glacial Drift in the Shetland Islands. By CO. W. Puacu.
Having last summer accepted the kind invitation of Mr, J. Gwyn Jeffreys to be
his guest on a dredging expedition to these northern isles, I was induced, y a re-
quest from Sir R. I. Murchison, to look out for traces of glacial action there. The
60 REPORt—1864.
result of my observations I have thought right to lay before the British Associa-
tion, apologizing for the meagre story I have to tell. This poverty arises partly
from my resolve to devote all the time possible to zoological work, and partly from
the very small portion of the islands visited. Our first landing was at Lerwick,
where little time was spent, either then or when returning. In a short walk that
I took in the immediate vicinity of the town, at the Bay of Sclate, I found the
sandstone on the top of the cliff deeply rutted, striated, and polished ; and a little
inland, on the side of the famed Loch of Clickamin, similar markings. These
markings are again to be seen on the opposite side of this bay. The ruts, &c. are
all in a north and south direction, with slight deviations to the east and west. The
direction the drift came from is evidently northerly, and may be traced up the
valley, as shown by the wide-spread ruin and large blocks scattered all over it,
resting on striated and polished rocks. The hills on each side of this valley and
those at the head beyond the docks bear unmistakeable evidence also of grinding
and polishing. After leaving Lerwick the Out-Skerries of Whalsey became our
home. The three small islands forming this group lie far out in the sea; they are
called Gruna, Bruray, and Housay. There is an excellent harbour here, haying
two good entrances for vessels and boats, and a third into which boats can run
when the tide answers. These entrances are triradiate, the harbour being in the
centre, sheltered by the three islands from every wind. They have been the scene
of great grinding, all being more or less rounded,—roches-moutonnées form of
Imolls being abundant,—whether composed of granite, gneiss, quartz, or limestone,
all these being intermingled throughout the group. Although much corroded by
atmospheric action, and the limestone much more acted on by sea-water, the
rounding can be everywhere seen. By these agents the ruts, strie, &c. are thus
generally obliterated, and they are also further obscured by an overgrowth of
lichen. I was fortunate enough to find a recently-bared rock near the Mill Cove
on the island of Housay, from which I further removed the drift and washed the
stone, and here ruts, strie, and polishing could be as plainly seen as if just done.
I also found on the highest part of this island, on a gneiss rock, some deep ruts and
scratches, which, with those at the Mill Cove, ran nearly E. and W., this being the
direction of the channel of the two principal entrances to the harbour which sepa-
rates Gruna from Bruray. The cliff on the north side of the Mill Cove of Housay
is about 200 feet high; the sea breaks on the top of it in heavy gales, and tears
up the rock, and also throws up material from the deep. So great is the force, that
large blocks are driven far back, a considerable distance from the edge of the cliff,
into a semicircular-like wall. Between this wall and the cliff a deep river-like
gully is scooped out, down which the water rushes again to the sea, at a great dis-
tance from the spot whence it was thrown up. The water left in depressions in this
gully is brackish, and in it Enteromorpha grows. Mr. Jeffreys and myself gathered
portions of limpets, mussels, periwinkles, rock whelks, and other sea shells, amongst
the sand and gravel, both in and on the edge of this gully. The whole of the to
of this cliff (much of it is now beyond the influence of the seas of the present day
is also strewn with proofs of similar action, some of the stones hanging in ridges
on the rounded sides of the hill. All these loose blocks and stones rest on rounded
Imolls and polished rock—all so polished before the burthen they now bear was
thrown on them. Although I know of many grand instances of such recent ruin
both in Caithness and Orkney, this far exceeds them all. Every season the terrific
seas which break on the whole of these islands, leave traces of their power of the
most astonishing kind. As well as the markings on the rocks, I met with several
deposits of drifted matter, in which rounded, striated, and smoothed stones were
not uncommon. Some of these deposits were from 12 to 14 feet in depth.
Perched blocks, but not in abundance, some of large size, were scattered over the
whole group. Our next move was to North Unst, Baltasound being our head-
quarters. Here too the effect of glacial action was plainly to be seen. The ser-
pentine rock had suffered seriously, and although much acted on by weather, the
rounded outline of the hills and kmolls tells clearly of the grinding they had been
subjected to. Ruts and strie are also rare here. They, however, fell under my
notice on the cliff at Hagdale in Haroldswick Bay, on a recently bared rock un-
derlying a thick deposit of drift, in which rounded and striated stones and blocks
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 61
were plentiful. The whole of the rubbed serpentine enclosed in the drift shows
small pieces of chromate of iron standing up beyond the matrix, proving that this
mineral is very generally diffused throughout the whole of the serpentine of Unst.
The direction of the ruts, &c. is nearly W.N.W. and E.S.E. The hills of the
Muckle and Little Heogs lie to the north of this spot (Hagdale), and a slope, from
about 20 feet above the level of the sea, rises gradually hence to the top of the
Muckle Heog to the height of at least 500 feet. In this slope lies the famed
chromate-of-iron mine. On reaching the top of this hill I found the W.N.W. end
vertical and polished to the depth of at least 150 feet. The hill to the north of
this slopes towards it. This storm side had evidently resisted a portion of the de-
stroying force, and turned it on its western flank, and thus it swept down the valley
towards Haroldswick Bay, evidenced by the greater destruction there than on the
eastern side towards Baltasound. This is a fine instance of crag and tail, the north
end of the Muckle Heog being the crag, the south with the Little Heog forming
the tail. The scene from the top of the Muckle Heog, when looking towards
Haroldswick, and then in the direction of Burrafiord, is one that tells of mighty
agency long continued, powerful to crush and grind—so powerful that the really
hard and massive hills of serpentine have been ploughed down and removed to
below the sea-level in places near Haroldswick, the sea having since piled up a
beach on these spots, through which the water percolates from the low peaty soil
formed at the back at each recession of the tide. All over Unst the rocks show
traces of abrasion, and in many places deposits of drift, enclosing stones of all
sizes, some of which are ee ee and striated. I mention a few of these spots
where I got drift, so that any one desirous may see them. First, Hagdale, at
Hammer, on the side of Baltasound. The haunted burn of Watlea, between Balta-
sound and Ueay Sound, and at the latter place on the sea-shore. On the south side
of the Island of Ueay a similar deposit underlies a sandy raised beach, which
encloses pebbles, whelks, oysters, and other sea-shells, as well as fish-bones, in
abundance. Large perched blocks (some many tons in weight) lie scattered
about everywhere. In none of the glacial deposits did I find a single organism.
Thus, then, at both ends and the middle of this interesting group of islands
traces of glacial action have been found. I must, however, leave the filling up of
the interspaces to others. I feel certain that, from the appearance of the islands
as we coasted along them, the whole have been visited by similar action.
Additional List of Fossils from the Boulder-clay of Caithness.
By C. W. Praca.
In 1862, at Cambridge, I had the pleasure of reading to this Section a list of
fossils found in the Boulder-clay of Caithness. In consequence of the interest which
it excited, I have since paid greater attention to this deposit and its organisms, and
have been ably assisted by my friend Mr. Joseph Anderson of this place (who is
also a hard worker in the Old Red Sandstone), and Mr. J. Miller Sutherland: of
Lybster. These gentlemen have kindly brought all their gatherings to me for ex-
amination, and thus I find that they have also got nearly the whole of the organisms
mentioned in both lists. Mr. Sutherland has found one shell and Mr. Anderson two,
which have not occurred to me.
The Foraminifera, mentioned at the bottom of the list, were named by Messrs.
Jeffreys and Waller, both excellent authorities. They were taken by me out of a
very small nest of sand enclosed in the clay of the Burn of Haster. With these
were portions of minute shells, and plates and spines of Echinoderms, and spicula
of Sponges. Mr. Anderson has since obtained a great many Foraminifera, Ento-
mostraca, &c., by washing the Boulder-clay itself, probably as many as ten or
twelve genera. These all require careful examination by those conversant with
such minute and difficult forms before they can be made use of. Mr. Jeffreys had
suggested to me that very delicate organisms might be got by washing the Boul-
der-clay, but I thought it too hard and obstinate, so that to Mr. Anderson is the
credit due of first proving Mr. Jeffreys’s suggestion correct, although he had never
heard of it. This washing test, if applied to deposits of clay apparently destitute of
organisms, may lead to interesting results. Mr, Anderson and myself haye washed
62 REPORT—1 864.
clays from many localities, extending from near John O’Groats to beyond Wick,
and all the samples tried have yielded more or fewer Foraminifera, Entomostrata,
&c., from whatever part of the deposits the clay has been taken.
In my last paper I stated that in no case had I found two valves of a shell united
in the clay. I have since got an Anomia with both valves in place, and in a beau-
tifnl state of preservation. It occurred in Boulder-clay containing the usual rubbed
stones aiid broken shells. Mr. Anderson has a piece of shell, on which is a cluster
of young Balani in excellent preservation. Such instances are so rare that I think
them worthy of notice. ‘
I may mention that, when dredging this summer with Mr. Jeffreys off Shetland,
Iwas much struck with the fosse shells brought up at almost every haul, all so
much like, in fact identical with, those found in the Boulder-clay of Caithness;
and although some were broken, for instance, Cyprina islandica, the only difference
that I could perceive in their appearance and preservation was that the dredged
shells generally were more perfect than those in the clay. The fragmentary state
of the clay shells, I believe, was caused by the rough treatment they had expe-
rienced in being removed from the original deposit in which many of them had
been imbedded, and which was subsequently broken up before being removed to
and lodged in the formation that now overlies the Caithness flags.
I think it right to mention that Mr. J. Cleghorn of Wick, and Mr. Dick of Thurso,
were the first local geologists who found and made public the fact that this forma-
tion was fossiliferous—a fact previously doubted. I am again indebted to Mr. J.
Gwyn Jeffreys for his kindness in naming the Mollusca and Cirripedia. For the
rest [ am answerable.
The following list contains 41 additions, which with the 42 in the first list gives
a total of 83 species of shells, &c., from the Boulder-clay of Caithness.as ascertained
up to the present time :—
Onivalves.
Fusus antiquus.
Buecinum undatum, var. depurator.
Bela pyramidalis*.
oinnaniana (nebula) *.
Natica pallida (groenlandica).
— affinis (clausa).
Cerithiopsis costulata.
Tuwrritella (communis) ungulina.
Lacuna divaricata (vincta).
Litorina litorea.
Bivalves.
Ostrea edulis.
Anomia ephippium, var. squamula.
Pecten islandicust.
Mytilus edulis.
—— modiolus.
Crenella decussata.
Nucula nucleus,
Leda pernula.
Cardium fasciatum.
Lucina borealis.
spinifera.
Astarte sulcata, var. scotica.
Venus lincta.
Donax vittatus.
Saxicava rugosa.
Mya truncata.
* Wound by Mr, Anderson.
Brachiopoda.
Rhynchonella psittacea.
Entomostraca,
Some valves of Cythere ?
Cirripedia.
Balanus crenatus.
Verruca stromia,
Annelida.
Sipunculus, case of, in the shell of a
entalium.
Polyzoa.
Lepralia unicornis.
Tubulipora hispida ?—very much
rubbed.
Echinodermata.
Ophiocoma rosula, spines of.
Echinus neglectus, spine of, with
others of at least two more species.
Spatangi, many spines of, r
Foraminifera,
Cristellaria calcar.
Polystomella crispa.
wnbilicatula,
Rotalia Beccavii.
Miliolina seminulum.
+ Found by Mr. J. Miller Sutherland.
Oe
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 63
Recapitulation.
Varieties of species
New. in last list. Additions.
Shells—Univalves........ 8 Scie 2 10
vr Bivalves ........ 15 1 16
fy Brachiopoda...... 1 — 1
Entomostraca .... 1 — 1
= Cirripedia........ 2 — 2
i Annelida”)... il -—- 1
3 Polyz0a, a se sos 2 — 2
3 Echinodermata 3 — 3
fh Foraminifera .... 5 Seti — eon’ 5
Previous list Of L662" Yee ee se eee ses at 42
Making together of ascertained species and varieties 85
Of which in the present list 36 are British, and all are Scandinavian and Arctic.
On an Accumulation of Shells, with Human Industrial Remains, found on a
hill near the River Teign, in Devonshire. By W. Puneutty, F.R.S., F.G.S.
In this paper the author described a large accumulation of shells, all of them
such as were derivable from the estuary of the Teign, which had been found in a
trench rudely but distinctly cut in the New Red Conglomerate at Rocombe, in the
parish of Stokeinteignhead, about four miles from Torquay. A considerable amount
of broken pottery of coarse character, a brass armlet, a bone hair-pin, and a portion
of a quern, all of Anglo-Roman age, were mingled with the shells.
On Changes of Relative Level of Land and Sea m South-Eastern Devonshire,
in Connexion with the Antiquity of Mankind. By W. Puncetiy, LBS;
F.GS,
In this communication the author, having briefly noticed the characteristics of
the existing general coast-line, described a series of phenomena which indicate that
within what is known as the Quaternary Period, the whole of south-eastern Devon-
shire was at least 280 feet lower than at present ; that by a series of slow and gradual
upheavals, separated by protracted periods of intermittence, it was raised at least
40 feet above its present level; that these elevatory movements were followed by
one of subsidence ; that since the last adjustment of relative level, the waves have
eut back the cliffs so as to form the existing strand, which in some instances is
nearly half a mile in width. Having discussed the relative chronology of the facts
described, he showed that the Mammoth existed in Devonshire so late as the era of
the submerged forests of Torbay; and that this period had not closed before the
advent of man in the same locality. Lastly, he produced a flint implement found
in a patch of gravel on Windmill Hill, Brixham, and which, from its situation and
character, must be of an antiquity greater than that of the submerged forests, or
raised beaches, or ossiferous caverns, or even the Betula nana clays of the district,
On the Formation of Valleys near Kirkby Lonsdale,
By Prof. Purtzies, M.A., LL.D., F.RS., F.GS.
The author called the attention of geologists engaged in considering the theory
of the origin of valleys to the necessity of keeping in view not only all the real
causes which have been concerned in changing the level and modifying the surface
of the solid land, but also the peculiarities of the rocks themselves in regard to the
resistance they might offer to the waste occasioned by the mechanical and chemical
agencies of water. He proposed to show, in regard to certain great ridges and hol-
lows which limited the drainage of the Lune and its branches, that these were
plainly sketched out by ancient subterranean movements ; that, in regard to par-
ticular streams, as the Lune and the Rother, there must have been valleys on part
of their course before the age of the Old Red Sandstone; and that the courses of
others, as Leck Beck and Barbon Beck, were marked out by great faults; while
64 REPORT—1864.
others, not in directions of such faults, were yet traceable to lines of weakness in
rocks occasioned by joints, having a determinate relation to these fractures. The
conclusion from the whole being that the main features of the inequalities of the
earth’s surface were always referable to displacements of the rocks and lines of
weakness dependent on them; and that the agencies of waste along their directions
were ancient operations of the sea, at the rising and falling of the level of the land,
and other operations sometimes very ancient, but often still in force, depending on
atmospheric vicissitudes. In reference to this latter operation the author gave
proof from the upper part of Leck Beck that the narrow rocky limestone glen
which runs up toward the “County stone” is nothing else than a line of ancient
subterranean caverns, of which the roofs have fallen in, and that this process is still
in progress, the water being received in swallows at higher levels on the slope of
the moors, and employed in dissolving the calcareous rocks on its passage. Thus
the valley in question, and many others similarly situated, were not excavated from
the surface, but, after long ages of underground action of water, were formed by the
falling in of the unsupported roofs, After this had occurred the usual surface
action of running water had modified the sides and the slopes of the bed.
On the Measure of Geological Time by Natural Chronometers.
By Prof. Parties, M.A., LL.D., PRS., PGS.
Distinguishing, in the first place, between the history of operations in the sea
and on the land, by which the succession of ancient phenomena is determined,
from the attempts to ascertain, first the relative, and finally the absolute chronology
of these events, the author noticed several orders of natural effects which, being
traceable through the later geological periods, and still in progress, seemed the fit-
test to be employed in the measure of Czenozoic time. Examples are found in the
action of streams wearing away their channels, or depositing sediment; in the
formation and growth of peat moor; in the filling up of lakes; and, finally, in
the accumulation of detritus in conical mounds at the foot of precipices by falling
of rocks or torrents of water. The last case was illustrated by drawings, and a
description of the remarkable mounds of La Tiniére on the Lake of Geneva, near
Villeneuve, which had been investigated by M. Morlot. At this place one of the
mounds, the least ancient, has been cut through by the railway to a depth of be-
tween 20 and 30 feet. The section exposes the materials usually found in such
mounds (large and small nae and sand); but, in addition, three bands of loamy
matter, 6 to 8 inches thick, are seen to range parallel to the general surface, one,
4 feet below the surface, another, 10 feet, the third 19 feet. The bands contain
charcoal, and have rather the aspect of vegetable earth, in part stained yellow.
With the upper one were found ie reliquize—fragments of tiles and a coin;
the middle one yielded no such objects, but some bronze fabrications; the lower
one, coarse pottery, also fragments of bones of men and animals. Prof. Phillips
was so fortunate as to obtain from this lowest band, by his own research, a portion
of cranial bone, which, by the help of Mr. C. Robertson of the Oxford Museum, he
finds to be, as he had conjectured, part of the occipital bone of man. From these
facts M. Morlot inferred that at three successive epochs the action of the torrent
spread the reliquiz of human occupation over the growing delta of La Tiniére—
that the epochs may be approximately calculated at 1600, 3800, and 6400 years ago.
And he refers these dates to particular points in the ‘ Roman,” “bronze,” and
“stone” periods; so that the earliest trace of man in this delta is between 6000
and 7000 years old. No stone implements occurred in thismound. The age of the
whole mound is estimated at 10,000 years. M. Morlot also applied the same me-
thod of computation to the earlier and larger conical mound of La Tiniére, which
was deposited while the Lake of Geneva was maintained at a higher level. The
result gives for this cone 1000 centuries; and M. Morlot regards it as a fair approx-
imation to the length of “post-glacial” time—the term “post-glacial,” as we
employ it in England, being supposed to agree with the end of the last great ex-
tension of ice in the Alps.
Prof. Phillips then presented to the Meeting, on the part of M. Morlot, English
translations, executed by that gentleman, of the interesting memoirs which he had
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 65
read to the Academy at Lausanne, and to a meeting of the Society of Natural Phi-
losophy at that place.
On the Distribution of Granite Biocks from Wasdale Craig.
By Prof. Puriures, W.A., LL.D., F.RS., F.GS.
For more than thirty years the attention of the author has been earnestly fixed
on the remarkable facts which have been observed by Prof. Sedgwick and himself
in regard to the dispersion of granite blocks, from Wasdale Craig, over high and
low ground across Yorkshire and certain tracts of neighbouring counties, ‘While
in the drainage of the Eden and the large tracts embraced by the northern and
eastern branches of the Humber, and the long depression on the western side of the
carboniferous chain of Yorkshire and Lancashire, these blocks occur even plenti-
fully, they are quite unknown in every part of the country to the westward of the
arent rock. In tracing the course of the blocks from the extreme south-east of
orkshire back to their origin, it is found that they by no means follow the valleys
and avoid the heights, but that, on the contrary, with little or no difference, they
oceur alike on hills and dales, though not on the very highest, till on Stainmoor, at
the north-western extremity of Yorkshire, they appear on surfaces raised 1400 feet
above the sea. Through this pass of Stainmoor, which, though so much elevated,
is in fact a great transverse depression in the carboniferous chain, the blocks have
passed on as through a strait of an ancient sea. At no other point have the blocks
crossed the chain. Turning now from Stainmoor to the west, we remark that in all
the intermediate country, whether elevated to about 1000 feet above the sea, or only
to about 500, blocks of the granite are frequent; and on approaching the site from
which all have passed, they grow so numerous as even to i counted by hundreds
and thousands. The summit of Wasdale Craig, being elevated only 1479 feet above
the sea, it is obviously not possible to explain the distribution of rocks which has
been sketched, either by the movement of glaciers, or the floatation of icebergs, with-
out some particular suppositions in regard to the relative levels of several tracts of
land ; even if we leave out of account any perplexity as to the relative levels of land
and sea. During a few late years, the author has turned special attention to Wasdale
Craig itself, and to the distribution of Fite blocks in its immediate vicinity, and
he presents a map, showing this distribution for a few miles from the Craig. As
already observed, they are too numerous to be counted in all the country for one or
two miles to the eastward, whatever be the aspect, or shape, or slope of the ground,
while none occur to the westward. Wasdale Craig is itself within the drainage of
the Lune. To the north and west of it the summit of drainage between the Lune
and the Eden is traced over varying heights, greater and less than that of the Craig.
This drainage summit is passed by the blocks, at a level below 1000 feet, on a line
a little to the north of east. South-westward of the Craig is the watershed between
the Lune and the Kent. This summit appears not to have been passed at all,
though in many places it is much below the height of the granite Craig. The
blocks are often of very large size: some within two or three miles of the Craig are
12, 14,18 feet, and even more in the largest dimensions; and at Thirsk, seventy miles
off, a block was found 13 feet in diameter. They seldom appear to have been
rolled, but yet, perhape by ordinary surface waste, they have often become blunted
at the angles. The author is convinced, by his frequent examination of the pheno«
mena, 1. that the distribution to such great distances, in directions not conformed
to natural courses of drainage, can be best explained by the agency of ice ; 2. that
it cannot have been effected by glacier movement on the land at its present absolute
elevation; 3. that it cannot have been performed by iceberg floatation on an ocean
however elevated, if the present relative elevations of the country were then the
same as now; 4. that the excessive abundance of blocks near the Craig, and in the
region fronting it to the east, seems to require the supposition of a considerable
disturbing force, which greatly shattered the Craig, and provided a large quantity
of removable blocks before the ice action came on. On the whole, the author sup-
oses that during the glacial period such a disturbance took place; that the lake
istrict was depressed ; that icebergs formed from shore ice, and at moderate deptlis
in mere carried away many of the loosened blocks, over the region far away to
: 5)
66 REPORT—186+4.
the east, while that was relatively lower than it is at present, and that afterwards
the distribution of the blocks near Wasdale Craig took place while the land was
rising. And he computes roughly that if the blocks now visible in the region
round Wasdale Craig were restored to it, and placed in the granitic area now ex-
posed, they would cover it in every part to the depth of about 3 feet. The blocks
of stone now seen to be loosened around the Craig, and lying against its steeps,
would not amount to one-thousandth part of this quantity, from which the author
draws an argument in support of his views, of the preparatory concussions neces-
sary to produce enough masses for the ice to transport. On another point of some
difficulty he offered a few remarks. Both near the Craig, and at small distances from
it, the quantity of other stones distributed by the same agency as the granite is
relatively very small, and the masses are of small magnitude. At very great dis-
tances, as sixty or eighty miles away in Yorkshire, this disproportion as to quan-
tity is less remarkable, but the granite blocks are still usually the largest. The
author believes that the difference of magnitude between the granitic and the
schistose blocks may be understood by the much greater prevalence of joints in the
latter, which produces now, in some sorts of schistose rocks, near Wasdale Craig,
pretty extensive “screes,” while the sides of the granitic clifis are encumbered wit
arge rock masses. The difference of quantity he supposes to be explicable by the
peculiar conditions of the formation of the ice, which he conceives to have gene-
rally picked up the blocks by adherence to the lower surface of the freezing mass,
and not, as in ordinary glaciers, to have received them on the upper surface.
Notes on the Volcanic Phenomena and Mineral and Thermal Waters of
Nicaragua, By Commander B. Pru, RN.
On the Position in the Great Oolite, and the Mode of Working, of the Bath
Freestone. By J. RanveEtt.
On a Peculiar Fossil found in the Mesozoie Sandstone of the Connecticut
Valley, discovered by Prof. W. B. Roezrs.
Professor H. D. Rogers of Glasgow, at the desire of his brother Professor William
B. Rogers of Boston, United States, drew the attention of the Section to a cast in
plaster of some fossil bones in the Mesozoic, probably Triassic, Red Sandstone of
the valley of the Connecticut River in Massachusetts. The original flat block of
sandstone imbedding these almost unique bones was discovered recently by the
last-named gentleman in a pile of the material which he traced to the very quarry
whence it has been lately extracted, thus identifying precisely the geological site
of the fossil. Upon a careful scrutiny of the fossilize bhistee! competent zoologists
have pronounced them to partake of both bird and reptilian characteristics. This
lends to the specimens a high scientific interest; that very recently there have
appeared other independent proofs of the reptilian or semi-reptilian origin of very
many of those foot-marks on the Connecticut Red Sandstone, which, until the
publication of these proofs in the beautiful posthumous work of Dr. James Deane
of Greenfield, Massachusetts, have been mistakenly regarded as almost invariably
the foot-steps of birds. (See ‘Ichnographs from the Sandstone of Connecticut
River,’ by J. Deane, M.D.)
On the Relations of the Silurian Schist with the Quartzose Rocks of South
Africa. By Dr. R. N. Rusmen,
The author drew attention to the two maps he produced; one, that of Mr. A. G.
Bain, published by the Geological Society of London in their ‘Transactions ;’ the
other coloured, to show the changes rendered necessary by the discoveries of the
last few years ; the latest being the finding of Upper Silurian fossils at the Knysna,
by Mr. Thomas Bain, and of a species of Knorria resembling one of the same genus
from Port Francis, which prove the Paleozoic character of the clay-slate as far as
Zwellandam at least, while the discovery of Calamites in Pegnet-berg proves that
the Table Mountain sandstones are not older than the Silurian period. ‘The author
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 67
conjectured some years ago, from their unconformability with the slates of Cape
Town, now shown to be probably Devonian, that they might be of Triassic age, or
possibly outliers of the Lacustrine formation. By these discoveries an area ex-
ceeding that of the British Isles requires transferring to different formations. But
this was considered of minor importance in comparison with the relations of the
rocks which led Mr. Bain into error. The author had pointed out this relation some
years ago, and predicted that the primary clay-slate (Silurian and Carboniferous
beds of Bain) would probably prove to belong to one great Paleozoic formation.
The relation alluded to was the conversion of beds of widely different ages, but
contiguous, into a quartzose sandstone or quartzite, causing beds of Silurian rock to
lie conformably on inclined quartzite, which was continuous with horizontal rock
of like character resting unconformably on Silurian rock. The quartzite mountain-
ranges extend from Table Mountain eastward to near the mouth of the Great
Fish River; but, while the sandstones of which they are composed are uncon-
formable in the west, they are interstratified with the Paleozoic schists in the
east,—still, however, crossing their strike at an angle of 30° or more, and by spurs
in other directions, so modifying the sections that two lines across the strike, dis-
tant only a few miles, often cross wholly diiferent rock, one section being quartzite
with but a few interlaminated schists, the other all schist, This was explained in
the same manner as above, viz. by the silicification of the beds of schists, the
mountain-chains originating either in the silicifying action taking certain lines, or
in denudation into their present forms. Reasons were given for believing this
silicification to be a surface-change due to aqueous action. There are no igneous
rocks in the parts most affected by this change, and the cuttings made by rivers and
by artificial means through the quartzite often expose the slate at the bottom.
On some New Forms of Olenoid Trilobites from the Lowest Fossiliferous Rocks
of Wales. By J. W. Sarrer, A.L.S., F.GS.
- The grey rocks and black shales at the base of the Lower Lingula-flags, in which
Mz. Salter discovered, two years ago, the great Paradowides Davidis, are being fully
explored (with the aid of a grant from the British Association) by Mr, Henry
Hicks, His energetic work has already brought to light more than thirty species
of fossils, most of them Trilobites. Some of these are quasi-embryonic forms, such
as Microdiseus, which, like Agnostus, is a blind Trilobite without facial sutures;
but it has four body-rings, instead of two. There are also species of Conocoryphe
and Agnostus, both of them well-known genera, and others allied to Arionellus of
Barrande ; all of them have a ‘ primordial’ aspect. Among the new discoveries is a
genus named Anopolenus, aremarkable form, which at first seemed to have the head
devoid of eyes and of any facial suture, Later observations, however, have dis-
cerned the cheeks, eyes, and head-spines in a most abnormal position—placed far
forward on the head, and so easily separable as to justify the previous belief in their
entire absence. In order to find a parallel for this bizarre form, the author was
obliged to describe a new Olenus, or rather Spherophthalmus, found by Mr. Turner,
of Pauntley, in the Black Shales of Malyern, In this fossil the characters so much
exaggerated in Anopolenus are less strongly pronounced ; and the new genus is thus
connected with the older and better known forms of the Olenide, the most ancient
Trilobite family,—if we except Agnostus and its allies which were probably coeval
with them. It is worthy of remark that in this earliest family (Olemd@) the
largest size attained by the group of Trilobites is reached, the great Paradoxides
Harlani being nearly 22 inches long.
In reply to a question put by Mr. Pengelly, Mr. Salter stated that the exceptional
blind species found in the latest formations known to contain Trilobites are degraded
forms of the highest genera, namely, Phacops and Phillipsia, and that there is good
evidence of a progression in the development of the group from its commencement
in the Cambrian to its extinction in the Coal period,
On the Old Pre-Cambrian (Laurentian) Island of St. David's, Pembrokeshire,
By J. W. Sarrer, A.LS., F.GS.
Having been occupied for a fortnight this summer in searching (with Mr, H,
*
68 REPORT—1864.
Hicks) the Cambrian rocks of St. David’s for the Olenoid Trilobites mentioned in
the last paper, the author paid some attention to the relations of the central trap-
rock of the district, which runs in a broad mass, a mile or two wide, from Llanrei-
than to the headland of St. David's, and is continned out to sea in Ramsey Island.
As the purple rocks, sandstones, and slates of the whole Lower Cambrian division
are thrown up at high angles, all but vertical, on either flank of this mass, which
forms the axis of the whole country, there is no difficulty in studying its behaviour
in contact with the Cambrians. If it were an intrusive trap of later date, it would
penetrate them here and there, or at least alter them at the point of contact, as the
neighbouring granite of Brawdy and Roch actually does. On the contrary, where-
ever the boundary can be seen, steatitic and felspathic schist unaltered, and beds of
thick conglomerate, mark the line, and are often very conspicuous. These conglo-
merates—of quartz-rock, jasper, felstone, &c.—may or may not have been derived
from the immediate neighbourhood. They are traceable along the south and north
sides of the trap-region, and are followed by sandstones of various degrees of coarse-
ness, but indicating by the ripple-mark, as well as the coarse material, that they
were accumulated in shallow water; and as we know that pebbles, often as large
as swan’s eggs, are not carried far out to sea, but mark either a submarine shoal or
a coast-line, we are compelled to assign them to a source near at hand. The upper
beds of the Lower Cambrian formation are finer-grained and lighter-coloured, and
pass insensibly into grey and then into thin black beds of the Lingula-flags, with
rae ashes and lava-flows—the great Upper Cambrian formation.
omparing this order of things with what occurs in North Wales, one is struck
with the wonderful similarity in the two regions; coarse conglomerate and purple
shale, red sandstones, and then grey rocks, passing into black, deep-water shales.
Crossing the channel it is the same; the Lower Cambrian rocks of Wicklow give
evidence of accumulation in shallow water; and Sir R. I. Murchison has shown us
exactly the same thing, even exaggerated, in the conglomerates of North-western
Scotland; but these rest directly on the Old Laurentian rocks, from which they
seem to have been derived. The Hebrides and the west coast of Sutherland were
land or shallow water when the Cambrian pebble-beds were formed around them.
We do not know the land which supplied the pebble-bands and sandstones of
North Wales and Shropshire; but the researches of Dr. H. B. Holl have shown us
that the Malvern Hills were a low reef of rocks at this time; and everything points
to a shallow sea, studded with islets and reefs, as the condition of things which
existed in our area, probably also in Normandy and the Channel Islands, at this
time. Again, the old Laurentian gneiss is remarkable for its syenitic character.
Syenite is common; true granite is comparatively rare in these old rocks. This is
the case in Canada, where they are best seen. Dr. Holl has shown it to be the
case at Malvern, and hence we should look for it in Wales. The mass of igneous
rock, which forms the backbone of the St. David’s peninsula, and which supports,
without penetrating them, the shallow-water accumulations of the older Cambrian
around it, is syenitic in character. The quartz-veins penetrating it may well have
supplied the pebbles; and the felspathic matter was the origin of the softer schists
of the rocks which lie around it. That there was shallow water, with rocky ground
close by, is evident; and in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, the author
suggests that the syenitic trap of St. David’s is a part of the old pre-Cambrian
land. As he did not visit Ramsey Island, the evidence is incomplete. It will be
necessary to see whether the Cambrians there are affected by the trap, or lie upon
it unaltered, as he believes is the case with those of St. David’s.
A Brief Explanation of a Geological Map of the Bristol Coal-field.
By W. Sanvers, F.RS., F.GS,
This map has been constructed by reducing about 220 parish-maps to the scale
of 4 inches to the mile, or 20 chains to the inch. The map comprises a large por-
tion of the geological series, ranging from the Lower Silurian up to the lower divi-
sion of the Cretaceous system. ith respect to the coal strata, as the deposits of a
later age occupy a large portion of the country, only one half of the coal strata of
the northern part of the basin, and only a tenth or twentieth part of the southern
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 69
part, are visible at the surface. The northern tract is about twelve miles in length,
with a breadth of three or four miles. The Nailsea coal-field is of smaller dimen-
sions. The Clutton coal-pits are in a central position. A southern coal-field ad-
joins the Mendip hills. The Radstock pits, which yield an abundant supply of
excellent quality, are entirely concealed beneath liassic and even oolitic strata.
The coal-measures proper have a thickness of about 5000 feet, divisible into an
upper and lower series of coal seams, separated by the Pennant grit rocks. They
contain about ninety feet of coal, of which about one half is workable.
Notice of Carnassial and Canine Teeth from the Mendip Caverns, probably
belonging to Felis antiqua (syn. Pardus), By W. A. Sanrorp, F.G.S.
Among a quantity of Hyena and Felis spelea teeth, Mr. Sanford found the
canines and carnassial, which presented precisely the characters, both in size and
form, of Felis Pardus, which appeared to him identical with F. antiqua of Cuvier.
These teeth were discovered by the late Rey. M. Williams, and are now with his
collection in the Taunton Museum. From information obtained from Mr. Beard,
the teeth came from the Hutton cave in the Mendip.
On the Pterodactyle as Evidence of a new Subclass of Vertebrata (Saurornia).
By Harry Sretey, F.G.S.
The author gave an account of the entire skeleton, the history, and classification
of Pterodactyles. In the head he described from Upper Greensand examples the
following bones: basi-occipital, basi-temporal, basi-sphenoid, ex-occipital, supra-
occipital, parietal, alisphenoid, squamosal, petrosal, quadrate, quadrato-jugal,
orbito-ethmo-sphenoid, the vomer, os articulare, and proximal end of the lower
jaw, and the premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary bones. The sutures were
obliterated as in birds, the quadrate bone had the same double articulation with the
cranium as in birds, the squamosal bone was the same; and the conclusion from
the sum of the bones was that, excepting the teeth, there is no character in the
skull to distinguish the Pterodactyle from a bird. It is peculiar in that the basi-
occipital neither enters into the foramen magnum nor the floor for the brain or the
base of the skull. And the quadrate and quadrato-jugal are anchylosed, the latter
being squamous. The cranium approaches most nearly to that of the common
Cock. ‘The pectoral arch was described, the homology of the bones discussed, and
the furcula 3 ee to be attached to the radial processes of the humeri. The author
went through the comparative osteology of the remainder of the skeleton, and
showed that it supported the conclusion from the skull. The writings of Buck-
land, Owen, Huxley, Cuvier, Von Meyer, Goldfuss, Wagner, Quenstedt, &c., were
reyiewed, and shown to contain nothing to support the hypothesis that Ptero-
dactyles were reptiles. The Sawropsida, therefore, were divided into three sections
—Aves and Saurornia, and Reptilia—the Sawrornia being birds with teeth, with
eculiar wings, tarsus and metatarsus separate, and reptilian types of vertebre,
Tike the fossil birds Paleocolymbus and Pelagornis of the Upper Greensand. Mr.
Seeley then described as new species—Pterodactylus Huzleyr, P. macherorhynchus,
P. Hopkinsi, P. Oweni, P. Carteri(?), and completed the descriptions of Owen’s
species P. Sedgwicki, P. Fittoni, P. Woodwardi, P. simus, and identitied P. Cuvieri—
iia adding six; so that now there are ten species* from the Upper Greensand and
one (P. Cuviert) common to the Greensand and Chalk. In conclusion, he discussed
the affinities of the known Pterodactyles with one another and their classification.
On the Significance of the Sequence of Rocks and Fossils.
By Harry Sretey, £.G.S.
Assuming that the clays are the mud of rivers, that the sandstones are the
detritus of old crystalline rocks, and that limestones were organically or chemically
formed, the author contrasted the Cretaceous and Jurassic mae and the sequence of
the beds they include, and, from the alternation of strata, deduced the alternations
of upheaval of continents and the nature of the rocks presented for denudation. He
* Several more have been found since,
70 REPORT—1864,
then, by way of illustration, worked out the physical geography of the Cretaceous
period, using as data the rocks of the eastern and northern counties ; and, having
considered the effects of these physical revolutions upon the fauna of the ocean
floor, it was concluded that the operation of elevation and depression, in the ways
ointed out, might have produced all the phenomena of existing life~provinces on
and and by sea, and similar life-provinces in the seas of past time. It was then
shown that the breaks between strata do not generally indicate denudation or breaks
in time, but merely upheaval or depression of old lands, bringing into wear new
rock-material and causing the immigration of a new province of marine life. Mr.
Seeley concluded by contesting the idea that extinct species could tell anything
about the physical conditions under which they lived. All the different distribution
of existing analogues, as compared with their fossil antetypes, was the result of
migration of species, and not of changing climate.
On the Thermal Water of the Clifford Amalgamated Mines of Cornwall.
By W. W. Surin, M.A., FBS, EGS.
The North, or Hot Lode of the Clifford Mines, formerly known as that of the
United Mines, is one of a group of east and west veins which are encased in the
clay-slate or Killas, on the east of the granite hill of Carn Marth. Mr, Henwood’s
observations, a quarter of a century ago, showed that water had been met with at
several places, varying from 1104 to 1260 feet deep, of the temperature of from 90°
to 100° Fahr. In 1839 a cross-cut at the United Mines intersected a large feeder
of very hot water, and with it a rich lode of copper pyrites, which has since been
continuously worked eastward and downward. The author found, in 1855, the
chief spring welling upwards in a level 1510 feet deep, with a temperature of 114°.
In July 1864, from the extension of the excavations in tees and eastward, he
found, at 1620 feet deep, that three thermometers placed in the water marked 122°,
The lode at this point was of moderate size, and improving as it was followed east ;
being in the 220-fathom level ete feet deep from surface) 12 to 16 feet wide, and
yielding a very large amount of rich copper ore. The spring is estimated to give
150 gallons per minute; and although chloride of sodium is abundant in it, the
low percentage of magnesian salts, as compared with sea-water, as well as the
situation of the lode, render it unlikely that the water is derived directly from the
sea. The absence of sulphates of iron and copper, as shown by Prof. Miller’s ana-
lysis, seems to set aside the hypothesis of the heat being due to the decomposition
of the sulphides.
The exceptionally high temperature of the water was not observable when the
workings were shallow, partly perhaps owing to the closer texture of the vein, and
partly to the large area over which the warm water seems to haye been diffused.
~* An increase of depth of 180 feet in the point of issue of the water had raised the
‘temperature 8° Fahr., showing the remarkable increment of 1 degree for 223 feet.
On the Conclusion to be drawn from the Physical Structure of some Meteorites.
By H. C. Sorsy, h.AS., FG.
The author had elsewhere* shown that the earliest condition of meteorites of
which their microscopical structure furnishes evidence was that of igneous fusion.
There are, however, some, like the Pallas iron, consisting of a mixture of iron and
olivine, which apparently strongly oppose this view, if we merely judge from what
occurs When such substances are melted artificially; for then the iron, being so
‘much more dense, would sink to the bottom, and the olivine rise to the top, like
slag in a furnace. The object of the paper was, however, to show that this dif-
ference in density depends on the force of gravitation, and that, on the surface of a
small planetary body, or towards the interior of a larger, iron and olivine might
remain mixed in a state of fusion long enough to allow of gradual crystal-
lization. Such meteorites should therefore be considered evidence of fusion where
the force of gravitation was very small; and this conclusion may be valuable in
deciding between rival theories of their origin.
-* Proceed. Roy. Soe. vol. xiii. p. 333.
id
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 71
On the Lowest Beds of the Clifton Carboniferous Series.
By W. W. Sropparr, F.G.S., Bristol.
The author, after briefly describing the Clifton scenery, and the advantages that
locality affords for geological study, gave a short summary of the rocks which range
in one unbroken line from the Millstone-grit on Brandon Hill to the Old Red Sand-
stone below Cook’s Folly.
It is to the lowest beds of these lying immediately on the Old Red that this
paper referred.
he highest of the beds now in question is the well-known palate bed, contain-
ing a large number of the teeth and spines of fishes, Ichthyocopri, Brachiopoda,
Pteropoda, Polyzoa, &c. 7
The principal fossils from the bed are—
Fenestella — Cladodus conicus,
Ceriopora rhombifera. Chomatodus linearis,
Spiritera bisulcata. Ctenacanthus tenuistriatus.
glabra. Helodus leevissimus.
Discina nitida. Psammodus porosus.
Lingula mytiloides. Coprolites.
Conularia quadrisulcata.
Under this are seen three beds of red crystalline limestone, the middle one of
which the author described in the ‘ Annals of Natural History,’ 1857.
It dips to the S.S.E. at an angle of 68°, and contains one of the most extraordi-
nary assemblages of fossils perhaps ever seen. All of them do not exceed ;'yth of
an inch in diameter, and many are less than 100th of an inch. They are composed
of a peculiar combination of peroxide of iron and silica, and are perfectly insoluble
in cold nitric and hydrochloric acids.
The fossils constitute more than 20 per cent. by weight of the rock. From a
pound weight of the limestone were obtained more than a million and a half of
perfect fossils besides débris.
It was most probably a bank exposed to the littoral waves of a Carboniferous sea
which would wash away the large shells, leaving the smaller—just as we now see
going on at many places of our own coast, as Silsea Bill, Caldy Island, &c.
The fossils more commonly found are—
Poteriocrinus. Ceriopora rhombifera (Goldf.).
Platycrinus Pleurotomaria pygmeea (n. sp.),
Cythere ovalis (n. sp.). Euomphalus triangulatus (n. sp.)
Cytherella lunata (n. sp.). Natica plicistria (Young).
Passing downward through a thickness of 8 or 9 feet, the author found a bed of
dark grey shaly marl. It probably corresponds to No. 428 in Mr. Williams’s Sec-
tion, and is the most important of the whole series to the geologist. It contains
fossils that occur in no other of the limestone beds at Clifton. The principal of
these are Modiola Macadami, Avicula Damnoniensis, Natica plicistria, Spirorbis om-
phalodes, Cypridina Scotoburdigalensis, Cypridina subrectus, Knorria dichotoma, &c.
The Modiole are in immense masses, and sometimes covered with the remains
of Entomostraca and Spirorbis. Below this shaly bed continue 70 feet of alter-
nating limestones, shales, and marls, and then 30 feet of passage beds into the Old
Red, which properly commences by the well-known quartzose conglomerate.
The author then alluded to the corresponding Lower Limestone shales in the
northern part of Derry, and the section described by General Portlock on the
Moyola and Altagowan rivers, and pointed out the very great similarity both litho-
logically and palzeontologically.
After comparing these with the Coomhola grits of Messrs. Jukes and Salter,
and the Marwood Section of hitherto so-called Upper Devonian in Devonshire, the
author showed that no doubt could exist of the Modiola shales at Clifton being a
representative of them all. It is true that the larger Brachiopoda are missing at
Clifton that are found in Ireland, where the thickness of the lower shales is enor-
mous, as at Glengariff Harbour; but, on the other hand, in those Irish sections
72 REPORT—1864.
which are thin, as in Ballynascreen, the fossils are only those found at Clifton.
Then, again, in the largely developed Glengariff beds are found fossils identical
with those of the Marwood sandstone.
This is tore easily seen by the following Table :—
Clifton Marwo Coomhola| Moyola
group. group. group. group.
Fossils.
Filicites dichotoma
Knorria dichotoma
Platyerinus . .
Poteriocrinus .
Rhodocrinus ani
Spirorbis omphalodes :
Cypridina Scotoburdigalensis .
DK kk Xx
subrectus. . . .
Lingula mytiloides
Spirifera disjuncta
bisulcata . spite
Streptorhynchus crenistria .
Rhynchonella pleurodon
Cucullea trapezium . . . ||
Hardingii
Moediola Macadami .
Avicula damnoniensis
Naticopsis plicistria . :
Amblypterus\y2! sayleyis tee Wl
Orthoceras gregarium
8k ok ke KK OK KR
OK OK OK KK KOK KK S
*K OK OK OK OK
Dok KK RK KK RD Pip:
ok x
Soe KOK OK S
* OK OK KK E
*
|
The author then asked, ought these shales to be classed with the Carboniferous
or Devonian rocks? He submitted that the evidence produced clearly proved that
they were the former.
Ist. On account of the nature of the fossils.
2ndly. From the comparatively large extent of limestones and marls (70 feet)
before the true micaceous beds begin, and 100 feet above the first bed of quartzose
conglomerate. Another view was laid before the Association, viz., that these shales
probably had as much right to be considered a distinct and intermediate series as
the Rhetic of the Lias, which in the Rhetian Alps have little more thickness than
cele Limestone shales, which in Glengariff Harbour range through more than
5000 feet.
On Agates found on our Coasts. By Professor Tennant, F.GS.
On a Bone Breccia with Flints in Lebanon.
By the Rey. H. B. Tristram, W.A., F.L.S.
Close to the Nahr el Kelb, on its southern side, a spur of the Lebanon pushes
boldly into the sea, standing out a promontory several hundred feet high. Above
this the rock has been scarped for the inscription of those famous tablets which are
known to every visitor to Beirut. The foal crystalline limestone was in one spot
under this a complete mass of bone breccia, with fragments of flint mingled in the
stalagmite. It seems probable that the stalagmite, of which not above twelve
square yards remain, formed a portion of the flooring of an ancient cavern, the
roof of which has probably been cut away, either to aid in the construction of the
road, or to obtain a surface for the inscription of the tablets. The position of the
breccia being several feet above the level of the roadway, the floor of the cave, no
doubt, originally extended as far as the sea-face of the road. We therefore descended
to the sea; and, amongst the heaps of rock, dashed by the waves and covered with
fucus, we discovered several large fragments of breccia, corresponding exactly in
composition with the mass above. The flints consisted almost entirely of elon-
gated chips with very sharp edges; and the author remarked that he was not aware
of any natural deposit of silex within three miles of this spot. Many of these chips
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 73
are as dark as if they had been freshly broken from the matrix. One remarkable
characteristic of this breccia is the extreme hardness of the crystalline limestone
which forms it. If, as Mr. Dawkins considers, some of the teeth are identical
with those of our existing Reindeer, with the Red Deer, Elk, Bos primigenius, and
Bison minor, we have the ancient range of those quadrupeds extended to a point
more southerly than any previously ascertained.
On the Sulphur and Bitumen Deposit at the South- West Corner of the Dead
Sea. By the Rev. H. B. Tristram, M.A., PLS.
The Mahawat is a broad, deep, dry ravine, commencing two miles to the south-
west of the Dead Sea and running up to the westward, being the drainage debouch
of the Negeb. The Wady is sitilae in character to the Wady Zuweirah—the
same sharp cutting through the old limestone, only on a much larger scale, the
same deposition of the post-tertiary marl, the same entire denudation of this latter.
But, since the post-tertiary marl has been altogether getting washed out, there has
been a second filling in of an extraordinary character, which is only now in course
of being washed out. Masses of bitumen, mingled with gravel overlying a thin
stratum of sulphur, which again overlies a thicker stratum of sand so strongly im-
pregnated with sulphur that it yields powerful fumes on being sprinkled over a hot
coal, are exposed on the sides of the Wady, chiefly on the south. Many large masses
have been washed down, and are scattered on the plain. .... Here is the only trace
of igneous action we have met with in our most careful examination of the cvasts so
far. The author had a dread of attempting to corroborate Scripture by natural or
am arguments which may be refuted ; for the objector is apt to think that, when
e has refuted the weak argument, he has refuted the Scriptural statement; but, so
far as he understood it, if there be any physical evidence left on earth of a catastrophe
similar to that which destroyed the cities of the plain, it is here. The whole ap-
pearance points to a shower of hot sulphur and an eruption of bitumen upon it, cal-
cined and impregnated by its fumes, and this at a geological period quite subsequent
to all the diluvial and alluvial actions. It may have been from a sulphur and bitu-
men spring on the spot, when the flow of water was more abundant; but of this we
could detect no trace. Unfortunately no traveller has ever penetrated the Wady
before us, and therefore we have no opinions of more competent observers to guide
us. Robinson and Vandevelde passed to the south of it. De Saulcy, Porter, Wol-
cott, and Poole all went to the north.
On the Family of the Eurypteride, with Descriptions of some New Genera and
Species. By Henry Woopwaxp, F.G.S.
The author gave a sketch of the history of this group of Paleeozoic Crustacea,
and illustrated the peculiarities of each genus by a series of diagrams. He pointed
out the close affinities which the Eurypteride display to the Limulide (King-
crabs), a group which begins in the coal-measures and appears to have existed
(with slight modifications in form) from that period to the present time. Mr.
Woodward defined the forms belonging to the genera Pterygotus, Eurypterus,
Slimonia, and Stylonurus, and described others belonging to the new genus He-
miaspis—in all, thirty-three British species. With the exception of Hemiaspis
from the Lower Ludlow rocks of Leintwardine, Shropshire, the new material
collected since the publication of Messrs. Huxley and Salter’s Monograph in 1859
has all resulted from the independent labours of Mr. James Powrie, F.G.S., of
Reswallie in Forfarshire, and Mr. Robert Slimon, of Lesmahagow in Lanarkshire.
On the Development of Ammonites. By Dr. Toomas Wricut, RSE, F.GS.
The author first stated the difficulties the Palzeontologist experienced in attempt-
ing to understand the synonyms of several species of Ammonites, as many of the
species had been established on imperfect or transitional forms. By reference to
the morphology of the Acalephz, Echinodermata, Insecta, and Crustacea, he ex-
plained how many of the species in these classes pass through more or less exten-
sive changes in form and structure between their escape from the egg and their
74 REPORT—1864,
adult condition, and proceeded to apply this law to the cary 8 of the shell of
Ammonites. I’rom an extensive series of specimens he had collected from the Lias
and Oolitic formations, he could show, Ist, that one group of species exhibit very
little change in their various phases of growth; and 2nd, that another ar
hibits such diverse changes that their several stages of development have been
assumed as permanent forms, and described as distinct species.
To the first group belong the following species from the Lias formation.
Lower Lis.
Ammonites Bucklandi, Sow. Ammonites Birchii, Sow.
obtusus, Sow. Sauzeanus, d’Orbig.
—— Conybeari, Sow. — raricostatus, Ziet.
Bonnardi, VOrbig.
Minnie Lirias.
Ammonites tbex, Quenst. Ammonites Guibalianus, d’Orbig.
— bipunctatus, Roemer. natrix, Ziet.
Loscombi, Sow. — Dave, Sow.
Bechet, Sow. striatus, Renecke,
Jimbriatus, Sow.
Upper Lis.
Ammonites bifrons, Brug. Ammonites Hollandrei, VOrbig.
communis, Sow. complanatus, Brug.
annulatus, Sow. — hircinus, Ziet.
— Jibulatus, Sow. Jurensis, Ziet.
The second group in which important and varied changes take place are
Lower Lras.
Ammonites planorbis, Sow. Ammonites semicostatus, Y. & B.
angulatus, Schloth. —— bifer, Quenst.
—— planicostatus, Sow.
Mippxe Lras.
Ammonites Jamesoni, Sow. Ammonites capricornus, Schloth.
The author gave a detailed description of the morphological changes exhibited
by each of these species, and demonstrated that Ammonites planicostatus, Sow. was
the young shell of Am. Dudressiert, VOrbig. This species acquired spines on the
dorsal border of the ribs in the second phase of its growth, which became tubercles
in a third stage, and these it finally lost as it adyanced to maturity. Am. Jamesoni,
Sow., was shown to be the adult form of 4A. Bronnii, Reem., with tubercles on the
ribs, and a rudimentary keel; in a second stage of growth it became Am. Regnardt,
d@Orbig., and afterwards changed to the elegant form figured by Sowerby. Am. ca-
pricornus in its different phases of development had been the type of six figured
species: in early age it was 4m. maculatus, Y. & B. ; a little older it was Am. plani-
costa, VOrbig., and Am. latecostus, Sow.; in middle age, when the last whorl ex-
panded somewhat abruptly, and supported two rows of small tubercles on the late-
yal ribs, it formed the Am. heterogenes, Y. & B.; and two-thirds of the last whorl in
this stage of growth was figured by Sowerby as Am. Henleyi, Sow.
These facts were demonstrated by a series of specimens exhibiting the morpho-
logical characters of the different species described, and the important practical
bearing of the subject on Paleontology was dwelt upon. Ammonites were now
generally admitted to be the best indicators of the stratigraphical position of the
different zones of life in the secondary rocks, and it was therefore all the more im-
portant to geology that the species of this group should be rigorously determined ;
which could only be done by a critical examination of their morphological charac-
ters; for mere species-making, without such knowledge, was hindrance, and not
progress, in the present state of Paleontology.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 75
On the White Lias of Dorsetshire. By Dr. T. Wrient, F.RS.E., F.GS.
In this paper the author showed that the term White Lias, as used by Buckland,
Smith, De la Beche and others, required a more correct definition than had been
iven to it hitherto, as it included beds of a light colour, which belonged to two
distinct zones of life; the upper half consisted of light-coloured lias beds, with
Ammonites planorbis and Ostrea liassica, forming the zone of Ammonites planorbis,
whilst the lower portion of the White Lias was composed of a series of light-coloured
concretionary limestones, haying a rubbly character in parts, with a conchoidal
fracture. These thick beds were at Up-Lyme, Axminster, and Pinhay Bay from
20 to 25 feet in thickness, and contained a great number of small shells in the form
of moulds: Pecten valoniensis, Axinus modiola, and Cardium rheticum had been
found in them at Up-Lyme. Dr. Wright considered this lower portion of the
White Lias belonged to the Avicula contorta beds, or infra-lias of some Continental
authors, as no true lias fossil shells were found in it. He had correlated these beds
with some of the upper beds of the Aviczla contorta series, at Garden Cliff and Aust
Cliff, on the Severn, and at Penarth, Glamorganshire, and he had come to the con-
clusion that the concretionary White Lias at the base of the Pinhay Bay section
must be considered as the upper portion of the Avicula contorta series.
BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY, tnotupive PHYSIOLOGY.
Address by Dr. J. E. Gray, President of the Section.
Berore entering upon the special business for which the Section has been called
together, viz. the consideration of the Reports to be presented upon various zoolo-
gical and botanical subjects, and the reading of the papers submitted by the
members, I should wish to make a few general observations on some topics which
appear to me to have an important bearing on the science which we study, in the
hope that they may elicit some observations from the members present. I have
always felt that one of the most important uses of the Association was the bringing
together of so large a body of men engaged in kindred pursuits, and the consequent
promotion of free personal intercourse between those who, not inhabiting the same
locality or even the same country, were scarcely likely to meet except on such an oc-
casion as the present. In such meetings the free interchange of thought by means of
oral communication is most valuable ; for it is in this way that facts are most
readily brought into notice, and opinions most freely canvassed, that truth is most
eae elicited, and that erroneous or crude ideas are dissipated, corrected, and
improved.
Satie of my predecessors in this office haye given a summary réswmé of the
recent progress of science in the departments over which I have now the honour
to preside, and I had at first thought of attempting to follow their example; but I
find myself precluded from so doing by the conviction that, in order to be of any
real utility, such a Report should be of much greater length and fulness of detail
than the time at our disposal would fairly admit for the reading, or than the few
weeks which have elapsed since I was requested to undertake the office would
allow of my preparing. This is, however, the less to be regretted, inasmuch as,
in the course of each year, a body of laborious and talented German professors are
in the habit of preparing a very full and complete Report of this nature for the
Berlin ‘ Archives of Natural History,’ after a plan similar to that which I myself
commenced, more than forty years ago, in Thomson’s ‘Annals of Philosophy.’ I
have therefore abandoned all intention of attempting such a review, and proceed at
once to speak of subjects having a more aokebat bearing upon the interests of our
science.
Ishould wish to say a few words on the subject of Public Museums. It may be
imagined that, having the whole of my life been intimately connected with the
management of what f believe to be at the present day the most important zoolo-
gical museum in the world, it is a subject that has long and deeply occupied my
76 REPORT—1864.
thoughts ; and it will also be readily believed that it is only after serious and pro-
longed consideration I haye come to the conclusion that the plan hitherto pursued
in their arrangement has rendered them less useful to science and less interesting
to the public at large than they might have been made under a different system,
Let us consider the purposes for which such a museum is established.
These are two; Ist, the diffusion of instruction and rational amusement among
the mass of the people; and 2nd, to afford the scientific student every possible
means of examining and studying the specimens of which the museum consists.
Now, it appears to me that, in the desire to combine these two objects, which are
essentially distinct, the first object, namely the general instruction of the people,
has been to a great extent lost sight of and sacrificed to the second, without any
pie ee adyantagé to the latter, because the system itself has been thoroughly
erroneous. ‘The curators of large museums have naturally, and, perhaps, properly,
been men more deeply devoted to scientific study than interested in elementary
instruction, and they have consequently done what they thought best for the pro-
motion of science by accumulating and exhibiting on the shelyes or in the open
cases of the museum eyery specimen which they possess, without considering that
by so doing they were overwhelming the general visitor with a mass of unintelli-
gible objects, and at the same time rendering their attentive study by the man of
science more difficult and onerous than if they had been brought into a smaller
space and in a more available condition.
What the largest class of visitors, the general public, want, is a collection of the
more interesting objects so arranged as to afford the greatest possible amount of
information in a moderate space, and to be obtained, as it were, at a glance. On
the other hand, the scientific student requires to have under his eyes and in his
hands the most complete collection of specimens that can be brought together, and
in such a condition as to admit of the most minute examination of their differences,
whether of age, or sex, or state, or of whatever kind that can throw light upon all
the innumerable questions that are continually arising in the progress of thought
and opinion.
Lyery scientific student requires the cases to be opened, to allow him to examine
and handle the specimens, and in the stuffed state this cannot be often done with-
out injury; and an artist always requires them to be taken out of the case for his
urpose. :
. is the futile attempt to combine these two purposes in one consecutive arrange-
ment, the modern museum entirely fails in both particulars. It is only to be
compared to a large store or a city warehouse, in which every specimen that can
be collected is arranged in its proper case and on its proper shelf, so that it may be
found when wanted; but the uninformed mind derives little instruction from the
contemplation of its stores, while the student of nature requires a far more careful
examination of them than is possible under such a system of arrangement, to derive
any advantage ; the visitor needs to be as well informed with relation to the system
on which it is based as the curator himself; and consequently the general visitor
perceives little else than a chaos of specimens, of which the bulk of those placed
in close proximity are so nearly alike that he can scarcely perceive any difference
between them, even supposing them to be placed on a level with the eye, while
the greater number of those which are above or below this level are utterly unin-
telligible.
To such a visitor, the numerous species of rats, or squirrels, or sparrows, or larks
that crowd the shelves, from all parts of the world, are but a rat, a squirrel, a
sparrow, or a lark; and this is still more especially the case with animals of a less
marked and less known type of character. Experience has long since convinced
me that such a collection so arranged is a great mistake. The eye both of the
general visitor and of the student becomes confused by the number of the speci-
mens, however systematically they may be brought together.
The very extent of the collection renders it difficult even for the student, and
much more so for the less scientific visitor, to discover any particular specimen of
which he is in quest; and the larger the collection, the greater this difficulty becomes.
Add to this the fact that all specimens, but more especially the more beautiful and
the more delicate, are speedily deteriorated, and in some cases destroyed for all
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 7
useful purposes, by exposure to light, and that both the skins and bones of animals
are found to be much more susceptible of measurement and comparison in an un-
stuffed or unmounted state, and it will be at once apparent why almost all scientific
zoologists have adopted for their own collections the simpler and more advantageous
plan of keeping their specimens in boxes or in drawers, devoted each to a family,
a genus, or a section of a genus, as each individual case may require.
Thus preserved and thus arranged, the most perfect and the most useful collec-
tion that the student could desire would occupy comparatively a small space, and
by no means require large and lofty halls for its reception. As it is desirable that
each large group should be kept in a separate room, and as wall-space is what is
chiefly required for the reception of the drawers or boxes, rooms like those of an
ordinary dwelling-house would be best fitted for the accommodation of such a col-
lection and of the students by whom it would be consulted—one great advantage
of this plan being that students would be uninterrupted by the ignorant curiosity
of the ruder class of general visitors, and not liable to interference from scientific
rivals.
There are other considerations also which should be taken into account in esti-
mating the advantages uf a collection thus preserved and thus arranged. A
bac value is attached to such specimens as have been studied and described
y zoologists, as affording the certain means of identifying the animals on which
their observations were made. Such specimens ought especially to be preserved
in such a way as to be least liable to injury from exposure to light, dust, or other
extraneous causes of deterioration; and this is best done by ‘keeping them in a
state least exposed to these destructive influences, instead of in the open cases of
a public and necessarily strongly lighted gallery. This is particularly the case with
animals, or parts of animals, preserved in spirits, which ought to be kept in dark
closets, or cases with opaque fronts, in cool rooms, as the light very soon destroys
their colour, and the light and warmth cause the spirits to rapidly evaporate.
In imitating the French plan, the fact was overlooked that the French, and most
Continental collections, are especially made for the use of scientific students, the
pupils of the Professor, and not, as our National and local collections are, for
the use of the public at large, including the students, who form a very small part
of the visitors.
Again, the amount of saving thus effected in the cost of stuffing and mounting
is well worthy of serious consideration, especially when we take into account that
this stuffing and mounting, however agreeable to the eye, is made at the cost of
rendering the specimens thus operated upon less available for scientific use.
All these arguments go to prove that, for the purposes of scientific study,the most
complete collection that could possibly be formed would be best kept in cabinets
or boxes from which light and dust would be excluded, in rooms especially devoted
to the purpose, and not in galleries open to the general public, and that such an
arrangement would combine the greatest advantage to the student and the most
complete preservation of the specimens with great economy of expense.
This being done, it is easy to devise the plan of a museum which shall be the
most interesting and instructive to general visitors, and one from which, however
short may be their stay, or however casual their inspection, they can hardly fail to
carry away some amount of valuable information.
The larger animals, being of course more generally interesting, and easily seen
and recognized, should be exhibited in the preserved state, and in situations where
they can be completely isolated. This is necessary also on account of their size,
which would not admit of their being grouped in the manner which I propose with
reference to the smaller specimens.
The older museums were for the most part made up of a number of the square
glass-fronted boxes, each containing one, or sometimes a pair of specimens. This
method had some advantages, but many inconveniences—amone others, that of
occupying too large an amount of room. But I cannot help thinking that when
this was given up for the French plan of attaching each specimen to a separate
stand, and marshalling them like soldiers on the shelves of a large open case, the
improvement was not so great as many suppose; and this has become more and
more evident since the researches of travellers and collectors have so largely
78 REPORT—1864.
increased the number of known species, and of species frequently separated by
characters so minute as not to be detected without careful and close examination.
Having come to the conclusion that a museum for the use of the general public
should consist chiefly of the best-known, the most marked, and the most interest-
ing animals, arranged in such a way as to convey the greatest amount of instruc-
tion in the shortest and most direct manner, and so exhibited as to be seen without
confusion, I am very much disposed to recur to something like the old plan of
arranging each species or series of species in a special case, to be placed either
on shelves or tables, or in wall-cases, as may be found most appropriate, or as
the special purpose for which each case is prepared and exhibited may seem to
require.
But instead of each case, as of old, containing only a single specimen, it should
embrace a series of specimens, selected and arranged so as to present a special
object for study; and thus any visitor, looking at a single case only, and taking
the trouble to understand it, would carry away a distinct portion of knowledge,
such as in the present state of our arrangements could only be obtained by the
examination and comparison of specimens distributed through distant parts of the
collection.
Every case should be distinctly labelled with an account of the purpose for
which it is prepared and exhibited ; and each specimen contained in it should also
bear a label indicating why it is there placed.
I may be asked, why should each series of specimens be contained in a separate
case? but I think it must be obvious that a series of objects exhibited for a defi-
nite purpose should be brought into close proximity, and contained in a well-
defined space; and this will best be done by keeping them in a single and separate
case. There is also the additional advantage that whenever, in the progress of
discovery, it becomes desirable that the facts for the illustration of which the case
was prepared should be exhibited in a different manner, this can easily be done by
rearranging the individual case without interfering with the general arrangement
of the collection. I believe that the more clearly the object is defined and the
illustrations kept together, the greater will be the amount of information derived
from it by the visitor and the interest he will feel in examining it.
Such cases may be advantageously prepared to show—
The classes of the animal kingdom,
The orders of each class.
The families of each order.
The genera of each family,
The sections of each genus, by means of one or more typical or characteristic
examples of each class, order, or section.
A selection of a specimen of each of the more important or striking species of
each genus or section.
The changes of state, sexes, habits, and manners of a well-known or an other-
wise interesting species.
The economic uses to which they are applied; and such other particulars as the
judgment and talent of the curator would select as best adapted for popular
instruction, and of which these are only intended as partial indications.
No one, I think, who has ever had charge of a museum, or has noted the
behaviour of the visitors while passing through it, can doubt for a moment that
such cases would be infinitely more attractive to the public at large than the
crowded shelves of our present museums, in which they speedily become bewildered
by the multiplicity, the apparent sameness, and at the same time the infinite
variety of the objects presented to their view, and in regard to which the labels on
the tops of the cases afford them little assistance, while those on the specimens
themselves are almost unintelligible.
When such visitors really take any interest in the exhibition, it will generally
be found that they concentrate their attention on individual objects, while others
affect to do the same, in order to conceal their total want of interest, of which they
somehow feel ashamed, although it originates in no fault of their own.
I think the time is approaching when a great change will be made in the
arrangement of Museums of Natural History, and have therefore thrown out these
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 79
observations as suggestions, by which it appears to me that their usefulness may
be greatly extended.
In England, as we are well aware, all changes are well considered and slowly
adopted. Some forty years ago, the plan of placing every specimen on a separate
stand, and arranging them in rank and file in large glass wall-cases, was considered
a great step in advance, and it was doubtless an improvement on the preexisting
plan, especially at a time when our collections were limited to a small number of
species, which were scarcely more than types of our modern families or genera.
The idea had arisen that the English collections were smaller than those on the
Continent, and the public called for every specimen to be exhibited. But the
result has been that, in consequence of the enormous development of our collec-
tions, the attention of the great mass of visitors is distracted by the multitude of
specimens, while the minute characters by which naturalists distinguish genera
and species are inappreciable to their eyes.
It was not, however, the unenlightened public only who insisted on this unli-
mited display; there were also some leading scientific men who called for it, on
the ground that the curator might be induced to keep specimens out of sight in
order to make use of them for the enlargement of his own scientific reputation
while the scientific public were debarred the sight of them, and that valuable
specimens might thus be kept, as the fayourite phrase was, ‘in the cellars.” But
any such imputation would be completely nullified by the plan which I have pro-
posed of placing all the specimens in the scientific collection in boxes or drawers
appropriated to them, and rendering them thus at once and readily accessible to
students at large.
I may observe that the late Mr. Swainson, who was the first to raise the cry,
lived to find that it was far more useful to keep his own extensive collection of
bird-skins in drawers, like his butterflies and his shells; and that most scientific
zoologists and osteologists are now convinced that the skins of animals unmounted
and kept in boxes are far more useful for scientific purposes than stuffed skins or
set-up skeletons.
So also, with reference to my proposal for the arrangement of the Museum for
the general public, I find that those who are desirous of exhibiting their specimens
to the best advantage are generally adopting similar plans.
Thus, when Mr. Gould determined on the exhibition of his magnificent collec-
tion of Humming-birds, he at once renounced the rank-and-file system, and
arranged them in small glazed cases, each case containing a genus, and each pane
or side of the case showing a small series of allied species, or a family group of a
single species.
When lately at Liverpool, I observed that the clever curator, Mr. Moore, instead
of keeping a single animal on each stand, has commenced grouping the various
specimens of the same species of Mammalia together on one and the same stand,
as several are grouped in the British Museum, and thus giving far greater interest
to the group than the individual specimens would afford.
In the British Museum, as an experiment with the view of testing the feelings
of the public and the scientific visitors, the species of Nestor Parrots and of ‘vg
Birds of Paradise, a family of Gorillas and the Impeyan Pheasants, and sundry of
the more interesting single specimens, have beer placed in isolated cases; and
it may readily be seen that they have proved the most attractive cases in the
exhibition. A series of reptiles and fish, exhibiting the characters of the families
and the more interesting genera, have been stuffed and exhibited, whilst the col-
lection of those animals in spirits and in skins is kept arranged for the use of the
more scientific student.
In the same manner, a series of the skeletons, showing the principal forms of
each class of animals, has been set up, and the remainder of them kept in boxes,
so that a series of the same bone of any number of animals may be laid out for
comparison with either recent or fossil specimens, or to show the form the bone
assumes in the different genera, which it is difficult to see in an articulated
skeleton.
In the Great Exhibition of 1862, Prof. Hyrtl of Vienna exhibited some framed
cases of skeletons like those here recommended: one contained the types of each
80 rnePport—1864.
family of Tortoises, another the principal forms of Saurians, &c. They exeited
much interest, and some cases were purchased by our College of Surgeons.
In some of the Continental museums also I have observed the same plan adopted
to a limited extent.
I now exhibit a case of insects, received from Germany, in which what I have
suggested is fully carried out. You will perceive that in one small case are exhi-
bited simultaneously, and visible at a glance, the egg, the larva, the plant on
which it feeds, the pupa, and the perfect moth, together with its varieties, and the
parasites by which the caterpillar is infested. Such cases, representing the entire
life and habits of all the best-known and most interesting of our native insects,
would be, as I conceive, far more attractive and instructive to the public at large
than the exhibition of any conceivable number of rows of allied or cognate species,
haying no interest whatever except for the advanced zoological student.
I will only add that I am perfectly satisfied, from observation and experience,
and that I believe the opinion is rapidly gaining ground, that the scientific student
would find a collection solely devoted to the object of study, and preserved in
boxes and drawers, far more useful and available for scientific purposes than the
stuffed specimens as at present arranged in galleries of immense extent, and crowded
with curious and bewildered spectators; while, on the other hand, the general
public would infinitely better understand, and consequently more justly appreciate,
a well-chosen and well-exhibited selection of a limited number of specimens,
carefully arranged to exhibit special objects of general interest, and to afford a
complete series for elementary instruction, than miles of glass cases containin
thousands upon thousands of specimens, all exhibited in a uniform manner, an
placed like soldiers at a review.
The plan has the advantage of being as applicable to a very large as to a small
local collection, for a few well-selected cases of animals of any parish or district
will teach what they have been prepared to illustrate, and the addition of every
well-selected series of specimens will extend the usefulness of the institution, and
the better the animals are known to the visitor, the more is the interest they will
take in the exhib.tion.
Specimens are much less liable to injury (and this is a great consideration in a
small institution, where only a single curator, often an unpaid amateur, is employed)
if they are kept in small well-closed cases, properly pasted up, than if they are
kept in large cases that open, where the air changes with every change of tempe-
rature; for the air is expelled when the cases are warm, and it rushes in again,
charged with dust and destructive gases, when the air within is cold and’contracted.
I now turn to a very different subject—one which has always occupied a consi-
derable share of my attention, and on which a few observations may not he out of
lace on this occasion—viz. the acclimatization of animals. This subject, which
as been a favourite one with the more thoughtful student, appears all at once to
have become popular; and several associations have been formed for the especial
puso of its promotion, not only in this country, but also on the Continent and
in the Australian colonies,
I may observe that the acclimatization of animals, and especially the introduction
and cultivation of fish, was among the peculiar objects put forward by the Zoolo-
gical Society at the time of its foundation, nearly forty years agv—although, as we
all know, it has been able to do very little for its promotion.
It would appear, from observations that are occasionally to be met with in the
public papers and in other journals, to be a prevalent opinion among the patrons of
some of these associations that scientific zoologists are opposed to their views, or,
at least, lukewarm on the subject. But I am convinced that they are totally mis-
taken in such a notion, and that it can only have originated in the expression of a
belief, founded on experience, that some of the schemes of the would-be acclima-
tizers are incapable of being carried out, and would never have been suggested if
their promoters had been better acquainted with the habits and manners of the
animals on which the experiments are proposed to be made.
The term acclimatization has been employed in several widely different senses :—
1st, as indicating the domestication of animals now only known in the wild state ;
Qndly, to express the introduction of the domesticated animals of one country into
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 81
another; 3rdly, the cultivation of fishes, &c., by the restocking of rivers, the colo-
nization of ponds, or the renovating of worn-out oyster- or pearl-fisheries by fresh
supplies.
iieiendine with the first of these objects, which is by many regarded as the
most important, I would observe that some animals seem to have been created with
more or less of an instinctive desire to associate with man, and to become useful to
him; but the number of these is very limited, and as it undoubtedly takes a long
period to become acquainted with the qualities and habits of these animals, and
with the mode in which their services may be rendered available, it would almost
appear as if all the animals which are possessed of this quality, and are worth
domesticating, had already been brought into use. Indeed all those which are now
truly domesticated were in domestication in the earlier historic times. The Turkey,
it may be said, was not known until the discovery of America; but I think it has
been satisfactorily proved that our domestic Turkey is not descended from the wild
Turkey of America, but comes of a race which was domesticated by the Mexicans
before the historic period. Again, the number of such animals is necessarily
limited ; for it is not worth while to go through a long process of domestication
with the view of breeding an animal that is not superior in some important par-
ticular to those which already exist in domestication. For example, where would
be the utility of introducing other Ruminants which do not breed as freely, feed as
cheaply, afford as good meat, and bear the climate as well as our present races of
domestic cattle ?
Tt has been thought that some of the numerous species of African Antelopes might
be domesticated here ; but every one who has eaten their flesh describes it as harsh
and dry, and without fat; and such being the case (even could the domestication
be effected, which I very much doubt), such an animal must have some very valu-
able peculiarity in its mode of life, and be capable of being produced at a very cheap
rate, to enable it to take rank in our markets beside the good beef and mutton with
which they are at present supplied; and, even supposing it to be semidomesticated
only for the park, it could not for an instant be put in competition with the fine
venison which it is thought that it might displace.
I am aware that certain French philosophers have lately taken up a notion that
it is desirable to pervert the true purposes of the Horse by cultivating him for food
instead of work; and that a society of Hippophagi has been instituted with this
view. Of course, under present circumstances, the flesh of old and worn-out horses
is sold for much less than that of well-fed Ruminants; and the miserable classes in
some countries are glad to obtain animal food of any kind at so low arate: but
whenever an attempt has been made to fatten horses for food, it has been found
that the meat could not be produced at so low a rate as that for which far better
beef and mutton could be bought.
There are also some small semidomesticated animals, such as the Porcupine and
other Glires, which are said to afford good meat; but they have long been driven
out of the market by the cheapness and abundance of the prolific Rabbit.
With regard to the larger Ruminants (such as the Giraffe, the Eland and some
other foreign Deer, the Llama, and the sat mec which have been bred in this
country, but never brought into general use, I cannot consider them as at all accli-
matized. They have almost always had the protection of warmed buildings, espe-
cially in the winter; and though they may have lived through a certain number of
years, they are liable to attacks of diseases dependent upon our climate, and gene-
rally die off before their natural term of existence is completed. I can only regard
them as partially domesticated, and that only as objects of curiosity and luxury, and
as incapable of being turned, in this country at least, to any useful domestic purpose.
With regard to those animals which may be considered as more or less completely
under the control of Man, there exists considerable difference in the nature of their
domestication.
The more typical among them, or truly domesticated, such as the Oxen, the
Sheep, the Horse, the Camel, the Dog, and the Cat, like the Wheat and the Maize
among plants, are never found truly wild; and when they are permitted to run
wild, as in the case of horses and oxen in South America, they are easily brought
egy a state of domestication, especially if caught young. What may be called
: 6
82 REPORT—1864.
the semidomesticated or domesticable animals, such as the Buffalo, the Goat, the
Pig, the Rabbit, the Reindeer, the Yak, and some other Asiatic cattle, are found
both in the tame and the wild state, and often in the same region and in close
proximity to each other, The Asiatic Elephant, and a few other animals which
can be made tractable under man’s direction, never (or very rarely) breed in
domestication; and all the individuals of these very useful races are caught wild
and brought into subjection by training. The African Elephant is evidently equally
amenable to man’s control, and was equally domesticated by the Romans; but the
negroes do not seem to appreciate the advantages which they might derive from its
domestication, and only make use of its tractable disposition to keep it in captivity
until such time as its ivory is best fitted for the market, when, also, they can feed
upon its flesh.
All our domestic or semidomestic animals have their proper home in the tem-
perate regions of Europe and Asia. They all, except the Ass, bear great cold bet-
ter than excessive heat; and even the Ass suffers greatly on the coasts of the
tropics. The Sheep, in the warmer regions, require to be driven to the cool moun-
tains during the hot season. ‘In the tropics they lose their wool, and, like the long-
haired goats and dogs, change the character of their fur. The inhabitants of the
arctic region or subarctic regions of Europe and Asia have partially domesticated
the Reindeer,
Hither Asiatics have a peculiar aptitude for domesticating animals, or the Rumi-
nants of that part of the world are peculiarly adapted for domestication. In the
mountain regions of Tibet and Siberia the Yak has been domesticated, and, like the
Reindeer of the arctic regions, it is used as a beast of burthen as well as for milk
and food. The steppes of Asia are the home of the Camel and the Dromedary. In
the lower and warmer regions of central and southern Asia the Zebu has been
completely domesticated; and the natives of India and of the islands of the Malayan
archipelago have brought into a semidomesticated state various species of wild
cattle, such as the Gyal, the Gour, and the Banting, and have even obtained some
hybrid breeds between some of them and the Zebus, as well as the Buffalo, which
they have in common with Africa and the south of Europe. In the park of the
Governor-General of India there are large herds of the Black Antelope, the Axis
Deer, and the Porcine Deer in a semidomestic state; and our officers found in
the park of the Emperor of China at Pekin more than one species of domesticated
native Deer. We have as yet received from Japan only one peculiar species of
domestic animal, viz. a Pig with a plaited face (Sus plicatus) ; but it is not unlikel
that the Deer called Cervus Sika is a domesticated species, like the Cervus Swinhow
of Formosa. In Celebes there is a small Buffalo called Anoa; and in the same
island, as well as in Java and some of the other islands of the Indian Ocean, most
of the aboriginal pigs, including the Babirussa, have been more or less completely
domesticated. These numerous instances will suffice to show how largely Asiatics
have been enabled to draw around them for additions to their domestic or half-
domestic races; but a glance at the habits and manners of most of them will suf-
fice to show how little they would be suited to our more northern climate, and how
small would be the advantage gained were it possible to introduce them here.
Africa has only sent to Europe the Guinea-fowl, that vagrant from our farm-
yards; but it too has some domesticated animals of its own. In the more fertile
and well-watered parts of that continent there exist at least five different kinds of
domestic cattle :—the Buffalo (Bos Bubalus) and humpless cattle, which appear to
be of the same species and to be derived from the same source as the Buffalo and
domestic Oxen of Europe. The African Zebu (Bos Dante) appears to be distinct
from the Zebu of India, and is probably an indigenous domestic race ; and the long-
eared bush-cattle, or Zamous (Bos brachyceros), are certainly an aboriginal species
peculiar to tropical Africa. Besides these, it has, in the Desert regions, the Gainel
im common with Asia: this animal is also partially domesticated in the southern
parts of Europe.
Captain Burton observes, “The Negro fails in domestication of lower animals,
because he is deficient in forbearance with them ; in a short time his violence will
ruin the temper of a horse, and he will starve an English dog for which he has
perhaps paid a high price.”
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 83
America had only three or (if we reckon the Dog) at most four domestic animals
belonging to the country before it was discovered by Europeans, who haye, how-
ever, since introduced into it most of those which they themselves previously pos-
sessed, The Turkey was only domesticated by the native Mexicans; and it may
be observed that in Hurope these birds have only been imperfectly naturalized, re-
quiring peculiar care and attention in their early stages to protect them from the
effects of an ungenial climate. The Llama and Alpaca were also early domesticated
by the native Peruvians; and it would appear as if these animals would not bear
transportation to other quarters. All the attempts, at least, which have hitherto
been made to introduce them into Europe and Australia have resulted in failure.
The Esquimaux inhabiting the more northern regions haye a peculiar race of dogs,
which are in the highest degree useful to them; but it appears to be of the same
original stock with the dogs of Europe, and had probably passed from one continent
to the other.
In some parts of this vast continent, the Oxen and the Horse, since their introduc-
tion from Europe, have so firmly established themselves in a half-wild state as to
be often hunted and killed for their hides alone.
Australia and the islands of the Pacific have no native domestic animals, if we
again except the Dog; and Australia alone has any mammals sufliciently large
to be hunted for their flesh. There formerly existed in New Zealand a large bird
(the Moa) which was eaten by the natives; but it seems to have been exter-
minated, or nearly so, before the colonization of the islands.
European animals have been largely and advantageously introduced throughout
the Pacific Ocean, and in some cases have become wild and even dangerous.
As in Europe, all the domestic animals of these various parts of the world
appear to have been brought into their present condition for many ages, inasmuch
as they were all found in a domestic state when the several countries were first
yisited by Europeans,
And an attentive study of the list, and of the peculiarities of the animals com-
posing it, induces me to believe that, in attempting to introduce new domestic
animals into some of our colonies, it would be desirable not to confine ourselves to
the European breeds, but to ascertain whether some of the domestic races of
Asia or Africa might not be better adapted to the climate and other conditions of
the colony, although, for reasons to which I have before adverted, it would
neither be worth the trouble, nor consistent with good policy, to attempt their
introduction here.
There is evidently ample room for such experiments, which might he adyan-
tageously made, for instance, in the colonies of the coast of Africa, where our
horse, ass, oxen, sheep, and goats, and even dogs have greatly degenerated, where
the horse and the ass live only for a brief period, where the flesh of the ox and
sheep is described as bad and rare, and the flesh of the goat, which is more
common, is said to be tasteless and stringy. The pig alone, of all our domestic
animals, seems to bear the change with equanimity; and the predece of the
“milch pig” is often sold to passengers of the mail packets and the ships on the
stations, as the milk of the cow or even the goat is rarely to be obtained. Unfor-
tunately both the white and the black inhabitants are merely sojourners in the
land, and do not seem to possess sufficient energy or inclination to make the
experiment themselves,
ome persons have confounded the collecting of wild animals in menageries
for show, or for the uses of the gladiator, with the acclimatization of them. The
eustom of collecting animals for this purpose is coeval with our earliest historical
records. They are to be seen on the monuments of Assyria, Egypt, Rome, and
Mexico; and the natives of some of the more uncivilized countries exhibit their love
for wild animals, some women even going to the extent of suckling them like, or
even with their children. Some domestic animals, as the Ox, the Cat, and even
wild ones, as the Baboon, are considered as sacred by the Egyptians, Hindoos, and
some of the negroes of Tropical Africa,
Secondly, as regards the introduction of the domestic races of one country into
another, there can be no doubt that this is a much more important object in
relation to our Australian colonies, and other settlements planted in waste lands,
*
84 REPORT—1864.
than it is to the old countries, such as all the European states, and that it has
been pursued, as far as they are concerned, with great success. Dr. George
Bennett, in the third annual ‘Report of the Acclimatization Society of New
Holland,’ has well observed, “ We have lately heard of acclimatization dinners in
London and other places, but a dinner in New South Wales of food naturalized in
the colony occurs every day, and a finer display cannot be surpassed in any
country.” Few countries were so badly supplied by nature with useful animals
and plants as the Australian continent; and while we do not receive in Europe a
single indigenous product for our tables, either animal or vegetable, from Australia,
which in this respect has added nothing to the comfort of civilized man, no country
has been more richly supplied with the useful products of other parts of the world;
for not only have the natural productions of the temperate regions of Europe been
largely introduced, but even the flowers and fruits of tropical and subtropical
regions.
Where is no doubt that the introduction into Australia of animals long domesticated
in Europe is far more easy than that of semidomesticated animals from countries in a
ruder state of society. Perhaps this may explain why the leading animals and
plants to which Dr. Bennett refers in this Report, and which, be it observed, have
all been introduced by individual enterprise, have succeeded so much better than
the later attempts to introduce such animals as the Llama and various ornamental
Mammalia and birds. Among other attempts referred to are the blackbirds,
thrushes, starlings, and skylarks of Europe: these latter seem to be established in
the Botanic Garden, but it is doubtful whether such birds can find their appro-
priate food except in cultivated gardens or near the towns.
On the other hand, it is to be observed that the introduction into a new country
of domestic or semidomestic animals is not always an unmixed advantage. Thus,
the domestic pig has been completely naturalized in New Zealand: there its great
multiplication has rendered it so mischievous a pest to the sheep-farmer, from its
following the ewes and eating the newly-dropped lambs, that the flock-masters
have been compelled to employ persons to destroy the pigs, paying for their
destruction at the rate of so much per tail; many thousands are thus destroyed in
a single season. Indeed it has been proved by Dr. Hooker’s interesting paper “On
the Replacement of Species,” that the introduction of a new animal or plant often
results in its destroying and taking the place of some previous inhabitant, thus
rendering its introduction a matter of doubtful advantage, or at all events a ques-
tion to be approached with considerable caution.
It is, however, manifest that, on the whole, more useful results are to be
obtained from the introduction of races already domesticated into countries to
which they have not reached, than from the attempt to acclimatize animals for
the most part either unsuited to the climate or capable only of an inferior degree
of domestication, or inferior in quality to those which are already in possession of
the ground.
Under the third head, the cultivation of fish, I have very little to observe,
although the subject is unquestionably one of great importance. But as yet we
have very little practical information upon the question; and I consider that the
advocates of the system are only for the present feeling their way, as the experi-
ments have not been pursued for a sufficient length of time to produce any posi-
tive or reliable results. To replenish rivers in which the fish which formerly
inhabited them have been destroyed, it is necessary closely to study the habits of
the fish, and to imitate as much as possible their natural proclivities.
Thus, for example, it appears to me that, when attempting to introduce young
artificially hatched fish into a river, we should place them in the smallest stream-
lets, where the fish would themselves deposit their ova, and not in the wider parts
of the stream, where they are liable to injury from various causes. Again, the
notion of fishing the breeding-fish out of a river, collecting their eggs and artifi-
cially impregnating them, seems to me an unnatural mode of proceeding, and such
as is not practised in the cultivation of any other animal. I cannot see any prac-
tical advantage that can possibly be derived from it.
For the replenishing of worn-out fisheries of oysters and pearl-shells, all that
seems necessary or advantageous to be done is to place round the bed twigs and
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. ; 85
various similar substances so arranged as to retain the eggs when deposited, and
to protect them by all the means in our power, leaving the beds undisturbed for a
sufficient time to allow the new brood to become firmly established in them.
Besides the numerous attempts at home to replenish our rivers and oyster-beds,
much has been written and large sums have been expended in trying to introduce
salmon into the rivers of Australia; but the many failures show how little those
who undertook the task were acquainted with the most common physiological
questions connected with the removal of fish, and how small was their knowledge
of the habits and peculiarities of the fish which they proposed to remove. To show
this, I may mention that they first attempted to send the eggs of salmon to
Australia packed in mass, but they soon rotted. I mentioned during a discussion
on the subject at the Zoological Society, that the eggs would more likely arrive
alive if they were packed in ice (as Dr. Davy had informed me that he had carried
trout alive from the North of England to the West in that way). Some eggs were
sent to Australia so packed in a ship called the ‘ Beautiful Star,’ but-the trans-
porters had so little faith in my plan that the box was forgotten when the ship
arrived in Australia, and was stumbled on much injured when the ice-house was
visited some time after the arrival of the ship ; fortunately the majority of the eggs
were found alive, and they were the first salmon eggs hatched in Australia.
What, indeed, could be more absurd than the attempt to introduce salmon into
rivers which, for a considerable part of the year, are reduced to a series of stagnant
pools. I think I may venture to predict that, if ever salmon are introduced into
Australia, they are much more likely to succeed in the deep and rapid rivers of
Tasmania than in the streams of Australia proper. At the same time, when we
consider the very limited geographical range of the salmon in Europe, confined as
it is to those rivers which have their exit into the Northern Seas, that the attempt
to remove it from one river to another in Europe has always been a failure, and
that it is not only necessary that the salmon should have a river similar to that
which it inhabits here, but also the same food and other peculiarities, without
which apparently it cannot subsist, I must confess that [ have no great faith in the
success of the introduction of the salmon into Australia. I think, therefore, that it
is to be regretted that the Australian Acclimatization Society do not rather make
some experiments on the introduction of the gouramy, or some of the other edible
fish of countries nearer to and more resembling their own.
With other members of the British Association, I have received a reprint of the
Rules of Nomenclature drawn up by Mr. Strickland and others, and printed in the
Report of the Twelfth Meeting of the Association (1842), accompanied with a
request to examine them carefully, and to communicate any suggestions to Sir
illiam Jardine, Bart.
I can only repeat the suggestion I made when the rules were under the consi-
deration of the Committee of the Natural History Section of Manchester, viz.,
that the rules be not adopted until they have been compared with Linneus’s
‘Philosophia Botanica,’ Fabricius’s ‘Philosophia Entomologica,’ Llliger’s ‘ Pro-
dromus,’ and DeCandolle’s ‘ Théorie Elémentaire,’ and that when they are not in
conformity with the laws proposed by these authors, which have been accepted
by all recognized systematic naturalists, the reasons for the proposed alterations
should be given in detail. After some discussion, my suggestion was adopted,
“and they resolved that the Committee of the Section of Zoology and Botany have
too little time during the Meeting of the Association to discuss a Report on
Nomenclature, and therefore remit to the Special Committee appointed to draw
up the Report to present it on their own responsibility.” :
The rules were inserted in the printed Report, through the personal influence of
Mr. Strickland, who was then a member of the Council, but they never received
the sanction of the British Association.
In the ‘ American Journal of Science and Art’ for March, 1864 [reprinted in the
‘Annals’ for June, 1864,] there are some admirable observations by Dr. Asa Gray
on some of these rules, which entirely accord with my own views, and which I
recommend to the consideration of the Committee. 9
In conclusion, I would request you kindly to bear in mind that I have simply
thrown these observations together in the hope of eliciting the opinions of my col-
leagues in the Section.
86 REPORT—186 1.
My only desire is that we may all heartily concur in doing all that is in our
power to render this and other institutions conducive to the increase of the
knowledge, the happiness, and the comforts of the people.
Borany.
Notice of some Rare Scotch Plants. By Professor Banrour, /.RS., PLS.
Some Scotch plants, especially Alpine species, are restricted in their localities
from causes which are as yet imperfectly known. Peculiarity of soil and exposure
may in some measure account for the restriction; but this does not seem to be
sufficient. Some of the restricted species are common to Britain and Scandinavia
and the mountains in southern Europe; and they have been looked upon as out-
posts of a flora which existed in the country when it was united geologically with
other European countries. The author had lately visited some of the localities
referred to. He exhibited specimens of Sagina nivalis, a Scandinayian plant which
was gathered by himself in Benlawers in 1847, and supposed to be a variety of Alsine
rubella. Mr. Syme, within the last year, when examining plants for his edition of
Sowerby’s British Flora, happened to fall in with some specimens of the above
lant, as gathered by the author, and pointed out that it was a plant new to
Britain. e took occasion to visit Benlawers in August, and he gathered numerous
specimens of the plant. He also found it on Binnain, or, as it is sometimes called,
Stobinnain, a mountain rising to the height of 35800 feet, near Ben More in Perth-
shire, and at the head of the Braes of Balquiddar. This is an interesting addition
to the British Flora. Another station visited was the mountain called the Sow of
Athole, in Inverness-shire, the locality for Phyllodoce cerulea, one of the rarest
British plants. The plant had been nearly eradicated by a nurseryman many years
go, and it was eared that it had disappeared ; the plant, however, still exists on
the hill, although not in large quantity. Among other plants confined to single
localities in Scotland he exhibited the following :—Thlaspi alpestre, Canlochan,
Forfarshire ; Lychnis alpina, Little Gilrannoch, Forfarshire ; Arenaria Norvegica,
Unst, Shetland ; Lathyrus niger, Pass of Killicrankie ; Lathyrus-maritimus, vay. B.,
Unst, Shetland; Oxytropis campestris, single rock in Glen Phu, Clova (this plant
is found also on the southern Alps of Europe); Pyrus fennica, Island of Arran ;
Saxifraga cernua, Benlawers; Pingwicula alpina, Black Loch, near Nairn; Con-
vallaria verticillata, near Blairgowrie ; Eriocaulon septangulare, Isle of Skye ; Carex
Graham, single rock in Clova; Saxifraga cespitosa, Ben Avon, Braemar; Mono-
tropa hypopitys, Cawdor Woods; Lleocharis Watsont, near Taynlone, Argyleshire ;
Eriophorum alpinum, Durness, Sutherlandshire; Kobresia caricina, Perthshire ;
Trichomanes radicans, Island of Arran.
The following plants were also exhibited as restricted to a few Scotch loca-
lities:—Draba rupestris, Alsine rubella, Oxytropis Halleri, Astragalus alpinus,
Savifraga Hirculus, Saxifraga rivularis, Mulgedium alpinum, Gentiana nivalis,
Myosotis alpestris, Bartsia alpina, Ajuga pyramidalis, Orchis pyramidalis, Juncus
castaneus and biglumis, Luzula arcuata, Carex rarifiora, rupestris, leporina, Vahlii,
vaginata, Poa minor, Cystopteris montana.
On a Curious Form of Aquilegia vulgaris.
By Professor Buckman, F.L.S., F.GS.
In the usual flower of the Columbine each petal is so spurred as to produce a
form not unlike a cornucopia. In the example under notice, the claw and limb of
each petal are so entirely flat as to give the flower the form and appearance of
some of the more showy-coloured species of Clematis. This accidental form, so far
assimilating itself with clematis, anemone, and others, gives rise to the following
consideration :—Is not the patent unspurred form of Columbine its normal con-
dition, and the spurred form a result of cultivation ? ‘
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 87
On Datura Stramonium and Datura Tatula,
By Professor Buckman, F.LS., F.GLS.
The object of this paper was to show that Datura Stramonum and D, Tatula
were identical in points of structure, and therefore could only be considered as
varieties of a single species. That the heightened colour in the flowers, stems,
and leaf-nervures in the D. Zatwla, when compared with D. Stramonium, will be
a deeper purple in proportion to the warmth of the summer, the milder climate,
and amount of sun to which it is exposed. That though identical in species, the
fine forms of the D. Tatula, as much as six feet high, are very distinct in medicinal
properties, as indicated by a more powerful smell, and evidenced by the almost
disuse of the D. Stramonium and the increasing employment of D, Tatula in
asthmatic and chest complaints.
On the Decay of Species, and on the Natural Provisions for Extending their
Duration. By Dr. Davseny, P.B.S., F.L.S., Professor of Botany, Oxford.
It may be assumed as an acknowledged fact, not only that every organized being
has a limit assigned to its existence, but also that the species themselves, both in
the animal and vegetable kingdom, wear out after a certain period. But it still
remains to be inquired whether there may not be certain natural contrivances for
postponing this inevitable termination to a later period than would otherwise
happen. Confining himself to the vegetable kingdom, the author suggested that
one of these provisions would seem to be the introduction of new varieties, which,
by diverging somewhat from the original type, acquire fresh vigour, and thereby
tend to prolong the existence of the species from which they are derived. One of
the modes by which this variation in character is secured follows as a consequence
from the mode by which plants are reproduced through the instrumentality of the
floral organs, by the concurrent action of which an individual, intermediate in
character between its respective parents, and therefore slightly diverging from
both, is the result; so that this mode of multiplying the individuals of a species
seems to fulfil an important subsidiary end, even in cases where, as in plants of
low organization, the increase of the species is sufficiently provided for by means
of buds. Accordingly plants propagated by cuttings seem in general to adhere
more uniformly to the same type, and at the same time to be more limited in their
duration than those produced from seeds. But this deviation from the primeval
type is still more completely carried out when the pollen of one plant is made to
act upon the embryo of another; and hence may arise those numerous contri-
vances for preventing self-fertilization which Mr. Darwin and others have pointed
out. To the same cause, perhaps, may be owing the increased vigour which a
pee acquires by being removed into a fresh soil, or into a distant country.
Tany, no doubt, will regard it as a sufficient explanation of these facts, to appeal
to the changes produced in the constitution of a plant by such causes, as tending
to multiply the chances of some members of the species becoming adapted to those
alterations in the external conditions which occur in the course of time, and which
might otherwise have proved fatal to its continued existence. There are, however,
reasons for believing that this solution will not embrace all the facts of the case,
and that, even when every facility for producing the utmost amount of variation of
which a species is susceptible exists, a Eas at length arrives when a species dies
out, although the climate, soil, and other external conditions continue, so far ag
we can perceive, propitious.
On the Old Welsh Mistletoe Cure for St. Vitus’s Dance. By M. Mocerivex.
On Euphorbiacee. By Dr, Mitten.
On Balatta and other Gums regarded as a Substitute for Gutta Percha.
By Dr. R. Rippxtt.
The author spoke of the gum as a very excellent substitute for, and quite equal
to, the adulterated or reboiled gutta percha from Singapore. They were indebted
88 REPORT—1864.
to Dr. Van Holst, of Amsterdam, Berbice, for bringing this gum first to the notice
of the Society of Arts in 1860, It abounded in the forests of British Guiana, and
was especially prolific at the time of the full moon. On the day of the full moon
the yield of gum was from six to ten times greater than at other times. After the
tree had been tapped, it was said it could be tapped again every two months. The
wood was used for building purposes and for furniture, and he was informed the
tree was not injured by being tapped. A tree yielding a gum similar in every re-
spect was discovered to exist, by Gen. Cullen and Col. Cotton, in 1853, growing
along the whole line of the Western Ghauts on the Malabar coast, Southern India,
from lat. 8° 30’ to lat. 10° 30’, at an elevation of from 2500 to 3000 feet above the
sea. The climate of the country where the bullet-tree is found in Berbice is un-
healthy ; but, however that may be, probably some of the free slaves of America
might be induced to settle there and become traders.
Mr. YartEs exhibited specimens of Cycas revoluta, Cycas circinalis, and Cerato-
zamia mexicana,
ZooLoay.
On the Manatus Vogelii. LHvtract of a Letter to Sir Joun Ricnarpson from
Dr. Barxie.
Dr. Baikie is at present trying to get the skeleton of the Ayi, or Manatus
Vogel, of which Professor Owen described a skull. The true habitat of this
animal is the Niger, below the rapids. Its existence in the upper country, where
Vogel perished, has not been ascertained.
On an Ancient Cornish Barrow. By C. Spence Bats, F.R.S.
This paper refers to a mound in Constantine Bay, in which, on being cut, was
found an irregularly shaped stone covering a pit about twenty inches deep, and
fifteen in diameter. Within this was a rough earthen vase, containing a quantity
of bones, both vase and bones being much broken; the latter were undoubtedly
human remains. The bones had evidently undergone the action of fire.
On a Human Skull and the Bones of Animals found with Pottery in a Kjok-
kenmodden on the Coast of Cornwall. By ©. Spence Barz, F.R.S,
The remains were found near the ruins of the ancient church of Constantine, on
the north coast of Cornwall. The bones were those of a sheep, lamb, deer, and roe-
buck. The pottery consisted of three qualities. The author thought there could
be no doubt that a small round islet in the middle of the bay, near the mound, at
one time was a continuation of the sandhills upon the mainland. It was evident,
therefore, that their separation had taken place since the beds of shells and hones
were deposited. This circumstance afforded presumptive evidence that the site
of the ancient occupation was anterior to the period when the land was swept
away, and that in extent it must have been much greater than at present. From
one extreme point to the opposite these mounds continue for half a mile along the
coast. Taking into consideration that portion which has been washed away, the
author thinks this old shell-mound must have been the site of a very extensive vil-
lage of prehistoric man. The human skull was found not in the shell-bed, but in
the sand a short distance from it.
Observations on the Spinnerets of Spiders. By Ricuarp Brcx.
The purpose of this paper was to draw the attention of naturalists to the aid
afforded by the binocular microscope in the determination of the external forms
of the spinnerets of spiders, which, when understood, will no doubt supply good
generic and specific characters ; but, to compare the details of their structure, it is
necessary to make camera-lucida sketches from living specimens, and many of these
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 89
the author had drawn to the same scale of 220 diameters. The following facts
alluded to in the paper may be mentioned as of some importance :—The generic
differences in the spinnerets relate to the form of the mammule or of the papille ;
the specific differences, to the number and arrangement of the papille. Bifterent
apillze have distinct functions, which are referable to the habit of the spider. The
eatures of the inferior mammulz are the most constant, and supply the ordinary
thread and the means forits attachment. The mammule of the Ciniflonide would
be more correctly described as seven and not eight in number, and the spines forming
the calamistrum of this family, as described by Mr. Blackwall, are not confined to
two rows merely, but extend over one side of the leg. The superior mammulee of
Pholeus phalangioides haye no papille on them, A spider’s line is not generally
formed of aggregated threads proceeding from numerous papille ; and should more
than one thread be present, they may be separated. The papillze undergo great
changes at every moult, but especially at the last one, when the male loses some
of the more remarkable features, and the female acquires fresh ones, these results
being perfectly consistent with the sexual requirements.
On the Testimony of Local Phenomena to the Permanence of Type.
By B. Beppor, M.D.
On the Natural History and Cultivation of the Oyster.
By Frank Buckiann.
The author began by stating that a new phase was now presenting itself in the
study of natural history, viz. its application to practice; it costs just as much time and
labour to examine useless things, as things which would be commercially beneficial
to mankind, such as the salmon, the oyster, the herring, the sole, the turbot, &c.
That it is, moreover, profitable to cultivate the waters he showed by instancing the
Tay, the rent of which was said to be £15,000 per annum, and of the Spay, which
produced £12,000 worth of salmon annually. Calculations he had made showed that
the trawling-ground in the North Sea was worth tenpence the square acre, and that
the Bay of Galway was worth more per acre than the land surrounding it. Having
heard that there had been a general failure of spat this year on the English coasts,
he had travelled over a large extent of seaboard to see if he could ascertain the cause ;
but the whole thing was enveloped in mystery. He then went, in company with
his friend, T. Ashworth, Esq., to the Ile de Ré, near La Rochelle, where the breeding
of oysters has been carried on so successfully for the last five years. He paid a high
compliment to the sagacity and perseverance of Dr. Kemmerer, resident physician
in the island, the statistics of which in wine, salt, and oysters he (Mr. Buckland)
had tabulated; and to M. Beeuf, a stonemason, who was the first to hit off the me-
thod of cultivating oysters artificially. He then traced the oyster’s history from its
birth upwards, describing the mode in which the mother ejects the young in clouds
like fine dust, and the perils and troubles to which the young and delicate creatures
are subjected during the few days they had to swim about and amuse themselves
before they became permanently settled for life ; for, when once fixed to an object,
they were never able again to change quarters afterwards. It has been said that
it was impossible to cultivate oysters; but to prove that it was done in the Ile de
Ré, he had brought over witnesses in the shape of tiles, stones, broken hits of pot-
tery, and even glass, to which oysters had attached themselves, like grapes, in large
bunches. All these were explained, and reasons given why the oysters chose one
place and not another,—why they died here, and lived there,—and elucidated prin-
ciples which he earnestly requested the audience to remember, as there could not
be too many observers in this most important branch of natural industry, which he
trusted would be shortly applied to British shores. With regard to the failure of
spat this year, which was so general that it extended even partially to the Ile de
é, he stated that hitherto the attention of scientific men had not been directed to
the point. An event, moreover, which the Ladies would appreciate, had taken place
in Ceylon, viz. the sudden death, from unknown causes, of whole banks of the
pearl-bearing oysters, the consequence of which would be that the price of pearls
would be enormously increased. He concluded by stating that, in consultation
90 REPORT—1864.
with the learned and energetic Prof. Coste and other French Government officers,
—Dr. Grammont, M. Gerbe, M. Tayeau, M. Bourie, and Dr, Kemmerer,—he had
submitted five principal causes of the failure of the young oysters in England and
rance. To these ali had agreed; still there must be other causes as yet to be dis-
covered ; and he trusted this important national subject would be earnestly taken
up by the numerous talented and highly scientific members of the British Associa-
tion who were then present.
On Salmon-hatching and Salmon-ladders. By Frank Bucxwanp.
The author said—Whereas the oyster is stationary, and is treated in its cultiva-
tion more like a mineral than an animal, the salmon 1s literally a vagabond, always
on the move, and never remains long together in the same place. Upon this fact
depend its preservation and multiplication, in spite of the many difficulties it has
to contend with,—the greatest enemy being man. The conditions of a good salmon
fishery are three :—1, the sea; 2, a river; 3, mountainous or hilly country. From
careful observation of geological causes, especially of the watersheds of rivers, the
elevations of land, it might be determined whether a river was or was not suitable
for salmon. Such was the marvellous instinct which compelled the salmon to run
up from the sea to the elevated ground fit for spawning, that the salmon caught at
the mouth of the Rhine, and which are sold in the London market, run up that
river no less than 630 miles to their spawning-ground, and, of course, 630 miles
back again. Thus we may fairly conclude that a fish weighing twenty pounds has
travelled in its journeys up and down the river no less than 6000 miles. The sal-
mon hatched in the upper waters of the Rhine are caught at Rotterdam, where
there are five fishing-stations: the annual produce of these fisheries is said to be
200,000 fish, which, calculated at 1s. 6d. per pound, would amount to an immense
sum of money. These salmon are, however, stopped in their upward progress by
the falls of Schaffhausen, and it was a great pity that some arrangement was not
made to allow them to get up. The fish had very rapid currents to contend with,
and at the mouth of the Rhine they were caught with gigantic nets that were
payed out by a steamboat, and hauled ashore by horse-power. He then gave rea-
sons why artificial hatching of salmon should be encouraged. First, because it
might be said that the salmon did not know their own business, and were very bad
nurses ; for it has been calculated on excellent data, that out of one thousand younz
ones only one ever became human food. Salmon made their nests in the gravel
one over the other, heaping up immense mounds, so that the bottom eggs would of
necessity be crushed, and only those near the top ever hatch out. Secondly, there
were so many enemies of the salmon, both when in tke form of an egg and in the
_ form of a young fish, that they required preservation and careful watching, like
young pheasants. Several of these enemies were enumerated, and a good word
said for the water-ouzel, who eats, not the salmon-eggs, but the insects that come
to feed on the eggs. Artificial breeding had restored salmon to the Thames, for
his esteemed and persevering friend Stephen Ponder, Esq., of Hampton near
Hampton Court, had for the last three years, in his private greenhouse, been hatch-
ing out many thousands of salmon and trout, and turned them into the Thames.
The consequence is that in the shallow waters above Hampton Court, great num-
bers of young salmon and trout, from 1 to 5 inches long, could be seen any fine
sunny morning. All this was done on behalf of the Thames Angling Preservation
Society, to whom the City of London had intrusted the twenty-two miles of this
noble river, for the benefit of all anglers with rod and line; no netting, except for
bait, being allowed. It was still a question what would become of these salmon;
but in 1866 the main drainage would be finished, and then they would haye a chance
of returning from the sea. It had been stated that the French piscicultural esta-
blishment at Huningue, over which his friend M. Coumes, the eminent French
Government Engineer, presided, was retrograding; but he could state that this year
more than one million salmon-eggs had been collected, and a large proportion distzi-
buted gratuitously all over France, and also to many parts of England. The laws for
the protection of fish in France were deficient; but M. Coste had informed him that
anew law would be proposed next season enabling him to shut up the fishery,
and preserve the fish of any river in France for three years. The salmon-laws in
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 91
England afforded protection for the fish ; and his friend, Mr. Ffennel, Inspector of
Fisheries, was always busy in obtaining facts, which would enable him to gain
knowledge on which the laws for the future should be amended and regulated. He
had tried last year to obtain a hybrid between a salmon and a trout, and had been
much laughed at for his pains. Still he was pleased to inform the meeting that
Thomas Garnett, Esq., of Clitheroe, had succeeded, not only this year, but also.in
previous years; and this gentleman was the first in England to obtain success in
this curious experiment. M. Coste had moreover shown him, a few days since, in
Paris, several specimens of hybrids between salmon and trout, and also one between
the trout and the “ombre chevalier,” or charr, the latter being a most curiously
striped fish. M. Coste had also shown fish hatched from the eggs of a salmon
which had never been to the sea, having been confined all its life in a freshwater pond,
proving that even though salmon do not thrive without going to the sea, still they
will carry eggs capable of producing young. Upon the subject of salmon-ladders
Mr. Buckland was very earnest, pointing out that it was not only cruel, but exceed-
ingly short-sighted policy not to assist the salmon to get to the upper waters to lay
their eggs ; it was just the same as not putting a ladder to allow the hens to get
up to their roosts. How could salmon be expected to get over a wall any more
than a human being, unless a ladder were provided for either fish or man? So
with the salmon-ladders. He then explained other difficulties, particularly that
of finding a grating to prevent salmon swimming up mill-races, and getting injured
by the mill-wheels. No grating had hitherto been invented which at the same
time would prevent the salmon running up and not lead back the water on to the
wheel and stop its action. Mr. Buckland concluded his paper as follows :—“ Thus,
then, I have endeavoured to bring before the members of the British Association
certain facts relative to two great branches of British industry—the cultivation of
the sea and the cultivation of the rivers; the revenues derived from these, both to
private owners and to the public in general in the form of food, would, if put toge-
ther, amount to an enormous sum, and still neither industry is as yet half developed.
As regards the artificial hatching of oysters, so that they should be taken inland
like the salmon, the question presents enormous difficulties ; the question of space,
the quantity of water required, the temperature, and many other conditions are as
yet undetermined, and I see at this moment a mountain of difficulties before me. I
have, however, taken my staff in hand, and am preparing to ascend that mountain,
at all risks. I am anxious, therefore, to bring the results of many hundred miles of
travel and of many weeks of out-of-door observations in England, Ireland, and
France, before the British Association, in order that the scientific men of England
may know that the investigation into the habits and improvement of these two
creatures—the salmon and the oyster—is no mere child’s play nor simply amuse-
ment, but, on the contrary, the very foundation-stone of a very large and important
British industry, to which the experienced minds of scientific men have only to be
directed in order to produce great and beneficial good to the public, and especially
to the poorer classes of society.”
On a very Ancient Human Cranium from Gibraltar.
By G. Busx, F.BRS., Sec. L.S., F.GS.
The cranium that formed the subject of this communication was found in a
quarry situated under the north face of the Rock of Gibraltar; and from the
matrix with which it was thickly covered, and which contained a very large pro-
portion of coarse rolled siliceous sea-sand, similar to that which is blown up in such
large quantities against the north-eastern end of the rock, it was apparent that it
had been lodged in the superficial part of the talus in which the quarry is worked.
The remarkable form of the cranium, resembling that of the one found in the
Neanderthal Cave, was described, together with the peculiar conformation of the
- face and jaw apart, which is wanting in the latter.
The general appearance and condition of the bone showed that it was of great
antiquity, but from the absence of any associated remains, and of very precise
information as to the site in which it was discovered, it was impossible to assign
any approximate period to it.
92 REPORT—1864.,
The paper concluded with a comparison of the various Bo eet of the
cranium with those of the intertropical negro, Australian, and Tasmanian races,
and it was thence concluded that, of these three types, it most nearly corresponded
with the Tasmanian, and with certain tribes of Western Australia, which are
usually distinguished by the great comparative lowness of the skull, which was
considerably less than the breadth.
Contributions to the Anatomy of the Quadrumana, with a Comparative Esti-
mate of the Intelligence of the Apes and Monkeys. By Epwanns Crisp,
M.D.
This paper was illustrated by a large number of drawings and preparations, the
object being to show the difference between the structure of Man and the Qua-
drumana. The tympanic bones of Man, the Gorilla, the Chimpanzee, and Orang
were exhibited. The bones of a large Orang, brought from Borneo by the late Sir
Stamford Raflles, the height of the animal being about four feet, whilst the
expanse of the arms from tip to tip of the longest finger was seven feet eleven
inches; the very thick pad at the flexures of the fingers and toes in this old
animal was also pointed out, as was the twisted form of the gall-bladder in the
Chimpanzee and Orang. The more rounded form of the eyelids, the absence of
the pearly white of the eye, the great length of the spinous processes of the
cervical vertebrze, especially in the Gorilla, the length of the intestinal tube in a
great many species of apes and monkeys, the character of the intestinal glands,
the relative weight of the brain and of the eye, the form of the larynx, and the
number of rings in the trachea, and many other characters were alluded to. A com-
parison was also made between the diseases of man and of the quadrumanous
animals, the author drawing his deductions from an examination of ten anthropoid
apes, and 210 monkeys of various species that died in confinement in this country.
In many respects it was inferred that the character of disease differed materially
in these brutes from that observed in the human family. The presence of an
os penis both in the Chimpanzee and Orang (not mentioned at the Meeting),
discovered by the author, is considered a great mark of inferiority as regards
position in the animal scale. As regards the intelligence of the anthropoid
apes, the author thought that it was inferior to that of many of the lower
monkeys, and in many respects to that of the dog and the elephant. The
conclusions were as follows :—1. That the anthropoid apes, both anatomically and
in reference to their amount of intelligence, are not entitled to the elevated
position in which they have been placed ‘by some anatomists. 2. That the line of
demarcation between man and these brutes is so wide and clearly defined as to
entitle the human family, as maintained by Blumenbach, Cuvier, and others, to a
separate and exclusive division in the animal scale.
On the Anatomy of the Struthionidie, Ostriches, Rheas, and Casuaries.
By Epwarons Crisp, M.D.
In this group of birds the author pointed out, from his own dissections of the
Ostrich (Struthio camelus), Rhea Americana, R. Darwinii, the Casuary (S.
casuarius), the Emu (C. galeatus), the Moruk (C. Bennettii), and the Double-
wattled Casuary (C. bicarunculatus), the great and important differences in the
visceral anatomy of these birds, more especially as regards the length of the
alimentary canal, the character of the gizzard, the cecal appendages, and the
intestinal mucous apparatus. Thus, in the adult Ostrich, the intestinal tube,
including the appendages, measured 70 feet 6 inches ; that of the Rhea Americana,
15 feet 11 inches; of the Casuary, 14 feet 8 inches; of the Emu, 13 feet 4 inches;
of the Moruk, 6 feet 7 inches; of the Double-wattled Casuary, 8 feet,—the length,
as in nearly all animals, depending somewhat upon the age of the bird. The Ostrich
had a very thick and heavy gizzard, that of the Rhea was much smaller, whilst
the gizzards of the other members of this group were comparatively thin.
A paper was appended from Mr. Bartlett, of the Regent’s Park Gardens, showing
that the Ostrich and Rhea had yellow or yellowish-white eggs, whereas the
Casuary, Emu, and Moruk had green eggs. The feathers of the Ostrich and
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 93
Rhea were single, whilst those of the Casuary, Emu, and Moruk had two feathers
from each quill. The Apteryx, another member of this family, laid a white egg,
the weight of the bird being 60 ozs., that of the egg 14 ozs., forming the most
a example in oology of the large size of the egg as compared to that of
the bird.
On the Mollusca of Bath, and an account of Parasites found in Anodon
cygnea. By J. E. Danret.
The Bath Natural History and Field Antiquarian Club had invited the author
to prepare a list of the mollusca found in the vicinity of the city. The list con-
tained ninety species, included in twenty-eight genera. The Anodonta found in
the canals in the neighbourhood present objects of great interest in the parasites
with which they are infested. The number of animals' found in Anodon cygnea
varies from about five up to as many as thirty. The parasites found in dnodon
anatina are not so numerous, and they vary slightly in form, are darker and not
so brilliant, and the abdomen is longer and not so tumid. The author had seen an
entozoon living within the fleshy parts of the branchiz, which may possibly be the
larva of which the parasite before described may be the imago.
Some Observations on the Salmonide, chiefly relating to their Generative
Power. By Joun Davy, M.D., F.BRS., Fe.
In this communication the author first noticed the remarkable fact that the
young salmon, the male in its parr-stage, has its testes fully developed, and that
its milt is shed before it becomes a smolt and leaves the river for the sea—a fact
the more remarkable, as the female of the same age has the ovaries undeveloped,
merely in a rudimentary state.
He next considered the question whether the sea-trout and the common trout
resemble the salmon as to the preceding peculiarity of function in the young fish.
From his own observations, the conclusion he has arrived at has been in the
affirmative as regards the former, and the negative as regards the latter.
Thirdly, he offered some remarks on the age at which the salmon and sea-trout
begin to breed, adopting the commonly received opinion as well proved, that the
salmon spawns on its first return from the sea as a grilse; but, contrary to what
- supposed, that the sea-trout does not spawn until after a second return from
the sea.
Fourthly, he adyerted to the question of the spawning of the Salmonide,
whether yearly or only in alternate years, stating facts which had come under his
own knowledge, inducing him to infer that all the several species, viz. the salmon,
sea-trout, common trout, and charr, have a fallow season, and that the fish of each
kind called barren are examples of this rest of the generative organs.
He concluded with some remarks on the interesting subject of the differences
exhibited by the nearly allied species of the Salmonide, all of which have at least
one quality in common, viz. that their ova cannot be hatched except in fresh
and well aérated water, leading, as he thinks, to the inference that the migratory
species have always been migratory, unless indeed the seas were at one time less
salt than at present, and the lakes and rivers less fresh, and that then the habits
of the fish might have been formed, and they might gradually have become divided
into the migratory and non-migratory species.
First Steps towards the Domestication of Animals.
By F. Gatton, F.BS., F.GS., FR.GS.
A large number of instances were adduced from all parts of the world to show
that savages were addicted to making pets of animals, and the author concluded
that almost every animal had been frequently captured and tamed by them. He
also showed, from the histories of all the early monarchies, that it was customary
for kings to exact, and for barbarians to give, enormous numbers of wild animals
as tribute. The amphitheatrical displays of Rome made a similar demand on an
immense scale. Hence every animal appears to have been frequently under the
power of man; but only a very few of them have proved capable of permanent
94 REPORT—1864,
domestication. The requisite qualities for domestication were separately discussed ;
they were stated as follows :—1, they should be hardy; 2, they should have an
inborn liking for man; 3, they should be comfort-loving ; 4, they should be found
useful to the savages; 5, they should breed freely; 6, they should be gregarious.
He believed that nearly every animal had had its chance of being domesticated, and
that almost all of those which fulfilled the above conditions were domesticated long
ago. It would follow as a corollary to this, that the animal creation possesses few,
if any, more animals worthy of domestication, at least for such purposes as savages
cared for. These qualities would be intensified by unintentional “ selection : ” the
wildest members of every flock would escape; the wilder of those that remained
would be selected for slaughter. The tamest cattle—those that kept the flock
together, and led them homewards—would be preserved alive longer than the
others. It is, therefore, these that would chiefly become the parents of stock, and
bequeath their domestic aptitudes to the future herd. He did not believe that the
first domestication of any animal, except the elephant, implied a high civilization
among the people who established it. He could not believe it to ‘have been the
result of a preconceived intention, followed by elaborate trials, to administer to
the comfort of man. Neither could he think it arose from one successful effort
made by an individual, who might thereby justly claim the title of benefactor to
his race; but, on the contrary, that a vast number of half-unconscious attempts
have been made throughout the course of ages, and that ultimately, by slow
degrees, after many relapses and continued selection, our several domestic breeds
became firmly established.
Essential Points of Difference between the Larynx of the Negro and that of the
White Man.. By Grorce Duncan Gisz, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.G.S.,
FAS.
The author had examined the larynx of the negro in the dead and living, in fifty-
eight instances, and the result justified him in arriving at certain conclusions, to
be confirmed or modified by further experience. These were the almost invariable
presence of the cartilages of Wrisberg, which were either quite rudimentary or
absent in the white race, with some rare exceptions; they are present in the old
and young of both sexes in the negro, probably more fully developed in the prime
of life. Their general presence in the negro, and their absence or rudimentary
condition in the white race, prove them to be characteristic of the former. The
true vocal cords in the negro, instead of being horizontal and nearly in a plane
with the general strike of the floor of the ventricles—a characteristic almost never
varying in the white race—are represented by an oblique incline from within out-
wards, that is, their internal free border is elevated at a higher angle than their
external or attached border, thus giving to each yocal cord a slanting or shelving
direction outwards and downwards. This obliquity of the cords varies in degree
and extent, but can be generally distinguished; the contrast, however, is striking
between the flat horizontal surface and the oblique. In the white man the ven-
tricle of Morgagni is situated external to, but immediately above, the plane of the
true vocal cords; whilst in the negro, a long and narrow elliptical opening is seen
leading downwards and outwards into the ventricle, the whole extent of which to
its very fundus is visible in most black people, The change of position in the
ventricle is most striking, for it hangs sidewise on the outer side of a shelving
vocal cord, not unlike the saddle-bags on the side of a mule. The relative position
of the thyro-arytenoid muscles is necessarily altered by the last-named condition.
These facts the author brought forward regardless of any theory, and with no
other object in view than to advance our knowledge of the anatomy of parts here-
tofore inaccessible to vision in the living. He had prepared, in a tabular form, all
his examinations of black people, with the dates, country, and other points of
interest, and the facts made out were explained by reference to large diagrams.
Dr. J. E. Gray exhibited Van Beneden’s Work on the Marine Leeches of the
Coast of Brest.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 95
On the New Corals from the Shetlands. By Dr. J. BE. Gray, .RS., PLS.
The author mentioned that two rare and interesting corals had been presented
to the British Museum by Mr. Jeffreys on his return from dredging in the Shet-
lands. They were Stylaster Norwegicus and Lophophelia prolifer.
Notes on the Whalebone Whales; with a Synopsis of the Species.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, FBS, PLS.
The paper was printed in full in ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’
series 3, vol, xiv. p, 345.
On the Food of Birds. By ©. Orrrry Groom.
The author exhibited tables of the food eaten by each bird, and showed that it
yaried very much, according to the season of the year. He had arrived at the
conclusion that it was wise to protect insectivorous birds. Mr, Groom admitted
that the buds of some trees were sometimes destroyed, but asserted that it was only
when the birds were in search of a more destructive grub that lay concealed
within these buds.
On the Pedicellaric of the Echinodermata.
By W. Brrp Herarata, MD., F.RS. L. § E.
These remarkable forceps-like bodies have not received that attention from micro-
seopists which their beauty and peculiarities demanded, and many observers have
wholly mistaken their significance, as even the names by which they are known
bear witness. Pedicellus originally meaning a little louse or parasite, it is evident
that these bodies were formerly considered. parasitic to the animals on which they
were found, and of independent vitality.
The pedicellarize of some Echinoderms (more especially Uraster rubens, Echinus
sphera, and Amphidotus communis) have been partially described, and_ incor-
rectly figured by various observers—Miiller, Sars, Munro, Oken, and Sharpey.
Miiller appears to have first given them the name by which they have heen
hitherto Imown, and he conceived them to be parasitic animals, which opinion
Lamarck, Cuvier, and Schweigger more or less adopted; but Munro, Oken, and
Sharpey regarded them as organs of the animal, of whose purpose and function we
as yet know nothing. It appears to be generally established as a fact that the
pedicellariz continue their movements even hours after the animal has been
erushed to pieces, and to all appearance dead; yet such apparently independent
movements cannot be satisfactorily adduced at the present day as eyidence of
individual vitality, as the existence of such involuntary motions in the lower
animals, depending on muscular irritability and reflex excito-motory actions, are
well known to all physiologists, whilst even the leg of a man has been observed to
move vigorously some time after amputation.
Some naturalists of distinction have so far mistaken these peculiar bodies as to
describe one valve of a peculiar pedicellaria as “ a microscopic marine mammalian
jaw,” from its remarkable similarity in form to the cranium of an animal.
With regard to the probable nature of the pedicellariz, a growing feeling has
arisen amongst naturalists that they are organs peculiar to the animals upon which
they are found, and that, like the bird’s-head forceps on the Polyzoa, they were
organs of defence or prehension, which, although not absolutely necessary to the
existence of the Echinoderm, were yet as peculiar and special to the genus, and
even indicative of the species, as the form of a tooth or the character of a bone. It
will be seen from these numerous photographs that these views are well supported
by examples, and that whilst great general resemblance in form may be traced
to the pedicellarie of the various species comprising the genus Echinus, yet there
are many which are capable of recognition as being indicative of the species, and
totally different from thoss of the genus Amphidotus, Spatangus, or Uraster, with
which they may be compared; so that the author has no hesitation in stating,
that in the same way that an animal may be recognized by its tooth, or an Hehinus
by its spine, it would be equally possible to assert positively that a certain pedi-
96 REPORT—1864.
cellaria belonged to Uraster glacialis, to Echinus sphera, or to Amphidotus com-
munis. Further, that although the general form of pedicellariz of Uraster rubens
presents great similarity to those of U. glacialis, and those of Eehinus miliaris agree
remarkably in character with those of L. lividus or E. sphera, yet there are abun-
dant differences and peculiarities in their appearance to indicate to the practical
eye to what particular species it may belong. The author has hitherto found only
pedicellarize in the genera Uraster, Spatangus, Amphidotus, and Echinus, haying
examined many other genera of Echinodermata for them ineftectually, more espe-
cially Comatula, Ophiocoma, and the Ophiuride. Amongst the family of the
Asteriad, the genera Cribella, Palmipes, Soluster, Goniaster, Luidia, Asteria,
and <Asterina are apparently equally deticient in true pedicellariz. Amongst the
Echinide, the author has had no opportunity of examining Cidaris, Echino-
cyamus, Echinarachnius, or Amphidotus roseus; consequently he can give no definite
opinion on these genera or species; but he thinks it probable that the latter at
least may possess these pedicellarial organs. The Holothuriad, together with the
other Cirrhovermigrade Mchinodermata, also want pedicellariz ; for itis here scarcely
necessary to remark, that the calcareous spicules and perforated plates existing in
these Echinoderms are the analogues of the pentagonal plates constituting the
shell of the Echini, whilst the oral tentacles are quite free from calcareous appen-
dages. In the genus Synapta, the perforated plates and anchor-shaped appendages
may possibly be thought to bear some nearer resemblance to pedicellarix ; but a
closer inspection of these peculiar bodies will convince us that these perforated
plates are also the analogues of the pentagonal plates of an ZLehinus-shell, whilst
the anchors are merely modifications of the spines, and are used as organs for pre-
hension or locomotion, and assist the animal in raising its vermiform body to the
mouth of its tube, the anchors being withdrawn during the period of contyaction
of the Synapta, and contribute little or nothing to the powers of defending the
animal from the attacks of its predatory enemies. It will be seen that the pedi-
cellarize of the genus Uraster haye been well illustrated in two individual species,
Uraster rubens and U. glacialis, and that they are very different in form from
those of the genera Spatangus, Amphidotus, and Echinus, all of which possess pedi-
cellarize consisting of three calcareous blades, while the Urasters have invariably
two blades in each pedicellarial head. Amongst the Echini, the species miliaris,
sphera, Flemingti, lividus (two varieties), and neglectus have furnished numerous
illustrations, and an Lchinus from the Mediterranean has also been examined, the
pedicellarize of which were also so closely analogous in form to those of the British
neglectus that the author was fully prepared to find that a comparison of its other
characters with those of that species would confirm their identity; and it subse-
quently did so without any possible doubt—an instance which may be considered
the strongest possible proof of the truth of the proposition, “that the forms of
the pedicellariz are peculiar to the species.”
All pedicellarize agree in haying a calcareous framework of great beauty, con-
sisting of several pieces united together, and covered by a fleshy, sensitive, mus-
culo-membranous envelope, continuous with the common integument of the animal.
The pedicellariz on the genera Amphidotus, Spatangus, and Echinus possess, in
addition, a calcareous style or stem, which is also covered by a prolongation from
the skin or gelatinous envelope of the animal; and the basal end of the style is
enlarged for articulation with a small knob or elevation upon the shell, adapted to
its reception in a_ball-and-socket-like movement. Few objects are of greater
beauty than the pedicellariz of the Echinodermata, as the highly reticulated cha-
yacter of the structure, the brilliant transparency of the crystalline substance, and
sparkling gem-like elegance fully testify. But all these characters may be elicited
by ordinary examination in the microscope with transmitted, reflected, or oblique
rays falling upon them. Yet the highly doubly refracting properties of carbonate
of lime or Iceland spar, of which they are composed, make them still more lovely
objects when they are examined by polarized light and the selenite stage, but
without the analyzing crystal above the eye-piece: under these circumstances the
pedicellarize themselves become their own analyzers by double refraction, and the
transparent colourless valve of pedicellarize becomes either red or green, blue or
yellow, according to the thickness of the selenite plate beneath them. Some Lchint,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 97
as E. lividus and E. neglectus, are well supplied with a deep purple colouring-matter,
which gives a beautiful tinge to the spines, which is not removed upon boiling in
strong ley. The pedicellariz under these circumstances also possess the purple
tint of the spines, the colouring-matter existing in some sort of combination with
the crystalline carbonate of lime. These coloured objects remind one of brilliant
sapphire gems, profusely decorating the wondrously constructed Echinoderm, less
costly and far more elegantly cut than the far-famed jewels of Her Majesty, but
destined to be hidden in the dark abyss of ocean’s depths, until brought to light by
the researches of the naturalist, and rendered evident by the lenses and mirrors of
the microscopist. When it is desirable to examine the movements of these organs,
it is advisable to remove a portion of a living animal, and insert it in a small
trough of sea-water, and watch the pedicellariz with a low-power objective upon the
stage of the microscope. But when it is only desired to examine the structure of the
pedicellarize, it is better to remove the organ with a scissors or small forceps, and
having placed it on a slide with a small quantity of glycerine containing a little
caustic potass, shortly the musculo-membranous indusium becomes transparent, if
not dissolved, and all the calcareous elements become apparent, but still not suffi-
ciently clear for photographic purposes. Under these circumstances, it is necessary
to boil up each animal in distilled water containing a tolerable quantity of caustic
potass, which dissolves all the fleshy coverings, and the calcareous pieces are
made clean and transparent; in many instances, if the boiling has been care-
fully stopped at the-proper time, the two or three blades constituting the forceps-
like appendage remain in conjunction, and are then very much more instructive
preparations to the microscopist. In order to remove these pedicellarize from the
other calcareous débris of the Echinoderm, it is necessary to allow all matter to
subside, and decant the supernatant alkaline solution; and, having removed all
traces of potass by frequent washing and subsidence with successive portions of
distilled water, it only remains to agitate the whole well together with a steady
circular motion, and, after some moments’ repose, pour off the supernatant water,
which contains the pedicellarial blades in suspension; on repose, these subside,
and may be then removed by a dranpiag tale: placed on a slide, dried, and
mounted in Canada balsam in the usual way. The objects now exhibited in
photographs haye all been so prepared by the author himself, and are, conse-
quently, authentic specimens, and have all been photographed to one scale for
comparison with the same lens and camera. They are under the same identical
circumstances in each particular case, so that relative size may be taken into
consideration as one of the elements of difference. The writer then went on to
describe the different specimens of which he exhibited photographs, many hundred
examples of which were prepared for comparison.
On the Genus Synapta. By W. Brev Herapats, W.D., ERS. L. & E.
Having shown the paucity of information which existed in this country on
the Synapta, the author next proceeded to refer to descriptions which had been
given by different scientific men. M. Quatrefages, he said, had described a Sy-
napta which he had found on the shore of the Chanssey Islands, a point off St.
Malo, on the French coast, in the Channel, and he had entered minutely into the
anatomy and physiology of the animal, and his paper was most exhaustive of the
subject. There was also an admirable paper by Messrs. Woodward and Barrett on
the Synapta digitata and Synapta inherens in the Quarterly Journal of the Zoological
Society for 1858. Other authorities mentioned by the author were Professor
Wyyville Thompson and M. Gallienne. The latter had, in the autumn of 1863,
when he was in Guernsey, kindly shown him the locality and mode of finding a
Synapta, which he thought to be inherens, and had discovered in Bellegrave Bay,
on the coast of Guernsey. Having visited the spot where M. Gallienne had
obtained his specimens, they found several, a little below low-water level at
spring tides, in a bed of sand about ten or twelve inches deep, and congregated in
a space about twenty yards square, whence they were easily obtained by digging
cautiously with a spade, the operator being guided in the task by the appearance
of the funnel-shaped openings in the sand, marking the position of their burrows.
mn the spade and elevating it quickly, the sand generally cracked
. f
98 REPORT—1864.
through the centre of their perpendicular burrows, disclosing the animal in the
canal, which appeared destitute of all lining material. The identity of the animal
was readily found from its quickly adhering to the fingers by its anchor-shaped
hooklets. Its appearance when placed in sea-water was at once indicative. It
was a delicate rosy-pink colour, and having five white bands arranged lengthwise
throughout the body from the oral to the anal apertures. The mouth was sur-
rounded by a ring of twelve tentacles, which were pinnated, and appeared to have
six pinne on each side, with one terminal digit, thirteen pinne in all. Some of
these animals were distended with sand, and appeared darker in colour, but the
anal extremity was generally enlarged, more transparent, and of the usual pink
colour; from being inflated with sea-water. That distention was the means of
retainingthe animal in its burrow, by giving it a fixed fulcrum for the contraction
of the longitudinal muscles. The sand bank was dark in colour, and foetid, from
the large quantity of decaying animal matter therein. The Synapta doubtless fed
upon that refuse material by gorging itself with sand from time to time. The
author said that the position of Synapta in the zoological scale, keeping strictly to
the method of arrangement adopted by Professor Forbes, should be removed from
the Holothuriad and placed in the Vermigrade order, as no pedal rows of ambu-
lacral cirrhi existed, and there were no appearances of any protrusile branchial
organs. The author concluded that the Guernsey Synapta was a new species, being
distinguished by the preceding zoological characters, and by the peculiarities of the
anchors and the anchor-plates, which have the following characters :—
Anchor-plates ovate, shaped with a process or arch, each plate being concavo-
convex like a spoon, having serrated external margins when perfect, and one
central round aperture with seven oval openings surrounding it, and two or three
oval apertures at the junction of the arch; the lesser end of plate minutely
perforated.
Anchors serrated, occasionally plain; three to seven serrations, with the flukes
reflexed; anchors‘longer than bucklers, to which they are articulated at the lesser
end of the plate, and upon its concave aspect. The anchors are generally elevated
at an acute angle with the buckler, and in adult specimens are arranged in five
longitudinal rows between the muscular bands. They are more numerous at the
anterior extremity of the Synapta, and comparatively deficient at the small bulg-
ing portion. There appears to be a thin epidermis over both anchors and plates
very commonly, and these appendages are produced in layers as in any other
epidermis, the outer layers wearing away and new ones taking their places;
Ce. miniature and imperfect anchors are to be found with incipient
lates only.
j The author proposed for this animal the name of Synapta Galliennii vel Sarniensis,
and ponclided his paper by expressing his acknowledgments to both M. J. P.
Gallienne and to Professor Wyville Thompson for the kind assistance which they
had rendered him in his investigations,
[This paper will be found i extenso in the Microscopical Quarterly Journal,
new series, No. 17, January 1865, |
On the Application of Photography and the Magic Lantern to Class Demon-
strations in Microscopic Science and Natural History. By Samuxr
Hieutey, £.G.S., F.C.8., ge.
The author called attention to an extensive series of photographic transparencies
illustrating nearly every department of science, but especially zoology and micro-
scopy, which had been prepared for demonstrating by aid of an achromatic magic
lantern. Truthfulness to nature, eyen to the most minute details,—the impressive
character of the image projected, being often stereoscopic in aspect,—the lecturer
being able to fix the attention of the student upon one objéct at a time,—port-
ability and cheapness—heing claimed as advantages over ordinary diagrams.
On some New Hydroid Zoophytes, and on the Classification and Terminology
of the Hydroida. By the Rev, Tuomas Hincxs,
4
a ae |
a
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 99
On the Medusoid of a Tubularian Zoophyte, and its Return to.a fixed Condition
after the Liberation of the Ova. By the Rey. Tuomas Hincxs, B.A.
The author recorded in this paper observations which he had made on the repro-
ductive zooid of the Podocoryne carnea, Sars. Specimens which he had kept for
some time exhibited the following changes. After a while the umbrella was thrown
back and turned inside out, occupying the position which it does permanently in the
free gonozooids of some of the Laomedee. It then collapsed and shrivelled up,
the remains of it hanging at the base of the peduncle, and the tentacles streaming
out behind. The gonozooids (the so-called Medusz) had returned to the polypite
condition, In this state they lived healthily for a time, the lobed mouth being fre-
uently moved about, as if in search of food, The ovaries were laden with eggs.
imilar observations had been made by Dujardin and Peach, and by the author, in
the case of Coryne eximia. The changes subsequently witnessed had not been re-
corded hitherto, The peduncle became inactive, and, with the remains of the um-
brella, sloughed off, the oya probably being liberated at the same time. The ten-
tacles were then left, with their bulbous bases. The latter coalesced, forming a
hemispherical, orange-coloured mass supporting the arms, and around this mass an
ectodermal covering was developed. In this condition they continued for a while,
the tentacles being freely moved about. At length some of them became attached
by the base, and a thin rim of transparent matter formed round the edge of the disk.
The tentacles withered away. and in one or two cases an ascending shoot sprouted
from the centre of the orange mass. Observations were not carried further; but,
to all appearance, a polypite was in course of development.
Remarks on Stilifer, a Genus of quasi-Parasitic Mollusks, with particulars of
the European Species, 8. Turtoni. By J. Gwyn Jerrreys, /.R.S,
This paper was illustrated by a diagram, representing a pair of Stilifers (male
and female) crawling among the spines of an Echinus Drodbachiensis, with magnified
drawings of the animal and its embryo. They had been carefully examined alive,
and under favourable circumstances. S. Turtont is exceedingly prolific. The whole
of its body is finely and closely ciliated, and the foot and mantle are constructed
so as to prevent the animal or its delicate shell being injured by the spines of the
sea-ego, The Stiiifer was observed to feed not on the membrane or any other part
of the Kchinoderm to which it attached itself, but apparently on its secretions,
having thus the scavenger habit of a dung-beetle. It therefore could not be reck-
oned a true parasite. The history of the genus and a synopsis of all the Inown
species were given, as well as a detailed account of the animal of S. Turtoni.
An Account of the Successful Accomplishment of the Plan to transport Salmon-
Ova to Australia. By T. Jounson.
The preparations for the fourth attempt to transport from this country the ova
of the salmon were completed in January of the present year (1864). The plan
adopted upon this occasion differed in detail from those of the previous expeditions,
being chiefly confined to depositing the ova amongst ice. Upwards of 103,000 ova,
obtained from fish taken out of English and Scotch rivers, were placed in small deal
boxes on beds of moss, and deposited in layers amongst the ice in the ice-house which
was built on board the ship ‘Norfolk.’ The expedition left this country on the
21st of January, 1864, arriving out at Melbourne on the 16th of April. Several of
the boxes were opened, and the ova appeared in most cases in an excellent condi-
tion. The oya in the boxes near the bottom of the ice-house were not so healthy.
By the 20th of April the whole of the boxes, excepting those detained at Melbourne,
were safely deposited in the breeding-boxes on the River Plenty, Tasmania. The
analysis of the boxes showed that, out of 103,000 ova sent out, some 31,000 only
were deposited. On the 4th of May the fish began hatching out; and by the 6th
of June the whole, together with the few trout-ova, had thrown aside the shell
and were dissporting in their native element. The total number of fish up to the
latest advices was numbered at between 3000 and 4000. Several reasons have
been given as the causes of the great loss of ova, as also the probable ne of the
100 REPORT—1864.
experiment. The official reports, however, set aside the many doubts which have
been expressed, showing very clearly that the temperature of the rivers in Tasmania
is suitable for the propagation of the salmon.
On the Genus Pteraspis. By E. R. Lanxesrer.
The author of this paper first reviewed the labours of previous writers on the
subject, remarking that little had been done of a very definite nature with regard
to the systematic arrangement or description of the species. He then minutely
characterized the various species of the genus, two of which, the Pteraspis Crouch
and the P. Symondsi, were previously undescribed. He proposed also to divide the
genns Pteraspis, as it present exists, into three sub-genera, based upon the more or
less complex constitution of the cephalic buckler, thus :—
Pteraspides,
Pteraspis. Shield separable into seyen distinct pieces, viz. a central disk, an ante-
rior rostrum, two lateral orbital plates, two lateral “cornua,’”’ and a posterior
spine,
Specten P. rostratus, dg.; P. Crouchii, Salter IS. § Lank.
Cyathaspis. Shield separable into four distinct pieces; viz. a central disk produced
at one point into a short spine, an anterior rounded rostrum, and two large
closely attached lateral cornua.
Species, C. Banksii, Huxley § Salter; C. Symondsii, Lankester.
Scaphaspis. Shield not separable into distinct pieces, but oval, and with an acute
posterior spine.
Species, 8. Lloydii, 4g.; 8. Lewisii, 4g.; 8. truncatus,Husx. § Salt. ; 8. Ludensis,
Salter; S. Dunensis (?), Hucley.
The views advanced in this paper were based upon a very considerable amount
of evidence, in the form of specimens and drawings, some from the author’s own
cabinet, some transferred to him by Professor Huxley. The discovery of the
scales of Pteraspis by the author, previously announced at the Geological Society,
was alluded to, and the geological range and paleontological relations of the genus
considered.
Notice of a New British Rhizopod and some other Marine Animals,
By W. A. Sanrorp.
On the Turdus torquatus as observed in Devonshire. By Dr. Scorr.
The Twrdus torquatus pays an annual visit to Devonshire, but it confines itself to
the tors and rocky valleys of Dartmoor. It lays four or five eggs, resembling those
of the Zurdus merula, save that they are a little lighter in colour, and a little more
elongated in form. Its flight is darting and irregular, and, when on the wing, it
utters a chattering note of alarm; but it has no prolonged song, like the sylvan
thrushes generally, It feeds chiefly on the Vaccinium Myrtillus; but when these
are scarce it is seen feeding on the berries to be found in the hedgerows adjacent to
the moor. Its habits more nearly resemble those of the Petrocincla than those of
the true thrushes, and in Devon it is known by the name of the Rock-Ouzel. It
aunties in the end of April, breeds in June and July, and leaves in the beginning of
ctober.
On the Significance of the Septa and Siphuncles of Cephalopod Shells.
By Harry Sretzy, /.G.S.
“As the chambers are always empty, the animal must have moved forward,
leaving a vacant space behind; so the question to be solved is, Why did the
creature always make the septa shut off spaces which progressively enlarged? In
certain gasteropod shells there is something analogous. The genera Murex, Triton,
Ranella, for instance, after making their shells uniformly for a third or half of a
whorl, then begin thickening the lip into a varix, In other genera, as Bulimus,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 101
Conus, Turritella, species or specimens are found with the earlier part of the spire
partitioned off. The same phenomena of varices is seen in many bivalves; and a
rocess of shutting off cells in the lower valve is characteristic of several oysters.”
hese structures were then shown to result from the periodic enlargement of the
generative organs. “On examining a NVautilus-shell, two large muscles are seen
to have been placed in the lower part of the body-chamber, and connected round
the involute spire by a narrower muscle—an arrangement to which the shell may
owe its involute form. Beneath the muscles are the liver, which overlaps the
spire, the ovaries, which abut on a large part of the septum, and certain digestive
organs above these. Before any new chamber can be made, the shell-muscles
must have moved forward; and before any increase in the ovaries can take place,
a space must be formed behind. As the animal steadily grows, all its organs
would enlarge; and, with each successive brood, the distended ovaries would
require more space. There is a similar gradual increase in the size of the air-
chambers. And, since the development of ova would necessitate a forward-growth
of the mollusk, the discharge of the ovaries would leave an empty space behind,
into which the creature could not retire, which would then ts shut off by a
septum moulded on the animal’s body. The Argonaut similarly accumulates its
eggs in the involute part of the shell, but, not being attached to it, does not form
septa. In the male Nautilus the testes are placed in exactly the same position as
the ovaries of the female, and, excepting the liver, form the largest organ in the
body. It may therefore be concluded that the development of the male organs
would produce results similar to those in the other sex, and likewise end in the
formation of chambers. There are no other organs of the body which are liable to
periodic changes in size; and therefore, as the position and progressive enlarge-
ment with age of the generative apparatus necessitate results like those seen in
the chambers and septa, I regard one as the cause of the other.” The author then
applied his theory to the Dibranchiata. Connecting the chambers is the tube
known as the siphuncle, running through every septum to the first, but not
through the nidimental capsule. Seeing the extreme elasticity of many mem-
branes of invertebrata—as, for instance, the oral membrane of a starfish—the
author pointed out that, when ova were discharged by the Nautilus, there must
remain the empty membrane, which, being attached to the base, could not but
contract into a tube, smaller or larger, according to its tenuity or vascularity,
The fine siphuncle of the Nautilus would indicate a single highly contractile
membrane; the large siphuncle of -Acténoceras may indicate two or three mem-
branes contracting differently.
Mr. R. F. Wricurt exhibited some Trap-door Spiders from Corfu.
Dr. E. Percevat Wriaur exhibited Professor T, Huxley’s and Mr. Hawkins’s
‘ Comparative Osteology.’
PHYSIOLOGY.
Address by Dr. Enwarp Suit, LL.B., F_R.S., President of the Subsection.
fr has been customary for the President of this Subsection, on taking the chair,
to deliver an address, less pretentious and of a less general nature, perhaps, than
he would have considered it his duty to prepare for the General Section, but always
offering observations on the progress of the science, whether in its entire aspect, or
in some points of view which would be the most interesting to his audience; and
a custom so valuable and time-honoured must not, even in less able hands, be per-
mitted to lapse. I purpose, therefore, to open the Meetings of this Department with
some introductory observations ; and taking the special rather than the general plan
of procedure, I shall confine my observations to a question limited in its range of
knowledge, but scarcely limited in its importance and universal interest—to a
statement of the present condition of the dietary question, considered, first, in its
102 237 REPORT—1864,
ractical aspect in public and private dietaries, and, second, in its scientific aspect.
Dicterys regarded in its scientific aspect, is both advanced and retarded by the popular
knowledge which exists respecting it. The universal necessity for food gives in-
terest and importance to the subject, and thus, attracting the attention of inquirers,
advances the science; but the personal experience of individuals limits progress
by leading to the belief that each one knows what is practically valuable for him-
self, and thence what is likely to be proper for others. Hence the scientific aspect
of the question has not the interest to the public which the practical application
of it affords; and practical knowledge is possessed (so it is said) as much by an
observing non-scientific as by a scientific man. Each person so far regards himself
as his own authority ; and in reference to the dietaries of those who are not fed from
their own resources, it may be stated that they are almost universally framed by
those to whose charge these dependent persons are confided.
We have avast mass of paupers in this country, partially fed at home, or entirely
fed in workhouses at the public expense. With whom do the dietaries of the
latter class originate? From some responsible and well-instructed public officer
who has gained high repute in this branch of knowledge? No, but with the guar-
dians of the poor; the greater portion of whom are shrewd and intelligent men,
who with the aid of their medical officer, arrive at a decision as to an amount of
food which shall not be in excess of the requirements of the paupers. Hence it is
that there are in England and Wales 700 poor-law dietaries, and not two of them
are alike. Can it be safely assumed that with this diversity all are sufficient to
sustain health and strength? and derived from such authorities, could we fairly
infer that any are exactly adapted to the wants of both sexes and of all ages?
The condition of the dietary of the Army and Navy was, until recent years, de-
plorable. At the latter end of the last and the early part of this century, scurvy,
due to ill-selected food, was rife even in our National Navy; and inquiries made by
Dr. Budd some twenty years ago, and by Dr. Barnes this year, have shown that this
disease is still not unfrequent in the fore cabins of our Merchant Navy. No fact is
better established than this, that both sea scurvy and land scurvy are due to defi-
cient and ill-selected food ; and striking evidence is afforded by the fact that in our
merchant ships it is not found in the master’s cabin, whilst it may be rife in the
forecastle—not among the well-fed officers, but amongst the ill-fed seamen. Is
there no one set apart by the Government to advise upon so important and yet so
simple a question? No. In former years the dietary of the Navy was varied at
the instigation of the principal medical officer, and modified by those having the
command of the Fleet in active service; and whilst it was varied towards improve-
ment, the changes were often most incongruous and unscientific. The Government
has no direct control over the dietary of seamen in the merchant service, but each
master and ship-owner does that which he thinks proper; and whilst in emigrant
ships a stipulated quantity of food must be provided for each passenger, the defec-
tive arrangements in respect of cooking greatly lessen the value of this precaution. _
The state of the dietary of our soldiers has attracted deep attention since the
disclosures of the Crimean campaign, and by the aid of scientific men improve-
ments of the most valuable kind have been introduced, both in reference to the
variety of food supplied and the mode of cooking it. The time will probably never
arrive when the dietaries of our army and navy shall be models for the general
community, since in time of active service the kind of food must be varied with
the abundance or deficiency of certain foods, and the cooking be interfered with
by other duties; and in times of peace the arrangements can. never be so varied and
economical as may be found in a private family; and hence limitation in variety
and excess in quantity (seeing that the full economical value of a given food
cannot be obtained) must, and perhaps should, prevail. The supply of meat is
much larger than is found in the homes of the working classes, and more than the
working classes require (although they may perform much more labour than falls
to the lot of a soldier in time of peace) ; but it is a compendious food, and one
which may be cooked in different ways’ and for separate purposes, or for combined
TURSReSVEET ease and with few utensils, and hence a large quantity of it should be
allowed.
‘The state of the dietary of our prison populations is not only less satisfactory
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 103
than that of the army and navy, but is very unsatisfactory. The aim in the feed-
ing of this class is to maintain health and strength on the least quantity of food,
and on the food the least palatable; and some would even risk the health and
strength for a certain limited time in order to add more effectually to the punish-
ment of the prisoner. At the same time the conditions.wnder which the prisoners
are found are most various, both as regards the personal: ones of age, sex, health,
state of constitution, sensibility, and previous Habits and the penal ones of dura-
tion of imprisonment, closeness of confinement, employment, and labour, Here
then we have a combination of circumstances demanding all the knowledge which
both science and practice can afford for their proper combination, estimation, and
application to dietary purposes, many (perhaps all) of which may he so estimated
and combined that several well-defined classes may be arranged, and food provided
which shall be so adapted to each, that prisoners, however variously employed,
may be fed with equal sufficiency. Can we conceive a case in which the value of
a public officer, thoroughly acquainted with the subject, would be so great as this,
or one in which the conditions under which exact knowledge can be gained would
be so perfect? But no such officer exists in connexion with; this or any other
department of the Government, and there is no official person towwhom the Govern-
ment may twn for advice, except the medical officers of each separate prison, or-an
inspector of prisons, who may or may not be a medical man, and: who, as a medical
man, may or may not be an authority on this question among his ‘medical ‘and
scientific compeers. It seems almost past belief that in so great a country, with
so enlightened a state of public opinion, and with so great a mass of persons-who
are fed under the direct or indirect supervision of the Government, there should
not be a place for an officer possessed of this special and abstruse Inowledge.
Convict prisons are so far distinct from county prisons that they are under the
direct control of the Government, and for every detail in their management the
Government is responsible. Yet even here, with all the advantages of a:central
and common authority, the state of the dietary question is very unsatisfaetory.
The time has gone by when death, or even extensive and important disease, can
oceur as the result of the want of food; but one need not to haveefar advanced in
life to be able to remember the prevalence of scurvy in convict establishments,
and the ereat defect of sanitary rules. Since that period attempts of a convulsive
nature have been made to more exactly fit the dietary to the requirements of the
convicts, so that, on the discovery of evils from defect of food, a large increase in
the dietary was made, and, this having attracted attention, in.a similar’convulsive
manner a oreat diminution of food was ordered. On the opening of the Portland
prison in November 1848, a diet was ordered: which was in excess of that of free
working men; but in a few months afterwards, on the complaint of some of the
prisoners that they were insufficiently féd,-a considerable increase in the quantity of
meat was made, and in the year following the dietary was again further increased.
There haye been of late almost incessant complaints on the part of the public
that the dietary in use in this and other conyict jails was excessive, because it
was better than the diet of free working men, and particularly that so large a
quantity as 36 to 40 ozs. of cooked meat (equal to 48 or 54 ozs. of uncooked meat)
was supplied weekly; and although prison officials, for the most part, have been
of opinion that the dietary was not in excess, another change has just been made,
by which no less-than about one day’s food in seven has been withdrawn from the
convicts employed on public works. Consider for a moment the vast importance
of the question whichis thus made to oscillate from one extreme to the other.
If the convicts are too well fed, the evil of waste of food is caused, with its conse-
quent burden to the hard-working and honest community, in addition to its evil
influence upon the mind of the convict in preventing the due appreciation of his
punishment and the reeurrence of crime, and the origin of reasonable complaints
on the part of honest and hard-working men, and the temptation to the unstable to
fallinto crime. On the other hand, if the quantity of food allowed be not excessive,
how great the responsibility of those who lessen it, and how great the crime even
of those who, by thus lessening it, offer something like a reasonable ground for
mutinous conduct on the part of the sufferers! What can afford greater grounds
for the request, on the part of the public, that the highest scientific knowledge
104 REPORT—1864.
shall be applied, in order to determine the grounds on which a fitting dietary shall
be based in the several conditions of labour and confinement in which it shall be
used, and that no change shall be made tending to lower a dietary until by the
same method it has been proved that the proposed dietary would be sufficient,
This is not, however, the method adopted; but dietaries were framed, as they have
been recently altered, upon the intimations of non-scientific men, upon the guesses
of medical men, ‘or upon a general and inexact appreciation of the results of those
which preceded them. In no instance has such a proof been sought for as would
satisfy the requirements of exact research.
Thus in the most recent change, viz. that effected during the present year, we find
the grounds most unsatisfactory. The Committee appointed to investigate the
subject having ascertained that a certain scheme which had been provided for
county jails in 1843 is still in use in forty to fifty county jails (that is to say in
only one-third of the county jails), they infer, in their own words, “that in these
instances the diet was believed to be sufficient for the maintenance of the health of
the prisoners, and for their support under the labour to which they were subjected ;””
and haying found, as they say, that these inferences were confirmed in the instance
of some large prison (Wandsworth) open to the inspection of the Committee, there
were reasonable grounds for attempting a reduction of the ordinary dietary in the
Conyict Prison. You will observe that the conditions which they inquire into are
not those in which the dietary to be recommended by them is to be used ; and even
those conditions are not to be subjected to a rigid scientific examination, but the
Committee, in their own words, simply “inspected several of these prisoners, both
male and female, and found them in a fair state of health considering the length of
their imprisonment ;” and from these two facts alone, viz. the continued use of this
scheme in a minority of county and borough jails, and their inspection of a few
prisoners in one county jail, they proceeded to vary the dietary in convict prisons,
and to reduce the cooked meat by 16 ozs. per week.
The point to which I wish to draw your attention is not whether the dietary
formerly or now in use is or is not exactly adapted to the wants ofthe convicts,
for upon that important point there is no sufficient information, but that changes
are made under the pressure of mere public opinion, by medical gentlemen, on
grounds which are not logical, and without making use of the only plan by which
the fitness could be proved—that of scientific inquiry into the conditions in which
the dietary is to be used. It could not excite surprise that with such a basis on
which to ground changes in dietary there should appear, even to non-medical
men, sufficient reason to distrust the results. The Board of Directors of Convict
Prisons accordingly append a letter, in which they state, Ist, that ‘experience can
only decide whether the dietary is sufficient to keep able-bodied men in good health
during a confinement of many years in prison ;” 2nd, that they reserve to themselves
the definition of light and hard labour; 3rd, that they reject the proposition that boys
under zt. eighteen, and men aboye et. sixty-five years should be placed upon
light-labour diet ; and 4th, that they modify the formula for thickening the soup.
In the absence of the necessary proofs on which to exactly adjust the dietary to
the wants of the convicts, the only safe plan is to allow an amount of food greater
than that which falls to the share of equally hard-working and more honest
labourers.
Our county and borough prisons offer far greater diversity of dietary than is
found in convict prisons; for the dietary of each jail is arranged by the magis-
trates, and the Government, whose assent must be obtained, has no standard
dietary which it can enforce, and no dietary which has been proved on scientific
grounds to be adapted to the different states of prison discipline, and no officer who,
being specially acquainted with the subject, has been appointed to advise either the
Government or the magistrates in their search after truth, Hence, whilst from
one-third to one-half of the jails have adopted a scheme of dietary which the
Government has recommended since 1843, but which the late Committee of the
House of Lords, with Lord Carnarvon as Chairman, have affirmed to be eminently
unscientific and unsatisfactory, the other half have dietaries which differ each from
the other in almost every particular.
In none, whether the Government scheme or others, has there heen a scientific
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 105
attempt to apportion the dietary to the different conditions of separate confinement
in cells, of activity, and of forced labour of most varying degree ; but schemes have
been in use, some of which are very far below the food obtained by the worst-fed
men in freedom, and others quite equal to that of the labouring middle class in this
country. One having committed a small offence against the law will be fed upon
a dietary of bread and water or bread and gruel, and be compelled to carry on the
hardest’ labour known; whilst another, and perhaps an old offender, having
committed a serious breach of the laws, will be fed upon food much better than he
ordinarily obtained in freedom, and be kept in inactivity, or engaged in light handi-
craft or in occupations which are not laborious.
The Earl of Carnarvon’s Committee, fully impressed with these defects and
anomalies, recommended that a Commission should be issued with power to deter-
mine various questions of dietary by exact research—a Commission which, from the
difficulty of the inquiry, must have comprehended some of the best men of the day ;
but instead of this a Committee of medical officers of convict prisons was appointed,
who, without experiments of any kind, omitting the chief subjects of inquiry, and
avyowedly discarding scientific knowledge, have recommended a new scheme, which
in its nutriment leaves the dietary much as it found it—lowering, however, the low,
and raising the high dietaries, whilst they believed that they had effected the con-
yerse—but which throws upon the medical officers of the prisons the most serious
responsibility of deciding whether a given prisoner shall be submitted to the “ pro-
gressive dietaries” which they have ordered, and of bringing down the labour to
the dietary if, after trial, the dietary which they have ordered with labour should
be found insufficient to maintain health and strength.
In this, as in other changes, the order of things has been inverted, and instead of
proof being first obtained as to the fitness of a dietary, the change is made and the
proof of its fitness sought afterwards. Hence the whole procedure has increased
the anomaly ;-for the magistrates have now before them the old government scheme
which has been decisively condemned by the Committee of the House of Lords, anda
new government scheme, confessedly not built upon exact scientific research, fenced
about by several restrictions, left to the discretion and responsibility of the surgeons
of jails, submitted for a trial of nine months’ duration, and to be judged of by gentle-
men who do not claim any special knowledge on the subject.
Did I say too much when I affirmed that the state of the dietary in prisons is
yery unsatisfactory? The subject of dietary in hospitals involves too many purely
medical details to justify me in discussing it here ; but I may remark that, although
each case of disease must be considered on its own grounds only, it has been found
possible to arrange several classes of diets in all hospitals under some such heads as
low, middle, and high diets, and consequently there can be no reason why each one
should not be arranged according to the nutriment required under the conditions in
which they are severally used; and it is clear that an approach to uniformity is
possible in all our English hospitals. At present the amount of nutriment in each
diet is only inferred in a general way ; and if there should be found two hospitals
haying the same dietary tables, it is from the accident that one has been copied from
the other. I will also add that the amount of nutriment contained in many low
diets (often called tea diets) is so low as to bear no proportion whatever to the
daily requirements of a man, and would justify any medical man in calculating the
amount and calling the attention of his professional brethren to the result.
As each hospital has and recognizes its own medical authorities in the formation
of such tables, and as each medical man must be allowed to exercise. his own dis-
cretion in the treatment of disease, I doubt if the uniformity which seems to me
to be so important will ever be attained except after full inquiry made by some
central authority which has power to remunerate those who would undertake so
large an amount of labour; and hence the public and the profession are justified in
looking to the Medical Department of the Privy Council for the performance of
this service.
There is, I think, the best reason to believe that the dietary of our private schools
and colleges, and of our charitable institutions for the maintenance and education
of the young, has greatly improved in our day; but it is a subject which still
demands public attention, There are multitudes of cheap schools throughout the
106 ; REPORT—1864.
country in which the sum paid with the pupils is manifestly inadequate to remu-
nerate the proprietors of the schools. A very striking illustration of this occurred a
few months ago, where two ladies with their mother received children for board and
education at a sum which yielded only about 43d. per day per head in the family
for all the expenses of rent, taxes, clothing, service, and food required by the
family. A public investigation of this case was made, and the following was
given in evidence on the dietary in the school im question = .
“ For breakfast milk thickened with flour and water, and“a.reund of bread; and
when they had not this, there was nettle- or onion-broth made with oatmeal and
water. For dinner on Sunday there was meat and plenty of.-vegetables and
pudding; on Monday pudding alone; on Tuesday cold meatvand vegetables; on
Wednesday boiled rice and treacle, or treacle-pudding ; ‘on Thursday meat; on
Friday rice-pudding; and on Saturday perhaps boiled*bacon, or pig’s face with boiled
peas. There was also broth made from sheep's pluck. For tea, a cup of tea and a
round of bread and lard, or more if they wanted it.”
This may perhaps be regarded as an extreme case; and whilst not insisting too
much upon. it, we may fear lest it should represent more or less correctly the state
of all the cheap schools throughout the country.
But to take a higher class of scholastic institution. I know an institution
receiving perhaps 150 boys, of ages varying from ten to sixteen, and haying all the
staff of a college, in which the following is the daily outline :—
They rise at 6 A.M., and engage in studies until 8 a.m. without receiving any food.
At breakfast they have a mug of cold milk and half a round of bread placed before
them, and, after a time, the bread-basket, containing quarters of slices, is passed
round, from which the pupils may take a piece. After the morning’s studies, the
dinner consists of meat, of which a quantity is given which the boys whom I know
state is much less than they receive when at home, and to which none is usually
added. The quantity of potato is very small generally, and bread is not given.
Pudding is sometimes dit, and sometimes bread and cheese supplies its place.
Only one other meal is allowed in the day, and that is similar to the breakfast.
Thus there are only three meals a day allowed, two of which are cold; and the meat
is practically much limited in quantity, There are moreover more than two hours in
the morning during which no food is*supplied, and during part of which the brain
must be at work; and there are fourteen hours between the meagre supper and the
following breakfast. Such a dietary must be an insufficient one in the total quan-
tity of nutriment, and particularly im the fat wltich is supplied; and it cannot be a
matter of surprise that the boys which I saw were very spare, and very tame and
quiet, both in body and mind.
There is one source of importance which in this matter is common to all these
institutions and to worklouses, viz. that they have charge of children and youths
during the period of growth—a period which once passed over never recurs, and
each year of which has its own special duties, of which, if any remain unperformed
in one year, most rarely can the defect be compensated for in the following years.
Hence, if there be deficient food at this period, the body either falls rapidly into
disease, which terminates fatally before an adult age is attained, or both body and
mind grow up without that force and vigour which is characteristic of health,
and in which the future man is less fitted than others for the duties of life. An
emaciated frame will probably be associated with a feeble and dull mind, and the
sufferer will rarely attain a position among others in life beyond that’ of low
mediocrity.
At the period in question, whether we regard the boy physically or mentally, it
is of highest consequence that he be supplied with an abundant and well-arranged
dietary, and in nearly all cases the prime elements of diet should be given without
stint. The appetite 1s not, however, always a sufficient guide ; for a boy having been
accustomed to take only a small quantity of food, the desire for a larger quantity is
either lost or was never obtained, and in such cases with plenty within his reach he
will remain underfed. Encouragement to eat is as important in many boys at
school as encouragement to study.
I am convinced that even yet the full importance of dietary during the period of
growth is most imperfectly understood, and hence I have thought it right to bring
BY Sore
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 107
it distinctly betore the attention of this Section, and shall be glad if it should
attract the attention of the press, and of gentlemen engaged in the duty of training
the young.
I cabal also add a word in reference to the monitors and others found in normal
training schools and national schools. The duties which devolve upon the master
or mistress of a national school in giving extra and special instruction to the monitors,
apart from the ordinary duties of the school, excite a most prejudicial effect upon
the appetite for and digestion of food, by limiting too much the period allowed for
exercise, and extending too far the time devoted to brain-work and the period
of respiring warm and foul air. The monitors themselves are, however, the greater
sufferers, for they are younger, and are still at a period of life when the evils just
referred to exert a tenfold influence. Moreover they are always the children of
the poor, and were ill-fed in earlier years, and upon this basis have undertaken a
new set of duties, which withdraw them from the fresh air, and supplant muscular
exertion by mental strain ; and, at the same time, they have an income so small,
that it does not suffice for them to obtain nourishment at all adequate to the re-
quirements of mental labour and of bodily growth. I have had my attention drawn to
this class of persons in a painful way in connexion with the occurrence of consump-
tion, and I should be glad if public attention could be drawn to their condition.
A consideration of the dietary of the general community must have regard to
two classes at least, viz. the well-fed middle and higher classes, and the moderately
fed or ill-fed labouring classes ; but time will not allow me to refer to the former
further than to offer a few observations on “ Bantingism,” whilst I shall describe
the latter in some detail.
The attention which has recently been called to Bantingism has, I think, been
advantageous to the community, by showing the effects which flow from a regula-
tion of dietary, and by gaining the confidence of the public in the science of the
question. The names of the components of food aré now far more widely known
than before, and we may almost assume that all persons know the difference between
carbon and nitrogen in their ultimate use in the animal system. I am not here
concerned with the medical question, as to whether it is desirable to reduce the
bulk of a given individual—a circumstance which must always be left to the judg-
ment of the medical man in charge of the case; but I feel compelled to state, that
it would be an evil to this nation, both physically and mentally, if the system of
reduction were to become at all general; and that, on the contrary, regarding the
whole population, we need to add to, rather than take from, the weight of the
body. I would also add my experience as a physician, that even in the well-fed
classes I have seen very serious diminution of both bodily and mental vigour follow
the working out of the plan.
. Omitting, therefore, any reference to the question of health, and considering the
subject scientifically, we must admit that in a full-fed and fat man the fat and
fluids of the body may be lessened, and the whole bulk and weight proportionally
reduced by this system, and that upon principles which have long been well esta-
blished, The whole plan is to reduce the carbon or fat-forming elements in the
food to a point much baw the daily wants of the system, so that a portion of the
fat already in the body may be consumed daily, whilst at the same time the nitro-
genaus elements are supplied with at least their usual abundance. This is effected
y withholding ‘separated fats, as butter and the fat of meat, and by very greatly
restricting the analogous food, starch, which enters largely into the composition of
flour and all grains, The supposed necessity for giving a very large supply of meat
is based upon incorrect reasoning, and in reality is owing to the fact that the
carbon which is found associated with the nitrogen in lean flesh is required from .
the too great reduction which has been made in the sugar, fat, and starch in other
food. For the purpose in hand it is more consistent with sense and science to
allow the usual variety of food, but to limit the total daily amount of it, so that
the quantity of carbon shall be in defect of the daily wants, and the quantity of
nitrogen remain as before. There is no necessity for the absolute excision of' fat
and sugar, and the extreme reduction in the quantity of bread, any more than for
the great increase in the quantity of meat, The bulk of the body may be reduced.
108 REPORT—1864.
simply by lessening the amount of the kinds of food usually taken; and as the re-
duction is more slowly effected, it is a process attended by less danger to the
health.
It may not be doubted that in proportion as the system is extensively adopted,
and, in a given case, is worked out rapidly, so will be the prevalence of heart-
diseases, derangement of digestion, and gout. Seeds are now sown which will
yield a plentiful harvest to medical men.
To turn now to the dietary of our labouring population. An inquiry of a
character unique, at least in extent, has just been completed by me for the
Government, which will afford a clearer insight than has hitherto been obtained
into the dietary of our labouring populations, and will enable us to appreciate
both its merits and defects. It has been made at the homes of the agricultural
labourers in every county in England, in Wales, in the west and north of Ireland,
and in the west and south of Scotland; at the homes of certain town populations,
as silk- and cotton-weavers, seamstresses, kid-glovers, shoemakers, and stocking-
weavers, with all the care and minuteness which science could suggest ; and with-
out burdening this address with the details, which may be found in the Sixth
Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, I may describe the results
under the two general heads of the quantity of food and nutriment, and the nature
of each class of food.
In doing this I must beg of you to bear with quotations of figures to an extent
ereater, perhaps, than I should think appropriate to an address of this nature.
I will now offer some observations upon the separate classes of foods already re-
ferred to.
1st, Breadstuffs.—The coarse kinds of bread which were in ordinary use by our
forefathers, even to the early part of the present century, are now very rarely eaten.
Barley bread is still used in the houses of labourers in South Wales, and in the
farmhouses of North and South Wales and Anglesea; also by the labourers in
Northumberland in the north, and in Cornwall and Devon in the south of England,
and in the southern parts of Scotland; but, except in certain poor districts in
South Wales, it is not anywhere now used as a principal member of the class of
breadstuffs. In nearly every locality it is now mixed with rye-meal, or with
various proportions of wheaten flour. Rye bread is nowhere eaten alone, but
the meal is mixed with barley meal; and in the north of England rye is grown with
wheat in the field, or the grains are subsequently mixed together in the proportion
of 1 part of rye and 3 parts of wheat, and_Imown as marlin. It is also added in
small proportions to brown wheat meal in London to give a moist condition to the
bread. Oatmeal is used by 20 per cent. of the farm labourers in England ; but only
in Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland is it eaten as a breadstuft,
and there it is not a principal member of the class. In the west of Scotland it is
still the principal breadstuff, and in the south it is extensively but not so exclu-
sively eaten—barley meal and wheaten flour being also used. It is now more
largely eaten in the north and west of Ireland than was formerly the case, being
preferred to Indian corn, and occupying a middle position between that and wheaten
flour. Indian corn is eaten exclusively in the south and west of Ireland, where
exceeding poverty isan incubus upon the people, and is eaten alone or with the
addition of oatmeal. Pea meal is never eaten alone as bread, but in the north of
Scotland it is sometimes added to oatmeal for that purpose. Wheaten flour is now
exclusively used to make bread for all the town populations, and in nearly every dis-
trict of England for the farm-labouring populations, and, with the exception of the
Western Highlands of Scotland, the south and west of Ireland, and certain portions
of South Wales, is universally the principal breadstuff obtained by the population.
The abundant supply, the fine quality, and the low price of it of late years have
even induced the poor to discard the use of the brown wheaten meal which was
so commonly eaten when I was a youth, and nowhere now is brown or whole-
grained wheaten flour the ordinary breadstuff of even single families, much less of
small communities. In all the inquiries throughout England I found but one or
two families who commonly purchased it.
This is a striking change in the habits of the people, and we may well ask what
is the reason for the exclusion of the low-priced breadstufis, and the universal use of
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 109
an article which until recently was only within the reach of the better classes.
The reasons are sound.
1. The low price of good white flour, and the very small difference between
that and the price of coarser foods; nay, brown wheat meal is now charged at
: high a price as the white flour, and oatmeal is everywhere dearer than wheaten
our.
2. The flavour of the white wheaten flour is more agreeable than that of any
other breadstuff; and this is of the highest importance in point of economy, for the
children of the poor will eat dry white bread ; but with brown wheaten or rye or
barley bread they must have treacle or some kind of fat.
3. Its use may be constant, whilst that of the coarser foods must be intermittent,
both because the latter rather repel the appetite, and because the husk of the brown
flour, or the barley meal, and often of the oatmeal also purges unduly, and particu-
larly in children and sensitive women.
4, The income of the labourer has increased of late years, and he is now better
informed and more observant, and has also improved in his tastes and habits.
In Western Scotland oatmeal has held its place in the belief that it is a
stronger food than wheat meal; but more probably because wheat does not grow
there generally, and from the fixedness of the national character. In Ireland the
maize is a very modern innovation, but it is the cheapest breadstuff which can be
supplied, and extreme poverty compels them to take it gladly, whilst at the same
time they detegt it. They cannot afford to purchase wheat flour in the quantity
tes ae their wants demand; but they long for it, and with improved means will
obtain it.
In the districts where the coarser grains are still used, the labourers obtain them
as a part of their wages, or have some special privilege allowed to them by the
farmer in the purchase of them, and hence the use of them is only in small part
voluntary.
Rice was used by about 58 per cent. of the population, but never in the place of
bread, or as a principal breadstuff. Its price is high, and it must be cooked, whilst
good bread is cheap, ready for eating, and universally procurable. Dried peas are
eaten only under two circumstances—when there is broth, and when fresh vege-
tables are scarce or absent, and hence are eaten almost exclusively in the winter.
They do not constitute anywhere an important part of the dietary. It must, how-
ever, be added that in the cotton and silk districts the example which has been
offered to the poor has induced them to eat both rice and peas more abundantly
than heretofore.
Of these various breadstuffs the farm labourers and their families, in the average
of all England, obtain per adult weekly 12: lbs. of breadstuffs, those of Wales
14 Ibs., of Scotland 124 Ibs., and of Ireland 20: Ibs.; so that England and Scot-
land stand at the foot, and Ireland at the head of the list. Of indoor operatives,
silk-weavers obtained 93 lbs., needlewomen 72 lbs., kid-glovers 82 Ibs., shoe-
makers 11} lbs., and stocking-weavers nearly 12 Ibs.—quantities below those of
outdoor labourers, and differing as 9-6 Ibs. to 13+ Ibs.
Fresh Vegetables.—The operatives in towns obtain a somewhat uniform quantity
of fresh vegetables all the year round. Potatoes are there the chief article of this
class ; but when cabbages are cheap they are frequently eaten, and cauliflower or
some other luxury is obtained for the Sunday. Farm labourers almost universally
grow potatoes and other vegetables. As a rule, they eat potatoes from the early
gathering in June or July until about the following Christmas to March, when their
stock ceases, and a little time elapses before green vegetables are procurable.
When cabbage is plentiful it is eaten in large quantities daily, but when otherwise
its use is restricted to Sunday, and perhaps one or two other days of the week.
Rhubarb, fruits, new peas, onions, &c. are obtained in their season, but to supply
nutriment cabbage and potatoes are alone relied upon. Hence there are three to
six months in the year when a large mass of farm labourers do not obtain potatoes,
and perhaps only one or two months during which they use cabbage very largely.
When fresh vegetables are scarce, more breadstuffs are consumed.
In Ireland there are two distinct and alternate dietaries, one with and the other
Without potatoes. When potatoes are in use the usual allowance is 3: Ibs. per
110 REPORT—1 864.
head, thrice a day. I found families eating 440 lbs. per week. Universally it is of
the highest importance that the farm labourer may grow an abundant supply of
potatoes, since it converts his otherwise unprofitable time into money, or saves the
expenditure of money in more costly foods.
Sugars.—Cane-sugar or treacle, or both, are almost universally used; the latter
in the place of fats chiefly, and the former almost exclusively with tea or coffee.
Treacle, at the high price charged for it in villages, is not regarded as a cheap
food, since it sinks into the bread and the children cannot taste it; and wherever
milk is very abundant, as in Devonshire, the use of sugar is almost restricted to the
baby. It is eaten in Ireland with the maize when made into stirabout, but in
England it is less eaten by the poorer than by the better-paid labourers. Thus,
only 4 oz. per head were eaten in Wilts and Somerset, whilst 16 0z. were consumed
in Lancashire. Sugar is everywhere regarded as a luxury.
Separated sugars were obtained by 98 per cent. of the farm labourers in England,
92 per cent. in Wales, 96 per cent. in Scotland, and 82 per cent. in Ireland; and
the quantity per adult weekly was—England 7} 0z., Wales 74 oz., Scotland 53
oz., and Ireland 42 0z.; so that Wales occupied the head, and Ireland the foot
of the list, both in frequency and quantity. Of indoor operatives, silk-weavers
obtained 71 oz., needlewomen 7} oz., kid-glovers 4} 0z., shoemakers 10 oz., and
stockine-weavers 1loz.; and hence the average was higher than that of outdoor
labourers, as 8 oz. to 6°6 oz. The frequency with which they were obtained was
the same in both classes on the whole average.
Fats.—These are butter, dripping, lard, and suet. Butter is obtained almost
universally, and in the villages is dearer than in towns. In some Welsh farm-
houses it is made from the skimmings of the buttermilk. Dripping can be obtained
only in towns, or by the favour of some wealthy person in the neighbourhood ; and
hence, although highly prized and by far the most economical fat, its use is very
partial and uncertain. Lard is the most largely obtained where the farm labourer
is happy enough to keep and kill a pig; but such cases are a minority. In South
Wales the labourer reserves it for sale, or to sharpen his tools, and considers it too
valuable for him to eat. When it must be bought, the supply is very intermittent
and small. Swet is generally bought with the meat, in quantity sufficient for the
Sunday’s pudding; and where pudding is a daily item of dietary, as in Somerset,
the use of suet may be extended to one or two other days. Its use is very general
both in town and country populations. Fats are regarded as a luxury, and cut off
when pressure occurs, but not in quite the same degree as sugar. Hence the least
supply is in the poorest, and the greatest in the better class districts, varying in
the different counties from less than 3 oz. to more than 10 oz. per adult weekly.
Separated fats were eaten less universally and in less quantity than sugars.
Thus, of farm labourers in England 99 per cent., in Wales 92 per cent., in Scotland
93 per cent., and in Ireland only 42 per cent. obtained separated fats; and the
weekly quantity per adult was—England 5} 0z., Wales 5} 0z., Scotland 4 0z.,
and Ireland 1+ 02z., showing great disparity in the quantity and frequency between
Ireland and England; but placing them in the same order as in that of sugars,
silk-weavers obtained 41 0z., needlewomen 4} oz., kid-glovers 7 oz., shoemakers
53 oz., and stocking-weavers 3} 0z.—quantities much below those of out-door ope-
ratives in England, but identical on the average of both classes.
Meat.—Speaking generally, butchers’ meat is the kind used in towns, and bacon
in the country; 30 per cent. of the latter never eat butchers’ meat, but 99 per
cent. obtain one or the other kind.
In towns, butchers’ meat can be obtained at any moment, in small quantities
and in cheap pieces; but in villages the sae is only weekly, and the price of the
inferior joints is greater than in town. Some buy half an ox-head or a sheep’s
head, weekly, and make broth and skim off the fat for future use, Bacon may
sometimes be fed by the labourer; and when otherwise, it can be bought at any
time—often bought at the grocer’s shop on credit—can be cut into aml portions,
supplying meat to the parents and dripping tothe children—is fat, and thus sooner
satisfies—is more relishing than butchers’ meat, and can be readily fried with cold
potatoes or with cabbage. The American bacon can be bought at half the price of
the English bacon, but the poor prefer the latter,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 111
A meat dinner is universally obtained on the Sunday, and in turns is renewed
four to six times a week ; but in the coyntry, if the farm labourer be poor, the re-
mainder is reserved for the husband during the week; and if less poor, and the wife
be a good manager, a morsel is obtained three or four times a week, or even daily.
When the husband cannot return home to dinner, he takes his cold meat or bacon
with him, and a hot supper is provided on his return. The same occurs when the
wife and other members of the family work in the fields and cannot return to cook
food. In certain counties, as Somerset, Dorset, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Bucks,
Herts, Hunts, Cambridge, and Beds, pork is the sole meat eaten, and is generally fat
and pickled. In Anglesea the animals are slaughtered in the summer, and the whole
meat is salted for the winter. In the Highlands of Scotland the shepherds and
others have only braxy mutton—that of lambs and sheep found dead. The use of
the meat of calves &c. which have died a natural death is not uncommon in South
Wales and in many parts of England. Fish is chiefly eaten on the coast ; but red
herrings are acommon food both in town and country, and especially in the winter,
and fresh herrings and other fish when very cheap, Herrings packed in barrels
and newly salted are a very common food in the Western Highlands of Scotland; but,
generally speaking, fish is not an important article of food throughout England.
The husband obtains the lion’s share of the meat or bacon, and the wife says
that he wins the bread and needs it.
Meats were eaten among farm labourers by 99 per cent. in England, 84 per cent.
in Wales, 72 per cent. in Scotland, and 59 per cent. in Ireland, in quantities per
adult weekly of 16 ozs. in England, 122 ozs. in Wales, 101 ozs. in Scotland, and
only 43 ozs. in Ireland, yielding a higher return in reference to England than was
expected, and showing how low Ireland stands both in frequency and quantity.
Of indoor operatives, silk-weayers obtained 71 ozs., needlewomen 15 ozs., kid-
glovers 181 ozs., shoemakers 152 ozs., and stocking-weavers 113 ozs.— quantities
aaa high, but on the average very slightly less than those of outdoor la-
ourers.
Mitk.—In a butter country the only kind of milk attainable is skim milk and
buttermilk, and when the former is cheap, as in Devon (one farthing per pint), the
latter is not eaten by the labourers. Skimmed milk is usually poorer than butter-
milk in fat. In hot weather it is kept so long that it turns on boiling, and cannot
therefore be cooked. Buttermilk is used largely in South Wales and in Ireland,
and in the former is often given to those who help to churn; but, except in those
localities, it is not so highly appreciated as it should be. In a cheese country only
whey can be had, and the poor rarely regard that as human food. In arable dis-
tricts milk of every kind is exceedingly scarce, so that even the farmer cannot ob-
tain it for himself. In some pasturage districts the whole land is devoted to feeding
animals, and then no milk can be obtained; but usually a district of pasturage is
favourable to the supply of milk to the labourer. New milk is always attainable
in towns, but generally almost or quite unattainable in the districts and localities
whence it is sent to towns. It is abundant in the Highlands of Scotland, and a
Scotch pint, or 31 English pints, is the daily allowance to a labourer. In many
parts of England the farmer feeds his calves and hounds with it, and denies it to
the labourers, because it is inconvenient to find some one to measure it out when
asked for. Many gentlemen distribute skimmed milk gratuitously, and others sup-
ply new milk at a low price. A few labourers keep a cow in the lanes of their dis-
trict, and then have plenty of milk; but generally speaking, the supply of milk is
quite inadequate to the wants of the country. Some farmers who do not sell
milk, allow their labourers to have a quarter of a pint of cream on Saturday for
one penny.
Of outdoor labourers 72 per cent. obtained milk in England, 100 per cent. in
Wales and Scotland, and 98 per cent. in Ireland; and whilst the quantity per adult
weekly was only 32 ozs. in England, it was 85 ozs. in Wales, 1242 ozs. in Scotland,
and 135 ozs. in Ireland—quantities greatly in favour of the Trish’ and Scotch
aaa The quantity obtained by indoor operatives was very small, viz. 22 ozs.
y silk-weavers (including those at Macclesfield), 7 ozs. by needlewomen, 181 ozs.
by kid-glovers, 18 ozs. by shoemakers, and 24% ozs, by stocking-weayers. The
amount was very small in London, ;
112 REPORT—1864.
Cheese.—In the poorest districts of England and in South Wales cheese is eaten
very largely by the labouring population, whilst in the better-paid districts, as
Yorkshire, it is regarded as a luxury, and eaten rarely. In the west of Ireland,
where the people are so poor, they say cheese is too dear for them, and I scarcely
found a family which purchased it. The explanation of this anomaly is the price
charged for the kind of cheese in question. In Dorset, Somerset, and Wilts, and in
South Wales, the cheese which is so largely eaten is made from skimmed milk, and
is highly nitrogenous, but it is tough if too new, and hard if moré than one year old.
It is sold retail at 23d. to 33d. per lb. I found a man and his wife in Wales who
ate 1 lb. a day each, and lived almost entirely on bread and cheese. In other dis-
tricts this kind of cheese is unknown, and when &d. to 10d. per lb. is charged for
it, the poor rightly regard it as wasteful. It should be well understood that the
cheap cheese contains more nitrogen than dearer cheese, but is deficient in fat
(carbon) and flavour, and when it is in a digestible state, it is three times as cheap
food as the richer kinds. Cheese is eaten generally by indoor operatives living
in country districts or country towns, Those living in London eat it less abun-
dantly.
Almiohes farm labourers 57 per cent. obtained cheese in England, 72 per cent. in
Wales, and 48 per cent. in Scotland, whilst its use was almost unknown in Ireland.
The quantity per adult weekly was 53 ozs. in England, 93 ozs. in Wales, and
24 ozs. in Scotland. Of indoor operatives, shoemakers ate about 33 ozs. per adult
weekly, stocking-weayers 23 ozs., and kid-glovers in Somerset 10 ozs., whilst
silk-weavers and needlewomen scarcely ever purchased it. Its extensive use
was restricted to South Wales, Dorset, and Somerset, but it was generally eaten
in Gloucester, Durham, Sussex, Surrey, Hants, and Rutland.
Tea.—Tea is used almost universally both by indoor and outdoor operatives,
except in the very poor districts of South Wales and the west of Ireland. It is
drunk very weak, and the infusion is little more than hot water flavoured. In
many districts it is drunk with sugar, as in Devon, in others without milk, and the
very poor—cutting off milk and sugar rather than tea—drink the infusion alone.
Its use supplies a warm fluid in a palatable form, which is necessary and agree-
able in both hot and cold weather alike, and a meal is made by it for the wife and
children, when bread, with a little treacle or fat, is added. In a very few cases,
the husband takes a cold infusion with him to his work, and one family consumed
2lb. of tea per week. It is very desirable in the poorest districts that tea should
not be introduced, since it isa dear food in relation to its cost, and most important
everywhere that it should not supplant milk in the dietary of children. Many
needlewomen—the poorest class of operatives—take tea thrice a day, and buy 4 oz.
daily. This is the most ill-fed class, and the one which spends money with the
least economy. When the pressure of want is not so great, it may well be ad-
mitted as a luxury, and as supplying a warm agreeable fluid with the bread.
Coffee is used by 44 per cent., whilst tea is drank by 99 per cent.
Beer and Cider.—tIn the cider districts two to four pints of cider are allowed
daily to each labourer, and in harvest time the quantity is increased to one and even
to two gallons. Half that quantity is allowed to each woman. Beer is not
usually given except during harvest time and on occasions of special labour; but
whenever either cider or beer is given its value is estimated and considered as a part
of the wages; hence it cannot be doubted that, regarded as food, they are dear, and
it would be much better to allow their value in money, and leave the labourer to
drink as he pleases. This is indeed done in a very few places. When the wife
does not work in the fields, she most rarely obtains either beer or cider ; for whatever
may be the quantity allowed to the husband, it is quite exceptional to find a man
who takes any portion of it home. J have been exceedingly struck with the very
small quantity of beer which is drunk by farm labourers’ families. In towns it is
far more general for the operative and his family to obtain beer, and usually it is
drunk at suppertime, and particularly on Saturday nights and Sunday. In some
country villages I found a weak beer which was sold at 2d. per gallon, and which
was the ordinary beverage of the operative.
Hence, in reference to luxurious foods, as sugar, fats, meats, and tea, England and
Wales stand at the head, whilst in reference to breadstufls and milk, England is
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 113
at the foot. A comparison of the diet of indoor and outdoor labourers shows that
the former obtain far less breadstuffs and milk, but both are equal in reference to
luxurious foods, as sugar, meat, fat, and tea. When we regard the returns as a
whole, it will be seen that an outdoor (farm) labourer’s family obtains 131 Ibs. of
breadstuffs, 63 ozs. of sugar, 5 ozs. of fats, 14 ozs. of meats, 52 ozs. of milk, 5 ozs.
of cheese, and 3 oz. of tea per adult weekly; whilst an indoor operative eats 94
Ibs. of breadstufls, 8 ozs. of sugars, 5 ozs. of fats, 133 ozs. of meats, 18 ozs. of milk,
and $ oz. of tea per adult weekly.
The amount of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen—The amount of carbon and
nitrogen which is contained in the above dietaries, reckoned per adult weekly, is as
follows :—
Farm labourers obtained in England 13-2 ozs., in Wales and Anglesea 15°8 ozs.,
in Scotland 16 ozs., and in Ireland, with the maize dietary, 14:1 ozs., yielding an
average of 14'8 ozs. of carbon. The free hydrogen, when reckoned as carbon, makes
the following additions :—England 0-84 0z., Wales and Anglesea 0:89 oz., Scot-
land 1:09 oz., and Ireland 1:17 oz. Scotland thus stands at the head and England
at the foot; but a yet higher amount is found in the Anglesea dietaries, viz. 19-8
ozs. of carbon. Indoor operatives universally obtained a less amount of carbon ;
even the well-fed cotton operatives in times of plenty obtained only 13-4 ozs.—a
quantity almost identical with that of English farm labourers, but stocking-weavers
had 10-9 ozs., shoemakers 10°3 ozs., needlewomen 9°4 ozs., kid-glovers 9:3 ozs., and,
least of all, silk-weavers 9 ozs. Hence the farm labourer occupies a much higher
position in his dietary than has heretofore been assumed, a position also somewhat
higher than the standard quantity which I estimated to be necessary from experi-
ments upon myself and others, viz. 12°5 ozs. of carbon for the hard-working classes.
Whilst the grand average in farm labourers was nearly 15 ozs. of carbon, that of
three classes of indoor labourers was 9; 0zs., and the average of the whole was only
10 ozs. As to nitrogen, the farm labourers in England obtained daily 242 ors.,
in Wales and Anglesea 290 grs., in Scotland 335 gers., and in Ireland, with the
maize dietary, 347 grs., yielding a grand total of 300 ers. daily. Anglesea, again,
stood the highest of the large divisions of the kingdom, and offered 360 ers. daily,
There is a marked contrast between these returns and those of the indoor la-
bourers, if we again except the well-fed cotton operatives, whose dietary furnished
249 ers. daily—a quantity almost identical with that of the English labourer; for
stocking-weavers obtained only 188 grs., shoemakers 190 grs., kid-glovers 175 grs.,
silk-weavers 164 grs., and needlewomen 135 grs. Hence, whilst the average con-
sumption by farm labourers was 300 grs., that by indoor labourers was less than
200 ers., and thus, contrary to general belief, the inhabitants of country districts
obtain more food than those of towns.
Such is the statement of the food obtained by different classes of the community,
some doubtless as a whole, and others in part, containing members which are ill-
fed. It must, however, be added that a supdiiion of the class of farm labourers,
viz. those living at the farmhouses, obtain far more food than the above quantities
represent, and are doubtless amongst the most fully-fed persons in the kingdom,
The quantity of carbon and nitrogen contained in the food of a labourer in York-
shire was 263 ozs. and 570 grs. There were also some labourers found who, living at
home, ate very largely, as in Ireland 35 ozs. of carbon and 645 ers. of nitrogen, in
Scotland 27 ozs. of carbon and 500 grs. of nitrogen, and in England 23 ozs. of car-
bon and 430 ers. of nitrogen per adult daily. On the other hand, some of this class
in England obtained only 63 ozs. of carbon and 125 ers. of nitrogen.
Extremes yet wider apart are found when both indoor and outdoor labourers
are considered together. Thus, one needlewoman ate less than 402s. of carbon and
less than 100 ers. of nitrogen, and many of that class obtained less than 5 ozs. of
carbon and 120 ers, of nitrogen daily. So wide apart are these numbers, that the
highest is nine times greater in carbon and twelve times greater in nitrogen than
the least, and yet both alike are the daily food of an adult human being.
The Lancashire operatives offer, however, the least exceptionable information as
to the diverse quantities of food which the human body can take for lengthened
periods and yet remain in good health under both conditions. Thus, on the average
of whole inquiries, they obtained 133 ozs, of carbon and 250 grs. of nitrogen daily
64. 8
114 REPORT—1864.
in good times, whilst lately the quantities were reduced to 94 0zs. and 1857s,
Even the same person ate at one time 20 ozs. of carbon and 373 grs. of nitrogen,
and at another 11 ozs. and 188 grs., whilst another person reduced her dietary from
14} ozs. to 64 ozs. of carbon, and from 233 grs. to 108 grs. of nitrogen daily.
With such facts as these, how difficult it is to prove what food is really required
even by the classes from which they have been derived! We cannot assume
that 35 ozs. of carbon are necessary for a farm labourer, when others placed in very
similar circumstances obtain only one-fifth of that quantity; neither are we entitled
to affirm that the least quantity is sufficient, seeing that such small quantities are
but rarely found. The proper quantity lies somewhere between the two, and pos-
sibly where the average is drawn; but since men are not fed on the average, but as
individuals, to assume that is to almost assume the whole argument. When dif-
ferent classes of persons are included in the inquiry, we may be prepared from
general knowledge to find some difference in their wants; but can it be assumed
with safety, that because some needlewomen live on 40zs. to 5o0zs. of carbon
daily and keep in moderate health, so small an amount only is necessary ?
The extent of this abstract precludes my offering further observations upon the
dietary of the poor, but I would add in a line that the children and wives are
almost universally ill-fed; that a large proportion of the infant mortality and of
deaths from consumption before adult life may be properly traced to the tea and
sop—the wretchedly innutritious feeding in very early life; that the poor of our
day are in danger of placing mere taste and flavour before nutrition, as in the pur-
chase of high-priced bacon, fresh butter, and of high-priced food in general; and
that it is not at all so thoroughly understood as it should be, that a man’s first duty
is to provide sufficient nourishment for his family, and, if necessary, to do this
should limit them to dry bread, or bread and dripping, or to the stirabout and
skimmed milk and the potatoes and buttermilk of the Irish peasantry. He should
be taught how to place supply of nourishment first, and variety of food and pleasure
of the palate second. It 1s also to be much regretted that so much of his wages
are spent in beer and cider, either voluntarily or involuntarily, and that he has not
universally the opportunity of purchasing cheap milk and of growing an abundant
supply of potatoes.
will now indicate in a few words, and therefore very generally, the present state
of the dietary question in a scientific point of view, and in doing so we shall find
this satisfaction—that whilst more remains to be done than has hitherto been
effected, much of the knowledge which has been acquired is conclusive in its
nature.
The chemical constitution of foods has been determined in an exact manner and
on a scale of great magnitude both in this country and abroad, and although in
calculating the nutritive elements in foods it is still desirable to quote the authority
on which we rely, this is less owing to errors in the analyses, than to the qualities
of the various samples which are in actual use. Thus the composition of the lean
and fat of meat is well known, as is also the proportion which these bear to each
other in the whole of a well-fed or a moderately-fed animal; but an approximation
to the truth only can be made when we apply this knowledge to a particular joint
of meat, or to the various joints which are commonly consumed by the poorer or
the richer sections of the community respectively. So with regard to other foods,
Milk varies in the amount of all its constituents according to the particular cow and
to the food which is supplied to it, so that one cow yields more butter and another
more cheese, whilst the grass of the rich lowlands affords far richer milk than that
of the hills and mountain-sides. Bacon varies according to its degree of dryness ;
butter according to the quantity of salt and of water which it contains, and cheese
according to its quantity of fat. Hence, whilst the analyses of foods under many
conditions have been accurately made, there is and always will be, in the application
of this Inowledge to the dietaries of individuals, a certain error; but it is not to an
amount which in the least interferes with the truthful application of this knowledge
on the large scale which is needful in a daily or weekly dietary.
There is a suspicion that the analysis of a few foods, as, for example, some
of the very great number of varieties of these, requires correction, and in reference
to the odours of alcohols and of fragrant substances but little advance has been
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 115
made. There seem also to be grounds for the belief that our knowledge of the
active properties of tea and coffee is not yet complete. It is singular that in the
market the only test applied by the merchant is the flavour, which doubtless mainly
depends upon the-essential oil of the leaf, whilst in the laboratory the test is the
quantity of theine ; the former, viz. the aroma, varies greatly in the different speci-
mens of tea, whilst the latter (the theine) may be as abundantly found in the low-
priced as in the high-priced teas. There is an agreeable effect produced by tea
which the theine does not account for, and thence it is inferred that there must be
some hidden quality in tea which produces it ; but when we refer to the poor man’s
tea, to 2 ozs. of tea se week for a family, used thrice a day, affording not more
than half a teaspoonful of tea for the whole meal of a family, it is difficult to believe
that much more influence is found in the cup than that of a pleasant warm drink,
and one the use of which is universal and fashionable.
The physiology of foods is in a less satisfactory state than that of their chemical
constituents, and as it is a much more recondite question, the latter has perhaps too
exclusively usurped its place in determining the value of foods.
Thus, the husk of grains, even the inner part which is directly in association with
the fecula, contains a larger proportion of nitrogenous matter than is found in the
fecula, and thence it has been inferred—nay, in spite of every exposure of the fallacy,
it is still maintained by those interested in bread companies, that the meal derived
from the whole grain is more nutritious than that obtained from the fecula alone.
In periods of famine the bark of trees has been selected for food, because it contains
a certain amount of starchy matter, and the wood of plants, when sawn into a fine
powder, has been mixed with other substances and eaten as food; but because the
sawdust is rich in nitrogen, as rich as is the husk of seeds, would it not be repug-
nant to common sense to affirm that it is not only a good food, but that wheaten
flour would be a better food with a portion of sawdust added to it? Yet such is
precisely the state of the question with regard to the bran or the husk of grain; it is
indigestible in the human stomach, and when eaten as food, all the indigestible part
remains unused, and in passing through the bowel acts as an irritant and laxative.
Hence the digestibility of various foods is a prime element in the calculation of
the nutritive values of foods. This quality varies somewhat according to the indi-
vidual, so that foods which are useful to one are injurious to another. Moreover,
our knowledge of the degree of digestibility of any food is a matter rather of infer-
ence than of fact; still, when foods are mixed as in ordinary diet, the amount of
unused matter in the daily supply has been ascertained with an approach to truth,
and suffices for comparison when changes of mixed foods are made. The extension
of this knowledge is of the highest importance in physiology, and particularly in
reference to those who are fed at the public expense, and whom it is a public duty
to feed sufficiently at the smallest cost. The problem is one very easy of solution
under proper conditions, and consists simply in determining, under certain typical
conditions, what proportion of a given food leaves the body unused. The method
is accurate, and not difficult of application, and of all conditions in which it could
be used, that of human life is probably the best, since typical men could be selected,
and every other condition, except that under inquiry and the effect of season, could
be kept uniform from day to day. Iam very desirous to impress this part of the
subject upon the public mind, for in no other way can the information which is so
essential to the public weal be acquired. Had the recommendation of Lord Car-
narvon’s Committee of the House of Lords been adopted by the Government, and
a suitable Commission been issued, the whole question of the digestibility of foods
might have been set at rest in the course of two years.
s to the chemical constitution of foods, there are certain leading facts relating
to this subject which have been under constant inquiry for some years past through-
out Europe and America, and much information has been gained. These refer to
the transformations of foods, and to the outlets by which they finally leave the
body. Thus the experiments of the late Dr. Dundas Thompson, Messrs. Lawes
and Gilbert, myself, and others, have, I think, proved that, whilst nitrogenous foods
supply the nitrogenous tissues, and ultimately leave the body chiefly as urea, they
have the further quality of stimulating all vital actions, and thereby of increasing
the transformation of other and carbonaceous foods. The transformation of the
*
116 REPORT—1864.
vegetable acids, and of starch and sugar, and the deportment of fat whilst in the
body, and its final transformation, seem to be well established ; but it yet remains
to show why so many substances, as fat, starch, and sugar, having an analogous
composition, should be found so universally in the foods provided for man, and
why he seems to need a portion of each of them. The fact also that certain sub-
stances leave the body without having experienced any change whilst passing
through it, is established, as, for example, odours of almost every kind, and, so far
as our knowledge now extends, we may add alcohol also. Ido not say “ alcohols,”
since that class embraces many fluids differing much from each other, and all except
alcohol itself containing elements which do undergo the process of transformation ;
but I refer only to alcohol, whether taken alone, or with colouring and flavouring
matters in spirits, or with these and certain nutritive substances in all spirits.
There can be no doubt that alcohol, as alcohol, leaves the body by every outlet for
many hours after it has been taken, and for a period of at least thirty-six hours may be
found in the tissues of the body, and, so far, is conclusive proof that alcohol passes
through the body unchanged. The defect in the proof is, that in no case has the
whole of the alcohol which was taken been collected from the excretions, and
therefore some may have been transformed ; and the only answer to this assumption
is, that it is and will be impossible to collect all the products of excretion for so
long a period as the alcohol has been found in the body, and that as some alcohol
is proved to leave the body by every outlet for the longest period during which an
experiment can be made, and after this is found in the tissues of the body
unchanged, it is highly probable that the whole does pass out unchanged.
It is no objection to this statement to affirm that alcohol is an active agent
in the body, for a substance may-act physically as well as chemically, and it does
not follow that it must change its composition in order to act. The action of
alcohol over the heart, the skin, the brain, and other organs is fully admitted; but
this fact simply lies parallel with the other, viz. that it is taken into the body as
alcohol, and leaves it as alcohol.
The digestibility and assimilability of foods must be regarded in three aspects:
1st, the kind of food under inquiry, or its absolute digestibility ; 2nd, the quantity
of a given food which is digested; and 3rd, the conditions under which the food is
acting. In reference to the quantity of food which can be assimilated, I cite the
instance of cheese ; for my own experiments have shown that beyond a very limited
amount, the nitrogenous elements of cheese do not reappear as urea—that is to say,
whatever may be the quantity of cheese eaten, only a very limited amount of it is
digestel and assimilated. This is important in the case of persons who, not
accustomed to the use of cheese, are compelled to make a large part of their meal
of it, as in prisons where, by the recent alterations, 3 to 4 ozs. of cheese with bread
constitutes the whole of the Sunday’s dinner. If only a small portion of the cheese
be digested, there will be a serious waste of food and also a deficiency in the nutri-
tive value of the dinner; and if, as doubtless was the case, the Committee regarded
the cheese as equivalent to a proportion of meat, they have greatly erred. It is one
thing to add a piece of cheese, which may only in part he digested, to a good meal
(and it will be noticed that wherever meat can be obtained, it is eaten first and the
cheese supplements it), and quite another to make cheese a prime constituent of the
meal. It has been already shown that there are certain poor districts in the kingdom,
as South Wales, Wilts, Dorset, and Cornwall, where a very large quantity of a
very low-priced cheese is eaten largely—in quantities which, measured by their
nutritive elements, might well supplant meat; yet the people eat it, not because
they prefer it to meat, and are themselves the worst fed of the whole agricultural
country. This is not in favour of the digestibility of cheese, and yet it is under
the advantage that the persons eating the cheese have from their childhood been
accustomed to its use. The same argument might be used in reference to fat, for
it is proved by the excretions that the quantity of fat which can be digested at a
time is very limited ; but I shall not pursue this argument further.
The effect of the conditions under which foods are digested and required is now
much better known than heretofore. The views of Liebig as to the influence of
climate now require much modification; for the abstract of the Report on the
dietaries of India, which I prepared the last year, and which is now published in
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. EV
the Transactions for 1863, shows that the absence of meat and fat from the Indian
dietaries is far less the effect of the climate than of poverty, and that, with the
exception of the high castes, as Brahmins and others, who reject meat from
religious scruples, flesh of almost every kind is eaten throughout that vast empire
when it can be obtained. The rivers are scoured for fish so small and insignifi-
cant as would be rejected by our poor, and is eaten both in its fresh and putrid
state. Beasts of prey, carrion birds, nay, even snakes, and the most repulsive
kind of flesh, are eagerly sought for by the low-caste Mahomedans and eaten,
whether it has died a natural death or otherwise ; nay, in Burmah the inhabitants
refuse to take life, but the animal having died, its flesh is eagerly eaten. More-
over, the quantity is as large as the supply will afford, without any reference to
theories as to the requirements of climate. Similar information has been afforded
by Dr. Livingstone in the hot climates in which he has travelled, but there the
mania for flesh-eating was far greater than anything shown in the Indian
Reports. So, on the other hand, the Reports of Dr. Kane and other Arctic
travellers have abundantly proved that the absence of vegetables in the food of
the Laplanders is because such food is not obtainable, for they enjoyed the white
bread of the travellers; and the exclusive use of flesh and fat is not only because
it is appropriate to the climate, but because it alone can be procured. In the
northern and less rigorous climate of Sweden the peasantry take mixed food very
similar to that of the people of our own country.
The effect of exertion over the transformation of food is now well and precisely
established, and our knowledge differs somewhat from that of an earlier period.
Thus, because the muscles are used in making exertion, and they are composed of
nitrogenous tissues, it was affirmed, with a great show of truth, that the excretion of
nitrogen in the form of urea must thus be increased ; but it has been proved that the
excretion of carbonic acid by the lungs is the measure of the exertion (for you
cannot move your finger repeatedly without increasing the quantity of carbonic acid
eyolyed), whilst the urea is not at all or only slightly increased with the most
severe exertion. The former has been most minutely proved by my own experiments,
and the latter has been established not only by myself, but by Bischoff and Val on
the Continent; for, singularly, whilst I was proving this by experiments on prisoners
at the tread-wheel, they proved it by a dog working a spit-wheel until exhausted—
both similar and most severe kinds of exertion. The explanation of this latter fact
was given by me in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1861, viz. that urea is a
mixed product of food and tissue, and if muscles during action throw off a larger
quantity of nitrogenous material than occurs at rest, they must absorb and appro-
priate an equally large quantity of nitrogenous food, or they would diminish in
size and weight, and hence the total excretion of the mixed product, viz. of urea,
will be the same.
On the Alimentary Character of Nitrogen Gas. By Francis Barwam.
On the Physiological Aspect of the Sewerage Question. By J. Hucues
Benyett, M.D., F.RS.E., Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the
University of Edinburgh, Se.
In recent times it has been maintained that the gases originating from decom-
posing animal and vegetable matters, bad drains, overcrowding, Xc., are not only
injurious to health, from the deterioration of atmospheric air, but that they are
the especial causes of certain specific fevers. It has also been supposed that bad
smells, especially the smell of feecal matters or of drains, are the evidence of the
existence of these specific morbific catises. Sanitarians and municipal authorities
have succeeded in exciting at the present time a public furore on this subject, and
a result which, for extravagance and uselessness, can only be compared with the
railway mania which existed some yearsago, Gigantic works are being constructed,
haying for their object, not the utilization of human excreta, but channels by
which they may be effectually wasted. Millions of pounds are thrown away in
conveying that matter, so necessary for the land and for agricultural purposes, into
our rivers and seas, under the idea that the smells and emanations arising from it
118 REPORT—1864,
are the source of pestilence, and that it should be removed at any cost. The
following considerations may perhaps serve to correct erroneous views on this
subject :—
L Atmospheric Air, strongly impregnated with Odour of various kinds, is not
necessarily injurious to Health,—This is shown, Ist, in various parts of the world
where odorous flowers are largely cultivated for the manufacture of perfumes.
Strangers, indeed, often complain of headaches in such districts, but anything like
epidemic diseases are unknown. 2. At Paris there is an establishment at Mont-
faucon for converting ordure into a dry mass by simple evaporation. It is then
called poudrette, and sold for agricultural purposes. The smell to visitors is at
first almost intolerable; but the inhabitants of the neighbourhood are uncon-
scious of it, and it occasions no disease. 3. The state of the Thames, in 1898,
was loudly complained of in consequence of its putrid odour; but no disease was
caused by it. 4. The Craigintinny meadows, near Edinburgh, have for 200 years
been rendered fertile by causing the drainage of the city to flow over them. The
odour is often very bad, but they occasion no unhealthiness. 5. The drains in
Naples run down to the sea, having large slits in them opening into the streets ;
and the beautiful bay is rendered foul, close to the shore, with the drainage of the
city. This, combined with the sulphuretted hydrogen given off from the volcanic
soil, renders the atmosphere so unpleasant, that the rents of the dwellings, unlike
what exists in other cities, augment as the apartments ascend in the stair. The
latrines in the public hospitals also exhale the most foetid ammoniacal gases. Not-
withstanding, neither in the city nor in the hospitals is fever, and especially
typhoid fever, so common as in other cities of the same size. 6. Drs, Livingstone
and Kirk informed me, that in Africa the smell of the mangrove-swamps was
often intolerable, but never productive of disease.
2, Atmospheric Air, productive of the most dangerous Epidemics, may be quite
Inodorous.— This has been proved in various parts of the world, as in the marshes
of Essex and Lincolnshire, the low grounds of Holland, the Campagna of Rome,
the Delta of the Ganges, the swamps of Louisiania, the Guinea coast, Jamaica,
and many other places. It has never been known that those who catch inter-
mittent, remittent, or continued fevers, on visiting such localities, have connected
the morbific causes with peculiar smells. It follows that—
3. There is no necessary Connexion between Smells and deleterious Gases.—Some
of these have smells, such as sulphuretted hydrogen, whilst others are inodorous,
such as carbonic-acid gas. Now it is to be observed, that what makes these and
other gases injurious is their being so concentrated as to exclude atmospheric air,
or their being pent up in confined places, from which they escape in injurious
quantity. Hence why workmen going down into pits expire, for the same reason
that dogs do in the Grotto del Cano. It has been asserted, however, that smells,
though not injurious in themselves, give indications of danger. One chemist has
maintained that during putrefaction the smell was given off first, and the noxious
vapour afterwards, whilst another declared that the smell was given off last, and
was the proof that all danger had ceased. The first likened smell to the tail of the
lion, which, when seen, gave evidence that the claws and teeth were not far off ;
while the second, continuing the simile, declared that a sight of the tail was the
best evidence that danger was departing. I do not believe that smells, as smells,
are injurious to health, nor are they a nuisance to those who live among them ;
yet one of the great difficulties in making the sewerage of towns useful in agricul-
ture has arisen from exaggerated notions as to the danger of smells, and the
necessity of deodorization.
4. Fresh Sewerage entering into running Streams is not dangerous to Health.—
This is shown, Ist, by the state of the Thames in 1858; 2nd, by the condition
of the water of Leith, which has been proved by the statistics of Dr. Littlejohn,
officer of health for the city of Edinburgh, to be a more healthy district than others
in a to its population, and by Dr. Miller to be equal, in point of health
and as regards death-rates, to the best parts of the town; 8rd, it is not destructive
to the fish, for, according to Dr. Elliot of Carlisle, the salmon haye increased in
size and weight since the drainage of that city was conducted into the Eden,
while it is shrewdly suspected that the famed whitebait of Greenwich and Black-
ae
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 119
wall actually owe their existence to the peculiar condition of the neighbouring
Thames.
5. Typhoid or other Fevers cannot be proved to originate from Fecal Fermenta-
tion or Emanations.—It is true that Dr. Murchison has collected numerous cases
where the exposure to such emanations has been coincident with the outbreak of
fever; but numerous striking exceptions exist which are opposed to his conclu-
sions. In Edinburgh, typhoid fever has increased as the drainage of the town has
extended and been improved—a result which has been attributed to an imperfect
water-supply, rendering the water-closets the means of diffusing feecal emanations
through the interior of the houses. If such were the case, fever should increase
largely in autumn, when the supply of water is scarce, whereas it is always most
prevalent in winter, when the water is abundant. Formerly also typhoid fever
was as unknown among those who had water-closets as those who had not. Fur-
ther, it should be remembered that the men who are employed almost constantly
in the great London drains, though so much exposed to their emanations, are not
particularly liable to fever.
6. Epidemic fever, and especially typhoid fever, must originate in other causes,
amongst which, besides contagion and infection, may be cited starvation, improper
quality of food, bad water—especially from springs arising in the neighbourhood
of cesspools or churchyards—ovyercrowding, bad ventilation, and the numerous
ills arising from poverty and dissipation, Some, like Dr. W. Budd, of Bristol,
orn the cause in a specific virus, always emanating from the body, which may
e conveyed by, but never originates in, drains. For my own part, I believe we
have yet to discover the cause producing essential fevers. But while there are so
many sources of fallacy, we cannot be too cautious in accepting plausible explana-
tions, or in acting upon them in our efforts to improve the drainage of towns.
Description of M. Marey’s New Sphygmograph.
By J. Huewes Benvert, M.D., FR.SE.
The instrument is placed on the wrist, held by a light clip, the spring acted upon
resting on the artery. A slip of white paper mounted on a steel plate is placed
horizontally in the line of the vessel, and is moved onwards by clock-work. The
paper is brought into communication with a pen connected with the spring on the
pulse, and the pulsations are marked upon the paper in wavy lines.
_ Observations on the Measurements of the Head and Weight of the Brain in
696 cases of Insanity. By R. Born, M.D.
On the Lymphatics in the Liver of Man and the Pig.
By Dr. L. T. A. Carrer.
The author explained and illustrated by drawings the extent of penetration of
various injecting preparations. From these preparations he concluded that the
blood-vessels and lymphatics are in direct communication with each other. He
also described a peculiar relation of the branches of the hepatic artery to the
lymphatics.
On Food as a Source of Entozoa. By T. Spencer Coszorp, M.D., FBS.
This subject was brought before the Association in three papers, treating, seve-
rally, of meat, fruit and vegetables, and drink, all of which materials were stated
to be more or less liable to harbour parasites of some kind or other. The author
dwelt upon the Tenie in their mature state, and spoke of their introduction into
the body in a larval condition. There was no doubt that entozoa were intro-
duced with vegetable food. Small mollusks harboured larval parasites in prodigious
quantities; and they were the source of one or more of the parasites that occa-
sionallyjinvaded the human form. These entozoa might be swallowed from water-
drinking ; but they were more likely to be taken from water-cresses, or other
vegetables of the kind. It was necessary, with all vegetables, that the greatest
cleanliness should be observed in preparing them for the table. A small species
120 REPORT—1864,
of fluke-worm, discovered in Egypt, had been brought to this country; and if it
became acclimatized, it would be difficult of extermination. Eggs and living
specimens had been found in this country, both in men and monkeys, but only to
a very small extent. He was the first to discover it in the monkey. As to the
little thread-worm, he had never been able to rear it in apples and pears; and
there was no evidence to show that any species of entozoa was derivable from
fruit. It was not likely that fruit was ever an intermediate habitation for any of
the parasites which ordinarily occupied the human body. A great many evils in
children were charged to eating unripe fruit; but, as far as entozoa were con-
cerned, that fear was entirely groundless. With regard to celery, cabbages, and
all the ordinary market-garden vegetables, he might say that all decomposing
animal and vegetable matter sustained entozoa; and the more filthy the water or
liquid manure employed to secure the fertility of the garden, the more likely were
entozoa to be supplied with the vegetables grown upon the land. The most care-
ful washing was therefore desirable. Parasitic larvee might be found in water that
was, to all appearance, perfectly pure; but, speaking generally, spring-water was
perfectly innocuous. The same thing could not be said of water stored in large
tanks in hot climates. The people of these islands suffered from entozoa, which
must be introduced by drink in some form or other. The presence or absence of
the larvee of human entozoa in water was dependent upon the place from whence
the supply came, and upon the condition of the water. The pork measle might
be joan communicated to human beings in this way, and it was apt to ensconce
itself in the brain, causing death, which the Registrar-General invariably set down
to cerebral disease. The way in which it reached the brain was from the coats of
the stomach, through the circulating medium. There was one kind inhabiting
dogs, which was often communicated to the human being. One-sixth of all per-
sons who died in Iceland perished from a little creature so small that, in its adult
state, it could scarcely be seen. If neither dog nor wolf existed, we should get rid
of these species altogether. No one need drink water impregnated with these
entozoa, Water to which dogs had no access could not contain them; neither
were they likely to be found in spring or well water. Open waters into which the
carcases of dogs were occasionally thrown would probably contain them, and the
eggs might be carried to food washed in such water. The danger would be got
rid of if the water was always carefully boiled, filtered, or distilled; but a filter,
to be effectual, ought not to pass anything larger than one-thousandth of an inch.
Sand and charcoal filters were of very little use. Paper filters should be em-
yee All entozoa not preserved for scientific experiments should be destroyed
y fire, and under no circumstances should they be thrown aside as harmless
refuse ; and he would press upon butchers, knackers, and others not to throw
doubtful offal to dogs. Then as to beer, porter, &c. All he need say with regard
to these fermented drinks was that he believed them perfectly harmless. Hyen
though impure waters should have been employed, the boiling of the wort would
be alone sutlicient to destroy any number of parasites. Unfortunately, we cannot
be perfectly certain about unfermented drinks, such as ginger beer, lemonade, and
the like. All must depend upon the source and the supply of water. They might,
however, conclude that the manufacturer got his supply from the purest source
open to him, and that, therefore, we need be under little or no apprehension. In
regard to wines, the same remarks were applicable. Alcohol, added to water, was
sufficient to destroy the parasitical eggs; but he questioned whether the amount
of spirit in our home-made wines was sufficient for the purpose.
Valves in the Abdominal Veins. By Epwarvs Crisp, M.D.
Up to 1852, the author said, all physiologists had denied the presence of valves
in the abdominal veins, when he discovered them in the Giraffe ; since this period
he had found them in the splenic, mesenteric, and renal veins of many animals,
So numerous were they in some mammals, that the left renal vein of the Nylghau
(S. picta), which was exhibited, contained ten valves, two single and four pairs.
It was thought by the author that the presence of these valves in the splenic and
gastric veins had an important bearing upon the origin of splenic apoplexy. The
author named fifty-five animals in which he had discovered valves in the abdo-
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 121
minal veins. These included two of the Carnaria, one Marsupial, fourteen Pachy-
derms, sixteen Antelopes, eight Deer, and fourteen other ruminants, including the
Alpaca (Auchenia) and Guanaco (C. Uama).
On the Size of the Blood-corpuscle in relation to the Size of the Animal, its
Swiftness and Powers of Endurance. By Enwarvs Crisp, M.D.
The object of the author of this paper was to show that the opinion generally
entertained that the largest animals in the same family had always the largest blood-
disks was often erroneous. Among the Quadrwmana there were many exceptions
to this supposed law, as also in the Cheiroptera. In the Carnaria, a natural
family, the common Cat (£. domestica) had as large a corpuscle as that of the
Lion (# leo). In the rodents, the little Harvest-mouse (JZ messorius) had as
large a corpuscle as that of the common Rat (I. decumanus); and it was remark-
able that the animals with the largest blood-corpuscles might be called aberrant,
as the Elephant (£. indicus), Capybara (HH. capybara), and Great Ant-eater
(M. jubata). Among birds, as in the ducks and geese, there were many exceptions
to this rule; and the reptiles and fishes were more prolific in examples. As regards
the small size of the blood-corpuscle in relation to higher amount of organization,
swiftness, and powers of endurance of the animals, the blood-disks of the Chim-
panzee, Orang, many of the smaller monkeys, race-horse, cart-horse, greyhound,
pug-dog, hare, rabbit, goat, otter, fox, sheep, hog, rapacious birds, sharks, and
others were adduced to disprove this theory. These inferences were exemplified
by a diagram of the blood-corpuscle of 180 different species of animals, drawn to
scale,
On the Temperature of the Sewes. By Joun Davy, M.D., F.RS. L. & E.
Mr. Lewes, in his excellent work on the scientific writings of Aristotle, when
commenting on the dictum of that philosopher, that man has more warmth than
woman, expresses a contrary opinion as established by modern investigations.
The author, from his own observations, supports the statement of Aristotle,
having, in a large number of instances, in which comparative trials were made with
much care, found the temperature of woman a little lower than that of man.
A priori, he thinks this might be expected, inasmuch as it is an established fact
that man, on an average, consumes more oxygen in respiration than woman. And
his observations on the temperature of other animals, so far as they extend, have
been confirmatory. As a special example, he compares the temperature of the
male and female of the common fowl. Under similar circumstances he has found
that of the former a little higher than that of the latter, the maximum of the one
having reached 108°°5, the maximum ofthe other 108°.
Some Observations on the Horse-chestnut (AAsculus hippocastaneum).
By Joun Davy, MD., PRS. L. & EL.
In this paper the author gives an account of some experiments made by him on
the nut, the leaves, and the bark of this tree. The nut he found composed chiefly
of starch, cellulose, and casein, with a little oil and mucilage. In the shell of the.
nut, in the leaves, and in the bark he detected tannin and colouring-matter.
He concludes with pointing out some of the uses of the several parts, how the
nut is a nourishing food, especially for sheep, as proved by experience in Switzer-
land, and is likely to be so for pigs, which show no aversion to it; and further,
how the leaves and shell of the nut and the bark are applicable to dyeing and
tanning and the making of ink. The colour they impart is a good brown or
yellow; and when fixed by alum as a mordant, it bears washing in the instance of
cotton and silk. In France another use is made of the nut: crushed by grinding
to the state of a fine powder and mixed with water, it forms an emulsion, which is
employed in the manufacture of silk, woollen, and linen fabrics ; and the refuse, it
is represented, mixed with an equal portion of pollard, proves a nutritive food for
poultry. It has been used also in Paris mixed with flour in the making of bread.
122 REPORT—1864,
On Cell Theories. By J, T. Dickson.
The author adverted to the recent progress in the synthesis of organic materials,
and remarked that some physiologists had endeavoured to show that it was as easy
to form cells out of unorganized matter as to make organic substances ; but, from
the absence of the life-element, he compared such manufactures merely to models,
On the Use of Milk and Scotch Barley as an Article of Diet.
By Grorce FREAN.
The author suggested that a larger supply of milk might be obtained. It is not
generally known that the Government have a convict establishment at Dartmoor,
in Devonshire. The convicts have been employed in reclaiming waste lands, and,
after various experiments, are allowed to keep cattle. They have at this time
one of the best herds of cows and calves in the county, in number 184, producing
upwards of 100 lbs. of butter per week, of delicious taste and quality, and this, too,
on a comparatively small acreage of land, the peat land yielding nutrition in abun-
dance. This is a sample and experiment on perhaps the worst and most unfayour-
able corner of 80,000 acres of land. An sriaetietidl supply of milk to the children
of the labouring population would lead to the use of Scotch harley, rice, oatmeal,
&e. An.excellent beverage may be obtained with Scotch barley and skimmed
milk at small cost.
On the Vocal Organ of the Corixa, an Aquatic Insect.
By R. Garver, F.L.S.
This insect, when confined in a vessel of water, is remarkable in producing a
continuous sound, distinct from any produced by striking the sides of the vessel.
The legs are elevated simultaneously with the noise, and friction might be pro-
duced upon the edge of the elytra, or by means of a projection or process at the
base of the first pair of legs; there is also a little sac, which is probably accessory
to the sound, situated at the base of the under-wings on each side, containing a
little club-like body of a shape similar to the poisers of a fly or tipula.
On the Various Forms assumed by the Glottis.
By Georce Duncan Gres, W.A., MD., LL.D., F.G.S.
The author stated that it had been an accepted notion that, for the most part,
the glottis assumed a triangular form; and this view was taught almost to the pre-
sent hour. This led him to go into the question of what were the various forms
assumed by the glottis, and in what manner did they arise. In stating this pro-
blem, he briefly considered the relation that subsisted between the true yocal cords
and the thyro-arytenoid mnscles ; and he then made some observations upon, and
briefly described the arrangement of, the muscular fibres, especially as lately made
out by M. Battaille, which he said had much to do in regulating the form of the
glottis. He adopted that author’s division of the muscle into three bundles, and
approved of the name of triceps laryngea, which he had given to it; he also con-
firmed the accuracy of Battaille’s researches. He then entered upon a description
of the manner of action of the various fibres, and its influence in giving a form to
the glottis. This varied from an isosceles, equilateral, or right-angled triangle, to a
lozenge or barrel, circular, oblong, lanceolate, elliptic, pyriform, or arched and linear
form. The commonest of these was an isosceles triangle; and a rare form was a
right-angled triangle, which he had never met with unless in women, when the
larynx is shallow from before backwards. A parallel or oblong glottis he explained,
and showed how it occurred; he had seen it several times, but necessarily narrow,
because the vocal cords, under such circumstances, could not be separated more
than one or two lines at their point of origin. A more remarkable form than any
of these was the reversal of the triangle, the glottis, during the utterance of conti-
nuous falsetto sounds, assuming the shape of a narrow Y, then a narrow V, and
then a narrow oblong, before the termination of the experiment. The cause of
this, with an illustration, was given. A pear or bulbous shape, like the new form
of wine-decanter, and an arched form, composed of the narrow segment of a circle,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 123
were other forms noticed. He concluded with some observations on the form of
the glottis seen in the chest and falsetto registers, and the parts in action*.
Note on the Action of the Bromides of Lithium, Zinc, and Lead.
By Guorce Duncan Gis, M.A., M.D., LL.D., FG.
The bromide of lithium was prepared with the view of treating gout and rheu-
matism of the throat and neck. In small doses it acts as a tonic, gentle stimulant,
and sometimes as a diuretic, and may be combined with other agents with advan-
tage. The bromide of zinc was found to relieve impaired nervous power; whilst
the bromide of lead was proposed as a soothing and cool local agent in certain in-
flamed states of the mucous membrane.
On the Functions of the Liver. By Joun Goopman, M.D., L.R.C.P.L.
The functions of this organ are, by the most recent works on physiology,
declared to be of two principal kinds, viz. excrementitious and digestive. It is
represented as a filter, which purifies by excretion the venous blood, This is not, how-
ever, the main function of this organ, but only the result of a more highly important
process. As the great INLET fo the systemic circulation for the dissolved and soluble
aliment and venous blood, its chief office is the CHEMICAL CORRECTION of these fluids
revious to their admission into the general mass of blood. This it effects as a
ighly organized gland by the power of the viraL FORCE, which it exercises in
common with the stomach, lungs, kidneys, &c. By this power it seizes the acids,
acrid, noxious, and oxygenous substances absorbed from the aliment by the vena
porta, decomposes them, and compels them to combine with the FREE soDA
(liberated from the hydrochloric acid employed in digestion), the aLKALIES of the
aliment and the excess of CARBON and HYDROGEN arriving in the venous blood of
the yena porta; and to form new compounds, some of which are secreted in the
yarious products termed bile, while others thus purified and rendered more or less
innocuous are admitted into the systemic circulation, part to be eliminated in the
lungs in the form of carbonic acid and water, and other portions transmitted for
the purposes of nutrition.
Proofs._The facts of the non-appearance in the circulation of the blood of acids,
bile, and other acrid principles previously existing in the aliment,—the loss of oxy-
gen from starch or sugar, when transformed into fat by this organ,—the alkaline
character of the chyle,—the absence of bile in the excreta of Asiatic cholera, and
in the acid and fcetid evacuations of chronic diarrhoea,—the presence of acid in the
blood, &c., in gout and rheumatism, in all which diseases the liver is always defec-
tive in its action, form just and reasonable proofs of these highly important func-
tions of the liver.
On the Hour of Death in Acute and Chronic Disease. By Atrrep Havitanp.
The author had collected over 5000 cases of death, with the hour of death and
other circumstances recorded, which he had tabulated and exhibited on a large
chart. He showed, in 1000 cases of death in children under five years of age, that
the periods of the greatest mortality took place during the hours between one and
eight a.m.; that an extraordinary depression took place in the succeeding hours.
Between nine and twelve p.m. the rate of mortality was at its minimum. He then
compared these statistics with 2891 deaths from all causes, and the chart showed
how remarkably the wave-lines of death coincided with those above. He then
compared these diagrams with deaths from consumption, which, although they
showed a general resemblance to the wave-line, yet between the hours of four
to eight a.m. there was a depression, when compared with the first four hours’
er He urged his professional brethren to assist him in his investigations by
orwarding to him data for further investigation of this interesting subject. He
contended that the tables on the chart proved the extraordinary mortality in the
early hours of the morning, when the powers of life were at their lowest ebb, and,
: “i For a more detailed account of these researches, see ‘The Lancet’ for October 15th,
124 REPORT— 1864.
strange to say, when the patient was least cared for. He urged the necessity of
feeding and supporting the patients at their weakest hour, so as to tide them oyer
a critical period.
On the Relative and Special Applications of Fat and Sugar as Respiratory
Food. By Dr. Tuomas Haypen.
On the Occurrence of Indigo in Purulent Discharges.
By Dr. W. Brrp Heravatn, F.R.S.
This paper was on the occurrence of indigo in purulent discharges, in which, after
alluding to observations made by him to the members of the Medical Association
on two instances which had occurred in his practice, in which he had found indigo
in the urine of individuals suffering from renal disease, he said that since that period
they had been instructed by Heller, Schunck, Virchow, and others that urine, even
in the healthy state, contained a substance from which an indigo-blue pigment
might be obtained in traces or excessively small quantities; and Kletzinsky had
shown them that the urine of the horse and the cow contained a comparatively
large quantity of that pigment-forming substance. It was remarkable, however, that
indigo very rarely appeared to be eliminated directly from the body in its markedly
blue colour. On the contrary, it was thrown off rather in the colourless form, or
as a light yellow substance, which, upon treatment with acids, split up into three
other substances, two pigments, named uroglancine or indigo blue, urrhodine or
indigo red ; whilst a saccharine substance was also separated in a notable quantity,
—thus proving that indican or uroxanthine is a glucoside. The colouring produced
by fermentation, oxidation, &c., was alluded to, and the author remarked that in
the indigo plant it would be recollected the colouring-material did not exist ready
formed, but that it required a peculiar process of fermentation and oxidation, to be
carried on in the expressed juices of the plant during a considerable period, in
order to obtain that valuable blue in any quantity. The occurrence of the vege-
table product, indigo, in the fluids elimimated from the human body had been con-
sidered an instance of the deterioration of the animal elements, as remarkable as
the presence of grape sugar in the blood, &c., of diabetic patients; but it was now
known that there were numerous proximate principles which, though usually
obtained from the vegetable kingdom, were common to both the animal and
vegetable worlds. Pathologists and physiological chemists were tolerably well
reed that the source of the indigo-forming substance in the animal economy
might probably be due to destruction of some of the proteine compounds, and more
especially heematosin, the well-known colouring-matter of the blood-globules; for
they invariably found that the blue pigment predominated in those diseases in
which great destruction of blood-pigment occurred, as in phthisis, Bright’s disease,
scarlatina, and such like diseases. Dr, Herapath cited a case in which pus or the
liquor puris had been shown to contain blue pigment, and which he believed was the
first instance recorded of that character. The subject of the case was a coachman,
and had been under the author’s care for phlegmonous erysipelas of the leg, which
occasioned extensive vesication, and ultimately sloughing of the integuments, from
which wounds large quantities of serum and pus exuded. The spirit lotions em-
ployed in the treatment became rapidly blue in colour, and all the bed-clothes
were similarly stained blue on exposure to the air. Some of the blue-coloured
spirituous solution, set aside in a corked bottle, became shortly discoloured ; but on
again exposing to air, its blue colour returned from the influence of oxygen on an
oxidizable material. Other agents, as chlorine, chlorinated lime, destroyed the blue
colour, as they would have done in preparations of indigo. The blue-coloured
material was separated on a filter, dissolved in a solution of potassa, when de-
oxidized by sugar, and again separated from impurities by filtering, from which
fluid the indigo was deposited by renewed exposure to atmospheric oxygen; some
of this pigment, further purified by washing and drying, gave blue-coloured hexa-
gonal prisms on being cautiously sublimed by following Dr. Guy’s directions, and
when examined in the microscope had all the appearances of sublimed indigo,
which the action of other chemical tests confirmed. The source of this pigment
‘TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 125
was evidently the purulent secretions of the inflamed leg, which, by getting mixed
with the spirit lotions, stained the clothes employed, the serum or liquor puris
having previously contained it in a colourless form.
[This case will be found more fully reported in the ‘ Medical Times and Ga-
zette,’ September 24th, 1865. ]
On the Physiological Effects of the Vacuum Apparatus. By Dr. T. Junop.
The author exhibited his exhausting boot in an improved form, and read a brief
notice of the physiological effects produced by its application. He related an
extreme case, in which, the blood having been drawn into a lower limb by the
boot, partial insensibility of the upper limbs followed.
On the Lentil as an Article of Food, and its Use from the Earliest Historical
Time. By C. G. Monrerra.
The author thinks the lentil, as an article of diet, deserving of more consideration
than it has of late received. et
On the Action of the Nervous Tissue concerned in Perception. By W. E. C.
Novursr, .2.CS., Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society,
and President of the Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society.
Some approach towards understanding the action of the nervous tissue, con-
cerned in perception, may be gained by enumerating and scrutinizing the struc-
tural and functional conditions essential to that action. ‘The structural conditions
are shown in the well-known microscopical anatomy of the parts. The nervous
tissue is liberally supplied with blood, especially its central and peripheral expan-
sions. This supply of blood is intimately connected with the exercise of the
nervous functions, even with those called mental, since they are heightened, by
increased circulation, enfeebled by diminished circulation, altered by changes in
the blood, and made to cease when circulation stops. Of the functional conditions
attending the action of the nervous tissue, the circulation of the blood is the most
important. The blood stands in relation with the nervous tissue, Ist, as to its
mechanical conditions, which are alterations in its entire quantity, changes in the
quantity circulating in each part, its mutable relations to the calibre of the blood-
vessels, and variations in the rate and force of circulation; 2nd, as to its chemical
conditions, the addition to it of some vapour or drug, alcohol, opium, chloroform,
and the like, or differences in the amount of its contained salts or water; 3rd, as
to its chemico-vital conditions, more or less carbonization or oxygenation, more or
less fibrine, albumen, or blood-corpuscles, more or less recent chyle, or changes
from malassimilation or from actual disease. Under each of these different states
the perceptive ana is found to vary in strength, in acuteness, and in correctness,
and is often held in abeyance or stopped. It can nevertheless maintain its action
under many unfavourable circumstances. These considerations, though not
explaining in what the nervous action consists, bring us nearer to it, and show
that the function of perception is intimately connected with the healthy and active
blood-nutrition of the nervous tissue and with its waste and repair.
On the Functions of the Cerebellum. By W.T.S. Pripmavx.
On the Inhalation of Oxygen Gas. By Dr. B. W. Ricwarpson.
The paper was supplementary to one read at the Oxford meeting, The author
said his experiments on the inhalation of oxygen had led him to an almost precise
knowledge of the conditions under which oxygen would most freely combine with
blood. It had been stated, in nearly every modern work on physiology, that
oxygen inhaled in the pure form is a narcotic poison. These statements are based
on the researches of Mr. Broughton, in which the late Sir Benjamin Brodie took
part. The observations of Mr. Broughton, in so far as the recital of the pheno-
mena observed by him were concerned, were strictly correct; but the inferences
that had been drawn from them were nearly altogether incorrect, and were, at the
126 REPORT—1864.
best, so narrow as to be comparatively valueless. In fact, Mr. Broughton had
seen but one form of oxygen inhalation. The author next stated that the influence
of oxygen by inhalation was modified—(1) by dilution of the oxygen, (2) by dilu-
tion of the blood, (3) by the activity of the oxygen, (4) by the presence or absence
in the blood of bodies which stop combination. On the point of dilution of oxygen,
Dr. Richardson stated that a certain measure of dilution was required, not because
the body consumed too quickly in pure oxygen, but because neutral oxygen would
not combine with the carbon of the blood unless it were distributed. In atmo-
spheric air the dilution is just sufficient to sustain healthy combination; at 60° F.
the quantity of oxygen may be increased in amount to three parts of the gas to
two of nitrogen, and may be absorbed. Beyond this, the combining power is
reduced, and oxygen is not absorbed. Hence animals die in the gas as it approaches
the pure state ; they die not by a narcotic process, but by a process of negation.
On the point of dilution of the blood, the author said that blood possessmg a spe-
cific gravity of 1055 seemed to have most steady power in absorbing oxygen as it
existed in common air; by changing the quantity of water in the blood, until
the blood is brought to a specific gravity of 1060, the absorption of oxygen can
be raised to a maximum; but when the specific gravity is more than 1060, the
absorption declines. Below 1055 the absorption steadily declines in proportion
to the reduction. In respect to the activity of the oxygen, the most differing re-
sults are obtained, according to the activity. Ifthe oxygen be made fresh from
chlorate of potassa, even in the pure form it sustains life, and the activity of the
functions is increased; if electric sparks are passed through the gas, or if the
gas be heated to 100°, the same is the fact. On the other hand, if the gas is ex-
posed to ammonia, to decomposing animal matter, or even to living animals over
and over again, it loses its activity, and no longer combines with the blood.
Alcohol, chloroform, opium, and certain alkaline products formed in the blood in
diseases prevent the absorption of oxygen, and death not uncommonly takes place
from this cause. Great increase of water does the same. After this description,
Dr. Richardson added that the question had often been put, whether the inhalation
of oxygen could be usefully applied in the treatment of disease. Priestly, Beddoes,
Hill, and many of those who lived when oxygen was first discovered, had formed
the most sanguine expectations on this point; they saw before them an elixir,
if not the elixir vite. Chaptal, in speaking of the effects of oxygen in consump-
tion, said of it, “It raises hope, but, alas! it merely spreads flowers to the tomb.”
Since then various opinions of the extremest kind have been expressed, the differ-
ences haying arisen from the entire want of order that has been associated with the
inquiry. One man has used pure oxygen, the other diluted; the one active, the
other negative oxygen. The one has given the gas to anemic people, whose blood
is surcharged with water; the other to diabetic or choleraic persons, whose blood
is of high specific gravity; the one has given it heated, the other at the tempera-
ture of the day. If even a stick of phosphorus were exposed to oxygen under such
varying conditions, the phenomena obtained would be as variable as those that
have been registered in physic regarding oxygen as a remedy. The difficulties of
arriving at uniform results have been almost insurmountable from another cause—
that of obtaining oxygen in a ready form for inhalation. Fortunately, this diffi-
culty was now removed. The discovery by Mr. Robbins of a mode of evolving
oxygen, by acting on peroxide of barium and bichromate of potassa with dilute sul-
phuric acid, had given the author the opportunity of inventing a little apparatus
for inhaling oxygen, which could be carried anywhere and used at a moment's
notice. In conclusion, Dr. Richardson remarked that his object in bringing for-
ward this short communication was to invite medical men to a method of research
which promised much, and which now might be carried on with certainty of result
and uniformity of experience.
On the Physiological Effects of Tobacco. By Dr. B. W. Ricuarnson.
The author began by saying that, without being a devotee to tobacco, he had
for many years past smoked. He did not come before the Section biassed in any
degree, as his remarks would prove ; he came simply as a man of science, who had
tried to comprehend the facts of the whole question, and he should put these facts
ward clearly, fairly, and free from technicalities. ;
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 127
Products of the Combustion of Tobaceo.—Some recent researches on this subject
had led the author to the fact, that these products are much more complex than
had been supposed. He described an apparatus which was, in fact, an automaton
smoker, by which he had been enabled to have various kinds of tobacco and cigars
smoked by means of a bellows, the smoke which, in the case of a man, would
enter the mouth, being all caught and subjected to analysis. The results of these
inquiries had led him to the determination of the following bodies as products of the
combustion of tobacco :—(1) water; (2) free carbon; (3) ammonia; (4) carbonic
acid ; (5) an alkaloidal principle, called nicotine; (6) an empyreumatic substance ;
(7) a resinous bitter extract.
Physical Properties of the Component Parts.—The water is in the form of vapour.
The carbon is in the form of minute particles, suspended in the water-vapour, and
giving to the eddies of smoke their blue colour. The ammonia is in the form of
gas combined with carbonic acid. The carbonic-acid gas is partly free and partly
in combination with ammonia. The nicotine is a non-volatile jody, an alkaloid
which remains in the pipe. The empyreumatic substance is a volatile body, haying
an ammoniacal nature, but the exact composition of which is as yet unknown; it
is this that gives to the smoke its peculiar odour; it adheres very powerfully to
woollen materials, and in the concentrated form is so obnoxious as almost to be
intolerable. The bitter extract is a resinous substance, of dark colour, and of in-
tensely bitter taste ; it is, probably, a compound body, having an alkaloid as its
base; it is not volatile, and only leaves the pipe by being carried along the stem
in the fluid form.
Variations in different kinds of Tobacco.—The greatest variations exist in various
kinds of tobacco. Simple tobacco that has not undergone fermentation yields very
little free carbon, much ammonia, much carbonic acid, little water, none or the
smallest possible trace of nicotine, a very small quantity of empyreumatic vapour,
and an equally small quantity of bitter extract. Latakia tobacco yields these same
ee only. Bristol bird’s-eye yields large quantities of ammonia and very
ittle nicotine. Turkish yields much ammonia. Shag tobacco yields all the pro-
_ ducts inabundance; and the same may be said of pure Hayanna cigars. Cayendish
varies considerably : some specimens, which are quickly dried, are nearly as simple
as Latakia ; other specimens, which are moist, yield all the products in great
abundance. Pigtail yields every product most abundantly. The little Swiss cigars
yield enormous quantities of ammonia, and Manillas yield very little.
Physiological Effects of the compounds named above-—The water-vyapour is inno-
cuous. The carbon settles on the mucous membrane and irritates the throat.
The carbonic acid is a narcotic, if it be received into the lungs. The ammonia
causes dryness and biting of the mucous membrane of the throat, and increases
the flow of saliva; absorbed into the blood, it renders the fluid too thin, causing
irregularity of the blood-corpuscles ; it also causes, when absorbed in large quan-
tities, suppression of the biliary secretion and yellowness of skin; it quickens and
then reduces the action of the heart, and, in young smokers, it produces nausea.
The empyreumatic substance seems to be almost negative in its effects, but it gives
to the tobacco-smoke its peculiar taste, and it is this substance that makes the
breath of confirmed smokers so unpleasant. Nicotine is scarcely ever imbibed by
the cleanly smoker ; it affects those only who smoke cigars by holding the cigar in
the mouth, and those who smoke dirty pipes saturated with oily matter: its effects
when absorbed are very injurious; it causes palpitation, tremor, and irregular
action of the heart, tremor and unsteadiness of the muscles generally, and great
rostration ; it does not, however, produce nausea or vomiting. The bitter extract
is the cause of vomiting and nausea when it is absorbed; both it and the nicotine
are always received into the mouth in solution, and produce their effects either by
direct absorption from the mouth or by being imperceptibly swallowed and taken
into the stomach.
Mode of Smoking.—The greatest difference arises from the manner of smoking.
Those who use clean long pipes of clay feel only the effects of the gaseous bodies
and the free carbon. ooden pipes and pipes with glass stems are injurious.
Cigars, smoked to the end, are the most injurious of all. To be safe, a cigar ought
to be cast aside as soon as it is half smoked; and every cigar ought to be smoked
128 REPORT—1864.
from a porous tube. Cigars, indeed, are more injurious than any form of pipe;
and the best pipe is unquestionably what is commonly called a “ churchwarden ” or
“long clay.” After the clay pipe, the meerschaum is next in wholesomeness. A pipe
with a meerschaum bowl, an amber mouth-piece, and a clay stem easily removable
or changeable for a halfpenny, would be the beau-ideal of a healthy pipe. All
attempts to construct pipes so as to condense the oil have failed. To be effective
they must be very large and inconvenient. It is of no slight importance, if a
man must smoke, for him to be careful of the manner in which it is done. A man
may, by practice, become habituated to a short foul pipe; but he never fails to
suffer from his success in the end, nor, unless the habit of actual stupefaction be
acquired, is any pleasurable advantage derived. What may be called the soothing
influence of tobacco is as well brought about by a clean porous pipe, or well-made
cigarette, as by any more violent and dangerous system, while the harm that is in-
flicted is of an evanescent character.
What is the Best Method of Estimating the Nutritive Values of Foods and
Dietaries? By Dr. Epwarp Suira, /.R.S.
There are four methods in use for the estimation of the nutritive value of foods:
(1) the weight of the food; (2) the nitrogenous and carboniferous elements in
food ; (3) the nitrogenous food, carbon and hydrogen (reckoned as carbon), in food ;
(4) the nitrogen and carbon in food.
Dr. Smith concluded by putting the question, How shall we estimate the food
which is necessary to the system ?—by that which any given class of persons is
known to obtain, or by that which a scientific inquiry into the excretions, conjoined
with a knowledge of the state of the health, would supply? He said :—The former
is open to the fallacy that the persons in question may be over-fed or under-fed,
since their measure of the food is, within limits, that of the means to acquire it;
and yet it offers these positive facts, that those persons do live on the dietary in
question, and, under its influence, have a certain duration of life and a certain yearly
amount of sickness—values which can be duly estimated when compared with those
of other sections, or of the whole community. Assuming that the class in question
stood high in these evidences of health as compared with other classes, our confi-
dence would be high also; but it would not thence follow but that another dietary
might yet further tend to improve health and prolong life. The best class in this
and other communities may not haye reached the ultima Thue of health and lon-
gevity. But, with all its defects, it is most desirable that this information should
be within our reach, and that Government should be induced to institute such in-
quiries upon a large scale. Science is under 6bligations to our own Government
for having taken some steps in this direction; but it remains to urge them to ad-
vance still further. So far as I know, no other nation has seriously entered on the
inquiry. The latter method is conclusive when the investigation refers to the
effects of different foods; for by it, it may be demonstrated what proportion of each
enters the circulation, and in what degree it influences the vital transformations ;
but when the aim is to ascertain the degree of sufficiency of a whole dietary, it is
too limited in its scope, since it must be made upon one or a very few individuals,
and could be regarded as undoubted in the conditions only in whichit is made; and
it assumes that which recent inquiries disprove—that there is not great diversity
in the amount of food which large masses of the people obtain—that the differences
lie within not wide limits.
On Obliteration of the Sutures in One Class of Ancient British Skulls.
By Dr. J. Tournam.
The skulls from the Long Barrows of the stone period gave indications of synos-
tosis as a race-character; and in connexion with this fact, it was worthy of notice
that the great longitudinal sutures close earlier in the inferior than in superior races,
and that their early obliteration was an African peculiarity. A comparison of a
number of skulls showed that the elongated form was often coincident with the
early obliteration of the sagittal suture; but the two things did not usually stand
in the relation to each other of cause and effect, This was only the case when the
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 129
obliteration of the sutures, which was congenital, or at least had occurred in the
earliest period of life. This constitutes true synostosis, which, when affecting the
parietals, produces the abnormal long and narrow skull known as scaphocephalus.
Facts were adduced which appeared to prove that the dolichocephalous Britons,
in common with other dolichocephalous peoples, were much more liable to synos-
tosis of the parietals than the brachycephalous races; and that when it occurred it
resulted in an exaggeration of the elongate form natural to the race.
The author referred to the finding in a long barrow in Wiltshire, from which
fourteen skeletons had been taken, of a very much elongated scaphocephalic skull,
which was marked by the perfect obliteration of the sagittal suture, while the
coronal and all the lateral sutures were open. It was that of a young man, and
evidently not a case of premature senile obliteration. After speaking of the result
of discoveries in Gloucestershire and in other parts of England, Dr. hurnam gave
a description of an elongate ancient British skull, found at Charlcomb, near Bath,
the transverse depression of which had been thought to be caused by the wearing
of a particular description of head-dress,
In reply to an inquiry, Dr. Thurnam said his observations did not bear out the
impression that the most ancient race of this country was of the same type with
the brachycephalous one often supposed to have been once spread over the whole of
Northern Europe. The theory was not well sustained, inasmuch as our oldest skulls
were very long and narrow, whereas in Lapland and l'inmark they were the reverse.
On a Supplementary System of Nutrient Arteries for the Lungs.
By Wit1aM Turver, W.B., PRS.
In this paper the author described the arterial plexus situated on the side of the
pericardium beneath the mediastinal pleura, It was formed by the junction of a
number of slender, elongated, thread-like arteries, derived from the pericardiac,
mediastinal, and phrenic branches of the internal mammary artery, with each other
and with numerous fine branches derived from the trunks of the intercostal arte-
ries. The plexus so formed consisted of a wide and irregular meshwork, and served
to constitute, in the antero-posterior direction, an inosculating medium between the
arteries of the anterior and posterior thoracic walls, whilst inferiorly it inosculated
with the arteries of the diaphragm. From it also a number of slender thread-like
arteries passed to the lung, some in front of its root, others behind, and others be-
tween the layers of the ligamentum latum pulmonis. Through the agency of this
subpleural mediastinal plexus, an arterial communication is thus established between
bi vessels of the lung and the arteries which supply the wall of the chest with
lood.
The paper is printed zx extenso in the ‘British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical
Review,’ January 1865,
On Cranial Deformities—Trigonocephalus.
By Wii11am Turner, M.B., ERS,
In this paper a peculiar form of head was described, in which the frontal eminences
were completely absent, and, in consequence, the forehead above the eyebrows
and orbits was flattened or even concave. In the middle line, however, the fore-
head projected forwards and formed a sort of beak, narrow below at the root of the
nose, but swelling out laterally at the line of the hair. From above, the head looked
broadly ovate, or even somewhat triangular, the apex being at the forehead, the
rounded base at the occiput. The peculiar shape of the head was noticed, in the
case described, at the time of birth; the child, now between five and six years old,
was well-grown and intelligent. ‘The head evidently corresponded to the form
termed Trigonocephalus by Professor Welcker, of Halle. The author argued that
the production of this form of head was due to a fusion of the two centres of
ossification of the frontal bone, and consequent premature obliteration of the frontal
suture,
The paper is printed zz extenso in the ‘ Natural History Review,’ January 1865.
1864, 9
136 : REPORT—1864.
GEOGRAPHY AND ETHNOLOGY.
Address of the President, Sir Rovrricx I. Murcutson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.G.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey, and
President of the Royal Geographical Society.
INTIMATELY bound up as I have been with the British Association since it was
founded, in 1831, let me first assure you that I am proud to have been the person
who, at our last meeting at Newcastle, had the honour of moving the resolution that
we should this year assemble in Bath, a city with which I have long been con-
nected by many dear ties. Twenty-eight years have elapsed since we were gathered
together at the neighbouring city of Bristol; and now we return, to make this
attractive place the scientific centre of the south-western districts of England,
under the general Presidency of my eminent Geological colleague Sir Charles
Lyell.
“Gir Section of Geography and Ethnology had no existence when we last met in
this part of England ; but ever since its formation thirteen years ago, as proposed
by myself, it has been very popular. I may, indeed, assume with confidence that
it will remain so, as long as England continues to be distinguished in sending out
to distant lands so many enterprising travellers and explorers. From the days of
Edward the Sixth, when an expedition sailed, under the eyes of that young king,
to discover a north-eastern passage to the mighty empire of China, then called
Cathay, and downwards, through the voyages of the illustrious Raleigh, and
others of the reign of Elizabeth, to our own times, the same spirit has animated
the adventurers of this nation.
Having already in this summer taken a view of the last year’s progress of geo-
eraphy, in an Address to the Royal Geographical Society, I will on this occasion
chiefly direct your attention to some points of general interest, which have marked
the advancement of our science during the last forty years. é
To begin with one of the great glories of this century, let us call to mind how
little was known of the Arctic regions when Parry made his first explorations,
and how, after being followed by many a gallant voyager, the culminating Arctic
honour devolved upon a single English woman, who, devoting her fortune to the
search after her noble-minded husband, engaged the services of that successful
navigator, M‘Clintock, and determined the cheering fact that, in perishing, Frank-
lin was the first to make the long-sought north-west passage.
The delineation of all the Arctic discoveries upon the map of the world, with
the memorable exception of the American voyage of Kane, as sent forth by Grin-
nell of New York, is, indeed, exclusively due to British energy, and is a trophy
well worthy of the country which accomplished so much in its earlier career of
enterprise in the little vessels of a Drake, a Frobisher, and a Hudson.
To pass to the vast region of our antipodes, or the furthest from our homes, let
us remember how’small was the portion of Australia known a quarter of a century
ago, in comparison with that which our countrymen now occupy. The great in-
terior was then almost a terra incognita, the larger part having been pronounced to
be an useless desert. Recently, however, it has been successfully traversed by
Stuart, M‘Kinlay, Burke, Wills, and Landsborough, and is known to contain so
much fertile land, that sheep are found to thrive well in tracts which were con-
sidered to be mere saline wastes. The discovery of a vast abundance of gold has
doubtless been one great cause of the rapid strides latterly made in Australia, par-
ticularly in raising the rich auriferous colony of Victoria to a degree of commercial
prosperity which, for its rapid growth, is unequalled in our history. But even in
the colony of South Australia, where the precious metal has not been found,
though it is rich in copper-mines, we have seen the spirit of adventure, in search
of new pasture-lands, lead to vast geographical discoveries, in making which
M’Douall Stuart traversed the continent, and planted the British ensign on its
northern shores. Again, if we look at the promising and fertile new colony of
Queensland, on the north-eastern coast, we see an importunt question of climate
all but decided, in a direction contrary to the opinion of most men a few years
back, For we now know that broad tracts of intertropical land of a certain alti-_
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 131
tude, sufficiently removed from a warm ocean, and well clothed with vegetation,
will permanently support large flocks of sheep, even as far as S. latitude 18°.
hilst the coasts and extensive parts of the interior of this new British con-
tinent have been occupied, there still remained one grand desideratum, which
scientific research could alone supply. The most direct route to our important
colonies of New South Wales and Queensland, particularly that portion lying
between these and the Indian Seas, was to a great extent sealed to our commercial
marine, owing to the dangerous nayigation through Torres Straits, which occa-
sioned the very frequent loss of vessels on the numerous coral-reefs fringing the
eastern seaboard of Australia. Thanks to the persevering skill, under a thousand
difficulties, of British naval surveyors, the dangers have at last been so clearly
defined and laid down on charts that a broad and deep channel, ensuring safe and
regular navigation, has been made available to all navigators.
If we carry our view to the south of Australia, it is no longer the north of New
Zealand, with its capital, Auckland—now, unhappily, the seat of a bloody war—
which most interests geographers*. Apart from the material prosperity of the
Middle Island, and the discovery of much gold near its southern end and in the
Scotch colony of Otago, the grandest scenes of nature have, by the researches of
Hector, M’Kerrow, and Haast, been opened out to us in the gorgeous forests
which fringe the gigantic glaciers, and in the deep fiords, or bays, of its western
coasts.
Glancing northward, from Australia to our Asiatic possessions, we have before
us that great Indian Archipelago, the chief characters and details of which were
first made Inown to us by my gifted friend and associate at this Meeting, Mr.
John Crawfurd. In later years this most interesting archipelago has been visited
by Mr. A. R. Wallace, one of those skilful travellers whom it is my special busi-
ness, and, indeed, my great pride, to extol. Disdaining the search after the pre-
cious metals, and all the lures of traffic, this excellent naturalist has examined all
the natural-history productions of those islands, from the mighty Borneo to the
small isles bordering the Polynesian Sea and Australia.
Just such another disinterested and truth-loving explorer of distant realms is
Mr. H. W. Bates, now acting as one of our Secretaries ; who, having gone out on
the same scientific venture with Wallace, ina previous voyage to South America,
remained, during eleven years, collecting those materials which have enabled him
tu lay before his countrymen that instructive and pleasing book ‘The Naturalist
on the Amazons.’
As I have thus wandered to South America, let me remind you of the fact that
our senior Secretary, Mr. Clements Markham, has not only travelled over the
mountainous regions of Peru, but has turned those travels toa great national pur-
ose. He has, in fact, with the aid of Mr, Spruce, been the collector of those
inchona-plants, or Jesuit’s bark, which afford the best quinine, and, transplant-
ing them to suitable sites in India, has laid the ground for saving, not only a
needless expenditure, but also the lives of many a colonist and soldier.
This consideration has brought us to British India, of which an accurate trigo-
nometrical survey has been carried up to the highest summits of the Himalaya
Mountains, and over the grand glacial regions which extend from Western Thibet
to Nepaul. In preceding years the interest of the public had been attracted to the
surveys of the Himalaye Mountains; and their extreme height having been esti-
mated to be upwards of 30,000 feet, we thus learnt that the northern frontier of
British rule in India exceeded in altitude the loftiest peaks of the Andes by about
the whole height of the highest mountain in Britain,
It had been supposed that some depressions in the ocean would be found to
balance in depth the extremest heights of land, and this anticipation has been
exceeded; for soundings in the South Atlantic, between America and Africa, have
shown depths of more than 40,000 feet. If these measurements be reliable—for
there is some reason to doubt them—the depth beneath the surface of the sea, at
* Dr. Hochstetter, one of the scientific men of Austria, in the voyage of the ‘Novara,’
who has already written very ably upon the physical geography and geology of New
‘Zealand, is about to produce a still larger work thereon, which will, I hope, be translated
“into English. :
Q%
1382 REPORT—1864,
certain points, far exceeds the heights of the loftiest mountains above it. Another
and still more startling result of modern research is the fact that, in dredging the
bottom of the North Atlantic Sea, living starfish were brought up from a depth
of a mile and a half, and were alive, even preserving their colour, when examined
on the spot by Dr. Wallich.
If we turn for a moment from the advances in geographical research made by
our own countrymen, we must admit that, of all foreign countries, Russia has of
late years been most eminent in this respect. The Geographical Society of St.
Petersburg wields not only the power and influence of the Imperial Government
of Russia, but receives also large grants of public money, which have enabled it
to carry on simultaneous researches in the steppes near the Caspian and in the
Caucasus, and also to describe the grand natural features of Central Asia, the
boundaries of the Chinese Empire, and the whole river-system of the mighty
Amur with its numerous afiluents. In this way serious geographical errors have
been corrected and new features laid down (by positive observations) on maps;
whilst the natural history of the animals and plants, as well as of the human
inhabitants of large regions, of which little was previously known, has been fully
developed. These data are accompanied by ethnological and statistical descrip-
tions of the inhabitants of astern Siberia, of the great island of Sakhalin, of Mon-
golia, and the new territory of the Russians on the right hank of the Ussuri River,
with its coast-line extending southwards almost to Japan. Of the latter region,
indeed, we had, until very recently, only the most imperfect knowledge.
Returning to the labours of our own countrymen, I might expatiate for a long
time on their discoveries in other distant lands. yen in the vast ancient empire
of China, so civilized in many respects, it is but of late years that its grandest
river, the Yangtsze-IMiang, was opened out to British commerce, through the
energy of the Earl of Elgin and Captain Sherard Osborne ; whilst the upper part
of this mighty stream has since been followed to 1800 miles above its mouth, and
admirably laid down on a detailed map by Blakiston.
Then, again, we hope to welcome here that indefatigable explorer of various
distant lands, our Medallist, Sir Robert Schomburgk, on his arrival from Siam,
where he has been British Consul-General for several years, and of which peculiar
kingdom he is thoroughly well qualified to give you a most interesting account.
Omitting almost entirely to notice what foreign geographers and ethnologists
have accomplished, I have touched thus briefly upon some of the researches of our
countrymen, because I address a Section of the British Association; but I must
not occupy too much of your time by retrospective views when we ought to be
gathering fresh fruits.
There is, however, one subject for your consideration, on which I must say afew
words. Whether judging from the great advances which have been mentioned,
or from what you may have heard or read elsewhere, you must not for a moment
imagine that so great have been the discoveries, that our vocation as explorers of
new lands is likely to come to an end. On this point men of high intellectual
attainments, who do not carefully consult maps, are apt to be deceived; and I will
therefore indicate a few of the grand geographical problems which remain to be
solved.
At the last anniversary festival of the Royal Geographical Society, the Right
Honourable W. Gladstone, after congratulating geographers on their successful
progress, thus addressed them :—* There is nothing to do now but to congratulate
you on your proud position, and to express a confident hope that you will go on as you
havedone. The only apprehension which I think the most sensitive of your friends
can entertain, is one connected with the approaching exhaustion of that scene to
which, at present at least, your labours are confined—I mean the limited surface of
the globe itself. Alexander, in his day, thought he might reach a point in his
career when he would desire to have new worlds to conquer. You, too, gentlemen,
seem likely, at some time or other, to reach that point.”
Now, whatever meaning my eloquent friend may have attached to the words
“some time or other,” let me assure you, Ladies and Gentlemen, that that time is
indeed very remote, as you will admit when I simply lay before you a few facts re-
specting certain distant regions, You will then see how very long a time must
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 133
elapse before we and our posterity can hope to clear away the ignorance respecting
a large portion of the earth which now prevails.
Looking first at the most recent maps of Africa, see what enormous lacunz have
to be filled in, and what vast portions of it the foot of the white man has never
trodden. True it is that large tracts north of the equator have been described by
Germans and French, as well as by English expeditions, particularly that in which
Barth was so distinguished.
With the exception, however, of Abyssinia and the snowy mountain Kilimand-
joro, explored by Von der Decken and the late Richard Thornton, few of these
tracts have been laid down on detailed maps. In the central equatorial region, but
for the example set by the three gallant officers of our Indian armies, Burton, Speke,
and Grant, and encouraged and supported, I rejoice to say, by the Royal Geogra-
phical Society, those countries would have remained as unknown as they have been
throughout all history, from the days of Ptolemy to our own. But if thus a chief
water-basin of the White Nile has been boldly outlined, how much does there re-
main to be done in order to test the value of the anticipations of Dr. Beke—still
more, to complete a general sketch even of the geography of equatorial Africa! Is
it not essential that the Victoria Nyanza of Speke, a body of water as large as
Scotland, which has only been touched at a few points on its southern, western,
and northern shores, should have all its shores and affluents examined? And do
not the Mountains of the Moon of the same explorer invite a survey? Have we
not yet to find out the source of the great Zaire or Congo, and trace that river to
its mouth ? And who has yet reached the sources of the mighty Niger? Again,
when we cast an eye down the map southwards, are we not still in ignorance of the
drainage and form of a prodigious extent of country between the Tanganyika Lake
of Burton and Speke, and the Zambesi and Shiré of Livingstone? Are we not at
this moment most anxious to determine, by positive observation, whether there
exists a great series of lakes and rivers proceeding, as Cooley has suggested, from
Tanganyika on the north to Lake Nyassa on the south ? and has not Livingstone’s
very last effort been directed to this point ?
If Central Africa is ever to advance in civilization, and its inhabitants are to be
brought into commercial relations with Europe, one of the best chances of our ac-
complishing it will, in my opinion, consist in rendering the great White Nile a
highway of intercourse and traffic. And if the present ruler of Egypt shall bring
about this most desirable end, by putting a stop to the lawless s!ave-trade, carried
on beyond his frontiers under the guise of dealing in ivory, and by establishing
marts of commerce on the banks of the great river, Africa will owe more to him
than to any ruler since the days of the Roman Emperors, who, though they tried,
never succeeded in opening out the regions around the headwaters of the Nile.
In touching upon this subject, I have to congratulate you on the news which has
arrived, that that chivalrous explorer, Mr. Samuel Baker, is successfully examin-
ing the central equatorial regions, from which, I trust, he will bring us the solu-
tion of some of the problems already adverted to, and will determine the real source
of the waters which supply the Luta N’zige of Speke and Grant.
I have also to announce that Baron von der Decken has proceeded on his bold
adventure to explore the interior of Africa from the east coast, by ascending the
Juba, or one of the adjacent rivers, with two river-steamers constructed at his own
cost.
In making these allusions to African discovery, most heartily do I congratulate
geographers on the safe return of my excellent and disinterested friend Livingstone.
Already, after his first two great traverses, from east to west and from west to east,
across South Africa, this undaunted missionary had won for himself imperishable
renown. But now, after a second expatriation which has lasted upwards of six
years (his previous journeys occupying sixteen years), during which he has been
labouring conjointly to improve the condition of the natives and to extend geogra-
phical knowledge, he comes home with a firm resolution to adhere to his noble
calling for the benefit of the natives, and to return to that country in which the
black man must bless his name!
The return also of Captain Burton, from the Congo and Fernando Po, ensures
for us some fresh and pregnant communications respecting Western Africa; and
134 REPORT—1&64),
when we know that Francis Galton, though much occupied with the duties of a
General Secretary, will always take part in our discussions, and that Barth* is
likely to be present, it is probable that we shall have a concourse of travellers
capable of illustrating the geography and ethnology of Africa, such as was never
assembled at any former meeting.
If we turn to America, we find that an adventurous gentleman of Chili, Seior
Don Guillermo Cox, has described a new route across the Andes, which, by almost
bringing together the waters flowing into the Atlantic and Pacific, is likely to open
out commerce between fertile regions on the west and Buenos Ayres on the Atlantic.
Aware of our almost entire ignorance of the interior of Patagonia, the same bold
traveller purposes to make a journey throughout this enormous nnknown region
down to the Straits of Magellan.
In mentioning these straits, lam bound to remind you how, in former years, that
eminent nautical surveyor Admiral FitzRoy, when accompanied by the great na-
turalist Charles Darwin, threw a flood of light upon the configuration and struc-
ture of the coasts of South America and the Falkland Islands. Now, although in
this short and popular Address I cannot do justice to all the advances which have
been made in meteorology, it gratifies me to direct your attention to the recent
important labours in that science of the same gallant officer. For, by well-digested
comparisons between the state of the barometer and the direction and force of the
winds, Admiral FitzRoy has proved to the nation what useful interpreters in his
hands are these natural phenomena. By his forecasts of approaching storms and
the prompt use of the electric telegraph, he has saved many a ship and the lives of
numbers of our seamen. ;
If we range from the south to the north of America, numerous indeed are the
tracts which call for examination; and even at this meeting I hope to see new fea-
tures pointed out to us in that northern prolongation of the Rocky Mountains,
which separates the sources of the Saskatchewan on the east from those of the
Thomson and Fraser rivers of British Columbia on the west. This knowledge,
acquired, under great privations, by young Viscount Milton and his friend Dy.
Cheadle, comes to us here in addition to what had been gathered together by Pal-
liser, Hector, and Blakiston, as published in a Parliamentary Blue Book, and has
fortunately arrived in time to improve a highly valuable map of British North
America, which, derived from original documents, is now about to be issued to the
public by that sound practical geographer, John Arrowsmith, who, in virtue of the
ereat services he has rendered to geographical science, most worthily obtained a
gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society.
Let me next remind you that we are yet entirely in the dark as to the true geo-
eraphy of the interior of Arabia. It is indeed only within the last few months that,
travelling in the guise of a physician, the spirited and eloquent Palgrave has been
the first intelligent person to traverse that country to the Persian Gulf. Can any
one who recently heard this traveller narrate his adventures before the Geographi-
cal Society ever forget the deep impression he made upon the crowded audienée
when he told us his wondrous Arabian Nights’ tale? In a word, we must confess
that modern geographers are infinitely less acquainted with Arabia than the ancients
and their great geographer Ptolemy.
Again, in Asia—though Russia has very recently, as I have said, done much in
the north, and the English in the far south-east of that quarter of the globe—the
very last communication to the Royal Geographical Society, proceeding from the
zealous Hungarian M. Vambéry, who travelled disguised as a Dervish, or holy
Mohammedan beggar, has brought vividly to our minds a consciousness of the
little we know of the vast countries once ruled over by Genghis Khan and Timur ?
In truth, the passage to the ancient capital Samarkand across those regions has of
late years become infinitely more difficult than in the days of Marco Polo. Then
(1390), and even in 1405+, when an embassy from Henry the Third of Spain to
the great Emir Timur reached Samarkand, the wide-spread influence of Genghis
Khan still subsisted. From that distant day there is no record of any European
* Dr. Barth was unexpectedly prevented from coming to England.
+ See ‘Narrative of the Embassy of Clavijo,’ translated and edited by Clements R.
Markham. Volume of the Hakluyt Society, 1859.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 1385
having visited Samarkand until the year 1841, when the Emir of Bokhara requested
the Emperor Nicholas to send scientific men from Russia to search for gold. This
Imperial expedition, which visited Samarkand as well as Bokhara, was purely
scientific, and consisted of two officers of the School of Mines, Butenieff and Bo-
goslowski; a very able young naturalist, Lehmann, since dead; an interpreter;
and that eminent geographer Khanikoff, who, at the Meeting of this Association
held at Oxford in 1860, gave us such an interesting account of other parts of Cen-
tral Asia*.
On the whole, however, as M. Vambéry will tell us, those regions are so occu-
pied by savage warring Turcomans and other Tartars, that the solitary traveller is
more decidedly shut out from them than he is from Arabia, China, Africa, and other
countries, in which so many great problems also remain to be solved.
No region certainly calls more for the examination of geographers than Asia, the
cradle of the human race; and, albeit the Russians, independently of their researches
in Bokhara and Samarkand, have made notable explorations from Siberia into Mon-
golia, and southwards to the borders of China and Japan, Sir Henry Rawlinson will,
Lhope, explain to you what extensive regions there are which require to be explored
and defined between Nineveh and Babylon, the countries of his memorable exploits,
and the British empire of the Kast. There, even at this day, no one has followed
the grand river Burhampooter from Hindostan into China, though the project has
often been agitated, and will, I trust, soon be accomplished.
Again, are there not other vast tracts in the New World which no scientific
traveller or explorer has yet visited? Cannot our Secretaries, to whom I have
already alluded, point to many a district, nay, to whole regions, which call for ex-
amination? Ask Mr. Clements Markham how much there remains for the geo-
grapher to do along the great Cordillera of the west? Then let Mr. Bates speak
to you, as I trust he will at this meeting, of the enormous countries watered by the
affluents of the mighty Amazons, which still call for fresh researches.
Without further dwelling, as I might, upon numberless new fields for explora-
tion, I hope that I have now satisfied you that the apprehension of geographers
haying already done so much that they will soon have little or no work to perform,
is quite imaginary ; for you may rely upon it, that the most ardent and adventurous
men, whether geographers, ethnologists, or naturalists, will find stout employment
for many a long year.
If I were to extend my observations to those boundless branches of our subject
comprehended under the term Physical Geography, which only come into play after
the discoveries of new lands haye been made, this Address would necessarily be
swollen to undue dimensions. In fact, physical geography embraces the consider-
ation of the last of the long series of geological changes, as well as of all natural
operations in the historic period, and the geographical distribution of man, animals,
and plants. Nay, more; in the hands of so skilful an exponent as Maury, it in-
volves continual researches into the condition and relations of the ocean and the
* M. Khanikoff’s account of this expedition was translated into English by Baron de
Bode, under the title of ‘Bokhara; its Amir and its People, 1845. Shortly after this
expedition left Orenburg I was myself in that city and on the Kirghis steppes, and saw
what a continuous trade and intercourse took place, as of old, between Russia and Bok-
hara. It is much to be regretted that the English public are so little acquainted with
such facts as are mentioned by the Russian explorers. For example, and independently
of science, M. Lehmann has left an account of the very friendly relations which existed
between the Russian officers and our unfortunate countrymen Stoddart and Conolly, who,
shortly after the departure of the Russian Mission, were barbarously murdered by order
of the Khan of Bokhara. M. Khanikoff has, indeed, himself assured me that he tried in
yain to induce our officers, who had had disputes with the Emir, to leave the country
with the Russian Mission, being convinced that they ran great risk by remaining in the
power of a lawless fanatic. I am indebted to a Russian gentleman, M. Hippius, whose
notice will be communicated to this meeting, for recalling my attention to these facts.
For an account of the mineral structure of the region, see ‘ Annales des Mines de Russie,’
1842, Nos. 10 and11; and for the natural history and geology, as well as the buildings of
Samarkand, see the interesting journai of M. Lehmann in the 17th volume of the Beitrige
of Von Baer and Von Helmersen. My valued friend General von Helmersen doubts if
Marco Polo ever was at Samarkand! :
186 REPORT—1864.
atmosphere, as well as of the earth, which must preve to be of ceaseless interest*.
Viewed in this broad sense, geography is, indeed, of surpassing importance, and the
field for the range of our noble science becomes really unlimited f.
Let us therefore hope that at this meeting we may gather together a few shreds
of that augmenting knowledge of foreign parts which the wandering habits of our
countrymen have led them to acquire, respecting the outlines and structure of vari-
ous countries, their inhabitants and natural products, and thus justify my anticipa-
tion, that the Bath Meeting will be second to no one which has preceded it in the
interest of the Geographical and Ethnological communications which will be laid
before us.
In conclusion, I have a just pride in quoting the animating and truthful words
which Mr. Gladstone recently addressed to geographers, inasmuch as they cannot
be too widely known, and will, Iam sure, be warmly applauded by this Assembly :—
“Tt is the love of adventure,” said the eloquent statesman, “it is the boldness in
facing danger, it is the strong self-reliance, it is the ready presence of mind, it is
all that constitutes that powerful individuality which lies at the root of the whole
greatness of this country, and which likewise has lain at the root of the great-
ness and the performances of geographers. The very same causes which have
made you distinguished as a Geographical Society, are those which have made
England distinguished among the nations of the world.”
On the Province of Azerbaijan.
By Keirn E. Assorr, Consul-General at Teheran.
Notes on the Maories of New Zealand, with Suggestions for their Pacification
and Preservation. By Col. Sir Jamrs Epwarp Atexanper, K.C.L.S.
The author specified the causes which led to the New Zealand wars of 1860 and
1863, in the former of which he commanded a regiment. He believed that a
great wrong had been done to the Maories, whom he described as a generous and
improving people, suffering under the prejudices and selfishness of the lower class
of English settlers. The plan he suggested for their pacification and preservation
was forming them into agricultural colonies, teaching them husbandry, and en-
couraging them in trade.
On the Ethnology of Cambodia. By Dr. A. Basttan, of Bremen.
The author remarked that, the more the extent of the splendid stone monuments
which spread over Cambodia, Laos, and the adjoining provinces of Cochin-China
becomes known and investigated, the more urgently will rise the demand on
scientific research to solve the problem of their construction. As the chronicles of
Cambodia are quite modern, and as on the early annals of the Siamese no reliance
can be placed, one naturally looks for information to another neighbouring state—
Tonquin, which, thanks to its Chinese civilization, presents something like Chinese
regularity and order in its records. Till now, however, the study of Tonquinese
history has been bare of any valuable results. In the eastern part of the province
of Bindinh was discovered, some years ago, amidst the jungle, a large town in
ruins, consisting of fifty towers, which were ornamented with figures of men
and animals, and surrounded with a square wall of white stone. A Chinese tra-
veller, who visited Cambodia in the year 1295, speaks of fifty-four towers in the
capital, each containing the statue of a deity, with a serpent in its hand (as it is
seen in Java), to ward off those passing. The ruins of Nakhon Vat were likewise
accidentally discovered by the Cambodians in the year 1570, after having lain
buried in the jungle for many centuries ; and, in travelling over the frontiers be-
tween Birmah and Siam, the author had many spots in that desolate region
* See the new small work, ‘ Physical Geography,’ by M. F. Maury, LL.D. Longman,
London.
t In my last Address to the Royal Geographical Society, I explained how all the vari-
ous affiliations of geography, in this extended sense, are combined in the operations of the
Imperial Geographical Society of St. Petersburg,
7. oa
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 187
pointed out to him where traces of former cities were overgrown and hidden by
the dense vegetation.
On the Delta of the Amazons. By H. W. Barus, Assist.-Sec. R.GLS.
The area which geographically constitutes the Delta of the Amazons forms an
irregular triangle, measuring about 180 miles each way. Contrary to what might
be expected in the mouth of a great river lying on the equator, the country in and
around it has a pleasant and salubrious climate. The islands and neighbouring
mainland are not formed wholly of fluvial deposit: this is the case only with a
ee of the area, 120 miles distant from the sea, the remaining portion, or that
ying nearest the sea, having a rocky base and a sandy soil, the product of the dis-
integration of the rocks. The author concluded that this alluvial portion of the area
was the true delta, and that at no very distant period the seaward portion of the
resent delta formed a series of islands lying off the mouth of the river. These
islands he proved to be of great antiquity by an analysis of their fauna, which
shows (in the groups examined) a large proportion of endemic species. The strong
affinity of the fauna of the south side of the delta with that of Guiana also tended
to show that the two regions could not have been formerly separated by a gulf 180
miles wide, impassable by these species. Had this been the case, the southern
margins would more naturally have been peopled from Brazil further south, there
being no known barrier to hinder the migration of species from this direction. All
the facts furnished by the physical geography and the fauna pointed to the result,
that an ancient tract of land or chain of islands bridged over the space between
Guiana and what are now the southern borders of the delta.
An Account of the Human Bones found in Tumuli situated on the Cotteswold
Hills. By Dr. H. Birp.
The barrows and tumuli on the Cotteswold Hills vary in their size, structure,
and contents. They are of two kinds—round tumuli and long barrows. The
round tumuli are roughly constructed, and a kist is generally placed near the centre.
The kist may contain the bones of one or many human Pind of different ages
and both sexes, and flint-flakes and black rude pottery. The long tumuli or
barrows are constructed in a superior manner. The bones found in the round
tumuli indicate a peculiar race. They are tall, stout, square-built, and athletic,
varying in height from five feet six inches to above six feet. They had long oval
heads with large bases, wide and expanded behind, narrow, low, and contracted
in front. The human remains discovered in the long barrows differ from those of
the round tumuli, and are often mixed. Most of the higher-developed skulls,
found in the vaults of the long tumuli, were broken across the vertex; and Dr.
Thurnam has suggested that such broken skulls found at Rodmorton tumulus may
have been broken before death, being the remains of murdered prisoners, or of
persons slain for sacrificial purposes. Dr. Bird described some of a large collection
of bones which he had taken born the tumuli, expressing an opinion, from the
difference in configuration of some of the skulls, and some slight difference in the
thigh bones, that some were the remains of an inferior race—the abcrigines of the
country—and others of a supericr race that had made incursions into them from
other lands. He contended, too, that the flints which he had found were iden-
tical in character with those recently discovered abroad, and which were held as
proofs of an earlier history than that current among us.
Advance of Colonization in North-Eastern Australia.
By Sir GrorcEe Bowen, M.A.
On the Present State of Dahome. By Captain Burton.
In the year 1863-64, the author twice visited Dahome; and he was now
induced to thus make known the results of his observations of Dahome life
in the belief that his experience would rectify many popular mistakes. The extent
of the land of Dahome had been exaggerated, and was but about 4000 square
138 : REPORT—1864,
miles, with a population of about 150,000, The Customs of the Dahomans are
divided into Grand and Yearly. The Grand Custom takes place only after the
death of a king. The last Grand Customs were performed, in November 1860,
by Gelele, the present sovereign, to honour the name of his sire Gezo. Reports
from the Wesleyan missionaries show that very little change has taken place as
regards the number of victims during two-thirds of a century. The Yearly Cus-
toms were first heard of by Europe in the days of Agaja the Conqueror (1708-27).
They form continuations of the Gana Customs, and they periodically supply the
departed monarch with fresh attendants in the shadowy world. The number of
victims at the Annual Customs has been greatly swollen by report. During the
author’s second visit to Agbome forty men were put to death, an equal number of
women presumably being sent to the next world; but if so, the execution took
place within the palace. The men were all criminals and war-captives; no innocent
Dahoman ‘is ever killed on these occasions, and the king judges in person those
accused of capital offences. He is so particular about the lives of his subjects, that,
throughout the empire, coroners’ inquests must follow every death and certify that
it has not been violent. The time of execution is during the hours of darkness ;
and of these Zan Nyanyana, or “Bad Nights,” there were two—January 1 and
January 5, 1864. The public stay within doors under pain of death, and the king
personally superintends the executions. Some are clubbed (“ammazzati”’); others
are beheaded by the Mingan, or vas After death the bodies are exposed in
the Uhunjro market-place for a fewdays. The men, attired as during life, in shirts
and nightcaps, are seated in pairs upon Gold Coast stools, supported by a double-
storied scaffold, about 40 feet high, of rough beams, two perpendiculars and as
many connecting horizontals. Between these patibula are galleries of thin posts,
about 30 feet tall, with single or double victims, hanging head downwards; cords,
passed in several coils round the ankles and above the knees, attach them to the
cross bar of the fatal tree. These tokens of the king’s piety are allowed to remain
exposed for several days, after which they are thrown into the city ditch. It is
not, however, at the Customs that the great loss of life takes place. Whatever
action, however trivial, is performed by the king, it must dutifully be reported to
his sire in the shadowy realm. A victim, almost always a war-captive, is chosen;
the message is delivered to him, an intoxicating draught of rum Dilgsine it, and
he is despatched to Hades in the best of humour. Captain Burton continued :—“ I
heard of only one case where the victim objected to lose his life. yen those who
were prepared for the Customs (which I witnessed) sat looking at the various
ceremonies, beating time to the music, and eyeing al! my movements. At my request
the king pardoned about half of them, but no man thanked me. There are two
ethnological peculiarities in Dahome which require notice—the corporeal duality
of the king, and the precedence of women over men. The monarch is double—
two kings in one, Gelele, for instance, rules the city, and Addo-kpon governs the
bush—that is to say, the country and farmer folk. The latter has his palace, about
six miles from the capital, his high officers, male and female, his wives and eunuchs.
Moreover criminals and victims are set apart for him at the Customs. » With
regard to the position of women, it must be remembered that the king has two
courts, masculine and feminine. The former never enter the women’s palace; the
latter never quit it except on public occasions. The high officers of both courts
correspond in name and dignity: there are, for instanee, the female “ Min-gan”
and the male “ Min-gan,” the she-Meu and the he-Meu, and the woman oflicer
is called the “ No,” or, mother of the man. Strangers also find maternal parents.
There is, for instance, an English “mother,” who expects presents from her
protégés. Some resident merchants have two “mothers,” one given by the late,
the other by the present king. Royalty itself is not exempt; there are “mothers”
for all the deceased rulers. The origin of this exceptional organization is, I believe,
the masculine physique of the women, enabling them to compete with the men in
bodily strength, nerve, and endurance. The custom is of old date in Yoruba; and
our histories depict the ‘‘ Mino” (“ our mothers ”—yulgarly called amazons), before
the birth of the late King Gezo, who used to boast that he had organized a female-
army. He ordered every Dahoman to present his daughter, of whom the most
promising are chosen, and trained to arms. Gelele, the actual ruler, causes every,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 189
girl to be brought to him before marriage, and retains her at his pleasure in the
palace. Of Gelele’s so-called amazons about two-thirds are said to be maidens—
a peculiar body in Africa. The remaining third have been married. That an ele-
ment of desperation might not be wanting, women liable to death are “ dashed’ to
the king, and are duly enlisted. The fighting women are not de facto married to
the king; but it may take place at his discretion. The first person that made
the present ruler a father was one of his colonels. The amazons affect male attire,
especially when in uniform, There is nothing savage or terrible in their appearance.
When young, they are compelled to dance and to take violent exercise, which ren-
ders them somewhat lean; and, as they advance in years, they grow in weight. The
soldieresses are not divided into regiments, There are, however, three distinct
hodies, as in the male army. The Fanti company takes the centre, and represents
the body-guard. The king generally pays “ distinguished strangers” the compli-
ment of placing them in command. r had this honour, but was not thereby enti-
tled even to inspect my corps. The Fanti women bind round their hair, which
requires scanty confinement, narrow white fillets, with two rude crocodiles of blue
cloth sewn on the band. The other two divisions are the wings, right and left,
The three corps consist of five arms, under their several officers—namely, 1. The
Agbarya, or blunderbuss-women, who may be considered the grenadiers. They are
the biggest and strongest of the force, and each is accompanied by an attendant car-
rying ammunition. With these rank the carbineers, the bayoneteers, and a com-
pany armed with heavy weapons, and called “ Gan’ w’ nlan,” or “Sure to kill.” 2.
The Elephant-hunters, who are held to be the bravest of these women; twenty have
been known to bring down, at one volley, with their rude appliances, seven animals
out of a herd. 3. The Nyekplo-hen-to, or women armed with the huge razors, of
which an illustration lately appeared in the English papers. 4, The infantry, or
line women, forming the staple of the forces; from them, as in France, the élite is
drawn. They are armed with Tower muskets, and are well supplied with ammu-
nition. But they “ manceuvre with precisely the precision of a flock of sheep,” and
they are too light to stand a charge of the poorest Harqonit troops. Personally they
are lean, without much muscle; they are hard dancers, indefatigable singers, and,
though affecting a military and swaggering gait, they are rather mild and unas-
suming in general appearance. 5. The Go-hen-to, or archeresses, who, in the late
king’s time, were young girls, the parade corps, the pride of the army, and the pink
of dancers. Armed with a peculiar bow, a quiver full of licht cane-shafts, and a
small knife lashed with a lanyard to the wrist, they were distinguished by scanty
attire, by a tunic extending to the knee, and by an ivory bracelet on the left arm.
Their weapon has sunken in public esteem. Under Gezo’s son they are never seen
on parade, and, when in the field, they are used as scouts and porters. They also
carry the wounded to the rear. The total number of amazons was 1685. elele,
the present king,has never been able to bring more than 10,000 troops into the field.
His “ most illustrious viragos” are now a mere handful. King Gezo lost the flower
of his force, in March 1851, under the walls of Abeokuta, and the loss was never
made good. Gelele has lately followed the example of his sire. On Tuesday,
March 15, 1864, the present king carried out his favourite project, his daily thought
and nightly dream—an attack upon Abeokuta, where his father had left fame and
honour. The attempt was contemptible in the extreme, and the consequence to
Dahome a loss of about 1000 slain and about 2000 captured. Thus Dahome yearly
loses prestige. She is weakened by a traditional policy, by a continual shedding of
blood, and by the arbitrary measures of her king, who has resolved to grind the
foes of his a kee for ten years, of which six have elapsed. She is demoralized
by an export slave-trade, by frequent failings in law, and by close connexion with
Europeans. As was remarked a dozen years ago by Commander Forbes, Dahome
now contains no Dahomans. The gallant old race of which our historians speak
has been killed out; its place has been taken by a mongrel breed of captives.
Except the royal blood, which may number 2000 souls, all are of an impure race,
and are bond fide slaves to the king. Under these circumstances, it is pleasing to
remark the gradual but sure advance of El Islam, the perfect cure of the disorders
which rule the land. Amongst eight hammock-bearers I found two Moslems.”
140 REPORT—1864.
On the River Congo. By Captain Burton.
This paper contained the particulars of the author’s ascent to the Yellala, or
Great Rapids of the Congo. He remarked that Africa boasted four first-rate
rivers, all rising within the zone of nearly constant rain. These were the Nile,
the Niger, the Zambesi, and the Congo. The latter was the least-lnown. Nayi-
gators have contented themselves hitherto with noticing its prodigious outfall ;
and since the fatal expedition of Captain Tuckey, travellers have not ventured to
explore it. On July 29th, 1863, Captain Smith, of H.M. we? ‘Torch,’ gave Cap-
tain Burton a passage southwards from Fernando Po, where he had been suffering,
like all other white men there, with some severity. As the improvement of his
health was but slow, he resolved upon proceeding towards the highlands of the Upper
Congo, which tradition represented to be a sanatorium. After adventures and
observations, Captain Burton reached the Great Rapids. In conclusion, Captain
Burton observed that, above those rapids the grand river forks. There is a north-
eastern branch, which has been represented as flowing from a lake. The informa-
tion he obtained at the rapids left him no doubt of the fact. In the previous year,
when he visited the source of the river Gaboon, he was informed by the Fans, that
after eighteen days’ travel towards the east they came upon a water flowing to the
right or southward. This must be the north-eastern fork of the Congo. He hoped
that the survey of his distinguished friend Paul du Chaillu would set the question
at rest. The south-eastern branch of the Congo, Captain Burton firmly believes, is
the Coango and the Cassai which Dr. Livingstone crossed near the head.
On the Islands of Kalatoa and Puloweh. By Joun Cameron.
On the Iberian Population of Asia Minor anterior to the Greeks.
By Hype Crarxe, of Smyrna.
The names of places in a country are philological and therefore ethnological
records, and it is on these that the present investigation is founded. The most
marked result is that there is no affinity in the ancient names of Asia Minor with
those of Armenia, although there is an old tradition that the Lydians were descen-
dants of the Armenians. On comparing the names in Lydia, Caria, Mysia, and
enerally in Western Asia Minor with European topographical terms, affinities are
ound with Greece, Italy, and Spain. These affinities are with the archaic and
new Greek element in Greece, with the archaic and new Latin element in Italy,
and with the Iberian element in Spain. The result is, as William von Humboldt
had predicted, the existence of an ibacien population in Asia Minor. Some of the
details are as follows. -Arna is a local form which is well marked, and it is copious
in Greece and Italy. Asta, Astyra, or Astura is a recognizable Iberian form. It
signifies a rock. Thus we have Astyra in Mysia and Troas, Astura in Latium,
Astura in Spain, Asta in Liguria and Spain. It occurs also in Asia Minor, both
as a prefix and as a termination. The form Llaundus of Phrygia is found in the
Bilanda of Lucania and Spain, and in other shapes. Bwra, a termination in Asia
Minor, is a marked Iberian type. It is perhaps beri (Basque), a town. Cora
appears to be the same as Cara. It perhaps means a peak or promontory ; in Basque
gora is high. Ilia, Ilion, or Ilium is a remarkable form; in Iberian it signifies a
city, town, or place. Manda, Menda, or Munda most probably signifies a hill or
mount, for which Mendia is a word in Basque. eda or Bada must be a word for
a mountain, as in Idubeda and Orospeda, mountains in Spain. Petarra, the French-
Basque for mountains, is found in Patara of Lycia and Cappadocia. Perga, or
Barga is widely distributed ; it is applied to a mountain fortress or acropolis. With
regard to words beginning with the letter R, it is worthy of remark that they are
very rare in Asia Minor, and that such words are also very rare in modern Basque.
Sardea, Basque for a fort, is found in Sardene, a mountain of Mysia, in Sardes,
which has an acropolis, and in Sardemissus, a mountain of Pamphylia. Tama,
Tema, or Dyma is a particle extensively applied to mountains and hill-forts. It
is a noticeable circumstance, that in Troas we find Ilium, Pergamus, Pedeum,
Astyra, Scamander, and Ida,—all Iberian names. According to the author's views,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 141
the “Tliad” records the final struggle between the Iberian and the Indo-European
races for supremacy in Asia Minor.
On the Western Shores of the Dead Sea, By the Rey. G. Crowns, B.A.
The journey was performed in 1863 in company with four friends, under the
guidance of Abu Dahik, sheikh of the Jahalin tribe of Arabs. The party reached
the shores of the Dead Sea through the Wady-ez-Zuweirah. Whilst crossing the
broad plain which here stretches towards the lake, dead trees were observed stand-
ing in the water at some distance from the shore. Mr. Poole, in October 1855,
remarked the same thing; it is therefore more than probable that a permanent
rise in the level of the sea has taken place of late years. To the north of the
Wady-ez-Zuweirah, the party noticed the existence of three distinct parallel
beaches, the highest lying at least fifty feet above the level of the sea, which re-
moved all doubt that the Dead Sea was once much higher than at the present time,
and therefore the old idea of the Cities of the Plain being submerged is untenable.
Ata place half a mile south of Ain Jidy, the author, whilst bathing and trying
the buoyancy of the water, found that he was being carried by a strong current in
a northerly direction. He suggested that this may either have been an eddy caused
by the influx of the Jordan, or a movement produced by a spring in the bed of the
lake. The analysis of a bottle of water collected at this point countenances the
latter idea, for he had fortunately the means of comparing it with that of a portion
collected two days previously from the north of the lake :—
Collected April 9th, Collected
half mile 8. of April 7th, from
Ain Jiddy. north shore.
Specific gravity a .. 11674 11812
Percentage of salts’... wee 20°54 21°585
Boiling-point ... af » 106°5 Cent. 108° Cent.
These analyses showed that the water collected at Ain Jidy was less dense and
contained a smaller percentage of salts than that obtained two days previously at
the north. These facts appeared most interesting in connexion with the question
whether the supply of water from the known sources is sufficient to counterbalance
the enormous evaporation constantly going on.
Account of an Expedition across the Rocky Mountains into British Columbia,
by the Yellow-Head or Leather Pass. By Viscount Miron and Dr.
CHEADLE.
This journey was undertaken with a view to discover the shortest route between
the Red River settlement and the gold district of Cariboo, in British Columbia.
The pass by which the party crossed the Rocky Mountains had been formerly used
by the voyagew's of the Hudson Bay Company; but it had been long abandoned.
The route followed, after descending from this pass, namely, by the Thompson
River, had never before been attempted, owing to the dense growth of primitive
forest and the dangerous navigation of the streams. The enterprise was success-
fully accomplished My Lord Milton and his companion, though not without the loss
of nearly all their baggage and provisions and several narrow escapes of life.
Enough was seen to convince them that this was the best line for the construction
of a road from Canada, vid Red River, into British Columbia, as it was the most
direct one practicable, and was far removed from the United States frontier. A
great portion of the country to the east of the mountains was noticed to have been
completely changed in character by the agency of the beaver, which formerly
existed here in enormous numbers. The shallow valleys were formerly traversed
by rivers and chains of lakes, which, dammed up along their course at numerous
points, by the work of these animals, have become a series of marshes in various
eages of consolidation. So complete has this change been, that hardly a stream
is found for a distance of 200 miles, with the exception of the large rivers. The
animals have thus destroyed, by their own labours, the waters necessary to their
existence. In the Thompson and Frazer River valleys, the travellers noticed a
series of raised terraces on a grand scale, They were traced for 100 miles along
142 REPORT—1864.
the Thompson, and for about 200 miles along the Frazer River, forming three tiers
on each side of the valley, each tier being of the same height as the corresponding
* one on the opposite side. The lowest terrace was of great width, and presented
a perfectly level surface, raised some 30 or 40 feet above the river-bank. The second
was seldom more than 200 or 300 yards wide, and stood at about 50 or 60 feet
above the lower one. The third lay at a height of 400 or 500 feet above the river, on
the face of the inaccessible bluffs. They were all perfectly uniform, and free from
the rocks and boulders which encumber the present bed of the river, being com-
posed of sand, gravel, and shale, the detritus of the neighbouring mountains. The
explanation of these phenomena is to be sought in the barrier of the lofty Cascade
chain of mountains, through which the Frazer has pierced a way lower down the
valley. At a former period, the valleys of the Frazer and the Thompson seem to
have been occupied by a succession of lakes, the Cascade range then forming a bar-
rier which dammed up this great volume of water; the highest tier of terraces
would mark the level at which it then stood. Some geological convulsion caused
a rent in the mountain barrier, allowing the waters to escape partially, so as to
form a chain of lakes at the level of the middle terraces; and subsequently, after
long periods of repose, two other similar disturbances successively deepened the
cleft, and drained the waters first to the height of the lowest terrace, and finally to
their present level. In the course of the paper, the country east of the Rocky
Mountains was highly extolled as a promising region for settlement, especially by
an agricultural population.
On the Sources of the Supply of Tin for the Bronze Tools and Weapons of
Antiquity. By Joun Crawrurp, F.R.S.
Tin, as is well known, is found only in a very few parts of the world, and the only
_ localities producing it which have reference to the ques‘ion under consideration
are England, the Malayan peninsula, and Northern China. The ore is easily reduced,
and in early times was found in drift or alluvium. The tin-formations of the
Malayan countries are the most extensive in the world. These three sources
are the only principal ones from which the nations of ancient Europe could have
derived this metal. Tin would be supplied in the same manner as silk and spices,
with the difference of being imported from the West as well as the East. Mer-
chants dealing in the metal would convey it as far as it fetched a profit, until
western and eastern tin met at a central point, which may have been Egypt. AIL
the nations west of it would be supplied with British, and all those east of it with
Malayan or Chinese tin. British tin would be conveyed by land to the Channel,
then, crossing it, reach France, and through France find its way to Italy, Greece,
and Egypt. The author totally disbelieved, with Sir Cornewall Lewis, in the
voyages of the Phcenicians to the Scilly Islands, through which they are imagined
to haye supplied the Eastern world with Cornish tin. The voyage from the entrance
of the Mediterranean would be 1000 miles in a straight line over a stormy ocean—
a voyage very unlikely to be performed by ancient mariners, who, we know, even
in the Mediterranean, only crept along the coasts, hauling their craft ashore in foul
weather. Besides, the Scilly Islands, the supposed Cassiterides, afford no evi- —
dence of having ever produced tin. There is, in fact, no evidence that either the
Greeks or the Phcenicians ever passed the Straits of Gibraltar.
On the Supposed Infecundity of Human Hybrids or Crosses.
By Joun Crawrvrp, F.R.S.
The object of this paper is the refutation of a theory which has lately obtained
countenance in France and America, the purport of which is that the cross offspring —
of different races of man is essentially sterile, and must without intermixture of the
pure blood of one or other of the parents, in due time die out. In refutation of
this extravagant hypothesis, the author refers to the dense populations of France
and England, the most mixed nations of Europe, and the millions of Mulattos and
Mestizos which have come into existence since the discovery of the New World.
Even where the two races were perfectly equal, he shows that no sterility was the
result, and for this purpose quotes the case of the mutineers of the ‘ Bounty,’ in
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 143
which nine Enelish mariners intermarrying with the same number of Tahitian
women, had in the course of seventy years, or little more than two generations,
amounted to 268, or been multiplied near fifteenfold.
On the Early Migration of Man. By Joun Crawrurp, F.R.S.
The object of the writer of this paper is to show that the migrations of man in
his early and rude state were impossible, from his own weakness or want of means,
and the obstacles of physical geography opposed to his progress; and he quotes in
proof of his opinion some of the best-authenticated cases of early migrations, in
ali of which man had made a large progress in civilization.
On the supposed Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages of Society.
By Joun Crawrurp, F.R.S.
The object of the writer is to show, contrary to the general belief of arche-
ologists, that in most cases iron was used before bronze, or that an iron age in
general preceded a bronze one. With this view, he quotes a number of examples,
chiefly drawn from the practice of Oriental nations.
On the Yostedal Brae, a large Glacier-system in Southern Norway.
By Cartes M. Dovenry.
This glacier-system lies between the sixty-first and sixty-second parallels of
north latitude. The height of the snow-line in this region is undetermined ;
but it probably varies from 4000 to 5400 feet. Observations were made upon four
of the greater glacial outlets which descend into the valley Yostedal and its
branches, and the approximate daily motion of a transverse line determined by
help of a theodolite lent by the Royal Geographical Society. The phenomena
commonly described as characteristic of glaciers by writers on the Swiss Alps were
observed upon one or other or all of these. They vary in length from about seven
to about ten English miles, and in breadth from about half a mile to one mile. Three
of them are much rifted, and are inclined, near their lower extremities, at an angle
of from 12° to 16°. Of these the daily motions of the centre were found to lie
between twelve and fifteen inches. In the fourth case, the lower part of the ice-
stream being remarkably consolidated, with a slope of 7° when measured, and
nearly free from crevasses, the diurnal motion at (near) the centre was four inches.
These glacial outlets have all considerably diminished in modern times, and are still
diminishing. They descend to within from 1000 feet to 1700 feet of the sea-level.
Their names are Nigaardsbrae, Faabergstolsbrae, Lodalsbrae, and Trangidalsbrae.
They are noticed in Professor James Forbes’s work, ‘Norway and its Glaciers.’
Bohr, a Norwegian gentleman, published many years ago an account of a short
visit to this neighbourhood, and more lately M.Durocher has described and compared
them with the glaciers of the Alps. A work upon the “ Folge Fond,” another
of South Norway’s glacial systems, is about to be published by the Univer-
sity of Christiania. The motions of glacial outlets in general appear to depend,
next to climate, upon their thicknesses. The writer believes the character and
constitution of the great icy expansions, one of which is noticed here, to be the
subject most deserving of attention’in the glacial systems of southern Norway. He
believes that they accurately resemble, on the small scale, the glacial coverings of
Greenland and the Polar lands.
On a recent Earthquake at St. Helena, By Sir C, Exxtor.
On the Fixity of the Types of Man. By the Rev. T. Farrar.
As far as we can go back, the races of man, under all zones, appear to have
maintained an unalterable fixity. On the oldest Egyptian monuments we find Jews,
Arabs, Negroes, Egyptians, Assyrians, and Europeans depicted with a fidelity as to
colour and feature hardly to be surpassed by a modern artist. It might be objected
that this fixity was due to the surrounding conditions having remained unaltered.
144 REPORT—1864.
But a glance at the map shows this objection to be invalid; for the eastern region
of Asia, from 70° N. lat. to the equator, offers every variety of temperature, yet is
peopled by a single type, the Mongolian. By the side of the fair Circassian we
find brown Calmucks: short, dark Lapps live side by side with tall, fair Finns.
The colour of the American Indian depends very little on geographical position.
In short, colour is distributed over the globe in patches, not in zones. Europeans
transplanted from the temperate to the torrid zone do not, even in the course of
generations, undergo any considerable modification of type. This may be seen in
the Dutch, who have lived in South Africa for 300 years, and in the descendants of
the Spaniards and Portuguese in South America; also in the negroes transplanted
to America. Independently of this, we find races widely diftermg from each other,
but dwelling side by side, who, so far as we know, have, from time immemorial,
been affected by the same climate: such is the case with the Bosjesmen and the
Kaffirs, the Fuegians and the Patagonians, the Parsees and the Hindoos. This
fixity of type applies to habits as well as to corporeal features. he life of the
Ishmaelite of to-day might be described in the identical terms applied to his first
ancestor; and the Mongol has the same habits as in the days of A‘schylus and
Herodotus, or, perhaps, thousands of years before. It may be objected that a period
of a few centuries is little or nothing in ethnological matters. It is, at any rate,
everything to those who, without miraculous interference, of which nothing is re-
corded, have not more than that period between the Deluge and the date of the
oldest Egyptian monument in which to account for the appearance of, for instance,
the full-grown, well-marked Nigritian type. It remains for every one who is con-
vinced of these facts to draw from them such inferences as appear to him most
truthful and logical.
On the Poisoned Arrows of Savage Man.
By Professor Hartey, M.D., F.R.S., University College, London,
A large collection of the missile weapons of savage man shows various grada-~
tions in the inventive faculty of races. First, there is the simple pointed stick,
fixed in the end of the reed shaft of the arrow, as seen in the weapons of the
Solomon Islanders. Experience having taught savages the inefficiency of this kind
of arrow, we next see notches cut in the stick; and this is again improved on by
fixing iron barbs in the arrow-head to retain it in the wound. A great improve-
ment on all these is found in the arrows of the nations of Kastern Africa, which
have an iron head to the shaft, as well as barbs below it. The next great step in
advance is the invention of a poison wherewith to anoint the point of the missile,
so as to insure speedy death to the wounded animal. Poisoned arrows are found
amongst the natives of the Malay archipelago, Northern India, Africa, and South
America; but many weapons sent, by travellers and others, to the author as
poisoned have turned out, on examination, not to be so, but to have been merely
smeared with paint for ornament or conservation. The desideratum in an effective
poisoned missile is so to contrive it as to enable it to remain in the wound sufti-
ciently long to make the action of the poison certain. An iron or even a smooth
wooden point or blade does not answer this end. The savages of the banks of the
Zambesi, in Africa, therefore show considerable ingenuity in winding a cotton
thread round the arrow-head, and smearing this with the fatal juice. But the
Indians of the northern parts of South America have gone beyond this, and have
invented the most ingenious weapon yet known amongst uncivilized nations. It is
a reed with a sharp point fixed in a hole at the end. The arrow-head pierces the
animal; the concussion shakes off the shaft. An Indian on going to the chase takes
a quiver full of these points—they are, in fact, his shot; the point alone remains
in the wound of the animal he shoots, and its death is thereby rendered almost
certain. Moreover, if by some mischance his booty escapes him, the Indian does
not lose the arrow, which takes him some time to manufacture, and of which he
can only carry with him a limited supply. The author has carefully analyzed and
experimented on all the arrow-poisons which he had heen able to obtain, and the
result was that there were only two distinct kinds of the physiological action of the
poison used by savage races; one is typified by the Woorara of the northern parts
of South America, and the other by the poison of Borneo, known in the latter
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 145
country as the Antiar. The action of these two groups of poisons is diametrically
opposite. The Woorara affects the muscular system, destroying its action before it
attects the heart; whilst the Borneo poison paralyzes the heart first, leaving the
muscular system active for some short time after. The author then discussed. the
subject of the existence of nearly identical weapons (such as the blow-gun, through
which short poisoned arrows are propelled by the breath) amongst tribes of savages
widely separated from each other—the natives of Borneo, the tribes of the Hima-
layan mountains, and the Indians of the northern parts of South America. He said
there were three modes of accounting for this coincidence :—1. They may have been
invented by primitive men before the various races became segregated ; 2, the dis-
tant tribes may have communicated with each other since their separation; 3, or
the invention may have been independent, analogous conditions having given rise
to the same ideas. The balance of probability, he thought, inclined towards the
second of these explanations.
On Russian Trade with Bokhara. By M. Avexanver Hirrrvs.
The trade between Russia and the Central Asiatic nations is not large, and con-
sists chiefly of cattle exchanged by the Russians with the Kirgeeses for corn.
There is certainly no matter for English jealousy. Everybody who contributes to
avoid such jealousies further contributes to effect the working hand-in-hand of the
English and Russians, and deserves great merit in advancing geographical know-
ledge and calming the ferocious barbarism in Khiva, Bokhara, Kokan, &c. Their
influence on the sea-like Kirgees-steppes is quite as baneful as the piratical states
were formerly to the Mediterranean Sea. Sir Henry Rawlinson said that M.
Vambéry might fairly claim the honour of having been the first European who
had visited and described Samarkand for 450 years. The author claimed that
honour for his countrymen, the Russians. The Khan of Bokhara, being desirous
to explore certain parts of his kingdom in search of gold, asked the Russian Govern-
ment to send him some officers of mines for that purpose, in consequence of which
a party were sent. MM. Butteneff and Bogoslowski have published, in the Rus-
sian official ‘Mining Journal’ of 1842, Nos. 10 and 11, several articles concerning
the mineralogical riches, mining, money, &c., in Bokhara, and the meteorological
observations made during their journey.
On the Ethnology of the Iranian Race. By M. Nicotss pr Kwantxor.
Starting with the Aryan theory of the original identity of the Hindus and Iva-
nians or Persians, the writer proceeded to answer the question, Where was the
cradle of the Iranian family? by an investigation into some of their most ancient
traditions, beginning with an analysis of the Vendidad and the poems of Firdusi.
The conclusion was that they were probably originally scattered to the north, west,
south, and east of the fertile valleys situated between the Hindoo Koosh, the Cor-
dilleras of Poughman and Koohi Baba, and of the well-watered plains of Herat,
Seistan, and Kirman. The results of a careful examination of craniological types
amongst the nations of these parts of Asia partly confirmed this conclusion. ‘The
Persian blood, however, has been much improved by crossing, during more than
2000 years, with various populations, but especially with Semites and Turanians.
A Narrative of her Journeys in the South Slavonic countries of Austria and
Turkey in Europe. By Miss Murr Mackenzie.
A remarkable Storm and Beach Wave at St. Shotts, Newfoundland.
By Kenneru Mactnra.
Travelling Notes on China, Mongolia, and Siberia, 1863.
By ALExanvER Micute,
‘The writer left Pekin in August 1863, to proceed overland to Russia. The
tribes who are scattered all over the desert and the mountainous country to the
an the Chinese wall to the Siberian frontier, are the descendants of the
34, 10
146 REPORT—1864,
Huns, and maintain to this day the habits of the ancient Scythians, Utilizing the
few resources at their command, and their wants being few and simple, they are
nearly independent of the entire world. Their government is despotic and patri-
archal. They pay tribute to their chiefs, who are all subject to the Emperor of
China; but, practically, the Mongols enjoy every liberty. M. Michie described
Siberia at some length, and, speaking of its inhabitants, says the Slavonic popula-
tion are the laneeoante of exiles, but not necessarily convicts. In the days of
serfdom in Russia a proprietor had the privilege of sending a serf into exile without
assigning a higher reason than his own will. Hence many persons of good character
have been exiled from sheer caprice on the part of their masters. It was also
remarked that many exiles rise to eminence.
On the Atmosphere, showing that there is a difference in its Vital Constituents
North and South of the Equator. By Samunt Mossman.
Latest News from Mr. 8. Baker, the Traveller in Central Africa.
By Joun PETHERICK.
This was an extract from a recent letter of Mr. Petherick, dated Khartim, May
23rd, 1864. A number of men belonging to Kurschid Aga, a trader of the Upper
Nile, had returned to Khartim from Gondokoro, and had informed Mr. Petherick
that they had accompanied Mr. Baker as far as Kamrasi’s palace, near Lake Vic-
toria Nyanza, where they had formed a trading depét, and had left some of their
party in charge thereof. Mr. Baker had been well received by the chief Kamrasi,
who having supplied him with an escort, had left that place to explore a lake to the
westward. The men informed me that, anxious to return to their boats for the
purpose of supplying the new station with sufficient requirements for the prosecution
of trade during the rainy season, they did not wait for Mr. Baker, therefore as they
left no boats at Gondokoro, that gentleman will have no chance of returning by the
Nile until the termination of the next year’s trading campaign, which terminates
at that place in the months of May or June 1865, In answer to strict inquiries,
Mr. Baker was stated to have been in good health, but to have lost his cattle.
On the Ethnic Relations of the. Egyptian Race. By Rue. Srvarr Poorer,
The author commenced by stating that his object was to inquire what light the
ancient Egyptian monuments threw upon the single or more than single origin of
the Egyptian race, and thus to call in the aid of archeology in the examination of
one of the most interesting problems of ethnology. He brought forward no eyi-
dence as to which the general body of Egyptologists were not agreed.
Race.—The simplest division into which the races of man could be reduced was
black, white, and intermediate. Of the black race, one of the varieties of the lowest
type was the African negro ; of the white race, one of the varieties of the highest
type the Shemite Arab. These varieties the author selected because the Egyptian
monuments show us that, for the last 3000 years, they have been the two most
typical neighbours of the Egyptians. The ancient Egyptians constituted a variety
of what has been called the Ethiopian race, but might be better called the Lower
Nilotic. The modern Egyptians constitute a somewhat different variety. The
ancient Egyptians, as known to us from monuments ranging from 4000 to 2000
years ago, were acknowledged by all ethnologists to hold an intermediate place
between the Negroes and the Arabs. The physical characteristics of the Egyptians
were then minutely described, their intermediate place shown, and the difference of
the modern from the ancient Egyptians, in the further departure from the Negro
and approach to the Arab, proved. The cause of this difference was well known
to be the great influx of Arabs into Egypt, especially since the Muslim conquest.
But, notwithstanding this change, which was less than we should expect, the Negro
type still asserted itself in the Egyptians, and a period of 4000 years gave us no
parallax. In race they seemed to present the traits of a double ancestry.
Religion.—The heathen religions might be thus classitied:—High nature-wor-
ship ; low nature-worship, and use of charms (or Fetishism); and magic (or Sha-
manism). Shemite idolatry was high nature-worship; Ivanian, the same or of
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 147
the same origin; Nigritian, low nature-worship; Tatar, magic. The ancient
Egyptian religion had never been explained asa system. It was self-contradictory,
as in the case of animal-worship, for which no reason could be assigned. A critical
examination would show that the Egyptian religion consisted of two elements, high
and low nature-worship Shemite and Nigritian, which was further proved by the
actual Shemite or Nigritian characteristics of these two portions.
Art.—Art was often connected with race. But, as pure Shemites and Negroes
had no art, the Egyptians could not have been of either stock alone. The gradual
increase in size and importance of the monuments and engineering works in the
earliest period might be explained by the existence of a serf-race of Nigritians
gradually destroyed or absatbed by the Shemites.
Language.—Languages might be classed, according to seeming development, as
monosyllabic, agglutinate, and amalgamate; according to relations, as the Semitic
family, the Iranian family, and the so-called Turanian family. The last is not
proved to be a family, and its different groups are connected by similarities that do
not establish cognation. The author proposed the term “ Barbaric” for this class,
not family. The monosyllabic and agelutinate languages are barbaric; the amal-
gamate, Semitic and Iranian. The Hzyptian language had a barbaric monosyllabic
vocabulary and an amalgamate Semitic grammar. This, it was maintained, could
only be explained on the supposition of a double origin of the Egyptians. These
opinions were stated in the ‘Genesis of the Earth and of Man,’ and were adopted
by the author of this paper as affording a solution of the great difficulties of his
special study of Egyptology.
On the Principles of Ethnology. By T. 8. Prmeavx.
On the Scythians. By the Duc px Rovsrxxon,
A Journey to Xiengmai and Moulmein. By Sir Rosrrr Scnomevrex.
On some Rude Tribes supposed to be the Aborigines of Southern India.
By Dr. Suorrr.
On the Meenas, a Wild Tribe of Central India.
By lieut.-Col. Suowers, F.R.GS,
The ethnological description of the tribe was prefaced by some observations on
aborigines generally, and introducing the different modes in which contact with the
dominant race had been found to modify their character and condition; and taking
it as a test of the character of the rule of the dominant races respectively, the
author referred to several examples of the successful reclaiming of wild tribes in
India by the enrolment of them into military and police corps, as affording a vantage
ground of comparison, in favour of the government of the late rulers of India,
against that of any other government. The detailed account of the particular tribe
deseribed represents a remarkable race, which, having retreated centuries ago to 4
strong hilly tract at the quadruple boundary of four independent native states, had
maintained itself in a state of lawless independence, by taking advantage of the
jealousies of the different states concerned, and subsisting by plundering as a pro-
fession. Emboldened at length by long impunity, the tribe seems to have had the
audacity to make a series of inroads into the neighbouring British district, attack-
ing even walled towns, and carrying off the plunder and some of the inhabitants
to their fastnesses. These outrages are stated as the cause of our author having to"
take the Meenas in hand ; and-in referring to the present tranquillity of that once
immemorially disturbed district, and the changed behaviour of the tribe, by the
operation of the measures adopted on that occasion, it is satisfactory to learn that
all was effected without a shot being fired, affording as it does a pleasing contrast
to the deplorable contests with savage tribes going on at the present day in other
parts of the world. An armed demonstration sufficed to introduce the administra-
tive measures which haye been attended with such happy results.
10*
148. REPORT—1864.
On the Physical Geography of the Peruvian Coast Valleys of Chira and Piwra,
and the adjacent Deserts. By Ricuarp Spruce, F.R.G.S.
This was a description of the soil and climate of those districts of northern Peru
in which the different Peruvian varieties of the species of cotton-tree, named (os-
sypium barbadense, are so successfully cultivated. The memoir will be published by
the Indian Government for distribution amongst the planters in India, where these
varieties of the cotton-plant were introduced by Mr. Clements Markham. The
districts described are remarkable for the absence of rain, the only humid and fer-
tile districts being the valleys of the numerous short streams which flow from the
Andes to the Pacific. Seasons of heavy rain, nevertheless, occurred at long inter-
vals, in some cases of seventeen years.
On the River Purtis. By Ricuarp Spruce.
This river communicates with the Amazon by one principal mouth, and at four
narrow channels (called fwros). When the author was at the Barra do Rio Negro,
in 1851, a man of colour, named Serafim Salgado, arrived there from the Purus,
where he had spent some six months trading with the Purupurt (or Spotted)
Indians, who inhabit the lower part of the river, and from whom it takes its name ;
and also with the Catauixis, whose settlements extend upwards to a distance of
two months’ journey from the mouth. This Serafim Salgado was afterwards
officially commissioned to explore the river. It is clear, from Serafim’s report,
that the plain through which the Puris flows has a scarcely perceptible declivity,
for he nowhere encountered cataracts or even rapids. Indeed, the head of navi-
gation of the Puris must needs be on a lower level than that of the Beni and
Mamoré; and yet on a tributary of the latter (the Chaparé) Gibbon found that
water boiled at 209° 5', indicating an elevation above the sea of only 465 feet.
This goes far to show that Humboldt may be correct in his supposition of a strip
of low land extending from the Amazon valley, between the Andes on the one
hand and the mountains of Brazil on the other, all through the provinces of Mojos
and Chiquitos, to the basin of the River Plate. The Purtis will at some future
day become one of the great highways between the Andes and the Amazon.
Account of his Journey across Australia, By M‘Dovatt Srvarr.
Notes on Kurdistan. By J. G. Taytor, H.M, Consul at Diabckir.
On the Physical and Political Geography of the Jordan Valley and Eastern
Palestine. By the Rey. H. B. Trisrram, F.L.S,.
The author communicated the chief results of his recent natural-history explo-
ration of Palestine. No signs of volcanic eruption were found in the neighbour-
hood of the Dead Sea and the Jordan Valley, and the statements of De Sauley on
these points were shown to be wholly erroneous. The depression of the Dead Sea
was coincident with the synclinal line of the great system of inclined limestone
strata of the region. The district of Moab was spoken of in most laudatory terms,
as regards its climate and fertility; indeed, the southern portion of the Jordan
valley formed a tract of country entirely different as to its vegetation and animal
life from the rest of Palestine. Its fauna and flora yielded many new species, and
showed Indian and African types; the total results could not, however, at present
be given, as the flora was still being worked out by Mr. Lowne, the botanist to the
Expedition.
On the Turcoman Tribes of Central Asia. By M. Vampery.
A Visit to Samarcand. By M. Vampery.
Journey along the West Coast of Middle Island, New Zealand.
By Avert WALKER.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 149
On the Progress of Civilization in Northern Celebes.
By Atrrep R, Watrace, F.2.G.S.
The northern peninsula of Celebes is the only part of that island which is of vol-
canic structure. A considerable portion of it is elevated 2500 feet above the sea,
forming the beautiful plateau of Tondano, in the centre of which is a lake about
twenty miles in circumference. Scattered about this plateau are volcanic peaks
and ridges 6000 or 7000 feet high. A fertile soil clothes even the mountain slopes
of all this region, and, assisted by the abundant equatorial rains and a mild and
uniform temperature, supports a vegetation of great luxuriance and beauty. The
Dutch have now had possession of this country for nearly 200 years, having taken
it from the Portuguese in 1677, The inhabitants, more particularly on the centre
lateau, differ from those of the rest of the Celebes. They often approach to the
air complexion of the European, while they retain the straight black hair and
general physiognomy of the Malay races. In character they are gentle and sub-
missive, industrious and easily educated. Up to a very recent period they were
complete savages, and were almost always at war with each other. They built
their huts upon lofty posts to guard against attacks, and decorated them with the
heads of their slain enemies, Their clothing was strips of bark, and their religion
was a degrading demon-worship. From this state of barbarism they have been
raised to comparative civilization in a short time by the Dutch Government. The
country is now becoming a garden worthy of its sweet native name, ‘“Minahassa.”
The villages are almost all like model villages, and the cottages like those one sees
upon the stage. The streets are bordered with trimmed turf, and fenced with
hedges of roses in perpetual bloom. Near every village are the most beautifully
cultivated and productive coffee-plantations, while riee-fields and fruit and vege-
table grounds supply abundance of food to the inhabitants. In every village there
is a school-house, and in the larger ones a church also. The people are all neatly
dressed, and the native chiefs and schoolmasters would pass muster among respect-
able people in England. On arriving at one of these chiefs houses, in a principal
village, the writer was received by a gentleman in a suit of black; boys nicely
dressed and with smooth-combed hair brought water and napkins for him to wash,
and he was furnished with a dinner comprising every European comfort, finger-
glasses, clean napkins, claret, and beer, along with a variety of well-cooked native
dishes, The house was handsome and lofty ; the chairs and tables were of fine na-
tive woods, and, though made by self-taught natives, were of superior workmanship
to any but the very best we get at home; and as he sat in the verandah taking
coffee his eye was gratified by the sight of beautiful flowers, which, in this delight-
ful climate, are perpetually renewed. This great change is the result of the intro-
duction of the coffee-plant under Government superintendence, and of the labours
of Dutch Protestant missionaries. The native chiefs were induced to further the
views of the Government by the promise of a per-centage on the coffee-produce of
their district, and the whole system is carried out by them, under the advice and
support of the inspectors and Dutch residents. Each family in a village works in
the plantations; an account is kept of the number of days’ labour each gives, and
when the produce is sent to the government warehouses, and paid for at the fixed
price agreed upon on the formation of the plantations, the amount is divided pro-
permeneiely among the inhabitants. The chief and the other head men of the vil-
age decide upon how many days a week it is necessary to work at different times
of the year, and the villagers are called to labour at fixed hours by beat of gong.
This community of labour is a common feature among people in the first stages of
civilization, and rarely is any other pressure than public opinion required to insure
regularity. Habits of industry have thus been fostered, and a considerable sum of
money is realized annually by each family. Under the advice and example of the
missionaries and government inspectors, the people build neat houses and adopt
European clothing and habits. Their children go to school; the Malay language
spreads rapidly, and is superseding the numerous native dialects; and general morality
has undergone a vast improvement. No one who sees these people, and inquires
as to their former condition, can avoid the conclusion that they are both morally
and physically far superior to what they were. But it is said this change has been
brought about by “monopoly” and “despotism,” and therefore cannot be right,
150 REPORT—1864.
The author believed, however, that the relation of a civilized to an uncivilized race
over whom it rules is exactly analogous to that of parent to child, or of adults to
infants, and that a certain amount of despotic rule and guidance is as essential in
the one case as it is in the other. The only question is as to the manner in which
the “paternal despotism” shall be carried out ; and he thinks that the system of
upholding and regulating the power of the native chiefs, whom the people are
already accustomed to obey, of introducing systematic cultivation under govern-
ment superintendence, and favouring the exertions of missionaries and native teach-
ers, is a far better plan than throwing open a country to the competition of a low
class of European traders and cultivators, which inevitably leads to the degradation
of the natives, and a conflict of interests, inducing mutual animosity between the
two races. The system of the Dutch, as carried out here and in Java, he considers
as most excellent, and especially valuable as a step in the education of an uncivilized
race; and he cannot but contrast it with the deplorable results of the free compe-
tition of antagonistic races in New Zealand, which can only end in the extermina-
tion of a people which it seems probable would, under more favourable conditions,
haye been capable of improvement and civilization.
On the Increasing Desiccation of Inner Southern Africa.
By James Fox Wirson.
A very noticeable fact has-of late years attracted the attention of residents in
South Africa—namely, the gradual drying up of large tracts of country in the
Trans-Gariep region. The Calabari Desert is gaining in extent, eradually swallow-
ing up large portions of habitable country on its borders. Springs of water have
diminished in their flow, and pools, such as that at Serotli, described by Livingstone,
are now either dry or rapidly becoming so. A long list of springs and pools now
gradually drying up was given by the author of the paper. The great change,
however, had commenced, if we may trust native traditions, long before the advent
of Europeans, which are corroborated by the existence of an immense number of
stumps and roots of acacie in tracts where now not a single living tree is to be
seen. In seeking to account for this, it was necessary to dismiss from the mind all
idea of cosmical changes or earthquakes, of which no trace is visible in Southern
Africa. The causes lie in the physical characteristics of the country and in the
customs of the inhabitants. The region drained by the Orange river is naturally
arid, from the interposition of the Quathlamba mountains between it and the
Indian Ocean, whence the chief rain-clouds are derived. The prevailing winds
are from the north-east. The clouds, heavily laden with vapour from the Indian
Ocean, are driven over Caffraria, watering those lands luxuriantly; but when the
moisture-bearing nimbi arrive at the summits of the mountain range which divides
Caffraria from the interior country, they are not only deprived already of part of
their moisture, but they meet with the rarefied air of the central plains, and con-
sequently rise higher and evaporate into thinner vapour. There are few spots,
however, which are wholly destitute of vegetation, and large trees are frequent.
There is no district which does not maintain its flocks of wild animals; but the
diminution of even one or two inches of rain in the year is most severely felt. The
author came to the conclusion, after a careful inquiry into the geological formations
of the region and the sources of springs, that much water must lie, throughout
wide tracts, deep below the surface of the soil, and that the boring of artesian wells
would yield a permanent supply for irrigation. But as a remedy for the growing
evil, he laid particular stress on legislative enactments.to check the reckless felling
of timber and burning of pastures, which has been ‘long practised both by the
natives and the European colonists.
The Hairy Men of Jesso. By W. Martin Woop.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 151
ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS.
Address by Writi1am Farr, M.D., D.C.L., FRS., the President of the Section.
GENTLEMEN,—I am deeply sensible of the honour which has been conferred upon
me by placing me in this Chair.
In opening your proceedings, I propose to bring rapidly under your notice the
state of the science which you haye met in this Section to promote as Members of
the British Association.
Mathematics is the great abstract science which fosters all the rest; and physics,
mechanics, chemistry, mineralogy, geology, geography, ethnology, embrace the
phenomena of the heavens, the earth, and the three kingdoms of nature. They
occupy other Sections.
Man himself is the special study of physiology and of ethnology in two of those
Sections; but there they inquire into the functions and parts of the body, or the
condition of our race as the foremost of the animal kingdom; while geography
describes nations, as it describes mountains and rivers, "Heeaie they are on the
earth’s surface.
We have to do with men in States, and in political communities. Statistics is
essentially a science of the relations of numbers of men, and its laws are founded
on the observation of mankind as they exist in nations now and in past times;
but, building on facts that can be measured and expressed in numbers, it is only in
civilized communities, and in recent times, that it finds adequate materials. ‘The
domain of the past we almost abandon to the geologists or the historians: and we
leave the uncivilized world in thie possession’ of our enterprising neighbours the
ethnologists; while we yet hope one day to enter this field, and indeed have
already made, under established Governments, some conquests among the races in
India, in Russia, and in South America.
Man in society possesses property, and all his possessions fall within our pro-
vince, for they form an intrinsic part of the State. We have to study, besides the
political relations of men to each other, their riches in land, in horses, sheep, and
the cattle on a thousand hills, in grain and crops, in precious metals, in minerals,
and in merchandise.
Here are found the grounds of two grand divisions of statistics; the first falling
under the head of Population, and the second under the head of Property, which is
the subject also of economic science.
Under Poputarion are discussed the races, sexes, ages, marriages, births, deaths,
causes of death, the ranks, professions and tenures of each people in a State: from
their earnings the value of their life-work is deduced; certain acts are also inves-
tigated, such as baptisms, attendances at schools or at churches, votes at elec-
tions, crimes, punishments, diseases, and civil actions. Civil and military statistics
constitute a capital chapter of this division.
The statistics of PRoprRry are divisible into two chapters: the first treats of
the fixed property, including land, mines, forests, manufactories, houses, roads,
canals, and rivers ; its basis is a map on a scale large enough to exhibit the quan-
tities of every parcel of land and the area of every dwelling-house: the holdings
of land, its burthens, and transfers, naturally fall under this head.
Under the second head falls the moveable property, including live stock, ships,
machines, goods, merchandise, and vendible products of all kinds.
The annual produce of the two classes of property, its transport, its sales, its
prices, and its relation to the stock, form the subject of the three sections of agri-
cultural statistics, industrial statistics, and commercial statistics.
The public revenue and expenditure, the financial operations of the public ex-
chequer, of the banks, and of the great companies, offer an extensive field, and are
in the domain of financial statistics.
There are other minor divisions, but the object I aim at is to survey rapidly the
field of our labours, which, although it is concerned in the facts of public interest
to statesmen and political inquirers, and includes the fundamental part of politics,
yet does not embrace all the doctrines of that kindred science, which, I may
add, has been luminously expounded by Sir George Lewis in the treatise on the
152 REPORT—1864.
‘Methods of Observation and Reasoning in Politics ;’ his greatest work—and to
politics what Whewell’s book is to the physical sciences—replete with the latest
results of European learning, and a solid, hitherto unsurpassed, contribution to
political science.
Sir George Lewis was a Fellow of the Statistical Society, and himself a labourer
in early life in the field of practical statistics. He was well versed, too, in its
philosophy, yet his genius did not lie in the direction of the physical sciences or of
the mathematics, which are’ the soul of statistics; but, standing on the border
land, and on an eminence surveying all the territories, his calm judgment is impar-
tial and commands attention. Noticing the imperfections in the early records of
facts and numbers, Sir George Lewis observes,—
“The importance of accurate statistical information as the basis of historical
description, as well as of political reasoning, both speculative and practical, cannot
be too much insisted on. The attention of modern Governments has been directed
to the subject, and it has been understood that a constant registration of social and
political facts ought to be kept up, without any immediate practical object; like
the observations of the heavenly bodies, temperature, weather, tides, and other
natural phenomena, made by the physical philosopher. Facts, unimportant in
themselves, become important as units comprised in a ous enumeration ; and
results are thus obtained, to which mere conjecture, or the loose and vague impres-
sions derived from a partial observation, could not have led. This process is now
carried on, with more or less completeness, by all civilized Governments, and the
collection of statistical information, not merely for practical but for scientific pur-
poses, is recognized as a legitimate object of public policy. There are now statis-
tical departments in all the principal states of EKurope”*.
Here is another element of classification, for the materials of science exist in each
State, so in our archives are the statistics of England, Sweden, France, Spain, Italy,
Germany, Russia, the United States of America, and some other countries, at least
in outline. M. Quételet, one of the founders of this Section of the British Asso-
ciation, is now engaged on a work, of which proofs are on the table, exhibiting the
comparative statistics of the population of Europe, on a plan nearly uniform, He
submits it to your inspection, and had a great desire to be present, but is kept
away by circumstances over which he has no control. I feel sure that I have your
authority to reciprocate the good wishes of this veteran of science. The work
had its origin at the International Statistical Congress, which was convened in
1860 by Her Majesty’s Government, in London, and was presided over by the late
Prince Consort; whose sagacity, we may believe, did not fail him when he pro-
claimed that the statists of his day were laying “the foundation of an edifice,
necessarily slow of construction, and requiring, for generations to come, laborious
and persevering exertion, intended as it is for the promotion of human happiness,
by leading to the discovery of those eternal laws upon which that universal Cyopie
ness is dependent.’ These last words of the good Prince may well cheer us on
the way.
You will see at once that the observation of the scientific facts with which we
are concerned in so many States of the world, has already supplied the materials
for sure induction, and placed statistics among those applied sciences which reveal
laws, and arm man with power over man and over nature.
In proportion as Governments are organized and intelligent, they cultivate sta-
tistics; and it is gratifying to observe that nearly all the States of Europe sent
official delegates to the Statistical Congress which met last year at Berlin, under
the auspices of the Government of Prussia, and under the able presidency of Dr.
Engel.
Spain, which had fallen in arrear, had been put upon her mettle, and in 1857,
and again in 1861, took a census, of which many interesting results have just been
published: the population was 15,658,531, some millions more than she formerly
had credit for, and entitling her, when her finances are upon a sound footing, again
to a place among the Powers of Europe.
The Kingdom of Italy was no sooner constituted than its statistics were deve-
* Vol. i. p. 137.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 153
loped. A census was taken, and we find a population of 22 millions (21,893,171)*
in this constitutional State. Over; Rome, Venice, Lombardy, Mantua, Trieste, the
Tyrol, Ticino, Savoy, Corsica, Malta, and the Kingdom of Italy, a population of
27 millions speaking Italian is diffused. The births, deaths, and marriages are regis-
tered, and the principal statistical elements are under observation and inquiry in
the Kingdom of Italy, which will henceforward have a voice of weight in the
affairs of Europe, and in science. The statistics of Italy are ably displayed in the
Statistical Annuary, for 1864, of Correnti and Maestri, who have had a large share
in the organization of the statistics of the new kingdom.
Russia, until lately, did little for statistical science ; and the Emperor Nicholas
refused to send a Russian to the first Congress in Brussels, on the alleged ground
that his empire had nothing to learn from the science of Europe. Things have
since greatly changed, and the Russian Government now fully recognizes the
claims not only of her own people, but of science and of Europe, to a faithful
account of the population and resources of that empire. M. von Buschen and
Mr. Wilson were sent over by the Imperial Government to observe our proceedings
in the last census; and M. Troinski, who was here recently, informed me that
measures were under consideration for taking as accurate a census of Russia as
circumstances will allow. The births, deaths, and marriages will also be registered
more accurately, We may thus expect a great accession of information from
Russian statists, respecting an empire emancipating millions of serfs, and passing
through changes which the older States of Europe traversed in what may be called
pre-statistic times. Popular books contain many statements of numbers which
are put forth as statistics, but are purely conjectural, or are based upon loose esti-
mates. Among the latter numbers is the alleged population of Russia, whichi s
set down in the Gotha Almanack at 74,159,394 souls, neither more nor less—
exclusive of the population of Russian America, which belonged to a company
whose privileges expired at the end of 1863. How far this is wrong it is difficult
to say; there have been partial censuses, but the population of the empire has
never been enumerated.
So it is in our Indian Empire, the population of which is cited as 135,571,351.
The populations of the North-West Provinces, and of the Madras Presidency, have
been counted, but the other numbers are “ guesses,” for we have not everywhere
adopted the “practice of counting.” The population is as likely to be several
millions more in India as to be millions less, for the maxim of Dr. Johnson is not
invariably true, that “when numbers are guessed they are always magnified.” It
is said that the population of Rome was once estimated by the weight of cobwebs
within its pecincies and that Xerxes ascertained the numbers of his host by
measuring the ground upon which they stood. How the guesses are made in India
we do not precisely know, but it is probable that the population of many of the
provinces has been estimated from their area. The enlightened and really benefi-
cent Government of India, which collects £43,000,000 of revenue from the popu-
lation annually, will no doubt ere long contrive to perform the really arduous task,
at least once for that part of Southern Asia, which Russia is about to perform in
the North for the barbarous tribes of Siberia, and thus extend the boundaries of
official knowledge, enumerate Her Majesty’s subjects, and make India by its census
an integral part of the empire.
The British Colonies deserve great praise for their statistics. The last census of
Canada is elaborate; and Mr. Archer, Mr. Rolleston, and their colleagues in
Australia, have placed the statistics of those colonies upon such a footing that we
shall be able to trace with extraordinary minuteness the development of the empire
in the southern hemisphere.
Of China several State censuses are cited, but I confess that I have less faith in
the official returns of 367,632,907 “mouths ”+ (the Chinese for sows) in China
proper, than I have in those of India; in fact, we should be glad to hand the num-
* Estimated for 1st January 1863; by the census of 1st January 1862, the population
was 21,776,953 ; increase 116,218.
+ See paper by R. M. Martin, in ** Addenda to Report on Sanitary State of the Army
in India,” 8vo edit., p. 559. A recent return makes the population of the whole empire
415,000,000 (Gotha Almanack, 1864).
154 REPORT—1864..
bers over to the geographers, recommending them, when they give the populations
of countries, even in their elementary books, to cite the figures with discrimination.
A due appreciation of the value of published facts is an element in all the sciences.
Statistics is prosecuted to some extent in every State; and in countries where
observation is difficult, intelligence scarce, and facts fugitive, figures appear to
be so essential that they are invented. I should regret to apply this remark to the
census of the Sandwich Islands, which in 1861 had a population of 67,084 natives
and 2716 foreigners, and is declining, according to the census of King Kaméha-
méha IV. and of his Anglo-Saxon Queen Emma, née Miss Rooker. Indeed I would
rather adduce the insular census to prove that statistics are journeying round the
world, and that the statistics of small States are often interesting, and illustrate
general laws,
It is evident that the statistics of Bath, for instance, which has 52,528 inhabi-
tants, are at least as instructive as the statistics of Hesse Homburgh, which has
a population of only 26,817; while those of the 444,873 people of Somerset, the
county in which we meet, are not a whit less interesting than those of any of
twenty-four small kingdoms and principalities in Germany, which fill the pages of
that useful publication the Gotha Almanack.
Wherever there is local Government we look for local statistics, as they afford
means of information which enlightened municipal councillors can always turn to
account. We may well believe that, as Adam Smith boasted he had converted
some of the merchants of Glasgow to his doctrines before he had~promulgated
them to the world, his spirit lingers among their descendants, for the statistics of
that city have long held an honourable place on our rolls. The statistics of Glasgow
are (as indeed are those of any city) of universal interest, when they are collected
and discussed by such a statist as the late Dr. Strang, a truthful observer, a thought-
ful writer, and an excellent man. In the name of our Section I venture to say
that we shall be very glad if the Mayors (with the prosperity of Glasgow before
them) and all the town councils in England, Bath leading, will at once appoint
competent officers to elaborate their statistics.
As well as Governments and municipal bodies, England has always at work in
the field of science richly gifted independent men, like Buckle and Darwin, who
devote their lives to science, either as observers or reasoners; and as an example
of what an individual can do, I will cite Dr. Heysham, who twice enumerated from
house to house the population of Carlisle, abstracted the ages of the dead from
the burial registers, and published the results in a judicious form. The volume
Mr. Milne (as he informed me) found by chance on a book-stall; whereupon he
opened a correspondence with Dr. Heysham, constructed the Carlisle Life Table,
and deduced a general law of mortality which served through many years as the
basis for thousands of transactions, and for the valuation of millions of property.
The names of the two men, the statistical observer and the statistical reasoner,
will remain for ever engraved upon our annals.
It is evident that statistics may be investigated in every English parish; and I
know no fairer field than local statistics offer to a liberal and ingenuous mind.
Some subjects can be more impartially investigated by private gentlemen than
by men in office ; and a specimen is a paper by Mr. Norman, which is a model
of style and statistical logic, proving the fact, which at first appeared paradoxical,
that, large as the taxation is, the people of England pay less in proportion to their
means, and get more work for their money than the people of any other country*.
Again, the remarkable work before you of M. Guerry, on the comparative crime
of England and France, embodies the labours of the life of one of the most inge-
nious private statists in Europet.
The Statistical Society of London has done so much, by its papers and its Journal,
in the eyes of Europe for science, that a similar Society has recently been founded
in Paris, and publishes an excellent Journal, to which M. Legoyt and others con-
* On the Pressure of Taxation in this and other Countries. By George Warde
Norman, Esq.
t Statistique Morale de l’Angleterre comparée avec la Statisque Morale de la France.
Par M. A. M. Guerry, Correspondant de l'Institut, &e, 1864.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 155
tribute, the necessary complement to the well-known ‘Journal des Economistes.’
The Dublin and the Manchester Societies remind us by their useful labours of the
utility of Statistical Societies in our great cities.
I admit that the country has a right tolook to the Government for the census,
for registration returns, for commercial statistics, for agricultural statistics, for
industrial statistics, and for financial statistics, as the collection, analysis, and
promulgation of facts of universal interest is one of the Queen’s most useful pre-
rogatives. Formerly little or nothing of the kind was done; but by referring to
the annual reports which emanate now from the public offices, you will see that
this great duty is kept in view. The reports of the War Office and the Admiralty,
those of the Board of Trade, of the Customs, the Inland Revenue, the Post Office,
and of the Registrars-General of England, Scotland, and Ireland, of the Poor Law
Board, and of the Emigration Commissioners, of the Privy Council Officer of
Health, of the Education, Factory, and Mine Inspectors; the judicial statistics,
criminal and civil, the Consuls’ Reports which the Foreign Office now publishes,
show that the Civil Service is everywhere anxious to do its duty. And I shall
perhaps be pardoned for reminding you that men in the Civil Service are among
the great names of our science, from Petty, King, and Davenant, to Deacon Hume,
Porter, McCulloch, John Mill, and, to cite no more contemporaries, Adam Smith
himself. The Civil Service of the present day is quite in a position to sustain the
statistical reputation of England in the face of Europe. What it wants is a better
coordination of its work; which might, as was recommended by the Congress,
be accomplished by a board at which the principal offices should be represented.
We venture in this Section to call the attention of Mr. Milner Gibson to the
organization of a central authority “to direct,” in the words of the late Prince
Consort, “all the great statistical operations.” . Such a body has been recently
created in many of the States of Europe.
Another matter this Association may very properly urge on the same minister.
We ought, from agricultural statistics, to know approximately in October the pro-
duce of the harvest in Europe as well as in America, and the state of the live stock
to supply the markets. The season has been extraordinary; what have been its
effects upon the crops? Unfortunately the Government has nothing to tell us.
English agricultural statistics are a complete blank. Yetno one seriously doubts the
utility of this question of the supply of food, to town and country, to rich and poor,
to farmers and merchants; it will enter largely into the commercial combinations
of the next twelve months, and is one of the elements affecting the circulation.
The Registrar-General of Ireland procures the returns for that division of the
United Kingdom ; and the produce of the last harvest of Australia is known: it is
in some parts, if my memory serves, half the average crop; an unpleasant result,
which may influence the gold supply, but will partially be mitigated by timely
provisions to meet a loss the extent of which is already known.
Mr. Hunt has just published a return of the mines of every kind, and of the
mineral produce of the kingdom. It is alike creditable to him, to Sir Roderick
Murchison, and to the mining proprietors, who voluntarily supplied the informa-
tion. Some of them are not far from us, and will perhaps communicate the results
to the Section.
I now come to our tools and our methods. Foremost in importance is the
question of statistical units. The Legislature has just passed a measure authorizing
the use of the metric weights and measures in England ; and the report of a Com-
mittee of the Association on the ‘subject will be presented to the Association by
Mr. Heywood. In the first stage of statistics we count; but this no longer suffices,
and we have to weigh or measure.
Upon the choice of units of weights and measures our progress in no slighlt
degree depends. Now, one weight will not serve all purposes. Coal, for instance,
cannot be sold by the ounce, it is sold by the ton; sugar by the hundredweight ;
tea by the pound; gold by the ounce; while opium is administered in grains. If
the hundredweight consisted of one hundred pounds, the ton of ten hundreds, the
ounce of the tenth of a pound, and all the units required in every trade were so
related to each other that we could say tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on, as we
do in common numeration, all the compound rules which fill our books of arith-
156 REPORT—1864.
metic and puzzle children would be got rid of. So with regard to measures and
money—let all the units increase by tens, and all goes ‘‘ merry as a marriage bell.”
One set of rules will apply to the weights, measures, and moneys of all trades and
of all nations which use the Arabic figures. With regard to money, we cannot do
better than adhere to the sovereign for statistical purposes: it is of gold, which is
becoming everywhere the standard of value, is the largest unit in use, and is admi-
rably suited to measure large values. The florin, and new farthings or mils, of
which 100 would make a florin, 1000 = £1, are ail the moneys of account required.
The penny will be 4 farthings, the shilling 50, and no change in the coinage is
required. The Chancellor of the Exchequer will, let us hope, inaugurate this
reform, which would be an immense boon to all classes that have anything to do
with bills, accounts, and statistics.
We might decimalize our old weights and measures, but the several ranks of
units would not fit well into each other; the change would give a great deal of
trouble, and there is no chance that other nations would adopt it, for this simple
reason, that the first nations have had for years the admirable metrical system in
use, Our merchants deal with these nations largely, and if we adopt the metre,
Russia, America, and our colonies will adopt it. If England wills it, the whole
civilized world will have one system of weights, measures, and money, as it has
one system of decimal arithmetic. This system annihilates those ugly pages of
Colenso, the compound rules ; so through it, in the words of the highest authority,
Professor Barlow, “a child may learn everything necessary for entering into the
common concerns of the world in a month as well and better than in a year under
our complicated system”*,
A Metric Act will be an emancipation act for children, and will give them time
for higher studies in mathematics. The compound rules of arithmetic, English
orthography, and Latin verses, are the tasks for which the school-boy is oftenest
punished ; and they are the opprobrium of the age. Unlike the truths of science,
they can only be flogged into the brains of English boys. Statists should at once
make the pound sterling and the metric weights and measures their units.
In the English market gold and silver are sold by the ounce; coffee, tea, tobacco,
spices, indigo, silk, cotton, and leather by the pound; meat by the stone; sugar,
butter, rice, by the hundredweight; coal, iron, copper, tin, lead, palm oil, logwood,
hemp, flax, by the ton; wool by the pack. For statistical purposes it is convenient
to take one unit, the metric ton=a cubic metre of water, and nearly equal to the
Inglish ton, to express the imports and exports, and the quantities of all articles
sold by weight. This would facilitate comparison. The quantities sold by volume,
such as wheat, fish, oil, wine, and spirits, might also be expressed by one unit—
the metric tun, the bulk of water weighing a metric ton. The qualities and prices
of some articles, such as wheat and spirits, are regulated by the weight of equal
bulks, or by the specific gravity, which is easily expressed as it is the weight of a
metric tun of the stuff, when a metric ton is taken for unity. Cloth, linen, calico,
and silk, are sold by linear units, which are exceedingly objectionable, and should
be converted into square units for statistical purposes.
In mechanics a unit of this kind is used; a pound weight raised a foot is called
a unit of work, and 33,000 such units of work in a minute, form the further unit
—Watt’s horse-power. The unit of work may be called a double unit, inasmuch as
it involves two elements—weight (pound) and space ( foot), while the horse-power
takes in time (mznute), and is a treble unit. The French use a similar element
thus compounded: the horse-power is 75 Ilograms raised a metre in a second.
Remark that two of the elements of this unit are intangible. Chemistry furnishes
examples of compound units in its binary and ternary atoms. In statistics, double
and triple units are in use; thus when I say the rate of mortality in a regiment is
2 per cent. pe annum, I ae the double unit, a year of life. The years of life
are found by multiplying the time in years into the mean numbers living. The
strength of a regiment is 1000, and the average deaths are 20 in a year, 5ina
quarter, so the mortality is as above stated; but if the men die at the rate of 20
in a quarter, you have 20 deaths to 250 years of life, and the mortality is 8 per
cent.
* Mathematical Dictionary.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 157
These compound units are the sources of frequent fallacies; thus if the popula-
tion is compared with the deaths in a quarter, a week, a day, or any short interval
of time, the apparent mortality is reduced to any extent. In reckoning interest
and profit-rates, £1 under investment a year is the double unit; if the dividend
on £100 is £2 half-yearly, the rate of profit is £4 a year.
The rate of profit is found by dividing (1) the profits by (2) the capital multi-
plied into (3) the time,
Inattention to this principle is the source of some of the common fallacies on
the income-tax. Thus if two persons are taxed equitably on their property, they
are taxed in proportion to its amount and to the time it is under the protection of
the State: if A pays £1 on £1000 in a year, B is not fairly treated if he is made to
pay £1 every three months. The sophist assures B that he pays at the same rate
as A, keeping out of view the fact that the taxable unit is compounded of value
and time. Income is an indication, but not a measure, of property, yet if A has
a sum under investment in one way, he may have to pay at the rate of 6d., while
B with the same amount of property may now have to pay 10, 20, 30 sixpences as
his quota of the year’s taxation. A life income of £1000 a year on men of 20 and
upwards, at 5 per cent.,is on an average worth £11,712; while at the same interest,
the same income in perpetuity is worth £20,000. The owners of two properties
taxed upon the same unit of value, pay £11:712 and £20-000 as their quota of the
year’s tax ; under an income-tax the same premium is exacted from properties of
totally different values,
The first step in every statistical inquiry is to determine the value of the units
to be employed, be they single, double, or multiple. Thus if you find that the
mines of a country yield 5000 tons of copper ore, while the mines of another yield
10,000, these are only preliminary units; the final statistical unit is the ton of
copper. So of all the minerals the ton of metal is the final unit. The heating
power of coal is the element of value, and as it can be measured, it should supply
the final unit.
In the statistics of products it is necessary to take time and space into the final
units of value; thus coal at the pit’s mouth is worth say 5s. a ton, and at this
price 40,000,000 tons are worth £10,000,000; but the consumer pays 10s., 20s.,
30s., 40s. a ton for this coal, and its cost in consumption may be £40,000,000. This
comprises the profit of the coal merchant, the interest of capital, the coal dues,
and the cost of transport, which varies with the supply of horses, roads, canals,
railways. Our exports and imports differ in value in the home and foreign market.
The value of products should be determined at every stage; thus we should follow
wheat from the market till it becomes (1) flour and (2) bread, and take care that
in all these cases the units are so like in all their aspects as to admit of comparison.
Tt does not follow that two countries which have the same numbers of cattle are
equally rich in that kind of stock; the herds of cattle may differ in size, in age,
in their amounts of produce of milk, butter, and meat—in the quality of all their
roducts. Horses differ still more in excellence. In Smithfield sheep are not
ought by the head, but by the stone; the offal is sunk, and the price varies from
6d. to 8d. per pound in interior and prime sheep. The butcher gets at, and the
statist uses, the pound of saleable meat as the final unit. All the elements which
the statist wants here are taken into account in the value of stock and of its produce;
with this he gets comparable units in every climate. Again, take land: land-mea-
sures vary. NStatists gain a step by employing as their unit a hectar, or a square
of 100 metres to the side; it is a large acre, of which our present acre is four tenths.
The United Kingdom contains (31,367,507) thirty-one million hectars of land,
rather more than a hectar to each person. This is the proportion of land to people
in a populous country ; and the hectar is a convenient unit of area. England has
16, Scotland 8, and Ireland 8 million hectars of land; the population being 20 mil-
lions in England, 3 millions in Scotland, and 6 in Ireland. The proportions in
ten are—Engeland 7, Ireland 2, Scotland 1; on areas related as 2,1 and 1. Ireland
has still twice the population of Scotland. Italy has 26, Prussia 29, Spain 51,
France 54, Austria 64 million hectars.
We come to States of a very different magnitude; the United States of America
hold 440, Turkey 474, Russia in Europe 544 million hectars. Including the whole
158 REPORT—1864.
of their subject territories, the United States possess 730, England has 1145, and
Russia 2133 million hectars. We do not accept this unit in statistics as the final
unit of land. Land is rich, poor, or waste—cultivated or uncultivated ; and a
hectar in the centre of London, in the vale of Gloucestershire, on the banks of the
Lena in Siberia, in Melbourne, and in the middle of Australia, is a very different
thing. All the chief elements that we need are summed up in the mean value of
a hectar; and in the usual divisions of hectars into arable, meadow, pasture, forest,
water, waste. The value of the land of the United States certainly exceeds that
of the Russian Empire; in the absence of agricultural statistics, we do not know
the value of our land, but the value of the fixed property of the Isles of England
exceeds the value of the fixed property in either the Russian or American domi-
nions*. The value of a hectar is the final land unit.
As all the mechanical forces are expressible in units of weight, so the values of
land, of all property, of all products, are expressible in units of gold; and we may
either measure those values, and express them in tons, or in any pieces of equal
weight of that metal. We take the sovereign for the statistical unit of value,
because it is in use—for the same reason as engineers take horse-power as the unit
of work.
What are we to say to the human unit? Here also distinctions have to be
drawn. As hectars differ, so does the average man of different states. Besides
the divisions incidental to sex and age, the work of different races of men varies
in quantity; a navvy, a Siberian peasant, a Hindoo, a Negro, a Chinaman, an
Esquimaux, do very different quantities of work in the year.
The mechanical force of a country is the sum of the working forces of its popu-
lation, with its steam-engines, horses, winds, waters, which can all be measured
by the engineer’s unit of work. Adam Smith proposed to employ a unit of labour
as the unit of value. The wages of men express the value of their labour in gold,
and from the mean value of these earnings at different ages of life, the economic
value of a man is calculated by taking the interest of money and the contingencies
of his life into account. At the age of 25, the present value of the future earn-
ings of an English agricultural labourer, after deducting the cost of necessary
maintenance, is £246. The value of the mean worktime of artisans, artists, and
professional men, varies indefinitely; and as it is evident that the human units
differ, so the difference can be appreciated by the value of their works. Nations
ditter in their intellect as well as in their moral faculties; and the expression of
these forces of the soul, whether we look at scientific achievements or vulgar
errors, at virtues or crimes, is one of the difficult problems in statisties. It is by
the correct appreciation of units, of the things signified by figures, that the
statist is distinguished from the empiric who throws heaps of tables in our faces,
and asserts that he can prove anything by figures.
After observation, discrimination of units, and expression of their numbers in
fioures, come the exposition of facts in tables or diagrams, and the determination
of their relations by mathematical analysis. Logarithms facilitate the calculation
of ratios; and the calculus of probabilities enables the statist from the past to pre-
dict the future within determinable limits of error. Prediction is a function of
this, as it is of all the sciences. The exposition of doctrines, and the use of them
in argument, to induce men to follow a course of action, is an important part of
statistics ; and as it is connected with politics, has been carried to a high pitch of
excellence in England. Several of the pieces of Burke, some extant speeches of
Pitt, and in recent times the speeches of Huskisson, of Peel, and of the Chancellor
of the Exchequer, as well as articles in the newspapers and reviews of the higher
class, offer examples of this order of eloquence.
Statistics admit of many practical applications, and this naturally commends
the study to the minds of Englishmen. I will mention an example. In the first
place, as we have had a minister, we have had statistics of trade, and from the
time of Davenant until the present day, when the Statistical Department is pre-
* The true value of real estates and personal property in the States was estimated at
the census of 1860 to be £3,232,000,000, taking $5 to £1.
+ Statistical Journal, vol. xvi. p. 43.
é
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 159
sided over by Mr. Fonblanque, the statistics of trade have formed the basis of a
large field of economical reasoning. They guided Huskisson, Peel, Graham, and
Gladstone in legislation, by showing the exact effects of rates of duty on the
revenue, and on the id ee of the country. Yes, the statistics of Deacon Hume,
of Porter, of Tooke, of Newmarch, of Wilson, of M‘Culloch, and of our blue
books, have accelerated the march of free trade, and banished Protection from the
shores of England. Statistics, pursuing her through the world, are demonstrating
her disastrous influences in every land. Figures show, year after year, that every
country which isolates itself from mankind by prohibition, no matter what may be
the natural riches of its soil and climate, withers under the influences of protective
tariffs. The people out of the open air of competition grow idle and weak. The
imports of 1861 (in England) were of the value of 217 millions sterling, and the
exports of 160 millions, including 35 millions of foreign and colonial merchandise ;
the revenue was £70,600,000, and exceeded the expenditure. What do the sta-
tistics of Austria show us? Why in 1861-62 her total imports were 22 millions
sterling, her exports 34 millions; her revenue 40 millions, her expenditure 51 mil-
lions; and as a consequence her debt is accumulating in geometric progression ;
her credit is low, and her paper is depreciated. This magnificent empire, of 36
millions of the finest races of Europe, with minerals in the Carpathians, Bohemia,
and the Alps, with 64 million hectars of land stretching over the rich plains on the
Upper Elbe and the Danube, is thus crippled by a good Emperor and a patriotic
Chamber, on the speculation that certain manufactures will prosper ultimately in
Austria if they are nursed and encouraged at the expense of the nation for some
indefinite time.
France has been drawn towards free trade by statistics ; her exports are 123 mil-
lions sterling in value; and by the development of her resources, she does not yet
falter under an annual expenditure of 83 millions sterling.
Spain, which has broken the chains of the Inquisition, is still in the fetters of
protection, that is, still makes her people pay dear for goods to satisfy their wants ;
her imports are of the value of only 15 millions sterling, her revenue is only 20
millions, and she is unable to pay her debts, so that she is without the legitimate
credit which a nation containing many men of the nicest honour can justly claim.
The United States’ statistics offer the saddest illustration of the ettects of levy-
ing protective duties; their imports (1860-61) were 67 millions sterling; their
revenue was 10 millions in 1861-62, exclusive of loans, and their expenditure, it is
said, was 114 millions; and higher rates of import duties on the class of articles
manufactured in New England will necessarily reduce the amount of revenue. The
present war was kindled by combustible materials, of which protective duties form
no insignificant item.
The statistical argument in favour of free trade is accumulating: it gains fresh
poe in every table, and will in the end lead all nations to exchange their products
freely. F
ether thing statistics does ; it enables Governments to count the cost of war,
and to weigh its results against its expenses.
There can be no doubt that statistics, by disclosing the laws of life and repro-
- duction, tends to improve the health and moral condition of the people, to point
out the causes of disease, and to prove so plainly the utility of sanitary measures,
that the people become willing to pay the expenses. In England the Registrar-
General has, during twenty-seven years, shown how much the public health is
deteriorated by destructive causes ; so in our towns they are in the course of re-
moval; the Registrar-General of Scotland and Dr. Stark have lately done the same
there, and in the present year the Registrar-General of Ireland and Dr. Burke, fol-
lowing Sir William Wilde, have entered the field. Our army has been invigorated
by statistics; and the Commission over which Lord Herbert first, and after his
death, Lord Stanley so ably presided, has proposed to endow India with the sani-
tary institutions of England. Under the eminent man who now governs India, the
English race, which has hitherto languished in that paradise, will, we may hope,
taste the fruits of the tree of life, and perpetuate itself in the tropics among the
natives who also descend from the original Aryan stock.
Statistics, it must be confessed, has done little for mankind yet, in comparison
160 REPORT—1864.
with its vast powers. Innumerable social problems are still unsolved, and polities,
which Alembert justly pronounced, in the ‘ Cyclopzedia,’ ‘‘perhaps the most diffi-
cult of all the sciences,” is every day making fresh demands on statistics. Take
the Balance of Power. How are political powers to be measured, and how is the
statesman to construct his parallelogram of forces? In past times France, the
Emperor, and England were the principal powers; and the problem had then the
complications of the three bodies in mechanics, but England, France, and Austria
have now Prussia and Russia by their sides, to say nothing of Turkey; Spain is
rising again, and the Italian sword is asserting its place ; the two States of America
disjoined, are two of the great powers of the world, with which Europe will
have to reckon. Italy was comminuted into small States; it is now one power.
And latterly Germany—still in two great masses, and a multitude of fragments,
which have been as dust in the balance—coalescing, has planted herself on the neck
of the Baltic in the face of Russia and Sweden, Kngland and France looking on.
Here is a mass of 72,000,000 men, with its due proportion of needle-rifles, and a
navy, not yet formidable. It has nearly, but not quite, twice the population of
France (37,386,313) with her rectified frontier ; against which Denmark, with only
2,605,024 people, or, excluding German Holsteiners, two millions dared gallantly
to defend her frontiers; but which the Emperor of the French did not deem it
epee to encounter for the sake of an old ally of France in the company of
ngland, with the coveted Rhine—that German river—before his armies.
his population of the German States is split up (our statistics show) into 36
million Austrians, 18 million Prussians, and 18 million Germans comminuted in
cities and principalities—but scarcely powers. And if it has France on the west
flank it has Russia, with what may be taken at 66 million people, on the eastern
frontier, not very distant from Berlin and Vienna. Germany has also unfriendly
races within its limits—Poles, Hungarians, and Italians who divide Austria from
the sea. Between Germany and Russia lies Poland, in pieces and ashes, but still
exhaling her indestructible soul in one flame to heaven. The fine Scandinavian
race has fallen back behind the Baltic, before the masses of Russia and Germany,
and stands at bay, looking towards England. In the south is looming, we are re-
minded, the possible coalition of the Latin races in face of the descendants of those
Germans who broke the power of the Roman empire. Over the Atlantic, 8 millions
were added to the population of the United States in ten years; and at the same
rate of increase, the people on the ample territories will amount to 42 millions in
six years’, to 56 millions in sixteen years’ time. Our colonies are increasing at as
fast a rate, and repose secure in peace under the sceptre of the Queen. How are
all these bodies to be balanced ? How is the power of each State to be measured?
The first step in the solution of the problem of equilibrium is naturally the de-
termination of the population, and of the value of the wealth or credit which nerves
the sinews of war. When this is done for each State, the unit to get at is the
precise worth of the fighting man and officer; the numbers of such units in service
and in reserve; the arms, fortresses, and ships. It was enough not long ago to
count the ships of the line, frigates, and other vessels; for when the naval histo-
rian had told, in addition to the number of ships and men, the number of guns at
Aboukir or Trafalgar, his readers were satisfied. The unit of naval force is now
by no means so simple; it is compounded of the velocity of the ship and its resist-
ing power—as well as of the weight, velocity, and destructive force of its shot and
shells. Strategic position, administration, fertility of military genius, are all ele-
ments of power to be taken into account. What minister knows at this hour the
military force in war of his own State with any degree of accuracy? or can weigh
the force of other States in his balance? What means has he of judging of the
number of possible adverse or favourable combinations? As the number of States
increases, the possible combinations increase more rapidly. Thus take England,
France, or Austria, and there are only three possible combinations of two against
one; throw in Russia and Prussia, and the possible combinations are ten of three
ig he against two, and five of four powers against one; and one, two, or three may
e neutral while the rest are at war. Eneland, France, Prussia, Austria, Russia,
Italy, Spain, Turkey, the Federals, and Confederates, constitute ten States of 293
millions ; that is 29°3 millions to each on an average ; and ten combinations can
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 161
be formed of nine against one, 210 of four against six ; in all 511 war combinations.
Then if we introduce the element of neutrality, the combinations are still further
multiplied; and there remains the separate probability of each alliance. After all
the resources of statistics are exhausted, enough is left to task the intellect of the
most sagacious minister. We are beyond the age of Government by instinct; and
the political questions of the day in Kngland demand new light from science. In
the decision of the course to pursue in all the questions of the balance of power—
of peace and war—the country has the wisdom of experienced ministers like Lord
Palmerston and Lord Derby to rely upon; but the Queen’s Ministers know the
difficulties of the problem, and will appreciate the value of the facts which they
require trom statistics—and which the Houses of Parliament require—to aid them
in deciding questions of international policy. In steering the vessel of the State
over the ocean our captains cannot now entirely rely upon their stars; they must
consult their “ Nautical Almanack.”
Besides the problem of equilibrium, there remain others of equal difficulty.
Aristotle, Comte, and other thoughtful theorists, looked with favour on the orga-
nization of mankind in small States. But while small States often exhibit great
intellectual activity, and in Judea, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Frankfort,
Weimar, Wiirtemberg, and elsewhere, have nurtured men of transcendent genius,
they exist now by sufferance; they exert little direct influence on the political
affairs of mankind. Property is less secure in these dominions than it is in large
States; and their defence is more difficult, and in proportion much more expen-
sive. Thus, to say nothing of smaller States, Bavaria, to keep the same army in
the field as Prussia, must draw four times as deeply on the resources of her people.
Sweet are the charms of small Courts and local Government; yet the people of
small States are, as in Italy, yielding by degrees to the soft compulsion of powerful
neighbours ; and the great continental powers, as their population increases, evince
a passion for the sea, to which the small States upon the coasts may not for ever
offer an effectual barrier. Still a valiant nation in hearty cohesion, feeble in aggres-
sion, cannot be subjugated by a nation of four or perhaps ten times its magnitude ;
as was seen in the cases of Greece and Persia, of Prussia under Frederick—who
with 5 millions of people fought 100 millions—in Austria and Switzerland, Spain
and the Netherlands, England and America. The population of England was
about 10,530,000, and that of the whites in the States 2,614,000, holding half
a million slaves, in the war when the colonists resisted brave British armies,
until the intervention of France and other European powers closed the unavailing
contest.
In spoiling Poland three great powers participated ; and Hungary in the war of
1848 was only recovered by Austria with the aid of Russia. ach of the great
powers of Europe has fought—and is able to defend its existence for a time against
—Lurope in coalition, so long as the hearts of the people are loyal.
The solution of the problem—can 19 Free States conquer 15 Slave States, can
19 millions of people subjugate 8 millions of freemen holding 4 million slaves P—
might have prevented a desolating war. And statistics supplies but one solution.
The census was taken in the United States in 1790, eleven years before the first
English census ; and the last report by Mr. Kennedy is one of the fullest of which
statistics can boast. From this it appears that the 697,897 slaves of 1790 had
multiplied so rapidly, that they amounted to 3,953,760 in 1860; and this increase
proves that the physical condition of the slaves and their health are, as the
Southerners tell us, good in a warm climate. They cannot possibly, in the aggre-
gate, like the blacks in Cuba, be worked to death by the masters of English blood,
and their conduct during the war confirms this inference. The present Southerners
did not, as Sir George Lewis remarks of the Greeks, invent slavery; they inherited
it under their laws, and are in the same uneasy situation as masters would be here,
who had paid their servants wages for life in advance. With the growth of popu-
lation, the equitable abolition of slavery in America, like the abolition of serfdom
in Europe, is only a question of time, to be worked out in peace as the prosperity
of the South increases ; yet the institution of slavery is so much at variance with
the principles of liberty and of the American constitution, that its speedy ex-
tinction is a sacred aspiration in the North, and is shared in England. The pas-
1864. 11
162 : REPORT—1864.
sionate war, which has a tragic interest, has shown that though the British race
has undergone changes, such as Sir Charles Lyell pointed out, it has lost none of
its valour, none of its endurance and none of its military genius in America since
the days of Washington. It is rather exposed to the reproach Hume addressed to
England, of fighting on uselessly in stubborn anger, when the object of the war is
attained, or is unattainable, than to that of imitating the new fashion set by the
Emperor of the French in the Crimea and Lombardy.
As the war proclaims the power of two nations, Kennedy’s ample statistics fill
us with astonishment at their achievments in all the arts of life; and if Frederick
in Prussia, and Peter in Russia, are justly, for founding two great powers, called
Great, that title cannot be withheld from the nations sprung from the men whom
England sent over the waves of the Atlantic.
In Bath Abbey, I am reminded, lie quietly the ashes of Malthus, one of the
fathers of statistics, and one of the founders of this Section of the Association at
Cambridge. In his celebrated work he deduced from all the information then ex-
tant respecting the populations of the earth, the well-known law that population
increases in geometrical progression. The first philosophic naturalist of his age
assures us that this law rules in every species of plant and animal; and that he
derived from Malthus the conception of the struggle for existence, which, with
the tendency to variations of form and natural selection always operating in favour
of the best, through the millions of ages which our President unrolled before us
last night, wrought those miracles of organization which we now regard with
wonder and awe.
Malthus did not, however, sufficiently advert to one great characteristic of man,
which distinguishes him from all his fellow creatures, The lion and the eagle prey
upon the fawn and the lamb, but do not breed them; and even the busy.bee only
gathers honey from flowers existing. Man, by his industry, creates flowers, fruit,
grain, and all products; his science places the forces of nature in his hands; his
powers of transport give him the use of the lands of all climates ; and hence subsis-
tence has increased during the present century in a more rapid geometrical progres-
sion than the numbers of the people in England. Hence her numerous cities, her full
ports and her cultivated fields ; hence the States of America, hence Canada and its
sister provinces, hence the colony of the Cape, Australasia, and our Indian Empire.
Tf, like the power of Imperial Rome, whose ruined temples lie under our feet in the
streets of Bath, England should ever decline and pass away, she will not have
existed in vain ; she will leave eternal traces of her life in the life of mankind; and
our dry fossil figures, read by the Macaulay of a later age, will reveal the works
in America, in Australia, and India of a great nation. But hitherto no signs of
decay are visible; our population is to-day in its youth; it has proportionably more
young men in it than any other people in Europe; who in no respect, take them
in the ranks of the Volunteers or in the Sections of the British Association, need
fear a comparison with their contemporaries. The English race—the ae of
the nationalities—amidst all the coalescing nations, yields all the signs of being able
to hold her own for ages to come. Yes—
“Thou shalt be the mighty one yet!
Thine the liberty, thine the glory, thine the deeds to be celebrated,
Thine the myriad-rolling ocean, light and shadow illimitable,
Thine the lands of lasting summer, many blossoming Paradises,
Thine the North, thine the South, and thine the battle-thunder of God”*.
Let us, gentlemen, work hard in that humble field allotted to us; and by doing
our duty endeayour to make the statistics of our day worthy of the country in
which we live. Above all, let us never forget at our meetings how much we are
indebted to the men no more among us, who have made us heirs of their labours,
and to whom we are bound by natural piety. Among those names this year to be
especially remembered is that of Sir Alexander Tulloch, K.C.B. He was a Fellow
of the Statistical Society, to whose ‘Journal’ he contributed valuable papers ; with
Henry Marshall and Dr. Balfour he laboured successfully in army statistics; he
organized the pensioners; his ability in administration induced the Government
* Tennyson.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 163
to send him with Sir John M‘Neil to the Crimea, where he rendered essential
service to his country, helped to save the army, and afterwards endured a persecu-
tion which he merited only by honesty and endured with brave constancy. M.
Villermé in France is a great name gone; we may place it after that of M. Quételet.
His contributious to statistics are clear, truthful, and practical. Like the Karl of
Shaftesbury, he strove to do good to workmen by judicious regulations. In Germany
Dr. Casper, a most amiable and excellent physician, has left works which are often
cited in England. Let us strive, gentlemen, to continue the labours which these
men began, and to imitate their virtuous love of statistical truth,
On the Rates of Mortality and Marriage amongst Europeans in India.
By Samvet Brown, F.R.S.
After some introductory remarks, supported by very suggestive and encouraging,
because low, ratios of mortality among Europeans in Tndia, the author stated
that, in reference to the mortality amongst civilians in India, the general conclu-
sions at which he had arrived from a large mass of original observations which he
had laid before the Scction, are :—1. That a considerable diminution has taken
place of late years in the mortality at the middle ages (twenty to thirty-five), and
at all ages if we compare it with the earlier observations of the present century ;
2. that a very marked distinction may be observed in favour of married life ;
3. that, as compared with Farr’s English healthy life-table, the difference varies
from 3 to 1 per cent. between the ages twenty and fifty-five, after which it fluc-
tuates, but is generally rather higher than the English rate. Other statistics are
also given with regard to marriage. This subject may be fully illustrated by some
facts which have been collected recently in a paper read before the Statistical
Society, and published in the ‘Statistical Journal,’ by Mr. P. M. Tait. The
Eurasians, as the name indicates, are a mixed race, the descendants of Europeans
(originally, to a great extent, Portuguese) and Asiatic parents. Latterly the
British is the predominant Huropean element; but the name appears applied
indiscriminately to the children of other colonists—Jews, Syrians, Christian
Arabs, Armenians, Persians, Danes at Serampore, Chinese, and Americans. They
are looked upon with some prejudice by the natives, being described as having
the vices of the natives and Europeans without the probity of the latter. But
they are much employed in the superior government offices; and ‘some Indian
officers who have employed them bear witness to their quickness at computation,
intelligence, probity, and unquestionable loyalty. They form a large proportion of
the members of the Uncovenanted Service Pension Fund. Out of 945 who entered
in twenty-four years, ending 20th April 1857, there were 693 of this class, or 73
per cent., 246 Europeans, or 26 per cent., and the remaining 8, or 1 per cent., were
not described. Hitherto the mortality of Eurasians has been thought to be greater
than that of Europeans, and some assurance companies decline them at European
rates of premium; but at ages under Dee it seems that about 13:5 Eurasians die
per 1000, and 17-6 civilians. It is probable, however, that, with the recent
improvement in European life in India, the difference would be found scarcely
perceptible. In the recent and very elaborate ‘Report of the Commissioners
ppc to inquire into the Sanitary State of the Army in India,’ in which Dr.
arr took so conspicuous a part, the fullest evidence was taken upon every subject
that affects the health or mortality of the Indian army, the causes of the excess of
the death-rate amongst Europeans as compared with natives, and the remedies
suggested for its almost entire disappearance.
On the Progress of Postal Banks (Post-Office Savings- Banks).
By W. Cuerwyyp.
Between September 1861 and Midsummer 1864, 3000 of these banks had been
established in the United Kingdom; and the amount standing in the names of the
depositors up to that time, with accumulations of interest, amounted to upwards
of four millions. :
Aly
164 REPORT—1864.
Statistics relative to the Bristol Coal-Field. By Hanvet CossHam.
The whole basin within the limits of the mountain limestone ridge, extending
from Wickwar on the north to the Mendip Hills on the south, contains about 150
square miles, two-thirds of which lie on the south, or Somersetshire side of
Bristol ; but, being so largely covered up by overlying strata of lias, new red sand-
stone, and even the oolitic limestone, it has been much less worked, and is not so
well understood as many of our other coal-fields. The author thinks that energy
and enterprise will develope and utilize the vast mineral resources of this district
much more largely in the future. The northern portion of the Bristol coal-field
around Kingswood Hill has probably been worked for 300 or 400 years; and in
the district of Moorwood and Vobster, adjoining the Mendip Hills, there are
evidences of very ancient and extensive mining operations. The area of this coal-
field is thus stated :—
Tons to work.
Above the Pennant there are 4 seams, area 5 sq. miles ........ 30,000,000
In the Pennant 4 3 - Sire res Aabdion 6 - 10,000,000
Kingswood series __,, 15 5 DD FOS ite | ea enone 600,000,000
Ashton op oF 3 os RRR A ae ide vice cia cits 100,000,000
25 740,000,000
It is more difficult to estimate the quantity to be worked on the Somersetshire
side: 1,000,000,000 tonsis within the mark. This gives 1700 years as the probable
duration of the Bristol coal-field at the present rate of production. The total
quantity of coal now raised annually is about 1,000,000 tons—namely, 550,000
tons on the northern side, and 450,000 tons on the Somersetshire side. This forms
about one-eightieth part of the total quantity raised in the United Kingdom. There
is no doubt that the Bristol coal-field is capable of affording a much greater yield
than it now produces, provided more capital and skill are brought to bear upon
its development.
On Military Statistics of certain Armies, especially those of the United States.
By E. B. Exxrorr, of Washington.
The author called attention, first, to the rates of sickness experienced by the
Danish forces during the late conflict in Schleswig-Holstein ; secondly, to the rates
of sickness, mortality, and other casualties experienced by the United States Volun-
teers during the first fifteen months of the existing civil war; and, thirdly, to cer-
tain physiological characteristics of the United States Volunteers, and the laws
which govern the distribution of certain measurements. According to official data
kindly furnished by the distinguished chief of the medical bureau, the following
rates of sickness, in hospitals and quarters, obtained at the different dates specified :—
February 27th, 10-20 to 1000 numerical strength; March 20th, 9°75; April 23rd,
14:20; May 28th, 11:90; June 25th, 8:50; July 30th, 8°85. These rates average
about ten and one-half per cent. of the mean numerical strength of the army. The
sickness rate was lowest just previous to the taking of Alsen (June 29th), and high-
est on the 23rd of April, a few days subsequent to the taking of Duppel, by the
allies (13th April). The increase in April, attending the taking of Duppel, was due
both to wounds received in action and to the greater prevalence of the zymotic class
of diseases. The average rate was nearly identical with the sickness rate of the
United States’ forces during the nine earlier months of the existing civil war (10-4
er cent.), and less than the rate for the subsequent six months (16-9 per cent.),
he mortality of the United States’ volunteers during the fifteen months, 5, uly 1861,
to August 1862, inclusive, as deduced from careful and elaborate examination of
the official monthly returns of strength and casualties of regiments, conducted under
the auspices of the Sanitary Commission, was at the annual rate of somewhat over
seven (7'2) in every 100 men—of which two (2:0) were from Killed in action, and
five (5:2) from diseases and accidents. The rate of mortality of officers from dis-
ease, as in other wars, has been /ess than that of the men, but from wounds received
in action much greater. The mortality from wounds, both of officers and men, has
in general been considerably less than that from disease, although the mortatity of
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 165
officers in the latter part of the period the reverse has been the case, their mortality
from wounds having somewhat exceeded that from disease. The rate of mortality
in the existing war (7:2 per cent. per annum), for the period under consideration,
although much greater than that of civilians of the military age, both in Europe and
America, and greater than that of the army of the United States in time of peace, has
been less than that of the United States’ forces during the war against Mexico, and
._ very considerably less than that of the British forces on the Spanish Peninsula (in
1811-14) and in the Crimea (1854-56) ; the average annual rate in the Spanish Pe-
ninsula having been 163 per cent., and in the Crimea about 23 per cent., the last-
mentioned rate only embracing those dying in hospitals, and not including deaths
on the field of battle. This smaller rate of mortality, as compared with those of
the other protracted wars mentioned, is believed to be due, in no small degree, not
merely to the early organization, by the people, of systematic methods of inquiry
into the condition of the soldier, and of timely relief to the suffering—prompted
by the noble examples and wise teachings of the Herberts and Nightingales, and
other practical poe of Europe—but also in part to the omnipresent re-
presentatives of the press of the country, continually informing as to the condition
and the wants of the different corps and subdivisions of the army. The casualties
from all causes have been at the rate of 28 per cent. per annum of the strength, to
wit, seven from deaths, twelve discharged from service, mainly for disability, six
deserted, and three missing in action. The number discharged for disability is
much larger than it would have been had greater care been taken by the surgeons
in conducting the medical examinations of recruits presenting themselves for ac-
ceptance. In the early part of the war, the greatest laxity prevailed in this regard,
and thousands have been discharged from the service for hernia and other disabling
infirmities, under which they were labouring at the time of enlistment. Of ten
thousand (9835) recruits from the North Eastern States of Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, and Connecticut, about 30 per cent.; and of sixteen thousand
(16,404) from the North Western States of Indiana, Michigan Lower, and Minne-
sota, 123 per cent., represented themselves as of foreign birth. The paper also gave
the average ages, heights, circumference of chests, weight, and other characteristics
of the American soldier, illustrated by comparisons with British, French, and
Prussian data ; and accompanied with tables showing the distribution, both observed
and calculated, of the soldiers with respect to such characteristics, together with
an analytical statement of the mathematical laws which govern the distribution.
Life Tables, by the Swedish Calculating Machine (with Photographs of the
Machine by A. Claudet). By Wrttram Farr, ID., D.CL., PRS.
Ou the Causes which Produce the Present High Rate of Discount.
By Prof. Henry Fawcerr.
The author considered, first, whether the high rate which at present exists was
likely to remain permanent, and, secondly, whether the high rate was an evil in
itself, and whether it wanted any special kind of remedy to remove it. Some City
men were expressing their abhorrence of the Bank Charter Act—that to this Act
was to be attributed the present state of things—that money was getting too dear,
and there was no knowing what would be the result if the Act were not repealed.
He contended that the Bank Charter Act had nothing to do with causing this high
rate of discount, and that Her Majesty’s Government would be guilty of great va-
cillation and weakness if they listened to the cry which had been got up against
the Bank Act by interested speculators, and repeal a statute that ought to be ad-
hered to with the utmost firmness. So long as they had prudent men governors
of the Bank of England, as at present, they would have nothing to fear; because,
whether compelled to-do so or not, they would always keep in the coffers of the
Bank sufficient bullion with which to meet the demands that might be made upon
them. The Act ought not to be suspended. It should either be repealed once and
for all or rigidly adhered to, even if the rate of discount advanced far beyond its
present amount. A high rate of interest could not fairly be attributed to a high
rate of discount. Just as with all other commodities, the price of money varied
=
166 REPORT—1864,
with the supply and demand; and there could be no doubt that the present high
rate was produced by an activity of speculation which had caused a great demand
for capital, and by the heavy exports of specie to the East. There was no cause
for alarm if the demand for borrowing still continued. The remedy could only be
the rise of price to such a point as would check those who wished to borrow, and
gradually, as the rate rose, money would be attracted from foreign countries to
England, and in time we should obtain all that we required. There was every
reason to expect that a much higher rate of interest was likely to prevail for some
years to come than had prevailed for years past ; because the export of capital was
likely to increase rather than decrease, owing to the establishment of so many
banks of late in all parts of the world.
Notes on a Cotton-Chart, showing the Effect on Cotton of the Curl War in
America. By Colonel C. W. Grant, R.E., late Bombay Engineers.
The cotton-chart exhibited at the Section showed, by diagrams of ascending and
descending lines of red, blue, and black, the quantity of cotton imported respectively
from India and America, and the total imports from its earliest introduction to the
present time ; the fluctuations in the prices were shown by thin red and blue lines,
and at the sides of the chart were the actual number of bales and prices corre-
sponding to these lines, with the years and dates below; the proportionate quantity
of cotton received from all parts was also shown by circular areas of different
colours; the cost of cultivation in India and America of slaye- and free-grown
cotton, &e. .
The following Table will best show the chief results elicited in the chart :—
Total quantity} Cotton im- Cotton im- Average | Average | m hal-val
; oe of cotton im- | portedfrom | ported from price of | price of of a ia
* |ported, in bales} America, in India, in American | Indian | . ted
of 400 lbs. bales of 400 lbs./bales of 400 Ibs.| cotton. cotton. | "7PoOrec.
Bags. Bags. Bales. Per bag. | Per lb. £
1747 if 7 £3 ls. Bd. 25
ip 164 bales
1784 and 71 164 |£3 11s. 5d.) 24d. 6,805
_71 bags. fi
Bales. Bales. Per lb.
1800 260,515 72,730 20,400 26d. 14d. 5,601,073
1820 571,651 302,395 57,725 112d. 82d. 7,583,632
1840 | 1,599,500 1,257,500 216,400 6d. 42d. | 15,140,000
1860 | 3,477,546 2,490,527 506,406 Gid. 4id, | 35,756,589
1861 | 3,142,461 1,829,227 794,574 9d. 63d. | 38,653,395
1862 | 1,309,925 43,810 965,483 181d. 123d. | 31,093,045
1863 | 1,673,958 57,090? | 1,080,000 241d, 192d. | 56,277,943
1864 | 2,241,932 242,552? | 1,310,480 272d. *204d. | 73,974,835
There is some discrepancy in the quantity of cotton from America, as the greater
portion is blockade-run cotton from the Bahamas. The Indian bales are reduced to
400 Ibs. per bale to admit of a comparison with the American.
The following remarkable facts connected with the cotton-trade, and the effect
upon it of the civil war in America, were elicited :—
The imports of cotton into England rose from 7 bags, valued at £25, in 1747 to
3,477,346 bales of 400 lbs., of the value of £36,000,000, in 1860, or in little more
than a century; the supply of cotton from America fell from 2,490,527 bales in
1860 to 43,860 bales in 1862, the total supply falling from 3,477,346 bales in 1860 to
1,309,925 in 1862, the year of the cotton famine; the price of cotton rose from 63d.
per lb. for American and 43d. per lb. for Surat in 1860 to 273d. per lb. for American
and Egyptian and 201d. per lb. for Dhollera or Surat in 1864; in August 1864 the
* The reaction has commenced ; on May 15, 1865, Dhollera cotton was selling in Bom-
bay at 9d. per lb., including freight,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 167
prices were 293d, per lb. for Egyptian and 233d. per lb. for Dhollera, or nearly
Jive times the prices in 1860, In 1860 we paid about £36,000,000 for cotton; in
1864 nearly £74,000,000, or more than double, and more than the total revenue of
Great Britain, namely, £70,000,000, for one article of import alone. In 1862
nearly 40),000 operatives were thrown out of employ by the stoppage of the cotton-
mills, and the pauperism amounted to 240 in the 1000, who were supported by
yoluntary subscriptions chiefly ; now the pauperism is 63 in the 1000.
Yet notwithstanding this vast drain of money, this want of employment for
tens of thousands, the country flourished. The revenue in 1863-64 was £70,000,000.
The exports, which in 1860 (the most flourishing commercial year on record)
amounted to £135,000,000, and fell to £125,000,000 in 1861 and to £127,000,000 in
1862, RosE to £146,000,000 in 1863 and to £160,000,000 in 1864, or £25,000,000
more than in 1860. And that private wealth kept pace with that of the country
may be gleaned from the asserted fact that in 1864 the amount invested in new
companies was no less than £192,000,000 of which £22,000,000 was paid up.
So much for England and the manner in which she has weathered the storm:
now see the effect on India and some other countries, In 1860 we paid for Indian
cotton only £3,500,000; in 1864 nearly £37,000,000; and in 1865 £36,000,000 ;
or including 1865 nearly £100,000,000 in three years, of which a very large propor-
tion was paid in hard cash. In 1860 we paid £1,500,000 for cotton from Egypt,
and in 1864 we paid her £14,000,000. In 1864 we also paid about £10,000,000 for
cotton to the Brazils, China, and Japan. So true is it, “ that it is an ill wind that
blows nobody good.” ‘
Statement of the Mortality of the City of Bath. By R. T. Gorr.
The author, after a few preliminary remarks, epitomized the sanitary statistics
of the city and its vicinity thus :—
General Summary of Mortality.—The total population of the city, according to
the last census, and including the workhouse and hospitals, may be taken at 52,500,
and the total deaths as follows:—Lansdown, 341; Walcot, 280; Abbey, 298;
Lyncombe and Widcombe, 214; Bathwick, 91. Total, 1224. .To these must be
added, for deaths of persons belonging to city parishes, in the workhouse, 59; in
United Hospital, 67. Total deaths, 1350. Population as above, 52,500; deaths,
1350. Ratio to population, 25°714; ranging from, Bathwick, 17-28 to, in Abbey
district, 27:09. Of the total deaths, the numbers, at certain ages, are as follows :—
under 10 years, 41°63; from 60 to 100, 28-82; intermediate ages, 29°25.
Mortality of Country Districts of the Bath Union, year ending June 30, 1864.—
Population, 15,808; deaths, 331; ratio, 20°93. Under 10 years, 47:9; from 60 to
100, 30:03; intermediate ages, 22. It should be added, asa general remark apply-
ing to all districts both in town and country, that, during the year in question, there
was a prevalent epidemic of scarlatina, with a heavy rate of mortality. Thus, in
the Twerton district, of 166 deaths, 51 were from scarlatina, and of these 29 in
the quarter ending March 31, 1864. In the Batheaston district, of 128 deaths, 16
were from scarlatina. In Lansdown district, of 341 deaths, 62 were from the same
cause, and of these 62 were in young persons from infancy to 22 years of age.
On Crime in England and France,
By M. Gurrry, of the Institute of France.
Some remarks on the French Calculating Machine.
By Major-General Hannxyeron.
Statistics of Live Stock. By R. Herserr.
On the Recommendations of the Public School Commissioners for the Distribu-
tion of School Time. By James Heywoon, M.A., P.B.S., F.GS., PSA,
The Royal Commissioners appointed to inquire into English pee school
education, proposed in their report the following scheme for the distribution of.
168 REPORT—1864.
the school or class lessons in a week, as furnishing a comparative scale of the
number of hours to be devoted to the respective subjects of instruction, and the
time to be given out of school for preparation.
Selig ctaliensons Hips Hours of Preparation. ae ici
(at One Hour each). Week. Weske
I. Classics, with History and Divi- Classical composition ............ 5
TT Bip Eee Grae Cee il: | “Classics; i&0. 5220 ecm ietes Po ieaaie 10
II. Arithmetic and Mathematics .. 3 | French or German .............. 2
Ill. French orGerman .......... 2 | Natural Science ...... PS FORE 2
IV. Natural Science ............ 2 —
Y. Music or Drawing............ 2 19
— | Hours of school lessons .......... 20
20 ——
IOUT, 5:10 d:snei orefbevsitbephameneree 39
Dr. Faraday, in his evidence before the Public Schools’ Commission (1862),
mentions his opinion that one-fifth certainly of the time which an individual
devotes to study, ought to be devoted to the attainment of natural knowledge.
“The first thing to do,” remarks the learned Professor, “is to give scientific
teaching an assured and honoured place in education.
“The study of natural science is so glorious a school for the mind that, with the
laws impressed on all created things by the Creator, and the wonderful unanimity
and stability of matter, and the forces of matter, there cannot be a better school
for the education of the mind.”
With such obvious advantages arising from the study of natural science, an
inquiry may be made why the great public schools of this country do not encourage
a larger amount of class or school lessons in natural philosophy, as well as in
other modern subjects of instruction.
The Royal Commissioners remark in their report, that in the public schools
there is especial deficiency in arithmetic and French; and they observe that the
path of promotion, and the subjects in which the time and thoughts of the boys
are employed, are mainly classical; the traditions of the most ancient public
schools are classical; the chief honours and distinctions of those seminaries are
classical; and the head master and, where the tutorial system exists, the tutors
are men distinguished chiefly as classical scholars.
To improve the existing system, a school council is suggested by the Royal Com-
missioners, consisting of the assistant masters, or a selected number of them, repre-
senting the whole body ; and, in the latter case, the classical and the mathematical
masters, and the teachers of modern languages and natural sciences respectively,
are recommended to be duly represented on the council. The head master is pro-
posed to preside, if present, and matters concerning the teaching or discipline of
the school are intended to be considered by the council.
In University College School, London, the head master is requested by the
governing body of that institution to call together the assistant masters at least once
in every term, to consult with them as to the management and arrangement of the
classes ; and the views of parents may be communicated to the head master regard-
ng such subjects as Greek, mathematics, natural philosophy, chemistry, and
yerman. ‘
School lessons at University College School are distributed in a week from
Monday morning to Saturday afternoon in the following manner :—
Latin occupies 9 hours in each week in every class; but neither Greek nor
Latin verse compositions form any part of the system of lessons at the school.
French has 6 hours a week assigned to it in each of the three junior classes,
and 3 hours a week in each of the three senior classes.
German occupies 2} hours in a week in the senior classes; and Greek has 43
hours a week in the classical subdivisions of those classes, its place being taken in
the other subdivisions of the upper classes by more modern subjects, such as
writing, arithmetic, geography, English, history, mathematics, natural philosophy,
and social science,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 169
Drawing and practical chemistry are extras.
The following arrangement of the classical subdivision of the fourth class has
beer made in the lessons for a week :—
Greek 42 hours, Latin 9; French 3; German 2}; history 13; mathematics 6
arithmetic 8. Total 294 hours. .
The time of the more modern subdivision would be thus arranged in the fourth
class :—
Latin 9 hours; French 3; German 2}; English 13; history 14; geography 13
mathematics 6; arithmetic 8; writing 13. Total 29} hours.
On the Locality of the various Religious Bodies in Ireland.
By the Rey. Dr. Hume.
On the British Home and Colonial Empire in its Mutual Relations.
By Lieutenant-Colonel Kennzpy.
The object of this paper was to combat the notion that the colonies are useless
appendages to the British empire. It pointed out the advantages which the colo-
nies derive from the mother country, by the protection afforded to their commerce
on the high seas by means of the strongest navy in the world, which costs them
nothing. It proves the benefits which the mother country derives from her colo-
nies, exclusive of British India, by their high consumption of British manufactures
(£3 6s. 10d. per head of population) as compared with the consumption of the rest
of the world who are not under the British flag—2s. 4d. per head, which is in the
ratio of 28 to 1.
On the Economical Administration of the Navy. By Prof. Leone Levi.
The nayal expenditure constituted 30 per cent. of the total amount of the supply
services voted by the House of Commons, and, in the forces of the country, the
navy held the first rank. It was shown that, in the time of war, the average cost
per man, a hundred years ago, was £68 per man; whereas, in the Russian war, it
was £270 per man. In times of peace, the cost, a hundred years ago, was £105 per
man; whereas, at present, it was £150 per man. But a great change had taken
place in the state of the navy—first, in the size of ships, and, second, in the intro-
duction of steam.
Statistics on the Number and Occupations of Foreigners in England.
By Prof. Levi.
According to the last census there were 80,090 foreigners in England and Wales,
being at the rate of 0:0:41 to every 100 natives. That, however, was considerably
less than the number of foreigners in France or the United States. In France, in
1861, there were 506,381 foreigners in a population of 37,386,313; and, in the
United States, in 1860, there were 4,136,175 foreigners out of a population of
27,489,461. Of the 80,090 foreigners in England and Wales 73,000 were Europeans,
9500 Armenians, 500 Africans, and 500 between Asiatics and natives of other coun-
tries. Of the 73,000 Europeans 30,900 were Germans, 15,000 were French, 5500
were from Holland, 4500 from Italy, 5000 from Norway and Sweden, 5000 from
Russia and Poland, 2000 from Spain and Portugal, 2000 from Belgium, and 2500
from Denmark, and about 1000 from Greece and Turkey. Fully one half of the
foreigners in England and Wales are located in London. Of the total number of
foreigners in this country, 57,000 are males and 27,000 females; and, of the 73,000
Europeans, 13,000 were under twenty years of age.
Sanitary Statistics of Salisbury. By A. B. Mippieton.
On Brief Writing. By I. Prrman.
The consonant signs employed in all shorthand alphabets are the right line | and
the two opposite curves () which, when placed in the four possible distinct posi~
170 REPORT—1864.
tions, perpendicular, horizontal, sloping to the right, and sloping to the left, make
twelve distinct signs. As these are not suflicient to supply one for every con-
sonant, recourse is then had to some appendage to the straight line, as a hook or
a circle. The experiment of at once doubling the number of straight lines and
curves by: writing them light and heavy was first made in Phonography; and, as
the principle was employed in this system, it proved in practice a remarkable suc-
cess.
Consonant sounds are divisible into two classes, which may generally be desig-
nated as breath letters and voice letters. It was found that in English the breath
letters exceed in number the voice letters in the proportion of five to two. The
breath letters are i, p, ¢, sh (called ish as a letter, heard in wish), s, th (called 7th as
a letter, heard in breath), f; and the voice letters are g, d, b, zh (named as a letter
zhe, heard in measure), z, th (called the, as a letter, heard in breathe), v. These
make up two-thirds of the consonants in our language. There are also three
nasals, m,n, ng (named zg as a letter, heard in sing) ; 2 liquids, 7, r; 2 consonants
formed from vowels, w (00), y (ee); and the aspirate, . Of pure vowels we have
six long, ah, eh, ee, aw, oh, 00; and six short, a, e, 7, 0, u (in but, son), 60; called,
as letters, at, et, it, ot, ut, dot. These 22 consonants and 12 yowels form the alphabet
of simple sounds for the English language. It is convenient and even necessary to
have signs for the two frequent double consonants ch (called chay as a letter, heard
in choose, stretch) and j (in juice, edge); and for the double vowels i, 02, ou, t. Ch
is composed of the simple letters ¢, sh; andj of d, zh. The diphthong 7 is composed
of an obscure vowel rapidly pronounced (which may be represented by e or a), fol-
lowed by short ee, thus e¢ or az; 07 is aw long, followed by short ee; ow is an obscure
vowel rapidly pronounced (which may be represented by o or a) followed by short.
oo, thus ow or aw; and @ is ee, 00, the ee being pronounced as y. There are, there-
fore, in the shorthand alphabet 12 yowels, 4 diphthongs, and 24 consonants; total,
40 letters.
The principles on which the right lines and curves in various positions are as-
signed as the representatives of the consonants are these :—Light strokes represent
breath letters, and heavy strokes represent voice letters. By placing the six signs
| | (C ) ) in four positions, we obtain 24 characters serviceable for letters, which
is the number we require. But in arranging the signs and sounds it is evident that
some accommodations must be made as to heavy and light strokes; for six of the
consonants, m, ”, ng, y, w, h, do not pair as breath letters and voice letters, as do
the others. It is a most fortunate circumstance that we can harmoniously arrange
22 out of these 24 signs, so as to preserve a relation between the sound and the
sign.
“There are two kinds of classes of letters, Ist, gutturals, palatals, dentals, and
labials; so called from the seats of articulation where they are produced ; and 2nd,
mutes or explodents, in which the sound is completely stopped in till it is exploded,
as p; nasals, in which the sound issues through the nose, asm; liquids, or melting
letters, as /, having the capacity of uniting with other letters, and producing diph-
thongal consonants; semivowels, or half vowels, y, w; and aspirate or breathing,
h;—these various classes being so called from the quality of the sound, or the place
of its exit. Now it is evident that but one of these two kinds of classification—
organic and qualitative—can be regarded in assigning signs to sounds; for a given
stroke can no more be written in two positions at the same time, than a thing can
be in two places at the same time. In laying the foundation of Phonography I
carried out an exhaustive series of experiments to ascertain which kind of strokes,
straight or curved, and what positions, would best suit the different classes of let-
ters; and J found that the best alphabet resulted from giving the straight lines to
the explodents h, ¢, ch, p, and the curves to all the other classes; placing guttural
and nasal letters in the horizontal position, dentals in the upright position, labials
sloping to the left, and palatals sloping to the right. _ Following ont this arrange-
ment, every letter is in the same position as all the other letters of the same class,
except f and the downward 7; and twenty-seven years’ experience has given every
assurance that can be desired that on this ground Phonography is unassailable ; or,
as an eminent American phonographer, Stephen Pearl Andrews, expressed it, ‘‘ The
fundamental principles of the art—the alphabet of the system—cannot be shaken
—
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 171
till a new geometry is discovered.” For an exhibition of the phonetic shorthand
alphabet, the reader is referred to Mr. Pitman’s publications.
On the Quantity and Value of Foreign Grain imported into the United King-
dom since the Repeal of the Corn Laws. By Frevuricx Purvy, 7.S.8.,
Principal of the Statistical Department, Poor-Law Board.
The author observed that the benefits which the country had already derived
from free trade were beyond the most sanguine anticipations of those who had suc-
cessfully striven to destroy the protective tariff of England. The Custom House
returns disclose figures which, to those who are not very familiar with statistical
and economie research, look like fabulous amounts. For example, in the four years
ended with 1844 (these were the last years of the celebrated and mischievous
“sliding scale”) 1,791,000 quarters was the average yearly quantity of wheat im-
ported ; the price of British wheat being, in those years, 64s. 4d., 57s. 3d., 50s. 1d.,
and 51s, 3d., taking the prices chronologically. But, in the four years ended with
1863, the average imports were 6,970,000 quarters, at prices ranging between
44s. 9d. and 55s. 5d. The imports in quantity were, in the last four years, nearly
fourfold what we obtained in 1841-44; at the same time the price was much lower.
Under “grain”’ the author classed wheat, wheaten flour and meal, barley, oats, rye,
maize, peas and beans, &c.; and it was shown, with regard to the value of these
commodities, that the whole of the imports during the decade ended with 1863
amounted to £250,202,000. Nearly all this vast quantity of grain and flour which
this money-value represents has been consumed in this kingdom, about £3,000,000
worth only having been exported in the ten years. The annual average home con-
sumption of foreign corn, flour, and meal for 1852-63 was 11,865,000 quarters,
valued at £25,000,000 very nearly. Three periods of four years each were then
taken to show the imports according to population,
Average annual quantity
per head.
RGAD AIDA RS, PSD SPOT HL Ae 0°8 of a bushel.
ESO, See ee SR, Sie: PEAT tte 2°3 bushels.
PRC G REL es cet my. RS BRE SE 4-4 bushels.
So that the quantity taken with reference to the population was precisely jive and
a half times greater in 1860-63 than it was eighteen years before. It was further
shown that, as regards the different parts of the United Kingdom, they appeared
to eens equally in the imports of grain properly so called; but that, of flour
and meal, Ireland received:a much smaller quantity than either England or Scot-
ead g-, the following were shown to be the proportions in each division in
G1 :—
Bushels of grain Ibs. of flour and
per head. meal per head.
England and Wales.......... Sia) sercps recieernor - 286
CGWAROY i iislodan ence ee rs OP Sptaretyee 29°3
Hretandaye o.6s sna Ose oe cae eS Sk eget 3°6
The year of maximum imports was 1862, when 18,441,000 quarters of grain, meal,
and flour of all sorts were received into the ports of the United Kingdom, valued
at £37,772,000. Mr. Macculloch had computed that, for human food and for the
inferior animals, this country required 49,000,000 quarters of grain, flour, and meal
annually. This estimate was framed five or six years ago. Very recently, Mr.
Caird has computed the quantity of wheat required for the consumption of Great
Britain at 18,700,000 quarters.
From the appendix to the paper the following figures have been abstracted, to
show the countries to which we were, at the latest date, indebted for our grain
imports :-—
ant ties of Grain, of every Description of Grain, and of Flour and Meal, im-
orted into the United Kingdom in 1863. Total quantity, 25,955,939 quarters.
ereof were from—
172 REPORT—1864.
rs. qrs.
1. United States ....... : 3,807,035 eo Denman kee vote ate eoeelen ee 1,076,000
2. Turkey (Moldavia, &c.) . 1,887,700 | 8. British North America.. 920,000
SH UPTussiaiels cee ernie AZOLOL2, | 9, eSweden weteia. Wintel siaeyehe .. 886,723
4, Russia........ oeeedooe 1,737,388 | 10. Hanse Towns.......... 379,584
DH gTANGe. .Merteleleeels ales 1,099,714 | 11. Other parts of Germany — 208,820
Gi Evi so aietinin ta ois teiee isis AGT OO LL
Statistics of Crime and Criminals in England. By T. W. Saunvers,
Recorder of Bath.
The speaker called attention to the importance of the subject and the very great
amount of popular error entertained with reference to it—so great, indeed, that the
belief was well established that, as regards crime and criminals, this country is in
a deplorable condition. He observed that to the abandonment of the practice of
transporting our worst offenders to the colonies, and the substitution of penal ser-
vitude at home, this supposed evil is universally attributed. He stated that the
facts he had to bring under consideration would, he believed, expose this error and
show that, with reference to crime and criminals, the country was never in a more
satisfactory condition than at the present time. Je then referred to the state of
crime in the sixteenth, seventeeth, and eighteenth centuries, as showing its great
prevalence, and contrasted the security of life and property in the present day
with the dangers which beset them in former times. He drew attention to the
establishment in 1856 of a uniform system of police throughout the whole country,
and to the fact that at the end of 1853 the first penal-servitude Act came into
operation, the effects, however, of which were not felt until the year 1859; and he
dwelt upon the importance of the statistics as now furnished by the police authori-
ties to the government, and that these returns continually proved the general
decrease of crime and of the criminal classes. These returns, he said, showed that
the criminal classes at large, comprising known thieves and depredators, receivers of
stolen goods, prostitutes, suspected persons, and vagrants and tramps numbered as
follows in the years as under :—
LEG Srto win dente acd deme ek a . 134,922
A859. wath comic uidenwiotia<fkie Haren 135,766
SL Seticeeacbiocietl, ekiciaceer ME nate Gat , 131,024
SEL ek, Ligh Mictices ewithon Come en .. 123,049
Pe et A et AS ane 127,051
AG oa ll tide: aiatesseptvhrs celtas us 126,139
showing a decrease in five years of 8783 ; and that if vagrants and tramps were ex-
cluded, who were often honest people, and the number of whom is greatly affected
by merely temporary causes, such as the cotton famine, the numbers would be as
follows :—
SEVEN aac he lopsucvare ahaushe untae ei enael crt ereneyece 112,363
IO. Sapte te up mate. totic ee ars irate Minne 112,413
SGOT er eee oer cyeicte ns Seek a uote Ghemmea 108,760
PEGI Puch. tabsbs Micesaca rt os stars benches 99,048
POG ihe oink Yor thocstalte aleisints ranbictaceettanas ore 102,635
SG e natch. diate, heme he ayouh eas abet ba Seto ; 92,957
showing a decrease in five years of 19,406, and this, too, whilst in the same time
no less than 12,281 persons had been released in this country from penal servitude.
He proceeded to show that hand in hand with this diminution there had been a
decrease in the number of houses of bad character—those the resorts of thieves and
rostitutes, the decrease since 1859 being no less than 3566, or nearly 14 per cent. !
he actual diminution of crime, he remarked, had kept pace with the diminution
of the criminal classes ; and after calling attention to the fact that the police kept
a register of all crimes committed, whether or not any persons were apprehended for
them, he stated that the numbers of indictable offences committed in each year
since and inclusive of 1858 are as follows :—
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 173
AGES STR sieensa docu: ms § . 57,868
TBED 1/9, able vent isle Weisatsa's eo 52,018
BOGS ATS! pees thence Blok DU oe 50,405
PGMs ihe ROR ee 50,809
ya gay aE eS ce 53,225
TBS are aber aes oN! od bel eed. 52,211
showing that in the last year, as compared with the year 1858 (only five years
since), there had been a decline in indictable crimes committed to the extent of
5657, or 11 per cent. He said that from these returns it would appear that the
year 1860 was the lowest as regards actual crimes committed, and that the year
1861 came next, the increase being, however, /ess than one per cent., and that this in-
crease was apparent rather than real, as the population itself increases at the rate of
one and a quarter per cent. per annum. That with reference to the increase in the year
1862, such increase was to be accounted for by certain exceptional causes. Ist, The
deplorable effects of the civil war in America-were first felt in Lancashire in that
year, causing an excess of crime in that county over the preceding year of 1149.
2nd, In that year the new Criminal Law Consolidation Acts came into operation ;
and as these statutes enacted from twenty to thirty new indictable offences, these ©
assisted to swell the excess of the year. 3. There was an excess in attempts to
commit suicide of 407, the number in 1860 being 174, and in 1862, 581; but as an
attempt to commit suicide, though an indictable offence, is not considered by the
ate as a crime, crimes in the sense in which they are properly understood
eing those offences which are committed by one man against another, and not
against himself, and as there was no actual increase in suicides themselves, leading
to the well-founded ground that the apparent increase arose more from police in-
tervention than any actual increase itself, it would be right to exclude this increase
from the computation. Taking, therefore, the increase of crime in 1862 over 1861
to be 2820, and deducting the increase in Lancashire, and the excess of attempts
to commit suicide (saying nothing of the new indictable offences), the excess of the
year will appear to be 1264, which is a number exactly corresponding with the
rate of increase of the population.
He proceeded to show that in the last year (1863) there was a decrease with
reference to 1862 of 1014 crimes, though still an increase upon 1860 (the lowest
year upon record) ; but that in this year, as in 1862, the same exceptionable and
temporary causes were in operation. Thus there was still an excess of crime in
Lancashire, though much reduced ; but that the excess in attempts to commit sui-
cide had increased from 174 in 1860 to 686 in 1863; that deducting, therefore, the
excess in Lancashire and the excess in attempts to commit suicide, there would be
an excess of crimes in 1863 over 1860 of only 1080; but that if the increase in
crime had only kept pace with the increase of population, the increase should have
been 1890. So that comparing 1863 with 1860 (the lowest year on record for
crime), there is a relative decrease, and this, notwithstanding that during the last
five years more than 12,000 convicts of the worst class had been set at liberty.
He observed that the fact that there is no real increase in crime in this country
reflects very great credit upon our systems of police and penal punishment; for that
had there been even a considerable increase no surprise would have been justified,
since it could hardly have been supposed that those classes of criminals who for-
merly, when their term of transportation expired, became the pest and terror of our
colonies would, merely by being kept in this country, become orderly and well-
conducted members of society. It was certainly true, he observed, that during the
last few years there had been some increase in crimes of violence against persons
and property, though even in this respect the country is better off than it was six
ears ago.
x He galled attention to a common but fallacious way of viewing the question of
the increase of crime, by taking, as a proof of such increase, the increased number
of persons apprehended and committed for trial; and he explained that, as only a
percentage of criminals are apprehended for the crimes they commit, the increased
committals may be due alone to the superior vigilance of the police; and he stated
that whilst in 1860 the apprehensions for crimes committed was 49 per cent., it gra-
dually increased to 58 per cent. in 1863, thus showing an increase of 9 per cent. in the
174 REPORT—1864.
apprehensions in three years.in respect of the same number of crimes. He also
observed that the percentage of commitments for trial upon apprehensions had also
increased from 65 per cent. in 1860 to.69 per cent. in 1863—facts which show that
a great increase of criminals for trial is quite consistant with there being no actual
increase in crimes committed.
Two facts, he remarked, testified to the efficient working of our present system
of punishments: Ist, the decreasing number of recommitments, these being
40 per cent. upon the total commitments in the year 1859, and progressively de-
clining to 372 per cent. in 1863: 2nd, the great number of persons who had been
subjected to penal servitude who were living honest lives; for that in February in
the last year the Government directed the police authorities throughout the
country to make a return as to the modes of life of the persons then at large, either
upon tickets-ot-leave or upon the termination of sentences of penal servitude, and
it was ascertained that there were 4379 such persons, and that of these 2025 were
living the lives of honest well-conducted men (being in fact nearly one-half), the
remainder being either doubtful or bad characters. He referred, also, to the very
gratifying fact of a substantial decrease of crime amongst the juvenile population,
the decline in the number of commitments of prisoners under sixteen years of age
being one-third in seven years, the numbers in 1856 being 13,981, and in 1863
only 8459, ,
He observed that we could never hope by merely penal discipline entirely to
reclaim criminals from crime, or prevent innocent persons from embracing it ; that
as long as poverty and ignorance exist, so long will there be destitution and its
offspring, crime; that in this age, when science is domg so much through ma-
chinery to supersede mere manual labour, and when skilled labour is almost the
only kind of labour that is in requisition, the uneducated man is daily becoming
more and more embarrassed in his efforts to obtain a livelihood; that to the un-
educated man the lowest and commonest kinds of labour are alone open, and
when from any cause these fail he has no other resource, and want and destitution
are his lot. That this is so is proved by our criminal returns, which show that
crimes are annually becoming more and more confined to the ignorant; that in
the year 1856 the untaught, untrained, and unskilled to work comprised 53 per cent.
of all those who were committed for trial ; whilst in the year 1863 this percentage
had increased to 631, or more than 10 per cent. in seven years! That the more
clearly to show that crime is being confined to the ignorant, the returns should
be looked at as exhibiting the degrees of education amongst the criminals; and
that, going back to the year 1856, it would be found that 33 per cent. of our
criminals could neither read nor write, whilst-in the year 1863 this class had
increased to 35 per cent.; that in 1856 the numbers who could merely read, or
read and write imperfectly, were 53 per cent. upon the whole, whilst in 1863 they
were 60 per cent. But that looking to the educated proportion of our criminals, the
numbers who, in 1856, could read and write well were only 51 per cent., whilst in
1863 even this small percentage had declined to 31, the most striking fact being
that of criminals possessing superior instruction the percentage in 1856 was only
0:3, which in 1863 had further declined to 0:2. ;
He concluded as follows :—“ Such facts as those conclusively show the tendency
of crime to confine itself to the untrained and ignorant, and to leave the educated
almost wholly free from its association. Crime and ignorance clearly go hand in
hand ; and although it by no means follows that an untaught man will become a
criminal, instruction would appear to afford a guarantee against its possessor
becoming such. The statistics I have now brought under your attention estab-
lish, I think, these propositions :—that notwithstanding we now keep nearly all
our criminals in this country instead of transporting a large proportion of them to
our colonies, the criminal classes haye greatly declined in numbers, whilst crime
itself is at as low an ebb as at any period of our history; that our detective and
penal machinery works well, and that crime is more and more becoming the
associate of only the untaught and ignorant. If I am correct in the facts I have
stated and the conclusions I have drawn from them, our duty and policy alike
point out, that whilst we should not neglect by penal discipline to endeavour to
reform the criminal, and by the terror of his example work healthily upon the
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 175
minds of those whose misfortune it may be to be brought within criminal in-
fluences, we should, by a judicious system of education, redouble our efforts to
place the humbler classes in such a position as will enable them to escape or suc-
cessfully resist all temptations to the commission of crime.”
On the “ Truck System” in some Parts of the West of England.
By Enwarp Spenver.
In the West of England, especially in Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, and
Herefordshire, the practice prevails of paying a proportion of the wages of the
agricultural labourer in cider. This proportion varies from 20 to 50 per cent. on
the whole. The latter large figure is attained in Herefordshire during harvest
time, when a mower or a reaper will earn 9s. a week in money and drink nine
gallons of cider a week, cider at the time being worth 1s.a gallon. In Devonshire
there does not seem to be the same excess, but the system prevails more or less.
The question then arises, How far is it desirable as regal the health, and the
morals of the labourer? What is cider? Is it food or poison?—Or both, or
neither? Professor Voelcker has analyzed an imperial pint of cider drawn by
agricultural labourers in Somersetshire, and he finds the following results :—
Cider contains parts Bread contains parts
AVA EIcras ca edahs spate Pacaashove a. tty ocae.ei sees DAZ CEE ascass ode ereye ees 3
Flesh-forming matters ............ OPIN te: at ei ROIS 8
Heat-producing j, 9 .ssssseeunes ESM cyBte Biave) cais,er eis. 56
General matters ........... PRR LTS SUE «cde 1, taht «sas —
100-00 100-00
Hence a man would require to drink nearly 83 gallons of cider in order to take
into the system the same amount of carbon or heat-producing constituents as is
contained in a pound of wheaten bread ; and in order to obtain the same amount
of nitrogen, or flesh-forming constituent, he would have to swallow 32 gallons of
cider. Compared with meat the difference is of course far greater. Cider can
therefore ocey be called food. It would be going too far to call it poison when
it is pure; but the cider drank by the lower classes is rarely pure. Esqenmenal
have shown that, whether the cider be pure or not, a farm labourer will work
better on coffee or cocoa than on cider.
On politico-economical grounds, the “ cider-truck” cannot be too strongly con-
demned. It is even more unscientific than the truck-system which prevailed in
the manufacturing and mining districts, and which was forbidden by the Act 1 & 2
Wm. IV., cap. 87. Under that system the employer did not sell his own produce
at a certain fixed sum not to be altered according to the changes in the money value
of that produce. Under the “cider-truck” the farmer gives a fixed quantity of
cider regardless of the rise and fall in the value of cider caused by the scarcity or
abundance of the apple crop. The result is, that just as the farmer is receiving the
least return, he is making the greatest outlay. When a poor apple crop reduces
his profits, he is paying the highest wages ; while when, on the contrary, the apples
are abundant, and he could afford to pay his labourers highly, he is really paying
them less than usual. Supposing the cider to be genuine, the farmer in a bad year
may be paying wages at the rate of 18s. per week, while in a good year he will be
paying at the rate of 12s.; this fact alone is a strong inducement for the farmer to
adulterate the favourite beverage. He cannot afford to give good cider in bad times,
and having once formed the habit of adulterating, he cannot lay it aside when
there is no need to resort to it.
Another strong objection is that while the ordinary truck allows a man a choice
in the articles he takes, the cider truck does not, but compels him to take an
enormous quantity of an article which he can scarcely afford to have at all. A
erson of the upper classes who spent a fifth of his income, still more one-half, on
is cellar would run the risk of an inquiry into his sanity by the Lunacy Commis-
sioners. Yet not only is nothing said against the extravagance of the labourer,
but he is actually forced to commit it. It has been urged in behalf of the system,
that it prevents the labourer from resorting to the drink-shop. It is of small ad-
176 REPORT—1864:.
vantage to the labourer to be drenched, nolens volens, by his master instead of at
his own option by the publican. As a matter of fact, cider-shops abound in the
cider counties, and are frequented by agricultural labourers, who resort thither for
companionship, and, as a matter of course, drink “ for the good of the house.”
The great difficulty in remedying this evil lies in the opposition to a remedy on
the part of those who suffer for want of it. It is one of the worst features of the
cider truck that it enforces selfishness. A young newly married labourer will take
home his earnings to his wife, and would prefer that the whole of them should be
paid in money. The elder labourer approves of the “cider truck,” and would
oppose any alteration of it. Thus in proportion as there is a greater need of thrift
does thriftlessness increase ; just as the labourer becomes the father of a family,
and there are more mouths to feed, does he take home less money to feed them
with. Both parties are wedded to the system, and reform is thereby rendered
very difficult. Some influential agriculturists in Somersetshire have substituted
money for cider, and have found that, when fairly carried out, the change has been
approved by the labourer. An agreement may be difficult at the onset, but, when
once made, it will be permanent, whereas the present disputes about quality and
quantity are perennial. The extension of the Truck Act to the agricultural dis-
tricts is therefore much to be desired, and seems to be the only efficient remedy for
the manifold evils of the “ cider-truck.”
The Sanitary Statistics of Clifton.
By J. A. Symonvs, I.D., F.RS.E., §e., Fe.
This nape roved the importance of adding verbal explanations to statistical
figures. The Registrar-General’s report had given 24 in 1000 as the death-rate of
Clifton, calculated from the deaths in the quarter ending June 1864. This state-
ment would be very injurious to the reputation of Clifton as a watering-place,
unless it were explained that its name is given to a large Poor-law district, to the
population of which Clifton proper contributes little more than one-fifth. The
several subdistricts of Clifton Union were described in detail as to their sanitary
characteristics, and as to their respective death-rates, calculated from the annual
returns of death in the five years from 1859 to 1864. The average for Clifton proper
is 17 in 1000; andif a quarterly return be a fair basis of calculation, it would be found
that in some quarters the death-rate amounted to only 15 in 1000. On comparing
the death-rates of the several subdistricts of Clifton Union, the author showed
the influence of urban and rural agencies. The highest death-rates denote the
combination of poverty and crowding. He compared the death-rates of several
localities in England, and ascertained that the average for a crowded town was 24
in 1000, for a rural district 15, and for a mixed district 21. Clifton Union is a
mixed district. One of its subdistricts, three miles distant from Clifton proper,
gives 24 in 1000; for it belongs really to one of the most miserable quarters on the
outskirts of Bristol. A purely rural subdistrict, Westbury, gives 15 in 1000, and
Clifton proper 17 in 1000. But the average of the whole union is 21. Many
details as to the subdistricts were related. The paper concluded with the expres-
sion of a strong wish that the classification of numerical returns representing the
elements of the social life of our people should not be compelled to follow Poor-
law lines and limitations, which, however suitable to Poor-law purposes, may
cause figures to express something very different from what would be their mean-
ing were the facts which they number grouped in accordance with scientific
requirements, rather than with the convenience of a special branch of national
administration, Then the numerical death-rate of a crowded city would express
the mortality in that city, including items that are now transferred to a rural dis-
trict, or appended to a healthy watering-place. The numerical death-rate of a
village would mean the mortality of that village, unswollen by the deaths in a
city poor-house; and the numerical death-rate of a watering-place would express
the mortality in that watering-place simply, neither complicated with the mor-
tality of distant rural retreats nor burthened with that of the sickly suburbs of a
crowded city.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 177
On the Comparative Rates of Mortality in Paris and London.
By Wurm Trre, M.P., B.S,
After noticing the imperfect manner in which the registers of the mortality of
Paris were kept, in consequence of the superficial mode in which the examination
into the causes of death were made by the agents charged with the duty of ascer-
taining them, Mr. Tite took occasion to praise the returns that were issued by the
care of the English Registrar-General. The imperfect character of the Paris re-
turns, and their only appearing at the period of two years after the events they
recorded, in fact, rendered anything like a rigorous comparison between the mor-
tality of the two cities almost impossible. “I wish it to be distinctly understood,”
said Mr. Tite, “that in giving what seemed to me to be the results of the London
and Paris rates of mortality, I do not pretend to give them with all the accuracy
that ought to prevail in such important documents. For the Paris rates, in my
judgment, can only be regarded as close approximations,”
Mr. Tite then proceeded to notice the various causes which, in his opinion,
ought to render residence in Paris more favourable to human life than that in
London. He dwelt upon the superior quality of the soil, the kinds of food that
are consumed, the class of materials that are used in house-building, the climate,
&ce., all of which are superior in Paris to those which are to be met with in
London. Yet, with all these advantages, the mortality of Paris is greater than
that of London; for we find, from the “Statistique Générale de la France ” and
in the weekly returns issued by the Registrar-General, that the mortality of the
two cities may be represented by the following figures :—
es Paris. London.
hig Rate per cent. Rate per cent,
IMGLSO DG rot olelt so lleves tak A eMiatae seca lee «ales 2-44
SLO OARS ielede ti Nelatee false DL id), Wd Gano ele vee 2°94
pt LGOONS. Wee le). eal stalate «fs DDO} liar. race Baers ater share aes 2°43
Fy LOE. we Mvoaretst PU fox. ote AD eaeelt Laks Ae) oles ot 2:21
S MMLSOMMLD. Free isetys ee adaltie’. Dalat mid leche ks ie Gloom 2°24
BSD crete Stele olale 4a Dai. Aes AAG, alt 2°39
App UNS MT Gorge rein Gane idler AiBGYs etd: cies dhe 2:27
spe ts OU treet Sigy crc ie psi Bee Died Ts) olshalerd Listskdl athlete f 2:25
pO acer itede thie © siete! ere VG lets ites che, UES at 2°32
BARA ODES raiser. chara e lobes olics DAO aaa. bielleP ciel tte 2°36
10 | 27-79 10 | 23°85
Average of 10 years.... 2°78 ........ aitiele sods, ZOO
It is, moreover, to be observed that the increased mortality of Paris is accom-
anied by a diminished proportion of births to deaths in that city compared with
gion : and that, therefore, this statement cannot be assumed to give a correct
view of the mortality prevailing there. Thus, if the years 1860, 1861, and 1862
be taken as giving the average return (and those years are expressly selected as
being the most fayourable), we find that the proportion of births to deaths in the
two cities was—
Voor Paris, London.
: Births. Deaths. Births, Deaths.
TSGO Re teyeisrs DO LODG:% i415 56 41,261 ....., 92825 oa: 61,617
1861 ...... 53,570 ...... 43,664 ...... 96,389 ...... 63,001
SCZ cis daly atpD sed Oy pales los 42,185 ...... DAS hes rats 66,950
upon a gross population that was estimated at 1,696,141 in Paris, and 2,859,778
in London. is would give a larger number of children born in London than in
Paris ; and every one knows that the rate at which children die is greater than in
the subsequent periods of life. The comparison is therefore the more unfair to
London: there were more children born there; consequently there were more
deaths among that class of the population,
hig shown that the same tendency existed in the one city as in the other to
. 12
178 _ REPORT—1864.
resort to the curative means afforded by the hospitals ; but Mr. Tite called attention
to the fact, that the children of the Parisians were habitually sent away from home,
and thus tended to diminish the rate of mortality in the city ; whilst the children of
Londoners were kept at home to live or to die, as the case might be. The deaths
that were registered in the Paris hospitals were, however, more than those which
took place in the hospitals of London, not only comparatively, but positively ; and
attention was called to the fact that, out of the total number of births in the year
1862, as many as 6522 out of 52,312 took place in the public hospitals of Paris.
The ettect of the greater facilities that were thus given to the indulgence of the
passions, by the assistance that was offered to the confinement of women in that
city, was also alluded to; and the increased mortality that was created was made
the subject of some remark.
Mr. 'Tite thought that much of the increased mortality that he showed to pre-
vail in Paris over London was to be attributed to the overcrowding that was
observable in the former city ; to the bad hygienic conditions of the houses, as far
as regarded their ventilation, the removal of the refuse, and the water-supply; and
to the bad laying-out of the town generally. It appeared that in Paris as many as
35°17 persons lived under the same roof, whereas in London the average number
was only 7:72; and everything that was going on in the former city tended to
increase the proportion of the inhabitants to the house-room. As to the hygienic
conditions of the houses, Mr. Tite observed that it was by no means rare to find
that the houses in the best quarters of Paris were erected with a front building
towards the street of 14 métres high, which was only separated from a back build-
ing by a court-yard of 6 métres wide, and the air of the inhabitants of the latter
was forced to be renewed in this well. The habits of the best classes were, more-
over, such as to render this inconvenience from the want of ventilation more
injurious; and “the villainous smells” that could be distinctly perceived in all
parts of the city were attributed to the deficient notions that prevailed in this respect,
and to the deficient manner in which the service of the town was performed in
respect to the removal of the house-refuse. The streets of Paris were also very
badly planned ; and though much had been done to improve the state of things thus
pointed out of late, yet much remained to be done before Paris could compare
with London in this respect. The streets in the former city were crooked, narrow,
and confined, and the circulation of air in them was very much impeded. Mr.
Tite thought that, in fact, the number of people that crowded together under the
same roof, and the bad state of the houses themselves, were the main causes of the
increased rate of mortality observable in Paris.
The state of the sewerage and the water-supply of Paris were also said to be
very deficient. Thus, it was calculated that there were above 700 kilométres of
streets in Paris, but there was not half that length of streets sewered; and in
Paris the sewers had very different functions to perform than they had in London,
as they were designed to carry off from the former city only the rain-water and
some portion of the liquid sewage, whereas, in the latter, they conveyed away
from the householder all the house-refuse and the rain-water indiscriminately.
There had been executed a well-devised scheme for discharging the sewage on the
northern side of the Seine, which conducted the waters to the neighbourhood of
Asniéres; but this did not deal with the sewerage of the islands, nor did it relieve
the river from the impurities that it received from the sewerage of the south side,
which, in fact, was poured into the Seine just above the intake of the water-works
of Chaillot. The error that the French engineers had committed in designing
their system of sewers was in limiting them to the functions of drains, instead of
making them serve both as drains and sewers. As to the water-works in Paris,
their insufficiency was proved by the fact that there were only about 25,000 sub-
scribers cut of 50,000 householders ; and by the fact that the water was, in the
majority of cases, only delivered on the level of the ground floor. The peculiar
tenure of the French houses, indeed, opposed the introduction of the water to the
yarious flats, or stories, that are let out to distinct and separate families. The sup-
ply of water in Paris was at present undergoing a radical change, but it was still
very much behind the system that prevailed in London.
But, with all the causes that give rise to the increased mortality of Paris over
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 179
London, it is not the less certain that of late the proportion of the excess had
tended to decrease, in consequence of the works that had been executed for the
better organization of the sewerage, the water-supply, the street-ventilation, and
the reform of the house-system under the orders of the Emperor. The inquiry into
the rates of mortality has, however, thus far led to ascertaining the fact that the
mortality of London is less that that of Paris by nearly 4 in 1000, if the average
be taken over a period of ten years; it is less by nearly 13 in 10,000, if attention
is solely enticed to the rate of mortality which prevailed in the year 1862.
After stating that he had followed, in the statistics. given in the paper thus read,
the “Statistique Générale de la France” and the “‘ Annuaire du Bureau des Lon-
gitudes ” for all that had reference to the mortality of Paris, and the returns of the
egistrar-General for that of London, Mr. Tite concluded by adopting the state-
ment that had been made upon the subject by M. Legoyt. That gentleman, Mr.
Tite said, stated that, “firstly, Paris had more marriages, and of legitimate chil-
dren less than London; secondly, that in spite of this lesser fecundity, and the
well-lnown fact that a great number of the children born in Paris died in the
country, Paris had a rate of mortality that was much greater than that of Lon-
don; thirdly, that there was a greater proportion of male deaths in London than
in Paris; fourthly, that the proportion of births to deaths was greater in London
than Paris.” It must have cost the national vanity of M. Legoyt a great deal to
make these admissions, and they may very fairly be taken as representing the facts
of the case.
On the Land-Transfer of Australia as applicable to Ireland.
By Colonel Torrens.
The author, after some preliminary remarks, proceeded as follows :—“ We will
now consider the different methods prescribed for conducting the future transfers
and other dealings with land, through the instrumentality of ‘ Registration of
Title’ ; without again accumulating the complexities and doubts of retrospective
title from which they have been cleared by the procedure just described under the
Australian method, which is that adopted in the Bill of the Irish Association, the
’ Record Book is the pivot upon which the whole mechanism turns. It is compiled
by binding together the duplicates of all conveyances and declarations of titles
issued by the Estates Court representing the freehold, each of which constitutes a
distinct folium, consisting of two or more pages set apart for recording together the
memorials of all future dealings, whether with the freehold or any lesser estate or in-
terest in the land represented by the conveyance or declaration of title, until a change
of ownership of the freehold is registered. When this occurs, the existing declaration
of title or conveyance is cancelled, the exising folium of the record closed, a fresh de-
claration of title issued to the new proprietor, and a new folium opened in the Record
Book, upon which are carried forward the memorials of all lesser estates and
charges affecting the land, and continuing current at the time of recording the
ownership of the freehold. Printed forms of contract, with full instructions for
the guidance of parties dealing, are to be supplied at the lands’-titles office and
law-stationers’ shops. These instruments must be filled in duplicate. All cove-
nants essential to the existence, use, and enjoyment of estates and interests which
are the subject of the contract are declared to be implied in these instruments;
and, when recorded, they are endorsed with the folium of the record constituted
by the declaration of title of the land, where the memorials of them will be found
entered in the order in which they are recorded. They are then numbered in con-
secutive series ; one original of each is handed to the party whose title is evinced
thereby, the other is filed in the lands’-titles office. Under this method accumula-
tion of instriiments with voluminous indexes, the fatal objection to other systems,
is avoided. The retrospective character of title is effectually got rid of, as each:
separate estate of interest in each parcel of land is represented, so long as it exists,
by one instrument only; and, as each instrument necessarily discloses the nature
of the property held by the proprietor, with all that a party dealing can require to
Imow, search is unnecessary, except to ascertain the non-existence of cayeats—
and even that is accomplished without reference to any index, as each instrument
AP ORT tarts
180 REPORT—1864.
indicates the folium where the history of the title is recorded. Transfers, leases,
mortgages, and other charges, as provisions for families, as also entails and settle-
ments, are conducted with security, facility, and economy, without curtailment of
the freedom which landed proprietors enjoy in the disposition of their estates
under the present system. The only difference is that we pursue a direct straight-
forward procedure to the accomplishment of what is required instead of a cir-
cuitous, intricate, and artificial procedure.”
Statistics of Crime in Australia. By W. Wxstcantu (of Australa).
Crime in Australia, as compared with England, is much greater, owing to the
effects of transportation upon the colony. The favourable condition, however, of South
Australia, New Zealand, and particularly Queen’s Town, leads them to hope that the
entire group would, but for that cause, have compared favourably with the mother
country. In Victoria the cost of police and prisoners for 1860 amounted to 15s.
Re head of the population, that for England and Wales being only 2s. 13d. In
ew South Wales the yearly average of the five years 1858-62 gives 1 criminal
in 433; and, in Victoria, for 1859-G1, the still worse result of 1 in 375. The
colonies present considerable diversities with regard to crime, which are to be
attributed chiefly to the transportation system. There was no feature of these
colonies more satisfactory than their progressive social improvement, as instanced
by the yearly diminution of crime there.
Registration of Births and Deaths in Ireland. By J. Witson.
In accordance with the provisions of the Act of last year, the 163 poor-law
unions and 718 dispensary districts have been adopted as areas for the registration
of births and deaths. During the first quarter there were registered 30,330 births,
affording an annual ratio of 1 in 48 of the inhabitants ; the number of deaths was
28,540, being equal to an annual mortality of 1 in 51 of the population. The
annual birth-rate varied in the provinces as follows :—In Leinster it was 1 in 49;
in Munster, 1 in 41; in Ulster, 1 in 52; and in Connaught, 1 in 54. The death-
rate was, in Leinster, 1 in 46; in Munster, 1 in 51; in Ulster, 1 in 50; and in
Connaught, 1 in 65. The return shows that, during the three months ended 30th
June last, the births registered amounted to 38,701, affording an annual ratio of 1
in 37, which was an increase of 8371 on the number of the previous quarter ; the
deaths amounted to 24,448, being equal to an annual ratio of 1 in 59, and was a
decrease of 4092 when compared with the previous quarter. The annual birth-
rate during that quarter varied in the provinces thus :—In Leinster it was 1 in
38; in Munster, 1 in 34; in Ulster, 1 in 38; and in Connaught, 1 in 41. The
death-rate was as follows :—In Leinster, 1 in 55; in Munster, 1 in 60; in Ulster,
1 in 57; and in Connaught, 1 in 77.
Sanitary Statistics of Cheltenham. By Dr. Eowarv Witsoy, M.A.
After a description of the geology, mineral springs, and climate of Cheltenham,
the author stated that in 1852 the Local Improvement act was passed, empowering
the Commissioners to purchase then existing sewers, and to extend the system
wherever needed, requiring moreover that tanks should be constructed communi-
cating with mains into which the whole of the sewerage of the town was to be
conducted.
Under these powers the rights of the Sewer’s Company passed into the hands
of the Commissioners in 1857, and large additions have been made to the sewers
in the denser parts of the town; but the greater portion of the three large estates
of Bays Hill, Landers: and Pittville, sabes be the better classes of houses, is
still practically beyond the supervision of the local authorities, beimg dependent on
Pe sources for sewerage; and though the sewers on these estates are assumed
y the Commissioners to be adequate to the requirements of the people, it is obvious
that where there is no power of inspection except on presentment of nuisance there
can be no adequate official knowledge. Whilst, therefore, all credit is due to the
Commissioners for what has been done, it would be unwise to ignore the conclusion
that the present system of divided responsibility affords no adequate guarantee for
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 181
the efficient drainage of the whole town, and that an act of Parliament rendering
the purchase of private sewers not only permissive but compulsory on the Com-
missioners would remove an existing anomaly, and be to the eventual benefit of tke
town at large. In the tanks to which the sewerage is now conducted the solids
are separated and mixed with town ashes to form manure, while the liquid portiors
are passed, after very partial deodorization, into the streams, which are rendered
excessively foul by the subsequent decomposition of the filth.
The streams within the town are thus kept comparatively pure, but the mills
on the Chelt render its streams intermittent, and interfere with the scour in its
channel.
The water supply is derived in part from the sandbed on which the town is built,
in part from the rainfall of the hills. That from the sandbed is usually preferred
for drinking purposes, but it is extremely hard, containing 36 to 80 grs, per gallon.
That from the hills contains 11 to 12 grs. per gallon.
The first act for bringing hill water to the town was obtained by the water
company in 1824. In 1849 the amount supplied was 723 gals. per house daily ;
at the present time all information is denied by the company, but it is hoped thet
their energetic measures, combined with the anxiety of the Town’s Commissioners
on the subject, may result in an additional supply of wholesome water, sufficient
not only for household purposes, but for public washhouses and baths, which are
justly considered at the present day as among the most essential of sanitary re-
quirements.
The population of Cheltenham in 1861 was 36,693—males being to females as
100 to 138—the proportion for England and Wales being 100 to 105. The growth
of the town is still double the natural increase due to excess of births over deaths ;
and greater than that of the inland watering places generally, in the ratio of 13:24
to 7:28 per cent. The social conditions of Cheltenham are peculiar, and affect in
a remarkable manner the census returns for certain periods of life. The tables
roduced showed the large accession to the population during the school period,
etween the ages of 10 and 20; whilst the absence of any large manufacturing or
commercial industries in the town, and the consequent departure of the boys on
leaving school, will account in part for the enormous preponderance of females
(190 to 100 males) between the ages of 20 or 30: other causes doubtless contribute
to this result, but that they are acting chiefly among the higher classes is evident
from the fact that in St. Peter’s ecclesiastical district, which is occupied by the
very poor, the males in 1861 were actually in excess of the females. During the
later periods of life numbers flock to the town in search of health and the social
advantages for which it has acquired a reputation ; and it isno easy task to balance
accurately the effects of these two sources of addition to the pepulation from with-
out—one tending materially to decrease, the other to augment the liability to
disease and death. The proximity of great wealth to great poverty is nowhere so
marked as in a watering place, and Cheltenham is no exception to the rule. The
absence of any large manufacturing industry, and the dependence of the poorer
classes on the capricious expenditure of their richer neighbours, cannot fail to cause
fluctuations in the labour market most injurious to the independence and self-
reliance of the working classes. In Cheltenham this is strongly felt, and the large
extent of pauperism existing may in part be due to this cause. The great wealth
and peculiar nature of the occupations in Cheltenham is seen from the fact, that
whilst the houses
er cent. per cent.
under £5 in England and Wales 18, in Cheltenham, 3
Above £5and ,, £10 i » =o $3 33
» £10 » £50 ” 1 ott ” 47
» £60 » £100 = Spang > 11
3, £100 and upwards ra ee 5 - 6
Average rental England and Wales . . £15 5s.
¥ Cheltenham oe « £2575,
As compared with Clifton, the numbers of the following classes, in every 10,000
living, were in 1861
182 REPORT—1864.
Cheltenham. Clifton.
Domestic servants (male). . . 83 . 27
3 yy Gemale) oo. 46 od
Coachmen or grooms (domestic). 19 . . . 14
Milliners and dressmakers . . . 210... . 158
Patlors 2 pots in SPR hy A Bh ee ay
Hairdresserswitee eae SSBsp rags Mig
Late POT GSA at 8 NDOT ORS REN
Engaged about horses . . . . 100. . ~ 54
Masons, cabinet makers, &e . . 315 . . . 242
On turning from these evidences of wealth and luxury, it seems strange to find the
amount per head spent on the poor of the Cheltenham Union increasing, and per-
sistently in excess of the average for the kingdom ai large. One reason has been
already suggested; others might probably be found in the enormous charities of
the place and the lapse of the Mendicity Society, which formed one of the most
effectual checks on mendicancy and imposture. The mean number of paupers per
cent. for the year ending Lady Day was :—
1856. 1859. 1862. 1863. 1864,
Cheltenham . .. . 55 56 59 62 63
England and Wales. . 4:8 44 4:5
and the expenditure for the last four years has shown a steady increase; thus in
the year ending Lady Day :—
1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864,
Si Gls Sani Sine §) = di: 8 fhe Soonthe
Cheltenham . . 6 O 6 23 6 43 6 81 6 112 7 Of
England ... 5 8 5 6 5 9 6 0
The increase in pauperism bears no proportion to the increase of the population,
and it is probably, to a great extent, independent of this cause. The various medi-
cal charities, including the General Hospital and Dispensary, the Coburg Institution,
the Ophthalmic Infirmary, and Union Workhouse, were treated of at some length,
and the need of some special provision in connexion with. the Hospital for the
treatment of infectious cases was strongly urged. These cases are now treated from
the out-patient department at their own miserable homes, devoid most frequently
of the commonest necessaries of life, and likely to become foc? for the spread of
disease and death. The various church charities were also passed in review, so
far as information concerning them could be obtained; and amongst these a school
for instruction in household duties, instituted by the Rector, was regarded as the
germ of a better and more organized system for the relief of the sick poor in the
town. By the two-fold workings of this institution the girls are, on the one hand,
educated in household duties and trained to thrift and tidiness; whilst, on the
other, the produce of the kitchen, which represents the alms of the congregation, is
distributed to the sick and aged poor through district visitors appointed for the
purpose. Means were suggested for extending the system to other church districts,
and so organizing the whole as to direct the streams of charity more exclusively to
the sick and disabled, and it was expected that the period of convalescence might
thus be materially shortened to working men, and the continual drain upon the
ratepayers, from this source at least, be perceptibly diminished. Several tables
were drawn up to show the prevalent diseases and most frequent causes of death
in the district; a few extracts only can be given. It must first be premised, how-
ever, that Cheltenham, in the Registrar General’s Returns, and the Cheltenham
of ordinary conversation are two entirely different quantities. The former being
the town or borough, with a population of 39,693, in 1861, on an area of 3,740
acres, plus the twelve surrounding parishes of Swindon, Prestbury, Charlton
Kings, Leckhampton, Cubberly, Cowley, Whitcombe, Badgworth, Shurdington,
Up Hatherly, and Staverton,containing together in 1861 a population of 10,099,
on an area of 21,136 acres. The returns therefore obtained from the whole district
cannot be held to represent the state of one’ portion to the exclusion of the rest.
without the corrections afforded by an appeal to local records. It is strange, then,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 183
that difficulties and serious expense should be made to attend any such inquiry,
and that in the absence of any reliable information on the part of the Registrar-
General, and on the part of the local authorities in our large towns, as to the sani-
tary condition of those towns, no effort should be made to facilitate the examination
of the documents which can alone, under the present system, give the most essen-
tial information. The death-rate in the parish of Cheltenham varies in a most
remarkable manner, from as high as 22-2 to the low figure of 15°6; the average for
ten years being 19:29, which, if the deaths in the General Hospital and Union
Workhouse be excluded, gives a result very slightly in excess of the standard nor-
thern districts as determined by Dr. Greenhow. In 1840-41-42 the death-rate
for the district was 23 in the 1000, a figure which has not been reached since the
improved drainage has been carried out in the town. Cheltenham has always
enjoyed a remarkable immunity from zymotic disease. Deaths from small-pox,
scarlatina, measles, typhus, diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera are much below the
average for the kingdom, and these are the diseases which are now usually held as
tests of the sanitary condition of a town. There are still deaths from small-pox,
however, in sufficient numbers to make it a formidable foe, and to convict a people
of culpable neglect. For though the deaths from this disease during the ten years
1850-1861 were in Cheltenham district only 92 in 10,000 living under five years of
age, whilst in England and Wales there were 103, it must not be forgotten that
in 44 registration districts there were no deaths from this cause under five years,
and that in 279 districts the deaths were under 50. Of the deaths from all causes
in the Cheltenham district, no less than one-fifth occur in children under one year
of age, and nearly one-third in children who have just completed their fifth year.
This mortality would seem to be due, in part, to ignorance and neglect on the part
of the mothers; but that it also depends on inherited weakmess, poverty, and mal-
nutrition appears plain from the excessive number of deaths at early ages due to
tabes mesenterica and brain-disease, including hydrocephalus. In diseases of the
respiratory organs, including phthisis, the Cheltenham district shows a favourable
comparison with the averages for the whole kingdom—for Gloucester and for
Clifton—a result which could scarcely be expected when the number of invalids
frequenting the town is taken into consideration. Rheumatism is prevalent in the
district, especially in villages round the town lying on the undrained clay, and its
effects are visible in the excessive number of deaths from diseases of the heart and
dropsy. Diseases of the brain, including hydrocephalus, are also prevalent between
the ages of 35 and 55—a curious circumstance, and not admitting of ready expla-
nation in the general absence of occupations calculated to lay special stress on the
nervous centres. The condition of the town then is, on the whole, satisfactory, and
on a consideration of its physical and social advantages, there is no primd facie
reason why it should have a death-rate higher than the healthiest town in the
kingdom. The improvements already accomplished should be but an earnest of
the efforts to follow. There can be no stagnation—to stand still is to go back-
wards. No effort should be spared as long as there is a single preventable death
in the community. We might then venture to dream of the sanitary Utopia of
the Registrar-General, and to expect “that the tide of health-seekers may again
be turned to our shores, and our justly celebrated watering places may hold out
sanitary inducements such as shall attract even the foreigner to our shores.”
MECHANICAL SCIENCE.
Address by Joan Hawxsuaw, F.R.S., F.G.8., President of the Seetion.
Tue President opened the proceedings of the Section by reading a brief Address,
as follows :—In rude ages men were willing to depend on brute force, or to eke out
that force by implements of the simplest kind. As they advanced in knowledge
and civilization they sought for other and more complex contrivances, which
.were better calculated to add to their powers. Thus originated mechanics, and
mechanical contrivances therefore multiply with the increase of the intelligence of
184 REPORT—1864.
mankind. Consequently at no former period of the world’s history have the sub-
jects to which this Section is devoted assumed such magnitude and importance as
they now do. And those who devote themselves to these subjects may rest assured
that they labour in a field which is practically without limits, and in a soil that
can suffer neither from exhaustion nor over-cultivation. They who have lived
through the last thirty years have witnessed triumphs of ingenuity far surpassing
those of the past, but which, in like manner, may be surpassed by the future. I
am proud to belong to this Section, and deem it an honour to be called upon to
preside over its sittings on this occasion. The papers read here treat of subjects
which, from their nature, cannot be amongst the most popular, but they are second
to none in utility. One of the objects of the British Association is to encourage
and stimulate scientific pursuits; and stimulus is sometimes wanted even to the
working qualities of Englishmen. We must take care not to fall behind other
countries. We cannot forget that for some years we have had to go to Prussia fer
the steel tiers of our locomotive engines, and that lately we have had occasion to
seek locomotive boiler-plates in France. It is plain we cannot rest in our wonted
superiority, and slacken and grow idle. Kyen in Russia it is now proposed to put
up works for the manufacture of steel with machinery, which is intended to surpass
our own. We shall not, however, unless we become supine, suffer from the
advancement and improvement of other countries, and the British Association is
large enough in its sympathies to take pleasure in the advancement of science and
art in every part of the globe.
On the Power required to overcome the Vis Inertie of Railway Trains, with
a Description of a Machine to propel Trains between Stations at frequent
Intervals without Locomotives. By Puter W. Bartow, C.#., F.RS., F.GS.
The attention of the author was first directed to this subject on the opening of
the North Kent Railway, in 1850, when the locomotive engineer reported that a
much larger consumption of coke ensued than on the main line of the South-eastern
Railway with similar trains. Upon investigation of the cause of this difference,
by experiments on the atmospheric railway and on locomotive trains, it became
apparent that the increase arose from the power required to overcome the vis inertie
of trains, more frequently occurring from the greater number of stations. The
remedy then applied by his advice was locomotives of more tractive power, thus,
however, adding to the weight of the engine and to destruction of the permanent
way. The tractive power has been gradually increased with increased traffic to
such an extent that in some instances the author recently observed that a speed of
twenty miles is now frequently reached before the last carriage leaves the platform—
a speed which would carry the train above half a mile by its own momentum or
vis viva; and it then occurred to him that if by a local tractive power, applied
during the length of the platform, a velocity of thirty-four or thirty-five miles
could be given, railways having frequent stations could be worked by stationary
power, at a small comparative cost, and the evils of locomotives (particularly in
underground railways) could be avoided. The author explained, by experiments,
that the economy of stationary power arose not only from its usual economy oyer
locomotives, but that, by the law of accelerating forces, a train that would be pro-
pelled at a given velocity for a given distance would be propelled at a much greater
velocity by four times the power applied one-fourth of the distance. The pro-
pelling power suggested to be employed is that on Mr. Armstrong’s hydraulic
principle ; and the author estimates that a tractive force of 8 tons (equal to that
of three locomotives) applied for 300 feet at a station will propel a train of 60 tons
for one mile at greater velocity than if one locomotive worked the whole distance.
It was also explained that such mode of applying stationary power would not
interfere with the use of locomotives for special purposes ; and that although such
propellers as the author advocated were especially adapted to lines having frequent
trains, yet they would be very valuable on railways generally, particularly at sta-
tions at the foot of inclines, where at present much time is frequently lost in getting
heavy trains into motion.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 185
On Improvements in the Defence of Ships of War.
By Admiral Sir E. Beicuer.
The author proposes to construct the ship on the customary plan of close iron
ribs, but filling up the interstices between the iron with condensed teak. Con-
structing a vessel with 36 inches’ depth of rib, at the vulnerable portions to which
shot can reach, which will probably involve 12 vertical feet of her side, say 8 feet
below water and 4 feet above, we should then have a vessel of stronger framework
than any now built, building, or contemplated. In lieu of teak the author
suggested paper or millboard as very efficacious, having been witness at Algiers,
in 1816, to a case in which a ream of foolscap paper, end on, resisted a 68-pound
shot. It is of the first importance to provide such a tonnage as shall, in the case
of ships of the ‘ Warrior’ class, be capable of floating the contemplated armament,
independent of the forward and after compartments. The first object will be the
fortitication of the sides, or contour of the oval form of battery up to the lines of
rolling, by such a disposition of iron framing as may effectually withstand the
heaviest missile discharged from the heaviest gun afloat with impunity.
On the New Elevator Gun. By Epwarp CHARLESWORTH.
On Steam Boilers. By ZERan Corsury.
The paper pointed out the causes of failure and bursting, and showed the value
of cast iron as a material for the purpose, and that small cast-iron spheres do not
retain the solid matter deposited from the water. Small water-tubes and small
water-spaces in ordinary boilers always choke with deposit when the feed-water
contains lime; but cast-iron boiler spheres, although they may be temporarily
coated internally with scale, are found to part with this whenever they are emptied
of water. This fact is the most striking discovery that has been made in boiler
engineering. It removes the fatal defect of small subdivided water-spaces, which
can now be employed with the certainty of their remaining constantly clear of
deposit. Cast-iron boilers on this principle, invented by Mr. Harrison of Phila-
delphia, are now working in several of the midland and northern counties. Mr.
Harrison employs any required number of cast-iron hollow spheres, eight inches in
external diameter and three-eighths of an inch thick, communicating with each
other through open necks and held together by through tie-bolts. A number of
these spheres are arranged in the form of a rectangular slab, which is so set as to
secure a complete circulation of the water, and several of these slabs, set side by
side and connected together, form the boiler; about two-thirds of the whole number
of spheres being filled with water, while the remainder serve as steam-room. The
bursting strength of these spheres corresponds to a pressure of upwards of 1500 lbs.
per square inch, as verified by repeated experiment—between six and seven times
greater than that of the ordinary Lancashire boilers of large size. The self-acting
scaling action, which has been found to be the same in all cases where the boiler
has been worked, has been explained by conjecture. It deserves the careful in-
vestigation of the chemist and mechanical philosopher, with whom the author pre-
fers to leave the subject.
On the Torpedocs used by the Confederate States in the Destruction of some of
the Federal Ships of War, and the Mode of attaching them to the Rams.
By Captain Dory, Confederate States’ Navy. Communicated by Admiral
Sir E. Betcuenr.
The torpedo consists of a shell filled with explosive material, whether gunpowder
or gun-cotton, and is carried under the surface of the water at the end of a bar
attached to the stem of the ram or other vessel, projecting some ten or twelve feet.
The bar has a slight sliding motion, by means of which the end of the bar within
the vessel, as soon as the torpedo strikes the enemy’s ship, acts on a simple me-
chanical arrangement, bringing the wires connected with the torpedo into circuit
with a galvanic battery, and causing the explosion of the shell. Some small
wooden steamers, with such an engine of war attached, attacked the Federal
186 REPORT—1864.
frigates ‘New Ironsides’ and ‘Minnesota,’ and so much damaged them by the ex-
losion as to render them unfit for further effective service till docked for repairs.
t was also employed in like manner against the new sloop-of-war ‘Housatonic,’
attached to the Federal blockading squadron off Charleston, which ship filled and
went down in eight minutes after the explosion of the torpedo under te counter,
It is unhesitatingly asserted hy competent judges that a vessel properly constructed
for the use and application of the torpedo battery, and possessing superiority of
speed, would prove a formidable antagonist against a number of frigates armed with
the heaviest metal; for it would, by advancing end on, present the least surface to
their fire, and always under the most acute angles. An especial advantage which
it possesses is that it may be worked at all times—for instance, in a rough sea,
when ordinary guns could not be used—while it may be employed with certain
success, under cover of darkness, against an enemy’s fleet, destroying, disabling, or
driving them away from the coast altogether. Great economy, simplicity, and
safety are, further, among the valuable and important qualities claimed for this
submarine battery. Neither the battery itself nor the men working it are in the
least exposed, the apparatus being situated much below the line of flotation.
Admiral Belcher proceeded to point out the superiority of such an engine of war-
fare overrams. A ram with a velocity of ten Imots overhauls and touches the
stern of the vessel she chases which is going at the rate of nine and a half knots;
a half-knot velocity would not injure her opponent, although it might impair her
steerage, and bring her broadside to operate on her, in all probability at such close
quarters, to her detriment. But a ram fitted with the means of projecting a simple
shell under the counter, or into contact with the screw, would inevitably destroy,
or at least so derange, rudder and screw that her great work of executing the ram
manceuyre at right angles to her antagonist would no longer be matter of doubt,
and surrender would, under such difficulty, doubtless result. The French and
other foreign governments have approved of the plans of Captain Doty. Our own
government ordered the examination of them by a scientific committee, and it has
expressed approbation in an official communication.
On Suggested Improvements in Doors. By G,. Fawcvs.
Many serious accidents happen to children by their hands and feet getting into
the openings at the backs of doors. Other persons sometimes are hurt by the shut-
ting of the doors of railway-carriages. It is now proposed to remove the possibility
of this kind of accident by a different plan of hanging the doors, the back of the
door being made semicircular and to revolve in a groove of the same curvature,
presenting no opening in whatever position the door may be.
Improvements in Scaling- and other Ladders. By Grorcr Fawevs,
On Improvements in Screw Propellers. By Grorcr Bett GarLoway,
On Lifeboats for Ships and Steamers. By Guorce Bett Gattoway.
On Instruments for the Measurement of Gas. By Groner GLoyER.
Description of a Parallel Gauge. By G, Harrmann.
On the Practical Progress of Naval Architecture in Ocean and River Steamers,
with Suggestions for Improvements in the Steerage of the Great Hastern and
large and small Ironclads, Rams, and Gunboats, similar to the Assam
Nautilus, by the use of Balanced Rudders in Bow and Stern. By Captain
A. HenpeErson,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 187
On Chain-cable and Anchor Testing. By R. A. Puacoox, C.E.
1. To adjust the weights of the hydrostatic press, the author recommends an
instrument tilce a pair of pincers, 10 inches long from the pivot to the ends of the
long legs, and 1 inch from the pivot to the shorter ends; and, grasping the
diameter of the indicator valve with the shorter ends, its amount will be read off,
magnified tenfold, at the long ends with a scale and vernier, and there need be no
error exceeding =j,,th of an inch. Allowance should also be made for the friction
of the ram in the cylinder. Or, otherwise, provide a suitably strong coiled steel
spring with frame, nearly like a Salter’s:letter-balance, and graduate it up to
5 tons with actual tons of pig iron, then, on laying it on the platform in connexion
with the press, it will be known when the press is exerting a force of 1, 2, 3, &c.
tons respectively, and the weights can he adjusted accordingly. Great weights will
be multiples of small ones.
2. Nine different sizes of stud-link cables were tested at Woolwich, and 15:9 tons
per square inch was their average strength. But the average strength of ordi-
nary English iron is 25 tons; so there is a loss of more than one-third of the
strength ‘by making it into cables, which it is desirable to recover if possible. And
since there is tension on the exterior half and compression on the interior half of
the link, he proposes to heat the cables to cherry red before testing, which would
enable the particles to adjust themselves according to their respective tendencies
and take off the strain. And perhaps an advantage would be gained by cooling
them in oil. This annealing would probably make iron, of the same size, materials,
and make, homogeneous; so that the degree of permanent elongation with the
Admiralty strain could be taken as a test of strength.
3. He objects to the hammer test, because no two men will strike blows of the
same force, and consequently no one can know the amount of that force. If any
blows are to be applied, he proposes to have a number of weights, each one as heavy
asa fathom of a different size of cable, and to let the proper one drop upon its cable
from one and the same height.
4. He proposes to break one or more samples of each cable, and to state the
breaking force, or forces, on the certificates.
5. An anchor iscondemned when the testing strain causes a permanent deflexion
of the arm of = inch by one set of rules and 2 inch by another set, without
any reference to the length of the arm. He proposes instead to condemn all
anchors of which the permanent deflexion exceeds a certain fixed amount per foot
in length of the arm.
6. Too much permanent set being justly considered fatal to the character of
a wrought-iron anchor, too much permanent set ought also to be fatal to the
character of a wrought-iron cable.
On the Construction of Shot-proof Targets. By T. Symms Prinavx,
According to the author’s views, an armour-protected structure should consist
of two essentially distinct parts, a yielding face and a supporting back—the first,
a series of detached targets so fixed as to be capable of receding a certain distance
upon the impact of the projectile; the second, an inner self-supporting structure,
continuous throughout, and strong enough to sustain the weight and strain of the
detached targets suspended from it, and also to resist their pressure or support their
impact when receding before the blow of a projectile.
On some of the Strains of Ships.
By Professor W. J. Macquorn Ranxrine, C.L., LL.D., F.RS.
In previous scientific investigations respecting the strains which ships haye to
bear it has been usual to suppose the ship balanced ona point of rock, or supported
at the ends on two rocks. The strains which would thus be reduced are far more
severe than any which have to be borne by a ship afloat. The author computes
the most severe straining actions which can take place in a ship afloat, viz. when
she is supported amidships on a wave-crest and dry at the ends; and he finds that
the bending action cannot exceed that due to the weight of the ship, with a leyer-
188 rEport—1864.
age of 0°5 of her length, and that the racking action cannot exceed ‘16 of her
weight. Applying those results to two remarkably good examples of ships of 2680
tons displacement, one of iron and the other of wood, described a Mr. John Vernon
in a paper read at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1863, he finds the fol-
lowing values of the greatest stress of different kinds exerted on the materials of
the ship :—
In the iron ship, tension ..........0005 3°92 tons per square inch,
a5 op thrust . ses ssev sens 2°35 A e
a 3 racking stress ........ 1-44 5 2
It follows that, in the iron ship, the factor of safety against bending is between five
and six, agreeing exactly with the best practice of engineers, and that there is a
great surplus of strength against racking :—
In the wooden ship, tension .......... 0-371 tons per square inch,
a e POTS artis scgcion ake 0-259 cp ns
Here the factors of safety are between ten and fifteen, which also agrees with good
pacies in carpentry. As for the racking action, the iron diagonal braces required
y Lloyd’s Rules would be sufficient to bear one-fifth of it only, leaving the rest
to be borne by the friction and adhesion at the seams of the planking.
On Units of Measure.
By W. J. Macquorn Ranxrye, C.E., DL.D., F.RS.
Professor Rankine, one of the Committee, dissented from that part of the Report
which recommended the abandonment of the British units of measure, and read a
paper, in which he arrived at the conclusion that while the advantages of decimal
multiplication and division as applied to units of measure are incontestable, the
question between different units, such as the métre and the inch, is one of conye-
nience, in which the interests of science and of trade cannot be separated; and
that inasmuch as the British inch and multiples of the inch are already established
by law and custom and used for practical purposes, in regions inhabited by one-
fourth of mankind, their use ought not to be spandiiied in scientific writings.
On Submarine Telegraphy. By Captain Srtwyy, RN.
The paper commences by pointing out possible or probable causes of the failure
and loss which have hitherto been lamentably prominent features in these great
enterprises. The author considers that there is not the slightest reason to doubt
that gutta-percha, properly laid at the bottom of the sea, in whatever depth, is a
perfect and reliable insulator of electricity, reasoning from the fact that many of
the shallow-water cables have been down from eight to twelve years. The prior
failures are ascribed to faulty mechanical construction of the cable and faulty
mechanical arrangements for its deposition on the bed of the ocean. The life of
the cable, that which must not be injured in any case, is the copper wire that con-
veys the electricity. A stretching of this, even to the extent of one in a hundred
(which, be it recollected, means perhaps one mile in a hundred), cannot for an
instant be admitted. Yet this wire is placed in the centre of a comparatively soft
and absolutely weak core, and surrounded with spirals of iron or steel by way of
giving strength. The axiom of mechanics which is here transgressed is this :—
In any structure composed of spirals in combination with straight lines, any strain
must first be borne by the straight lines. It was stated that the best insulator is
the compound of Mr. John Macintosh, one-half cheaper than either gutta-percha
or india-rubber, and much superior to either gum, both in goodness of insulation
and lowness of inductive capacity. With regard to the route which it is advisable
to pursue: recent discoveries of shoal water, 80 furlongs half way, lat. 45° 30'N.,
long. 88° 50' W., in the direct great-circle tract between this country and the
island of Bermuda make it certain that means may be found of dividing any future
cable into comparatively short sections. Captain Selwyn is of opinion that a
species of vulcanized rubber coating will be found the best and cheapest protecting
material. Captain Selwyn’s plan for paying out the cable consists in the employ-
ment of one or more cylindrical drums, built of sheet iron or wood, as strongly
TRANSACTIONS CF THE SECTIONS. 189
ut together as these materials now are in ships, with no more liability to leakage,
ut with the remarkable difference that here you have a ship or floating structure
which is hermetically sealed against the influx of water from any other cause. On
these drums or floating cylinders the whole cable to be laid is coiled; and, owing
to the great capacity or cubical contents of any cylindrical body, as much cable
can be well and safely carried in this way for £5000 as would cost, if in a ship,
£30,000, or six times as much, without the safety. The cable which is now to be
carried by the Great Eastern could be well carried on two cylinders costing less
than £8000 each.
On a Machine for Testing Girders. By J. L. Stormertr and Roserr Prrr.
The machine (which was exhibited in action to the Members of the Section) con-
sists of a compound steelyard lever of the first order, from the extremity of which
is suspended a pan to contain weights, the lesser lever being furnished with a
graduated index and a sliding weight, as in a weighing machine; the beam under
roof represents the fulcrum, and the resistance is obtained by pivoting the short
end of the larger lever on a centre attached to a mass of stone buried in the ground
or to a screw pile; the ends of the beam rest upon two moveable standards or
jacks, and are made to rise and fall either by screws or by a hydraulic press; the
object of this arrangement (which is the principal point of novelty in the machine)
being to preserve the centres of the steelyards in a level line, however great the
deflection of the beam. The deflection is measured on a straight edge, supported
on standards fixed to the ends of the beam, and rising and falling with it, and by
means of a rod screwed to the upper flanch of the centre of the beam, and working
a light lever indicator moving against a quadrant scale, the deflection and set can
be distinctly read off to the ;4,th of aninch. The pressure caused by the weight
of the steelyards alone is previously ascertained by actual weighing, and becomes a
constant quantity to be added to the indicated load. The advantages of the ar-
rangement consist in, Ist, perfect safety to the operator; 2nd, great accuracy in
defining the weight applied, and in determining the deflection and set ; 3rd, extreme
facility of the whole operation, enabling girders to be proved at a cost of about one
shilling per ton of girder; 4th, moderate cost of the apparatus.
On Microscopical Photographs of various Kinds of Iron and Steel.
By H. C. Sorpy, F.RS., F.GS,
The author first briefly explained how sections of iron and steel may be prepared
for the microscope so as to exhibit their structure to a perfection that leaves little
or nothing to be desired. He then exhibited a series of microscopical photographs,
taken under his directions by Mr. Charles Hoole, illustrating the various stages in
the manufacture of iron and steel, and described the structures which they present.
They show various mixtures of iron, of two or three well-defined compounds of
iron and carbon, of graphite, and of slag; and these, being present in different pro-
portions, and arranged in various manners, give rise to a large number of varieties
of iron and steel, differing by well-marked and very striking peculiarities of
structure,
On the Working of Underground Railways by Hydraulic Power.
By Mr. Symons.
At the last Meeting of the Association Messrs. Hawthorne brought forward a
plan of working railways by fixed steam-engines in connexion with endless wires
working round a series of wheels placed between the lines of rail. It was suggested
as especially adapted for underground railways, where it would be desirable to dis-
pense with locomotives. It will be obvious, however, that a very considerable
drawback to its adoption is the great loss of power by friction. The author of
this paper suggests that water-power may be substituted with advantage for the
continuous wire ; and he proposes, in fact, to use an endless wire of water instead
of one of iron wire. A great saving of power would result from the fact that, by
this plan, only the traction-wheels actually in contact with the train would be in
motion, Drawings were exhibited to show the working of the plan,
190 +) onmportT——1864:
Experiments on the Elasticity of Iron. By Jamus WILLIAMS.
In the engineers’ workshop, where straight bars of metal are used for the purpose
of testing the work under process of manufacture, it is necessary to keep at least
three bars or surfaces of each kind for the purpose of testing each other; for it has
long been known that a straight edge, got up with all the care and accuracy pos-
sible, true to-day will be bent to-morrow ; indeed the very handling of it while in
use is quite sufficient to distort it to such a degree that the workman frequently
has to put it by awhile until it comes to the natural temperature of the room he
works in, the partial heat of the hands alone being sufficient to render it useless
for its object. In getting up straight edges and flat surfaces, if two only are used
to test each other, it is all but a certainty that one will be hollow and the other
rounding; but by using three we are enabled to discover this defect. The author
showed the flexibility of iron and steel by experiments.
On Plated Ships and their Armament. By Captain Wueatiey, RN,
On Revolving Sails. By Captain Wuxzattey, RN.
On Improvements in the Defence of Ships of War. By Captain Wunar.ey.
The author thinks that in future the mode of attacking an iron ship will be to
imitate the practice of a breaching battery on shore, where all the guns are directed
to a particular spot in the wall to be breached, and to take the ship’s water-line
as a horizontal line, and the line of any prominent mark, as a mast or funnel, for
a perpendicular, and to order all the guns to be directed on the one spot where
these two lines meet. He also proposes that screens of oiled south-wester canvas,
having a piece of heavy wire-rope at the bottom, should be let down immediately
the shot has struck, a bag of wood-shavings and a mattress forced into the gap,
covered by a plank and shored up from the inner side of the wing. This will only
stop the main rush of the water; a great deal will still flow through the irregular
crevices. These he proposes to stop by plastering the canvas to the side with
hydraulic cement, which is said to become fixed under water in a quarter of an
hour.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 191
List of Papers of which Abstracts have not been received.
On the Spectrum of Polarized Light. By A. Waveu.
Description of a cheap form of Automatic Regulator for the Electric Light.
By Samvrt Hieurey, F.GS8.
On the Geognostic relations of the Auriferous Quartz of Nova Scotia.
By Henry C. Satmon, /.GLS.
On the Formation of the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea.
By the Rev. H. B. Tristram, M.A., P.LS.
On the Geology of Palestine. By the Rev. H. B. Tristram, W.A., F.LS,
On the Ornithology of Palestine, and the peculiarities of the Jordan Valley.
By the Rev. H. B. Tristram, M.A., F.L.S.
Notice of a New Entromostracon, from Eamouth.
By Tuomas Wricut, M.D.
On South African Swifts and Swallows. By Frepvericx R, Surrexs.
On the Development of Cysticercus. By D. W. Brrrrar.
On the Dietary of the Agricultural Poor. By the Rev. J. Suarrer.
On the Combination of Food in the Meals of the Labowring Classes.
By Evwarp Suita, V.D., FBS.
Nutritive Elements in the Dietary of the Labouring Classes.
By Epwarp Suitu, M.D., PRS.
On the Growth of Desert in Morocco. By Dr. Tuomas Hopexin,
On the Comoro Islands. By Capt. AtcrRNon DE Horsey, R.N.
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INDEX I.
TO
REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.
OBJECTS and rules of the Association,
Xvii.
Places and times of meeting, with names
of officers from commencement, xx.
Treasurer’s account, xxiv.
Members of Council from commence-
ment, Xxv.
Officers and Council for 1864-65, xxviii.
Officers of Sectional Committees, xxix.
Corresponding Members, xxx.
Report of Council to General Com-
mittee, xxxi.
Report of the Kew Committee, 1863-64,
XXxi.
Accounts of the Kew Committee, 1863-
xlvi.
Report of the Parliamentary Committee,
xlvii,
Recommendations adopted by the Ge-
neral Committee at Bath :—involving
ants of money, xlviii; applications
:. reports and researches, li; appli-
cations to Government or institutions,
li; communications to be printed en-
tire among the Reports, li.
Synopsis of grants of money appropriated
to scientific purposes, lii.
General statement of sums which have
been paid on account of grants for
scientific purposes, liv.
Extracts from resolutions of the General
Committee, lix.
Arrangement of General Meetings, lix.
Address by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., 1x.
Adderley (Right Hon. C. B.), report on
the uniformity of weights and mea-
sures, 102.
Airy (G. B.), report on the uniformity
of weights and measures, 102.
Alloys, Dr. Matthiessen on the electrical
permanency of metals and their, 351.
Amyl, nitrate of, Dr. B. W. Richardson
on the physiological action of, 120;
physical effect on dead organic mat-
ters, 120; effects on the skin, 121;
pathological effects of the, 127; com-
parison of effects of the, with other
amyl-compounds and other bodies,
127; cause of the rapidity of the cir-
culation under, 127.
Armstrong (Sir William), report on the
uniformity of weights and measures,
102.
Atlantic cable, William Fairbairn’s pre-
liminary investigation of the me-
oe at properties of the proposed,
408.
Balloon ascents in 1863 and 1864, James
Glaisher’s account of ‘meteorological
and physical observations innine, 193 ;
fourteenth ascent, 200 ; fifteenth, 204 ;
sixteenth, 214; seventeenth, 222;
eighteenth, 228; nineteenth, 234;
twentieth, 236; twenty-first, 240;
twenty-second, 250.
Bateman (J. F.), report on tidal obser-
vations made on the Humber and
rivers Trent and Ouse, 1864, 129.
Brady (George 8.), report on deep-sea
dredging on the coasts of Northum-
berland and Durham, 189.
Brayley (EK. W.), report on observations
of luminous meteors, 1863-64, 1.
Bright (Sir C.), report on standards of
electrical resistance, 345.
British Isles, G. J. Symons on the fall
of rain in the, during the years 1862
and 1863, 367.
Brown (Samuel), report on the uni-
formity of weights and measures, 102.
Cable, Atlantic, William Fairbairn’s
13
194.
preliminary investigation of the me-
chanical properties of the proposed,
408
Coal-field, report of the committee on
the distribution of the organic remains
of the N. Staffordshire, 342.
Cobbold (Dr. T. Spencer), report of ex-
periments respecting the development
and migrations of the Entozoa, 111.
Dredging, deep-sea, on the coasts of
Northumberland and Durham, report
by G. S. Brady, 189.
Dredgings, Shetland, further report on,
by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, 327.
Durham, report by G. 8. Brady on deep-
sea dredging on the coast of, 189.
Egerton (Sir Philip de M. Grey, Bart.),
report on the distribution of the or-
ganic remains of the North Stafford-
shire coal-field, 342.
Electrical resistance, report of the com-
mittee on standards of, 345; appendix
350,
standards, Dr. A. Matthiessen and
C. Hockin on the reproduction of, by
chemical means, 352.
Entozoa, Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold on the
development and migrations of the,
111
Esselbach (Dr.), report on standards of
électrical resistance, 345.
Ewart (W.), report on the uniformity of
weights and measures, 102.
Fairbairn (William), preliminary in-
yestigation of the mechanical pro-
perties of the proposed Atlantic cable,
408.
Glaisher (James), report on observations
of luminous meteors, 1863-64, 1; an
account of meteorological and physi-
cal observations in nine balloon as-
cents in 1863 and 1864, 193.
Graham (T.), report on the uniformity
of weights and measures, 102.
Greg (Robert P.), report on observations
of luminous meteors, 1865-64, 1.
Hay (Sir John, Bart.), report on the
uniformity of weights and measures,
102.
Hennessy (Prof.), report on the uni-
formity of weights and measures, 102.
Herschel (Alexander 8.), report on ob-
servations of luminous meteors, 1863-
64, 1,
Heywood (James), report on the uni-
REPORT—1864.
ra of weights and measures,
102.
Hockin (Charles), on the measurement
of electrical resistance made at King’s
College, 350; on the reproduction of
electrical standards by chemicalmeans,
352.
Humber, on tidal observations made on
the, in 1864, 129.
Huxley (Prof. T. H.), report on the dis-
tribution of the organic remains of
the N. Staffordshire coal-field, 342.
Jeffreys (J. Gwyn), further report on
Shetland dredgings, 327.
Jenkin (Fleeming), report on standards of
electrical resistance, 345, 350.
Joule (Dr.), report on standards of elec-
trical resistance, 345. 1}
,
Lee (Dr.), report on the uniformity of
weights and measures, 102.
Levi (Dr. Leone), report on the unifor-
mity of weights and measures, 102.
Luminous meteors, report on, by James
Glaisher, Robert P. Greg, E. W. Bray-
ley, and Alexander S. Herschel, 1;
catalogue of, 2; appendix, 90.
Matthiessen (Dr. A.), report on standards
of electrical resistance, 345; on the
electrical permanency of metals and
alloys, 351; onthe reproduction of elec-
trical standards by chemical means,
352.
Maxwell (Prof.), report on standards of
electrical resistance, 345, 550.
Metals and alloys, Dr. A. Matthiessen
on the electrical permanency of, 351.
Meteoric shower of August 1864, 93.
Meteorites, 97.
Meteors doubly observed, 90.
Metric measurement, comparison of En-
elish and, 105.
Miller (Prof. W. A.), report on the uni-
formity of weights and measures, 102;
report on standards of electrical re-
sistance, 345. ;
Molyneux (William), report on the dis-
tribution of the organic remains of
the N. Staffordshire coal-field, 342.
Newton (Prof.) on the height of shoot-
ing-stars,95; on November star-show-
ers, 96.
North Staffordshire coal-field, report of
the committee on the distribution of
the organic remains of the, 342.
Northumberland, report by G. 8. Brady
on deep-sea dredging on the coast of,
189.
INDEX I.
Oldham (James), report on tidal obser-
vations made on the Humber and
rivers Trent and Ouse, 1864, 129.
Organic remains of the N. Staffordshire
coal-field, report of the committee on
the distribution of the, 342.
Ouse, on tidal observations made in the
river, in 1864, 129.
Purdy (Frederick), report on the unifor-
mity of weights and measures, 102.
Rain, G. J. Symons on the fall of, in the
British Isles, during the years 1862
and 1863, 367.
Rainfall, table of comparison of the, in
the four years, 1860-63, with the ave-
rage of the ten years 1850-59, 372 ;
table of, at selected stations, in 1862
» and 1863, 874; tables of monthly, in
the British Isles, 378.
Rankine (Prof.), report on the uniformity
of weights and measures, 102.
Richardson (Dr, Benjamin W.), report
on the plipatclagical action of nitrate
of amyl, 120.
Robinson (Rey. Dr.), report on the uni-
+ formity of weights and measures, 102.
Russell (John Scott), report on tidal
observations made on the Humber and
rivers Trent and Ouse in 1864, 129.
Shetland dredgings, further report on,
by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, 327.
Shooting-stars, Prof. Newton on the
heights of, 95.
, on the radiant points of, 98.
Siemens (C. W.), report on standards of
electrical resistance, 345.
Stars, shooting-, Prof. Newton on the
heights of, 95.
195
Star-showers, Prof. Newton on, 96.
Stewart (Balfour), report on standards
of electrical resistance, 345.
Sykes (Colonel), report on the uniformity
of weights and measures, 102.
Symons (G. J.) on the fall of rain in the
British Isles during the years 1862 &
1863, 367.
Tidal observations made on the Humber
and rivers Trent and Ouse in 1864, re-
port of a committee on, 129.
Tite (W.), report on the uniformity of
weights and measures, 102.
Thompson (Thomas), report on tidal
observations made in the Humber and
rivers Trent and Ouse in 1864, 129.
Thomson (Prof.), report on standards of
electrical resistance, 345, ;
Trent, on tidal observations made on the
river, in 1864, 129,
Varley (C. F.), report on standards of
electrical resistance, 345.
Weights and measures, report of a com-
mittee on the best means of providing
for a uniformity of, with reference to
the interests of science, 102.
Wheatstone (Prof.), report on standards
of electrical resistance, 345
Williamson (Prof. A. W.), report on
the uniformity of weights and mea-
sures, 102; report on standards of
electrical resistance, 345.
Wrottesley (Lord), report on the uni-
formity of weights and measures, 102.
Yates (James), report on the uniformity
of weights and measures, 102.
13*
196
REPORT—1864.
INDEX II.
TO
MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS TO THE
SECTIONS.
[An asterisk (*) signifies that no abstract of the communication is given.]
*Abbott (Keith E.) on the province of
Azerbaijan, 136.
Acid, carbolic, J. A. Wanklyn on the
probable constitution of Kolbe and
Schmitt’s colouring-matter obtained
by acting upon, with oxalic and sul-
phuric acids, 44.
*Acids, A. R. Catton on the direct con-
version of acetic acid into butyric and
caproic, 26.
/Esculus hippocastaneum, Dr. John
Davy on the, 121.
Africa, James Fox Wilson on the in-
ae desiccation of inner southern,
Agates, Prof. Tennant on the colouring
of, 42.
, Prof. Tennant on, found on our
coasts, 72.
*Air, A. C, Kirk on the production of
cold by the expansion of, 32.
Alexander (Col. Sir James Edward) on
the Maories of New Zealand, with sug-
gestions for their pacification and pre-
servation, 136.
Amazons, H, W. Bates on the Delta of
the, 137,
Ammonites, Dr. Thomas Wright on the
development of, 73.
Anchor-testing, R. A. Peacock on, 187.
*Anderson (Dr. T.) on some bituminous
substances, 24,
Anemometer, C, O. F. Cator on a new,
*
Anhydrite, Alphonse Gages on the arti-
ficial production of, 27,
Animals, F. Galton on the domestica-
tion of, 93.
Anodon cygnea, J. E. Daniel on parasites
found in, 93.
Antimony, Dr. W. Bird Herapatho n a
new method of detecting, by its hydro-
gen compounds when in mixed gases,
3l
Aquilegia vulgaris, Prof. Buckman on a
curious form of, 86.
Armies, E. B. Elliott on military sta-
tistics of certain, especially those of
the United States, 164.
Arsenic, Dr. W. Bird Herapath on a new
method of detecting, by its hydrogen
compounds, when in mixed gases, 31.
Asia Minor, Hyde Clarke on the Iberian
population of, anterior to the Greeks,
140.
*Astronomy, physical, R. W. Hardy on,
6
*Atmosphere, Dr. S. Mossman on the
constitution of the, 36.
, Dr. T. L. Phipson on the black
stones which fell from the, at Birming-
ham, in 1858, 37.
* , Samuel Mossman on the, 146.
*Atmospheric air, Stewart Clark on an
apparatus for estimating the organic
impurities in, 26.
* Australia, McDouall Stuart’s account of
his journey across, 148.
, Colonel Torrens on the land-trans-
fer of, as applicable to Ireland, 179.
, W. Westgarth on crime in, 180.|
Automatic regulator for the electric light,
S. Highley on a cheap form of, 13.
*Azerbaijan, Keith E, Abbott on the
province of, 136,
Baikie (Dr.) on the Manatus Vogelii, 88.
Baily (W. Hellier) on some new points
in the structure of Palechinus, 49 ;
on the occurrence of fish-remains in
the old red sandstone at Portishead,
near Bristol, 49.
Baker (Mr. 8.), the traveller in Central
Africa, latest news from, 146,
INDEX II.
Balatta and other gums, Dr. R. Riddell
on, as a substitute for gutta percha,
87.
Balfour (Prof.) on some rare Scotch
plants, 86.
*Barham (Francis) on the alimentary
character of nitrogen gas, 117.
Barlow (Peter W.) on the power re-
quired to overcome the vis inertiz of
railway trains, 184.
*Barrett (A.) on the South Wales mi-
neral basin, 50.
Barrow, C. Spence Bate on an ancient
Cornish, 88.
Bastian (Dr. A.) on the ethnology of
Cambodia, 136.
Bate (C. Spence) on a human skull and
the bones of animals found with pot-
tery ina kjékkenmédden on the coast
of Cornwall, 88; on an ancient Cor-
nish barrow, 88,
Bates (H. W.) on the Delta of the Ama-
zons, 137.
Bath, Rey. L. Jenyns on the temperature
and rainfall at, 17.
, Dr. Daubeny on the thermal waters
of, 26.
, J. E. Daniel on the Mollusca of, 93.
, R. T. Gore on the mortality of the
city of, 167.
Bath waters, Prof. Roscoe on the exist-
ence of lithium, strontium, and copper
in the, 41.
Beck (Richard). observations on the spin-
nerets of spiders, 88.
*Beddoe (Dr. B.) on the testimony of
local phenomena to the permanence of
wpe 89.
Belcher (Admiral Sir E.) on improye-
ments in the defence of ships of war,
184.
Bennett (Dr. J. Hughes) on the physio-
logical aspect of the sewerage ques-
tion, 117; on Marey’s new sphygmo-
aph, 119.
*Bird (Dr. Henry) on the utilization of
sewage, 24; on the human bones found
in tumuli situated on the Cotteswold
hills, 137,
Bird (Dr. W.) on a new method of de-
tecting arsenic, antimony, sulphur, and
phosphorus, by their hydrogen com-
pounds, when in mixed gases, 31.
Birds, C. Ottley Groom on the food of,
95.
Birmingham, Dr. T. L. Phipson on the
black stones which fell from the at-
mosphere at, in 1858, 37.
Birt (W. R.) on methods of detecting
changes on the moon’s surface, 4,
197
*Bituminous substances, Dr, T, Ander-
son on, 24,
Blood-corpuscle, Dr. Edwards Crisp on
the size of the, in relation to the size
of the animal, its swiftness and powers
of endurance, 121.
Bokhara, M. Alexander Hippius on Rus-
sian trade with, 145.
Bone breccia with flints in Lebanon, the
Rey. H. B. Tristram on a, 72.
Boulder-clay and drift of Scarborough
and E. Yorkshire, John Leckenby on
the, 58.
of Caithness, C. W. Peach’s addi-
tional list of fossils from the, 61.
*Bowen (Sir George) on the advance of
colonization in N. EK. Australia, 137.
*Boyd (Dr. R.) on the measurements of
the head and weight of the brain in
696 cases of insanity, 119.
Bradford-on-Avon Union, W. Gee on the
mode adopted at the, for the utiliza-
tion of sewage, 28.
Brady (H. B.) on the Foraminifera of the
middle and upper lias of Somerset-
shire, 50.
Bristol, Henry W. Bristow on the Rhetic
(or Penarth) beds of theneighbourhood
of, 50.
Bristol coal-field, W. Sanders on a geo-
logical map of the, 68.
, Statistics relative to the, by Handel
Corsham, 164.
Bristow (Henry W.) on the Rheetie (or
Penarth) beds of the neighbourhood of
Bristol and the 8. W. of England, 50.
British Columbia, Viscount Milton’ and
Dr. Cheadle on an expedition across
the Rocky Mountains into, 141.
Brodie (Rev. P. B.) on two outliers of
lias in 8. Warwickshire, and on the
aie ee of the Rheetic bone-bed at
<nowle, its furthest northern exten-
sion hitherto recognized in that county,
52
Bronze age of society, John Crawfurd on
the supposed, 143.
Brown (Samuel) on the rates of mortality
and marriage amongst Europeans in
India, 163.
Browne (Rey. C.F.) on the formation and
condition of the ice in certain ice-caves
of the Jura, Vosgian Jura, Dauphiné,
and Savoy, 52.
Browne (Rey. G.) on the prismatic for-
mation of ice in certain ice-caves and
glaciers, 24.
Browning (J.) on a new form of spec-
troscope in which direct vision is ob-
tained with a single prism, 9.
198
‘Buckland (Frank) on the natural history
and cultivation of the oyster, 89; ona
very ancient human cranium from Gib-
raltar, 91; on salmon-hatching and
salmon-ladders, 91.
Buckman (Prof.) on a curious form of
Aquilegia vulgaris, 86; on Datura stra-
monium and Datura tatula, 87.
Burton (Captain) on the present state
si Lee 137; on the river Congo,
Caithness, C. W. Peach’s additional list
of fossils from the boulder-clay of, 59.
*Calculating-machine, Dr. W. Farr on
life-tables by the Swedish, 165.
@ , Major-Gen, Hannyngton on the,
167.
Cambodia, Dr. A, Bastian on the ethno-
logy of, 136.
*Cameron (John) on the islands of Ka-
latoa and Puloweh, 140.
*Canada, Sir W. Logan, Dr. Dawson,
and Dr. Sterry Hunt on organic re-
mains in Laurentian rocks in, 58,
*Carbon compounds, A. R. Catton on
the molecular constitution of, 26.
Carbonic acid, Dr. Daubeny on the cause
of the extrication of, from the interior
of the earth, 52.
Carboniferous series, W. W. Stoddart
on the lowest beds of the Clifton, 71.
Carpenter (Philip P.) on the connexion
between the crag formations and the
recent North Pacific faunas, 52.
Carter (Dr. L. T. A.) on the lymphatics
in the liver of Man and the Pig, 119.
Cator (C. O. F.) on a new anemometer,
Catton (A.) on the connexion between
the form and optical properties of crys-
tals, 10.
*Catton (A. R.) on the direct conversion
of acetic acid into butyric and caproic |
acids, 26; on the molecular constitu-
tion of carbon compounds, 26,
Cayley (Prof.) on the problem of the in-
and circumscribed triangle, 1; on a
formula of M. Chasles relating to the
contact of conics, 1.
Celebes, Alfred R. Wallace on the pro-
gress of civilization in northern, 149.
Cell-theories, J. F. Dickson on, 122.
Cephalopod shells, Harry Seeley on the
significance of the septa and siphuncles
of, 100.
*Cerebellum, W. T. S. Prideaux on the
_ functions of the, 125.
Chain-cable and anchor testing, R. A.
Peacock on, 187,
REPORT—1864.
*Charlesworth (Edward) on the new
elevator gun, 185.
Chasles (M.), Prof. Cayley on a formula
of, relating to the contact of conics, 1.
Cheadle (Dr.) and Viscount Milton on an
expedition across the Rocky Mountains
into British Columbia by the Yellow-
head or Heather Pass, 141.
Cheltenham, Dr. Edward Wilson on the
sanitary statistics of, 180.
Chemical change, A. Vernon Harcourt
on the rate of, 28.
Chetwynd (W.) on the progress of postal
banks, 163.
China, Alex. Michie’s notes on, 145.
*Chronometers, natural, Prof. Phillips
on the measure of geological time by,
64.
*Clark (Stewart) on an apparatus for
estimating the organic impurities in
atmospheric air and in water, 26.
Clarke (Hyde) on the Iberian popula-
tion of Asia Minor anterior to the
Greeks, 140.
Claudet (A.) on photo-sculpture, 10.
Clifford amalgamated mines of Corn-
wall, W. W. Smyth on the thermal
water of the, 70.
Clifton, Dr. J. A. Symonds on the sani-
tary statistics of, 176.
Clifton carboniferous series, W. W.Stod-
dart on the lowest beds of the, 71.
Climate, Professor Hennessy on the pos-
sible conditions of geological, 55.
Clowes (Rey. G.) on the western shores
of the Dead Sea, 141.
*Coal-field, J. Mackenzie on the New
South Wales, 59.
——, W. Sanders on a geological map
of the Bristol, 68.
——,, statistics relative to the Bristol,
by Handee Cossham, 164.
Coal-measures of N. 8. Wales, William
Keene on the, 58.
Cobbold (Dr. T. Spencer) on food as a
source of Entozoa, 119.
Cohesion-figures of liquids, C. Tomlinson
on the, 21.
Colburn (Zerah) on steam boilers, 185.
*Cold, A. C. Kirk on the production of,
by the expansion of air, 32.
*Colonization in N.E. Australia, Sir
George Bowen on the advance of, 137.
Compasses, Prof. H. D. Rogers on the
“liquid steering-compass”’ and “ mo-
nitor compass,” 14,
Congo, Capt. Burton on the river, 140.
Conies, Prof. Cayley on a‘formula of M.
Chasles relating to the contact of, 1.
-Connécticut valley, Prof. W. B. Rogers
INDEX II.
on a peculiar fossil found in the me-
sozoic sandstone of the, 66.
Cope Prof. Roscoe on the existence
of, in the Bath waters, 41.
Copper-smelting, P. Spence on, 41.
Corals from the Shetlands, Dr. G. E.
Gray on the new, 95.
Corixa, R. Garner on the vocal organ of
the, 122.
Cornelius (Mr.), Prof.-W. B. Rogers on
an invention by, for lighting gas by
electricity, 40.
Cornish barrow, C. Spence Bate on an
ancient, 88.
Cornwall, C. Spence Bate on a, human
skull and the bones of animals found
with pottery in a kjo6kkenmédden on
the coast of, 88.
*Cossham (Handel) on the geological
formation of the district around Kings-
wood Hill, 52.
, Statistics relative to the Bristol
Coal-field, 164.
Cotteswold Hills, Dr. H. Bird on the
human bones formed in tumuli in the,
137.
Cotton-chart, Col. C. W. Grant’s notes
on a, 166,
Crace-Calyert (F.) on a new method of
acacting gold from auriferous ores,
Crag-formations, Philip P. Carpenter on
the connexion between the, and the
recent North Pacific faunas, 52.
Genial deformities, William Turner on,
9
Cranium from Gibraltar, G. Busk on a
very ancient human, 91.
Crawfurd (John) on the sources of the
supply of tin for the bronze tools and
Weapons of antiquity, 142; om the
supposed infecundity of human hy-
brids or crosses, 142; on the early
migration of man, 145; on the sup-
Posed stone, bronze, and iron ages of
society, 145.
Cremona (Prof.) on the geometrical
- transformation of plane curves, 3.
Crime and criminals in England, T. W.
Saunders on statistics of, 172.
Crime in Australia, W. Westgarth on,
iow
*: in England and France, M.Guerry
on, 167.
‘Crisp (Dr. Edwards) on the anatomy of
the Quadrumana, with a comparative
estimate‘ of the intelligence of the
apes and monkeys, 92; on the anatomy
- of the Struthionide, Ostriches, Rheas,
and Casuaries, 92; on valves in the
199
abdominal veins, 120; on the size of
the blood-corpuscle in relation to the
size of the animal, its swiftness and
powers of endurance, 121.
Crystals, A. Catton on the connexion
between the form and optical proper-
ties of, 10:
Curves, plane, Prof. Cremona on the
geometrical transformation of, 3.
Dahome, Captain Burton on the present
state of, 137,
Daniel (J. E.) on the mollusca of Bath,
and an account of parasites found in
Anodon cygnea, 93.
Datura stramonium and Datura tatula,
Professor Buckman on, 87
Daubeny (Dr.) on the thermal waters of
Bath, 26; on the cause of the extri-
cation of carbonic acid from the inte-
rior of the earth, and on its chemical
action upon the constituents of fel-
spathic rocks, 52; on the decay of
species, and on the natural provisions
for extending their duration, 87.
Davy (Dr. John) on the Salmonide,
chiefly relating to their generative
power, 93.
, on the Horse-chestnut (sculus
hippocastaneum), 121; on the tem-
perature of the sexes, 121.
Dawes (Rev. W. R.) on the present
aspect of the discussion respecting the
telescopic appearance of the solar
photosphere, 4.
Dawkins (W. Boyd) on the newer Plio-
cene fauna of the caverns and river-
deposits of Somersetshire, 53.
*Dawson (Dr.) on organic remains in
Laurentian rocks in Canada, 58.
Dead Sea, Rey. H. B. Tristram on the
sulphur- and bitumen-deposit at the
S.W. corner of the, 73.
, Rey. G. Clowes on the western
shores of the, 141.
*De Rousillon (Duc) on the Scythians,
147
*Devonshire, H. C, Hodge on the origin
of certain rocks, and on the ossiferous
caverns of the south of, 57.
, South-eastern, W. Pengelly on the
changes of relative level of land and
sea in, in connexion with the antiquity
of mankind, 63.
Dialysis, Dr. A. T. Machattie on the
detection of poisons by, 34.
Dickson (J. T.) on cell-theories, 122.
Diet, George Frean on the use of milk
a5 Scotch barley as an article of,
¥
200
Discount, Prof. Henry Fawcett on the
causes which produce the present high
rate of, 165.
Disease, Alfred Haviland on the hour
of death in acute and chronic, 123.
Doors, G. Fawcus on suggested im-
provements in, 186. :
Dorsetshire, Dr. T. Wright on the white
lias of, 75. i
Doty (Captain) on the torpedoes used
ee Conkalerate States in the sesifas-
tion of some of the Federal ships of
war, and the mode of attaching them
to the rams, 185.
Doughty (Charles M.) on the Yostedal
Brae, a large glacier-system in South
Norway, 145.
Earth, Dr. Daubeny on the cause of the
extrication of carbonic acid from the
interior of the, 52.
Earthquake and storm in Sussex, of
August 21, 1864, Rev. E. B. Ellmar
on the, 16.
*—— at St. Helena, Sir C. Elliot on a
recent, 145.
Echinodermata, Dr. W. B. Herapath on
the pedicellariz of the, 95.
Egyptian race, Reg. Stuart Poole on the
ethnic relations of the, 146.
Electric light, 8. Highley on a cheap
form of automatic regulator for the, 13.
Electric-resistance balance, Fleeming
Jenkin on an, constructed by Prof. W.
Thomson, 14.
Electricalsignals on land-lines, Fleeming
Jenkin on the retardation of, 13.
*Hlectricity, H. Keevil on the develop-
ment of, from the rays of the sun and
other sources of light, 14.
, J. B. Thompson on the mechanical
theory and application of the laws of
magnetic induction and, 15.
*Elliot (Sir C.) on arecent earthquake
at St. Helena, 143.
Elliott, E. B., on military statistics of
certain armies, especially those of the
United States, 164.
Ellis (Alexander J.) on stigmatics, 2.
Ellmar (Rey. E. B.) ontheearthquake and
storm in Sussex of August 21,1864, 16.
Empire, Lieut.-Col. Kennedy on the
British home and colonial, in its
mutual relations, 169.
England, C. Moore on the geology of
the south-west of, 59.
Entozoa, Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold on food
as a source of, 119.
Etherification, J. Alfred Wanklyn on a
curious example of, 44.
REPORT—1864.
*Ethnology, T. 8. Prideaux on the prin-
ciples of, 147.
*Euphorbiacez, Dr. Miiller on, 87.
Eurypteride, Henry Woodward on the
family of, with descriptions of some
new genera and species, 73.
*Fairley (Thomas) on the action of
hydrogen on polycyanides, 26.
*Falconer (Dr.) .on fossil and human
remains of the Gibraltar cave, 53.
Farr (Dr. William), his address as Presi-~
dent of Section F, 151.
——, life-tables, by the Swedish calcu-
lating-machine, 165.
Farrar (Rey. T.) on the fixity of the
types of man, 143.
Fauna of the caverns and river-deposits
of Somersetshire, W. Boyd Dawkins
on the newer Pliocene, 53.
Faunas, North Pacific, Philip P. Car-
penter on the connexion between the
crag formations and the recent, 52.
Fawcett (Prof. Henry) on the causes
which produce the present high rate
of discount, 165.
Fawcus (G.) on suggested improvements
in doors, 186.
*—_, improvements inscaling- and other
ladders, 186.
Field (Frederick) on a specimen of tin-
ore hitherto undescribed, 27.
Fish-remains in the old red sandstone
at Portishead, W. Hellier Baily on
the occurrence of, 49.
*Food, Dr. Thomas Hayden on the rela-
tive and special applications of fat and
sugar as, 124.
Foods and dietaries, Dr. Edward Smith
on the best method of estimating the
nutritive values of, 128.
Foraminifera of the middle and upper
lias of Somersetshire, Henry B, Brady
on the, 50.
Foreigners, Prof. Leyi on the number
and occupations of, in England, 169.
Frean (George) on the use of milk and
Scotch barley as an article of diet, 122.
Frescoes in the Houses of Parliament,
William Poole King on the premature
decay of the, its cause and remedy, 32.
Furlong (Rey. T.) on the possibility of
constructing ellipsoidal lenses, 5,
Gages (Alphonse) on the artificial pro-
duction of anhydrite, 27.
*Galloway (George Bell) on improyve-
ments in screw-propellers, 186,
a on life-boats forshipsandsteamers,
INDEX II.
Galton (F.) on the domestication of ani-
mals, 93,
Garner (R.) on the vocal organ of the
Corixa, an aquatic insect, 122.
*Gas, George Glover on instruments for
the measurement of, 186,
——, Prof. W. B. Rogers on an inven-
tion by Mr. Cornelius for lighting by
electricity, 40.
—,, illuminating, Prof. W. B. Rogers
on apparatus and processes for the
chemical and photometrical testing of,
39.
*
, nitrogen, Francis Barham on the
alimentary character of, 117.
, oxygen, Dr. B. W. Richardson on
the inhalation of, 125.
Gassiot (J. P.) on the adaptation of bi-
sulphide-of-carbon prisins, and the use
of telescopes of long focal distance, in
the examination of the sun’s spectrum,
i.
*Gauge, G. Hartmann’s description of a
parallel, 186.
Gee (A.) on the mode adopted at the
Bedford-on-Avon Union for the utili-
zation of sewage, 28.
Geology of the South-west of England,
C. Moore on the, 59.
Gibb (Dr. G. D.) on the difference be-
tween the larynx of the negro and
that of the white man, 94; on the
various forms assumed by the glottis,
122; on the action of the bromides of
lithium, zinc, and lead, 123.
*Gibraltar cave, Dr. Falconer on fossil
and human remains of the, 53.
, G. Busk on a very ancient human
cranium from, 91.
Girders, J. L. Stothert and Robert Pitt
on a machine for testing, 189.
Glacial drift in the Shetland Islands,
C. W. Peach on traces of, 59.
Glacier-system in 8. Norway, Charles
M. Doughty on the Yostedal Brae,
143.
Glaciers, Rey. G. Browne on the pris-
matic formation of ice in, 24.
Gladstone (Dr.) on the transmission of
the red ray by many coloured solu-
tions, 11.
Glottis, Dr. G. D. Gibb on the various
forms assumed by the, 122.
*Glover (George) on instruments for the
measurement of gas, 186.
Gold, F. Crace-Calvert on a new method
of extracting gold from auriferous
ores, 25.
_ Goodman (Dr. John) on the functions
of the liver, 123,
201
Gore (R. T.) on the mortality of the
city of Bath, 167.
Grain, Frederick Purdy on the quantity
and value of foreign, imported into
the United Kingdom since the repeal
of the Corn Laws, 171.
Granite blocks from Wasdale craig, Prof.
Phillips on the distribution of, 65.
Grant (Col. C. A.) on a cotton-chart,
showing the eflect on cotton of the
civil war in America, 166.
Gray (Dr. J. E.), address as president of
Section D, 75; on the new corals
from the Shetlands, 95.
, notes on the whalebone whales,
with a synopsis of the species, 95.
Greeks, Hyde Clarke on the Iberian
population of Asia Minor anterior to
the, 140.
Groom (C. Ottley) on the food of birds,
95
*
*Guerry (M.) on crime in England and
France, 167.
*Gun, Edward Charlesworth on the new
elevator, 185.
Gutta percha, Dr. R. Riddell on balatta
and other gums as a substitute for, 87.
*Hannyngton (Maj.-Gen.) on the French
calculating-machine, 167.
Harcourt (A. Vernon) on the rate of
chemical change, 28.
*Hardy (R. W.) speculations on phy-
sical astronomy, 6.
Harkness (Prof.) on the lower Silurian
rocks of the 8. E. of Cumberland and
the N. E. of Westmoreland, 53.
Harley (Dr.) on the poisoned arrows of
savage man, 144.
*Hartmann (G.) description of a parallel
gauge, 186.
‘Hartnup (John), diagram of the great
storm of December 3, 1863,from the re-
cordsof theself-registeringinstruments
of the Liverpool Observatory, 17,
*Hauer (I’. von) on the latest labours of
the Imperial Geological Institute of
the Austrian Empire, 54.
Haviland (Alfred) on the hour of death
in acute and chronic disease, 123.
Hawkshaw (John), his address as Pre-
sident of Section G, 186.
*Hayden (Dr. Thomas) on the relative
and special applications of fat and
sugar as respiratory food, 124,
*Hébert (M.) on some of the oolitic
strata seen at Dundry, 57.
Hector (Dr. James) on the geology of
me Province of Otago, New Zealand,
202
*Heights, M. Moggridge on an easy
mode of measuring, 4.
*Henderson (Captain A.) on the prac-
tical progress of naval architecture in
ocean and river steamers, &c., 186.
‘Hennessy (Prof.) on the possible con-
* nexion between the ellipticity of
Mars and the general appearance of
its surface, 5; on the regression of
temperature during the month of May,
17; on the possible conditions of geo-
logical climate, 55.
Herapath (Dr. W. Bird) on the pedicel-
lariz of the Echinodermata, 95; on
the genus Synapta, 97; on the oecur-
rence of indigo in purulent discharges,
124.
*Herbert (R.) on the statistics of live
stock, 167.
Heywood (James) on the recommenda-
tions of the Public Schools Commis-
sioners for the distribution of school-
time, 167.
*Higeins (E. §.) on otolites, 57.
Highley (Samuel) on a cheap form of
automatic regulator for the electric
light, 13; on the application of pho-
tography and the magic lantern to
class demonstrations in microscopic
science and natural history, 98.
*Hincks (Rey. Thomas) on some new
hydroid zoophytes, and on the classi-
fication and terminology of the hy-
droida, 98; on the medusoid tubu-
larian zoophyte, and its return to a
fixed condition after the liberation of
the ova, 99.
Hippius (M. Alexander) on Russian
trade with Bokhara, 145.
Hirst (T. A.) on a generalization of the
method of geometrical inversion, 3.
*Hodge (H. C.) on the origin of certain
rocks, and on the ossiferous caverns of
the south of Devonshire, 57.
*Hodgkin (Dr. T.) on some geological
appearances in the N.W. of Morocco,
58
Horse-chestnut, Dr. John Davy on the,
121.
Hot spring in Wheal Clifford, Cornwall,
Dr. W. A. Miller’s chemical exami-
nation of a, 35.
Huggins (W.) on the spectra of some of
the heavenly bodies, 12.
*Hume (Rey. Dr.) on the locality of the
various religious bodies in Ireland, 169.
*Hunt (Sterry) on organic remains in
Laurentian rocks in Canada, 58.
‘Hybrids or crosses, John Crawfurd on the
supposed infecundity of human, 142.
REPORT—1864.
*Hydrogen, Thomas Fairley on the ac-
tion of, on polycyanides, 26.
* , sulphuretted, Maxwell Lyte on
an apparatus for the preservation or
disengagement of, 32.
Hydroid zoophytes, Rev. Thomas Hincks
on some new, 98.
Iberian population of Asia Minor ante-
rior to the Greeks, Hyde Clarke on
the, 140.
*Ice, Rey. C. F. Browne on the forma-
tion and condition of the, in certain
ice-caves of the Jura, Vosgian Jura,
Dauphiné, and Savoy, 52.
, Rey. G. Browne on the prismatic
formation of, in certain ice-cayes and
glaciers, 24.
*India, Southern, Dr. Shortt on some
rude tribes supposed to be the abori-
gines of, 147.
, Samuel Brown on the rates of
mortality and marriage amongst Eu-
ropeans in, 163.
Indigo, Dr. W. Bird Herapath on the
occurrence of, in purulent discharges,
124,
*Insanity, Dr. R. Boyd on the measure-
ments of the head and weight of the
brain in 696 cases of, 119.
Inversion, geometrical, T. A. Hirst on a
generalization of the method of, 3.
Tranian race, M. Nicolas de Khanikof on
the ethnology of the, 145.
Treland, J. Wilson on registration of
births and deaths in, 180.
Tris, J. J. Walker on a recent descrip-
tion of an, seen in the Lake of Lu-
cerne, 13.
Tron age of society, John Crawfurd on
the supposed, 143.
Tron and steel, H. C. Sorby on micro-
scopical photographs of various kinds
of, 189.
Tron, James Williams on the elasticity
of, 190.
Tron-smelting, Dr. B. H. Paul on useful
applications of slag from, 37.
Ischia, Dr. T. L. Phipson on the medi-
cinal muds of the island of, 38.
*Isomorphism, Dr. Williamson on, 45,
Jeffreys (J. Gwyn) on Stilifer, a genus
of quasi-parasitic mollusks, with par-
ticulars of the European species, S.
Turtoni, 99.
Jenkin (Fleeming) on the retardation
of electrical signals on land-lines, 13 ;
on an electric-resistance balance con- |
structed by Prof. W: Thomson, 14,
INDEX II.
Jenyns (Rev. L.) on the temperature
and rainfall at Bath, 17.
*Jesso, W. Martin Wood on the hairy
men of, 150.
Johnson (T.) on the successful accom-
plishment of the plan to transport
salmon ova to Australia, 99.
Jordan Valley and Eastern Palestine,
Rey. H. B. Tristram on the physical
and political geography of the, 148.
Junod (Dr. T.) on the physiological
effects of the yacuum apparatus, 125.
*Kalatoa and Puloweh, John Cameron
on the islands of, 140.
Keene (William) on the coal-measures
of New South Wales, with Spirifer,
Glossopteris, and Lepidodendron, 58.
*Keevil (H.) on the development of
electricity from the rays of the sun
and other sources of light, 14.
*Kemp (Dr. G.) on ozone, 32.
Kennedy (Lieut.-Col.) on the British
home and colonial empire in its mu-
tual relations, 169.
Khanikof (M. Nicolas de) on the ethno-
logy of the Iranian race, 145.
*Kingswood Hill, on the geological for-
mation of the district around, 52.
King (William Poole), on the premature
decay of the frescoes in the Houses of
Parliament, its cause and remedy, 32.
*Kirk (A. C.), on the production of cold
by the expansion of air, 32.
Kirkby Lonsdale, Prof. Phillips on the
formation of valleys near, 63.
Kjékkenmédden on the coast of Corn-
wall, C. Spence Bate on a human
skull and the bones ‘of animals found
with pottery in a, 88.
*Kurdistan, J. G. Taylor’s notes on, 148.
*Ladders, G. Fawcus on improvements
» in scaling- and other, 186.
Land-transfer of Australia as applicable
to Ireland, Colonel Torrens on the,
179.
Lankester (E. R.) on the species of the
genus Pteraspis, 58.
— on the genus Pteraspis, 10.
Larynx of the negro and that of the
white man, Dr. G. D. Gibb on the
difference between the, 94.
*Laurentian rocks in Canada, Sir W.
Logan, Dr. Dawson, and Dr. Sterry
Hunt on organic remains in, 58.
Lead, Dr. G. D. Gibb on the action of
the bromides of, 123.
, metallic, Dr. A. T. Machattie on
the presence of nickel im, 34.
203
Lebanon, Rey. H. B. Tristram on a bone-
breccia with flints in, 72.
Leckenby (John) on the boulder-clay
and drift of Scarborough and East
Yorkshire, 58.
Lee (Dr.) on an extensive lunar plain
near the Montes Hercynii, which it is
proposed to name Otto Struve, 6.
Lenses, ellipsoidal, Rey. Thomas Furlong
on the possibility of constructing, 5.
*Lentil as an article of food, C. G. Mon-
teith on the, 125,
Levi (Prof. Leone) on the economical
administration of the navy, 169.
on the number and occupation of
foreioners in England, 169.
Lias of Somersetshire, Henry B. Brady
on the Foraminifera of the middle and
upper, 50.
, Rev. P. Brodie on two outliers of,
in 8S. Warwickshire, 52.
, white, of Dorsetshire, Dr. T.
Wright on the, 75.
*Life-boats for ships and steamers, G. B.
Galloway on, 186.
*Life-tables by the Swedish calculating-
machine, Dr. W. Farr on, 165.
Liquids, C. Tomlinson on the cohesion-
figures of liquids, 21.
Lithium, Prof. Roscoe on the existence
of, in the Bath waters, 41.
, Dr. G. D. Gibb on the action of
the bromides of, 123.
*Live stock, R. Herbert on statistics
of, 167.
Liver, Dr. John Goodman on the func-
tions of the, 123.
of Man and the Pig, Dr. L. T. A.
Carter on the lymphatics in the, 119.
*Logan (Sir W.) on organic remains in
Laurentian rocks in Canada, 58.
Lucerne, lake of, J. J. Walker on a re-
cent description of an iris seen in the,
13.
Lunar plain near the Montes Hercynii,
Dr. Lee on an extensive, proposed to
be named Otto Struve, 6.
Lunar spot, Werner, Rev. T. W. Webb
on a suspected change of brightness
in the, 8.
Lungs, William Turner on a supple-
mentary system of nutrient arteries
for the, 129.
Lymphatics in the liver of man and
Lc pig, Dr. L. T. A. Carter on the,
19
*Lyte (Maxwell) on an apparatus for the
preservation or disengagement of sul-
phuretted hydrogen, carbonic acid, or
other gases, 32.
204
Macadam (Dr. Stevenson) on the pollu-
tion of rivers by the sewage of towns,
32.
Machattie (Dr. A. T.) on the detection
of poisons by dialysis, 34; on the pre-
sence of nickel in metallic lead, 34,
*Mackenzie (J.) on the New South
Wales coal-field, 59.
*Mackenzie (Miss Muir) on her journeys
in the South Sclavonic countries of
Austria and Turkey, 145.
*Maclea (Kenneth) on a remarkable
storm- and beach-wave at St. Shott’s
Newfoundland, 145.
Magnetic induction and electricity, J. B.
Thompson on the mechanical theory
and application of the laws of, 15.
Man, John Crawfurd on the early mi-
gration of, 143.
, Rey. T. Farrar on the fixity of the
types of, 143.
, savage, Dr. Harley on the poisoned
arrows of, 144.
Manatus Vogelii, Dr. Baikie on the, 88.
Maories of New Zealand, Col. Sir J. E.
Alexander on the, 136.
Marey’s new sphygmograph, Dr. J.
Hughes Bennett on, 119.
Mars, Prof. Hennessy on the possible con-
nexion between the ellipticity of, and
the general appearance of its surface, 5.
Measure, Prof. W. J. M. Rankine on
units of, 188.
Medicinal mud of the island of Ischia,
Dr. T. L. Phipson on the, 38.
Meenas, a wild tribe of Central India,
Lieut.-Col. Showers on the, 147.
Mendip caverns, W. A. Sanford on car-
nassial and canine teeth from the, 69.
Mesozoic sandstone of the Connecticut
valley, Prof. W. B. Rogers on a pecu-
liar fossil found in the, 66.
Meteorites, H. C. Sorby on the conclu-
sion to be drawn from the physical
structure of some, 70.
Michie calependes) , notes on China,
Mongolia, and Siberia, 1863, 145.
*Middleton (A.B.), sanitary statistics of
Salisbury, 169.
Milk and Scotch barley as an article of
diet, George Frean on the use of, 122.
Miller (Dr. W. A.), chemical examina-
tion of a hot spring in Wheal Clifford,
Cornwall, 35.
on the spectra of some of the
heavenly bodies, 12.
Milton (Viscount) and Dr. Cheadle on
an expedition across the Rocky Moun-
tains into British Columbia by the
Yellow-head or Leather Pass, 141,
REPORT—1864.
*Mineral basin, A. Barrett on the South
Wales, 50.
Mines of Cornwall, W. W. Smyth on
the thermal water of the Clifford
amalgamated, 70.
*Mogeridge we) on an easy mode of
measuring heights, 4.
‘ on the old Welsh mistletoe cure
for St. Vitus’s dance, 87.
Mollusca of Bath, J. E. Daniel on the, 93.
Mongolia, Alex. Michie’s notes on, 145.
*Monteith (C. G.) on the lentil as an
article of food, and its use from the
earliest historical time, 125.
Moon’s surface, Rey. T. W. Webb on
the invisible part of the, 9.
, W. R. Birt on methods of detect-
ing changes on the, 4.
*Morocco, Dr. T. Hodgkin on some geo-
logical appearances in the north-west
of, 58.
Moore (C.) on the geology of the south-
west of England, 59.
Mortality and marriage amongst Euro-
peans in India, Samuel Brown on the
rates of, 163.
Mortality in Paris and London, William
Tite on the comparative rates of, 177.
*Mossman (Dr. 8.) on the constitution
of the atmosphere, 36; on the atmo-
sphere, showing that there is a diffe-
rence in its vital constituents north
and south of the Equator, 146.
*Miiller (Dr.) on Euphorbiacez, 87.
*Murchison (Sir R. I.) on the occurrence
of the same fossil plants in the Per-
mian rocks of Westmoreland and Dur-
ham, 59; his address as president of
Section E, 130.
Navy, Prof. Leone Levi on the econo-
mical administration of the, 169.
Nervous tissue, W. E. C. Nourse on the
action of the, concerned in perception,
125.
*New South Wales coal-field, J. Mac-
kenzie on the, 59.
——, William Keene on the coal-mea-
sures of, 58.
New Zealand, Col. Sir James Edward on
the Maories of, 136.
*Nicaragua, Commander B. Pim on the
voleanic phenomena and mineral and
thermal waters of, 66.
Nickel, Dr. A. T. Machattie on the pre-
sence of, in metallic lead, 34.
*Nitrogen gas, Francis Barham on the
alimentary character of, 117.
Noble (A.) on Reaumer’s porcelain, 36.
Nourse (W. E. C.) on the action of the
INDEX II.
nervous tissue concerned in perception,
125.
Odling (William), his address as presi-
dent of Section B, 21.
Oil, paraffin, Dr. B. H. Paul on crude, 36.
Old red sandstone at Portishead, W.
Hellier Baily on the occurrence of
fish-remains in the, 49,
Olenoid trilobites from the lowest fossili-
ferous rocks of Wales, J. W. Salter
on some new forms of, 67.
*Oolite, J. Randell on the position in
the great, and the mode of working,
of the Bath freestone, 66.
Ores, F. Crace-Calvert on a new method
of extracting gold from auriferous, 25.
*Ossiferous caverns of the south of
Devonshire, H. C. Hodge on the, 57.
Otago, New Zealand, Dr. James Hector
on the geology of the province of, 54,
*Otolites, E. 8. Higgins on, 57.
Oxygen gas, Dr. B. W. Richardson on
the inhalation of, 125.
Oyster, Frank Buckland on the natural
history and cultivation of the, 89.
* Ozone, Dr. G. Kemp on, 82.
Palzchinus, W. Hellier Baily on some
new points in the structure of, 49.
Paraffin oil, Dr. B. H. Paul on crude,
36.
Paul (Dr. B. H.), on crude paraffin oil,
36.
* on the disposal of town refuse, 86,
on useful applications of slag from
iron-smelting, 37.
Peach (C. W.) on traces of glacial drift
in the Shetland Islands, 59; addi-
tional list of fossils from the boulder-
clay of Caithness, 61.
Peacock (R. A.), new formula for calcu-
lating steam-pressures, steam and yol-
canoes, bursting of boilers, 19; on
chain-cable and anchor testing, 187.
Pengelly (W.) on changes of relative
level of land and sea in §.-K. Devon-
shire in connexion with the antiquity
of mankind, 63 ; on an accumulation
of shells with human industrial re-
mains found on a hill near the river
Teign, in Devonshire, 63.
*Permian rocks of Westmoreland and
Durham, Sir R. I. Murchison on the
occurrence of the same fossil plants in
the, 59.
Peruvian coast-valleys of Chira and
Piura and the adjacent deserts, Ri-
chard Spruce on the physical geogra-
phy of the, 148.
205
Petherick (John), latest news from Mr
S. Baker, the traveller in Central
Africa, 146.
Phillips (Prof.), notice of the physical
aspect of the sun, 7; his address as
president of Section C, 45; on the dis-
tribution of granite blocks from Was-
dale craig, 65; on the formation of
valleys near Kirkby Lonsdale, 63;
on the measure of geological time by
natural chronometers, 64.
Phipson (Dr. T. L.) on the black stones
which fell from the atmosphere at
Birmingham in 1858, 37 ; on the me-
dicinal muds of the island of Ischia,
38.
Phosphorus, Dr. W. Bird Herapath ona
new method of detecting, by its hy-
drogen compound, when in mixed
gases, 31.
Photography and the magic lantern,
Samuel Highley on the application of,
to class-demonstrations in microscopic
science and natural history, 98.
, quantitative, Prof. Roscoe’s con-
tributious towards the foundation of,
40.
Photometer for meteorological observa-
tion, Prof. Roscoe on a, 41.
Photo-sculpture, A. Claudet on, 10.
*Pim (Commander B.) on the volcanic
phenomena and mineral and thermal
waters of Nicaragua, 66.
Pitman (1.) on brief writing, 169.
Pitt (Robert) on a machine for testing
girders, 189.
Plants, Prof. Balfour on some rare
Scotch, 86.
Poisons, Dr. A. T. Machattie on the de-
tection of, by dialysis, 34.
*Polycyanides, Thomas Fairley on the
action of hydrogen on, 26.
Poole (Reg. Stuart) on the ethnic rela-
tions of the Egyptian race, 146.
Porcelain, A. Noble on Reaumer’s, 36.
Portishead, W. Hellier Baily on the oc-
ewrrence of fish-remains in the old
red sandstone at, 49.
Post-office savings-banks, W. Chetwynd
on the progress of, 163.
Pre-Cambrian (Laurentian) island of
St. David’s, Pembrokeshire, J. W,
Salter on the, 67.
*Prideaux (T. 8S.) on the principles of
ethnology, 147.
Prideaux (T. Symes) on the construc—
tion of shot-proof targets, 187.
*Prideaux (W. T. 8.), on the functions
of the cerebellum, 125.
Prism, single, J. Browning on a new
206
. form of spectroscope, in which direct
~ yision is obtained with a, 9,
Pteraspis, E, R. Lankester on the
' species of the genus, 58.
, H. R. Lankester on the genus, 100.
Pterodactyle, Harry Seeley on the, as
evidence of a new subclass of Verte-
brata (Saurornia), 69,
Purdy (Frederick) on the quantity and
value of foreign grain imported into
the United Kingdom since the repeal
of the Corn Laws, 171.
Purulent discharges, Dr. W. Bird Hera-
path on the occurrence of indigo in,
124,
Purts, Richard Spruce on the river, 148.
Quadrumana, Dr, Edwards Crisp’s con-
tributions to the anatomy of the, with
a comparative estimate of the intelli-
gence of the apes and monkeys, 92.
Railway trains, Peter W. Barlow on the
power required to oyercome the vis
inertize of, 184.
Railways, underground, — Symons on
the working of, by hydraulic power,
189.
Rainfall and temperature at Bath, the
Rey. L. Jenyns on the, 17,
*Randell (J.) on the position in the
Great Oolite, and the mode of work-
ine, of the Bath freestone, 66.
Rankine (Prof. W. J. M.) on the pro-
perties of certain stream-lines, 20; on
some of the strains of ships, 187; on
units of measure, 188.
Reaumer’s porcelain, A. Noble on, 36.
Red ray, Dr. Gladstone on the trans-
mission of the, by many coloured so-
lutions, 11.
* Religious bodies in Ireland, Rey. Dr.
Hume on the localities of the various,
169.
Rheetic bone-bed at Knowle, Rey, P. B.
Brodie on the, 52.
Rheetic (or Penarth) beds of the neigh-
bourhood of Bristol and the 8.W. of
England, Henry W. Bristow on the,
50
*Rhizopod, W. A. Sanford on a new
British, and some other marine ani-
mals, 100.
Richardson (Dr. B. W.) on the inhala-
tion of oxygen gas, 125.
on the physiological effects of to-
bacco, 126,
Riddell (Dr. R.) on balatta and other
sue as a substitute for gutta percha,
REPoRT— 1864.
Rocks, Prof. Harkness on the lower Si-
lurian, of the 8.E. of Cumberland and
the N.E. of Westmoreland, 53.
Rocks and fossils, Harry Seeley on the
significance of the sequence of, 69.
Rogers (Prof. H. D.) on the “liquid
steering-compass”’ and “ monitor com-
pass,” 14,
Rogers (Prof. W. B,) on apparatus and
processes for the rien and photo-
metrical testing of illuminating gas,
39; on an invention by Mr. Cornelius
for lighting gas by electricity, 40; on
a peculiar fossil form in the mesozoic
sandstone of the Connecticut valley,
discovered by, 66,
Rosaniline, J, A. Wanklyn on the ra-
tional formula of, 42.
Roscoe (Prof.), contributions towards
the foundation of quantitative pho-
tography, 40; on a chemical photo-
meter for meteorological observation,
41; on the existence of lithium, stron-
thium, and copper in the Bath waters,
41,
Rubidge (Dr. R. N.) on the relations
of the Silurian schist with the quartz-
ose rocks of S. Africa, 66.
Russell (W. H. L.) on symbolic expan-
sions, 4.
*Sails, revolving, Capt. Wheatley on, 190.
*Salisbury, A. B. Middleton on the sa-
nitary statistics of, 169.
Salmon-hatching and salmon-ladders,
Frank Buckland on, 91.
Salmonide, Dr. John Dayy on the,
chiefly relating to their generative
power, 93,
Salmon oya, T, Johnson on the success-
ful accomplishment of the plan to
transport to Australia, 99.
Salter (J. W.) on some new forms of
olenoid trilobites from the lowest fos-
siliferous rocks of Wales, 67; on the
old Pre-Cambrian (Laurentian) island
of St. David’s, Pembrokeshire, 67.
*Samarcand, M. Vambery’s visit to, 148,
Sanders (W.) ona geological map of the
Bristol coal-field, 68.
Sanford (W. A.) on carnassial and
canine teeth from the Mendip cayerns,
probably belonging to Felis antiqua, 69.
*—— on anew British Rhizopod and
some other marine animals, 100,
Saunders (T. W.), statistics of crime
and criminals in England, 172.
Scarborough and E, Yorkshire, John
Leckenby on the boulder-clay and
drift of, 58.
INDEX Il.
*achomburgk (Sir Robert), a journey to
Xiengmai and Moulmein, 147,
207
on obliteration of the sutures in one
class of, 128.
Scott (Dr.) on the Turdus torquatus as | Slag, Dr. B. H. Paul on useful applica-
observed in Devonshire, 100,
Scott (W. L.) on some probable new
. sources of thallium, 41. .
“Screw-propellers, G. B. Galloway on
_ improvements in, 186.
*Beyanians, Due de Rousillon on the,
14
Seeley (Harry) on the Pterodactyle as
evidence of a new subclass of Verte-
brata (Saurornia), 69; on the signifi-
- cance of the sequence of rocks and
fossils, 69 ; on the significance of the
septa and siphuncles of cephalopod
shells, 100.
Selwyn (Captain) on submarine tele-
graphy, 188.
*Sewage, Dr, H. Bird on the utilization
of, 24.
, W. Gee on the mode adopted at
the Bradford-on-Ayon Union for the
utilization of, 28.
of towns, Dr. Stevenson Macadam
on the pollution of rivers by the, 32.
Sewerage question, Dr. J. Hughes Ben-
nett on the physiological aspect of the,
17
Sexes, Dr, John Davy on the tempera-
ture of the, 121.
Shells, W. Pengelly on an accumulation
of, with human industrial remains,
found near the river Trign, in Deyon-
shire, 63.
Shetland Islands, C. W. Peach on traces
of glacial drift in the, 59,
Shetlands, Dr. J. E. Gray on the new
corals from the, 95.
Ships of war, Admiral Sir E. Belcher
Ea copty nents in the defence of,
——, Captain Wheatley on improye-
ments in the defence of, 190.
*Ships, plated, and their armament,
Capt. Wheatle on, 190.
, Prof. W. J. M. Rankine on some of
the strains of, 187.
*Shortt (Dr.) on some rude tribes sup-
bined to be the aborigines of 8. India,
Showers (Lieut.-Col.) on the Meenas, a
wild tribe of Central India, 147.
Siberia, Alex. Michie’s notes on, 145.
*Silicates, aluminous, Dr. Sullivan on
the precipitation of, from solution, 42.
Silurian Eohias Dr. R. N. Rubidge on
the relations of the, with the quartzose
rocks of 8, Africa, 66.
Skulls, ancient British, Dr. J. Thurnam
tions of, from iron-smelting, 37.
*Slavonic countries of Austria and Tur-
key in Europe, Miss Muir Mackenzie
on her journeys in the south, 145.
Smith (Dr. Edward), his address as pre-
sident of the Subsection D, 101; on
the best method of estimating the nu-
tritive value of foods and dietaries, 128.
Smyth (W. W.) on the thermal water
of the Clifford amalgamated mines of
Cornwall, 70.
Solar photosphere, Rey. W. R. Dawes
on the present aspect of the discussion
respecting the telescopic appearance
of the, 4.
Somersetshire, Henry B. Brady on the
Foraminifera of the middle and upper
lias of, 50,
W. Boyd Dawkins on the newer
Pliocene fauna of the cayerns and
river-deposits of, 53,
Sorby (H. C.) on the conclusion to be
drawn from the physical structure of
some meteorites, 70; on microscopical
photographs of various kinds of iron
and steel, 189.
Sound, Dr. J. Steyelly on a mode of de-
termining the velocity of, 20.
*South Wales mineral basin, A. Bassett
on the, 50.
Species, Dr. Daubeny on the decay of,
and on the natural proyisions for ex-
tending their duration, 87.
Spectra of some of the heavenly bodies,
Prof. W. A. Miller on the, 12,
Spectroscope, J. Browning on a new
form of, in which direct vision is
obtained with a single prism, 9.
Spence (P.) on copper-smelting, 41.
Spender (Hdward) on the ‘truck sys-
tem’ in some parts of the West of
England, 175, :
Sphygmograph, Dr, J. Hughes Bennett
on Marcy’s new, 119,
Spiders, Richard Beck on the spinnerets
of, 88.
, trap-door, from Corfu, R. F. Wright
on some, 101,
Spruce (Richard) on the physical geo-
graphy of the Peruvian coast-valleys
of Chira and Piura and the adjacent
deserts, 148; on the river Purts, 148.
St. David’s, Pembrokeshire, J. W. Salter
on the old Pre-Cambrian (Laurentian)
island of, 67,
*St. Ifelena, Sir C. Elliot on a recent
earthquake at, 145,
208
*St. Shotts, Newfoundland, Kenneth
Maclea on a remarkable storm and
beach-wave at, 145.
*St. Vitus’s dance, M. Mogegridge on the
old Welsh mistletoe cure for, 87.
Steam-boilers, Zerah Colburn on, 185.
*Steamers, Captain A. Henderson on the
practical progress of naval architecture
in ocean and river, 186.
Steam-pressures, R. A. Peacock on a new
formula for calculating, 19.
Stevelly (Dr. J.) on a mode of deter-
mining the velocity of sound, 20.
Stigmatics, Alexander J. Ellis on, 2.
Stilifer, J. G. Jeffreys on, a genus of
quasi-parasitic mollusks, 99."
Stoddard (W. W.) on the lowest beds of
the Clifton carboniferous series, 71.
Stone age of society, John Crawfurd on
the supposed, 143.
Stones, black, Dr. T. L. Phipson on the,
which fell from the atmosphere at
Birmingham in 1858, 37.
Storm of December 3, 1863, John Hart-
nup on the, from the records of the
self-registering instruments of the
Liverpool observatory, 17.
Stothert (J. L.) on a machine for testing
girders, 189.
*Strata, oolitic, M. Hébert on some of
the, seen at Dundry, 57.
Stream-lines, Prof. W. J. M. Rankine
on the properties of certain, 20.
Strontium, Prof. Roscoe on the existence
of, in the Bath waters, 41.
Struthionide, Dr. Edwards Crisp on the
anatomy of the, 92.
*Stuart (McDouall), account of his jour-
ney across Australia, 148.
*Sullivan (Dr.) on the precipitation of
aluminous silicates from solution, 42.
Sulphur and bitumen depositatthesouth-
west corner of the Dead Sea, the Rev.
H. B. Tristram on the, 73.
, Dr. W. Bird Herapath on a new
method of detecting, by its hydrogen
compound, when in mixed gases, 31.
Sun, Prof. Phillips on the physical as-
pect of the, 7.
Sun’s spectrum, J.P. Gassiot on the adap-
tation of bisulphide-of-carbon prisms,
and the use of telescopes of long focal
distance, in the examination of the, 11.
Sussex, Rey. E. B. Ellmar on the earth-
quake and storm in, August 21,1864,16.
Symbolical expansions, W. H. L. Russell
4
on, 4.
Symonds (Dr. J. A.) on the sanitary sta-
tistics of Clifton, 176.
Symons (—) on the working of under-
REPORT—1864.
ground railways by hydraulic power,
189.
Synapta, Dr. W. B. Herapath on the
genus, 97.
Targets, T. Symes Prideaux on the con-
struction of shot-proof, 187.
*Taylor (J. C.), notes on Kurdistan, 148.
Teeth, carnassial and canine, from the
Mendip caverns, W. A. Sanford on, 69.
Telegraphy, Captain Selwyn on sub-
marine, 188.
Temperature, Professor Hennessy on the
regression of, during the month of
May, 17.
and rainfall at Bath, Rev. L. Jenyns
on the, 17.
Tennant (Prof.) on the colouring of
agates, 42.
i on agates found on our coasts, 72.
Thallium, W. L. Scott on some probable
new sources of, 41.
Thermal water of the Clifford amalga-
mated mines of Cornwall, W. W.
Smyth on the, 70.
Thermal waters of Bath, Dr. Daubeny
on the, 26.
Thompson (J. B.) on the mechanical
theory and application of the laws of
magnetic induction and electricity, 15.
Thomson (Prof.), Fleeming Jenkin on
an electric-resistance balance con-
structed by, 14.
Thurnam (Dr. J.) on obliteration of the
sutures in one class of ancient British
skulls, 128.
Tin, John Crawfurd on the sources of
the supply of, for the bronze tools and
weapons of antiquity, 142.
Tin-ore, Frederick Field on a specimen
of, hitherto undescribed, 27.
Tite (William) on the comparative rates
of mortality in Paris and London, 177.
Tobacco, Dr. B. W. Richardson on the
physiological effects of, 126.
Tomlinson (C.) on the cohesion-figures
of liquids, 21.
Torpedoes used by the Confederate States
in the destruction of the Federal ships
of war, Captain Doty on the, 185.
Torrens (Colonel) on the land-transfer
of Australia as applicable to Ireland,
179)
*Town refuse, Dr. Paul on the disposal
of, 36,
Triangle, Prof. Cayley on the problem of
the in- and circumscribed, 1.
Trigonocephalus, William Turner on,
Trilobites, olenoid, from the lowest fos-
INDEX II.
siliferous rocks of Wales, J. W. Salter
on some new forms of, 67.
Tristram (Rev. H. B.) on a bone-breccia
with flints in Lebanon, 72; on the
sulphur and bitumen deposit at the
south-west corner of the Dead Sea, 73 ;
on the physical and political geography
of the Jordan valley and eastern Pa-
lestine, 148.
“Truck-system” in some parts of the
_ West of England, Edward Spender on
the, 175.
Tumuli on the Cotteswold hills, Dr. H.
_ Bird on the human bones found in
the, 137.
*Turcoman tribes of Central Asia, M.
Vambery on the, 148.
Turdus torquatus as observed in Devon-
shire, Dr. Scott on the, 100,
Turner (William) on a supplementary
system of nutrient arteries for the
lungs, 129; on cranial deformities—
. trigonocephalus, 129.
“Type, Dr. B. Beddoe on the testimony
of local phenomena to the permanence
of, 89.
Vacuum-apparatus, Dr. T. Junod on the
physiological effects of the, 125.
Valves in the abdominal veins, Dr. Ed-
wards Crisp on, 120. ;
*Vambery (M.), a visit to Samarcand,
148; on the Turcoman tribes of Cen-
tral Asia, 148.
Veins, abdominal, Dr. Edwards Crisp on
valves in the, 120.
Vertebrata (Saurornia), Harry Seeley on
the Pterodactyle as evidence of a new
subclass of, 69.
*Walker (Albert), journey along the
west coast of Middle Toland, New
Zealand, 148.
Walker (J. J.) on a recent description of
an iris in the Lake of Lucerne, 13.
Wallace (Alfred R.) on the progress of
civilization in Northern Celebes, 149.
Wanklyn (J. Alfred) on the rational
formula of rosaniline, 42; on a curious
example of etherification, 44; on the
robable constitution of Kolbe and
chmitt’s colouring-matter obtained
by acting upon carbolic acid with
oxalic and sulphuric acids, 44,
1864.
209
Warwickshire, South, Rev. P. B. Brodie
on two outliers of lias in, 52.
Wasdale Craig, Prof. Phillips on the
distribution of granite blocks from, 65.
*Water, Stewart Clark on an apparatus
for estimating the organic impurities
in, 26.
Webb (Rev. T. W.) on a suspected
change of brightness in the lunar spot
Werner, 8; on the invisible part of the
moon’s surface, 9.
Westgarth (W.), statistics of crime in
Australia, 180,
*Whalebone whales, Dr. J. E, Gray on
the, 95.
Wheatley (Capt.) on improvements in
the defence of ships of war, 190.
* on plated ships and their arma-
ment, 190.
on revolving sails, 190.
Williams (James) on the elasticity of
iron, 190 :
*Williamson (Dr.) on isomorphism, 45.
Wilson (Dr. Edward), sanitary statistics
of Cheltenham, 180.
Wilson (J.) on registration of births and
deaths in Ireland, 180.
Wilson (James Fox) on the increasing
desiccation of inner southern Africa,
150.
*Wood (W. Martin) on the hairy men of
Jesso, 150.
Woodward (Henry) on the family of
the Eurypteride, with descriptions of
some new genera and species, 73.
Wright (Dr. Thomas) on the develop-
ment of Ammonites, 73.
on the white lias of Dorsetshire, 75.
*Wright (R. F.) on some trap-door
spiders from Corfu, 101.
Writing, I. Pitman on brief, 169.
*
Yostedal Brae, Charles M. Doughty on
the, 193.
Zine, Dr. G. D. Gibb on the action of
the bromides of, 128.
Zoophyte, Rev. Thomas Hincks on the
medusoid of a Tubularian, and its re-
turn to a fixed condition after the
liberation of the ova, 99.
*Zoophytes, Rev. Thomas Hincks on
some new hydroid, 98.
14
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE I.
Tilustrative of the Report of the Committee on Tidal Observations made on
the Humber and Rivers Trent and Ouse, 1864.
PLATE II.
Tllustrative of Mr. Symons’s Report on the Fall of Rain in the British Isles
during the years 1862 and 1863.
PLATE III.
Mr. J. Hartnup’s Diagram of the Storm of Dec. 3, 1863, from the Records
of the Selt-registering Instruments of the Liverpool Observatory.
PLATE IV.
Tllustrative of the Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Re-
sistance,
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213
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214
mittee to superintend the reduction of Meteorological Observations;—Report of a Com-
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PROCEEDINGS or tue THIRTEENTH MEETING, at Cork,
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fresh or salt, clear or foul, and at Various Temperatures, upon Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and
Steel ;—Report of the Committee appointed to conduct the cooperation of the British As-
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on the Form of Ships;—J. Blake, Report on the Physiological Action of Medicines;—Report
of the Committee on Zoological Nomenclature ;—Report of the Committee for Registering
the Shocks of Earthquakes, and making such Meteorological Observations as may appear to
them desirable ;—Report of the Committee for conducting Experiments with Captive Balloons;
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and Pubiication of Foreign Scientific Memoirs ;—C. W. Peach, on the Habits of the Marine
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distribution, considered as bearing on Geology ; —L. Agassiz, Synoptical Table of British
Fossil Fishes, arranged in the order of the Geological Formations ;—R. Owen, Report on the
British Fossil Mammalia, Part II.;—E. W. Binney, Report on the excavation made at the
junction of the Lower New Red Sandstone with the Coal Measures at Collyhurst ;—W.
215
Thompson, Report on the Fauna of Ireland: Diy. Jnvertebrata ;—Provisional Reports, and
Notices of Progress in Special Researches entrusted to Committees and Individuals.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Earl of Rosse’s Address, and Recommen-
dations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or tu—E FOURTEENTH MEETING, at York, 1844,
Published at £1.
ConTENTS :—W. B. Carpenter, on the Microscopic Structure of Shells ;—J. Alder and A,
Hancock, Report on the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca ;—R. Hunt, Researches on the
Influence of Light on the Germination of Seeds and the Growth of Plants ;—Report of a
Committee appointed by the British Association in 1840, for revising the Nomenclature of the
Stars ;—Lt.-Col. Sabine, on the Meteorology of Toronto in Canada ;—J. Blackwall, Report
on some recent researches into the Structure, Functions, and Cconomy of the Araneidea
made in Great Britain ;—Earl of Rosse, on the Construction of large Reflecting Telescopes ;
—Reyv. W. V. Harcourt, Report on a Gas-furnace for Experiments on Vitrifaction and other
Applications of High Heat in the Laboratory ;—Report of the Committee for Registering
Earthquake Shocks in Scotland ;—Report of a Committee for Experiments on Steam-Engines;
—Report of the Committee to investigate the Varieties of the Human Race ;—Fourth Report
of a Committee appointed to continue their Experiments on the Vitality of Seeds ;—W. Fair-
bairn, on the Consumption of Fuel and the Prevention of Smoke ;—F. Ronalds, Report con-
cerning the Observatory of the British Association at Kew ;—Sixth Report of the Committee
appointed to conduct ‘the Cooperation of the British Association in the System of Simulta-
neous Magnetical and Meteorological Observations ;—Prof. Forchhammer on the influence
of Fucoidal Plants upon the Formations of the Earth, on Metamorphism in general, and par-
ticularly the Metamorphosis of the Scandinavian Alum Slate ;—H. E. Strickland, Report on
the recent Progress and Present State of Ornithology ;—T. Oldham, Report of Committee
appointed to conduct Observations on Subterranean Temperature in Ireland ;—Prof. Owen,
Report on the Extinct Mammals of Australia, with descriptions of certain Fossils indicative
of the former existence in that continent of large Marsupial Representatives of the Order
Pachydermata ;—W. S. Harris, Report on the working of Whewell and Osler’s Anemometers
at Plymouth, for the years 1841, 1842, 1843 ;—W. R. Birt, Report on Atmospheric Waves;
—L. Agassiz, Rapport sur les Poissons Fossiles de l’Argile de Londres, with translation ;—J.
S. Russell, Report on Waves ;—Provisional Reports, and Notices of Progress in Special Re-
searches entrusted to Committees and Individuals.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Dean of Ely’s Address, and Recommenda-
tions of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or tHe FIFTEENTH MEETING, at Cambridge,
1845, Published at 12s.
ConTENTS :—Seventh Report of a Committee appointed to conduct the Cooperation of the
British Association in the System of Simultaneous Magnetical and Meteorological Observa-
tions ;—Lt.-Col. Sabine, on some points in the Meteorology of Bombay ;—J. Blake, Report
on the Physiological Actions of Medicines ;—Dr. Von Boguslawski, on the Comet of 1843;
—R. Hunt, Report on the Actinograph ;—Prof. Schénbein, on Ozone ;—Prof. Erman, on
the Influence of Friction upon Thermo-Electricity ;—Baron Senftenberg, on the Self-
Registering Meteorological Instruments employed in the Observatory at Senftenberg ;—
W. R. Birt, Second Report on Atmospheric Waves ;—G. R. Porter, on the Progress and Pre-
sent Extent of Savings’ Banks in the United Kingdom ;—Prof. Bunsen and Dr. Playfair,
Report on the Gases evolved from Iron Furnaces, with reference to the Theory of Smelting
of Iron ;—Dr. Richardson, Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan ;—
Report of the Committee on the Registration of Periodical Phenomena of Animals and Vege-
tables ;—Fifth Report of the Committee on the Vitality of Seeds ;—Appendix, &c.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir J. F. W. Herschel’s Address, and Re-
commendations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or tur SIXTEENTH MEETING, at Southampton,
1846, Published at 15s.
ConTENTS:—G. G, Stokes, Report on Recent Researches in Hydrodynamics ;—Sixth
Report of the Committee on the Vitality of Seeds ;—Dr. Schunck on the Colouring Matters of
Madder ;—J. Blake, on the Physiological Action of Medicines ;—R. Hunt, Report on the Ac-
tinograpb ;—R, Hunt, Notices on the Influence of Light on the Growth of Plants;—R. L.
Ellis, on the Recent Progress of Analysis ;—Prof, Forchhammer, on Comparative Analytical
216
Researches on Sea Water ;—A. Erman, on the Calculation of the Gaussian Constants for
1829;—G. R. Porter, on the Progress, present Amount, and probable future Condition of t''e
Iron Manufacture in Great Britain ;—W. R. Birt, Third Report on Atmospheric Waves ;—
Prof. Owen, Report on the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton ;—
J. Phillips, on Anemometry ;—J. Percy, M.D., Report on the Crystalline Flags;—Adden:‘a
to Mr. Birt’s Report on Atmospheric Waves.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir R. I. Murchison’s Address, and R2-
commendations of the Association and its Committees,
PROCEEDINGS or tHe SEVENTEENTH MEETING, at Oxford,
1847, Published at 18s.
ConTENTs :—Prof. Langberg, on the Specific Gravity of Sulphuric Acid at different de-
grees of dilution, and on the relation which exists between the Development of Heat and tle
coincident contraction of Volume in Sulphuric Acid when mixed with Water ;—K. Huit,
Researches on the Influence of the Solar Rays on the Growth of Plants ;—R. Mallet, «2
the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena ;—Prof. Nilsson, on the Primitive Inhabitants of Scan
dinavia ;—W. Hopkins, Report on the Geological Theories of Elevation and Earthquakes;
—Dr. W. B. Carpenter, Reporton the Microscopic Structure of Shells ;—Rey. W. Whewell ard
Sir James C. Ross, Report upon the Recommendation of an Expedition for the purpose of
completing our knowledge of the Tides ;—Dr. Schunck, on Colouring Matters ;—Seventh Re-
port of the Committee on the Vitality of Seeds;—J. Glynn, on the Turbine or Horizontal
Water-Wheel of France and Germany ;—Dr. R. G. Latham. on the present state and recent
progress of Ethnographical Philology ;—Dr. J. C. Prichard, on the various methods of Research
which contribute to the Advancement of Ethnology, and of the relations of that Science to
other branches of Knowledge ;—Dr. C. C. J. Bunsen, on the results of the recent Egyptian
researches in reference to Asiatic and African Ethnology, and the Classification of Languages ;
—Dr. C. Meyer, on the Importance of the Study of the Celtic Language as exhibited by the
Modern Celtic Dialects still extant;—Dr. Max Miiller, on the Relation of the Bengali to the
Arian and Aboriginal Languages of India;—W. R. Birt, Fourth Report on Atmospheriz
Waves ;—Prof. W. H. Dove, Temperature Tables, with Introductory Remarks by Lieut.-Co!.
E. Sabine ;—A. Erman and H. Petersen, Third Report on the Calculation of the Gaussian Cor.-
stants for 1829.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir Robert Harry Inglis’s Address, and
Recommendations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or tue EIGHTEENTH MEETING, at Swansea,
1848, Published at 9s.
Contents :—Reyv. Prof. Powell, A Catalogue of Observations of Luminous Meteors ;—
J. Glynn on Water-pressure Engines ;—R. A. Smith, on the Air and Water of Towns ;—Eighth
Report of Committee on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—W. R. Birt, Fifth Report on At-
mospheric Waves ;—E. Schunck, on Colouring Matters ;—J. P. Budd, on the advantageous use
made of the gaseous escape from the Blast Furnaces at the Ystalyfera Iron Works;—R. Hunt,
Report of progress in the investigation of the Action of Carbonic Acid on the Growth of
Plants allied to those of the Coal Formations ;—Prof. H. W. Dove, Supplement to the Tem-
perature Tables printed in the Report of the British Association for 1847 ;—Remarks by Prof.
Dove on his recently constructed Maps of the Monthly Isothermal Lines of the Globe, and on
some of the principal Conclusions in regard to Climatology deducible from them; with an in-
troductory Notice by Lt.-Col. E. Sabine ;—Dr. Daubeny, on the progress of the investigation
on the Influence of Carbonic Acid on the Growth of Ferns ;—J. Phillips, Notice of further
progress in Anemometrical Researches ;—Mr. Mallet’s Letter to the Assistant-General Secre-
tary;—A. Erman, Second Report on the Gaussian Constants ;—Report of a Committee
relative to the expediency of recommending the continuance of the Toronto Magnetical and
Meteorological Observatory until December 1850.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Marquis of Northampton’s Address,
and Recommendations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or tut NINETEENTH MEETING, at Birmingham,
1849, Published at 10s.
ConTENTs :—Rev. Prof. Powell, A Catalogue of Observations of Luminous Meteors ;—Earl
of Rosse, Notice of Nebulae lately observed in the Six-feet Reflector ;—Prof. Daubeny, on the
Influence of Carbonic Acid Gas on the health of Plants, especially of those allied tu the Fossil
Remains found in the Coal Formation ;—Dr. Andrews, Report on the Heat of Combination ;
—Report of the Committee on the Rezistration of the Periodic Phenomena of Plants and
217
Animals ;—Ninth Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds;
—F. Ronalds, Report concerning the Observatory of the British Association at Kew, from
Aug. 9, 1848 to Sept. 12, 1849 ;—R, Mallet, Report on the Experimental Inquiry on Railway
Bar Corrosion ;—W. R. Birt, Report on the Discussion of the Electrical Observations at Kew.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Rey. T. R. Robinson’s Address, and
Recommendations of the Association and its Committees. |
PROCEEDINGS or toe TWENTIETH MEETING, at Edinb urgh,
1850, Published at 15s.
Contents :—R. Mallet, First Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena ;—Rev. Prof.
Powell, on Observations of Luminous Meteors;—Dr. T. Williams, on the Structure and
History of the British Annelida;—T. C. Hunt, Results of Meteorological Observations taken
at St. Michael’s from the Ist of January, 1840 to the 31st of December, 1849;—R. Hunt, on
the present State of our Knowledge of the Chemical Action of the Solar Radiations 3—Tenth
Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—Major-Gen.
Briggs, Report on the Aboriginal Tribes of India;—F. Ronalds, Report concerning the Ob-
servatory of the British Association at Kew ;— E. Forbes, Report on the Investigation of British
Marine Zoology by means of the Dredge ;—R. MacAndrew, Notes on the Distribution and
Range in depth ot Mollusca and other Marine Animals, observed on the coasts of Spain, Por-
tugal, Barbary, Malta, and Southern Italy in 1849 ;—Prof, Allman, on the Present State of
our Knowledge ot the Freshwater Polyzoa ;—Registration of the Periodical Phenomena of
Plants and Animals ;—Suggestions to Astronomers for the Observation of the Total Eclipse
of the Sun on July 28, 1851.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir David Brewster’s Address, and Recom-
mendations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or tHe TWENTY-FIRST MEETING, at Ipswich,
1851, Published at 16s. 6d.
ConTENTs :—Rev. Prof. Powell, on Observations of Luminous Meteors j—Eleventh Re-
port of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—Dr. J. Drew, on
the Climare of Southampton ;—Dr. R. A. Smith, on the Air and Water of Towns: Action of
Porous Strata, Water and Organic Matter ;—Report of the Committee appointed to consider
the probable Effects in an CEconomical and Physical Point of View of the Destruction of Tro-
pical Forests ;—A. Henfrey, on the Reproduction and supposed Existence of Sexual Organs
in the Higher Cryptogamous Plants;—Dr. Daubeny, on the Nomenclature of Organic Com-
pounds ;—Rev. Dr. Donaldson, on two unsolved Problems in Indo-German Philology ;—
Dr. T. Williams, Report on the British Annelida;—R. Mallet, Second Report on the Facts of
Earthquake Phenomena ;—Letter from Prof. Henry to Col. Sabine, on the System of Meteoro-
logical Observations proposed to be established in the United States;—Col. Sabine, Report
on the Kew Magnetographs ;—J. Welsh, Report on the Performance of his three Magneto-
graphs during the Experimental Trial at the Kew Observatory ;—F. Ronalds, Report concern-
ing the Observatory of the British Association at Kew, from September 12, 1850 to July 31,
1851 ;—Ordnance Survey of Scotland.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prof, Airy’s Address, and Recom-
mendations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or rut TWENTY-SECOND MEETING, at Belfast,
1852, Published at 15s.
ConTENTsS :—R. Mallet, Third Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena ;—Twelfth
Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—Rev. Prof.
Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1851-52 ;—Dr. Gladstone, on the In-
fluence of the Solar Radiations on the Vital Powers of Plants 3—A Manual of Ethnological
Inquiry ;—Col. Sykes, Mean Temperature of the Day, and Monthly Fallof Rain at 127 Sta-
tions under the Bengal Presidency ;—Prof. J. D. Forbes, on Experiments on the Laws of the
Conduction of Heat;—R. Hunt, on the Chemical Action of the Solar Radiations ;—Dr. Hodges,
on the Composition and Ciconomy of the Flax Plant ;—W, Thompson, on the Freshwater
Fishes of Ulster; —W. Thompson, Supplementary Report on the Fauna of Ireland;—W. Wills,,
onthe Meteorology of Birmingham;—J. Thomson, on the Vortex- Water- Wheel ;—J. B. Lawes
and Dr. Gilbert, on the Composition of Foods in relation to Respiration and the Feeding of
Animals.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Colonel Sabine’s Address, and Recom-
mendations of the Association and jts Committees.
218
PROCEEDINGS or tHe TWENTY-THIRD MEETING, at Hull,
1853, Published at 10s. 6d.
Contents :—Rev. Prof. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1852-53 ;
—James Oldham, on the Physical Features of the Humber ;—James Oldham, on the Rise,
Progress, and Present Position of Steam Navigation in Hull;—William Fairbairn, Experi-
mental Researches to determine the Strength of Locomotive Boilers, and the causes which
lead to Explosion ;—J. J. Sylvester, Provisional Report on the Theory of Determinants ae
Professor Hodges, M.D., Report on the Gases evolved in Steeping Flax, and on the Composition
and CEconomy of the Flax Plant ;—Thirteenth Report of Committee on Experiments on the
Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—Robert Hunt, on the Chemical Action of the Solar Radiations;
—John P. Bell, M.D., Observations on the Character and Measurements of Degradation of the
Yorkshire Coast; First Report of Committee on the Physical Character of the Moon’s Sur-
face, as compared with that of the Earth ;—R. Mallet, Provisional Report on Earthquake
Wave-Transits; and on Seisniometrica! Instruments ;—William Fairbairn, on the Mechanical
Properties of Metals as derived from repeated Meltings, exhibiting the maximum point of
strength and the causes of deterioration ;—Robert Mallet, Third Report on the Facts of Earth-
quake Phenomena (continued).
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Mr. Hopkins’s Address, and Recommenda-
tions of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or roe TWENTY-FOURTH MEETING, at Liver-
pool, 1854, Published at 18s.
ConTEents:—R. Mallet, Third Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena (continued) ;
—Major-General Chesney, on the Construction and General Use of Efficient Life-Boats ;—Rev.
Prof. Powell, Third Report on the present State of our Knowledge of Radiant Heat ;—Colonel
Sabine, on some of the results obtained at the British Colonial Magnetic Observatories ;—
Colonel Portlock, Report of the Committee on Earthquakes, with their proceedings respecting
Seismometers ;—Dr. Gladstone, ow the influence of the Solar Radiations on the Vital Powers
of Plants, Part 2;—Rev. Prof. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1853-54 ;
—Second Report of the Committee on the Physical Character of the Moon’s Surface ;—W. G,
Armstrong, on the Application of Water-Pressure Machinery ;—J. B. Lawes and Dr. Gilbert,
on the Equivalency of Starch and Sugar in Food ;—Archibald Smith, on the Deviations of the
Compass in Wooden and Iron Ships ;—Fourteenth Report of Committee on Experiments on
the Growth and Vitality of Seeds.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Earl of Harrowby’s Address, and Re-
commendations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or roe TWENTY-FIFTH MEETING, at Glasgow,
1855, Published at 15s.
Contents :—T. Dobson, Report on the Relation between Explosions in Coal-Mines and
Revolving Storms ;—Dr. Gladstone, on the Influence of the Solar Radiations on the Vital Powers
of Plants growing under different Atmospheric Conditions, Part 3;—C. Spence Bate, on the
British Edriophthalma ;—J. F. Bateman, on the present state of our knowledge on the Supply
of Water to Towns ;—Fifteenth Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and
Vitality of Seeds ;—Rev. Prof. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1854-55 ;
—Report of Committee appointed to inquire into the best means of ascertaining those pro-
perties of Metals and effects of various modes of treating them which are of importance to the
durability and efficiency of Artillery;—Rev. Prof. Henslow, Report on Typical Objects in
Natural History ;—A. Follett Osler, Account of the Self-Registering Anemometer and Rain-
Gauge at the Liverpool Observatory ;—Provisional Reports.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Duke of Argyll’s Address, and Recom
mendations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or tHe TWENTY-SIXTH MEETING, at Chel-
tenham, 1856, Published at 18s.
Contents :—Report from the Committee appointed to investigate and report upon the
effects produced upon the Channels of the Mersey by the alterations which within the last
fifty years have been made in its Banks;—J, Thomson, Interim Report on progress in Re-
searches on the Measurement of Water by Weir Boards ;— Dredging Report, Frith of Clyde,
1856 ;--Rev. B. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1855-1856 ;—Prof.
Sunsen and Dr. H. E. Roscoe, Photochemical Researches ;—Rev. James Booth, onthe Trigo-
219
nometry of the Parabola, and the Geometrical Origin of Logarithms ;—R. MacAndrew, Report
on the Marine Testaceous Mollusea of the North-east Atlantic and Neighbouring Seas, and
the physical conditions affecting their development ;—P. P. Carpenter, Report on the present
state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America ;—
T. C. Eyton, Abstract of First Keport on the Oyster Beds and Oysters of the British Shores;
—Prof. Phillips, Report on Cleavage and Foliation in Rocks, and on the Theoretical Expla-
nations of these Phenomena: Part I. ;--Dr. T. Wright on the Stratigraphical Distribution of
the Oolitic Echinodermata ;—W, Fairbairn, on the Tensile Strength of Wrought Iron at various
Temperatures ;—C. Atherton, on Mercantile Steam Transport Economy ;—J. S. Bowerbank, on
the Vital Powers of the Spongiadw;——Report of a Committee upon the Experiments conducted
at Stormontfield, near Perth, for the artificial propagation of Salmon ;—Provisional Report on
the Measurement of Ships for Tonnage ;—On Typical Forms of Minerals, Plants and Animals
for Museums ;—J. Thomson, Interim Report on Progress in Researches on the Measure-
ment of Water by Weir Boards;--f. Mallet, on Observations with the Seismometer ;—A.
Cayley, on the Progress of Theoretical Dynamics ;—Report of a Committee appointed to con-
sider the formation of a Catalogue of Philosophical Memoirs.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Dr. Daubeny’s Address, and Recom-
mendations of the Association and its Committees,
PROCEEDINGS or tar TWENTY-SEVENTH MEETING, at
Dublin, 1857, Published at 15s.
Contents :—A. Cayley, Report on the Recent Progress of Theoretical Dynamics ;—Six-
teenth and final Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;
—James Oldham, C.E., continuation of Report on Steam Navigation at Hull;—Report of a
Committee on the Detects of the present methods of Measuring and Registering the Tonnage
of Shipping, as also of Marine Engine-Power, and to frame more perfect rules, in order that
a correct and uniform principle may be adopted to estimate the Actual Carrying Capabilities
and Working-Power of Steam Ships;—Robert Were Fox, Report on the Temperature of
some Deep Mines in Cornwall;—Dr. G. Plarr, De quelques Transformations de la Somme
a atl+1ge\+15¢\+1 , ¢ a
; Teel ytiat tit? a étant entier négatif, et de quelques cas dans lesquels cette somme
est exprimable par une combinaison de factorielles, la notation ati+1 désignant le produit des
¢ facteurs a (a+1) (a+2) &c.,..(a+¢—1);—G Dickie, M.D., Report on the Marine Zoology
of Strangford Lough, County Down, and corresponding part of the Irish Channel ;—Charles
Atherton, Suggestions for Statistical Inquiry into the extent to which Mercantile Steam Trans-
port Economy is affected by the Constructive Type of Shipping, as respects the Proportions of
Length, Breadth, and Depth ;—J. S. Bowerbank, Further Report on the Vitality of the Spon-
giadz ;—John P. Hodges, M.D., on Flax ;—Major-General Sabine, Report of the Committee
on the Magnetic Survey of Great Britain;—Rev. Baden Powell, Report on Observations of
Luminous Meteors, 1856-57 ;—C. Vignoles, C.E., on the Adaptation of Suspension Bridges to
sustain the passage of Railway Trains ;—Professor W, A. Miller, M.D., on Electro-Chemistry ;
—John Simpson, R.N., Results of Thermometrical Observations made at the ‘ Plover’s’
Wintering-place, Point Barrow, latitude 71° 21’ N., long. 156° 17’ W., in 1852-54 ;—Charles
James Hargrave, LL.D., on the Algebraic Couple ; and on the Equivalents of Indeterminate
Expressions;—Thomas Grubb, Report on the Improvement of Telescope and Equatorial
Mountings ;—Professor James Buckman, Report on the Experimental Plots in the Botanical
Garden of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester ;— William Fairbairn on the Resistance
of Tubes to Collapse ;—George C. Hyndman, Report of the Proceedings of the Belfast Dredging
Committee ;—Peter W. Barlow, on the Mechanical Effect of combining Girders and Suspen-
sion Chains, and a Comparison of the Weight of Metal in Ordinary and Suspension Girders, .
to produce equal deflections with a given load ;—J. Park Harrison, M.A., Evidences of Lunar
Influence on Temperature ;—Report on the Animal and Vegetable Products imported into
Liverpool from the year 1851 to 1855 (inclusive) ;—Andrew Henderson, Report on the Sta-
tistics of Life-boats and Fishing-boats on the Coasts of the United Kingdom.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Rev. H. Lloyd’s Address, and Recommen-
dations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or toe TWENTY-EIGHTH MEETING, at Leeds,
September 1858, Published at 20s.
ConTENTS:—R. Mallet, Fourth Report upon the Facts and Theory of Earthquake Phe-
nomena ;— Rey. Prof. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1857-58 ;—R. H,
Meade, on some Points in the Anatomy of the Araneidea or true Spiders, especially on the
220
internal structure of their Spinning Organs ;—W. Fairbairn, Report of the Committee on the
Patent Laws;—S. Eddy, on the Jluead Mining Districts of Yorkshire ;—W. Fairbairn, on the
Collapse of Glass Globes and Cylinders ;—Dr. E. Perceval Wright and Prof. J. Reay Greene,
Report on the Marine Fauna of the South and West Coasts of Ireland ;—Prof, J. Thomson, on
Experiments on the Measurement of Water by Triangular Notches in Weir Boards ;—Major-
General Sabine, Report of the Committee on the Magnetic Survey of Great Britain;—Michael
Connal and William Keddie, Report on Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Substances imported
from Foreign Countries into the Clyde (including the Ports of Glasgow, Greenock, and Port
Glasgow) in the years 1853, 1854, 1855, 1855, and 1857 ;—Report of the Committee on Ship-
ping Statistics;—Rev. H. Lloyd, D.D., Notice of the Instruments employed in the Mag-
netic Survey of Ireland, with some of the Results;—Prof. J. R. Kinahan, Report of Dublin
Dredging Committee, appointed 1857-58 ;—Prof. J. R. Kinahan, Report on Crustacea of Dub-
lin District ;—Andrew Henderson, on River Steamers, their Form, Construction, and Fittings,
with reference to the necessity fur improving the present means of Shallow- Water Navigation
on the Rivers of British India;—George C. Hyndinan, Report of the Belfast Dredging Com-
mittee ;— Appendix to Mr. Vignoles’ paper ‘*On the Adaptation of Suspension Bridges to sus-
tain the passage of Railway Trains ;’"—Report of the Joint Committee of the Royal Society and
the British Association, for procuring a continuance of the Magnetic and Meteorological Ob-
servatories;—R. Beckley, Description of a Self recording Anemometer.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prof. Owen’s Address, and Recommenda-
tions of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS of rue TWENTY-NINTH MEETING, at Aberdeen,
September 1859, Published at 15s.
Contents :—George C. Foster, Preliminary Report on the Recent Progress and Present
State of Organic Chemistry ;—Professor Buckman, Report on the Growth of Plants in the
Garden of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester ;—Dr. A. Voelcker, Report on Field
Experiments and Laboratory Researches on the Constituents of Manures es:ential to cultivated
Crops ;—A. Thomson, Esq. of Banchory, Report on the Aberdeen Industrial Feeding Schools;
—On the Upper Silurians of Lesmahago, Lanarkshire ;—Alphonse Gages, Report on the Re-
sults obtained by the Mechanico-Chemical Examination of Rocks and Minerals ;—William
Fairbairn, Experiments to determine the Efficiency of Continuous aid Self-acting Breaks for
Railway Trains ;—Professor J. R. Kinahan, Report of Lublin Bay Dredging Committee for
1858-59 ;—Rev. Baden Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors for 1858-59 ;
—Professor Owen, Report on a Series of Skulls of various Tribes of Mankind inhabiting
Nepal, collectea, and presented to the British Museum, by Bryan H. Hodgson, Esq., laie Re-
sident in Nepal, &c. &c. ;—Messrs. Maskelyne, Hadow, Hardwich, and Llewelyn, Report on
the Present State of our Knowledge regarding the Photographic Image ;—G. C. Hyndman,
Report of the Belfa-t Dredging Committee for 1859 ;—James Oldham, Continuation of Report
of the Progress of Steam Navigation at Hull;—Charles Atherton, Mercantile Steam Trans-
port Economy as affected by the Consumption of Coals ;—Warren de la Rue, Report on the
present state of Celestial Photography in England ;—Professor Owen, on the Orders of Fossil
and Recent Reptilia, and their Distribution in Time ;—Balfour Stewart, on some Results of the
Magnetic Survey of Scotland in the years 1857 and 1858, undertaken, at the request of the
British Association, by the late John Welsh, Esq., F R.S.;— W. Fairbairn, The Patent Laws:
Report of Committee on the Patent Laws;—J. Park Harrison, Lunar Influence on the Tem-
perature of the Air ;—Balfour Stewart, an Account of the Construction of the Self-recording
Magnetographs at present in operation at the Kew Observatory of the British Association ;—
Prof. H. J. Stephen Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers, Part I.;—Report of the
Committee on Steamship performance ;—Report of the Proceedings of the Balloon Committee
of the British Association appointed at the Meeting at Leeds ;—Prof. William K. Sullivan,
Preliminary Report on the Solubility of Salts at Temperatures above 100° Cent., and on the
Mutual Action of Salts in Solution.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prince Albert’s Address, and Recommenda-
tions of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or tue THIRTIETH MEETING, at Oxford, June
and July 1860, Published at 15s.
CoNTENTS :—James Glaisher, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1859-60 ;—
J. R. Kinahan, Report of Dublin Bay Dredging Committee ;—Rev. J. Anderson, Report o1
the Excavations in Dura Den ;—Professor Buckman, Report on the I’xperimental Plots in thr
Bvucanical Garden of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester ;—Rev. R. Walker, Report of
221
the Committee on Balloon Ascents;—Prof. W. Thomson, Report of Committee appointed to
prepare a Self-recording Atmospheric Electrometer for Kew, and Portable Apparatus for ob-
serving Atmospheric Electricity ;—William Fairbairn, Experiments to determine the Effect of
Vibratory Action and long-continued Changes of Load upon Wrought-iron Girders ;—R. P.
Greg, Catalogue of Meteorites and Fireballs. from a.p. 2 to A.D. 1860 ;—Prof. H. J. S. Smith,
Report on the Theory of Numbers, Part II.;—Vice-Admiral Moorsom, on the Performance of
Steam-vessels, the Functions of the Screw, and the Relations of its Diameter and Pitch to the
Form of the Vessel;—Rev. W. V. Harcourt, Report on the Effects of long-continued Heat,
illustrative of Geological Phenomena ;—Second Report of the Committee on Steamship Per-
formance ;—Interim Report on the Gauging of Water by Triangular Notches ;—List of the
British Marine Invertebrate Fauna.
Together with the ‘l'ransactions of the Sections, Lord Wrottesley’s Address, and Recom-
mendations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or tue THIRTY-FIRST MEETING, at Manches-
ter, September 1861, Published at £1.
ConTENTS:—James Glaisher, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors ;—Dr. E.
Smith, Keport on the Action of Prison Diet and Discipline on the Bodily Functions of Pri-
soners, Part I. ;—Charles Atherton, on Freight as affected by Differences in the Dynamic
Properties of Steamships ;—Warren De la Rue, Report on the Progress of Celestial Photo-
graphy since the Aberdeen Meeting ;—8. Stewart, on the Theory of Exchanges, and its re-
cent extension ;—Drs. E. Schunck, R. Angus Sinitb, and H. E. Roscoe, on the Recent Pro-
gress and Present Condition of Manutacturing Chemistry in the South Lancashire District ;—
Dr. J. Hunt, on Ethno-Climatology ; or, the Acclimatization of Man ;—Prof. J. Thomson, on
Experiments on the Gauging of Water by Triangular Notches ;—Dr. A. Voelcker, Report on
Field Experiments and Laboratory Researches on the Constituents of Manures essential to
cultivated Crops :—Prof. H. Hennessy, Provisional Report on the Present State of our Know-
ledge respecting the Transmission of Sound-signals during Fogs at Sea;—Dr. P. L. Sclater
and F. von Hochstetter, Report on the Present State of our Knowledge of the Birds of the
Genus dpteryx living in New Zealand ;—J. G. Jeffreys, Report of the Results of Deep-sea
Dredging in Zetland, with a Notice of several Species of Mollusca new to Science or to the
British Isles;—Prof. J. Phillips, Contributions to a Report on the Physical Aspect of the
Moon ;—W. R. Birt, Contribution to a Report on the Physical Aspect of the Moon ;—Dr.
Collingwood and Mr. Byerley, Preliminary Report of the Dredging Committe of the Mersey
and Dee;—Third Report of the Committee on Steamship Performance ;—J. G. Jeffreys,
Preliminary Report on the Best Mode of preventing the Ravages of Teredo and other Animals
in our Ships and Harbours ;—R. Mallet, Report on the Experiments made at Holyhead to
ascertain the Transit-Velociry of Waves, analogous to Earthquake Waves, through the local
Rock Formations ;—T. Dobson, on the Explosions in British Coal- Mines during the year 1859;
—J. Oldham, Continuation of Report on Steam Navigation at Hull ;—Professor G. Dickie,
Brief Summary of a Report on the Flora of the North ot Ireland ;—Professor Owen, on the
Psychical and Physical Character. of the Mincopies, or Natives of the Andaman Islands, and
on the Relations thereby indicated to other Races of Mankind ;—Colonel Sykes, Report of the
Balloon Committee ;—Major-General Sabine, Report on the Repetition of the Magnetic Sur-
vey of England ;—Interim Report of the Committee for Dredging on the No th and East
Coasts of Scotland ;—W. Fairbairn, on the Resistance of Iron Plates to Statical Pressure and
the Force of Impact by Projectiles at High Velocities ;—W. Fairbairn, Continuation of Report
to determine the effect of Vibratory Action and long-continued Changes of Load upon
Wrought-Iron Girders ;—Report of the Committee on the Law of Patents ;—Prof. H. J. S.
Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers, Part If1.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Mr. Fairbairn’s Address, and Recomren-
dations of the Association and its Committees.
PROCEEDINGS or truz THIRTY-SECOND MEETING, at Cam-
bridge, October 1862, Published at £1.
Contents :—James Glaisher, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1861-62;
G. B. Airy, on the Strains in the Interior of Beams ;—Archibald Smith and F. J. Evans,
Report on the three Reports of‘the Liverpool Compass Committee ;—Report on Tidal Ob-
servations on the Humber ;—T. Aston, on Rifled Guns and Projectiles adapted for Attacking
222
Armour-plate Defences ;—Extracts, relating to the Observatory at Kew, from a Report
presented to the Portuguese Government, by Dr. J. A. de Souza;—H. T. Mennell, Report
on the Dredging of the Northumberland Coast and Dogger Bank ;—Dr. Cuthbert Colling-
wood, Report upon the best means of advancing Science through the agency of the Mercan-
tile Marine;—Messrs. Williamson, Wheatstone, Thomson, Miller, Matthiessen, and Jenkin,
Provisional Report on Standards of Electrical Resistance ;—Preliminary Report of the Com-
mittee for investigating the Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of the Granites of Do-
negal ;—Prof. H. Hennessy, on the Vertical Movements of the Atmosphere considered in
connexion with Storms and Changes of Weather ;—Report of Committee on the application
of Gauss’s General Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism to the Magnetic Variations ;-—Fleeming
Jenkin, on Thermo-electric Currents in Circuits of one Metal ;—W. Fairbairn, on the Me-
chanical Properties of [ron Projectiles at High Velocities ;—A. Cayley, Report on the Pro-
gress of the Solution of certain Special Problems of Dynamics ;—Prof. G. G. Stokes, Report
on Double Refraction ;—Fourth Report of the Committee on Steamship Performance ;—
G. J. Symons, on the Fall of Rain m the British Isles in 1860 and 1861 ;—J. Bali, on Ther-
mometric Observations in the Alps ;—J. G. Jeffreys, Report of the Committee for Dredging
on the N.and E. Coasts of Scotland ;—Report of the Committee on Technical and Scientific
Evidence in Courts of Law ;—James Glaisher, Account of Eight Balloon Ascents in 1862 ;—
Prof. H. J. S. Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers, Part LV.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Rev. Prof. R. Willis’s Address, and
Recommendations of the Association and its Committees.
=
PROCEEDINGS or tue THIRTY-THIRD MEETING, at New-
castle-upon-Tyne, August and September 1563, Published at £1 5s.
ConTEnTs :—Report of the Committee on the Application of Gun-cotton to Warlike Pur-
peses ;—A. Matthiessen, Report on the Chemical Nature of Alloys ;—Report of the Com-
mittee on the Chemical and Mineralogical Constitution of the Granites of Donega!, and of
the Rocks associated with them ;—J. G. Jeffreys, Report of the Committee appointed for
Exploring the Coasts of Shetland by means of the Dredge;—G. D. Gibb, Report on the
Physiological Effects of the Bromide of Ammonium ;—C. K. Aken, on the Transmutation of
Spectral Rays, Part I.:—Dr. Robinson, Report of the Committee on Fox Signals ;—Report
of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance ;—E. Smith, Abstract of Report by
the Indian Government on the Foods used by the Free and Jail Populations in India ;—A.
Gages, Synthetical Researches on the Formation of Minerals, &c.;—R. Mallett, Preliminary
Report on the Experimental |)etermination of the Temperatures of Volcanic Foci, and of the
Temperature, State of Saturation, and Velocity of the issuing Gases and Vapours ;—Report
of the Committee on Observations of Luminous Meteors ;—tifth Report of the Committee
on Steamship Performance; G. J. Allman, Report on the Present State of our Knowledge
of the Reproductive System in the Hydroida ;—J. Glaisher, Account of Five Balloon Ascents
made in 1863;—P. P. Carpenter, Supplementary Report on the Present State of our Know-
ledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America ;—Professor Airy,
Report on Steam-hoiler Explosions;—C. W. Siemens, Observations on the Electrical Resist-
ance and Electrification of some Insulating Materials under Pressures. up to 300 Atmo-
spheres ;—C. M. Palmer, on the Construction of Iron Ships and the Progress of Iren Ship-
building on the Tyne, Wear, and Tees ;—Messrs. Richardson, Stevenson, and Clapham, on
the Chemical Manufactures of the Northern Districts ;—Messrs. Sopwith and Richardson,
on the Local Manufacture of Lead, Copper, Zinc, Antimony, &c.;—Messrs. Daglish and
Forster, on the Magnesian Limestone of Durham ;—J. L. Bell, on the Manufacture of Iron
in connexion with the Northumberland and Durham Coal-field ;—T. Spencer, on the Manu-
facture of Steel in the Northern District ;—H. J. S. Smith, Report on the Theory of Num-
bers, Part V.
Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir William Armstrong’s Address, and
Recommendations of the Association and its Committees.
Printed by Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.
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BRITISH ASSOCIATION
FOR
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.
LIS?
OFFICERS, COUNCIL, AND MEMBERS.
CORRECTED TO SEPTEMBER 1865.
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL, 1865-66.
TRUSTEES (PERMANENT).
Sir RopERICK I. MurcuHIsoN, K.C.B., G.C.St.8., D.C.L., F.R.S.
Major-General EDWARD SABINE, R.A., D.C.L., Pres. B.S.
Sir PHILIP DE M. GREY EGERTON, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.
PRESIDENT.
JOHN PHILLIPS, Esq., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.5., Professor of Geology
in the University of Oxford.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
The Right Hon. The Eart oF LICHFIELD, Lord-
Lieutenant of Staffordshire. CESTER.
The Right Hon. The EARL oF DUDLEY. The Right Hon. C. B. ADDERLEY, M.P.
The Right Hon. Lorp Leieu, Lord-Lieutenant of | WILLIAM SCHOLETFIELD, Esq., M.P.
Warwickshire. J.T. CHANCE, as
The Right Hon. Lorp LYTTELTON, Lord-Lieute- | F. OSLER, Esq., F.R.S.
nant of Worcestershire. The Rey. CHARLES Evans, M.A.
a Bie ae fe are WROTTESLEY, M.A., D.C.L.,
“ -A.B.
The Right Reverend The Lorp Bisnor or Wor-
ORDINARY MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.
BABInGToN, Prof. C. C., F.R.S. MILLER, Prof. W.A., M.D., F.R.S.
BATEMAN, J. F., Esq., F.R.S. ScLATER, P. L., Esq., F.R.S.
CRAWFURD, JOHN, Esq., F.R.S.
DELARUE, WARREN, Esq., F.R.S.
FOSTER, PETER LE NEVE, Esq.
SmirH, Professor HENRY, F.R.S.
SmyTu, Prof. WARINGTON, F.R.S.
SroKEs, Professor G. e nee F.R.S.
Sykes, Colonel, M.P.,
GALTON, Capt. Douetas, R.E., F.R.S.
GassioT, J. P., Esq. 5.
GLADSTONE, Dr, “B.S.
GRovE, W. R., Esq., F.R.S.
HEYWOOD, JAMES, Esq., F.R.S.
Hutton, RoBERT, Esq., F.G.S.
TirE, W., Esq., M.P., PRS,
WHEATSTONE, Professor, F.R.S.
WEBSTER, THOMAS, Esq., F-.R.S.
WILLIAMSON, Prof. A. W., F.R.S,
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.
The President and President Elect, the Vice-Presidents and Vice-Presidents Elect, the General and
Assistant-General Secretaries, the General Treasurer, the Trustees, and the Presidents of former
years, viz.—
Rey. Professor Sedgwick. Sir David Brewster.
The Rey. H. Lloyd, D.D.
The Duke of Devonshire. G. B. Airy, Esq., the Astronomer | Richard Owen, M.D., D.C.L.
Rey. W. V. Harcourt. Royal. The Lord Wrottesley.
Rev. W. Whewell, D.D. General Sabine, D.C.L. William Fairbairn, Esq., LL.D.
The Earl of Rosse.
Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart.
Sir Roderick I. Murchison, K.C.B.
The Rey. T. R. Robinson, D.D.
William Hopkins, Esq., LL.D.
The Earl of Harrowby.
The Duke of Argyll.
Professor Daubeny, M.D.
The Rey. Professor Willis.
Sir W. G. Armstrong, C.B., LL.D
Sir Charles Lyell, Aus nme
GENERAL SECRETARIES.
WILLIAM Hopxins, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., St. Peter’s College, Cambridge.
FRANCIS GALTON, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., 42 Rutland Gate, Knightsbridge, London.
ASSISTANT GENERAL SECRETARY.
GEORGE GRIFFITH, Esq., M.A., Deputy Professor of Experimental Philosophy in the University of
Oxford.
GENERAL TREASURER.
WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, Esq., M.A., F.R.8., F.R.G.S., 50 Grosvenor Place, London, 8.W.
AUDITORS.
J. P. Gassiot, Esq., F.R.8. Robert Hutton, Esq., F.G.S.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.8.
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LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE.
1865.
* indicates Life Members entitled to the Annual Report.
§ indicates Annual Subscribers entitled to the Annual Report.
{ indicates Subscribers not entitled to the Annual Report.
Names without any mark before them are Life Members not
entitled to the Annual Report. .
Names of Members whose addresses are inaccurate or not known
are in ztalics,
Notice of changes of Residence should be sent to the Assistant General Secretary.
Year of
Election.
, Abbatt, Richard, F.R.A.S. Woodberry Down, Stoke Newington,
London.
1863. *Abel, Frederick Augustus, F.R.S., F.C.8., Director of the Chemical
Establishment of the War Department, Royal Arsenal, Wool-
wich.
1856. tAbercrombie, John, M.D. 13 Suffolk-square, Cheltenham.
1863. *Abernethy, James. 2 Delahay-street, Westminster, London.
1860. §Abernethy, Robert, C.E. Ferry-hill, Aberdeen.
1854, tAbraham, John. 87 Bold-street, Liverpool.
Acland, Henry W. D., M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor
of Medicine in the University of Oxford. Broad-street, Oxford.
Acland, Sir Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
F.R.G.S. Killerton, Devon.
1860, {Acland, Thomas Dyke, M.A. Sprydoncote, Exeter.
Adair, John. 11 Mountjoy-square, Dublin.
* Adair, Colonel Robert A. Shafto, F.R.S. 7 Audley-square, London...
*Adams, John Couch, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Lowndean
Professor of Astronomy and Geometry in the University of
Cambridge. The Observatory, Cambridge.
1856. tAddams, Robert.
Adderley, Charles Bowyer, M.P. Hams-hill, Coleshill, Warwickshire.
Adelaide, Augustus Short, D.D., Bishop of. South Australia.
1860. *Adie, Patrick. 16 Sussex-place, South Kensington, London.
1861. tAenew, Thomas. Fair Hope, Eccles, near Manchester.
1854, {Aikin, John. Princes Park, Liverpool.
1845, {Ainslie, Rey. G., D.D., Master of Pembroke College, Pembroke
Lodge, Cambridge.
B
2
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1864.
1841.
1859.
1859.
1851.
1855.
1861.
1862.
1861.
1857.
1859,
1851.
1858.
1850.
1851.
1863.
1859,
* 1862.
1850,
1846,
1861.
1852.
1865.
1844.
1855.
1855.
1850.
1850.
1852.
1855.
1855,
1850.
1850.
1859.
1850.
1853.
1850.
1861.
*Ainsworth, David. The Flosh, Egremont, Cumberland.
Ainsworth, Peter. Smithills Hall, Bolton.
*Ainsworth, Thomas. The Flosh, Egremont, Cumberland.
tAirlie, The Earl of. Cortachy Castle, Forfarshire.
§Airston, Dr. William Baird. 29 South-street, St. Andrew’s, Fife.
Airy, George Biddell, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Astronomer
Royal. The Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
tAiry, Rey. William, M.A. Keysoe, Bedfordshire.
tAitlin, John, M.D. 21 Blythswood-square, Glasgow.
Aitkin, Thomas.
Alvoyd, Edward. Bankfield, Halifax.
*Alcock, Ralph. 47 Nelson-street, Oxford-street, Manchester.
§Alcock, Sir Rutherford. The Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, London.
tAlcock, Thomas, M.D. 66 Upper Brook-street, Manchester.
*Aldam, William. Frickley Hall, near Doncaster.
Alderson, James, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. 17 Berkeley-square, London.
tAldridge, John, M.D. 20 Ranelagh-road, Dublin.
Alexander, James.
tAlexander, Colonel Sir James Edward, K.C.L.S., F.R.AAS., F.R.GS.,
14th Reet. Westerton, Bridge of Allan, N. B.
tAlexander, R. D. St. Matthew’s-street, Ipswich.
tAlexander, William, M.D. Halifax.
tAlexander,-William Lindsay, D.D. Pinkieburn, N. B.
fAlexander, W.H. Bank-street, Ipswich.
§Allan, Miss. Bellevue House, Perth.
fAllan, Alexander. Scottish Central Railway, Perth.
§Allan, James, M.A., Ph.D. School of Practical Science, Sheffield.
tAllan, Robert, 29 York-street, Edinburgh.
Allan, William. 22 Carlton-place, Glasgow.
tAllen, John Mead. Orchard-place, Southampton.
fAllen, Richard. Didsbury, near Manchester.
Allen, William. 50 Henry-street, Dublin.
*Allen, William J. C., Secretary to the Royal Belfast Academical
Institution. Ulster Bank, Belfast.
§Allhusen, H.C. Elswick Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Allis, Thomas, F.L.S. Osbaldwick Hall, near York.
*Allman, George J., M.D., F.R.S. L. & E., M.R.LA., Professor of
Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. 21 Manor-
place, Edinburgh.
Allman, William, M.D.
*Ambler, Henry. Watkinson Hall, Ovenden, near Halifax.
*Amery, John, F.S.A. Manor House, Eckington, Worcestershire.
fAnderson, Alexander D., M.D. 159 St. Vincent-street, Edinburgh.
fAnderson, Andrew. 2 Woodside-crescent, Glasgow.
tAnderson, Charles, M.D. 40 Quality-street, Leith.
tAnderson, Charles William. Cleadon, South Shields.
tAnderson, Sir James. Glasgow.
fAnderson, James. 46 Abbotsford-place, Glasgow.
tAnderson, James. Springfield Blantyre, Glasgow.
Anderson, James A. Glasgow.
fAnderson, John. 31 St. Bernard’s-crescent, Edinburgh.
fAnderson, John, D.D. Newburgh, Fifeshire.
§Anderson, Patrick. Dundee.
tAnderson, Thomas, M.D., Professor of Chemistry, University of
Glasgow.
*Anderson, William (Yr.). Glentarkie, Strathmiglo, Fife.
tAnderson, W., M.A. 1 Blacket-place, Edinburgh.
tAndrew, Jonah.
LIST OF MEMBERS, 3
Year of
Election.
1857.
1859.
1857,
1849,
1859.
1850.
1851.
1854.
1855.
1851.
1861.
1857.
1856.
1864.
1853.
1845.
1861.
1861.
1861.
1858.
1861.
1863.
1861.
1845.
1858.
1861.
1858,
1863.
1859.
*Andrews, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Vice-President of, and
Professor of Chemistry in, Queen’s College, Belfast.
f{Andrews, William. The Hill, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
tAngus, John. Town House, Aberdeen.
*Ansted, David Thomas, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S., F.R.GS.,
F.S.A. Impington Hall, Cambridge.
tAnster, John, LL.D. 5 Lower Gloucester-street, Dublin.
Anthony, John, M.B. Caius College, Cambridge.
Apjohn, James, M.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Professor of Chemistry,
Trinity College, Dublin. 82 Lower Bagot-street, Dublin.
*Appold, John George, F.R.S. 23 Wilson-street, Finsbury-square,
London.
t Arbuthnot, C. T.
TArbuthnot, Six Robert Keith, Bart.
tArcedeckne, Andrew. 1 Grosvenor-square, London.
tArcher, Francis.
* Archer, Professor T..C., F.R.S.E., Director of the Industrial Museum.
9 Argyll-place, Edinburgh.
tArgyll, The Duke of, K.T., F.R.S.L. & E., F.G.S. Argyll Lodge,
Kensington, London.
§ Armitage, William. 7 Meal-street, Mosley-street, Manchester.
Armstrong, Thomas. Higher Broughton, Manchester.
*Armstrong, Sir William George, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Elswick
Works, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
tArmstrong, William Jones, M.A. Mount Irwin, Tynna, Co. Armagh.
Arnott, George A. Walker, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of
Botany in the University of Glasgow. Aylary, Kinross-shire.
Arnott, Neil, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. 2 Cumberland-terrace, Regent’s
Park, London,
§Arrowsmith, John. Hereford-square, London.
*Arthur, Rey. William, M.A. Glendun, East Acton, London.
Ashhurst, Thomas Henry, D.C.L. All Souls’ College, Oxford.
*Ashton, Thomas, M.D. 81 Mosley-street, Manchester.
Ashton, Thomas, Ford Bank, Didsbury, Manchester.
*Ashworth, Edmund. Egerton Hall, Turton, near Bolton.
Ashworth, Henry. Turton, near Bolton.
tAshworth, Rey. J. A. Dudcote, Abingdon.
§Aspland, Alfred. Dukinfield, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Aspland, Algernon Sydney.
Aspland, Rey. R. Brook, M.A. 1 Frampton Villas, South Hackney,
London.
§Asquith, J. R. Leeds.
tAston, Thomas. 4 Elm-court, Temple, London.
tAtherton, Charles. Sandover, Isle of Wight.
tAtkin, Eli. Newton Heath, Manchester.
*Atkinson, G. Clayton. Wyland Hall, West Denton, Newcastle-on-
Tyne.
tAtshinadn, James.
Atkinson, John. 14 East Parade, Leeds.
tAtkinson, John. Daisy-bank House, Victoria Park, Manchester.
*Atkinson, John Hastings. 14 East Parade, Leeds.
*Atkinson, Joseph B. Cotham, Bristol.
tAtkinson, Rey. J. A. Longsight Rectory, near Manchester.
* Atkinson, J. R. W.
Atkinson, William. Ashton Hayes, near Chester.
§Attfield, Dr. J. 17 Bloomsbury-square, London.
* Auldjo, John, F.GS,
tAustin, Alfred.
B2
4
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1860,
1853,
1858,
1858.
1858.
1851.
1846.
1858.
1861.
1861.
1847.
1849.
1863.
1845.
1860.
1851.
1863.
1852.
1856,
1846.
*Austin, Rev. William E. C., M.A. Abbotstoke, Beaminster, Dorset.
*Ayrton, W.S., F.S.A. Allerton-hill, Leeds.
Babbage, B.H. 1 Dorset-street, Manchester-square, London.
*Babbage, Charles, M.A., F.R.S. L. & E., Hon. M.R.LA., F.R.AS,
1 Dorset-street, Manchester-square, London.
*Babington, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor
of Botany in the University of Cambridge. (Local Treasurer.)
St. John’s College, Cambridge. :
Bache, Rey. Samuel. 44 Frederick-street, Edgbaston, near Bir-
mingham.
tBack, Rear-Admiral Sir George, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. 109
Gloucester-place, Portman-square,
Backhouse, Edmund. Darlington.
}Backhouse, J. W. Sunderland.
Backhouse, Thomas James. Sunderland.
. [Bacon, George. Tavern-street, Ipswich.
*Baddeley, Captain Frederick H., R.E.
. *Bailey, C. D. 7 Camden-crescent, Bath.
Bagot, Thomas N. Ballymoe, Co. Galway.
Bailey, Samuel. Sheffield.
tBailey, William. Horseley Fields Chemical Works, Wolverhampton.
§Baily, William Hellier, F.L.S., F.G.S., Acting Paleeontologist to the
Geological Survey of Ireland. 51 Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
*Bain, Richard. Gwennap, near Truro.
Bainbridge, Joseph. (Messrs. Morris and Prevost, Gresham House,
ondon.
*Bainbridge, Robert Walton. Middleton House, near Barnard Castle,
Durham.
*Baines, Edward. Headingley Lodge, Leeds.
}Baines, Frederick. Burley, near Leeds.
*Baines, Samuel. Victoria Mills, Brighouse, Yorkshire.
}Baines, T. Blackburn. ‘Mercury’ Office, Leeds.
{Baird, A. W., M.D. Lower Brook-street, Ipswich.
Baker, Rev. Franklin.
*Baker, Henry Granville. Bellevue, Horsforth, near Leeds,
*Baker, John. Dodge-hill, Stockport.
ie John. (R. Brooks & Co., St. Peter’s Chambers, Cornhill,
ondon. )
{Baker, Thomas B. Lloyd. Hardwick-court, Gloucester.
*Baker, William. 63 Gloucester-place, Hyde Park, London,
§Baker, William. 6 Tuptonville, Sheffield.
{Bakewell, Frederick. 6 Haverstock-terrace, Hampstead.
§Balding, James, M.R.C.S. Barkway, Royston, Herts.
Baldwin, Rey. John, M.A. Dalton, near Ulverston, Lancashire.
*Baldwin, The Hon. Robert, H.M. Attorney-General. Spadina, Co.
York, Upper Canada.
*Balfour, John Hutton, M.D., M.A., F.R.S. L. & E., F.L.S., Professor
of Medicine and Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 27
Inyerleith-row, Edinburgh.
*Ball, John, M.R.LA., F.L.S, Oxford and Cambridge Club, Pall
Mall, London.
§Ball, Thomas. Bramcote, Nottingham.
*Ball, William. Rydall, Ambleside, Westmoreland.
TBangor, Viscount. Castleward, Co. Down, Ireland.
tBanks, Richard William. Kington, Herefordshire.
{Banks, Rey. S. H., LL.D. Dullingham, Newmarket.
Bannerman, Alexander.
LIST OF MEMBERS, ' 5
Year of
Election.
1861, {Bannerman, James Alexander. Limefield House, Higher Broughton,
near Manchester.
1853. {Bannister, Anthony.
1861. *Barbour, George. Bolesworth Castle, Tattenhall, Chester.
1859,
1855.
1852.
1860.
1863.
1860.
1857,
1846.
{Barbour, George F. Bouskeid, Edinburgh.
*Barbour, Robert. Portland-street, Manchester.
{Barclay, Andrew. Kilmarnock, Scotland.
Barclay, Charles, F.S.A., M.R.A.S. Bury-hill, Dorking.
Barclay, James. Catrine, Ayrshire.
*Barclay, J. Gurney. Walthamstow, Essex.
*Barclay, Robert. Leyton, Essex.
tBarford, J. Gale. Wellington College, Berks.
*Barker, Rey. Arthur Alcock, B.D., Rector of East Bridgeford, Not-
tinghamshire.
Barker, James.
{Barker, John, M.D., Curator of the Royal College of Surgeons of
Treland. Dublin.
{Barlow, Rey. John, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S. 5 Berkeley-street,
London.
Barlow, Lieut.-Col. Maurice (14th Regt. of Foot). 5 Great George-
street, Dublin.
Barlow, Peter. 5 Great George-street, Dublin.
. {Barlow, Peter William, F.R.8., F.G.8. 26 Great George-street,
Westminster, London.
. *Barnard, Major R. Cary. Cambridge House, Bays-hill, Cheltenham,
. *Barneby, John H. Brockhampton Park, Worcester.
Barnes, Rey. Joseph Watkins, M.A., F.C.P.S. Kendal, Westmore-
land.
*Barnes, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S.E. Carlisle.
Barnes, Thomas Addison.
*Barnett, Richard, M.R.C.S. Park-crescent, Oxford.
{Barr, Lieut.-Colonel, Bombay Army. (Messrs. Forbes, Forbes & Co.,
9 King William-street, London.)
. *Barr, W.R. Norris Bank, Heaton Norris, Stockport.
. Barrett, T. B. Welshpool.
. §Barrington, Edward. Fassaroe Bray, Ireland.
. {Barrington, Richard 8. Trafalgar-terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
. tBarry, Rev. A. Spencer-place, Leeds.
. *Barry, Charles. Lapswood, Sydenham-hill, Kent.
Barstow, Thomas. Garrow-hill, near York.
. *Bartholomew, Charles. Broxholme, Doncaster.
. tBartholomew, Hugh. New Gas-works, Glasgow.
. *Bartholomew, William Hamond. 5 Grove-terrace, Leeds.
. TBartlet, A.H. Lower Brook-street, Ipswich.
. {Barton, Folloit W. Clonelly, Co. Fermanagh.
. {Barton, James. Newry, near Belfast.
*Barton, John. Bank of Ireland, Dublin.
. §Bartrum, John 8. 41 Gay-street, Bath.
. *Barwick, John Marshall. Albion-street, Leeds.
*Bashforth, Rey. Francis, B.D. Minting, near Horncastle, Lincolnshire,
. {Bass, John H., F.G.S. 2 Picton Villas, Camden-road, London.
. {Bastard, Thomas H. Charleton, Blandford.
. {Bate, C. Spence, F.R.S., F.L.S. 8 LE t= Plymouth.
Bateman, James, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8., F.H Knypersley Hall,
near Congleton, Staffordshire.
*Bateman, John Frederic, C.E., F.R.S., F.G.S. 16 Great George-
street, Westminster, London.
*Bateman, Joseph, LL.D., F.R.A.S., J.P, Walthamstow, London,
6 -« LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1864, §Bates, Henry Walter, Assist.-Sec. R.G.S. 15 Whitehall-place,
London.
Bateson, John Glynn. Liverpool.
1852. {Bateson, Sir Robert, Bart. Belvoir Park, Belfast.
1863. *Bathurst, Rev. W. H. Lydney Park, Gloucestershire.
1863. §Bauerman, H. 22 Acre-lane, Brixton, London,
1861. {Baxendell, Joseph, F.R.A.S. 108 Stock-street, Manchester,
1858. { Baxter, Robert,
*Bayldon, John. Horbury, near Wakefield.
1851. *Bayley, George. 2 Cowper’s-court, Cornhill, London,
1854, {Baylis, C.O., M.D. 51 Hamilton-square, Birkenhead.
1855. {Bayly, Capt., R.E. 205 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.
. Bayly, John, 1 Brunswick-terrace, Plymouth.
Bazley, Thomas Sebastian, B.A. Agden Hall, Lymm, Warrington.
Beal, Captain. Toronto, Upper Canada.
1860. *Beale, Lionel 8., M.B., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology and of Gene-
ral and Morbid Anatomy in King’s College, London. 61 Gros-
venor-street, London.
Beale, Samuel.
Beamish, Francis B. Cork.
*Beamish, Richard, F.R.S. (Local Treasurer.) 2 Suffolk-square,
Cheltenham,
Bean, R. H.
1861. §Bean, William. Alfreton, Derbyshire.
*Beatson, William, Rotherham,
1857. { Beattie, Joseph.
1855. *Beaufort, William Morris, F.R.GS. India.
1861. *Beaumont, Rey. Thomas George. Chelmondiston Rectory, Ipswich.
1859. *Beck, Joseph, F.R.A.S. 31 Cornhill, London.
1864. §Beck, Richard. Lister Works, Holloway, London.
1851. §Becker, Ernest, Ph.D. Buckingham Palace, London.
1864. §Becker, L. E. Altham, Accrington.
1858. *Beckett, William. Kirkstall Grange, Leeds. ;
1860. {Beckles, papel H., F.R.S., F.G.S. 9 Grand Parade, St. Leonard’s-
on-Sea.
1846. {Beddome, J., M.D. Romsey, Hants.
1854, { Bedford, James, Ph.D.
1858, {Bedford, James.
1850. {Beghie, James, M.D. 21 Alva-street, Edinburgh.
1846. §Beke, Charles T., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.G.S, | Bekesbourne House,
near Canterbury, Kent.
1847. *Belcher, Rear-Admiral SirEdward, R.N.,F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S. Union
Club, Trafalgar-square, London.
1847. {Belcher, William. Abingdon.
1850. {Bell, Charles, M.D, 3 St. Colme-street, Edinburgh.
Bell, Frederick John. Woodlands, near Maldon, Essex.
1859. {Bell, George. Windsor-buildings, Dumbarton.
1860. {Bell, Rey. George Charles, M.A. Worcester College, Oxford.
1855. {Bell, Capt. Henry. Chalfont Lodge, Cheltenham.
1862, *Bell, Isaac Lowthian. The Hall, Washington, Co. Durham.
1853. {Bell, John Pearson, M.D. Waverley House, Hull.
*Bell, Matthew P. 245 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.
1859. {Bell, Robert, jun. 3 Airlie-place, Dundee.
1864, §Bell, R. Queen’s College, Kingston, Canada.
1855. {Bell, the late Sheriff. Glasgow.
Bell, Thomas, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of Zoology, King’s
College, London, The Wakes, Selborne, near Alton, Hants.
1863, *Bell, Thomas. Usworth House, Gateshead, Durham.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 7
Year of
Election.
1854,
1864.
1848.
1850.
1852.
1857.
1848.
1863.
1848.
1845.
1863.
1863.
1848.
1862.
1858.
1859.
1863.
1857.
1849.
1863.
1864.
1855.
1847.
1854.
1862.
1861.
1854,
1863.
Bellhouse, Edward Taylor. Eagle Foundry, Manchester.
{Bellhouse, William Dawson. 1 Park-street, Leeds.
Bellingham, Sir Alan. Castle Bellingham, Ireland.
*Bendyshe, T. 88 Cambridge-street, Pimlico, London,
{Benham, E. 18 Essex-street, Strand, London.
Benkhausen, George.
{Bennett, J. Hughes, M.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of Institutes of Medi-
= = the University of Edinburgh. 1 Glenfinlas-street, Edin-
urgh,
*Bennoch, Francis. The Knoll, Blackheath, Kent.
{Benson, Charles. 11 Fitzwilliam-square West, Dublin.
Benson, Robert, jun. Fairfield, Manchester.
{Benson, Starling, F.G.S. Gloucester-place, Swansea.
{Benson, William. Fourstones, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
{Bentham, George, F.R.S., Pres. L.S. 91 Victoria-street, Westminster,
London.
Bentley, John. 9 Portland-place, London.
{Bentley, J. Flowers. Stamford, Lincolnshire.
’§Bentley, Robert, F.L.S., Professor of Botany in King’s College. 55
Clifton-road, St. John’s-wood, London.
§Berkley, C. Marley Hill, Gateshead, Durham.
Bermingham, Thomas.
{Berrington, Arthur V. D. Woodlands Castle, near Swansea,
*Berryman; William Richard. 6 Tamar-terrace, Stoke, Devonport.
{Besant, William Henry, M.A. St. John’s College, Cambridge.
{Best, William. Leydon-terrace, Leeds.
{Beveridge, Robert, M.B. 20 Union-street, Aberdeen.
{Bewick, Thomas John. Allenheads, Carlisle.
{Bewley, Charles. Cope-street, Dublin.
*Bickerdike, Rev. John, M.A. St. Mary’s Parsonage, Leeds.
Bickersteth, Robert. Rodney-street, Liverpool.
{ Bidwell, Henry.
{Bigger, Benjamin. Gateshead, Durham.
§Biges, R. 17 Charles-street, Bath.
tBillgs, Robert William. 4 St. Mary’s-road, Canonbury, London,
Bilton, Rey. William, M.A., F.G.S. University Club, Suffolk-street,
London ; and Chislehurst, Kent.
Bingham, Rev. William, M.A.
Binney, Edward William, F.R.S., F.G.S. 40 Cross-street, Manchester.
*Binyon, Thomas. Henwick Grove, Worcester.
Birchall, Edwin. Oakfield Villas, Birkenhead.
Birchall, Henry.
{Bird, Rev. Charles Smith, Vicar of Gainsborough.
{Bird, William Smith. Dingle Priory, near Liverpool.
Birkenshaw, John Cass. 3
§Birkin, Richard. Apsley Hall, Nottingham.
*Birks, Rev. Thomas Rawson. Kelshall Rectory, Royston.
*Birley, Richard. Seedley, Pendleton, Manchester.
{Birley, Thomas Thornely. Highfield, Heaton Mersey.
*Birt, W. Radcliff, FR.A.S. 42 Sewardstone-road West, Victoria
Park, London.
{Bishop, Rev. Francis.
Black, James, M.D.,F.G.S.,F.R.S.E. 2 George-square, Edinburgh,
{Black, William. South Shields.
Blackburn, Bewicke. Clapham Common, London.
Blackburne, Right Hon. Francis. 34 Merrion-square South, Dublin.
Blackburne, Rev. John, M.A. Yarmouth, Isle of Wight.
Blackburne, Rev. John, jun.,M.A. Rectory, Horton,near Chippenham,
8
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1859.
1855.
1863.
1859.
3. §Blake, C. C. Anthropological Society, 4 St. Martin’s-place, London.
. *Blake, Henry Wollaston, M.A., /.R.S. 8 Devonshire-place, Portland-
1853.
1859,
1859.
1850.
1858.
1845,
1864,
1859.
1859.
1849.
1863.
1861.
1858.
1861.
1861,
1861,
1849,
1863.
1859,
tBlackie, John Stewart, Professor of Greek. Edinburgh.
*Blackie, W. G., Ph.D., F.R.G.S. 36 Frederick-street, Glasgow.
*Blackwall, John, F.L.S. Hendre House, near Llanrwst, Denbighshire.
*Blackwell, Thomas Evans, F.G.S. Montreal.
{Bladen, Charles. Jarrow Iron Company, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
{Blaikie, Sir Thomas. Kingseat, Aberdeen.
place, London.
. {Blake, James, M.B. Pall Mall, London.
. *Blake, William. South Petherton, minster.
. tBlakely, Capt. A. T. 34 Montpellier-square, Knightsbridge, London.
. TBlakesley, h
. §Blakiston, Matthew. 9 Euston-street, Dublin.
ey. J. W., B.D. Ware Vicarage, Hertfordshire.
*Blakiston, Peyton, M.D., F.R.S. St. Leonard’s-on-Sea.
Blanchard, Lneut.- Col.
*Bland, Rey. Miles, D.D., F.R.S.,F.S.A., F.R.A.S. 5 Royal-crescent,
Ramsgate.
Blanshard, William. Redcar.
Blood, William B.
Blore, Edward, F.S.A. 4 Manchester-square, London.
}Blundell, Henry J. P. Brunswick House, Beverley-road, Hull.
Blundell, R. H.
tBlunt, Sir Charles, Bart. Heathfield Park, Sussex.
Blunt, Henry. Shrewsbury.
{Blunt, Capt. Richard. Bretlands, Chertsey, Surrey.
Blyth, B, Hall. 135 George-street, Edinburgh.
speck et M.D., Professor of Chemistry in Queen’s College,
ork,
*Blythe, William. Holland Bank, Church, near Accrington.
Boase, C. W. Dundee.
tBodmer, Rodolphe. Newport, Monmouthshire.
§Boge, J. Louth, Lincolnshire.
Bogle, James.
*Bohn, Henry G., F.R.G.S. York-street, Covent Garden, London.
*Boileau, Sir John Peter, Bart., F.R.S. 20 Upper Brook-street,
London ; and Kettermgham Hall, Norfolk.
tBolster, Rey. Prebendary John A. Cork,
Bolton, R. L. Gambier-terrace, Liverpool.
{Bolton, Thomas. Kinver, near Stourbridge.
§Bond, Francis T., M.D. Hartley Institution, Southampton.
Bond, Henry John Hayes, M.D. Cambridge.
*Bond, Walter M. The Argory, Moy, Ireland.
Bonomi, Ignatius. 36 Blandford-square, London.
Bonomi, Joseph. Soane’s Museum, 15 Lincoln’s-Inn-fields, London.
§Booth, James. Yorkshire-street, Rochdale.
{Booth, Rey. James, LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. The Vicarage, Stone,
near Aylesbury.
*Booth, John. Monton, near Manchester.
*Booth, Councillor William. Dawson-street, Manchester.
Boothman, Thomas.
*Borchardt, Dr. Louis. Bloomsbury, Oxford-road, Manchester.
{Boreham, William W., F.R.A.S. Haverhill, Suffolk.
tBorries, Theodore. Lovaine-crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Bossey, Francis, M.D. 4 Broadwater-road, Worthing.
Bosworth, Rey. Joseph, LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., M.R.LA., Professor
of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford. Oxford.
{Bothwell, George B. 9 Bon Accord-square, Aberdeen.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 9
Year of
lection.
1858.
1850.
1858.
1846.
1856.
1863.
1863.
1863.
1849,
1864,
1861.
1857.
1863,
1862.
1858.
1864.
1850.
1861.
1852.
1857.
1859.
1859.
1854.
1860.
1854.
1854,
1859.
1863.
1863.
1848.
1859.
{Botterill, John. Burley, near Leeds.
Bottomley, William. Forbreda, Belfast.
{Bouch, Thomas, C.K. 1 South Hanover-street, Edinburgh.
Boult, E. 8.
Bourne, Lieut.-Col. J. D. Heathfield, Liverpool.
{Bousfield, Charles. Roundhay, near Leeds.
*Bowerbank, James Scott, LL.D., F.R.S., ERAS. 8 Highbury-
erove, London.
*Bowlby, Miss F. E. 27 Lansdown-crescent, Cheltenham.
{Bowman, R. Benson. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bowman, William, F.R.S. 5 Clifford-street, London.
tBowron, James. Stockton-on-Tees.
{Boyd, EK. F. Moor House, Durham.
Boyle, Alexander, M.R.LA. 35 College Green, Dublin.
Brabant, R. H., M.D. Bath.
Bracebridge, Charles Holt, F.R.G.S. The Hall, Atherstone, War-
wickshire.
{Bracey, Charles. Birmingham.
§Bradbury, Thomas. Longroyde, Brighouse.
Bradshaw, Rev. John.
*Bradshaw, William. Mosley-street, Manchester.
*Brady, Antonio. Maryland Point, Essex.
*Brady, Cheyne, M.R.I.A. Willow Bank, De Vesci-terrace, Kings-
town, Co. Dublin.
Brady, Daniel F., M.D. 14 North Frederick-street, Dublin.
§Brady, George S. 22 Fawcett-street, Sunderland.
§Brady, Henry Bowman, F.L.8., F.C.8, 40 Mosley-street, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.
{Brae, Andrew Edmund. 29 Park-square, Leeds,
§Braham, P. 6 George-street, Bath.
Braid, James.
*Brakenridge, John. Wakefield.
Brancker, Rey. Thomas, M.A. Limington, Somerset.
{Brand, William, F.R.S.E. 5 Northumberland-street, Edinburgh.
*Brandreth, Henry. Eton.
Brandreth, John Moss. Preston.
{Brazier, James 8. Marischal College and University of Aberdeen,
tBrazill, Thomas. 12 Holles-street, Dublin.
{Brebner, Alexander C. Audit Office, Somerset House, London.
*Brebner, James. 20 Albyn-place, Aberdeen.
{Bretherton, Frederick.
tBrett, G. Salford.
*Brett, John Watkins. 2 Hanover-square, London.
tBrewin, Robert.
{Brewster, Sir David, K.H., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. L. & E., Hon.
M.R.LA., F.G.S., F.R.A.S., Vice-Chancellor of the University
of Edinburgh. Edinburgh.
{Brewster, Rev. Henry. Manse of Farnell.
“Briges, General John, F.R.S., M.R.A.S., F.G.S. 2 Tenterden-street,
ondon.
*Bright, Sir Charles Tilston, C.E., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S. 12 Upper
Hyde Park-gardens, and 1 Victoria-street, Westminster, London,
Bright, John, M.P. Rochdale, Lancashire.
§Brivit, Henri. Washington Chemical Works, Washington, Durham,
Broadbent, Thomas. Marsden-square, Manchester.
{Brock, Rey. G. B. Mount Pleasant, Swansea.
ee Bernard Edwin. 20 Grosyenor-street, Grosyenor-square,
ondon,
10
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Year of
Election.
1847.
1834.
. {Bromby, J. H., M.A. The Charter House, Hull,
tBrodie, Sir Benjamin C., Bart., M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry
in the University of Oxford. Cowley House, Oxford.
tBrodie, Rev. James. Monimail, Fifeshire.
Brogden, John.
Bromilow, Henry G.
Brook, William. Meltham, York.
*Brooke, Charles, M.A., F.R.S. 16 Fitzroy-square, London.
. {Brooke, Edward. Marsden House, Stockport, Cheshire.
. *Brooke, Rev. J.T. Bannerdown House, Batheaston, Bath.
. {Brooke, Peter William. Marsden House, Stockport, Cheshire.
. §Brooks, J. C. Wallsend.
*Brooks, Samuel. King-street, Manchester.
. *Brooks, Thomas (Messrs. Butterworth and Brooks). Manchester.
Brooks, William. Ordfall-hill, East Retford, Nottinghamshire.
. §Broome, C. E. Elmhurst, Batheaston, near Bath.
. *Brough, Lionel H., F.G.S., one of Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Coal-
Mines. Clifton, Bristol.
*Broun, John Allan, F.R.S., Astronomer to His Highness the Rajah
of Travancore.
Brown, Alexander, M.A.
. {Brown, Alexander Crum, F.R.S.E. Arthur Lodge, Dalkeith-road,
Edinburgh.
Brown, Charles Edward. Cambridge.
. {Brown, Colin. 3 Mansfield-place, Glasgow.
. *Brown, Rey. Dixon. Howick Rectory, Alnwick.
. Brown, Alderman Henry. Bradford.
Brown, Hugh. Broadstone, Ayrshire.
. {Brown, Rey. J. C., LL.D., Lecturer on Botany in King’s College,
Aberdeen. 156 Crown-street, Aberdeen.
Brown, James.
. [Brown, James L.
. {Brown, John. Barnsley.
. §Brown, John H. 40 East Parade, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
- {Brown, Ralph. Lambton’s Bank, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
. *Brown, Samuel, F.S.S. The Elms, Larkhall Rise, Clapham, London.
. Brown, Samuel, M.D.
*Brown, Thomas. Hardwick House, Chepstow.
*Brown, William. 3 Maitland Park Villas, Haverstock-hill, London.:
. {Brown, William. 179 Bath-street, Glasgow.
. {Brown, William, F.R.S.E. 25 Dublin-street, Edinburgh.
. {Browne, B. Chapman. Tynemouth.
. [Browne, Henry, M.D.
. *Browne, Robert Clayton, B.A. Browne’s Hill, Carlow, Ireland.
Browne, William. Richmond-hill, near Liverpool.
. §Brownlee, James. 173 St. George’s-road, Glasgow.
Brownlie, Archibald. Glasgow.
. {Brownlow, William B. Villa-place, Hull.
*Bruce, Alexander John. Kilmarnock.
. {Bruce, Rey. William. Belfast.
. {Bruff, P. Handford Lodge, Ipswich.
. *Brunel, H. M. Duke-street, Westminster, London.
- {Brunel, J. Duke-street, Westminster, London.
. [Bryant, Arthur C.
. [Bryant, Wilberforce.
. §Bryce, James. 76 Oldham-street, Manchester.
Bryce, James, M.A., LL.D., F.G.8. High School, Glasgow.
Bryce, Rey. R. J., LL.D., Principal of Belfast Academy, Belfast.
LIST OF MEMBERS. ll
Year of
Election. <
1850.
1859,
1845,
1854.
1852.
tBryson, Alexander, F.R.S.E. Hawkhill, Edinburgh.
{Bryson, William Gillespie. Cullen, Aberdeen.
Buchanan, Andrew, M.D., Regius Professor of the Institutes of
Medicine in the University of Glasgow. Glasgow.
Buchanan, Archibald. Catrine, Ayrshire.
Buchanan, D.C. Poulton cum Seacombe, Cheshire.
. {Buchanan, George. 14 Duke-street, Edinburgh.
Buchanan, James, RE.
*Buck, George Watson. Ramsay, Isle of Man.
. §Buckle, Rev. George, M.A. Twerton Vicarage, Bath.
. TBuckley, Colonel. New Hall, Salisbury.
. {Buckley, Rev. W. E., M.A. Middleton Cheney, Banbury.
. *Buckman, James, F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History in the
Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Bradford Abbas, Sher-
bourne, Dorsetshire.
. *Buckton, G. Bowdler, F.R.S. 7 Kensington Gardens-square,
London.
. {Budd, Edward. Hafod Works, Swansea.
..*Budd, James Palmer, Ystalyfera Iron Works, Swansea.
. {Bullen, George. Carr-street, Ipswich.
*Buller, Sir Antony. Pound, near Tavistock, Devon.
. {Bunbury, Sir Charles James Fox, Bart., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S.,
F.R.G.S. Barton Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.
. Bunbury, Edward H., F.G.8. 15 Jermyn-street, London,
Bunch, Rey. Robert James, B.D., F.C.P.S. Emanuel Rectory,
Loughborough. ;
. §Bunning, T. Wood. 6 Grey-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bunt, Thomas G. Nugent-place, Bristol.
{Burckhardt, Otte. Bank Chambers, Liverpool,
Burd, John.
*Burd, John, jun.
. *Burgess, John. Rastrick, Yorkshire.
fo) o] ?
Burgoyne, General Sir John F., Bart., G.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., In-
spector General of Fortifications. 8 Gloucester-gardens, London.
. {Burk, J. Lardner, LL.D. 2 North Great George-street, Dublin.
Burn, William.
. {Burnett, Newell. Belmont-street, Aberdeen.
. {Burrows, Montague, M.A., Commander R.N. Oxford.
. {Busby, John. 9 Trafalgar-terrace, Monkstown, Ireland.
. §Bush, W. 7 Circus, Bath.
Bushell, Christopher. Royal Assurance-buildings, Liverpool.
. *Busk, George, F.R.S., Sec. L.S., F.G.S., Examiner in Comparative
Anatomy in the University of London. 15 Harley-street, Caven-
dish-square, London.
. tButcher, Rey. 8., D.D. 18 Fitzwilliam-square West, Dublin.
Butler, Spitsburg.
. [ Butt, Isaac,
Butterfield, Rey. Charles Dales. West Retford Rectory, West
Retford.
. {Butterfield, J. M. 45 Mount, York.
. *Butterworth, John. 58 Mosley-street, Manchester.
. *Buttery, Alexander W. Monkland Iron and Steel Company, Cardar-
roch, near Airdrie,
{ Button, Charles.
Buaxton, Edward North, :
tByerley, Isaac. Seacombe, Liverpool.
Byng, William. Orwell Works House, Ipswich.
}Byrne, Rev, Jas. Ergenagh Rectory, Omagh, Armagh.
12
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1854.
1858.
1863.
1854,
1858.
1854.
1863.
1861.
1855.
1857.
1845,
1857.
1853.
1857.
1845.
1859.
1857,
1855.
1855,
1852.
1859.
1862.
1853.
1861,
1854.
1845,
1856.
1849,
1855,
Cabbell, Benjamin Bond, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., F-R.G.8S. 1 Brick”
court, Temple; and 52 Portland-place, London.
Cabbell, George.
tCadell, William. Monteith.
§Cail, John. Stokesley, Yorkshire.
§Cail, Richard. The Fell, Gateshead.
tCaine, Nathaniel. Dutton-street, Liverpool.
*Caine, Rev. William, M.A. Greenheys, Manchester,
{ Caine, William Sproston.
{Caird, Edward. Finnart, Dumbartonshire.
*Caird, James Key. Finnart on Loch Long, by Gare Loch Head,
Dumbartonshire.
*Caird, James T. Greenock.
t{Cairmnes, Prof. Queen’s College, Galway.
tCalder, Rey. William. Fairfield Parsonage, Liverpool.
Caldwell, Robert. 9 Bachelor’s-walk, Dublin.
{Callan, Rev. N. J., Professor of Natural Philosophy in Maynooth
College.
Callender, “W.R. Victoria Park, Rusholme, near Manchester,
tCalver, E.K., R.N. 21 Norfolk-street, Sunderland.
{Cameron, Charles A., M.D. 17 Ely-place, Dublin,
Cameron, John. Glasgow.
{ Campbell, Colin.
{Campbell, Rey. C. P., Principal of King’s College, Aberdeen. Aber-
deen.
Resa ore Dugald, F.C.S. 7 Quality-court, Chancery-lane, Lon-
on.
{tCampbell, Dugald, M.D. 186 Sauchiehall-street, Glasgow.
Campbell, Sir Hugh P. H., Bart. 10 Hill-street, Berkeley-square,
London; and Marchmont House, near Dunse, Berwickshire.
Campbell, James.
*Campbell, Sir James. Glasgow.
Campbell, Rev. James, D.D, Forkhill, Dundalk, Ireland.
t Campbell, John.
Campbell, John Archibald, F.R.S.E. Albyn-place, Edinburgh,
tCampbell, William. Donegal-square West, Belfast.
tCampbell, William. Dunmore, Argyllshire.
*Campion, Rev. William. Queen’s College, Cambridge.
ae William, M.D., F.R.G.S. 40 Park-street, Grosvenor-square,
ondon.
aes 2 Rey. Joseph, M.A., F.C.P.S. Birdbrook Rectory, Halstead,
Hssex.
*Carew, William Henry Pole. Antony House, near Devonport.
tCarlton, James. Mosley-street, Manchester.
Carmichael, H. 18 Hume-street, Dublin.
Carmichael, James.
Carmichael, John T. C. Messrs. Todd & Co., Cork..
*Carpenter, Philip Pearsall, B.A., Ph.D. Cairo-street, Warrington.
tCarpenter, Rey. R. Lant, B.A. Halifax.
{Carpenter, William B., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Registrar of the
University of London. 8 Queen’s-road West, Regent’s Park,
London.
Carpmael, William. 4 Old-square, Lincoln’s Inn, London.
{Carr, John. Queen’s Circus, Cheltenham.
Carr, Ralph. 34 Bedford-place, Russell-square, London.
tCarr, William. Gomersal, Leeds.
*Carr, William, M.D., F.R.C.S. Lee Grove, Blackheath, Kent.
tCarrick, John, Hill-street, Garnet-hill, Glasgow.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 13
Year of
Election.
1861.
1861.
1857.
1845,
1845,
1855.
1862.
1853.
1855.
1859,
1849.
1860,
1858.
1860.
1859.
1861.
1859.
1859,
1861.
1850.
1861.
1854.
1863.
1863,
1845.
1864,
*Carrick, Thomas. 37 Princess-street, Manchester.
*Carson, Rey. Joseph, D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, M.R.L.A.
18 Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin.
tCarte, Alexander, M.D. Royal Dublin Society, Dublin,
tCarter, G.B. Lord-street, Liverpool.
{ Carter, James.
tCarter, Richard, C.K. Long Carr, Barnsley, Yorkshire.
yen, Rey. James, D.D., F.G.S., Master of Christ’s Colleze, Cam-
ridge.
Cartmell, J oseph, M.D. Carlisle.
Cartwright, Rev. R. B. Stoke Rectory, Grantham.
§Carulla, Facundo, F.A.S.L. Care of Messrs. Daglish and Co., 8 Har-
rington-street, Liverpool.
*Cassels, Rev. Andrew, M.A. Batley Vicarage, near Leeds.
Castle, Charles. Clifton, Bristol.
Castle, Robert. Cleeve Court, Bristol.
tCator, John B., Commander R.N. 1 Adelaide-street, Hull.
{Catterill, Rev. Henry.
{Catto, Robert. 44 King-street, Aberdeen.
Caw, John Y.
{Cawley, Charles Edward. The Heath, Kirsall, Manchester.
§Cayley, Arthur, F.R.S., V.P.R.A.S., Sadlerian Professor of Mathe-
matics in the University of Cambridge. Cambridge.
Cayley, Digby. Brompton, near Scarborough.
Cayley, Edward Stillingfleet, M.P. 19 Harley-street, London; and
Wydale, Malton, Yorkshire.
*Chadwick, Charles, M.D. 35 Park-square, Leeds.
§Chadwick, David. 64 Cross-street, Manchester,
Chadwick, Edwin, C.B. Richmond, Surrey.
Chadwick, Elias, M.A. Pudleston-court, near Leominster.
Chadwick, John. Broadlands, Rochdale.
{Chadwick, Robert. Highbank, Manchester.
{Chadwick, Thomas. Wilmslow Grange, Cheshire.
*Challis, Rey. James, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Plumian Professor of
Astronomy in the University of Cambridge. 13 Trumpington-
street, Cambridge,
t{Chalmers, John Inglis. Aldbar, Aberdeen,
{Chalmers, Rey. Dr. P. Dunfermline.
Chambers, George. High Green, Sheffield.
Chambers, John. Ridgefield, Manchester.
*Chambers, Robert, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S. 3 Hall-place, St. John’s-
wood, London.
*Champney, Henry Nelson. St. Paul’s-square, York.
Chance, R. L. Summerfield House, Birmingham.
*Chanter, John. 2 Arnold-terrace, Bow-road, Bromley.
*Chapman, Edward. Hill End, Mottram, Manchester.
f{Chapman, Prof. E.J. University College; and 4 Addison-terrace,
Kensington, London.
*Chapman, John. Hill End, Mottram, Manchester.
Chapman, Captain John James, R.A., F.R.G.S. Adelaide-square,
Bedford.
tChapple, Frederick. Canning-street, Liverpool.
Charlesworth, Edward, E.G.
{Charlton, Edward, M.D. 7 Eldon-square, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
§Charlton, F. Braithwaite, Cockermouth.
Charters, Samuel,
{ Chatfield, Henry.
§Cheadle, Dr, 8 Old Cavendish-street, London,
14
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1852.
1853.
1863.
1859.
1861.
1860,
1850.
1857.
1865.
1863.
1855.
1858.
1857,
1859,
1846,
1861.
1855,
1857,
1861.
1851.
1848.
1861.
1854,
1855.
1856,
1857.
1850.
1859.
1861.
*Cheetham, David. Weston Park, Bath.
{Cheshire, Edward. Conservative Club, London.
Cheshire, John. Hartford, Cheshire.
*Chesney, Major-General Francis Rawdon, R.A., D.C.L., F.B.S.,
F.R.G.S. Ballyardle, Kilkeel, Co. Down, Ireland.
*Chevallier, Rey. Temple, B.D., F.R.A.S., Professor of Mathematics
and Astronomy in the University of Durham.
*Chichester, Ashhurst Turner Gilbert, D.D., Lord Bishop of. 31
Queen Anne-street, Cayendish-square, London; and The Palace,
Chichester.
Chippindall, John.
* Chiswell, Thomas.
§Cholmeley, Rey. C. H. Magdalen College, Oxford.
tChristie, John, M.D. 46 School-hill, Aberdeen.
tChristie, Professor R. C., M.A. 7 St. James’s-square, Manchester.
Christison, Robert, M.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of Dietetics, Materia
Medica, and Pharmacy in the University of Edinburgh. Edin-
burgh.
tChurch, ‘William Selby, M.A. 1 Harcourt Buildings, Temple, Lon-
don.
tChurchill, Lord Alfred. Blenheim, Woodstock.
tChurchill, F., M.D. 15 Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
{Clapham, A, 3 Oxford-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
{Clapham, Henry. 5 Summerhill-grove, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
§Clapham, Robert Calvert. Wincomblee, Walker, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
{Clapham, Samuel. 17 Park-place, Leeds.
{Clarendon, Frederick Villiers. 11 Blessington-street, Dublin.
*Clark, Rey. Charles, M.A. Queen’s College, Cambridge.
Clark, Courtney K. Haugh End, Halifax,
tClark, David. Coupar Angus.
* Clark, Francis.
Clark, G.T. Bombay; and Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, London.
*Clark, Henry, M.D. 4 Upper Moira-place, Southampton.
Clark, Sir James, Bart., M.D., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., Physician in
Ordinary to the Queen. 228 Brook-street, Grosyenor-square,
London.
{Clark, Latimer. 1 Victoria-street, Westminster, London.
tClark, Rey. William, M.A. Barrhead, near Glasgow.
Clark, William, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Anatomy in the
University of Cambridge. Cambridge.
{Clarke, Edward $., M.D, Educational Office, Marlborough-street,
Dublin.
Clarke, George.
Clarke, George. Mosley-street, Manchester.
*Clarke, J. H. Tarnsclitie, Alderley Edge.
Clarke, Joseph. Waddington Glebe, Lincoln.
tClarke, Joshua, F.L.S. Fairycroft, Saffron Walden.
Clarke, Thomas, M.A. Knedlington Manor, Howden, Yorkshire.
§Claudet, A., F.R.S. 11 Gloucester-road, Regent-park, London.
tClay, Charles, M.D. 101 Piccadilly, Manchester.
*Clay, Joseph Travis, F.G.S. Rastrick, Yorkshire.
tClay, Robert. St. Ann-street, Liverpool.
tClay, William.
*Clay, William. 4 Park-hill-road, Liverpool.
*Clayton, David Shaw. Norbury, Stockport, Cheshire.
tCleghorn, Hugh, M.D. Madras Establishment.
tCleghorn, John. Wick.
§Cleland, John, M.D, Queen’s College, Galway.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 15
Year of
Election.
1857.
1850.
1852.
1861.
1849,
1854.
1859.
1861.
1863.
1855.
1855,
1851.
1864,
1845.
1854.
1861.
1864.
1853.
1850.
1859.
1859.
1846.
1860.
1854.
1857.
1861.
1861.
1854.
1861.
1849,
1864.
1846.
1852.
1854,
1853.
1858.
1864,
{Clements, Henry. Dromin, Listowel, Ireland.
Clendinning, Alexander, M.R.I_A.
tClerk, Rev. D. M. Deverill, Warminster, Wilts.
Clerke, Rey. C. C., D.D., Archdeacon of Oxford and Canon of Christ
Church, Oxford. Milton Rectory, Abingdon, Berkshire.
tClerke, Right Honourable Sir George, Bart.
{Clibborn, Edward. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.
*Clifton, Professor R. B., B.A. Owens College, Manchester,
tClive, R. H. Hewell, Bromsgrove.
Clonbrock, Lord Robert. Clonbrock, Galway.
tClose, The Very Rev. Francis, M.A. Carlisle.
Clough, Rev, Alfred B., B.D, Brandeston, Northamptonshire.
tClouston, Rey. Charles. Sandwick, Orkney.
*Clouston, Peter. Glasgow.
. Clow, John.
§Clutterbuck, Thomas. Warkworth, Acklington.
*Coats, Peter. Woodside, Paisley.
*Coats, Thomas. Fergeslie House, Paisley.
Cobb, Edward. 4 St. John’s Villas, Haverstock-hill, Hampstead,
London.
*Cobbold, John Chevallier, M.P. _Tower-street, Ipswich.
§Cobbold, T. Spencer, M.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Comparative Ana-
tomy at the Middlesex Hospital. 39 Norland-square, Notting-
hill, London. ;
{Cocker, John, M.A. Cambridge.
*Cocker, Jonathan. Higher Broughton, Manchester.
fCockey, William. 18 Lansdown-crescent, Glasgow.
*Coe, Rey. Charles C. Leicester.
*Cochrane, James Henry. Dunkathel, Glanmire, Co. Cork.
tColchester, William, F.G.S. Dovercourt, near Harwich.
{Coldstream, John, M.D. 51 York-place, Edinburgh.
tCole, Edward. 11 Hyde Park-square, London.
*Cole, Henry Warwick. 3 New-square, Lincoln’s Inn, London.
{Cole, Robert, F.S.A. 54 Clarendon-road, Notting-hill, London.
{Coleman, J. J., F.C.S. Johnson-street, Queen’s-road, Manchester.
*Colfox, William, B.A. Bridport, Dorsetshire.
tColles, William, M.D. Statihen’s Green, Dublin.
*Collie, Alexander. 25 Sussex-square, Hyde Park, London.
tCollinge, John, Saddleworth.
fCollingwood, Cuthbert, M.A., M.B., F.L.S. 15 Oxford-street, Liver-
ool,
ei owood, J. Frederick. 54 Gloucester-street, Belgrave-road,
London.
{Collins, Joseph. Frederick-street, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Collins, J. V., M.R.D.S.
Collins, Robert, M.R.D.S. Ardsallach, Navan, Ireland.
Collis, Stephen Edward. Listowel, Ireland.
Colthurst, John. Clifton, Bristol.
§Colton, General F. C. Knolton Hall, Ruabon.
Combe, George. Edinburgh.
*Compton, Lord Alwyn. Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire,
*Compton, Lord William. 145 Piccadilly, London.
tConnal, Michael. 16 Lynedock-terrace, Glasgow.
tConolly, John, M.D., D.C.L. Hanwell.
{ Constable, Sir T. C., Bart.
{Conybeare, Henry, F.G.S. 20 Duke-street, Westminster, London.
*Conway, Charles, Pontnwydd Works, Newport, Monmouthshire.
*Conwell, Eugene Alfred, M.R.I.A. Trim, Ireland.
16
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1859,
1861.
1863.
1854.
1850.
1854.
1859,
1862.
1863.
1850.
1846,
1856.
1854.
1863.
1855.
1860.
1857,
1863.
1863.
1860,
1850,
1847.
1854.
1859.
1857,
{Cook, E. R. Stamford-hill, London,
* Cook, Henry.
Cooke, Captain Adolphus.
* Cooke, A. B.
§Cooke, Edward William, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., A.R.A. The Ferns,
Hyde Park-gate, South Kensington, London.
Cooke, James R., M.A. 73 Blessington-street, Dublin.
tCooke, John. Howe Villa, Richmond, Yorkshire.
{Cooke, John William.
Cooke, J. B. Exchange-buildings, Liverpool.
Cooke, Rey. T. L., M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford.
t{Cooke, Rey.. William, M.A. Gazeley Vicarage, near Newmarket.
Cooke, William Fothergill. Telegraph Office, Lothbury, London.
*Cooke, William Henry, M.A., F.S.A. Elm-court, Temple, London,
*Cookson, Rey. H. W., D.D. St. Peter’s College, Cambridge.
t{Cookson, N.C. Benwell Tower, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tCooper, Sir Henry, M.D. 7 Charlotte-street, Hull,
Cooper, James. 55 Pembroke Villas, Bayswater.
Cooper, Paul.
{Cooper, William White. 19 Berkeley-square, London.
{Copeland, George F., F.G.S., 5 Bay’s-hill Villas, Cheltenham.
tCopland, James, M.D., F.R.S. 5 Old Burlington-street, London.
Copland, William, F.R.S.E. Dumfries,
{Coppin, John. North Shields,
*Corbet, Richard. Adderley, Market Drayton, Shropshire.
Corbett, Edward. Ravenoak, Cheadle-hulme, Cheshire.
tCorbett, Joseph Henry, M.D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology,
Queen’s College, Cork.
Cormack, John Rose, M.D., F.R.S.E. 87 Russell-square, London.
t Corner, C. Tinsley.
Cory, Rey. Robert, B.D., F.C.P.S. Stanground, Peterborough,
Cottam, George. 2 Winsley-street, London.
{Cottam, Samuel. Brazennose-street, Manchester.
Cotter, John. Cork.
Cotton, William, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A. Bank of England, London ;
and Walwood House, Leytonstone, London.
* Cotton, Rev. William Charles, M.A. New Zealand.
Couper, James. 12 Royal Exchange-square, Glasgow.
*Courtney, Henry, M.R.LA. 34 Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin.
Courtney, Richard. 118 Bagot-street, Dublin.
Cowan, John. Valleyfield, Pennycuick, Edinburgh.
§Cowan, John A. Blaydon Burn, Durham.
{Cowan, Joseph, jun. Blaydon, Durham.
Cowie, Rey. Benjamin Morgan, M.A. 62 Queen’s-gardens, Bays-
water, London.
tCowper, Edward Alfred, M.I.C.E. Colne Cottage, Twickenham
Common, London.
tCox, John. Georgie Mills, Edinburgh.
*Cox, Joseph, F.G.S. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire,
Cox, Robert. 26 Rutland-street, Edinburgh.
t{Cox, Rey. W. H., B.D. Haton Bishop, Herefordshire.
§Crace-Calvert, Frederick, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S., Honorary Professor
of Chemistry to the Manchester Royal Institution. Royal In-
stitute, Manchester.
Craig, J. T. Gibson, F.R.S.E. Edinburgh.
§Craig, S. Clayhill, Enfield, Middlesex.
{Ora Rey. Josiah., M.R,LA. The Rectory, Florence-court, Co,
‘ermanagh, Ireland.
LIST OF MEMBERS, 17
Year of
Election.
1858,
1852.
1857,
1849,
1854,
1858,
1859.
1857.
1855,
1855.
1859.
1861.
1853.
1854.
1861.
1863.
~ 1863.
1860.
1859.
1859.
1855.
1849,
1851.
1859.
1847.
1861.
1861.
1850.
1861.
1852.
1850.
18585.
1850.
1857.
1834,
1863.
1854.
1854.
1863.
1853,
tCranage, Edward, Ph.D. The Old Hall, Wellington, Shropshire.
Craven, Robert. Hull.
tCrawford, Alexander, jun. Mount Prospect, Belfast.
tCrawford, George Arthur, M.A.
tCrawfurd, John, F.R.S., F.R.G.S, Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall,
London.
*Crewdson, Thomas D. Dacca Mills, Manchester.
Creyke, The Venerable Archdeacon. Beeford Rectory, Driffield.
*Crichton, William. 1 West India-street, Glasgow.
tCrisp, M. F.
Croft, Rev. John, M.A., F.C.P.S.
tCrofts, John. Hillary-place, Leeds.
ae tae Phillips, M.D., M.R.LA. 7 Merrion-square West,
ublin,
tCroll, A.A. 10 Coleman-street, London.
{Crolly, Rey. George. Maynooth College, Ireland.
tCrompton, Charles, M.A. 22 Hyde Park-square, London.
*Crompton, Rev. Joseph, M.A. Norwich.
Crook, J. Taylor.
Crook, William Henry, LL.D.
Crooke, G. W.
*Cropper, Rev. John. Stand, near Manchester.
tCrosfield, John. Rothay Bank, Ambleside.
tCross, Rev. John Edward, M.A. Appleby Vicarage, near Brigg.
tCrosslill, William, C.E. Beverley, Noriaki
{Crowe, John. 3 Mersey Chambers, Liverpool.
§Crowley, Henry. 255 Cheetham-hill-road, Manchester.
§Crowther, B. Wakefield.
tCruddas, George. Elswick Engine Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
{Cruickshank, John. City of Glasgow Bank, Aberdeen.
{Cruickshank, Provost. Macduff, Aberdeen.
{Crum, James. Busby, Glasgow.
§Crum, Walter, F.R.S., F.C.S. Thornliebank, near Glasgow.
{Cubitt, Thomas. Thames Bank, Pimlico, London.
$Cull, Richard. 13 Tavistock-street, Bedford-square.
Culley, Robert. Bank of Ireland, Dublin.
{Cumming, Sir A. P. Gordon, Bart. Altyre.
TCumming, Rev. J. G., M.A.
*Cunliffe, Edward Thomas. Handforth, Manchester.
*Cunliffe, Peter Gibson. Handforth, Manchester.
{Cunningham, James. 50 Queen-street, Edinburgh.
t{Cunningham, James, F.R.S.E. Queen-street, Edinburgh.
Cunningham, John. Liverpool.
{Cunningham, John. Macedon, near Belfast.
TCunningham, Rev. William, D.D.
§Cunningham, William A. Manchester and Liverpool District Bank,
Manchester.
{Cunningham, Rey. W. B. Prestonpans, Scotland.
tCurtis, Arthur H. 6 Trinity College, Dublin.
*Cuthbert, J. R. 40 Chapel-street, Liverpool.
Cuthbertson, Allan. Glasgow.
§Daglish, John. Hetton, Durham. .
{Daglish, Robert, C.E. Orrell Cottage, near Wigan.
{Daglish, Robert, jun. St. Helen’s, Lancashire.
Dale, Edward.
{Dale, J. B. South Shields.
tDale, Rev. P. Steele, M.A. Hollingfare, Warrington.
18
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1850.
1859.
1859.
1859.
1859.
1862.
1859.
1847.
1849,
1859.
1861.
1852.
1854.
1848.
1859,
1859.
1859.
1847.
1863.
1864.
1856,
1859.
1859.
1863.
1864.
1857.
1860.
1854.
1859.
1860.
1864.
1864.
Dalmahoy, James, F.R.S.E. 9 Forres-street, Edinburgh.
{Dalmahoy, Patrick. 69 Queen-street, Edinburgh. 2
{Dalrymple, Charles pigiinatone. West Hall, Aberdeenshire,
{Dalrymple, Colonel. Troup, Scotland.
Dalton, Edward, LL.D., F.S.A. Dunkirk House, Nailsworth.
*Dalton, Rev. James Edward, B.D. Seagrave, Loughborough.
{Daly, Lieut.-Colonel H. D. Isle of Wight. .
*Dalzell, Allen, M.D. The University, Edinburgh.
Dalziel, John, M.D. Holm of Drumlanrig, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.
{Danby, T. W. Downing College, Cambridge.
{Dancer, J. B., F.R.A.S. Old Manor House, Ardwick, Manchester.
Daniel, Henry, M.D.
Danson, Edward.
{Danson, John Towne.
*Danson, Joseph, F.C.S. 6 Shaw-street, Liverpool.
Danson, William. 6 Shaw-street, Liverpool.
§Darbishire, Charles James. Rivington, near Chorley.
*Darbishire, Robert Dukinfield, B.A., F.G.S. 21 Brown-street, Man-
chester.
*Darbishire, Samuel D. Pendyftryn, near Conway.
{Darby, Rev. Jonathan L.
Darwin, Charles R., M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S. Down, near Brom-
ley, Kent.
{Dashwood, Charles. Thornage, Thetford, Norfolk.
{Da Silva, Johnson. Burntwood, Wandsworth Common.
*Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G5.,
M-R.LA., V.P.C.S., Professor of Botany in the University of
Oxford. Oxford.
{Daun, Robert, M.D., F.G.S., Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals.
The Priory, Aberdeen.
Davey, Richard, M.P., F.G.8. Redruth, Cornwall.
{Davidson, Charles. Grove House, Auchmull, Aberdeen.
{Davidson, Patrick. Inchmarlo, near Aberdeen.
{ Davidson, Rev. Samuel, LL.D,
{Davies, Griffith. 17 Cloudesley-street, Islington, London.
Davies, John Birt, M.D, Birmingham.
Davies, Thomas.
Davies, Dr. Thomas. Chester.
Davis, Charles, M,D., M.R.I.A. 33 York-street, Dublin.
§Davis, Charles E., F.S.A, 55 Pulteney-street, Bath.
Davis, Rey. David, B.A. Lancaster.
*Davis, Sir John Francis, Bart., K.C.B., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. Hollywood,
Compton Greenfield, near Bristol.
tDavis, J. Barnard, M.D., F.S.A. Shelton, Staffordshire.
*Davis, Richard, F.L.S. 9 St. Helen’s-place, London.
*Davison, Joseph. Greencroft, Durham.
§Davison, Richard. Great Driffield.
{Davy, Edmund W., M.D, Kimmage Lodge, Roundtown, near Dublin.
§Davy, John, M.D., F.R.S. L.& E, Lesketh How, near Ambleside,
*Dawbarn, William. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
t Dawes, Captain (Adjutant R.A. Highlanders).
Dawes, John Samuel, F.G.S. Smethwick House, near Birmingham.
*Dawes, John S., jun. Smethwick House, near Birmingham.
§Dawes, R., Dean of Hereford.
*Dawes, Rey. William Rutter, F.R.A.S. Haddenham, near Thame,
Oxon.
§Dawkins, W. Boyd, B.A. 2 Bexley-road, Belvedere, Kent.
*Dawson, Christopher H. Low Moor, Bradford, Yorkshire.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 19
Year of
Election.
1855,
1859,
1861.
1859,
1861.
1854.
1851.
1854,
1854.
1847,
1845,
1859.
1858.
1850.
1864,
1854.
1852,
1863.
1853.
1861,
1848.
1863.
1848,
1859.
1853.
1854.
1858.
1852.
*Dawson, Henry. 14 St. James’s-road, Liverpool.
Dawson, James.
Dawson, John. Royds Hall, Bradford, Yorkshire.
{Dawson, J. W. Montreal, Canada.
Dawson, Thomas. Glasgow.
*Dawson, William G. Plumstead Common, Kent.
{Deacon, Henry, Runcorn Gap, Cheshire,
tDean, David. Banchory, Aberdeen.
{Dean, Henry. Colne, Lancashire.
§Deane, Henry. Clapham Common, London.
*Deane, Sir Thomas. Kingstown, Co. Dublin,
{De Grey, The Hon. F. Copdock, Ipswich.
*De Grey and Ripon, George Frederick, Earl, F.R.S. 1 Carlton-
gardens, London.
*Dela Rue, Warren, Ph.D., F.R.S., Pres, R.A.S. Cranford, Middlesex ;
and 110 Bunhill-row, London.
Denchar, John. Morningside, Edinburgh.
{Denison, Hon. William. Grinston, Tadcaster.
Denison, Sir William Thomas, Lieut.-Col, R.E., F.R.S., F.R.G.S:,
Governor of Madras, Madras,
{Dennis, J. C., F.R.A.S. 122 Bishopsgate-street, London.
{ Denny, Henry.
*Dent, Joseph. Ribston Hall, Wetherby.
Dent, William Yerbury. Royal fen Woolwich. .
De Saumarez, Rey. Havilland, M.A. St. Peter's Rectory, North-
ampton.
De Tabley, George, Lord, F.Z.8S. Tabley House, Knutsford, Cheshire.
*Devonshire, William, Duke of, K.G., M.A., LL.D., F.R. S., E.GS.,
ERG. 8., Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. ” Devon-
shire House, Piccadilly, London; and Chatsworth, Derby-
shire.
tDewar, Rey. D., D.D., LL.D., Principal of Marischal College, Aber-
deen.
§Dibb, Thomas Townend. Little Woodhouse, Leeds.
tDick, Professor William. Veterinary College, Edinburgh.
*Dickenson, F. H. Wingweston, Somerset.
tDicker, J. R. 29 Exchange- alley North, Liverpool.
Hicks, Gs M.D., Professor of Natural History i in Queen’s College,
elfast.
{Dickinson, G. T, Claremont-place, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Dickinson, Joseph, M.D., ERS, 92 Bedford-street South, Liver-
ool,
*Dickineon, W.L. 1St. James’s-street, Manchester.
§Dickson, Peter. 28 Upper Brook-street, London.
*Dickson, William, Clerk of the Peace for Northumberland. Alnwick,
Northumberland,
*Dikes, William Hey, F.G.S. Wakefield.
*Dilke, Sir C. Wentworth, Bart., F.L.S., F.G.8., F.R.G.S. 76 Sloane-
street, London.
{Dillwyn, Lewis Llewelyn, M.P., F.L.S., F.G.S. Parkwern, near
Swansea.
Spies Rey. J. Lanchester, Durham.
Dircks, Henry. 65 Basinghall-street, London.
{Dixon, Edward, M.Inst.C.E. Wilton House, Southampton.
{Dixon, Hugh. ’ Devonshire House, Birkenhead.
{TDixon, Isaiah.
{Dixon, Rey. Robert, M.A. Trinity College, Dublin.
Dixon, Rey. W. H. Bishopthorpe, near York.
“¢2
20
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1861,
1859.
1851.
1860.
1864.
1857,
1851.
1860.
1861.
1857,
1857.
1863.
1863.
1855,
1857.
1852.
1858.
1859.
1863,
1856,
1835.
1846,
1852.
1859.
1859.
1861
.
1848.
1853.
tDixon, W. Hepworth, F.S.A., F.R.G.S. Essex-villas, Queen’s-road,
St. John’s-wood, London,
Dizon, William Joshua.
tDixon, William Smith.
*Dobbin, Leonard, jun., M.R.I.A. 27 Gardiner’s-place, Dublin.
{Dobbin, Orlando T., LL.D., M.R.LA. Ballivor, Kells Co. Meath.
}Dobbs, Archibald Edward. Balliol College, Oxford.
*Dobson, William. Oakwood, Bathwick-hill, Bath.
Dockray, Benjamin. Lancaster.
{Dodds, Thomas W., C.E. Rotherham.
*Dodsworth, Benjamin. St. Leonard’s-place, York.
*Dodsworth, George. Clifton-grove, near York.
Dolphin, John. Delves House, Berry Edge, near Gateshead.
t{Domvile, William C., F.Z.8.Thorn-hill, Bray, Dublin.
*Donaldson, John, Professor of the Theory of Music in the University
of Edinburgh. Edinburgh.
*Donisthorpe, George Edmund. Holly Bank, Moortown, Leeds.
Donkin, J. R.
fDonkin, William Fishburn, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Savilian Professor
of Astronomy in the University of Oxford. 34 Broad-street,
Oxford.
{Donnelly, Captain, R.E. South Kensington Museum, London,
*Donnelly, William, C.B. Auburn, Malahide, Ireland.
Donnelly, William, M.D. Sandgate, Kent.
tDonovan, M., M.R.LA. Clare-street, Dublin.
{Doubleday, Thomas. 25 Ridley-place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
*Doughty, C. Montague. Downing College, Cambridge.
Douglas, James. Cavers, Roxburghshire.
§Dove, Hector. Trinity, near Edinburgh.
Dowdall, Hamilton.
Downall, Rev. John. Okehampton, Devon.
* Downie, Alexander.
{Downing, S., LL.D., Professor of Civil Engineering in the University
of Dublin. Dublin.
{Drennan, Dr. Chichester-street, Belfast.
Drennan, William, M.R.LA. 35 North Cumberland-street, Dublin.
Drummond, David. Stirling.
Drummond, H. Home, F.R.S.E. Blair Drummond, Stirling.
tDrummond, James. Greenock.
tDrummond, Robert. 17 Stratton-street, London.
tDryden, James. South Benwell, Northumberland.
*Ducie, Henry John Reynolds Moreton, Earl of, F.R.S. 1 Beleraye-
square, London; and ‘Tortworth-court, Wotton-under-Edge.
tDuckett, Joseph F. Trinity College, Dublin.
{Duckworth, William. Beechwood, near Southampton.
{Dufferin, The Rt. Hon. Lord. Highgate, London; and Clandeboye,
Belfast.
*Duncan, Alexander. Rhode Island, United States.
tDuncan, Charles. 52 Union-place, Aberdeen.
*Duncan, James, M.D. Farnham House, Finglass, Co. Dublin.
tDuncan, James. Greenock.
{Duncan, John W.
Duncan, J. F., M.D. 19 Gardiner’s-place, Dublin.
Duncan, W. Henry, M.D. Liverpool,
{ Dundas, Colonel, R.A.
Dundas, Major-General Robert.
Dunlop, Alexander. Clober, Milngavie, near Glasgow.
*Dunlop, William Henry, Annan-hill, Kilmarnock.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 21
Year of
Election.
1862. §Dunn, Robert, F.R.C.S. 31 Norfolk-street, Strand, London.
Dunn, William. Glasgow.
neice Selene, Rey. Joseph, M.A., F.C.P.S. Thicket Hall,
ork.
1857, {Du Noyer, George V. 51 Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
*Dunraven, Edwin, Earl of, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Adare
Manor, Co. Limerick ; and Dunraven Castle, Glamorganshire,
1859. {Duns, Rev. John, F.R.S.E. Torphichan, Bathgate, N. B.
1852. {Dunville, William. Richmond Lodge, Belfast.
1849, {Duppa, Duppa. Church Stretton, Shropshire.
1860. {Durham, Arthur Edward, F.R.C.S., F.L.S., Demonstrator of Ana-
tomy, Guy’s Hospital, London.
Durnford, Rey. R. Middleton, Lancashire.
1851. {Durrant, C. M., M.D. Rushmere, Ipswich.
1857. {Dwyer, Henry L., M.A., M.B. 67 Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.
Dykes, Robert. Kilmorie, Torquay, Devon.
Dyson, Thomas Wilson. 28 Oldham-street, Manchester,
1861. {Eadson, Richard. 13 Hyde-road, Manchester.
1864, §Earle, Rey. A. Rectory, Monkton Farleigh, Bath.
Earle, Charles, F.G.S.
Earle, William. Abercrombie-square, Liverpool.
*Karnshaw, Rey. Samuel, M.A. Broomfield, Sheffield.
1863. §Easton, James. Nest House, near Gateshead, Durham.
Katon, Rev. George, M.A. The Pole, Northwich.
Ebden, Rey. James C., M.A., F.R.A.S., F.C.P.S, Great Stukeley
Vicarage, Huntingdonshire.
1861. §Ecroyd, William Farrer. Spring Cottage, near Burnley,
*Eddison, Edwin. Headingley-hill, Leeds.
1858, *Eddison, Francis. Headingley-hill, Leeds.
*Eddy, James R., F.G.S. Carleton Grange, Skipton.
Eden, Thomas. Riversdale-road, Aigburth, Liverpool.
1852. {Edgar, Rev. —, D.D. University-square, Belfast.
1861, {Edge, John William. Percy-street, Hulme, Manchester.
*Edgeworth, Michael P., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S. Mastrim House, Anerley,
near London.
1855. {£dington, Thomas.
1855. Edmiston, Robert. Elmbank-crescent, Glasgow.
1859. {Edmond, James. Cardens Haugh, Aberdeen.
1853. *Edmondston, Rey. John. Free Ashkirk Manse, by Hawick.
Edward, Joshua.
1849. { Edwards, Henry.
Edwards, James, B.A.
Edwards, John. Halifax.
1855. *Edwards, J. Baker, Ph.D. Royal Institution Laboratory, Liverpool.
*Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., F.G.S,
Oulton Park, Rastorlen, Cheshire.
Egginton, Samuel Hall. North Ferriby, Yorkshire.
1859, *Eisdale, David A., M.A. 38 Dublin-street, Edinburgh.
1854. {Eleum, Charles Frederick. 3 Crescent-terrace, Cheltenham.
1855. {Elder, David. 19 Paterson-street, Glasgow.
1858. {Elder, John. 12 Centre-street, Glasgow.
1849, {Elkington, G. R. New Hall-street, Birmingham.
Ellacombe, Rey. H. T., F.S.A. Bilton, near Bristol.
1863. {Ellenberger, J. L. Worksop.
1855. §Elliot, Robert. 43 Princes-street, Edinburgh.
‘1861. *Elliot, Walter. Wolflee, Hawick.
1864, §Elliott, E. B. Washington, United States,
22
‘LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1862.
1859.
1857.
1864.
1864.
1864,
1862.
1856.
1863.
1863.
1858.
1855.
1864.
1862.
1854.
1849,
1848.
1861.
1854.
1840.
1863.
1859.
» 1855.
1846,
1849.
1864,
§Elliott, Frederick Henry, M.A. 449 Strand, London.
Elliott, John Foge. Elvet-hill, Durham.
{Ellis, Henry 8., F.R.A.S, Fair Park, Exeter.
{Ellis, Hercules. Lisnaroc, Clones, Ireland.
*Ellis, John Alexander, B.A., F.R.S. 2 Western-villas, Colney
Hateh Park, London.
*Hllis, Joseph. Brighton.
§Elhis, J. W. High House, near Harrogate, Yorkshire.
*Ellis, Rey. Robert, A.M. Grimstone House, near Malton, Yorkshire.
Ellman, Rey. E. B. Berwick, near Lewes, Sussex.
Elliman, Robert Harvey.
{Elphinstone, H. W., M.A., F.L.S. Cadogan-place, London.
Eltoft, William. Care of J. Thompson, Esq., 30 New Cannon-street,
Manchester.
tElwait, Mons., LL.D. :
tEmbleton, Dennis, M.D. Northumberland-street, Newcastle-upon-
yne.
{Emery, Rev. W., B.D. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
tEmpson, Christopher. Headingley, near Leeds.
tEnglish, EdgarWilkins. Yorkshire Banking Company, Lowgate, Hull.
Enniskillen, William Willoughby, Earl of, D.C.L., F.R.S., M.R.LA.,
E.G 524 Mount-street, Grosvenor-square, London; and
Florence Court, Fermanagh, Ireland.
*Enys, John Samuel, F.G.S. Enys, Cornwall.
*Erle, Rev. Christopher, M.A., F.G.S, Hardwick Rectory, near
Aylesbury.
*Eskrigge, R. A. 34 Albany, Old Market-street, Liverpool.
*Ksson, William, M.A. Ness House, Cheltenham.
Estcourt, Rev. W. J. B. Long Newton, Tetbury.
Eustace, John, M.D.
tEvans, Edward. Rock Ferry, Liverpool.
*Evans, George Fabian, M.D. Waterloo-street, Birmingham.
§Evans, Griffith F. D., M.D. Trewern Lodge, 43 Addison-road, Ken-
sington, London; and Trewern, near Welshpool, Montgomery-
shire.
*Evans, John, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S. Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead.
Evanson, R. T., M.D. Holme Hurst, Torquay.
tEverest, A: M. Robert. 11 Reform Club; London.
Everest, Dr.
§Everest, Colonel Sir George, C.B., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., V.P.R.G.S. 10
Westbourne-street, Hyde Park.
*Everette, George Allen, Belgian Consul. Birmingham.
Ewart, William, 6 Cambridge-square, Hyde Park, London; and
Broadlands, Devizes.
*Ewing, Archibald Orr. Clermont House, Glasgow.
*Ewing, William. 209 Brandon-place, West George-street, Glasgow.
*Eyre, George Edward, F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Warren’s, near Lyndhurst,
ants. ,
Eyton, Charles. Hendred House, Abingdon.
tEyton, T. C. Eyton, near Wellington, Salop.
Fairbairn, Thomas. Manchester.
*Fairbairn, William, C.E., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. Manchester.
§Fallmer, F. H. Lyncombe, Bath.
Fannin, John, M.A. 41 Grafton-street, Dublin.
*Faraday,* Michael, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., M.R.LA., Ful-
lerian Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution of Great
Britain, 21 Albemarle-street, London. -
LIST OF MEMBERS. 23
Year of
Election.
1859.
1861.
1857.
1859.
1859.
1854,
1863.
1846.
1845.
1864.
1852.
1855.
1859.
1855.
1857,
1854.
1863,
1862.
1849.
(1854.
1864.
1859.
. 1863.
1854.
1851.
1858.
1858.
1857.
1857.
1850.
{Farquharson, Robert O. Houghton, Aberdeen.
§Farr, William, M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Statis-
tical Department General Registry Office, London. Southlands,
Bromley, Kent.
{Farrelly, Rey. Thomas. Royal College, Maynooth.
Bean. Charles, F.8.A., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Museum, Deddington,
xon.
*Fawcett, Henry. Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
{ Fawcett, John.
§Fawcus, G. Alma-place, North Shields.
{Featherstonhaugh, Geoige William, F.R.8., F.G.8. Havre.
{Felkin, William, F.L.S. Nottingham-park.
Fell, John B. Ulverston, Lancashire.
§Fellowes, F. Wolverhampton.
{Fenton, Samuel Greame. 9 College-square, Belfast; and Keswick,
near Belfast.
{Ferguson, James. Gas Coal-works, Lesmahago, Glasgow.
tFerguson, John. Cove, Nigg.
{ Ferguson, Peter.
{Ferguson, Samuel. 20 North Great George-street, Dublin.
{Ferguson, William, F.L.S., F.G.S. 2 St. Aiden’s-terrace, Birken-
head.
*Fernie, John. Clarence Iron Works, Leeds.
Ferrall, J. M., M.D., M.R.LA. 85 Rutland-square, Dublin.
{Ferrers, Rey. N. M., M.A. Caius College, Cambridge.
Ferrier, Alexander James. 69 Leeson-street, Dublin.
Feversham, William, Lord. Duncombe-park, Yorkshire.
{ Field, Charles.
Field, Edwin W. 36 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London.
Fielden, William.
Fielding, G. H., M.D. Tunbridge, Kent.
tFielding, James. Mearclough Mill, Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax.
Finch, Charles. Cambridge.
§Finch, Frederick George. Blackheath Park, near London.
Finch, John. Brid a Wik, Chepstow.
Finch, John, jun. Bridge Work, Chepstow.
tFindlay, Alexander George, F.R.G.S. 53 Fleet-street, London ;
and Hayes, Kent.
Finlay, James.
§Finney, Samuel. Sheriff-hill Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Firth, Thomas. Northwick.
[Fischel, Rev. Arnold, D.D.
*Fischer, William L. F., M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy in
the University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
{Fishbourne, Captain E. G., R.N. 6 Welamere-terrace, Paddington,
London.
Fisher, Rev. John Hutton, M.A., F.G.S., F.C.P.8. Markby Lons-
_° dale, Westmoreland.
{Fishwick, Captain Henry. Carr-hill, Rochdale.
{Fitzgerald, Lord Otho. 13 Dominick-street, Dublin.
{Fitzpatrick, Thomas, M.D. 31 Lower Bagot-street, Dublin.
Fitzwilliam, Hon. George Wentworth, M.P., F.R.G.S. 19 Grosve-
nor-square, London ; and Wentworth House, Rotherham.
Fleetwood, Sir Peter Hesketh, Bart. Rossall Hall, Fleetwood,
Lancashire. ;
{Fleming, Professor Alexander, M.D. 20 Temple Row, Birmingham.
Fleming, Christopher, M.D. Merrion-square North, Dublin.
Fleming, John, M.A. Tower House, Wimbledon Common, Surrey.
24
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1855.
1853.
1862.
1854,
1855.
1855,
1856,
1849,
1858.
1854,
1845.
1857.
1859,
1845.
1859.
1859,
1863,
1859.
1856.
1859.
1860,
1848,
tFleming, John. 31 Whitevale, Glasgow.
Fleming, John G., M.D. 155 Bath-street, Glasgow.
Fleming, Rev. Professor, D.D.
*Fleming, William, M.D. Rowton Grange, near Chester.
Fletcher, Edward. 4 India-buildings, Liverpool.
Fletcher, Isaac, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Tarn Bank, Workington.
Fletcher, T. B. E., M.D. Birmingham.
Flood, Rev. James Charles.
{Flower, William Henry, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.R.C.S. Royal College of
Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn-fields, London.
*Forbes, David, F.R.S., F.G.S8. 7 Calthorpe-street, Birmingham.
Forbes, George, F. RSL.
*Forbes, James David, LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E., F.G.S., Principal of
the University of St. Andrews. St. Andrews.
tForbes, Rey. John. Symington Manse, Biggar, Scotland.
tForbes, Rev. John, D.D. 150 West Regent-street, Glasgow.
Forbes, Sir John Stuart, Bart., F.R.S.E. Fettercairne House, Kin-
cardineshire.
tForbes, Colonel Jonathan. 12 Lansdowne-terrace, Cheltenham.
Ford, H. R. Morecombe Lodge, Yealand Congers, Lancashire.
Ford, John.
Formby, Richard, M.D. Sandon-terrace, Liverpool.
*Forrest, William Hutton. Stirling.
*Forster, Thomas Emerson. 7 Ellison-place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
*Forster, William. Ballynure, Clones, Ireland.
{Forster, William Edward. Burley, Otley, near Leeds.
*Fort, Richard, F.G.S. Read Hall, Whalley, Lancashire.
*Foster, Charles Finch. Mill-lane, Cambridge. |
{Foster, Ebenezer. The Elms, Cambridge.
{Foster, George C., B.A., F.C.S. University College, London.
*Foster, George C. Sabden, near Whalley, Lancashire.
*Foster, H. S. Cambridge.
*Foster, Rey. John, M.A. The Oaks Parsonage, Loughborough, Lei-
cestershire.
{Foster, John N. St. Andrews, Biggleswade.
*Foster, Michael, F.R.C.S. Huntingdon.
§Foster, Peter Le Neve. Society of Arts, Adelphi, London.
{Foster, Robert. 380 Rye-hill, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Foster, R. Brooklands, Cambridge.
*Foster, S. Lloyd. Five Ways, Walsall, Staffordshire.
Fothergill, Benjamin. 28 Drayton-grove, West Brompton, London.
tFowler, Rev. Hugh, M.A. College-gardens, Gloucester.
tFowler, Rey. J. C., LL.D., F.A.S. Scotl.. The Manse, Ratho, by
Edinburgh.
*Fowler, Robert. Rothmolion, Co. Meath, Ireland.
Fox, Alfred. Falmouth.
*Fox, Charles. Trebah, Falmouth.
*Fox, Rey. Edward, M.A. The Vicarage, Romford, Essex.
*Fox, Joseph Hayland. Wellington, Somerset.
{Fox, Joseph John. Church-row, Stoke Newington, London.
*Fox, Robert Barclay. Falmouth.
Fox, Robert Were, F.R.S. Falmouth.
*Fox, Samuel Lindoe. Tottenham.
Fox, Thomas.
{Francis, George Grant, F.S.A. Burrows Lodge, Swansea.
Francis, William, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.G.8., F.R.A.S. Red Lion-court,
Fleet-street, London; and 1 Matson Villas, Marsh-gate, Rich-
mond, Surrey.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 25
Year of
Election.
1846.
1862.
1852.
{Frankland, Edward, Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the
Royal Institution and St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. 42 Park-
road, St. John’s Park, Haverstock-hill, London.
*Frankland, Rey. Marmaduke Charles. Chowbent, near Manchester.
Franks, Rey. J. C., M.A. Whittlesea, near Peterborough.
. {Fraser, George B. Dundee.
Fraser, James. 25 Westland-row, Dublin.
tFraser, James P., F.G.S. 2 Laurence-place, Dowanhill, Partick by
Glasgow.
Fraser, James William. 8A Kensington Palace-gardens, London.
*Frazer, Daniel. 103 Buchanan-street, Glasgow.
{Freeborn, Richard Fernandez. 38 Broad-street, Oxford.
*Freeland, Humphrey William, F.G.S. The Athenzeum Club, Pall
Mall, London.
Freeth, Lieutenant.
. tPrere, Captain, R.A.
Frere, George Edward, F.R.S. Royden Hall, Diss, Norfolk.
*Frerichs, John Andrew. 1 Keynsham Bank, Cheltenham.
Fripp, George D., M.D.
*Frith, Richard Hastings, C.E. 51 Leinster-road, Rathmines, Dublin.
*Frith, William. Burley Wood, near Leeds.
Frost, Charles, F.S.A.. Hull.
tFrost, William, F.R.A.S. Chatham-place, Hackney.
*Froude, William. Emsleigh Paignton, Torquay.
Fry, Francis. Cotham, Bristol.
Fry, Richard. Cotham, Bristol.
Fry, Robert. Tockington, Gloucestershire.
tFryar, Mark. Haton Moor Colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Fullarton, Allan. 19 Woodside-place, Glasgow.
. {Fuller, Frederick, M.A., Professor of Mathematics in University and
King’s College, Aberdeen.
*Fulton, Alexander. 7 Woodside-crescent, Glascow.
{Furguson, Professor John C., M.A., M.B. Queen’s College, Belfast.
Furlong, Rey. Thomas, M.A. 10 Sydney-place, Bath.
. *Furneaux, Rey. A. St. Germain’s Parsonage, Cornwall.
*Gadesden, Augustus William, F.S.A. Leigh House, Lower Tooting,
Surrey.
tGage, M. A., C.K. 24 Elizabeth-street, Liverpool.
. {Gages, Alphonse, M.R.I.A. Museum of Irish Industry, Dublin.
*Gainsford, W. D. Darnall Hall, Sheffield.
Gair, S. 8.
{Gairdner, W. F., M.D. 18 Hill-street, Edinburgh.
tGalbraith, Andrew. Glasgow.
Galbraith, Rev. J. A., M.R.LA. Trinity College, Dublin.
. §Gale, Samuel, F.C.S. 338 Oxford-street, London.
tGalloway, Charles John. Knott Mill Iron Works, Manchester.
tGalloway, James. Calcutta.
Galloway, John, jun. Knott Mill Iron Works, Manchester.
Galloway, S. H. Linbach, Austria.
. *Galton, Captain Douglas, R.E., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. 12 Ches-
ter-street, Grosvenor-place, London.
*Galton, Francis, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. (General Secretary.) 42
Rutland-gate, Knightsbridge, London.
Gardiner, Lot. Bradford, Yorkshire.
§Garner, Robert, F.L.S. Stoke-upon-Trent.
Garnett, Jeremiah. Warren-street, Manchester.
tGarret, James R. Holywood, Belfast.
26
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1854.
1847.
1846.
1862.
1859.
1854,
1855.
1855.
1854,
1856.
1863.
1852.
1852.
1847,
1859.
1861.
1849,
1861.
1857.
1859.
1864.
1850.
1854,
1849,
1861.
1850.
1849,
1861.
1852.
1861.
1853.
1859.
1852.
1846.
1857.
1852.
tGarston, Edgar. Aigburth, Liverpool.
*Gaskell, Samuel. 19 Whitehall-place, London.
Gaskell, Rev. William, M.A. Plymouth-grove, Manchester.
§Gassiot, John P., F.R.S. Clapham Common, London.
*Gatty, Charles Henry, M.A., h .L.S., F.G.S. Felbridge Park, East
Grinsted, Sussex.
tGeddes, William D., Professor of Greek, King’s College, Old Aber-
deen. ;
tGee, Robert, M.D. Oxford-street, Liverpool.
tGemmell, Andrew. 38 Queen-street, Glasgow.
tGemmell, Thomas. 12 Elmbank-crescent, Glasgow.
§Gerard, Henry. 13 Rumford-place, Liverpool.
*Gething, George Barkley. Springfield, Newport, Monmouthshire.
Gibb, Duncan. Strand-street, Liverpool.
*Gibb, George D., M.D., M.A., LL.D., F.G.8. 194 Portman-street,
Portman-square, London.
Gibbins, Joseph. Birmingham.
Gibbins, Thomas. Birmingham.
Gibson, Edward. Hull.
*Gibson, George Stacey. Saffron Walden.
t Gibson, James.
{Gibson, James. North Frederick-street.
§Gibson; Thomas Field, F.G.8. 124 Westbourne-terrace, Hyde-park,
London.
§Gibson, William Sidney, M.A., F.S.A., F.G.S. Tynemouth.
{Gifford, George, Karl of, F.R.G.S. 2 Wilton-street, Grosvenor-place,
London.
tGifford, Rey. E. H. Birmingham.
Gilbert, Dr. J. H. Harpenden, near St. Albans.
*Gilbert, James Montgomery. Bowdon, Cheshire.
t{Gilbert, J. T. Blackrock, Dublin.
{Gilchrist, James, M.D. Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries.
Gilderdale, Rev. John, M.A. Walthamstow, Essex.
Giles, Rev. William. Netherleigh House, near Chester.
§Gill, Thomas. (Local Treasurer). 4 Sydney-place, Bath.
{Gillespie, Alexander, M.D, Edinburgh.
Gilles, John, M.D.
tGilhs, F. L.
tGilpin, Benjamin. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Gilroy, George. Hindley House, Wigan.
*Gladstone, George, F.C.S. Clapham Common, London.
*Gladstone, John Hall, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.8. 17 Pembridge-square,
Hyde Park, London.
*Gladstone, Murray. Broughton, Manchester.
{ Gladstone, Thomas Murray.
*Glaisher, James, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. 1 Dartmouth-place, Blackheath,
Kent.
t{Gleadon, Thomas Ward. Moira-buildings, Hull.
tGlennie, J. S. Stuart. 6 Stone-buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, London.
Glover, George. Ranelagh-road, Pimlico, London.
{Godwin, John. Wood House, Rostrevor, Belfast.
{Godwin-Austen, Robert, B.A., F.R.S., V.P.G.8, Chilworth Manor,
Guildford.
Goldsmid, Sir Francis Henry, M.P. 62 Portland-place, London.
Gooch, Thomas L.
tGood, John. 50 City Quay, Dublin.
tGoodbody, Jonathan. Clare, King’s County, Ireland.
*Goodman, John, M.D. The Promenade, Southport.
PO pet 223
LIST OF MEMBERS, 27
Year of
Election.
1850.
1859,
1857.
1849.
1857.
1854.
1861.
1848.
1852,
1850.
1859,
1855,
1854.
1864
1854,
1861.
1854.
1864.
1857.
1864.
1859.
1861.
1854.
1857.
1845.
*Goodsir, John, F.R.S. L. & E., Professor of Anatomy in the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh. 21 Lothian-street, Edinburgh.
Goodwin, Very Rey. Harvey, D.D., F.C.P.S., Dean of Ely. Caius
College, Cambridge.
tGordon, H. G.
*Gordon, Rey. James Crawford, M.A. Delamont, Downpatrick,
Downshire.
Gordon, Lewis.
tGordon, Samuel, M.D. 11 Hume-street, Dublin.
*Gotch, Rev. Frederick William; LL.D. Stokes Croft, Bristol.
*Gotch, Thomas Henry. Ilford, Essex.
tGough, Hon. Frederick. Perry Hall, Birmingham.
tGough, The Hon. G.S. Rathronan House, Clonmel.
Gould, John, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8. 26 Charlotte-street,
Bedford-square, London.
tGourley, Daniel De la C., M.D.
Gowland, James. London-wall, London.
*Greme, James.
tGrafton, Frederick W. Park-road, Whalley Range, Manchester.
tGraham, John B.
Graham, Lieutenant David. Mecklewood, Stirlingshire.
*Graham, Thomas, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S. L. & E., F.G.8., V.P.C.S.,
Master of the Mint. 4 Gordon-square, London,
*Grainger, John. Rose Villa, Belfast.
Grainger, Richard. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
tGrainger, Thomas.
tGrant, Hon. James. Cluny Cottage, Forres.
§Grant, Robert, M.A., F.R.A.S., Regius Professor of Astronomy in the:
Vere of Glasgow. The Observatory, Glasgow.
t{Grantham, John, C.K. Liverpool.
§Grantham, Richard F. 7 Great Scotland-yard, London.
Grantham, R. B. 7 Great Scotland-yard, London.
Granville, Augustus Bozzi, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., M.R.LA. 5 Corn-
wall-terrace, Warwick-square, Pimlico, London.
Grasswell, R. N.
*Gratton, Joseph. 382 Gower-street, Bedford-square, London.
Gravatt, William, F.R.S. 15 Park-street, Westminster.
*Graves, Very Rey. Charles, D.D., M.R.IL.A. Dublin Castle, Dublin.
*Graves, eee a Hastings, D.D. Brigown Glebe, Michelstown,
Co. Cork.
*Gray, Rey. Charles. Trinity College, Cambridge.
*Gray, John.
tGray, John, M.D. Rathgar, Dublin.
*Gray, John. Greenock.
*Gray, John Edward, Ph.D., F.R.S., Keeper of the Zoological Col-
lections of the British Museum. British Museum.
§Gray, Jonathan. Summerhill-house, Bath.
Gray, Rev. J. H. Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire.
*Gray, William, F.G.S. (Local Treasurer.) Minster Yard, York.
*Gray, W., M.-P. Darcey Lever Hall, Bolton.
*Grazebrook, Henry, jun. 37 Falkner-square, Liverpool.
Green, Rey. Henry. Knutsford.
*Greenaway, Edward. 16 Lansdowne-crescent, Notting-hill, Lon-
don.
Greene, Joseph.
tGreene, Professor J. Reay, Queen’s College, Cork. 5 Ebenezer-ter-
* race, Cork.
{ Greene, Richard, M.D.
28
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1858.
1863.
1862.
1849.
1861.
1860.
1861.
1863.
1859,
1855,
1859,
1847.
1847.
1864,
1849,
1863.
1857,
1856.
1862.
1860.
1850.
1864,
1857,
1854,
*Greenhalgh, Thomas. Sharples, near Bolton-le-Moors.
Greenler, Matthew.
tGreenwell, G. E. Poynton, Cheshire.
§Greenwood, Henry. Huyton Park, Huxton, near Prescot.
tGreenwood, William. Stones, Todmorden.
*Greg, Robert Philips, F.G.S. (Local Treasurer.) Outwood Lodge,
near Manchester.
Grego, T. H. 9 Alfred-terrace, Queen’s-road, Bayswater.
tGregor, Rey. Walter, M.A. Macduff, Banff, Scotland.
§Gregson, Rey. Samuel Leigh. Aigburth, near Liverpool.
Gresham, Rev. John, LL.D.
Gresham, Thomas M. Raheny, Dublin.
*Greswell, Rey. Richard, B.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. St. Giles’s-street,
Oxford.
Greville, R. K., LL.D., F.R.S.E. Edinburgh.
Grey, Captain The Hon. Frederick William. Howick, Northumber-
land
tGrey, W.S. Norton, Stockton-on-Tees.
tGrierson, Thomas Boyle. Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.
t Griffin, Charles.
*Griftin, John Joseph, F.C.S. 119 Bunhill-row, London.
Griffin, S. F.
Griffin, Thomas.
Griffith, Rey. C. T., D.D. Elm, near Frome, Somerset.
§Griffith, George, M.A., F.C.S. (Assistant General Secretary.) 5 Park
Villas, Oxford.
Griffith, George R. Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin.
*Griffith, Sir Richard, Bart., LL.D., F.R.S.E., M.R.LA., F.G.S. 2
Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin.
Griffith, Walter H., M.A. 13 Clare-street, Dublin.
Griffiths, Rev. John, M.A. 63 St. Giles’s, Oxford,
*Griffiths, S. Y. Oxford.
{Gritfiths, Thomas. Bradford-street, Birmingham.
Grimshaw, Samuel, M.A. Errwod, Buxton.
§Groom, C. O. South Mill Cottage, Kingsdown, Bristol.
Grove, William Robert, Q.C., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. 46 Upper Harley-
street; and 4 Hare-court, Temple, London.
tGrover, Rev. H. M.
§Groves, T. B. Weymouth, Dorset.
tGrubb, Thomas, F.R.S., M.R.LA. Bank of Ireland, Dublin.
Guest, Edwin, LL.D., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.R.A.S., Master of
Caius College, Cambridge. Caius Lodge, Cambridge; and Sand-
ford-park, Oxfordshire.
Guinness, Henry. 26 South Frederick-street, Dublin.
Guinness, Richard Seymour. 26 South Frederick-street, Dublin.
*Guinness, Rey. William Smyth, M.A. Beaumont, Drumcondra,
Co. Dublin.
*Guise, W. V. Elmore-court, Gloucester.
tGunn, Rey. John, M.A. Irstedd Rectory, Norwich.
*Gurney, Samuel, M.P., F.R.G.S. 25 Princes-gate, London.
*Gutch, John James. 88 Micklegate, York.
{Guthrie, Frederick. University of Edinburgh.
§Guyon, George. South Cliff Cottage, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.
tGwynne, Rey. John. St. Columbe’s College, Dublin.
Hackett, Michael. Brooklawn, Chapelizod, Dublin.
Hackworth, Timothy. Darlington.
} Haddock, John.
LIST OF MEMBERS, 29
Year of
Election.
1862.
1864.
1851.
1863.
1852.
1863.
1850.
1861.
1857.
1847.
1859.
1853.
1854.
1849.
1864.
1858,
f¢Haddon, Frederick William, Assistant-Secretary to the Statistical
Society of London. 12 St. James’s-square, London.
Haden, G. N. Trowbridge, Wiltshire.
Hadfield, George, M.P. Victoria-park, Manchester.
. tHadland, William Jenkins. Banbury, Oxfordshire,
*Hailstone, Edward, F.S.A. Horton Hall, Bradford, Yorkshire.
Haire, James, M.A.
{Hall, Elias. Castleton, Derbyshire.
. *Hall, Hugh Fergus. 17 Dale-street, Liverpool.
tHall, Sir John. Dunglass, Haddington.
fHall, John Frederic. Ellerker House, Richmond, Surrey.
Hall, John R. Sutton, Surrey.
. {Hall, Thomas Y. Eldon-square, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Hall, T. B. Coggeshall, Essex.
§Hall, Walter. 10 Pier-road, Erith.
Heide, A. H., M.A., F.L.S., M.R.LA. Carnmoney, Antrim, Ire-
and.
tHalliday, James. Whalley Court, Whalley Range, Manchester.
{ Halpin, George, C.E.
Halsall, Edward. Bristol.
Halswell, Edmund S., M.A.
. *Hambly, Charles Hambly Burbridge, F.G.S. 6 Taptonyille, Shef-
field.
tHambrough, A. J. Isle of Wight.
Hamilton, Archibald.
tHamilton, Charles W. 40 Dominick-street, Dublin.
tHamilton, Claud. New Club, Edinburgh.
Hamilton, The Very Rey. Henry Parr, Dean of Salisbury, M.A.,
F.R.S. L. & E., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. Salisbury.
*Hamilton, Mathie, M.D. Warwick-street, Glasgow.
§Hamilton, Rey. 8. R., M.A. 3 Alma-villas, Lansdown, Bath.
*Hamilton, William John, F.R.S., Pres. G.S. 5 Lyall-place, Belgrave-
square, London.
*Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, LL.D., M.R.LA., F.R.A.S., Astro-
nomer Royal of Ireland, and Andrews Professor of Astronomy
in the University of Dublin. Observatory, near Dublin.
tHammond, C. C. Lower Brook-street, Ipswich.
tHancock, Albany, F.L.S. 4 St. Mary’s-terrace, Newcastle-upon-
me.
inerk, Charles Brownlow.
{Hancock, John. 4 St. Mary’s-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tHancock, John. Manor House, Lurgan, Co. Armagh.
tHancock, Walker. 10 Upper Chadwell-street, London.
tHancock, William J. 74 Lower Gardiner-street, Dublin.
tHancock, W. Nelson, LL.D. 74 Lower Gardiner-street, Dublin.
Handyside, P. D., M.D., F.R.S.E. 11 Hope-street, Edinburgh.
tHannay, John. Montcoffer House, Aberdeen.
tHansell, Thomas T, 2 Charlotte-street, Sculcoates, Hull.
{Hanson, Samuel.
*Harcourt, A. Vernon, M.A., F.C.S. Christ Church, Oxford.
Harcourt, Rev. C. G. Vernon, M.A. Rothbury, Northumberland.
Harcourt, Egerton V. Vernon, M.A., F.G.S. Whitwell Hall, York-
shire.
*Harcourt, Rev. WilliamV. Vernon, M.A., F.R.S.,F.G.S.,Hon, M.R.LA.
Nuneham Park, Oxford.
tHarding, Charles. Tamworth. |
§Hardwicke, Robert. 192 Piccadilly, London.
*Hardy, Charles. Odsall House, Bradford, Yorkshire.
80 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
*Hare, Charles John, M.D.,.Professor of Clinical Medicine in Uni-
versity College, London. 41 Brook-street, Grosyenor-square,
London.
Hare, Samuel, 9 Langham-place, London.
Harford, John Scandrett, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S. Blaise Castle,
Bristol.
Harford, Summers. Reform Club, London.
1858. Hargrave, James. Burley, near Leeds,
1857. {Hargreave, Charles James, LL.D., F.R.S, 12 Fitzwilliam-square,
Dublin.
1853. §Harkness, Robert, F.R.S. L. & E., F.G.8., Professor of Geology in
Queen’s College, Cork.
Harkworth, Timothy. Soho Shilden, Darlington.
1862. *Harley, George, M.D., F.C.S., Professor of Practical Physiology and
Histology in University College, London. {
*Harley, John. Ross Hall, near Shrewsbury.
1862. *Harley, Rey. Robert, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Professor of Mathematics
and Logic in Airedale College, Bradford. The Manse, Brighouse,
, Yorkshire.
1861. {Harman, H. W., C.E. 16 Booth-street, Manchester.
*Harris, Alfred. Ryshwall Hall, near Bingley, Yorkshire.
*Harris, Alfred, jun. Bradford, Yorkshire.
1863. {Harris, Charles. 6 Somerset-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Harris, The Hon. and Rey. Charles, F.G.S, Bremhill, Chippenham,
Wiltshire.
* Harris, George William.
*Harris, Henry. Heaton Hall, near Bradford.
1845. tHarris, Henry H. Cambridge.
1863. {Harris, T. W. Grange, Middlesborough-on-Tees.
Harris, Sir William Snow, F.R.S. Windsor Villas, Plymouth.
1862. {Harris, William Harry, F.C.S. 33 Gold-street, Northampton.
1860. Harrison, Rey. Francis, M.A. Oriel College, Oxford.
1864, §Harrison, George. Barnsley.
1858. *Harrison, James Park, M.A. Garlands, Ewhurst, Surrey.
1856. {Harrison, Rey. Laurence. 11 Lansdowne-terrace, Cheltenham.
Harrison, Robert, M.D., Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the
University of Dublin. 1 Hume-street, Dublin.
1853. {Harrison, Robert. 56 George-street, Hull.
1863. re T. E. Engineers’ Office, Central Station, Newcastle-on-
yne.
1853. *Harrison, William, F.S.A., F.G.S. Galligreaves Hall, near Black-
burn, Lancashire.
1854. { Harrison, William.
1849. {Harrowby, The Earl of, K.G.,D.C.L.,F.R.S.,F.R.G.S. 39 Grosvenor-
square, London ; and Sandon Hall, Lichfield.
1859, *Hart, Charles. 54 Wych-street, Strand, London.
Hart, John, M.D., M.R.LA. 3 Bloomfield-ayenue, Dublin,
1861. *Harter, J. Collier. Chapel Walks, Manchester,
*Harter, William. Hope Hall, Manchester.
1856. {Hartland, F. Dixon, F.S.A., F.R.G.S. The Oaklands, near Chel-
tenham.
Hartley, James. Sunderland.
Hartley, J. B. Bootle, near Liverpool.
Hartnell, Aaron.
Hartnell, M. A., B.A.
1854, §Hartnup, John, F.R.A.S. The Observatory, Liverpool.
Hartop, Henry. Barmborough Hall, near Rotherham.
1850. {Harvey, Alexander. 4 South Wellington-place, Glasgow.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 31
Year of
Election.
1847
1862.
1855.
1863.
1863.
1857.
1857.
1845.
1856.
1847,
1851.
1864,
1853.
1863.
1859,
1861,
1858.
1857.
1856.
1858.
1851.
1861.
1863.
1854.
1861.
1854.
1863.
1861.
1858.
1863.
1855.
1863.
1854,
1862.
1857.
1845.
1856.
. {Harvey, William Henry, M.D., F.L
*Harvey, Joseph Charles. Cork.
Harvey, J. R., M.D. St. Patrick’s-place, Cork.
me M.R.1.A., Professor of Botany
in the University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin.
*Harwood, John, jun. Mayfield, Bolton.
{Hassall, Arthur Hill. 8 Bennett-street, St. James’s, London.
Hastings, Rev. H.S. Martley Rectory, Worcester.
tHatton, G. D. Old Trafford, Manchester.
*Hatton, James. Richmond House, Higher Broughton, Manchester.
§Hatton, J. W. Old Trafford, Manchester.
Haughton, James, M.R.D.S. 34 Eccles-street, Dublin.
tHaughton, Rev. Samuel, M.D., M.A., F.R.S., M.R.I.A., F.G.S., Pro-
fessor of Geology in the University of Dublin, Trinity College,
Dublin.
{ Haughton, 8. Wilfred. Grand Canal-street, Dublin.
*Haughton, William. 28 City Quay, Dublin.
tHaviland, John, M.D. Cambridge.
tHaville, Henry, Montpellier Spa Buildings, Cheltenham.
tHawkins, Rey. Edward, D.D., Provost of Oriel College, Oxford.
Hawkins, John Heywood, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S, Bignor Park, Pet-
worth, Sussex.
Hawkins, John Isaac, C.E.
*Hawkins, Thomas, F.G.8, Down Court, Isle of Wight.
t{Hawkins, W. W. Tower-street, Ipswich.
*Hawkshaw, John, F.R.S., F.G.S. 48 Eaton-place, London.
*Hawkshaw, John Clark, B.A. 43 Katon-place, London,
{Haworth, Benjamin, J.P, Hull Bank House, near Hull.
*Hawthorn, Robert, C,E. Neweastle-upon-Tyne.
§Hawthorn, William. The Cottage, Benwell, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
tHay, Sir Andrew Leith, Bart. Rannes, Aberdeenshire.
*Hay, Sir John D. United Service Club, London,
tHay, Samuel. Albion-place, Leeds.
tHayden, Thomas, M.D. 30 Harcourt-street, Dublin.
tHayward, J. Curtis. Quedgeley, near Gloucester.
*Hayward, Robert Baldwin, M.A. Harrow-on-the-hill,
tHead, Jeremiah. Woodbridge-road, Ipswich.
*Heald, James. Parr’s Wood, Didsbury, near Manchester,
tHeald, Joseph. 22 Leazes-terrace, Neweastle-on-Tyne.
tHealey, Elkanah. Gateacre.
*Heape, Benjamin. Northwood, near Manchester.
tHeath, Edward. Everton, near Liverpool.
tHeath, G. Y., M.D. Westgate-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Heath, John. 11 Albemarle-street, London.
§Heathfield, W. E., F.R.G.S. 20 King-street, St. Jamés’s, London.
*Heaton, John Deakin, M.D. Claremont, Leeds.
§Heckels, Richard. Pensher, near Fencehouses, Durham.
tHector, James, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Geological Survey
of Otago. New Zealand. ; :
tHedley, Thomas. Cox Lodge, near Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Heelis, Thomas. Princes-street, Manchester.
tHeldenmaier, B., Ph.D. Worksop, Notts,
tHelm, George F, 58 Trumpington-street, Cambridge.
*Hemans, George William, C.E., M.R.I.A., 32 Leinster-gardens,
Hyde Park, London.
tHenderson, Andrew. 120 Gloucester-place, Portman-square, London.
Henn, Richard. 17 Herbert-street, Dublin.
§Hennessy, Henry G., F.R.S., MR.LA., F.R.G.S, Wynnefield, Rath-
gar, Co, Dublin, ; OBe
32 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1857. tHennessy, John Pope. Inner Temple, London.
Henry, Franklin, Portland-street, Manchester.
Henry, J. Snowdon. East Dene, Bonchurch, Isle of Wight.
Henry, Mitchell. Stratheden House, Hyde Park, London. .
*Henry, William Charles, M.D., F.R.S.,F.R.G.S. Haffield, near Led-
bury, Herefordshire.
1846. {Henville, Rey. C. B. Hamble Rectory, near Southampton.
Henwood, William Jory, F.R.S., F.G.S. 3 Clarence-place, Penzance.
1855. *Hepburn, J. Gotch. Clapham Common, Surrey.
1855, {Hepburn, Robert. 8 Davies-street, Berkeley-square, London.
Hepburn, Thomas. Clapham, London.
Hepworth, John M. Ackworth, Yorkshire.
1856. t{Hepworth, Rey. Robert. 2 St. James’s-square, Cheltenham.
1864, sig hike fe Bird, M.D., F.R.S, L. & KE, Old Market-street,
ristol.
*Herbert, Thomas. Nottingham.
Herbertson, John.
1852, {Herdman, John. 9 Wellington-place, Belfast.
Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, Bart., K.H., M.A., D.C.L.,
ERS. L. & E., Hon. M.R.LA., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. Collingwood,
near Hawkhurst, Kent.
1861. {Hertz, James. Sedgley-park, Prestwich, near Manchester.
1851. {Hervey, The Rey. Lord Arthur. Ickworth, Suffolk.
1863. {Heslop, Joseph. Pilgrim-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
1832. tHewitson, William C. Oatlands, Surrey.
1847, {Hext, Rev. George, M.A.
Hey, Rev. William, M.A., F.C.P.S. Clifton, York.
1861. *Heywood, Arthur Henry. Sedgley-park, Manchester.
*Heywoed, Sir Benjamin, Bart., F.R.S. 9 Hyde Park-gardens, Lon-
don; and Claremont, Manchester.
*Heywood, James, F.R.S.,F.G.S.,F.8.A., F.R.G.S. 26 Palace-cardens,
Kensington, London.
Heywood, Lawrence.
1861. *Heywood, Oliver. Acresfield, Manchester.
*Heywood, Robert. Bolton.
Heywood, Thomas Percival. Claremont, Manchester.
1854, | Heyworth, Captain L., jun.
1864, *Hiern, W. P., M.A. St. John’s College, Cambridge.
1854. *Higgin, Edward. Liverpool.
1861. *Higgin, James. Hopwood-avenue, Manchester.
Higginbotham, Samuel. Exchange-square, Glasgow. ~
1861. {Higgins, George. Mount House, Higher Broughton, Manchester.
1854. {Higgins, Rev. Henry H., M.A. Rainhill, Liverpool.
1861. *Higgins, James. Stocks House, Cheetham, Manchester.
1854, {Highley, Samuel, F.G.S. Boxhill, near Dorking, Surrey.
*Higson, Peter. Inrwell-terrace, Lower Broughton, Manchester.
Hildyard, Rev. James, B.D., F.C.P.S. Ingoldsby, near Grantham,
Lincolnshire.
1862. *Hiley, Rev. Simeon. St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Hill, Arthur. Bruce Castle, Tottenham.
*Hill, Rey. Edward, M.A., F.G.S. Sheering Rectory, Harlow.
1857. {Hill, John. Tullamore, Ireland.
1855. {Hill, Laurence. Port Glasgow.
*Hill, Sir Rowland, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Hampstead,
London.
1864, §Hill, William. Combe Hay, Bristol.
1863. {Hills, F. C. Deptford, Kent.
1850, {Hincks, Rey. Edward, D.D, Lillyleagh, Ireland.
LIST OF MEMBERS. ~ 33
Year of
Election.
1858.
1852.
1861.
1858.
1861.
1856.
1860.
1864,
1864.
1864.
1863.
1852.
1863.
1847,
1863.
1863.
1847.
1845.
1860.
1861.
1854,
1856.
1858.
1851.
1858.
1847,
1861.
1856.
1845.
fHincks, Rey. Thomas, B.A. Mountside, Leeds.
Hincks, Rev. William, F.L.S., Professor of Natural History in Uni-
versity College. Toronto, Canada West.
Hindley, Rev. H. J. Walton-on-the-hill, Lancashire.
*Hindmarsh, Frederick, F.G.S., F.R.G.S. 17 Bucklersbury, London,
*Hindmarsh, Luke. Alnwick.
*Hinmers, William. Farnworth, Bolton.
§Hirst, John, jun. Dobcross, Saddleworth.
*Hirst, Thomas Archer, Ph.D., F.R.S. 14 Waverley-place, St. John’s-
wood, London.
tHitch, Samuel, M.D. Sandywell Park, Gloucestershire.
tHitchman, John. Leamington.
*Hoare, Rev. George Tooker. Tandridge, Godstone.
Hoare, J. Gumney. Hampstead, London.
§Hobhouse, Arthur Fane. 24 Cadogan-place, Sloane-street, London.
§Hobhouse, Charles Parry. 24 Cadogan-place, Sloane-street, London.
§Hobhouse, Henry William. 24 Cadogan-place, Sloane-street, London.
§Hobson, A.S. 3 Upper Heathfield-terrace, Tumham Green, London.
tHodges, John F., M.D., Professor of Agriculture in Queen’s College,
Belfast. 23 Queen-street, Belfast.
*Hodgkin, Thomas, M.D., F.R.G.S. 35 Bedford-square, London,
*Hodgkin, Thomas. (Local Treasurer.) _Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tHodgkinson, Rey. G. C.. The Lodge, Louth. 5
*Hodgson, Adam. Everton, Liverpool.
Hodgson, Joseph, F.R.S. 60 Westbourne-terrace, London.
tHodgson, Robert. Whitburn, Sunderland.
tHodgson, R. W. North Dene, Gateshead.
Hodgson, Thomas. Market-street, York.
t Hodgson, W. B.
THoftman, G. H. Margate.
tHogan, Rev. A. R., M.A. Puddletown, Dorchester.
Hogan, William, M.A., M.R.LA. Haddington-terrace, Kingstown,
near Dublin.
Hee, tain M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.R.G.S., F.C.P.S. 8 Serjeants’
n, London; and Norton, Stockton-on-Tees.
tHoleroft, George, C.E. Red Lion-court, St. Ann’s-square, Man-
chester.
tHolcroft, George. 82 Great Ducie-street, Manchester.
*Holditch, Rey. Hamnet, M.A. Caius College, Cambridge.
tHolland, Henry, M.P. Dumbleton, Evesham.
§Holland, Loton. Swanscoe Park, Macclesfield.
* Holland, P. H.
*Hollingsworth, John. London-street, Greenwich, Kent.
Holmes, Rev. W. R.
Holt, Edward.
Holt; Henry. Notton, near Wakefield.
Hone, Joseph, M.R.D.S. 2 Harcourt-street, Dublin.
*Hone, Nathaniel, M.R.LA. Doloughs Park, Co. Dublin.
Honeyman, John.
tHonywood, Robert. Marks Hall, Essex.
tHook, The Very Rev. W. F., D.D., Dean of Chichester. Chichester.
tHooker, Joseph D., M.D., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., F.G.S. Royal Gardens,
K
ew.
§Hooper, William. 7 Pall Mall East, London.
tHooton, Jonathan. 80 Great Ducie-street, Manchester.
{ Hope, Rev. F. W.
Hope, Thomas Arthur. Liverpool.
Hope, William. Wavertree, Liverpool.
34
Year
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Election.
1858.
1864.
1858.
1854.
1855.
1856.
1859.
1858.
1859.
1863.
1849,
1857.
1863.
1863.
1854.
1842.
1858.
1857.
1845.
1863.
1861.
1845.
1856.
1856.
1862.
1863.
1860.
1840,
1864.
*Hopkins, William, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. (General Secretary.)
Cambridge.
tHopkinson, Joseph, jun. Britannia Works, Huddersfield.
Hopkinson, William. Stamford.
Hornby, Hugh. Sandown, Liverpool.
*Horner, Rey. J. J. H. Mells Rectory, Frome.
*Horsfall, Abraham. Leeds.
Horsfall, Charles. Everton, Liverpool.
Horsfall, John. Wakefield.
tHorsfall, Thomas B., M.P. Liverpool.
*Horsfield, George. Brampton-grove, Smedley-lane, Cheetham, Man-
chester.
tHorsley, John H. 389 High-street, Cheltenham.
Hotham, Rev. Charles, M.A., F.L.S. Roos Patrington, Yorkshire.
§Hough, Joseph. Wrottesley, near Wolverhampton.
Houghton, The Right Hon. Lord. 16 Upper Brook-street, London.
Houghton, James. Rodney-street, Liverpool.
Houghton, William.
*Houldsworth, Henry. Newton-street, Manchester.
{Hounsfield, James. Hemsworth, Pontefract.
Houtson, John.
Hovenden, W. F., M.A. Bath.
{Howard, Captain John Henry, R.N. The Deanery, Lichfield.
tHoward, Philip Henry. Corby Castle, Carlisle.
{ Howard, Samuel.
{Howell, Henry H. Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn-street,
London.
Howell, John, M.D. Datchet, near Windsor.
§Howorth, H. H. Castleton Hall, Rochdale.
tHowse, R. South Shields.
tHowson, Rev. J. 8. South-hill, Toxteth Park, Liverpool.
Hudson, George.
*Hudson, Henry, M.D., M.R.IL.A. Glenville, Fermoy, Co. Cork.
Hudson, John. Oxford.
§Hudson, Robert, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S. Clapham Common, London.
tHuggins, William, F.R.A.S. Upper Tulse-hill, London.
§Hugeon, William. 30 Park-row, Leeds.
Hughes, D. L.
Hughes, Frederick Robert.
{ Hughes, Alderman Hughes.
Hughes, H. H.
tHughes, T. W. 4 Hawthorn-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Hull, Arthur H. Brighton.
*Hull, William Darley, F.G.S.
Hulley, Dr.
*Hulse, Sir Edward, D.C.L. 4 New Burlington-street, London ; and
Breamore House, Salisbury.
tHume, Rey. A., D.C.L., F.S.A. Everton, Liverpool.
tHumpage, Edward. Bristol.
tHumphreys, E. R., LL.D. Grammar School, Cheltenham.
t{Humphries, David James. 1 Keynsham-parade, Cheltenham.
*Humphry, George Murray, M.D., F.R.S. Trumpington-street, Cam-
bridge.
*Hunt, Augustus H., Ph.D. Pelaw Main Office, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tHunt, James, Ph.D., F.S.A. Ore House, Hastings.
§Hunt, Robert, F.R.S., Keeper of the Mining Records. Museum of
Practical Geology, Jermyn-street, London.
§Hunt, W. 72 Pulteney-street, Bath.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 35
Year of
Election.
1850,
1859.
1855.
1863.
1861.
1851.
1863.
1864.
1857.
1861.
1852.
1846.
1847.
1854,
1861.
1858.
1849.
1839.
1858,
1858.
1852.
1854
1856.
1857.
1845.
1862.
1839.
1863.
1859.
1863.
1858.
1855.
Hunter, Adam, M.D., F.R.S.E. Edinburgh.
Hunter, Andrew G. Low Walker, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
t Hunter, J. D., M_D.
Hunter, Robert, F.R.S., F.G.8., F.R.A.S., F.S.A. Highgate, London.
{ Hunter, Dr. Thomas, Deputy Inspector- General of Army Hospitals.
*Hunter, Thomas C. Greenock.
§Huntsman, Benjaman. West Retford Hall, Retford.
*Hurst, William John. 2a Victoria-street, Manchester.
{Hurwood, George.
Husband, William Dalla. Coney-street, York.
*Hutchinson, John. Widnes Dock, Warrington.
{Hutt, The Right Hon. W., M.P. Gibside, Gateshead.
Hutton, Crompton. Putney-park, Surrey.
Hutton, Daniel. 4 Lower Dominick-street, Dublin.
§Hutton, Darnton, 11 Warnford-court, Throgmorton-street, London.
Hutton, Edward, M.D., M.R.LA. 29 Gardiner’s-place, Dublin.
Hutton, Henry. Ececles-street, Dublin.
{Hutton, Henry D. 1 Nelson-street, Dublin.
*Hutton, Robert, M.R.LA., F.G.S. Putney Park, Surrey.
Hutton, Thomas, F.G.S., M.R.LA. 14 Summerhill, Dublin.
§Hutton, T. Maxwell. Summerhill, Dublin.
tHuxley, Thomas Henry, Ph.D., F.R.8., F.L,S., F.G.8., Professor of
Natural History in the Government School of Mines, and Hun-
terian Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Royal College of
Surgeons. Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn-street, London.
tHuxtable, Rey. Anthony. Sutton Waldron, near Blandford.
Hyde, Edward. Dukinfield, near Manchester.
Hyett, William Henry, F.R.S. Painswick, near Stroud, Gloucester-
shire.
tHyndman, George C, 5 Howard-street, Belfast.
*Ibbetson, Captain L. L. Boscawen,-Chevalier Red Eagle of Prussia
with Swords, Chevalier de Hohenzollern, F.R.S., F.G.8.
tIhne, William, Ph.D. Carlton-terrace, Liverpool.
{lles, Rev. J. H. Rectory, Wolverhampton.
tIngham, Henry. Wortley, near Leeds.
tIngleby, Clement.
tIngleby, C. Mansfield.
tIngram, Hugo C. Meynell. Temple Newsam, near Leeds.
*Ineram, Hugo Francis Meynell. Temple Newsam, Leeds.
f{Ingram, J. K., LL.D., M.R.LA., Professor of Oratory. Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin.
*Inman, Thomas, M.D. Rodney-street, Liverpool.
tInvararity, J. D. Bombay.
Treland, R. 8., M.D. 121 Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
tIrvine, Hans, M.A., M.B. 1 Rutland-square, Dublin.
Irwin, Rev. Alexander, M.A. Armagh, Ireland.
tirwin, Thomas. Somerset House, London.
TIselin, J. F., M.A. Wimbledon, Surrey.
tIvory, Holmes. 2 South-street, David-street, Edinburgh.
*Ivory, Thomas. 9 Ainslie-place, Edinburgh.
§Jack, John. Belhelvie, Aberdeen.
*Jackson, Mrs. H. 24 Hereford-square, Gloucester-road, Old Bromp-
ton, London. ;
tJackson, Samuel Smith. 9 Brunswick-place, Leeds.
. Jackson, Professor Thomas, LL.D. St. Andrew’s, Scotland.
tJackson, Rey. William, M.A. St. John’s, Workington. i
D
36
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1852.
1859.
1860.
1863,
1858.
1863.
1859.
1850,
1847,
1853.
1862.
1856.
1855.
1861.
1854.
1852.
1864.
1862.
1864,
1852.
1861.
1845.
1845.
1849.
1861.
1863.
1864.
1861.
1849,
Jacob, Arthur, M.D. 23 Ely-place, Dublin.
§Jacobs, Bethel. 40 George-street, Hull.
tJames, Edward. 9 Gascoyne-terrace, Plymouth.
tJames, Edward H. 9 Gascoyne-terrace, Plymouth.
James, Colonel Sir Henry, R.E., F.R.S., F.G.S., M.R.LA. Ord-
nance Survey Office, Southampton.
James, Sir John K., M.R.I.A., Bart. 9 Cavendish-row, Dublin.
*James, Sir Walter. 6 Whitehall-gardens, London.
tJames, William C. 9 Gascoyne-terrace, Plymouth.
{Jameson, John Henry. 10 Catherine-terrace, Gateshead.
*Jamieson, Thomas F., F.G.S. Ellon, Aberdeenshire.
tJardine, Alexander. Jardine Hall, Lockerby.
Jardine, James, C.E., F.R.A.S. Edinburgh.
*Jardine, Sir William, Bart., F.R.S.E. Jardine Hall, Applegarth by
Lockerby, Dumfriesshire.
t{Jarman, John.
*Jarratt, Rev. John, M.A. North Cave, near Brough, Yorkshire.
Jarrett, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Professor of Arabic in the University of
Cambridge. Trunch, Norfolk.
tJeaks, Rev. James, M.A. Harrow.
Jebb, Rev. John. Peterstow Rectory, Ross, Herefordshire.
*Jee, Alfred S. 2 Oxford-square, Hyde Park, London.
tJeffery, Henry, M.A. 438 High-street, Cheltenham.
*Jeffray, John. 193 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.
*Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, F.R.S., F.G.S. 25 Devonshire-place, Portland-
place, London.
Jeffreys, Rey. R., B.D. Cockfield, Suffolk.
jJeffreys, W. P. Washington-street, Liverpool.
{Jellett, Rev. John H., M.A., M.R.LA. Trinity College, Dublin.
Jellicorse, John. Chaseley, near Rugely, Staffordshire.
§Jelly, Dr. W. Taunton, Somerset.
§Jenkin, Fleeming, F.R.S. 6 Duke-street, Adelphi, London.
§Jenkins, Captain Griffith, C.B., F.R.G.S.__Derwin, Welshpool.
*Jenkyns, Rev. Henry, D.D., Professor of Divinity and Ecclesiastical
History in the University of Durham. Durham.
Jennette, Matthew. Birkenhead.
tJennings, Francis M., F.G.S., M.R.LA. Brown-street, Cork.
tJennings, Thomas. Cork.
*Jenyns, Rey. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. 1 Darlington-place,
Bathwick, Bath.
tJerdan, William. Park Wood House, Swanscomb, Kent.
*Jerram, Rey. 8. John, M.A. Chobham Vicarage, Bagshot, Surrey.
*Jerrard, George Birch, B.A. Long Stratton, Norfolk.
{Jessop, William, sen. Butterley Hall, Derbyshire.
Jessop, William, jun. Butterley Hall, Derbyshire.
tJ anes en Right Rey. Francis, D.D., D.C.L., Bishop of Peter-
orough.
Job, Samuel. Holmfield House, Aigburth, Liverpool.
Johnson, John.
t{Johnson, Richard. 27 Dale-street, Manchester.
tJohnson, R. 8. Hanwell, Fence Houses, Durham.
*Johnson, Thomas. The Hermitage, Frodsham, Cheshire.
§Johnson, Thomas. Stainsby-road, East India-road, London.
Johnson, William. The Wynds Point, Colwall, Malvern, Worcester-
shire.
tJohnson, William Beckett. Woodlands Bank, near Altrincham.
§Johnston, Alexander Keith, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.8., F.R.G.S. 4 St.
Andrew-square, Edinburgh.
LIST OF MEMBERS, 37
Year of
Election.
1859.
1864,
1845.
1859.
1864.
1847.
1858.
1863.
Johnston, Alexander Robert, F.R.S. 19 Cumberland-place, London ;
and York House, Twickenham.
tJohnston, David, M.D. Montrose.
§Johnston, David. 13 Marlborough-buildings, Bath,
Johnston, Edward. Field House, Chester.
tJohnston, G., M.D. Stockport.
{Johnston, James. Newmill, Elgin, N. B.
§Johnston, James. Manor House, Northend, Hampstead, London.
Johnston, Percival Norton, F.R.S., F.G.8, Stoke House, Stoke
Fleming, Dartmouth.
*Johnstone, James. Alva, near Alloa, Stirlingshire.
*Johnstone, Sir John Vanden Bempde, Bart., M.P., M.A., F.G.S,
27 Grosvenor-square, London ; and Harkness.
. §Johnstone, John, 1 Barnard-villas, Bath.
Jollie, Walter. Edinburgh.
. §Jolly, Thomas. Park View-villas, Bath.
. {Jones, Baynham. Selkirk Villa, Cheltenham.
*Jones, Christopher Hird. 2 Castle-street, Liverpool.
. tJones, C. W. 7 Grosvenor-place, Cheltenham.
*Jones, Major Edward.
Jones, Rev. Harry Longueville, Inspector of Schools.
. {Jones, Henry Bence, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Hon. Sec. to the Royal In-
stitution. 31 Brook-street, Grosvenor-square, London.
. tJones, Rev. Henry H. Cemetery, Manchester.
. [Jones, John. 28 Chapel-street, Liverpool.
. §Jones, John. Dudley.
*Jones, Josiah. 2 Castle-street, Liverpool.
*Jones, Robert. 2 Castle-street, Liverpool.
. Jones, R. L. Great George-street, Liverpool.
. *Jones, R. L. Princes Park, Liverpool.
- {Jones, Thomas Rymer, Professor of pee a Anatomy in King’s
College. 18 St. Leonard’s-terrace, Clifton-gardens, Maida-hill,
London.
. §Jones, T. Rupert, F.G.S., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy,
Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, near Farnborough,
. tJones, William.
. §Jones, Sir Willoughby. Buckley Grange, Isle of Wight.
- tJopling, R. Thompson.
- tJosselyn, G. Tower-street, Ipswich.
*Joule, Benjamin St. John B. Thorncliffe, Old Trafford, Manchester.
*Joule, James Prescott, LL.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Thorncliffe, Old
Trafford, Manchester.
*Joy, ae Charles Ashfield. Grove Parsonage, near Wantage, Berlk~
shire.
Joy, red Holmes, M.A., M.R.IL.A. 17 Mountjoy-square East,
ublin.
Joy, Rev. J. H.
Joy, William B., M.D. 48 Leeson-street, Dublin.
tJowett, Rev. B., M.A. Balliol College, Oxford.
tJowett, John, jun. Leeds.
*Jubb, Abraham. Halifax.
§Jukes, Rey. Andrew. Hull.
Jukes, Joseph Beete, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., M.R.I.A., Local Director
of the Government Geological Survey of Ireland. 51 Stephen’s
Green, Dublin.
Kane, Sir Robert, M.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Principal of the Royal
College of Cork. 51 Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
38
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1857.
1859.
1847.
1856.
1855,
1855.
1850,
1849,
1857.
1864.
1864,
1853.
1858.
1850.
1857.
1854.
1857.
1858.
1857.
1857.
1857.
1855.
1861.
1854.
1860.
1858.
1857.
1854.
1855.
1855.
1851.
1851.
1864,
1860,
1862.
1862.
{Kavanagh, James W. Grenville, Rathgar, Ireland.
}Kay, David, F.R.G.S. 6 North-bridge, Edinburgh.
Kay, John Cunliff. Fairfield Hall, near Skipton.
*Kay, John Robinson. Boss Lane House, Bury, Lancashire.
Kay, Robert. Haugh Bank, Bolton-le-Moors.
*Kay, Rev. William, D.D. Lincoln College, Oxford.
{Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James, Bart. Gawthorpe, Burnley.
{Kaye, Robert. Mill Brae, Moodies Burn, by Glasgow.
tKeddie, William. 15 North-street, Mungo-street, Glasgow.
{Kelland, Rev. Philip, M.A., F.R.S.L. & E., Professor of Mathematics
in the University of Edinburgh, 20 Clarendon Crescent, Edin-
burgh.
{Kelly, Fah C.E. 38 Mount Pleasant-square, Dublin.
tKelly, John J. 38 Mount Pleasant-square, Dublin.
*Kelly, W. M., M.D. The Crescent, Taunton, Somerset.
*Kelsall, Henry. Rochdale, Lancashire.
Kelsall, J. Rochdale, Lancashire.
*Kemble, Rev. Charles, M.A. Vellore, Bath.
{Kemp, Rey. Henry William, B.A. Thanet House, Hull.
{Kemplay, Christopher. Leeds.
{Kempson, Samuel.
tKennedy, George A., M.D., M.R.LA. 15 Talbot-street, Dublin.
tKennedy, James. 33 Hrskine-street, Liverpool.
Kennedy, John..
§Kennedy, Lieut-Colonel John Pitt. 20 Torrington-square, Blooms-
bury, London.
tKennie, C. G. Colleton. 5a Spring-gardens, London.
Kenny, Matthias, M.D. 3 Clifton-terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
Kenrick, Rev. George.
Kent, J. C. Chamber-court, near Upton-on-Severn.
{Kent, William T., M.R.D.S. 51 Rutland-square, Dublin. ;
tKenworth, James Ryley. 7 Pembroke-place, Liverpool.
*Ker, André Allen Murray. Newbliss House, Newbliss, Ireland.
*Ker, Robert. Auchinraith, Glascow.
Ker, Stewart.
*Keymer, John. Parker-street, Manchester.
{Kilpin, Thomas Johnstone. 1 Arrad-street, Liverpool.
{Kinahan, G. Henry. Geological Survey of Ireland, 51 Stephen’s
Green, Dublin.
{Kincaid, Henry Ellis, M.A. 8 Lyddon-terrace, Leeds.
{Kinehan, John R., M.D.
{King, Alfred. 1 Netherfield-road South, Liverpool.
{King, Alfred, jun. Everton, Liverpool.
King, A. J., M.A. Mosstown, Longford, Ireland.
King, The Hon. James, M.R.I.A. Mitchelstown Castle, Co. Cork.
{King, James. Levernholme, Hurlet, Glasgow.
{King, John. Ipswich.
{King, John. Rose-hill, Ipswich.
King, Joseph. Anfield, Liverpool.
§King, K. 27 George-street, Bath.
*King, Mervyn Kersteman. 1 Rodney-place, Clifton, Bristol.
King, Richard, M.D. Savile-row, London.
King, Rey. Samuel, M.A., F.R.A.S. St. Aubins, Jersey.
§King, Rey. Samuel William, F.G.S., F.S.A. Saxlingham Rectory,
near Norwich.
King, William Poole. Clifton, Bristol.
{Kingsley, Rev. Charles, M.A., Professor of Modern History in the
University of Cambridge. 1 St. Peter’s-terrace, Cambridge.
LIST OF MEMBERS 39
Year of
Election.
1861.
1845.
18653.
1863.
1860.
1850.
1849.
1858.
1861.
1858,
1862,
1859.
1850.
1859.
1846.
1854.
1859.
1864.
1840.
1860.
1861.
1845.
1857.
1862.
{Kingsley, John. 30 St. Ann’s-street, Manchester.
{Kingsley, Rev. W. T. South Kelvington, Thirsk.
§Kinnaird, The Right Hon. Lord., F.G.S. Rossie Priory, Inchture.
Kinnear, J. G., F.R.S.E. Glasgow.
{Kirkaldy, David. 28 Bartholomew-road North, Kentish Town,
London.
{Kirkman, Rey. Thomas P., M.A., F.R.S. Croft Rectory, near War-
rington.
Kirkpatrick, Rev. W. B. 44 Wellington-street, Dublin.
§Kirkwood, Anderson. 151 West George-street, Glasgow.
Kirshaw, James.
{Kirshaw, John William, F.G.S. Warwick.
tKitson, James. Leeds.
Knight, Sir A. J., M.D.
Knight, Henry.
Knipe, A. J. Moorville, Carlisle.
Knowles, George Beauchamp, Professor of Botany in Queen’s College,
Birmingham. St. Pavl’s-square, Birmingham.
Knowles, John. Old Trafford Bank House, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Knowles, L. P.
*Knowles, William. Newport, Monmouthshire.
*Knox, G. James. 2 F sdobley New-road, St. John’s-wood, London.
Knox, Henry.
Knox, Rey. H. B., M.A., M.R.LA. Deanery, Hadleigh, Suffolk.
Kutz, Andrew.
*Kyllmann, Max. 28 Brazennose-street, Manchester.
Lace, Ambrose. Liverpool.
§Lace, Francis John. Stone Gapp, Cross-hill, Leeds.
§Lackenstein, Dr. (Care of Messrs. Smith and Elder, Cornhill,
London.)
Lacy, Henry C. Withdeane Hall, near Brighton.
§Ladd, William. 11 & 13 Beak-street, Regent-street, London.
{Laing, David, F.S.A. Scotl. Edinburgh.
Laird, John. Birkenhead.
§Lalor, John Joseph. 2 Longford-terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
Lamb, David. Liverpool.
Lambert, Richard. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Laming, Richard. 10 Clifton Villas, Maida-hill West, London.
§Lamport, William James. Liverpool.
Lane, Richard.
tLang, Rey. John Marshall. Fyvie, Aberdeen.
§Lang, R. Burlington Bogs, Redlands, Bristol.
*Langton, William. Manchester.
tLankester, Edwin, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. 8 Savile-row, London.
Lanyon, Charles.
*Larcom, Major-General Sir Thomas Aiskew, K.C.B., R.E., F.R.S.,
M.R.LA. Phoenix Park, Drblin.
Lassell, William, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Malta.
tLassell, William, jun. The Brook, near Liverpool.
*Latham, A. G. Cross-street, Manchester.
{Latham, Robert G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. New Malden,
near Kingston, Surrey.
*La Touche, David Charles, M.R.I.A. Castle-street, Dublin.
tLaw, Hugh. 4 Great Denmark-street, Dublin.
{Law, Rey. James Edmund, M.A. Little Shelford, Cambridgeshire.
Law, tad, William, M.A. Orwell Rectory, Arrington, Cambridge-
shire.
40 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
Lawley, The Hon. Francis Charles. Escrick Park, near York.
Lawley, The Hon. Stephen Willoughby. LEscrick Park, near York.
Lawrence, William, F.R.S., Serjeant-Surgeon to the Queen. 18
Whitehall-place, London.
1857. {Lawson, James A., LL.D., M.R.I.A. 27 Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.
1855. {Lawson, John. Mountain Blue Works, Camlachie.
1858. {Lawson, Samuel. Kirkstall, near Leeds.
1863. {Lawton, Benjamin C. Tynemouth.
1853. {Lawton, William. Manor House-street, Hull.
Laycock, Thomas, M.D., Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the
University of Edinburgh. 4 Rutland-street, Edinburgh.
1857, {Leach, Capt. R. E. Mountjoy, Phoenix Park, Dublin.
Leadbetter, John. Glasgow.
1847, *Leatham, Edward Aldam. Whitley Hall, Huddersfield.
1858, {Leather, George. Knostrop, near Leeds.
*Leather, John Towlerton. Leventhorpe Hall, near Leeds.
1858. {Leather, John W. Newton Green, Leeds,
1863. §Leayers, J. W. The Park, Nottingham.
1858. *Le Cappelain, John. Highgate, London.
1858, Hiadpar, William. Potter Newton, near Leeds.
Lee, Daniel. Springfield House, Pendlebury, Manchester.
1861. §Lee, Henry. Irwell House, Lower Broughton, Manchester.
Lee, Henry, M.D, Weatheroak, Alve Church, near Bromsgrove,
London.
*Lee, John, LL.D.,F.R.S., V.P.R.A.S.,F.L.S.,F.G.S.,F.S.A.,F.R.G.S.
5 College, Doctors’ Commons, London; and Hartwell House, near
Aylesbury.
1853, *Lee, John Edward, F.G.S8, The Priory, Caerleon, Monmouthshire.
Leechman, James.
1845. {Lees, Dr. Frederick R. Burmantofts Hall, Leeds.
1850. {Lees, George, LL.D, Rillbank, Edinburgh.
1854, {Lees, Samuel. Portland-place, Ashton-under-Lyne.
1859. {Lees, William. School of Art, Edinburgh.
*Leese, Joseph, jun. Glenfield, Altrincham.
*Leeson, Henry 5. M.A., M.D., F.R.S. The Maples, Bonchurch, Isle
of Wight.
*Lefroy, J mii Henry, Brigadier-General R.A., F.R.S., F.R.GS.,
President of the Ordnance Select Committee. Blackheath,
Kent.
1845, {Legard, Capt. William. India.
*Legh, George Cornwall, M.P. High Legh, Cheshire.
Legh, Peter Thomas.
1861. *Leigh, Henry. The Poplars, Patricroft, near Manchester.
Leigh, John Shaw. Childerall Hall, near Liverpool.
*Leinster, Augustus Frederick, Duke of, M.R.LA. 6 Carlton House-
_ terrace, London.
1859. {Leith, Alexander. Glenkindie, Inverkindie.
*Lemon, Sir Charles, Bart., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Carclew, near
Falmouth.
1860, {Lempriere, Charles, D.C.L. St. John’s College, Oxford.
1863. *Lendy, Capt. Augusta Frederic. Practical Military College, Sunbury.
1861. Lennox, A. C. W.-.7 Beaufort-gardens, Brompton, London.
Lentaigne, John, MD. Tallaght House, Co. Dublin; and 14 Great
Dominick-street, Dublin.
Lentaigne, Joseph. 12 Great Denmark-street, Dublin.
1861. {Leppoc, Henry Julius. Kersal Crag, near Manchester.
1852. {Leshe, T. E. Chife, LL.B.
1859, {Leslie, William, M.P. Warthill, Aberdeenshire.
a
LIST OF MEMBERS. 41
Year of
Election.
1846,
1845.
1847.
1853.
1860.
1855.
1859.
1864.
1862.
1855.
1858.
1854,
1861.
1864,
1860.
1848.
1854.
1847.
1849.
1854.
1853,
1863.
1853.
1864.
1862.
1851.
1851,
{Letheby, Henry, M.B., F.L.S., Medical Officer to the City of London.
41 Finsbury-square, London.
tLewis, Rev. Thomas T. Bridstow, near Ross.
tLey, Rev. Jacob, M.A. Staverton, near Dayentry.
tLiddell, George William Moore. Sutton House, near Hull.
tLiddell, The Very Rey. H. G., D.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford.
tLiddell, John. 8 Clelland-street, Glasgow.
tLigertwood, George. Blair by Summerhill, Aberdeen.
§Lighbody, Robert. Ludlow.
Lightfoot, J. J.
{Lilford, Right Hon. Lord. Lilford Hall, Northamptonshire.
Lindley, John, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. South Kensington, London.
*Lindsay, Charles. Glen Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia.
*Lindsay, Henry L., C.E., M.R.I.A. 1 Little Collins-street West,
Montreal, Canada.
*Lindsay, John H. 317 Bath-street, Glasgow.
*Lingard, Jobn R., F.G.S. Stockport, Cheshire.
Lingwood, Robert M., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. Lytton House, near
Ross, Herefordshire.
Lister, James. Liverpool Union Bank, Liverpool; and Greenbank,
Everton.
*Lister, John, F.G.S. Shibden Hall, near Halifax.
*Lister, Joseph Jackson, F.R.S. Upton, Essex.
Littledale, Harold. Liscard Hall, Cheshire.
tLittledale, Thomas. Highfield House, Liverpool.
*Liveing, G. D., M.A., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Univer-
sity of Cambridge. 12 Hill’s-road, Cambridge.
§Livesay, J. G. Ventnor, Isle of Wight.
{Livingstone, Rey. Thomas Gott, Minor Canon of Carlisle Cathedral.
6 Victoria-place, Carlisle.
Lizars, Alexander J., M.D., Professor of Anatomy. Marischal College,
Aberdeen.
Lloyd, Rev. A. R. Hengold, near Oswestry.
Lloyd, Rev. C., M.A. Whittington, Oswestry.
{Lloyd, Rey. David. Carmarthen.
Lloyd, Edward. King-street, Manchester.
tLloyd, F. Geisler. Belsize, Hampstead.
*Lloyd, George, M.D., F.G.S. Birmingham.
* Lloyd, George Whatelocke.
*Lloyd, Rev. Humphrey, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E., MRA.
Trinity College, Dublin.
Lloyd, Rev. Rees Lewis. Belper, Derbyshire.
tLloyd, William, M.D. Army and Navy Club, London.
*Lobley, James Logan. 13 Mount Vernon-road, Liverpool.
*Locke, John. Royal Dublin Society, Kildare-street, Dublin.
*Lockey, Rey. Francis. Swainswick, near Bath.
Lockhart, Alexander M* Donald.
§Lockyer, J. N. Victoria-road, Finchley-road, London,
Loder, J. 8.
Lodge, Rev. John, M.A., F.C.P.S.
tLoft, John. 17 Albion-street, Hull.
*Loftus, William Kennett, F.G.S. Calcutta.
*Logan, Sir William Edmond, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Di-
rector of the Geological Survey of Canada. Montreal, Canada.
§Logan, Edmund. 141 George-street, Edinburgh.
tLong, Andrew, M.A. King’s College, Cambridge.
tLong, P. B. Museum-street, Ipswich.
tLong, William, F.G.S. Hurts Hall, Saxmundham, Suffolk,
42
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1857.
1861.
1859.
1861.
1855.
1863.
1854.
1863.
1861.
1850.
1853.
1849.
1849.
1850.
1853.
1858.
1864.
1864.
1857.
1862.
1849.
1859.
1852.
1852.
1854.
1852.
1855.
1840.
1857.
tLongfield, Rev. George. 25 Trinity College, Dublin.
Longfield, Mountifort, LL.D., M.R.LA., Regius Professor of Feudal
and English Law in the University of Dublin. 47 Fitzwilliam-
square, Dublin.
*Longman, William, F.G.S. 36 Hyde Park-square, London.
{Longmuir, Rev. John, M.A., LL.D. 14 Silver-street, Aberdeen.
Longridge, W. 8. Oakhurst, Ambergate, Derbyshire.
*Lord, Edward. York-street, Todmorden.
tLorimer, Rey. J. G., D.D. 6 Woodside-place, Glasgow.
tLosh, W.S. Wreay Syke, Carlisle.
tLow, Rev. Alexander, F.S.A.
*Lowe, Capt. A. S. H. Highfield House, near Nottingham.
*Lowe, Edward Joseph, F.R.A.S., F.L.S., F.G.S8. Highfield House
Observatory, near Nottingham.
Lowe, George, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. 9 St. John’s-wood Park,
London.
tLowe, William Henry, M.D., F.R.S.E. Balgreen, Slateford, Edin-
b
urgh.
Taailes Matthew D. 49 Edge-lane, near Liverpool.
Lowndes, W.
*Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. Lamas, Chislehurst,
Kent.
Incas, Edward.
Lucena, James L. - 4 Garden-court, Temple, London.
*Luckcock, Howard. Oak-hill, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
tLucy, William. Edgbaston, Birmingham.
*Lundie, Cornelius. Rhymney Railway, Cardiff.
tLunn, William Joseph, M.D. 23 Charlotte-street, Hull.
*Lupton, Arthur. Newton Hall, Leeds.
*Lupton, D. Leeds.
*Zutwidge, Charles, ILA.
Lutwidge, R.W. S., M.A., FCPS.
*Lyell, Sir Charles, Bart., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS.,
V.P.G.S., Hon. M.R.S.Ed. 53 Harley-street, Cavendish-square,
London.
§Lyne, Francis. (Care of Sydney Smith, Esq., Charlotte-row, Mansion
House, London.)
tLyons, Robert D. 31 Upper Merrion-street, Dublin.
*Lyte, Maxwell F., F.C.S._ Bagnéres de Bigorre, France.
{Lyttelton, Lord. 17 St. James’s-place, London.
{Mabson, John. Trinity College, Cambridge ; and Heyning, West-
moreland.
t{MacAdam, James, jun. Beavor Hall, Belfast.
{MacAdam, Robert. 18 College-square East, Belfast.
*Macadam, Stevenson, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., F.C.S., President of the Royal
Scottish Society of Arts. Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh.
tMacaldin, J. J., M.D. Coleraine.
*M‘All, Rey. Edward, Rector of Brighstone, Newport, Isle of Wight.
*M‘Andrew, Robert, F.R.S. Isleworth House, Isleworth, Middlesex.
{M Arthur, Richard, W. J.
Macaulay, James. 23 Pelham-street, Brompton, London. ;
tMacauley, James William. Royal Hospital, Dublin.
*MacBrayne, Robert. Messrs. Black and Wingate, 9 Exchange-
square, Glasgow.
Macbride, Rey. John David, D.C.L., F.G.S., Principal of Magdalen
Hall, and Lord Almoner’s Reader in Arabic in the University
of Oxford, Oxford.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 43
Year of
Election,
1855. {M‘Callum, Archibald K., M.A. House of Refuge, Duke-street,
Glasgow.
1863. {M‘Calmont, Robert. Gatton Park, Reigate.
1855. {M‘Cann, James, FE.G.S. Holmfrith, Yorkshire.
1857. {M‘Causland, Dominick. 12 Fitzeibbon- -street, Dublin.
1855.
1856.
1859.
1858.
1852.
1851.
1852.
1850.
1864.
M‘Clelland, James. 73 Kensington Gardens-square, Bayswater.
M‘Clelland, James. 10 Claremont-terrace, Glasgow.
M* Clelland, John. Calcutta.
M‘Connel, James. Bent-hill, Prestwich, near Manchester,
M'‘ Connell, David C., F.GLS.
M‘Connell, J. E. Woodlands, Great Missenden.
M‘Cosh, Rev. James, M.A., Professor of Logic, &c., Queen’s College,
Belfast.
{M‘Coy, Professor Frederick, F.G.S., Professor of Zoology and Natural
History in the University of Melbourne, Australia.
M°Cullagh, John, A. B.
*M‘Culloch, George, M.D. Cincinnati, United States.
{M‘Dermott, Edward. Grove Park, The Grove, Camberwell, London,
t Macdonald, Alexander.
Macdonald, William, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.8., Professor of
Civil and Natural History, St. Andrews, N. B.
MacDonnell, Hercules H. G.
§MacDonnell, The Very Rev. Canon. 8 Montpellier, Bath.
*MacDonnell, Rev. Richard, D.D., Provost of Trinity College, Dublin,
M.R.LA. Dublin.
Macdougall, A. H. 44 Parliament-street, London.
*M‘Ewan, John. Glasgow.
speech * #+4+4++
. {Macfarlan, John Fletcher. Park-place, Edinburgh.
. {Macfarlane, Alexander. 73 Bon Accord-street, Aberdeen.
. [M‘Farlane, Walter. Saracen Foundry, Glasgow.
. *Macfie, R. A. 72 Upper Parliament-street, Liverpool.
. *M‘Gee, William, M.D. 10 Donegal-square East, Belfast.
. {MacGeorge, Andrew, jun. 21 St. Vincent-place, Glasgow.
MacGregor, Alexander.
. {M‘Gregor, Alexander Bennett. 19 Woodside-crescent, Glasgow.
. {MacGregor, James Watt. Wallace-grove, Glasgow.
. [M'Gregor, Robert, M.D. Glasgow.
. {M‘Gregor, Walter. Liverpool.
. [Macgregor, William.
. {M‘Hardy, David. 54 Netherkinkgate, Aberdeen.
. {M‘Iiveen, Alexander Sinclair.
. [M‘Tlwraith, H. Greenock.
Macintosh, General Alexander Fisher, K.H., F.G.S., F.R.G.S.
i Tilney-street, Park-lane, London.
. {Macintosh, John. Middlefield House, Woodside, Aberdeen.
. *Maclver, Charles, Abercrombie-square, Liverpool.
M‘Kenney, John.
. TM‘Kenzie, Alexander. 89 Buchanan-street, Glasgow.
*Mackenzie, James. Glentore, Scotland.
. {Mackenzie, J. W. 16 Royal Circus, Edinburgh.
Mackenzie, Rev. Kenneth. Borrowstoness, [niches
Mackerral, William. Paisley.
. {Mackie, David. Mitchell-place, Aberdeen.
*Mackinlay, Dayid. Pollokshields, Glasgow.
" iMaclagan, "Douglas, M.D., F.R.S.E. 28 Heriot Baws Edinburgh.
; Maclaren, Archibald. Summertown, Oxfordshir
. [MacLaren, Charles, F.R.S.E. Moreland Gotacat Grange Loan,
Edinbureh.
44
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Year of
Election.
1864.
1855.
1859,
1862.
1855,
1861.
1852.
1862.
1855.
1857.
1858.
§MacLaren, Duncan. Newington House, Edinburgh.
tMacLaren, John. Spring Bank, Dunoon.
{Maclear, Sir Thomas, F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S., Astronomer Royal
at the Cape of Good Hope.
tMacleod, Henry Dunning. 17 Gloucester-terrace, Camden-hill-road,
London.
{M‘Lintock, William. Lochinch, Pollokshaws, Glasgow.
*Maclure, John William. 2 Bond-street, Manchester.
MMaster, Maxwell. 97 Grafton-street, Dublin.
{M‘Mechan, John, M.D. White House, Belfast.
§Macmillan, Alexander. 1 Trinity-street, Cambridge.
{M‘Nab, John. Edinburgh.
MacNeill, The Right Hon. Sir John, G.C.B., F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S.
Granton House, Edinburgh.
MacNeill, Sir John, LL.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Professor of Civil
Engineering in Trinity College, Dublin. Mount Pleasant,
Dundalk.
t{M‘Nicholl, H., M.D. 42 Oxford-street, Liverpool.
. {Macnight, Alexander. 12 London-street, Edinburgh.
. {Macpherson, Rev. W. _Kilmuir Easter, Scotland.
Macredie, P. B. Mure, F.R.S.E. Irvine, Ayrshire.
. {Macrorie, Dr. 126 Duke-street, Liverpool.
. *Macrory, Adam John. Duncairn, Belfast.
*Macrory, Edmund. 7 Fig-tree-court, Temple, London.
. {M‘Tyre, William, M.D. Maybole, Ayrshire.
. {Macvicar, Rev. John Gibson, D.D. Moffat, near Glasgow.
. {Madden, Richard R. Rathmines, Dublin.
Magor, J. B. Redruth, Cornwall.
. {Magrath, Rev. Folliot, A.M. Stradbally, Queen’s County, Ireland.
*
Malahide, Talbot de, Lord, F.R.S. Malahide Castle, Malahide,
Treland.
. {Malan, John. Holmpton, Holderness.
*Malcolm, Frederick. 8 Paternoster-row, London.
Malcolm, Neil. Portalloch, Lochgilphead.
. {Malcolm, R. B., M.D., F.R.S.E. 126 George-street, Edinburgh.
Maley, A. J.
{Maling, C. T. Lovaine-crescent, Neweastle-on-Tyne.
*Mallet, Robert, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., MAR.LA. 11 Ee
Westminster, London ; and The Grove, Clapham-road, Clapham,
London.
. tMallet, Dr. John William. University of Alabama, U.S.
. {Manby, Charles, F.R.S., F.G.S. 15 Harley-street, London,
*Manchester, James Prince Lee, Lord Bishop of, F.R.S., F.G.S.,
F.R.G.S., F.C.P.S. Mauldreth Hall, Manchester.
. ¢Mancini, Count de, Italian Consul. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Manning, The Venerable Archdeacon.
. §Mansel, J. C. Long Thorns, Blandford.
. §Markham, Clements R., F.R.G.S. 21 Eccleston-square, Pimlico,
London.
. {Marland, James William. Mountjoy-place, Dublin.
. {Marley, John. Mining Office, Darlington.
*Marling, Samuel S. Stanley Park, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
Marriott, John. Allerton, Liverpool.
§Marriott, William. Leeds-road, Huddersfield.
{Marriott, William Thomas. Wakefield.
Marsden, Richard. Norfolk-street, Manchester.
Marsh, leg Henry, Bart., M.D., M.R.I.A. 9 Merrion-square North,
Dublin.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 45
Year of
Election.
1856,
1864.
1852.
1847,
1858.
1849,
1848.
1849,
1847.
1861.
1863.
1861.
1859.
1858.
1860
1863.
1857.
1863.
1855.
_ 1863.
1864.
1855.
1852.
1857.
1863.
1863.
1861.
1863.
tMarsh, M. H. 46 Green-street, Grosvenor-square, London; and
Wilbury Park, Wilts.
§Marsh, Thomas Edward Miller. 37 Grosvenor-place, Bath.
Marshall, James. Headingly, near Leeds.
tMarshall, James D. Holywood, Belfast.
*Marshall, James Garth, M.A., F.G.S. Headingly, near Leeds.
{Marshall, Matthew. Bank of England.
tMarshall, Reginald Dykes. Adel, near Leeds.
t{Marshall, William P. Monument-lane, Birmingham.
Martin, Rev. Francis, M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge.
* Martin, Francis P. Brouncker.
{Martin, Henry D. 4 Imperial Circus, Cheltenham.
Martin, James.
Martin, Studley. 107 Bedford-street South, Liverpool.
*Martindale, Nicholas. Peter-lane, Hanover-street, Liverpool.
*Martineau, Rey. James. 10 Gordon-street, Gordon-square, Lon-
don.
t{Martineau, Robert. Birmingham.
Maskelyne, Nevil Story, M.A., F.G.S, British Museum, London,
Mason, Hugh. Ashton-under-Lyne.
Mason, Thomas. York.
Massey, Hugh, Lord. Hermitage, Castleconnel, Co. Limerick.
Mather, Daniel. 58 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.
Mather, John. 58 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.
*Mather, Joseph. Beech Grove, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Mather, William. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Mathews, Henry. 30 Gower-street, London.
*Mathews, William, jun., M.A., F.G.S. 51 Carpenter-road, Birming-
ham.
Mathews, William P.
{Matthew, Alexander C. 3 Canal-terrace, Aberdeen.
{Matthews, F.C. Mandre Works, Driffield, Yorkshire.
§Matthews, Rev. Richard Brown. The Vicarage, Shalford, near
Guildford.
*Matthiessen, Augustus, Ph.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Chemistry, St.
Mary’s Hospital. Paddington, London,
{ Maughan, Rev. J. D.
{Maughan, Rev. W. Benwell Parsonage, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tMaule, Rev. Thomas, M.A. Partick, near Glasgow.
*Mawson, John. 38 Moseley-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Maxwell, Francis. Gribton, near Dumfries.
*Maxwell, James Clerk, M.A., F.R.S., L. & E., Professor of Natural
Philosophy and Astronomy in King’s College, London. 8 Palace
Garden-terrace, Kensington, London.
*Maxwell, Sir John, Bart., F.R.S. Pollok House, Renfrewshire.
t{Maxwell, John Waring. Finnebrogue, Downpatrick, Ireland.
*Maxwell, Robert Percival. Finnebrogue, Downpatrick, Ireland.
Maynard, Henry.
Maynard, Thomas.
*Mayne, Rev. Charles, M.R.LA. 22 Upper Merrion-street, Dublin.
Mayne, Edward Ellis.
{Mayne, William Annesley. Dublin.
*Meadows, James. York-place, Rusholme, near Manchester.
§Mease, George D. South Shields,
§Mease, Solomon. North Shields.
Meath, Joseph Henderson Singer, D.D., Lord Bishop of.
§Medealf, William. 20 Bridgewater-place, Manchester.
§Meier, R. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
* t+
* *
-
46 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
Mellor, J.
1854. {Melly, Charles Pierre. Liverpool.
1847, {Melville, Professor Alexander Gordon, M.D. Queen’s College, Gal-
way.
1863. SMetvin Adeeande® 6 Fingal-place, Edinburgh.
1862.. §Mennell, Henry, 20 Fenchurch-street, London.
Merz, Philip.
1863. §Messent, P. T. 4 Northumberland-terrace, Tynemouth.
1847. { Meyer, Charles, D.C.L.
1847. *Michell, Rev. Richard, B.D. St. Giles’s-street, Oxford.
1855, §Miles, Rev. Charles P., M.D., Principal of the Malta Protestant Col-
lege, St. Julian’s, Malta. Office, 3 St. James’s-street, Pall Mall,
London.
1857. {Millar, George M. Susanvale, Kilmainham, Dublin.
1850, {Millar, James 8. 9 Roxburgh-street, Edinburgh.
1859. {Millar, John. Lisburn, Ireland.
1863. ee 7 ohn, F.LS., F.G.S. Bethnal House, Cambridge-road,
ondon.
Millar, Thomas, M.A. - Perth.
1859. {Miller, James, jun. Greenock.
*Miller, Patrick, M.D. Exeter.
1861. *Miller, Robert. 80 King-street ; and Whalley Range, Manchester.
1863, {Miller, Thomas. Righill Hall, Durham.
*Miller, William Allen, M.D., Treas. and V.P.R.S., Pres, Chem. Soc.,
Professor of Chemistry in King’s College, London.
Miller, William Hallows, M.A., For. Sec. R.S., F.G.S., Professor of
Mineralogy in the University of Cambridge. 7 Scroope-terrace,
Cambridge.
Milligan, Robert. Acacia in Randon, Leeds.
1846. {Mills, George. Southampton.
*Mills, John Robert. Bootham, York.
185]. {Jhills, Rev. Thomas.
1847. {Milman, Rey. H. H., Dean of St. Paul’s, London.
Milne, Rear-Admiral Sir Alexander, K.C.B., F.R.S.E. Mussel-
borough, Edinburgh.
Milne, Sir David, K.C.B. Edinburgh.
*Milne-Home, David, M.A., F.R.S.E. Wedderburn, Coldstream,
N.B.
1854, *Milner, William. Liverpool.
1854. *Milner, William Ralph. Wakefield, Yorkshire.
1864, §Milton, The Right Hon. Lord. Wentworth, Yorkshire.
1855. {Mirrlees, James Buchanan. 128 West-street, Tradeston, Glasgow.
1859. {Mitchell, Alexander, M.D. Old Rain, Aberdeen.
1863. {Mitchell, C. Walker, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
1855. { Mitchell, George. Glasgow.
1860. {Mitchell, John Mitchell. Mayville, Edinburgh.
1863. *Mitchell, William Stephen. St. George’s Lodge, Bath.
1855. *Moffat, John, C.E. Ardrossan.
1854. §Moffat, Thomas, M.D., F.G.S., F.R.A.S., M.B.M.S. Hawarden,
: Chester.
1864. §Moge, John Rees. High Littleton House, near Bristol.
1848, {Mogeridge, Matthew. Willows, near Swansea.
1855. §Moir, James. 174 Gallogate, Glasgow.
1850. {Moir, John, M.D. Edinburgh.
1861. {Molesworth, Rev. W. N., M.A. Spotland, Rochdale.
Mollan, John, M.D. 8 Fitzwilliam-square North, Dublin.
1852, {Molony, William, LL.D. Carrickfergus,
Molyneux, James.
a
LIST OF MEMBERS. 47
Year of
Election.
1853.
1860.
1853.
1850.
1846.
1857.
1859.
1857,
“1854,
1857,
1861.
1849.
1863.
1850.
1861,
1845.
1861.
1263.
1854.
1857.
1858.
1847.
1857.
1862.
1853.
1864,
1862.
1856,
1863.
1861.
1850.
{Monday, William, Hon. Sec. Hull Lit. and Phil. Soc. 6 Jarratt-
street, Hull.
§Monk, Rev. William, M.A., F.R.A.S. Wymington Rectory, Hyham,
Ferrers, Northamptonshire.
tMonroe, Henry, M.D. 10 North-street, Sculcoates, Hull.
Monteagle, Thomas, Lord, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A. 7 Park-
street, Westminster, London.
tMonteith, Alexander E. Inverleith House.
Montgomery, Matthew Glasgow.
tMoody, T. H.C. Bridgefield, Southampton.
§Moore, Arthur. Cradley House, Clifton, Bristol.
§Moore, Charles, F.G.S. 6 Cambridge-terrace, Bath.
tMoore, Rev. Dr. Clontarf, Dublin.
Moore, John. 2 Mendiam-place, Clifton.
*Moore, John Carrick, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. 8 Grafton-street, Bond-
street, London; and Corswall, Wigtonshire.
{Moore, Thomas John. Derby Museum, Liverpool.
Moore, William D, 7 South Anne-street, Dublin.
*Moore, Rev. William Prior. The College, Cavan, Ireland.
Morant, Rev. James.
tMorewood, Edmund. Cheam, Surrey.
Morgan, Captain Evan, R.A.
Morgan, James.
tMorgan, William. Waterloo-street, Birmingham.
Moriarty, Merion, M.D. New South Wales.
Morley, George. Park-place, Leeds.
§Morley, Samuel. . Lenton-grove, Nottingham.
tMorrieston, Robert, F.R.S.E. 6 Heriot-row, Edinburgh.
*Morris, David. 1 Market-place, Manchester.
{Morris, Edward, M.D. Hereford.
bie Rey. Francis Orpen, B.A. Nunburnholme Rectory, Hayton,
ork.
Morris, Samuel, M.R.D.S. Fortview, Clontarf, near Dublin.
{Morris, William. The Grange, Salford.
{tMorrow, R. J. Bentick Villas, Newcastle.
*Morton, Francis. Hermitage, Oxton, Cheshire; and James-street,
Liverpool.
§Morton, George H., F.G.S. 9 London-road, Liverpool.
*Morton, Henry Joseph. Garforth House, West Garforth, near
Leeds.
{Moseley, Rey. Henry, M.A., F.R.S. 18 Great George-street, West-
minster.
tMoses, Marcus. 4 Westmoreland-street, Dublin.
{Mosheimer, Joseph.
Mosley, Sir Oswald, Bart:, D.C.L., F.LS., F.G.S. Rolleston Hall,
Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire.
Moss, John. Otterspool, near Liverpool.
*Moss, W.H. Kingston-terrace, Hull.
§Mosse, J. R. General Manager’s Office, Mauritius Railway, Port
Louis.
*Mouat, Frederick John, M.D., Inspector-General of Prisons, Bengal.
tMould, Rev. J. G., B.D. 21 Camden-crescent, Bath,
f{Mounsey, Edward. Sunderland.
Mounsey, John. Sunderland.
*Mountcastle, William Robert. 22 Dorking-terrace, Cecil-street,
Greenheys, Manchester.
Mowbray, James. Combus, Clackmannan, Scotland.
tMowbray, J. T. 27 Dundas-street, Edinburgh.
48
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1855.
1852.
1857.
1864.
1864.
1864,
1863.
1861.
1845.
1859.
1850.
1850.
1855.
1839,
1855.
1850.
1864.
1860.
1850.
1845,
Muir, Rev. John. St. Vigean’s, by Arbroath.
§Muir, William. 10 St. John-street, Adelphi, London.
Muirhead, James. 90 Buchanan-street, Glasgow.
{Mullan, William. Belfast.
{Mullins, M. Bernard, M.A., C.E. 1 Fitzwilliam-square South,
Dublin.
Munby, Arthur Joseph. 6 Fig-tree-court, Temple, London.
*Munro Colonel William. United Service Club, Pall Mall, London,
§Murch, J. Cranwells, Bath.
*Murchison, John Henry, F.G.S. Surbiton-hill, Kingston.
*Murchison, K. R. Manor House, Bathford, Bath,
*Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, K.C.B., M.A., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D.
Camb., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Hon. Mem. R.S.Ed. & R.LA.,
Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United King-
dom. 16 Belgrave-square, London.
§Murchison, Captain R. M. Caerbaden House, Cleveland-walk, Bath.
{Murdock, James B. 195 Bath-street, Glasgow.
{Muregatroyd, William. Bank Field, Bingley.
Murley, Rey. C. H. South Petherton, Ilminster.
. [Murley, Stephen. Hempsted, Trowbridge, Wilts.
{Murney, Henry, M.D. 10 Chichester-street, Belfast.
tMurphy, Joseph John. Glengall-place, Belfast.
. [Murray, Andrew.
{Murray, B. A.
Murray, George.
Muwray, John, F.G.S., F.R.G.S. 50 Albemarle-street, London ; and
Newsted, Wimbledon, Surrey.
tMwray, John, M.D. Forres, Scotland.
*Murray, John, C.K. 11 Great Queen-street, Westminster, London.
tMurray, Rey. John, Morton, near Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.
Murray, Stewart.
t{Murray, William. 34 Clayton-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Murton, James. Silverdale, near Lancaster.
Musgrave, The Venerable Charles, D.D., Archdeacon of Craven.
‘Halifax.
tMusgrove, John, jun, Bolton.
Muspratt, James.
*Muspratt, James Sheridan, Ph.D., F.C.S. College of Chemistry,
Liverpool. :
Muston, George.
tMyers, Rev. Thomas. York.
sMyine, Robert William, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.S.A. 21 Whitehall-place,
ondon.
tMyrtle, J. Y.,M.D. 113 Princes-street, Edinburgh.
tNachot, H. W., Ph.D. 118 Princes-street, Edinburgh.
Nadin, Joseph. Manchester.
tNapier, James R. 22 Blythwood-square, Glasgow.
*Napier, Right Honourable Joseph. 4 Merrion-square, Dublin,
* Napier, Captain Johnstone.
tNapier, Robert. West Chandon, Gareloch, Glasgow.
Napper, James William L. Loughcrew, Oldcastle., Co. Meath.
*Nasmyth, James. Penge Hurst, Kent.
Nasmyth, Robert, F.R.S.E. 5 Charlotte-square, Edinburgh.
§Natal, Lord Bishop of. London.
tNeate, Charles, M.A. Oriel College, Oxford.
tNecker, Theodore. Geneva.
{Neild, Arthur. Ollernshaw, Whaleybridge, by Stockport.
a
LIST OF MEMBERS. 49
Year of
Election.
1853.
1855.
1846.
1861.
1849,
1861.
1857.
1852.
1854,
1854,
1863.
1853.
1858.
1860.
1848.
1861.
1858.
1850.
1851.
1856.
1864.
1863.
1854.
1860.
1859.
1863.
1860.
1846.
1851.
1861.
1851.
tNeild, William. Mayfield, Manchester.
{Neill, William, Governor of Hull Jail. Hull.
Neilson, James B. Glasgow.
Neilson, Robert. Woolton-hill, Liverpool.
tNeilson, Walter. 28 Woodside-place, Glasgow.
tNeison, F.. G. P.
*Nelson, William. Scotland Bridge, Manchester.
{Nesbit, C. J... Lower Kennington-lane, London.
Ness, John. Helmsley, near York.
tNevill, Thomas Henry. 17 George-street, Manchester.
tNeville, John, C.E., M.R.I.A. Dundalk, Ireland.
tNeville, Parke, C.E. Town Hall, Dublin.
New, Herbert. Hvesham, Worcestershire.
Newall, Henry. Hare-hill, Littleborough, Lancashire.
*Newall, Robert Stirling. Gateshead-upon-Tyne.
Newberry, Rey. Thomas, M.A. The Rectory, Hinton, Iminster,
Somerset.
Newbhigging, P. 8. K., M.D. Edinbureh.
*Newlands, James. 2 Clare-terrace, Liverpool.
t Newman, Charles William.
*Newman, Francis William. 10 Circus-road, St. John’s-wood, London,
*Newman, William. Darley Hall, near Barnsley, Yorkshire.
*Newmarch, William, F.R.S. 17 Palace Gardens-terrace, The Mall,
Notting-hill, London.
f{Newmarch, William, Secretary to Globe Insurance, Cornhill, London,
tNewsome, Thomas. Park-road, Leeds.
*Newton, Alfred, M.A., F.L.S. Magdalen College, Cambridge; and
Elveden Hall, Thetford, Suffolk.
Nicholl, Ityd, F.L.S. Uske, Monmouthshire.
tNicholl, W. H. Uske, Monmouthshire.
*Nicholson, Cornelius, F.G.S. Welfield, Muswell-hill, London,
*Nicholson, Edward. 28 Princess-street, Manchester.
*Nicholson, John A., A.M., M.B., Lic. Med., M.R.IA. Balrath, Kells,
Co. Meath.
*Nicholson, William Nicholson. Roundhay Park, Leeds.
tNicol, J., Professor of Natural History in Marischal College, Aberdeen.
Nicolay, Rev. C. G.
{Miven, Rev. James.
Niven, Ninian. Clonturk Lodge, Drumcondra, Dublin.
§Noad, Henry M., Ph.D., FRS. F.C.S. 31 Hereford-road, Bays-
water, London.
*Noble, Captain. Elswick Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tNoble, Matthew. 13 Bruton-street, Bond-street, London.
*Nolloth, M. S., Captain R.N., F.R.G.S. St. Mary’s Cottage, Peck-
ham, London; and United Service Club, London.
fNorfolk, Richard. Messrs. W. Rutherford and Co., 14 Canada Dock,
Liverpool.
§Norman, Rey. A. M. Herington, Fence Houses, Co. Durham.
Norreys, Sir Denham Jephson, Bart. Mallow Castle, Co. Cork,
Norris, Charles. St. John’s House, Halifax. } :
Northam Charles Douglas, The Marquis of, 145 Piccadilly,
ondon.
tNorthcote, A. Beauchamp, F.G.S. Queen’s College, Oxford.
{Norton, John Howard, M.D.
tNoteutt, S. A. Westeate-street, Ipswich.
{Noton, Thomas, Priory House, Oldham.
tNourse, William E. C., F.R.C.S. West Cowes, Isle of Wight.
Noverre, R., M.D,
iE
50
Year
LIST OF MEMBERS.
of
Election.
1857
1858.
1859.
1849.
Nowell, John. Farnley Hall, Huddersfield.
. [Nuling, Alfred.
{Nunnerley, Thomas. Leeds,
Nurse, William Mountford.
{Nuttall, James. Wellfield House, Todmorden.
tNutter, William. Birmingham.
O’ Beirne, James, M.D.
O’Brien, Baron Lucius. Dromoland, Newmarket-on-Fergus, Ireland.
O'Callaghan, George. Tallas, Co. Clare.
. *O’Callaghan, Patrick, LL.D. 16 Clarendon-square, Leamington.
Odgers, Rev. William James. Sion-hill, Bath.
. *Odling, William, M.B;, F.R.S., Sec. Chem. Soc., Lecturer on Che-
ey at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. Sydenham-road, Croydon,
surrey.
. {O’Donnavan, William John, 2 Cloisters, Temple, Dublin.
. {O’Donnavan, John. 386 Upper Buckingham-street, Dublin, —
. §Ogilvie, C. W. Norman. Baldovan House, Dundee.
*Ogilvie, George, M.D., Lecturer on the Institutes of Medicine in
Marischal College, Aberdeen.
. LOgilvy, G. R. Dundee.
. {Ogilvy, Sir John, Bart. Inverquharity, N. B.
. LOgle, Rev. E. C.
*Ogle, William, M.D., M.A. Derby.
O’Grady, Michael M., M.D. Lamancha, Malahide, Dublin.
. tOgston, Francis, M.D, 18 Adelphi-court, Aberdeen.
. {O’Hagan, John, 20 Kildare-street, Dublin.
. {O’Kelly, Joseph, M.A, 51 Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
. {O’Kelly, Matthias J. Dalkey, Ireland.
. §Oldham, James, C.K. Austrian Chambers, Hull.
. *Oldham, Thomas, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., M.R.LA., Director
of the Geological Survey of India. Calcutta.
. {O’Leary, Purcell, M.A. Sydney-place, Cork.
. {Oliver, D. Richmond, Surrey.
*Ommaney, Hrasmus, Rear-Admiral, F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S. 86 Sloane-
street, Chelsea, London ; and United Service Ciub, Pall Mall,
London,
*O’ Reardon, John, M.D.
1847. *Orlebar, A. B., M.A.
Ormerod, George Wareing, M.A., F.G.S. Chagford, Exeter.
1861. {Ormerod, Henry Mere. Clarence-street, Manchester; and 11 Wood-
land-terrace, Cheetham-hill, Manchester.
1858, §Ormerod, T. T, Brighouse, near Halifax.
Orpen, John H., LL.D., M.R.LA. (Local Treasurer.) 58 Stephen’s
Green, Dublin,
1854, {Orr, Sir Andrew. Blythwood-square, Glasgow.
Orr, A. 8.
Orrell, Alfred.
1854
1857
*Osler, A. Follett, F.R.S. Hazelwood, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
* Ossalinski, Count.
. §Outram, Thomas. Greetland, near Halifax.
Ovenend, Wilson. Sharrow Head, Sheffield.
Overston, Samuel Jones Lloyd, Lord, F.G.S. 22 Norfolk-street,
Park-lane, London; and Wickham Park, Bromley.
. {Owen, James H. Park House, Sandymount, Co. Dublin.
Owen, Richard, M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Hon.
M.R.S.E., Director of the Natural History Department, British
Museum. Sheen Lodge, Mortlake, London.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 51
Year of
Election.
1863.
1855.
1850.
1859.
1863.
1845.
1847.
1863.
1854,
1859.
1857.
1863.
1863.
1845,
1853.
1861.
1864.
1859.
1863,
1862.
1854,
1855.
1861.
1863.
1863.
1863.
1864.
1863.
1863,
1864.
1851.
1847.
1863.
*Ower, Charles. Dundee.
Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, D.D., Lord Bishop of, F.R.S., F.S.A.,
F.R.G.S. 26 Pall Mall, London; and Cuddesdon Palace, Wheat-
ley, Oxon.
f{Pagan, John M., M.D. West Regent-street, Glasgow.
{Pagan, Samuel Alexander, M.D., F.R.S.E. Edinburgh.
{Page, David, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. 44 Gilmore-place, Edinburgh.
§Paget, Charles, M.P. Ruddington Grange, near Nottingham.
tPaget, George E., M.D. Cambridge.
{Pakington, J. S., B.A.
{Palmer, C. M. Whitley Park, near Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Palmer, Sir William, Bart. Whitchurch-Canonicorum, Dorset.
Palmes, Rey. William Lindsay, M.A. The Vicarage, Hornsea, Hull.
{Pare, William. Seville Iron Works, Dublin.
{Paris, Admiral. Brest.
*Parker, Alexander, M.R.I.A.. William-street, Dublin.
*Parker, Charles Stewart. Liverpool.
{Parker, Henry. Low Elswick, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
{Parker, Rey. Henry, Idlerton Rectory, Low Elswick, Newcastle-on-
4h
e.
= ea oseph, F.G.S. Upton Chaney, Bitton, near Bristol.
tParker, J. W., es Strand, London.
Parker, Richard. Dunscombe, Cork.
Parker, Rey. William. Saham, Norfolk.
{Parker, William. Thornton-le-Moor, Lincolnshire.
{Parkes, Alexander. 8 Bath-place, Birmingham.
§Parkes, William. 14 Park-street, Westminster.
{Parkinson, Robert, Ph.D. Bradford, Yorkshire.
{Parland, Captain. Stokes Hall, Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Parnell, E. A.
§Parnell, John, M.A. Upper Clapton, London.
Parnell, Richard, M.D., F.R.S.E. 7 James’s-place, Leith.
{Parr, Alfred, M.D. New Brighton, Cheshire.
Partington, James Edge.
Partridge, Richard, F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy to the Royal
Academy of Arts, and to King’s College, London, 17 New-
street, Spring-gardens, London.
{Paterson, William. 100 Brunswick-street, Glasgow.
TPatterson, Andrew. Deaf and Dumb School, Old Trafford, Man-
chester.
{Patterson, H. L. Scott’s House, near Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tPatterson, John. 16 Bloomfield-terrace, Gateshead-on-Tyne.
*Patterson, Robert, F.R.S. (Local Treasurer.) 6 College-square North,
Belfast.
{Pattinson, William. Felling, near Newcastle-on-Tyne.
§Pattison, Dr. T. H. Edinburgh.
§Paul, Benjamin H., Ph.D. 8 Gray’s Inn-square, London.
Paul, Henry. Edinburgh.
§Pavy, Frederick William, M.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Physiology and
Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at Guy’s Hospital. 33
Bedtford-place, Russell-square, London.
§Payne, Edward Turner. 3 Sydney-place, Bath.
}Payne, Joseph. Leatherhead, Surrey.
§Peach, Charles W. Wick, N. B.
§Peacock, R.A. Jersey. ‘
*Pearsall, Thomas John, F.C.S. Mechanics’ Institution, Southampton-
buildings, Chancery-lane, London.
E2
52
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1854,
1853.
1863.
1852.
1863.
1863.
1858.
1855,
1861.
1861.
1861.
1845.
1856.
1855.
1849,
1846,
1845,
1856.
1861,
1864.
1861.
1856.
1854.
1861.
1846,
1857.
1845,
1863.
1853.
1853.
1863.
1856,
1859.
1850,
tPearson, J. A. Woolton, Liverpool.
}Pearson, Robert H. 1 Prospect House, Hull.
Pearson, Rev. Thomas, M.A.
§Pease, H. F. Brinkburn, Darlington.
tPease, Joseph Robinson, J.P. Hesslewood.
§Pease, Joseph W. Woodlands, Darlington.
tPease, J. W. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Pease, Thomas, F.G.S. Woodhill, Portishead, near Bristol.
Peckitt, Henry. Carlton Husthwaite, Thirsk, Yorkshire.
*Peckover, Alexander, F.R.G.S. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
*Peckover, Algernon, F.L.S. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
*Peckover, Daniel. Woodhall, Calverley, Leeds.
*Peckover, William, F.S.A. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
*Pedler, Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Warren. Mutley House, near
Plymouth.
*Peel, George. Soho Iron Works, Ancoats, Manchester.
*Peile, George, jun. Shotley Bridge, near Gateshead-on-Tyne.
*Peiser, John. Barnfield House, Oxford-street, Manchester.
*Pender, John. Mount-street, Manchester.
tPenfold, Rey. James. Christ’s College, Cambridge.
§Pengelly, William, F.R.S., F.G.S. Lamorna, Torquay.
tPenny, Frederick, Professor of Chemistry in the Andersonian Uni-
versity, Glasgow.
{Pentland, J. B. 5 Ryder-street, St. James’s, London.
{Peppercorne, George Ryder.
tPercy, John, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Metallurgy in the
Government School of Mines. Museum of Practical Geology,
Jermyn-street, London.
*Perigal, Frederick. 28 Hereford-square, Brompton, London.
t Perkins, A. M.
{Perkins, Rev. George. St. James’s View, Dickenson-road, Rusholme,
near Manchester.
Perkins, Rey. R. B., D.C.L. Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire.
*Perkins, V. R. Wotton-under-Edge.
{Perring, John Shae. 104 King-street, Manchester.
Perry, The Right Rey. Charles, M.A., Bishop of Melbourne, Aus-
tralia.
Perry, James,
*Perry, 8S. G. F., M.A. Tottington Parsonage, near Bury.
*Peters, Edward. Temple-row, Birmingham.
*Petit, Rev. John Louis. 9 New-square, Lincoln’s Inn, London.
{Petrie, James, M.D. 13 Upper Parliament-street, Liverpool.
*Petrie, John. Rochdale. :
tPetrie, William. Ecclesbourne Cottage, Woolwich.
Pett, Samuel, F.G.S. 7 Albert-road, Regent’s Park, London.
Peyton, Abel. Birmingham.
{Phayre, George.
{Phelps, Rev. Robert, D.D. Cambridge.
*Phené, John Samuel, F.R.G.S. 34 Oakley-street, Chelsea, London.
*Philips, Rey. Edward. The Bank, near Chendle, Staffordshire.
*Philips, Herbert. 35 Church-street, Manchester.
*Philips, Mark. The Park, near Manchester.
{Philipson, Dr. 59 Blackett-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Phillipps, Sir Thomas, Bart., M.A., F.R.S. Middle-hill, near Broad-
way, Worcestershire.
*Phillips, Major-General Sir Frowell. United Service Club, Pall Mall,
London.
{ Phillips, George. Liverpool.
LIST OF MEMBERS, : 53
Year of
Election.
1862,
1859.
1864,
1861,
1856.
1864.
1857.
1850.
1863,
1861,
1859,
1864.
1863.
1857.
1861.
1847,
1862.
1854,
1846.
1863.
1863.
1857,
{Phillips, Rev. George, D.D., Queen’s College, Cambridge.
*Phillips, John, M.A., LL.D. (Prestmprent), F.R.S., F.G.S., Pro-
fessor of Geology in the University of Oxford. Museum House,
Oxford.
{tPhillips, Major J. Scott.
§Pickering, William. 18 Sydney-place, Bath.
}Pickstone, William. Radcliff Bridge, near Manchester.
{Pierson, Charles. 3 Blenheim-parade, Cheltenham.
Pigott, J. H. Smith. Brockley Hall, Bristol.
*Pike, Ebenezer. Besborough, Cork.
§Pilditch, Thomas. Portway House, Frome.
{Pilkington, Henry M., M.A.,Q.C. 35 Gardner’s-place, Dublin.
{Pillans, James. Salisbury-road, Edinburgh.
*Pim, Commander Bedford C. T., R.N., F.R.G.S. Junior United
Service Club, London.
Pim, George, M.R.LA. Brennan’s Town, Cabinteely, Dublin.
Pim, Jonathan. Harold’s Cross, Dublin.
Pim, William H. Monkstown, Dublin.
{Pincoffs, Simon. Crumpsall Lodge, Cheetham-hill, Manchester.
Pinney, Charles. «Clifton, Bristol.
tPirrie, William, M.D. 238 Union-street West, Aberdeen.
§Pitt, R. 5 Widcomb-terrace, Bath.
*Platt, John. Werneth Park, Oldham, Lancashire.
Playfair, Lyon, C.B., Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S.L. & E., V.P.C.S., Pro-
fessor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh. 14 Aber-
cromby-place, Edinburgh.
Plumptre, Charles Frederick, D.D., Master of University College,
xford. University College, Oxford.
Plumtre, R. B., M.A.
Plunkett, Thomas. Ballybrophy House, Borris-in-Ossory, Ireland.
*Pochin, Henry Davis, F.C.S. Oakfield House, Salford.
tPococke, Rev. N., M.A. Queen’s College, Oxford.
*Pollexfen, Rey. John Hutton, M.A., Rector of St. Runwald’s, Col-
chester.
Pollock, A. 52 Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.
*Polwhele, Thomas Roxburgh, M.A. Polwhele, Truro, Cornwall,
*Pontey, Alexander. Plymouth.
tPoole, Braithwaite.
*Poppelwell, Matthew. Rosella-place, Tynemouth.
Porter, Rev. Charles, D.D.
*Porter, Henry John Ker. St. Martin’s Abbey, Perth.
{Porter, John.
Porter, Rev. T, H., D.D.
tPotter, D. M. Cramlington, near Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Potter, Edmund, F.R.S. 10 Charlotte-street, Manchester.
Potter, Henry Glassford, F.L.S., F.G.S. Reform Club, London; and
Jesmond High-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Potter, Richard, M.A., F.C.P.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy and
Astronomy in University College, London. Ampthill-square,
Hampstead-road, London.
Potter, Samuel T.
Potter, Thomas. George-street, Manchester.
Potter, William.
tPotts, James, 523 Quayside, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Potts, William John. Union Club, Trafalgar-square, London.
*Pounden, Captain Landsdale, F.R.G.S. Junior United Service Club,
London; and Brownswood, Co, Wexford.
Powell, Rev. Dr, Madras.
54
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Year of
Election.
1851.
1857.
1859.
1855.
1846,
1864,
1864.
1848.
1846.
1856.
1845,
1864.
1846,
1863,
1858.
1863.
1841,
1863.
1849,
1854.
1864.
1859.
1854.
1852.
1860.
1860.
1861.
1860.
1861.
1854.
1859.
1855.
t Power, David.
{Power, Sir James, Bart. Edermine, Enniscorthy, Ireland.
tPoynter, John. Glasgow.
*Poynter, John E. Clyde Neuck, Uddingstone, Hamilton, Scotland.
tPoyter, Thomas. Wirksworth.
§Prangley, Arthur. Ashfield-villas, Cotham, Bristol.
Pratt, Rev. J. H., M.A., F.CP.S. Calcutta.
* Pratt, Samuel Peace, F.G.S.
*Prentice, Manning. Stowmarket, Suffolk.
Prest, Edward, Archdeacon. The College, Durham.
Prest, John. Blossom-street, York.
*Prestwich, Joseph, F.R.S., Treas. G.S. 2 Suffolk-lane, City, London ;
and 10 Kent-terrace, Regent’s Park-road, London.
*Pretious, Thomas. H.M. Dockyard, Devonport.
{ Prevost, A. P.
{Priaulx, Nicholas M. 9 Brunswick-place, Southampton.
*Price, Rev. Bartholomew, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Sedleian Professor
of Natural Philosophy in the University of Oxford. St. Giles’s-
street, Oxford.
Price, J.T. Neath Abbey, Glamorganshire,
t Pringle, Captain.
*Prior, R. C. A. Halse House, Taunton.
*Pritchard, Andrew. 87 St. Paul’s-road, Canonbury, London.
*Pritchard, Rev. Charles, M.A., F.R.S., V.P.R.A.S., F.G.S. Hurst-
hill, Freshwater, Isle of Wight.
{Procter, R.S. Summerhill-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Proctor, Thomas. Clifton Down, Bristol.
Proctor, William. Cathay, Bristol.
§Proctor, William, M.D., F.C.S. 24 Petergate, York.
*Prosser, John. 388 Cumberland-road, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
{Prosser, Richard. King’s Norton, near Birmingham,
Protheroe, Captain W»G. B. Dolewilim, St. Clair’s, Carnarvon-
shire.
tProud, Joseph. South Hetton, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tProud, Thomas Aston. Villa-road, Handsworth.
*Prower, Rey. J. M., M.A. Swindon, Wiltshire.
{Puckle, Hale G.
§Pugh, John. Aberdovey, Shrewsbury.
tPugh, William. Coalport, Shropshire.
tPulsford, James.
*Pumphrey, Charles, 34 Frederick-street, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Punnett, Rev. John, M.A., F.C.P.S. St. Earth, Cornwall.
tPurdon, Thomas Henry, M.D. Belfast.
§Purdy, Frederick, F.S.S., Principal of the Statistical Department of
the Poor Law Board, Whitehall, London. Victoria-road, Ken-
sington, London,
*Pusey, S. E. Bouverie. Pusey, Farringdon.
*Pyne, Joseph John. 63 Piccadilly, Manchester.
{Radcliffe, Charles Bland, M.D, 4 Henvrietta-street, Cavendish-square,
London.
Radford, J. G. 4
*Radford, William, M.D. Sidmount, Sidmouth,
Radstock, The Right Hon. Lord. 30 Bryanstone-square, London.
‘{Rafferty, Thomas. 13 Monmouth-terrace, Rusholme.
{Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 21 Canning-street, Liverpool.
tRainey, George, M.D. 17 Golden-square, Aberdeen.
{Rainey, Harry, M.D. 10 Moore-place, Glasgow,
LIST OF MEMBERS, 55
Year of
Election.
1864.
1863.
1845.
1864.
1863.
1848.
-1855.
1845.
1852.
1858,
1862.
1864.
1852,
1863.
1863.
1861.
§Rainey, James T. 8 Widcomb-crescent, Bath.
Rake, Joseph. Charlotte-street, Bristol.
§Ramsay, Alexander, jun. 45 Norland-square, Notting Hill, London.
tRamsay, Andrew Crombie, F.R.S., F.G.S., Local Director of the
Geological Survey of Great Britain, and Professor of Geology in
the Government School of Mines. Museum of Practical Geology,
Jermyn-street, London.
. tRamsay, D. R. Wallsend, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
. Ramsay, John. Kildalton, Argyleshire.
. [Ramsay, William. Glasgow.
. *Ramsbotham, John Hodgson, M.D, 16 Park-place, Leeds.
*Rance, Henry. Cambridge.
Rand, John, Wheatley-hill, Bradford, Yorkshire,
. {Randall, Thomas. Grandepoint House, Oxford.
. {Randolph, Charles. Pollockshiels, Glasgow,
. tRandolph, Captain C.G. Wrotham, Kent.
. *Randolph, Rey. Herbert, M.A. Marcham, near Abingdon.
Randolph, Rev. John Honywood, F.G.S._Sanderstead, Croydon.
. §Rankine, William John Macquorn, LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E., Regius
Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanies in the University
of Glasgow. 59 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.
. §Ransome, Arthur, M.A, Bowdon, Cheshire.
. [Ransome, Frederick. Lower Brook-street, Ipswich.
. [Ransome, George.
. *Ransome, Robert. Iron Foundry, Ipswich.
Ransome, Thomas. 34 Princess-street, Manchester.
. §Ransome, Dr. W. H. Nottingham.
Rashleigh, Jonathan, 3 Cumberland-terrace, Regent’s Park, London
*Ratcliff, Charles, F.LS., F.G.S., F.S.A., F.R.G.S, Wyddrington,
Birmingham.
§Rate, Rev. John, M.A., Lapley Vicarage, Staffordshire.
Rathbone, Theodore W. Allerton Priory, near Liverpool.
Rathbone, William. Green Bank, Liverpool.
Rathbone, William, jun. 7 Water-street, Liverpool.
tRattray, W.. Aberdeen.
tRavenshaw, E.C. Athenzeum Club, London.
Rawdon, William Frederick, M.D. Bootham, York.
*Rawlins, John. Birmingham.
*Rawlinson, Major-General Sir Henry C., K.C.B., LL.D., F.RS.,
FE.R.G.S. 1 Hill-street, Berkeley-square, London.
Rawson, Rawson William, F.R.GS.
Rawson, T. 8.
*Rawson, Thomas William. Saville Lodge, Halifax,
Read, John.
{ Read, Joseph, M.D.
tRead, Thomas, M.D. Donegal-square West, Belfast.
tRead, William Henry, Chapel Allerton, near Leeds.
*Read, W. H. Rudstone, M.A., F.L.S. Hayton, near Pocklington,
Yorkshire.
*Reade, Rev. Joseph Bancroft, M.A., F.R.S. Bishopsbourne Rectory,
Canterbury.
*Readwin, Thomas Allison, F.G.S. Stretford, near Manchester,
§Reddie, James, F.R.A.S, Bridge House, Hammersmith, London.
*Redfern, Professor Peter, M.D. 4 Lower-crescent, Belfast.
tRedmayne, Giles, 20 New Bond-street, London.
TRedmayne, R.R, 12 Victoria-terrace, Newcastle.
Redwood, Isaac. Cae Wern, near Neath, South Wales.
*Reé, H. P. 27 Faullmer-street, Manchester,
56
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1861.
1846,
1854,
1855,
1857,
1850.
1849.
1863,
1863,
1860.
1858.
1849,
1850.
1858.
1847,
1863.
1861.
1863.
1854,
1863.
1859.
1861.
1861.
1863,
1861.
1859,
1861,
1862,
1861.
1863.
1851.
1863,
1860.
1855,
1853.
1854,
1855,
tReed, Edward J., Chief Constructor of the Navy. Admiralty, White-
hall, London.
tReeve, Lovell. 5 Henrietta-street, Covent Garden, London,
tReid, David Boswell, M.D.
t{Reid, James.
Reid, John.
{Rerd, Robert, M.D., M.R.IA.
Reid, W.
tReid, William, M.D. Cuivie, Cupar, Fife.
{ Reid, Major-General Sir William.
§Renals, KE. ‘Nottingham Express’ Office, Nottingham.
tRendel, G. Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Rennie, George, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Hon. M.R.LA. 39 Wilton-
crescent, Belgraye-square, London.
Rennie, Sir John, Knt., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.S.A., F.R.G.S. 32 Charing
Cross, London.
tRennison, Rev. Thomas, M.A. Queen’s College, Oxford.
*Renny, Lieutenant H, L., R.E. Montreal.
§Reynolds, Richard, F.C.S. 13 Briggate, Leeds.
tReynolds, Thomas F., M.D. 14 Lansdowne-terrace, Cheltenham.
Reynolds, William, M.D. Coeddu, near Mold, Flintshire.
{Rhind, William. 121 Princes-street, Edinburgh.
*Rhodes, John. Leeds.
tRicardo, M. Brighton.
Rice, The Hon. 8S, E. Spring.
§Richardson, Benjamin W., M.A., M.D. 12 Hinde-street, Manchester-
square, London.
§Richardson, Charles. Almondbury, Bristol.
*Richardson, Edward, jun. South Ashfield, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Richardson, James, Glasgow.
fRichardson, John. Hull.
{Richardson, John W. South Ashfield, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tRichardson, Sir John §., Bart. Pitfour Castle, Perthshire.
Richardson, Thomas. Glasgow.
Richardson, Thomas. Montpelier-hill, Dublin.
Richardson, William. Micklegate, York.
§Richardson, William. 4 Edward-street, Wernith, Oldham.
Richardson, Rev. William.
tRichson, Rey. Canon, M.A. Shakespeare-street, Ardwick, Man-
chester.
tRichter, Otto, Ph.D. Bathgate, Linlithgowshire.
*Riddell, Colonel Charles James Buchanan, C.B., F.R.S, Ordnance
House, Sheerness.
*Riddell, H. B. The Palace, Maidstone.
tRiddell, Rev. John. Moffat, Scotland.
*Rideout, William J. Farnworth, near Manchester.
fRidgway, Henry Akroyd, B.A. Bank Field, Halifax.
Ridgway, John. Cauldon-place, Potteries, Staffordshire.
tRidley, John. 19 Belsize-park, Hampstead, London.
tRidley, Samuel. 7 Regent’s-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tRigaud, Rev. 8. J. Lower Brook-street, Ipswich,
*Rigby, Samuel. Bruch Hall, Warrington,
*Rinder, Miss. Gledhow Grove, Leeds.
§Ritchie, George Robert. 14 Denmark-road, Camberwell, London.
tRitchie, Robert, C.E. 14 Hill-street, Edinburgh.
tRivay, John V. C. 19 Cowley-street, Westminster, London.
tRobberds, Rev. John, B.A. Liverpool.
tRoberton, James. Gorbals Foundry, Glasgow.
Year
LIST OF MEMBERS, 57
of
Election.
1859,
1859,
1854.
1853.
1857.
1859.
1863.
1861.
1852.
1864,
1859.
1860,
1863.
1861.
1863.
1855.
1860.
1863.
1863.
1855.
1845,
1851.
1846.
1861.
1860.
1860.
1859,
1863.
1845.
1846.
1845.
1861,
1861
1863.
1851
1857
Roberton, John. Oxford-road, Manchester.
tRoberts, George Christopher, Hull.
tRoberts, Henry, F.S.A. Athenzeum Club, London.
{ Roberts, John.
tRoberts, John Francis. 10 Adam-street, Adelphi, London,
tRoberts, Michael. Trinity College, Dublin.
*Roberts, William P. 50 Ardwick Green, Manchester.
tRobertson, Dr. Andrew. Indego, Aberdeen.
tRobinson, Dr. 26 Welbeck-street, Cavendish-square, London.
§Robinson, Enoch. Dukinfield, Cheshire.
tRobinson, Rev. George. Tartaragham Glebe, Loughgall, Ireland.
§Robinson, G. A. Wideomb-hill, Bath.
{Robinson, Hardy. 156 Union-street, Aberdeen.
t Robinson, Professor H. D. -
*Robinson, H. Oliver. 16 Park-street, Westminster, London,
§Robinson, Isaac Norman. Brunswick House, Carlisle.
* Robinson, John.
tRobinson, John. Atlas Works, Manchester.
{Robinson, J. H. Cumberland-row, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
{Robinson, M. E. 116 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.
{Robinson, Admiral Robert Spencer. 61 Eaton-place, London.
Robinson, Rey. Thomas Ronmey, D.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., M.R.LA,,
Director of the Armagh Observatory. _ Armagh.
§Robinson, T. W. U. Houghton-le-Spring, Durham.
*Robson, James. Coxlodge Colliery, Bulman’s Village, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.
*Robson, noe John, D.D. Glasgow.
tRobson, Neil, C.E. 127 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.
Rochfort, J. 8.
{Rocow, Tattersall Thomas.
Rodger, Robert.
tRodwell, William. Woodlands, Holbrook, Ipswich.
Roe, Henry, M.R.LA. 2 Fitzwilliam-square East, Dublin.
tRoe, William Henry. Portland-terrace, Southampton.
§Rofe, John, F.G.S.
tRogers, Professor H. D. Glasgow.
{Rogers, James E. T., Professor of Political Economy in the Univer-
sity of Oxford. Beaumont-street, Oxford.
*Roget, Peter Mark, M.D., F.R.S. 18 Upper Bedford-place, Russell-
square, London.
§Rolleston, George, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Professor of Anatomy
and Physiology in the University of Oxford. 15 New Inn Hall-
street, Oxford.
§Romilly, Edward. 14 Hyde Park-terrace, London.
tRomily, Rey. Joseph. Trinity College, Cambridge.
tRonalds, Edmund, Ph.D. Stewartfield, Bonnington, Edinburgh.
{ Ronalds, Francis.
*Roscoe, Henry Enfield, B.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S., Professor of
Chemistry in Owens College, Manchester.
. §Rose, C. B., F.G.S. 25 King-street, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk,
Rosebery, Archibald John, Karl of, K.T., M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S, 189
Piccadilly, London; and Dalmeny Park, Linlithgow.
tRoseby, John. Haverholme House, Brigg, Lincolnshire.
. [Rosling, Alfred.
. {Ross, David, LL.D. Drumbrain Cottage, Newbliss, Ireland.
1859. *Ross, James Coulman. Trinity College, Cambridge.
1861. *Ross, Thomas. Featherstone-buildings, High Holborn, London,
Ross, William. Pendleton, Manchester.
58
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1855.
1849.
1846,
1847.
1861.
1861.
1855.
1855.
1862.
1861.
1859.
1861.
1856.
1847.
1857.
1849,
1855.
1859,
1852.
1855.
1863.
1852.
1862.
1852.
1853.
1861.
1845,
1857.
1864.
1854.
1858.
1856.
Rosse, William, Earl of, M.A., K.St.P., LiL D,; ERS FRAS,
FG. S., M.R.LA., F. RGS. oF, AS., Chancellor of the University
of Dublin. Birr Castle, Parsonstown, King’s County, Ireland.
Rosson, John. Moore Hall, near Ormskirk, Laneashire.
t{Roth, Dr. Matthias. 16a Old Cavendish- street, London,
§Round, Daniel G. Hange Colliery, near Tipton, Staffordshire.
tRoundall, William B. 146 High-street, Southampton.
*Roundell, Rey. Danson Richardson. Gledstone, Slanien
tRouse, William. 16 Canterbury Villas, Maida Vale, London.
Routh, Edward J., M.A. St, Peter’s College, Cambridge.
{Rowan, David. St. Vincent Crescent, Glasgow.
tRowand, Alexander. Linthouse, near Glasgow.
*Rowney, Thomas H., Ph.D., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry in
Queen’s College, Galway.
*Rowntree, Joseph. Leeds.
tRowsell, Rev. ron Edward, M.A. Hambledon Rectory, Godalming.
*Royle, Peter, M.D., L.R.C. P. ,M.R.C.S. 27 Lever-street, Manchester.
{Ruland, C. HH.
*Rumney, Robert. Ardwick, Manchester.
{Rumsay, Henry Wildbore. ’ Gloucester Lodge, Cheltenham,
*Rushout, Capt. the Hon. George, F,G.S. 10 Bolton-street, Picca-
dilly, London.
tRuskin, John, M.A., F.G.8. Denmark-hill, Camberwell, London.
tRussell, Rey. C. W., D.D. Maynooth College.
tRussell, James, M. D. Temple-row, Birmingham.
tRussell, James, jun. Falkirk.
{Russell, John, Earl, K.G., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. 87 Chesham-place, Bel-
rave-square, London,
Russell, John. Piercefield, Chepstow.
Russell, John. 15 Middle Gardiner’ s-street, Dublin.
Russell, John Scott, M.A., F.R.S. L. & E. Sydenham ; and 5 West-
minster Chambers, Westminster, London,
*Russell, Norman Scott. 37 Great George-street, Westminster, London.
{ Russell, Robert.
§Russell, Robert. Gosforth Colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Russell, Rev. T.
*Russell, William J., Ph.D. 8 Cireus-road, St. John’s Wood, London.
§Russell, Wa ediz; ‘AB. Shepperton, Middlesex.
Rutson, William. ” Newby Wiske, Northallerton, Yorkshire.
{Ryan, John, M.D.
*Ryland, Arthur. Birmingham.
{Rylands, Joseph. 9 Charlotte-street, Hull.
*Rylands, Thomas. Glazebrook, Warrington,
*Sabine, Major-General Edward, R.A., LL.D., D.C.L., President of
the Royal Society, F.R.A, g., FE.LS. ) F.R.G.S. 13 Ashley-place,
Westminster, London.
{Sadler, Rey. Michael F, Hanover Chapel, Regent-street, London,
Salkeld, Joseph. Penrith, Cumberland.
(Salmon, Rey. George, DD., F.R.S., Professor of Mathematics in
ree eles Tainity College, Dublin.
éSaknon enry C., FE.C.S. Truro, Cornwall,
Salmon, William en. 9 Regent’s Park-square, London ; and
Devizes, Wiltshire.
*Salt, Charles F. 24 Grove-street, Liverpool,
*Salt, Titus. Crow Nest, Lighteliffe, Halifax,
{Salter, John William, EGS. Geological Survey of Great Britain,
Museum of Practical Geology, Jerm -street; and 8 Bolton-
road, Boundary-road, St. John’s Wood, London.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 59
Year of
Election.
1861.
1854.
1861.
1857.
1864.
1854.
1864.
1849.
1861.
1846.
1860.
1863.
1857.
1850,
1847.
1854.
1861.
1847,
1849,
1859.
1855.
1857.
1861.
1864.
1858.
1864,
1856.
1854.
1859.
1853.
1861.
Salusbury, Sir John, Knt.
Sambrooke, T. G. 32 Eaton-place, London.
*Samson, Henry. Messrs. Samson and Leppoe, St. Peter’s-square,
Manchester.
{Sandbach, Henry R. Hafodunos, Denbighshire,
*Sandeman, A., M.A. .Queen’s College, Cambridge.
{Sanders, Gilbert. 2 Foster-place, Dublin.
Sanders, John Naish, F.G.8. 12 Vyvyan-terrace, Clifton, Bristol.
*Sanders, William, F.R.S., F.G.S. (Local Treasurer.) 21 Richmond-
terrace, Clifton, Bristol.
Sandes, Thomas, A.B, Sallow Glin, Tarbert, Co, Kerry,
§Sandford, William. 9 Springfield-place, Bath.
{Sandon, Lord. 39 Gloucester-square, London.
§Sanford, William A. Nynehead Court, Wellington, Somersetshire.
tSargant, Henry.
Satterfield, Joshua. Alderley Edge.
{Saul, Charles J. Smedley-lane, Cheetham-hill, Manchester.
{Saunders, Trelawney William.
*Saunders, William. Manor House, Iffley, near Oxford,
{Savory, Valentine. Cleckheaton, near Leeds,
Saxby, Stephen Martin.
{Scallan, James Joseph. 77 Harcourt-street, Dublin.
{Scarth, Pillans. 28 Barnard-street, Leith.
*Schemman, J.C. Hamburg.
*“Schlick, Commandeur de, 15 Rue Bellechasse, Faubourg St. Ger-
main, Paris.
Schofield, Benjamun.
Schofield, Joseph. Stubley Hall, Littleborough, Lancashire.
*Schofield, Robert. Vicar’s Walk, Rochdale.
Schotield, W. F. Fairlawn, Ripon.
Scholefield, William, Birmingham.
*Scholes, T. Seddon. 16 Dale-street, Leamington,
*Scholey, William Stephenson, M.A. Clapham, London,
*Scholfield, Edward, M.D. Doncaster,
{Scholfield, Henry D., M.D.
Schunck, Edward, F'.R.S, Oaklands, Kersall, Manchester,
*Schwabe, Edmund Salis, Rhodes House, near Manchester,
{Sclater, Philip Lutley, M.A, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Sec. Zool. Soe.
11 Hanover-square, London,
{Scoffern, John, M.B. Barnard’s Inn, London; and Lford, Essex,
tScott, Captain Fitzmaurice, Forfar Artillery.
tScott, Montague D., B.A, Hove, Sussex.
Scott, Robert. Stourbridge.
§Scott, Robert H. 18 Ranelagh-road, Dublin.
§Scott, Rev. R. Selkirk, M.A. 7 Beaufort-terrace, Cecil-street, Man-
chester.
§Scott, Wentworth L. 12 Cornwall-villas, Westbourne Park, London.
tScott, William. Holbeck, near Leeds,
§Scott, William Robson, Ph.D, St. Leonards, Exeter.
{Scougall, James.
{Scrivenor, Harry. Ramsay, Isle of Man.
{Seaton, John Love. Hull,
*Sedgwick, Rev. Adam, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Hon. M.R.LA., F.G.8.
F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., Woodwardian Professor of Geology in tic
University of Cambridge, and Canon of Norwich, Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge.
{Sedgwick, Rev. James. Scalby- Vicarage, Scarborough.
*Seeley, Harry, F.G.S, Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge,
60 LIST OF MEMBERS,
Year of
Election.
Selby, Prideaux John, F.L.S., F.G.S. Twizel House, Belford,
Northumberland.
1855. {Seligman, H. L. 135 Buchanan-street, Glasgow.
1850, {Seller, William, M.D. 23 Nelson-street, Edinburgh.
Selwyn, Rev. William, M.A., Prebendary of Ely, Foxton, Royston,
1858, *Senior, George. Barnsley.
Serle, Rev. Philip, B.D.
Seymour, George Hicks. Stonegate, York.
1861. *Seymour, Henry D., M.P. 89 Upper Grosvenor-street, London.
Seymour, John. 21 Bootham, Yen
1853, tShackles, G. L. 6 Albion-street, Hull.
*Shaen, William. 8 Bedford-row, London.
1846. {Sharp, James. 22 Oxford-street, Southampton,
Sharp, Rey. John, B.A. Horbury, Wakefield.
1861, §Sharp, Samuel, F.G.S., F.S.A. Dallington Hall, Northampton.
*Sharp, William, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. Horton House, Rugby.
Sharp, Rev. William,B.A. MarehamRectory nearBoston,Lincolnshire.
1854, {Sharpe, Robert, M.D. Coleraine.
Sharpey, William, M.D., LL.D., Sec. R.S., F.R.S.E., Professor of
Anatomy in University College. 83 Woburn-place, London.
1858. *Shaw, Bentley, J.P. Woodfield House, Huddersfield.
1854, *Shaw, Charles Wright. 3 Windsor-terrace, Douglas, Isle of Man,
1859.
1855.
1851.
1862.
1852.
1847,
1850.
1859,
tShaw, Edward W. 3 Albion-place, Leeds.
. {Shaw, John, M.D., F.L.S., F.G.S. Boston, Lincolnshire.
*Shaw, John. City-road, Hulme, Manchester.
. {Shaw, John Hope. Headingley, Leeds,
tShaw, Norton, M.D.
Shepard, John. Nelson-square, Bradford, Yorkshire.
§Shepherd, A. B. 7 South-square, Gray’s Inn, London.
Sheppard, Rey. Henry W., B.A. The Parsonage, Emsworth, Hants.
*Sherrard, David Henry. 88 Upper Dorset-street, Dublin,
. {Shewell, John T. Rushmere, Ipswich.
. {Shillinglaw, John.
Shore, Offley. Sheffield.
. {Shorthouse, Joseph. Birmingham.
*Shortrede, Colonel Robert, F.R.A.S. 6 Medina Villas, Brighton.
g
. §Showers, Lieut.-Colonel Charles L. Cox’s Hotel, Jermyn-street,
London.
Shuttleworth, John. Wilton Polygon, Cheetham-hill, Manchester.
*Sidebotham, Joseph. 19 George-street, Manchester.
*Sidebottom, James. Portland-street, Manchester.
*Sidebottom, James, jun, Spring-bank Mills, Stockport.
. {Sidney, Frederick John. 19 Herbert-street, Dublin,
Sidney, M. J. F. Cowpen, Newcastle.
. [Siegfried, Rudolph Th.
§Siemens, C. William, F.R.S. 3 Great George-street, Westminster,
: London.
Stgmond, George, M.D., F.S.A.
*Sillar, Zechariah, M.D, Bath House, Laurie Park, Sydenham, near
London.
tSim, John. Hardgate, Aberdeen.
tSim, William. Furnace, near Inverary.
{Sim, W. D. Ipswich.
§Simms, James. 138 Fleet-street, London.
{Simms, William. Albion-place, Belfast.
{Simon, John. King’s College, London.
{Stmpson, Professor James Y.
{Simpson, John. Marykirk, Kincardineshire.
a
LIST OF MEMBERS. 61
Year of
Election.
1863. §Simpson, J. B., F.G.S. Hedgefield House, Blaydon-on-Tyne.
1857. {Simpson, Max, M.D. i
*Simpson, Rey. Samuel. Douglas, Isle of Man.
Simpson, Thomas.
Simpson, Thomas. Blake-street, York.
Simpson, William. Bradmore House, Hammersmith, London.
1859, {Sinclair, Alexander. 183 George-street, Edinburgh.
1850. {Sinclair, Rey. William. Leeds.
1864. §Sircar, Baboo Mohendro Lall;M.D. (Care of Edwin Goodive, Esq.,
Dunagh, Stoke Bishop, Bristol).
*Sur, Rev. Joseph D’Arcy, D.D., M.R.I.A. Castle-hill, Winchester.
Sisson, William, F.G.S. Clifton, Bristol.
1850. {Skae, David, M.D. Royal Asylum, Edinburgh.
1850. {Skane, Wilham Forbes.
1859. {Skinner, James. Dromin, Listowel, Ireland.
1849. {Slaney, R. A. Shrapshire.
*Slater, William. Princess-street, Manchester.
1853. §Sleddon, Francis. 2 Kingston-terrace, Hull.
* Sleeman, Philip.
1849, §Sloper, George Edgar, jun. Devizes.
1849. {Sloper, Samuel W. Devizes.
1860. §Sloper, S. Elgar. Winterton, near Southampton.
1858. {Smeeton, G. H. Commercial-street, Leeds,
Smethurst, Rey. John. Moreton-Hampstead, near Exeter.
1857, {Smith, Aquila, M.D., M.R.LA. 121 Lower Bagot-street, Dublin.
Smith, Archibald, M.A., F.R.S. L. & E. River-bank, Putney ; and
3 Stone-buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, London.
1860. §Smith, Brooke. 65 Hall-street, Bumingham.
Smith, Rev. B., FSA,
1861. *Smith, Charles Edward, F.R.A.S. Fir Vale, near Sheffield.
1853. {Smith, Edmund. Ferriby, near Hull.
1859. §Smith, Edward, M.D., LL.B.,F.R.S. 16 Queen Anne-street, London.
1855. {Smith, George. Port Dundas, Glasgow.
1855. {Smith, George Cruickshank. 19 St. Vincent-place, Glasgow.
*Smith, Rey. George Sidney, D.D., M.R.I.A., Professor of Biblical
Greek in the wee of Dublin. Aughalurcher, Five-mile-
Town, Co. Tyrone.
1859. {Smith, G. Campbell. Banff.
1859, {Smith, Henry A. 5 East Craibstone-street, Aberdeen.
*Smith, Henry John Stephen, M.A., F.R.S., Savilian Professor of
Geometry in the University of Oxford. 64 St. Giles’s, Oxford,
1860. *Smith, Heywood. 25 Park-street, Grosvenor-square, London,
1845, {Smuth, Horatio. Manchester.
Smith, James.
*Smith, James. Berkeley House, Seaforth, near Liverpool.
Smith, James, F.R.S. L. & E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Athenzeum Club,
London ; and Jordan-hill, Glasgow.
1859, {Smith, James. Gibraltar.
1855, {Smith, James. St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.
Smith, John.
*Smith, John. Shelbrook House, Ashby-de-la-Zouch.
1850. {Smith, John, M.D. Edinburgh.
1853. {Smith, John. York City and County Bank, Malton, Yorkshire.
1854. {Smith, John. Commerce-court, Liverpool.
1858. *Smith, John Metcalf. (Local Treasurer.) Bank, Leeds.
Smith, John Peter George. Liverpool.
1864. §Smith, John S. Wimbledon Park, Surrey.
1852, *Smith, Rey, Joseph Denham, Kingstown, near Dublin.
62
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1861.
1845.
1860.
1837.
1847,
1859,
1852,
1857.
1850,
1846,
1857.
1864,
1854.
1850.
1853.
1859.
1861.
1859.
1849,
1856.
1863.
1863,
1859,
1854.
1845,
1861.
1861.
1863.
1855,
1864,
1864.
1847,
1864,
1846,
1864.
{Smith, Professor J., M.D. University of Sydney, Australia.
{Smith, Rey. J. J. Caius College, Cambridge.
*Smith, Rev. Philip, B.A. St. James’s Lodge, St. James’s-road,
Croydon, Surrey.
*Smith, Protheroe, M.D, 25 Park-street, Grosvenor-square, London.
Smith, Richard Bryan, Villa Noba, Shrewsbury.
{Smith, Robert Angus, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. 20 Grosyenor-square,
Manchester.
*Smith, Robert Mackay, Bellevue-crescent, Edinburgh.
Smith, Samuel.
Smith, Thomas.
tSmith, Thomas James, F.G.S., F.C.S. Hessle, near Hull.
{Smith, William. Eglinton Engine Works, Glasgow.
§Smith, William, C.E., F.G.S. 19 Salisbury-street, Adelphi, London.
*Smyth, Charles Piazzi, F.RS. L. & E., FR.A.S., Astronomer Royal
for Scotland, Professor of Practical Astronomy in the University
of Edinburgh. 1 Hillside-crescent, Edinburgh.
tSmyth, Rev. George Watson.
*Smyth, John, jun., M.A., C.E. Milltown, Banbridge, Ireland.
§Smyth, Warington W., M.A., F.R.S., Sec. G.S., Lecturer on Minin
at the Government School of Mines, and Inspector of the Minera
Property of the Crown. Jermyn-street; and 27 Victoria-street,
London.
{Smythe, Lieut.-Col. W. J., R.A. Woolwich.
{Smyttan, George, M.D. Edinburgh.
Soden, John. Bath.
{Sollitt, J. D., Head Master of Grammar School, Hull.
*Solly, Edward, F.R.S., F.S.A. Holme Court, Isleworth, Middlesex.
*Solly, Samuel Reynolds, M.A., F.R.S. 10 Manchester-square, London.
*Sopwith, Thomas, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. 103 Victoria-
street, Westminster, London.
Sorbey, Alfred. South Darley, near Matlock, Derbyshire.
*Sorby, H. Clifton, F.R.S., F.G.8. Broomfield, Sheffield.
{Sorensen, Le Chevalier B. Norway.
{Southall, Norman. 44 Cannon-street West, London.
tSouthall, Thomas. Willington-road, Birmingham.
{Southwood, Rey. T. A. Cheltenham College.
tSowerby, John. Shipcote House, Gateshead, Durham,
*Spark, H. K. ee Darlington.
Speir, Thomas.
{Spence, Rey. James, D.D. 6 Clapton-square, London.
*Spence, Joseph. Pavement, York.
§Spence, Peter. Pendleton Alum Works, Newton Heath; and Smedley
Hall, near Manchester.
§ Spence, W. B.
§Spencer, John Frederick. St. Nicholas-buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Spencer, Joseph. 27 Brown-street, Manchester.
* Spencer, Thomas.
{Spens, William, 78 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.
*Spicer, Henry, jun. 19 New Bridge-street, Blackfriars, London.
Spicer, Thomas Trevetham, M.A., LL.D.
§Spicer, William R. 19 New Bridge-street, Blackfriars, London.
*Spiers, Richard James, F.S.A. 14 St. Giles’s-street, Oxford.
*Spiller, Captain John, F.C.S. Chemical Department, Royal Arsenal,
Woolwich.
*Spottiswoode, William, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S. (General
Treasurer.) 50 Grosyenor-place, London,
*Spottiswoode, W. Hugh. 50 Grosvenor-place, London.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 63
Year of
Election.
1854, *Sprague, Thomas Bond. 18 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London.
1853, {Spratt, Joseph James, West Parade, Hull.
Square, Joseph Elliot. Plymouth.
*Squire, Lovell. Falmouth.
1859. {Stables, William Alexander. Cawdor Castle.
1857. {Stack, Thomas. Dublin.
1858. *Stainton, Henry T., F.L.S., F.G.S._Mountsfield, Lewisham, Kent.
1851. *Stainton, James Joseph, F.L.S., F.C.S. Horsell, near Ripley, Surrey.
Stamforth, Rev. Thomas.
Stanteld, Hamer. Burley, near Otley.
1858. {Stanfield, Alfred W. Wakefield.
1856. *Stanley, The Right Hon. Lord, M.P., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. 23 St.
James’s-square, London ; and Knowsley, Liverpool.
Stanley, The Very Rey. Arthur Penrhyn, D.D., Dean of Westminster.
The Deanery, Westminster, London,
Stanway, J. Holt.
Stapleton, H. M. 1 Mountjoy-place, Dublin.
1850, {Stark, James, M.D., F.R.S.E. 21 Rutland-street, Edinburgh.
1863. {Stark, Richard M. Hull,
1848, {Statham, Henry Joseph. 27 Mortimer-street, Cavendish-sq., London.
Staveley, T. K. Ripon, Yorkshire.
1848, {St. Davids, Lord Bishop of. The Palace, Abergwilli, Carmarthen.
1857. {Steel, William Edward, M.D. 15 Hatch-street, Dublin.
1863, §Steele, Rey. Dr. 2 Bathwick-terrace, Bath.
1861, {Steinthal, H. M. Hollywood, Fallowfield, near Manchester.
Stenhouse, John, Ph.D. 17 Rodney-street, Pentonville, London.
1863. §Sterriker, John. Driffield.
-1861. *Stern, S.J. 35 George-street, Manchester.
§Stevelly, John, LL.D., Professor of Natural Philosophy in Queen’s
College, Belfast.
1861, ee Leon FS.A., F.R.G.S. 2 Byng-place, Gordon-square,
ondon.
1863. §Stevenson, Archibald. South Shields.
1850, {Stevenson, David. 8 Forth-street, Edinburgh.
Stevenson, Rev. Edward, M.A.
Stevenson, H.
1863. *Stevenson, James C. South Shields,
1855. {Stewart, Balfour, M.A., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Kew Observa-
tory of the British Association. Richmond, Surrey.
1864. §Stewart, Charles. Plymouth.
1856. *Stewart, Henry Hutchinson, M.D.,M.R.LA. 71 Eccles-street, Dublin.
. 1859, {Stewart, John. Glasgow,
Stewart, Robert. Glasgow.
1847. {Stewart, Robert, M.D. The Asylum, Belfast.
*Stirling, Andrew. Lower Mosley-street, Manchester.
Stirling, William.
1849. {Stock, T.S. Bourn Brook Hall.
1862. {Stockil, William. 5 Church Meadows, Sydenham.
Stoddart, George. 11 Russell-square, London.
1864. §Stoddart, W. W. 9 North-street, Bristol.
1854, {Stoep, Charles (Consul). 6 Cook-street, Liverpool.
*Stokes, George Gabriel, M.A., D.C.L., Sec. R.S., Lucasian Professor
of Mathematics in the University of Cambridge. Pembroke Col-
lege, Cambridge. ~
1845. {Stokes, Rev. William H., M.A.,F.G.S. Cambridge.
1862. {Stone, HK. J., M.A, Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
1859. {Stone, Dr. William H. 138 Vigo-street, London.
1857, {Stoney, Bindon B., M.R.LA. 89 Waterloo-road, Dublin.
64 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1861, *Stoney, George Johnstone, M.A., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Secretary to the
Queen’s University, Ireland. Dublin Castle, Dublin,
1854. {Store, George. Prospect House, Fairfield, Liverpool.
1859, §Story, James. 17 Bryanston-square, London,
Stowe, William. Buckingham.
Stowell, Rey. H. Acton-square, Salford, Manchester.
Strachan, James M. The Grove, Teddington, Middlesex.
1859. {Strachan, Patrick.
1863. {Strachan, T. Y. Lovaine-crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
1863. {Straker, John. Wellington House, Durham.
1850. tStrange, John, LL.D, Edinburgh.
*Strickland, Arthur. Bridlington Quay, Yorkshire.
*Strickland, Charles. Loughglyn, Ballaghadereen, Ireland.
1845. {Strickland, Henry Eustatius.
Strickland, J. E. French-park, Roscommon, Ireland.
Strickland, William. French-park, Roscommon, Ireland.
1859. {Stronach, William, R.K. Ardmellie, Banff.
Strong, Rey. William. Stanground, near Peterborough.
1848. {Struvé, William Price. Picton-place, Swansea.
Stroud, Rev. Joseph, M.A.
Stuart, Robert. Manchester.
1854, {Stuart, William. 1 Rumford-place, Liverpool.
1861. {Stuart, W. D. Philadelphia.
1859. {Stuart, William Henry.
1864, §Style, Sir Charles, Bart. 102 New Sydney-place, Bath.
1857. {Sullivan, William K., Ph.D., M.R.I.A. Museum of Irish Industry ;
and 53 Upper Leeson-road, Dublin.
Sutherland, Alexander John, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. 6 Richmond-
terrace, Westminster, London.
1863. t{Sutherland, Benjamin John. 10 Oxford-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
1862. *Sutherland, George Granville William, Duke of, F.R.G.S, Stafford
House, London.
1855. {Sutton, Edwin. 44 Winchester-street, Pimlico, London,
1863. §Sutton, F, Bank Plain, Norwich.
1861. *Swan, Patrick Don 8S. Kirkaldy.
1862, *Swan, William, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of
St. Andrews, N. B.
1863. {Swan, William. Walker, Durham.
1853. {Swan, William Thomas.
1862, *Swann, Rev. T. K. Gedling, near Nottingham.
Swanwick, J. W.
Sweetman, Walter, M.A.,.M.R.LA. 4Mountjoy-square North, Dublin,
18638. §Swindell, J. S. E. Stourbridge.
1863. {Swinhoe, Robert, F.R.G.S, Oriental Club, London.
1859. {Sykes, Alfred. Leeds.
1847. {Sykes, H. P. 47 Albion-street, Hyde Park, London.
1862, §Sykes, Thomas. Cleckheaton, near Leeds.
*Sykes, Colonel William Henry, M.P., F.R.S., Hon. M.R.LA., F.GS.,
F.R.G.S. 47 Albion-street, Hyde Park, London.
1847, {Sykes, W. H. F. 47 Albion-street, Hyde Park, London.
Sylvester, James Joseph, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Mathematics in
the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Woolwich; and Athe-
neeum Club, London,
1850. tSyme, James, Professor of Clinical Surgery in the University of Kdin-
burgh. The College, Edinburgh.
1856. *Symonds, Frederick, F.R.C.S. Beaumont-street,; Oxford.
1859. {Symonds, Captain Thomas Edward, RN.
1860, {Symonds, Rev. W.S., M.A.,F.G.S. Pendock Rectory, Worcestershire.
LIST OF MEMBERS, 65
Year of
Election.
1859.
1855,
1861.
1856.
1864.
1857,
1863.
1854.
1858.
1864.
1854,
1861.
1856.
1863.
1863.
. 1858.
1858.
1863.
1857.
1849,
1845.
1859.
1856.
1848,
§Symons, G. J. 129 Camden-road Villas, London.
*Symons, William. 17 St. Mark’s-crescent, Regent’s Park, London,
Synge, Rev. Alexander. St. Peter’s, Ipswich.
Synge, Francis. Glanmore, Ashford, Co. Wicklow.
Synge, John Hatch. Glanmore, Ashford, Co. Wicklow.
§Talbot, William. Hawkshead, Southport, Lancashire.
Talbot, William Henry Fox, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. Lacock
Abbey, near Chippenham.
Taprell, William. 7 Westbourne-crescent, Hyde Park, London.
*Tarratt, Henry W. Bushbury Lodge, Leamington.
tTartt, William Macdonald, F.S.S. Sandford-place, Cheltenham.
§Tasker, Rev. J.C. W. 1 Upper Lansdown-villas, Bath.
*Tate, Alexander. 41 Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.
§Tate, John. Alnmouth, near Alnwick, Northumberland.
t Tate, Ineut.- Colonel.
*Tatham, George. Leeds.
*Tawney, Edward. Laleston House, near Budgend, Glamorgan.
*Tayler, Rey. John James, B.A., Principal and Professor of Kcclesi-
astical History in Manchester New College, London. 22 Wo-
burn-square, London.
Taylor, Captain Edward.
Taylor, Frederick. Messrs. Taylor, Potter & Co., Liverpool.
tTaylor, Dr. H. R. 1 Percy-street, Liverpool.
*Taylor, James. Culverlands, near Reading.
*Taylor, John, F.G.S. 6 Queen-street-place, Upper Thames-street,
London.
*Taylor, John, jun. 6 Queen-street-place, Upper Thames-street,
London.
{Taylor, John, Oriental Association, Walbrook, London.
{Taylor, John. Earsdon, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
tTaylor, John. Lovaine-place, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
* Taylor, Vice- Admiral J. N., CB.
Taylor, Captain P. Meadows, in the Service of His Highness the
Nizam. Hyderabad, India.
ote Richard, F.G.S. 6 Queen-street-place, Upper Thames-street,
ondon.
Taylor, Rey. William, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Thornloe, Worcester.
*Taylor, William Edward. Millfield House, Enfield, near Accrington.
tTeale, Joseph. Leeds.
Teale, Thomas Pridgin, F.R.S., F.L.S. 28 Albion-street, Leeds,
tTeale, Thomas Pridgin, jun. 20 Park-row, Leeds.
Teather, John. Alstonley, Cumberland.
Tennant, Charles. Glasgow.
{Tennant, Henry. Saltwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Tennant, James, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Professor of Mineralogy and Geo-
logy in King’s College, London, 149 Strand, London.
Tennent, R. J. Belfast.
tTennison, Edward King. Kildare-street Club House, Dublin.
{Teschemacher, E. F. Highbury-park North, London,
{Thacker, Arthur. Cambridge.
{Thain, Rey. Alexander. New Machav.
tThodey, Rev. 8S. Rodborough, Gloucestershire.
Thom, Rev. David, D.D., Ph.D. 3 St. Mary’s-place, Edgehill, Liver-
pool.
Thom, John. Messrs. M°Naughton & Co., Moseley-street, Manchester.
Thomas, George. Brislington, Bristol.
*Thomas, George John, M.A.
F
66
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1854.
1854,
1854.
1863.
1858.
1859.
1849,
1845.
1861.
1864.
1853.
1863.
1850.
1855.
1852.
1850.
1845.
1855.
1850.
1863.
1850.
1847,
1850,
1850.
1854.
1852.
1845.
1864,
1848.
1856.
1846,
{Thompson, Benjamin James. 15 High-street, Liverpool,
{Thompson, D. P., M.D. 4 Salisbury-street, Liverpool.
{Thompson, Edmund. Claughton Park, Birkenhead.
§Thompson, Rey. Francis, St. Giles’s, Durham.
*Thompson, Frederick. South Parade, Wakefield,
§Thompson, George, jun. Pidsmedden, Aberdeen.
t Thompson, George.
Thompson, George.
Thompson, Harry Stephen. Kirby Hall, Great Ouseburn, Yorkshire.
Thompson, Henry Stafford. Fairfield, near York.
{Thompson, James. Kirk Houses, Brampton, Cumberland,
* Thompson, John.
*Thompson, Joseph. Southbank, Downs, Bowdon, near Manchester.
§Thompson, Rey. Joseph Hasselgraye, B.A. Cradley, near Brierley-
hill.
Thompson, Leonard. Sheriff-Hutton Park, Yorkshire.
{Thompson, Thomas (Austrian Consul). Hull.
Thompson, Thomas (Town Clerk), Hull.
§Thompson, William. 11 North-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
{Thomson, Alexander. Banchory House, by Aberdeen.
tThomson, Allen, M.D., Professor of Anatomy. The University,
Glasgow.
*Thomson, Corden, M.D. Sheffield.
tThomson, Gordon A. Bedeque House, Belfast.
Thomson, Guy. Oxford.
tThomson, James. Kendal.
tZhomson, Prof. James, LL.D.
{Thomson, James. 82 West Nile-street, Glasgow.
*Thomson, Professor James, M.A., C.E. 2 Donegal-square West,
Belfast.
*Thomson, James Gibson. Edinburgh.
{Thomson, M. 8 Meadow-place, Edinburgh,
Thomson, Thomas. Clitheroe, Lancashire.
tThomson, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Botanic
Garden, Calcutta. Hope House, Kew, London.
*Thomson, William, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E, Professor of Natural
Philosophy in the University of Glasgow. (Local Treasurer.)
The College, Glasgow,
{Thomson, Wilham Hamilton.
t{Thomson, Wyville T. C., LL.D., F.G.S., Professor of Geology in
Queen’s College, Belfast.
t Thorburn, William, M.D.
§Thorburn, Rey. William Reid, M.A. Starkies, Bury, Lancashire.
*Thornton, Samuel. The Elms, Highgate, Birmingham.
tThorp, Dr. Disney. Suffolk Laun, Cheltenham.
*Thorp, The Venerable Thomas, B.D., F.G.S., Archdeacon of Bristol.
Reabrics near Tewkesbury.
§Thorp, William, jun. 15 York-terrace, Kingsland-road, London.
_Thurnam, John, M.D, Devizes.
{Thwaites,G. H. K. Bristol.
tTibbs, Somerset. 58 Regent-street, Cheltenham.
*Tidswell, Benjamin K. Brookfield, Birkdale Park, Southport.
Tinker, Ebenezer. Mealhill, near Huddersfield.
*Tinné, John A., F.R.G.S._ Briarly Aigburth, Liverpool,
{Tipper, 8S. Shirley, near Southampton.
Tite, William, M.P., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.S.A. 42 Lowndes-square,
London.
Tobin, Rey. John. Liscard, Cheshire.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 67
Year of
Election.
1850.
1860.
1864.
1847,
1848.
1854,
1855.
1856.
1861,
1863.
tTod, James, Sec. Soc. of Arts. Edinburgh.
Todd, Rey. James Henthawn, D.D., M.R.LA. Trinity College,
Dublin.
) tTodd, Thomas. Mary Culter House, Aberdeen.
. *Todhunter, Isaac, M.A., F.R.S. St. John’s College, Cambridge,
Todhunter, J. 3 College Green, Dublin.
. {Tombe, Rev. H. J. Ballyfree, Ashford, Co. Wicklow,
. Tomes, Robert Fisher. Welford, Stratford-on-A von.
. *Tomlinson, Charles. King’s College, London.
. Tone, John F. Jesmond Villas, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
» *Topham, John, A.LC.E, 2 Paget Villas, Shrubland Grove East,
Dalston, London.
. {Torr, F.S. 38 Bedford-row, London.
. §Torrens, R. R. South Australia.
Torrie, Thomas Jameson, Edinburgh.
. {Torry, Very Rey. John, Dean of St. Andrews. Coupar Angus.
Towgood, Edward. St. Neots, Huntingdonshire,
. { Towler, George V.
Townend, John.
Townend, Thomas.
Townend, T. 8S.
. tTownsend, John. 11 Burlington-street, Bath.
. Townsend, Rey. Richard. 33 College, Dublin.
. §Townsend, William. Attleborough ‘Hall, near Nuneaton.
. {Towson, John Thomas. 47 Upper Parliament-street, Liverpool; and
Local Marine Board, Liverpool.
. {Toynbee, Joseph. Savile-row, nel Here rer nay London.
. tTrail, Rey. Robert, M.A. Boyndie, B
. Trail, Samuel, LED, D.D. The Manse, Hanay, Orkney.
. {Traill, Professor, M.D. Edinburgh.
Travers, Robert, M.B.
. {Travis, W. H. Whitton, near Ipswich.
. tTrefusis, The Hon. C., M.P. Heaton, Devonshire.
Tregelles, Nathaniel. ” Neath Abbey, Glamorganshire.
Trench, F. A. St. Catherine’s Park, Dublin.
*Trevelyan, Arthur. Wallington, Neweastle- -on-Tyne.
Trevelyan, Sir Walter Calverley, Bart., M.A., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., F.S.A.,
F.R.G.S. Wallington, N orthumberland ; and Nettlecombe,
Somerset.
§Tristram, Rey. H. B., M.A., F.L.S. Greatham Hospital, near Stockton,
§Truell, Robert. Ballyhenry, Ashford, Co. Wicklow.
Tuckett, Francis. Frenchay, near Bristol.
*Tuckett, Francis Fox. Frenchay, near Bristol.
Tuckett, Frederick. 4 Mortimer-street, Cavendish-square, London,
Tuckett, Henry. Frenchay, near Bristol,
{Zudor, Edward Scripp. Bromley, Middlesex,
Tudor, Wilham.
Tuke, J. H. Bank, Hitchen.
Tuke, Samuel. Lawrence-street, York.
{Turnbull, James, M.D. 86 Rodney-street, Liverpool.
§Turnbull, John. 276 George-street, Glasgow.
tTurnbull, Rey. J.C. 8 Bay s-hill Villas, Cheltenham.
*Turnbull, Rey. Thomas Soaith, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S, Blofield,
Norfolk,
Turner, Charles.
*Turner, James Aspinal, M.P. Pendlebury, near Manchester.
Turner, Thomas, M.D. 31 Curzon-street, May Fair, London.
§Tumer, William, M.B., F.R.S,E. The University, tc
68
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1845.
1854,
1859.
1847,
1847.
1846,
1858,
1861.
1855.
1859.
1859.
1854.
1863.
1859,
1854.
1863.
1849,
1854.
1854.
1864.
1859.
1854,
1856.
1856.
1860.
1859.
1855,
t Turner, Rev. William.
§Tuton, Edward 8. Lime-street, Liverpool.
Twamley, Charles, F.G.S. 6 Queen’s-road, Gloucester Gate, Regent’s
Park, London.
{Twining, H. R. Grove Lodge, Clapham, London.
{Twining, Richard. 13 Bedford-place, Russell-square. es
{Twiss, Travers, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., Regius Professor of Civil
Law in the University of Oxford, and Chancellor of the Diocese
of London. 19 Park-lane, London.
tTylor, Alfred, F.G.S., F.L.8. _Warwick-lane, London.
*Tyndall, John, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.P.S., Professor of Natural Philo-
sophy in the Royal Institution and Government School of Mines.
Royal Institution, London.
Tyrrell, John. Exeter.
*Tysoe, John. Sedgley-road, Pendleton, near Manchester.
Upton, Rev. James Samuel, M.A., F.GLS.
Ure, John. 114 Montrose-street, Glasgow.
tUrquhart, Rey. Alexander. Tarbat, Ross-shire.
tUrquhart, W. Pollard. Craigston Castle, N. B.; and Castlepollard,
Ireland.
*Vallack, Rev. Benj. W. 8. St. Budeaux, near Plymouth.
tVale, James Theodorick. Hamilton-square, Birkenhead.
*Vance, Rey. Robert. 16 Montpellier-hill, Dublin.
{Vandini, le Commandeur le Comte! Chargé d’Affaires de 8. M.
Tunisienne, Genoa.
§Varley, Cornelius. 3837 Kentish Town-road, London.
t Varley, Cromwell F.
§Vauvert, de Mean A., Vice-Consul for France. Tynemouth.
*Vaux, Frederick. Central Telegraph Office, Adelaide, South Aus-
tralia.
Vavasour, Sir Henry Mervun, Bart.
Veitch, A. J., M.D.
Verney, Sir Harry, Bart. Lower Claydon, Bucks.
Vernon, George John, Lord. 32 Curzon-street, London; and Sudbury
Hall, Derbyshire.
*Vernon, George V., F.R.A.S. Piccadilly Mills; and Old Trafford,
Manchester.
*Vernon, John. High Lee, Woolton, Liverpool.
Veysie, Rey. Daniel, B.D. Daventry.
*Vicary, William, F.G.S. 7 Albert-terrace, St. Leonards, Exeter.
t Vickers, Thomas.
*Vignoles, Charles, C.E., F.R.S., M.R.LA. 21 Duke-street, West-
minster, London,
Visger, Herman. Frenchay, Bristol.
{Vivian, Edward, B.A. Woodfield, Torquay.
*Vivian, H. Hussey, M.P., F.G.S. 5 Upper Beleraye-street, London ;
and Singleton House, Swansea.
§Voelcker, J. Ch. Augustus, Ph.D., F.C.S, 39 Argyll-road, Ken-
sington, London.
Voelker, Professor Charles. Switzerland.
Vye, Nathaniel. Ilfracombe, Devon.
§Waddingham, John. Guiting Grange, Winchcombe, Gloucester-
shire.
tWaddington, John. New Dock Works, Leeds.
*Waldegrave, The Hon. Granville. 26 Portland-place, London,
LIST OF MEMBERS, 69
Year of
Election.
1863. {Walker, Alfred 0. City of Chester.
1849, § Walker, Charles V., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Fernside Villa, Redhill, near
Reigate.
Walker, Sir Edward 8. Chester.
Walker, Francis, F.L.S., F.G.S. Rectory House, The Grove, High-
gate.
Walker, Frederick John. Little Matford, St. Leonard’s, near Exeter,
1859. {Walker, James. 16 Norfolk-crescent, London.
1855. {Walker, John. 1 Exchange-court, Glasgow.
Walker, John, jun.
*Walker, John. Thorncliffe, Leamington.
1855, {Walker, John James, M.A. 2 Trinity College, Dublin.
*Walker, Joseph N., F.L.S. Caldeston, near Liverpool.
*Walker, Rey. Robert, M.A., F.R.S., Reader in Experimental Phi-
losophy in the University of Oxford. Wadham College, Oxford ;
and Iftey, Oxford.
*Walker, Thomas. 10 York-street, Manchester.
Walker, William. 47 Northumberland-street, Edinburgh.
Wall, Rev. R. H., M.A. 6 Hume-street, Dublin.
1863. § Wallace, Alfred R., F.R.G.S. 5 Westbourne-grove-terrace, London.
Wallace, J. R.
1859. {Wallace, William, Ph.D., F.C.S.. Chemical Laboratory, 88 Bath-
street, Glasgow.
1856. {Waller, Augustus V., M.D., F.R.S. Bruges.
1857. { Waller, Edward, Lisenderry, Aughnacloy, Ireland.
1862. {Wallich, George Charles, M.D., F.L.S., F.G.S. 11 Harls-terrace,
Kensington, London.
Wallinger, Rev. William. Hastings.
Walmesley, Sir Joshua, Knt. Liverpool.
Walmesley, Joshua. Lord-street, Liverpool.
1862, §Walpole, The Right Hon. Spencer Horatio, M.A., D.C.L., M.P.,
PRS. Kaling, near London.
1857. {Walsh, Albert Jasper. 89 Harcourt-street, Dublin.
Walsh, John (Prussian Consul). 1 Sir John’s Quay, Dublin.
1855. {Walsh, Richard Hussey, Professor of Political Economy, Dublin.
1863. {Walters, Robert. Eldon-square, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Walton, Thomas Todd. Clifton, Bristol.
1863. §Wanklyn, James Arthur, F.R.S.E. London Institution, Finsbury-
circus, London.
Wansey, William, F.S.A. Reform Club, Pall Mall.
1857. {Ward, John S. Prospect-hill, Lisburn, Ireland.
1847. {Ward, Nathaniel Bagshaw, F.R.S., F.L.S. 14 Clapham Rise, Lon-
don.
Ward, Rey. Richard, M.A. 12 Eaton-place, London,
1863. {Ward, Robert. Dean-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
*Ward, William Sykes, F.C.S. Claypit House, Leeds,
Wardell, William. Chester.
1858, {Wardle, Thomas. Leek Brook, Leek, Staffordshire.
§Warington, Robert, F.R.S., F.C.S,, Chemical Operator to the Society
of Apothecaries. Apothecaries’ Hall, London.
1864. *Warner, Edwin. Higham Hall, Woodford, Essex.
1856. {Warner, Thomas H. Lee. Tiberton Court, Hereford.
Warwick, William Atkinson. Wyddrington House, Cheltenham.
1856. {Washbourne, Buchanan, M.D. Gloucester.
1847, {Waterhouse, G. R. British Museum, London.
*Waterhouse, John, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. Halifax, Yorkshire,
1854, {Waterhouse, Nicholas. 5 Rake-lane, Liverpool.
1854, {Watkins, James. Bolton.
70
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Year of
Election,
1855,
1855.
1863.
1859.
1845.
18653.
1858.
1855.
1861.
1846.
1858.
1862.
1859.
1864,
1856.
1859.
1858.
1862.
1864,
1855.
1845.
1854.
1850.
1850.
1850.
1864.
1853.
1858.
1853.
1853.
1851.
1851.
1851.
1857.
{Watson, Ebenezer. 16 Abercromby-place, Glasgow.
*Watson, Henry Hough, F.C.8. The Folds, Bolton-le-Moors.
Watson, Hewett Cottrell, F.L.S. Thames Ditton, Surrey.
Watson, James. Glasgow.
{Watson, James, M.D. 152 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow.
tWatson, Joseph. Bensham Grove, near Gateshead-on-Tyne.
t{Watson, J. Forbes. India Office, London.
{ Watson, Rev. J. H. ;
§Watson, R.S. Moscroft, Gateshead-on-Tyne.
tWatson, William. Bilton House, Harrogate.
Watson, Wiliam H.
tWatt; George. West Regent-street, Glasgow.
{ Watts, Sir James. Abney Hall, Cheadle, near Manchester.
§ Watts, John King, F.R.G.S. St. Ives, Huntingdonshire.
tWaud, Major E. Manston Hall, near Leeds.
Waud, Rey. S. W., M.A., F.R.A.S., F.C.P.S. Rettenden, near
Wickford, Essex.
§Waugh, Major-General Sir Andrew Scott, R.E., M.R.A.C., F.R.S.,
F.R.G.S., late Surveyor-General of India, and Superintendent
of the Great Trigonometrical Survey. 7 Petersham-terrace,
Queen’s Gate, London.
tWaugh, Edwin. Sager-street, Manchester.
*Way, J. Thomas, F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry, Royal Agricultural
Society of England. 15 Welbeck-street, Cavendish-square,
London.
§ Weare, Rey. B. Clevedon, Somerset.
Webb, Rev. John, M.A., F.S.A. Hardwick Parsonage, Hay, South
Wales.
*Webb, Rev. Thomas William, M.A., F.R.A.S. Hardwick Parsonage,
Hay, South Wales.
{ Webster, James. Hatherley Court, Cheltenham.
{ Webster, John. 42 King-street, Aberdeen.
tWebster, John. Broomhall Park; and St. James’s-row, Sheffield.
tt Webster, John Henry, M.D. Northampton.
§Webster, John. Sneinton, Nottingham.
Webster, Thomas, M.A., F.R.S. 2 Great George-street, Westminster.
tWeddell, Thomas. Scarborough.
Wedgewood, Hensleigh. 17 Cumberland-terrace, Regent’s Park,
London.
{Weightinan, William Henry. Litherland, Liverpool.
t Welsh, John.
tWemyss, Alexander Watson, M.D. St. Andrews.
{ Wemyss, William. 6 Salisbury-road, Edinburgh.
Wentworth, Frederick W. T. Vernon. Wentworth Castle, near
Barnsley, Yorkshire.
§Were, Anthony Berwick. Wigton, Cumberland.
tWest, Alfred. Holderness-road, Hull.
West, F. H. Chapel Allerton, near Leeds.
{West, Leonard. Summergangs Cottage, Hull.
West, Stephen. Hessle Grange, near Hull.
Westcott, Jasper.
{ Western, Thomas Burch. Tattingstone House, Ipswich.
*Western, T. B. Felix Hall, Kelvedon, Essex.
Westhead, Edward. Chorlton-on-Medlock, near Manchester.
Westhead, John. Manchester.
*Westhead, Joshua Proctor. York House, Manchester.
{Westhorpe, Stirling. Tower-street, Ipswich.
“Westley, William. 24 Regent-street, London,
LIST OF MEMBERS. 71
Year of
Election.
1863. tWestmacott, Percy. Whickham, Gateshead, Durham.
1860. § Weston, James Woods. Seedley House, Pendleton, Manchester.
1858. t Weston, William. Birkenhead.
1864.
1860.
1849,
1853.
1847.
1855.
1859.
1864.
1859.
1859,
1861.
1854.
1858.
1861.
1861.
1855.
1861.
1852.
1857.
1863.
1857.
1863.
1852.
1854,
1860.
1852.
1855.
1861.
1857.
1859.
§Westropp, W. H.S. 2 Idrone-terrace, Blackrock, Dublin.
aang John O., M.A., F.L.8. Henley House, Summertown,
xon.
Wharton, W. L., M.A. Dryburn, Durham.
{Whateley, George. Birmingham.
tWheatley, E. B. Cote Wall, Merfield, Yorkshire.
Wheatstone, Charles, D.C.L., F.R.S., Hon. M.R.LA., Professor of
Experimental Philosophy ip King’s College, London. 19 Park-
crescent, Regent’s Park, London.
tWheeler, Edmund, F.R.A.S. 11 William-street, Camden-road,
Holloway, London.
*Whewell, Rev. William, D.D., F.R.S., Hon. M.R.LA., F.G.S.,
FS.A., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S., Master of Trinity College, and Pro-
fessor of Casuistry in the University of Cambridge. The Lodge,
Cambridge.
{tWhitaker, Charles J. P. Milton Hill, near Hull.
*Whitaker, William, B.A., F.G.S. Geological Survey Office, 28
Jermyn-street, London.
§White, Edmund. New Bond-street, Bath.
White, John. 80 Wilson-street, Glasgow.
tWhite, John Forbes. 16 Bon Accord-square, Aberdeen.
tWhite, Thomas Henry. Tandragee, Ireland.
White, William. Moreton Hampstead, near Exeter.
tWhitehead, James, M.D. 87 Mosley-street, Manchester.
tWhitehead, James W. 15 Duke-street, Edge-hill, Liverpool.
{tWhitehead, J. H. Southsyde, Saddleworth.
*Whitehead, J. B. Oakley-terrace, Rawtenstall, Manchester.
*Whitehead, Peter Ormerod. Belmont, Rawtenstall, Manchester.
*Whitehouse, Wildman. 8 Bexley-place, Greenwich, Kent.
Whitehouse, William.
*Whiteside, James, M.A.,Q.C., M.P. 2 Mountjoy-square, Dublin.
Whiteside, Rev. J. W., LL.D. Vicarage, Scarborough, Yorkshire.
tWhitford, J. Grecian-terrace, Harrington, Cumberland.
tWhitla, Valentine. Beneden, Belfast.
Whitley, Rev. Charles Thomas, M.A., F.R.A.S., Reader in Natural
Philosophy in the University of Durham. Bedlington, Morpeth.
*Whitty, John Irwine, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., Civil Engineer.
Ricketstown Hall, Carlow.
*Whitwell, Thomas. Stockton-on-Tees.
*Whitworth, Joseph, LL.D., F.R.S. The Firs, Manchester; and
Stancliffe Hall, Derbyshire.
tWiddup, —. Penzance; and Kilburn, Co. Wexford.
tWigham, John. Dublin.
{Wigham, Robert. Norwich.
§Wight, Robert, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. Grazeley Lodge, Reading.
Wigram, Rev. Joseph C.
tWilde, Henry. 2 St. Ann’s-place, Manchester.
t Wilde, Wilkam R.
Wilderspin, Samuel. Wakefield.
Wilkie, John. 46 George-square, Glasgow.
*Wilkinson, Hason, M.D. Greenheys, Manchester.
t Wilkinson, George. Monkstown, Ireland.
§ Wilkinson, Robert. Totteridge Park, Herts.
Willan, William.
*Willert, Paul Ferdinand. Manchester.
72
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Year of
Election.
1859,
tWillet, John, C.E. 35 Albyn-place, Aberdeen.
*Williams, Caleb, M.D. Micklegate, York.
Williams, Charles James B., M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Medicine in
University College, London. 49 Upper Brook-street, Grosvenor-
square, London.
. *Williams, Charles Theodore, B.A. 40 Upper Brook-street, London.
Williams, Charles Wye. City of Dublin Steam Packet Company,
Water-street, Liverpool.
. *Williams, Frederick M. Goonorea, Perranarworthal, Cornwall.
. “Wiliams, Harry Samuel. 49 Upper Brook-street, Grosvenor-square,
London.
. [Williams, Rev. James. Llanfairinghornwy, Holyhead.
Williams, Richard. 38 Dame-street, Dublin.
Williams, Robert. Bridehead, Dorset.
Williams, Robert, jun.
. [ Williams, Rev. Roland.
. TWilliams, R. Price. 22 Ardwick Green, Manchester.
. {Williams, Thomas, M.D. Wind-street, Swansea.
Williams, Walter. Oxhill, Handsworth, Staffordshire.
. {Wilkams, William.
*Williams, William. Highbury-crescent, London.
. *Williamson, Alexander William, Ph.D:, F.R.S., F.C.S., Professor
of Chemistry, and of Practical Chemistry, University College,
London. 16 Proyost-road, Haverstock-hill, London.
. {Williamson, Benjamin. Trinity College, Dublin.
. [Williamson, John. South Shields.
*Williamson, Rey, William, B.D. Datchworth, Welwyn, Hertfordshire.
Williamson, W. C. Manchester.
Willis, Rev. Robert, M.A., F.R.S., Jacksonian Professor of Natural
and Experimental Philosophy in the University of Cambridge.
23 York-terrace, Regent’s Park, London; and Cambridge.
. {Willock, Rev. W. N., D.D. Cleenish, Enniskillen, Ireland.
. *Wills, Alfred. 4 Harcourt-buildings, Inner Temple, London.
. §Wills, W. D, Portland-square, Bristol.
Wills, W. R. Edgbaston, Birmingham.
*Wilson, Alexander, F.R.S. 34 Bryanston-square, London.
. §Wilson, Alexander Stephen, C.E. North Kinmundy, Summerk:Ji,
by Aberdeen.
. tWilson, Dr. Daniel. Toronto, Upper Canada.
Wilson, Edward.
. { Wilson, Frederic R. Alnwick, Northumberland.
. *Wilson, F. Dallam Tower, Milnethorp, Westmoreland.
. §Wilson, George. Hawick.
. {Wilson, George Daniel. 24 Ardwick Green, Manchester.
. { Wilson, Hugh. 75 Glassford-street, Glasgow.
. [| Wilson, James Hewetson. The Grange, Worth, Sussex.
. { Wilson, James Moncrieff. 9 College Green, Dublin.
. *Wilson, John. Seacroft, near Leeds.
*Wilson, John. Bootham, York.
. *Wilson, John, jun. West Hurlet, near Glasgow.
Wilson, Professor John, F.G.8., F.R.S.E. Museum, Jermyn-street,
London.
' Wilson, J. W.
. *Wilson, Rey. Sumner. Horton Heath, Bishopstoke.
*Wilson, Thomas, M.A. Crimbles House, Leeds.
. Wilson, Thomas. Tunbridge Wells.
. *Wilson, Thomas. Shotley Hall, Gateshead, Durham.
. }Wilson, Thomas Bright, 24 Ardwick Green, Manchester.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 73
Year of
Election.
1847.
1861.
1846.
1855.
1864,
1854.
1863.
1848,
1856.
*Wilson, William Parkinson, M.A., Professor of Pure and Applied
Mathematics in the University of Melbourne.
§ Wiltshire, Rev. Thomas, M.A., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. Rectory, Bread-
street-hill, London.
{Winchester, The Marquis of. Amport House, Andover.
{ Wingate, Major H. Bendarnoch, Glasgow.
§Winkworth, Thomas. 18 Canonbury-piace, Canonbury, London,
*Winsor, F. A. 60 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London.
{ Winter, Thomas.
*Winwood, Rey. H. H., M.A., F.G.S. 4 Cavendish-crescent, Bath.
{Wise, Rey. Stainton, M.D. Banbury.
{Witts, Rev. EK. F. Upper Slaughter, Cheltenham.
' *Wollaston, Thomas Vernon, M.A., F.L.S. Barnpark-terrace, Teign-
1850.
1848.
1863.
1863.
1861.
1860.
1861.
1856.
1864.
1861.
1850.
1858.
1861.
1863.
1850.
1857.
1856.
1853.
1863.
1849,
1855,
1856.
1857.
1861.
1858.
mouth.
tWood, Alexander, F.R.C.P. Edinburgh.
*Wood, Right Hon. Sir Charles, Bart., M.P. 10 Belgraye-square,
London; and Hickleston Hall, Doncaster.
tWood, Collingwood L. Hetton Hall, Fence Houses, Durham.
§Wood, C. L. Howlish Hall, Bishop Auckland.
tWood, Edward, F.G.S. Richmond, Yorkshire.
*Wood, Edward T. Brinscall Hall, Chorley, Lancashire.
tWood, George; M.A. Bradford, Yorkshire.
*Wood, George B., M.D. Philadelphia, United States,
*Wood, Rey. H.H.,M.A.,F.G.S8. Holwell Rectory, Sherborne, Dorset.
*Wood, John. St. Saviour Gate, York.
Wood, Peter, M.D.
§Wood, Richard, M.D. Driffield, Yorkshire.
§Wood, Samuel, F.S.A., F.G.8. The Abbey, Shrewsbury.
tWood, Rey. Walter. Elie, Fife.
Wood, William. 1 Harrington-street, Liverpool.
*Wood, William. Monkhill House, Pontefract.
tWood, William Rayner. Singleton Lodge, near Manchester.
*Wood, Rey. William Spicer, M.A. Oakham, Rutlandshire.
*Woodall, Captain John Woodall, M.A., F.G.S. St. Nicholas House,
Scarborough.
*Woodd, Charles H. L., F.G.S. Roslyn, Hampstead, London.
*Woodhead, G. Mottram, near Manchester.
*Woods, Edward. 5 Gloucester-crescent, Hyde Park, London.
Woods, Samuel. Angel-court, Throemorton-street, London.
Woolgar, J. W., F.R.A.S. Lewes, Sussex.
Woolley, John. Staleybridge, Manchester.
tWoolley, Rey. J., LL.D. Her Majesty’s Dockyard, Portsmouth.
§Woolley, Thomas Smith, jun. South Collingham, Newark.
t Worden, John.
*Wormald, Richard. 6 Brondesbury-terrace, Kilburn, London,
*Worsley, P. John. Codrington-place, Clifton, Bristol.
tWorsley, Samuel. Bristol.
*Worthington, Rey. Alfred William, B.A. Mansfield.
Worthington, Archibald. Whitchurch, Salop.
Worthington, James. Polygon, Ardwick, Manchester.
*Worthington, Robert. Ardwick, Manchester.
Worthington, William. Brockhurst Hall, Northwich, Cheshire.
§Worthy, George S. 130 Vine-street, Liverpool.
Wray, John. 6 Suffolk-place, Pall Mall, London.
tWright, Edward. 43 Dame-street, Dublin.
*Wright, K. Abbot. Castle Park, Frodsham, Cheshire.
tWright, Henry. Stafford House, London.
74
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1857.
1855.
1863.
1845.
1862.
1857.
1845.
1855.
1854.
§Wright, E. Perceval, A.M., M.D., F.L.S., M-R.LA., Lecturer on
Zoology, and Director of the Museum, Dublin University. 10
Clare-street, Dublin.
Wright, John.
Wright, J. Robinson, C.E. 11 Duke-street, Westminster,
*Wright, Robert Francis, Hinton Blewett, Somersetshire,
Wright, Thomas.
§ Wright, Thomas, F.S.A. 14 Sydney-street, Brompton, London.
Wright, T.G., M.D. Wakefield.
Wrottesley, John, Lord, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Wrottesley
Hall, Wolverhampton; and 34 St. James’s-place, London.
Wyld, James, M.P., F.R.G.S. Charing Cross, London.
*Wyley, Andrew. Drumadarragh, Doagh, Belfast.
t Wylie, John, M.D. Madras Army.
t{Wynne, Arthur Beevor, F.G.S., of the Geological Suryey of Ireland.
Sligo, Ireland.
*Yarborough, George Cook. Camp’s Mount, Doncaster.
Yates, Edward. 30 Compton-terrace, Islington, London,
Yates, James. Carr House, Rotherham, Yorkshire.
Yates, James, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S. Lauderdale House, High-
gate, London.
tYates, John Aston. 53 Bryanston-square, London.
Yeates, George. 2 Grafton-street, Dublin.
{Yeats, John, LL.D., F.R.G.S. Leicester House, Peckham, London.
Yelverton, William.
*Yorke, Colonel Philip, F.R.S., F.R.G.S. 89 Eaton-place, Belgrave-
square, London.
Young, James. South Shields.
Young, James. Limefield, West Calden, Midlothian.
Young, John. Taunton, Somersetshire.
. Young, John. Hope Villa, Woodhouse-lane, Leeds.
Young, Thomas. North Shields,
Younge, Robert, F.L.S. Greystones, near Sheffield.
*Younge, Robert, M.D. Greystones, near Sheffield.
{Zwilchenburt, Emanuel. 3 Romford-street, Liverpool.
LIST OF MEMBERS. | 76
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1857.
1852.
1857.
1861.
1857.
1852.
1846.
1842.
1864.
1861.
1864.
1855.
1862.
1845,
M. Antoine d’Abbadie.
Louis Agassiz, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Natural History. Cambridge,
U.S
M. Babinet. Paris.
Dr. Alexander Dallas Bache. Washington.
Dr. Barth.
Dr. Bergsma, Director of the Magnetic Survey of the Indian Archi-
pelago. Utrecht, Holland.
Professor Dr. T. Bolzani. Kasan.
Mr. G. P. Bond. Observatory, Cambridge, U.S.
M. Boutigny (d’Evreux).
Professor Braschman. Moscow.
Dr. H. D. Buys-Ballot, Superintendent of the Royal Meteorological
Institute of the Netherlands. Utrecht, Holland.
Dr. Carus. Leipzig.
M. Des Cloizeaux.
Dr. Ferdinand Cohn. Breslau. -
Wilhelm Delffs, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Heidel-
berg.
Heinrich Dove, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of
Berlin.
Professor Dumas. Paris.
Professor Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, M.D., Secretary of the Royal
Academy, Berlin.
. Dr. Eisenlohr. Carlsruhe.
Professor Johann Franz Encke. Berlin.
. Dr. A. Erman. Berlin.
. Professor Esmark. Christiania.
. Professor A. Fayre. Geneva.
. Professor Johann George Forchhammer. Copenhagen.
. M. Léon Foucault. Paris.
. Professor E. Frémy. Paris.
. M. Frisiani. Milan.
- Dr. Geinitz, Professor of Mineralogy and Geology. Dresden.
- Professor Asa Gray. Carnihtidest U's.
. Dr. D. Bierens de Haan, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences,
Amsterdam.
Professor Henry. Washington, U.S.
. Professor E. Hébert. The Larbonne, Paris.
. Dr. Hochstetter. Vienna.
. Dr. Van der Hoeven. Leyden.
. M. Jacobi. St. Petersburg.
. Charles Jessen, Med. et Phil. Dr., Professor of Botany in the Univer-
sity of Greifswald, and Lecturer of Natural History, and Librarian
at the Royal Agricultural Academy, Eldena, Prussia,
ig ae ae rofessor of Chemistry. Ghent, Belgium.
» Professor A, Kolliker, "Wurzburg.
anikof. 97 Rue de Lille, Paris.
re Lr r-
76 ~ LIST OF MEMBERS.
Year of
Election.
1856. Laurent-Guillaume De Koninck, Professor of Chemistry and Palzon-
tology in the University of Liége.
1845, Dr. A. Kupffer. St. Petersburg.
Dr. Lamont. Munich.
Baron yon Liebig. Munich.
1862. Professor A. Escher von der Linth. Zurich.
1857. Professor Loomis. New York.
1850. Professor Gustay Magnus. Berlin.
1847. Professor Matteucci. Pisa.
1862. Professor P. Merian. Bale, Switzerland.
1846. Professor von Middendortf. St. Petersburg.
1848. Dr. J. Milne-Edwards. Paris.
1855. M. Abbé Moigno, Paris.
1864. Dr. Arnold Moritz. Tiflis.
1864. Herr Neumayer. Munich.
1848. Professor Nilsson. Sweden.
1852. Dr. N. Nordenskidld. Helingfors, Russia.
1856. M. E. Peligot, Memb. de 1|’Institut, Paris.
1861. Professor Benjamin Pierce. Cambridge, U.S.
1857. Gustave Plaar. Strasburg.
1849. Professor Pliicker. Bonn.
1852. M. Constant Prévost. Paris.
M. Quetelet. Brussels.
M. De la Rive. Geneva.
1850. Professor W. B. Rogers. Boston, U.S.
1857. Herman Schlagintweit. Berlin.
1857. Robert Schlagintweit. Berlin.
1861. M. Werner Siemens. Vienna.
1849, Dr. Siljestrom. Stockholm.
1862. J. A. de Souza, Professor of Physics in the University of Coimbra.
1864. Adolph Steen, Professor of Mathematics, Copenhagen.
1845. Dr. Svanberg. Stockholm.
1852. M. Pierre Tchihatchef.
1864. Dr. Otto Torell. University of Lund.
1864. M. Vambery. Hungary.
1861. Professor E. Verdet. Paris.
1861. M. de Verneuil, Memb. de I’Institut, Paris.
1848. M. Le Verrier. Paris.
Baron Sartorius yon Waltershausen. Gottingen.
1842. Professor Wartmann. Geneva.
1864, Dr. Frederick Welwitsch. Lisbon.
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