S \ ' A^\
REPORT
OF THE
SIXTY-SECOND MEETING-
OF THE
BRITISH ASSOCIATION
FOR THE
ADYANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
HELD AT
EDINBUEGH IN AUGUST 1892.
LONDON :
JOHN MUERAY, ALBEMAELE STEEET.
1893.
Office of the Association -. Burlington House, London, W.
CONTENTS.
■ 6 1
Page
Objects and Rules of the Association xxs
Places and Times of Meeting and Officers from commencement xl
Presidents and Secretaries of the Sections of the Association from com-
mencement 1
List of Evening Lectures Ixvii
Lectures to the Operative Classes Ixx
Officers of Sectional Committees present at the Edinburgh Meeting Ixxi
Officers and Council, 1892-93 Ixxiii
Treasurer's Account Ixxiv
Table showing the Attendance and Pieceipts at the Annual Meetings Ixxvi
Report of the Council to the General Committee Ixx viii
Committees appointed by the General Committee at the Edinburgh Meeting
in August 1892 Ixxxi
Other Resolutions adopted by the General Committee xc
Resolutions, &c., referred to the Council for consideration, and action if
desirable xc
Synopsis of Grants of Money xci
Places of Meeting in 1893 and 1894 xcii
General Statement of Sums which have been paid on account of Grants
for Scientific Purposes xciii
General Meetings cvii
Address by thePresident,SirAECHiBALDGEiKiE,LL.D.,D.Sc.,For.Sec.R.S.,
F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United
Kingdom 3
vi CONTENTS
f
t
REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.
Page
Report of the Corresponding Societies Committee, consisting of Mr. Francis
Galtos^ (Chairman), Professor A. W. Williamson, Sir Douglas Galton,
Professor Boxd Dawkins, Sir Rawson Rawson, Dr. J. G. Gaeson, Sir
John Evans, Mr. J. Hopkinson, Professor R. Meldola (Secretary), Pro-
fessor T. G. Bonne?, Mr. W. Whitaker, Mr. G. J. Symons, General Pitt-
RiVEKS, Mr. W. TopLEY, and Mr. T. V. Holmes 29
Report of the Committee, consisting of Lord 5IcLaeen (Chairman), Professor
< ;rijm Brown (Secretary), Dr. John Murray, Dr. A. Buchan, the Hon.
Ralph Abercromby, and Professor Copeland, appointed for the purpose of
co-operating with the Scottish Meteorological Society in making Meteoro-
logical Observations on Ben Nevis. (Drawn up by Dr. A. Buchan) 68
Seventh Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Fitzgerald (Chair-
man), Professors H. E. Armstrong and 0. J. Lopge (Secretaries), Profes-
sors Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, J. J. Thomson, A. Schuster, J. H.
PoYNTiNG, A. Crum Brown, W. Ramsay, E. Franeland, W. a. Tilden,
W. N. Hartley, S. P. Thompson, W. C. Roberts-Austen, A. W. Rucker,
A. W. Reinold, G. Carey Foster, and H. B. Dixon, Captain "\V. de W.
Abney, Drs. J. H. Gladstone, J. Hopeinson, and J. A. Fleming, and
Messrs. W. Ceooees, Shelford Bidwell, W. N. Shaw, J. Larmor, J. T.
BoTTOMLEY, R. T. Glazebrooe, J. Brown, E. J. Love, and John M. Thom-
son, appointed to consider the subject of Electrolysis in its Physical and
Chemical Bearings 72
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor 0. J. Lodge, Mr. A. P. Ohat-
TOCE, and Professor G. Cakey Foster, appointed to investigate the pheno-
mena accompanying the Discharge of Electricity from Points. (Drawn up
by Mr. A. P. Chattoce) 72
Second Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Liteing, Dr. C. Piazzi
Smyth (Secretary), and Professors Dewar and Schuster, appointed to
co-operate with Dr. C. PiAZZi Smyth in his researches on the Ultra-violet
Eiays of the Solar Spectrum 74
Second Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. G. J. Symons (Chairman),
Professor R. Meldola, Mr. J. Hopeinson, and Mr. A. W. Clayden
(Secretary), appointed to consider the application of Photography to the
Elucidation of Meteorological Phenomena. (Drawn up by the Secretary)... 77
Twelfth Report of the Committee, consisting of the Rt. Hon. Lord Kelvin, Mr.
R. Etheridge, Professor John Perry, Dr. Henry Woodavard, Professor
Thomas Gra.y, and Professor John Milne (Secretary), appointed for the
purpose of investigating the Earthquake and Volcanic Phenomena of
Japan. (Drawn up by the Secretary) 93
Nineteenth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Everett, Pro-
fessor Lord Kelvin, Mr. G. J. Symons, Sir A. Geieie, Mr. J. Glaisher,
Mr, W. Pengelly, Professor Edward Hull, Professor Prestwich, Dr. C.
Le Neve Foster, Professor A. S. Herschel, Professor G. A. Lebour,
Mr. A. B. Wynne, Mr. W. Galloway, Mr. G. F. Deacon, Mr. E.
Wethered, and Mr. A. Strahan, appointed for the purpose of investigat-
ing the Rate of Increase of Underground Temperature downwards in various
Localities of Dry Land and under Water. (Drawn up by Professor
Everett, Secretary) 129
CONTENTS. Vll
Page
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor G. Caret Foster,
Lord Kelvin, Professor Atrton, Professor J. Perry, Professor W.
G Adams, Lord Raileigh, Dr. 0. J. Lodge, Dr. John Hopkinson, Dr.
A Mi:iRHEA.D, Mr. W. H. Preece, Mr. Herbert Taylor, Professor Everett,
Professor Schuster, Dr. J. A. Fleming, Professor G. F. Fitzgerald,
Mr R T. Glazebrook (Secretary), Professor Chrystal, Professor J. J.
Thomson, Mr. W. N. Shaw, Mr. J. T. Bottomlet, Mr. T. Gray, Professor
J. V. Jones, Dr. G. Johnstone Stoney, and Professor S. P. Thompson,
appointed for the purpose of constructing and issuing Practical Standards
for use in Electrical Measurements 132
Appendix L— Information circulated hy the Secretary for the Meeting
of the Committee on August 4, 1892, with additional Notes 135
Appendix II —On the Change of Resistance of Mercury with Tem-
perature. By M. G. GuiLLAUME 138
Appendix III.— On a Special Form of Clark Cell. By Professor H. J.
Carhar 12^
Appendix IV —On Wire Standards of Electrical Resistance. By Dr.
St Lindeck, Assistent bei der Physikalisch-Technischen Reichs-
anstalt, Charlottenburg, Berlin 139
Appendix V — On the Clark Cell. By Dr. Kahle 147
Appendix VI.— On the Values of certain Standard Resistance Coils.
By R. T. Glazebrook, F.R.S •••■ 150
Appendix VII.— On the Standard Condensers of the Association, and
on certain Resistance Coils. By R. T. Glazebrook, F.R.S 152
Appendix VIII.— On the A^alues of certain Standards of Resistance and
Electromotive Force sent from Berlin for Comparison with the
British Association Standards. By R. T. Glazebrook, F.R.S 154
Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. John Kerr, Mr. R. T. Glaze-
brook, Lord Kelvin, and Professor A. W Rucker, on Electro-optics 157
Appendix. On Dispersion in Double Refraction due to Electric Stress.
By Dr. John Kerr 1^^
Eighth Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir G. G. Stokes (Chairman),
Professor A. Schuster, Mr. O. Johnstone Stoney, Sir H. E. RoscoE,
Captain W. de W. Abney, Mr. G. M. Whipple, Professor McLeod, and
Mr. G. J. Symons, appointed for considering the best methods of recording the
direct Intensity of Solar Radiation. (Drawn up by Sir G. G. Stokes) ... 158
Report on Constants and Units. By C. E. Guillaume 165
On the Application of Interference Methods to Spectroscopic Measurements.
By Albert A. Michelson 170
Fourth Report of the Committee,consisting of Professor W. C. Roberxs-Austen
(Chairman), Sir F. Abel, Mr. E. Riley, Mr. J. Spiller, Professor J. W.
Langlby, Mr. G. J. Snelus, Professor Tilden, and Mr. Thomas Turner
(Secretary), appointed to consider the best method of establishing an Inter-
national Standard for the Analysis of Iron and Steel. (Drawn up by the
Secretary) 18^
Sixth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. A. Tilden and
Professor H. E. Armstrong (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of inves-
tigating Isomeric Naphthalene Derivatives. (Drawn up by Professor Arm-
strong) 1^1
Fourth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor H. M'Leod, Mr. W.
C. Roberts- Austen (Secretary), Professor A. W. Reinold, and Mr. H. G.
Mad AN, appointed for continuing the Bibliography of Spectroscopy 192
Viii CONTENTS. j
Page j
Eaport of the Committee, consistiug of Dr. AV. J. Russell, Professor W. N. j
Haetlet, Professor W. Ramsay, Captain W. de W. Abxey, and Dr. A.
Richardson, appointed for the inTestigatiou of the Action of Light on the
JBydracids of the Halogens in presence of Oxygen 192
Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir H. E. Roscoe, Dr. Marshall
Watts, Mr. J. N. Lockter, Professors Dewar, Liveing, Schvster, W. N.
Hartley, and Wolcott Gibbs, and Captain Abxey, on Wave-length
Tables oF the Spectra of the Elements and Compounds. (Drawn up by
Dr. M.arshall AVatts) 193.
Sixth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. A. Tilden, Pro-
fessor H. McLeod, Mr. S. U. Pickering, Professors AV. Ramsay and S.
Young, and Drs. A. R. Leeds and W. AV. J NicoL (Secretary), ap-
pointed for the purpose of reporting on the Bibliography of Solution 261
Si.xth Report of the Committee, con.sisting of Professor W. A. Tilden, Pro-
fessor AV. Ramsay, and Dr. AV. W. J. S'icol (Secretary), appointed for the
purpose of investigating the Nature of Solution. (Drawn up by Dr. Nicol) 261
Report (provisional) of a Committee, consisting of Professor H. E. Armstrong,
Professor AV. R. Dunstan, Mr. C. H. Botha mley, and Air. AV. A. Shen-
8T0NE (Secretary), appointed to investigate the formation of Haloids from
pure materials. (Drawn up by Mr. W. A. Suenstone) 2G2
Report (provisional) of a Committee, consisting of Professor 11. McLeod, Pro-
fessor W. Ramsay, Mr. AA'. A, Shenstone (Secretary), and Mr. J. Tudor
CuNDALL, appointed to investigate the Iniiuence of the Silent Discharge of
Electricity on Oxygen and other Gases 263
Report (provisional) of the Committee, consisting of Professor T. E. Thorpe,
Professor J. J. Hummel (Secretary), Dr. NV. H. Perkin, Professor AV. J.
Russell, Captain W. de AV. Abney, and Professor W. Stroud, on the
Action of Light upon Dyed Colours. (Drawn up by Professor J. J.
Hummel) 263
Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir I. Lowthian Bell, Professor P.
Phillips Bedson (Secretary), Mr. Ludwig AIond, I'rofe.ssor A'ivian B.
LEWiss, Professor E. HuLL,'Mr. J. AV. Thomas, and Air. II. Bauerman,
for inquiring into the Proximate Constituents of the various kinds of Coal 264
Eighteenth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Hull (Chair-
man). Rev. Dr. H. AV. Crosskey, Sir D. Galton, Mes.^rs. J. Glaishek
and Percy Kendall, Professor G. A. Lebour, Alessrs. E. B. Marten, G. H.
Morton, AV. Pengelly, and J. Plant, Profes.sor .T. Prestwich, and Messrs.
I. Roberts, Thos. S. Stooke, G. J. Symons, W. Topley, Tylden-AVright,
E. AVetheked, AV. AA^hitaker, and De Rance (Secretary), appointed for
the purpose of investigating the Circulation of Underground AVaters in
the Permeable Formations of England and A^'ales, and the Quantity and
Character of the AVater supplied to various Towns and Districts from' these
Formations. (Drawn up by C. E. De Rance, Reporter) 264
Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. J. AV. Davis (Chairman), Rev.
E. Jones (Secretary), Sir J. Evans, Dr. J. G. Garson, and Messrs. AA'.
Pengelly, R. H. Tiddeman, and J. J. Wilkinson, appointed to complete
the investigation of the Cave at Elbolton, nearSkipton, in order to ascertain
whether Remains of Paleolithic Man occur in the Lower Cave Earth.
(Drawn up by Rev. E. Jones) 2C6
Twentieth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor J. Prestwich, Dr
I
[
CONTENTS. IX
Page
Position, Height above the Sea, Lithological Characters, Size, and Origin of
the Erratic Blocks of England, Wales, and Ireland, reporting other matters
of interest connected with the same, and taking measures for their preserva-
tion. (Drawn up hy Dr. Crossket, Secretary) 267
Thii-d Keport of the Committee, consisting of Dr. IIenet Woodwaed (Chair-
man), Eev. G. F. Whidboe>^e, and Messrs. E. Kidston, J. E. Mare, and
A. S. Woodwaed (Secretary), to consider the best methods for the Eegis-
tration of the Type Specimens of British Fossils. (Drawn up by A. S.
Woodwaed) 289
Third Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Professor James Geikie (Chair-
man), Dr. Tempest Andeeson, Dr. Valentine Ball, Mr. James E. Bed-
ford, Professor T. G. Bonnet, Professor W. Boyd Dawkins, Mr. James W.
Davis, Mr. Edmund J. Garwood, Mr. William Grat, INIr. Eobeet Kids-
TON, Mr. Arthur S. Eeid, Mr. E. H. Tiddeman, Mr. W. AV. Waits, Mr.
Horace B.Woodward, and Mr. Osmund W. Jeffs (Secretary), to arrange
for the collection, pre.servation, and systematic registration of Photogiaphs
of Geological Interest in the United Kingdom. (Drawn up by the Secre-
tary)
290
t
Ninth Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Profe,=sor T. Wiltshire (Chair-
man), Dr. H. Woodward, and Professor T. Eupeet Jones (Secretary), on
the Fossil Phyllopoda of the Palaeozoic Eocks. (Drawn up by Professor T.
EuPERT Jones) 298
Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Dr. H. Woodward, Mr. G. E. Vine
(Secretary), Professor T. Eupeet Jones, and Dr. H. C. Soebt, appointed for
the completion of a report on the Cretaceous Polyzoa. (Drawn up by the
Secretary) 301
Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Messrs. H. B.aueeman, F. W. Eudler,
and J. J. H. Teall and Dr. II. J. Johnston-Lavis, appointed for the in-
vestigation of the Volcanic Phenomena of Vesuvius and its Neighbourhood.
(Drawn up by Dr. Johnston-Lavis) 338
Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Mr. G J. Stmons, Mr. C. Davison
(Secretary), Sir F. J. IBeamwell, Mr. E. A. Cowpee, Professor G. H.
Darwin," Professor J. A. Ewing, Mr. Isaac Eoberts, Mr. Thomas Gray,
Sir John Evans, Professors J. Prestwich, E. Hull, G. A. Leboue, E.
Meedola, and J. W. Judd, Mr. M. Walton Brown, and Mr. J. Glaisher,
appointed to consider the advisability and possibility of establishing in
other parts of the country observations upon the prevalence of Earth Tremors
similar to those now being made in Durham in connection with coal-mine
explosions 343
Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Dr. P. L. Sclater, Professor Eay
Laneester, Professor Cossar Ewart, Professor M. Foster, Mr. A.
Sedgwick, Professor A. M. Marshall, and Mr. Percy Sladen (Secre-
tary), to appoint Mr. Willey to investigate the Morphology of the Ascidians
at "the Zoological Station at Naples, or, failing this, to appoint some other
competent investigator to carry on a definite piece of work at the Zoological
Station at Naples approved by the Council 344
Fifth Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Dr. P. L. Sclater (Chairman),
Mr. George Mueray (Secretary). Mr. W. Oarruthees, Dr. A. C. L. G.
GuNTHER, Dr. D. Sharp, Mr. F. DuCane Godman, Professor A. Newton,
and Dr. D. H. Scott, appointed for the purpose of reporting on the present
state of our knowledge of the Zoology and Botany of the West India Islands,
and taking steps to investigate ascertained deficiencies in the Fauna and
Flora 363
X CONTENTS.
Page
Second Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Professor A. Newtoit (Chair-
man), Dr. W. T. Blanfoed, Dr. S. J. Hickson, Professor Riley, Mr. O.
Salvin, Dr. P. L. Sclater, Mr. E. A. Smith, and Mr. D. Sharp (Secretary),
appointed to report on the present state of our knowledge of the Zoology of
tbe Sandwich Islands, and to take steps to investigate ascertained deficiencies
in the Fauna, with power to co-operate with the Committee appointed for
the purpose by the Royal Society, and to avail themselves of such assistance
in their investigations as may he offered by the Hawaiian Government 355
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Rat Lankester (Chair-
man), Professor M. Foster, Professor S. H. Vines, and Mr. S. F. Harmer
(Secretary), appointed for the purpose of arranging for the occupation of
a Table at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth 356
Sixth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor M. Foster (Chairman),
Professor F. 0. Bower (Secretary), Professor I. Batlet Balfour, Mr. W.
T. Thiselton-Dter, Dr. H Trimen, Professor Marshall AVard, Mr. W.
Carruthers, Professor M. M. Hartog, and Mr. W. Gardiner, for taking
steps to establish a Botanical Laboratory at Peradeniya, Ceylon 363
Report of a Committee, consisting of Professor A. Newton (Chairman), Mr.
JohnCordeaux (Secretary), Messrs. R. M. Barrington, John A. Harvie-
Beoavn, and W. Eagle Clarke, and the Rev.E. P. Knublet, appointed to
make a digest of the observations on the Migration of Birds at Lighthouses
and Light- vessels, and to report on the same 366
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor A. C. Hadbon, Professor
W. A. Herdman, and Mr. W. E. Hotle (Secretary), appointed for im-
proving and experimenting with a Deep-sea Tow-net, for opening and
closing under water 366
Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Mr. Thomas H. Thomas (Chairman),
Professors "W. Newton Parker, A. Newton, and A Leipner, Mr. E.
Potjlton, Canon H. B. Tristram, and Dr. 0, T. Vachell (Secretary),
appointed to consider proposals for the Legislative Protection of Wild Birds'
Eggs 366
Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. E. G. Ravenstein, Mr. Baldwin
Latham, and Mr. G. J. Stmons (Secretary), appointed to inquire into the
Climatological and Hydrographical conditions of Tropical Africa. (Drawn
up by Mr. E. G. Ravenstein) 367
Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. J. H. Gladstone (Chairman),
Professor H. E. Armstrong (Secretary), Mr. S. Bourne, Dr. Crossket,
Mr. G. Gladstone, Mr. J. Hetwood, Sir John Lubbock, Sir Philip
Magnus, Professor N. Story Maskelyne, Sir H. E. Roscoe, Sir R. Temple,
and Professor S. P. Thompson, appointed for the purpose of continuing the
inquiries relating to the teaching of Science in Elementary Schools 368
Second Report on the Development of Graphic Methods of Mechanical Science.
By Professor H. S. Hele-Shaw, M.Inst.C.E 373
Shield Tunnelling in Loose Ground under Water Pressure, with special refer-
ence to the Vvrnwy Aqueduct Tunnel under the Mersey. By George F.
Deacon, M.Inst.C.E 532
Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir W. H. Flower (Chairman), Dr.
J. G. Garson (Secretary), Dr. J. Beddoe, General A. H. L. Pitt-Rivers,
Mr. Francis Galton, Br. E. B. Tylor, and Mr. E. W. Brabrook, appointed
for the purpose of editing a new Edition of ' Anthropological Notes and
Queries' 537
»
CONTENTS. XI
Page
Report of the Committee, consisting: of Dr. J. G. Gaeson (Chairman), Mr. J.
Theodoee Bent (Secretary), the late Mr. H. W. Bates, Mr. G. W. Bloxam,
Mr. J. Stuaet Glennie, Sir Frederic Goldsmid, Mr. W. Pengellt, and
Mr. F. W. Rtidler, for investigating the ruins of Mashonaland and the
habits and customs of the inhabitants. (Drawn up by Mr. J. Theodore
Bent) 538
Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. E. Seward (Secretary), the
Marquess of Bute, Messrs. G. T. Clare;, E. W. Atkinson, Franklen G.
Evans, C. Tanfield Vachell, James Bell, and T. H. Thomas, and Dr. J.
G. Garson, appointed to report on the Prehistoric and Ancient Kemains
of Glamorganshire. (Drawn up by the Secretary) 544
Eighth Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. E. B. Ttloe, Mr. G. W.
Bloxam, Sir Daniel Wilson, Dr. Q. M. Dawson, Mr. R. G. Haliiueton,
and Mr. H. Hale, appointed to investigate the physical characters, languages,
and industrial and social condition of the North-Western Tribes of the
Dominion of Canada 545
Remarks on Linguistic Ethnology : Introductory to the Report of Dr. A.
F. Chamberlain on the Kootenay Indians of South-Eastern British
Columbia. By Mr. Hoeatio Hale 545
Report on the Kootenay Indians of South-Eastern British Columbia. By
Dr. A. F. Chamberlain 549
Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir W^illiam Txtenee (Chairman),
Mr. G. W. Bloxam (Secretary), Sir William H. Flowee, Dr. J. G. Gaeson,
Mr. H. H. RisLET, and Dr. E. B. Ttlor, appointed to investigate the
Habits, Customs, Physical Characteristics, and Religions of the Natives of
India. (Drawn up by the Secretary) 615
Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir W. H. Flowee (Chairman), Dr.
J. G. Garson (Secretary), Mr. G. W. Bloxam, and Dr. Wilberfoece
Smith, for the purpose of carrying on the work of the Anthropometric
Laboratory. (Drawn up by Dr. Gaeson, Secretary) 618
Xli CONTENTS,
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS.
Section A.— MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
THURSBAY, AUGUST i.
Page
Address by Professor Aethur ScHtrsTEK, Ph.D., F.E.S., F.E.A.S., President ■
of the Section 627 ]
1. Report of the Committee on the Meteorological Observations on Ben Nevis 636 i
2. Second Report of the Committee on Meteorological Photography 636
3. Eighth Report ,of the Committee on Solar Radiation G36
4. Report of the Committee on ]\leteoric Dust 636 j
5. Twelfth Report of the Committee on the Seismological Phenomena of ;
Japan 636 :
6. Nineteenth Report of the Committee on Underground Temperature 636 j
7. Preliminary Account of Oceanic Circulation, based on the Challenger \
Observations. By Dr. A. Buchan 636 ;
8. On the Advantage of making Astronomical Time agree with Civil Time. '
By Dr. Sandfoed Fleming, C.M.G 636 ,
9. York Weather from 1841 to 1890. By J. Edmund Claek 636 :
FRIBA T, A UG UST 5. ;
1. On Leaky Magnetic Circuits. By Dr. H. E. J. G. dtj Bois 636 ;
2. On M. E. Branly's Experiments on Electrical Resistance. Bv Dawson i
Turnee, M.D ; 637 1
I
3. On Electrical Discharges. By Professor Eilh. Wiedemann and Dr. H.
Ebert , 637 i
4. On Primary and Secondary Batteries in which the Electrolyte is a Gas. I
By Arthur Schuster, F.R.S 638 j
5. On the Stability of Periodic Motion. By Lord Kelvin, F.R.S 638 :
6. The Efficiency of Transformers. By Professor W. E. AyRTON, F.R.S., and !
W. E. Sumpner 638 ■
7. Note on the Registration of Transformers. By Professor W. E. Atrton, I
F.R.S., and E. W. Smith 638 !
8. Specific Conductivity of Thin Films. By Professor A. W. Reinold, ]
F.R.S., and Professor A. W.RtJcxER, F.KS 639 :
9. Some Experiments with a RuhmkortF Coil. By Magnus Maclean, M.A.,
F.R.S.E., and Alex. Galt, B.Sc, F.R.S.E 639 ,
10. A Contribution to the Theory of the perfect Influence Machine. By J. i
Gray, B.Sc 640 !
SATURBA Y, A UG UST 6. '
Department I. — Phtsics. \
1 . Sources of Heat generated in the Galvanic Battery. By Magnus Maclean, '
M.A., r.R.S.E 640 .
CONTENT?. Xlii
Page
2. On the Electric Conductivity of Bismutli and Copper in Magnetic Fields.
By Dr. W. Peddte, F.R.S.E 641
3. The Application of Interference Methods to Spectroscopic Measurement.
By Professor A. Michelson 641
4. Photographs of Electrical Discharges. By A. A. Campbell Swinton 641
5. Slow Oscillations produced on discharging Electric Condensers of great
Capacity. By Jajies H. Geay, M.A., B.Sc 642
6. Inducto-Script. By Rev. Fredeeick J. Smith, M.A 644
7. On a Periodic Effect which the Size of Bubbles has on the Velocity of their
Ascent in Vertical Tubes containing Liquid. By Feed. T. Teouton, M. A.,
D.Sc 645
8. Experiments on Flame Spectra. By Professor Aethttb Smithells, B.Sc. 645
Department II.— Mathematics.
1. Models of Mathematical Surfaces. By Professor A. Ceum Brown, F.R.S.,
F.R.S.E 646
2. Interim Report of the Committee on Tables of Mathematical Functions... 646
3. Interim Report of the Committee on Tables connected with the Pellian
Equation 646
4. Note on the Glissettes of an Ellipse and of a Hyperbola. By Professor P.
G. Tait, Sec.R.S.E 646
5. A Curious Point connected with the Parallel Axiom. By Professor
Chetstal 647
6. On Conjugate Circle Groups. By Lieut.-Col. Allan Cunningham, R.E. 647
7. A Method of Finding the Logarithms of Large Numbers. By the Rev.
Dr. T. Smith 647
JUO^'BAY, AUGUST 8.
1. Report of the Committee on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Solar Spectrum 647
2. On the Construction of the New Physical Laboratory at Groningen, Hol-
land. By Professor P. H. Schotjte 647
3. Report of the Committee on Measuring Optical Constants 647
4. On a Method of Determining Thermal Conductivities. By Charles H.
Lees, M.Sc 647
5. Interim Report of the Committee on a National Physical Laboratory 648
6. A Discussion on a National Physical Laboratory, opened by Professor
Oliver J. Lodge, F.R.S 648
7. On Graphic Solution of Dynamical Problems. By Lord Kelvin, Pres.R.S. 648
8. Reduction of every problem of Two Freedoms in Conservative Dynamics,
to the drawing of Geodetic Lines on a Surface of given Specific Cur-
vature. By Lord Kelvin, Pres.R.S 652
TUESDAY, AUGUST 9.
1. Report of the Committee on Electrolysis 653
2. Report of the Committee on the Discharge of Electricity from Points 663
3. A Magnetic Curve Tracer. By Professor J. A Ewing, F.R.S 653
Xiv CONTENTS.
Page
4. On a Magnetic Balance and its Practical Use. By Dr. II. E. J. G. DU Bois 654
6. Report of the Committee on Electrical Standards 654
6. On Wire Standards of Electrical Resistance. By Dr. St. Lindeck 654
7. On the Clark Cell. By Dr. K. Kahle 654
8. A Discussion on the Nomenclature of Units, opened by Professor
Oliver J. Lodge, F.R.S 654
9. On the Dielectric of Condensers. By W. H. Preece, F.R.S 654
10. Earth-currents. By W. H. Preece, F.R.S 656
11. On the Physics of the Voltaic Arc. By Professor Silvanxts P. Thomp-
son, F.R.S 657
12. Preliminary Note on the Temperature Variation of the Magnetic Permea-
bility of Magnetite. By Edwin H. Barton, B.Sc, and W. Wil-
liams, B.Sc 657
13. On the Spectrum of Liquid Oxygen, and on the Refraction Indices of Liquid
Oxvffen, Nitrous Oxide, and. Ethylene. By Professor G. D. Liveing,
F.R.S., and Professor J. Dewar, F.R.S 658
WEBNESDAT, AUGUST 10.
1. Interim Report of the Committee on Recalescence 658
2. The Magnetic Curve. By the Rev. F. J. Smith, M.A 659
3. Certain Volume Effects of Magnetisation. By Professor Cargill G.
Knott, D.Sc, F.R.S.E 659
4. On Polarising Gratings. By Dr. II. E. J. G. Dtr Bois 660
5. An Estimate of the Rate of Propagation of Magnetisation on Iron. By
Professor G. F. Fitzgerald, F.R.S 660
6. Remarks on the Early Rise and Progress of Electrical Illumination. By
Dr. Alexander Keiller 660
7. Report of the Committee on Electro-optics 660
8. On Dispersion in Double Refraction due to Electric Stress. By Dr.
John Kerr 660
9. Proof that Densitv of Illumination does not affect Absorption. By W.
Peddie, D.Sc ." 661
10. Physical Conditions of the Waters of the English Channel. By H. N.
Dickson, F.R.S.E 661
11. On the Analysis and Synthesis of Colour. By J. W. Lovibond 661
1 2. On the General Laws of Energetics. By Professor W. Ostwald 661
13. On a Delicate Calorimeter. By J. A. Haeker, D.Sc, and P. J. Haetog,
B.Sc 662
14. Some Notes connected with the Electromotive Force of a Secondary Bat-
tery. By Dr. J. H. Gladstone, F.R.S., and W. IIibbeet 662
CONTENTS. XV
Section B.— CHEMICAL SCIENCE.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 4.
Page
Address by Professor Herbert McLeod, F.R.S., F.C.S., President of the
Section 663
1. Electrolytic Synthesis. By Professor A. Ceum Brown, F.R.S., F.U.S.E.,
and Dr. J. Walker 671
2. Impurities in Chloroform. By Professor W. Ramsat, F.R.S 671
3. Report of the Committee on the Nature of Solution 671
4. Report of the Committee on the Bibliography of Solution 67 1
5. Report of the Committee on Wave-length Tables of the Spectra of the
Elements and Compounds 671
6. A Note on Alloys of Aluminium with Ferro-manganese. By T. W. Hogs 671
FRIBA Y, A UG UST 5.
1. The Explosion of Ethylene with less than its own Volume of Oxygen. By
B. Lean, B.A., B.Sc, and W. A. Bone, B.Sc 673
2. On the Luminosity of Hydrocarbon Flames. By Vivian B. Lewes 674
3. Experiments on Flame. By Professor Arthur Smithells, B.Sc 674
4. Report of the Committee on the Direct Formation of Haloids from Pure
Materials 675
5. The Reaction of Hydrogen with Mixtures of Oxygen and Chlorine. By
J. A. Haeker, D.Sc 675
6. Preliminary Note on the Action of Dry Ammonia Gas on Sulphates. By
Professor W. R. Hodgeinson, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., and C. C. Trench,
Col. R.A 675
7. Note on the Action of Dry Sulphur Di-oxide on Oxy-salts. By Professor
W. R. HoDGKiNSON, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., and J. Young, A.R.S.M 676
MONDAY, AUGUST 8.
1. On the Application of a Hydrogen Flame in an Ordinary Safety-lamp to
the Detection and Measurement of Inflammable Gas or Vapour. By
Professor Frank Clowes, D.Sc 678
2. Report of tbe Committee on the Influence of the Silent Discharge of
Electricity on Oxygen and other Gases 679
3. Report of the Committee appointed to consider the best method of esta-
blishing an International Standard for the Analysis of Iron and Steel ... 679
4. Notes on the Molecular Refraction and Dispersion of (a) Metallic Carbonvls,
{b) Indium and Gallium, (c) Sulphur. By Dr. J. H. Gladstone, F.R.S. 679
5. The Effect of Small Quantities of Foreign Matter on the Properties of
Metals. By Professor W. C. Roberts-Austen, C.B., F.R.S 679
6. Researches on Diffusion. By Dr. Svante Aerhenius 679
7. The Transpiration of Hydrogen through Palladium. By Professor W.
Ramsay, F.R.S ." 679
XVI CONTENTS.
TUESDAY, AUGUST 9.
Pasje
1. The Impurities of Town Air. By G. H. Bailey, D.Sc, Ph.D 679
2. Syntheses with the Aid of Butane and Pentane Tetra-carboxylic Ethers.
By Professor W. II. Peekin, jun., F.RS 680
3. Synthesis of Hydrindon Derivatives. By Dr. F. Stanley Kippiitg 680
4. Heptamethylene Derivatives. By Dr. F. Stanley Kipping 680
5. Action of Phosphoric Anhydride on Fatty Acids. By Dr. F. Stanley
Kipping '... 680
6. Methyl Salts of Camphoric Acid. By James Walker, PhD., D.Sc 680
7. The Halogen Addition Products of Salts of Organic Bases. By Leoxaed
Dobbin, Ph.D., and James Walker, D.Sc, Ph.D 681
8. The Production of Acetic Acid from the Carbohydrates. By J. F. V.
Isaac, B.A 682
9. On the Molecular Volumes of Organic Substances in Dilute Solution.
By W. W. J. NicoL, D.Sc 683
10. Report of the Committee on Isomeric Naphthalene Derivatives 684
11. Report of the Committee on the Action of Light on Dyed Colours 684
12. On the Amount of Hydrolysis in Aqueous Solutions of Salts of Strong
Bases with Weak Acids. By Dr. J. Shields 684
13. A new Method for Measuring the Pressure produced in Gaseous Explo-
sions. By Bevan Lean, B.A., B.Sc, and W. A. Bone, B.Sc 684
14. The Determination of small Quantities of Nitrogen in Soils. By Dr. F. E.
Matthews 686
15. On a Vanadiferous Lignite found in the Argentine Republic, with Analysis
of the Ash. By Professor John J. J. Kyle, ScD 686
16. Sewage Precipitation. By G. Caerington Purvis 687
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 10.
1. Atomic Weight of Boron. By W. Ramsay, Ph.D., F.R.S., and Emilt
Aston, B.Sc. (Lond.) 687
2. On the Preparation of pure Glucina, and the Atomic Weight of Glucinum.
By Dr. J. Gibson 689
3. On the Assumed Potential Difference between a Metal in the Molten and
the Solid State. By Professor W^. Ostwald 689
4. Note on Exact Weighing. By Dr. J. Gibson 690
6. Analysis of Manganese Nodules. By Dr. J. Gibson 690
6. On the Iodides of Sulphur. By Professor Herbert McLeod, F.R.S 690
7. On Solutions of Iodine. By W. W\ J. Nicol, D.Sc 691
8. Persulphates. By Dr. II. Marshall 692
9. Cobaltic Salts. By Dr. H. Marshall 692
10. Report of the Committee on the Bibliography of Spectroscopy , 692
11. Report of the Comniittee on the Action of Light on the Hydracids of the
Halogens in presence of Oxygen 692
CONl'ENTS. Svii
Page
12. Report of the Committee on the Proximate Constituents of the various
kinds of Coal . 692
13. Note on Valency or Atomicity. By Wm. Durham, F.R.S.E 692
14. On a Method for Determining the Vapour-pressures of Solutions. By
Thomas Ewan, B.Sc, Ph.D., and \V. R. Ormaudy 693
Section C— GEOLOGY.
Address by Professor C. Lapworxh, F.R.S., F.G.S., President of the Section 60.5
[Delivered on Monday, August 8.]
THURSDAY, AUGUST i^.
1. Report of the Committee on Photographs of Geological Interest 707
2. On the Glacial Distribution of the Riebeckite-Eurite of Ailsa Craig. By
Joseph Lomas, Assoc. Roy. Coll. Science 707
3. Report of the Committee on Erratic Blocks 708
4. The Cause of the Ice Age. By J. W. Gray, F.G.S., and Percy F. Ken-
dall, F.G.S 708
5. The Devon and Cornish Granites. By W. A. E. Ussher 709
6. Malvern Crystallmes. By A. Irving, D.Sc, F.G.S ; 709
7. The Igneous Rocks of the neighbourhood of Builth. By Henry Woobs,
B.A., F.G.S 710
8. Note on a Green Sand in the Lower Greensand, and on a Green Sandstone
in Bedfordshire. By A. C. G. Cameron 710
9. The Fullers' Earth Mining Company at Woburn Sands. By A. C. G.
Cameron 711
10. Report of the Committee on the Circulation of Underground Waters ... 711
FRIDAY, AUGUST 5.
1. On a Widespread Radiolarian Chert of Arenig Age from the Southern
Uplands of Scotland. By B. N. Peach, A.R.S.M., F.R.S., F.G.S 711
2. On the Contact Metamorphism of the Radiolarian Chert in the Lower
Silurian Rocks along the Margin of the Loch Doon Granite. By J.
Horne, F.G.S 712
3. On the ' Grampian Series ' (Pre-Cambrian Rocks) of the Central High-
lands. By Henry Hicks, M.D., F.R.S., Sec.G.S 712
4. On the Still-possible Cambrian Age of the Torridon Sandstone. By J. F.
Blake, M.A., F.G.S 713
5. On the alleged Proofs of Submergence in Scotland during the Glacial
Epoch. By DuGALD Bell, F.G.S. 713
6. On some Calcareous Tufas in Norway. By Professor Axell Blytt 714
7. Fossil Arctic Plants found near Edinburgh. Bv Clement Reid, F.L.S.,
F.G.S .". 71(5
8. The Cutting.? on the Crieff and Comrie Railway. By Henry Coates,
F.R.S.E 717
1892. a
xviii CONTENTS.
SATURDAY, AUGUST 6.
Page
1 On the Physical Geology of Arabia Petr£ea and Palestine. By Professor
Edward Hull, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S 718
2 On Two Tunnel Sections in the Cambrian of Carnarvonshire. By J. F.
Blake, M.A., F.G.S 718
3. Report of the Committee on the Volcanic Phenomena of Vesuvius 718
4. Report of the Committee on Elbolton Cave 718
5. Interim Report of the Committee on the Excavations at Oldbm-y Hill ... 718
MONDAY, AUGUST ?,.
Address by Professor C. Lapwoeth, F.R.S., F.G.S., President of the Section 695
1. On the Relation of the Bunter Pebbles of the English Midlands to those
in the Old Red Sandstone Conglomerates of Scotland. By Professor
T. G. Bonnet, D.Sc, F.R.S 719
2. On the Relations of the Rocks of the Lizard District. By A. Someevail 719
3. The Ice Shed in the North-West Highlands during the Maximum Glacia-
tion. By B. N. Peach, F.R.S., F.G.S., and J. Hoknb, F.G.S 720
4. On a Bone Cave in the Cambrian Limestone in Assynt, Sutherlandshire.
By B.N. Peach, F.R.S., F.G.S., and J. Horne, F.G.S 720
5. Interim Report of the Committee for investigating the Structure of a Coral
Reef 721
TUESDAY, AUGUST 9.
1. Landslips in the St. Cassian Strata of S. Tyrol. By Miss M. M. Ogilvie 721
2. On a Granite Junction in Mull. By J. G. Goodchild 722
3. The St. Bees Sandstone and its Associated Rocks. By J. G. Goodchild 722
4. The Sequence of Gneissose Rocks. By J. J. H. Teall, F.R.S., F.G.S.... 723
5. Supposed Radiolarian Remains from the Slates of Howth. By Professor
W. J. SoLLAs, F.R.S., F.G.S. 723
6. Supposed Radiolarian Remains from the CuldafF Limestone. By Professor
W. J. SoLLAs, F.R.S., F.G.S '. 723
7. On some Dicynodont and other Reptile Remains from the Elgin Sandstone.
By E. T. Newton, F.G.S., F.Z.S * 723
8. Report of the Committee on the Registration of Type Specimens 724
9. Report of the Committee on the Cretaceous Polyzoa 724
10. Report of the Committee on Earth Tremors 724
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 10.
1 Additions to the Eurypterid Fauna of the Upper Silurian. By Malcolm
Laurie, B. A., B.Sc.,F.L.S 724
2. Report of the Committee on Fossil Pbyllopoda 725
CONTENTS. XIX
Page
3. On the Occurrence of (Jhonetes Pratti, Davidson, in the Carboniferous Rocks
of AVestern Australia. By R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S 725
4. On Porphyritic Quartz in Basic Igneous Rocks. By Alfred Haeker,
M.A., F.G.S 726
5. On the Occurrence of Pisolitic Tuff in the Pentlands. By H. J. Johnston-
Latis, M.D., Bac.-es-Sci., F.G S 72t5
6. On some Limerick Traps. By W. W. Watts, M.A. F.G.S 727
Section D.— BIOLOGY.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 4.
Address bv Professor W. Rotherfoed, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., President of
tlie Section 728
\. Fifth Report of the Committee on the present state of our knowledge of
the Zoology and Botany of the West India Islands, and on taking steps
to investigate ascertained deficiencies in the Fauna and Flora 742
2. Report of the Committee for carrying on a definite piece of Work at the
Zoological Station at Naples 742
3. Draft of Report of the Committee on the present state of our knowledge
of the Zoology of the Sandwich Islands 742
4. Fifth Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of taking steps
for the establishment of a Botanical Laboratory at Paradeniya, Ceylon... 742
6. Report of the Committee on the Migration of Birds at Lighthouses and
Light-vessels 742
6. Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of arranging for the
occupation of a Table at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Associa-
tion at Plymouth 742
7. Report of the Committee for improving and experimenting with a Deep-
Sea Tow-Net, for opening and closing- under water 742
8. Report of the Committee appointed to consider proposals for the Legisla-
tive Protection of Wild-birds' Egc-s 742
9. On the Physiology of Protoplasm. By Professor W. Preter 742
10. On Rabl's Doctrine of the Personality of the Segments of the Nucleus, and
Weismann's ' Idant ' Theory of Heredity. By Professor Maectjs Haetog,
D.Sc, M.A .' 742
i
FBIDAY, AUGUST 5.
Department op Botany.
1 . A proposed World's Congress of Botanists at Chicago in 1893. By Dr. J.
C. Arthur 744
2. Observations on Secondary Tissues in Monocotyledons. By D. H. Scott,
M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., and Georbe Beebner 744
3. On the Simplest Fta-m of Mosse?. By Professor Dr. Goebel, For.F.L.S. 745
a 2
XX CONTENTS.
Page
4. On the Cause of Physiological Action at a Distance. By Professor L. ^
Errera ''**^
5 Notes on the Morphology of the Spore-bearing Members in Vascular
Cryptogams. By Professor F. 0. Bower, F.R.S lii
6. Notes on an Aposporous Fern Seedling. By C. T. Droery 747
7. A Chytridian Parasitic on Cyclops' Eggs. By Professor M. Haetog, D.Sc. 747
8. On the Arrangement of the Buds in Lemna Minor. By Miss Nina F. ^
Latard '^'
Department of Physiology.
1. Vital Absorption. By Professor E. Waymouth Reid 748
2. On Animal Heat and Physiological Calorimetry. By Professor Rosenthal 749
3 Proteid Hydrochlorides. By A. Lockhart Gillespie, M.D., CM.,
F.R.aP.E 750
4 On the Structure of the so-called Hibernating Gland in the Hedgehog.
By E. W. Carlibk, M.D., B.Sc, F R.M.S 752
.6 The Functions, Staining Reactions, and Structure of Nuclei. By Gustav
Mann, M.B., CM 753
Department of Zoology.
1. On the Social Habits of Spiders. By Dr. McCook 754
2. On a Use of the External Ear. By Professor A. Crum Brown, F.R.S... . 754
3. The Method of Comparative Psychology. ByProfessorCLLOXD Morgan 754
4. On the Relationships and Role of the Archoplasmic Body during Mitosis
in the Larval Salamander. By J. E. S. Mooee, A.R.CS.Lond 755
5. On an Abnormal Horse's Foot. By Professor J. Coss.\R Ewart 756
6. The Origin of Sex. By Gustav Mann, M.B., CM 756
7. Larvae and their Relations to Adult Forms. By J. Beard, M.Sc, Ph.D. 757
8. The Exploration of the Irish Sea to the South of the Isle of Man. By
Professor W. A. Herdman, F.R.S 757
SATURDAY, AUGUST G.
1. On a Myograph for the Projection of Muscle Curves, and on a Method of
Recording the Time of Voluntary Movements. By Professor John G.
McKendrick, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E ." 757
2. On the Origin of the Electric Nerves in the Torpedo, Gymnotus, Mormy-
rus, and Malopterurus. By Professor Gustav Feitsch 757
3. On the Leaf of Victoria Regia. By Professor L. C Miall, F.R.S 758
4. The Blood-vessels and Lymphatics of the Retina. By James Musgeove,
M.D 758
5. Remarks on a Series of Extinct Birds of New Zealand, recently discovered.
By H. 0. Forbes, F.Z.S 760
CONTENTS. XXI
Page
6. Natural Relations between Temperature and Protoplasmic Movements.
By Jas. Clare, M.A., Ph.U 760
7. Experimental Observations on the Function of the Nucleus in the Vege-
table Cell. By Jas. Clare, M.A., Ph.D 761
8. Co-ordination of Cellular Growth and Action by Physical Forces. By
Francis Warner, M.D 761
MONDAY, AUGUST 8.
1. A Sketch of the Scottish Fisheries, chiefly in their Scientific Aspects,
during the past decade (1882-1892). By Professor W. C. McIntosh,
F.R.S.L. & E 762
2. On Sea Fisheries. By Professor J. Cossar Ewakt, F.R.S.E 763
3. On the Destruction of Immature Fish, and a Discussion on Remedial
Measures. By the Staff of the Marine Biological Association ;.. 763
Part I. Introductory Statement. By W. L. Calberwood, Director
M.B.A. Laboratory 763
Part II. On the Relation of Size to Sexual Maturity :
(i) North Sea Grounds. By Ernest W. L. Holt 765
(ii) Plymouth District. By W. L. Calderwood 767
Part III. The Protection of Immature Fish. By J. T. Cunning-
ham, M.A 767
Part IV. (i) On the Destruction of Immature Fish in the North Sea.
By Ernest W. L. Holt 768
(ii) On Remedial Measures. By Ernest W. L. Holt 771
4. The Food of Fish. By W. Ramsat Smith, B.Sc, M.B., CM 772
6. Notes on Teleostean Development. By E. W. L. Holt 772
6. The Effect of Sea Water on the Vitality of the Salmon Fungus. By
A. P. Swan 772
7. On the Formation of Argenteous Matter in the Integument of Teleosteans,
By Professor E. E. Prince 772
8. The Development of the Pharyngeal Teeth in the Labridae. By Professor
E. E. Prince 773
9. On the Skin of the Hedgehog. By E. W. Caklier, M.D., B.Sc, F.R.M.S. 773
10. On the Industry and Intelligence of Insects in relation to Flowers. By
Rev. Alex. S. Wilson 774
TUESDA Y, A UG UST 9.
Department of Botany.
1. Tubercles on the Thallus of some Floridea3. By Professor Schmitz 774
2. On a Comparison of the Marine Floras of the Warm Atlantic and the
Indian Ocean. By George Murray, F.R.S.E., F.L.S 775
3. On the Structure of the Stem of a Typical Sigilhiria. By W. Car-
RUTHERS, F.R.S 776
XXll CONTENTS.
Page
4. Calamostacliys Binneyaiia (Sctimp.), By Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc 776
5. Notes on Specimens of Myeloxylon (Brong.) from the Millstone Grit and
Coal Measures. By A. C. Sewaed, M.A., F.CI.S 776
6. Observations on the Structure of Cystopus Caudidus. By Harold W. T.
Wageb 777
7. On the Affinity of Nuclein for Iron and other Substances. By Professor
G. GiLSON 778
8. A Method of Staining Chromatin by Chemical Means. By Professor G.
GiLSON 780
9. A proposed Reform in Botanical Nomenclature. By James Britten . . . 780
10, Conditions affecting Plant Life in a Town Atmosphere. By G. H.
Bailey, D.Sc, Ph.D 781
11. Some Albucas and their Hybrids. By John H. Wilson, D.Sc, F.R.S.E. 781
12. The Embryo-sac of Angiosperms is a Sporocyte and not a Macrospore.
By Gustav Mann, M.B., CM 782
13, On the Disappearance of Native Plants from their Local Habitats. B3'
Professor W. Hillhouse, M.A., F.L.S 783
Depaktment of Zoology.
1. Presentation de Planches inedites de Zoologie coucernaut les Recherches
du Yacht I'Hirondelle. Par Baron Jules de Guekne 785
2. Crustaces Copepodes des Eaux sursatur^es de Sel do la France et des
Canaries. Par Baron Jules de Gtjerne 785
3. Observations on the Development of the Posterior Cranial and Anterior
Spinal Nerves in Mammals. By Arthur Robinson, M.D 785
4. On Cranial Ganglia, By Professor J. Cossar Ewakt, M.D., F.K.S E. ... 786
5. Renevi'ed Experiments on the Modification of the Colours of Lepidopterous
Pupae. By E. B. Poulton, F.R.S 786
6. An Observation bearing on the Non-transmission of Characters required
by certain Pupa3. By E. B. Poulton, F.R.S 786
7. On the Cerebral Commissures in the Marsupialia and Monotremata. By
Johnson Symington, M.D., F.R.S.E 787
8. The Early Development of the Isopod Crustacea. Bv Professor J. Play-
fair M'MuRRicH .'. 787
9. Note on the Geographical Distribution of Ascidians. By Professor W, A.
Herdman, D.Sc, F.R.S 787
10. Note on Atrial, or Circumcloacal, Tentacles in the Tunicata, By Professor
W. A Herdman, F.R.S 788
11. Notes on Lampreys and Hags. By J. Beard, M.Sc, Ph.D 789
12. On the Skeleton and Teeth of the Australian Diigong. By Professor
G. B. Howes and J. Harrison 790
13. Can Spiders prognosticate Weather Changes? By Dr. M'Cook 790
14. Some Notes on Marine and Fresh Water Ohironomus. By G. Swainson 790
15. The Earthworms of Great Britain. By the Rev. Hilderic Friend, F.L.S. 790
<«
I
CONTENTS. Xxiil
Page
16. The Human Body as a Conductor of Electricity, By H. Newman Law-
rence 792
17. Fertilisation of the Eggs of the Stickleback. By Professor J. B. Hat-
CEAPT 792
18. On the Canalisation of Cells and the Continuity of Living Matter in
Plants and Animals. By Dr. Louis Olivier 792
Section E.— GEOGRAPHY.
THURSDA Y, A UG UST 4.
Address by Professor James Geikie, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.,F.R.S.E., F.G.S.,
President of the Section 794
1. First Ascent of the Oraefa Jokull, Iceland. By F. AV. W. Howell 810
2. Place Names. By Dr. J. Buesess 810
3. Rainfall in Formosa and some of the Effects on the Island and Mainland
of China. By J. Thomson 811
4. On the Windings of Rivers. By J. Y. Buchanan, F.R.S 812
5. Travels in Lesser Thibet. By Mrs. Bishop 812
FRIDAY, AUGUST 5.
1. On Meteorological Observations in the Atlantic Ocean. By the Peince of
Monaco 812
2. The Density, Temperature, and Motion of the Waters of the Gulf of
Guinea. By J. Y. Buchanan, F.R.S 813
3. Physical Geography of the Firth of Forth. By Hugh Robeet Mill,
D.Sc, F.R.S.E 813
4. On the Need for Teaching in Meteorology. By H. N. Dickson, F.R.S.E.,
F.R.Met.Soc 813
5. The Desert of Atacama. By Mrs. Lillie Grove 814
6. Photography as a Means of Surveying. By Colonel H. C. 0. Tannee ... 814
7. Some Notes on a New Method for the Determination of Geographical
Longitudes by Lunar Distances. By Dr. H. Schlichtee 815
MONDAY, AUGUST 8.
1. Notes on a Portion of the Kalahari. By E. Wilkinson , 815
2. The Geography of the Zimbabwe Ruins in Mashonaland. By J. Theo-
dore Bent 816
3. Report of the Mashonaland Committee 816
4. The Orientation and Architectural Features of the Ruined Temples of
Mashonaland. By Robert M. W. Swan 816
XXiv CONTENTS.
Page j
5. The Industrial Geography of Nyassaland. By J. Y. Buchanan, F.R.S. 816 :
6. Across the Veldt to Lobengula's Capital. By Lieut. H. Ceichton **
Browne 7 817 ij
7. On Opening Relations with the Haiisa Race of West Soudan. Bj- A. ;
Heebert Hallen 817 J
8. Report of the Committee on the Climatological and Hydrographical Con- %
ditions of Tropical Africa 817 s
TUESBA Y, A UG UST 9.
1. On Professor Albrecht Penck's proposed Map of the World on a Scale of
1: 1,000,000. By E. CI. Ravenstein 817
2. A recent Journey in Yemen. By Walter B. Haekis 818
3. A recent Visit to the Chatham Islands, and some points in connection
with Geographical Distribution. By II. 0. Foebes, F.Z.S 819
4. On some recent Explorations in British New Guinea. By Coutts Trotter 819
5. The Eastern Laos States of Siam in the Mekong Valley. By W. R. D,
Beckett 819
6. Cadamosto: 'The Marco Polo of West Africa.' By H. Yule Oldham... 820
7. North Korea. Ry C. W. Campbell 820
8. On a new Project for drying up the Zuyder Zee. By Professor P. H.
SCHOUTE ■ 820
Discussion with Section B on Oceanogi-aphy : —
(a) New Results m the Density and Temperature of the Bottom Water
of the Atlantic oft' the Brazilian Coast. By J. Y. Buchanan,
F.R.S : 821
(b) The Hydrography of the Baltic, the Kategat, and the Skagerak.
By Professor Otto Petteesson 821
(c) The Physicaland Biological Conditions of the Black Sea. By
M. N. Andeesoff 821
{d) The Chemical Composition of Sea Water. By Dr. Gibson 821
Section F.— ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS.
THUR8DA F, .4 UG UST 4.
Address by the Hon. Sir Charles W. Feemantle, K.C.B., President of the
Section gog
1 . Methods of Social Inquiry. By Professor P. Geddes 835
2. La Science Sociale et sa M(;thode. Par M. Demolins 836
3. Some Notes on the Compilation of Monographs on the Economics of laige
Cities, with Illustrations from the case of Glasgow. By Professor Jambs
^i^^o« 835
CONTENTS. XXV
Page
4. The Slums of Manchester. By Chas. W. Smiley, M.A 836
5 Parliamentary Returns on Social and Economic Subjects. By C. S.
Loch, B.A 836
6. The Relation of Ethics to Economics. By J. S. Mackenzie, M.A 837
FRIDAY, AUGUST 5.
1 . Old-age Pensions. By Rev. W. Mookb Ede, M.A 838
2. The Poor-law: Can it be Maintained? By Rev. T. W. Fowle, M.A. ... 839-
3. Old-age Pensions and Friendly Societies. By Rev. J. Feome Wil-
kinson, M.A 839
4. The Better Housing of the Wage-earning Classes in Rural Districts. By
Rev. J. 0. Bbvan, M.A., F.G.S 839
SATURDAY, AUGUST 6.
1. Adam Smith and his Relations to recent Economics. By L. L.
Price, M.A 840
2. The Effects of Consumption of Wealth on Distribution. By William
Smaet, M.A 84a
3. On Copyright and Patents. By Robekt A. Macfie 841
MONDAY, AUGUST 8.
1. The Continuance of the Supply of Wheat from the United States with
Profit to the Western Farmers. By Edwaed Atkinson, Ph.D., LL.D. 841
2. The Agricultural Position in the United Kingdom. By Professor R.
Wallace 841
3. Legislation in America and elsewhere on behalf of Destitute and Aeglected
Children. By RosA M. Baeeatt 842
4. A Plea for the Study of Railway Economics. By W. M. Acworth 842
TUESDA Y, A UG UST 9.
1. Illegitimacy in Banflishire. By Wm. Ceamond, A.M., LL.D 843
2. Taxation of Building Land. By Maek Davidson 843
3. Report on the teaching of Science in Elementary Schools 844
4. The Methods of Industrial Remuneration. By David F. Schloss, M.A.,
S.C.L 844
5. The Criminal and the Habitual Offender from an Economic, Statistical,
and Social Standpoint. By J. F. Sutheeland, M.D. (Edin.) 845
Section G.— MECHANICAL SCIENCE.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 4.
Address by Professor W. Cawthoene Unwin, F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E., President
of the Section 847
XXVI CONTENTS.
Page
1. The World's Columbian ]''xposition for 1893. By Jajuos Dkkdge, and
ROBEET S. McCORJIlCK 858
2. The Application of Destructors, especially to the I'^leetric Lig'hting of
Edinburgh. By Professor G. Foebes, F.R.S., F.R.S.E \ 860
3. The Disposal of Refuse. By G. Watsox 860
4. The Absorption and Filtration of Sewage on Sandy and other Soils. By
RiCHAED F. Geaxtham, M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S 863
5. Shield Tunnelling in Loose Ground under Water Pressure. ]Sv G. F.
Deacon ." 863
6. Proposed Forth and Clyde Ship Canal. By David A. Stevexson, B.Sc,
F.R.S.E., M.Inst.C.E 863
FRIDAY, AUGUST 5.
1. An Automatic Railway for the Carriage of Packages. By David Cun-
ningham, M.Inst.C.E., F.R.S.E " 864
2. On Electric Locomotives. By Alexander Siemens 865
3. The Utilisation of the Energy of Flowing Water. Description of the
Purdon- Walters Motor. By 5lessrs. PrKDOX' and Walters 866
4. On the Extended Use of the Principle of the Hydraulic Ram. By H. D.
Pearsall, Assoc.MJnst.C.E ' 867
5. On a new Form of Windmill. By Professor James Bltth, M.A 869
6. Flexible Metallic Tubing. By Gilbert R. Redgrave, Assoc.lnst.C.E.... 870
JVO^^I>Ar, AUGUST s.
1. Report on Graphic Methods. By Professor H. S.Helk-Shaw, M.Inst.C.E. 871
2. The Destruction of Lightning Protectors by recent Municipal Legislation.
By W. H. Peeece, F.R.S 871
3. Secondary Batteries in use at the Central Telegi-aph Office, London, for
Telegraphic Purposes. By W. H. Peeece, F.R.S 872
4. Power Transmission by Alternating Current. By Gisbeet Kapp 873
6. A new Electric Locomotive. By E. H. Woods 874
6. Coin-counting Machine at the Royal Mint. By Lieut. W. B. Basset, R.N. 876
7. Antifriction Materials for Bearings used without Lubricants. By Killing-
worth Hedges, M.Inst.C.E 876
8. Notes on the Design of Steam Generators especially adapted for High
Pressures. By H. B. Thwaite, C.E., F.C.S 877
9. The Strength of Small Chains. By Professor H. S. Hele-Shaw,
M.Inst.C.E .' 878
TU-ESBA r, A UG VST Vi.
1. Dredgers. By A. Brown 879
2. Note on Motors used for Fog Signals in the Northern Lighthouse Service.
By David A. Stevenson, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., M.Inst.C.E 879
3. On the Progress of the Dioptric Lens as used in Lighthouse Illumination.
By Charles A. Stevenson, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., M.Inst.C.E 879
4. Smoke-consuming Apparatus. By A. R. Sennett 880
CONTENTS. XXVll
Page
5. A System of Purifying the Smoke from Domestic and other Fires. By
Colonel E. Dflier 880
6. The London Sewage Question. By Ckawfoed Baelow, B.A., M.Inst.C.E. 881
7. City Sanitation as practically conducted in Edinburgh. By John CoorEK,
Assoc.M.Inst.C.E ": 882
8. On the Extinction of Fires in Ships' Holds. By H. C. Carter 883
9. On a new Form of Steam Brake for Locomotives. By William Cross,
C.E 884
10. On a new Form of Gas Engine. By Joseph Day, A.M.Inst.O.E 884
Section H.— ANTHROPOLOGY.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 4.
Address by Alexanber Macalistee, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy in
the University of Cambridge, President of the Section 886
1. On the Organisation of Local Anthropological Research. By E. W.
Brabrook 896
■2. Report of the Anthropometric Laboratory Committee 896
3. Report of the Anthropological Notes and Queries Committee 896
4. Discovery of the Common Occurrence of Palaeolithic "Weapons in Scotland.
By Rev. Frederick Smith 896
6. Notes on Cyclopean Architecture in the South Pacific Islands. By R. A.
Sterstdale 897
-6. On a Fronto-limbic Formation of the Human Cerebrum, By Dr. L.
Manouvrier 897
7. The Indo-Europeans' Conception of a Fixture Life and its Bearing upon
their Religions. By Professor G. Haetwell Jones, M.A 898
FRIDAY, AUGUST 5.
1. Exhibition of Photographs, Weapons, &c., of Toba Indians of the Gran
Chaco. By J. Graham Keee 900
2. Exhibition of pre-Palteolithic Flints. By J. Montgomeeie Bell 900
3. The Present Inhabitants of Mashonaland, and their Origin. By J. Theo-
dore Bent 900
4. Report of the Mashonaland Committee 901
5. On the Value of Art in Ethnology. By Professor A. C. Haddon 901
6. Similarity of certain Ancient Necropoleis in the Pyrenees and in North
Britain. By Dr. Phen^, F.S.A 901
7. A Contribution to the Ethnology of Jersey. By Andrew Dunlop, M.D.,
F.G.S : 902
8. On the Past and Present Condition of the Natives of the Friendly Island.^!,
or Tonga. By R. B. Leepe 903
9. Damma Island and its Natives. By P. W. Bassett-Smith, Surg. R.N.,
F.R.M.S 903
10. Report of the North- Western Tribes of Canada Committee 904
11. Discussion on Anthropometric Identification, opened by Dr. L. MANOtrvEiER 904
XXVlll CONTENTS.
SATURDAY, AUGUST 6.
Page
Some Developmental and Evolutional Aspects of Criminal Anthropology.
By T. S. Clouston, M.D., F.R.S.E. (followed by a Discussion on Criminal
Anthropology) 904
MONDAY, AUGUST 8.
1 . On a Coiffure from the South Seas. By Sir W. Turnee 90&
2. On the Articular Processes of the Vertebrte in the Gorilla compared with
those in Man, and on Costo-vertebral Variation in the Gorilla. By Pro-
fessor Stkuthees, M.D., LL.D 906
3. On the probable Derivation of some Characteristic Sounds in certain Lan-
guages from Cries or Noises made by Animals. By J. Mansel AVeale 907
4. On the Prehensile Power of Infants. By Dr. Lotris Robinson 909
5. The Integumentary Grooves on the Palm of the Hand and Sole of the Foot
of Man and the Anthropoid Apes. By David IIepbtjen, M.D., CM.,
F.R.S.E 909
6. On the Contemporaneity of Man and the Moa. By H. 0. Foebes 910
7. Discussion on Human Osteometry, opened by Dr. J. G. Gaeson 910
TUESDA Y, A UG UST 9.
1. Exhibition of Composite Photographs of United States Soldiers. By Dr.
J. G. Gaeson 910
2. Observations as to Physical Deviations from the Normal as seen among
50,000 Children. By" Francis Warner, M.D 910
3. On the Brain of an Australian. By Professor A. Macalistee 911
4. On Skulls from Mobanga, Upper Congo. By Professor A. Macalistee... 911
5. On some Facial Characters of the Ancient Egyptians. By Professor A.
Macalistee 912
6. On some very Ancient Skeletons from Medum, Egvpt. By J. Q. Gaeson,
M.D ". 912
7. On a Skull from Port Talbot, Glamorganshire. By C. Phillips, B.A. ... 912
8. On Trepanning the Human Skull in Prehistoric times. By Robeet Muneo,
M.A., M.D 912
9. On the Use of Narcotics by the Nicobar Islanders, and certain Deforma-
tions connected therewith. By E. H. Man 913
10. Report of the Indian Committee 914
11. Report of the Prehistoric Remains of Glamorganshire Committee 914
12. Report of the Elbolton Cave Committee 914
13. Exhibition of the Philograph — a simple Apparatus for the Preparation
of Lecture Diagrams. By G. W. Bloxam, M.A 914
14. Exhibition of Photographs representing the Prehensile Power of Infants.
By L. Robinson, M.D 914
Index 915
XXIX
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATES I.— IV.
Illustrating Professor A. A. Michelsou's paper on the Application of Interference
Methods to Spectroscopic Measurements,
Errata in 3891 {Cardiff) Report.
Page 154, line 10, for Garden, read Cardew.
Page 564, last line hut one, for Secret, read Recent.
Errata in 1892 (Edinburgh) Beport.
Page 138, line S,for M, G. Guillaume, 7-ead C, E, Guillaume.
OBJECTS AND RULES
OP
THE ASSOCIATION.
OBJECTS.
The Association contemplates no interference with the ground occupied
by other institutions. Its objects are : — To give a stronger impulse and
a more systematic direction to scientific inquiry, — to promote the inter-
course of those who cultivate Science in different parts of the British
Empire, with one another and with foreign philosophers, — to obtain a
more general attention to the objects of Science, and a removal of any
disadvantages of a public kind which impede its progress.
KULES.
Admission of Members and Associates.
All persons who have attended the first Meeting shall be entitled
to become Members of the Association, upon subscribing an obligation
to conform to its Rules.
The Fellows and Members of Chartered Literary and Philosophical
Societies publishing Transactions, in the British Empire, shall be entitled,
in like manner, to become Members of the Association.
The Officers and Members of the Councils, or Managing Committees,
of Philosophical Institutions shall be entitled, in like manner, to become
Members of the Association,
All Members of a Philosophical Institution recommended by its Coun-
cil or Managing Committee shall be entitled, in like manner, to become
Members of the Association.
Persons not belonging to such Institutions shall be elected by the
General Committee or Council, to become Life Members of the Asso-
ciation, Annual Subscribers, or Associates for the year, subject to the
approval of a General Meeting.
Compositions, Subscriptions, and Privileges.
Life Members shall pay, on admission, the sum of Ten Pounds. They
shall receive cjrattiitously the Reports of the Association which may be
published after the date of such payment. They are eligible to all the
offices of the Association.
Annual Subscribers shall pay, on admission, the sum of Two Pounds,
and in each following year the sum of One Pound. They shall receive
EULKS OF THE ASSOCIATION. XXXI
gratvitously the Reports of the Association for the year of their admission
and for the years in which they continue to pay luitJiout intermissioyi their
Annnal Subscription. By omitting to pay this subscription in any par-
ticular year, Members of this cliiss (Annual Subscribers) lose for that and
(dlfuhire years the privilege of receiving the volumes of the Association
gratis ; but they may resume their Membershii? and other privileges at any
subsequent Meeting of the Association, paying on each such occasion the
sum of One Pound. They are eligible to all the Offices of the Association.
Associates for the year shall pay on admission the sum of One Pound.
They shall not receive gratuitously the Reports of the Association, nor be
eligible to serve on Committees, or to hold any office.
The Association consists of the followincr classes : —
P
1. Life Members admitted from 1831 to 1845 inclusive, who have paid
on admission Five Pounds as a composition.
2. Life Members who in 1846, or in subsequent years, have paid on
admission Ten Pounds as a composition.
3. Annual Members admitted from 1881 to 1889 inclusive, subject to
the payment of One Pound annually. [May resume their Membership after
intermission of Annual Payment.]
4. Annual Members admitted in any year since 1889, subject to the
payment of Two Pounds for the first year, and One Pound in each
following year. [May resume their Membership after intermission of
Annual Payment.]
5. Associates for the year, subject to the payment of One Pound.
6. Corresponding Membei's nominated by the Council.
And the Members and Associates will be entitled to receive the annual
volume of Reports, gratis, or to jjurcJiase it at reduced (or Members')
price, according to the following specification, viz. : —
1. Oralis. — Old Life Members who have paid Five Pounds as a compo-
sition for Annual Payments, and previous to 184.5 a further
sum of Two Pounds as a Book Subscription, or, since 184-5,
a further sum of Five Pounds.
New Life Members who have paid Ten Pounds as a composition.
Annual Members v:lio have not intermitted their Annual Sub-
scription.
2. At reduced or Members' Price, viz., two-thirds of the Publication Price.
— Old Life Members who have paid Five Pounds as a compo-
sition for Annual Payments, but no further sum as a Book
Subscription.
Annual Members who have intermitted their Annual Subscription.
Associates for the year. [Privilege confined to the volume for
that year only.]
8. Members may purchase (for the purpose of completing their sets) any
of the volumes of the Reports of the Association up to 1874,
of which more than 15 copies remain, at 2s. 6d. per volume.'
Application to be made at the Office of the Association.
Volumes not claimed within two years of the date of publication can
I5nly be issued by direction of the Council.
Subscriptions shall be received by the Treasurer or Secretaries.
' A few complete sets,^1831 to 1874, are on sale, at jglO the set.
XXxii RULES OF THK ASSOCIATION.
Meethigs.
Tlie Association shall meet aunaally, for one week, or longer. The
place of each Meeting shall be ajapointed hy the General Committee two
years in advance ; and the arrangements for it shall be entrusted to the
OflBcers of the Association.
General Co'inmittee.
The General Committee sball sit during the week of the Meeting, or
longer, to transact the business of the Association. It shall consist of the
following persons : —
Class A. Permanent Members.
1. Members of the Council, Presidents of the Association, and Presi-
dents of Sections for the present and preceding years, with Authors of
Reports in the Transactions of the Association.
2. Members who by the publication of Works or Papers have fur-
thered the advancement of those subjects which are taken into considei-a-
tion at the Sectional Meetings of the Association. With a vierv of sub-
mitting new claims under this Rule to the decision of the Council, they m,ust
he sent to the Secretary at least one month before the Meeting of the Associa-
tion. Tike decision of the Council on the claims of any Member of the Associa-
tion to be placed on the list of the General Committee iv be final.
Class B. Temporary Members.'
1. Delegates nominated by the Corresponding Societies under the
conditions hereinafter explained. Claims under this Rule to be sent to the
Secretary before the opening of the Meeting.
2. Office-bearers for the time being, or delegates, altogether not ex-
ceeding three, from Scientific Institutions established in the place of
Meeting. Claims under this Rale to be ajjproved by the Local Secretaries
before the opening of the Meeting.
3. Foreigners and other individuals whose assistance is desired, and
who are specially nominated in writing, for the Meeting of the year, by
the President and General Secretaries.
4. Vice-Presidents and Secretaries of Sections.
Organising Sectional Uomrmttees.^
The Presidents, Vice-Presidents, and Secretaries of the several Sec-
tions are nominated by the Council, and have power to act until their
names ai"e submitted to the General Committee for election.
From the time of their nomination they constitute Organising Com-
mittees for the purpose of obtaining information upon the INIemoirs and
Reports likely to be submitted to the Sections,^ and of preparing Reports
' Revised by the General Committee, 1884.
'' Passed by the G-eneral Committee, Edinburah, 1871.
3 Notice to Contributors of 3femoirs. — Authors are reminded that, under an
arrangement dating from 1871, the acceptance of Memoirs, and the days on which
they are to be read, are now as far as possible determined by Organising Committees
for the several Sections before the beginning of the Meeting. It has therefore become
RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION. XXXIU
thereon, and on the oi'der in which it is desirable that they should be
read, to be presented to the Committees of the Sections at their first
meeting. The Sectional Presidents of former years are ex officio members
of the Organising Sectional Committees.'
An Organising Committee may also hold such preliminary meetings as
the President of the Committee thinks expedient, but shall, under any
circumstances, meet on the first Wednesday of the Annual Meeting, at
11 A.M., to nominate the first members of the Sectional Committee, if
they shall consider it expedient to do so, and to settle the terms of their
report to the Sectional Committee, after which their functions as an
Organising Committee shall cease. '^
Constitution of the Sectional Committees.^
On the first day of the Annual Meeting, the President, Vice-Presi-
dents, and Secretaries of each Section having been appointed by the
General Committee, these Officers, and those previous Presidents and
Vice-Presidents of the Section who may desire to attend, are to meet, at
2 P.M., in their Committee Rooms, and enlarge the Sectional Committees
by selecting individuals from among the Members (not Associates) present
at the Meeting whose assistance they may particularly desire. The Sec-
tional Committees thus constituted shall have power to add to their
number from day to day.
The List thus formed is to be entered daily in the Sectional Minute-
Book, and a copy forwarded without delay to the Printer, who is charged
with publishing the same before 8 a.m. on the next day in the Journal of
the Sectional Pi-oceedings.
Business of the Sectional Committees.
Committee Meetings are to be held on the Wednesday, and on the
following Thursday, Friday, Saturday,* Monday, and Tuesday, for the
objects stated in the Rules of the Association, and specified below. The
Organising Committee of a Section is empowered to arrange the hours of
meeting of the Section and the Sectional Committee [see p. xc].
The business is to be conducted in the following manner : —
1. The President shall call on the Secretary to read the minutes of
the previous Meeting of the Committee.
2, No paper shall be read until it has been formally accepted by the
Lnecessary, in order to give an opportunity to the Committees of doing justice to the
jeveral Communications, that each author should prepare an Abstract of his Memoir
If a length suitable for insertion in the published Transactions of the Association,
nd that he should send it, together with the original Memoir, by book-post, on or
efore , addressed to the General Secretaries, at the office of
le Association. 'For Section ' If it should be inconvenient to the Author
_ iat his paper should be read on any particular days, he is requested to send in-
formation thereof to the Secretaries in a separate note. Authors who send in their
MSS. three complete weeks before the Meeting, and whose papers are accepted,
will be furnished, before the Meeting, with printed copies of their Reports and
abstracts. No Report, Paper, or Abstract can be inserted in the Annual Volume
unless it is handed either to the Recorder of the Section or to the Secretary, hefcre
the conclusion of the Meet'mg.
' Sheffield, 1879. ^ Swansea, 1880. ' Edinburgh, 1871.
' The meeting on Saturday is optional, Southport, 1883.
1892. b
XXxiv RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION.
Committee of the Section, and entered on tlie minutes accord-
ingly.
3. Papers which have been reported on unfavourably by the Organ-
ising Committees shall not be brought before the Sectional
Committees.'
At the first meeting, one of the Secretaries will read the Minutes of
last year's proceedings, as recorded in the Minute-Book, and the Synopsis
of Recommendations adopted at the last Meeting of the Association
and printed in the last volume of the Report. He will next proceed to
read the Report of the Organising Committee. ^ The list of Communi-
cations to be read on Thursday shall be then arranged, and the general
distribution of business throughout the week shall be provisionally ap-
pointed. At the close of the Committee Meeting the Secretaries shall
forward to the Printer a List of the Papers appointed to be read. The
Printer is charged with publishing the same before 8 a.m. on Thursday
in the Journal.
On the second day of the Annual Meeting, and the following days,
the Secretaries are to correct, on a copy of the Journal, the list of papers
which have been read on that day, to add to it a list of those appointed
to be read on the next day, and to send this copy of the Journal as early
in the day as possible to the Printer, who is charged with printing the
same before 8 a.m. next morning in the Journal. It is necessary that one
of the Secretaries of each Section (generally the Recorder) should call
at the Printing Office and revise the proof each evening.
Minutes of the proceedings of every Committee are to be entered daily
in the Minute-Book, which should be confirmed at the next meeting of
the Committee.
Lists of the Reports and Memoirs read in the Sections are to be entered
in the Minute-Book daily, which, with all Memoirs mid Copies or Abstracts
of Memoirs fmidshed by Aikthors, are to be forwarded, at the close of the
Sectional Meetings, to the Secretary.
The Vice-Presidents and Secretaries of Sections become ex officio
temporary Members of the General Committee (vide p. xxxii), and will
receive, on application to the Treasurer in the Reception Room, Tickets
entitlinsr them to attend its Meetings.
The Committees will take into consideration any suggestions which may
be offered by their Members for the advancement of Science. They are
specially requested to review the recommendations adopted at preceding
Meetings, as published in the volumes of the Association, and the com-
munications made to the Sections at this Meeting, for the purposes of
selecting definite points of research to which individual or combined
exertion may be usefully directed, and branches of knowledge on the
state and progress of which Reports are wanted ; to name individuals or
Committees for the execution of such Reports or researches ; and to state
whether, and to what degree, these objects may be usefully advanced by
the appropriation of the funds of the Association, by application to
Government, Philosophical Institutions, or Local Authorities.
In case of appointment of Committees for special objects of Science,
it is expedient that all Members of the Committee should be nam,ed, and
' These rules were adopted by the General Committee, Plymouth, 1877.
2 This and the following sentence were added by the General Committee, Edin»
burgh, 1871.
RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION. XXXV
one of them appointed to act as Chairman, who shall have notified per-
sonally or in ivriting his loillingness to accept the office, the Chairman to have
the resjyonsihility of receiving and disbursing the grant (if any has been made)
and securing the presentation of the Report in due time ; and further, it is
expedient that one of the members should be appointed to act as Secretary, for
ensuring attention to business.
That it is desirable that the number of Members appointed to serve on a
Committee should be as small as is consistent with its efficient vjorking.
That a tabular list of the Committees appointed on the recommendation
of each Section should be sent each year to the Recorders of the several Sec-
tions, to enable them to fill in the statement ichether the several Committees
appointed on the recommendation of their respective Sections had presented
their reports.
That on the proposal to recommend the appointment of a Committee for a
special object of science having been adopted by the Sectional Committee, the
number of Members of such Committee be then fixed, hut that the Members to
serve on such Committee he nominated and selected by the Sectional Com-
mittee at a subsequent meeting.^
Committees have power to add to their number persons whose assist-
ance they may require.
The recoramendations adopted by the Committees of Sections are to
be registered in the Forms furnished to their Secretaries, and one Copy of
each is to be forwarded, without delay, to the Secretary for presentation
to the Committee of Eecommendations. Unless this be done, the Becom-
mendations cannot receive the sanction of the Association.
N.B. — Eecommendations which may originate in any one of the Sections
must first be sanctioned by the Committee of that Section before they can
be referred to the Committee of Recommendations or confirmed by the
General Committee.
The Committees of the Sections shall ascertain whether a Report has
been made by every Committee appointed at the previous Meeting to whom
a sum of money has been granted, and shall report to the Committee of
Recommendations in every case where no such Report has been received.^
Notices regarding Grants of Money,
Committees and individuals, to whom grants of money have been
entrusted by the Association for the pi-osecution of particular researches
in science, are required to present to each following Meeting of the
Association a Report of the progress which has been made ; and the
Chairman of a Committee to whom a money grant has been made must
forward to the General Officers, before July 1, a statement of the sums
which have been expended, with vouchers, and the balance which
remains disposable on each grant.
Grants of money sanctioned at any one Meeting of the Association
expire on June 30 following ; nor is the Treasurer authorised, after that
date, to allow any claims on account of such grants, unless they be
renewed in the original or a modified form by the General Committee.
No Committee shall raise money in the name or under the auspices
of the British Association without special permission from the General
Revised by the General Committee, Batli, 1888.
Passed by tlie General Committee at Sheffield, 1879.
b2
XXXVl RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION.
Committee to do so ; and no money so raised shall be expended except in
accordance witli the rules of the Association.
In each Committee, the Chairman is the only person entitled
to call on tlie Treasurer, Professor A. W. Riicker, F.R.S., Burlington
House, London, W., for such portion of the sums granted as may from
time to time be required.
In grants of money to Committees, the Association does not contem-
plate the payment of personal expenses to the members.
In all cases where additional grants of money are made for the con-
tinuation of Researches at the cost of the Association, the sum named is
deemed to include, as a part of the amount, whatever balance may remain
unpaid on the former grant for the same object.
All Instruments, Papers, Drawings, and other property of the Associa-
tion are to be deposited at the Office of the Association, when not
employed in carrying on scientific inquiries for the Association.
Business of the Sections.
The Meeting Room of each Section is opened for conversation shortly
before the meeting commences. The Section Rooms and approaches thereto
can he used for no notices, exhibitions, or other purposes than those of the
Association.
At the time appointed the Chair will be taken,' and the reading of
communications, in the order previously made public commenced.
Sections may, by the desire of the Committees, divide themselves into
Departments, as often as the number and nature of the communications
delivered in may render such divisions desirable.
A Report presented to the Association, and read to the Section which
originally called for it, may be read in another Section, at the request of
the Officers of that Section, with the consent of the Author.
Duties of the Doorkeepers.
1. To remain constantly at the Doors of the Rooms to which they are
appointed during the whole time for which they are engaged.
2. To require of every person desirous of entering the Rooms the ex-
hibition of a Member's, Associate's, or Lady's Ticket, or Reporter's
Ticket, signed by the Treasurer, or a Special Ticket signed by the
Secretary.
3. Persons unprovided with any of these Tickets can only be admitted
to any particular Room by order of the Secretary in that Room.
No person is exempt from these Rules, except those Officers of the
Association whose names are printed in the programme, p. 1.
Duties of the Messengers.
To remain constantly at the Rooms to which they are appointed dur-
ing the whole time for which they are engaged, except when employed on
messages by one of the Officers directing these Rooms.
' The Organising Committee of a Section is empowered to arrange the hours of
meeting of the Section and Sectional Committee. Passed by the General Committee
at Edinburgh, 1892.
RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION. XXXVll
Cominittee of Recommendations.
9 The Genei'al Committee shall appoint at each Meeting a Committee,
which shall receive and consider the Recommendations of the Sectional
Committees, and report to the General Committee the measures which
they would advise to be adopted for the advancement of Science.
Presidents of the Association in former years are ex officio members of
the Committee of Recommendations.'
All Recommendations of Grants of Money, Requests for Special Re-
searches, and Reports on Scientific Subjects shall be submitted to the
Committee of Recommendations, and not taken into consideration by the
General Committee unless previously recommended by the Committee of
Recommendations.
All proposa!s for establishing new Sections, or altering the titles of
Sections, or for any other change in the constitutional forms and funda-
mental rules of the Association, shall be referred to the Committee of
Recommendations for a report.^
If the President of a Section is unable to attend a meeting of the
Committee of Recommendations, the Sectional Committee shall be
authorised to appoint a Vice-President, or, failing a Vice-President,
some other member of the Committee, to attend in his place, due notice
of the appointment being sent to the Assistant General Secretary.^
Corresponding Societies.*
1. Any Society is eligible to be placed on the List of Corresponding
Societies of the Association which undertakes local scientific investiga-
tions, and publishes notices of the results.
2. Application may be made by any Society to be placed on the
List of Corresponding Societies. Applications must be addressed to the
Secretary on or before the 1st of June preceding the Annual Meeting at
which it is intended they should be considered, and must be accompanied
by specimens of the publications of the results of the local scientific
investigations recently undertaken by the Society.
3. A Cori'esponding Societies Committee shall be annually nomi-
nated by the Council and appointed by the General Committee for the
purpose of considering these applications, as well as for that of keeping
themselves generally informed of the annual work of the Corresponding
Societies, and of superintending the preparation of a list of the papers
published by them. This Committee .shall make an annual report to the
General Committee, and shall suggest such additions or changes in the
List of Corresponding Societies as they may think desirable.
4. Every Corresponding Society shall return each year, on or before the
1st of June, to the Secretary of the Association, a schedule, properly filled
up, which will be issued by the Secretary of the Association, and which will
contain a request for such particulars with regard to the Society as may
be required for the information of the Corresponding Societies Committee.
5. There shall be inserted in the Annual Report of the Association
' Passed by the General Committee at Newcastle, 1863.
- Passed by the General Committee at Birmingham, 1865.
■■' Passed by the General Committee at Leeds, 1890.
■* Passed by the General Committee, 1884.
XXXVlll RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION.
a list, in an abbreviated form, of the papers published by the Corre-
sponding Societies during the past twelve months which contain the
results of the local scientific work conducted by them ; those papers only
being included which refer to subjects coming under the cognisance of
one or other of the various Sections of the Association.
6. A Corresponding Society shall have the right to nominate any
one of its members, who is also a Member of the Association, as its dele-
gate to the Annual Meeting of the Association, who shall be for the time
a Member of the General Committee.
Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies.
7. The Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies is em-
powered to send recommendations to the Committee of Recommen-
dations for their consideration, and for report to the General Committee.
8. The Delegates of the various Corresponding Societies shall con-
stitute a Conference, of which the Chairman, Vice- Chairmen, and Secre-
taries shall be annually nominated by the Council, and appointed by the
General Committee, and of which the members of the Corresponding
Societies Committee shall be ex officio members.
9. The Conference of Delegates shall be summoned by the Secretaries
to hold one or more meetings during each Annual Meeting of the Associa-
tion, and shall be empowered to invite any Member or Associate to take
part in the meetings.
10. The Secretaries of each Section shall be instructed to transmit to
the Secretaries of the Conference of Delegates copies of any recommen-
dations forwarded by the Presidents of Sections to the Committee of
Recommendations bearing upon matters in which the co-operation of
Corresponding Societies is desired ; and the Secretaries of the Conference
of Delegates shall invite the authors of these recommendations to attend
the meetings of the Conference and give verbal explanations of their
objects and of the precise way in which they would desire to have them
carried into effect.
11. It will be the duty of the Delegates to make themselves familiar
with the purport of the several recommendations brought before the Confer-
ence, in order that they and others who take part in the meetings may be
able to bring those recommendations clearly and favourably before their
respective Societies. The Conference may also discuss propositions bear-
ing on the promotion of more systematic observation and plans of opera-
tion, and of greater uniformity in the mode of publishing results.
Local Committees.
Local Committees shall be formed by the Officers of the Association
to assist in making arrangements for the Meetings.
Local Committees shall have the power of adding to their numbers
(those Members of the Association whose assistance they may depire.
Officers.
A President, two or more Vice-Presidents, one or more Secretaries,
and a Treasurer shall be annually appointed by the General Committee.
RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION. XXXIX
Council.
In the intervals of the Meetings, the affairs of the Association shall
be managed by a Council appointed by the General Committee. The
Council may also assemble for the despatch of business during the week
of the Meeting.
(1) The Council shall consist of '
1. The Trustees.
2. The past Pi'esidents.
3. The President and Vice-Presidents for the time being.
4. The President and Vice-Presidents elect.
5. The past and present General Treasurers, General and
Assistant General Secretaries.
6. The Local Treasurer and Secretaries for the ensuing
Meeting.
7. Ordinary Members.
(2) The Ordinary Members shall be elected annually from the
General Committee.
(3) There shall be not more than twenty-five Ordinary Members, of
whom not more than twenty shall have served on the Council,
as Ordinary Membei's, in the previous year.
(4) In order to carry out the foregoing rule, the following Ordinary
Members of the outgoing Council shall at each annual election
be ineligible for nomination : — 1st, those who have served on
the Council for the greatest number of consecutive years ; and,
2nd, those who, being resident in or near London, have
attended the fewest number of Meetings during the year
— observing (as nearly as possible) the proportion of three by
seniority to two by least attendance.
(5) The Council shall submit to the General Committee in their
Annual Report the names of the Members of General Com-
mittee whom they recommend for election as Members of
Council.
(6) The Election shall take place at the same time as that of the
Officers of the Association.
Papers and Communications.
The Author of any paper or communication shall be at liberty to
reserve his right of property therein.
Accounts.
The Accounts of the Association shall be audited annually, by Auditor
appointed by the General Committee.
' Passed by the General Committee, Belfast, 1874.
-IS
00
-to
o
i
00
-<^
•to
a
-2
v. 00
o
^ I
I
00
<»
8
-to
o
00
>0
;c2
:«
oCli
la
^ S „r^ ■
s g ■
t; 1-1 1 ^-^
So o cot,
(> ,1; CS r- 1^
3 £ a "a. M O
H hJ S M H PM
CO
+3
O i*
m S
ta a
P3 a.
(M P
!^^
o o
H
P
o
cc
;?!
rt
n
(x<
-
(T
-^H
^
T-r
h
m
M
■s
<!
^
S
■e
fe
.o
o
K
a»
fct
o
fc- O) o
Si 8^1^
I — ' O -< v-i
-o g> .-
c« oj 4fl -H a
•-H aj o ^
J-i o tn tt-- o
s-« ce k JO
wt> go S
CD OJ O ^
d
CD fa
M .
Ho
a
ojO
pco
r o
W5
t4 '^
CSS
hi
*^ o tJ
a! 9
'3* •
"4 K Pi
Bpi; o6;t^
IIohH
3 tfl > .2 .
.a .^ ^ o .
O
Eh
w
O
Pica ta
(yw.
3 <*•
'a
^ .a .
a a'So
fe r :
>;H :
« X !
3l1
^2 = .S 'S i
s 2 s oi:
x: xj ^ tH .a
H^iOPhcc
CO
1^
P3
00
g
(N^
i-H
P
S
«
a
^
a.
O
rn
CO
^
V.
§
<
a
t5
rtS
P3
=3 .
.CO
CO|i<
P5 •"
•H
ft •
.CO
<jpi
w4ft .
« -H
•cOto
Ms.
w 03 -
•a ^, o
: : ■.^
• • -to
: : !p5
: '/A m
■ -co g
: :p^"fi<
'Hf^^
oco
«.:i
■oM. •
i-'.'S
>^r
w "lO " S
* OS
OJ
OS
►2oP3 OG
O) o o CJ ;:,
^ ^ J j3 «
E-lHHrHC!
j C3
ft ^
"_C0
• en
iJ o
W «
Mo
Ha Sg
CO h^ ^^ 9
P 0) a Ei
w j-5 S
rt-^ • 5
«oS°
►>■§ S
<i.S o
O
- ,3 -a .
t.p; at-.
OJ "^ en
^
■c ;
CO
Hft
rcr3
g'ftW 2
H -t. a
- tn a o
.^ > CJD CO
u > u u
d a o o
OOcSO
-& :
M !
^ •
oj •
k •
'as
f CO
^A
'S I -
IM
Id
a : :
Si
S : :
i^.
1: =
p^P.cr
^>'P=
The 1
,, F.H.S.
F.L.S..,
^M
^.&rr
<^
«8q
a a"
■^ o
r m
;a^>-"
d gs
ft
a=^
5 a
^1
O
"in
pi
I S> S a .-
■^ f-( ^ -■
PSSScJS
.— v^ '^ -^
s: 2 S c-g
3^ft€o
oj > !^*7d
.a <D o ,a .
t— ^
O »i X
9o *;
m«
la «
dS
o °
02 <!
dco.
p
ajd
S 5 gM
a ope
«4-i tt-i r^ - ■ -
T! -r ti ^ '^
.S.S.fc£S£g
Eh H X ^ S P^ CU
•O
•J
S3 . (»
rScoS
^- Ej CO
o .-S
U J o
(lJco
^ P to"
"• ., cj
^ o o
- tc +e
>>a"2
3 1^5
=3
[a" * «
^ •■2
s >>a
<i'3 o>
Jo
s>
o
o
ft
eso
■^IS"^ :'^,Rpq
rCLi
J fi „-h:i k
:<i*-Lri
'3 1-3 p^
MOO
^§1
p: t< h:i 2 X
o S ►: 6 «-
il«o.sw5;>ii
.«
••>■
is
Ho
EH M
o 9
. ^
C3
ft
r r oT
CO as u
.23 r-H- M •
■Siiw
: '.ft
: :cc
•ft -
• .-CM
P5S .
a
CLi M a*
of >vmPjHa
-Q^ iS ^K "C " h .
^ His
a.aS
eg c o
.-ft
^.ft"
J j= ^ .a .t: * § g
H H H 03 03 H 1-3 1-5
P5
ft' .
pqco
^5
a
M
iJ
ft'
<^
c - «
■*J bo JO
M= S3
^2 > 3
S 9 E;
fy; M o
^ o ^-^
o o =3
ChFmH
y
a
CO _ *♦-( 1*^
t- fl o - ;
OJ C8 n 4
P* CD oM
o .a K rt "i
a Op M<1
.a <u a fS 1^
V E S n m
oj c3 P: o;i1
-- H .s wi 03
^, > t* O O
• o
1 ^
:a
cc .
_pla3
<ri o pH
' -ccft
CO .- r
-P'O
t-1 .- .-
■Pg'B
"^ s a
^ +3 '^
l|6d
H .
gw
!z; soO
•H ?J
iz;
ft'S ? °
ffl R a r 2
^.S s-ph
in s
M
W-3JH ;-
OJ J J^ CO
03
-4p5"
Pi ft'
ft r
rP
2 -^
8^-S
^"
tT
o
o
^ I
rcohri
-'5 .
. . >c
^^ CO
<V
J3
H
2 13 a" _
o
3 b 5 t*-^
(^ 43 -*J "^ t^
ap5p:i;>i>
V V QJ V O
■lo ■
2 03 . •
iftW :
q - CO .
^cc'3 •
= 6 gCQ
ift'ftd
" ft
CO "
p3 m
- w ^
o-H «
DQ ^ OQ
Hp4cQ
03
d
n
"a
CO
p
OD ^
I"
w
o
8
a.
<
I-
lU
q:
o
u
(0
<
o
o
(/)
' ,'
l-
V,
T.
r!
lU
l-l
O
-n"
0)
HI
ca
rr
.a
a.
1
III
1-1
o
o
>
- V)
•"'Si"
•Sec
-.h1 o ^
m CD
(J
>
<D
\^
r^
^
o
5 m
3 rt J i_3 V
3 g d d a
5 O O O O
.^'.£P tiO &fJ t"3
"p3 s s s s
OJ 03 a> O <D
^ ^ ^ ^ J
V)
I-
z
UI
o
(0
UI
It
a
CO •
d •
, o
CO M
:t3 a
a«^
. o O
CO (u :^
P<^
o
5^
pr
o
1-5
OB (>■
^ O P-( '^
go's o"
.a jaco s
be bo a -a
a « ^- 5 ■- M fi, f
gK|gcop=:0^
g a o . E H d-^-
«« das'! CM
m w S £W 2 S-a
•^11 ri a ^ , .a Q o
W M H H Hj H 1-= 1-=
CO
c4
. CO
< CO
c^l
^^
S3
O Eh
O
tr
W
s
M
\s
O
K
^
w
a
a
^
a
l-I
u
V
o
<1
•a
a
a
<J
o
a
a
^.
-g
>-i^
t
Pj
n
■3 =«
c a >» .-
u,fi! a 3
S«oo
•a .a .j3 . ji
HHcOcc
5 =
■t^CO
■as
ce
CO'
o- a
Mm
C5
W
W
o
o
n
O
H
t)
n
<) r
Si
at"
•32.S
2a§
SSa
-r; o c3
. > >
^ <U OJ
OP5P5
Sim
hi
.-a
CO ,.'3
o
CO S
oigcd
O 5j .-
la
o o
1^ t>.
Q ocq
_- pq .a .M r
-•^ B bo t, g
« 5^0
co-«
P5 a
o o
pcj
■ i''0
^t
a>o
m a
w g
pq ,
o (D 'a ^ ^
*P< .■^^^
P5 oP5 ^ -
cP-x) a
'3 5
CO
PS*
w
M
O
O
W
iz;
o
H
I
Ph'
CO
o
CO
p^
^^
r CO •
CTpq g
CC . 1»
&^«
a - oj
u
°»
* '
p^
: :
s
ei
a
t
CO •
^
1-? •
Mh •
«
CO •
1
d?^,,
r •
.to
« ■
l^iKP:
^2
-PH
n-Bf^
o,P
-C-&,
M CO 2 C >»
as^rgtai
■bL.6f 9 a b
P5
P^
d
cc^
o<
P3pf
O H
PS
o
CO
CO
o
pa
»
qJ 5 o
<« tit
«■«
8 p^^ _
li
« :
Or,
* A -a . .H § o
H m H 03 03 >T-5
CO
pa
tC
pi
fe
ft
gw
-co
&«
c fc<
m r
fi^
"w
u -^
O^
v.a
\^^
SH
:T3 o
£1^ ^
,. - o a
-°« .-
o o ,^^
cj f-" w r
^^■^ ^
oi-l 94^'
o' S o g
■as-? 2
a> o o S
cc :
M :
li. :
d ■
d .
O '•
ai '•
02 ;
pi) ■
QCO
rii '.
C5CS
pj :
rP^
M .-
0) •
W-io:
FM •
^4 ■
J .^gpa
« d P^ " J
cpSp .
2-en^^P3
O m PhQPQ
•Cij
cfi QJ O
S o o
P u3 m
^ ri ^ >) tfl OT
a .i) ij 2 g
02CCRP<PL|
iz;
o
. ,
m
g
• oo
O
W
• w
H
1 -43
. ,
. 3
1^
. 6n
«i1
s
<)
1-1
t-l
■ M
^
■ a
■ c
rt
. n
i1 Q
OS
^•^
»3
c .
w5 -
sog
CO (U
C3 « fl
6J4
•cc
'go Cl3
:Ph
<I> O '-: t^ -n
■3ti'5.a& .
(-4 i-i ^ U "
O o S 02 g^
c8
c fi P o ^ ..=.
° H 2 "^ o ^
r^ r^ CD OJ " rv ^
-Ern " O ^ E^CXh
H EW02P1-5
SQ
►^
f»
K
02
P3
P4
RS
i^S
Hi ,
-■*
!^S
S'4
H -
.>!
£ W
li
s
n
p
p
"cj .
•2 c' •
aw s
3^-w
Cs ^ to
.-a p,
-Si
03 :
CO I
.PI
iP3
O
aJiJ
era
^3
■:P-i
"''O S
T:trlPa_;H
^■Sf^Sp
00 o ■)-. _
WWW°-g
nohcta; S^'^
(1) flj 0) (U Cu
E-iPhEh>-=
.a
O
CO
:^??9
o «
P5li.
o .-
CD 03
fS4 Cti
o
p-
S o "
CO tn o
&P^t^
P3
P=;
1-4
d
P .
-ai
CO
P3
P
_d
ojp
- O
"I"
a c«
<%
PPh
d
03
P3
-*j -*j ^ a ^
..i^i'gPP
.— .a c! • •
"^ .rH O <U ^
^ ^ .ij rf ^
HHoaHB
03
pj
§^
Hg
- >J
n H
pa"
o
CO
CO
pa
Pk
o
P5
CO
d
p4
d
CO
m
n
^.^
00
7) : :
6 '■ '•
rt : :
p=; : :
CO • •
P5 : '•
^ : ;
p : :
p : :
Pco -
:6 '■
«.P.- :
o . •
i4-A :
■/I . •
•5 03 •
l^ico
P5PMC3
dp'fe
rf ce g;i«2
■•3 03 ■;
■03
:«'
:ph
:!^
:fq
•d
co" J'
6 53
^P5^
M-g
Pi .a
P^"S
pw
-a ja >> 5)03,2
<D o (U -rp . -'
EHHf-iSPp^
r1
P^
cc
P3
Ca
p4
d
»«
-tJ
»
g
^
3
60
<J
<!
•^
-n
J
M
fe
e2
<i
'^
a
?;
w
1^
C3
03
<
I-
ui
q:
u
HI
(0
_J
<
o
o
H
•a
03
Si -
S OS'S
(0
I-
z
— -, O ^^ J
H^
1 2-Huj
m-t^ o a
2 o ^ aj
tS H ro PU
■H :
=3 :
i-i :
tCCB
. :«
3 MP=(
EHp4 g^
.H
y<1§
O O bH
«i r/) to
(u oi q5
(0
H
z
9
0)
UI
a;
Ol
O
15
<!
<
o
CO a
W o
«
o
w m *-
•cc • •
:cj : :
:«' : :
:(^' : :
•CO • •
:-^ : :
:m : :
:fe : :
:«! : :
5 :«■ : :
§ ^^ = =
sc5 r
Sa P !»' f".
S ^' P « 1^
Cs ■- ■&<
pq p_i flj :*^
S S o S'S"
a a.S^ o
WW g p s
-e -S rS'fc f^
^^U2m ^
.5f .5? S a "1
M
W
S5
^ -CM
Si
03
Ph
.- on
■a ,?2
OJ O) r- "^
O fl,a p
^- c3 O _^
Ph'-5'-:P-'
P=;pj a
pq!^-oP5
d r^^ :
3 3d
pp
5-1 „ j-i
O O J^
S >iaj
P.-S P
QJ S P
^ S^
O O 0)
.?PP C3
=«Sr^
■S;3gd
S»- gp
Pi ^
pW .a
W---1d
r^ Jr ^^ -3 a i_: -/-J
HHtd
j3 ja
p :
p :
p :
p" :
d •
P :
■< '■
S : .
g- is
1^ ■ „
- • "(ti
cog
Ppj Sf
(H r^"
HtK S
2^p
3rt
EC
6
f»
aj
p5
p
p
pi)
t^ .
-a o*
^ Ol
OGd
g to
Sp=;
O :
pj :
p4 :
cd •
P3 ■•
01 ■
6 '■
f» :
CO •
p •
COCO
rd
Ho
<ip=;^
_.ofe
"'alcfiS
w ^ [? o red
p.--- rf"P
O P fi] ^^ '^
03 OJ (p o' ij bB
^ ^ ^ tc ^ a
oSgipS
5WW^^->
I, « -u --s ^ -^
o ^ J2 ^^ tH >-t
<^
P
CO
pi
p .
iJCO c
-Ipg
>-= m [=.
. o Cb
Op< a
cci-;
pM.
Ph
oci
O
ja
- CO
DO n
6j)0Q
O ta
§ s
• §
P3
p'
d
P
oT
— . ■ >
^ ^ p
s ce ^ .
« a ;
^ ?rt
"^ ^^•
a^^
«BW
. .CO
: :cs
: :(4
: :&;
: :co
: :6
: :eh
: •.02
: -p
•C5 r
copi^
-'-'•^"
a' ' -'H
PP
H ri.p
^ to ..
> a ^
« Q a
W36
H H H w p' •-;
OQ
P 5?
"So
Rd o
p. a a
P^l
"^ aj
r p (/3
< p'S
t-H O he
PnP-a
O rS
CC -S >;
^d;Sg
P
oTpa
<i 3
M '^
c8 a
S<1
o ^
.a «5
t^ P.
>g
P3H
'^. p "^ _; P
ptHoSc:5
CO
6
pi
c=:pe4
-C5P ^
. "CO .
p JM ^
_ '•"..pj 6.' CO
.M-SOiPH^'o-g
qPP •-
RdPO
•^ r-t 'w ^^ O
|l3|p^
g t^.SP S o
t!5p^p3!>w
fyj qj a> i> o
mS -P
d|a^
W ^1 H E-i H P-i CO 5 Pi
bO
3 •
•5
n ■
M :
S
o ■
o .
5
CO
P3C'
5^:
Z;c»'
Wp
O .;
Mfl
^J
m
y^
cr
cr
w
W
m
02=
o r2
C4
^^
w
".&
'^
ClE^
:« ^
brig
;
P :
CO
1 :
■
r m'Th
fe
-u -
•
3|«
|i^
^c5
d"^
c/i
Hi ce^
1^
"^S
»;?■=
1^
inl
■eSE^
r
.2 J
S-c
> r
01^
d
R^
-7- (S
i-JC^
5W
c
Jo-
W (i>
r c
oj .^
&
^■^
rt
W "
-♦3 .
-«
Sri
fao ^pi
g§
gsSfe
"o
c5 2
OJ c
^£
HH
fi.
^■f^
; K
OiB
m^
.J3
r'^s
pS
^g
S
00
i4^
f-l
q-s
i-t
Pg
■<j a;
'^
^
Pro
amb
Sept
S^a
Si
c
>
g
M
jm
t-^ r
_(>
<-cQ
'?
m
o<<i[3
««
PPIH
_C
to »
^ CO
- . ^ a^ .
. ^ — -to
1 . ■ . . -^
mSaicoEH
:Oo5
R;'i,ri
C C
rt o r
III
^ - a
o -- c
>•« >,
0^
^CCtE
+^ • • .
>,a SCO
.""- 2 2
:6 :
::^' :
;d :
■6 } .
S -3.2
^ tc ■<
cj 2 ^
I !-i ^- O
:cQ : :
:d : :
:ri : :
tcQ ; ;
:p3 : :
:ri : :
:o : :
:4 : .
•J -q
• r :p3
:« 'ri
:o^. r
:R^,tg
:p-4R
O 'r-
a £ a c*j
2 a^" o
SI
.Pi s g
|z; ri » !«
o .-.22
Mffi! »g
l-( Hj f]
t-3 a
Eh
d
r"
.a
c _£ "
H ?"
C i- t-
r-i Ht f-
S bc'o
. a t4
OJ
H . S
0) rH-.a
art a
t3 o
'^ .^ IK
5.5? S3
o <
a>
act'
a-i
H.f^
«5
•CO
•c4 2
S ca a
i3i-q.a
-^^^
°« c
-Sri H
O rS
gRg
o - r
s<iR
S«Hl
r^ 6-
c a CO
CO a^
^^ J-. O
"^^ m rl
y^ '^ ^
0^ <u g
c o cj
a
rh
S!
ft
a
"
t>
CO
«
N
Ph a
:r
a
l-l
I-)
ft
S
a
03
^
ft
g
R
HiaR
J* S '/-
§■§§
*l^ H
fia-W
..• ^ •
ri > O ►>
<U in ;> r-
^>-o|R
H ft
o a
n
d
ft -CD
r^ CO ^
P" ^- _.
tJ H 5J
ft .'.a
17'H g
c "«-5
55
Hi":/.
p;CO_.
H ^-5
Sft
<
■H
Ul
a:
O
ui
(0
_1
<
o
o
03
C5
f^
R
i^
w" .
.>,D-
dJ <U wj
^ J^W
|2l
o'-'W
§^-
■2W^
cq > ca
^^03O
5g
■ a -: ■ .
• -u
C>
•iflH
1
c
■ s
O
5 r
d
:§
d
i
"B
tf
(5
CM
O
o
3
, Mayor
M.A., D
D.Sc, F
.^
iJlat:
c
y: ^■
;z
H^^TH^W
= o 3 o = _
5 o S ?^ -^ C; "^ J3
H H H H H E-i P4 P-i
(fl
1-
z
UI
Q
(n
Ul
K
O.
d^
^ ^ ?^ 3
^ jsj [o W-: „ ^
j^^ r^ ^ u o
op gg o^
■2 -a J3 7^ ■^ ■►^
«P«£££
2i c o a p, o
4J -^ 'T! — 0^
§ > >• i i =
■ +3 4^ V -t^ -f= ^
p;^ bD to cc tij tec
;^ iS f5 S fS S >
o o OJ o o o
ShPhheh
■O^pfiO
to*^ , ' r
.CM rj;ar
■So a -a J.
•3 §^^-2
.as „Mc^
OJ O >; £
•a .S -a S »:
?T*.a o ^ ^ •-; 'T ^ ;_ _.^ g
C M-a *^ 3 q -g s 2 r^ - " -
^ c .sSSS^i s fe s 5 ^ &
'r^d
03
Ph
hf
o
o
l-l
:qo
J
w
.
&
• us
a
■■'S>
ia
i-j
:tc
: B
■ H
o
1 — 1
: -<
cfi
WW
Od
w
as
!^
w
K-H
<';:cot^g^.S^c
„ oWW^J^ g> 3«
■^aios§3o.&S
P-S = = 53»i^5.a;^
2 = ? § S § o > oi.
O °.2
- «
PQ.b: o
d0 5
O -a
ass
pa Pi oj
§*^-
03
gi=
(/
-To
g'^fei-.
"
w j;_-=
C", — . o
•p-S.2 3
^ COM
S -t^
S B^H-l<1
•S^ ^^
^ '^^ m
ni c "^ ®
W-eo'S
^ ^ ^
t-3 C/;'P-I P-l
'"„ . I'
, . -
. . . •
aj -iJ
cc
•
a id
pj
"1 -^
ft
«j :b"
Cu
*
K :„•
g
^ :d
«
•
^ ■ •^
O
f^ 'd
i4
*
tc
tA
- :cs
d
d
;
<j : r
«p--
;
Kiw
^,rf^.
o5 :
4 U-
.2 :5
■3 : o
6 -'M
§ :;«
N "5 —
,S : 2&
Il-S-
^'Ss?
o o ^
Ills
gd-ga
"SSSa
43 ^ P*
£rt£tf
bUbt bB|^
.SfMg-S
^Pn'^P^
(SSiSfL
cfl y
CJ CJ O
'^ -^ .« ^
5 H
Shh
HHtBco
6 ■
CQ •
c i
►^ :
^3 :
o :
» : .
- .00
J •'-'
§«"
i^qg
cc^-S
t> „-a2
=i§^-
oq
sp^
B^
Q !•
^QQ
*
««
P^pi
p3
,
1892.
02
<
d
M
t-i
ft
ft
r
<1
rr
CJ
ft
u
a
CJ
n
III
-:::
W
H
r^
g
IZ'
1^3
^1
;
CO :
<u
«d :
•^
p? :
7^
ft :
«
&0
cc :
O
M :
S
6 •
c3
OJ ■
CO •
oj :
dJ :
O
fi" :
P3 ■
+3
i4 :
ft ;
i-f :
m '■
OJ
d :
A
"Se-
d •
ft' ;'
a«fi ;
pi •
Lord
Bute
M.A.
d :
n'o .a • !;
Sft
1?
OS -
^S
h1.3i-:|
bo S
^ 35 2
Mcc
bopj
Sft
E s =3
a c S
HHcoc
■cSS a
^ bc-T-
jag
:ft_2
:3-ft^
- o r
^ 2 J
^o<g
P3 :
ft •
o :
•^ :
Pj .
R :^-
hi is"
d t-.^
p :S
- • sp
2" •-§
W» -
W r
;^P3
i-'ft
d
CO
P3
ft"
bj -4
2 a
r" ■ CO •
. r^ o
ch Ki bfj w
t-CO t,
ii^.=? a
p ^ J
Pli ft' 1-3
: :h
• ■;;:
iGC'ft
:ajft
Swp'^lj
° o o -5 -,
-g ^q .g s x
:ft
•cz5
:M
gco
ft« .
i^Miaft'
"ft«i
P t» M 2 '-' bo js r- vh"
^ <D
:^H3'
S
bJ3
3
g
?::
n
5 ^
o 5
^
p
IS
rhr>
5«
!^ W
CC CC CO Pu
*^'
^ 43
^
^
&o ,i
be ex
O
o
n
MSMM
f)
ni
s
o 9^
*5^
S
2
2
O
H H H H PM P^ P^ PM Ph
'"' .^ "^ ^
<ijft3
tdft >,
Ot/2 S
M(B t
^ Ctj r/-i
M
CO
'ftco
REPORT 1892.
Presidents and Secretaries of the Sections of the Association.
Date and Place
Presidents
Secretaries
MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES.
COMMITTEE OF SCIENCES, I. — MATHEMATICS AND GENERAL PHYSICS.
1832. Oxford
18.S3. Cambridge
1834. Edinburgh
Davies Gilbert, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Sir D. Brewster, F.R.S
Rev. W. Whewell, F.R.S.
Rev. H. Coddington.
Prof. Forbes.
Prof. Forbes, Prof. Lloyd.
SECTION A. — MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.
1833. Dublin
1836. Bristol
1837. Liverpool...
1838. Newcastle
1839. Birmingham
1840. Glasgow
1841. Plymouth
1842. Manchester
1843. Cork
1844. York
1845. Cambridge
1846. Southamp-
ton.
1847. Oxford
1848. Swansea
1849. Birmingham
1850. Edinburgh
1851. Ipswich ..
1852. Belfast
1853. Hull
Rev. Dr. Robinson
Rev. William "Wniewell, F.R.S.
Sir D. Brewster, F.R.S
Sir J. F. W. Herschel, Bart.,
F.R.S.
Rev. Prof . Wliewell, F.R.S....
Prof. Forbes, F.R.S
Rev. Prof. Lloyd, F.R.S
Very Rev. G. Peacock, D.D.,
F.R.S.
Prof. M'Culloch, M.R.I.A. ...
The Earl of Rosse, F.R.S. ...
The Very Rev. the Dean of
Ely.
Sir John F. W. Herschel,
Bart., F.R.S.
Rev. Prof. Powell, M.A.,
F.R.S.
Lord Wrottesley, F.R.S
William Hopkins, F.R.S
Prof. J. D. Forbes, F.R.S.,
Sec. R.S.E.
Rev. W. "Whewell, D.D.,
F.R.S.
Prof. W. Thomson, M.A.,
F.R.S. L. & E.
The Very Rev. the Dean of
Ely, F.R.S.
Prof. Sir W. R. Hamilton, Prof.
Whcatstone.
Prof. Forbes, W. S. Harris, F. W.
Jerrard.
W. S. Harris, Rev. Prof. Powell,
Prof. Stevelly.
Rev. Prof. Chevallier, Major Sabine,
Prof. Stevelly.
J. D. Chance, AV. Snow Harris, Prof.
Stevelly.
Rev. Dr. Forbes, Prof. Stevelly,
Arch. Smitli.
Prof. Stcvollv.
Prof. M'Culloch, Prof. Stevelly, Rev.
W. Scoresby.
J. Nott, Prof.' Stevelly.
Rev. Wm. Hey, Prof. Stevelly.
Rev. H. Goodwin, Prof. Stevellj',
G. G. Stokes.
John Drew, Dr. Stevelly, G. G.
Stokes.
Rev. H. Price, Prof. Stevelly, G. G.
Stokes.
Dr. Stevelly, G. G. Stokes.
Prof. Stevelly, G, G. Stokes, W.
Ridout Wills.
W. J.Macquorn Rankine,Prof .Smyth,
Prof. Stevelly, Prof. G. G. Stokes.
S. Jackson, W. J. Macquorn Rankine,
Prof. Stevelly, Prof. G. G. Stokes.
Prof. Dixon, W. J. Macquorn Ran-
kine, Prof. Stevelly, J. Tyndall.
B. Blaydes Haworth, J. D. Sollitt,
Prof. Stevelly, J. Welsh.
PRESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE SECTIONS.
li
Date and Place
1854. Liverpool...
1855. Glasgow ...
1856. Cheltenham
1857. Dublin
1858. Leeds
1859. Aberdeen...
1860. Oxford
1861. Manchester
1862. Cambridge
1863. Newcastle
1864. Bath
1865. Birmingham
1866. Nottingham
1867. Dundee ...
1868. Norwich ...
1869. Exeter
1870. Liverpool...
1871. Edinburgh
1872. Brighton...
1873. Bradford...
1874. Belfast
1875. Bristol
1876. Glasgow ...
1877. Plymouth...
1878. Dublin
1879. Sheffield ...
Presidents
Prof. G. G. Stokes, M.A., Sec
E.S.
Rev. Prof. Kelland, M.A.,
F.R.S. L. & E.
Rev. R. Walker, M.A., F.R.S.
Rev. T. R. Robinson, D.D.,
F.R.S., M.R.LA.
Rev. W. Whewell, D.D.,
V.P.R.S.
The Earl of Rosse, M.A.,K.P.,
Rev. B. Price, M.A., F.R.S....
G. B. Airy, M.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S.
Prof. G. G. Stokes, M.A.,
F.R.S.
Prof. W.J. MacquornRankine,
C.E., F.R.S.
Prof. Cayley, M.A., F.R.S.,
F.R.A.S.
W. Spottiswoode,M.A.,F.R.S.,
F.R.A.S.
Prof. Wheatstone, D.C.L.,
F.R.S.
Prof. Sir W, Thomson, D.C.L.,
Prof. J. Tyndall, LL.D.,
F.R.S.
Prof. J. J. Sylvester, LL.D.,
F.R.S.
J. Clerk Maxwell, M.A.,
LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof. P. G. Tait, F.R.S.E. ...
W. De La Rue, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Prof. H. J. S. Smith, F.R.S. .
Rev. Prof. J. H. Jellett, M.A..
M.R.LA.
Prof. Balfour Stewart, M.A.,
LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof. Sir W. Thomson, M.A.,
D.C.L., F.R.S.
Prof. G. C. Foster, B.A., F.R.S.,
Pres. Physical Soc.
Rev. Prof. Salmon, D.D.,
D.C.L., F.R.S.
George Johnstone Stoney,
M.A., F.R.S.
Secretaries
J. Hartnup, H. G. Puckle, Prof.
Stevelly, J. Tyndall, J. Welsh.
Rev. Dr. Forbes, Prof. D. Gray, Prof.
Tyndall.
C. Brooke, Rev. T. A. Southwood,
Prof. Stevelly, Rev. J. C. Turnbull.
Prof. Curtis, Prof. Hennessy, P. A.
Ninnis, W. J. Macquorn Rankine,
Prof. Stevelly.
Rev. S. Earnshaw, J. P. Hennessy,
Prof. Stevelly, H. J. S. Smith, Prof.
Tyndall.
J. P. Hennessy, Prof. Maxwell, H.
J. S. Smith, Prof. Stevelly.
Rev. G. C. Bell, Rev. T. Rennison,
Prof. Stevelly.
Prof. R. B. Clifton, Prof. H. J. S.
Smith, Prof. Stevelly.
Prof. R. B. Clifton, Prof. H. J. S.
Smith, Prof. Stevelly.
Rev. N. Ferrers, Prof. Fuller, F.
Jenkin, Prof. Stevelly, Rev. C. T.
Whitley.
Prof. Fuller, F. Jenkin, Rev. G.
Buckle, Prof. Stevelly.
Rev. T. N. Hutchinson, F. Jenkin, G.
S. Mathews, Prof. H. J. S. Smith,
J. M. Wilson.
FleemingJenkin,Prof.H. J.S.Smith,
Rev. S. N. Swann.
Rev. G. Buckle, Prof. G. C. Foster,
Prof. Fuller, Prof. Swan.
Prof. G. C. Foster, Rev. R. Harley,
R. B. Hayward.
Prof. G. C. Foster, R. B. Hayward,
W. K. ClifiPord.
Prof. W. G. Adams, W. K. Clifford,
Prof. G. C. Foster, Rev. W. Allen
Whitworth.
Prof. W. G. Adams, J. T. Bottomley,
Prof, W. K. Clifford, Prof. J. D.
Everett, Rev. R. Harley.
Prof. W. K. Clifford, J. W. L. Glaisher,
Prof. A. S. Herschel, G. F. Rodwell.
Prof. W. K. Clifford, Prof. Forbes, J.
W.L. Glaisher, Prof. A. S. Herschel.
J. W. L. Glaisher, Prof. Herschel,
Randal Nixon, J. Perry, G. F.
Rodwell.
Prof. W. F. Barrett, J. W.L. Glaisher,
C. T. Hudson, G. F. Rodwell.
Prof. W. F. Barrett, J. T. Bottomley,
Prof. G. Forbes, J. W. L. Glaisher,
T. Muir.
Prof. W. F. Barrett, J. T. Bottomley,
J. W. L. Glaisher, F. G. Landon.
Prof. J. Casey, G. F. Fitzgerald, J.
W. L. Glaisher, Dr. O. J. Lodge.
A. H. Allen, J. W. L. Glaisher, Dr.
O. J. Lodge, D. MacAlister.
c 2
Hi
EEPORT 1892.
Date and Place
Presidents
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1S1)2.
Swansea ..
York.
Southamp-
ton.
Southport
Montreal ...
Aberdeen, . .
Birmingham
Manchester
Bath
Newcastle-
upon-Tyne
Leeds
Cardiff
Edinburgh
Prof. W. Grylls Adams, M.A.,
F.R.S.
Prof. Sir W. Thomson, M.A.,
LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.
Rt. Hon. Prof. Lord Rayleigh,
M.A., F.R.S.
Prof.O.Henrici, Ph.D., F.R.S.
Prof. Sir W. Thomson, M.A.,
LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.
Prof. G. Chrystal, M.A.,
F.R.S.B.
Prof. G. H. Darwin, M.A.,
LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof. Sir R. S. Ball, M.A.,
LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof. G. F. Fitzgerald, M.A.,
Capt. W. de W. Abney, C.B.,
R.E., F.R.S.
J. W. L. Glaisher, Sc.D.,
F.R.S., V.P.R.A.S.
Prof. O. J. Lodge, D.Sc,
LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof. A. Schuster, Ph.D.,
F.R.S., F.R.A.S.
Secretaries
W. E. Ayrton, J. W. L. Glaisher,
Dr. O. J. Lodge, D. MacAlister.
Prof. W. E. Ayrton, Prof. O. J. Lodge,
D. MacAlister, Rev. W. Routh.
W. M. Hicks, Prof. 0. J. Lodge,
D. MacAlister, Rev. G. Richard-
son.
W. M. Hicks, Prof. O. J. Lodge,
D. MacAlister, Prof. R. C. Rowe.
C. Carpmael, W. M. Hicks, Prof. A.
Johnson, Prof. 0. J. Lodge, Dr. D.
MacAlister.
R. E. Baynes, R. T. Glazebrook, Prof.
W. M. Hicks, Prof. W. Ingram.
R. B. Bavnes, R. T. Glazebrook, Prof.
J. H. Poynting, W. N. Shaw.
R. E. Baynes, R. T. Glazebrook, Prof.
H. Lamb, W. N. Shaw.
R. E. Baynes, R. T. Glazebrook, A.
Lodge, W. N. Shaw.
R. E. Baynes, R. T. Glazebrook, Prof.
A. Lodge, W. N. Shaw, Prof. H.
Stroud.
R. T. Glazebrook, Prof. A. Lodge,
W. N. Shaw, Prof. W. Stroud.
R. E. Baynes, J. Larmor, Prof. A.
Lodge, Prof. A. L. Selby.
R. E. Baynes, J. Larmor, Prof. A.
Lodge, Dr. W. Peddie.
CHEMICAL SCIENCE.
COMMITTEE OF SCIENCES, II. — CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY.
1832. Oxford
1833. Cambridge
1834. Edinburgh
•John Dalton, D.C.L., F.R.S.
John Dalton, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Dr. Hope
James F. W. Johnston.
Prof. Miller.
Mr. .Johnston, Dr. Christison.
1835.
1836.
1837.
1838.
1839.
1840.
Dublin .
Bristol .
Liverpool...
Newcastle
Birmingham
Glasgow ...
1841. Plymouth...
1842.
1843.
1844.
1845.
1846.
Manchester
Cork
York
Cambridge
Southamp-
ton
SECTION B. — CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY.
Dr. T. Tliomson, F.R.S Dr. Apjohn, Prof. Johnston.
Rev. Prof. Gumming Dr. Apjohn, Dr. C.Henry, W.Hera-
path.
Michael Faraday, F.R.S Prof. Johnston, Prof. Miller, Dr.
Reynolds.
, Rev. William Whewell,F.R.S. Prof. Miller, H. L. Pattinson, Thomas
Richardson.
Prof. T.Graham, F.R.S Dr. Goldinu- Bird, Dr. J. B. Melson.
Dr. Thomas Thomson, F.R.S.; Dr. R. D. "^Thomson, Dr. T. Clark,
Dr. L. Playfair.
J. Prideaux, Robert Hunt, W. M.
Tweedy.
Dr. L. Playfair, R. Hunt, J. Graham.
R. Hunt, Dr. Sweeny.
Dr. L. Playfair, E. Solly, T. H. Barker.
R. Hunt, J. P. Joule, Prof. Miller,
B. Solly.
Dr. Miller, R. Hunt, W. Randall.
Dr. Daubeny, F.R.S
John Dalton, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Prof. Apjohn, M.R.I.A
Prof. T. Gralaam, F.R.S
Rev. Prof. Gumming-
Michael Faraday, D.C.L.,
F.R.S.
PRESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE SECTIONS.
liii
Date and Place
Presidents
1847.
1848.
1849.
1850.
1851.
1852.
1853.
1854.
1855.
1856.
Oxford iKev. W. V. Harcourt, M.A.,
I F.R.S.
Swansea ... Eichard Phillips, F.E.S
Birmingham
Edinburgh
Ipswich . .
Belfast
Hull
Liverpool
Glasgow ...
Cheltenham
John Percy, M.D., F.R.S
Dr. Christison, V.P.E.S.E.
Prof. Thomas Graham, F.E.S.
Thomas Andrews,M.D.,F.E.S.
Prof. J. F. W. Johnston, M.A.,
F.E.S.
Prof.W. A.Miller, M,D.,F.R.S.
Dr. LyonPlayfair,C.B.,F.R.S.
Prof. B. C. Brodie, F.E.S. ...
Dublin I Prof. Apjohn, M.D., F.E.S.,
I M.E.I.A.
Leeds jSir J. F. W. Herschel, Bart.,
D.C.L.
Aberdeen. . . j Dr. LyonPlayf air, C.B., F.E.S.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860. Oxford iProf. B. C. Brodie, F.E.S
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878,
1879.
Manchester Prof. W.A.Miller, M.D.,F.E.S
Cambridge Prof. W.H.Miller, M.A.,F.E.S.
Newcastle
Bath
Birmingham
Nottingham
Dundee ...
Norwich ...
Exeter
Liverpool...
Edinburgh
Brighton ...
Bradford...
Belfast
Bristol
Glasgow ...
Plymouth...
Dublin
Dr. Alex. W. Williamson,
W. ' ddiing, M.B., F.E.S.,
F.C.S.
Prof. W. A. Miller, M.D.,
V.P.E.S.
H. Bence Jones, M.D., F.E.S.
Prof. T. Anderson, M.D.,
F.E.S.E.
Prof. E. Frankland, F.E.S..
F.C.S.
Dr. H. Debus, F.E.S., F.C.S.
Prof. H. E. Eoscoe, B.A.,
F.E.S., F.C.S.
Prof. T. Andrews, M.D., F.E.S.
Dr. J. H. Gladstone, F.E.S....
Prof. W. J. Eussell, F.E.S....
Prof. A. Crum Brown, M.D.,
F.E.S.E., F.C.S.
A. G. Vernon Harcourt, M.A.,
F.E.S., F.C.S.
W. H. Perkin, F.E.S
F. A. Abel, F.E.S., F.C.S. ...
Prof. Maxwell Simpson, M.D.,
F Tr S ^^^ P s
Sheffield ...Prof. Dewar, M.A., F.E.S.
Secretaries
B. C. Brodie, R. Hunt, Prof. Solly.
T. H. Henry, E. Hunt, T. Williams.
E. Huiat, G. Shaw.
Dr. Anderson, E. Hunt, Dr. Wilson.
T. J. Pearsall, W. S. Ward.
Dr. Gladstone, Prof. Hodges, Prof.
Eonalds.
H. S. Blundell, Prof. E. Hunt, T. J.
Pearsall.
Dr. Edwards, Dr. Gladstone, Dr.
Price.
Prof. Frankland, Dr. H. E. Eoscoe.
J. Horsley, P. J. Worsley, Prof.
Voelcker.
Dr. Davy, Dr. Gladstone, Prof. Sul-
livan.
Dr. Gladstone, W. Odling, E. Eey-
nolds.
J. S. Brazier, Dr. Gladstone, G. D.
Liveing, Dr. Odling.
A. Vernon Harcourt, G. D. Liveing,
A. B. Northcote.
A. Vernon Harcourt, G. D. Liveing.
H. W. Elphinstone, W. Odling, Prof.
Eoscoe.
Prof. Liveing, H. L. Pattinson, J. C.
Stevenson.
A. V. Harcourt, Prof. Liveing, E.
Biggs.
A. V. Harcourt, H. Adkins, Prof.
Wanklyn, A. Winkler Wills.
J. H. Atherton, Prof. Liveing, W. J.
Eussell, J. White.
A. Crum Brown, Prof. G. D. Liveing,
W. J. Russell.
Dr. A. Crum Brown, Dr. W. J. Eus-
sell, F. Sutton.
Prof. A. Crum Brown, Dr. W. J.
Eussell, Dr. Atkinson.
Prof. A. Crum Brown. A. E. Fletcher,
Dr. W. J. Russell.
J. T. Buchanan, W. N. Hartley, T.
E. Thorpe.
Dr. Mills, W. Chandler Roberts, Dr.
W. J. Russell, Dr. T. Wood.
Dr. Armstrong, Dr. Mills, W. Chand-
ler Roberts, Dr. Tliorpe.
Dr. T. Cranstoun Charles, W. Chand-
ler Roberts, Prof. Thorpe.
Dr. H. E. Armstrong, W. Chandler
Roberts, W. A. Tilden.
W. Dittmar, W. Chandler Roberts,
J. M. Thomson, W. A. Tilden.
Dr. Oxland, W. Chandler Eoberts,
J. M. Thomson.
W. Chandler Eoberts, J. M. Thom-
son, Dr. C. E. Tichborne, T. Wills.
H. S. Bell, W. Chandler Eoberts, J,
M. Thomson.
liv
REPORT — 1892.
Date and Place
1880. Swansea ..
1881. York.
1882. Southamp-
ton.
1883. Southport
1884. Montreal ..
1885. Aberdeen..
1886. Birmingham
1887. Manchester
1888. Bath
1889. Newcastle-
upon-Tyne
1890. Leeds
1891. Cardife.
1892. Edinburgh
Presidents
Joseph Henry Gilbert, Ph.D.,
F.R.S.
Prof. A. W. Williamson, Ph.D.,
F.R.S.
Prof. G. D. Liveing, M.A.,
F.R.S.
Dr. J. H. Gladstone, F.R.S...
Prof. Sir H. E. Roscoe, Ph.D.,
LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof. H. E. Armstrong, Ph.D.,
F.R.S., Sec. C.S.
W. Crookes, F.R.S., V.P.C.S.
Dr. E. Schunck, F.R.S., F.C.S.
Prof. W. A. Tilden, D.Sc,
F.R.S., V.P.C.S.
Sir I. Lowthian Bell, Bart.,
D.C.L., F.R.S., F.C.S.
Prof. T. E. Thorpe, B.Sc,
Ph.D., F.R.S., Treas. C.S.
Prof. W. C. Roberts-Austen,
C.B., F.R.S., F.C.S.
Prof. H.McLeod,F.R.S.,F.C.S.
Secretaries
P. Phillips Bedson, H. B. Dixon, Dr.
W. R. Eaton Hodgkinson, J. M.
Thomson.
P. Phillips Bedson, H. B. Dison,
T. Gough.
P. Phillips Bedson, H. B. Dixon,
J. L. Notter.
Prof. P. Phillips Bedson, H. B.
Dixon, H. Forster Morley.
Prof. P. Phillips Bedson, H. B. Dixon,
T. McFarlane, Prof. W. H. Pike.
Prof. P. Phillips Bedson, H. B. Dixon,
H.ForsterMorley,Dr. W.J.Simpson.
Prof. P. Phillips Bedson, H. B.
Dixon, H. Forster Morley, W. W.
J. Nicol, C. J. Woodward.
Prof. P. Phillips Bedson, H. Forster
Morley, W. Thomson.
Prof. H. B. Dixon, Dr. H. Forster
Morley, R. E. Moyle, Dr. W. W.
J. Nicol.
Dr. H. Forster Morley, D. H. Nagcl,
Dr. W. W. J. Nicol, H. L. Pattin-
son, jun.
C. H. Bothamley, Dr. H. Forster
Morley, D. H. Nagel, Dr. W. W.
J. Nicol.
C. H. Bothamley, Dr. H. Forster
Morley, Dr. W. W. J. Nicol, Dr.
G. S. Turpin.
Dr. J. Gibson, Dr. H. Forster Morley,
D. H. Nagel, Dr. W. W. J. Nicol".
GEOLOGICAL (and, until 1851, GEOGRAPHICAL) SCIENCE.
COMMITTEE OF SCIENCES, III. — GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY.
1832. Oxford 'B. I. Murchison, F.R.S John Taylor.
1833. Cambridge. Ig. B. Greenough, F.R.S JW. Lonsdale, John Phillips.
1834. Edinburgh . Prof . Jameson Prof. Phillips, T. Jameson Torrie,
I Rev. J. Yates.
SECTION C. — GEOLOGY AND GEOGEAPHY.
1835. Dublin R. J. Griffith
1836. Bristol JRev. Dr. Buckland, F.R.S.—
I Geograph]!, R. I. Murchison,
F.R.S.
1837. Liverpool.
1838. Newcastle. .
1839. Birmingham
1840. Glasgow ...
Rev. Prof. Sedgwick, F.R.S.—
Geography, G.B. Greenough,
F.R.S.
C. Lyell, F.R.S., V.P.G.S.—
Geography, Lord Prudhoe.
Rev. Dr. Buckland, F.R.S.—
Geography, G.B.Greenough,
F.R.S.
Charles Lyell, V.^.B.— Geo-
graphy, G. B. Greenough,
I F.R.S.
1841. Plymouth... H. T. De la Beche, F.R.S. ... W. J.Ham'ilton,EdwardMoore,M.D.,
' 1 R. Hutton,
Captain Portlock, T. J. Torrie.
William Sanders, S. Stutchbury,
T. J. Torrie.
Captain Portlock, R. Hunter. — Gee
graphy. Captain H. M. Denham,
R.N.
W. C. Trevelyan, Capt. Portlock.—
Geography, Capt. Washington.
George Lloyd, M.D., H. E. Strick-
land, Charles Darwin.
W. J. Hamilton, D. Milne, Hugh
Murray, H. E. Strickland, John
Secular, M.D.
PRESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE SECTIONS.
Iv
Date and Place
1842. Manchester
1843. Cork
1844. York
1845. Cambridge,
1846. Southamp-
ton.
Presidents
1847. Oxford
1848. Swansea ...
1849.Birmingham
1850. Edinburgh"
R. I. Murchison, F.R.S
Richard E. Griffith, F.R.S.,
M.R.I.A.
Henry Warburton, M.P., Pres.
Geol. Soc.
Rev. Prof. Sedgwick, M.A.,
F.R.S.
Leonard Horner,F.R.S.— Geo-
qraphy, G. B. Greenough,
F.R.S.
Very Rev.Dr.Buckland,P.R.S.
Sir H. T. De la Beche, C.B.,
F.R.S.
Sir Charles Lyell, F.R.S.,
F.G.S.
Sir Roderick I. Murchison,
F.R.S.
Secretaries
E. W. Binney, R. Hutton, Dr. R.
Lloyd, H. E. Strickland.
Francis M. Jennings, H. E, Strick-
land.
Prof. Ansted, E, H. Bunbury.
Rev. J. C. Gumming, A. C. Ramsay»
Rev. W. Thorp.
Robert A. Austen, Dr. J. H. Norton,
Prof. Oldham. — Geof/rajihy , Dr. C.
T. Beke.
Prof. Ansted, Prcf. Oldham, A. C.
Ramsay, J. Ruskin.
Starling Benson, Prof. Oldham,
Prof. Ramsay.
J. Beete Jukes, Prof. Oldham, Prof.
A. C. Ramsay.
A. Keith Johnston, Hugh Miller,
Prof. Nicol.
SECTION c (continued?). — geology.
1851. Ipswich
1852. Belfast..
1853. Hull
1854. Liverpool . .
1855. Glasgow ...
1856. Cheltenham
1857. Dublin
1858. Leeds
1859. Aberdeen,..
1860. Oxford
1861. Manchester
1862. Cambridge
1863. Newcastle
1864. Bath
1865. Birmingham
1866. Nottingham
WilliamHopkins,M.A.,F.R.S.IC. J. F. Bunbury, G. W. Ormerod,
I Searles "Wood.
Lieut.- Col. Portlock, R.E., James Bryce, James MacAdam,
y R.S. j Prof. M'Coy, Prof. Nicol.
Prof, iscdgwick, F.R.S ' Prof . Harkness, William Lawton.
Prof Edward Forbes, F.R.S. John Cunningham, Prof. Harkness,
\ G. W. Ormerod, J. W. Woodall.
Sir R. I. Murchison, F.R.S.... James Bryce, Prof. Harkness, Prof.
i Nicol.
Prof. A. C. Ramsay, F.R.S....! Rev. P. B. Brodie, Rev. R. Hep-
j worth, Edward Hull, J. Scougall,
T. Wright.
The Lord Talbot de Malahide Prof. Harkness, Gilbert Sanders,
Robert H. Scott.
Prof. Nicol, H. C. Sorby, E. W.
Shaw,
Prof. Harkness, Rev. J. Longmuir,
H. C. Sorby.
Prof. Harkness, Edward Hull, Capt.
D. C. L. Woodall.
William Hopkins,M.A.,LL.D.,
F.R.S.
Sir Charles Lyell, LL.D.,
D.C.L., F.R.S.
Rev. Prof. Sedgwick, LL.D.,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
Sir R. L Murchison, D.C.L., Prof. Harkness, Edward Hull, T.
LL.D., F.R.S.
J. Beete Jukes, M.A., F.R.S.
Prof. Warington W. Smyth
F.R.S., F.G.S.
Prof. J. Phillips,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
Sir R. I. Murchison, Bart.,
K.C.B.
Prof. A. C. Ramsay, LL.D.,
F.R.S.
Rupert Jones, G. W. Ormerod.
Lucas Barrett, Prof. T. Rupert
Jones, H. C. Sorby.
E. F. Boyd, John Daglish, H. C.
Sorbv, Thomas Sopwith.
LL.D., I W. B. Dawkins, J. Johnston, H. C.
Sorby, W. Pengelly.
Rev. P. B. Brodie, J. Jones, Rev. E.
Myers, H. C. Sorby, W. Pengelly.
R. Etheridge, W. Pengelly, T. Wil-
son, G. H. AVright.
' At a meeting of the General Committee held in 18.50, it was resolved ' That
the subiect of Geography be separated from Geology and combined with Ethnology,
to constitute a separate Section, under the title of the "Geographical and Ethno-
logical Section,'" for Presidents and Secretaries of which see page Ixi.
Ivi
REl'ORT 1892.
Date and Place
1867. Dundee ...
1868. Norwich ...
1869. Exeter
1870. Liverpool...
1871. Edinburgh
1872. Brighton...
1873. Bradford ...
1874. Belfast
1875. Bristol
Presidents
Secretaries
Archibald Geikie, F.R.S.,
F.G.S.
R. A. C. Godwin-Austen,
F.K.S., F.G.S.
Prof. R. Harkness, F.R.S.,
F.G.S.
Edward Hull, W. Pengelly, Henry
Woodward.
Rev. O. Fisher, Rev. J. Gunn, W.
Pengelly, Rev. H. H. Winwood.
W. Pengelly, W. Boyd Dawkins,
Rev. H. H. Winwood.
SirPhilipde M.Grey Egerton,i W. Pengelly, Rev. H. H. Winwood,
]!art., M.P., F.R.S. " I W. Boyd Dawkins, G. H. Jlorton.
Prof. A. Geikie, F.R.S., F.G.S.; R. Etheridge, J. Geikie, T. McKenny
j Hughes, L. C. Miall.
R. A. C. Godwin-Austen,! L. C. Miall, George Scott, William
F.R.S., F.G.S. I Topley, Henry Woodward.
1876. Glasgow ...
1877. Plymouth...
1878. Dublin
1879. Sheffield ...
1880. Swansea ...
1881. York
1882. Southamp-
ton.
1883. Southport
1884. Montreal ...
1885. Aberdeen...
1886. Birmingham
1887. Manchester
1888. Bath
1889. Newcastle-
upon-Tyne
1890. Leeds
1891. Cardiff
1892. Edinburgh
Prof. J. Phillips, D.C.L.,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
Prof. Hull, M.A., F.R.S.,
Dr. Thomas Wright, F.R.S.E.,
F.G.S.
Prof. John Youna:, M.D
W. Pengelly, fTr.S., F.G.S.
John Evans, D.C.L., F.R.S.,
F.S.A., F.G.S.
Prof. P. Martin Duncan, M.B.,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
H. C. Sorby, LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.G.S.
A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.G.S.
R. Etheridge, F.R.S., F.G.S.
L. C. Miall, R. H. Tiddeman, W.
Topley.
F. Drew, L. C. Miall, R. G. Symes,
R. H. Tiddeman.
L. C. Miall, E. B. Tawney, W. Top-
ley.
J.Armstrona:,F.W.Rudler,W.Topley.
Dr. Le Neve Foster, R. H. Tidde-
man, W. Topley.
E. T. Hardman, Prof. J. O'Reilly,
R. H. Tiddeman.
W. Toplej-, G. Blake Walker.
W. Topley, W. Whitaker.
Prof. W.
J. E. Clark, W. Keeping, W. Topley
W. Whitaker.
T. W. Shore, W. Topley, E. West
lake, W. Whitaker.
C. Williamson, 'R. Betley, C. E. De Ranee, W. Top
LL.D., F.R.S.
W. T. Blanford, F.R S., Sec.
G.S.
Prof. J. W. Judd, F.R.S., Sec.
G.S.
Prof. T. G. Bonney, D.Sc,
LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.
Henry Woodward, LL.D.,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
Prof. J. Geikie, LL.D., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
Prof. A. H. Green, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.,
F.G.S.
Prof. C. Lapworth, LL.D.,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
ley, W. Whitaker
F. Adams, Prof. E. W. Claypole, W
Topley, W. Whitaker.
C. E. De Ranee, J. Home, J. .J. H
Teall, W. Topley.
W. J. Harrison, J. J. H. Teall, W
Topley, W. W. Watts.
J. E. Marr, J. J. H. Teall, W. Top
ley, W. W. Watts.
Prof. G. A. Lebour, W. Topley, W,
W. Watts, IL B. Woodward.
Prof. G. A. Lebour, J. E. Marr, W
W. Watts, H. B. Woodward.
J. E. Bedford, Dr. F. H. Hatch, J
E. Marr, W. W. Watts.
W. Galloway, J. E. Slarr, Clement
Reid, W. W. Watts.
H. M. Cadell, J. E. Marr, Clement
Reid, W. \V. Watts.
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.
COMMITTEE OF SCIENCES, IV. — ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY.
1832. Oxford jRev. P. B. Duncan, F.G.S. ...iRev. Prof. J. S. Henslow.
1833. Cambridge" Rev. W.L. P. Garnons, F.L.S.'c. C. Babinofon, D. Don.
1834. Edinburgh. 'Prof. Graham .^._^ |W. Yarrell, Prof. Burnett.
' At this Meeting Physiology and Anatomy were made a separate Committee,
for Presidents and Secretaries of which see p. Ix.
PRESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE SECTIONS.
Ivii
I
Date and Place
Presidents
Secretaries
1835. Dublin.
1836. Bristol.
J 837, Liverpool...
1838. Newcastle
] 839. Birmingham
1840. Glasgow ...
1841. Plymouth...
1842. Manchester
1843. Cork
1844. York
184.5. Cambridge
1846. Southamp-
ton.
1847. Oxford
SECTION D. — ZOOLOGT AND BOTANY.
Dr. Allman J. Curtis, Dr. Litton.
Rev. Prof. Henslow J. Curtis, Prof. Don, Dr. Riley, S.
Rootsey.
W. S. MacLeay ,C. C. Babington, Eev. L. Jenyns, W.
Swainson.
Sir W. Jardine, Bart jJ. E. Gray, Prof. Jones, E. Owen,
I Dr. Richardson.
Prof. Owen, F.R.S E. Forbes, W. Ick, R. Patterson.
Sir W. J. Hooker, LL.D Prof. W. Couper, E. Forbes, E. Pat-
terson.
John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. J. Couch, Dr. Lankester, R. Patterson.
Hon. and Very Rev. W. Her- Dr. Lankester, E. Patterson, J. A.
bert, LL.D., F.L.S. \ Turner.
William Thompson, F.L.S G. J. Allman, Dr. Lankester, E.
Patterson.
Very Rev. the Dean of Man- Prof. Allman, H. Goodsir, Dr. King,
Chester. ; Dr. Lankester.
Rev. Prof. Henslow, F.L.S.... Dr. Lankester, T. V. Wollaston.
Sir J. Richardson, M.D., Dr. Lankester, T. V. Wollaston, H.
F.R.S. j Wooldridge.
H. E. Strickland, M.A., F.R.S. Dr. Lankester, Dr. Melville, T. V.
Wollaston.
SECTION D {continued). — zooLOor and botany, including physiology.
[For the Presidents and Secretaries of the Anatomical and Physiological Subsec-
tions and the temporary Section E of Anatomy and Medicine, see p. Ix.]
1848. Swansea ...
1849.
1850.
1851.
1852.
1853.
1854.
1855.
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
Birmingham
Edinburgh
Ipswich . . .
Belfast
Hull
Liverpool...
Glasgow ...
Cheltenham
L. W. DilUvyn, F.R.S
William Spence, F.R.S
Prof. Goodsir, F.R.S. L. & E.
Rev. Prof. Henslow, M.A.,
F.R.S.
W. Ogilby
Dublin
Leeds
Aberdeen...
Oxford
Manchester
Cambridge
Newcastle
C. C. Babington, M.A., F.R.S.
Prof. Balfour, M.D., F.R.S....
Eev. Dr. Fleeming, F.E.S.E.
Thomas Bell, F.E.S., Pres.L.S. I
Prof. W. H. Harvey, M.D.,
F.R.S.
C. C. Babington, M.A., F.R.S.
I
Sir W. Jardine, Bart., F.R.S.E.
Rev. Prof. Henslow, F.L.S...,
Prof. C. C. Babington, F.R.S
Prof. Huxley, F.R.S
Prof. Balfour, M.D.. F.R.S....
Dr. R. Wilbraham Falconer, A. Hen-
frey. Dr. Lankester.
Dr. Lankester, Dr. Russell.
Prof. J. H. Bennett, M.D., Dr. Lan-
kester, Dr. Douglas Maclagan.
Prof. Allman, F. W. Johnston, Dr. E.
Lankester.
Dr. Dickie, George C. Hyndman, Dr.
Edwin Lankester.
Robert Harrison, Dr. E. Lankester.
Isaac Byerley, Dr. E. Lankester.
William Keddie, Dr. Lankester.
Dr. J. Abercrombie, Prof. Buckman,
Dr. Lankester.
Prof. J. R. Kinahan, Dr. E. Lankester,
Robert Patterson, Dr. W. E. Steele.
Henry Denny, Dr. Heaton, Dr. E.
Lankester, Dr. E. Perceval Wright.
Prof. Dickie, M.D., Dr. E. Lankester,
Dr. Ogilvy.
W. S. Church, Dr. E. Lankester, P.
L. Sclater, Dr. E. Perceval Wright.
Dr. T. Alcock, Dr. E. Lankester, Dr.
P. L. Sclater, Dr. E. P. Wright.
Alfred Newton, Dr. E. P. Wright.
Dr. E. Charlton, A. Newton, Rev. H.
B. Tristram, Dr. E. P. Wright.
Iviii
EEPORT — 1892.
Date and Place
1864. Bath Dr. John E. Gray, F.R.S.
1865. Birmingham T. Thomson, M.D„ F.R.S.
Secretaries
H. B. Brady, C. E. Broom, H. T..
. Stainton, Dr. E. P. Wright. i
Dr. J. Anthony, Eev. C. Clarke, Rev. i
, H. B. Tristram, Dr. E. P. Wright. |
SECTION D (confimted). — biology.
1866. Nottingham
1867.
1868.
Dundee . . .
Norwich ...
1869. Exeter,
1870. Liverpool.
1871. Edinburgh,
1872. Brighton
1873. Bradford ..
1874. Belfast ,
1875. Bristol ....
Prof. Huxley, LL.D.. F.R.S.
— Phyaiokuiicnl Dip., Prof.
Humi3liry," 31. D., F.R.S.—
Anihropoliiipcal Dcp., Alf.
R. Wallace, F.U.G.S.
Prof. Sharpey, M.D., Sec. R.S.
— Bi'p. of Zool. and Jiot..
George Busk, M.D., F.R.S.
Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S.
— Dcp. of Pliysioloyi/, W.
H. Flower, F.R.S.
George Busk, F.R.S.. F.L.S.
— Dip. of Dot. and XooL,
C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.—
Dip.of FAhno., E. B. Tylor.
Prof.G.Rolleston,M.A.,M.D.,
F.R.S., F.L.S. — /^/y. of
Anat. find P/ii/.fioI., Trof.M.
Foster, M.D., F.L.>>.— Dip.
of Ethno., J. Evans, F.R.S.
Prof. Allen Thomson, M.D.,
¥.^.Q.—Dcp. of Hot. and
.2yoZ.,rrof.WyvillcThomson,
F.R.S. — Dep. of Aiitlnvpol..
Prof. W. Turner, M.D.
Sir J. Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S.—
Dej). of Anat. and Physiol.,
Dr. Burden Sanderson,
F.R.S.— i>e^. of Anthropol.
Col. A. Lane Fox, F.G.S.
Prof. Allman, F.R.S.— />(;//. of
Anat.and P/iy.yiol.,Fiof . lin-
therf ord, M .i>.—Dcp. of A n-
thropuL, Dr. Beddoe, F.R.S.
Prof. Redfern, M.'D.—Dip. of
Zool. and Dot., Dr. Hooker,
C.B.,Pres.R.S.— ft;/A o/^l /i-
throp.,tiiT W.R.Wilde. M.D.
P. L. Sclater, F.T>..S.— Dep.of
Anat.andPJn/sii'l.,Fioi.Cle-
land, M.D., F.'R.S.—Dep.oJ
Anthropol. ,'Pvoi. Rolleston.
M.D., F.R.S.
Dr. J. Beddard, W. Felkin, Rev. H.
B. Tristram, W. Turner, E. B.
Tylor, Dr. E. P. Wright,
C. Spence Bate, Dr. S. Cobbold, Dr.
M. Foster, H. T. Stainton, Rev..
H. B. Tristram, Prof. W. Turner.
Dr. T. S. Cobbold, G. AV. Firth, Dr.
M. Foster, Prof. Lawson, H. T.
Stainton, Rev. Dr. H. B. Tristram,
Dr. E. P. Wrisjht.
Dr. T. S. Cobbold, Prof. M. Foster,
E. Ray Lankester, Prof. Lawson,.
H. T. Stainton, Rev. H. B. Tris-
tram.
Dr. T. S. Cobbold, Sebastian Evans^
Prof. Lawson, Thos. J. Moore, H.
T. Stainton, Rev. H. B. Tristram,
C. Staniland Wake, E. Ray Lan-
kester.
Dr. T. R. Fraser, Dr. Arthur Gamgee,
E. Ray Lankester, Prof. Lawson,
H. T. Stainton, C. Staniland Wake,
Dr. W. Rutherford, Dr. Kelburne
King.
Prof. Thiselton-Dyer,H. T. Stainton,.
Prof. Lawson, F. W. Rudler, J. H.
Lamprey, Dr. Gamgee, E. Ray
Lankester, Dr. Pye-Smith.
Prof. Thiselton-Dyer, Prof. Lawson,.
R. M'Laclilan, Dr. Pye-Smith, E.
Ray Lankester, F. W. Rudler, J.
H. Lamprej'.
VV.T. Thiselton-Dyer, E.O.Cunning-
ham, Dr. J. J. Charles, Dr. P. H.
Pye-Smith, J. J, Murphy, F. W.
Riuller.
E. R. Alston, Dr. McKendrick, Prof.
W. R. M'Nab, Dr. Martyn, F. W.
Rudler, Dr. P. H. Pye-Smith, Dr.
W. Spencer.
' At a meeting of the General Committee in 1865, it was resolved:— 'That the t
title of Section D be changed to Biology ; ' and ' That for the word " Subsection,'" \
mthe rules for conducting the business of the Sections, the word "Department"' '
be substituted.'
PRESIDENTS AND SECRETAEIES OF THE SECTIONS.
lix
Date and Place
1876. Glasgow
1877. Plymouth..
1878. Dublin
1879. Sheffield
1880. Swansea
1881. York.
1882. Southamp-
ton.
1883. Southport"
1884. Montreal 2.
1885. Aberdeen.
1886. Birmingham
I
1887. Manchester
Presidents
A. Kussel Wallace, F.R.G.S.,
F.L.S. — Dvp. of Zool. and
Bot., Prof. A. Newton, M.A.,
F.R.S.— Z^c^y. of Anat. and
Physiol., Dr. J. G. McKen-
drick, F.R.S.E.
J.GwynJeffreys,LL.D.,F.R.S.,
F.L.S. — Dej). of Anat. and
Physiol., Prof. Macalister,
M.b. — Bej}. of Anthropol.,
Francis Galton, M.A.jF.R.S.
Prof. W. H. Flower, F.R.S.—
Dep. of Anthrojjol., Prof.
Huxley, Sec. R.S. — Bcj).
of Anat. ami Physiol., R.
McDonnell, M.D., F.R.S.
Prof. St. Geoi-ge Mivart,
F.R.S.— iJe/A of Anthrojwl.,
B. B. Tylor, D.C.L., F.R.S.
— Be}}, of Anat. and Phy-
siol., Dr. Pye-Smith.
A. C. L. Gunther, M.D., F.R.S.
— Bip. of Anat. and Phy-
siol., F. M. Balfour, M.A.,
Y.Ti.ii.—Bej). of Atithrojjol,
F. W. Rudler, F.G.S.
Richard Owen, C.B., M.D.,
F.R.S. — Bej}. of Anthroj)ol.,
Prof. W. H. Flower, LL.D.,
F.R.S. — Bej). of Anat. and
Physiol., Prof. J. S. Burdon
Sanderson, M.D., F.R.S.
Prof. A. Gamgee, M.D., F.R.S.
- Bep. of Zool. and Bot.,
Prof. M. A. Lawson, M.A.,
F.L.S. — Bep. of Anthropol.,
Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins,
M.A., F.R.S.
Prof. E. Ray Lankester, M.A.,
F.R.S.— 2>(7A of Amthropol.,
W. Pengelly, F.R.S.
Prof. H. N. Moseley, M.A.,
F.R.S.
Prof. W. C. Mcintosh, M.D.,
LL.D., F.R.S. F.R.S.E.
W. Carruthers,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
Pres. L.S.
Prof. A. Newton, M.A.,
F.L.S., V.P.Z.S.
F.R.S.
Secretaries
B. R. Alston, Hyde Clarke, Dr.
Knox, Prof. W. R. M'Nab, Dr.
Muirhead, Prof. Morrison Wat-
son.
E. R. Alston, F. Brent, Dr. D. J.
Cunningham, Dr. C. A. Hingston,
Prof. W. R. M'Nab, J. B. Rowe,
F. W. Rudler.
Dr. R. J. Harvey, Dr. T. Hayden^
Prof. W. R. M'Nab, Prof. J. M.
Purser, J. B . Rowe, F. W. Rudler.
Arthur Jackson, Prof. W. R. M'Nab,
J. B. Rowe, F. W. Rudler, Prof.
Schafer.
G. W. Bloxam, John Priestley,
Howard Saunders, Adam Sedg-
wick.
G. W. Bloxam, W. A. Forbes, Rev.
W. C. Hey, Prof. W. R. M'Nab,
W. North, John Priestley, Howard
Saunders, H. E. Spencer.
G. W. Bloxam, W. Heape, J. B.
Nias, Howard Saunders, A. Sedg-
wick, T. W. Shore, jun.
G. W. Bloxam, Dr. G. J. Haslam,
W. Heape, W. Hurst, Prof. A. M.
Marshall, Howard Saunders, Dr.
G. A. Woods.
Prof. W. Osier, Howard Saunders, A.
Sedgwick, Prof. R. R. Wright.
W. Heape, J. McGregor-Robertson,
J. Duncan Matthews, Howard
Saunders, H. Marshall Ward.
Prof. T. W. Bridge, W. Heape, Prof.
W. Hillhouse. W. L. Sclater, Prof,
H. Marshall Ward.
C. Bailey, F. R. Beddard, S. F. Har-
mer, W. Heape, W. L. Sclater,
Prof. H. Marshall Ward.
■ By direction of the General Committee at Southampton (1882) the Departments
of Zoology and Botany and of Anatomj- and Physiology were amalgamated.
2 By authority of the General Committee, Anthropology was made a separate
Section, for Presidents and Secretaries of which see p. Ixvii.
Ix
REPORT — 1892.
Date and Place
1888. Bath
1889. Newcastle-
upon-Tyne
1890. Leeds
1891. Cardiff
1892. Edinburgh
Presidents
W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, C.M.G.,
F.R.S., F.L.S.
Prof. J. S. Burdou Sanderson,
M.A., M.D., F.R.S.
Prof. A. Milnes Marshall,
M.A., M.D., D.Sc, F.K.S.
Francis Darwin, M.A., M.B.,
F.R.S., F.L.S.
Prof. W. Rutherford, M.D.,
F.R.S., F.R.S.E.
Secretaries
F. B. Beddard, S. F. Harmer, Prof.
H. Marshall Ward, W. Gardiner,
Prof. W. D. Halliburton.
C. Bailey, F. E. Beddard, S. F. Hai--
mer, Prof. T. Oliver, Prof. H. Mar-
shall Ward.
S. F. Harmer, Prof. W. A. Herdman,
Dr. S. J. Hickson, Prof. F. W.
Oliver, H. Wager, Prof. H. Mar-
shall Ward.
F. E. Beddard, Prof. W. A. Herdman,
Dr. S. J. Hickson, G. Murray, Prof.
W. N. Parker, H. Was:er.
G. Brook, Prof. W. A. Herdman, G.
Murray, Prof. W. Stirling, H.
Wager.
ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.
COMMITTEE OF SCIENCES, V. — ANATOMY AND PHTSIOLOGT.
1833. Cambridge IDr. Haviland jDr. Bond, Mr. Paget.
1834. Edinburgh I Dr. Abercrombie IDr. Roget, Dr. William Thomson.
SECTION E (until 1847). — ANATOMY AND MEDICINE.
1835. Dublin
1836. Bristol
1837. Liverpool...
1838. Newcastle
1839. Birmingham
1840. Glasgow ...
Dr. Pritchard ! Dr. Harrison, Dr. Hart.
Dr. Roget, F.R.S.
Prof. W. Clark, M.D
T. E. Headlam, M.D
John Yelloly, M.D., F.R.S....
James Watson, M.D
Dr. Symonds.
Dr. J. Carson, jun., James Long,
Dr. J. R. W. Vo.se.
T. M. Greenhow, Dr. J. R. W. Vose.
Dr. G. O. Rees, F. Ryland.
Dr. J. Brown, Prof. Couj^er, Prof.
Reid.
1841. Plymouth...
1842. Manchester
1843. Cork
1844. York
1845. Cambridge
1846. Southamp-
ton.
1847. Oxford' ...
SECTION E. PHYSIOLOGY.
P. M. Roget, M.D., Sec. R.S. ; Dr. J. Butter, J. Fuge, Dr. R. S.
Sargent.
Edward Holme, M.D., F.L.S. Dr. ciiaytor. Dr. R. S. Sargent.
Sir James Pitcairn, M.D. ... Dr. John Poj^ham, Dr. R. S. Sargent.
.... I. Ericlisen, Dr. R. S. Sargent.
....Dr. R. S. Sargent, Dr. Webster.
. . . C. P. Keele, Dr. Laycock, Dr. Sar-
gent.
....Dr. Thomas K. Chambers, W. P.
Ormerod.
J. C. Pritchard, M.D.
Prof. J. Haviland, M.D.
Prof. Owen, M.D., F.R.S,
Prof. Ogle, M.D., F.R.S.
PHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSECTIONS OF SECTION D.
1850. Edinburgh
1855. Glasgow ...
1857. Dublin
1858. Leeds
Prof. Bennett, M.D., F.R.S.E.
Prof. Allen Thomson, F.R.S.
Prof. R. Harrison, M.D
Sir Benjamin Brodie, Bart.,
F.R.S.
Prof. J. H. Corbett, Dr. J. Strutliers.
Dr. R. D. Lyons, Prof. Redfern.
C. G. Wheelhouse.
' By direction of the General Committee at Oxford, Sections D and E were
incorporated under the name of ' Section D — Zoology and Botany, including Phy-
siology ' (see p. Ivii.). Section E, being then vacant, was assigned in 1851 to
Geography.
PRESIDENTS AND SECKETAEIES OF THE SECTIONS.
Ixi
)ate and Place
1859. Aberdeen...
1860. Oxford
1861. Manchester
1862. Cambridge
1863. Newcastle
1864. Bath
1865.
Birming-
ham.'
Presidents
Prof. Sharpey, M.D., Sec.K.S.
Prof.G.Rol]eston,M.D.,F.L.S.
Dr. John Davy, F.K.S. L.& E.
G. E. Paget, M.D
Prof. Hoileston, M.D., F.R.S.
Dr. Edward Smith,
F.K.S.
Prof. Acland, M.D.,
F.R.S.
LL.D.,
LL.D.,
Secretaries
Prof. Bennett, Prof. Redfern.
Dr. R. M'Donnell, Dr. Edward Smith.
Dr. W. Roberts, Dr. Edward Smith.
G. F. Helm, Dr. Edward Smith.
Dr. D. Embleton, Dr. W. Turner.
J. S. Bartrum, Dr. W. Turner.
Dr. A. Fleming, Dr. P. Heslop,
Oliver Pembleton, Dr. W. Turner.
GEOGRAPHICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES.
[For Presid<;nts and Secretaries for Geography previous to 1851, see Section C,
liv.]
ETHNOLOGICAL SUBSECTIONS OP SECTION D.
1846. Southampton
1847. Oxford
1848. Swansea ...
1849. Birmingham
1850. Edinburgh
Dr. Pritchard
Prof. H. H. Wilson, M.A.
Vice-Admiral Sir A. Malcolm
Dr. King.
Prof. Buckley.
G. Grant Francis,
Dr. R. G. Latham.
Daniel Wilson.
SECTION E. — GEOGEAPHT AND ETHNOLOGY.
1851.
Ipswich . . .
1852,
Belfast
1853.
Hull.
1854.
Liverpool...
1855.
Glasgow ...
18.56.
Cheltenham
18.57.
Dublin
1858.
Leeds
1859.
Aberdeen...
1860.
Oxford
1861.
Manchester
1862,
Cambridge
1863.
Newcastle
1864,
Batb
1 865. Birmingham
Sir R. L Murchison, F.R.S.,
Pres. R.G.S.
Col. Chesney, R.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S.
R. G. Latham, M.D., F.R.S.
Sir R. L Murchison, D.C.L.,
F.R.S,
Sir J, Richardson, M,D.,
F.R.S.
Col. Sir H. C. Rawlinson,
K.C.B.
Rev. Dr. J. Henthorn Todd,
Pres. R.LA.
Sir R.L Murchison, G.C. St. S.,
F.R.S,
Rear - Admiral Sir James
Clerk Ross, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Sir R. L Murchison, D.C.L..
F.R.S.
John Crawfurd, F.R.S
Francis Galton, F.R.S
Sir R. I. Murchison, K.C.B.,
F.R.S.
Sir R. L Murchison, K.C.B.,
F.R.S.
Major-General Sir H. Raw-
linson, M.P., K.C.B., F.R.S.
R. Cull, Rev. J. W. Donaldson, Dr.
Norton Shaw.
R. Cull, R. MacAdam, Dr. Norton
Shaw.
R. Cull, Rev. H. W. Kemp, Dr.
Norton Shaw.
Richard Cull, Rev. H. Higgins, Dr.
Ihne, Dr, Norton Shaw.
Dr. W. G. Blackie, R. Cull, Dr.
Norton Shaw.
R. Cull, P. D. Havtland, W. H,
Rumsey, Dr. Norton Shaw.
R. Cull, S. Ferguson, Dr. R. R.
Madden, Dr. Norton Shaw.
R. Cull, Francis Galton, P. O'Cal-
laghan, Dr. Norton Shaw, Thomas
Wright.
Richard Cull, Prof. Geddes, Dr. Nor-
ton Shaw.
Capt. Burrows, Dr. J. Hunt, Dr, C.
Lempriire, Dr. Norton Shaw.
Dr. J. Hunt, J. Kingsley, Dr. Nor-
ton Shaw, W. Spottiswoode.
J.W.Clarke, Rev. J. Glover, Dr. Hunt,
Dr. Norton Shaw, T. Wright.
C. Carter Blake, Hume Greenfield,
C. R. Markham, R. S. Watson.
H. W. Bates, C. R. Markham, Capt.
R. M. Mui-chison, T. Wright.
H. W. Bates, S. Evans, G. Jabet,
C. R. Markham, Thomas Wright,
Vide note on page Iviii,
Ixii
REPORT 1892.
Date and Place
Presidents
Secretaries
1866. Nottingham
1867. Dundee ...
1868. Norwich ...
Sir Charles Nicholson, Bart.,
LL.D.
Sir Samuel Baker, F.R.G.S.
Capt. G. H. Richards, R.N.,
F.R.S.
H. W. Bates, Rev. E. T. Cusins, R.
H. Major, Clements R. Markham,
D. W. Nash, T. Wright.
H. W. Bates, Cyril Graham, Clements
R. Markham, S. J. Mackie, R.
Stiirrock.
T. Baines, H. W. Bates, Clements R.
Markham, T. Wright.
1869. Exeter
1870. Liverpool...
1871. Edinburgh
1872. Brighton ...
1873. Bradford..,
SECTION E [continued). -
Sir Bartle Frere, K.C.B.,
LL.D., F.R.G.S.
Sir R. LMiTrchison,Bt.,K.C.B.,
LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.
Colonel Yule, C.B., F.R.G.S.
Francis Galton, F.R.S
Sir Rutherford Alcock,K.C.B.
1874. Belfast Major Wilson, R.E., F.R.S.,
F.R.G.S.
1875. Bristol Lieut. - General Strachey,
R.E..C.S.L,F.R.S.,F.R.G.S.,
F.L.S., F.G.S.
1876. Glasgow ... Capt. Evans, C.B., F.R.S
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
Plymouth...
Dublin
Sheffield ...
Swansea ...
York
Southamp-
ton.
Southport
Montreal ...
Aberdeen...
Birmingham
Manchester
Bath
Newcastle-
upon-Tyne
Leeds
Cardiee ,
Edinburgh
Adm. Sir E. Ommanney, C.B.,
F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S.
Prof. Sir C. Wyville Thom-
son, LL.D., F.R.S. L.&E .
Clements R. Markham, C.B.,
F.R.S., Sec. R.G.S.
Lieut.-Gen. Sir J. H. Lefroy,
C.B.,K.C.M.G.,R.A.,F.R.S.,
F.R.G.S.
Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.I.,
C.B., F.R.S.
Sir R. Temple, Bart., G.C.S.I.,
F.R.G.S.
Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen, F.R.S.
Gen. Sir J. H. Lefroy, C.B.,
K.C.M.G., F.R.S.,V.P.R.G.S.
Gen. J. T. Walker, C.B., R.E.,
LL.D., F.R.S.
Maj.-Gen. Sir. F. J. Goldsmid,
K.C.S.I., C.B., F.R.G.S.
Col. Sir C. Warren, R.E.,
G.C.M.G., F.R.S., F.R.G.S.
Col. Sir C. W. Wilson, R.E ,
K.C.B., F.R.S., F.R.G.S.
Col. Sir F. de Winton,
K.CM.G., C.B., F.R.G.S.
Lieut.-Col. Sir R. Lambert
Playfair, K.C.M.G., F.R.G.S.
E. G. Ravenstein, F.R.G.S.,
F.S.S.
Prof J. Geikie, D.C.L.,F.R.S.,
V.P.R.Scot.G.S.
-GEOGRAPHY.
H. W. Bates, Clements R. Markham,
J. H. Thomas.
H.W.Bates, David Buxton, Albert J.
Mott, Clements R. Markham.
A. Buchan, A. Keith Johnston, Cle-
ments R. ^larkham, J. H. Thomas.
H. W. Bates, A. Keith Johnston,
Rev. J. Newton, J. H. Thomas.
H. W. Bates, A. Keith Johnston,
Clements R. Markham.
E. G. Ravenstein, E. C. Rye, J. H.
Thomas.
H. W. Bates, E. C. Rye, F. F.
Tuckett.
H. W. Bates, E. C. Rye, R. Oliphant
Wood.
H. W. Bates, F. E. Fox, E. C. Rye.
John Coles, E. C. Rye.
H. W. Bates, C. E. D. Black. E. C.
Rye.
H. W. Bates, E. C. Rye.
J. W. Barry, H. W. Bates.
E. G. Ravenstein, E. C. Rye.
John Coles, E. G. Ravenstein, E. C.
Rye.
Rev.AbbeLaflamme, J.S. O'Halloran,
E. G. Ravenstein, J. F. Torrance.
J. S. Keltic, J. S. O'HaJloran, E. G.
Ravenstein, Rev. G. A. Smith.
F. T. S. Houghton, J. S. Keltic,
E. G. Ravenstein.
Rev. L. C. Casartelli, J. S. Keltic,
H. J. Mackinder, E. G. Ravenstein.
J. S. Keltic, H. J. Mackinder, E. G.
Ravenstein.
J. S. Keltic, H. J. Mackinder, R.
Sulivan, A. Silva White.
A. Barker, John Coles, J. S. Keltie,
A. Silva White.
John Coles, J. S. Keltie, H. J. Mac-
kinder, A. Silva White, Dr. Yeats.
J. G. Bartholomew, John Coles, J. S.
Keltic, A. Silva White.
PKESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE SECTIONS.
Ixiii
Date and Place
Presidents
Secretaries
I
STATISTICAL SCIENCE.
COMMITTEE OP SCIENCES, VI. — STATISTICS.
1833. Cambridge! Prof. Babbage, F.R.S i J. E. Drinkwater.
1834. Edinburgh I Sir Clmrles Lemon, Bart I Dr. Cleland, C. Hope Maclean.
SECTION F. — STATISTICS.
1 835.
1836.
1837.
1838.
1839.
1840.
1841.
1842.
1843.
1844.
1845.
1846.
1847.
1848.
1849.
1850.
1851.
1852.
1853.
1854.
1855.
Dublin
Bristol
Liverpool...
Newcastle
Birmingham
Glasgow ...
Plj^mouth . . .
Manchester
Cork
York
Cambridge
Southamp-
ton.
Oxford
Swansea ...
Birmingham
Edinburgh
Ipswich ...
Belfast
Hull
Liverpool...
Glasgow ...
Charles Babbage, F.R.S
Sir Chas. Lemon, Bart., F.R.S.
Rt. Hon. Lord Sandon
Colonel Sykes, F.R.S
Henry Hallam, F.R.S
Rt. Hon. Lord Sandon, M.P.,
F.R.S.
Lieut.-Col. Sykes, F.R.S
G. W. Wood, M.P., F.L.S. ...
Sir C. Lemon, Bart., M.P. ...
Lieut. - Col. Sykes, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.
Rt. Hon. the Earl Fitzwilliam
G. R. Porter, F.R.S
Travers Twiss, D.C.L., F.R.S.
J. H. Vivian, M.P., F.R.S. ...
Rt. Hon. Lord Lyttelton
Very Rev. Dr. John Lee,
V.P.R.S.E.
Sir John P. Boileau, Bart. ...
His Grace the Archbishop of
Dublin.
James Heywood, M.P., F.R.S.
Thomas Tooke, F.R.S
R. Monckton Milnes, M.P. ...
W. Greg, Prof. Longfield.
Rev. J. E. Bromby, C. B. Fripp,
James Heywood.
W. R. Greg, W. Langton, Dr. W. C.
Tayler.
W. Cargill, J. Heywood, W. R. Wood.
F. Clarke, R. W. Rawson, Dr. W. C.
Tayler.
C. R. Baird, Prof. Ramsay, R. W.
Rawson.
liev. Dr. Bj'rth, Rev. R. Luney, R.
W. Rawson.
Rev. R. Luney, G. W. Ormerod, Dr.
W. C. Tayler.
Dr. D. BuUen, Dr. W. Cooke Tayler.
J. Fletoiier, J. Heywood, Dr. Lay-
cock.
J. Fletcher, Dr. W. Cooke Tayler.
J. Fletcher, F. G. P. Neison, Dr. W.
C. Tayler, Rev. T. L. Shapcott.
Rev. W. H. Cox, J. J. Danson, F. G.
P. Neison.
J. Fletcher, Capt. R. Shortrede.
Dr. Finch, Prof. Hancock, F. G. P.
Neison.
Prof. Hancock, J. Fletcher, Dr. J.
Stark.
J. Fletcher, Prof. Hancock.
Prof. Hancock, Prof. Ingram, James
MacAdam, jun.
Edward Clieshire, W. Newmarch.
E. Chesliire, J. T. Danson, Dr. W, H.
Duncan, W. Newmarch.
J. A. Campbell, E. Cheshire, W. New-
march. Prof. R. H. Walsh.
p SECTION p (continued). — economic science and statistics.
1856. Cheltenham
1857. Dublin.
1858. Leeds .,
Rt. Hon. Lord Stanley, M.P. Rev. C. H. Bromby, E. Cheshire, Dr.
W. N. Hancock, W. Newmarch, W.
] M. Tartt.
His Grace the Ai-chbishop of | Prof . Cairns, Dr. H. D. Hutton, W.
Dublin, M.R.I.A. | Newmarch.
Edward Baines jT. B. Baines. Prof. Cairns, S. Brown,
Capt. Fishbourne, Dr. J. Strang.
Ixiv
REPORT — 1892.
Date and Place
1859.
1860.
1801. Manchester
Presidents
Secretaries
Aberdeen... I Col. Sykes, M.P., F.R.S
Oxford Nassau W. Senior, M.A
William Newmarch, F.E.S....
1862.
1863.
1861.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
Cambridge Edwin Chadwick, C.B
Newcastle . William Tite, M.P., F.R.S.
Bath
Birmingham
Nottingham
Dundee
Norwich ....
William Farr, M.D., D.C.L.,
F.R.S.
E.t. Hon. Lord Stanle}', LL.D.,
M.P.
Prof. J. E. T. Rogers
M. E. Grant-Duff, M.P
Plymouth.
Dublin....
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
Samuel Brown, Pres. Instit.
Actuaries.
Exeter Et.Hon. Sir Stafford H. North-
cote, Bart., C.B., M.P.
Liverpool... Prof. W. Stanley Jevons, M.A.
Edinburgh Rt. Hon. Lord Neaves
Brighton ... Prof. Henry Fawcett, M.P
Bradford ... Rt. Hon. W. E. Forster, M.P.
Belfast Lord O'Hagan
Bristol ' James Heywood, M.A. , F.R.S.,
! Pres. S.S.
Glasgow ... Sir George Campbell, K.C.S.L,
M.P.
Rt. Hon. the Earl Fortescue
Prof. J. K. Ingram, LL.D.,
M.E.LA.
G. Shaw Lefevre, M.P., Pres.
S.S.
G. W. Hastings, M.P
Rt. Hon. M. E. Grant-Duff,
M.A., F.R.S.
Southamp- Rt. Hon. G. Sclater- Booth,
ton. I M.P., F.R.S.
Southport R. H. Inglis Palgrave, F.R.S.
i
Montreal ... Sir Richard Temple, Bart.,
i G.C.S.L, CLE., F.R.G.S.
Aberdeen... Prof. H. Sidgwick, LL.D.,
Litt.D.
Birmingham J. B. Martin, M.A., F.S.S.
Manchester.Robert Giffen, LL.D.,V.P.S.S.
1879. Sheffield
Swansea ...
York
1888. Bath
1889
.jRt. Hon. Lord Bramwell,
I LL.D., F.R.S.
Newcastle- Prof. F. Y. Edgeworth, M.A.,
upon-Tyne' F.S.S.
Prof. Cairns, Edmimd Macrory, A. M,
Smith, Dr. John Strang.
Edmund Macrory, W. Newmarch,
Rev. Prof. J. E. T. Rogers.
David Chadwick, Prof. R. C. Christie,
E. Macrory, Rev. Prof. J. E. T.
Roger.s
H. D. Macleod, Edmund Macrory.
T. Doubleday, Edmund Macrory,
Frederick Purdy, James Potts.
E. JIacrory, E. T. Payne. F. Purdy.
G. J. D. Goodman, G. J. Johnston,
E. Macrory.
R. Birkin, jun., Prof. Leone Levi, E.
Macrory.
Prof. Leone Levi, E. Macrory, A. J.
Warden.
Rev. W. C. Davie, Prof. Leone Levi.
E. Macrory, F. Purdy, C. T. D.
Acland.
Chas. R. Dudley Baxter, E. Macrory,
J. Miles Moss.
J. G. Fitch, .James Meikle.
J. G. Fitch, Barclay Phillips?.
J. G. Fitch, Swire Smith.
Prof. Donnell, F. P. Fellows, Hans
JlacMordie.
F. P. Fellows, T. G. P. Hallett, E.
Macrorv.
A. M'Neei Caird, T. G. P. Hallett, Dr.
W. Noilson Hancock, Dr. W. Jack.
W. F. Collier, P. Hallett, J. T. Pim.
W. J. Hancock. C. Molloy, J. T. Pim.
Prof. Adamson, R. E. Leader, C.
Molloy.
N. A. Humphreys, C. Molloy.
C. Molloy, W. W. Morrell, J. F.
Moss.
G. Baden-Powell, Prof. H. S. Fox-
well, A. Milnes, C. Molloy.
Rev. \V. Cunningham, Prof. H. S.
Foxwell, J. N. Keynes, C. Molloy.
Prof. H. S. Foxwell, J. S. McLennan,
Prof. J. Wat.«on.
Rev. W. Cunningham, Prof. H. S.
Foxwell, C. McCombie, J. F. Moss.
F. F. Barham, Rev. W. Cunningham,
Prof. H. S. Foxwell, J. F. Moss.
Rev. W. Cunningham, F. Y. Edge-
worth, T. H. Elliott, C. Hughes,
Prof. J. E. C. Munro, G. H. Sar-
gant.
Prof. F. Y. Edgeworth, T. H. Elliott,
Prof. H. S. Foxwell, L. L. F. R.
Price.
Rev. Dr. Cunnino-hnni, T. H. Elliott,
F. B. Jevons, L. L. F. R. Price.
PRESIDENT^! AND SECUETAIIIES OF THE SECTION.S.
Ixv
Date and Place
Presidents
Secretaries
1890. Leeds
Prof. A. MarshaU, M.A.,F.S.S.
W. A. Brigg, Rev. Dr. Cunningham,
T. H. Elliott, Prof. J. E. C. Munro.
L. L. F. R. Price.
1891. Cardiff
Prof. W. Cunningham, D.D.,
Prof. J. Brough, E. Cannan, Prof.
D.Sc, F S.S.
E. C. K. Gonner, H. LI. Smith,
Prof. W. R. Sorley.
1892. Edinburgh
Hon. Sir C. W. Fremantle.
Prof. J. Brousjh, J. R. Findlav, Prof.
K.C.B.
E. C. K. Gonner, H. Higgs,
L. L. F. R. Price.
MECHANICAL SCIENCE.
SECTION G. — MECHANICAL SCIENCE.
1836. Bristol
1837. LiverpooL..
1838. Newcastle
1839. Birmingham
1840. Glasgow ....
1841. Plymouth
1842. Manchester
1843. Cork
1844. York
1845. Cambridge
1846.Southampton
1847. Oxford....
1848. Swansea .
1849. Birmingham
1850. Edinburgh
1851. Ipswich
1852. Belfast
1853. Hull
1854. Liverpool...
1855. Glasgow ...
1856. Cheltenham
1857. Dublin
1858. Leeds
1859. Aberdeen...
1860. Oxford
1861. Manchester
1862. Cambridge
1863. Newcastle
1864. Bath
1865. Birmingham
1892.
Davies Gilbert, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Rev. Dr. Robinson
Charles Babbage, F.R.S. .
Prof. Willis, P.R.S., and Robt.
Stephenson.
Sir John Robinson
John Taylor, F.R.S
Rev. Prof. Willis, F.R.S
Prof. J. Macneill, M.R.LA....
John Taylor, F.R.S
George Rennie, F.R.S
Rev. Prof. Willis, M.A., F.R.S.
Rev. Prof .Walker, M.A.,F.R.S.
Rev. Prof .Walker, M.A..P.R.S.
Robt. Stephenson, M.P., F.R.S.
Rev. R. Robinson
William Cubitt, F.R.S
John Walker, C.E., LL.D.,
F.R.S.
William Fairbairn, C.E.,
F.R.S.
John Scott Russell, F.R.S. ...
W. J. Macquorn Rankine,
C.E., F.R.S.
George Rennie, F.R.S
Rt. Hon. the Earl of Rosse,
F.R.S.
William Fairbairn, F.R.S. ...
Rev. Prof. Willis, M.A., F.R.S.
Prof . W. J. Macquorn Rankine,
LL.D., F.R.S.
J. F. Bateman, C.E., F.R.S....
Wm. Fairbairn, LL.D., F.R.S.
Rev. Prof. Willis, M.A., F.R.S.
J. Hawkshaw, F.R.S
Sir W. G. Armstrong, LL.D.,
F.R.S.
T. G. Bunt, G. T. Clark, W. West.
Charles Vignoles, Thomas Webster.
R. Hawthorn, C. Vignoles, T.
Webster.
W. Carpmael, William Hawkes, T.
Webster.
J. Scott Russell, J. Thomson, J. Tod,
C. Vignoles.
Henry Chatfield, Thomas Webster.
J. F. Bateman, J. Scott Russell, J.
Thomson, Charles Vignoles.
James Thomson, Robert Mallet.
Charles Vignoles, Thomas Webster.
Rev. W. T. Kingsley.
William Betts, jun., Charles Manby.
J. Glynn, R. A. Le Mesurier.
R. A. Le Mesurier, W. P. Struve.
Charles Manby, W. P. Marshall.
Dr. Lees, David Stephenson.
John Head, Charles Manby.
John F. Bateman, C. B. Hancock,
Charles Manby, James Thomson.
James Oldham, J. Thomson, W.
Sykes Ward.
John Grantham, J. Oldham, J.
Thomson.
L. Hill, jun., William Ramsay, .J.
Thomson.
C. Atherton, B. Jones, jun., H. M,
Jeffery.
Prof. Downing, W.T. Doyne, A. Tate,
James Thomson, Henry Wright.
J. C. Dennis, J. Dixon, H. Wright.
R. Abernethy, P. Le Neve Foster, H,
Wright.
P. Le Neve Foster, Rev. F. Harrison,
Henry Wright.
P. Le Neve Foster, John Robinson,
H. Wright.
W. M. Fawcett, P. Le Neve Foster.
P. Le Neve Foster, P. Westmacott,
J. F. Spencer.
P. Le Neve Foster, Robert Pitt.
P. Le Neve Foster, Henry Lea,
W. P. Marsliall, Walter May.
d
Ixvi
KEPORT 1892.
Date and Place
Presidents
1866,
1867.
1868,
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1S84.
1885,
1880.
1887,
1888.
1889.
1890,
1891
1892.
Nottingham Thomas Hawksley, V.P.Inst.
C.E., F.G.S.
Dundee Prof .W.J. MacquornEaukine,
LL.D., F.E.S.
Norwich ... G. P. Bidder, C.E., F.R.G.S.
Exeter
Liverpool...
Edinburgh
Brighton ...
Bradford ...
Belfast
Bristol
Glasgow ...
Plj-mouth..,
Dublin ,
Sheffield ..
Swansea ..
York
Southamp-
ton.
Southport
Montreal ...
Aberdeen...
C. W. Siemens, F.R.S
Chas. P.. Vignoles, C.E., F.R.S.
Prof. Fleeming Jenkin, F.R.S.
F. J. Bramwell, C.E
W. H. Barlow, F.R.S
Prof. James Thomson, LL.D.,
C.E., F.R.S. E.
W. Froude, C.E., M.A., F.R.S.
C. W. Merrifield, F.R.S
Edward Woods, C.E
Edward East on, C.E
J. Robinson, Pres. Inst. Mech.
Eng.
James Abernethy, V.P. Inst. A. T. Atchison, H. T. Wood.
C.E., F.R.S.E.
Sir W. G. Armstrong, C.B.,
LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.
John Fowler, C.E., F.G.S. ...
Secretaries
P. Le Neve Foster, J. F. Iselin, M.
O. Tarbotton.
P. Le Neve Foster, Jolm P. Smith,
W. W. Urquhart.
P, Le Neve Foster, J. F. Iseliu, C.
Manby, W. Smith.
P. Le Neve Foster, H. Bauerman.
H. Bauerman, P. Le Neve Foster. T.
King, J. N. Shoolbred.
H. Bauerman, Alexander Leslie.
J. P. Smith.
H. M. Briinel, P. Le Neve Foster,
J. G. Gamble, J. N. Shoolbred.
Crawford Barlow, H. Bauerman,
E. H. Carbutt, J. C. Hawksliaw,
J. N. Shoolbred.
A. T. Atchison, J. N. Shoolbred, John
Smyth, jun.
W. E. Browne, H. M. Brimel, J. G.
Gamble. J. N. Shoolbred.
W. Bottomley, jun., W. J. Millar,
J. N. Shoolbred, J. P. Smith.
A. T. Atchison, Dr. Merrifield, J. N.
Shoolbred.
A. T. Atchison, R. G, Symes, H. T.
Wood.
A. T. Atchison, Emerson Bainbridge,
H. T. Wood.
James Brunlees, F.R.S.E.,
Pres.Inst.C.E.
Sir F. J. Bramwell, F.R.S.,
V.P.Inst.C.E.
B. Baker. M.Inst.C.E
Birmingham ' Sir J. N. Douglass, M.Inst.
! C.E.
Manchester j Prof. Osborne Reynolds, M.A.,
] LL.D., F.E.S. ■
Bath W. H. Preece, F.E.S.,
M.Inst.C.E.
Newcastle- [W. Anderson. M.Inst.C.E. ...
upon-Tyne
Capt. A. Noble, C.B., F.R.S
F.R.A.S.
T. Forster Brown, M.Inst.C.E.,
Leeds
Cardiff
Edinburgh
Prof. W. C. Unwin, F.R.S.
M.Inst.C.E.
A. T. Atchison, J. F. Stephenson,
H. T. Wood.
A. v. Atchison, F. Churton, H. T.
Wood.
A. T. Atchison, E. Rigg, H. T. Wood.
A. T. Atchison, W. B. Dawson, J.
Kennedy, H. T. Wood.
A. T. Atchison, F. G. Ogilvie, E.
Rigg, J. N. Shoolbred.
C. W. Cooke, J. Kenward. W. B.
Marshall, K. Rierg.
C. F. Budenberg,'' W. B. Marshall,
E. Rigg.
C. W. Cooke, W. B. Marshall, E.
Rigg, P. K. Stothert.
C. W. Cooke, W. B. Mar.sball, Hon.
C. A. Parsons, E. Rigg.
E. K. Clark, C. W. Cooke, W. B.
Marshall, E. Rigg.
C. \V. Cooke, Prof. A. C. Elliott,
W. B. Marshall, E. Rigg.
C. W. Cooke, W. B. Marshall, W. C.
Popplewell, E. Rigg.
PEESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE SECTIONS.
Ixvii
Date and Place
1884. Montreal...
1885. Aberdeen...
1886. Birmingham
1887. Manchester
1888. Bath
18811. Newcastle-
upon-Tyne
1890. Leeds
1891. Cardiff
1892. Edinburgh
Presidents
Secretaries
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE.
SECTION H. ANTHROPOLOGY.
E. B. Tylor, D.C.L., F.K.S. ...
Francis Galton, M.A., F.K.S.
Sir G. Campbell, K.C.S.I.,
M.P., D.C.L., F.R.G.S.
Prof. A. H. Sayce, M.A
Lieut.-General Pitt-Rivers,
D.C.L., F.R.S.
Prof. Sir W. Turner, M.B.,
LL.D., F.R.S.
Dr. J. Evans, Treas.R.S.,
F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.
Prof. F. Max MiiUer, M.A. ...
Prof. A. Macalister, M.A.,
M.D., F.R.S.
G. W. Bloxam, W. Hurst.
G. W. Bloxam, Dr. J. G. Garson, W.
Hurst, Dr. A. Macgregor.
G. W. Bloxam, Dr. J. G. Garson, W.
Hurst, Dr. R. Saundby.
G. W. Bloxam, Dr. J. G. Garson, Dr.
A. M. Paterson.
G. W. Bloxam, Dr. J. G. Garson, J.
Harris Stone.
G. W. Bloxam, Dr. J. G. Garson, Dr.
R. Morison, Dr. R. Howden.
G. W. Bloxam, Dr. C. M. Chadwick,
Dr. J. G. Garson.
G. W. Bloxam, Prof. R. Howden, H.
Ling Roth, E. Seward.
G. W. Bloxam, Dr. D. Hepburn, Prof.
R. Howden, H. Ling Roth.
LIST OF EVENING- LECTUKES.
Date and Place
1842. Manchester
1843. Cork
Lecturer
1844. York.
184.5. Cambridge
1846. Southamp-
ton.
1847. Oxford.
1848.
1849.
Swansea ...
Birmingham
Charles Vignoles, F.R.S
SirM. I.Brimel
R. I. Murchison
Prof. Owen, M.D., F.R.S
Prof. E. Forbes, F.R.S
Dr. Robinson
Charles Lyell, F.R.S
Dr. Falconer, F.R.S
G.B.Airy,F.R.S.,Astron.Royal
R. L Mm-chison, F.R.S
Prof. Owen, M.D., F.R.S. ...
Charles Lj-ell, F.R.S
W. R. Grove, F.R.S
Rev. Prof. B. Powell, F.R.S.
Prof. M. Faraday, F.R.S
Hugh E. Strickland, F.G.S... .
John Percy, M.D., F.R.S
W. Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S....
Dr. Faradav, F.R.S
Rev. Prof. Willis, M.A., F.R.S.
Subject of Discourse
The Principles and Construction of
Atmospheric Railways.
The Thames Tunnel.
The Geology of Russia.
The Dinornis of New Zealand.
The Distribution of Animal Life in
the jEgean Sea.
{The Earl of Rosse's Telescope.
Geology of North America.
'■ The Gigantic Tortoise of the Siwalik
Hills in India.
Progress of Terrestrial Magnetism.
Geology of Russia.
Fossil Mammaliaof the British Isles.
Valley and Delta of the Mississippi.
■ Properties of the Explosive substance
discovered by Dr. Schonbein ; also
some Researches of his own on the
Decomposition of Water bj' Heat,
Shooting Stars.
Magnetic and Diamagnetic Pheno-
mena.
The Dodo {Bidus ini'iHus).
Metallurgical Operations of Swansea
and its Neighbourhood.
Recent Microscopical Discoveries.
Mr. Gassiot's Battery.
Transit of different Weights with
varying Velocities on Railways.
d 2
Ixviii
REPOKT— 1892.
Date and Place
1850. Edinburgh
1851. Ipswich ...
1852. Belfast
1853. Hull.
Lecturer
1854. Liverpool
1855. Glasgow ...
1856. Cheltenham
1857. Dublin
1858. Leeds
1859. Aberdeen...
1860. Oxford
1861. Manchester
1862. Cambridge
1863. Newcastle
Prof. J. H. Bennett, M.D.,
F.R.S.E.
Dr. Mantell, F.R.S
Prof. R. Owen, M.D., F.R.S.
G.B.Airy,F.R.S.,Astron. Royal
Prof. G. G. Stokes, D.C.L.,
Colonel Portlock, R.E., F.R.S.
Prof. J. Phillips, LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.G.S.
Robert Hunt, F.R.S
Prof. R. Owen, M.D., F.R.S.
Col. E. Sabine, V.P.R.S
Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S.
Lieut.-Col. H. Rawlinson ...
Subject of Discourse
Col. Sir H. Rawlinson
1864. Bath
1865. Birmingham
1866. Nottingham
1867. Dundee
W. R. Grove, F.R.S
Prof. W. Thomson, F.R.S. ...
Rev. Dr. Livingstone, D.C.L.
Prof. J. Phillips,LL.D.,F.R.S.
Prof. R. Owen, M.D., F.R.S.
Sir R. I. Murchison, D.C.L....
Rev. Dr. Robinson, F.R.S. ...
Rev. Prof. Walker, F.R.S. ...
Captain Sherard Osborn, R.N.
Prof .W. A. Miller, M.A., F.R.S,
G. B. Airy, F.R.S., Astron,
Royal.
Prof. Tyndall, LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof. Odling, F.R.S ,
ProL Williamson, F.R.S
James Glaisher, F.R.S..
Prof. Roscoe, F.R.S
Dr. Livingstone, F.R.S.
J. Beete Jukes, F.R.S. ..
William Huggins, F.R.S
Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S
Archibald Geikie, F.R.S
Alexander Herschel, F.R.A.S.
Passage of the Blood through the
minute vessels of Animals in con-
nection with Nutrition.
Extinct Birds of New Zealand.
Distinction between Plants and Ani-
mals, and their changes of Form.
Total Solar Eclipse of July 28, 1851.
Recent Discoveries in the properties
of Light.
Recent Discovery of Rock-salt at
Carrickf ergus, and geological and
practical considerations connected
with it.
Some peculiar Phenomena in the
Geology and Physical Geogi'aphy
of Yorkshire.
The present state of Photography.
Anthropomoriihous Apes.
Progress of Researches in Terrestrial
Magnetism.
Characters of Species.
.Assyrian and Babylonian Antiquities
and Ethnology.
Recent Discoveries in Assyria and
Babylonia, w^ith the results of
Cuneiform research up to the
present time.
Correlation of Pliysical Forces.
The Atlantic Telegraph.
Recent Discoveries in Africa.
The Ironstones of Yorkshire.
The Fossil Mammalia of Australia.
Geology of the Northern Highlands.
Electrical Discharges in highly
rarefied Media.
Physical Constitution of the Sun.
Arctic Discovery.
Spectrum Analysis.
The late Eclipse of the Sun.
The Forms and Action of Water.
Organic Chemistry.
The Chemistry of the Galvanic Bat-
tery considered in relation to
Dynamics.
The Balloon Ascents made for the
British Association.
The Chemical Action of Light.
Recent Travels in Africa.
Probabilities as to the position and
extent of the Coal-measures be-
neath tlie red rocks of the Mid-
land Counties.
The results of Spectrum Analysis
applied to Heavenly Bodies.
Insular Floras.
The Geological Origin of the present
Scenery of Scotland.
The present state of Knowledge re-
garding Meteors and Meteorites.
p
LIST OF EVENING LECTURES.
Ixix
Date and Place
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
Norwich ..
Exeter
Liverpool . .
Edinburgh
1872. Brighton
1873,
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
Bradford
Belfast . . .
Bristol ....
Glasgow .
Plymouth .
1878. Dublin
I
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
Sheffield
Swansea
York
Southamp-
ton.
Southport
Lecturer
1884. Montreal...
188.5. Aberdeen.
1886.
1887.
Birmingham
Manchester
J. Fergusson, F.R.S
Dr. W. Odlincf, F.K.S
Prof. J. Pliillips, LL.D.,F.R.S.
J. Norman Lockj'er F.E.S. ..
Prof. J. Tyndall, LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof .W. J. i\racquorn Rankine,
LL.D.. F.R.S.
F. A. Abel, F.R.S
E. B. Ti'lor, F.R.S
Prof. P. Martin Duncan, M.B.,
F.R.S.
Prof. W. K. ClifEord
Subject of Discourse
Prof. W. C.Williamson, F.R.S.
Prof. Clerk Maxwell, F.R.S.
Sir John Lubbock,Bart..M.P.,
F.R.S.
Prof. Huxley, F.R.S
W.Spottiswoode,LL.D.,F.R.S.
F. J. Bramwell, F.R.S
Prof. Tait, F.R.S. E
SirWyville Thomson, F.R.S.
W. Warington Smyth, M.A.,
F.R.S.
Prof. Odling, F.R.S
Ct. J. Romanes, F.L.S
Prof. Dewar, F.R.S
W. Crookes, F.R.S
Prof. E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S.
Prof .W.Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S.
Francis Galton, F.R.S
Prof. Huxley, Sec. R.S
W. Spottiswoode, Pres. R.S.
Prof. Sir Wm. Thomson, F.R.S.
Prof. H. N. Moseley, F.R.S.
Prof. R. S. Ball, F.R.S
Prof. J. G. McKendrick,
F.R.S.E.
Prof. O. J. Lodge, D.Sc
Rev. W. H. Dallinger, F.R.S.
Prof. W. G. Adams, F.R.S. ...
John Murray, F.R.S.E
A. W. Riicker, M.A., F.R.S.
Prof. W. Rutherford, M.D. ...
Prof. H. B. Dixon, F.R.S. ...
Col. Sir F. de Winton,
K.C.M.G.
Archaeology of the early Buddhist
Monuments.
Reverse Chemical Actions.
Vesuvius.
The Physical Constitution of the
Stars and Nebulse.
The Scientific Use of the Imagination.
Stream-lines and Waves, in connec-
tion with Naval Architecture.
Some recent Investigations and Ap-
plications of Explosive Agents.
The Relation of Primitive to Modern
Civilisation.
Insect Metamori^hosis.
The Aims and Instruments of Scien-
tific Though t.
Coal and Coal Plants.
Molecules.
Common Wild Flowers considered
in relation to Insects.
The Hypothesis that Animals are
Automata, and its History.
The Colours of Polarised Light.
Railway Safety Appliances.
Force.
The CJmUciiffer Expedition.
The Physical Phenomena connected
with the Mines of Cornwall and
Devon.
The new Element, Gallium.
Animal Intelligence.
Dissociation, or Modern Ideas of
Chemical Action.
Radiant Matter.
Degeneration.
Primeval Man.
Mental Imagery.
The Rise and Progress of Palfeon-
tology.
The Electric Discharge, its Forms
and its Functions.
Tides.
Pelagic Life.
Recent Researches on the Distance
of the Sun.
Galvanic and Animal Electricity.
Dust.
The Modern Microscope in Re-
searches on the Least and Lowest
Forms of Life.
The Electric Light and Atmospheric
Absorption.
The Great Ocean Basins.
Soap Bubbles.
The Sense of Hearing.
The Rate of Explosions in Gases.
Explorations in Central Africa.
Ixx
UEPOiiT — 1892.
Date and Place
I.,c'ct:urer
Subject of Discourse
1888.
Bath
Prof. W. E. Ayrton, F.R.S. ...
The Electrical Transmission of
Power.
Prof. T. G. Bonney, D.Sc,
The Foundation Stones of the Earth's
F.E.S.
Crust.
1889.
ISlewcastle-
Prof. W. C. Roberts- Austen,
The Hardening and Tempering of
upon-Tyne
F.E.S.
Steel.
Walter Gardiner, M.A
How Plants maintain themselve.s in
the Struggle for Existence.
1890.
Leeds
E. B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S... .
Mimicrv.
Prof. C. Vernon Boys, F.R.S.
Quartz Fibres and their Applications.
1891.
Cardiff
Prof.L. C. Miall,F.L.S.,F.G.S.
Some Difficulties in the Life of
Aquatic Insects.
Prof.A.W.Eucker,M.A.,r.R.S.
Electrical Stress.
1892.
Edinburgh
Prof. A. Mibies Marshall,
D.Sc. F.R.S.
Pedigrees.
Prof. J. A E wing, M. A., F.R.S.,
Magnetic Induction.
F.R.S.E.
LECTURES TO THE OPERATIVE CLASSES.
Date and Place
1867. Dundee
1868. Norwich ...
1869. Exeter
1870. Liverpool- .
1872. Bria-hton ...
1873. Bradford ...
1874. Belfast
1875. Bristol
1876. Glasgow ...
1877. Plymouth...
1879. Sheffield ...
1880. Swansea ...
1881. York
1882. Southamp-
ton.
1883. Southp-irt
1884. Montreal ...
1885. Aberdeen...
1886. Birmingham
1887. Manchester
1888. Bath
1889. Newcastle-
upon-Tyne
1890. Leeds
1891. Cardiff
1892. Edinburtrh
Lecturer
Prof. J. Tvndall, LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof. Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S.
Prof. Miller, M.D., F.R.S. ...
Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,M.P.,
F.R.S.
W.Spottiswoode,LL.D.,F.R.S.
C.W. Siemens, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Prof. Odling, F.R.S
Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S.
Commander Cameron, C.B.,
R.N.
W. H. Preece
W. E. AjTton
H. Seebohm, F.Z.S
Prof. Osborne Reynolds,
F.R.S.
John Evans, D.C.L.,Treas. R.S.
Sir F. J. Bramwell, F.R.S. ...
Prof. R. S. Ball, F.R.S
H. B. Dixon, M.A
Prof. W. C. Roberts-Austen,
F.R.S.
Prof. G. Forbes, F.R.S
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.,
F.R.S.
B. Baker, M.Inst.C.B
Subject of Discourse
Matter and Force.
A Piece of Chalk.
Experimental Illustrations of the
modes of detecting the Composi-
tionof the Sun and other Heavenly
Bodies by the Spectrum.
Savages.
Sunshine, Sea, and Sky.
I Fuel.
i The Discovery of Oxygen.
A Piece of Limestone.
A Journey through Africa.
Telegraphy and the Telephone.
Electricity as a Motive Power.
The North-East Passage.
Raindrops, Hailstones, and Snow-
flakes.
Unwritten History, and how to
read it.
Talking by Electricity — Telephones.
Comets.
The Nature of Explosions.
The Colours of Metals and their
Alloys.
Electric Lighting.
The Customs of Savage Races.
The Forth Bridge.
Prof. J. Perry, D.Sc, F.R.S. Spinning Tops.
Prof. S. P. Thompson, F.R.S. | Electricity in Mining.
Prof. C. Vernon Boys, F.R.S. i Electric Spark Photograph.s.
Ixxi
OrFICERS OF SECTIONAL COMMITTEES PRESENT AT THE
EDINBURGH MEETING.
SECTION A. — MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
President— Professor Arthur Schuster, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S.
Vice-Presidents. — Dr. A. Buchan, F.R.S.E.; Professor Chrystal, F.R.S.E. ;
Professor Copeland, F.R.S.E. ; Professor H. von, Helmholtz, F.R.S. ;
Lord M'Laren, F.R.S.E.; Professor 0. J. Lodge, F.R.S. ; Lord
Kelvin, Pres.R.S. ; Professor Sir G. G. Stokes, F.R.S. ; Professor
P. G. Tait, F.R.S.E.
Secretaries. — R. E. Baynes, M.A. (^Recorder); J. Larmor, F.R.S.; Pro-
fessor A. Lodge, M.A. ; Dr. W. Peddie, F.R.S.E.
SECTION B. CHEMICAL SCIENCE.
President.— Professor Herbert M'Leod, F.R.S., F.C.S.
Vice-Presidents. — Professor A. Crum Brown, F.R.S. ; Dr. J. H. Gladstone,
F.R.S. ; Professor F. R. Japp, F.R.S. ; Professor W. H. Perkin, Jun.,
F.R.S.; Professor Otto Pettersson ; Professor T, Purdie, F.C.S. ;
Professor J. Emerson Reynolds, F.R.S. ; Professor W. C. Roberts-
Austen, C.B., F.R.S.
Secretaries. — Dr. J. Gibson, F.R.S.E. ; H. Forster Morley, D.Sc.
{Becorder) ; D. H. Nagel, M.A. ; Dr. W. W. J. Nicol, M.A.
SECTION C. — GEOLOGY.
President. — Professor Charles Lapworth, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.
Vice-Presidents. ^Professor Bonuey, D.Sc, F.R.S. ; R. Etheridge, F.R.S. ;
Professor T. M'K. Hughes, F.R.S.; Professor T. Rupert Jones,
F.R.S. ; B. N. Peach, F.R.S. ; Professor A. F. Renard ; Baron F. von
Richthofen ; Dr. R. H. Traquair, F.R.S.
Secretaries.— B.. M. Cadell, F.R.S.E. ; J. E. Marr, F.R.S. ; Clement
Reid, F.G.S. ; W. W. Watts, M.A. {Recorder).
SECTION D. — BIOLOGY.
President.— Professor W. Rutherford, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E.
Vice-Presidents. — Professor I. Bayley Balfour, F.R.S. ; Professor F. O.
Bower, F.R.S. ; W. Carruthers, F.R.S. ; Professor J. Cossar
Bwart, F.R.S.E. ; Professor M, Foster, Sec.R.S. ; Dr. George King,
Ixxii KEPORT — 1892.
C.I.E., F.R.S. ; Professor M'Intosh, F.R.S. ; Professor J. G. McKen-
drick, F.R.S. ; Professor Burdon Sanderson, F.R.S. ; Dr. P. L. Sclater,
F.R.S.
Secretaries.— G. Brook, F.R.S.E. ; Professor W. A. Herdraan, F.R.S.
{Recorder) ; George Murray, F.R.S.E. ; Professor William Stirling,
M.D. ; Harold Wager.
SECTION E. — GEOGEAPHT.
Prm'c^eiii.— Professor James Geikie, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E.,
F.G.S., V.P.R.Scot.G.S.
Vice-Presidents. — Colonel Godwin -Austen, F R.S. ; J. Y. Buchanan,
F.R.S. ; Dr. George Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S. ; H. J. Mackinder,
F.R.G.S. ; E. G. Ravenstein, F.R.G.S. ; Baron F. von Richthofen ;
Coutts Trotter, F.R.G.S.
Secretaries.— J . G. Bartholomew, F.R.S.E.; John Coles, F.R G.S. ;
J. Scott Keltic, F.R.G.S. (Recorder) ; A. Silva White, F.R.S.E.
SECTION F. — ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS.
President.— The Hon. Sir C. W. Fremantle, K.C.B.
Vice-Presidents. — Professor W. Cunningham, D.D. ; Professor J. E. C.
Munro, LL.D. ; Professor J. S. Nicholson, F.R.S.E. ; R. H. Inglis
Palgrave, F.R.S, ; T. Bond Sprague, F.R.S.E.
Secretaries. — Professor J. Brough, LL.D. ; J. R. Findlay, B.A. ; Professor
E. C. K. Conner, M.A. (Recorder) ; Henry Higgs, LL.B. ; L. L.
F. R. Price, M.A.
SECTION G. — MECHANICAL SCIENCE.
President.— Professor W. C. Unwin, F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E.
Vice-Presidents. — Professor G. F. Armstrong, F.R.S.E. ; Sir Benjamin
Baker, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. ; Professor George Forbes, F.R.S. ; Alex-
ander Leslie, M.Inst.C.E.; D. A. Stevenson, F.R.S.E.
Secretaries. — Conrad W. Cooke ; W. Bayley Marshall, M.Inst.C.E. ; W. C.
Popplewell, B.Sc. ; E. Rigg, M.A. (Recorder).
SECTION H. — ANTHEOPOLOGT.
President. — Professor Alexander Macalister, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.
Vice-Presidents. — Joseph Anderson, M.D. ; Sir Arthur Mitchell, K.C.B. ;
Robert Munro, M.D. ; Sir William Turner, F.R.S.
Secretaries.— G. W. Bloxam, M.A. (Recorder) ; Dr. D. Hepburn, F.R.S.E. ;
Professor R. Howden, M.A. ; H. Ling Roth,
fl
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL, 1892-3.
PRESIDENT.
SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.D., D.Sc, Fun. Skc. R.S., F.li.b.E., F.O.S., Director-General of
tlie Geological Survey of the United Kiugdou:.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
the LoRp PROVosr oP Edin-
MFhe Biglit Hon
■ _ BURGH.
T^he Most Hon. the Marqukss of Lothian, K.T.
The Right Hon. the Earl of Ro.sebery, K.G.,
LL.b., P.R.S., F.R.S.E.
The Right Hon. J. H. A. Macdonald, C.B., LL.D.,
F.R.S., F.R.S.E.
6 PRESIDENT ELECT.
PROFESSOR J. S. BURDON SANDERSON, M.D., LL.D., D.C.L., P.R.S., F.R.S.E,
VICE-PRESIDENTS ELECT.
Principal Sir Wn.LrAJi Mum, K.O.S.I., D.C.L.
Professor Sir Douolas Maclagan, M.D ., Pres.R.S.E.
Professor Sir William Turner, P.R.S., F.R.S.E.
Professor A. CnuM Brown, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E.,
Pres.C.S.
Professor P. G. Tait, M.A., F.R.S.E,
His Grace the Duke of St. Albans, Lord Lien-
tenant of Nottinghamshire.
His Grace the Duke op Devonshire, K.G., Chan-
cellor of the Uuiversitj' of Cambridge.
His Grace the Duke of Portland, Lord Lieu-
tenant of Caithness .
His Grace the Duke of Newcastlk.
The Right Hon. Lord Belper.
The Right Worshipful the Mayor op Nottino -
HAM.
The Right Hon. Sir W. R. Grove, M.A., D.C.L.,
LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E.
Sir John Turkey, J.P.
Professor Michael Foster, M.A., M.D., LL.D.
Sec.R.S., F.L.S.. F.C.S.
W. H. RANSOJr, Esq., M.D., F.R.S.
GENERAL SECRETARIES.
Capt. Sir Douglas Galton, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., 12 Chester Street, London, S.W.
A. G. Tbenon Harcourt, Esq., M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.C.S., Cowley Grange, O.xford.
ASSISTANT GENERAL SECRETARY.
G. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.C.S., Harrow, Middlesex.
GENERAL TREASURER. '
Professor Arthur Rijcker, M.A., F.R.S., Burlington House, London, W.
THE MEETING AT
A. p. J(
NOTTINGHAM.
IINSON, Esq., M.A.
LOCAL SECRETARIES FOR
Professor F. Clowes, D.Sc, F.C.S.
Professor W. H. Heaton, M.A.
LOCAL TREASURER FOR THE MEETING AT NOTTINGHAM
Edward Goldsch.midt, Esq., J.P.
ORDINARY
Anderson, Dr. W., F.R.S.
Ayrton, Professor W. E., F.R.S.
Baker, Sir B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.
Ball, Sir R. S., F.R.S.
Duff, Sir M. E. Grant, G.C.S.I., F.R.S,
Edgeworth, Professor F. Y., M.A.
Evans, Sir J., K.C.B., F.R.S.
Fitzgerald, Professor G. F., F.R.S.
Glazeerook, R. T., Esq., F.R.S.
Green, Professor A. H., F.R.S.
Ln-EING, Professor G. D., F.R.S.
Lodge, Professor Olivek J., F.R.S.
Meldola, Professor R., F.R.S.
MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.
Preece, W. H., Esq., F.R.S.
Ra.msay, Professor W., F.R.S.
Reinold, Professor A. W., F.R.S.
RoBKRTS-AuSTEN,ProfessorW.C.,C.B., F.R.S.
SCHAFER, Professor E. A., F.R.S.
Schuster, Professor A., F.R.S.
Sidgwick, Professor H., M.A.
Symons, G. J., Esq., F.R.S.
Unwin, Professor W. C, F.R.S.
Ward, Professor H. M.*.rshall, F.R.S.
Whitaker, W., Esq., F.R.S.
Woodward, Dr. H., F.R.S.
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL,
iie Trustees, the President and President Elect, tlie Presidents of former yeai-s, the Vice-Presidents and
hoe-Presidents Elect, the General and Assistant General Secretaries for the present and former years,
lie Secretary, the General Treasurers for the present and former years, and the Local Treasurer and
eeretaries for the ensuing Meeting.
TRUSTEES (PERMANENT).
The Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.
The Right Hon. Lord Rayleigh, M.A., D.C.L. , LL.D., Sec. R.S., F.R.A.S.
The Right Hon. Lord Playfair, K.C.B., Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S.
PRESIDENTS OP FORMER TEARS.
The Duke of Argyll, K.G., K.T.
Lord Armstrong, C.B., LL.D.
Sir William R. Grove, F.R.S.
Sir Joseph D. Hooker, K.C.S.I.
Sir G. G. Stokes, Bart., F.R.S.
Prof. Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S.
Lord Kelvin, LL.D., Pi-es.R.S.
Prof. WUUamson, Ph.D., F.R.S.
Prof. TvndaU, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Prof. AUman, M.D., F.R.S.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S.
Prof. Cayley, LL.D., F.R.S.
Lord Rayleigh, D.C.L., Sec. R.S.
Loril Playfair, K.C.B., F.R.S.
Sir Wm. Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S.
Sir H. E. Roscoe, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Sir F. J. Bramwell, Bart., F.R.S.
Sir. W. H. Flower, K.C.B., F.R.S.
Sir Frederick Abel, K.C.B., F.R.S.
Dr. Wm. Huggins, F.R.S.
GENERAL OFFICERS OF FORMER YEARS.
F. Galton, Esq., F.R.S. I G. Gilfflth, Esq., M.A., F.C.S. I Prof. Bonney, D.Sc, F.R.S.
Prof. Michael Foster, Sec. R.S. | P. L. Sclater, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S. | Prof. Williamson, Ph.D., F.R.S.
Prof. H. McLcod, F.R.S.
AUDITORS.
J. B. Martin, Esq., M.A., F.S.S.
Prof. W. Cunningham, D.Sc.
Ixxiv iiEPORT — 1892.
THE BEITISH ASSOCIATION FOR
Dr. THE GENERAL TREASURER'S ACCOUNT
1891-92. RECEIPTS.
£
Balance brought forward 846
New Life Compositions at Carclili' Meeting and since 330
New Annual Members" Subscriptions at Cardiff Meeting and
since 318
Annual Subscriptions „ , 655
Sale of Associates' Tickets at Cardiff 672
Sale of Ladies' Tickets at Cardiff 107
Sale of Publications 233
P^ent from Mathematical Society for the year ending Sep-
tember 29, 1891 12
Interest on Exchequer Bills 13
Dividends on Consols 170
Dividends on India ;> per cents 78
Unexpended Balance of Grant made ' for improving a Deep-
sea Tow-net ' 27 14 6
s.
d.
1
•2
2
8
15
8
2
18
9
19
6
£3364 19 9
Investments.
£
New Consols 8500
India 3 per cents 3600
Exchequer Bills 500
s.
a.
£12000
BALANCE SHEET, 1891-92. IxXV
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.
(from August 1, 1891, to June 30, 1892). Gr. [
I
1891-92. PAYMENTS. ]
£, s. d.
Expenses of Cardiff Meeting, including Printing and Adver-
tising, payment of Clerks, &;c 141 3 9
Eent and OfBce Expenses, including Furniture, &c 196 19 8 ]
Salaries 512 10 j
Messrs. Spottiswoode & Co., printing, binding, &c 1321 7 10 ■^
Grants. <
£ *-. d.
Meteorological Observations on Ben Nevis .50 ,
Pliotograplis of Meteorological Plienomena 1500 J
Pelliau Equation Tables 10 j
Discharge of Electricity from Points 50 j
Seismological Plienomena of Japan 10 |
Formation of Haloids 12 1
Properties of Solutions 10 '
Action of Light on Dyed Colours 10 i
Erratic Blocks 15 ]
Pliotograplis of Geological Interest 20 i
Underground Waters 10 i
Investigation of Elbolton Cave 25
E.xoavations at Oldbiury Hill 10
Cretaceous Polvzua 10
Table at Naples Zi mlogical Station 100
Table at Ph-mouth Biological Laboratory 17 10
Improving a Deep-sea Tow-net 40
Fauna of Saudwich Islands 100
Zoology and Botany of West India Islands 100
Climatology and Hydrography of Tropical Africa 50
Anthroporuetric Laboratory 5
Anthropological Notes and Queries 20
Prehistoric Remains in Mashonaland SO
North- Western Tribes of Canada 100
Corresponding Societies 25
8G4 10
By Balance at Bank of England, Western Branch 436 18 6
Less Cheques drawn but not presented 119 10
317 8 6
In hands of General Treasurer 11
328 8 6
£3364 19 9
Arthur W. Eucker, General Treasurer.
J. H. GLADSTONE, \ ,,^ii,,„„
John B. Martin, / ^i'«^*^'""«-
Table
showing the Attendance and Receipt A
Date o£ Meeting
Where held
Presidents
\
Old Life
Members
New Life 1
Members 1
1831, Sept, 27 ...
1832, June 19 ...
1833, June 25 ...
1834, Sept. 8 ...
1835, Aug. 10 ...
1836, Aug. 22 ...
1837, Sept. 11 ...
1838, Aug. 10 ...
1839, Aug. 26 ...
1840, Sept. 17 ...
1841, July 20 ...
1842, June 23 ...
1843, Aug. 17 ...
1844, Sept. 26 ...
1845, June 19 ...
1846, Sept. 10 ...
1847, June 23 ...
1848, Aug. 9 ...
1849, Sept, 12 ...
1850, July 21 ...
1851, July 2 ..
1852, Sept. 1 ...
1853, Sept. 3 ...
1854, Sept, 20 ...
1855, Sept, 12 ...
1856, Aug. 6 ...
1857, Aug. 26 ...
1858, Sept. 22 ...
1859, Sept. 14 ...
1860, June 27 ...
1861, Sept, 4 ...
1862, Oct. 1 ...
1863, Aug. 26 ...
1864, Sept. 13 ...
1865, Sept. 6 ...
1866, Aug. 22 ...
1867, Sept. 4 ...
1868, Aug. 19 ...
1869, Aug. 18 ...
1870, Sept. 14 ...
1871, Aug. 2 ...
1872, Aug. 14 ...
1873, Sept. 17 ...
1874, Aug. 19 ...
1875, Aug. 25 ...
1876, Sept, 6 ...
1877, Aug. 15 ...
1878, Aug. 14 ...
1879, Aug. 20 ...
1880, Aug. 25 ...
1881, Aug. 31 ...
1882, Aug. 23 ...
1883, Sept. 19...
1884, Aug. 27 ...
1885, Sept. 9 ...
1886, Sept. 1 ...
1887, Aug. 31 ...
1888, Sept, 5 ...
1889, Sept. 11 ...
1890, Sept. 3 ...
1891, Aug. 19 ...
1892, Aug. 3 ...
York
The Earl Fitzwilliam, D.C.L.
The Rev. W. Buckland, F.R.S.
The Rev. A. Sedgwick, F.R.S.
Sir T. M. Brisbane, D.C.L
The Rev. Provost Lloyd, LL.D.
The Marquis of Lansdowne . . .
The Earl of Burlington, F.R.S.
The Duke of Northumberland
The Rev. W. Vernon Harcourt
The Marquis of Breadalbane...
The Rev. W. Whewell, F.R.S.
The Lord Francis Egerton
The Earl of Rosse, F.R.S
The Rev. G. Peacock, D.D. ...
Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart.
Sir Roderick I. MurchisoD,Bart.
Sir Robert H. Inglis, Bart
The Marquis of Northampton
The Rev. T. R. Robinson, D.D.
Sir David Brewster, K.H
G. B. Airy, Astronomer Royal
Lieut.-General Sabine, F.R.S.
William Hopkins, F.R.S
The Earl of Harrowby, F.R.S.
The Duke of Argyll, F.R.S. ...
Prof. C. G. B. Daubeny, M.D.
The Rev.Humphrey Lloyd, D.D.
Richard Owen, M.D., D.C.L....
H.R.H. the Prince Consort ...
The Lord Wrottesley, M.A. ...
WilliamFairbairn,LL.D.,F.R.S.
The Rev. Professor Willis, M.A.
Sir William G. Ai-mstrong, C.B.
Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., M.A.
Prof. J. Phillips, M.A., LL.D.
William R. Grove, Q.C., F.R.S.
The Duke of Bucc]euch,K.C.B.
Dr. Joseph D. Hooker, F.R.S.
Prof. G. G. Stokes, D.C.L
Prof. T. H. Huxley, LL.D
Prof. Sir W. Thomson, LL.D.
Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S. ...
Prof. A. W. Williamson, F.R.S.
Prof. J. Tyndall, LL.D., F.R.S.
SirJohnHawkshaw,C.E.,F.R.S.
Prof. T. Andrews, M.D., F.R.S.
Prof. A. Thomson, M.D., F.R.S.
W. Spottiswoode, M.A., F.R.S.
Prof.G.J.Allman.M.D.,F.R.S.
A. C. Ramsay, LL.D.. F.R.S....
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S.
Dr. C. W. Siemens, F.R.S
Prof. A. Cayley, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Prof. Lord Rayleigh, F R.S. ...
Sir Lyon Playf air, K.C.B.,F.R,S.
Sir J.W. Dawson, C.M.G.,F.R.S.
Sir H. E. Roscoe, D.C.L.,F.R.S.
Sir F. J. Bramwell, F.R.S
Prof. W.H. Flower, C.B., F.R.S.
Sir F. A. Abel, C.B., F.R.S. ...
Dr. W. Huggins, F.R.S
Sir A. Geikie, LL.D., F.R.S. ...
169
303
109
226
313
241
314
149
227
235
172
164
141
238
194
182
236
222
184
286
321
239
203
287
292
207
167
196
204
314
246
245
212
162
239
221
173
201
184
144
272
178
203
235
225
314
428
266
277
259
189
280
1
Oxford
Edinburgh
Dublin
Bristol
LiverDOol
Newcastle-on-Tyne
Birmingham
Glass'ow
65 1
169
28
150
36
10
18
3
12
9 {
8
10
13
23
33
14
15
42
27
21
113
15
36
40
44
31
25
18
21
39
28
36
27
13
3&
35
19
18
16
11
28
17
60
20
18
25
86
36
20
21
24
Manchester
Cork
York
Cambrido"e
Southampton
Oxford
Swansea
Birmingham
Edinburgh
Ipswich
Belfast
Hull
Liverpool
Glasgow
Cheltenham
Dublin
Leeds
Aberdeen
Oxford
Manchester
Cambridge
Newcastle-on-Tyne
Bath
Birmingham
Nottingham
Dundee
Norwich
Exeter
Liverpool
Edinburgh
Brighton
Bradford
Belfast
Bristol
Glasgow
Plymouth
Dublin
Sheffield
Swansea
York
Southampton
Southport
Montreal
Aberdeen
Birmingham
Manchester
Bath
Newcastle-on-Tyne
Leeds
Cardiff
Edinburgh
14
* Ladies ^yere not admitted by purcliasil Tickets until 1843.
t Tickets of Admission to Sections onl;
t Annual Meetings of
the Association
Atteurletl by
Auiouiit
received
during the
Meeting
Sums paid on
Account of
Grants for Scien-
tific Purposes
Did Annual
Members
New Annual
Members
Asso-
ciates
Ladies
Foreigners
Total
Year
...
...
353
1831
1832
31
7
••
1100*
60*
331*
160
260
172
196
203
197
34
40
28
35
36
53
15
900
1298
1350
1840
2400
1438
1353
891
1315
...
1079
857
1320
819
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
£20
167
435
922 12 6
932 2 2
1595 11
1546 16 4
1235 10 11
1449 17 8
1565 10 2
981 12 8
831 9 9
685 16
208 5 4
275 1 8
.........
46
75
71
45
94
65
197
54
376
185
190
22
39
40
25
33t
"at
407
270
495
376
iioioQ
93
33
447
237
22
1071
963
159 19 6
1849
128
42
510
273
44
1241
1085
345 18
1850
61
47
244
141
37
710
620
391 9 7
1851
63
60
510
292
9
1108
1085
304 6 7
1852
56
57
367
236
6
876
903
205
1853
121
121
765
524
10
1802
1882
380 19 7
1854
142
101
1094
543
26
2133
2311
480 16 4
1855
104
48
412
346
9
1115
1098
734 13 9
1856
156
120
900
569
26
2022
2015
507 15 4
1857
HI
91
710
509
13
1698
1931
618 18 2
1858
125
179
1206
821
22
2564
2783
684 11 1
1859
177
59
636
463
47
1689
1604
766 19 6
1860
184
125
1589
791
15
3138
3944
1111 5 10
1861
150
57
433
242
25
1161
1089
1293 16 6
1862
154
209
1704
1004
25
3335
3640
1608 3 10
1863
182
103
1119
1058
13
2802
2965
1289 15 8
1864
215
149
766
508
23
1997
2227
1591 7 10
1865
218
105
960
771
11
2303
2469
1750 13 4
1866
193
118
1163
771
7
2444
2613
1739 4
1867
226
117
720
682
45}
2004
2042
1940
1868
229
107
678
600
17
18.56
1931
1622
1869
303
195
1103
910
14
2878
3096
1572
1870
311
127
976
754
21
2463
2575
1472 2 6
1871
280
80
937
912
43
2533
2649
1285
1872
237
99
796
601
11
1983
2120
1685
1873
232
85
817
630
12
1951
1979
1151 16
1874
307
93
884
672
17
2248
2397
960
1875
331
185
1265
712
25
2774
i 3023
1092 4 2
1876
238
59
446
283
11
1229
1268
1128 9 7
1877
290
93
1285
674
17
2578
2615
725 16 6
1878
239
74
529
349
13
1404
1425
1080 11 11
1879
171
41
389
147
12
915
899
731 7 7
1880
313
176
1230
514
24
2557
2689
476 S 1
1881
253
79
516
189
21
1253
1286
1116 1 11
1882
330
323
952
841
5
2714
3369
1083 3 3
1883
317
219
826
74
26&60 H.§
1777
1538
1173 4
18S4
332
122
1053
447
6
2203
2256
1385
1885
428
179
1067
429
11
2453
2532
995 6
1886
510
244
1985
493
92
3838
4336
1186 18
1887
399
100
639
509
35
1984
2107
1611 5
1888
412
113
1024
579
12
2437
2441
1417 11
1889
368
92
680
334
21
1775
1776
789 16 8
1890
341
152
672
107
12
1497
1664
1029 10
1891
4
13
141
733
439
50
2070
2007
864 10
1892
Including Ladies.
§ Fellows of the American Association were admitted as Hon. Members for this Meeting.
Isxviii EEPOKT — 1892.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
Report of the Oouncil for the year 1891-92, presented to the General
Committee at Edinhurgh, on Wednesday, August 3, 1892.
The Council have received reports from the General Treasurer during-
the past year, and his account from August 1, 1891 to June 30, 1892,
which has been audited, will be pi'esented to the General Committee.
An invitation to hold the Annual Meeting of the Association at
Oxford in 1894 has been received, and will be brought before the General
Committee on Monday.
Resolutions referred to the Council for consideration and action if
desirable : —
(A) ' That Mr. 0. L. Tupf)er's paper on " Recent Progress in Indian Agriculture,"
and Mr. W. C. Furnivall's paper on " Kecent Progress in Indian Railways," be
printed in ewienso.'
The Council resolved that Mr. Tupper's paper should be printed in
full, and Mr. furnivall's in abstract.
(B) ' That the General Committee meet on the Monday at 3.30 P.M., and the
Committee of Recommendations meet on the Tuesday at 3.30 P.M.'
The Council recommend to the General Committee that their meeting
on Monday be held at 3.15 p.m., and that the meeting of the Committee
of Recommendations on Tuesday be held at .3.1.5 P.M.
Resolutions referring to the Ordnance Survey, viz. : —
(C) 1. 'That the publication of the one-inch and six-inch Ordnance Survey Maps
is. in the interests of Science, urgently required at the earliest possible
date, no less than in the interests of Industry, Manufacture, and
Technical Education.'
2. ' That steps be taken and provision made for keeping the Ordnance Maps
up to date.'
3. ' That the Maps should be made more accessible to the public, and should
be sold at a lower price, as is the case in nearly all other official publica-
tions, such as Admiralty Charts, Blue-Books, etc'
The Council have been informed that the President of the Board of
Agriculture has appointed a Departmental Committee to inquire into the
state of the Ordnance Survey, and as this Committee has not yet re-
ported, the Council have taken no further action in the matter.
The following Resolutions, which were passed by the Australasian
Association for the Advancement of Science at the meeting held at
Christchurch, New Zealand, 1891, have been received by the Council : —
EEPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Ixxix
Resolutions.
' (1) That it is desirable to secure greater uniformity in Biological
nomenclature, especially in the department of Morphology.
' (2) That in order to secure such uniformity the following steps be
taken : —
' (a) The appointment of an International Committee to define terms of general
importance, e.g., terms common to Botany and Zoology, terms relating to Position,
etc.
I' (h) The preparation of an authoritative historical glossary of Biological terms.
' (fc") The systematic record of new terms in the various recording- publications.
' (3) That copies of these Resolutions be transmitted to the British and
American Associations, and to the Anatomische Gesellschaft.'
The Council appointed a Committee consisting of Dr. Sclater, Dr.
Woodward, Professor Marshall Ward and Professor Howes to consider
these proposals, and have adopted their report in the following tei'ms : —
' After considering the Resolutions submitted by the Australasian
Association for the Advancement of Science, we think from the context
that by the word " nomenclature " in the first resolution, is meant " ter-
minology." Assuming this to be the case, we quite agree that it would
be desirable to secure greater uniformity in Biological terminology, but
we doubt whether the appointment of an International Committee would
tend to secure that object.
'As regards the recommendation (h) in the second Resolution, we
also quite agree that the preparation of a good glossaiy of Biological
terms would be of great advantage, if a qualified person could be induced
to undertake the task of editorship. We also agree that the glossary
ought to be supplemented from time to time by records, to be kept up in
the various recording publications.'
This Report will be transmitted to the Australasian Association.
The Report of the Coi'responding Societies Committee has been
received, and will be presented to the General Committee.
The Corresponding Societies Committee, consisting of Mr. Francis
Galton, Professor R. Meldola, Sir Douglas Galton, Sir Rawson Rawson,
Dr. J. G. Garson, Sir J. Evans, Mr. J. Hopkinson, Mr. W. Whitaker,
Mr. G. J. Symons, Mr. W. Topley, Professor T. G. Bonney, and Mr. T. V.
Holmes, is hereby nominated for re-appointment by the General Com-
mittee, together with Mr. B. B. Pouiton, Mr. Cuthbert Peek, and the
Rev. Canon Tristram, in the place of Professor A. W. Williamson, Pro-
fessor Boyd Dawkins, and General Pitt Rivers.
The Council nominate Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S., Chairman, Mr.
G. J. Symons, F.R.S., Vice-Chairman, and Mr. T. V. Holmes, F.G.S.,
Secretary, to the Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies to
be held during the Meeting at Edinburgh.
In accordance with the regulations the retiring Members of the Council,
exclusive of the late Mr. H. W. Bates, will be : —
Prof. G. H. Darwin. i Prof. J. W. Judd.
Sir J. N. Douglass. | Prof. T. E. Thorpe.
The Council recommend the re-election of the other ordinary Members
of the Council, with the addition of the gentlemen whose names are
! distinguished by an asterisk in the following list : —
Izxx
REPORT 1892.
Anderson, Dr. W., F.R.S.
Avrton, Prof. W. E., F.R.8.
Baker, Sir B., K.C.M.G., P.R.S.
*Ball, Sir R. S., F.E.S.
Edge worth Prof., M.X.
Evans, Sir J., K.C.B., F.R.S.
Fitzgerald, Prof. G. F., F.R.S.
Glazebrook, R. T., Esq., F.R.S.
*Grant-DufE,SirM.E.,G.C.S.I., F.R.S.
*Green, Prof. A. H., F.R.S.
Liveing, Prof. G. D., F.R.S.
Lodge, Prof. Oliver J., F.R.S.
*Meldola, Prof. R., F.R.S.
Preece, W. H., Esq., F.R.S.
Ramsay, Prof. W., F.R.S.
Reinold, Prof. A. W., F.R.S.
Roberts-Austen, Prof. W. C, C.B., F.R.S.
Schiifer, Prof. E. A., F.R.S.
Schuster, Prof. A., F.R.S.
Sidgwick, Prof. H., M.A.
Symons, G. J., Esq., F.R.S.
*Unwin, Prof. W. C, F.R.S,
Ward, Prof. Marshall, F.R.S.
Whitaker, W., Esq., F.R.S.
Woodward, Dr. H., F.R.S.
Ixxxi
Committees appointed by the Gtenekal Committee at the
Edinburgh Meeting in August 1892.
1. Receiving Grants of Money.
Subject for Investigation or Purpose
Members of tlie Couiinittee
Grants
Making Experiments for improv-
ing the Construction of Practical
Standards for use in Electrical
Measurements.
[Including an unexpended balance
of IQl. from last j'ear's grant.]
Co-operating with the Scottish Me -
teorological Society in making
Meteorological Observations on
Ben Nevis.
The Application of Pliotography
to the Elucidation of Meteoro-
logical Phenomena.
For Calculating Tables of certain
Mathematical Functions, and,
if necessary, for taking steps to
carry out the Calculations, and
to publish the results in an
accessible form.
[Last year's grant renewed.]
1892.
Chairman. — Professor G. Carey
Foster.
Secretary. — Mr. R. T. Glazebrook.
Lord Kelvin, Professors Ayr ton,
J. Perry, W. G. Adams, and
O. J. Lodge, Lord Eayleigh, Drs.
John Hopkinson and A. Muir-
head, Messrs. W. H. Preece
and Herbert Taylor, Professors
Everett and Schuster, Dr. J. A.
Fleming, Professors G. F. Fitz-
gerald, Chrystal, and J. J. Thom-
son, Mr. W. N. Shaw, Mr. J. T.
Bottomley, and Rev. T. C. Fitz-
patrick. Professor J. Viriamu
Jones, Dr. G. Johnstone Stoney,
Professor S. P. Thompson, and
Professor G. Forbes.
Chairman. — Lord McLaren.
Secretary. — Professor Crum Brown.
Mr. John Murray and Dr. A. Buchan,
Professor R. Copeland, and Hon.
R. Abercromby.
Chairman. — Mr. G. J. Symons.
Secretary. — Mr. A. W. Clayden.
Professor R. Meldola and Mr. John
Hopkinson.
Chairman. — Lord Rayleigh.
Secretary. — Professor A. Lodge.
Lord Kelvin, Professor Cayley,
Professor B. Price, Dr. J. W.
L. Glaisher, Professor A. G.
Greenhill, and Professor W. M.
Hicks. '
s. fl.
150
10
15
Ixxxii
REPORT — 1892.
1. Beceirlrig Grants of Money — continued.
Members of the Committee
Considering the best Methods of
Kecording the Direct Intensity
of Solar Kadiation.
To co-operate with the Royal Corn-
wall Polytechnic Society in pro-
moting the Magnetic work of
the Falmouth Observatory.
Preparing a new Series of Wave-
length Tables of the Spectra of
the Elements.
To consider the best IMethod of
establishing an International
Standard for the Analysis of
Iron and Steel.
The Investigart,ion of the direct
Formation of Haloids from
pure Materials.
[This grant includes 13/!. 5«., the
balance of last year's grant not
drawn.]
The Action of Light upon Dyed
Colours.
Isomeric Naphthalene Derivatives.
Kecording the Position, Height
above the Sea, Lithological Cha-
racters, Size, and Origin of
the Erratic Blocks of England,
Wales, and Ireland, reporting
other matters of interest con-
nected with the same, and tak-
ing measures for their preserva-
tion.
Chairman. — Sir G. G. Stokes.
Secretary. — Professor H. McLeod.
Professor A. Schiister. Mr. G John-
stone Stoney, Sir H. E. Roscoe,
Captain W. de W. Abney, Mr. G.
M. Whipple, BIr. G. J. Symons,
and Mr. W. E. Wilson.
Chairman. — Mr. Howard Fox.
Secretary. — Mr. Howard Fox.
Professors A. W. Riicker and W.
G. Adams.
Chairman. — Sir H. E. Roscoe.
Secretary. — Dr. Marshall Watts.
Mr. Lockyer, Professors Dewar,
Liveing, Schuster, W. N. Hart-
ley, and Wolcott Gibbs, and
Captain Abney.
Chairman. — Professor Roberts-
Austen.
Secretary. — Mr. Thomas Turner.
Sir F. Abel, Messrs. E. Riley and
J. Spiller, Professor J. W. Lang-
ley, Mr. G. J. Snelus, and Pro-
fessor W. A. Tilden.
Chairman. — Professor H. E. Arm-
strong.
Secretary. — Mr. W. A. Shenstone.
Professor W. R. Dunstan and Mr.
C. H. Bothamley.
Professor T.E.Thorpe.
Professor J. J. Hum-
Chairman
Secretary.
mel.
Dr. Perkin, Professor Russell, Cap-
tain Abney, Professor Stroud,
and Professor Meldola.
Chairman. — Professor W. A. Tilden.
Secretary. — Professor H. E. Arm-
strong.
Chairman. — Professor E. Hull.
Secretary. — Mr. P. F. Kendall.
Professors W. Boyd Dawkins, T.
McK. Hughes, T. G. Bonne3% and
J. Prestwich, Dr. H. W. Cross-
key, Messrs. C. E. De Ranee,
R.H. Tiddeman, J. W. Woodall,
and Prof. L. C. Miall.
COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY THE GENERAL COMMITTEE
1. lieceiving Grants of Money — coiitimied.
Ixxxiii
Subject for Investigation or Purpose
The Description and Illustration
of the Fossil Phyllopoda of the
Palasozoic Eocks.
The Collection, Preservation, and
Systematic Begistration of
Photographs of Geological in-
terest.
The Circulation of the Under-
ground Waters in the Permeable
Formations of England, and
the Quality and Quantity of
the Waters supplied to various
Towns and Districts from these
Formations. And that a Digest
of the eighteen Reports should
be prepared by the Committee,
and sold in a separate form.
To investigate the character of
the high-level shell-bearing de-
posits at Clava, Chapelhall, and
other localities.
The Investigation of the Euryp-
terid-bearing Deposits of the
Pentland Hills.
To appoint Mr. Cecil Duncan to
investigate the effect of light
on Algte at the Zoological Sta-
tion at Naples, or, failing this,
to appoint some other competent
investigator to carry on a defi-
nite piece of work at the Zoolo-
gical Station at Naples approved
by the Council.
To arrange for the Occupation of
a Table at the Laboratory of the
Marine Biological Association,
Plymouth, in order to enable Mr.
F. Gamble, B.Sc, to investigate
the British Turbellaria.
Chairman.— Rev. Prof. T. Wilt-
shire.
Secretary. — Professor T. R. Jones.
Dr. H. Woodward.
Cltairnian. — Professor J. Geikie.
Secretary.— Mr. 0. W. Jeffs.
Professors Boniiey and Boyd Daw-
kins, Drs. V. Ball and T. Ander-
son, and Messrs. A. S. Reid.E. J.
Garwood, W. Gray, H. B. Wood-
ward, J. E. Bedford, R. Kidston,
W. W. Watts, J. W. Davis, and
R. H. Tiddeman.
Chairman. — Professor E. Hull.
Secretary. — Mr. C. E. De Ranee.
Dr. H. W. Crosskey, Sir D. Gal-
ton, Professor J. Prcstwich, and
Messrs. J. Glaisher, P. F. Ken-
dall, E. B. Marten, G. H. Morton,
W. Pengelly, J. Plant, I. Roberts,
T. S. Stooke, G. J. Symons, W.
Topley, Tylden - Wright, E.
Wethered, and W. Whitaker.
Chairman. — Mr. J. Home.
Secretary. — Mr. Dugald Bell.
Messrs. J. Eraser, P. F. Kendall,
J. F. Jamieson, and David
Robertson.
Chairman.— T)r. R. H. Traquair.
Secretary. — Mr. M. Laurie.
Professor T. Rupert Jones.
Chairman. — Dr. P. L. Sclater.
Secretary.— Mr. Percy Sladen.
Professors Ray Lankester, Cossar
Ewait, M. Foster, and A. Milnes
Marshall and Mr. A. Sedgwick.
Chairman. — Professor E, Ray
Lankester.
Secretary. — Mr. S. F. Harmer.
Professors M. Foster and S. H.
Vines.
£ s. cJ.
5
10
5
20
10
100
30
e2
Ixxxiv
REPORT — 1892.
1. Receiring Grants of Money — continued.
Subject for Investigation or Purpose
To report on tlie present state of
our Knowledge of the Zoology
of the Sandwich Islands, and to
take steps to investigate ascer-
tained deficiencies in the Fauna,
with power to co-operate with
the Committee appointed for
the purpose by the Eoyal Society,
and to avail themselves of such
assistance in their investiga-
*tions as may be offered by the
Hawaiian Government.
To report on the present state of
our Knowledge of the Zoology
and Botany of the West India
Islands, and to take steps to in-
vestigate ascertained deficien-
cies in the Fauna and Flora.
Exploration of Irish Sea.
The Physiological Action of the
inhalation of oxj'gen in as-
phyxia, more especiall}- in coal-
mines.
Compilation of an Index Generum
et Specierum Animalium.
The Exploration of the Glacial
Region of the Karakorum
Mountains, Physically, Geologi-
cally, and Biologically, by Mr.
W. M. Conway and com-
panions.
Scottish Place-Names.
Climatological and Hydrographi-
cal Conditions of Tropical
Africa.
Members of the Committee
Chairman. — Professor A. Newton.
St'cretari/. — Dr. David Sharp.
Dr. W. T. Blaiiford, Dr. S. J. Hick-
son, Professor Riley, Mr. 0. Sal-
vin, Dr. P. L. Sclater, and Mr.
Edgar A, Smith.
Chairman. — Dr. P. L. Sclater.
Secretary. — Mr. G. Murray.
Mr. W. Carruthers, Drs. A. C. Giin-
ther and D. Sharp, Mr. F. Du
Cane Godman, Professor A.
Newton, and Dr. D. H. Scott.
Chairman.-
man.
-Professor W. A. Herd-
Secretary. — Mr. I. C. Thompson.
Professor A. C. Haddon, Mr. Hoyle,
Mr. A. O. Walker, and Mr. G.
Brook.
Chairman. — Professor John G.
McKendrick, M.D.
Secretary.— ^\x. J.E. F. Thomson,
M.B.
Mr. J. T. Bottomley.
Chairman. — Sir W. H. Flower.
Secretary. — Mr. G. Brook.
Dr. P. L. Sclater, Dr. H. Woodward.
Chairman. — Colonel Godwin-
Austen.
Secretary. — ProfessorT. G. Bonney.
Colonel H. C. B. Tanner
Chairman. —"^vc: C. W. Wilson.
Secretary. — Dr. J. Burgess.
Mr. Coutts Trotter.
Chairman. — Mr. E. G. Ravenstein.
Secretary. — Dr. H. R. Mill.
Mr. G. J. Symons and Mr. Bald-
win Latham.
50
30
20
20
50
10
50
COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY THE GENERAL COMMITTEE. IXXXV
1. Receiving GraMi of Money — continued.
Subject for Investigation or Purpose
Members of the Committee
Grants
The Methods of Economic Train-
CJuiirman. — Professor W. Cun-
£
5
*•. d.
ing adopted in this and other
ingham.
countries.
Secretary. — Professor E. C. K.
Gonner.
/
Professor F. Y. Edgeworth, Pro-
fessor H. S. Foxwell, Dr. J. N.
Keynes, and Mr. H. Higgs.
For carrying on the Work of the
ChaWman. — Sir W. H. Flower.
5
Anthropometric Laboratory.
Secretary. — Dr. J. G. Garson.
Mr. G. W.Bloxam, Dr. Wilberforce
Smith, and Professor A. C.
Haddon
Exploration of Ancient Kemains
Chairman. — Dr. J. G. Garson.
25
at Axume and Adule in Abys-
Secretary. — Mr. J. Theodore Bent.
sinia.
Mr. F. W. Rudler, Mr. E. W. Bra-
brook, and Mr. Bloxam.
The Physical Characters, Lan-
Chair7ua>i.~T)T. E. B. Tylor.
100
guages, and Industrial and So-
Secretary. — Mr. G. W. Bloxam.
cial Condition of the North -
Dr. G. M. Dawson, Mr. K. G.
Western Tribes of the Dominion
Haliburton, and Mr. H. Hale.
of Canada.
The Habits, Customs, Physical
Chairman. — Sir William Turner.
10
Characteristics, and Keligions
Secretary. — Mr. G. W. Bloxam.
of the Natives of India.
Sir W. H. Flower, Drs. Garson
[Last year's grant renewed.]
and E. B. Tylor, and Mr. H. H.
Risley.
Corresponding Societies' Com-
Chai/rmoM.- — Professor R. Meldola.
30
mittee.
Secretary. — Mr. T. V. Holmes.
Mr. Francis Galton, Sir Douglas
Gal ton. Sir Eawson Rawson, Mr.
G. J. Symons, Dr. J. G. Garson,
Sir John Evans, Mr. J. Hopkin-
son, Professor T. G. Bonney, Mr.
W. WTnitaker, Mr. W. Topley,
Mr. E. B. Poulton, Mr. Cuthbert
Peek, and Rev. Canon H. B.
Tristram.
2. Not receiving Grants of Money.
Subject for Investigation or Purpose
Members of the Committee
To consider the establishment of a
National Physical Laboratory for the
more accurate determination of Phy-
sical Constants, and for other Quanti-
tative Research, and to confer with
the Council of the Association.
Chairman. — Professor Oliver J. Lodge.
Secretary. — Mr. R. T. Glazebrook.
Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, Sir H. B.
Roscoe, Professors J. J. Thomson,
Riicker, Clifton, Fitzgerald, Carey Fos-
ter, J. Viriamu Jones, A. Schuster, and
W. E. Ayrton.
Ixxxvi
KEPORT 1892.
2. Not receiving Grants of Money — continued.
Subject for Investigation or Purpose
The various Phenomena connected with
the recalescent Points in Iron and
other Metals.
The Volcanic and Seismological Phe-
nomena of Japan.
Carrying on the Tables connected with
the Pellian Equation from the point
where the work was left by Degen
in 1817.
To investigate the Phenomena accom-
panying the Discharge of Electricity
from Points.
Comparing and Reducing Magnetic Ob-
servations.
Modes of Measuring the Optical Con-
stants of Microscopic, Photographic,
and other Lenses, and of specifying
and enumerating the Properties of
their Combinations.
To co-operate with Dr. Piazzi Smyth in
his Researches on the Ultra Violet
Rays of the Solar Spectrum.
The Collection and Identification of
Meteoric Dust.
The Rate of Increase of Underground
Temperature downwards in various
Localities of dry Land and under
Water.
Members of the Committee
Chairman. — Professor Fitzgerald.
Secretary. — Professor Barrett.
Dr. John Hopkinson, Mr. R. A. Hadfield,
Mr. Trouton, Professor Roberts-Austen,
and Mr. H. F. Newall.
Chairman. — Lord Kelvin.
Secretary.- — Professor J. Blilne.
Professor W. G. Adams, Mr. J. T. Bottom-
ley, Professor A. H. Green, and Profes-
sor C. G. Knott.
Chairman. — Professor A. Cayley.
Secretary. — Professor A. Lodge.
Professor Sylvester and Mr. A. R. For-
syth.
Clumrman. — Professor O. J. Lodge.
Secretary. — Mr. A. P. Chattock.
Professor Carey Foster.
Chairman. — Professor W. G. Adams.
Secretary. — Professor W. G. Adams.
Lord Kelvin, Professors G. H. Dar-
win and G. Chrystal, Mr. C. H. Cai-p-
mael. Professor Schuster, Blr. G. M.
Whipple, Captain Creak, the Astro-
nomer Royal, Mr. William Ellis, and
Professor A. W. Riicker.
Chainnan. — Professor G. C. Foster.
Secretary. — Professor S. P. Thompson.
Mr. R. T. Glazebrook, Mr. J. Walker, Sir
Howard Grubb, Mr. Whipple, and
Captain Abney.
Chairman. — Professor G. D. Liveing.
Secretary. — Dr. Piazzi Smyth.
Professors J. Dewar and A. Schuster.
Chairman. — Mr. John Jlurraj^
Secretary. — Mr. John Mm-ray.
Professor Schuster, Lord Kelvin, the
Abbe Renard, Dr. A. Buchan, the Hon.
R. Abercromby, Dr. M. Grabham, and
Mr. John Aitken.
Ch airman. — Professor E v erett .
Secretary. — Professor Everett.
Professor Lord Kelvin, Mr. G. J. Symons,
Sir A. Geikie, Mr. J. Glaisher, Mr. Pen-
gelly. Professor Edward Hull, Professor
Prestwich, Dr. C. Le Neve Foster, Pro-
fessor A. S. Herschel, Professor G. A.
Lebour, Mr. A. B. Wynne, Mr. Gallo-
way, Mr. Joseph Dickinson, Mr. G. F.
Deacon, Mr. E. Wethered, Mr. A. Stra-
han, and Professor Michie Smith.
COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY THE GENERAL COMMITTEE. Ixxxvii
2. Not receiving Grants of Money — continued.
Subject for Investigation or Purpose
To co-operate with Dr. Kerr in his
researches on Electro-optics.
Tlie Properties of Solutions.
Eeporting on the Bibliography of Solu-
tion.
The Continuation of the Bibliographj'
of Spectroscopy-.
The Influence of the Silent Discharge
of Electricity on Oxygen and other
Gases.
The Action of Light on tl:e Hydracids
of the Halogens in presence of
Oxygen.
To inqiiire into the Proximate Chemical
Constituents of the various kinds of
Coal.
To report on recent Inquiries into the
History of Chemistry.
The Rate of Erosion of the Sea-coasts of
England and Wales, and tlie Influence
of the Artificial Abstraction of
Shingle or other material in that
action ,
Members of the Committee
Chairman.— Dt. John Kerr.
Secretary. — Mr. R. T. Glazebrook.
Lord Kelvin and Professor A. W. Rucker.
Chairman. — Professor W. A. Tilden.
Secretary. — Dr. W. W. J. Nicol.
Professor W. Ramsay.
Chairman. — Professor W. A. Tilden.
Secretary. — Dr. W. W. J. Nicol.
Professors McLeod, Pickering, Ramsay,
and Young.
Chairman. — Professor H. McLeod.
Secretary. — Professor Roberts-Austen.
Mr. H. G. Madan and Mr. D. H. Nagel.
Chairman. — Professor H. McLeod.
Secretary. — Mr. W. A. Shenstone.
Professor W. Ramsay and Mr. J. T. Cun-
dall.
Chairman.— Dx. W. J. Russell.
Secretary. — Dr. A. Richardson.
Captain Abney and Professors
Hartley and W. Ramsay.
Noel
The Volcanic Phenomena of Vesuvius
and its neighbourhood.
Chairman. — Sir I. Lowthian Bell.
Secretary.— Vvoiessox P. Philhps Bedson.
Mr. Ludwig Mond, Professors Vivian B.
Lewes and E. Hull, and Messrs. J. W.
Thomas and H. Bauerman.
Chairman. — Professor H. E. Armstrong.
Secretary. — Professor John Ferguson.
Chairman. — Mr. W. Whitaker.
Secretarie.<i.— Messrs. C. E. De Ranee and
W. Topley.
Messrs. J. B. Redman and J. W. Woodall,
Maj.-Gen. Sir A. Clarke, Admiral Sir E.
Ommanney, Capt. Sir G. Nares, Capt.
J. Parsons, Capt. W. J. L. Wharton,
Professor J. Prestwich, and Messrs. E.
Easton and J. S. Valentine, and Pro-
fessor L. F. Vernon Harcourt.
Chairman. — Mr. H. Bauerman.
Secretary.— Jix. H. J. Johnston-Lavis.
Messrs. F. W. Rudler and J. J. H. Teall.
Ixxxviii
REPORT — 1892.
2. Xdt rccclring Grants of Money — continued.
Subject for Invtstigation or Purpose
Considering the advisability and possi-
bility of establishing in other parts
of the country Observations upon the
Prevalence of Earth Tremors similar
to those now being made in Durham
in connection with coal-mine explo-
sions.
To consider the best Methods for the
Registration of all Type Specimens
of Fossils in the British Isles, and
to report on the same.
To complete the Investigation of the
Cave at Elbolton, near Skipton, in
order to ascertain whether the re-
mains of Palaeolithic Man occur in
the Lower Cave Earth.
To carry on Excavations at Oldbury
Hill, near Ightham, in order to ascer-
tain the existence or otherwise of
Eock Shelters at that spot.
To consider a project for investigating
the Structure of a Coral Reef by
Boring and Sounding.
For improving and experimenting with
a Deep-sea Tow-net for opening and
closing under water.
To make a Digest of the Observations on
the Migration of Birds at Lighthouses
and Light-vessels.
For taking steps to establish a Botanical
Laboratory at Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Members of the Committee
Cluiirman. — Mr. G. .J. Sj'mons.
Secretary.— -My. C. Davison.
Sir F. J. Bramwell, Mr. E. A. Cowper,
Professor G. H. Darwin, Professor
Ewing, Mr. Isaac Roberts, Mr. Thomas
Gray, Sir John Evans, Professors Prest-
wich, Hull, Lebour, Meldola, and Judd,
Mr. M. Walton Brown, Mr. J. Glaisher,
Professor C. G. Knott, Professor J. H.
Poyuting, and Mr. Horace Darwin.
Chairman. — Dr. H. Woodward.
Si'cretari/. — Mr. A. Smith Woodward.
Rev. G. F. Whidborne and Messrs.
Kidston and J. E. Marr.
R.
C/ia-irma/i.—'Mr. J. W. Davis.
Si'crrtanj. — Rev. E. Jones.
Sir J. Evans, Dr. J. G. Garson.and Messrs.
W. Pengelly, R. H. Tiddeman, and J.
J. Wilkinson.
Chairman. — Sir J. Evans.
Secretary. — Mr. B. Harrison.
Professors Prestwicli and H. G. Seeley.
Chairman. — Professor T. G. Bonney.
Secretary. — Professor W. J. SoUas.
Sir Archibald Geikie, Professors A. H.
Green, J. W. Judd, C. Lapworth, A. C.
Haddon, Boyd Dawkins, G. H. Dar-
win and A. Stewart, Captain Wharton,
Drs. H. Hicks, J. Murray, and H. B.
Guppy, Messrs. F. Darwin, H. O.
Forbes, G. C. Bourne, S. Hickson, A. R.
Binnie, and J. W. Gregory, and Hon. P.
Fawcett.
Chairman. — Professor A. C. Haddon.
Secretary. — Mr. W. E. Hoyle.
Professor W. A. Hcrdman.
Chairinan. — Professor A. Newton.
Secretary. — Mr. Jolm Cordeaux.
Messrs. John A. Harvie-Browu, R. M.
P.arrington, and ^V. E. Clarke and tlie
Rev. E. P. Knuliley.
Chairman. — Professor M. Foster.
Secretary. — Professor J. B. Farmer.
Professor Bayley Balfour, Mr. Thiselton-
Dyer, Dr. 'J'rimen, Professor Marshall
Ward, Jlr. Carruthers, Professor Har-
tog, Professor F. O. Bower, and JMr.'
W. Gardiner.
COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY THE GENERAL COMMITTEE. Ixxxix
2. Not receiving Grants of Money — continued.
Subject for Investigation or Purpose
To consider proposals for tlie Legislative
Protection of Wild Birds' Eggs.
The Teaching of Science in Elementary
Schools
To report on Methods of determining
the dryness of Steam in boiler trials.
To draw uj) a Third Eeport on the
Development of Graphic Methods in
Mechanical Science.
To organise an Ethnographical Survey
of the United Kingdom.
The Prehistoric and Ancient Remains
of Glamorganshire.
Ascertaining and recording the Locali-
ties in the British Islands in which
evidence of the existence of Prehis-
toric Inhabitants of the Country are
found.
To consider Uniformity in the Spelling
of Barbaric and Savage Languages
and Race Names.
To investigate the Physical Deviations
from the Normal among Children in
Elementary and other Schools.
Members of the Committee
Chairman. — Mr. Thomas Henry Thomas.
Secretarij.—DY. C. T. Vachell.
Professors W. N. Parker, Newton, and
Leipner, Mr. Poulton, and Canon
Tristram.
Chairman. — Dr. J. H. Gladstone.
Secretary. — Professor H. E. Armstrong.
Mr. S. Bourne, Dr. Crosskey, Mr. George
Gladstone, Mr. J. Heywood, Sir J.
Lubbock, Sir Philip Magnus, Professor
N. Story Maskelyne, Sir H. E. Roscoe,
Sir R. Temple, and Professor Silvanus P.
Thompson.
Chairman. — Sir F. J. Bramwell.
Secretary. — Professor W. C. Unwin.
Professor A. B. W. Kennedy, Mr. Mair
Rumley, Mr. Jeremiah Head, and Pro-
fessor Osborne Reynolds.
Chairmam,. — Mr, W. H. Preece.
Secretary. — Professor H. S. Hele Shaw.
Lord Kelvin and Sir Benjamin Baker.
CJuiirman. — Mr. Francis Galton.
Secretary. — Mr. E. W. Brabrook.
Dr. J. G. Garson, Professor A. C. Haddon,
and Dr. Joseph Anderson.
Chairman.— T)!. C. T. Vachell.
Secretary. — Mr. E. Seward.
Lord Bute, Messrs. G. T. Clark, R. W.
Atkinson, Franklen G. Evans, James
Bell, and T. H. Thomas, and Dr. J.
G. Garson.
Chairman. — Sir John Lubbock.
Secretary. — Mr. J. W. Davis.
Sir John Evans, Professor Boyd Daw-
kins, Dr. R. Munro, Mr. Pengelly, Dr.
Hicks, and Professor R. Meldola.
Chairman. — Mr. F. Galton.
Secretary.— Mr. C. E. Peek.
Dr. E. B. Tylor, Professor A. C. Haddon,
Mr. G. W. Blosam, and Mr. Ling Roth.
Chairman.— Bir Douglas Galton.
Secretary. — Dr. Francis Warner.
Mr. G. W. Bloxam, Mr. E. W. Brabrook,
and Dr. J. G. Garson.
XC REPORT — 1892.
Other Resolutions adopted hy the General Committee.
That Mr. W. N. Shaw be requested to continue his Report on the present state of
our Knowledge in Electrolysis and Electro-chemistr}\
That Dr. J. Larmor and Mr. G. H. Bryan be requested to continue their Report
on the present state of our Knowledge in Thermodynamics, specially with regard to
the Second Law.
That Professor A. Michelson's paper on ' The Application of Interference-Methods-
to Spectroscopic Measurement ' be printed in extenso in the Report of the Asso-
ciation.
That M. Guillaume's paper on ' Physical Constants and Units ' be printed in ex-
tenso among the Reports.
That the Report drawn up by Professor H. S.Hele Shaw on 'Graphic Methods 'be
printed in extenso, with the necessary drawings, among the Reports.
That the paper by Mr. G. F. Deacon on ' Shield Tunnelling in Loose Ground under
Water Pressure ' be printed in extenso with the necessary diagrams.
That the Organising Committee of a Section be empowered to arrange the hours
of meeting of the Section and the Sectional Committee.
Resolutions, Sj-c, referred to the Council for consideration, and action
if desirable.
That the Council be requested to draw the attention of the Local Government
Board to the desirability of the publication of the Report on the Examination into
Deviations from the Normal amongst 50,000 Children in various Schools, which has
been presented to that Board by the British Medical Association.
That the Council be requested to draw the attention of Her Blajesty's Government
to the Anthropometric Method for the measurement of criminals, which is success-
fully in operation in France, Austria, and other continental countries, and which has
been found effective in the identification of habitual criminals, and consequently in
the prevention and repression of crime.
The letter of Professor E. Wiedemann and the communications from the Com-
mittees of Sections B and C on the subject of the Headings of Reports,
XCl
Synopsis of Grants of Money appropriated to Scientific Fur-
poses by the General Covfimittee at the Edinburgh Meeting, in
August 1892. The Names of the Members entitled to call
on the General Treasurer for the respective Grants are prefixed.
Mathematics and Physics.
£ s. d.
*Foster, Professor Carey — Electrical Standards (partly re-
newed) 25
*McLaren, Lord. — Meteorological Observations on Ben Nevis 150
*Symons, Mr. G. J. — -Photograplis of Meteorological Phenomena 10
*Rayleigh, Lord — Tables of Mathematical Functions 15
*Stokes, Sir G. G. — Recording the Direct Intensity of Solar
Radiation 10
Fox, Mr. H. — Magnetic Work at the Falmouth Observatory 25
Chemistry and Mineralogy.
*Roscoe, Sir H.— Wave-length Tables of the Spectra of the
Elements 10
*Roberts-Austen, Professor— Analysis of Iron and Steel 20
* Armstrong, Professor H. E. — Formation of Haloids from
Pure Materials (partly renewed) 15
*Thorpe, Professor T. B. — Action of Light upon Dyed
Colours 5
*Tilden, Professor W. A. — Isomeric Naphthalene Derivatives 20
Geology.
*Prestwich, Professor J. — Erratic Blocks 10
*Wiltshire, Rev. T.— Fossil Phyllopoda 5
*Geikie, Professor J. — Photographs of Geological Interest ... 10
*Hull, Professor E. — Underground Waters 5
*Home, Mr. J. — Shell-bearing deposits at Clava, Chapel-
hall, &c 20
Traquair, Dr. R. H.— Eurypterids of the Pentland Hills 10
Carried forward iI865
* Reappointed.
xcii REPORT — 1892.
£ s. d.
Bronglit forward 365
Biology.
*Sclater, Dr. P. L.— Table at the Naples Zoological Station 100
*Lankester, Professor E. R. — Table at the Plymouth Biological
Laboratory 30
*Newtoii, Professor A. — Fauna of Sandwich Islands 100
*Sclater, Dr. P. L. — Zoology and Botanv of West India
Islands ■ .'. 50
Herdman, Professor W. A. — Exploration of Irish Sea 30
M'Kendrick, Professor J. G. — Physiological Action of Oxygen
in Asphyxia 20
Flower; Sir W. H, — Index of Genera and Species of Animals 20
Geography.
Godwin-Austen, Col. — Exploration of Karakorum Mountains 50 U
Wilson, Sir C. W.— Scottish Place Names 10
*Ravenstein, Mr. E. G. — Climatology and Hydrography of
Tropical Africa 50
Economic Science and Statistics.
Cunningham, Professor W. — Methods of Economic Training 5
Anthropology.
*Flower, Sir W. H. — Anthropometric Laboratory 5
Garson, Dx*. J. G. — Exploration of Ancient Remains in
Abyssinia 25
*Tylor, Dr. E. B.— North- Western Tribes of Canada 100
*Turner, Sir W. — Habits, Customs, &c., of Natives of India
(renewed) 10
Corresponding Societies.
*Meldola, Professor R. — Corresponding Societies' Committee 30
£1,000
* Eeappointed. "~'~~"^~^~"~'
The Annual Meeting in 1893.
The Meeting at Nottingham will commence on Wednesday, Sep-
tember 13.
Place of Meeting in 1894.
The Annual Meeting of the Association will be held at Oxford.
XCUl
I
General Statement of Sums which have been paid on account of
Grants for ScientijiG Purposes.
d.
183i.
Tide Discussions 20
1835.
Tide Discussions 62
British Fossillchthyology ... 1050_0
£167
1836.
Tide Discu.'isions 163
British Fossillchthyology ... 105
Thermometric Observations,
&c 50
Experiments on long-con-
tinued Heat 17 1
Rain-gauges 9 13
Refraction Experiments 15
Lunar Nutation 60
Thermometers 15 6
£435
1837.
Tide Discussions 284 1
Chemical Constants 24 13 6
Lunar Nutation 70
Observations on Waves 100 12
Tides at Bristol 150
Meteorology and Subterra-
nean Temperature 93 8
Vitrification Experiments ... 150
Heart Experiments 8 4 6
Barometric Observations 30
Barometers 11 18 6
±'922 12 6
1838.
Tide Discussions 29
British Fossil Fishes 100
Meteorological Observations
and Anemometer (construc-
tion) 100
Cast Iron ( Strength of) 60
Animal and Vegetable Sub-
stances (Preservation of) ... 19
Railway Constants 41
Bristol Tides 50
Grovrth of Plants 75
Mud in Rivers 3
Education Committee 50
Heart Experiments 5
Land and Sea Level 267
Steam- vessels 100
Meteorological Committee
31
1
12
6
3
8
9
10
10
6
7
5
£■932 2 2
1839.
Fossillchthyology 110
Meteorological Observations
at Plymouth, &c 63 10
£ s.
Mechanism of Waves 144
Bristol Tides 35
Meteorology and Subterra-
nean Temperature 21
Vitrification Experiments ... 9
Cast-iron Experiments 103
Railway Constants 28
Land and Sea Level 274
Steam-vessels' Engines 100
Stars in Histoire Celeste 171
Stars in Lacaille 11
Stars in R.A.S. Catalogue ... 166
Animal Secretions 10
Steam Engines in Cornwall... 50
Atmospheric Air 16
Cast and Wrought Iron 40
Heat on Organic Bodies 3
Gases on Solar Spectrum 22
Hourly Meteorological Ob-
servations, Inverness and
Kingussie 49
Fossil Reptiles 118
Mining Statistics 50
2
18
11
4
7
1
18
16
10
1
d.
6
7
2
4
6
6
£1595 11
1840.
Bristol Tides 100
Subterranean Temperature ... 13 13 6
Heart Experiments 18 19
Lungs Experiments 8 13
Tide Discussions 50
Land and Sea Level 6 11 1
Stars (Histoire Celeste) 242 10
Stars (Lacaille) 4 15
Stars (Catalogue) 264
Atmospheric Air 15 15
Water on Iron 10
Heat on Organic Bodies 7
Meteorological Observations . 62 17 6
Foreis'n Scientific Memoirs ... 112 1 6
Working Population 100
School Statistics 50
Forms of Vessels 184 7
Chemical and Electrical Phe-
nomena 40
Meteorological Observations
at Plymouth 80
Maaruetical Observations 185 13 9
£1546 16 4
1841.
Observations on Waves 30
Meteorology and Subterra-
nean Temperatm-e 8
Actinometers 10
Earthquake Shocks 17
Acrid Poisons 6
Veins and Absorbents 3
IMud in Rivers 5
8
7
XCIV
REPORT 1892.
£ s. d.
Marine Zoology 15 12 8
Skeleton Maps 20
Mountain Barometers 6 18 6
Stars (Histoire Celeste) 185
Stars (Lacaille) 79 5
Stars (Nomenclature of) 17 19 6
Stars (Catalogue of ) 40
Water on Iron 50
Meteorological Observations
at Inverness 20
Meteorological Observations
(reduction of) 25
Fossil Reptiles 50
Foreign Memoirs 62 6
Railway Sections 38 1
Forms of Vessels 193 12
Meteorological Observations
at Plymouth 55
Magne deal Observations 61 18 8
Fishes of the Old Red Sand-
stone 100
Tides at Leith 50
Anemometer at Edinburgh ... 69 1 10
Tabulating Observations 9 6 3
Races of Men 5
Eadiate Animals 2
£1235 10 11
1842.
Dynamometric Instruments.. 113
Anoplura Britannise 52
Tides at Bristol 59
Gases on Light 30
Chronometers 26
Marine Zoology 1
British Fossil Mammalia 100
■Statistics of Education 20
Marine Steam-vessels' En-
gines 28
Stars (Histoire C61este) 59
Stars (Brit. Assoc. Cat. of) ... 110
Railway Sections 161
British Belemnites 50
Fossil Reptiles (publication
of Report) 210
Forms of Vessels ISO
Galvanic Experiments on
Rocks 5
Meteorological Experiments
at Plymouth 68
Constant Indicator and Dyna-
mometric Instruments 90
Force of Wind 10
Light on Grov?th of Seeds ... 8
Vital Statistics 50
Vegetative Power of Seeds ... 8
Questions on Human Race ... 7
£1449
11 2
12
8
14 7
17 6
5
10
8 6
1 11
9
17 8
1843.
Revision of tlie Nomenclature
of Stars 2
£
Reduction of Stars, British
Association Catalogue 25
Anomalous Tides, Frith of
Forth 120
Hourly Meteorological Obser-
vations at Kingussie and
Inverness 77
Meteorological Observations
at Plymouth 55
Whewell's Jleteorological Ane-
mometer at Plymouth 10
Meteorological Observations,
Osier's Anemometer at Ply-
mouth 20
Reduction of Meteorological
Observations 30
Meteorological Instruments
and Gratuities 39
Construction of Anemometer
at Inverness 56
Magnetic Co-operation 10
Meteorological Recorder for
Kew Observatory 50
Action of Gases on Light 18
Establishment at Kew Ob-
servatory, Wages, Repairs,
Furniture, and Sundries ... 133
Experiments by Captive Bal-
loons 81
Oxidation of the Rails of
Railways 20
Publication of Report on
Fossil Reptiles 40
Coloured Drawings of Rail-
wa}' Sections 147
Registration of Earthquake
Shocks , 30
Report on Zoological Nomen-
clature 10
Uncovering Lower Red Sand-
stone near Manchester 4
Vegetative Power of Seeds ... 5
Marine Testacea (Habits of) . 10
Marine Zoology 10
Marine Zoology 2
Preparation of Report on Brit-
ish Fossil Mammalia 100
Physiological Operations of
Medicinal Agents 20
Vital Statistics 36
Additional Experiments on
the Forms of Vessels 70
Additional Experiments on
the forms of Vessels 100
Reduction of Experiments on
the Forms of Vessels 100
Morin's Instrument and Con-
stant Indicator 69
Experiments on the Strength
of Materials 60
£1565
«.
d.
12
8
6
12
8
2
10
16
1
4
7
8
18
3
4
3
14
6
s
11
5
8
14
10
10 2
GENERAL SXATEMENT.
XCV
£
I
1844.
Meteorological Observations
at Kingussie and Inverness
Completing Observations at
Plymouth
Magnetic and Meteorological
Co-operation
Publication of the British
Association Catalogue of
Stars
Observations on Tides on the
East Coast of Scotland . . .
Kevision of the Nomenclature
of Stars 1842
12
35
25
8
4
35
1
100
2
9
6
Maintaining
ment at
the Establish-
Kew Observa-
tory
Instruments for
117 17 3
Kew Obser-
vatory..., 56 7 3
Influence of Light on Plants 10
Subterraneous Temperature
in Ireland 5
Coloured Dravirings of Rail-
way Sections 15 17 6
Investigation of Fossil Fishes
ofthe Lower Tertiary Strata 100
Registering the Shocks of
Earthquakes 1842 23 11 10
Structure of Fossil Shells ... 20
Radiata and Mollusca of the
Mge&n and Red Seas 1842 100
Geographical Distributions of
Marine Zoology 1842 10
Marine Zoology of Devon and
Cornwall 10
Marine Zoology of Corfu 10
Experiments on the Vitality
of Seeds 9
Experiments on the Vitality
of Seeds 1842 8 7 3
Exotic Anoplura 15
Strength of Materials 100
Completing Experiments on
the Forms of Ships 100
Inquiries into Asphyxia 10
Investigations on the Internal
Constitution of Metals 50
Constant Indicator and Mo-
rin's Instrument 1842 10
£981 12 8
1845.
Publication of the British As-
sociation Catalogue of Stars 351 14 6
Meteorological Observations
at Inverness 30 18 11
Magnetic and Meteorological
Co-operation 16 16 8
Meteorological Instruments
at Edinburgh 18 11 9
Reduction of Anemometrical
Observations at Plymouth 25
£ s. d.
Electrical Experiments at
Kew Observatory 43 17 8
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 149
For Kreil's Barometrograph 25
Gases from Iron Furnaces... 50
The Actinograph 15
Microscopic Structure of
Shells 20
Exotic Anoplura ... 1843 10
Vitality of Seeds 1843 2
Vitality of Seeds 1844 7
Marine Zoology of Cornwall . 10
Physiological Action of Medi-
cines 20
Statistics of Sickness and
Mortality in York 20
Earthquake Shocks 1843 15
£831 9 9
15
7
14 8
1846.
British Association Catalogue
of Stars 1844 211 15
Fossil Fishes of the London
Clay 100
Computation of tlie Gai;ssian
Constants for 1829 5
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 146
Strength of Materials 60
Researches in Asphyxia 6
Examination of Fossil Shells 10
Vitality of Seeds 1844 2
Vitality of Seeds 1845 7
Marine Zoology of Cornwall 10
Marine Zoology of Britain ... 10
Exotic Anoplui-a 1844 25
Expenses attending Anemo-
meters 11
Anemometers' Repairs 2
Atmospheric Waves 3
Captive Balloons 1844 8 19 8
Varieties of the Human Race
1844 7 6 3
Statistics of Sickness and
Mortality in York 12
£685 16
16
7
16
2
15
10
12
3
7
6
3
6
3
3
1847.
Computation of the Gaussian
Constants for 1829 50
Habits of Marine Animals ... 10
Physiological Action of Medi-
cines 20
Marine Zoology of Cornwall 10
Atmospheric Waves 6
Vitality of Seeds 4
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 107
£208
9
3
7
7
8 6
5 4
XCVl
KEPORT-
1892.
£ s.
1848.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 171 15
Atmospheric Waves 3 10
Vitality of Seeds 9 15
Completion of Catalogue of
Stars 70
On Colouring Matters 5
On Growth of Plants 1 5
£275 1
d.
11
9
""8
1849.
Electrical Observations at
Kew Observatory 50
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at ditto 76 2 5
Vitality of Seeds 5 8 1
On Growth of Plants 5
Kegistration of Periodical
Phenomena 10
Bill on Account of Anemo-
metrical Observations 13 9
£159 19~6
1850.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 255 18
Transit of Earthquake Waves 50
Periodical Phenomena 15
Meteorological Instruments,
Azores 25
£345 18
1851.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory
(includes part of grant in
1849) 309 2 2
Theory of Heat 20 1 1
Periodical Phenomena of Ani-
mals and Plants 5
Vitality of Seeds 5 6 4
Influence of Solar Radiation 30
Ethnological Inquiries 12
Kesearches on Annelida 10
£391 9~7
1852.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory
(including balance of grant
for 1850) 233 17 8
Experiments on the Conduc-
tion of Heat 5 2 9
Influence of Solar Radiations 20
Geological Map of Ireland ... 15
Researches on the British An-
nelida 10
Vitality of Seeds 10 6 2
Strength of Boiler Plates 10
£304 6 7
£ s. d,
1853.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 165
Experiments on the Influence
of Solar Radiation 15
Researches on the British
Annelida 10 0'
Dredging on the East Coast
of Scotland 10 O'
Ethnological Queries 5
£205 '
1854.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory
(including balance of
former grant) 330 15 4
Investigations on Flax 11 0-
Effects of Temperature on
Wrought Iron 10 a
Registration of Periodical
Phenomena 10
British Annelida 10
Vitality of Seeds 5 2 S
Conduction of Heat 4 2
£380 19 7
1855.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 425
Earthquake Movements 10
Physical Aspect of the Moon 11 8 5
Vitality of Seeds 10 7 11
Map of the World 15
Ethnological Queries 5
Dredging near Belfast 4
£48016^4
575
1856.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observa-
tory : —
1854 £ 75 0\
1855 £500 0/
Strickland's Ornithological
Synonyms 100
Dredging and Dredging
Forms 9 13
Chemical Action of Light ... 20
Strength of Iron Plates 10
Registration of Periodical
Phenomena 10
Propagation of Salmon 10
£73 r'l3 9
1857.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 350
Earthquake Wave Experi-
ments 40
Dredging near Belfast 10
Dredging on the West Coast
of Scotland 10
GENERAL STATEMENT.
XCVll
8
£ s. d.
Investigations into the Mol-
lusca of California 10
Experiments on Flax 5
Natural History of Mada-
gascar 20
Eesearches on British Anne-
lida 25
Keport on Natural Products
imported into Liverpool ... 10
Artificial Propagation of Sal-
mon 10
Temperature of Mines 7
Thermometers for Subterra-
nean Observations 5 7 4
Life-boats 5
ll £.507 15 4
1858.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kevir Observatory 500
Earthquake Wave Experi-
ments 25
Dredging on the West Coast
of Scotland 10
Dredffing near Dublin 5
Vitality of Seeds 5 5
Dredging near Belfast 18 13 2
Report on the British Anne-
lida 25
Experiments on the produc-
ktion of Heat by Motion in
Fluids 20
Report on the Natural Pro-
ducts imported into Scot-
Iland ■ 10
£618
1839.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 500
Dredging near Dublin 15
Osteology of Birds 50
Irish Tunicata , 5
Manure Experiments 20
British Medusidae 5
Dredging Committee 5
Steam-vessels' Performance... 5
Marine Fauna of South and
West of Ireland 10
Photographic Chemistry , 10
Lanarkshire Fossils 20
Balloon Ascents .S9
£684 11 i
ip 1860. — — —
Maintainina: the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 500
Dredging near Belfast 16 6
Dredging in Dublin Bay 15
Inquiry into the Performance
of Steam-vessels 124
Explorations in the Yellow
Sandstone of Dura Den .,- 20
1892.
1
11
18 2
£ s. d.
Chemico-mechanical Analysis
of Rocks and Minerals 25
Researches on the Growth of
Plants 10
Researches on the Solubility
of Salts 30
Researches on the Constituents
of Manures 25
Balance of Captive Balloon
Accounts 1 13 6
£766 19 6
1861.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory. . 500
Earthquake Experiments 25
Dredging North and East
Coasts'" of Scotland 23
Dredgine Committee : —
1860 £50 \ 7.> n n
1861 £22 0/ '-^ ^ ^
Excavations at Dura Den 20
Solubility of Salts 20
Steam- vessel Performance ... 150
Fossils of Lesmahagow 15
Explorations at Uriconium ... 20
Chemical Alloys 20 U
Classified Index to the Trans-
actions 100
Dredging in the Mersey and
Dee 5
Dip Circle 30
Photoheliographic Observa-
tions 50
Prison Diet 20
Gauging of Water 10
Alpine Ascents 6 5 10
Constituents of Manures 25
5^10
£1111
1862.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 500
Patent Laws 21 6
Mollusca of N.-W. of America 10
Natural History by Mercantile
Marine 5 ()
Tidal Observations 25
Photoheliometer at Kev/ 40
Photographic Pictures of the
Sun 150
Rocks of Donegal 25
Dredging Durham and North-
umberland 25 n
Connection of Storms ., 20
Dredging North-east Coast
of Scotland , 6 9 6
Ravages of Teredo 3 11
Standards of Electrical Re-
sistance 50
Railway Accidents ]0
Balloon Committee 200 i)
Dredging Dublin Bay 10 (i
XCVlll
EEPOHT— 1892.
£ g.
Dredging the Mersey 5
Prison Diet 20
Gauging of Water 12 10
Steamsljips' Performance 150
Thermo-electric Currents ... .5
£l2;i:-i ](i
1863.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory... 600
Balloon Committee deficiency 70
Balloon Ascents (other ex-
penses) 25
Entozoa 25
Coal Fossils 20
Herrings 20
Granites of Donegal 5
Prison Diet 20
Vertical Atmospheric Move-
ments 13
Dredging Shetland 50
Dredging Xorth-east Coast of
Scotland 25
Dredging Northumberland
and Durham 17
Dredging Committee sujperin-
tendence 10
Steamship Performance 100
Balloon Committee 200
Carbon under pressure 10
Volcanic Temperature 100
'Bromide of Ammonium 8
Electrical Standards 100
Electrical Construction and
Distribution 40
Luminous Meteors 17
Kew Additional Buildings for
PhotoheliograiDh 100
Thermo-electricity 15
Analysis of Eocka 8
Hydroida 10
3 10
3 10
1861.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory.. 600
Coal Fossils 20
Vertical Atmospheric Move-
ments 20
Dredging Shetland 75
Dredging Northumberland... 25
Balloon Committee 200
Carbon under pressure 10
Standards of Electric Re-
sistance 100
Analysis of Rocks 10
Hydroida 10
Askham's Gift 50
Nitrite of Amyle 10
Nomenclature Committee ... 5
Rain-gauges ]f) 1.5 g
Cast-iron Invest igation 20
£ s. d.
Tidal Observations in the
Humber 50
Spectral Kays 45
Luminous Meteors 20
£1289 15 8
186.5.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory.. 600
Balloon Committee 100
Hydroida 13
Rain-gauges 30
Tidal Observations in the
Humber 6 8
Hexylic Compounds 20
Amyl Compounds 20
Irish Flora 25
American Mollusca 3 9
Organic Acids 20
Lingula Flags Excavation ... 10
Eurypterus 50
Electrical Standards 100
Malta Caves Researches 30
Oj'ster Breeding 25
Gibraltar Caves Researches... 150
Kent's Hole Excavations 100
Moon's Surface Observations 35
Marine Fauna 25
Dredging Aberdeenshire 25
Dredging Channel Islands ... 50
Zoological Nomenclature 5
Resistance of Floating Bodies
in Water 100
Bath AVaters Analysis 8 10 10
Laminons Meteors 40
£1591 7^10
1866.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory. . 600 0'
Lunar Committee 64 13 4
Balloon Committee 60
Metrical Committee 50
British Rainfall SO
Kilkenny Coail Fields 16
Alum Bay Fossil Leaf -Bed ... 15
Luminoua Meteors SO
Lingula Flags Excavation ... 20
Chemical Constitjrtion of
Cast Iron 50
Amyl Compounds 25
Electrical Standards 100
Malta Caves Exploration 30
Kent's Hole Exploration 200
Marine Fauna, &c., Devon
and Cornwall 25
Dredging Aberdeenshire Coast 25
Dredging Hebrides Coast ... SO
Dredging the Mersey 5
Resistance of Floating Bodies
in Water 50
Polycyanidesof Organic Radi-
cals \ 29 C
OENEEAL STATEMENT.
XCIS
»
& s.
Rigor Mortis 10
Irish Annelida 15
Catalogue of Crania 50
Dicline Birds of Mascarene
Islands 50
Typical Crania Researches ... 30
Palestine Exploration Fund... 100 0_
£1 750 13
1867. — ^^—
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory.. 600
Meteorological Instruments,
Palestine 60
Lunar Committee 120
Metrical Committee 30
Kent's Hole Explorations ... 100
Palestine Explorations 50
Insect Fauna, Palestine 30
British Rainfall 50
Kilkenny Coal Fields 25
Alum Bay Fossil Leaf -bed ... 25
Luminous Meteors 50
Bournemouth, &;c., Leaf-beds 30
Dredging Shetland 75
Steamship Reports Condensa-
tion 100
Electrical Standards 100
Ethyl and Methyl series 25
Fossil Crustacea 25
Sound under Water 24 4
North Greenland Fauna 75
Do. Plant Beds 100
Iron and Steel Manufacture... 25
Patent Laws 30
£1739 4
1868.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory. . 600
Lunar Committee 120
Metrical Committee 50
Zoological Record 100
Kent's Hole Explorations ... 150
Steamship Performances 100
British Rainfall 50
Luminous Meteors 50
Organic Acids 60
Fossil Crustacea 25
Methyl Series 25
Mercuryand Bile 25
Organic Remains in Lime-
stone Rocks 25
Scottish Earthquakes 20
Fauna, Devon and Cornwall.. 30
British Fossil Corals 50
Bag-shot Leaf-beds 50
Greenland Explorations 100
Fossil Flora 25
Tidal Observations 100
Underground Temperature ... 50
Spectroscopic Investigations
of Animal Substances 5
£ n. d.
Secondary Reptiles, &c 30
British Marine Invertebrate
Fauna 100
£1940
1869.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory. . 600
Lunar Committee 50
Metrical Committee 25
Zoological Record 100
Committee on Gases in Deep-
well Water 25
British Rainfall 50
Thermal Conductivity of Iron,
&c 30
Kent's Hole Explorations 150
Steamship Performances 30
Chemical Constitution of
Cast Iron 80
Iron and Steel Manufacture 100
Methjd Series 30
Organic Remains in Lime-
stone Rocks 10
Earthquakes in Scotland 10
British Fossil Corals 50
Bagshot Leaf -beds 30
Fossil Flora 25
Tidal Observations 100
Underground Temperat ure ... 30
Spectroscopic Investigations
of Animal Substances 5
Organic Acids 12
Kiltorcan Fossils 20
Chemical Constitution and
Physiological Action Rela-
tions 15
Mountain Limestone Fossils 25
Utilisation of Sewage 10
Products of Digestion 10
i'1622
1870.
Maintaining the Establisli-
ment at Kew Observatory 600
Metrical Committee 2.5
Zoological Record 100
Committee on Marine Fauna 20
Ears in Fishes 10
Chemical Nature of Cast Iron 80
Luminous Meteors 30
Heat in the Blood 15
British Rainfall 100
Thermal Conductivity of
Iron, &c 20
British Fossil Corals 50
Kent's Hole Explorations ... 150
Scottish Earthquakes 4
Bagshot Leaf-beds 15
Fossil Flora 25
Tidal Observations 100
Underground Temperature ... 50
Kiltorcan Quarries Fossils ... 20
t>
EEPORT — 1892.
£
Mountain Limestone Fossils 25
Utilisation of Sewao^e 50
Organic Chemical Compounds 30
Onny River Sediment 3
Mechanical Equivalent of
Heat 50_
£1572
«.
d.
1871.
Maintainina: the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 600
Monthly Reports of Progress
in Chemistry 100
Metrical Committee 25
Zoological Record 100
Thermal Equivalents of the
Oxides of Chlorine 10
Tidal Observations 100
Fossil Flora 25
Luminous Meteors 30
British Fossil Corals 25
Heat in the Rlood 7 2 6
British Rainfall 50
Kent's Hole Explorations ... 150
Fossil Crustacea 25
Methyl Compounds 25
Lunar Objects 20
Fossil Coral Sections, for
Photographing 20
Bagshot Leaf -beds 20
Moab Explorations 100
Gaussian Constants 40
£1472 2~6
1872.
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 300
Metrical Committee 75
Zoological Record 100
Tidal Committee 200
Carboniferous Corals 25
Organic Chemical Compounds 25
Exploration of Moab 100
Tei-ato-embryological Inqui-
ries 10
Kent's Cavern Exploration.. 100
Luminous Meteors 20
Heat in the Blood ]5
Fossil Crustacea 25
Fossil Elephants of Malta ... 25
Lunar Objects 20
Inverse Wave-lengths 20
British Rainfall 100
Poisonous Substances Antago-
nism 10
Essential Oils, Chemical Con-
stitution. &c 40
Mathematical Tables 50
Thermal Conductivity of Me-
tals 25
£]2S5~0~0
£ S. d.
1873.
Zoological Record 100
Chemistry Record 200
Tidal Committee 400
Sewage Committee 100
Kent's Cavern Exploration... 150
Carboniferous Corals 25
Fossil Elephants 25
Wave-lengths 1.50
British Rainfall 100
Essential Oils 30
Mathematical Tables KX)
Gaussian Constants 10
Sub-Wealden Explorations... 25
Underground Temperature... 150
Settle Cave Exploration 50
Fossil Flora, Ireland 20
Timber Denudation and Rain-
fall 20
Luminous Meteors 30
£r685
1874.
Zoological Record 100 G
Chemistry Record 100
Mathematical Tables ...100
Elliptic Functions 100
liightning Conductors 10
Thermal Conductivity of
Rocks 10
Anthropological Instructions,
&c 60
Kent's Cavern Exploration... 150
Luminous Meteors 30
Intestinal Secretions 15
British Rainfall 100
Essential Oils 10
Sub-Wealden Explorations... 25
Settle Cave Exploration 50
Mauritius Meteorological Re-
search 100
Magnetisation of Iron 20
Marine Organisms 30
Fossils, North-West of Scot-
land 2 10
Physiological Action of Light 20
Trades Unions 25
Mountain Limestone-corals 25
Erratic Blocks 10
Dredging, Durham and York-
shire Coasts 28 5
High Temperature of Bodies 30
Siemens's Pj'rometer 3 6
Labyrinthodonts of Coal-
measures 7 15
£1151 It;
1875.
Elliptic Functions 100
Magnetisation of Iron 20
British Rainfall 120
Luminous Meteors 30
Chemistry Record 100
GEKEUAL STATEMENT.
CI
£
Specific Volume of Liquids... 25
Estimation of Potash and
Phosphoric Acid 10
Isometric Crcsols 20
Sub-Wealden Explorations... 100
Kent's Cavern Exploration... 100
Settle Cave Exploration 50
Earthquakes in Scotland 15
Underground Waters 10
Development of Myxinoid
Fishes 20
Zoological Record 100
Instructions for Travellers ... 20
Intestinal Secretions 20
Palestine Exploration 100
£960
«.
d.
I
1876.
Printing Mathematical Tables 159
British Rainfall 100
Ohm's Law 9
Tide Calculating Machine ... 200
Specific Volume of Liquids... 25
Isomeric Cresols 10
Action of Ethyl Bromobuty-
rate on Ethyl Sodaceto-
acetate 5
Estimation of Potash and
Phosphoric Acid 13
Exploration of Victoria Cave,
Settle 100
Geological Record 100
Kent's Cavern Exploration... 100
Thermal Conductivities of
Rocks 10
Underground Waters 10
Earthquakes in Scotland 1
Zoological Record 100
Close Time 5
Physiological Action of Sound 25
Zoological Station 75
Intestinal Secretions 15
Physical Characters of Inha-
bitants of British Isles 13
Measuring Speed of Ships ... 10
Effect of Propeller on turning
of Steam-vessels 5^
£1092
4 2
15
10
15
4 2
1877.
Liquid Carbonic Acids in
Minerals 20
Elliptic Functions 250
Thermal Conductivity of
Rocks 9
Zoological Record 100
Kent's Cavern 100
Zoological Station at Naples 75
Luminous Meteors ,S0
Elasticity of Wires 100
Dipterocarpse, Report on 20
1
7
£ s. d.
Mechanical Equivalent of
Heat 35
Double Compounds of Cobalt
and Nickel 8
Underground Temperatures 50
Settle Cave Exploration 100
Underground Waters in New
Red Sandstone 10
Action of Ethyl Bromobuty-
rate on Ethyl Sodaceto-
acetate 10
British Earthworks 25
Atmospheric Elasticity in
India 15
Development of Light from
Coal-gas 20
Estimation of Potash and
Phosphoric Acid 1 18
Geological Record 100
Anthropometric Committee 34
Physiological Action of Phos-
phoric Acid, &o • 15
£1128 9 7
1878.
Exploration of Settle Caves 100
Geological Record 100
Investigation of Pulse Pheno-
mena by means of Syphon
Recorder 10
Zoological Station at Naples 75
Investigation of Underground
Waters 15
Transmission of Electrical
Impulses through Nerve
Structure 30
Calculation of Factor Table
for 4th Million 100
Anthropometric Committee... 66
Chemical Composition and
Structure of less -known
Alkaloids 25
Exploration of Kent's Cavern 50
Zoological Record 100
Fermanagh Caves Exploration 15
Thermal Conductivity of
Rocks 4 16 6
Luminous Meteors 10
Ancient Earthworks ■ 25
£725 16 6
1879.
Table at the Zoological
Station, Naples 75
Miocene Flora of the Basalt
of the North of Ireland ... 20
Illustrations for a Monograph
on the Mammoth 17 Q
Record of Zoological Litera-
ture 100
Composition and Structure of
less-known Alkaloids 25
Cll
REPORT — 1892.
£ s. d.
Exploration of Caves in
Borneo 50
Kent's Cavern Exploration ... 100
Eecorcl of the Progress of
Geology 100
Fermanagh Caves Exploration 5
Electrolysis of Metallic Solu-
tions and Solutions of
Compound Salts 25
Anthropometric Committee... 50
Natural History of Socotra ... 100
Calculation of Factor Tables
for .5th and 6tli Millions ... 150
Circulation of Underground
Waters 10
Steering of Screw Steamers... 10
Improvements in Astrono-
mical Clocks 30
Marine Zoology of South
Devon 20
Determination of Mechanical
Equivalent of Heat 12
Specitic Inductive Capacity
of Sprengel Vacuum 40
Tables of Sun-heat Co-
efficients 30
Datirm Level of the Ordnance
Survey 10
Tables of Fundamental In-
variants of Algebraic Forms 36
Atmospheric Electricity Ob-
servations in Madeira 15
Instrument for Detecting
Fire-damp in Mines 22
Instruments for Measuring
the Speed of Ships 17
Tidal Observations in the
English Channel 10
£1080 11 11
15
6
14
9
1
8
1880.
New Form of High Insulation
Key 10
fTnderground Temperature ... 10
Determination of the Me-
chanical Equivalent of
Heat 8 5
Elasticity of Wires 50
Luminous Meteors 30
Lunar Disturbance of Gravity 30
Fundamental Invariants 8 5
Laws of Water Friction 20
Specitic Inductive Capacity
of Sprengel Vacuum 20
Completion of Tables of Sun-
heat Coefficients 50
Instrument for Detection of
Fire-damp in Mines 10
Inductive Capacity of Crystals
and Paraffines 4 17 7
Report on Carboniferous
Polyzoa 10
£ s. (J.
Caves of South Ireland 10 u
Viviparous Nature of Ichthj'O-
saurus 10
Kent's Cavern Exploration... 60
Geological Record 100
Miocene Flora of the Basalt
of North Ireland 15
Underground Waters of Per-
mian Formations 5
Record of Zoological Litera-
ture 100
Table at Zoological Station
at Naples 75
Investigation of the Geology
and Zoology of Mexico 50
Anthropometry 60
Patent Laws 5
£731 7 7
1881.
Lunar Disturbance of Gravity 30
Underground Temperature ... 20
Electrical Standards 25
High Insulation Key 5
Tidal Observations 10
Specific Refractions 7 3 1
Fossil Polyzoa 10
Underground Waters 10
Earthquakes in Japan 25
Tertiary Flora 20
Scottish Zoological Station ... 50
Naples Zoological Station ... 75
Natural History of Socotra ... 50
Anthropological Notes and
Queries 9
Zoological Record 100
Weights and Heights of
Human Beings 30
£476 3 1
1882.
Exploration of Central Africa 100
Fundamental Invariants of
Algebraical Forms 76 1 11
Standards for Electrical
Measurements 100
Calibration of Mercurial Ther-
mometers 20
Wave-length Tables of Spec-
tra of Elements 60
Photographing Ultra-violet
Spark Spectra 25
Geological Record 100
Earthquake Phenomena of
Japan 25
Conversion of Sedimentary
Materials into Metamorphic
Rocks 10
Fosfsil Plants of Halifax 15
Geological Map of Europe ... 25
Circulation of Underground
Waters 15
GEKEnAL STATEMENT.
cm
£ s. d.
Tertiary Flora of North of
Irelaud 20
British Polj'zoa 10
Exploration of Caves of South
of Ireland 10
Exploration of Kaygill Fis-
sure 20
Naples Zoological Station ... 80 U
Albuminoid Substances of
Serum 10
Ehmination of Nitrogen by
Bodily Exercise 50
Mio-ration of Birds 15
NaturalHistory of Socotra... 100
Natural History of Timor-laut 100
Record of Zoological Litera-
ture 100
Anthropometric Committee... 50
ill26~l 11
1883.
Meteorological Observations
on Ben Nevis 50
Isomeric Naphthalene Deri-
vatives 15
Earthquake Phenomena of
Japan 50
Fossil Plants of Halifax 20
British Fossil Polyzoa 10
Fossil Phyllopoda of Palseo-
zoic Rocks 25
Erosion of Sea-coast of Eng-
land and Wales 10
Circulation of Underground
Waters 15
Geological Record 50
Exploration of Caves in South
of Ireland 10
Zoological Literature Record 100
Migration of Birds 20
Zoological Station at Naples 80
Scottish Zoological Station ... 25
Elimination of Nitrogen by
Bodily Exercise 38 3 3
Exploration of Mount Kili-
ma-njaro 500
Investigation of Loughton
Camp 10
Natural History of Timor-laut 50
I Screw Gauges 5
£1083 3 3
1884.
Meteorological Observations
on Ben Nevis 50
Collecting and Investigating
Meteoric Dust 20
Meteorological Observatory at
Chepstow 25
Tidal Observations 10
Ultra- Violet Spark Spectra ... 8 4
£ s. d.
Earthquake Phenomena of
Japan 75
Fossil Plants of Halifax 15
Fossil Polyzoa 10
Erratic Blocks o£ England ... 10
Fossil Phyllopoda of Paleo-
zoic Rocks 15
Circulation of Underground
Waters 5
International Geological IMap 20
Bibliography of Groups of
Invertebrata 50
Natural History of Timor-laut 50
Naples Zoological Station ... 80
Exploration of Mount Kili-
ma-njaro, East Africa 500
Migration of Birds 20
Coagulation of Blood 100
Zoological Literature Record 100
Anthropometric Committee . . ■ 10
£1173
1885.
Synoptic Chart of Indian
Ocean 50
Reduction of Tidal Observa-
tions 10
Calculating Tables in Theory
of Numbers 100
Meteorological Observations
on Ben Nevis 50
Meteoric Dust 70
Vai^our Pressures, &;c., of Salt
Solutions 25
Physical Constants of Solu-
tions 20
Volcanic Phenomena of Vesu-
vius 25
Raygill Fissure 15
Earthquake Phenomena of
Japan 70
Fossil Phyllopoda of Palaeozoic
Rocks 25
Fossil Plants of British Ter-
tiary and Secondary Beds . 50
Geological Record 50
Circulation of Underground
Waters 10
Naples Zoological Station ... 100
Zoological Literature Record. 100
Migration of Birds 30
Exploration of Mount Kilima-
njaro 25
Recent Polyzoa 10
Marine Biological Station at
Granton 100
Biological Stations on Coasts
of United Kingdom 150
Exploration of New Guinea... 200
Exploration of Mount Roraima 100
£1385
4
CIV
REPORT 1892.
£ «. d.
1886.
Electrical Standards 40
Solar Radiation 9 10 6
Tidal Observations 50
Magnetic Observations 10 10
Meteorological Observations
on Ben Nevis 100
Physical and Chemical Bear-
ings of Electrolysis 20
Chemical Nomenclature 5
Fossil Plants of British Ter-
tiary and Secondary Beds... 20
Exploration of Caves in North
Wales 25
Volcanic Phenomena of Vesu-
vius 30
Geological Record 100
Fossil Phyllopoda of Palaeozoic
Kocks 15
Zoological Literature Record . 100
Marine Biological Station at
Granton 75
Naples Zoological Station 50
Researches in Food- Fishes and
Invertebrata at St. Andrews 75
Migration of Birds 30
Secretion of Urine 10
Exploration of New Guinea... 150
Regulation of Wages under
Sliding Scales 10
Prehistoric Race in Greek
Islands 20
North-Western Tribes of Ca-
nada 50
£995 6
1887.
Solar Radiation 18 10
Electrolysis 30
Ben Nevis Observatory 75
Standards of Light (1886
grant) 20
Standards of Light (1887
grant) 10
Harmonic Analysis of Tidal
Observations 1.5
Magnetic Observations 26 2
Electrical Standards 50
Silent Discharge of Electricity 20
Absorption Spectra 40
Nature of Solution 20
Influence of Silicon on Steel 30
Volcanic Phenomena of Vesu-
vius , 20
Volcanic Phenomena of .Japan
(1886 grant) 50
Volcanic Phenomena of Japan
(1887 grant) 50
Exploration of Cae Gwj-n
Cave, North Wales 20
£ ». d.
Erratic Blocks 10
Fossil Phyllopoda 20
Coal Plants of Halifax 25
Microscopic Structure of the
Rocks of Anglesey 10
Exploration of the Eocene
Bedsof the Isle of Wight... 20
Circulation of Underground
Waters 5
' Manure ' Gravels of Wexford 10
Provincial Museum Reports 5
Investigation of Lymphatic
System 25
Naples Biological Station ... 100
Plymouth Biological Station 50
Granton Biological Station ... 75
Zoological Record 100
Flora of China 75
Flora and Fauna of the
Cameroons 75
Migration of Birds 30
Bathy-hypsograpliical Map of
British Isles 7 6
Regulation of Wages 10
Prehistoric Race of Greek
Islands 20
Racial Photographs, Egyptian 20
£1186 18
1888.
Ben Nevis Observatory 150
Electrical Standards 2
Magnetic Observations 15
Standards of Light 79
Electrolysis 30
Uniform Nomenclature in
Mechanics 10
Silent Discharge of Elec-
tricity 9
Properties of Solutions 25
Intiuence of Silicon on Steel 20
Methods of Teaching Chemis-
try 10
Isomeric Naphthalene Deriva-
tives 25
Action of Light on Hydracids 20
Sea Beach near Bridlington... 20
Geological Record 50
Manure Gravels of Wexford... 10
Erosion of Sea Coasts 10
Circulation of Underground
Waters 5
Palasontographical Society ... 50
Pliocene Fauna of St. Erth... 50
Carboniferous Flora of Lan-
cashire and West Yorkshire 25
Volcanic Phenomena of Vesu-
vius 20
Zoology and Botany of West
Indies 100
Flora of Bahamas 100
6
4
2
3
1
10
GENERAL STATEMENT.
CV
£
Development of Fishes — St.
Andrews 50
3Iarine Laboratory, Plymouth 100
Migration of Birds 30
Flora of China 75
Naples Zoological Station ... 100
Lymphatic System 25
Biological Station at Granton 50
Peradeniya Botanical Sta-
tion 50
Itevelopment of Teleostei ... 15
Depth of Frozen Soil in Polar
Kegions 5
Precious Metals in Circula-
tion 20
Value of Monetary Standard 10
Effect of Occupations on Phy-
sical Development 25
North-Western Tribes of
Canada 100
Prehistoric Race in Greek
Islands • 20
£1511
s.
d.
Marine Biological Association 200
Bath ' Baths Committee ' for
further Researches 100
s. d.
5
1889.
Ben Fevis Observatory 50
Electrical Standards 75
Electrolysis 20
Observations on SurfaceWater
Temperature 30
Silent Discharge of Electricity
on Oxygen 6
Methods of teaching Chemis-
try 10
Action of Light on Hydracids 10
Geological Record 80
Volcanic Phenomena of Japan 25
Volcanic Phenomena of Vesu-
vius 20
Fossil Phyllopoda of Palaeo-
zoic Bocks 20
Higher Eocene Beds of Isle of
Wight 15
West Indian Explorations ... 100
Flora of China 25
Naples Zoological Station ... 100
Physiology of Lymphatic
System 25
Experiments with a Tow-net 5
Natural History of Friendly
Islands 100
Geology and Geography of
Atlas Range 100
Action of Waves and Currents
in Estuaries by means of
Working Models 100
North- Western Tribes of Ca-
nada 150
Characteristics of Nomad
Tribes of Asia Minor 30
Corresponding Societies 20
4 8
16
3
£1417 11
1890,
Electrical Standards 12 17
Electrolysis 5
Electro-optics 50
Calculating Mathematical
Tables 25
Volcanic and Seismological
Phenomena of Japan 75
Pellian Equation Tables 15
Properties of Solutions 10
International Standard for
the Analysis of Iron and
Steel 10
Influence of the Silent Dis-
charge of Electricity on
Oxygen 5
Methods of teaching Chemis-
try 10
Recording Results of Water
Analysis 4 10
Oxidation of Hvdracids in
Sunlight '. 15
Volcanic Phenomena of Vesu-
vius 20
Fossil Phyllopoda of the Pa-
1 £60 zoic Rocks 10
Circulation of Underground
Waters 5
Excavations at Oldbury Hill 15
Cretaceous Polyzoa 10
Geological Photographs 7 14 11
Lias Beds of Northampton-
shire 25
Botanical Station at Perade-
niya 25
Experiments with a Tow-net 4 3 9
Naples Zoological Station ... 100
Zoology and Botany of the
West India Islands 100
Marine Biological Association 30
Action of Waves and Currents
in Estuaries 150
Graphic Methods in Mechani-
cal Science 11
Anthropometric Calculations 5
Nomad Tribes of Asia Minor 25
Corresponding Societies 20
£799 16 S
1891.
Ben Nevis Observatory 60
Electrical Standards.." 100
Electrolj'sis 5
Seismological Phenomena of
Japan 10
Variations of Temperature in
Lakes 20
CVl
REPORT 1892.
£ «. d.
Photographs of Meteorological
Phenomena 5
Discharge of Electricity from
Points 10
Ultra Violet Rays of Solar
Spectrum 50
International Standard for
the Analysis of Iron and
Steel 10
Isomeric Xaphthaleue Deriva-
tives 25
Formation of Haloids 25
Action of Liglit on Dyes 17 10
Geological Record.... 100
Volcanic Phenomena of Vesu-
vius 10
Fossil PhYllopoda 10
Photograplis of Geological
Interest 9 5
Lias Beds of Northampton-
shire 25
Registration of Type-Speci-
mens of British Fossils 5 5
Investigation of Elboltou
Cave 25
Botanical Station at Pera-
deniya 50
Experiments with a Tovf-Net 40
Marine Biological Association
at Plymotith 12 10
Disappearance of Native
Plants 5
Action of Waves and Currents
in Estuaries 125
Anthropometric Calculations 10
New Edition of ' Anthropo-
logical Notes and Queries ' 50
North - Western Tribes of
Canada 200
Corresponding Societies 25
£1,029 10
£ «. d.
1892.
Meteorological Observations
on Ben Nevis 50
Photographs of Meteorological
Phenomena 15
Pellian Equation Tables 10
Discharge of Electricitj^ from
Points 50
Seismological Phenomena of
Japan 10
Formation of Haloids 12
Properties of Solutions 10
Action of Light on Dyed
Colours 10
Erratic Blocks 15
Photographs of Geological
Interest 20
Underground Waters 10
Investigation of Elbolton
Cave 25
Excavations at Oldbury Hill 10
Cretaceous Polyzoa 10
Table at Naples Zoological
Station 100
Table at Plymouth Biological
Laboratory 17
Improving a Deep-sea Tow-
uet 40
Fauna of Sandwich Islands... 100
Zoology and Botany of West
India Islands 100
Climatology and Hydrography
of Tropical Africa 50
Anthropometric Laboratory... 5
Anthropological Notes and
Queries 20
Prehistoric Remains in Ma-
shonaland 50
North - Western Tribes of
Canada 100
Corresponding Societies 25
£864 10
10
cvu
General Meetings.
On Wednesdaj, August 3, at 8 p.m., in tlie Synod Hall, Dr. W.
Hu-^o-ins F.R.S., Hon. P.R.S.E., F.R.A.S., resigned the office of Presi-
dent to Sir Archibald Geikie, LL.D., D.Sc, For.Sec.R.S., F.R.S.E.,
F.G.S., who took the Chair, and delivered an Address, for which see
page 3.
On Thursday, August 4, at 8 p.m., a Soiree took place at the
Museum of Science and Art.
On Friday, August 5, at 8.30 P.M., in the Synod Hall, Professor A.
Milnes Marshall, M.A., M.D., F.R.S , delivered a discourse on 'Pedigrees.'
On Monday, August 8, at 8.30 p.m., in the Synod Hall, Professor
J. A. Ewing, M.A., F.R.S., delivered a discourse on ' Magnetic Induction.'
On Tuesday, August 9, at 8 p.m., a Soiree took place at the Music
Hall.
On Wednesday, August 10, at 2.30 P.M., in the Upper Library Hall,
University (Old Buildings), the concluding General Meeting took place,
when the Proceedings of the General Committee and the Grants of Money
for Scientific Purposes were explained to the Members.
The Meeting was then adjourned to Nottingham. [The Meeting is
appointed to commence on Wednesday, September 13, 1893.]
PEESIDENT'S ADDEEBb.
1892.
R
p
ADDRESS
BY
SIR ARCHIBALD G E I K I E,
LL.D., D.Sc, For.Sec.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Director-General of the
Geological Survey of the United Kingdom,
PRESIDENT.
In its beneficent progress through these islands the British Association
for the Advancement of Science now for the fourth time receives a
welcome in this ancient capital. Once again, under the shadow of these
antique towers, crowded memories of a romantic past fill our thoughts.
The stormy annals of Scotland seem to move in procession before our eyes
as we walk these streets, whose names and traditions have been made
familiar to the civilised world by the genius of literature. At every turn,
too, we are reminded, by the monuments which a grateful city has
erected, that for many generations the pursuits which we are now
assembled to foster have had here their congenial home. Literature,
philosophy, science, have each in turn been guided by the influence of
the great masters who have lived here, and whose renown is the
brightest gem in the chaplet around the brow of this ' Queen of the
North.'
Lingering for a moment over these local associations, we shall find a
peculiar appropriateness in the time of this renewed visit of the Asso-
ciation to Edinburgh. A hundred years ago a remarkable group of men
was discussing here the great problem of the history of the earth.
James Hutton, after many years of travel and reflection, had communi-
B 2
4 REPORT — 1892.
cated to the Royal Society of tliis city, in the year 1785, the first outlines
of his famous ' Theory of the Earth.' Among those with whom he took
counsel in the elaboration of his doctrines were Black, the illustrious dis-
coverer of ' fixed air ' and ' latent heat ' ; Clerk, the sagacious inventor of
the system of breaking the enemy's line in naval tactics; Hall, whose fer-
tile ingenuity devised the first system of experiments in illustration of the
structure and origin of rocks; and Playfair, through whose sympathetic
enthusiasm and literary skill Hutton's views came ultimately to be
understood and appi-eciated by the world at large. With these friends,
so well able to comprehend and criticise his efi'orts to pierce the veil that
shrouded the history of this globe, he paced the streets amid which we
are now gathered together ; with them he sought the crags and ravines
around us, wherein Nature has laid open so many impressive records of
her past ; with them he sallied forth on those memorable expeditions to
distant parts of Scotland, whence he returned laden with treasures from
a field of observation which, though now so familiar, was then almost
untrodden. The centenar}^ of Hutton's ' Theory of the Earth ' is an
event in the annals of science which seems most fittingly celebrated by a
meeting of the British Association in Edinburgh.
In choosing fi'om among the many subjects which might properly
engage your attention on the present occasion, I have thought that it
would not be inappropriate nor uninteresting to consider the more salient
features of that ' Theory,' and to mark how much in certain departments
of inquiry has sprung from the fruitful teaching of its author and his
associates.
It was a fundamental doctrine of Hutton and his school that this
globe has not always worn the aspect which it bears at present ; that, on
the contrary, proofs may everywhere be culled that the land which we
now see has been formed out of the wreck of an older land. Among
these proofs, the most obvious are supplied by some of the more familiar
kinds of rock, which teach us that, though they are now portions of the
dry land, they were originally sheets of gravel, sand, and mud, which had
been worn from the face of long-vanished continents, and after being
spread out over the floor of the sea were consolidated into compact stone,
and were finally broken up and raised once more to form part of the dry
land. This cycle of change involved two great systems of natural
processes. On the one hand, men were taught that by the action of
running water the materials of the solid land are in a state of continual
decay and transport to the ocean. Ou the other hand, the ocean-floor is
ADDRESS. O
liable from time to time to be upheaved by some stupendous internal
force akin to that which gives rise to the volcano and the earthquake.
Hutton further perceived that not only had the consolidated materials
been disrupted and elevated, but that masses of molten rock had been
thrust upward among them, and had cooled and crystallised .in large
bodies of granite and other eruptive rocks which form so prominent a
feature on the earth's surface.
It was a special characteristic of this philosophical system that it
souo-ht in the changes now in progress on the earth's surface an explana-
tion of those which occurred in older times. Its founder refused to
invent causes or modes of operation, for those with which he was familiar
seemed to him adequate to solve the problems with which he attempted
to deal. Nowhere was the profoundness of his insight more astonishing
than in the clear, definite way in which he proclaimed and reiterated his
doctrine, that every part of the surface of the continents, from mountain-
top to sea-shore, is continually undergoing decay, and is thus slowly
travelling to the sea. He saw that no sooner will the sea- floor be
elevated into new land than it must necessai-ily become a prey to this
universal and unceasing degradation. He perceived that, as the transport
of disintegrated material is carried on chiefly by running water, rivers
must slowly dig out for themselves the channels in which they flow, and
thus that a system of valleys, radiating from the water-parting of a
country, must necessarily result from the descent of the streams from the
mountain crests to the sea. He discerned that this ceaseless and wide-
spread decay would eventually lead to the entire demolition of the dry
land, but he contended that from time to time this catastrophe is pre-
vented by the operation of the underground forces, whereby new
continents are upheaved from the bed of the ocean. And thus in his
system a due proportion is maintained between land and water, and the
condition of the earth as a habitable globe is preserved.
A theory of the earth so simple in outline, so bold in conception, so
full of suggestion, and resting on so broad a base of observation and
reflection, ought, we might think, to have commanded at once the atten-
tion of men of science, even if it did not immediately awaken the interest
of the outside world ; but, as Playfair sorrowfully admitted, it attracted
notice only very slowly, and several years elapsed before anyone showed
himself publicly concerned about it, either as an enemy or a friend.
Some of its earliest critics assailed it for what they asserted to be its
irreligious tendency — an accusation which Hutton repudiated with much
warmth. The sneer levelled by Cowper a few years earlier at all inquiries
6 EEPORT— 1892.
into the history of the universe was perfectly natural and intelligible
frona that poet's point of view. There was then a widespread belief that
this world came into existence some six thousand years ago, and that any
attempt greatly to increase that antiquity was meant as a blow to the
authority of Holy Writ. So far, however, from aiming at the overthrow of
orthodox beliefs, Hutton evidently regarded his ' Theory ' as an important
contribution in aid of natural religion. He dwelt with unfeigned pleasure
on the multitude of proofs which he was able to accumulate of an orderly
design in the operations of nature, decay and renovation being so nicely
balanced as to maintain the habitable condition of the planet. But as he
refused to admit the predominance of violent action in terrestrial changes,
and on the contrary contended for the efficacy of the quiet, continuous
processes which we can even now see at work around us, he was con-
strained to require an unlimited duration of past time for the production
of those revolutions of which he perceived such clear and abundant
proofs in the crust of the earth. The general public, however, failed to
comprehend that the doctrine of the high antiquity of the globe was not
inconsistent with the comparatively recent appearance of man — a distinc-
tion which seems so obvious now.
Hutton died in 1797, beloved and regretted by the circle of friends
who had learnt to appreciate his estimable character and to admire his
genius, but with little recognition from the world at large. Men knew
not then that a great master had passed away from their midst, who had
laid broad and deep the foundations of a new science; that his name
would become a household word in after generations, and that pilgrims
would come from distant lands to visit the scenes from which he drew his
inspiration.
Many years might have elapsed before Hutton's teaching met with
wide acceptance, had its recognition depended solely on the writings of
the philosopher himself. For, despite his firm grasp of general principles
and his mastery of the minutest details, he had acquired a literary style
which, it must be admitted, was singularly unattractive. Fortunately
for his fame, as well as for the cause of science, his devoted friend and
disciple, Playfair, a,t once set himself to draw up an exposition of Hutton's
views. After five years of labour on this task there appeared the classic
'Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory,' a work which for luminous
treatment and graceful diction stands still without a rival in English
geological literature. Though professing merely to set forth his friend's
doctrines, Playfair's treatise was in many respects an original contribu-
tion to science of the highest value. It placed for the first time in the
ADDRESS. 7
clearest light the whole philosophy of Hntton regarding the history of
the earth, and enforced it with a wealth of reasoning and copionsnesa
of illustration which obtained for it a wide appreciation. From long
converse with Hutton, and from profound reflection himself, Playfair
gained such a comprehension of the whole subject that, discarding the
non-essential parts of his master's teaching, he was able to give so lucid
and accurate an exposition of the general scheme of Nature's operations
on the surface of the globe, that with only slight corrections and expan-
sions his treatise may serve as a text-book to-day. In some respects,
indeed, his volume was long in advance of its time. Only, for example,
within the present generation has the truth of his teaching in regard to
the origin of valleys been generally admitted.
Various causes contributed to retard the progress of the Huttoniau
doctrines. Especially potent was the influence of the teaching of "Werner,
who, though he perceived that a definite order of sequence could be
recognised among the materials of the earth's crust, had formed singularly
narrow conceptions of the great processes whereby that crust has been
built up. His enthusiasm, however, fired his disciples with the zeal of
proselytes, and they spread themselves over Europe to preach everywhere
the artificial system which they had learnt in Saxony. By a curious fate
Edinburgh became one of the great headquarters of Wernerism. The
friends and followers of Hutton found themselves attacked in their own
city by zealots who, proud of superior mineralogical acquirements, turned
their most cherished ideas upside down and assailed them in the uncouth
jargon of Freiberg. Inasmuch as subterranean heat had been invoked
by Hutton as a force largely instrumental in consolidating and upheaving
the ancient sediments that now form so great a part of the dry land, his
followers were nicknamed Plutonists. On the other hand, as the agency
of water was almost alone admitted by Werner, who believed the rocks
of the earth's crust to have been chiefly chemical precipitates from a
primeval universal ocean, those who adopted his views received the
equally descriptive name of Neptunists. The battle of these two con-
tending schools raged fiercely here for some years, and though mainly
from the youth, zeal, and energy of Jameson, and the influence which his
position as Professor in the University gave him, the "Wernerian doctrines
continued to hold their place, they were eventually abandoned even by
Jameson himself, and the debt due to the memory of Hutton and
Playfair was tardily acknowledged.
The pursuits and the quarrels of philosophers have from early times
been a favourite subject of merriment to the outside world. Such a feud
8 REPORT— 1892.
as that between the Plutonists and Neptunists would be sure to famish
abundant matter for the gratification of this propensity. Turning over
the pages of Kay's 'Portraits,' where so much that was distinctive of
Edinburgh society a hundred years ago is embalmed, we find Hutton's
personal peculiarities and pursuits touched ofi" in good-humoured carica-
ture. In one plate he stands with arms folded and hammer in hand,
meditating on the face of a cliff, from which rocky prominences in shape
of human faces, perhaps grotesque likenesses of his scientific opponents,
grin at him. In another engraving he sits in conclave with his friend
Black, possibly arranging for that famous banquet of garden-snails which
the two worthies had persuaded themselves to look upon as a strangely
neglected form of human food. More than a generation later, when the
Huttonists and Wernerists were at the height of their antagonism, the
humorous side of the controversy did not escape the notice of the author
of ' Waverley,' who, you will remember, when he makes Meg Dods
recount the various kinds of wise folk brought by Lady Penelope Pen-
feather from Edinburgh to St. Konan's Well, does not forget to include
those who ' rin uphill and down dale, knapping the chucky-stanes to
pieces wi' hammers, like sae mony road-makers run daft, to see how the
warld was made.'
Among the names of the friends and followers of Hutton there is one
which on this occasion deserves to be held in especial honour, that of Sir
James Hall, of Dunglass. Having accompanied Hutton in some of his
excursions, and having discussed with him the problems presented by the
rocks of Scotland, Hall was familiar with the views of his master, and
was able to supply him with fresh illustrations of them from different
parts of the country. Gifted with remarkable originality and ingenuity,
he soon perceived that some of the questions involved in the theory of
the earth could probably be solved by direct physical experiment. Hutton,
however, mistrusted any attempt ' to judge of the great operations of
Nature by merely kindling a fire and looking into the bottom of a little
crucible.' Out of deference to this prejudice Hall delayed to carry out
his intention during Hutton's lifetime. But afterwards he instituted a
remarkable series of researches which are memorable in the history of
science as the first methodical endeavour to test the value of geological
speculation by an appeal to actual experiment. The Neptunists, in
ridiculing the Huttonian doctrine that basalt and similar rocks had once
been molten, asserted that, had such been their origin, these masses would
now be found in the condition of glass or slag. Hall, however, triumph-
antly vindicated his friend's view by proving that basalt could be fused.
ADDRESS. J>
and thereafter by slow cooling could be made to resume a stony texture.
Again, Button had asserted that under the vast pressures which must be
effective deep within the earth's crust, chemical reactions must be power-
fully influenced, and that under such conditions even limestone may
conceivably be melted without losing its carbonic acid. Various specious
arguments had been adduced against this proposition, but by an ingeni-
ously devised series of experiments Hall succeeded in converting lime-
stone under great pressure into a kind of marble, and even fused it, and
found that it then acted vigorously on other rocks. These admirable
researches, which laid the foundations of experimental geology, constitute
not the least memorable of the services rendered by the Huttonian school
to the progress of science.
Clear as was the insight and sagacious the inferences of these great
masters in regard to the history of the globe, their vision was necessarily
limited by the comparatively narrow range of ascertained fact which up
to their time had been established. They taught men to recognise that
the present world is built of the ruins of an earlier one, and they
explained with admirable 'perspicacity the operation of the processes-
whereby the degradation and renovation of land are brought about. But
they never dreamed that a long and orderly series of such successive
destructions and renewals had taken place, and had left their records in
the crust of the earth. They never imagined that from these records
it would be possible to establish a determinate chronology that could be
read everywhere, and applied to the elucidation of the remotest quarter of
the globe. It was by the memorable observations and generalisations of
William Smith that this vast extension of our knowledge of the past
history of the earth became possible. While the Scottish philosophers
were building up their theory here. Smith was quietly ascertaining by
extended journeys that the stratified rocks of the West of England occur
in a definite sequence, and that each well-marked group of them can be
discriminated from the others and identified across the country by means
of its enclosed organic remains. It is nearly a hundred years since he
made known his views, so that by a curious coincidence we may fitly
celebrate on this occasion the centenary of William Smith as well as that
of James Hutton. No single discovery has ever had a more momentous
and far-reaching influence on the progress of a science than that law ot
organic succession which Smith established. At first it served merely
to determine the order of the stratified rocks of England. But it soon
proved to possess a world-wide value, for it was found to furnish the key
to the structure of the whole stratified crust of the earth. It showed that
10 EEPOET 1892.
within that crust lie the chronicles of a long history of plant and animal
life upon this planet, it supplied the means of arranging the materials for
this history in true chronological sequence, and it thus opened out a mag-
nificent vista through a vast series of ages, each marked by its own dis-
tinctive types of organic life, which, in proportion to their antiquity,
departed more and more from the aspect of the living world.
Thus a hundred years ago, by the brilliant theory of Hutton and the
fruitful generalisation of Smith, the study of the earth received in our
country the impetus which has given birth to the modern science of
geology.
To review the marvellous progress which this science has made during
the first century of its existence would require not one but many hours
for adequate treatment. The march of discovery has advanced along a
multitude of different paths, and the domains of Nature which have been
included within the growing territories of human knowledge have been
many and ample. Nevertheless, there are certain departments of investi-
gation to which we may profitably restrict our attention on the present
occasion, and wherein we may see how the leading principles that were
proclaimed in this city a hundred years ago have germinated and borne
fruit all over the world.
From the earliest times the natural features of the eai'th's surface
have arrested the attention of mankind. The rugged mountain, the cleft
ravine, the scarped cliff, the solitary boulder, have stimulated curiosity
and prompted many a speculation as to their origin. The shells embedded
by millions in the solid rocks of hills far removed from the sea have still
further pressed home these ' obstinate questionings.' But for many long
centuries the advance of inquiry into such matters was arrested by the
paramount influence of orthodox theology. It was not merely that the
Church opposed itself to the simple and obvious interpretation of these
natural phenomena. So implicit had faith become in the accepted views
of the earth's age and of the history of creation, that even laymen of in-
telligence and learning set themselves unbidden and in perfect good faith
to explain away the difficulties which Nature so persistently raised up,
and to reconcile her teachings with those of the theologians. In the
various theories thus originating, the amount of knowledge of natural
law usually stood in inverse ratio to the share played in them by an
uncontrolled imagination. The speculations, for example, of Burnet,
Whiston, Whitehurst, and others in this country, cannot be read now
without a smile. In no sense were they scientific researches ; they can
only be looked upon as exercitations of learned ignorance. Springing
ADDRESS. 1 1
mainly out of a laudable desire to promote what was believed, to be the
cause of true religion, tbey helped to retard inquiry, and. exercised in that
respect a baneful influence on intellectual progress.
It is the special glory of the Edinburgh school of geology to have
cast aside all this fanciful trifling. Hutton boldly proclaimed that it was
no part of his philosophy to account for the beginning of things. His
concern lay only with the evidence furnished by the earth itself as to its
origin. With the intuition of true genius he early perceived that the
only solid basis from which to explore what has taken place in bygone
time is a knowledge of what is taking place to-day. He thus founded
his system upon a careful study of the processes whereby geological
changes are now brought about. He felt assured that Nature must be
consistent and uniform in her working, and that only in proportion as
her operations at the present time are watched and understood will the
ancient history of the earth become intelligible. Thus, in his hands, the
investigation of the Present became the key to the interpretation of the
Past. The establishment of this great truth was the first step towards
the inauguration of a true science of the earth. The doctrine of uni-
formity of causation in Nature became the fruitful principle on which the
structure of modern geology could be built up.
Fresh life was now breathed into the study of the earth. A new spirit
seemed to animate the advance along every pathway of inquiry. Facts
that had long been familiar came to possess a wider and deeper meaning
when their connection with each other was recognised as parts of one
great harmonious system of continuous change. In no department of
Nature, for example, was this broader vision more remarkably displayed
than in that wherein the circulation of water between land and sea plays
the most conspicuous part. From the earliest times men had watched the
coming of clouds, the fall of rain, the flow of rivers, and had recognised
that on this nicely adjusted machinery the beauty and fertility of the
land depend. But they now learnt that this beauty and fertility involve
a continual decay of the terrestrial surface ; that the soil is a measure of
this decay, and would cease to afford us maintenance were it not continu-
ally removed and renewed ; that through the ceaseless transport of soil
by rivers to the sea the face of the land is slowly lowered in level and
carved into mountain and valley, and that the materials thus borne out-
wards to the floor of the ocean are not lost but accumulate there to form
rocks, which in the end will be upraised into new lands. Decay and
renovation, in well-balanced proportions, were thus shown to be the
system on which the existence of the earth as a habitable globe had been
12 KEPORT— 1892.
established. It was impossible to conceive that the economy of the
planet could be maintained on any other basis. Without the circulatioa
of water the life of plants and animals would be impossible, and with
that circulation the decay of the surface of the land and the renovation
of its disintegrated materials are necessarily involved.
As it is now so must it have been in past time. Hutton and Playfair
pointed to the stratified rocks of the earth's crust as demonstrations that
the same processes which are at work to-day have been in operation from'
a remote antiquity. By thus placing their theory on a basis of actual
observation, and providing in the study of existing operations a guide to
the interpretation of those in past times, they rescued the investigation of
the history of the earth from the speculations of theologians and cosmo-
logists, and established a place for it among the recognised inductive
sciences. To the guiding influence of their philosophical system the pro-
digious strides made by modern geology are in large measure to be
attributed. And here in their own city, after the lapse of a hundred
years, let us offer to their memory the grateful homage of all who have
profited by their labours.
But while we recognise with admiration the far-reaching influence of
the doctrine of uniformity of causation in the investigation of the history
of the earth, we must upon reflection admit that the doctrine has been
pushed to an extreme perhaps not contemplated by its original founders.
To take the existing conditions of Nature as a platform of actual know-
ledge from which to start in an inquiry into former conditions was logical
and prudent. Obviously, however, human experience, in the few cen-
turies during which attention has been turned to such subjects, has been
too brief to warrant any dogmatic assumption that the various natural
processes must have been carried on in the past with the same energy
and at the same rate as they are carried on now. Variations in energy
might have been legitimately conceded as possible, though not to be
allowed without reasonable proof in their favour. It was right to refuse
to admit the operation of speculative causes of change when the pheno-
mena were capable of natural and adequate explanation by reference to
causes that can be watched and investigated. But it was an error to take
for granted that no other kind of process or influence, nor any variation
in the rate of activity save those of which man has had actual cognisance,
has played a part in the terrestrial economy. The uniformitarian writers
laid themselves open to the charge of maintaining a kind of perpetual
motion in the machinery of Nature. They could find in the records of the
earth's history no evidence of a beginning, no prospect of an end. They
ADDRESS. 1 3
saw that many saccessive renovations and destrnctions had been effected
on the earth's surface, and that this long line of vicissitudes formed a
series of which the earliest were lost in antiquity, while the latest were
still in progress towards an apparently illimitable future.
The discoveries of William Smith, had they been adequately under-
stood, would have been seen to offer a corrective to this rigidly uniformi-
tarian conception, for they revealed that the crust of the earth contains
the long record of an unmistakable order of progression in organic types.
They proved that plants and animals have varied widely in successive
periods of the earth's history, the present condition of organic life being
only the latest phase of a long preceding series, each stage of which re-
cedes further from the existing aspect of things as we trace it backward
into the past. And though no relic had yet been found, or indeed was
ever likely to be found, of the first living things that appeared upon the
earth's surface, the manifest simplification of types in the older formations
pointed irresistibly to some beginning from which the long procession
had taken its start. If then it could thus be demonstrated that there
had been upon the globe an orderly march of living forms from the low-
liest grades in early times to man himself to-day, and thus that in one
department of her domain, extending through the greater portion of the
records of the earth's history. Nature had not been uniform but had
followed a vast and noble plan of evolution, surely it might have been
expected that those who discovered and made known this plan would
seek to ascertain whether some analogous physical progression from a
definite beginning might not be discernible in the framework of the globe
itself.
But the early masters of the science laboured under two great disad-
vantages. In the first place, they found the oldest records of the earth's
history so broken up and effaced as to be no longer legible. And in the
second place, they lived under the spell of that strong reaction against
speculation which followed the bitter controversy between the Neptunists
and Plutonists in the earlier decades of the century. They considered
themselves bound to search for facts, not to build up theories ; and as in
the crust of the earth they could find no facts which threw any light
upon the primeval constitution and subsequent development of our planet,
they shut their ears to any theoretical interpretations that might be
offered from other departments of science. It was enough for them to main-
tain, as Hutton had done, that in the visible structure of the earth itself
no trace can be found of the beginning of things, and that the oldest ter-
restrial records reveal no physical conditions essentially different from
14 REPORT— 1892.
those in whicli we still live. They donbtless listened with interest to the
speculations of Kant, Laplace, and Herschel, on the probable evolution
of nebulte, suns, and planets, but it was with the languid interest attach-
ing to ideas that lay outside of their own domain of research. They re-
cognised no practical connection between such speculations and the data
furnished by the earth itself as to its own history and progress.
This curious lethargy with respect to theory on the part of men who
were popularly regarded as among the most speculative followers of
science would probably not have been speedily dispelled by any discovery
made within their own field of observation. Even now, after many years
of the most diligent research, the first chapters of our planet's history
remain undiscovered or undecipherable. On the great terrestrial palimp-
sest the earliest inscriptions seem to have been hopelessly effaced by those
of later ages. But the question of the primeval condition and subsequent
history of the planet might be considered from the side of astronomy and
physics. And it was by investigations of this nature that the geological
torpor was eventually dissipated. To our illustrious former President,
Lord Kelvin, who occupied this chair when the Association last met in
Edinburgh, is mainly due the rousing of attention to this subject. By
the most convincing arguments he showed how impossible it was to
believe in the extreme docti'ine of uniformitarianism. And though,
owing to uncertainty in regard to some of the data, wide limits of time
were postulated by him, he insisted that within these limits the whole
evolution of the earth and its inhabitants must have been comprised.
While, therefore, the geological doctrine that the present order of Nature
miist be our guide to the interpretation of the past remained as true and
fruitful as ever, it had now to be widened by the reception of evidence
furnished by a study of the earth as a planetary body. The secular loss
of heat, which demonstrably takes place both from the earth and the sun,
made it quite certain that the present could not have been the original
condition of the system. This diminution of temperature with all its
consequences is not a mere matter of speculation, but a physical fact of
the present time as much as any of the familiar physical agencies that
affect the surface of the globe. It points with unmistakable direct-
ness to that beginning of things of which Hutton and his followers could
find no sign.
Another modification or enlargement of the uniformitarian doctrine
was brought about by continued investigation of the terrestrial crust and
consequent increase of knowledge respecting the history of the earth.
ADDRESS. 15
Though Hutton and Playfair believed in periodical catastrophes, and
indeed required these to recur in order to renew and preserve the
habitable condition of our planet, their successors gradually came to
view with repugnance any appeal to abnormal, and especially to violent
manifestations of terrestrial vigour, and even persuaded themselves that
such slow and comparatively feeble action as had been witnessed by man
could alone be recognised in the evidence from which geological histoiy
must be compiled. Well do I remember in my own boyhood what a
cardinal article of faith this prepossession had become. We were taught
by our great and honoured master, Lyell, to believe implicitly in gentle
and uniform operations, extended over indefinite periods of time, though
possibly some, with the zeal of partisans, carried this belief to an extreme
which Lyell himself did not approve. The most stupendous marks of
terrestrial disturbance, such as the structure of great mountain chains,
were deemed to be more satisfactorily accounted for by slow movements
prolonged through indefinite ages than by any sudden convulsion.
What the more extreme members of the uniformitarian school failed
to perceive was the absence of all evidence that terrestrial catastrophes
even on a colossal scale might not be a part of the present economy of
this globe. Such occurrences might never seriously affect the whole
earth at one time, and might return at such wide intervals that no
example of them has yet been chronicled by man. But that they have
occurred again and again, and even within comparatively recent geologi-
cal times, hardly admits of serious doubt. How far at different epochs and
in various degrees they may have included the operation of cosmical influ-
ences lying wholly outside the planet, and how far they have resulted from
movements within the body of the planet itself, must remain for further
inquiry. Yet the admission that they have played a part in geological
history may be freely made without impairing the real value of the
Huttonian doctrine, that in the interpretation of this history our main
guide must be a knowledge of the existing processes of terrestrial change.
As the most recent and best known of these great transformations, the
Ice Age stands out conspicuously before us. If any one sixty years ago
had ventured to affirm that at no very distant date the snows and
glaciers of the Arctic regions stretched southwards into France, he would
have been treated as a mere visionary theorist. Many of the facts to
which he would have appealed in support of his statement were already
well known, but they had received various other interpretations. By
some observers, notably by Hutton's friend, Sir James Hall, they were
believed to be due to violent debacles of water that swept over the face
16 REPORT 1892.
of the land. By others they were attributed to the strong tides and
•currents of the sea when the land stood at a lower level. The uniformi-
tarian school of Lyell had no difficulty in elevating or depressing land
to any required extent. Indeed, when we consider how averse these
philosophers were to admit any kind or degree of natural operation other
than those of which there was some human experience, we may well
wonder at the boldness with which, on sometimes the slenderest evidence,
they made land and sea change jDlaces, on the one hand submerging
mountain-ranges, and on the other placing great barriers of land where
a deep ocean rolls. They took such liberties with geography because
only well-established processes of change were invoked in the operations.
Knowing that during the passage of an earthquake a territory bordering
the sea may be upraised or sunk a few feet, they drew the sweeping
inference that any amount of upheaval or depression of any part of tho
earth's surface might be claimed in explanation of geological problems.
The progx'ess of inquiry, while it has somewhat curtailed this geo-
graphical license, has now made known in great detail the strange story
of the Ice Age.
There cannot be any doubt that after man had become a denizen of
the earth, a great physical change came over the northern hemisphere.
The climate, which had previously been so mild that evergreen trees
flourished within ten or twelve degrees of the north pole, now became so
severe that vast sheets of snow and ice covered the north of Europe and
crept southward beyond the south coast of Ireland, almost as far as the
southern shores of England, and across the Baltic into Prance and
Germany. This Arctic transformation was not an episode that lasted
merely a few seasons, and left the land to resume thereafter its ancient
aspect. With various successive fluctuations it must have endured for
many thousands of years. When it began to disappear it probably
faded away as slowly and imperceptibly as it had advanced, and when
it finally vanished it left Europe and North America profoundly changed
in the character alike of their scenery and of their inhabitants. The
rugged rocky contours of earlier times were ground smooth and polished
by the march of the ice across them, while the lower grounds were
buried under wide and thick sheets of clay, gravel, and sand, left
behind by the melting ice. The varied and abundant flora which
had spread so far within the Arctic circle was driven away into more
southern and less ungenial climes. Bat most memorable of all was
the extirpation of the prominent large animals which, before the advent
of the ice, had roamed over Europe. The lions, hyisnas, wild horses,
ADDRESS. 17
hippopotami and other creatures either became entirely extinct or were
driven into the Mediterranean basin and into Africa. In their place came
northern forms — the reindeer, glutton, musk ox, woolly rhinoceros, and
mammoth.
Such a marvellous transformation in climate, in scenery, in vegetation
and in inhabitants, within what was after all but a brief portion of geo-
logical time, though it may have involved no sudden or violent convul-
sion, is surely entitled to rank as a catastrophe in the history of the
globe. It was probably brought about mainly if not entirely by the
operation of forces external to the earth. No similar calamity having
befallen the continents within the time during which man has been re-
cording his experience, the Ice Age might be cited as a contradiction to
the doctrine of uniformity. And yet it manifestly arrived as part of the
established order of Nature. Whether or not we grant that other ice ages
preceded the last great one, we must admit that the conditions under
which it arose, so far as we know them, might conceivably have occurred
before and may occur again. The various agencies called into play by
the extensive refrigeration of the northern hemisphere were not different
from those with which we are familiar. Snow fell and glaciers crept as
they do to-day. Ice scored and polished rocks exactly as it still does
among the Alps and in Norway. There was nothing abnormal in the
phenomena save the scale on which they were manifested. And thus,
taking a broad view of the whole subject, we recognise the catastrophe,
while at the same time we see in its progress the operation of those same
natural processes which we know to be integral parts of the machinery
whereby the surface of the earth is continually transformed.
Among the debts which science owes to the Hattonian school, not the
least memorable is the promulgation of the first well-founded concep-
tions of the high antiquity of the globe. Some six thousand years had
previously been believed to comprise the whole life of the planet, and
indeed of the entire universe. When the curtain was then first raised
that had veiled the history of the earth, and men, looking beyond the
brief span within which they had supposed that history to have been
transacted, beheld the records of a long vista of ages stretching far away
into a dim illimitable past, the prospect vividly impressed their imagina-
tion. Astrouomy had made known the immeasurable fields of space; the
new science of geology seemed now to reveal boundless distances of time.
The more the terrestrial chronicles were studied the farther could the
eye range into an antiquity so vast as to defy all attempts to measure or
1892. c
18 REPORT— 1892.
define it. The progress of research continually furnished additional evi-
dence of the enormous duration of the ages that preceded the coming
of man, while, as knowledge increased, periods that were thought to have
followed each other consecutively were found to have been separated by
prolonged intervals of time. Thus the idea arose and gained universal
acceptance that, just as no boundary could be set to the astronomer in
his free range through space, so the whole of bygone eternity lay open to
the requirements of the geologist. Playfair, re-echoing and expanding
Hutton's language, had declared that neither among the records of the
earth nor in the planetaiy motions can any trace be discovered of the
beginning or of the end of the present order of things ; that no symptom
of infancy or of old age has been allowed to appear on the face of Nature,
nor any sign by which either the past or the future duration of the uni-
verse can be estimated ; and that although the Creator may put an end, as
He no doubt gave a beginning, to the present system, such a catastrophe
will not be brought about by any of the laws now existing, and is not
indicated by anything which we perceive. This doctrine was naturally
espoused with warmth by the extreme uniformitarian school, which re-
quired an unlimited duration of time for the accomplishment of such slow
and quiet cycles of change as they conceived to be alone recognisable in
the records of the earth's past history.
It was Lord Kelvin who, in the writings to which I have already re-
ferred, first called attention to the fundamentally erroneous nature of
these conceptions. He pointed out that from the high internal tem-
perature of our globe, increasing inwards as it does, and from the rate of
loss of its heat, a limit may be fixed to the planet's antiquity. He showed
that so far from there being no sign of a beginning, and no prospect of
an end to the present economy, every lineament of the solar system bears
witness to a gradual dissipation of energy from some definite starting-
point. No very precise data were then, or indeed are now, available for
computing the interval which has elapsed since that remote commence-
ment, but he estimated that the surface of the globe could not have con-
solidated less than twenty millions of years ago, for the rate of increase
of temperature inwards would in that case have been higher than it
actually is ; nor more than 400 millions of years ago, for then there would
have been no sensible increase at all. He was inclined, when first dealing
with the subject, to believe that from a review of all the evidence then
available, some such period as 100 millions of years would embrace the
whole geological history of the globe.
It is not a pleasant experience to discover that a fortune which one
ADDRESS. 1 9
has unconcernedly believed to be ample has somehow taken to itself
wings and disappeared. When the geologist was suddenly awakened
by the energetic warning of the physicist, who assured him that he had
enormously overdrawn his account with past time, it was but natural
under the circumstances that he should think the accountant to be mis-
taken, who thus returned to him dishonoured the large drafts he had
made on eternity. He saw how wide were the limits of time deducible
from physical considerations, how vague the data from which they had
been calculated. And though he could not help admitting that a limit
must be fixed beyond which his chronology could not be extended, he
consoled himself with the reflection that after all a hundred millions of
years was a tolerably ample period of time, and might possibly have been
quite sufficient for the transaction of all the prolonged sequence of events
recorded in the crust of the earth. He was therefore disposed to acquiesce
in the limitation thus imposed upon geological history.
But physical inquiry continued to be pushed forward with regard to
the early history and the antiquity of the earth. Further consideration
of the influence of tidal friction in retarding the earth's rotation, and of
the sun's rate of cooling, led to sweeping reductions of the time allowable
for the evolution of the planet. The geologist found himself in the
plight of Lear when his bodyguard of one hundred knights was cut down.
' What need vou five-and-twenty, ten or five ? ' demands the inexorable
physicist, as he remorselessly strikes slice after slice from his allowance
of geological time. Lord Kelvin is willing, I believe, to grant us some
twenty millions of years, but Professor Tait would have us content with
less than ten millions.
In scientific as in other mundane questions there may often be two
sides, and the truth may ultimately be found not to lie wholly with either.
I frankly confess that the demands of the early geologists for an unlimited
series of ages were extravagant, and even, for their own purposes, unneces-
sary, and that the physicist did good service in reducing them. It may
also be freely admitted that the latest conclusions from physical con-
siderations of the extent of geological time require that the interpretation
given to the record of the rocks should be rigorously revised, with the view
of ascertaining how far that interpretation may be capable of modification
or amendment. But we must also remember that the geological record
constitutes a voluminous body of evidence regarding the earth's history
which cannot be ignored, and must be explained in accordance with as-
certained natural laws. If the conclusions derived from the most careful
study of this record cannot be reconciled with those drawn from physical
c 2
20 EEPORT 1892.
considerations, it is surely not too much to ask that the latter should be
also revised. It has been well said that the mathematical mill is an ad-
mirable piece of machinery, but that the value of what it yields depends
upon the quality of what is put into it. That there must be some flaw
in the physical argument I can, for my own part, hardly doubt, though
I do not pretend to be able to say where it is to be found. Some as-
sumption, it seems to me, has been made, or some consideration has been
left out of sight, whicb will eventually be seen to vitiate the conclusions,
and which when duly taken into account will allow time enough for any
reasonable interpretation of the geological record.
In problems of this nature, where geological data capable of numerical
statement are so needful, it is hardly possible to obtain trustworthy com-
putations of time. We can only measure the rate of changes in progress
now, and infer from these changes the length of time required for the com-
pletion of results achieved by the same processes in the past. There is for-
tunately one great cycle of movement which admits of careful investigation,
and which has been made to furnish valuable materials for estimates of
this kind. The universal degradation of the land, so notable a character-
istic of the earth's surface, has been regarded as an extremely slow
process. Though it goes on without ceasing, yet from century to cen-
tury it seems to leave hardly any perceptible trace on the landscapes of
a country. Mountains and plains, hills and valleys, appear to wear the
same familiar aspect which is indicated in the oldest pages of history.
This obvious slowness in one of the most important departments of
geological activity, doubtless contributed in large measure to form and
foster a vague belief in the vastness of the antiquity required for the
evolution of the earth.
But, as geologists eventually came to perceive, the rate of degradation
of the land is capable of actual measurement. The amount of material
worn away from the surface of any drainage-basin and carried in the form
of mud, sand, or gravel, by the main river into the sea, repi'esents the
extent to which that surface has been lowered by waste in any given
period of time. But denudation and deposition must be equivalent to
each other. As much material must be laid down in sedimentary accu-
mulations as has been mechanically removed, so that in measuring the
annual bulk of sediment borne into the sea by a river, we obtain
a clue not only to the rate of denudation of the land, but also to the
rate at which the deposition of new sedimentary formations takes
place.
As might be expected, the activities involved in the lowering of the
ADDEESS. 2]
surface of the land are not everywhere equally energetic. They are
naturally more vigorous where the rainfall is heavy, where the daily
range of temperature is large, and where frosts are severe. Hence they
are obviously much more effective in mountainous regions than on plains ;
and their results must constantly vary, not only in different basins of drain-
age, but even, and sometimes widely, within the same basin. Actual
measurement of the proportion of sediment in river water shows that
while in some cases the lowering of the surface of the land may be as
much as y^ of a foot in a year, in others it falls as low as ij-g'oo^. In
other words, the rate of deposition of new sedimentary formations, over
an area of sea-floor equivalent to that which has yielded the sediment,
may vary from one foot in 730 years to one foot in 6,800 years.
If now we take these results and apply them as measures of the length
of time required for the deposition of the various sedimentary masses
that form the outer part of the earth's crust, we obtain some indication of
the duration of geological history. On a reasonable computation these
stratified masses, where most fully developed, attain a united thickness of
not less than 100,000 feet. If they were all laid down at the most rapid
recorded rate of denudation, they would require a period of seventy-
three millions of years for their completion. If they were laid down
at the slowest rate they would demand a period of not less than 680
millions.
But it may be argued that all kinds of terrestrial energy are growing
feeble, that the most active denudation now in progress is much less
vigorous than that of bygone ages, and hence that the stratified part of
thie earth's crust may have been put together in a much briefer space of
time than modern events might lead us to suppose. Such arguments are
easily adduced and look sufficiently specious, but no confirmation of them
can be gathered from the rocks. On the contrary, no one can thought-
fully study the various systems of stratified formations without being
impressed by the fulness of their evidence that, on the wtole, the accu-
mulation of sediment has been extremely slow. Again and again we
encounter groups of strata composed of thin paper-like laminae of the
finest silt, which evidently settled down quietly and at intervals on the
sea bottom. We find successive layers covered with ripple-marks and
sun-cracks, and we recognise in them memorials of ancient shores where
sand and mud tranquilly gathered as they do in sheltered estuaries at the
present day. We can see no proof whatever, nor even any evidence which
suggests, that on the whole the rate of waste and sedimentation was more
rapid during Mesozoic and Pateozoic time than it is to-day. Had
22 REPORT— 1892.
there been any marked difference in this rate from ancient to modern
times, it would be incredible that no clear proof of it should have been
recorded in the crust of the earth.
But in actual fact the testimony in favour of the slow accumulation
and high antiquity of the geological record is much stronger than might
be inferred from the mere thickness of the stratified formations. These
sedimentary deposits have not been laid down in one unbroken sequence,
but have had their continuity interrupted again and again by upheaval
and depression. So fragmentary are they in some regions, that we can
easily demonstrate the length of time represented there by still existing
sedimentary strata to be vastly less than the time indicated by the gaps
in the series.
There is yet a further and impressive body of evidence furnished by
the successive races of plants and animals which have lived upon the
earth and have left their remains sealed up within its rocky crust. No
one now believes in the exploded doctrine that successive creations and
universal destructions of organic life are chronicled in the stratified
rocks. It is everywhere admitted that, from the remotest times up to
the present day, there has been an onward march of development, type
succeeding type in one long continuous progression. As to the rate
of this evolution precise data are wanting. There is, however, the
important negative argument furnished by the absence of evidence of
recognisable specific variations of organic forms since man began to
observe and record. We know that within human experience a few
species have become extinct, but there is no conclusive proof that a
single new species has come into existence, nor are appreciable variations
readily apparent in forms that live in a wild state. The seeds and plants
found with Egyptian mummies, and the flowers and fruits depicted on
Egyptian tombs, are easily identified with the vegetation of modern
Egypt. The embalmed bodies of animals found in that country show no
sensible divergence from the structure or proportions of the same animals
at the present day. The human races of Northern Africa and "Western
Asia were already as distinct when portrayed by the ancient Egyptian
artists as they are now, and they do not seem to have undergone any
perceptible change since then. Thus a lapse of four or five thousand
years has not been accompanied by any recognisable variation in such
forms of plant and animal life as can be tendered in evidence. Absence
of sensible change in these instances is, of course, no proof that consider-
able alteration may not have been accomplished in other forms more
exposed to vicissitudes of climate and other external influences. But it
ADDRESS. 23
furnislies at least a presumption in favour of the extremely tardy progress
of organic variation.
If, however, we extend our vision beyond the narrow range of human
history, and look at the remains of the plants and animals preserved in
those younger formations which, though recent when regarded as parts
of the whole geological record, must be many thousands of years older
than the very oldest of human monuments, we encounter the most
impressive proofs of the persistence of specific forms. Shells which
lived in our seas before the coming of the Ice Age present the very same
peculiarities of form, structure, and ornament which their descendants
still possess. The lapse of so enormous an interval of time has not
sufficed seriously to modify them. So too with the plants and the higher
animals which still survive. Some forms have become extinct, but few
or none which remain display any transitional gj-adations into new
species. We must admit that snch transitions have occurred, that indeed
they have been in progress ever since organised existence began upon our
planet, and are doubtless taking place now. But we cannot detect them
on the way, and we feel constrained to believe that their march must be
excessively slow.
There is no reason to think that the rate of organic evolution has ever
seriously varied ; at least no proof has been adduced of such variation.
Taken in connection with the testimony of the sedimentary rocks, the
inferences deducible from tossils entirely bear out the opinion that the
building np of the stratified crust of the earth has been extremely
gradual. If the many thousands of years which have elapsed since the
Ice Age have produced no appreciable modification of surviving plants
and animals, how vast a period must have been required for that
marvellous scheme of organic development which is chronicled in the
rocks !
After careful reflection on the subject, I affirm that the geological
record furnishes a mass of evidence which no arguments drawn from
other departments of Nature can explain away, and which, it seems to
me, cannot be satisfactorily interpreted save with an allowance of time
much beyond the narrow limits which recent physical speculation would
concede.
I have reserved for final consideration a branch of the history of the
earth which, while it has become, within the lifetime of the present gene-
ration, one of the most interesting and fascinating departments of geo-
logical inquiry, owed its first impulse to the far-seeing intellects of Hutton
24 REPORT— 1892.
and Playfair. With the peneti'ation of genius these illustrious teachers
perceived that if the broad masses of land and the great chains of moun-
tains owe their origin to stupendous movements which from time to time
have convulsed the earth, their details of contour must be mainly due to
the eroding power of running water. They recognised that as the surface
of the land is continually worn down, it is essentially by a process of
sculpture that the physiognomy of every country has been developed,
valleys being hollowed out and hills left standing, and that these in-
equalities in topographical detail are only varying and local accidents in
the progress of the one great process of the degradation of the land.
From the broad and guiding outlines of theory thus sketched we have
now advanced amid ever- widening multiplicity of detail into a fuller and
nobler conception of the origin of scenery. The law of evolution is
written as legibly on the landscapes of the earth as on any other page of
the Book of Nature. Not only do we recognise that the existing topo-
graphy of the continents, instead of being primeval in origin, has gradu-
ally been developed after many precedent mutations, but we are enabled
to trace these earlier revolutions in the structure of every hill and glen.
Each mountain-chain is thus found to be a memorial of many successive
stages in geographical evolution. Within certain limits, land and sea
have changed places again and again. Volcanoes have broken out and
have become extinct in many countries long before the advent of man.
Whole tribes of plants and animals have meanwhile come and gone, and
in leaving their remains behind them as monuments at once of the slow
development of organic types, and of the prolonged vicissitudes of the
terrestrial surface, have furnished materials for a chronological arrange-
ment of the earth's topographical features. Nor is it only from the
organisms of former epochs that broad genei'alisations may be drawn
regarding revolutions in geography. The living plants and animals of
to-day have been discovered to be eloquent of ancient geographical
features that have long since vanished. In their distribution they tell
us that climates have changed, that islands have been disjoined from
continents, that oceans once united have been divided from each other,
or once separate have now been joined ; that some tracts of land have
disappeared, while others for prolonged periods of time have remained in
isolation. The present and the past are thus linked together not merely
by dead matter, but by the world of living things, into one vast system
of continuous progression.
In this marvellous increase of knowledge regarding the transforma-
tions of the earth's surface, one of the most impressive features, to my
ADDRESS. 25
mind, is the power now given to us of perceiving the many striking
contrasts between the present and former aspects of topography and
scenery. We seem to be endowed with a new sense. What is seen by
the bodily eye — mountain, valley, or plain — serves but as a veil, beyond
which, as we raise it, visions of long-lost lands and seas rise before us in
a far-retreating vista. Pictures of the most diverse and opposite cha-
racter are beheld, as it were, through each other, their lineaments subtly
interwoven and even their most vivid contrasts sub'dued into one blended
harmony. Like the poet, ' we see, but not by sight alone ' ; and the ' ray
of fancy ' which, as a sunbeam, lightened up his landscape, is for us
broadened and brightened by that play of the imagination which science
can so vividly excite and prolong.
Admirable illustrations of this modern interpretation of scenery are
supplied by the district wherein we are now assembled. On every side
of us rise the most convincing proofs of the reality and potency of that
ceaseless sculpture by which the elements of landscape have been carved
into their present shapes. Turn where we may, our eyes rest on hills
that project above the lowland, not because they have been upheaved
into these positions, but because their stubborn materials have enabled
them better to withstand the degradation which has worn down the
softer strata into the plains around them. Inch by inch the surface of
the land has been lowered, and each hard rock successively laid bare has
communicated its own characteristics of form and colour to the scenery.
If, standing on the Castle Rock, the central and oldest site in Edin-
burgh, we allow the bodily eye to wander over the fair landscape, and
the mental vision to range through the long vista of earlier landscapes
which science here reveals to us, what a strange series of pictures passes
before our gaze ! The busy streets of to-day seem to fade away into the
mingled copsewood and forest of prehistoric time. Lakes that have long
since vanished gleam through the woodlands, and a rude canoe pushing
from the shore startles the red deer that had come to drink. While we
look, the picture changes to a polar scene, with bushes of stunted Arctic
willow and birch, among which herds of reindeer browse and the huge
mammoth makes his home. Thick sheets of snow are draped all over the
hills around, and far to the north-west the distant gleam of glaciers and
snow-fields marks the line of the Highland mountains. As we muse on
this strange contrast to the living world of to-day the scene appears to
grow more Arctic in aspect, until every hill is buried under one vast
sheet of ice, 2,000 feet or more in thickness, which fills up the whole
midland valley of Scotland and creeps slowly eastward into the basin of
26 REPORT— 1892.
the Nortli Sea. Here the curtain drops upon our taoving pageant, for in
the geological record of this part of the country an enormous gap occurs
before the coming of the Ice Age.
When once more the spectacle resumes its movement the scene is-
found to have utterly changed. The familiar hills and valleys of the
Lothians have disappeared. Dense jungles of a strange vegetation —
tall reeds, club-mosses, and tree-ferns — spread over the steaming swamps
that stretch for leagues in all directions. Broad lagoons and open seas
are dotted with little volcanic cones which throw out their streams of
lava and showers of ashes. Beyond these, in dimmer outline and older in
date, we descry a wide lake or inland sea, covering the whole midland
valley and marked with long lines of active volcanoes, some of them several
thousand feet in height. And still further and fainter over the same
region, we may catch a glimpse of that still earlier expanse of sea which
ill Silurian times overspread most of Britain. But beyond this scene our
vision fails. We have reached the limit across which no geological
evidence exists to lead the imagination into the primeval darkness
beyond.
Such in briefest outline is the succession of mental pictures which
modern science enables us to frame out of the landscapes around Edin-
burgh. They may be taken as illustrations of what may be drawn, and
sometimes with even greater fulness and vividness, from any district in
these islands. I cite them especially because of their local interest
in connection with the present meeting of the Association, and because
the rocks that yield them gave inspiration to those great masters whose
claims on our recollection, not least for their explanation of the origin of
scenery, I have tried to recount this evening. But I am further impelled
to dwell on these scenes from an overmastering personal feeling to which
I trust I may be permitted to give expression. It was these green hills
and grey crags that gave me in boyhood the impulse that has furnished
the work and joy of my life. To them, amid changes of scene and
surroundings, my heart ever fondly turns, and here I desire gratefully to
acknowledge that it is to their influence that I am indebted for any claim
I may possess to stand in the proud position in which your choice has
placed me.
EEPOETS
ON THE
STATE OF SCIENCE.
EEPOETS
ON THE
STATE OF SCIENCE
Report of the Corresponding Societies Committee, consisting of Mr.
Francis Galton {Chairman), Professor A. W. Williamson, Sir
Douglas Galton, Professor Boyd Dawkins, Sir Eawson Rawson,
Dr. J. G. Garson, Sir John Evans, Mr. J. HopkinsOxY, Professor
R. Meldola {Secretary), Professor T. G. Bonney, Mr. W.
Whitaker, Mr. G. J. Symons, General Pitt-Rivers, Mr. W.
ToPLEY, and Mr. T. V. Holmes.
The Corresponding Societies Committee of the British AssociatiOli begs
leave to submit to the General Committee the following Report of the
proceedings of the Conference held at Cardiff.
The Council nominated Mr. G. J. Symons, F.R.S., Chairman, Dr. J.
G. Garson, Vice-Chairman, and Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S., Secretary
to the Conference. These nominations were confirmed by the General
Committee at the meeting held at Cardiff on Wednesday, August 19.
The meetings of the Conference were held on Thursday, August 20, at
3.30 P.M., and on Tuesday, August 25, at 1 p.m., in the Dumfries Street
Proprietary School. The following thirty-six Delegates were nominated
by the Corresponding Societies as their representatives at the Cardiff
Meeting : —
Rev. H. H. Winwood, M.A., F.G.S. Bath Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club.
Mr. John Brown .... Belfast Natural History and Philosophi-
cal Society.
Mr. William Gray, M.E.I.A. . . Belfast Naturalists' Field Club.
Mr. C. J. Watson .... Birmingham Natural History and Micro-
scopical Society.
Mr. J. Kenward, F.S.A. . . Birmingham Philosophical Society.
Prof. A. Leipner .... Bristol Naturalists' Society.
Mr. Peter Price "]
Mr. T. H. Thomas \ . . . Cardiff Naturalists' Society.'
Dr. C. T. Vachell J
Mr. M. H. Mills, F.G.8. . . . Chesterfield and Midland Counties Insti-
tution of Engineers.
' Three Delegates appointed under the rule which empowers a Society having its
headquarters in the place of meeting to nomhiate this nuinber of representatives.
30
REPOBT — 1892.
Mr. Thomas Gushing, F.K.A.S.
Mr. J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S. .
Mr. A. S. Eeid, M.A., F.G.S.
Mr. Henry Coates ,
Prof. E. Meldola, F.E.S.
Mr. D. Corse Glen, F.G.S.
Dr. A. T. Brett
Mr. C. J. Alford .
Mr. P. M. C. Kermode .
Mr. B. Holgate, F.G.S. .
Mr. Osmund W. Jeffs .
Mr. M. B. Slater, F.L.S.
Mr. Eli Sowerbutts, F.E.G.S,
Mr. Mark Stirrup, F.G.S.
Dr. J. T. Arlidge, M.A. .
Mr. C. A. Markham, F.S.A.
Prof. J. H. Merivale, M.A.
Mr. E. Eobinson .
Mr. A. SOva White, F.E.S.E.
Mr. E. Chisholm Batten
Mr. F, W. Hembry, F.R.M.S.
Prof. C. F. Bastable, M.A.
Mr. G. E. T. Smithson .
Mr. W. Andrews, F.G.S.
Eev. J. O. Bevan, M.A. .
Rev. E. P, Knubley, M.A,
Croydon Microscopical and Natural His-
tory Club.
Cumberland and Westmorland Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Literature
and Science.
East Kent Natural History Society.
East of Scotland Union of Naturalists
Societies and Perthshire Society of
Natural Science.
Esses Field Club.
Geological Society of Glasgow.
Hertfordshire Natural History Society
and Field Club.
Hampshire Field Club.
Isle of Man Natural History and Anti-
quarian Society.
Leeds Geological Association.
Liverpool Geological Society.
Malton Field Naturalists' and Scientific
Society.
Manchester Geographical Society.
Manchester Geological Society.
North Staffordshire Naturalists' Field
Club and Archfeological Society.
Northamptonshire Natural History So-
ciety and Field Club.
North of England Institute of Mining and
Mechanical Engineers.
Eochdale Literary and Scientific Society.
Eoyal Scottish Geographical Society.
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natu-
ral Histoi-y Society.
South London Microscopical and Natural
History Club.
Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of
Ireland.
Tjmeside Geographical Society.
Warwickshire Naturalists' and Archaeolo-
gists' Field Club.
Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club.
Yorkshire Naturalists' Union.
First Confeeence, August 20.
The chair was taken by Mr. G. J. Symons, F.R.S., the Corresponding
Societies Committee being also represented by Sir Douglas Galton,
Dr. Garson, Mr. W. Whitaker, Mr. W. Topley, and Professor R. Meldola
as Secretary.
The Report of the Corresponding Societies Committee, printed copies
of which had been circulated among the Delegates, was, on the motion
of the Chaii'man, taken as read. The subjects Created of in the Report
were then dealt with in the order of the Sections.
Section A.
Temperature Variation in Lakes, Rivers, and Estuaries. — Mr. Mark
Stirrup stated that the Manchester Geological Society had been of some
use in this inquiry. Some few years ago he had solicited the Water
Committee of the Manchester Corporation to undertake observations iu
their lai-ge reservoirs at Woodhead, but although these were commenced.
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES. 31
a difficulty was soon experienced in finding reliable observers, and they
had consequently to be given up. Mr. Wa.tts had, however, at his request,
taken the matter up with regard to the Oldham reservoirs, and had been
at great pains to make trustworthy observations, which had received the
warm appi-oval of the Temperature Committee.
Mr. M. H. Mills thought that it might be advantageous if similar
observations were extended to the temperature variations of underground
waters.
Tbe Chairman explained that there was already a Committee of the
Association dealing with underground temperatures, and he suggested
that they might extend their work to water as well as soil.
Meteorological Photography. — The Chairman stated that some progress
had been made during the year with the work of this Committee, and
they had been fortunate in obtaining some very good photographs of
clouds, lightning, frost effects, &c. These photographs were exhibited in
the meeting-room of Section A, and he invited the Delegates to inspect
them. A report of what had been thus far done would be presented
during the meeting, and he expressed the hope that the Delegates would
assist the Committee by securing the co-operation of amateur photo-
graphers throughout the country.
Mr. Gushing presented two photographs showing the effects of a snow-
storm taken during the previous vrinter.
Section C.
Oeological Photography. — The Rev. J. O, Bevan announced that on
his representation the Woolhope Club had recently appointed a Committee
to deal with this subject, and he hoped that their efforts during the year
would be of use to the Geological Photographs Committee.
Mr. O. W. Jeffs stated that the work of this Committee, of which he was
Secretary, had made satisfactory progress during the year, and he ex-
pressed his thanks to the Corresponding Societies not only for the assist-
ance which they had rendered by supplying photographs, but also for
the interest which they had raised in different parts of the country.
As a result of the work an exhibition of photographs had been arranged
in the meeting-room of Section G. The total number of photographs
received during the year was 300. "With respect to amateur photographic
societies Mr. Jeffs stated that their Committee had not yet received from
them the assistance which they had hoped. Although a large number of
people in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales had helped them, it was
necessary to point out that what was now wanted was work of a more
systematic character. The Yorkshire Naturalists' Union had sent in the
largest number of photographs received from any one society. The Bast
Kent Natural History Society had also formed a photographic section and
had sent in the results, but in other parts of the country work had not
been carried on to the same extent, and he hoped that some of the
Delegates would advocate their cause and promote local photographic
surveys on a systematic plan.
Mr. Wm. Gray remarked that the Committee must not be discouraged
by the limited number of photographs which might be sent in during any
particular year, because at the present stage, when the whole scheme was
being organised, the number of photographs did not indicate the amount
of work that was being done. Thus the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club
■■o
32 REPORT— 1892.
had been well represented last year, but would not be so well represented
this year, because they were engaged in organising their work and pre-
paring their own lists. When these were ready the work would progress
more rapidly.
Mr. Gushing presented two photographs on behalf of the Croydon
Microscopical and Natural History Club.
The Rev. H. H. Win wood raised a question with respect to the obtain-
ing of copies of the photographs. The amateur photographer took the
negatives, but did not wish to be troubled with multiplying prints. He
thought it desirable that the name of the person holding the negative
should be made known in order that copies of any particular photograph
might be obtained.
Mr. Gray stated that this was one of the points which had been con-
sidered by their Society in Belfast, and they proposed to inform the public
where copies of the photographs were to be obtained.
Mr. Sowerbutts said he knew a considerable number of amateur
photographers who would not send away their negatives to be printed
from, nor would they allow prints to be made without their consent. He
had tried to do something for the Committee with amateur photographers
in Lancashire, but had found that the amateur who went out to photo-
graph did not usually confine himself to such subjects as were required
by the Committee. About 120 negatives had been taken by the Man-
chester Geographical Society, but these had not been taken specially for
geological purposes, and only four had been sent to the Committee. The
Manchester Geological Society, represented by Mr. Mark Stirrup, took
photographs for scientific and not for mere pictorial purposes, and these
would, no doubt, be of greater value. Their Geographical Society had,
however, arranged to take a series across Lancashire for their own pur-
poses, and any of the photographs showing geological features would, he
thought, be at the service of the Committee.
Mr. Jeffs said that, in order to remove any misconception which might
exist with respect to the purpose of the Committee, he would state that
their first object was to have a typical collection of photographs illus-
trating the geological features of the country. Their next object was to
enable teachers and lecturers to have copies of any of the photographs
that might be desired. In furtherance of this object they had already
published in their Report for 1890,' and had continued in their present
Report, a list of photographs, giving particulars and the name of the
photographer from whom they could be procured. Any person wanting
copies could obtain them by writing. Of course the fixing of price was a
local matter and beyond the control of the Committee ; he thought that
some of the photographers might be generous enough to present copies
in the interests of science. Mr. Jefl"s added that their Committee could
not undertake to hold the negatives.
Mr. C. J. Watson suggested that copies of the photographs should be
circulated among the Corresponding Societies, as they could not tell
from the pnbUshed list which of the photographs would be of use to a
local Society. He thought that this would be met by having an album
of duplicate prints for circulation in the manner suggested.
Mr. A. S. Reid said that he had been engaged for some time in incit-
ing the local Societies to take up this work. He found that the amateur
> B A. Bej)orf, Leeds, 1890, p. 429.
COREESPONDING SOCIETIES. 33
geologist was not inclined to add to the weight which he had to carry.
The appliances for taking good photographs need not, however, be verj'
heavy, as he had been experimenting with an ordinary hand camera,
weighing five pounds, which he h;id carried over some of the rockiest
parts of Scotland. He had contribated a short paper to the ' Photo-
graphic Quarterly ' for January 1891, showing what could be done with
one of these smyll cameras. Mr. Reid exhibited a print taken from one
of these quarter-plate negatives, which he considered quite good enough
for preparing larger diagrams from for teaching and lecturing purposes.
Mr. Holgate expressed his regret that the Committee could not under-
take the care of the negatives, as he was of opinion that many photo-
graphers would be willing to take two negatives of any section, one for
the use of the Committee, for the purpose of supplying prints at some
fixed charge to the societies or individuals requiring them.
The Chairman stated that the Meteorological Photographs Committee
had never experienced any of the difficulties referred to with respect to
the negatives ; those who took the photographs were in all cases willing
that free use should be made of them by the Committee, and he expressed
the hope that in the interests of science it might be the same with kindred
subjects.
Sea Coast Erosion. — Mr. Topley said that a mass of information had
been accumulated by this Committee, and it had been decided to conclude
their work this year. For some parts of the country the records were
fairly full, but for other parts very meagre. He mentioned that the
French Government had appointed a commission to do similar work,
which had adopted the form of questions circulated by this Committee.
Section D.
Disappearance of Native Plants. — Mr. D. Corse Glen reported that
two papers on this subject had been sent in to the Committee by the
Perthshire Society of Natural Science, but these had apparently not been
made use of.
The Rev. E. P. Knubley explained that the Committee probably
intended to confine their report this year entirely to Wales and the
adjoining counties in the West of England. In view of the meeting
being at Edinburgh next year, it was likely that the Perthshire lists
would be taken for the next report.
Destruction of Wild Birds' Eggs. — Dr. Vachell said that the Cardiff
^Naturalists' Society had taken up a case in 1890 with respect to the
destruction of birds and eggs on the island of Grassholme, in the Bristol
Channel. A Bill had been introduced into Parliament last year by Mr.
Pease, but this had unfortunately not been proceeded with. The pro-
tection of the birds, and of the eggs during the breeding season, was a
very important matter, and he would be very glad if the Delegates would
give some practical aid with the object of furthering the Bill.
The Chairman suggested that a recommendation from the Committee
of Section D, backed up by a similar recommendation from the Confer-
ence, might be sent up to the Council through the Committee of Recom-
mendations.
Dr. Garson concurred with this suggestion ; he thought that the
recommendation might be referred to the Council directly by the Sec-
tional Committee.
1892. »
3-1 REroKT — 1892.
Mr. Kermode said that in the Isle of Man they did pi-otect the eggs
as well as the birds, and he hoped that they would succeed in getting
similar protection in Great Britain.
Section E.
Teaclting of Geography in Primarij Schools. — Mr. Sowerbutts said
that he had not received any communications on this subject from the
Delegates, so that he could make no statement beyond what he had
gathered in a general way as to the education in the Manchester district.
He distributed among the Delegates a report on geographical education
which had been presented to the Council of the Manchester Geographical
Society, and which contained evidence of very great improvement in the
teaching of this subject. They had communicated with all the primary
schools in Lancashire and Yorkshire, offering to conduct examinations and
to give prizes. Replies had been received from three School Boards, a
number of children had sat for examination, and all the prizes had been
awarded. The two difficulties which had been met with were, first, the
pressure of time in primary schools ; and, secondly, that geography was
not a compulsory subject under the Code. He considered the report itself
as of great interest and value. One paper by Mr. Cardwell, of St. Bede's
College, might almost be nsed as a text-book by any teacher who would
adopt it for his pupils. Mr. Sowerbutts expressed his willingness to
follow up the subject, Avhich in his opinion had not received much en-
couragement from the Government Departments, and he added that if
the Delegates would refer to the report which he had circulated, and
communicate with him, he sliould be in a position to give a report at the
next meeting.'
' ' Ordnance Maps. — The Chairman stated that at the Leeds meeting
last year a strong recommendation had been sent up to the Council as to
the cost, the antiquity, and the difficulty of procuring copies of the
Ordnance maps. The Council had communicated with Mr. Chaplin, of
the Board of Agriculture, and they had heard unofficially that material
alterations would be made, so that these maps would be very much more
accessible than heretofore. He added that, so far as his experience went,
nineteen-twentieths of the people of this country did not know how to
make use of an Ordnance map.^
Mr. Holgate said that it would be desirable to have the contours
of different heights printed in different colours. It would then be easy for
teachers to get their pupils to trace out these contours and cut them out
in cardboard. For teaching geography in an interesting way they could
not, in his opinion, have anything better than a raised map, made in this
manner.
Mr. Peter Price mentioned, as an illustration of the slow progress of
' Communications to be addresseil to I\Ir. Eli Sowerbutts, 44 Brown Street, Man-
chester.
H^' ^ The following resolutions were referred by the General Committee to the
Council for consideration and action if desirable at the Cardiff meeting : —
(1) ' That the publication of the one-inch and six-inch Ordnance Survey Maps i.s,
in the interests of Science, urgently required at the earliest possible date, no less
than in the interests of Industry, Manufacture, and Technical Education.
(2) That steps be taken and provision made for keeping the Ordnance Maps up
to date.
(3) That the I\Iaps should be made more accessible to the public, and should be
sold at a lower price, as is the case in nearly all other official publications, such as
Admiralty Charts, Blue Books, kc'
CORRESrONDIXG SOCIETIES. 35
the survey, that the town of Cardiff" had purchased new maps, which had
been found to show only about one-half the present town. The survey
had been made ten years ago, and the maps were quite useless for the
purpose for which they had been purchased.
Mr. Mills said that it was only fair to state that he had never written
to Stanford's for any map without receiving it by return of post.
Mr. Gray was of opinion that the maps should be sent gratuitously to
schools. The children often had no idea of what a map meant, and they
should have the maps of their own districts on different scales, in order
that they might gain a better knowledge of geography.
The Chairman stated that he had recently been to Clevedon, and had
been unable to procure the Ordnance map from the best shop in the town.
He had written to Stanford and obtained one in two days, and had found
that the map was twelve years old.
Mr. Whitaker said that there was no difficulty in getting one-inch
maps with the contours printed on them, as the Ordnance Survey was
now engaged in producing such maps. The work required time, however,
as the copper plate of a one-inch map took a year to engrave. If the
Government could be forced into using photo-zincography the maps might
be produced more rapidly. He knew that nearly all the one-inch maps
were to be procured with contours, although not with hill shading.
Processes were now being tried at Southampton for printing in the hill
shading in a transparent ink which would not obscure the lettering, the
roads, rivers, or contour lines, &c. The chief delay occurred in the en-
graving, but the maps were always dated. With respect to the six-inch
maps, Mr. Whitaker said that local surveyors or anyone who could pace
accurately could fill in new features for themselves. In condemning a
map as being of no use, all that was meant was that the new features had
not been put on it, and that, of course, was bound to happen in growing
towns like Cardiff, Manchester, and Southampton. The Government
did not give the Survey the means of going over the ground again. The
only way of hastening matters and of insuring the insertion of the latest
features would be to influence the Treasury, which controls all the
Government Departments.
Mr. Sowerbutts expressed his belief that the delay was mainly in the
method of producing the maps. He had been surprised at the facility
with which the Survey maps were produced in Brussels for about four-
pence each directly from the zinc plates.
Mr. Kenward expressed his admiration for the one-inch Oi'dnanco
map. He said that he had made forty or fifty journeys on foot through
every part of North Wales and had never found the map at fault.
Section G.
Flameless Explosives. — Professor Merivale stated that there was
nothing new to report this year. The work was still going on, and next
year they would have something definite to bring before the Delegates.
Mr. Mills said that the Chesterfield and Midland Counties Institution
had been carrying on similar experiments, and it was to be regretted
, that both institutions were spending money and time over the same
' work.
The Chairman expressed the hope that they would combine to carry
on the experiments together.
D 2
36 REPORT— 1892.
Section H.
Aid in Anthropological Exploration. — Dr. Garson stated that at last
year's Conference lie had called attention to the existence of a Committee
for giving advice on this subject. As an illustration of the evil arising
from neglecting the assistance thns offered he mentioned a case vphich
had come under his notice during the year, in which a large barrow had
been opened at a cost of 100/. A large number of valuable skeletons had
been found, but only the skulls and a few long bones of at most three of
the skeletons had been sent to him to work up ; the rest of the bones had
not been preserved. Thus a barrow with a number of skeletons had been
simply destro^'ed and the money wasted. The exploration had been done
as a piece of local work, and if application had been made to the Com-
mittee of Aid they could have given directions or sent some one down to
assist the local Committee. Dr. Garson pointed out that the Committee
of Aid did not pi-opose to take the work out of the hands of, or to lay
claim to the credit due to, local effort ; they wished only to give assistance
and advice. He thei'efore urged the Delegates to bring the existence of
this Committee under the notice of their Societies.
Dr. Yachell said that he could bear out the remarks made by Dr.
Garson. Some Roman remains had been found at Llantwit Major,
amongst them being some very fine skeletons. Permission had been
obtained to carry on excavations, but they were uncertain whether they
would be stopped, and ultimately they were prevented from carrying on
the work. Several skulls were obtained, but not the remaining portions
of the skeletons, as they had no means at hand of preserving the bones,
which in a few days crumbled to pieces. The skulls were sent to
General Pitt-Rivers, who reported that these were of no use without
the other parts of the skeletons.
Registration of PreMstoric Ttemains. — Dr. Garson said that the Secre-
tarj^ of this Committee, ]\Ir. J. W. Davis, was not present at the Cardiff
Meeting, but a report had been presented to Section H.
The Rev. J. 0. Bevan stated that the Woolhope Naturalists' Field
Club had decided to prepare a map showing the antiquities in their county.
It was to be based on the prospectus issued by the Society of Antiquaries,
and they wished to produce a map similar to that which had been pre-
pared for Kent. They were going to appoint representatives in every
parish, and to request them to send particulars of any objects of interest
and to enter the positions of such objects on the Ordnance maps. He had
been empowered by his Society to ask any of the Delegates who might
have seen other schemes to furnish any hints that might be of use before
they issued their own prospectus.
Dr. Garson suggested that those who were undertaking this kind of
work should communicate with the Secretary of the Prehistoric Remains
Committee of the British Associaticm,' as that Committee was making a
record of all ancient remains thi'oughout the country, and they had a
.system which it would be desirable to adopt in order to bring all the
records into harmony.
Mr. Ken ward approved of this suggestion.
Mr. Whitaker requested the Delegates to communicate any discoveries
of or concerning ancient remains to the Ordnance Survey. They would
often find errors of omission in the maps, or the periods of antiquities
• Mr. J. W. Davis, Chevinedge, near Halifax.
I
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES. 37
definitely stated althougli still under discussion by arcbfeologists. If
errors of this kind were communicated to the Director-General of the
Ordnance Survey they would be attended to. As an instance he men-
tioned that a member of the Hampshire Field Club had discovered a
British earthwork which was not on the map ; this omission had been
made known to the Survey, and it was now being or would be surveyed
and inserted.
Mr. Kenward stated that he had been able to do a similar thing in
the case of the unnoted Roman camp at Metchley Park, near Birmingham.
Second Conference, August 25.
The chair was taken by Mr. G. J. Symons,F.R..S., the Corresponding
Societies Committee being further represented by Sir Douglas Galton,
Mr. Whitaker, Dr. Garson, and Professor Meldola as Secretary.
Section A.
Temperature Variation in Lakes, Jtivers, and Estuaries. — Dr. H. R.
Mill, the Secretary of this Committee, stated that last year the Committee
had been recommended to draw up its fourth and final report. The
report which had been presented took the form of a discussion of the
observations which had been made during the past three years chiefly
through the agency of the various Corresponding Societies. Their Com-
mittee had been appointed about the time when the Conference of Dele-
gates had taken shape, and it was one of the first pieces of work recom-
mended to be taken up. The object was to ascertain by observations,
taken twice daily, the temperature of rivers, estuaries, and lakes in all
parts of the kingdom. A very good beginning was made in England,
Scotland, and Ireland, but unfortunately the Irish observations were
not continued, some of the observers writing to say that they had com-
menced observations but were tired of them, and others that they could
see no good in them. The Cardiff' Naturalists' Society had distinguished
itself by the energy with which the subject had been taken up.
Dr. Mill exhibited a diagram which he had prepared, showing the results
of two sets of observations, the first set made in the River Tafif in the
Castle grounds, and the second set in the Bristol Channel from one of the
lightships. The curve drawn from the first set showed the temperature
during the winter months and the way it varied, falling greatly during
cold weather and rising rapidly during warm weather. The curve drawn
from the second set showed that the water in the Channel was generally
at a higher temperature, and that it kept its temperatm-e more uniformly.
In fact the temperature frequently rose when the land teraperatiire fell,
and fell when the land temperature rose. The subject had also been in-
vestigated by the Fishery Board of Scotland, whose report was being
published. The observers at Rochdale and Oldham had also made an
extremely valuable series of observations, some of which had been pub-
lished by the Rochdale Society. The same thing had been done by the
Manchester Geological Society in connection with the Oldham observa-
tions to which he had referred. The East Kent Natural History Society
had made careful observations in the River Stour, which were accom-
panied by a series of reports drawn up by Colonel Horsley. These reports
would be published in extenso. Observations had been made in the sea
at Dover with the object of ascertaining whether any diff'erence was pro-
38 KEPOiiT— 1892.
duced by the current running from the North Sea to the Atlantic,
or from the Atlantic to the North Sea, but the result was nega-
tive. The complete list of local societies which had interested them-
selves in the work was a very considerable one, and he mentioned only
those whose contributions were most valuable. In addition to the Cardiff,
East Kent, and Manchester Geological Societies, the Northamptonshire,
]5urton-on-Trent, and Rochdale Societies had all done admirable work.
At Kuaresborough one of the members of the Yorkshire Naturalists'
Union had made some of the most interesting- observations of all, because
ho had taken the readings in conjunction with the air temperature, and
also the earth temperature, thereby bringing out in a very interesting
way the great activity of the sui'face water in responding to changes in
the atmosphere. This observer had also made a number of most admir-
able observations under the ice during the severe winter of last year.
He found that in tlie first spell of freezing the average temperature under
the ice was under 34°. There was a thaw and another frost, and it fell
to 83°. Another thaw followed, and then a third frost, and it was only
(.luring the third period of freezing that the average temperature of the
Avater came down to 32°. It was very fortunate that the work of the
Committee had been extended over last year, and that the observers had
met with such favourable conditions. He thanked the Delegates, the
observers, and the Secretaries for the completeness with which the
observations had been carried out. In several cases the observers had
carried on the work on their own account, and he trusted that such
observations would be continued and extended. Dr. Mill, in conclusion,
expressed his willingness to render all possible assistance to such observers.
The Chairman said that for some reasons he regretted that the work
of this Committee had come to an end, but he thought that their efforts
had prepared the waj^ for future organisation. He did not see why the
Royal Meteorological Society, which dealt with the question of air and
earth temperatures, should not deal with water temperature. Neither
did he see why the Scottish Meteorological Society should not deal with
this subject. He was inclined to hope that these two Societies might
make some arrangement for conducting and co-ordinating such observa-
tions.
Meteorological Photography. — Mr. A. W. Clayden, the Secretary of this
Committee, stated that although a large number of circulars had been
sent to the various local Societies asking for contributions of meteoro-
logical photographs very few had as yet responded. The majority of the
photographs Avhich had been sent had come from isolated observers. He
therefore urged the Delegates to bring the subject before their Societies,
with a view to securing organised co-operation.
Section B.
Inquiry iiito the Condition of the Atmosphere of Manvfaduring Toivns. —
Professor Meldola said that he had received a letter from Mr. J. R.
Ashworth, the Secretary of the Rochdale Literary and Scientific Society,
asking whether it would be of use for the British Association to appoint
a Committee for this subject, which was attracting some attention in
Manchester at the present time.
Mr. Mai'k Stirrup said there was a Committee in Manchester busy
collecting information with respect to the exceptional atmo.sphere of that
f
CORKESrONDING SOCIETIKS. 39
town and its effect on vegetation and the health of the community.' The
investigation was going on, and the report would be published by the
Society ; if any of the Delegates desired copies he would be happy to
forward them on application. He suggested that other towns might be
induced to carry on similar work.
The Chairman said that the Manchester Corporation had recently
started a meteorological observatory in the centi-e of the town under the
guidance of Dr. Tatham. He referred to the use of ozone papers, which
had been shown by chemists to be coloured by several other gases besides
ozone. Thirty years ago he had made some experiments in London with
identical test-papers, which had been exposed in ditJerent parts of the
town. He found that, in whichever direction the wind blew, the air
coming from the country always coloured the papers more or less, but
air which had passed over the town always lost the power of colouring
the papers. It appeared to him that some simple test of this kind w^s
wanted if it could only be made reliable. Mr. Symons also called atten-
tion to the fact that the Royal Horticultural Society had appointed n
Committee for investigating the atmosphere of London in relation to
fog and plant life.
Dr. Mill referred to the excellent work which the late Professor
Carnelley had carried out in connection with the determination of the
number of micro-organisms present in the atmosphere of rooms, &c.
Section C.
Geological Plwtography. — Mr. A. S. Reid said that their Committee
had met since the last Conference, and had arrived at certain conclusions,
which would be made known in due course. They had applied for a
grant for the purpose of mounting the photographs, and a systematic
method had been agreed upon, so that the prints could be mounted and
handled without injury. The subject of lantern slides had been men-
tioned, but they had decided that the collecting of these did not come
within their province.
Earth Tremors. — The Chairman stated that this Committee had during
the past year been collecting apparatus and diagrams of apparatus for
recording earth tremors. They had not yet come to any decision as to
the best form of instrument, and they would be glad of any suggestions
Irom those interested in the subject.^ Application had been made lor
leappointment without a grant.
Section D.
Disappearance of Native Plants. — The Rev. E. P. Knnbley reported
that the Committee had been reappointed. From what had been said
at the last meeting of the Conference he said that he might conclude
that it was the wish of the Delegates that the reports from the North of
England and Scotland should be incorporated in next year's report.
The Committee for investigating the Invertebrate Fauna and Cryptogamic
Flora of the British Isles had not been reappointed.
Destruction of Wild Birds' Eggs. — Dr. Vachell said that this subject
' The Town Gardening Committee of the Manchester Field Naturalists' and
Archajologists' Society. The Secretarj' is Mr. Alfred Griffiths, IG Kennedy Street,
Albert Square, Manchester [Sec. Corres. Soc. Comm.].
- The Secretary of the Committee is Mr. C. Davison, 38 Charlotte Road, Bir-
mingham.
40 HEPORT — 1892.
had been bronglit forward at, the meeting of the Sectional Committee,
and a Committee liad been recommended for appointment. It had been
suggested to him by Professor Meldola that the action of the Committee
might be strengthened if the matter were again brought under the
notice of the local societies throughout the country through the Delegates
at the present Conference, and he therefore detailed the facts which had
led to the proposal for the formation of a Committee. In March 1890
the CardiS' Naturalists' Society had visited the island of Grassholme,
and while there observing the ha.bits of some of the wild birds a number
of young men from one of H.M. steamships had landed and shot puffins
and gulls, and wantonly destroyed a large number of the eggs. The
affair had been fully reported in the ' Daily Graphic ' at the time. As there
seemed to be a wholesale destruction of wild birds' eggs going on, the
matter had been brought forward last year in Parliament by Mr. Pease,
and at the time he (Dr. Vachell) had done what he could to bring it
under the notice of the local societies. He had also called the attention
of their Members of Parliament to the subject, but the latter had taken
the view that it was not very serious, and that when boys were home for
their holidays they could not be prevented from taking birds' eggs.
Mr. Pease's Bill proposed to render the destruction of wild birds' eggs
prohibitory under a penalty not exceeding 5s. each egg, and left action
to county councils in England and the magistrates and quarter sessions
in Ireland. They did not wish to pin themselves to the exact text of
Mr. Pease's Bill, but they wanted some legislation for the better pro-
tection of wild birds' eggs. He therefore moved : ' That a Committee be
appointed to take steps for furthering legislative enactment for the better
protection of wild birds' eggs.' '
Mr. Mills was opposed to the resolution, because in his opinion there
were a great many birds which did harm. He thought that it was neces-
sary for the v/elfare of the country and the preservation of game that
such birds should be destroyed.
Professor Leipner said it was not proposed to include all birds in the
Bill ; it left liberty of action to the county councils, and he was in favour
of its becoming law.
Mr. Chisholm Batten expressed his belief that there would be some
difficulty in getting the law efficiently carried out.
Mr. Hembry approved of the resolution, and said that some good
would be done even if the law were only partially cai'ried out.
The Chairman pointed out that there had, no doubt, been an abuse,
and it should, if possible, be checked. The proposal was as yet in its first
stage, and all action would }'est with the county councils and the justices,
to whom he thought the proper administi-ation of the law might very
well be left. As it stood, the proposal did not appear to him to do harm to
anybody's interests, and it did not follow that because such a law might be
in existence any person who took a bird's egg would necessarily be fined 5s,
Mr. Slater remarked that gamekeepers were in the habit of destroy-
ing birds of prey because the latter destroyed the game. The balance of
nature was tiius upset, and the small birds allowed to increase and to
destroy the crops.
' The following is the resolution passed by the General Committee : ' That
Mr. Thomas Henry Thomas (Chairman), Dr. C. T. Vachell (Secretary), Professors
AV. N. Parker, Newton, and Leipner, Mr. Ponlton, and Canon Tristram be a Com-
mittee to consider proposals for the Legislative Protection of Wild Birds' Eggs.'
COERESPONDIMG SOCIETIKS. 41
Dr. Vacbell said that the proposal to form a committee had been
seconded in Section D by Canon Tristram, who had strongly advocated
three Bills which had passed through the House of Commons, and whose
extensive practical knowledge of the subject was beyond question.
The resolution was finally put to the meeting and carried with one
dissentient.
Popularising of Natural History Studies. — Professor Merivale said
that it might interest the Delegates to learn what was being done in
Newcastle to popularise natural history, especially among young people.
They had a ' Dicky Bird Society,' numbering some 220,000 members,
and articles were published from time to time in the ' Newcastle Weekly
Chronicle.' One hundred and twenty species of birds had already been
described and illustrated, and the whole series, when complete, would be
rejjublished in a separate form.
Mr. Sowerbutts also alluded to the useful dissemination of geo-
graphical and zoological knowledge through the same publication ('New-
castle Weekly Chronicle'), and spoke in high terms of the illustrations,
which, especially in the case of the birds, had been executed with
remarkable success by some photo-mechanical process.
Botanical Demonstrations for Teachers. — Professor Lelpner called
attention to this subject, and invited all teachers in public, private, and
Board schools to attend two demonstrations at University College,
Bi-istol. His plan was to select three or four familiar wild flowers and
demonstrate their structure by means of diagrams on the blackboard.
T'he experiment had been tried one year, and had been so successful that
he had been asked to repeat it a second year.
Section H.
Description of Museum Specimens. — Dr. Garson said that it was very
necessary for all workers in anthropology to know where specimens were
preserved, especially in the case of local museums. It was sometimes
impossible to visit these museums personally, and the best thing under
the circumstances was to have a good description of the different speci-
mens. This was a subject which the members of local societies might
very well take up. Not only should the implements and other finds be
described, but the conditions under which they were found should be
carefully and completely recorded.
Registration of Frehistoric Remains. — Dr. Garson announced that this
Committee, of which Mr. J. W. Davis was the secretary, had been re-
appointed. He urged upon the Delegates the importance of assisting in
this work, and asked those who desired information as to the method of
recording to communicate with Mr. Davis.
Aid in Anthropological Exploration. — Dr. Garson made some further
remarks on this subject in continuation of the observations which he had
made at the last Conference. He said that there was a general notion
that in the case of human remains the skull was the only part of the
.skeleton worth preserving. This was a great mistake. The skull
was undoubtedly valuable, but no less valuable were the other parts of
the skeleton, particularly the long bones and the pelvis. Great care
should be taken to preserve all bones and to keep the bones of each
skeleton sepai-ate, so that the stature and other characteristics of each
individual skeleton could be ascertained. It happened sometimes from
42 REPORT— 1892.
want of knowledge on the part of those engaged in excavations that
after the exploration was completed all the bones except the skall had
been reinterred. In some cases sentimentality came into question, and
he instanced a case where, in deference to the wishes of the proprietor's
wife, some extremely valuable remains had been reinterred and thus lost
to anthropological science. He recommended skeletons to be sent to
anthropological museums in preference to being preserved by individuals.
Thus he knew of a case where at the death of the excavator some valuable
skeletons he possessed were buried by his executors, and would have been
entirely lost but that a friend of his having heard of the circumstance
promptly dug them up, and they were now in an anthropological
museum.'
Mr. Kenward said that, with reference to the registration of ancient
remains, it would be a good thing if Mr. Davis would issue a short circular
of instructions, so as to secure uniformity of results. He mentioned that
the Society of Antiquaries had been working in the same direction and
had appointed local secretaries in different parts of the country.
The Rev. J. O. Bevan also expressed a desire for information respect-
ing the best form of prospectus to issue on behalf of the Woolhope Club,
which, as he had stated at the last Conference, had decided to take up
the subject of the registration of ancient remains.
The Chairman remarked upon the desirability of having uniformity
of method in this work, and thought that the Society of Antiquaries
would be the most efficient body for organising the whole system.
Dr. Garson agreed with this, and, in reply to a question by Mr. Ken-
ward, he stated that the simplest means of estimating the stature of a
body from the remains was to measure the femur and the tibia, making .
tbe measurements with extreme care and using the metric system. The
spike on the upper surface of the tibia was not to be included in the
measurement, and the femur was to be measured along its greatest length,
the head and inner surface of the lower end of the bone lying in the same
plane.
Interchange of PuhIicatio7is. — Among subjects of general interest dis-
cussed at the Conference was the importance of the Corresponding
Societies freely interchanging their Transactions, Proceedings, and other
publications. It was pointed out that, while printing, the additional cost
of an extra 50 or 100 copies would be very trifling. Many of the Corre-
sponding Societies are already in the habit of sending their publications
to kindred Societies. The Hampshire Field Club deposits all such
publications in the Southampton Public Library, so as to render them
i'reely accessible.
On the motion of Mr. Holgate a vote of thanks was passed to the
Chairman for presiding at the Conferences.
The Committee recommends the addition of the following Societies to
the list : —
1. The Federated Institution of Mining Engineers.
2. The Liverpool Geographical Society.
On the other hand it has to announce the withdrawal of the Royal
Scottish Geographical Society. -
' Communications for the Committee of Aid to be addressed to the Secretary of
the Anthropological Institute, li Hanover Square, London, W.
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES.
43
r= .s •ij
a
Qi -^ '— ^
c
Ph ^
.s i«5-55'«S
O S
o ^
Ph P3
n o
s
3 a
p]
I ^.
§
^.S"
-^2^
'C!
-§s
O
s^^
o
PU
3 13
■K.2
O to
P* C3
a ■•
<1
EH r.
2 ^a
S> t:.
■^ •Par's
o
B 1
1?3p3
o .2 *-'
oj '— a
^^ S o .-5 a g
_ a o
ago
a i
:3 == S a oi -J
*= a S » ca
S a S a w
S 3 u 2 S
M
t! 3
1-3
O o
o(1h
H Ph P-i B
PM H
E2 O rt
o
a CO ^ 15 to-
« s
« |2i Jz; Izi
» 15 :^
!2; a » :z;
o
o
o
M
o
lO
t^
f-H
o
w
r- <
u
^
^ S-a
<a S c3
" a
s
o
■3.2
f S
.9 n '
>§2
a t.S
o o'^
oi W
r o -
^ 0)
«3
§. i ^
HK
. a
bu J)
■ g" 5* -■■
a 0)
^ a i^
. a o a "
w.g=SS,s
fq a
ft.
3 op;
D O «3 tH
2(5 5
a pj fe-S
0) r-'
a
a t>,3 ^ M PL,
.. *>
s " s a oj p-
> a 3 3
tc
OH
B
2? a Mfc» goq a
Saga's
^ B
o o <i>
a 1^
a S " c-S
a c-K.!
Si
■bS£3
a S S-S
353 CC 2
S<J a S
ho
I"
03
a
W" a
^ a 43
Bri-3
^^ M c: p.
lEwl
§9|§
<- u a „-
2c::a5
;zi Q
C3
■A
o
■<
W
K
pq m n m
S o
C3
2 ii-^a ^
2 .D 2 = -a 2 Ph
-2^5-S-a^
t>> a
Ogee
Cfl 00 -^
3 O to
.Is
C5 '"^ „ fe S O b
6 °
fern
a'sa
C3 o ca
ago
"3 "'3
Sa a
' o "> a! .S "^ .h
p; « m m
a o
6""
o o o
5 « ^
C E- *^ G) ^^
'=' -i^ -2 S "g 2 i^
o *:; -r- — ■ ^- flj
i»4 " 3 a 3 9
< o g o's43ai
«■?
44
REPORT — 1892.
o
«a
of
l-t
EH
m
M
o
o
o
EH
to
fl
c3
pi
S
^
'^
f=.A^
TJ
<■*■*
;:]
O
(S
<u
<u
s
a C
3
EQ
43 Ph
•a
I
-c
W
I I
y.
JH 1^ ™
fS S w
« . s
cs a
- w *
« rt c3
a-u a
edings
s, aun
edings
o a S
o-SP
- S2 rt g
3 a S<
P.CS .
§•3
Ih
>-.
>
C3
>t
o
•^
}^
o
J3
o
^1
§
m
s
^
^ .2
ca .S .2 _o _o
H Eh PM fL( ^ EH
Ph Eh
2 .s §
g^ a w
o o ^^
>-j 1-= Eh
H H ^
= 3
§§
03 <A
to wT
.3 S
^^
GJ at
u u
o o
=5 ^
tl
a
Cl)
aa
CIJ
C1>
a
J2 "S
J2 «o ^2 so
-I ^rt _
-J O ^ =o
.-.-IrHO
^ cS OJ <u ■■
S ° ? "
:zi ;2i
s i^i
^ izi 1^; |2i
t-H rH U3
el's
a ^
3
a o
>H
ac3
a w
^■■3
!2l izi !2i ;^i,i
a "o CO
ID Q rH
!i
-. ^ ^5 ^
a ^ r^ 5 a ■a -
^ a ^ a
bo
a>3
a cu
- >)P<
^6
a
I o
rt -
■a ■
a "-a
o g o
■s, iw
i 5«[
§ "^•
3- 6S
a
5.9 a
bo l-H
■a"
a
H
H 1
ft
u'SS
-^ CD m -^
h; o ^
r^ '~< ^ <-/
<a
U s
CO
n^
«
ft
m
§
a
CO
3
Ph
►^
P
bo hP^
(n
ftgS
•^ a <u u^
ft
-^ r
OJ CO
■ ijcb
IcOft"
ja .
II
t/i =«
<u O to
"3 . "3
ft a f=
a
■^a
bo 3 a
aj3 ^
5^3
.5-1-1 .2 u
a ^, «
3 =3 . S
y 3a.H
1-1
^ >^ £
gag
2 [i- *i- 3 3 c5
s ^_, rH <ij +j -tj m
. p, c«M a aP
&. .^ ^ ra nJ rt tH
.r-l . '^ o O ^H
— .3 S
P"S a
^ i? 4> CO
a
o
o
.3^' ,
• a* a
cogS-S
I 3°.5
tfi c3 a
a a Qj
Wis g a
ft'
^ —J HH
P o W
^ iS ^
§ I &
.3
ft
W
^ to ^
bp bo bo
W H H
C5 Ci CS W W
o
W
a
w
% < '^.
.3
ft
M oi
CO -3
_:P
P o 00
W
tn
to W
.
bo
00
™ CO
*H 00
a
00
a
a
y. £■
a
■4-1
>>
ft
= 8
•
•g
3 to
_
a
g
OJ
■s
Scotland TTni
ocieties, 1884
gh Geologlca
i
3
'-♦3
;=!
tn
a
1
g
H
■ft°'3
ft
t be
ti
° toJ2
M
fi
pti
a-"T3
"
'^W
^
ft M
w
I^
!i
3
a
o a
." J3 «-.
S ft
PJ
13
r^ >-{
£• l-T
"^ W ." ■s
— p. o
CO
3
"co "^
2 O to CO
■S.Q- W
3 |2i2
r3 -fc>
^ ft
bo .boo S-
cb CS W
,3 ■a
.2 a
'3 c3
to o
w
OJCO O
•3 - ~ .2 S--^
co^-g,
3 o
to O ^
a>-'3
t-H CO
.go °
to "
3 "^
CO a>
; 3 rj a .a to
s--^-
W ,5 »i5
M t-1
.*:> _a ^
a 0. 2
.Si o 1
to 3 i?
* '"' >i*a CD
■ga'feSS
S a -T >> a
i-5
►-1 M
03 (A Pi
■3 °° °
§ -■§
to ^g
"j^ .a
_- -2 ft
(J o 'a
•a CO 3
.a „ 3«
p* rf ^rH
t4 ..« tH ,_(
bo bo C3 ^
o o a <*-!
^ '.2
o 'o "o u
o 000
&^ p, CM
>rH > >. g
a i^ -tj 3
ji -*^ CO c8 O
O ^ CO ,w o* I
gS^aa-a
.g rH c8 HH e3 ■<
Hi a a
CORBESPONDING SOCIETIES.
45
=3 !^
1= o
o fl
« o
c ^
M p
S a
M
ee r! -e
t" =! t
gap.
H P3
•a = a 75
t3=i-3
in
ro
cS O "^ U
S-i G tfl ii, Cfl
o 5 fl 5?d
& 3 =5 5 03
P5 H H
^ .2
bJO
c
f-
?.
1
C)
P^
a*
a
p^
s ^ CJ
.-- T3
ta .-^
t>.
^
^
fl
n
a
4^
r/i
r1
1-1
O
3
-8
IS
:z5
s
J
H
H
o "O ° "
^2; '^
» ^ o
c a
o o
;zi izi
o .2 ^
-^
^
2 3^
^^ •
:i r3 c3 bo
S § 2
^ be
c a a
c J- —
C' .::: l\j
"IS
2ga
£ P S
03 .
- d
o p- o
M .iz;
5
s
Eh ce
Ph
m
g ^ o
(Sa'^a-S
•3.agjs>.
i'W
ap^t)
SaS .|
B la t-j
bo
fl
o
•gp3 -
-^^-^
l-j Ha tH
a
o
3
H
00 S
00 4^
■a °
o
P^
t«CS
*"• CI
«3 S5
a ^M
•S ofd
■ " o
■3.?;
«»
a
aS;
ei
bn-C
W
!!iM
a
'h a
S a ^ <3^
O 0) o -
o a p." L^ >
— S— a Q
+^ ir. r-t — • . "
n &j Qj 0) M t>-
a ^
33
4§
i-!Ph
a <u
^^
X o •-
<SP^.o
'^ ri ^
^ O "
■-2
CO
Pa
lP5 SJ
S -PP
Cfl -"IJ fl ^
^ ^ fl OJ
to
ta :=!
a
c
a a a
to
a
!5
^ o u o
23 02 M 02
;zi ;zi
c3
-^ «
S K
s s w
O O c3
to m >z;
be.
g§^.2
a a
I a
So
(§§
a
o bs
3 bo
« o
30
l|
■<
CD
■=•0
•^ a
I ."§
03'"'.
n " en
+3 fl.2
rt r:; ;fl
<c2b
a
^ « ^
1^ -1
^ -^ -tJ
fl
P4
-i 3
|Z5
p.
o
.a
O |zi
(ii Ph P3 Ph M CQ M
a
^ ^ tM (M
(5 .a
!5 o
.^flfeg g
loo o a a -a
.^ QJ
o a a
•■p. ca
-« »■« be
5 »«q ^ o f*^
2 §■§ -
*5 .a "o .n
CO o^ o
00 'w CO
-H'Sr-l
W
^ 002
■SCO
og|»
OS
^ ^ '^
g2.i
■— 1 a; O
t^ -.3
Si-?S!«
ib<^ a
•- K •-
J^S"^ i)
"3!^
l-^ '^ r-1 "i? _
«"
' 5
SK a
00
Ph P3 03 («
Sisi
a •"
•3 '^
C8 ^ +3
0—0
o "(/;
tn ri
g 3-3
§3 "
& p<
aS2
E:'2W ®
.-H J c: cj
t; 3 3
H
i fl
<t 5
^^^^
JZife 3
0) WJ <3
A! O p.
03 u O
a
P
"S .2
■a§2
°S 3
.§§1
r-t o a O
►h
p.
o
Ph
46
EKPORT — 1892.
»
a
n
o
hO
m
«
bo
1J1
s
>>
o
fO
^
'W
o
o
o
fol
(D
£
C4-I
w
o
"-S
CO
a
o
B
-tJ
ft^
C3
■^
■i)
-Q a>
^
^ -3
^
CM
^(^
«
^
00
1—1
1:3
•^.*
.V
q-( ?
S
O 01
^§
■=0
^
e
Crt
!-» O
s
o o
•?^
CS
--I
■>!
0) d
o
-K3
§ o
^
3 0^
g;
?^
^1
m
«
■a-
2^
-So
s
T*
ft o
a
o
CO
9
"cS
d
o
o
0)
bo
o
o
1-3
O
tn
m
«
<5
o
O
I -3
tJ3
■§
PL,
si o
J3
3
<<
s
OS
CM ^
CO <»
0<1 -H
00 C30
-CO - (»
«
^
O
o
o .
.HO
3
■ C5
pq S
■~, H
S a)
a -"
fe o
^H O GO CO 1— I CJ3
?1 IM ^00
— I t- -H CO era
CiO CO C3 Cl (M
(M (N
Cl ^H CO -t< lO 35 "CS -C
CO ICi .— t lO CO CI b- lO
— I M CO C) CO ^
• O
-^ CO
= ^
M
->
CI
(33
O
o
fi^
■^
'«
« ?
:^(?
S Q
- CO ^
03 p
C20
a
'I
d ■
^^
o
o
CO
o
o
CO
PL,
o
. W)
O
o
p;
o
32
PL,
O
o .
Wo
o .
2: ^
o
- n
O
1 a
o a 3
J3 o cc
2 2^
!h ^ O
« ^ So
" S 2
" o
d
Ol
cs-g
SO
••^ d
g o
CD
a W
3^5
rt CO
CO
tt)
3 S aj
9 o
a3.2
o K
cu x
-a X2
HO
R o -ti oo
Shp4
g a tj
=^ a §
S S a"
'J M &
60 la tij
.2 5 .
« d £
^°a.i
d <u " '-'
opc;
^^ CI' '^
S g 2 . .
--1^ bo
CO ra O)
^^62 • •
<u -a en oj .
■^ u-i jq i^
a a a go
° S .2 --S g
a pd *-■ cs ,-,
^ o s
5 P g -S ^
• bo
. 3
O
s a
'!IIj CO
aJ 'V
> o
P- cj
^. CO
1^ CJ
bo
o
o
' , I)
o
"a
o
.-J o
C3 03
I CO
O -H
C3
—I O
e*-(
<U I
r! '='0
boj
■*-> ■
O t
p-l
o
d ■-
O r
,'^^.■4
fe s 5 a "S
■4^ -^j rrj a> ^^
<u 0) (u 7; --H
d ^^ rr' O ^.H
p ^.H ftj
u X ti a
P5 H <iJPh
g O CO
rs a
;S
■^^ a
.20
II
CD t>>
.a .a
HPh
O ft o
ti J2 fe] CD
SO .ti
ft <u s
cu o .^
^■Sogw
d cu
1-2 i.
o '^ o
_ d^
C^ C^ A
bo bo bo
000
d d o >
3 cu ft-^
000
CD <u aj
-^-> .*j -,j
CD d) D
O
(^ a'
- o
ID CO
^ a
:<t!Q
P-lTS
OS c«
P3Dq
• a
o
Is
:^
C2 "=*
.2 2
p:iP5
.<1
•a
-.a
- o
3
P5
d" - '^
a
C8
P5pq
O
• . .Is - j---*;'^
..'-' .^T^ 9 - I- V '-'
a^-aa^-aaS^-t;
£l3.a o a-^^a 5:
^ncoxaS^ci^
,iS23-"t^a>iU
OOOOP PwW
COKBKSPONDING SOCIETIES,
47
05 .
OO CO "
00
CO OO -OO 00
.-1 (M .-I
Oi ^ Ci
00 CO CO
i-j lo rl ^ m
.-I <N t~ r^ ^
CO in
,—1 (M
-* o >o
(35 C2 CO
0-1 OJ
CO "O
o ^
lO
CO
o
CO
X
tr> ;zi
f<ir
>i>
X
t^ OO !_; -
X
X
I C-1
C C5
COrH j^
fe'
I
a
.8.
^
e
^
<a J s
e
^
8
I
?^ o =c
■= <s s
GO
(M CO
CO
o
o
CD
w
■ to
■«^
^1
a
o
o
J3
p-l
o
bo
O
o
"a
t3
c5
o
o
o
>;> o ci
'^ CO o
f^ ^^
-tJ 3 M
o ^^
S hod
^ 2 o
o
>-0!zi
O "^ <:W
rO =2 -^
a OC Q)
S CI b— I -"
o .H S a
■+3 !h - o
o =^ .2 s
^ "^ ^ o
c3
o
03
CO
CO
CO
00
00
o
_o aj- d o i3 2 t-,2
•o ho ="S •-" ".C ^- o
•g O g'.S K a bets --I
S P3 O S §
cw2
o ,,, °
d) O cp
0) H OJ
'S .2 S
!==< iC P=i
a
o
o
w
fe -s
to
o
03
o
o
02
m
o
o •
m g
■ >^ .
p °
td !z: £
ife'
Ph^; §
H-i e; ^2; >i ffl :z;
o
o
CO
a
o
6 CO
^
bD
.2 0-S
■2 o °
cS o c«
>.:3 ■
O — '
O CJ
2 ^^
'^ so o
o o t3
C rt"-(
PH_bcO
^^ Jd
H H
00 2 5 rS
^H ^ ^ O
,2 d o
Ci '"' (U pH
I— ( »a3
^^ d ^ oj
>-> o o _3
^53
o
o
_^ o d
. Tj 4^ ^ CO
(U ri -t-J
1^ 2=gS
, c3 a> cs a
Ip
I m
, c3
Pi
Q.-5 O (D -( -° -S
-gp^FqH-^^cocc^^ ■-<
I § g « .S § ^-C fe
=" bo d o r*» o ° (U _, -^
o cS
2 o
5^
■| d
2 fl
a o
• &^ r^i -=3
-« S o
1«
cc;
H
a
W
o
o
OQ
<U CD rrt^ S
•" "cfi "(» d
o o
■ i«4 1^ S
WW
d
o
a o d
.2 o'S'
o -g 2 •"
S.op^ 2
^^^ '^
-^ CO
a §
P-(<1
■g
■w^
03 tS
W
.5 0)
o
o
(^ en S 'S o
S S d °^
g;z;pi«a2
^
<D
o iJ
O
, - 5 'S
'"'^ d
- « -g d
0)
a
•
og
§i
■^ U
.«^
•
i«
>< CO
a.
W i^
a
n1
^ o
■TS
a H
El, -^
o
n>-"
""z
d
.2
O
-a d
is
'i-
o
CD
CO
-U
M O
C;
-" d
P
n d
o d
d
c«
o
■t^
H
M
'^
•
d
0)
P-i
-
o
Pi
^^
CJ
j-^
W
P
^
^
o
y:'
X
Ph
TS
(U
«)
pa
48
REPORT 1892.
o
CO
l-H (M
CO CO
.C3
"oo
C) rt
IM
c: Oi
^
^
.C5
00 00
"
"
-CO
O COCOt~00 i-HCXl .-H— lOlO
"^ CO (M ■^ CO ■*
co(^
IM (xj <M
^ cc
3
S
GQ
M
w
a
fi^
6Q
5.
e jj o
S3 ?>
e^ fSHf^R^o, S;(i<
C ;j ~
« ? -2
L*- -^^ l>
Sx a, f-.
•
•U-t
o
a*
•
Hx
-o-S
•
CO
^
.£>
be
.a
a
<j
H
iz;
o
o
• be M S
w a a; P„
p3 . o ^
W;z;ChO
brj
H§
a .
S3
.1-3
K >
*^ bo
bb •
Ci
o
S3
CO .
-ffi
e I bcizi
bo O ■
P4
(In
o
O
O
a
13
<u
2 c^
-♦J
o
o '^
TO '^
.fe:
a
o
■ o
a,
g
o
D
o
'S
a
+3
0)
O ^
m CO
u3 C! ,^
C5.2
.h5
o
o
3 ^is'g
(U d H ra
=5 M 3 a
1^
m !■
«-. cl o .
O o ?
bX)4i
1) ryi r1 W
-S ^ .S 3
(u 9 ^ "^
HP3 O
M
pa
o o =2
-w -ti ^
'iS s
O 3 Q
h S o
.3 S o
o tS M
Sis
<1> ij o
<I>
a
o
o
H
M
-a
W
ct^
CC
hn
W
c;
3
o
T)
q
O
u
PU|
o
«3
•■^
a>
n
.«
U
C
o
trt
o
a
5
s
«J
o
a
. S3
Ph S
O S T' Jil
(U
pq
pq
a -5 1-3 g £f
C ij § .^ 3 -S s
P50PQ^«fL(
• • •'«
c!
2 Ph' U-- 5* >
■ >=> -1^ "-
w ^ ^ c/T . a
•-H (_ c3 fc^ ^K -i
. 0) ra 4) ^ §
oj ca 3 g>-5 w
-H (M
,-^
S^l
-H CI
-03
C3 «
-OS C2
-00
OO -
'00 CO
A
•— 1 i-H
f— 1
rH
f— ( I-H
2 1
1 <"
05 1
■*
^. 1
"*'
CO 1
1 ^ 1
l^
1
' OJ
' <M '
O
(M
OS
. 00
l-H*
1—!
HH
-t»
Mm
::XJM
M
O
M^
M
fe
.
,
■ • .
-?fi .
s
e
^
o
a
CO
.O
C5
O
O
S
CQ
D
oco
o .
PSlz;
o
o
o
o
o
02 -
^§
-SCO
p-l^-
. o
•r ^
!0
o
bD
tHcS
02 -C
PL|0
^ &
o o
be bjo
- oi «
S3
o
o
o
tt)
o
o
a
o
!zi
J3
<u
CD
3
ID
•S C5 P5 <« ^
■M S O ^ ^
I—)
o
CO t:
ce~
a 2
«'§
O _ra (U
■■^ rt .fc!
J3 -a
, r:? fl
o g a
u_, O) 3
fl SO'
,2c5 a
_, 0) o
a ^ ^
ao.s
bD c3 en
^ a
0) •• o
3 a o
3
O
0) o "o OJ o
> a
o a
0) 4J>
bo ci
0) <D
t> o
wiz;
fa
H H c»
bo^-
a f^
<ipa
w
C3
1-5
w
<I>
« ca
CQ
T3 ~
- - 2
a
a
§
-4J
a) a>
. - o
o
P5P:)
pa
CORRESPONDINa SOCIETIES.
49
^ cq --I
"00 00 00
-co
CO
00
05
00
(N r-( « i-H
oi a a o^ w^
OO OO OO 00 -
.o>
~00
O CC I— I Oi »0 05 »o
t- CO Ol lO t£> t- lO
m o >o
O (M 1^
I-H CO
1-1 00 00
MO o
CO « t-i
05 05 1— I
f— t OO
5D 00 <M
M>
OO
00
'-' (
u
o
'«M
X
M
s
I
5^ ? e
^
8
. 8
1
«
fi
a
o , .
. o . o
^ O o o
O CD O
-^i ^ a '^
a
o
'3
-4^
03
O
O
o
o
<L>
be
a
TJ
u
fe
o
o
"o
I — I
o
o
p<
V
o
CO
o
<D
a
o
• o
o
a
t3
o
a;
wi to fe
tH Wo
ho •
a
H ■
.Sa2
falz;
o
w
O
a
P
o
o
•OQ
§>>
JSPh •
O'^ -
CD !h H
a§o5'd=«20 SSa-S
-gg ;5 -a ^a| s- ^ . .5g .:§ «
&SS ^ ^ a a |gH o^ ^ ^ . a
'Sa'S|s^t^^^2t2go^|^^|o|p^.p^^„g^g|^
^ .
o
_a OS
300
o o3 a
CO 00 rl
tu 00 S
.-H p^ a
f/l (H TO
go
5 0>'
HPOH
o
o
CIQ
,a
o
a
ce
a
03
(-1
>
o
o
o
02
. O
-P-l
a>
C5
o
. O
o
be 1-3
c o
c3 fl
,-1 O
c3 • r3
O m
O a>
=^-S
w a o !-
K O ^ bo
bp fU S
a"^ a a
*
•
T)
a to
c3 a>
o
.
.,a
H „-gvJ
03
fS
r" bo
W2W^ '-
a"
->
o o "d ^ -
- C3
<u
sw
S C eS 13 -
,a
ja
fPWOO
o
o
o
o
^
o
a
w-
^N
to* o Ph a 2
"» ^ . a a
■§ S ^ iS 3
o o o o
O QOO
p'l
. J3 .
O IH
OO
^
.fM
s
1-5
h
"S
''Im
03
c!
O
P
P
d
aT
t>
a
C3
p
1892.
50
KEPOKT — 1892.
^ so
Ph.S
I—*
<M >-l
fM
C5
C5 a
TO
OO
00 00
OO
-en
"00
C-l .—I
00 CO
-a
"OO
1-1 CI — I (M
OO -OO 00 00
00 00
60
> o
to Oi Oi
(M 00 00
« (M
o
0> lO o o
CC CO CO >o
-* .-( l^ lO
CO
CO
CO
H,
M>
^ d>--
en
I .
O l-H
X
o
t-H M
OS Ci
,: 00 CO .
f-' ■-! rt l-H ij
M 2
^
tl
'S
80
•
1
• •
■1
• •
I ■
IS
r •
1
1
s
=1
II
1 '
II
a
1
= 1
3
o
o
53
o
'^>.
^
^.2
OS o
ID
•?CK
o
^
^
<J
u,
>
o o
o .
O o
&^
O m
o
o
CO ;
. o
=* .£;
Sh3
o
o
o
bo H
m <l)
cS w
i—t CO
o
o °
O f/1
CO <|
o w
•S a
^o 5
wo
,C5
o 2
<U o
il
0)
w
5^
o
o
CO
o
Ph
"o
C5
■a
o
o
o
l-l
O
o
i
p.
ei
Cm
O
!» O
03 <^
.S 0)
fl IP
d a
„ o
■a
a
ii>
I
, &
o
1-5
-SO
o
o
fl P3 ;z: ^
a 03
a
• o
» c5
o3 <1>
o
O 5j
a c«
.2>
m a
o
3
+3
Pm
O
O T!
O
a
O
t>» o3
n
1?
03
0)
i-:i
o3
^
o
M
Q
0)
HH
m
^■3
o
■P r-<
a -r- ^ Hi
M o «g CO
O 1^
m o s
o s
•CO
Pi o
Oj o
•-I +j
tn
a>
■ a 11 ^
■3 -^ o3
o f^ =« O
-^ "!,> a I'
11 <u *; fc.
3 ^ .2 3
«-i "t! > >>
■3 go
Q ;
o
00
o
a
o
(p
o
u
o
c»
m " H I
•-I q; (P
O TS -^ -^
o3
PLI-:
Xi
a
o
O -
00?
t; o o
O M O
S<c3 ^
o3 0) W «J
O §^ "
oO g
'P Q
^ a °
HO
•3.S
=4-i'^ a
0) +i o
^ <^ s
N
o
(1) 'O
O <P
a '3
i-t o
rt a
■—1 M-( *«
O ■" rj
&• o _,
3 ^
M EP, a
HiZi
O !3 j^
CX C3 cS
O -*^ .^
"o a o
» o a
o
•2 CO
t-t <u
o o - lU
CO ad .2 2
0) t^ O <P ^
■g h'o J «
a 035
o Co
r-1 +3 ,tJ
° a
O § S
-o a
t>» „ <i>
03 o <■>
|:2 I 2
■<fq CO pti O
-w ^ o
'a fe=«
03 IX) O
-i^ a (D
a te
c« -*
o
•a
'3
(e
P5
a
'a
1
a -
^ a 2 Ja
— ' ^ +^ ja
_C3 O
O o
O Is
o -^
P a
M .!S — I-l rJ
o
aj o
-apH
o^
*3 o
3-^
o
02 JS
-*^ 2
I u-i 43
1 O +^
>
) m en
I ^ a
I o —
! o c
P a J
1-1
-!'§:£
03
a '
O
o
a
1-5
0-1
aa
WW
CO .2
^2
en a
>H cu
Cl pM e+1 1^
r " o o .
a o Pi :3
- •^" 3 "^
0) o
00
P^
W .
. CO
o ^•
a S*
o o
O ;-.
00
O
-a
• J3 .
C3
03 t7
S <u
H
,
.!§
.i<r
C3
03 03
- c3 OJ
WW
WW
w
5h
pq
a"
o
o
W
COHKESPOiNDING SOCIETIES.
51
■«
r-i
(N
rH
c^
a
^
OS
-o;
05
05
^
D
*
CO
-00
oo
00
"
f— <
l-H
1—1
i-H
.05
-00
05
OO
*. 0505 ..05050505
00 CO "CO 00 oo 00
<M
CO
05
0-1 m
(M Cfi
.--cc 05^H— ^ lomo 05 ri
t^ ,— I t- t- O lO O rH C-l
t^ CO oo I — 05 1-H
-* CC ^^ 1 lO (N 05
o
o
02
o
o
a
V
o
05
00 m
o
fa
^
? 5
e;^^
O 6b
aw
^
o fl
M
t3 i-H
0)
^r^
in
o 'O
!h <0
w
Ofa
o
o
02
o
o
02 •
.9 w
T) .
►.; 00 i-H
O "^
fa
I-H > M >■
1^ &i 6^
■^
ft;
«
^
■^ ?; ^ (>.
:: S « ? 53
•f|
f^
o
o
o
02
■ bo
a
m
"p "3 S
^:^
• o
03
O
ra>Ha
o
0)
fa
o
1^
o
o
O
o " o .
o o o d
, • aii/l isi o
. . <1 -^ <I1
■^ Iz; ^ m _• -3 •
•^ O) CD OJ rK .
1- -^^ d3 ^ CS fa-
C S « g,^ -S M
W'S'S |'B;S %
O c3
(L" ^ ^
S
3§^
a
o
o
bo
o
>
o •
c
o
CQ
<U •
fa
0) ■
S
o
CO
,1 =«
[ft ^j-t
fi =" o „ M
" O M _ Ph
<4H !-i p C! cC .
■«|iliilliil
«d^ ^.fc; ^o go S_g
Eh fa O C3H
O O
qH ^
r3 '3^
o ->^
S<a
w o
P O
o, O
3
03 ^-^
L O
. o
_n
'.^
fl
- to
bo
I—* o
O
m g
. s
.fa' 5
■sa
. Q S
d 2 cfi
<u P fa
>
fi.a s
fe &2 -^ ^ I «2 a
-O ,:k -S ^ o «3 5 -g
■ a
. bD
a
M
'«
ao
l>i
-^^ s
;w
-O o
0!z;
en ,Q
flO =8
en h •
Oi fS- Ki "75
2-^
on
o
o
!->
<D
(U
^
CJ
at
V r- «S
Cfi <a
' &
o
' s s a
jjj o
(^ o ^
■jwtel^
^ O o
m a ■*^ 0-<
en cj
o c3
■ 03 'C
en I S3
CD fl -
o ;3
0) 43 ^
'T2 -H^
■^:
O
f-t
■ cj
4>
a
. n
c
• r-i
• a
o
fa
^ e ^ ^ w ^-5
t* 02
cS
CO tuo '
a
,ca ^ o-SO
, OJ CD o „
m .« (D '-' a r>3 2
b
P f^ o o c« -
(D
P^ r3 "o .S ''^ Ti
g ^ <) iz; H hJ !zi
Ph o
" en
re 3
> O 03
Cfi O •
. W ^ ^ (:4
'c^
■i:i CO
M
r^ O ^ rr* IZi ^
w sa
o o
>-• CO
o o
O O
-|^e§
o
tSH p
c3 c3 g
,.3 cu S
c« a P
a a &■
a
o
.a
bp
'53
o
.»5 .a .Wo
^ - a 2^-5 -ti
S £ 2 ^ H S "u
^ 2 3 hJ S S S S
52
REPORT 1892.
a
P-i
o
Hi
o
O
'S
I
■Sec
-a
P.
Ph
o
-a
■^
3
<
a
03
OS -
00 -
Cq rH <M
OS a^CS OS
CO '00 CO
i-H <N >-l
OS OS cs «
CO 00 00 "
-.OS OS OS OS
-00 OO 00 00
00 -* t-
00 OS cs
i-H (M CM
•■£>
to
O <M
^^ ^H O CO CD CC
O -^ ^-( b- ^H CO
-* (M CO C(5
OS OS CC 00 »— I
t- -* -*< -^ in
N
i-H <M
S-"
OS .
OS OS
1^
•
,
OO *— i
00 00
>
I-H
'
=
'-I -Im
s :
1— 1 .
t> o
o o.
s
CC J.. 40
S <» 8
r*- ^ r-^
Si
I
^
%>
g
■a 8 ti
? e o
. o
o o
O 02
^ 'o
o <u
o
o
02
'^■=^
fe >*>
C« i-
r— J C5
Opq
o
o
CO
o
o
02
a
o
' o
' o
• CO
1^
CD
o §
C . M
X O M
< X .
S '-' H
o o rt
o
o
o
CC
"o
0)
o
o
o
0)
o
o
o
a
p4
o
• 6 °
OrQ O
o
m CO
s
; '32
S
.^
•3 ^M
o ^2,
>.^§
^ 8 -
o =« «
g02,
(D O _
b a
to u
d o
s -S <^
: a s
■ '-' O
OS
O
-a
13
o
S oT:
03 +^
-2 o
§.S o
o
a
=i
o
o
C
0)
Sic
*Hi
01
o ^ -
ti o o rQ
°'S^ si.
CO •
CQ
tDi3 o
- en
.2JJ o a) 3
" Of o^ S
" I^ r'S ^ c
.5.2 S
a
Ka2
o
o
be
C 03
en
QJ
.a a 03
a X o
•a I)
S!z;h
0)
TJ
3
• O
«
• a
c4
W}
"T =*
<u ^H
oj .a <u o
^ i 2 o
=« S o rt
o a „
«j r^ c3 a
«^a2^
a"^
UXi
a (u
o .a
o <" .2
.5 a
. a-
■2(
.H> '
o
a •
a
<u
CC -^
^ a
CD o
c:
5;!
a
34
a>
<u
a
.-I
«8 ■
CO >
'^'^ s
01 t. Ci
p3 a CO
.2="
bcv, °
a 5 to
^^.-^
a3 « a
re £ W)'
a 13 ^
a CC 03
CC
oi
. a
.2
a
■ o
a
o
O
a
■■■3
;>
a
^ 3
-' o
3
ca
rr
ti,
f/)
a
".^
QJ
f>
ti.
4.1
m
a
0)
Ti Ti
r^
a
a
c3
rt
C»MQ
CS
. 3
cr
mm
.&.a
I— I ai
S o
re o
J CO
—1 rH »n crs .^
<0 Oi a r-i
«J i-H <M rH
OS
00 .
.—I I-H
■^>
o
• o
a o
o a:
'a .-;
PS
o3 a
Ai ^
, 3
i O
' CO
02 '
to '
o
^.S
o
a
a rl .t^
a og
E -S a
1^^
aD
o
CO
o o
«■ .
o ^
1^
(3
o
.1-)
iz;
-3 13
OJ .«j -^
CU Ph Ph
W
OPS
o
C5
a aQ
0)
Sps
» c3
-"55
P5
'o -a +3
c3 c« a>
0) f-±4
'^'='-^
000
ta 0)
X3 JS 3 o "
WPh W (^02
COEKESPONDINa SOCIETIES.
53
e-i
-cc -
.-H (M •-I
Oi O CTS
00 OO CO
CO 00
00
^ (M 1-1
*. C2 o o^
-co 00 00
CO
CO ~
-CO rj-j
o
-* in -*
(M 05 to
CO
in
CO
O lO
O in IM (M
.^ 03 t- 00
lO
■^ oo en
t- «0 lO
CM (N
o
CO , •* CO C-1
-^+1 to CO CO
I CO ■* IM
t"' h-i CO
03
CO
o
H tJ I— I d
M
M
• CO
O
M
s
• . be
o c
o H
o
SB
3
O
(D
&° o
s ^
O S3
<U rt
« H S
^
fs;*^
■^
^
S
e s ?
O
• 03
O
o
OQ
o
C5
o
a
03
o
o ,
O 02
Oh .
O rt)
02 K
O
'-u " -3
o
o
a;
'o
01
o
a
o
"a
P
to
O
CO
o
6 °
o oc
• c» .
o o ^
-25 iz; O M
^ r^ M ,-/i
^ 2'S a
o!z;>H oQ
o
o
02
O
P-l
o
o
e
!>
8rC
«:| • •
5 i "^ S
. S3 O
I— I .
fen
C}
o
cc
O
1^ -3^
- • . Oi o
CC 'I' w d
S be
OJ
o ^
o
o
o
(P a) fcj <-'-
"3 'p (D S
bo
o
SB
IP
J3
fe
03
fl^
•r^ I — I
■ siit
rj . C3 S m
o
^ .2
pq
o
S o S ^
Dj C3 — 5
«j o ^^ =^
o c> ,
fe >>fc!'S
= -<
0) <u
a
o
l3 O
I)
bD
C
0)
. O
tfi
o< -S
M
cS
a,
Eh VH P HOH
o
(D CI
a
9
o
O
0)
13
l-H
o
«
O (5 Cfl 02 _ <U -iJ
CQ (^ ^H o r; +J
C3 '
CO
O O
M tn
osc a g
o-c
o o g
'-I pi
tr O cj
aiz; *^
o ,^ ^
a
o
be
"3 JS a cs ^_
m O
a
o
^ 01
b JH ::3 be S A(
=»Hfe-SS-S^CJ
»
o
fi <J<J!
oi o
c3 8 -r ^ ^
o a go 2^ o
^ . - u ..
p h-i 3 o ^
!h HH ^ to CS
^ ^^ ^ Q) O
,j3 Jii -k^
m 'C o
"^ 01 "^ n .
01 o t^
M J c3
p. l-H (U
^5s
be -2
o a;
ote
!-i O O '
^ to ^ a P
^1^
,« a o
02 03 o:
W
3
o
oi
oi
a
a
01
02
ft
=3
2h
. o
>fe
o>
& 03
02 H
to to ^ ->
a a oT^
O O -i^ to
hhhP
S S3
-H
j-T.cS
o
I
O
. fe
2^
o -►^
'^ to
to 01
^ ft
cs H
*-' to
^ o
o ,s
^ °
01 ij
•fH 03
'^ 3
feK
n
03
r* "-^ p-*^ (^ r-^ K'
54
EEPORT — 1892.
-2 -a
(Nl
CO
(M
O -^ 1 05
«
cc
«o CO 00
p-(
CO 1
c-i
1— t --^
1^
XXXV
XI.
IX.
For 189
•13
S
8
8
xa
o
i4
o
m
I
6Q
•SCO
-a
J3
3
(^
O
O
t>2
O
_• ^
o
O
tS
o
6 .^
o o ^•
cc 03
o ^
.K Ota
-■ ■ ^ ►,•
as VI tin
in cS ^
oQoooq
CO
02
a
_o
'o
.^
GQ
(U
O
« s
*3 PL,
§2
H
■ 8 ■ •
.5
"S
o
• > • •
to tn
r-« f* O
G S .
■" 03 A
teg" =S
O Oj -fj ei_,
o 5 o bD
^ M o O
02 ca
c3
o
o
I2 =4-1
o fc, s
o .0
3 3
a
o
►J
o
CO
w — . M ^ i-i — <^^ rt c^l
QOCOOOOOCOCOCOOOCO
C5
00
00:) ^ C5 O^
00 00 '00 CO
I Oi CO W5 t-H iO CO -^
I -^ ^H ic »0 t* O 00
T-l IC >— I O Tjt CC I O
«D OS CO t- U5 00
CO »— < C3 ,-H '
N r^ C) I M ,: I— I
C5 OS Oi o m l; ^
oooooooscci-*i> •
^^^co^l^^^M
00
o
IN
. OS
^ > :5
^
e; «
►s «
5S ?
e
^
o
o
03
o
o
o
o
00
a
o
■3
C3
i
o
;u
o
o
x>
d W.2
o
ii^jp
^HiS
• t. O o
a
o
o
o
o
03
o
o
o
<g CB f^ fe .
O ■ « <u
s'n.s .0
pqcGP3;z;P
OS
00
St3
o 5 «
C8
a
■ ■ ''S
<
ci
j3 O M
O to<3
a CO (u
" a. «
p^ en o
to cl
'to S 5
° P'*-i
fe .jj o
ma)
O tH Jh
ago)
a £ M
S o
<U 3 <D
a
p
o
cS
o
E 3
O — 'M
|§^
0.2 =«
^P
a
3
O -H "5
•Z OS C8
•^ OS b*.
to *■• '^
o uj a
^O o rt
fl
o
^-2
^^
o
<« be
° a 2
q; o
3 S (U
" is -S
o o
O ^
o
CM
O •'-
'^ IB
^^
O
*-< C4H
§°
to
■^ to
sS
9 <=>
o OS
H
B
o
rM
. o
OS
I
OS
00
• 00
to
o -w "^
(D O _
h^ o<2
IH O
■SfS «« .
to *• eS
oi .-c ra
• - U) a g ^
2 g a S -
'^ -^ r° a f-.
3, to fq a CU
a iii 0^ 2 ^
o in j3 o a
OQfQHfaO
>■ •
a" 6
o .
.2 a
bl3>>
a +j
in <D
= §.2
mP5
a*
c«
O
cq
a
"^ ro
^ W ^-
to . 3
go OJ
m
H
Md'-
0)
a,
02
e8
a
&
„ 2
S, o
bo-u
3 3
Npq
ho
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES.
55
.-I <?5 --I
-00 '00 CO
CX) CO
cv
CO
-00 CO
fc^ Oi OS ^ ^O »0 CO
OD 1-H (M 00 t- O 1-1
CI CC CC --1 (M GO
.-1 o
1-H
rH
00
s>
. CO
1— 1 —1
*
CO
o O
0-1
0<>
1-1 'i* (M rH
00 t- i-i •*
o
O
00 00
o o
•IS
'. <>>
I 8
|!|
g
^
fi
8
fi S g
13
S
e^
o
-a
2 "2
O CO
a
o
."a
P
- o
o
o
OS
cc ■
*^
a) S
^ o
C3
c3
ce _-
'^'rt be
Mr; ,
o
■ h
en
CD
o
CI
.S ^ d ^ ,=« -3
O to
1^:.;'
"^ "■ m .S ^ ^ <»,'-'
tc o S g ^ ^ ^
a >
1.2
£3 CO
CO o _g
3 1
o
0)
a . .
W
<u • .
a " OP'S
-S 3 o be
*<3 PI '^
be -, rrt 2
Q C'^ cs
o .
r1 +3
to
:- O m g
a-
O
o
M
a)
CO
o .
9 "
. W"3
^ a-a
. 3 O
.05
-00
lO 00 to
-1< lO -#
05 -* <?^ CO
1-1 >
o
o
^ d
P o
O
a
o
a
<u
03
" CO rt
CO " Q
=> § &
CO
(D d i;
ail r"
3 O
01 C3
o d S
a 2^
d ".s
d
o
be
.2
S OO
bo =*
•2 2
"co ^
0) OS p
A^ ^ u
' ' "> X. L
5 5.2
-•^ f" -^3
'-I !h g
• e8 COr^H^
••3 1-11=
d O SH
O be c3 °
• S .S >■ -tJ
o
Oh
cS
U «
CO //i
9 (H CO Q
s-s a"
C5
M d
O "? 05
+= _S .d
a sfS
o o
d S^
_ --^ '-3 Ph o
■blo§^ 2^ 2^a
5S^£°3'g
a-s ° ^a ^-3
cj
c5
0)
0) f-*
> o
tzi wmiJ
bo
d
ce 4:>
4J d
g
• ho
^
« •
0^ g
sg ,
II
6=1
00
=11
o
o
M
w - :
d
0)
o
cq|z; w lz;m
■ d
o
-p
ft
■ a
XI
o
iz;
C8
IP
.a
d
o
• a
o
!z;
ce
d
ce
ce o
CO a a ^
-d 5 J3 cS
HOHO
S
O
'W
tj d
- j-i ce
- o
o > aJ »
";=^ o o o
OO OO
S.
.fiS
o
O M
oo
.d
O
O
K d .
^ ^ CQ
PQfi
^d-
d3
o
Q
^d
- d g
QQ
56
REPORT 1892.
1 T3
05 ..
00 -
CO
(M ^H CI -— C<l
.- C^ Oi O 05 C5
"CC 00 OO GO 00
.-I (M
05 OS
CO CO
05
-OS 05
"GO GO
<M —I
"00 Oi
00
bo
W CO io «o lo c; <M
C<l DO cc o -^ cc t^
(M (N i-l i-l
CO
CO
CO o
(N CO !^ t^
• .,1V 00
CO C !N
CK CO
O to •*
t— I (M (M
I— (-* — rHcoeqcD t~oa) oscc'
(Ml— li-H (M iM>Ci— (
"t->
^2
«
o
*> FH hH
rt C-l — I
Ci Ci cr: ,
. . „ GO oo CO (_(
OS rH
O 00
S i-i — I
>.
«
o
■g
•I
-^ § I '^
^
= «
^
f^
a;^
JJ
^
§ •
5S
'W
^
1
^.
? e =tj
1
N §
(^
5Q^
^^g
s
I ^
o
t<-<
CB 5:^
o
<s
•<i •^. .•
•
'^b
^8
«• «l
1^
1. N.
C.
oil. N
at. Ui
d
2
.o
o
^fe-olz;
fe
■5
bo fl
. mX> K
M
<!
2 §
Dum
Esse
Marl
York
O
TO
TO
§ "S s
'«
(s,se;
a
o
12;
I
o • ^
S,* o
5o3
o
o
. t»
o .
° J3
. =!
HP3
o
a
o
•I
d.^i
^^
«:' en
9^
cj O
o
o
W J3
.Ph
5d
a
o
'3
t)
y oj o
o
o
(U
a)
Oh
w
d
13
<1>
!3
1>>
• a •
a
. I"
o •
0) •—
o .
. I— I i_j *
q-( &p^ at
o .2 _ =5
.^
■ bo
o
pq
' a
».2
u
fl
(4
fl
. (p
a
■u
S " -^
w
rH IC tC
0) t"j
1 t;
^ .2 fl
.-'3 cs
fl s^
§.flM
3 O
, bo
<
a
■a
gw
CM
o
2> <S .« tn
M =0-0 a
M O
o g
O <u
9 ° a
H -M -M o
P fl §•-
&t
1^
r'^ .'S CQ '-'
" -a -^ .2 «
2 -a o S ^ ^ i
j^ _i^ '^ ,11 ii' M ,
.a
.£?
'S
'V M
flf
■ C-l 0)
fl^
9 o
' g S c
-eg !
.Sa!^;
■'Q fl
ffi fl
^ M
O CM
>H a
, I— 1 tM O
rM J M
o
fl
ID
. . &
a'
• fl t3
a-^
a
-M
fl
o
.02
a
o3
=«
o
m
M OJJ (-1 'M
„cM-2.a §«
&i2
o
fl,S
O T)
ID
M o "^ 'S :S 5 I-'
.S^o
■^- < S
-S^ 2 ^
." cS fl cS
^■^ °^
O fl M O
_* .M -M fe
000^
■2 2
o .fl
o -«
O o
bo w
^ o 2 ^
fe -^ a .itf
.a<) §^
-*J
13
TO
0)
52i
<I3
0)
(U -is
.a o
o
S
W^
Oh
a -M
o
fl
k^ IS
^- ^"
o o
>
a>
•-5
p:;
^-a
.
a
fe
w
O cj .
■s & g
•re
a
. H,- a <; >•
^ c« PQ ^P5
£; ca HH (U o
O W WM
His
.M O O
www
tn bO-M
<u a ^
a -M 03
. — I -M l>
000
WWW
o o
WW
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES.
57
CO CO
CO
o5
00 00
(M .-I
CO 00
N >0 C(5
O Tt( !>•
rj< IN
(M CI to 05
- -t- CO
t^ CO
C-1
(M 05 <M <M 05 lO
-ti lO to - :o o
CO CO r-H to (M (N
C2
o: LO 00
lO <M (M
o
I— I -»>
(M CM
I t- M
(M .-H
CO CO
o o
I
o
00
o
s fe fe
: e
^
ti
CO
o
D
q-i en . -
® S M
'C -tJ pi
O O 45
O C^ Ol
oO 2
.SP § fi ^ -c
) 'COO
;E 5^ o m 5
c3 'a d I-:] "S
S Jz; H
J£
1-5
58
REPORT — 1892.
1 T3
P4
I
8
o
1^
o
m
<«
■2.2
.1=
p.
o
s
si
<^ a Gi Oi
00 00 CO CO
.05
■00
k03 .
-00 -
..05
-CO
. Gi Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi
"00 CO CO 00 00 00 00
1— I •^*^ ,— (
OO CO CO
o -i< «o
CO >o --I
-H CO
00 lO
(M to
CO in
t- ^ I— I <M CO Oi
CO t> rt (N ^
<M i-H I— I <M
rt CO •-(
to lO t-
CO ^
^ CO in lo
-* t^ -+( to
in
Oi
K* I— ; M
o
o
. Oi
h-l 00
o
"M
2<1 ^ N
Oi Oi Oi
00 00 00
.-1 ,-1 iH CO
t< M iJ -'
o o o
fe fc fe
OS
00
o
fa
8
I..
s
gg ^1 ;s • ^
^^ *§ ^ • ■ • • : • • :§ • .^
o
o
■ M .
s . «^
CO W M
o
CO
d
fa
o
o
CO
Mg
CO
02
^' .
(D .
->^ fa
3
O «;
•o
■otd
CO 9
o
<U (i
o
o
CO
^25
o
O
S o
O -jJ
tj CO
oopq
o
TO 03
I— I jj
• a ^
J Ph
la
o
o
1^
o
ci
o
pi
o
CZ}
h cp
0)
I— <
■ rS =*
O
O
-.a
o ^
.-^ s
■^ 9
ho r3
^ fa
o c ^
a cs a
"o 23 <u ID
s-2 as
^^ ° O
L-e o
^ g:fa -3 ^
o O
iJ-^5
s^ o a)
.25 —
TS ^ ca
en <1
ID
JH
. 13
u
o
' s
) o
' ID
o
1 •
CO .a
S3 .to
CS Q
(» 1^
;:fa
W
o
a
P
I
hi
O
a
e
1
1
6
•
o
CO
O
o
Q
c»
fa
.a
P-,
^
a
,
d
iO
o
cS
•c
CO
'So
o J3<4-i ts
ID =« iS -2 -e
o t>,c3fa a
R C3 to O to
S O S !l ID
^ -jj 'm tj_i
O fl » o
.C^
03 O
'Sfa
S
"o ID
o a
Oi
I
O ID
«4H +3
" .., 3
o) -t^ is
<D g 2 t"
O to g !h
llii
. &
to JH
^ a,
-^^
•9 o
Oh O '-'
gS g
.2 ID .2
.a ^ o
oh;?
o Met; -r;
to 2
o a
^ S M CI
Ofa5
CS _ ^
to -!3 -.H
■" is *^ CQ
!h 8 -rl "
fa S P ID
cs cs .3 .3
rrt g> ID '2
% §'S "
^-S !?|
° o d m
^>H.2.S
to o — ^
!I ^ o
■w O -n 0> ji
2 i 2§ a .2
o o g ^ .53
.a
ID
.a
■^
d
OS
bJ3
r^ ^ 1:^
c€ c^ cd
S" Ah'
ID
td
. d
s o
ssg g s
• b
to fc.
- cS
P
01 <D
§?
-P-I
d I
ca
_p4
>
0)
tH
- d
13 "
d
a ■ ■ =1 £
d d
o o
to to
"3 ID
t2!!z;
§hS
!2; Ph
d
bo
d
•a
Oh
1-^
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES. 59
(M
i—l
G^
t— i
(M -H
w
a
O^
^
OS
„
Ci
Oi OS
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
Oi
^
•V -.
^
^
^
00
00
*
00
"'
oo
GO 00
"
"
-
•"
•*
-^
-
cc
"^
* -
"
•>
•*
"
l-H
1— (
1— 1
1— 1
I—l .-H
I—l
-H IN05 Oi-I t-l cot- ^^ T— I rtOJO coin est- >— lO CO to 05
00 — ICO oo t- ^Hin to ^ toooo >oto cqt- (Mc:ic5 cs os
COf-H CO^Hi— Ir-H ^Hi— lOlC<)C0 »— ti— 1|— It— II— (
<N — I CS) — I (M
Oi c^ Oi O Oi
CO 00 . . c» ^j oo °o !_:
O o o '^^ o o
fe fe lx| fi< f^
Is -5 " *; 8-
^<3
^ g I '^ ti s ^^
9 ,. d
02 . O
« ^ . :^ g^ = ^ I - - - ^W
!z;
■ w
-?" a> S-^?" ' S M t t s; S£ sto
jH m is-rfS-ii* -h-lti-" "" - (g
OtnOJOO O r-H
>H W J i>Hfi CO >H O
- -I -t s -J III 1^ -J •. •■•! I 1^
1 1^ .1 -^ - III .11 I 'I ...-^ 1 K
w
HE-i
!z;
-o =
-§J .3 .^ , =1
« .a o 9 3
tfP3 « « «
l>^
.^=5 .
= 1
-^
S &:
<u
o o
>.
Ph
P-iPh
Pm
60
EEPOET — 1892.
0-1
»-H
Ol
C--
C5
m
Ci
co
CO
•> ^ r
(T)
CO
I— 1
f-H
r-H
t-H
<M
o
to
C<) ^ M
t-
m
cc
CO
^ tC rt
o
•-'
_-r
CO
0-. .
a
oo
00
00 05
1^
•«
o
c
»:)
O
i-i
pq
.■9
05
■poj
.a
&
5
3
M t>
IM
00
i-i f^ "^ -
»- S
o
fa
^
fel
i^<i
§
^ :
Oft
8
e
^
o
o
o
K
o
fa
C5 fa
eq
o
Ph
"73
be
-a
<p
o o
S o
a-g
ft a>
CO be
d
a
P
!2i
M
C
o
o
a
3
O
o
o
w ■
^ fa"
bo M
^^ CO
C fa
t>>n
W5
ce re
g
. .2
02
>~« f
fa '«
1^
"^sE
s^^ -a °
be _ S -S
So2
a ^ "^-^ --^
S *- "■'
5 2
q-t o
11^
l^Qfa
C3
O
i 2 o o
' (D <u
(D j^ -IJ
^ o o
CO
en
o S S
4::
a
ccurren
re and
olne Oy
oj
c
0) SjO
^ r^
■S a 5
gs
o
S "3 d
;h
o "43 o
CD
<u rt a>
o o
a>
o •" o
«!z;
«
^ ^
Q ^
.o
IM
I IM
1-1 C-.
O CO
OC "
pS
fa
(M i-H
oo . 00
rH h-l 1-1
o o
fa fa
e; (^ fi;i; s
«
^
8
s
,1
o
o
w
'55
o
tb
c
lU
/2
a
o
02
td
o
bjo
O O
o
o
02
< ' a
dd.2
• °h5
I— ' -t^ -*^
'*^ ^- .
03 o M
i^ -^^ ,M
■Co
-H ""
. o
Ci
00
QJ ^*~l
'S ^
o o
^«
o
O'
° 9
fa
w
CI
C3
H
(U
0)
S to
o
a
• a
>->
u
g
^u
p3 ^
- 3 . .--
S^ o'S)
^ bo o> S
~ 3 . oo a
isi
O ^
rS q-l -
O K
to la
a m
O -M
bX)g>^
CU CO ~
Q cS
0)
ii> ^
"U OS O
S rS fa --2
o
02
a :o
c^ O
a
■ o
Tj CO
^ 03
H 03
.a
e3
02
o
^ •
• s to
d a o ^
02 CB M
a
c«
a
02
a
•^ ^ i_;
^-^.^
^.2 ft
o On
a o o
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES.
61
C« 1-1
00 00
CO "00 00
02
00
03 M
CO lO
CO CO
t~ I— I CO in 00 >o
CO (M C<1 t- 05
CO (M T-^
«3
o
•^ eo t- o
I— 1—
CO CO
05 rt
o t-
-* 1—1
CO i-(
CO «o
r-i
1— (
1
1— I
(M 1
(M
— ^
o
1— (
Ci
05 O
. a
05
05 uJ
00
CO C5
>-( 00
OO
o
P^(?
M
f^
X
X
1-1 rt CO
a l!>'
o
S|
O
(3
1
1
g
. to
^
«
sfe;
«
=^
.§ «>
>,
,S^
-„s -<;
tx
wi
s;&i
g
d
o
.1>H
• o
<D
O
o
.§2
CO
"'^^
a
. u
d
o
p
03 05
^ CO 00
P
o
00 r - • rrt
- " S -^
Ogo ■"
- ID :2
-^ --^ ,«
o '^
T3 a'gd
§2gs
O
a
S-l w <D
© d 5
TO CC !h
O «Q
«4-l
CS
cS
>, m
f-i o
o >,
fa g
n o
I'l S ^ ^3 -a
S u 'D m • ■ -
fa OC
he'-'
m
o
o
Q
a ^
" s
o o
'72
d
o
"3
CO
O
o
td
. o
02
P5
2.S
d ,^
d
a
'2S
d
01
.„o
opo5
d 00
O ,-H
2 S^ -
O O „, ID
ICO.
<u
d *+-!
°.2 d
m 55 O
bD M ?
d
ID d
d t«
03 O q; ^
a CO 43 ^
ID d -U !i -
ft'C -g O ^ , .
H ^ (D . 'H o Iw
fawfaoo « ■< <: too
d
O
13
o
'be
o
I — I
o
d
ID
o
o
o
so
-^
;-<
PL|
TO O
TO •!-<
o
o
d
C-i
^ TO
» d M
- r-l O
0!>i
d
P fa
1—1
ID
W
d
.2
'd
!z;
TO
o
0)
CO
<D
ID
Ph
a
&4
CO
• <f
d
r-l O
go
'gfa
TO-^
00
bo
d
o
g
ID
C3
-M
11)
^
ID
d
^^
k!
1
d
<D'C
H-J3
a
c3 CO
es O 00
- N CO
bO
.a
<D
13
d
d
d
<
d
o
d
t3
c«
N CO " (p S
>->i— I '"3 ^ .d
535
O be
p-> d
^ TO
o c«
ID M
PO
c3 cS
.2.2
d d
Pp
"m "to
C« OS
Sh ^
O o3
^§
0)
"2 _d
ID ■3 ^
8 -23 -^ g . '3^ TO o C5 ^ - . .
^S.^TO?^:§'§^^|W;S>;
I ^
1^:3 !2-i cS
OJ
TO TO
-I
0} d)
M .13 .fc!
".d.d
.^ TO TO
TO ' ■ ' ■
OS cc H !z;
'.d'
o
HH
d
o
TO
d
0}
,d
ft
0)
O
r 3 ID
?, =«
ID U
CC 02
c3
3
OQ
a
o3
a
o
.a
H
d
o
TO
TO
a
o
H
. O
P >•
. tt)
d.-S
O te
TO 5t
o, ID
a^
ID I-;
^ - d. r^,
fa
d
; a>
P3
ID
P3
fa
d ^ .^ H *-! 3 iT^
r^ « ID
62
REPORT — 1892.
Dm .2
OS
00
CO
k05
-QO
60
03
CO
QO
02 CO
<M CO
rt o
t^ :o O Oi CO
^ rH T-H CO -T*^
. CO t- O CO
o °o N -^ 1— I
1^
>■ o
a
I
tH
o
o
M
<
a,
PL,
US
00
o
C5
O
05
05
O !^
fe o
CJ5
00
O
i-H IM
CO 00
O O
S
<!
s
?5
&;
« « s
•gfe; e
g
•^ ;S
^3
a
8
f;
o
o
CO
a
o
'3
t3
o
o
a
P
3
a
o
o
J? a
;z5 |3
o
o
CO
o
2§
• 5>D
^.B
•S
Sf3
s
t^H
.-s
C fl
:3
o —
K fl
a a
o o
a a
a ■■
00
11
Wp
-a
3
O
o
x>
'S-S
O O
fl "^
bo
9 S '^
3 2 ^ 'J^
8
bfl
fl
|2;-
C3
cS rt g ■
!h M O
n fl ^
+3 ■+J ^
133 CS
;z;!zi
2 2 °
.fl rfl rrt
OT m s
H !U '-I ^ S
O S O O i^
a) fe (D o 9
.fl'^.fl jq "^
H HH
La Cq ^^ TO
infill
eS ".2=1-1^01
M
'^ -^ ° o fl 2 o
o
^"2-^w
fl
Hh;2;o <J
13
O)
-a
cS
e
§ g fl ^
la's
.fl o
. fl S-^
•- g 2
. S bOrrt
f ., O S
bO-r; 43
"ti fl -*^
^ ® ?
fl fl ^
'gfog
^^ s
.fl.a o
HH^;
00
o
I
o
o
<i
d
iti
fl
.fl M
5^
3 "-e
03 1^ <U
. o
-,2fl
Pi5
03
HS
HOh^
qT fl'l-s
^
ce c3 (u
0)
^=:>
>
fl
fl
P3
cq
pq
o
o
-a
o
o
C4
»2
M
O
O
.0
OQ
00 00
.0
OrH
1-H CO Tf
■*! oq (M
T-*
1— I
.
i-^
1— ,
X
X
• f-^
«
§1"
I ^ S £
.? « s
n.^
e;^*^
6
6 ci
IXl
mvi
W n
' XA<o
* CQ
^M
^«bb
<1 ^
.4 1>
• .0
-So
"S 03 <u
s.fl
t3^2
'ail
• •
. . . .
■ • • ■
a
o
^P52 • • •
fl c •'^ • >. •
CO o m lu
.a hfi .2 . <J .
^ ^^ It
5 1-5 "S "3 P^'S
i ^- " i -3 i
•w
_ ■ M . CD rv.
f^ g &; « ^
'^ a m£<^p?
fl fl o a -^ Ti
Art S.3 o
-fQpq«
S fl 03
CORRESPONDING SOCIKTIES. 63
-00 00 OO 00 CO r:r5^,_(rH ^,_r-l.-Hr-li-li-l
05
. .„- ^^-^ |s|g S .- --- ^^- = = - - Kpp^
M -=>
fe
so
e
S;
I li III ^^^
o
o
o . 6 . . 5
o
o
oqO
m
.^f^
be
v>
i^
o
^^
-§
« M >
^-1
• ■'^
a
d
S 02 :S c2 ,5 o o «2 9 . do
9 _- o
a 13
<i>
08 • 2
1§ ,1 S s.S,.|..t|.J! ^ .||?.|
<u
•'^ g--s:|ag°5Sg|Sf. o |.^.e=g=s^.2 =s§ j^bg|5go I
'a.2-a"§E-.^|iga,ggSgo^«o^!5:z;osg5a3"5;^°s5fl-8-§gssa^,
fl
ft
o
'■'^-■§^ ".-s^'m ^^-^'« s £^- "1 ^-">'^
. «Q«-. - >. t^«ffi-i^- f-fi^i.or- =«§^'3 - N-g t? i«<j-'
3 11"^ £ §•§ a'§i§55 s^asl =^al2 -5 II I ll^tl
64
REPORT 1892.
1 "C
5Ph
I> 3
o
E-i
cc
!z;
o
£
o
CO
o
o
o
g
o
H >.
'GO
3
05
CO
(M 1-1
CI OS
00 00
C^ -< N >-l
Oi C5 O^ O^
OO CO 00 oo
00 00 oo
OS
CD CO
1— I CIS
no
OS lO t-
CO Ci CO
^Tfl -^ ^H
CO <M
i-H ^^
T-H CO O r^
-■*< CO t-
00
MM
0<l
05
o
M -
05
CO
o
Ml
05
oo
o
M
M
-a
a
P4
^<>
c.-.
C3
O
OD
ss
S «
!3
$s
^ ^fi^
I
^
S
S
o
w.
O
TS o
o P
M p
bo
c« =3
o
o
CO
.
^
T\
J3
Oh
Oi
W
h— (
!z;
c5
en
o
02
c<
.
mcc
. o .
.a c/3 ^
2 • "
c« t| rt
o
w.
o
o
oo
-^ -
o
g
S CO
o
QQ
eS ^
£»
►^ 2
1^
3
Oh
o .
OQ
&
O!^
,fl
o
. t>
U
U)
C5
be
a
3
a
o
el
m
'3
o
1)
o
o
<u
o
go
;h M
3
O
c« .y
0) o
Ol O
" a
§5
CO
o
o
o
c3
03
a
IP
H
bo
o
o
(U
"28
c? o
O '
<u o
a ai
vM
o
g
o
o a 1^
H
o
S <" Q-i
ag -^
ado
P5'7? -^
-•- fl
w m r^
■^ ^ T^
o a £
PhO
" r-l
-a 00
m i-H
Si2
5 -i3 g
CO !u a
i^i s >^
•<j o
^ 2 "" ^
OHH
. a
03
sh to
• ^
pq g-w
< bCS
CJ "^ (V)
be o S
cd
(u n
^ g
CO .T3
^ 03
CO
03 r-
o s
0) ho
P 3
icS:
a
o
■ a
a
o
.0
. 03
a
<u
fl
a<
<u
cc
I
P3
' S
: o3
r/j a» o q-i 03
_<0 be „ O Q^
a £?S
!? 3 Q) ij
arc; ^^^
2 ao
fe 9 1=^ M
. bo en CO
d ^
o CO
r^J O Ti t> T^ O
CSt> CS qM^
O H
a r;3
C^ T3 ^
CD cj O
00 S tf
lai^
s " "
Oi g <u
rt m ic
'X m n
- a"^ a
« O -5j
P^
0!
1-5
o
<!
CS o
WW
W
a
o
a
I 03
•^P
■a <u
r ^<
ho o
o3 o
01
n1
a
t-s
a
^,
a
<n
CTi
Ph
P4
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES.
65
N
rt M -H (M
OJ
Oi Oi C^ O^
00
00 00 00 OO '
»-(
T^ 1— i i-H rH
«f)
-^ o: OS tH b-
I— 1
-H OS (M O 00
0^ ns c^
e<)
IM
en
(35
00
■M 00 M t- S
-M
O
o
6M
fe
s
o
S o
o
o
« ^
o
r/5
O}
CO
^- '^
^
tlD
!^ "li:
4-1
()
o r
03
<p
a>
ai
Oii
d S
A-asi
:i •*;
o
o .
a
ct
fl "
m
Ki
CS
S
§
a
X
,
o
C
o
on
M
f-H
'rJ
o
5
-a
g
_o
xn
cS
br
CD
<J
cj
OO
fl
cii
f— 1
(U
a;
3
o
X
_fl
c
<
o
en
'/}
s
o
J3
CO
:z;
s
O
"rt
'0
a)
4)
Tl
a
o
CD
o
t* a
m Oh
ftcSQ
P fl o
o —
c
pa
a
O
.2
'o
O
a
o
OOHHPP
•
•
•
•
■<
CQ
fl
^
1-i
O
cS O
••
n
t-5
a
1-5
bt
o
1
n
3
ctf
c
K M H H t>
o
W
o
03
o
IM rf e^l rH
a Gs .. as j OS
00 00 -00 I OO
e
^
be
fl
2 ^
fl c
<p fl
o 1
o a
'1^
3q ^H
C^l ^ C<1
K
».
K
«,
Ci Ci
-cs oi as
CO 00
"* 00 00 GO
■-H 1— 1 »— I
00
00 OS O IN to
t^
(M oq i-H lo OS
1^1
■-I I-H -t< ^ rt
CO tC 00 f-H I— t '-H
OO CO in OS ^ -t^
"*( Jv) r-l 1— I (>J -*l
t- t^ ^
00 li^ CO
OS
00 <N
O
OS
OS
N OO
o
v> 8
§ g
s
fl
3
o
.O
O
be
fl
§1
CO '-'
. ''^
,J3 (U
fl "
J be
fl
O
o
P-c
^ SS
fl
3
o
• O
to a
"^ fl ^
^« s
hH o
o fl_;
o 3 •-
. O Ph
WS •
• =(-; '^
a o S3
PLiOpa
bo
3 .
■O
^ r-T-T ^
S oO
bp rt .
fl uJ
O be
7 fl s-i
<p C is
fc» 4^ •'-'
;> o -s
=^ ^ r-(
o; o 03
(D (D 0)
-fl ,£3 Jfl
H H H
fl be
0) 3
W
*^ H)
DO O
C cS
cS 3
2. ==
o fl
•-S =«
oS fl
'3 § ^
fl & 1)
"^ as
be o o
fl
>
a
o
bo
fl
'a,
• a
3
Pk
o
o
■:2;
o
O
>^ (D
0)
O)
a a
ft O
m l«! O
b'7 fl
•fl be o
O -3 (U
1 .3 5
q fl fl
0) -f^
•^►2
Qj fl ■" * frt ^J 41,
. . . . rg"§
Efl o bc^ fl
a - fl^^
fl V- -fl O fl
M ^CCPh O
§ ■ ° ^ 5 s
fl !>.-;3
o° •
"o
a w
S ^ ■
be B
9 ft
■^ a
;!^ o •
WO
a M ■
fl 9
fl
■ fl
3
H
fl
O
o o
'Z'Z
■e u -s ph !fi
o o o '^ n=l
0)
o
fl
J^« fl
be fl <<
fl C€ r— '
ft'^S
d D
3 X! fl
^H<1
0)
fl
a
'5o
2 m
■^ 9
fl ft
Oj o
P-fH
I — I
02
O
aT
be
bo
c
o
fl
o
= C5
(U
P5
05
fl
C«
U
,a
t>
o
O
«j o
O O
fl .^ r 'I
^ ^^ fl bec3
3 3 0) O o ^
1892.
66
REPORT — 1892.
J. «
.-H
e-j
^^
IM
^ CM -H
^="S
OS
•. •-
05 -
-cs
.
G5 C5 <3S
00
" "
00 -
-00
00 -
00 00 00
Ch3
1-H
"
t— t
t-H
y~\ f~* r^
a)
■*
O 05
>o — '
ci CO
CO CO
CO « N
*
^
O '^
^ t-
10 ^
^ rt
10 t- CD
PL,
CO
^ M
-*i IM
CO M
>o •-<
10 CO
^■1
Oi
OJ-U
M
I— I
tn
-X
:co
■Mgw
O t-
X
X
f— (
t> o
fe
c
, .
,
,
.
o
ee
o
.Q
:3
Pti
,
,
,
C<-l
O
°?
K
« S
^
H
1
"
- A
f
Sg S3
/^
. .
'^
CO
s
«M
fl
HH
>w/
o
m 0)
n
'I
a .
o o
O «2
bo .
a
H d
IS?
o
.^ o
• O
-1i
a
to
c
cw i^ m
3
t-H
0) ,a
to
13
^4
^
||5
<i
'O
si
r- CO
::W
^1
= W
zi
■z^
.a 0) a?
iZi
>,
• c
• -+-5
. ,
CO CO
• . •
fs
(H
»
ce
a
3
Q
to
CO
bo
1
03
a
o
. a
CO
a
bO c«
a -o
• CM
1
ni
OJ cr.
3 a
5
bD
a
•'1
^1
r— 1 Jh
t+H
bf
^a
Ah
e4-l
O
ijc a
S =«
rt
(53
- be &I
o
CD
en
H 2
ore
si
^5
CM
a a p.
■t^
P
o o
.9
^" fc-
H
1
c is
•2 2
2 ^
s
mwi
«^^
a
o
8
pa
1^
a w
o a
:2 ti?
11
la"
M a
la
hoag
a
a
.2 -s«2
laj
^
-)S«^
a o
K
«a2
t^ ?J S
C+H
y^ a) a
H
OO
0:5
H<^
HO
Ht><l
o
3
S3
.a
o
•M
■ r^
Cm
O
5
*-5
a
1
2 fe
TO QJ
CO a -
12;
u
g
OP-
a. 3
■SI
I— i
<M
f— (
Ci
Oi
^
OS
^
00
00
••
on
•■
•s
y~K
1-1
r^
03 ■*!
>o
t^
"*
00
OS
t^
I-H
r— 1
fM
■*
CO
f-H
l-H
l-H
>
1— (
i-H
t~
'
•
•
1
•
■
.
1
1
«9
.
«i
51
<5
f«
«i^
«.
<s
^
^^
^
•
.
.
f")
d
ou
oa
cJ
,A
w
<i
fr
CO
J3
|2!
K
h3
s
■4^
<i
!zi
CM
§
fin
-V3
CO
-3
S
rt
«M
a
a
*
;z;
a
1)
n
<1
C3
tJPQO!
n
1
-*j
T^
tq
-a
£?
0)
§
1
a
^
•
^
-4J
<u
-4^
"bb
00
.s
•s
0)
a
W
a
02
3
oa
a
H
a)
a
•c
J3
02
^
■g
H-l
<i)
-^
aj
a
JS
T)
a
CD
C^i
a
a
M
C«
CO
a
'S
3
■Jl
a
1
Q
a
•S
'0
a
<;
1
a
a
-z
•s
CC
rl
.T
a ^
0) M
cS
3
CO
be
?
;:3
C/J
V «
rfl
P3
hn
0)
a ^
<J
>.
y^
ta^
0)
a
03
03 OJ
-^s
H
<JZH
H
H
d
>-9
W
(5
"3
-J)
0)
Q
P5
a
i
i
bD
2
a
<3
CPfflfP
CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES.
67
, -OS
- -00
:
t :
: :
t* ^ t—
10
CO
10 t-
vi
— *
g2
•
1— t
X
■N — CI -^
.as . :;:".::;
- sc - X X 7:
O OJ CO 50
CS CO t '
CO —
(M O C: M r-J
00 Oi 00 (M IM
CO I>1 CO
CI .-1
OS — .
X X
c: 00
X X
OS f— t r^
(M CO !M
« t»
><
»< S
M^«
'v* n k/i i-i t»
^^.>^
t~- 1-^
'-><
X
■i
^
e? Rh
8
•I •
: .^ s s
■ « .1 -^ ^
K< N »-*H ^
I
2 '^
- ?
o
o
O
o
w
o
o
as •
o
o
02 ■
O
D3 a
cogQ
o
o
a:
J2
O
3
o
o
'A
o
d5
o
o
m
M a tj
<P
•^ d
" to
. *. a
«* □ Q^
c3 g
IF
S D ti
O ^ c3
a ^ tn
J3
-^
d
o
be
_e
"bo
be
a
02
CG
-«-l
o
o
o pa >>
•2 =^
^ O a)
O
• be
P
>■ ^
la's
t H t^
; o
I o t<
d
3
r^ CM
O
'^
tc .
$■
0)
CO
HS30
_ o
w tg '"
•r^ d
20--
d
^J
o o
OQ
'S ^-
S g
ffl bp
Cu
'<-' d
o o
U2 Q
% <= ■
. d
a
d
W
ci ^ -^
I — I ,4^
^ d ja
OH
cs a:
o
^ M ^ 03
O -1^ o bo
a ^O s
o d ^
o y^
o
EC
.K
o
02
<i
C3
o
f4 a M
o
CO
-d
Ph
o
i bD
O
a
<u
-d
<u
bo
d
X. 35 J
d o^ d
d
o
^o
o ™
-2 d "S
r-< !^ "^
^ ^<D
O C3 ^
*^ bo^
^ d ^
S rt o
. >> d
■ a^
«d
■csO
C n
Ph
'2 M
O OJ _
r^ '^ J3
Ph » .-S
^ d Tl
5M bo
^ 2 ^
d fl (u
•is c3 O
o ■'
K_d
O H
d u
-*^ HH
C3 t^
bo !2
zr to
.S "'^
d o
a g
^^
d|
bo
3
D
o
-d
d
o
3
•^ -tj
^ a>
I*
d >-,
o 3
a^
,>:; ja
C*H O
°^
.2 >.
to
d^
o „'
.-, S)2
^ 2 <D
O S u
a Pf^
Ol
a
>
H^
^.^.p^^:
to" M
IP <u
, Rev
on, P
rick,
le, H
2 d
d c
Pk
3S
I— I ;h .
i-lPO
, i-S oT >;{
bo o 2
ce tH o
p- DhK
H
C3
i-;k o
-e s d
CC CC CO
.P5
03 o
03
s °
a; H
a
n
o
^
f2
68 BEPOKT— 1892.
Report of the Committee, consisting o/Lord McLaren (Ghairman)^
Professor Crum Brown (Secretary), Dr. John Murray, Dr.
A. BucHAN, the Hon. Ralph Abercrombie, and Professor Cope-
land, appointed for the purpose of co-operating with the Scottish
Meteorological, Society in making Meteorological Observations on
Ben Xevis. {Drawn up by Dr. A. Buchan.)
During the past year the bourly eye observations by night and by day
Lave been made at the Ben ^N'evis Observatory vritbont interruption hj
]\[r. Oinond and the assistants. At the Low Level Observatory at Fort
William, the continuous registration and other observations have been
also successfully carried on as detailed in last year's report.
The Directors have been again indebted to Mr. R. C. Mossman,
F.R.S.E., Mr. Drysdale, M.A., Mr. Craig, Mr. H. F. Rankin, and Mr.
Stewart, B.Sc, from Profes.sor Tail's Laboratory, who have generously
given their services as ol).servers for periods varying from four to eight
weeks during the winter and summer mouths, thus extending much-
needed relief to the regular members of the observing staff.
For the year 1891 the following were the monthly mean and extreme
pressures, temperatures, hours of sunshine, amounts of rainfall, number
of fair days, or days of less than 001 inch of rain, at the Observatory, the
mean pressures at the top of the Ben bein? reduced to .32° F. only, while
those at Fort William are reduced to 32° and sea-level (see table next
page) :—
The mean temperature of the whole year at Fort William was 47°-0,
being 0°-2 under the mean of previous years. This was the deficiency
in the temperature of IS'Jl over a large district surrounding Fort William.
On ihe other hand, the mean temperature at the top of the mountain was
31°'3, or 0°3 above the average of the year. The mean temperature at
the top as compared with the bottom of the mountain was thus half a
degree relatively warmer, and it may be noted that this excess of the
annual temperature held good in insular situations to the west and south-
west from Barrahead to Islay.
The lowest mean monthly temperature occurred at both Observatories
in IMarch, the mean at the top being 2U°0 which was also the mean for
January 1^86, this being the lowest monthly mean since the Observa-
tory was opened. The highest monthly mean at the top was 43°-l in
June, and at Fort William 57°7, also in June. The general character
of the weather for the year was anti-cyclonic, with therefore a large
amount of sunshine, and for the time of the year a small difference in
the temperatures at the two Observatories. The temperature of February
was very high, and the weather exceptionally fine. At Fort William
temperature was 4°-l above the average, but at the top the average was
exceeded by 7°-5. This was by far the mildest winter n.onth hitherto
experienced by the observers. The weather was largely anti-cyclonic, and
on many occasions the atmosphere Avas unusually dry, and temperatures
were higher at the top than at Fort William at the same time. Conse-
quently the difference between the mean temperatures at the top and
bottom was unprecedentedly small, being indeed only approached in this,
res I ect by the singularly fine month of June 1887.
The maximum temperature for the year wan 64°-9 at the to|., and
79°-9 at Fort William, both in June; and in Febinarv temperatures of
ON METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON BEN NEVIS.
69
1891
Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 Dec. I Year
Mean Pressure in Inches.
Ben Nevis Ob-
25-325
25-65G' 2-5-119
25-373
25-230
25 --3.54
25-381
2.5-lSS
-2-5-294
25-049 23-158
25-087
servatory
Fort William
29-989
30-303 29-782
29-999
29-794
30-054
29-880
29-659
29-792
29-601 29-751
29-676
DiCEerences .
4-664
4-647 4-663
4-626
4-564
4-500
4-499
4-471
4-498
4-552 4-593
4-588
Mean Tempei
•atures.
BenNevis Ob-
servatory
Fort William
Differences
23-2
38-4
15-2
o
30-6
43-1
12-5
20-0
37-9
17-9
2?-l
42-6
18-5
O
29-9
47-7
17-8
o
43-1
57-7
14-6
4g-7
57-0
18-3
39-0
56-0
17-0
38-8
54-2
15-4
O
31-5
47-5
16-0
o
28-0
41-2
13-2
o 1
26-4
40-8
14-4 1
Extremes
of Temperature,
Maxi
ma.
Ben Nevis Ob-
servatory
Port William
Differences .
o
38-1
51-0
12-9
43-7
56-2
12-5
o
40-0
54-8
14-8
3i-9
55-1
19'2
4g-l
71-4
25-3
o
64-9
79-9
15-0
o
52-8
73-5
20-7
o
49-1
72-0
22-9
59-0
74-8
15-8
44-3
60-0
15-7
o
50-6
56-9
6-3
35-8
55-8
20-0
Extremes of Te
mperatim-e,
Minima.
Ben Nevis Ob-
o
11-5
18-1
o
5-6
15-8
o
14-3
o
27-2
O
29-1
28-8
o
27-9
o
22-4
18-7
o 1
16-1 ;
servatory
Fort William
22-7
28-9
17 2
28-0
31-0
36-0
44-0
36-4
35-4
26-8
23-8
26-8
Differences .
11-2
10-7
11-6
12-2
16-7
»-8
14-9
7-6
7-5
4-4
6-1
10-7 !
Rainfall in Inches.
Ben Nevis Ob-
servatory
Forr, William
Diff'n-ences
Ben Nevis Ob-
servatory
Fort William
Ben Nevis Ob-
servatory
Fort William
14-20
15-09
14-78
2-50
7-00
7-51
10-53
19-16
43-55
14-34
11-88
17-48
7-88
6-32
7-42
7-67
4-37
10-41
1-41
1-09
2-.'0
4-SO
3-27
4-24
3-68
6-85
8-37
10-79
13-02
30-53
■ 9-38
4-96 1
6-01
5-87
11-80
5-68
25-204
29-867
4-563
31-3
47-0
15-7
64-9
79-9
15-0
5-6
17-2
11-6
178-02
78-81
99-21
Numher of Days of no Haiti.
5
10
12
19
11 18 5 1
3
7
8
7
8
9
13
21
18 19 14 5
5
8
10
8
Numher of Days 1 in. or more fell.
6
4
5
1
5
2
9
16
6
5
9
3
3
1
2
3
1
1
4
Hours
of Sunshine
Ben Nevis Ob-
14
87
92
109
104
212
84
44
46
61
31
24
servatory
Fort William
24
56
122
159
182
238
116
92
78
98
25
10
Differences .
10
—31
30
50
78
26 32
48
32
37
--6
—14
106
138
18
908
1,220
312
43°-7 and 56°'2 were recorded at these places respectively. The minimum
temperature at the top was o°-6, and at the bottom 17°'2, both in March.
This gives for the top the unusually large range of 59°-3 of temperature
for the year at the top of the Ben, being nearly 10°-0 larger than for the
previous year. It may be here added that the minimum temperature re-
corded since the Observatory was opened was 3°-5 on ]\Iarch 27 at 6 a.m.
of the present year.
The registrations of the sunshine-recorder show 908 hours out of a
possible 4,470 hours. In 1890 the number was only 591 hours. In 1891
the maximum was 212 in June, and the minimum 14 in January. In
February the unusually large number of 87 hours was recorded for this
winter month, this being 31 hours greater than the sunshine at Fort
William. At Fort William the number of hours for the year was 1,220,
70 EEPORT— 1892.
being 312 bours in excess of tbe number of bours registered at tbe top.
It may be pointed out tbat tbe number of bours of possible sunsbine is,
particularly in winter, considerably greater at tbe top tban at Fort
William, Tvbicb is enclosed by bills.
Tbe rainfall for tbe year was 178 02 incbes ; in 1890 tbe amount was
IDS'S-i incbes. Tbese are by considerable amounts the beaviest annual
rainfalls yet observed. At Fort William tbe amount was 78'81 incbes,
or nearly lOO'OO incbes less tban on tbe top of tbe mountain. Hence
while tbe rainfall at Fort William was tbe average, tbat of Ben Nevis
was 24 per cent, above tbe average. Tbe rainfall of September was
phenomenal, amounting at tbe Observatory to 43'55 incbes ; tbe amount
for the same month at Fort William being 13'02 inches. One inch of
rain or upwards fell on each of 16 days of the month, and on the 1st
4'9o incbes were recorded, and 3'37 inches on the 2Dd. It is remarkable
that during tbe extraordinarily heavy rains near the east coast on tbe
20th and 21st, the rainfall at the top of Ben Nevis was light ; and on tbe
other hand, while practically no rain fell in the east on the 17tb, 18tb,
and 19tb, the rainfall on tbe Ben amounted to 405 incbes. At several
of the stations of the Scottish ]\Ieteorological Society tbe rainfall over
this part of Scotland was fully double tbe average of the month ; but at
the Observatory it was three times tbe average.
The number of days un which tbe rainfall was nil, or less tban the
hundredth of an inch, was 106, there being only one fair day in August,
but the unusually large number of 19 fair days is reported in April, and
18 in June. At Fort William there were 138 fair days during 1891, and
in April, May, and June 21, 18, and 19 are respectively recorded.
Again, while at Fort William at least an inch of rain fell on 18 days
during the year, there were 68 such days at the top of tbe Ben ; and
while at Fort William there was an entire absence of such wet days in
April, May, June, and July, only in April at the top was no such wet
day recorded.
At Fort William the mean atmospheric pressure was 29'857 incbes,
or 0"030 inch above the mean pressure. The monthly extremes were,
the maximum 30'303 incbes in February, and the minimum 29601 incbes
in October, these being 0-328 inch above and 0'219 below tbe means
respectively.
On tbe suggestion of Mr. J. T. Buchanan, who has recently been
examining some phases of the bygrometry of Ben Nevis in connection
with the cloud and fog observations, it bas been agreed to institute a
systematic series of observations, having for their object a carefal record
of tbe height above sea-level of the lower surface of clouds tbat from
time to time cover the side of the mountain facing Fort Wilham. The
importance of this new series of observations will be I'ecognised when the
large portion of the year the Observatory is enveloped with a completely
saturated atmosphere is taken into considei'ation.
Mr. R. C. Mossman has investigated the remarkable squall which
occurred in tbe British Islands on the morning of February 1, 1892.
Tbe more important of tbe results are the rapid rate, about forty miles an
hour, with which it swept over the country from N.W. to S.E., tbe sud-
den fall and equally rapid rise of pressure being at many places fully six -
hundredths of an inch, the sudden great fall of temperature fully ten
degi-ees at many places, and tbe sudden change of wind. Tbese features
are well marked in the Ben Nevis observations, which show well, among
ON METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON BEN NEVIS. 71
other points, the great height in the atmosphere the squall reached, bear-
ing in its train totally changed conditions of temperature and moisture.
Mr. Mossman has been engaged in discussing the remarkable series of
observations made by Mr. Wragge in 1882 at eight stations well dis-
tributed up the slopes of Ben Nevis from Fort William to the top. The
work is so far advanced as to indicate the important bearing of the re-
sults as regards the vertical distribution of pressure, temperature, and
moisture during the changes of weather of that year.
Steps have been taken to make the observation of dust particles in the
atmosphere part of the regular work of the Observatory. Eight observa-
tions are made daily, and as each of these eight is the mean of ten, there
are really eighty of these observations made every day. The observa-
tions now accumulated amply confirm the tentative results given in your
Committee's last year's report, as showing a well-marked diurnal varia-
tion. Further, dry, thick fog is shown to contain a great amount of dust,
but thin, wet mist very little. It is when a tbin drizzling mist envelops
the summit that the lowest values are obtained, and the all-important
observation has been made, after consulting the daily weather maps of
Europe at the time, that the winds differ in direction 90°, or even more,
from the winds then prevailing near sea-level. In other words, the
drizzling and practically dustless winds blow out from a shallow cyclone
overspreading this part of Europe at the time. The significance to
weather forecasting of these different types of wind, as regards dustiness,
or dustlessness, to the cyclones and anti-cyclones prevailing is too evident
to call for further remark.
In your Committee's last report, expression was given to a desire that
a system of special observations on the hygrometry of the atmosphere be
instituted at the two Observatories, with the view of arriving at some
accurate knowledge of the absolute amounts of aqueous vapour at differ-
ent heights under the different weather conditions. With reference to
this, the Directors of Ben Nevis Observatory report that the University
of Edinburgh has awarded the Scholarship placed at their disposal by the
Commissioners of the Exhibition of 1851 to Mr. A. J. Herbertson ; and
that the research to which he will devote his attention during the two
years he holds the scholarship is the hygi'ometry of the atmosphere, and
it is understood that the investigation will begin at Ben Nevis Observa-
tory, and will proceed on the lin'es indicated by the Directors.
During the past year Mr. Omond has been engaged in an important
inquiry into the relations of the Ben Nevis High and Low Level Observa-
tories to the cyclones and anti-cyclones, or the weather changes of the
British Islands. In this large inquiry the instances dealt with are
arranged into eight groups, according to the direction, N., N.E., E., &c.,
of the gradient from Ben Nevis in the direction of the cyclone or anti-
cyclone. To these are added two groups, first when Ben Nevis is inside the
highest isobar; and second, when it is inside the lowest isobar; in other
words, when the Observatories are approximately either in the centre of
an anti-cyclone or of a cyclone.
Dr. Buchan is investigating the observations at the two Observa-
tories during February and September, 1891, in their relations to the
changes of weather. These two months have been selected owing to the
exceptional character of the weather which prevailed, and the admirable
illustrations afforded of the more striking meteorological conditions, and
meteorological contrasts of the two Observatories, and other striking
72 REPORT — 1892.
meteorological phenomena already referred to in our previous reports. A
considerable proportion of the observations beginning with July 1890,
when the Low Level Observatory was fully equipped, having been re-
arranged on daily sheets, on which hour by hour the double set of obser-
vations are contrasted, and the changes noted from each hour to the hour
following. These changes are then compared with the bi-daily weather
maps of the Meteorological Council, and more particularly with the
observations made at the stations of the Scottish Meteoi'ological Society,
which include the valuable observations made at the northern lighthouses
of storms of wind and rain, and other phenomena, which are made night
and day by the keepers of the lighthouses.
Seventh Report of the Committee, consisting of Vrofessor Fitzgerald
(Chaii^man), Professors H. E. Armstrong and 0. J. Lodge (^Secre-
taries), Professors Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, J. J. Thomson,
A. Schuster, J. H. Poynting, A. Crum Brown, W. Ramsay,
E. Frankland, W. a. Tilden, W. N. Hartley, S. P. Thompson,
W. C. Roberts-Austen, A. W. Rucker, A. W. Reinold, Gr. Carey
Foster, and H. B. Dixon, Captain W. de W. Abney, Drs. J. H.
Gladstone, J. Hopkinson, and A. J. Fleming, and Messrs. W.
Crookes, Shelford Bidwell, W, N. Shaw, J. Larmor, J. T.
Bottomley, R. T. Glazebrook, J. Brown, E. J. Love, and
John M. Thomson, appointed to consider the subject of Electro-
lysis in its Physical and Chemical Bearings.
The document refen'ed to in last year's report as being drawn up by the
Rev. T. 0. Fitzpatrick, of Christ's College and Cavendish Laboratory,
Cambridge, is now nearly finished, and represents a great amount of labour,
for which the best thanks of the Committee are due to the compiler. It
consists of a table summarising the results obtained by many experimenters
on the electro-chemical properties of solutions in water, and gives, for
various concentrations, the conductivity, migration, and viscosity data
of a great variety of salts. It will be printed in next year's report.
The work of the active members of the Committee is proceeding, but
it is not in a condition for annual reports. In the opinion of the members
present at a meeting held in Edinburgh it was thought best to suspend
the official existence of the Committee for a time in order to be able to
make a more full and satisfactory report on the progress achieved after
the lapse of a few years. Tbey therefore do not at present ask for reap-
pointment.
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor 0. J. Lodge,
Mr. A. P. Chattock, and Professor G. Carey Foster, appointed
to investigate the phenomeyia accompanying the Discharge of
Electricity from Points. [Draivn up by Mr. A. P. Chattock.)
During the past year a large number of experiments have been made
on the passage of sparks between points and flat plates, especially with
regard to the differences exhibited by the two kinds of electricity in this
ON THE DISCHAEGE OF ELECTRICITY FKOM POINTS. 73
respect. It was hoped that the results thus obtained would have been
sufficiently complete to submit to the meeting this year, but owing to
unavoidable delays in carrying out the experiments this is not the case.
The main conclusion, however, appears, so far, to be that in the formation
of sparks the anode is a far more important factor than the cathode,
disturbing influences having little or no effect when applied to the latter,
though they may prevent the passage of sparks altogether if applied to
the anode. This is in accordance with Lehmann's recently described
experiment on the effect of a strong blast of air upon sparks. It is also
borne out by experiments now in progress on the critical distance
between a point and a plate at which discharge from the point changes
from the form of a silent glow to that of a spark, the distance being
appreciably greater when the point is the anode than when it is the
cathode.
Another line of investigation, which was indicated in last year's
report, has been followed up in the attempt to measure the ratio of the
mass of the gas molecules concerned in carrying a current of electricity
to the quantity of electricity carried. The discharge being arranged to
take place convectively along a non-conducting tube of uniform bore, the
slopes of mechanical pressure and electrical potential along its axis are
determined. The apparatus for this purpose has undergone many
changes, chiefly on account of the difficulty experienced in bringing the
electrometer to the potential of that part of the tube with which it is
connected. Stationary conductors within the tube were found to be
unreliable for this purpose, and a modification of the well-known ' water-
dropper ' has therefore been adopted in the latest form of the instrument.
The slope of potential is measured by observing the differences of
potential between successive pairs of positions one centimetre distant
from each other along the tube. The electrometer has thus to measure
small differences of potential at a high mean potential with respect to the
earth. For this purpose an instrument has been specially designed, from
which the leakage to earth seems negligible. To obtain the slope of
pressure in the discharge tube the motion of an indiarubber diaphragm,
separating two air-tight chambers, is observed, the chambei's being
connected, like the terminals of the electrometer, to successive pairs of
points along the tube, and the movement of the diaphragm being
magnified optically. A difference of pressure of about five dynes per
squai-e centimetre causes a movement of one scale division in the present
insti'ument, and this is found to be quite sufficient for the purpose.
With this apparatus it is hoped that reliable results will shortly be
obtained.
Finally, preparations are being made to extend the measurements
already obtained of the strength of field at a discharging point to higher
than atmospheric pressures. For this purpose a powerful compression
pump and a strong discharge chamber are being constructed. Upon the
assumption that discharge occurs by the breaking down of electrically
polarised molecular chains in the gas, it is possible to obtain from such
measurements another rough estimate of the value of the electrical charge
associated with a gas atom, by extrapolating to the pressure at which
the gas molecules are brought close together. It seems desirable to
obtain all the evidence possible which bears upon this important point.
Tour Committee ask for reappointment withont a grant.
74 EEPOET — 1892.
Second Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Liveing^
Dr. C. PiAzzi Smyth (Secretary), and Professors Dewar and
ScHUSTEE, appointed to co-operate tvith Dr. C. Piazzi Smyth in his
researches on the Ultra-violet Rays of the Solar Spectrum.
The present report is on the proposed experiments (from September,
1891, to January, 1892) for enabling Dr. C. Piazzi Smyth to improve
certain points in the taking of his solar-spectrum photographs in the
ultra-violet by aid of additions to the apparatus obtained through means
of a grant from the British Association at Leeds in 1890.
The Report continuates the last one by the same committee, as
printed in the British Association's Cardiff volume of 1891, at pp. 147
and 148 thereof, said space being then taken up with little more than
descriptions of vrhat the apparatus, then only just finished, was intended
for. Now, however, a sufficient amount of experiments have been obtained
to allow the results to be classified and collated under three several
heads, or thus : —
(1) Improved focussing means for setting the focus of the viewing,
or photographic telescope, both more accurately and easily as well,
from previous book-record, rather than from renewed eye-and-hand
observation on every occasion. This was carried out mainly and success-
fully by supplying wheels ten inches in diameter, and nicely graduated
on their circumferences, to either end of the ordinary axle of pinion-
movement of the focussing tube, taking care also to turn the said pinion
at the last moment in the direction of increasing the readings and noting
what they were. This record method of focussing, too, it is believed, is
one which will be found of very general application, and much used every
coming year, now that photography is continually substituting more and
more the observer's eye and hand, with almost all kinds of optical notation
of luminous phenomena.
(2) Improved magnifying means were next required for the viewing,
and equally photographing, telescope. The chief feature necessary here
was a large field with the increased magnifying power, and was given to
a considerable extent by a grand Barlow-achromatic concave lens placed
inside the usual telescope tube, by Messrs. T. Cooke & Sons, of York.
For mere magnifying, however, wherever the part of the spectrum
under examination permits it without other addition, I have since then fully
made up my mind that the second order of Professor Rowland's later and
nnprecedentedly fine Gratings from his new ruling engine, give sharper
magnifying to the spectrum than any lens I have experimented with.
But they give it in a different way, i.e. the second orders of Grating's
spectra do ; for they magnify only in one direction — that of separation —
while a lens magnifies in a direction at right angles to that also. That
feature is no doubt so much the worse for the lens, because it weakens
the intensity of a continuous spectrum operated upon by it. But then
there is another feature which is bad for the second, or any subsequently
still more magnified, spectrum-order of a Grating, viz. that they admit
the red light of a previous order in the middle of their own violet ; unless
some possibly very absorptive liquid be employed to stop such red light
where it is not wanted.
ON ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS OF THE SOLAR SPECTRUM.
75
«r^
to S
^ I
S g
i SO
:5"
52 fw +
ho ^ ':
If
C8
9^
W W o
w w o &
^ fl a
& cfl a> ■
a SO'"
.2 S o
IS
2 B = «;- i
= ■-■-33'
*H 1
a- « o g i
o.S ^ -S :3>
5tl
s-,s
^ A-^ _
o o tin
§!
r; o
5 oH §3
« » q ■'
^ OJ +3 .
.alp's
■^ o j^ ce
0/ -e
2 3
Eh a £ -^ o
^ ^ X !^
: iM ^ +j -D a
o
£ M^
0-2 -3 =^
e
W a-sS
G)CO
u u u
OJ dJ CJ
aaa
ft p, a
<D 0) QJ
,— C^ CN C^ Tl (M C) ^^ '^ . „ , ,
a's s s s s'sf s ""§ s s
s-<'S5; s s¥s s s s s
a-sagaaaga 2sa
Q, Sfp, p. a. a o. a a a a a
O OOP
o
OOt,
CO
i5
.^^.o
a
agfi
o,
Sept
Sept
Nov
m
^. t- c: t-- t- t- P 1
5^1 (;,,,_ c> c* c^ . ^c^
t^aToT^ CTi OS <-^ cs t
.OQ
aaaaaaaa
oooooooo
ga
Z!?
c^<sT>«CT5^«»»«'M'^« « «com ff,c^NC^»>5>o'<Nf<=^
JO OJ
moo ixt
OOXCOOOOOiOOlOO
>-3
=3
O tH
o o
f^Q.
losqo ooooooopppo
X Ol OS . . -^ -
Oi-Hf-ttNCQCOTjftrjCOt-
a
IJ cu <1>
oc op -y^
00 O PO
i-< C^ CI
'?':'' '^ -^ g S '^ 1 I I I
ty: ^ o o ^ 3 a I I I '
©» CO f^ CU —• o
a-^ - c
§ >;.2
:z: §PQ
ooo
in m la
r- CI t-
ooooooocoooc
t-* Ol t^ C^ t- "M '^*^,^,'^..*^„'^^
otToTos'o'o 1— 1 1— t c^ CI c CO ■^
I Ml I I I I I I I I li
ooo oooooooooo
^
3
.::3 ^ ■:= "^
tS;a'=^'-^
tCi O o
O CO ta
CO O CO -^ o C^ i-t ClOO b-M C^ 20 w
;, o--'COiftr-OiO'M^«5CO^ r-H
a: OO OOp p -7-1 7H .^ r^^ T^ r-t <N
^ (74 C^ (fj fl CI "fl ifl =■' i^l '^> "^ (^ 22
C^ CC O CO W (M Ci O O t^ O la O
CO "* CO 00 ci i-M CN «5 t>. CO o — • «
C^C9C^ C-ICMCOCOCpCOCO'7''^^
o
at
3
a o
ti3 W
P3. S X
be
S3
a
o
o
u
bo
o
O
a.
a
a
o
76 REPORT — 1892.
Kow Messrs. Cooke's Barlow concave lens wants no help of that kind,
for it was constructed to magnify the first order of spectrum only, and
that has no red light of any other order intruding into its own ultra-
violet, or requiring some chemical liquid to dull its potency. Hence I
have actually found that I have been able to carry Messrs. Cooke's lenti-
cular magnifying of the first order of a Grating's spectrum, four plates
further into the invisible, than I was able to do with the second order of
the very same Grating's spectra, assisted in various chromatic modes.
As an illustration of which I beg to append a list of spectrum photographs
so obtained last autumn.
(3) Lastly, my attention was kindly and earnestly directed by
Professor Liveing to keep on the look-out for possible changes in some
part or parts of the solar spectrum, depending on time and date only,
especially if their origin should appear to be in the Sun.
Now it did so happen one morning that one of the glass negatives of
the H and K region of the solar .spectrum did show a very strange and
anomalous difference fi-om all the others, so different indeed that my
first impression was to throw it away as irretrievably spoilt by some acci-
dent. But on considering what such an accident could be, or how it
could be reproduced if desired, I was still more confounded and non-
plussed. Having, moreover. Professor Liveing's letter still before me,
the most respectful course seemed to be, on second thoughts, to describe
publicly how the anomaly brought itself forward so far as I knew, and to
leave gentlemen with more experience than myself to form their own
opinions, either for or against its being anything important.
Now the main point of the anomaly is, that the whole space between
H and K is bright, while that outside them is dark, even very dark. To
understand which feature thoroughly and in the terms worked in by
Nature, it was necessary that there should be several plates employed, and
each of them should show, not only the whole space between those giant
lines or bands, but at least as much more on either side.
Moreover, as good definition does not continue to hold all along even
so small a plate of glass as a quarter size, but has to be set and reset
several times in its course, while the appearance of the lines alters almost
radically on account of the mere curvature of the field, I enclose in an
album case in the first place thirteen ordinary photographs of the H and K
lines, taken at successive foci all across the field, and then three various
impressions from one and the same anomalous photograph. No. 14;
following that by Nos. 15 and 16, ordinary, but focussed to the right,
views : the whole eighteen now exhibited being enlarged on paper to six
times the size of the glasses, for convenience of examination. And I
should perhaps duly forewarn all and sundry that ' date ' plays no part
in the arrangement of this bundle of repetitions of the H and K lines — only
the continual progress from left to right of the place of sharpest definition.
ON PUOTOaRAPIIS OF METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA. 77
Second Report of the Gommittee, consisting of Mr. Gr. J. Symons
(Chairman), Professor R. Meldola, Mr. J. Hopkinson, and Mr.
A. W. Clatden (Secretary), appointed to consider the applica-
tion of Photography to the Elucidation of Meteorological
Phenomena. (Drawn up by the Secretary.)
Tour Committee report tliat the work has been continued daring the past
year on the lines laid down in the Report for 1891.
Considerable additions have been made to the number of observerp
from whom assistance may be expected, in spite of the removal of several
names from last year's list.
The total number of photographs received up to July 23 was 361,
representing a variety of phenomena, but chiefly illustrating the results
obtainable in cloud photography by various methods. This number,
however, does not adequately represent the progress made, for many
other photographs have been promised, and will in all probability be
received in a few weeks.
The adoption by the majority of the International Meteorological
Congress at Munich of the classification of clouds, proposed by Messrs.
Hildebrandson and Abercromby, suggested to your Committee that it
would be well for them to adopt it, at least provisionally. They cordially
agree with the action of the English delegates at the Congress in
opposing the acceptance of a system which is entirely empirical ; bul
since the great majority of foreign meteorologists have determined to
employ it, your Committee consider that they should adopt it provision-
ally. They think it will be well to follow the example set by other
countries until the further study of cloud-forms, and their relation to one
another, render it possible to make a more scientific code.
Arrangements have therefore been made for the cataloguing of the
collections of meteorological photogi'aphs in the possession of the Royal
Meteorological Society, and of the Chairman of your Committee.
Photographs of Lightning.
Very few new photographs have been sent in as yet, but from Mr.
J. H. Bateman two of great interest have been received. Following the
suggestions in the instructions issued last year, two cameras were em-
ployed, the first being stationary, and the second moved rapidly from
side to side. The plate exposed in the fixed camera shows four flashes,
while the one which was moved shows six. A flash which is single or
the fixed plate is resolved into three on the moving plate, showing that
the flash did consist of a series of discharges along much the same path.
The absence of reduplication in the others points to the conclusion that
they were single. Two of these single flashes occupy exactly the same
relative positions on the two plates, showing that they must have been
simultaneous.
Your Committee regret that there should have been no opportunity of
carrj'iiig out any further experiments upon the phenomena presented by
lightning photographs. However, recent discoveries concerning high-
tension discharges ought to elucidate the subject. Thus it seems highly
probable that the hazy continuous luminosity shown by many photo-
graiihs may be due to the flame of burning nitrogen. ^
Before leaving the subject of lightning, it may be pointed out that in
78 REPORT — 1892.
Mr. Bateman's photographs the narrow ribbon structure in each flash is
not more pronounced in the moving photograph than in the one which was
stationary.
The Royal Meteorological Society has received several new photo-
graphs of lightning. They all show the narrow ribbon structure ; one
shows reduplication of the images of some chimneys as well as the flash,
while another shows a bright flash and several dark ones. Of this last
Mr. Robert Law, who took the negative at Melbourne, remarks that there
were two flashes, the second reversing the image of the first.
Methods of Cloud Photography.
The information at the disposal of your Committee does not, as yet,
seem sufficient to enable them to pronounce definitely in favour of any
one method as the best. They have made some progress in ascertaining
the methods adopted abroad, and also in experimental work at home.
The subject divides itself naturally into two sections, dealing respectively
with cumulus or heavy clouds, and with cirrus or other light clouds.
Cumulus. — With all heavy clouds it is certain that admirable results
may be obtained with a little practice in adjusting the stop and length of
exposure. So far as the quality of the results obtainable is concerned,
there does not seem to be any manifest advantage in the use of a coloured
screen, of a black mirror, of specially slow, or of orthochromatic plates.
Nevertheless, it is quite certain that results of a given excellence are
more easily obtained on a slow plate with a strong developer considerably
restrained. It is equally certain that the use of the coloured screen, or
of the black mirror, renders the process easier still.
With correct exposure and careful development it should not be
necessary to resort to intensification of the image. If some such treat-
ment should be required, inexperienced observers should be warned that
in the use of mercurial salts it is well to keep the plate in constant
movement while in the mercury bath, in order to avoid undue granulation
of the image.
Cirrus. — Those who have made a special study of the photography of
thin clouds appear to be agreed that in order to bring out all the details
of their structure some special device must be adopted.
By extremely nice adjustment of the exposure and subsequent intensi-
fication of the image, very fair results can be sometimes obtained ; but the
process is difficult, and only practicable in experienced hands.
Dr. Riggenbach, who first described the black mirror device, recom-
mends that exposure should be so arranged that the sky leaves practically
no impression on the plate, while the thin image of the cloud must be
intensified by means of Schlippe's salt (sulphantimoniate of soda) .
M. Angot, in a report presented to the Meteorological Society of
France, remarks that a black mirror is only advantageous when the
cloud is about 90° from the sun. In theory this is of course correct,
but the Secretary to your Committee has found that there is a manifest
practical advantage in its use for all parts of the sky, including even the
immediate neighbourhood of the sun itself. M. Angot then goes on to
say : ' The best results are obtained by coloured screens, yet the ordinary
screens are insufficient. The following formula, due to M. Leon Vidal,
gives every satisfaction. In a small glass trough with parallel faces
there is placed a solution made with the proportions — sulphate of copper
175 grams, bichromate of potash 17 grams, sulphuric acid 2 cubic
centimetres. These are dissolved in 100 to 500 cubic centimetres of
ON PHOTOGBAPHS OF METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA. 79
■water, according to the thickness of the trough and the results to be
obtained. The sulphate of copper arrests the red rays, and the bichro-
mate the blue and violet. The plates used were Luniere's orthochromatic,
and the exposure from '5 to "8 second.'
Your Committee regret that they have not yet received any illustra-
tions of the results obtainable by the above means, but it is hoped that
an exhaustive trial of the method may be carried out in the course of the
coming year.
The Secretary to your Committee has continued the comparative
trial of slow and ordinary plates with or without a black mirror. He
reports that ordinary plates and direct exposure may often give satis-
factory results when the background of sky is a clear deep blue. If,
however, it is at all hazy, the correct exposure becomes extremely diffi-
cult. With slow plates, however, such as Mawson & Swan's trans-
parency plates or photomechanical plates, it is fairly easy to obtain
results of considerable excellence.
With the black mirror ordinary plates give excellent results ; but
here again, unless the clouds are moving with unusual rapidity, or unless
the light is very bad, there is a great advantage in the use of slow plates.
i- It is, indeed, easy to obtain a fairly dense image of any cloud, however
luminous and however thin, by the combined use of mirror and slow
plate. Such means give abundant detail and full gradation of light and
shade, even when the sun is actually in the field of view. Exposure
would vary from about '2 to about -8 second with an aperture — .
The developer used in all these experiments is the familiar formula
with pyrogallol and sulphite of soda considerably restrained.
* Special attention should be drawn to the admirable series of cloud
studies presented to the Committee which were taken by Signor
rMannucci at the Vatican Observatory under the direction of the Rev.
Padre Denza, S.J. These show what can be done by direct exposure,
Signor Mannucci recommending a slow plate for the more difficult
subjects. The pictures taken by the Secretary to your Committee in a
similar manner show the value of the slow plate and black mirror.
Miscellaneous Photographs.
With regard to miscellaneous photographs of meteorological interest,
your Committee regard with some satisfaction the number of pictures
they have been able to secure which show the violence and severity with
which the great blizzard of March 1891 visited the South-west of England.
They believe it is of great importance that fairly complete pictorial records
should be kept of all such abnormal events.
They are also pleased to be able to report that several of the photo-
graphic periodicals have recently manifested considerable interest in the
work, one paper, the ' Practical Photographer,' having just offered a series
of prizes for the best meteorological studies ; and the editor has promised to
present any competing pictures to your Committee. Several photographic
societies are also taking the matter up, and your Committee hope that the
effect of such powerful aid may rapidly make itself felt, both by increasing
their collection and by adding to the number of contributors.
In order to show the widespread interest already taken in the subject,
brief catalogues of the three principal collections are appended.
In conclusion, your Committee ask to be re-appointed with a grant of
15?., in order to follow up properly what they regard as a satisfactory start.
80
KEPOET 1892.
Pi
m '="->
.S 02
-a a .
a o 03
to O fi
k'^ a;
to ^ PL(
a ^
o o
r-5
nl
a; 03
a
a a
o o
fci
"' ni
-a
of a
o
S o
^ GO
"**
?!< ro-
c
&-
o
K (Ti
(1)
^u
a
J3 O a P<
i=5 2
S si
^ a
d) O
O r^
OS O
a s
>
Q
to
o
a
o
CO
w" to JO <S M
« ■u 3 a CD
■^ ■*^ T^ ■'"' -*^
a S
to O
.si I
a g "m
^ a
a 3 to
^ t, g
tu ^
3
to o
tuO to
C
0)
a>
o
bo
n
-O n '" r^
^ t~t ^
tj iU S i§
0) fl to <D
ra 0) o) o
-a
s
2
o
ci3
a)
be
CO
03 ^ O
O 3
'^ 6
^ t
o "
o a
•r^ CO
CD ^
O >i
to "^
CD m
'C O
0) a
<1
ft
^
(«!
0)
TS
o
a
o3
i^
fe
!h^ ca
. CI
^a
b"
S '^
^. 3
O O
a
o
-d
a
o
ci
-3
3
o
a
(>>
S ^ o
S 2 «
03 a e.
■'^ t. bo
a 0) o
_s i o
o' 6 ■^'
bD
a
CO
CQ
<)
o
rt o
CO 03
05
00
P5
<1
^
o
o
3
a
a
a
a
o
ft
o
to
a
<u
-c
a
'
•-S)
a
1"
y
C ft
'C
cSa
-^H
r^
o .
Q S Q
d
^
"J
SR-i-f
Ml-*
X
«D -* a>
3
X
rel*
X X
00 ■*
3
o
CO
rH
I
i-H
o
CC (N CO
^ O lO
I
CO
CO
I
-* ;c rj
ON PHOTOGRAPHS OF METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA.
c3
^
CO jj "-I OJ rt xi
-S S -' U)35 — — ="
3 a >H <!).-( ri
; w<;
• o
^
S
St!
s
0)
far
c
Tl
S
-a
f/j
a
<ij
o
So P ^■S'=a>S^bcO'S a
& o o IS .^.1^1 a ag, ^ ^
?1
O 1^
S r" O ^~7 ►q
O . . . 55 O 02
■ ■ ■ • I .S ^ • • a '^ O o
. •': ,• ^ .<Dc:...rO. ^
a>
2 2 Ha n^^^^:-.§§ W W
CO
«:, £^-,:-,^'; >- ^= I
"* ^ ^"^ o :S m CO ot cc 00 CO oo -^1^1 10 ic a
> t~ CO
■* CO
E2 ?!5 <^C"oc-. — ■Mcocot-oomo
, _L ' I I I I I
'^ '"' "-1 N (M CO CO
1892.
82
BEPORT — -1892.
o
o
o
S
d
"<S>
CO
S
J3
>t
o
PP
o
-<
Rh
<5
»«
CO
^ o
"6
. 3
tfl o
.S'3
-*^ S
S3
o d
s si
.3 °
2 w 2 .
_3 ^ 5 OT
3 O r^ 3
3 3 3 3
O O
u en
ir) o
w
-is
3
(33
^ C
O c6
2 sh 2
3 o 3
a 3 a
OHO
ra O ^
o So
g -/^ 3 3
1
!3
,—1 c ,
<0 fD
HCQ
53 ^
0)
03 a
X I
§s
-4J CO
p . •
as
t-i 3
O O
-s a
3 =3 ps
^ . d
•= "i~ --53 s^ a
(^
a
g a
-P3 05
■e o o ^ -"^o 9
g «2 |o g -^ s ° 1
g ^ 5 « £: O 3 'S 3 3 3 ra .^
a
" cS -^
:3 rt tS
CO 00
<;5 ;s
.C5 O t-, t-
p; 00 I 00 -2 ^
o^ '^ a a
CO l-i
00
00
00
00
oo
1-5
as
CO
-us 00
3
<1
C5
00 '^
00
. . . . o
P^ &H Hi O iJ
S '-'
a . . . =«
~ oa
o I
5! _. ^ -^ O
o j-t c3 r::^
" o s 2 a ^^
'3:3§o^o.5 3
t. aj S - -^ • '3
I^I^H'^of
^ K d d H Q ^ o
o
fl
OJ
bD
C ■* '-I •* 00 1— -*•
•§ X O X X X X
1—1 «5 <3 ^ O t~
X
00
■* o
X X
0OO0«O-*-*COC<lCO
O X X X X X X
■^ 05 -*-»-^ CC »•!"*
X
X
!0
.— I 00 c; c^ -+" oo
■-I -^ CT (M e^
I I I
IM O lO
COh-'GOOCOCCCl'^CO-*
COCOCC-+^'*'»OlOtOt^b-
II I I I I I I '-H
Ci-f CSb-Ci-HOCO •
o
OS
a Oi
& a
O ca
a ^
CO,
4>
d
o
o
X X
to «>
Ci3
o
a
a
W
P5
3
-.2
>
a
o
as
c *^
o
H . .
01
Qa
d _!^* o
«;z:h
I'
05
OO
00 ^
1—1 00
-co
a >-.
3
&,l-5
05
00 T)<
i-l OO
00 „00
00 lO -^
=0(M .
2 a =■
bn
O
§ S
'C — ~ j= >^
■< <! < o -^
a
•^ K M < <;
tc d w ^ S
M "*> -*i CO ■*
X X X X X
eo ;o -*< u3
-^ CO -* ei •*"
I — —
C-l I ,
ON PHOTOGRAPHS OF METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA. 83
« a
.2 o
I I I I I I I II I Mil I II I 1 I I II -^
"2 m a !« M a
^ ^ • § • 2 =" ■ • • fl
3
^03^ 'US ^M tH
a
m^ >rD>- W (z; >- >■ > OD
o
e m ..-t: ^ C3
1-5 _ es
? ^ IP • • • ". 03 ."3 I • e3 _g I 03 [3 f^ ^ • • • l' jq • • -^^ • 3 ■ :^ -S 3 ' o
- -lis ^-^^ll^i^l^^^^i a.s|o =.§|l 5^1^ e
- "^ tC ""^ ,-^^ w'^S -^ '-' t """* ^ -^ o '"''"' o-r
: '-s':§2- gs»" 1 1 I :^"sl- 1 - = c--|» I "2^' i 2 II gf^
3
"o OS
t^|^»3 gig's o-S „o2 a M §?^i«ig| b-3 §
I l:»iii=ii1llilK^iiiliiirPIP=^ I^J»
•■•►-J ^---S!^ kJc3- &1, .-O n"^^^-L2KH*t>-M"^ hy ^
a!
X XXXXXXXXX03X I xxxxxxxxxx-j;xxxxxxx-|:;xxxxx
<o CO ioio^hcdooo^ woo cooo 10 J> r— -^^t^io-^ -t^
>n t-000;0-^<Mn5-*<COI--OC<5000'-<CO-*<>0-^C5lMe0030i-l<Ma3"-ll?JMCDt-OI'l-*'»0
I llllll III II III!
x> »o 00 ^H *:t< r^ CI t- c -t< cc t— -Tt* 00 — ' ?c
•-' o c-1 cc CO M ■* -^ 10 10 CO to t~ t— GO cc
cj 2
84
iiEPOiiT — 1892.
M
1 1
0}
o
a
0}
;-<
>
bo
"■H
O ;;. HI
t. 0) o
K «^ CI .
■ a
Cj O 3
Ei
O
■s s?S
jj »* ■ — '
o <u re
s.-
. c3
o
M
fll d ? P
a -c
2i-2 o
c
o
o
CO
r~-
t^
C5
C
55
cr. 2
—
— oo _,
5£ cr. 2 S'
ooSo
*
C-.
CO
T.'
CO
(y:
00
CO
QO
CC
CO _»-
Uj
00 00 00
rt 00
00
>:•
|<D . 1
1— I
1- 1
e6, 1
ber 1
1 =^" 1
00
CO
t— 1
'£ 1
i-H
is
<D
o
4-J
a>
s»1 s
d on 3 !-
« s
I— 1
0)
ii>
d
s a
S
3 Ci
d
J3
^
to
3
3 S bD3
be 3
s
3
•-3
^^
3
'-5
1-5 3 ^
3 '-5
1-3
1-3
<;
o
<
<;
o ■ •
c
C^ QJ Cj
P3W J
en
t,-^Si
O O Q) .
3§°
I Id
o 3^.
k2 ° V. • ■
1=5 <q ?- i
p4 d <i I
3
o
o
IC5
S5_
O —
bx) a
K S
.PS
_bp
'S
ai^=^a<5H;
> 0^
•Tt'-S 5 fl ?•
^ 3 ;.^ p-*-* ,_H
re -3 H H © --.
--Wo
H "5,^4 ^ 2.
• CS . ■ o •
CO
k4
pUd
o] -i|*-iIt<-'Iis-:i-->-It' 22
OC0C05<lt^I0N-^ g
OXXXXXXX--
•* CO eo a: ec t>
^X'-^XXXXXX
52 > m ic o -.r
xxx-e;xxxx
-* ^ Ot W
X X X X
■^00 »o
X X
t^ oo r; o — '
CO X' oo c~. ~.
•I r? to to t^
rt o — ' 71 't CO' o -— ' -tH i-"^ o t— 00 Oi o -t' '^ 1^ O
' O O ^H ^^ ^^ 7-I -M C^l C^l c-l cc -^ -f -^ -^ •* '^ -* in »o tr5
1 1 1
CO cc to
1 1 1 1
t< C^ .-- CT
o — — *
c-i oi r: -H
C-. o — -^
CC 00
to in
ON PHOTOGRArHS OF METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA.
85
<D
to
a
|3
i-s
a
o
O
<a
>
m
to „-
a s
one
O _E '^
- W r^
J4 a;' Tj .
O 00 O t-
;3 CO P 00
tH ^ a; 00
fl a :3 *-■
^ 3 ^ <1>
0)
o
S^ ft,
O hS O 1-1 OH
5 «
-a
O r^
•So
oo
oo
05
00
00
1\^'\
3
3
1-5
CD
Cfl
OOi-3-<
<=5
o
O
0.0
fclO
(U C OJ
3 .a cj
<5 H CO
log
■-' --i ,-1
3 3^
O
0) 9
8 ^
'Hw a
o
d -
-^ n
o
a cs
'^ ^
O rQ
he '
£ g
<u
5D.S
■s a
5^
a
c8
^3
o
a
o
00
00
00
00
00
00 00
00 00
00 00
- o
^ ^ I
I
<
O
.s
C5
.3
00
00
o
a
3
1-5
bo
a
to
r2
:: a
0) .Si
£?-«
2 ^
CO Cj
- eJ
~ O
o g
O
0)
a
be
a
a)
a
£ a-^a
13 o -^
'- fr o
F-i o tfl
.-H ^ 4J
o to o
!-. CB 0)
«i) o
.9 =S^
a
m
S Sad a
— r 1^
o
o
CO
00
00
3
<1
„ 00 00
s =° ^
"^ »>■ CO
'rS'^ u
-bg a
350;
<J5
OO
CO
CO
._-H aj
a
a
5?H
a
o
a a
<i a
to S-t
to CD
f^ '-'
o w 00
o
o
o
m
a
,a
§
1-5
m
,a
.-/;
c«
1-3
Pm
03
X X X -JJ
(M ^ f>
!0 -X -*i
-hN
CI
-H|.-
rHknH|C!l
XXX
X X
X
X
X X
CO 00 -x
Wlfl-rHlCT
10 CO
iHld
CO
rHia
CO
•0
-* 55 CO -*
—1^
50
ft
X g X X X
X
X
OS
HeJ-t3 HW-hIth:©
t- CO H*i 00
rHlM
00
•-I N CO t—
"X tc :d CO
I
.^ o t^
I I
I
00
•H iC t>-
I
^H »ob-05r^t* CO t>
CO .^-»<"0t050 [^ 00
I I I I I I I I
>— I OltOOOOtN 00 "*!
CO -n •* 56 o to I-
86
DEPORT — 1892.
C3
a
Clayden's
he ' dark '
g'
explaining
lightning
a>
a
nsion dis-
z machine,
hurst ma-
1
f-H
Oi
QO
i-H
"3
o
O
a .
a
O
firming
n of t
lightnin
photos
ges of
5
a
^ o a
2 a
.S
o
C3
1
CO C3
CO
C)
•^
rfl
O
<o
s CO
lanati
has of
f 11
k im
rf.
CM
O
«3
CO
-«■" 2
i ''
o
C
o
o
>
<
a
o
3
S
OJ
u
= =
-3
a
O £ii c« u M
rf:
- CS ><!
O
OJ
C3
o
-§
J3
o
a
P-l CG
Ph
W OJ
03
H
M
o
03
o
•a
.a
Ph
o
■^
fe
w
•rs
c
w
c3
«— <
^
H
s
t
t§^
W
02
1^
CO
■
'
w
O
P3
p4
&:
c
*
1^
TS
<u
&H
(U
ca
ta-.
a
a
CS
?^
1
-«
O
o
0)
o
.a
„ o
m m (3
p V a
" Of?
m
M
a
o
O <U _2
a
2
c
o
pq
5J
.
CO
00 ^
00 C-.
1— 1
oo
oo
rH
1
f— (
Ci
00
I-H
o
00
r- i
1
=2 >> 1
1
1
l-t
<-H
[
"53
a
^
^
f
s
a
<u
s
0)
fe
g
is
w
P
o
■D
P
w
OJ
m
<1
<
i-I
o
U
•
02
.P3
M
•
b£
iggenbac
r. Smith
c
o
o
PQ
^
c4
o
. >
O
M <U
(U
P5
1 W
Ort
M
o
-*<
IM
Tfl to ■*
-* TtH O
■*
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
o
«o
t- 00
CO 00
12;
en
I
I
to
III rt I-l .-H
ON PHOTOGRAPHS OF METEOBOLOGICAL PHENOMENA. 87
I
u
>>
a
X>
m
o
a
<u
lU
a
o
-J3
X!
o
^
rfl
.a
a>
a
^
ki
■ri
HH«
*
a
•
a
.
m
Tl
&oa
a
08
fl
W
f>
1-
4J
B
a)
!S
i-i;<
C»
05
can
CO
f— »
r^
t-(
r»
(>.
n
S
1— (
s
c
d
"-3
CV -^ Tjt
— I lO »
bo
.3
u
a
g
d
a
O
^^ ra
>
CO
-5
>
o
H
T3 1
o
r
be
O
&
4^
O
•f-1
^
«
03
o
hn
bo
o
n3
4)
O
o
.2
p
S fR
o
»H St! <u
aj o o eS
5i
? on ^- 00 Wh
s a
p
CO
to
m
£
oo
rH
w
f^
rr?
oi
to
S
>-)
O
.y . o
TO .„
« o . ■
n
u 0) m n
bobo " >a ' a>
-a o . 'G S «
OOQ bo H W
, a
I
05
XXX (4
o
o
a
CQ
-*1
t^ Tfl to
XXX
X
«o t- 00
■*
1 1 ^
(M
T-l 1
1
00
o>
00 to
-5"
1 S3
fl
3
1 to
- bo .'O
(»>
- a>
>v ,
«fH > (U
n.fo
(U !-
'3
OS ?»
oi'
^
03 m 03
Tj fl
a,.-H
,a
C
t^
r S
K S3
S
1-^ - .
".W
V " •»
toS
<D
N
H
2
• •
1"
-i
0)
•■
GQ
CO
•3
Is
J3
3
a
''§0
' '
1
ll
-4^ -4^
<a
c« <U
H
H
11.
t»
00
S?S
k^
°° -H
OJ
1— t
00
°='S
B
S5
>,
-00
!r> ^
CQ
C tn
«-' S
C3
3
fl
^5
1^ U -"^
tn
TO
•-5
Oo
bp«
T3 0)
flfl
3 -^
3 tfl
^
•
•
m -S
^
s
1-2
;:t3
<u
a
r r
s
•3^
a
-p:
J *
0) *=
!z;
.S
&:-s
en
rd
OQ Q4
W QJ
r^lC
rel*-WH|»r4|-n
■^■3
(»
00 ■*!
■* •*
S ho
bofl
X
X X
X X
-♦n
H|(a-i|,,«o "]■*
^•g
«--
10
CO
1— (
rH
am
<U to
■bba
C 3
tH
<M n
■* 10
88
REroRT — 1892.
«
o3
' O
o
PQ
O o
•^■^
<— ' ,^
rt -4-3
o o
PQ 4)
=4-1 5 -^^
■ o 3 cc
5, -/-. to — --^
Ph+s
w
C3
O
a>
'O
a
=1
Si's
I-
be
s
bo
<u cs S
.2 fl
^ o
iJ o
-a
o
ho
a
'a
bo
^^S
M ;q
^•;
Its
n 13 CD
.-«
be
a
to
-S -^ O 0) fe
S -^ g be J >
bo
a
■a
O)
O ^
m
o
o o
t—t
a'
o
be.s
is a
bo
I I
cS
•O
O t<
«*-. o
so
wT o 9
Pi ^ S
^
f)
s
P5
.a
o
k'
a
Tl
fl
^
B
Q
<
-a
a
2 1=^
a 2
.2cc
bo
O
0-1
r o i3
OB
.P£5
P5
A
^
as
l§ I I
bo
P
S
00
1-5
00 "^
S)^
;s
oo
o>
00
t^
T-H
OO
T-H
02
t^
o
a
t^
3
1-5
ct
t-3
a
00
00
"3
1-5
,1S
Hi
IS
a;
3
P-
3
t!
^
.O
M
a
is
1
.a
t/j
•4:3
bo
a
a>
^
c^
bo
S
►-J
P3
o
bo
i»
S <M ^ -* CO 00
-g X X X X X
(3 CO MI-*rH|,n-|(n ^1^
I— I 10 to 00 O
^00
(M i-H
Hxt-lx
•oioo
CO
-loo
eo
«locn|cc-l»
to 50 to
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
■*
U3
00
00 00 00 00
o
125
SB
o
Pj
I— 1 C*» CO rH C<1
CO CO
to
(M CO
to to
■* 10
to to
to
to
CO
00
to
to
O >— I e-i CO
t- l:~ t- l^
ON PHOTOGRAPHY OF METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA. 89
^ d a . g>ar ^oT . a . ^g ^o g-s
•= 5zi I s § §^ g g5 s § s ^ 1° Pn° " •§•§
i^ =^ 3 S oOcog SPiS o a .2 S n -^ »< S 5
-§!> s 3 |£||s|3|al I533 ||^-|||: i °-o
H? pg <) W W H wS« Ph <iW H la p3 O W
fl o 2 £? b-g "S ^
I I III
-a
<?
a
I I II I I I ' I I I
P
o
1^ P^
I I I I
-.11.
•*
Hits Wit
OS to ic
«o
00 t-
Hi.
1--
1—
Hoo
OS
C5 OS
CO
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X X
X
X
X
XXX
X
CO
CO
-HlCT
10
eo
Hoo
to
rfkiOO CO
00
eo|aw)oo
cs
OS
■doo
C9
HiCI
1— « -^ 1— .
Hi-:.
,-4
<N
00
to
00
C3
CO -H 10
«o
t- 00
O)
OS
OJ
05
05
000
90
REPORT — 1892.
t
B
P4
O
S
X
«■
o
O
M
aj
tc
o
a
K
M
a
o
H
o
a
P4
bo
o
Si
o
^
eS
T(
Ti
CU
<u
o
O
I
o
a
.a
M
H
0) o
• --. C5
rt ^ r-
^ o o
^ g -
S
!^ ,
O >
<u a
e a
o
a
SI
_. OJ o
0)
m fl <U
rt r^ m
o O g 3
13 o 'd -a ^c -^ SP
to fl c| o =3 a '^
O m o i^ o 03 S
be
►-5
o ^
J3
I
o
00
a
05
CO
CO
oo
1-3
-<5;
r- 00
=^ S -
s
o
- o
•n o
^ ;-.
O O
o .
d
O
o
^
fe
bn
bfi
bjD
oT c?
s
a
fl
?i ,2
rra
Vil
^
^
J^
o
o
o
o
o
o
^ s
»-H
_. -s
I-
(-t
Ti £
S
s
3
o
o
'^ § a
o
o
O
r-l
^
h
"S '^'^
0)
0)
a>
ra x: CLi .
a
a
1
a
-M
ge Re
g sout
36 and
g east
5
O
o
o
OS
CM
^ o
o
8
ambrid
lookin
ly Hou
lookin
pq
m
C3
o w
■^ 00
S ^
>^ IN
ft
O
o
O
I I I I
^
M< ^ Tt<
lOirjTHt^cOl^CDCO
rtl*
CO
CO
CO
CO
•otei
CO
X
XXX
1 xxxxxxxx
x
X
X
X
X
CO-
CO CO
oo 00 «|Xr-(!^Hw--'I'l<oO 00
CO O^ 00 o
HiCl
00
oo
00
oo
00
o
(4
!M
IN
CO ■«*< lo
IN IN Ol
COt-OOCTSOi— INCOr»<
(MiNNiNcocfjcoeoai
ON PHOTOGRAPHY OF METEOEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA.
91
o
-a
CI
o
S
o
o
CS
13
a
,, D a)
•w^ o js o a>
° o ii u
s d d
D
d
o
cS O
d
o
'O
d
o
o
d
60
O ;d
O
d
o
!3
O
-§
f-i
o
o
■n
d
-si's:
caj oj tn
o (U is a>
d^d^
O (D
3^ a* S
5 ^
o
a;
d
s
'^ d
d
d o
a) ^
CD
c3
nrt
ai
'C
o
^
o
d
d
£
^
<u
0)
^
o
o
WW
C3 <I)
d S5
-^ - ^
.2 dt:
■S d o
5 o o
a o^js
:Sfl i> .
=w o =«
*="=« ° s
. o g o
* to -^ M
d ® ^
O m M o
d <u d
m d S y
3 ii :3 " n iL ' —
d
o
c/l
cS „
S 0) ■
ace,
tnun
nee
■gag " *
■■"*""
^a^.
H m M
■ <U rrt 0)
P P
d
-1- <p ^-
2P o tin
^^".^
«*J 'O y^ (1>
° 6 o ^
cj O
OJ to
•S &
o •
■■ CO o
*^ ^ O <u ^ o
'-MS
bo lo
(A
en
CO
oo
CO
a
o
Ph
02
T^
(U
cS
o
CM
•
d
i = ^^
£
.a
a
fC = ; d
"
oj
!-
eq
n
P
o
I—*
o
Ol
00
t^
CO
. .M - -(^^
CO
s
»-5
0)
a
d
d
bo
d
3
O
0)
o
S-l
eq
-If
X
X
-ilci
to
m lo lo
XXX
-*ic-<l'#Hl(n
00 00 t-
X X xxxxxxx
CO H« «|a>H(cjH|«nlo&-i|ei— lei-Qt^
CO CO CO lo ■^ lo
X X x X X X
CO CO CO O «o
HlwHw'-'lew-IX'OfxHa:
CO CO CO -*i -^ -J"
X X X X X X
CO CO CO «c o
CO
00
lO
05 O i-H
la CO CO
CO
CO
CO
■^ lO CD t* 00 O^ O
CO CO CO CO o ^ t^
rH (M CO -^ lO CO
t^ t- t- I- t- t-
!3 I*
t^ 00 o- o o o
i>. t- t^ oo CO 00
92
REPORT — 1892.
B
a>
tl
,
Tl
,a
r— 1
bn
c
o
S
O
%
m
jj
0)
o
a
'zi
n>
rn
'm
-tJ
o
o
c=!
SH
p-(
^
o
a
«4-l
o
o
w
■*J
d
o
P ja
eqtf H
El
c
0)
<u
<U
0)
«=1
«
o
»■: o
O 03
o
o
a
CO
r3
O
o
H H H
n3
o
o
0=1
.,o
S 0)
; bo
> ci
^
<u
O
o tH a)
O o ^ °
(P o " '"^
-S c3Sfc!-r
oc >> 0) bo
iii
03
in
w
G
ra
o
a
-a
Ti
a>
o
^
H
O
P5
m
u
ci
P
QD
o
o
s
bfl ta^M
-^ o
pa
>
a
o
bp
«
0}
J3
CO
CD
o
(T)
t-
CO
OD
I— I
f-H
^
^
IM
tT5
05
w
3
bD
/3
1-5
3
S
C5
CO
CO
o
CO
lO
M
CO
25 CO CO
^ CO CX)
-00 CO
CM '^ _
:-, tOiO
■U <M (M
1^)
r
CO
00
I
"^ 2
J3
O
o o
1^ CO
H
o
o
'a
a)
ft
OS
bo
o
o
•a
en
3
o
^H (M CO -+*
00 00 CO oo
o :Dt~ oo c:20 1—1 (Mm
00 caooo 00 ao a a a <yi
CJ
O
^ ^ Tj( (M
o X X X
" »o »o era
Hod
•if
K|35
1— (
Ho)
-*<
(o -s la
X
X
X X
X
X X
XXX
t-loo
f— 1
•NfH
in
r-ICl-lx
i:^ CO
CO CO -HOO
00
ON TKE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN.
93
Ttvelfth Rejport of the Cornmittee, consisting of the Et. Hon. Lord
Kelvin, Mr. K. Etheridge, Professor John Perry, Dr. Henry
Woodward, Professor Thomas Gray, and Professor John Milne
(Secretary), appointed for the purpose of investigating the
Earthquake and Volcanic Phenomena of Japan. {Draivn up
by the Secretary.)
The Gi!Ay-Milne Seismograph.
The first of the above seismographs, constructed in 1883, partly at
the expense of the British Association, still continues to be used as the
standard instrument at the Central Observatory in Tokio. I am indebted
to Mr. K. Kobayashi, the Director of the Observatory, for the following
table of its records : —
Catalogue of Earthquakes recorded at the Central Meteorological Observatory
between Maxj 1891 and April 30, 1892.
No.
1,106
1,107
1,108
1,109
1,110
1,111
1.112
1,113
1,114
1,115
1,116
1,117
1,118
1,119
1,120
1,121
1,122
1,123
1,124
1,125
1,126
1,127
1,128
1,129
1,130
1,131
1,132
1,1.33
1,134
1,135
1,138
1,137
1.1 3S
1,139
1,140
1,141
Mouth
Date
Tiui.
V.
5
,J
9
,J
14
18
19
25
26
30
VI.
1
„
4
"
19
„
22
,^
25
VII.
6
"
7 1
"
15 1
''
19
JJ
21
,J
24
VIII.
4
J,
5
,J
21 1
.,
24 '
IX.
3
8 1
9 1
^,
18
X.
4
,,
•5 1
„
6 1
H. M.
8 16
9 51
4 13
9 40
10 53
11 21
1 37
19
2 20
111 11
38
9 22
11 19
6 41
9 43
3 41
11 2
1 38
6
9 18
2 21
5 57
8 19
6 15
4 40
8 14
26
9 44
2 11
10 49
11 49
8 46
6 28
5 10
1 1
48 A.M.
38 A.M.
39 r.M.
52 A.M.
39 A.M
22 A.M.
15 I'.M.
44 P.M.
55 r..M.
19 P.M.
A.M.
43 P.M.
13 P.M.
15 P.M.
49 A.M.
42 A.M.
48 A.M.
28 A.M.
11 I'.M.
12 l-.M.
A.JI.
58 P.M.
30 P.M.
20 P.M.
35 A.M.
21 A.M.
51) A.M.
8 J'.M.
10 P..M.
23 I'.M.
25 A.M.
58 A.M.
9 A.M.
38 I'.M.
23 P.M.
27 A.M.
Duration
Direction
Maximum
Period and
Amplitude of
Horizontal
Motion
Ma.xituum
Period and
Amplitude of
Vertical
Motion
sees. mm.
1891.
M. .«.
2 30
20
4 40
1 20
1 30
1 23
1 30
50
1 10
4 30
7 30
1 20 .
6 i
1 30
38
45
30
1 30
30 i
1
1 30
S.S.E.-N.N.W.
E.-W.
E.S.E.-W.N.W.
W.S.W.-E.N.E.
W.N.W.-E.S.B.
S.-N.
W.S.W.-E.N.E.
N.E.-S.W.
E.S.E.-W.N.W.
N.N.W.-S.S.E.
S.S.W.-N.N.E.
N.E.-S.W.
S.W.-N.E.
S.E.-N.W.
S.-N.
E.N.E.-W.S.W.
S.-N.
E.S.E.-W.N.W.
S.-N.
S.W.-N.E.
W.S.W.-E.N.E.
I 1-3 0-6
very slight
slight
very slight
very slight
sUglit
1-3 0-5
0-7 0-3
very slight
0-9 0-55
very sliglit
0-7 0-4
0-8 0-3
0-6 0-35
0-4 0-5
slight
1-0 0-9
very slight
very slight
2-9 1-4
slight
slight
1-0 I'O
3-6 10-5
feeble
0-2 0-5
0-7 0-4
0-1 0-2
slight
0-8 0-6
slight
0'6 0-4
0-8 0-5
slight
sli ght
sli ght
gl)t
ght
sli ght
sli ght
sli ght
0-3 I 0-5
slight
sli gilt
sli
sli
Nature
of
Shock
ght
ght
slow
slow
slow
II
slow
quick
slow
alow
slow
quick
slow
quick
slow
quick
slow
quick
slow
94
REPORT — 1892.
Catalogue op Earthquakes — continued.
No.
Month
Date
' 1,142
X.
6
1,143
J»
„
1,144
»»
7
1,145
J»
8
1,146
»
11
1,147
»»
12
1.148
«1
,j
1,149
»»
„
1,150
)»
16
1.151
22
1,152
»
,,
1,153
1>
24
1,154
It
27
1.155
„
1,15G
^^
28
1,157
,,
J,
1,158
1,159
1,
J,
1,160
jj
1,161
j^
jj
1,162
)»
„
1.163
1,164
It
J,
1,165
ti
)»
1,166
)»
1,167
ti
J>
1,168
It
1)
1,169
»)
It
1,170
5»
1,171
,,
1,172
']
1,173
i>
))
1,174
1,175
"
1,176
1,177
»»
1,178
29
1,179
}i
30
1,180
1,181
J,
a
1,182
J,
5»
1,183
11
1,184
XI.
'i
1,185
,j
1,186
,^
2
1,187
5
1,188
„
6
1,189
)»
7
1.190
)i
1,191
„
20
1,192
)»
23
1,193
„
1,194
,,
28
1,195
1,196
xii.
'3
1.197
„
1,198
1,199
1,
"4
1,200
„
8
1,201
,,
11
1,202
„
15
1,203
„
21
1,204
„
22
1,205
„
24
1,206
„
,^
1,207
„
j»
Time
H. M. R.
6 47 30 A.M.
2 19 2 IMI.
11 23 47 A.M.
9
4 16
2 7
5 28
9 31
7 4
6 26
9
8 17
6 16
7 9
10 38
11 29
11 58
12
1 3
3 3
3 27
3 33
3 57
5 32
6 12
7 15
7 28
8 25
7 8
15
2 27
2 25
7 9
10 32
6 2
9 20
4 59
1 2
10
2 18
3 36
9 45
30
2 39
9 41
11 y
2 2
1 11
9 51
9 29
4 2
8 44
34 A.M.
27 I'.M.
28 V.M.
17 i'..M.
40 I'.M.
15 A.M.
20 A.M.
5 I'.M.
49 J'.M.
13 A.M.
45 I'.M.
11 A.M.
40 A.M.
46 A.M.
32 A.M.
23 A.M.
59 A.M.
47 A.M.
42 A.M.
11 A.M.
19 A.M.
22 A.M.
6 P.M.
19 I'.M.
57 P.M.
P.M.
47 P.M.
11 P.M.
28 P.M.
32 P.M.
37 P.M.
25 I'.M.
10 P.M.
31 A.M.
14 A.M.
47 A.M.
56 P.M.
7 P.M.
25 P.M.
29 A.M.
6 P.M.
23 I'.M.
18 P.M.
14 A.M. I
5 A.M. I
54 P.M.
26 P.M. '
11 A.M.
45 A.M.
4 A.M. I
36 A.M.
27 A.M.
54 J'.M. I
15 I'.M.
4 P.M.
17 P.M.
4 I'..M.
11 23 45 P.M.
2 20 15 P.M.
4 23 38 A.M.
5 33 14 A.M.
5 52 22 A.M.
6 26 16 A.M.
Max
inium
Maximum
Period and
Period and
Amplitude of
Amplitude of
Horizontal
Vertical
Nature
Duration
Direction
Motion
Motion
of
Shock
sees.
mm.
sees.
mm.
M. 8.
1 50
S.-N.
0-2 0-2
sli
ght
slow
40
—
— —
—
—
—
1
S.-N.
1-2 0-2
—
very
slow
—
—
slight
—
—
—
2 30
S.B.-N.W.
2-U 2'0
0-2
0-6
quick
—
—
slight
—
—
—
—
—
sliglit
—
—
—
1
E.S.E.-W.N.W.
0-3 0-2
—
—
quick
—
—
slight
—
—
—
1 20
E.S.E.-W.N.W.
1-1 1-3
sli
ght
quick
1
N.W.-S.E.
0-4 0-3
—
slow
1 25
S.-N.
10 0-3
—
—
^,
2 10
E.S.E.-W.N.W.
0'8 0-9
sli
gilt
quick
1 10
E.S.E.-W.N.W.
0-7 0-5
—
slow
7
E.-W.
2-4 31-5
2-4
4-5
,j
^
—
slight
—
—
—
— .
slight
—
—
—
—
—
slight
—
—
—
—
—
slight
—
—
—
1 13
S.-N.
0-7 0-2
—
—
slow
1 30
S.S.E.-N.N.W.
1-0 0-6
—
—
„
—
—
slight
—
—
3
S.S.W.-N.N.E.
2-0 0-7
—
—
slow
2
S.-N.
1-1 0'3
—
—
,,
—
—
slight
—
—
—
—
slight
—
—
—
—
—
slight
—
—
—
—
—
slight
—
—
—
—
—
slight
—
—
—
—
—
slight
—
—
—
—
—
slight
—
—
—
1 50
S.E.-N.W.
0-9 0-6
—
—
slow
—
—
slight
—
—
—
—
—
slight
—
—
—
1 30
S.-N.
0-5 0-2
—
—
slow
1 10
S.-N.
0-7 0-2
—
—
JJ
—
—
slight
—
—
—
2 30
S.-N.
1-2 0-7
—
—
slow
1 30
S.-N.
1-1 0-4
— .
30
E.-W.
slight
—
—
11
35
S.-N.
sliglit
—
—
,»
—
—
slight
—
—
--
"^
slight
—
—
—
I
S.W.-N.E.
0-6 0-3
—
—
slow
1 10
S S.E.-N.N.W.
0-8 0-2
—
—
1
—
—
slight
—
—
;
1
E.-W.
0-6 0-2
—
—
alow
3
S.-N.
1-8 0'4
—
—
„
2 30
N.W.-S.E.
0-5 0'3
sli
ght
quicli
1 20
S.W.-N.E.
0-8 0-2
—
slow
1 30
S.E.-N.W.
0-5 1-0
sli
ght
quick i
—
—
slight
—
—
1 30
E.-W.
1-1 0-2
—
—
slow 1
1
E.-W.
slight
—
—
,, 1
1
S.-N.
0-9 0-2
—
—
" I
very slight
—
Z i
1 30
N.W.-S.E.
0-8 0-4
—
—
slow
1
S.W.-N.E.
0-7 0-3
sli
ght
quick
2 50
E.S.E.-W.N.W.
0-8 0'9
sli
gbt {
very
quick 1
—
—
slight
—
—
— 1
—
— .
very slight
—
—
- 1
3 40
N.W.-S.E.
1-9 16-2
0-9
2-0
quick i
—
—
slight
—
—
)
—
—
slight
—
—
— !
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PirENOMENA OF JAPAN.
95
Catalogue of Earthquakes — continued.
No.
Month
Date
1,208
1,209
1,210
511.
25
26
2!)
Time
H. M. s.
7 38 13 P.M.
10 22 37 r.M.
11 13 20 P.M.
Duration
1,211
I.
3
1,212
„
4
1,213
„
6
1,214
„
13
1,215
»
17
1,216
))
JJ
1,217
„
24
1,218
„
28
1,219
„
31
1,220
II.
2
1,221
3
1,222
,,
12
1,223
,,
5»
1,224
„
15
1,225
J,
17
1,226
„
„
1,227
„
18
1,228
„
20
1,229
21
1,230
29
1,231
III.
8
1,2.32
9
1,233
22
1,234
IV.
2
1,235
3
1,236
„
13
1,237
,j
19
1,238
22
1,239
24
1,240
t*
30
Direction
M.
1
1
N.W.-8.R.
S.E-N.W.
1892.
4 22 9 P.M.
2
10 10 31 A.M.
1 20
2 63 36 A.M.
1 20
10 48 27 A.M.
—
3 29 8 A.M.
SO
11 35 12 P.M.
2 40
9 59 2 A.M.
—
11 20 10 P.M.
50
10 23 16 A.M.
1 40
9 22 9 P.M.
40
6 53 39 P.M.
2
7 21 18 A.M.
—
38 35 P.M.
—
3 20 35 A.M.
—
11 53 A.M.
—
9 41 58 P.M.
—
59 33 P.M.
—
2 39 43 A.M.
—
3 49 52 A.M.
2
3 38 31 A.M.
—
8 7 19 P.M.
—
2 24 25 P.M.
—
6 42 53 A.M.
—
35 23 A.M.
1 20
3 18 15 A.M.
1 20
4 13 a.m.
50
6 54 1 A.M.
1
1 26 46 A.M.
1 30
41 8 A.M.
—
5 59 57 A.M.
—
S.W.-N.E.
S.-N.
N.W.-S.E.
P.S.W.-N.N.E.
E.S.E.-W.N.W.
N.E.-S.W.
E.S.E.-W.N.\V.
S.-N.
S.E.-N.W.
S.W.-N.E.
W.S.W.-E.N.E.
S.W.-N.E.
S.-N.
E.-W.
S.-N.
Maximum
Period and
Amplitude of
Horizontal
Motion
sees. mm.
Maximum
Period and
Amplitude of
Vertical
Motion
0-7
0-9
0-3
0-2
0-8 0-3
0-7 0-3
0-8 0-2
slight
0-8 0-5
0-8
2-4
slight
08 0-3
0-8 1-6
0-6 0-2
0-4 0-7
slight
slight
slight
slight
slight
slight
slight
0-8 0-5
slight
slight
slight
slight
0-2
0-2
0-8
0-1
0-2
0-3
0-4
0-4
0-2
0-4
slight
sliglit
sees, mm,
Nature
of
Shock
0-6
0-2
sU
0-2 I
0-2 I
ght
sli
sli
0-2
sli
ght
ght
0-2
ght
slow
slow
slow
very
quick
slow
very
quick i
slow I
quick
quick
slow
quick
The Earthquakes op 1888 and 1889.
In my fourth Report to the British Association I gave an account of
387 earthquakes which had been recorded in North Japan between
October 1881 and October 1883. In the sixth, eighth, and tenth Reports
accounts are given of the earthquakes felt throughout the whole Empire
of Japan during the years 1885, 1886, and 1887. The records of these
disturbances were obtained from some 700 observing stations under the
control of the Central Meteorological Bureau. Through the kindness of
the director of this bureau, Mr. K. Kobayashi, I am now able to give to
the Association an epitome of the observations for 1888 and 1889.
I, Earthquakes in 1888.
In 1888 no less than 630 earthquakes were recorded.
96
EEPORT 1892.
1. Nu77iber of Eart7ir[uakes in each Season.
The following table gives the iiumber of earthquakes recorded during
each month of the year 1888 : —
&>
>i
^
O
u
& 1
Month
eg
a
1-3
a
P.
<
C3
3
3
"-3
1^
bo
<
a
■a
<5S
1
o
a
a
O
a
o
<
Frequency
53
77
46
42
69
40
40
34
42
47
85
55
630
52-5
The maximum frequency occurred in November, while the minimum
was in August. The following table gives the frequency in each
season : —
Seasons
Snriug
(March,
April,
May)
"SSI' '^'
August) November)
Winter
(December,
January,
February)
Total
1
1
Average '
Frequency .
157
114 i 174
185
630
157-5
The maximum seismic frequency occurred in winter, while the mini-
mum was in summer. If we divide a year into the hot and cold seasons
we have : —
Season
Hot
(from April to September
iuclusive)
Cold
I'from Ootiibcr to March
inclusive)
Total
Average
Frequency
267
,363
630
315-(i
2. Number of Tjartlbquahes in each Hour.
The following table shows earthquake frequency in each hour
Hours
Mouths
Total
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
Forenoon—
January
3
2
■i
4
1
2
—
—
3
1
1
1
21
February
■2
5
3
2
2
1
4
—
2
2
4
5
32
March .
—
1
1
3
3
—
4
1
1
—
1
5
20
April
1
—
1
2
—
4
3
5
1
—
2
'>
21
May
2
4
2
2
10
2
1
3
1
3
5
1
36
June
2
—
2
1
—
—
4
5
—
1
1
1
17
Jnlv
—
3
4
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
20
August .
—
2
1
4
—
2
1
2
' 3
3
—
3
21
September .
1
2
2
1
2
5
—
2
3
1
4
2
25
October .
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
4
1
1
2
—
26
November
8
5
5
o
4
i)
1
3
5
5
1
2
43
December
Total .
3
5
3
4
4
5
1
2
4
1
—
1
33
24
28
29
27
33
27 24
30
25
19
23
26
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN.
97
Hours
Months
Total
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6 G-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
Ajtehnoon-—
1
January
2
1
1
3
1
3 1 4
6
3
2
3
3
32
February
4
4
3
11
3 4
—
2
5
1
6
45
March .
•1
3
5
—
3 2
5
3
2
1
—
26
April
1
3
5
2
3
1 —
1
1
2
2
21
May . .
i
—
2
o
1
3 3
5
4
6
4
2
33
June
3
3
3
i
1
1
—
1
1
5
3
1
23
July .
1
2
2
3
3
2
—
2
—
2
1
2
20
August .
—
—
1
1
1
—
i
1
—
6
2
—
1:1
September .
1
2
2
3
—
2
1
2
1
—
2
1
17
October .
1
1
—
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
2
4
21
November
5
4
4
—
7
4 3
1
6
1
2
5
42
December
Total .
1
22
2
1
2
2
— 4
4
—
1
3
2
22
22
27
35
24
24 23
30
21
33
26
28
630
From the above we see that the greatest number of earthquakes oc-
curred between 3-4 p.m., and the next maximum frequency between
4-5 A.M. and between 9-10 p.m. ; whereas the minimum was between
9-10 A.M. and between 8-9 p.m. If we took 6 o'clock as the limit between
day and night, we should have at night a greater number of earthquakes
than during the day by 26.
3. Areas of Seismic Disturbances and Intensity.
The area shaken by an earthquake varied from a mere local tract up
to an area of several thousand square ri, depending chiefly on the intensity
of the shock. In the following table the number of earthquakes during
the year has been classified according to the size of the area disturbed.
One square ri=5'9 square miles.
Area
1
i
&
g
1
4)
<
c
3
>>
a
Ha
4^
CO
P
B
1
1
<L»
s
1
oa
1
>
<
Over 1,000 square ri . . .
2
6
3
8
5
3
2
1
•2
1
7
4
44
3-7
1,000-100 square ri . . .
8
15
7
2
16
9
10
8
i
6
9
10
104
8-T
Under 100 square ri .
43
56
36
32
48
28
28
25
36
40
69
41
482
40-2
Total
53
77
46
42
69
40
40
31
42
47
85
56
630
52-5
4. Area Shaken during each Month in Square Ri.
\-
X!
Pi
1
<
3
1
<
1
s
02
October
November
December
c
H
6,950
36,410
7,730
20,000
20,810
8,620
11,000
5,870
6,240
4,510
18,760
12,970
161,870
5. Intensity of Earthquahes.
Of the 630 earthquakes in the year 1S88, severe earthquakes numbered
58, moderate ones 264, and feeble ones 308. Thus 9 per cent, of the
1892. H
98
REPORT — 1892.
total number of earthquakes in the year were severe, 42 per cent, mocie-
rate, and 49 per cent, feeble.
Notes on Special Earthqual-es.
1. On February 5, at 1 a.m., an earthquake was felt over nearly the
whole of North Japan, extending from Tezo in the north to Tokio in the
south. The area shaken was 9,670 square ri. This is the first time since
1884, Avhen extended observations were commenced, that so large an area
was disturbed. Whatever damage occurred was slight.
2. On April 11, at 3 a.m., an area of 2,190 square ri was shaken in
Central Japan. The provinces of Tango and Tanba were most seriously
affected.
3. On April 29, at 10 a.m., North Japan was disturbed by a shock
■extending over 1,930 square ri. In Nasu-gori river banks gave way, at
Utsonomiya walls were cracked, and to the south, in Tokio and other
places, clocks were stopped and articles overturned. The motion was
generally horizontal.
4. On July 15, at 7.30 a.m., an elliptical area of 600 square ri near
Lake Inawashiro was suddenly shaken. This was followed by a second
shaking, and whilst this continued Bandaisan, which overlooks the lake,
exploded, and in a few minutes buried nearly 28 square miles of country
beneath a sea of earth and boulders 30 to 100 feet in depth.
Whether the preliminary shakings were unsuccessful efforts of the
steam beneath Bandaisan to obtain a vent, or whether they were shakings
due to faulting or other causes, which destroyed the equilibrium between
internal forces and the rocky cover which restrained them, is a matter
for speculation. It may here be mentioned that one result of the Ban-
daisan explosion has been to form a lake which is 83 miles long and from
1 to 3 miles in breadth.
Earthquakes Observed at the Central Ohservatory in Tohio
in 1888.
A list of the earthquakes felt in Tokio in 1888 has been published in
a previous Report. Between January and December 101 disturbances
were recorded.
1. Earthqual-e Frequency per Month.
During the year 1888 the number of earthquakes in each month was
as follows : —
Month
1"
1
1
1
V.
P.
<
5
s,
<
0.
a
B
B
December
Total
Frequency
1
4 i 15
7
7
11
9
9
7
11
i
13
4
101
From the above it is seen that the maximum frequency occurred in
February, and the minimum frequency in January, October, and
December.
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 99
2. Earthquake Frequency per Season.
Year
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Average
1888
25
25
28
23
25
3. Frequency during Sot and Gold Periods.
Tear
Hot
Cold
Average
1888
54
47
50
4. Sourly Frequency of Earthquakes. •
The number of earthquakes in each hour during the year will be
found from the following table : —
Hours
Total
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
FOHBNOOl
January
February
March
April
May.
June
July.
August
Septembe
October
Novembei
Decembei
^ —
r
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
3
4
6
4
5
6
10
3
6
3
2
11
4
3
5
5
4
1
2
1
7
1
Total
6
2
4
2
8
5
4
7
4
6
3
4
AFrERNO(
January
February
March
April
May.
June
July
August
Septembe
October
Novembei
December
r
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Tota
1 .
i
2
5
4
8
4
4
4
2
1
5
3
4
101
We see from the above that the maximum frequency was between
3-4 P.M. and 4-5 a.m., and the minimum between 8-9 p.m, 0-1 p.m., 7-8
P.M., 1-2 A.M., and 3-4 a.m.
H 2
100
REPORT 1892.
5. Intensity of Earthqiiakes.
Of the 101 earthquakes which took place in Tokio in the year 1888,
the following are the most notable : —
Date
Time of Occurrence
Duration
April 29
lOh. Om. 33s. A.ii.
8'
Date
Horizontal Motion
Vertical Motion
Maximum
Range in mm.
Maximum
Velocity
in mm.
Maximum
Acceleration
in mm.
Direction
Maximum
Amplitude
in mm.
April 29 .
5-6 in 0-8 sec. 22 in 1-0 sec.
172-8 in 1-0 sec.
S.E. to N.W.
1-5 in 0-6 sec.
The origin of this earthquake must have been somewhere in the Gulf
of Tokio. In the provinces on the Gulf river banks gave way, rents were
made in walls, articles fell down, liquids flowed from vessels, clocks were
stopped, &c. The duration was long. The next shocks of long duration
were those which occurred at 61i. 9m. 20s. p.m. on May 12, and at
8h. 13m. 33s. on November 3, each having a duration of 1^ minutes.
All the remaining shocks had a duration of less than 4 minutes. There
was only one earthquake which had a range greater than 10 mm., 8
earthquakes which had ranges 1-10 mm., 28 which were less than 1 mm.,
and the remaining 64 were so feeble that measurement was impossible.
Prom the preceding facts we may conclude that severe eai'thquakes
were few in number this year, about 90 per cent, of them being feeble.
6. Direction of Earthquakes.
The principal directions of motion of the 101 earthquakes this year
were as follows : —
Year
S. to N.
S.S.W.
to
N.N.E.
s.w.
to
N.E.
S.W.W.
to
N.E.E.
E. to W.
S.E.E.
to
N.W.W.
S.E.
to
N.W.
S.S.E.
to
N.N.W.
Unknown
1888
5
3
4
2
27
8
2
45
Earthquake motion was therefore chiefly E.to "W.,and after that S.E.
to N.W. It occurred least in the directions S.S.E. to N.N.W., and
S.W.W. to N.E.E., the next being S.S.W. to N.N.E. Besides these,
there were 45 feeble earthquakes having unknown directions.
7. Nature of Eart^lq^^a'kes.
An earthquake may have a horizontal or vertical motion,
motion may be rapid or slow. In the following table we
nature of the earthquakes in 1888 : —
And
show
the
the
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 101
Nature
Months
Total
^
1"
.a
■s
J3
^
1
i
&
S
3
"3
ho
2
a>
P.
©
CO
O
a
3
Combination of horizontal and ver-
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
11
tical motion
Horizontal motion ....
2
12
7
3
9
8
7
4
5
9
3
69
Unknown
1
2
—
2
1
—
1
3
5
3
2
1
21
Rapid
1
2
4
2
1
3
—
1
2
1
4
—
21
Slow
2
10
1
2
1
2
4
2
2
—
S
3
34
Unknown
1
3
2
3
9
4
5
4
7
3
4
1
46
Thus, of 101 earthquakes, 69 were horizontal, 11 were a combination
of horizontal and vertical, and 21 were not definite, being very feeble.
The number of slow earthquakes exceeded that of rapid ones by 13, while
46 were so feeble that it was difficult to determine their period of
vibration.
II. Earthquakes in 1889.
In 1 889 the number of disturbances recorded in the Empire was 930.
The great increase in the number of disturbances this year was due to the
number of small shocks which succeeded the great earthquake of Kuma-
moto, which I described in the tenth Report (1890). The great earth-
quake took place on July 28, and on the 29th and 30th 62 shocks were
recorded. Subsequently the exact time of occurrence of 281 disturbances
was noted. The total number of shocks following the great earthquake
was therefore 343, and the total for the Empire, 992. As in previous years,
certain parts of the western side of Japan appear to have been free from
earthquakes.
1. Number of Earthquakes in each Season.
The number of earthquakes observed every month from January to
December 1889 is given in the following table : —
i
1
1
3
'u
P.
03
a
s
a
3
bo
3
1
P.
m
1
o
>
o
g
Q
i
1
>
<1
53
57
63
67
60
39
65
192
79
103
82
72
930
77-5
From the above table it will be seen that we have the maximum fre-
quency in August, and the minimum in June. The general increase in
frequency is due to repeated shocks after the terrible earthquake in
Hiogo already referred to.
The frequency in each season may be deduced from the above table ;
thus : —
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Total
Average
190
296
264
180
930
232-5
102
REPORT 1892.
From the preceding table we see that the average frequency per
season was 232'5, and also that the maximum frequency was in summer,
and the minimum in winter.
If we call the six months from April to October the hot season, and
those from October to April the cold season, we have : — ■
Hot
Cold
Total
Average
502
428
930
465
Thus the average frequency of the two seasons was 465, and the
earthquakes occurred more frequently dui*ing the hot season than in the
cold one.
2. Number of Earthquakes in each Hour,
The occurrence of earthquakes according to the honi's of the day and
night is shown in the following table : —
Hours
Mouths
Total
0-1
1-2
2-3
3^
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
Forenoon—
January
—
_
3
2
4
5
2
4
—
2
3
—
25
February
—
—
1
1
2
4
2
5
5
3
2
2
27
Marcli .
2
1
3
2
—
2
5
2
2
4
2
3
28
April .
4
3
3
5
2
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
28
May
3
1
1
5
—
5
7
1
4
5
3
3
38
June
—
2
1
3
1
3
3
1
1
4
1
20
July
4
4
8
5
1
5
3
2
—
3
2
2
39
August .
6
8
12
15
10
9
7
9
8
5
7
6
102
September .
1
5
6
3
3
3
3
6
3
2
8
3
46
October
1
6
6
4
2
6
6
3
3
1
3
3
44
November
3
1
5
1
3
2
2
4
5
8
1
4
39
December
Total .
Afte)in-oon —
1
4
4
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
4
6
33
25
35
53
48
29
45
42
45
35
38
40
34
January
3
4
3
1
2
4
—
2
4
4
—
1
28
February
1
3
4
4
2
1
—
3
1
6
4
1
30
March .
2
2
4
3
3
4
3
6
1
2
1
4
35
April
5
7
6
3
5
4
—
3
3
2
1
—
39
May
4
2
2
1
—
3
3
2
—
2
1
1
21
June
1
4
3
1
—
2
2
1
—
4
1
—
19
July .
3
a
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
4
3
4
26
Augiist .
11
10
10
9
11
8
6
6
4
5
4
6
90
September .
5
3
3
1
4
1
1
4
1
2
3
5
33
October .
6
4
3
2
7
3
7
5
S
2
12
5
61
November .
7
3
4
5
2
3
1
5
5
4
4
43
December
Total
5
4
4
1
2
3
—
5
3
1
8
1
37
931
53
48
47
32
40
1 ^^
23
40
29
39
42
32
From the above table we see that the maximum frequencies occurred
between 2-3 a.m. and 0.1 p.m., whereas the minimum frequencies are
between 6-7 p.m. and 0-1 a.m.
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN, 103
3. Area Sliaken in each Month in Square Bi.
^4
^1
>.
-M
H
i
<
!>
a
1-3
1
1
03
o
o
O
o
a
o
18,230
14,820
21,520
18,060
13,010
10,700
11,830
14,410
9,250
19,240
9,310
14,320
174,700
4. -4rea o/ Seismic Disturbances.
The area shaken by the earthquakes varied with their intensity from
a mere local tract up to several thousand square ri. 1 square ri=about 5 9
square miles. The following table is a classification of the earthquakes
according to the area disturbed : —
Areas
3
1
>>
1
ft
S
<
1^
>>
3
1-5
1
■a
ft
Qi
S
u
O
>
o
•a
i
Id
-s
2
<
More tbau 1,000 square ri
Frjm 1,000 down tii 100 square
ri
Lks than 100 square ri .
Total
5
10
38
5
9
43
7
5
61
6
16
45
3
13
44
4
9
26
1
14
50
8
181
3
7
69
5
9
89
3
8
71
1
9
60
46
117
767
3-8
9'8
63-9
53
57
63
67
60
39
65 192
79
103
82
70
930
77-5
From the above table we see that TGI earthquakes out of the total
number of 930 disturbed areas less than 100 square ri, 117 areas between
100 and 1,000 square ri, and 46 areas greater than 1,000 square ri. We
may add that one earthquake shook an area of nearly 6,000 square ri,
whilst another shook an area of about 9,000 square ri.
5. Intensity of Earthquakes.
During the year 1889, as we have seen, the total number of earth-
quakes was 930, of which 51 were of a severe character, 290 of moderate,
and the remaining 589 were slight, shocks. Thus, severe ones were
6 per cent, of the total number of earthquakes, moderate ones 31 per cent.,
and slight ones 63 per cent.
Notes on Special Earthquakes.
1. February 18, at 6h. 9m. Os. a.m., 6h. 27m. Os. a.m., 7h. 48m. 52s.
A.M., 8h. 2m. Os. A.M., and lOh. 10m. 56s. a.m. The first shock was the
strong one, shaking 5,750 square ri ; 300 square ri near Tokio, where
walls were cracked, tombstones overturned, clocks stopped, &c., was
severely disturbed. The centre appears to have been in the Bay of
Tokio. Earthquakes which are severe in Tokio seldom shake more than
one or two neighbouring provinces, and, as measured by the land area
which is shaken, they can only be considered as moderate disturbances.
This earthquake, however, was felt on the West Coast, and shook 21
provinces {see ninth Report, 1889).
2. May 12, at 10.40 a.m. The shock disturbed 4,800 square ri in Centra!
Japan. Thirty-seven provinces were shaken, Mino and Owari, the sile of
104
REPORT — 1892.
the terrible catastrophe which occurred last year (1891), suffering the
most.
In the neighbourhood of Gifa people were thrown into a state of
alarm. The banks of the Nagara River were rent for some distance.
There was much damage to porcelain, wine-bottles, &c. Pendulum-
clocks, especially those facing towards the south or north, were stopped.
According to the observations of the Gifa Observatory, the duration of
the earthquake was about 2 minutes 30 seconds. The movement, which vas
very slight at first, was followed three minutes after by a violent shaking,
and at the fifth second the range of motion to the north and south was
4 bu 4 rin (about -^ in.). But, from the moment at which the east and
west motion came into play, the intensity was so much increased that the
two leaden cylinders of the seismometer, together with the index, were
overthrown, which put an end to the observations. The maximum range,
however, seems to have been about 21 mm.
S. July 28, at 11.40 p.m. A short description of this earthquake, by
which 20 persons were killed, 74 wounded, and many buildings destro_5ed,
is given in the tenth Report (1890). For a full account see the paper
by Messrs. Sekiya and Kikuchi forming vol. xiii.. Part II., of the ' Trans-
actions of the Seismological Society,' also vol. xvi. of the same publication.
4. December 31, 1 p.m. This earthquake extended from Yezo in the
north to beyond Tokio in the south, shaking 9,210 square ri of country.
It seems to have originated in the bed of the Pacific.
Earthquakes Olserved at the Central Observatory in Tokio.
Between January and December, in Tokio, 113 shocks were recorded,
a list of which has appeared in pi'evious Reports.
I. Frequency of Earthquakes per Season.
The following table will show the seismic frequency per month : —
i-t
•3
1
03
3
1^
1^
<
u
a
■s.
03
.o
3
8
S
a
o
5
16
11
18 13
7
5
8
7
8
9
6
113
From the above table we see that the maximum frequency was in
April, while the minimum one was in January and July.
The following table shows the seismic frequency per season :-
Spring
Summci'
Autumn
Winter
Average
42
20
24
27
28
The following table shows the frequency in the hot and cold
seasons : —
October to March. Cold
53
April to September. Hot
58
Average
66-5
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 105
2. Daily Frequency of EartJiquaJces.
The following table is a classification of earthquakes according to the
time of occurrence •• —
Hours
Total
0-1
1-2
2-3
3^
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8 8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
FOREXOO
January
Februarj
March
April
May
June
July
August
Septemb
October
Novemb
Deeembe
r—
cr .
3r
r
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
9
6
6
7
2
1
2
6
S
4
2
4
7
5
12
6
5
4
6
1
3
9
4
Total
2
3
7
1
S 1 8
8 5
2
6
3
Al'TBRXO
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
Septemb
October
Novemb
Deeembe
ox—
r
er .
er .
>r
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
a
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Tots
1 .
7
7
8
6
5
5
.t
4 4
4
5
1
3
113
Thus we see that the maximum frequency occurred from 6 to 8 A.M.
and from 2 to 3 p.m.. whereas the minimum frequency occurred from 3 to
-5 a.m.
3. Intensity of Earthquakes.
The remarkable earthquakes recorded in Tokio were those of February
18 and December 31, already referred to, which had durations of 8 minutes
and 5 minutes 20 seconds respectively ; and one on August 5, which had a
duration of 4 minutes 20 seconds.
There was only one earthquake which had a maximum range greater
than 20 mm. No other earthquake occurred with a maximum range
.greater than 10 mm. There were 12 earthquakes with a maximum range
greater than 1 mm., and 25 earthquakes less than 1 mm. There were
75 earthquakes whose movement was so slight as to render it impossible to
■observe the range of oscillation. We therefore had very few severe dis-
.tui'bances during the year, although a large number of earthquakes
were recorded.
106
REPORT — 1892.
4. Direction of Earthquakes.
The following table shows the number of earthquakes arranged'
according to direction : —
N. to S.
s.s.w.
to
N.N.E.
S.W.
to
N.E.
W.S.W.
to
E.N.E.
E. to W.
E.S.E.
to
W.N.W.
S.E.
to
N.W.
S.S.E.
to
N.N.W.
Uucertain
11
1
8
1
18
5
11
2
S6
5. Nature of Earthquakes.
The following table shows the number of earthquakes according to>
the nature of movement : —
Nature
Both vertical and liorizontal
Horizontal . . . .
Uncertain . . . .
Eapid
Slow
Uncertain . . . .
Months
1
^ !
-8
5
s
1
P.
<
*'
H
1
>>
2
1
a
GJ
P.
u
o
O
i
o
a
CD
2
1
4
6
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
24
1
9
2
2
3
4
2
3
1
4
—
31
2
6
5
10
8
2
2
3
G
5
5
4
58
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
—
1
21
1
6
3
6
2
3
1
3
—
2
4
1
31
2
7
5
11
9
2
2
3
6
5
5
4
61
From the above we see that the number of earthquakes which were
felt as a horizontal movement was greater than those in which horizontal
and vertical motions were combined. There were 58 earthquakes the
movement of which was indeterminate. As regards the velocity of back
and forth motion, 31 out of 113 earthquakes were slow, 21 were rapid,
and 61 were indeterminate.
Remarks on the above Reports.
The above notes are based on two epitomes of the work done in 1888
and 1889, by the Central Meteorological Bureau, which I have recently
published in vol. xvi. of the 'Transactions of the Seismological Society.'^
The tables are altogether the work of the officers in the Meteorological
Bureau.
Laws relating to the frequency of earthquakes which are sharply
defined have not yet been discovered. During the winter months we
know that earthquakes are more numerous than they are in summer,
and if, instead of reckoning our earthquakes as efforts of equal value, we
give to each a value corresponding to the area shaken, the fact that
seismic energy is more intense during the winter than in summer becomes
more pronounced. All areas given in this and previous Reports are laMcl
areas. A more satisfactory method of determining earthquake intensity
would be to give total areas. In estimating frequency, it would seem
that a series of secondary shocks, which may spread over a period of
several months, but which are the outcome of a primary disturbance,
ought either to be omitted, or at least to be regarded as belonging to the
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 107
disturbance which gaA^e them birth. If this is not done, then a large
disturbance which took place, for example, near the end of the winter
months may have the long series of shocks which follow, and which indi-
cate that the conditions which lead to earthquakes are being destroyed,
added in with the summer disturbances, and the rule that earthquakes
are more frequent in winter is obliterated. An effect of this description
is shown in the tables for 1889, which might have been drawn up omit-
ting 281 secondary disturbances which occurred in Hiogo. In connection
with these analyses it would .=!eem desirable that earthquakes should be
grouped according to their origins, and, in addition to what is done at
present, separate analyses be made for each group. Some of the earth-
quakes which occur in the north of Japan do not appear to have any
more connection with those which occur in the south of Japan than the
earthquakes of Great Britain have with the earthquakes of Switzerland.
The earthquakes from all these regions may conform with the law of
winter frequency, but it is also desirable to know the relationship between
earthquakes of a given group. Do the earthquakes which originate
beneath the ocean follow the same laws as those which originate in our
mountains ? Is the occurrence of earthquakes at one particular origin
more in accordance with some rule than the occurrence of similar dis-
turbances at some other focus ? With the aid of the four or five thousand
maps showing the area shaken by every earthquake since 1885 such
questions might be answered, but time and means for their analysis are
thus far wanting.
On a New Method which may be Employed foe Investigating Earth
Tremors or Earth Tips.
In Reports to this Association in 1887 and 1888 I gave an epitome
of the work which had been accomplished in investigating small earth
movements called earth tremors. The more important results were,
that tremors were most frequent with a low barometer, and they were
especially noticeable if there was a steep barometric gradient. They
often occuri'ed when it was absolutely calm in Tokio, and often heralded
the approach of a wind from the south-west. The instrument employed
was automatic in its action, the records being made at intervals of five
minutes. Being, like all other tromometers, of the ordinary pendulum
type, it only indicated when tremors were strong and the time of their
occurrence. The instruments which I have been using for the last few
months give perfectly continuous records of earth tremors, measure them
as to amount and direction, and throw considei-able light upon the nature
of these movements. From the character of the records it is also seen
whether the column on which ihe instruments are placed remains
horizontal or suffers tilting. Anyone possessing a small metal stand
which has three levelling screws and a metal upright can, with a silk
fibre, a small sewing-needle, a small shot, and a glass fibre, construct one
of these instruments. In the sketch, a h represents the needle, with the
shot fixed at a, and a c the fibre, which is secured at a and c by shellac.
The glass fibre is joined to 6 a as a continuation of its length. This acts
as a pointer, and moves above a mirror, on which there is a finelj'- divided
scale. The fibre may be replaced by a rigid wire, when it must be properly
pivoted. Agate cups at b and c give greater sensibility. A complete-
108
REPORT — 1892.
k\\\\\X\NJx\V\^
arran^-ement requires two such pieces of apparatus, which may be placed
to work on the same scale as shown in the plan.
Everything must be well sheltered from currents of air. For a
continuous record the glass pointer is replaced by a small galvanometer
mirror, which reflects a ray of light through a slit into a box, where it is
photographed upon a moving plate.
The screws B and C serve to adjust
the pointei's and to measure the
.amount of tilting corresponding to
any given displacement. By moving
A the degree of stability is adjusted.
I adjust ah c, which may be briefly
described as an extremely light
conical pendulum, until it has a
period of about five seconds. With
this adjustment the mirror or pointer
may at any time be set swinging,
and it will return to rest and show
the reading from which it was dis-
placed. Sources of error which may
possibly interfere with the records
which these instruments are sup-
posed to give are as follow : —
1. By unequal expansion of dif-
fei-ent portions of one of these in-
struments the pointer or ray of light
might be displaced. As at least four of these instruments, which are
differently constructed, some with wire suspensions, and others with
fibre suspensions, only vary in amount of displacement, and seldom, if
ever, in direction, whilst the temperature is changing, it v.'ould seem that
temperature effects are too small to be observed. Lighting a stove in
the room and raising the temperature quickly does not appear to pro-
duce any effect. Good spirit-levels are subject to great changes by
changes in temperature, and therefore it is diificult to use them as
recorders of changes in level. I have had a pair of such levels under
glass cases, standing on excellent stone columns, for several years, but
the results were too unsatisfactory for publication. When they were
side by side and parallel the bubble of one might move to the right, and
the other to the left.
2. In consequence of hygroscopic changes the instruments carried by
a silk fibre may possibly be affected. I have not observed such changes,
but Mr. F. Omori, who is repeating my work, tells me that they are
evident. I cannot imagine them to exist in the instruments which have
wire suspension, and by the use of quartz fibres which Mr. F. Boys,
F.R.S., has sent me, this possible source of error may be eliminated
where fibres are employed.
3. Because the horizontal member of the conical pendulum has in
several cases been a fine steel needle, magnetic effects may be introduced.
If these are measurable, they must be extremely small. With a
8-foot ray of light during a tremor storm, the image may be continuously
moving through a range of from 1 to 2 inches. This is too large to be
magnetic. If a record for twenty-four hours is repi'esented by a straight
line 12 inches in length, I find that this from time to time is gradually
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 101^
deflected from ^ to |- inch from its true path, and the line, which is often
straight, has one or two bow-like bends, suggesting that the column on
which the instruments rest has been gradually lifted or warped for a
period of, say, five or six hours, and then for the next four or five hours
been gradually lowered or gradually returning to its original form.
Occasionally this lifting process only takes from fifteen to thirty minutes.
The character of the record is hardly that which would be expected as a
result of magnetic influences.
Obseevatioks.
All my observations have hitherto been made upon a table-like stone
column which forms the foundation of a column built some fifteen years
ao-o to carry an equatorial telescope. It is 4 feet square, made of
carefully squared blocks of stone measuring 4'x2'xl' 3", and rises
3' 6" above the floor of one of the rooms in my house which for many
years was the Astronomical Observatory of the Imperial University.
Unless the shutters of a window are closed for three or four hours the
midday situ strikes the south face of the column. A fibre instrument
photographically recording N. and S. motion stands near the N.B.
corner of the column. On the N.W. corner a second fibre instrument
shows B. and W. motion as a spot of light on a scale. Between these
two a pair of wire instruments records N.S. and E.W. motions, and a
second set of instruments records similar motions on the south side of the
column. In between them, from time to time, similar instrunaents have
been used in varying positions.
In regular use there were, therefore, three instruments recording N.
and S. motion, and three which recorded E. and W. motion. Observa-
tions were commenced on December 18, 1891, and with but few interrup-
tions they are being continued. A few of the more important results are
as follows : —
Ti-emors.
1. On many occasions a stiff" gale has been blowing, and although we
should expect tremors if they were a direct eff'ect of the wind, all the
instruments have been still : as, for example, on January 15, with W. and
S.W. wind; January 18, with N.W. wind ; February 8, with S. wind ;
February 24, everything remarkably steady, with N.W. wind; February 27,
strong N. wind and very slight tremors ; March 1, N.W. wind ; March 27,
W. wind.
On each of the above days the wind was unusually strong. The
I'evolving roof above the column and the shutters rattled, whilst each
gust of wind caused my bouse, which is of wood, to shake. When this
latter happened, by carefully watching the pointers of an instrument
through a magnifying glass, they were seen to tremble, and each
trembling, which was momentary, corresponded with the impulses of the
wind upon the outside of the building. There was no swing produced in
the pointers, but only a temporary vibration along their length. The
movements consequent on ' earth tremors ' are distinct and continuous
angular displacements, and not the vibration of pointers.
2. Tremors often occur when the wind is high. They also occur
when it is modei-ate, and when it is absolutely calm. The relationship of
110 REPORT — 1892.
such tremors to winds at a distance, and to barometrical gradients, have
been discussed in previous Reports. Sometimes the tremors are only
shown on the instruments recording N. and S. motion, sometimes only on
those which record E. and W. motion, and sometimes they are marked
on all the instruments.
8. One of the most important results obtained from the new method
of observation is that the so-called earth tremors do not appear to be
movements resulting from a general vibration in the soil, such as might,
for example, be caused by the falling of heavy weights. With a tremo-
meter of the ordinary pendulum type a simple swinging, corresponding
to the period of the pendulum, is only seen ; and although it has been
observed that the swing is not always uniformly to the right and left of
the same point, this swinging might still represent a cumulative effect of
minute vibrations. With the conical pendulum arrangement, the inertia
of which is extremely small, although they sometimes appear to be
moving with their natui-al period, it is oftener that their vibrations
appear to be forced. By watching the spot of light as it fitfully swings
from side to side, sometimes quickly and sometimes slowly, during a
tremor storm, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the movements
are produced by the tilting of the column. For example, on the night of
February 14, when the barometer was low (29'6) and but little wind, all
the E. and W. instruments were moving, while the N. and S. were still.
The E. and W. light from time to time swung between 32 and 39 (i divi-
sion =2"5 mm.), and it seemed as if at irregular intervals, which did
not correspond with gusts of wind, that the east side of the column had
been lifted. On February 16, in the afternoon, whilst a strong N.W.
wind was blowing for some time, the E.W. spot of light rested at 30,
then it would move to 34, but return to 30. Five minutes later it stood
at 35, but now and then it would move quickly to 40, and return to 30.
It did not swing evenly on either side of any point. Similar observations
have been made on other days. With the N. and S. recorder these
effects, which are apparently due to tilting, have only been observed
once or twice, and they were not well pronounced. It is probable that
these movements may be due to the same causes, which at the time of
very heavy winds I have seen to cause the bubble of a delicate level to
pulsate. One result of these observations is that, for the present, at least,
I can no longer regard earth tremors as movements which correspond in
■character to vibrations like those which may be produced by a steam-
hammer or a railway train — on which I have often experimented — bat
rather that they ai'e wave-like pulsations, irregular in period, and
producing changes in level.
They may possibly be the result of sudden variations in barometric
pressure over large areas.
4. During a tremor storm, which sometimes lasts for twenty-four
hours, the range of motion is very variable, the intervals between periods
of maximum movement being sometimes ten or fifteen minutes. If these
motions are due to tilting, this means that the slopes of the wave-like
pulsations are not equally steep.
5. The photographic records, which refer to N. and S. motions —
whether there are tremors or whether tremors do not exist — by the
deviation of the spot of light, sometimes to the right or sometimes to the
left, give evidence of angular motion of the mirror, which may be ex-
plained on the assumption of tilting of the ground, warping of the column
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. Ill
or portions of the instrument by change of temperature, a variation in
the condition of the fibre by change in moisture, or as an effect due to
magnetic influences. Sometimes it appears that the southern side of the
column had risen or sunk within a period of fifteen minutes. At other
times the movement takes several hours. Usually it takes about as long-
to sink as it did to rise ; but this is by no means invariable, the upward
motion being sometimes accomplished in a few minutes, whilst the
lowering extends over several hours. The following are examples of
these movements, which for convenience are described as an actual lifting
or sinking of the south side of the column.
February 9. — Daring the day the south side rose shghtly, and sank
again towards night.
February 10. — About 4.30 A.M. the south sunk suddenly 2 mm., but in
one hour returned to its normal position.
February 11. — Between the morning and the afternoon the south side
rose slowly.
February 12. — No movement observable.
February 13. — Steady rise of the south side, commencing in the morn-
ing, and continuing until 8 p.m. and on to midnight.
February 14. — Fi-om midnight of the 13th the south sank, the greatest
fall taking place during the afternoon. This sinking continued steadily
to the 15th. On the 16th this sinking was irregular.
February 17. — ^Between 3.30 and 4.30 a.m. the spot of light moved
2 mm. to the right and back to the left, indicating a rising and then a
sinking of the south side. A similar movement, but of from 4 to 5 mm.,
took place in fifteen minutes, commencing at 9.30 p.m.
February 18. — The south rose slightly during the day, and sank to-
wards night. About midday there was a deflection like the two which
took place on the 17th.
February 19. — During three hours the south sank, and then rose in
three hours, the range of motion being about 6 mm. During the night
the south ag^in sank, and rose within a period of about three hours.
February 21. — Early in the morning the south slightly sank, and this
continued until the afternoon, when within an interval of ten minutes it
quickly rose. There was a sudden but slight sinkage at midnight.
February 24. — During the whole day, and also at night, the south was
slightly sinking.
Febriiary 25. — During the day the south was rising.
February 26. — From 4 to 7 a.m. the south sank, after which it rose to
■9 A.M. In the afternoon it again sank ; &c.
The deflections referred to as measured on the photographic record
are usually about 2 mm. ; it is not unfrequent that they reach 5 or 6 mm.,
and once they were as much as 15 mm.
When the mirror has a period of four or five seconds, and it is 29 inches
from the photographic plate, a deflection of 1 mm. might be due to a
tilting represented by '25 inch per mile. The sensitiveness of the
apparatus may be changed by altering the period of the mirror. The
approximation given may also be used in giving angular values for the
tremors which have been observed.
The fact that the south side of the column appears to rise when the
sun is on the south side of the house would indicate that the tilting was
due to temperature, but as the same movements also take place during
the night, and at irregular intervals, it cannot be an immediate effect of
112 EEPOKT — 1892.
sun-heat. Closing the shutters and blinds of the one window in the
room does not alter the angular displacements. The N. and S. pointer
of a glass fibre instrument standing on the S.E. corner of the column may-
be altered by lighting a small stove which stands within 3 feet of the
column, and raising the temperature of the room 20° to 30° Fahr. In a
few hours this corner of the column becomes quite warm to the hand,
and the pointer shows that the southern side has been warped or tilted
upwards. Although the fire may burn all day, I do not observe any
change in the other instruments, and it is therefore difficult to imagine
that the deflections which have been noted are the immediate result of a
chano-e in the temperature or hygrometric state of the atmosphere in the
room where the column is situated. The character of the movements
is hardly such as might be expected from changes in declination. At
the Magnetical Observatory, about two miles distant from my house,
whatever changes have been recorded do not coincide either in character
or in time with the movements under discussion.
The conclusion arrived at is, that from time to time there is evidence
that the column in my house is tilted sometimes quickly, but more gene-
rally slowly. The cause of this tilting is not inside the house, but outside.
It may be local, and due to variation in the temperature or the moisture
in the ground.
To determine whether the tilting extends over a considerable area a
second photographic recorder is being erected in a seismological labora-
tory about 400 yards distant from my private observatory.
6. On January 28, at about 11.20 p.m., a small earthquake took place,
after which it was observed that the N. S. pointers of all the instruments
had been displaced in the same direction. It appeared as if the south
side of the column had been slightly tilted. East and west pointers
were not disturbed. Subsequent earthquakes in February did not pro-
duce any change.
Earthquakes are recorded as streaks of light across the plate, and as
the instruments are so sensitive, they are capable of recording disturb-
ances which ordinary instruments fail to indicate.
In making these investigations I am now receiving valuable assistance
from Mr. F. Townley, in Yokohama, and Mr. James Murdoch, in Omori,
each of whom is provided with tromometers. My colleague. Professor
W. K. Burton, has given me most valuable assistance in carrying out the
photographic part of my work.
Earth Tremoes and Firedamp.
In 1884 I repoi'ted to this Association that in the previous year I had
established a tromometer and other instruments underground in the
Takashima Colliery, near Nagasaki. Shortlj' after they were put up a
fall of the roof cut off access to the chamber where they were placed, and
ever since they have remained buried beneath the bed of the Pacific
Ocean. As Mr. John Stoddart, who took charge of the instrument, has
died, and Nagasaki is so far distant, I have not been able to re-establish
these observations, one of which was to determine whether the giving off
of firedamp was in any way connected with earth tremors.
In the ' Proceedings of the Nox'thern Institute of Mechanical and
Mining Engineers,' Mr. Walton Brown drav^s attention to the possible
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND TOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 113
connection between earth shakes, tremors, and the issue of firedamp, and
refers to the work attempted at Takashima.
Some years later the British Association appointed a committee to in-
vestigate their possible re]ationships, and I believe that seismographs and
delicate seismoscopes were set up in the Newcastle district. At the time I
pointed out that such instruments could only record earthquakes, and it
was unreasonable to suppose that there could be any connection between
earthquakes and the ordinary outpourings of firedamp. The instru-
ments required were tromometers, rather than seismometers and seismo-
scopes, and in this Report I have defined the nature of the phenomena
to be looked for, which are more like wave-pulsations than tremors.
The instrument by which these may be investigated is the light form of
conical pendulum already described. The records are not the same as
those obtained from the swinging of a pendulum tromometer. We know
that a curve showing the microseismic activity in Italy closely follows a
curve showing the colliery explosions between 1860 and 1881 which have
occurred in Germany. Unfortunately, we do not know anything about
microseismic activity in Germany. From tromometric observations
made at the ^Ecole de Douai, by M. Chesneau, during February and ]\Iarch
1886, and from observations on the escape of gas estimated by a Pieler
lamp at the Herin Mine (Compagnie d'Anzin), we learn that certain
relationships between these two phenomena were established (.see ' De
I'etude des mouvements de I'ecorce terrestre poursuivie particuliere-
ment au point de vue de leurs rapports avec les degagements de produita
gazeux,' par M. Raynal, Ministre des Travaux publics ; M. B. de
Chaucourtois, inspecteur general, assiste de MM. Ch. Lallemand et G.
Chesneau, ingenieurs au Corps des Mines, ' Annales des Mines,' Mars-
Avril, 1886).
Earth pulsations, like escapes of firedamp, usually take place when
the barometer is low ; but a more general rule for the occurrence of the
former phenomena is, that they are observable whenever the district of
observation is crossed by a steep barometric gradient. It would be of
interest and of value to determine whether the escape of firedamp follows
a similar rule, and, for the welfare of our mines and miners, tromometric
observations oug-ht to be inaugurated in the neighbourhood of some of
the more fiery of our mines. The movements to be sought for are not
minute earthquakes, tremors, or vibrations, but pulsatory movements
which may be compared to the swell upon an ocean.
On the Overturning and Fracturing of Columns.
In the Report for 1891 a short account of the results of experiments
on the overturning and fracturing of columns was given. Partly in
consequence of the terrible disaster on October the 28th of that year,
when thousands of structures of all descriptions were overturned,
shattered, or utterly ruined, these experiments are being extended.
With regard to overturning we can now state with considerable
accuracy the acceleration necessary to overturn a column-like structure
of given dimensions. One set of experiments, in which Mr. F. Omori
has continued to assist me, shows most clearly that a group of similar
columns, whether they are large or small, heavy or light, so long as they
have tlie same ratio of height to breadth, with horizontally applied motion
will fall simultaneously. Further than this, the acceleration which was
1892. I
114 BEPORT— 1892.
recorded as having caused them to overturn is practically identical with
that which may be calculated from their dimensions. The ratios of
breadth to height varied from 1 : 2^ up to 1 : 9, and in each group there
were at least six columns. These ratios are identical with the dimensional
ratios of gravestones and other bodies overturned by the last earthquake.
The actual sizes of the columns experimented on were not small ; for
example, one column, where the ratio of breadth to height is 1 : 2^, was
9^ in. square and 25| in. high. One result of this work is that we can
now go from place to place through the shaken district, and state with
considerable accuracy the accelerations that were experienced. As we
have one or two diagrams from the shaken area, we know, at least
approximately, the period of the motion, and we can therefore calculate
the amplitude and maximum velocity of motion which was experienced.
Such calculations are now being made by Mr. F. Omori.
From the formula given in the last Report, which showed a relation-
ship between the dimensions, weight, and strength of a structure, and the
acceleration which would shatter the same, we are now able to calculate
accelerations from shattering phenomena. The greatest difficulty which
had to be overcome in making these investigations was the collecting
and subsequently determining the strength of portions of masonry
structures which had been ruined. Altogether, 26 cases of brickwork
have been obtained from the earthquake district, and the testing of their
contents has been completed. Reference is made to the results of the
calculations based on these experiments under the section relating to the
Great Earthquake.
The only new development of the fracturing formula has been to
determine the form of a wall or pier which, rather than snapping at its
base — as was the case with many structures at the time of the last earth-
quake, and also with all the columns subjected to back and forth motion
on the earthquake track — would be as likely to break at any one
horizontal section as at any other. The effect of the last earthquake was
to cause brick piers of railway bridges to snap at their bases, and it
would therefore seem that the basal section required greater strength.
This might possibly be obtained by increasing the basal dimensions at
the expense of a portion of the brickwork in their upper parts, which, so
far as offering resistance to effects resulting from their own inertia, were
apparently more than sufficiently strong. As a result both of reasoning
and observation, it is evident that in earthquake countries, piers, walls,
chimneys, and the like should have vertical sections different from
those which they receive in ordinary practice. A full account of these
experiments will be published in a ' Journal of Seismology ' which is
shortly to be issued.
The Gkeat Eakthquake op October 28, 1891.
If we may judge from the contortions produced along lines of railway,
the Assuring of the ground, the destruction of hundreds of miles of huge
embankments which guard the plains from river-floods, the utter ruin
of structures of all descriptions, the sliding down of mountain sides and
the toppling over of their peaks, the compression of valleys, and other
bewildering phenomena, we may confidently say that last year, on the
morning of October 28, Central Japan received as terrible a shaking aa
has ever been recorded in the history of seismology. It is a subject
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 115
that might be written about at interminable length, and therefore in this
short Report no attempt is made to give detailed descriptions of all that
happened.
Mr. F. Omori, who works with me in the Seismological Laboratory,
has spent several weeks in the shaken district, and ever since has been
busily engaged in analysing the materials he collected. Professor
Tanakadate, with a staff of assistants, devoted himself to observations
relating to the velocity of propagation of earth- waves, the curious sound
phenomena, and, lastly, to a redetermination of magnetic elements in the
devastated district. Dr. B. Koto has studied the phenomena from a
geological standpoint.
Under the title of ' The Great Earthquake in Japan,' in conjunction
with Professor W. K. Burton, I have published a general account of the
more striking phenomena which were observed, illustrating the same by
a series of photographs. The questions to which greatest attention has
been given are those of importance to engineers and builders, but
inquiries and investigations have been made relating to everything
which was thought to be of interest. A few days after the disaster, at
the request of Professor D. Kikuchi, I drew up a circular containing
some fifty queries. Ten thousand of these documents were issued, and
now, here and at the Central Observatory, we are surrounded by boxes
filled with newsjDaper cuttings and replies. Five per cent, of the whole
may be of value, but yet it has all to be patiently examined. In addition
to this material, there is that of our own collecting, which, in addition to
what has already been mentioned, includes some hundreds of diagrams
taken by seismographs of what seemed to be at one time an unending-
series of shocks which followed the great disaster. This chaotic mass of
material is gradually being sifted, and assuming a form suitable for
systematic investigation. Although many of the results may be marked
by the magnitude of the phenomena they represent rather than by
their novelty, we have already gone sufficiently far to see that certain
observations can hardly fail in widening the circle of our present
knowledge.
The first notice that I received of the earthquake was at 6h. 39m. lis.
on the morning of October 28, whilst I was in bed. From the manner in
which the house was creaking and the pictures swinging and flapping on
the wall I knew the motion was large. My first thoughts were to see
the seismographs at work ; so I went to the earthquake-room, where to
steady myself I leaned against the side of the stone table, and for about
two minutes watched the movements of the instruments. It was clear
that the heavy masses suspended as horizontal pendulums were not
behaving as steady points, but that they were being tilted, first to the
right, and then to the left. Horizontal displacements of the ground were
not being recorded, but angles of tilting were being measured. That
whenever vertical motion is recorded there must be tilting, and therefore
no form of horizontal pendulum is likely to record horizontal motion, is
a view I have often expressed. What I then saw convinced me that
such views were correct. Next I ran to a water-tank which is 80 feet
long, 28 feet wide, and 25 feet deep. Its sides are practically vertical.
At the time it was holding about 17 feet of water, which was running
across its breadth, rising first on one side and then on the other to a
height of about 2 feet. It splashed to a height of 4 feet. It seemed
clear that the tank was being tilted, first on one side, and then on the
I 2
116 EEPOKT — 1892.
other. Whilst this was going on trees were swinging about, telegraph-
wires were clattering together, the brickwork of the tank was cracked,
and the college workshop, a few yards away, was so far shattered that it
has had to be partially rebuilt. The effect of the motion upon niyself
was to make me feel giddy and slightly sea-sick. The chimney of a
paper-mill in Tokio fell, and also a chimney at the electric-light works in
Yokohama.
The constructor of the latter chimney derived some satisfaction from
the fact that it fell as a heap of loose brick round its base, for had it
been made of better materials, it might have toppled over in large
masses, and destroyed neighbouring buildings. Many sti-uctures were
slightly fractured. During the day twenty-one other shocks were re-
coi'ded, but nearly all of them were so slight that they failed to give a
diagram sufficiently large for analysis. From the slow and easy, swing-
ing nature of the motion, it was known that the shock was not of local
origin, but that it had originated at a distance. As disturbjinees of this
character had often reached ns from an area beneath the Pacific Ocean
about 400 miles to the north-east, it was from the northern parts that
we expected to receive further information. The surmise that the origin
was at a distance proved correct, but instead of being beneath the ocean
to the north-east, it was beneath the land in an exactly contrary direction.
The first news was that in Kobe, which is about 400 miles towards the
south, many chimneys had fallen, earthquake shocks continued, and all
were in alarm ; whilst at Osaka, which is 356 miles from Tokio, a cotton-
mill had collapsed and many people had lost their lives. Little by little
news of destruction arrived from many towns, and as it came it grew
more terrible. The scene of greatest disaster was the Nagoya-Gifu Plain,
which lies about 140 miles W.S.W. of Tokio, and 80 miles N.E. of Kobo.
In this district destruction had been total. Cities and villages had been
shaken down, the ruins were burning, bridges had fallen, river embank-
ments had been destroyed, the ground was fissured in all directions, and
mountain sides had slipped down to dam the valleys. More accurate
estimates of certain damages are now before us. The killed numbered
9,960, the wounded 19,994, and the houses which were totally destroyed
were 128,750. In addition to these there were many temples, factories,
and other buildings. In an area of 4,176 square miles, which embraces
one of the most fertile plains of Japan, and where there is a population
of perhaps 1,000 to the square mile, all the buildings which had not
been reduced to a heap of rubbish had been badly shattered. To rebuild
the railway, reconstruct bridges, roads, and embankments, and to relieve
immediate distress, about one and three-quarter million pounds sterling
have been poured into the district, the greater portion of which came
from the Imperial treasury. This sum, however, only measures a
fraction of the total destruction. One hundred thousand houses have yet
to be rebuilt, irrigation works have to be repaired ; a value has to be
given to land which has been buried by landslides or lost by what
appears to be a permanent compression of valleys ; there has been a six-
months interruption of traffic and of industries, and nearly 10,000
people have lost their lives — all of which ai-e factors which cannot be
overlooked when measuring the effect of an earthquake by the sum it
takes to replace the damage it has occasioned.
The immediate cause of this great disturbance was apparently the
formation of a fault which, according to Dr. B. Koto, can be traced on
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OV JAPAN. 117
the surface of the earth for a distance of between forty and fifty miles.
In the Neo Valley, where it runs nearly N. and S., it looks like one side
of a railway embankment about 20 or 30 feet in height. The fields at
the bottom of this ridge were formerly level with the fields now at the
top of it. In Mino, where it strikes towards the east, it is represented
by subsidences and mound-like ridges, suggesting the idea that they
might have been produced by the burrowing of a gigantic mole.
Although there is only 20 feet of displacement on the surface, from what
we know of surface disturbances resulting from the caving in of sub-
terranean excavations, the maximum throw of this fault is in all prob-
ability veiy much greater than that which is accessible for measurement.
Not only have the rice-fields been lowered, but, according to the
peasants, the mountain peaks on the western side of the valley have
decreased in height.
Not only is there evidence of subsidence along this line, but there are
many evidences of horizontal displacements. Lines of roads have been
broken, and one part of them thrown to the right or left of their original
direction ; whilst fields which were rectangular have been cut in two, and
one-half relative to the other half been shifted as much as 18 feet up or
down the valley. One result of this is that landowners find there has
been a partial alteration in the position of their neighbours. A more
serious change has been the permanent compression of ground, plots
which were 48 feet in length now measuring only 30 feet in length. It
appears as if the whole Neo Valley had become narrower. A similar efiecfc
is noticeable in the river-beds, where the piers of bridges are left closer
together than they were at the time of their construction.
Since the big shock about 3,000 minor shakings have been recorded.
At Gifu and Nagoya, where most of these were felt, their distribution with
regard to time was as follows, the numbers representing the number of
shocks which were recorded during successive intervals of ten days :
Month
Day
Month
Day
Nagoya
Gifu
1891: X.
29
1891 : XL
7
559
1,132
XI.
8
XL
17
123
341
XI.
18
XL
27
76
116
XL
28
XII.
7
48
139
XII.
8
XII.
17
40
190
XII.
18
XII.
27
27
75
XII.
28
1892 : I.
6
36
87
1892: I.
7
I.
16
9
60
I.
17
I.
26
6
36
I.
27
IL
5
9
45
II.
6
II.
15
7
37
II.
16
II.
25
11
39
II.
26
III.
6
9
40
III.
7
III.
16
3
28
III.
17
III.
26
3
13
III.
27
IV.
5
9
42
IV.
6
IV.
15
1
26
IV.
16
IV.
25
4
28
Total
980
2,474
The most violent shakings took place high up in the Neo Valley, on
118 EEPOKT— 1892.
the line of the great fault, and again in a district to the west of Nagoyal,
about 25 miles farther south, in the middle of the Owaii Plain. This
second area of great disturbance may indicate the proximity of a second
line of fracture not visible on the surface, or it may be an area where
waves from various sides of the plane coalesced.
With the first of these shakings great landslips took place, and moun-
tains which were green with forest now look as if they had been painted
yellowish white. The valleys in these districts have been filled with
debris, and behind one of the dams which has been formed there is now
a lake six miles in circumference. In one district on the eastern side of
the plain we are told that mountain peaks fell in and depressions were
formed. Depressions also occurred in some of the valleys, and the houses
of farmers suddenly sank up to their eaves, burying their inmates in a
sea of earth and mud beneath the floor on which they once lived.
In the plains, river embankments which on the top are from 20 to 30
feet in width, and have slopes of 3 to 1 and 2 to 1, were very much
cracked and fissured. Usually these cracks were 2 or 3 feet in width, but
in places they had so far united that openings 10 or 15 feet wide and
about the same in depth had been formed. In all cases the fissures were
parallel to the river bank, and it was in villages near these banks where
destruction had been most complete. It might be expected that these
fissures would occur at distances of half wave-lengths from the river bank,
and at similar distances from each other, but no such rule was observable.
The general appearance of the ground was as if gigantic ploughs, each
cutting a trench from 3 to 12 feet deep, had been dragged up and down
the river banks.
Fissures, out of which sand and water had been poured, sometimes to
form small craters, were also to be seen on the open plains. These fissures,
which seldom exceeded a foot in width, and which may have been formed
by the compression of watery strata beneath, may possibly give an ap-
proximate measure of maximum horizontal displacement, the direction of
motion being at right angles to the direction of the fissure.
Along the railway-line many curious appearances were presented. It
was almost everywhere more or less disturbed, the exceptions being
where it passed through small cuttings. Along these cuttings, although
they might not be more than 20 or 50 feet in depth, the rails and sleepers
were unmoved ; from which it may be inferred that the movement on the
free surface of the plain had been much greater than the movement at a
comparatively shallow depth. Measurements of the motion experienced
on the surface and that recorded in pits 10 to 20 feet in depth have
already been given in former reports. The results of these experiments
have been practically applied to several buildings in Tokio, by giving
them basements and a free area. The Imperial College of Engineering
is such a building. It does not show the slightest trace of damage after
the last earthquake, whilst at a distance of 20 yards the workshop, which
is also a strong brick building, but rising from the surface, as already
stated, has had to be rebuilt. This is the third time the Engineering
College has escaped damage, whilst neighbouring brick buildings have
been cracked in almost every room.
Where the line was on the open plain, and only separated from it by a
narrow ditch on either side, it appeared as if the ground had moved back
and forth beneath the track until the gravel ballast had been piled up into
bolster-like ridges between the sleepers. This indicated a longitudinal
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 119
motion, but in many places it was noticeable that the sleepers, relatively
to the ground, had been moved endways. Neither of these movements
greatly exceeded 6 inches. Wherever the line crossed a small depres-
sion in the general level of the plain, even if it did not exceed 2 or 3 feet,
at such places the whole of the track was bent from its straight course
into a bow-like form, suggesting the idea that along these depressions,
which are probably filled with softer material than that composing the
plain, a greater quantity of motion had been transmitted, which, striking
the line like a flood, had caused a permanent deflection. The more reason-
able explanation is that these lines of soft material, like the valleys and
river-beds, had been permanently compressed, and the amount of com-
pression was measured by the amount of bending. Effects of compression
were most marked on some of the embankments, which gradually raise
the line to the level of the bridges. On some of these the track was bent
in and out until it resembled a serpent wriggling up a slope. Not only
were there these horizontal foldings, but by subsidence or compression
there were vertical folds, which in places gave the line the appearance of
a switchback. Close to the bridges the embankments had generally
disappeared, and the rails and sleepers were hanging in the air like huo-e
catenaries.
At the bridges, one of which, over the Kisogawa, and made up of
200-feet spans, is 1,800 feet in length, the destruction was various. In
neai'ly all cases wing walls had given way. At one brick bridge the abut-
ments had been forced backwards, and the arch had fallen bodily between
them down upon the roadway, where it lay in two big segments, looking
like a gigantic toggle-joint. At the Nagara Bridge the piers, each of
which consisted of five large iron columns filled with concrete and braced
together, had in several instances not simply been broken at their bases
but they were snapped in pieces and thrown out upon the shingle beach
of the river, where they lay like bits of broken carrot. The bridge
was thrown 19 feet out of a straight line, and one of the foundations
near the centre of the river moved 5 feet 2 inches up-stream. Where the
greatest deflections occurred the foundations could not be positively
recognised.
Mr. 0. A. W. Pownall, who constructed these bridges, and who o-ave
me the above measurements, estimates the deflection on the line where it
approaches the bridges at 1 foot 6 inches in a distance of 90 feet. The dis-
tance through which the foundations of the Kiso Bridge have permanently
approached each other is 2 feet in a span of 200 feet — that is to say, the
contraction across the river-bed is 1 per cent. When all the piers of a
bridge had not been broken, it was observed that those which escaped
were the shorter ones, near the river banks. The longer piers of the
Kisogawa Bridge had a cross-section of 22-5 feet by 10 feet, and a heicht
of 29 feet above the plane of fracture, which was 4 or 5 feet above their
foundations. They carried girder's weighing about 200 tons. The shorter
piers, which also had a cross-section of 22'5 feet by 10 feet, had heights
of about 21 feet above their planes of fracture. They carried girders
weighing about 22 tons.
The tensile strength of the brick and cement work of these piers was
as shown by actual tests, unusually high, often reaching 100 lb. to the
square inch. When making these tests, it was seldom that the cement
gave way, fracture taking place either by the breaking of the brick or by
separation between the cement and brick.
120 KEPOET— 1892.
The tensile strength of brick and mortar work from cotton-factories
and other private buildings seldom exceeded 5 lb. to the square iucb.
Professor Tanabe, of the Imperial College of Engineering, has very
kindly applied the fracturing formula to the Kisogawa and other structures,
with the following results : —
The tall piers at the Kisogawa Bridge, which were broken, were
capable of resisting an acceleration of 505 feet per sec. per sec, whilst
the shorter piers, which were also broken, could have resisted a force in-
volving an acceleration of 10'8 per sec. per sec.
The acceleration in the neighbourhood of this bridge was therefore
greater than the higher of these two numbers ; because there is no
necessity that one set of piers out of a series should only have half the
strength of another group in the same series, or that any given structure
should be weaker at its base than it is in its upper parts. So far as resist-
ance to stresses consequent on horizontal movement is concerned, the
writer ventures to express the opinion that when constructing in an
earthquake country, ordinary engineering practice requires modification.
Such modifications are being made by Mr. C. A. W. Pownall in the con-
struction of a series of bridges now being built up the Usui Pass, in this
country.
For the Nagara Bridge, where cast-iron j^iers have snapped in two,
the accelerations experienced have not yet been calculated.
Leaving the railway works, and examining the various brick-and-
mortar structures, like public buildings and mills, which existed at many
towns upon the plain, we meet with hardly anything but absolute ruin.
Two conspicuous brick-and-mortar ruins in Nagoya were the Post Office
and a cotton-mill. Walls like these, even if not weakened by openings
near their base, assuming them to have been 40 feet high and 1^ foot
thick, and with a tensile strength for their brickwork of 5 lb. per square
inch — which is not an underestimate — might have resisted a suddenness
of motion of a few inches per sec. per sec. From overturning phenomena
and diagrams we know the acceleration impressed upon buildings in this
area may have been as much as 15 feet per sec. per sec.
One curious form of destruction was that which was observed with
many mill chimneys, which, with the exception of one in Yokohama, in-
stead of breaking at their bases, gave way at about two-thirds their
height. Sections near the bases of these chimneys were apparently
sufficiently strong to resist the stresses due to the inertia of the upper
parts, while sections at about two-thirds the height were so weak that
they failed to resist the inertia effect of the upper one-third of the
chimney. Calculations respecting these structures have not yet been
made.
The ruins of ordinary Japanese buildings existed along all the roads
in never-ending lines. In some streets it appeared as if the houses had
been pushed down from the end, and they had fallen like a row of cards.
Where a row of buildings had only been partially pushed over, it was
noticeable that those at the end had suffered more than their neighbours.
Sometimes you passed acres of heaped-up rubbish, where sticks and earth
and tile were so thoroughly mixed that traces of streets or indications of
buildings had been entirely lost.
Many of the ruined towns, like Kasamatsu and Gifu, caught fire, and
all that remained was a sea of reddish earth and broken tile. At several
places people were caught in the fallen ruins, and subsequently burnt ta
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 121
death. The chief causes which led to the destraction of Japanese build-
ings were : —
1. The heavy roofs, which are usually made of a heavy framework
carrying a layer of heavy tiles bedded in a thick layer of mud. The
roofs of the farmers' houses are covered with a heavy thatch. These
latter fell intact, and even now the country is covered with these saddle-
shaped masses, which have served as temporary tent-like shelters.
2. The want of cross-bracing and the thinness of the vertical sup-
ports, the strength of which is reduced to perhaps an eighth of what it
might be by a variety of tenons, mortices, and other cuts, made for the
reception of cross-timbers.
Both of these faults in the construction of an ordinary Japanese
dwelling might be easily overcome, but from the buildings which are now
being erected it is clear that the survivors prefer that to which they have
been accustomed and can easily obtain. Buildings to resist earthquake
motion are outside the experience of ordinary carpenters in Japan, and
any novelty in construction would be expensive. For these reasons,
coupled perhaps with the idea that severe earthquakes only recur at long
intervals, the inhabitants of the Nagoya district are giving another trial
to the old forms of construction.
Among the buildings which were only shattered, but which did not
fall, are two castles and several heavy-roofed temples.
The castles stood, partly, perhaps, because they were well built, partly
because they were surrounded by deep moats, but chiefly on account of
their pyramidal form, their bases being sufficiently wide and strong to
withstand effects due to the inertia of their upper parts.
The temples undoubtedly resisted the severe movements partly
because they were well built, but chiefly, perhaps, on account of the multi-
plicity of jointed corbel-work, which comes between the upper parts of
the supporting pillars and the heavy roof. If this had not existed, and
acted as a yielding medium between the roof and its supports, it seems
impossible that the latter could have resisted the inertia of the load above
them.
A class of buildings which here and there escaped entire destruction
were structures like some of the school- houses, which were built of wood,
and framed according to foreign methods.
The movements which caused all this terrible destruction throughout
the Gifu and Nagoya Plain do not appear to have been waves which were
entirely those of elastic compression and distortion. On the coast-line to
the north of the devastated district we are told that the shore-line rose
and fell, and with this rising and falling the waters receded and advanced.
In the district itself many eyewitnesses tell us that they saw the ground
in waves.
Mr. Kildoyle, an engineer, who at the time of the disaster was in
Akasaka, says that the waves came down the street in lines. Their
height may have been 1 foot, and the distance from crest to crest any-
thing between 10 and 30 feet ; but he very naturally added that he
could not be sure of any measurements, as he was expecting that the
houses on one side or the other of the street might at any moment fall in
upon him. It may here be remarked that because on the street side of
the houses in a town there are many openings, which make this side of
the buildings weaker than they are at the back, the tendency is to fall
forwards from two sides into the street. For the safety of the inhabitants
122 EEPOBT— 1892.
of a town, special attention ought to be given to the construction of shop
and other frontages, and the streets be made wide.
Another indication of wave movement is the statement of people who
say that after they had been thrown upon the ground the movements of
the earth rolled them from side to side. A station-master, who tumbled
on the line as the station-house fell close behind him, showed the writer
the manner in which he seized one of the rails whilst lying on the
ground, the rail passing between his legs. While in this position he
was tumbled from side to side, first striking the ground with one
shouldei', and then with the other.
Reasons for believing that in Tokio the ground was thrown into long
undulations have already been given. First, there was the evidence of
our sensations ; secondly, the observation of the manner in which water
moved in ponds ; and, thirdly, the observations on the movements of
bracket seismographs, which were tipped from side to side. The most
certain evidence about the tilting is, however, that which is furnished by
the diagrams of many seismographs, which, rather than showing a series
of irregular waves with superimposed irregularities, in almost all cases
show a series of clean-cut curves. In one instrument which was tested
the periodicity of these curves did not agree with the period of the
instrument, from which we may conclude that they had not been formed
by swinging. Further, the periods of a consecutive series of waves are
not constant. For example, one set of east and west tiltings followed
each other, with periods measured in seconds of 3'4, 2'0, 2'7, 17, 4-1, 3'1,
3'1, 2'7. On another instrument another set of waves, taken at random,
followed each other at intervals of 1'9, 2*5, 1'3, and 2'6 seconds. These
observations also preclude the idea that the records were obtained by
swinging. The most interesting observation, however, is that a pair of
conical pendulums, the bobs of which were supposed to be steady points,
and which had no pointers for multiplication, gave diagrams about twice
as large as similar, but smaller, conical pendulums which carried pointers
to multiply any motion relative to their bobs six times.
The actual records are as follows : —
—
N.S.
Motion
E.W.
Motion
Large pendulums with booms 18 inches long
Small pendulums with booms and jjointers 9"5 inches long
in.
8
4
in.
13
8
I
On the assumption that the bobs of these machines had acted as
steady points, we should come to the conclusion that the range of north
and south motion had been 8 inches, as given by one instrument, whilst
it was only "66 inch as given by another, both instruments being in the
same building. It is clear that these two instruments had not behaved
as modern seismographs are supposed to behave at the time of an earth-
quake, but because the displacements indicated are practically proportional
to the length of boom, or the length of boom and pointers, that the
instruments had been tilted, and the extent of the displacement measures
maximum slopes of earth-waves. To interpret these measurements, it is
necessary to place a level on the stand of the seismograph, and determine
by experiment the angular values of tilting corresponding to measured
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 123
movements of the writing-pointers, the latter quantities varying with
the amount of stability given to the horizontal pendulums. Immediately
after the earthquake Mr. F. Omori very kindly made such determinations
for a seismograph in the laboratory of the Imperial University, with the
result that the maximum slopes which this seismograph had recorded were
about one-third of a degree. Waves with these slopes, as shown on the
diagram, succeeded each other at intervals of about 2'2 seconds. The
vertical motion which was recorded was about 10 mm. ; but as ordinary
lever spring instruments, when the levers are not parallel to the wave-
fronts, are as sensitive to tilting as horizontal bracket or conical pendu-
lum seismographs, these measurements must be regarded as maximum
rather than actual values. Combining the maximum wave-slopes with
these records of vertical motion, we obtain certain values for the lengths
of the waves, which may be taken at 18 or 20 feet ; and as we know their
period, we may determine their velocity of propagation, which appears to
have been about 8 feet per second. This is exceedingly slow, but not-
withstanding the errors in the observation of vertical motion, I do not
think the velocity exceeded double this amount. The velocity of propa-
gation of more truly elastic vibrations will be referred to later.
From these observations, which I think are made for the first time,
rather than concluding that modern seismographs are useless whenever
vertical motion occurs, we see that on such occasions they must be
regarded as angle-measurers. The action of any bracket seismograph
when recording horizontal motions depends greatly upon its inertia, but
to obtain the best measurements of tilting, any cause likely to produce
swinging should be minimised. To obtain a true measurement of vertical
motion, the method which first suggests itself is to have a number of
spring lever arrangements in different azimuths, the one which happened
to have its arm at right angles to the direction in which the wave
advanced being the one which would give the best results.
Independently of any new instruments which may be devised to
measure tilting, we now know that the instruments we already possess
have a double function, not only naeasuring horizontal displacements, but
also measuring angles of tilting. In order to take advantage of this
second function, it is necessary that when a bracket or conical pendulum
instrument is once set up, experiments should be made to determine the
effects of tilting, otherwise, should it be tilted by an earthquake, its records
will not be measurable.
An investigation of considerable importance in connection with the
intensity and direction of motion, which has been carried out by Mr. F.
Omori, relates to the overturning of bodies of various dimensions. At
all temples, which are more thickly distributed than the towns and
hamlets, there are stone lanterns, standing on circular or square pedestals,
whilst in the vicinity there are hundreds of gravestones, which are square
or rectangular in section, and stand freely on their ends. Applying the
overturning formula to some thousands of these which were overturned
in the Nagoya-Gifa Plain, average minima and maxima values for the
accelerations experienced at different points within the earthquake area
have been determined. Inasmuch as the results given by the formula,
which is due to Professor C. D. West, conform with the results obtained
by experiment, we have every confidence in the figures given in the
following table : —
124
EEPOET — 1892.
Average Intensity and Mean Direction of Shock as experienced at Various
Places in the Shaken Area. Calculated hy Mr. F. Omori.
Intensitv in Milli-
Place, District, and Province
metres per sec. per sec.
Direction
Tsu, Ano, Tse
< 2,000
S.70°E.-N. 70°W.
Yokkaichi, Miye, Tse ... •
< 1,900
S.E. by E.N.W.
by W.
Kuwana, Kuwana, Tse ....
2,000
E. 10° N.-W. 10° S.
Tokonabe, Chita, Owari ....
< 2,400
E.-W.
Handa, „ „ . . . .
2,000-2,700
S.E.-N.W.
Toyohaslii, Atsumi, Mikawa .
1,700-1,800
S. 75° E.-N. 75° W.
Okazaki, Nukada, „ . . .
< 900
Atsuta, Aichi,. Owari ....
2,300-3,500
E.N.E.-W.S.W.
Northern part of Nagoya (Toshogo)
2,600
S. 80° W.-N. 80° E.
North-eastern corner of Nagoya
S. 60° W.-N. 60° E.
(Kenchinji)
2,600
Central part of Nagoya ....
2,500
Mean for Nagoya
2,600
S. 65° W.-N. 65° E.
Bamba, Kaito, Owari ....
> 4,100
E.N.E.-W.S.W.
Tsushima, „ „ . . . .
E.-W.
Jimmokuji „ „ . . . .
E.-W.
Shimo-Osai, Nishi Kasugai, Owari .
Nearly N. and S.
Komaki, Higashi-Kasugai, „
> 4,000
Chiefly E. and W.
sayW.S.W.-E.N.E.
Twakura, Niwa, „
> 4,300
Chiefly N. and S.
sayS.S.W.-N.N.E.
Koori, „ „ . .
> 2,100
S.W.-N.E.
Tmaichiba „ „ . .
>2 ,60
Tnagi „ „ . .
2,300-4,000
S. 15° W.-N. 15° E.
Tchinomiya, Nakajima „
2,500-3,. 500
W.N.W.-E.S.E.
Kasamatsu, Haguri, Mine
4,000
W.N.W.-E.S.E.
Gifu, Atsumi „ ...
3,000
W.S.W.-E.N.E.
Ogaki, Ampachi, „ ...
3,000
N.N.E.-S.S.W.
Kitagata, Motosu „ ...
Nearly E.-W.
Beppu, „ „ . . .
> 3,900
Kurono, Katagata, „ ...
S. 60° W.-N. 50° E.
Monju, Motosu, „ ...
S. 60° W.-N. 60° E.
Kojibara, „ „ . . .
< 1,900
N. 20° W.
Komi, „ „ . . .
> 2,000
S. 60° W.
Higashi-Katabira Kani, Mine .
> 2,400
N.-S.
Dota, „ „ .
< 2,200
S. 20° W.-N. 20° E.
Tmawatari, „ „ .
N.-S.
Mitake, „ „ .
About 1,600
W.N.W.
Takayama, Toki, „ . . .
> 1,800
Tokiguchi, „ „ . . .
> 2,000
N. and S.
Tajimi, „ „ . . .
S.S.W.-N.N.E.
Tkeda-Machiya, „ „ . . .
S. 20° W.-N. 20° E.
Utsutsu, Higashi-Kasugai, Mine .
2,000
S. 35° W.-N. 35° E.
Akechi _ „ „ . .
> 2,000
Ono, Ono, Echizen .
> 1,200
E.-W.
Katsuyama, „ „ . . .
About 1,200
Nearly N.-S.
Fujishima, Yoshida, „ . . .
> 1,300
„ N.-S.
Fukui, Asuwa „ . . .
2,500
N.N.E.-S.S.W.
Asozu, „ „ . . .
< 1,100
S. 30° W.
Midochi, Tmadate „ . . .
About 2,000
Sabai, „ ,, . . .
„ 1.800
Takefu, „ „ . . .
„ 1,200
N.-S.
Higashiura, Tsuruga, „ . . .
„ 1,300
Tsuruga, ,. _ ,,
„ 1,200
N.N.W.-S.S.B.
Nagahama, Sakata, Omi . . . .
„ 2,400
Nearly N.-S.
Hikone, Onukami, „ . .
„ 2,700
N.N.W.-S.S.E.
ON THE EAKXHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 125
Average Intensity and Mean Direction of Shock, &c. — continued.
Place, District, and Province.
Intensity in Milli-
metres per sec. per sec.
Direction
Kioto, Yamashiro
Tnari, Kii, „
Fukakusa, „ „
Fushimi, „ ,,
Nara, Yamato .
Horiuji „
Osaka, Suttsu .
< 1,200
About 1,000
> 1,000
About 1,300
„ 1,000
S.S.W.-N.N.E.
N. 10° W.-S. 10° E.
N.-S.
S.S.E.-N.N.W.
S.S.W.-N.N.E.
S.S.E.-N.N.W.
The principal measurements obtainable from tbe records of seismo-
graphs are as follows :—
1. Tohio. Central Meteorological Station.
Maximum horizontal motion, N. and S., about 28 mm. Period, 1-4 sec.
„ „ „ E. and W. > 32 mm. „ 2-5-4:.0 sees.
„ vertical ,, 31 mm., with period -84 sec, and 4-4 mm. with
period 2-3 sees.
2. Tohio. Imperial University.
Maximum horizontal motion, > 35 mm. Period, 2-0 sees.
„ vertical „ 9-5 mm. „ 2-4 sees.
3. Osaka.
Maximum liorizontal motion, 30 mm. Period, 1-0 sec.
„ vertical „ 8 mm. „ 1-0 sec.
4. Nagoya.
Maximum horizontal motion,
vertical
26 mm. Period, 1-3 sec,
6-2 mm. ,, 1"5 sec.
5. Gifu.
Maximum horizontal motion, 18 mm. Period, 2'0 sees.
„ vertical „ > 11-3 mm. „ 0-9 see.
At the two latter places the records only showed the first half-dozen
vibi'ations of the disturbance, after which the buildings fell, and the
instruments were buried.
At several places in the Neo Valley objects like gateposts have
apparently shifted their positions by jumping, each leap being from 1 to
4 feet.
Another observation, also due to Mr. Omori, is that the greater
number of columns in one district fell in one direction, whilst those in
another district fell in some other direction. Thus, in the southern part
of the Nagoya-Gifn Plain, on its eastern side, columns fell towards the
coast, whilst at towns on the western side of the plain they fell towards
the east — an observation which suggests that the movements causing
overturning had advanced eastwards and westwards, from a line or tract
running north and south down the centre of the plain. In the northern
126
EEPORT — 1892.
part of the plain the direction of motion, similarly determined, must have
been more north and south.
From the measurements of maximum acceleration, and from the
records of seismographs which at Nagoya and Gifu gave for the com-
mencement of the disturbance the period of the back and forth motions,
we may approximately- determine the amplitude and maximum range of
motion. The following are a few of such determinations, which it will
be observed do not materially differ from the width of fissures found in
the open country. The period taken is one and a half second : —
Place
Acceleration mm. per sec.
Range of Motion
West of Nagoya
Komaki and Kasamatsu .
Gifu and Ogaki
4,500
4.000
3,000
495 mm. = 19^ inches
440mm. = 17|- „
330 mm. = 13"
It must be remembered that all the numbers given referring to
acceleration and range of motion only apply to the open plain, and not
to free surfaces like river banks or lines of soft material like river-beds.
A phenomenon which seemed to accompany most, if not all, of the
Nagoya-Gifu shocks was a hollow, booming sound. These sounds, which
accompany all great earthquakes, and even small ones, if they occur in
rocky regions, have been discussed at considerable length in the ' Transac-
tions of the Seismological Society' (see vol. xii. p. 53, and p. 115). They
are evidently the result of vibrations conveyed through the earth, and
may be continuous with the large vibrations which constitute the earth-
quake. Professor Tanakadate endeavoured to determine the intervals in
time between the sounds and the subsequent shakings. Sometimes there
was an interval of one or two seconds, whilst at other times the two
phenomena were synchronous. The distance of the point of observation
from the origin of these disturbances was in all probability at least 10 or
12 miles. While the writer was at Nagoya, which may have been
from 25 to 35 miles distant from the earthquake origins, the
sounds never preceded a shaking by more than two seconds. Some-
times they were synchronous, and often there were sounds without any
subsequent shaking.
Very many observations were made in Tokio, on the Gifu Plain, and
in other places, to determine the velocity of propagation. These have not
yet been computed, but disturbances appear to have reached Tokio at
rates of about 8,000 feet per second.
From observations made at the Zikawei Observatory, near Shanghai,
which is, roughly, 1,000 miles distant, the velocity with which the move-
ment was transmitted was about 5,104 feet per second. As stated in
newspapers, the time taken to reach the Berlin Astronomical Observatory,
in round numbers, was forty-nine minutes, the velocity of transmission
being about 9,840 feet per second. The disturbance appears also to have
been noted at the Magnetical Observatory in Potsdam.
Although numerous experiments and observations have been made to
determine the velocity with which motion is conveyed through the earth,
we have not as yet any satisfactory explanation of the great diflFerences
which have been observed.
From a long series of experiments, extending over several years,
which were made in Tokio, where earth disturbances were caused by
ON THE EAETHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 127
exploding charges of dynamite, velocities were obtained varying from
200 to 630 feet per second. All these experiments were made in
alluvium. Amongst other results the following were of importance : —
1 . The velocity of transit decreases as a disturbance radiates.
2. The velocity of transit varies with the intensity of the initial
disturbance.
3. The motions transmitted most rapidly are vertical free-surface
vibrations ; normal motions come nest, whilst the lowest records obtained
were for transverse motions (see 'Trans. Seis. Soc.,' vol. viii. p. 50, &c.).
Mr. Mallet determined a velocity in sand of 824-915 feet, and in
granite, of 1664-576 feet per second. General Abbott, at the destruction
of Flood Rock, noted velocities as high as 20,526 feeb per second.
Professor S. Newcomb and Captain C. Button determined velocities for
the Charleston earthquake of 17,072 feet per second. The highest velocity
for a sound-wave through piano steel of density 7 '7 is given by Tomlin-
son at 5,198 metres (17,049 feet) per second.
Although elastic vibrations may have been transmitted from the
earthquake district 150 miles to the Tokio Plain at the rate of several
thousand feet per second, the resultant gravity-waves in the Tokio Plain
itself do not seem to have been propagated at a greater rate than a few
feet per second. With these results before us, all we can say is, that
earthquakes have caused motions in the ground, which apparently have
been transmitted at rates varying between 10 feet per second and 20,000
feet per second, the latter being a rate which is higher than that at
which sound-waves are propagated through hard steel. Attention has
often been called to these facts, but any explanation for them has not yet
been formulated.
The result of Professor Tanakadate's magnetic survey has not yet
been published, but I believe he finds that there is a slight irregularity
in the curve, showing the daily change in declination, which does not
appear to have been noticed before the earthquake. A curious observa-
tion, made by Dr. Julius Scriba and other medical men, was that many
of the troubles amongst tbe wounded, like tetanus and erysipelas, were
in great measure due to the result of nervous excitement. From my
own observations at a time when all were camped in the midst of ruin,
and every few minutes a shock was heralded by a booming sound, the
only effect that the great catastrophe had produced upon the people was,
when they heard one of these unaccountable noises, to cause them to act
with unusual quickness in seeking safety. Amongst the Japanese, so
far as I could learn, there was no hysteria, fainting, or nervous prostra-
tion like that which was observed amongst European women. Although,
they were surrounded by ruin, the dead, and the dying, all that happened
when a hollow thundering announced a coming shock was that they ran
quickly for the open, shortly afterwards coming back laughing and
talking about the terrible effects of earthquakes. Notwithstanding this,
it is not unlikely that this disaster will have produced an impression
sufficiently great that for many a year to come it will be commemorated
by a religious ceremony, when services will be performed in honour of
the dead.
The Nagoya-Gifu Plain is a flat expanse of rich alluvium, covering
an area of about 600 square miles. On its east and west sides it is fringed
by low hills made out of tertiary tuffs lying at the feet, pateozoic moun-
tains which rise to heights of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. These latter,
128 BEPORT— 1892.
which stand np in serrated ridges and overlook the plain, are composed
of slates, schists, and other metamorphic rocks. Here and there beds of
limestone are found, and rising from the midst of these hills are several
larger granite bosses. Volcanic rocks do not exist in this jaart of Japan.
From ancient maps and historical accounts we know that the southern
portion of this plain has rapidly been encroaching on the sea. This is,
no doubt, lai'gely due to sedimentation ; but because evidences of elevation
exist at so many places along the eastern coast of Japan, it is reasonable
to infer that the growth of land may in part be attributable to this
cause. A certain number of earthquakes are every year recorded in the
Nagoya-Gifu Plain, but it is by no means so often shaken as many other
parts of the Empire. A somewhat remarkable observation connected
with the seismological history of this portion of Japan is the fact that,
although written records of natural phenomena are usually fewer the
further we go back in time, yet, from what has been chronicled, great
earthquakes were more frequent in the district between Nagoya and
Osaka in bygone times than they have been during more recent times.
The last severe shakings at and near Gifu took place in 1826, 1827, and
in 1859. Many ordinary buildings and even mountains suS'ered, people
and animals were killed, rivers were stopped up, and floods occasioned.
The shocks lasted for several days. A rather severe shock was felt on
May 12, 1889. In 1880 there were shocks and sounds coming froni the
north-west. From 1885 to 1890 the number of shocks annualTy recorded
in that district was respectively 9, 4, 10, 12, 15, and 36. In 1888, in
one locality near to the centre of the late disturbance, 19 shocks were
recorded ; in 1889 the number was 15 ; in ] 890 there were 20 shocks ;
and between January and October 1891, that is, up to the time of the
great distui'bance, 26 shocks were noted. These figures suggest the
idea that for four years before the Gi-eat Earthquake there was a marked
increase in seismic activity, and that an unusual number of small dis-
turbances had heralded the great collapse.
Even if it is only sometimes true that small shakings warn us of
larger ones to follow, because the latter are so terrible in their effects, it
would seem well to carefully study districts in which from time to time
there are definite indications of an increase in underground activity.
Earthquakes generally occur in mountainous countries where the
mountains are geologically young, or in countries where there is evidence
of slow secular movements like elevation. These latter movements are
usually well marked in volcanic countries, and it is not unlikely that
the majority of earthquakes, even in volcanic countries, are the result of
the sudden yielding of rocky masses which have been bent until they
have reached a limit of elasticity. The after-shocks are suggestive of
the settling of disjointed strata.
In Japan, the majority of the earthquakes which we experience do
not come from the volcanoes, nor do they seem to have any direct con-
nection with them. Assuming that the greater number of earthquakes
represent interruptions in the general process of rock crumpling, it would
appear that light might le thrown upon the time of their occurrence by
careful observations on the change of level in a district where seismic
disturbances were frequent. To accomplish this it is suggested that
several miles of water-pipes be laid at right angles to a known axis of
elevation, and that continuous photographic records be kept showing the
height of the water in standards at each end of the line. A more com-
ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OF JAPAN. 129
plete arrangement would be to have two lines of piping, placed at right-
angles. The cost of the installation would be about 5001.
In conclusion to this Report it must not be overlooked that the re-
marks on the Great Earthquake only aim at giving an outline of phe-
nomena which have been observed, and the general character of the
results to which they lead. More detailed accounts will not be ready
for publication for some months.
Nineteenth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Everett,
Professor Lord Kelvin, Mr. Gr. J. Symons, Sir A. G-eikie, Mr. J.
G-LAiSHER, Mr. W. Pengelly, Professor Edward Hull, Professor
Prestwich, Dr. C. Le Neve Foster, Professor A. S. HERSCHELy
Professor Gr. A. Lebour, Mr. A. B. Wynne, Mr. W. Galloway,.
Mr. G. F. Deacon, Mr. E. Wethered, and Mr. A. Strahax,
appointed for the purpose of investigating the Rate of Increase
of Underground Temperature downivards in various Localities
of Dry Land and under Water. {Drawn up by Professor
Everett, Secretary.)
Regret has been expressed in previous Reports at the scarcity of observa-
tions from America. An important contribution towards supplying this
lack is described in the ' American Journal of Science and Art ' for
March, 1892, under the heading ' Preliminary Report of Observations
at the Deep Well, Wheeling, West Virginia, by William Hallock.' A coiay
of this Preliminary Report was sent by Mr. Hallock to the Secretary,
and further details have been elicited by correspondence. The passages
between inverted commas in the following account are in Mr. Hallock's
own words.
The well belongs to the Wheeling Development Company. ' It was
commenced in September, 1890, and sunk with rapidity to about 4,100 ft.
by April, 1891. Then the Company, despairing of getting oil or gas,
were about to abandon it, when Professor I. C. White persuaded them
to deepen it and give it to science. Drilling was recommenced, and early
in May they stopped at a depth of 4,500 ft., fearing to go further with the-
old Manilla rope.'
' The hole was sunk by the ordinary oil-well outfit, i.e., a jumper drill
on a rope.' It is dry, with the exception of a few feet of water at the
bottom.
' About ten days after drilling stopped, Mr. F. H. Newell ' and Mr.
Hallock ' took a series of temperatures at every 250 ft.'
' The thermometers, immersed in zinc buckets of water, 3 ft. high and
4 inches in diameter' (^ inch less than the diameter of the bore), 'were
left in place for twenty-four hours. This series of May does not differ
essentially from the later ones of June and July, and shows no sign of
heat due to jumper.'
' In June ' Mr. Hallock ' returned to Wheeling, and during June and
July made two very careful and complete series, which are given in the
table. Each series touched evei-y 250 ft. ; but the two series were shifted
1892. K
130 BEPORT— 1892.
so that the points of one series fell midway between those of the other
eeries, thus touching every 125 ft. or thereabouts. When it is considered
that these two series were taken a month apart, and yet nowhere differ
by more than 0°-3 F., it seems pretty good evidence of the accuracy and
constancy of the results. Many of the points, as at 1,590, 2,500, 3,000,
3,500, 4,000, and 4,460, were checked as many as four or five times.'
The thermometei'S were raised and lowered by steel wire, which also
served to measure the depths. They were lowered to place about 11 a.m.,
and left till next morning, though trials showed that they had practically
i-eached a stationary condition by 5 or 6 P.M. Sometimesthey were left in
for several days. They were of the Negretti maximum kind, used upside
down. They were carefully compared, and corrections were applied not
only for their index errors, but also ' for the contraction of the recording
column in cooling from the maximum tempei'atnre to the temperature at
which they were read. They were put two (sometimes three) together,
and hence always checked each other, agreeing very satisfactorily. They
were hung upon a long spiral spring in the zinc bucket in water, or upon
the wire 250 ft. from the bucket at the end.'
The well is cased with iron tubes to the depth of 1,750 ft. There
are three of these tubes, the first reaching from the top to the depth
of 400 ft., the second from the top to 1,200 ft., and the third or innermost
from the top to 1,570 ft., the internal diameter of tliis last being 4| inches.
No reliance was placed on the temperature of the cased portion.
The strata are nearly horizontal, their dip being only 50 ft. to the
mile ; and the uncased portion consists almost entirely of shale, the only
important exception being an oil sand at from 2,900 to 3,000 ft. The
conditions are eminently favourable for the purposes of the Committee.
In view of the disturbance of temperature by convective circulation
of water, which was proved to exist in the deep bores at Sperenberg and
Schladebach (see Reports for 1876 and 1889), and was obviated by the
use of special plugs for isolating any required portion, Mr. Hallock made
careful experiments on the effect 'of isolation. Two series of woollen
wads were placed ten feet apart, and thermometers in the intervening
space gave the same indications as other thermometers above and below
the wads. ' In fact a thermometer simply tied on to the steel wire
recorded the same as an isolated one.' Nevertheless, as a measure of pre-
caution to prevent circulation, long blocks nearly filling the hole were
nearly always placed above and below the thermometers, except when
they were in the long buckets.
In endeavouring to account for the absence of convection in this dry
bore, we are confronted with the fact that air is much more expansible
than water, and therefore more easily put in motion by difference of
temperature. On the other hand, the process of 'jumping ' which was
employed in the present case leaves the sides much rougher than diamond
boring, which was the method employed at Sperenberg and Schladebach ;
and this roughness tends to hinder circulation.
The main difference to which we must look for the explanation is the
difference of thermal capacity ; this capacity, for equal volumes, being
about 3,000 times as great for water as for air. It would thus appear
that the air is so easily warmed and cooled, that the heat whicli it gives
and takes does not sensibly affect the temperature of the walls, surrounded
as they are hy a practically infinite extent of rock tending to maintain
them at their original temperatures.
ON THE RATE OF INCREASK OF UNDERGROUND TEMPERATURE. 131
When these observations are plotted they give a remarkably smooth
curve. The portion from 1,835 to 3,232 ft. is nearly straight, with an
average gradient of 1° P. for 82*4 ft. It then becomes gradually steeper.
Beginning at the point where the casing stops, viz., 1,591 ft., the first
244 ft. (1,691 to 1,835) give an average gradient of 1° in 92 ft.
The next 651 ft. (1,835 to 2,486) give 1° in 84-5 ft.
The next 746 ft. (2,486 to 3,232) give 1" in 80-6 ft.
The next 643 ft. (3,232 to 3,875) give 1° in 62-4 ft.
The next 587 ft. (3,875 to 4,462) give 1° in 58-1 ft.
The mean gradient for these 2,871 ft. (1,591 to 4,462) is 1° in 71-8 ft.
To determine the surface temperature, advantage was taken of a
heading at the depth of 100 ft., which was being driven into new ground
in a neighbouring coal-mine. A thermometer inserted in a hole bored
3 ft. into the face of the heading showed 51°'3 on five successive days.
This is checked by the mean annual temperature of the two neighbouring
towns, Marietta and Steubenville, which, according to the Coast Survey,
is 51°-5. Comparing the .temperature 51°-3 at 100 ft. with 110°-15 at
4,462 ft., we have a mean gradient of 1° T. in 74-1 ft.
The public spirit shown by the Wheeling Development Company in
deepening this bore at great expense for purely scientific purposes cannot
be too highly commended. There is reason to hope tbat the boring will
be continued, with the aid of a steel rope, to at least 6,000 ft., so as to
make this the deepest well in the world.
Mr. Hallock, by whom the plan of observation was devised and carried
out, is senior assistant in the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington.
[A request for information as to the temperature of the water at the
bottom has been answered by Mr. Hallock since the reading of the Report.
The temperature of the water was observed in May 1891, and found to
be 110°-36 at the depth 4,492 ft., as the mean of three obsei-vations, viz.,
110°-4, 110°-5, 110° 2, at the respective depths 4,500, 4,500. and 4,475 ft.
Mr. Hallock adds that this water leaked in at the depth of about
2,900 or 3,000 ft. and i-an down, amounting to about ten or fifteen gallons
per day.]
K 2
132
REPORT — 1892.
Report of the Gommittee, consisting of Professor G. Carey Foster,
Lord Kelvin, Professor Ayrton, Professor J. Perry, Professor
W. Gr. Adams, Lord Kayleigh, Dr. 0. J. Lodge, Dr. John
HoPKiNSON, Dr. A. Muirhead, Mr. W. H. Preece, Mr. Her-
bert Taylor, Professor Everett, Professor Schuster, Dr. J. A.
Fleming, Professor Gr. F. Fitzgerald, Mr. R. T. GtLAZEBrook
{Secretary), Professor Chrystal, Professor J. J. Thomson, Mr.
W. N. Shaw, Mr. J. T. Bottomley, Mr. T. G-ray, Professor
J. V. Jones, Dr. Gr. Johnstone Stoney, and Professor S. P.
Thompson, appointed for the purpose of constructing and issu-
ing Practical Standards for use in Electrical Measurements.
The work of testing resistance coils at the Cavendisli Laboratory has
been continued. A table of values found for the coils is appended. The
Committee have ceased issuing standards in terms of the legal ohm of
the Paris Congress. As will be seen from Table I., most of the coils
tested are ohms as defined by the resolutions of the Committee and the
Electrical Standards Committee of the Board of Trade (see ' B.A. Reports,'
1890 and 1891). According to these
1 B.A. unit= -9866 ohm.
1 ohm =1-01358 B.A.U.
Table I.
B.A. Units.
No. of Coil
Resistance in B.A. Units
Temperature
fNo. U
-99929
17°-7
No. lb
•99973
170.7
Warden Box ^ 79 .
'
No. Ic
No. 10a
•99954
9-9928
170.7
17°-8
No. lOb
9-9947
17°-8
I No. 10c
9-9941
17°-8
Elliott, 230 .
• ;^^ No. 80
1-00016
140.4
Ohrr
IS.
No. of Coil
Resistance in Ohms
Temperature
Elliott, 259
. ;^ No. 206
■99744
15°-5
ElUott, 260 ■ .
• ^ No- 207
9-9788
15°-6
Nalder, 3059 .
. ^ No. 326
•99941
14°-5
Elliott, 271
. ;^ No. 327
•99805
15°-4
Elliott, 272
. ^ No. 328
•99810
15°-8
Elliott, 273
. ^ No. 329
•99795
15°-4
Elliott, 276
t.^
io. 330
-99811
15°-5
ON STANDARDS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS.
133
Table I.
Ohms — continued.
No. ofCoU
Resistance in Otms
Temperature
EUiott, 274 . . . ^ No. .331
9-9860
17°
Elliott, 275
. !^ No. 332
9-9862
17°1
Elliott, 277
. ;^, No. 333
9-9862
17°-1
Nalder, 3260
. !^ No. 334
■99912
14°-7
Nalder, 3261
. ^ No. 336
9-9970
14°-5
Nalder, 3058
. ;^^ No. 336
-99897
13°-9
Nalder, 3265
. ^^ No. 337
-99668
13°-9
ElUott, 28i
. "^ No. 338
-99870
12°-7
Elliott, 285
. J^ No. 339
•99856
12°-9
EUiott, 286
3^^ No. 340
-99670
12°-8
Elliott, 287
$^ No. 341
9-9707
12°-8
Nalder, 3259
. ^ No. 342
-99879
13°-2
Nalder, 3262
!^ No. 343
9-9965
13°
Edison Swan
. 1^ No. 344
0-9946
14°-5
Nalder, 3402
. 5^^ No. 345
•99971
16°-7
Nalder, 3403
^ No. 346
■99967
16°-6
Nalder, 3404
'^^ No. 347
•99970
16°-7
Nalder, 3405
1^^ No. 348
•99960
16°-4
Nalder, 3406 .
^^ No. 349
•99960
16°-3
Nalder, 3664 .
'^^ No. 350
•99962
16°-4
Nalder, 3565 .
J^ No. 351
-99957
16°-4
Nalder, 3666 .
^ No. 352
-99960
16°5
Nalder, 3567 .
"^ No. 363
•99949
16°-4
Nalder, 3568 .
^ No. 354
•99961
16°-5
Nalder, 3569 .
;^ No. 355
•99964
16°-5
Nalder, 3658 .
* No. 356
:f ^ No. 357
* No. 358
* No. 359
9-9928
15°
Nalder, 3557 .
99-902
14°
Nalder, 3558 .
99909
13°-8
Edison Swan
•99994
14°-4
Of the olim coils the three first in the table have been tested before
(' Report,' 1891). It was thought desirable to reissue the certificates in
terms of the new ohm standards. A large number of the other coils
;|^ No. 300
1 +
•000309 (t-
-1535)
:£ No. 301
1 +
•000310 (!!-
-1535)
'^ No. 302
1 +
■000300 (t -
-15-4)
•* No. 303
1 +
•00031 C^-
-15^4)
134 REPOET— 1892.
were constructed as legal ohms, hence the values of the resistance given
in ohms at temperatures of 14° or 15° are low. The coils in many cases
are very nearly legal ohms at the temperatures given, while they will be
ohms some 8° or 10° higher.
In addition to the coils given in the table, four ohm coils constructed
by Messrs. Elliott Bros, for the Board of Trade, one of which is to be
selected as the legal unit of resistance for the United Kingdom, were
tested very carefully. Some fourteen or fifteen comparisons were made
for each coil at temperatures between 9° and 18° between June 1891 and
January 1892. The coils were compared directly with the B.A. unit
' Flat,' the difference being expressed in terms of the bridge wire ; while
in another series of observations a coil of resistance, 100 ohms, was put
in multiple arc with the ohm standard and the difference between ' Flat '
and the combination found ; in this case the length of the bridge wire
used was small, and the possible error arising from uncertainty as to its
exact temperature was avoided. That this error was very small was
proved by the fact that the two sets of observations gave practically
identical results. The following are the results : —
Elliott, 261
EUiott, 262
EUiott, 263
Elliott, 264
In the case of two of the coils, Nos. 261 and 263, there was one
observation for each which differed from the value given by the above
formula by '00015 ohm, and this was due to the fact that the ends of the
coils had got dirty and needed reamalgamation. None of the other
errors in the sixty observations exceeded '00008 ohm, and there were
only eight which were as great as '00005. Thus the resistances of these
coils are known in terms of the B.A. standards to a very high degree of
accuracy.
During the year Messrs. Elliott Bros, have supplied the Committee
with two 1-ohm and two 10- ohm standards; the tests of these are in
progress ; two 100-ohm standards are on order. Messrs. Nalder Bros,
are also constructing some standards. The Fleming biidge belonging to
the Association has been put into thorough repair ; the mercury had
damaged some of the copper connecting pieces.
The Secretary and Mr. Skinner have continued during the year their
experiments with Clark cells. These have been communicated to the
Royal Society, and the paper is being printed in the ' Phil. Trans.'
They find that the E.M.F. of their standard cell is 1'4342 volt at
15° C, while cells set up by Lord Rayleigh in 1883, 1884, Mr. Elder in
1886, Mr. Callendar in 1886, Dr. Muirhead in 1890, Dr. Kahle of Berlin,
Dr. Schuster, Mr. "Wilberforce, Mr. Griffiths, and themselves in 1891 and
1892 agree closely, the variations among them all being very rarely
greater than '0005 volt.
During the Edinburgh meeting the Committee were honoured
with the presence of Dr. von Helmholtz, M. Guillaume of Paris, Pro-
fessor Carhart of the United States, Dr. Lindeck and Dr. Kahle of the
Berlin Reichsanstalt. These gentlemen came by invitation to consider
the question of establishing identical electric standards in various
ON STANDARDS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. 135
countries, and two meetings of the Committee were held, at which dis-
cnssions took place. Major Cardew, of the Board of Trade, was present,
and took part in the discussion. Dr. von Helmholtz drew special
attention to the need for having a unit of resistance defined in terms of a
specified column of mercury, and pointed out that the difficulty arising
from the uncertainty of the relation between the centimetre and the
gramme might be avoided by defining the mass of mercury column of
given length, which has a resistance of cue ohm. After discussion the
following resolutions were agreed to : —
1. That the resistance of a specified column of mercury be adopted
as the practical unit of resistance.
2. That 14'4521 grammes of mercury in the form of a column of
uniform cross section 106'3 m. in length at 0" C. be the specified column.
3. That standards in mercury or solid metal having the same resist-
ance as this column be made and deposited as standards of resistance
for industrial purposes.
4. That such standards be periodically compared with, each other, and
also that their values be redetermined at intervals in terms of a freshly
set up mercury column.
It was further agreed that these resolutions should be communicated
to the Electrical Standards Committee of the Board of Trade.
With regard to the unit of current and of electromotive force, it was
agreed that the number '001118 should be adopted as the number of
grammes of silver deposited per second from a neutral solution of nitrate
of silver by a current of 1 ampere, and the value 1'484 as the electro-
motive force in volts of a Clark cell at 15° C.
Dr. von Helmholtz expressed his full concurrence in these decisions,
which are, as he informed the Committee, in accord with the recommen-
dations which have already been laid by the Cnratorium of the Reichs-
anstalt, as well as by himself, before the German Government.
The Committee wish to place on record their thanks to Dr. von
Helmholtz and the other visitors for the help they have aff'orded them in
coming to so satisfactory a conclusion.
Dr. Lindeck laid before the Committee some information as to the
properties of the manganese alloy used at the Reichsanstalt for resistance
coils (see Appendix IV.), and it was agreed that it was desirable to obtain
copies of the German standards in manganese for further comparison with
the standards of the Association. The Committee therefore recommend
that they be reappointed, with the addition of the name of Mr. George
Forbes, and with a grant of 251., including an unexpended balance of
101. ; that Professor G. Carey Foster be Chairman, and Mr. R. T.
Glazebrook, Secretary.
APPENDIX I.
Information circulated by the Secretary for the Meeting of the Committee on
August 4, 1892, ivith additional Notes.
The Report of the Electrical Standards Committee of the Board of
Trade is printed in the 'B.A. Report ' for 1891. Further information as
to the values of the units is given in the ' B.A. Report ' for 1890. The
following summary may be of use : —
136
REPORT--1892.
t-H
't^
4^
•<i
tH
t^
■B
fcH
1— WJ
s s >,
5 s 5
rH t~ SI 0-1 CI Ci -^ 't' — 1
1— t
<M CO
I-H
t* Ci 00 1* CO CO
=« a 2
noicfico':p<>-icomeo
CO
CO CO CO CO
CO
CO i^ 00 05 (N C5
o-^S 53
cbd^^bcbo^bcbcbcb
(i> CO cb
ia
>n cb ih lb is cb lb
§gs
000000000
I-H
0000
T—H r-l I-H rH
t-H
000 0000
I-H I-H r-i T— 1 rH i-H i-H
-^o^
Bo
^=►.2
• .2
1
rr! to .
parei
coil
icker
f 100
fMer
.A.U
C<l •*< 05 00 (M "O r-4
-* IM N ^
-*
icom
wire
Stre
i-H , t^ -* CO in 10 -* ,
CO lO CO 10
lO
-# 00 M CO C<3 CO CO
CO CO CO CO
CO
10 ' uo 10 »o *c »o »o '
IQ 10 »0 in
O OW
05 05 0^ C5 C^ Ci
Ci Ci Oi Ci
09
*
JJ »H
"S "-1
a m
2 M
1^
asureme
man-silv
Siemens
,
pqS
.-lt~rt-*oiOO-*
CO
jlute me
ith Gen
sued by
>OI:^.-I-S1COCOCC'CO
10
■SO
<X500COC£)CCCOO 1
<o
1 1 1 1
oocooooocococcoo 1
00
1 1 1 1
2 ^
05C^OOC505C^C5
C5
^ ^.2
-5
>
,
<=:
•
ition
not
8656
3
. . . "5 . . .
•
a §■
^
• • t; ...
• . . m . . .
[luce
net
net
.a
1
ing coil .
z method
ed current
of several m
ing of magn(
ed currents
z .
An absolute det
of resistance
made. The va'
has been used.
a
ed current
ng coil .
effect of ini
ing of a mag
ing of a mag
s method
Eotat:
Loren
Indue
Mean
Damp
Indue
Loren
Loren
Induci
Eotati
Mean
rent
Damp
Damp:
Loren!
00
. — _■
00
CO
f—t
<V
(MCO-Ht-.t-^OO'H
cocooocooo^cicric;
CI
00
iO 00
-^ H*< »o cs CO 10
a
00 00 a> 1
CO 1 00 CO CO 00 00
00 00 00 1
GO 1 CO 00 00 00 00
I-H .-H i-H
I-H I-H I-H rH I-H 1-H
00
»— 1
• • •
X
• • -
v
1
Eayleigh
Eayleigh
art .
and .
•ausch
brook
eumeier .
an and Wi
Strcckcr .
Hutchinson
Salvioni .
Salvioni —
Weber .
Weber .
edt.
z .
^q f-1 S rt M ^ h?
H. F.
H. F.
Roiti
Himst
Dorn
Wild
Loren
1
1
■-iiMco-*>otct~oori
-H 0:1 C^
I-H I-H I-H tH
CO •* in to t- CO OS
1— ( I-H I-H I-H I-H I-H fH
ON STANDABDS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. 137
The Board of Trade Committee recommended for adoption the values
-9866 and 106-3.
The specific resistance of mercury in ohms is thus
•9407 X 10-^
Also 1 Siemens unit = "9407 Ohm
= -9535 B.A.U.
1 Ohm =1-01358 B.A.U.
The results found by Lord Eayleigh were reduced by the use of the
value for the specific resistance of mercury in B.A. units found by him.
If instead we use the value •9585, the mean of the best determinations,
we have, as in the table, for the length of the mercury column having a
resistance of 1 ohm the values 106'27 and 106'31. At the meeting of the
Committee M. Guillaume stated that a correction should be made to M.
Wuilleumeier's value, which would raise it to 106;31. This arose from
some uncertainty as to the correction required to the resistance of mercury
for change of temperature on which M. Guillaume had been working
lately. Taking these corrections we arrive at 106'31 as the mean of the
above.
2. The Electrolysis of Silver.
The following values have been found for the mass of silver deposited
from a solution of silver nitrate in one second by a current of 1 ampere : —
Mascart, ' J. de Physique,' iii. 1884 .... -0011156
Eayleigh, ' Phil. Trans.,' ii. 1884 .... -0011179
Kohlrausch, ' Wied. Ann.,' sxvii. 1886 . . . -0011183
T. Gray, ' Phil. Mag.,' sxii. 1886 . . about -001118
Potier et Pellat, ' J. de Physique,' ix. 1890 . -0011192
Dr. Schuster has shown ('Proc. R.S.,' 1. 1892) that the amount of
silver deposited when the voltameter is in a vacuum is about '04 per
cent, greater than when it is in air.
3. Clark Cells.
The following values have been found for the E.M.F. of a Clark cell
at 15° C. They have been reduced from those given in the original papers
on the supposition that 1 B.A.U. :='9866 ohm, and that the mass of
silver deposited per second per ampere is •001118 gramme : —
Eayleigh, 'Phil. Trans.,' ii. 1884 .... 1-4345 Volt
Carhart 1-4340 „
Kahle, ' Zeitschrift fiir Instrumentenkunde,' 1892 . 1-4341 „
Glazebrook and Skinner, 'Proc. E.S.,'li. 1892 . 1-4342 „
A comparison has been made between the standards of the Association
and the Berlin standards through a Clark cell and a resistance coil
belonging to Dr. Schuster. By the kindness of Dr. von Helmholtz the
Secretary is able to communicate the results of a direct comparison
between the two sets of standards to the meeting (see Appendix VIII.).
138 EEPORT— 1892.
APPENDIX II.
On the Change of Resistance of Mercury tuith Temperature.
By M. G. GuiLLAUME.
At the meeting of the Committee M. Guillanme communicated the
results of his determination of the relation between the resistance of
mercury and the temperature. Great precautions were taken with the view
of ensuring that the whole of the mercury in the tube should be at the
temperature of the bath.
Two series of determinations with different arrangements in the
bridge were made. The results of these two series give for the resistance
of mercury in a glass tube in terms of the temperature the values —
(a) Rt= Ro (1 + •00088023T + -OOOOOlOOeST^) ;
(6) Rt=Ro (1 + -00088157T + -000000990912).
And for the specific resistance of mercury the values —
{a) p,=po (1 + -00088745T + -00000018112) ;
(b) p,=po (1 + -OOOSSSrOT + •0000010022T2).
In the formulae T is the temperature reckoned from freezing-point by the
air thermometer. According to Mascart, de Nerville, and Benoit —
Rt=Ro (1 + -0008649T+-00000112T2) ;
while according to Strecker —
Rt=Ro (1 + -0009001 + -00000045T2).
APPENDIX III.
On a Special Form of Clark Cell. By Professor H. J. Carhart.
Portahility. — Standard cells must be portable in order to make them
serviceable for general, technical, and scientific purposes. To secure
portability I have adopted the following construction : Into the bottom of
a glass tube | in. x 2\ in. is sealed a platinum wire. In filling pure dis-
tilled mercury is first poured into the tube. On this is placed the
mercurous sulphate paste. A tightly fitting cork diaphragm is then
pushed down firmly upon the paste. Some zinc sulphate solution is
then poured in, and a zinc rod is immersed in this solution, its lower end
touching the cork. The tube is then securely sealed. Such a cell is
perfectly portable, and may be sent by post without disturbance to its
contents.
Temperature Coefficient. — It is well known that an increase in the
density of the zinc sulphate solution decreases the E.M.F. of a Clark
cell. This effect is included in the temperature coefficient of a Clark
cell containing crystals of zinc sulphate, since some of the crystals
dissolve when the tempei-ature rises and the density increases. When
the temperature falls recrystallisation occurs. To avoid the change in
E.M.F. due to this change in density I have preferred to use a solution
saturated at 0° C. Such a solution I have found to have a specific
ON STANDARDS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. 139
gravity of 1-397 at 20° C. The E.M.F. of the cell is then 1-44 volt if
the Clark cell as made by Lord Rayleigh be taken as 1-434 volt.
The temperature coefficient may be written as follows : —
Et=Ei5{l- -000386 (<-15) + -0000005 (t-l5y} ,
or per degree the coefficient is
-•000387 + -000001 (<-15).
This is almost exactly half the value usually obtained for the Clark cell
with crystals.
A cell made with such a solution has the advantage that it reaches its
equilibrium quickly after a change of temperature. Cells made in the
old way require time for the process of crystallisation and for diffusion.
APPENDIX IV.
On Wire Standards of Electrical Resistance. By Dr. St. Lindeck,
Assistent hei der Physikalisch-Technischen Eeichsanstalt, Charlottenburg,
Berlin.
It is well known that electrical resistances made out of the alloys gene-
rally used for this purpose, as German- silver, nickelin, &c., change their
value in the course of time, and this in a degree which cannot be allowed
ia measurements meant to be at all accurate. Such a variation is natu-
rally the greater the more unstable the material and the shorter the time
elapsed since winding.
The following is a short account of the researches conducted in
the Physikalisch-Technische Eeichsanstalt in Charlottenburg on this
subject by Dr. Feussner and myself. That investigation had to be under-
taken specially, as it is one of the duties of the Blectrotechnical Labora-
tory of this institution to secure that reliable standards of resistance may
be obtainable by electricians.
"We found by preliminary experiments that by more or less continued
heating a coiled wire showed an interesting variation of its resistance,
which led to a systematic investigation of the whole question.'
For different materials we determined : —
1. The chemical composition, the temperature- coefficient, and the
specific resistance of the material.
2. The variation of resistance through the strain produced by winding.
3. The time- variation during the period subsequent to winding.
4. The influence of heating to different temperatures.
A piece of the double silk-covered wire was wound on a wooden
bobbin and its ends soldered to thick copper bars. The bobbin was
placed directly in a petroleum bath, in order to determine exactly the
temperature, and its resistance was acciirately measured by a Wheat-
' Some of the results here quoted as to the influence of stress and of a moderate
rise of temperature were previously arrived at by Dr. T. KlemenCiC {Sitz.-Ber. TI ien.
Ahad. 97, 1888).
140 EEPOET— 1892.
stone's bridge arrangement. As regards the variation of resistance
through winding, it was observed that the resistance of all kinds of wire
increased by winding, as would be expected, the increase being more pro-
nounced for a given gauge of wire the less the bobbin's diameter. This
increase is due to a mechanical hardening of the wire by strain, and it is
well known that the resistance of any metal is less in the annealed state
than in the hardened condition. At the same time an elongation can
hardly be avoided, especially with thin wires, also causing an increase
of resistance. As the gauge of the wires generally was 1 mm., this
second cause was of secondary importance.
In the first place we investigated a German-silver alloy which the
firm of Siemens & Halske in Berlin used for standards at that time. It
appeared that the increase of resistance through winding could amount
to 1 per cent., and that the time-variation during the following months
was very considerable ; the latter showed itself always as an increase of
resistance. Another remarkable circumstance is the further increase of
resistance (amounting to a few tenths per cent.) by heating such a wire
for several hours at about 100° C.
It might be supposed that the wire would be annealed by the effect of
the high temperature, and that its resistance would therefore decrease.
But our extensive investigations gave the important i^esult that heating
causes an increase of resistance in all alloys containing zinc to any con-
siderable amount. On the other hand, all alloys examined containing no
zinc show a decrease of resistance under the same conditions. The
increase of resistance by winding is also much more pronounced with
alloys containing zinc than with those in which this metal does not occur.
All this seems to point out that in the former alloys changes of structure
go on, which are accelerated by any kind of stress or by variations of tem-
perature, and always tend to increase the resistance. These changes of
structure also become apparent by the time- variations, which occur when
tlie resistance coil is left to itself. The latter observations are in perfect
agreement with what was found by former observers on the time- variation
of German-silver. The interesting result was then arrived at, that the
time- variation would be much accelerated by heating the resistance at a
high temperature, say 100° C, for a few hours. Within two months
after winding, the period in which German-silver varies most, variations
•could not be shown within the errors of observation in wires treated in
the manner described. During longer periods, say one or two years,
variations would still occur, even with annealed German-silver coils. But
they hardly reach the tenth part of those occurring when this process has
not been gone through.
The following table shows the results of one of the experiments with
two wires of German-silver (60 per cent. Cu ; 25 '4 per cent. Zn ; 14'6
per cent. Ni), the specific resistance of this material being 30 microhms
per 2? a-nd its temperature-coefficient 0'036 per cent, per degree Cen-
tigrade. In both cases the wire (1 mm. in thickness) was wound on
a bobbin of 10 mm. diameter. The wire marked I, was left to itself
after winding, whereas the wire II. was annealed after winding by
heating it to a temperature of 90° Centigrade during three hours. The
resistance of each was measured at intervals of nearly two months
from time to time.
ON STANDARDS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL MEASDKEMENTS. 141
Table III. — German-silver.
I. (not annealed after ^vinding)
11. (annealed after winding)
idf
Date
.2SO
Remarks
Date
.||o
Kemarka
«--a
1889
1889
13/n.
2-2160
Before winding;
13/11.
2-2470
Before winding
14/11.
2-2594
After windins;. In-
14/11.
2-2666
After winding. In-
crease throu2:h wind-
crease through wind-
ing, 0-60 per cent.
1
ing, 0-87 per cent.
15/11.
2-2597
1 1.5/II.
2-2733
After heating t o
90° C. during three
hours ; increase
through heating,
0-29 per cent.
16/11.
598
—
16/11.
732
— 1
22/11.
603
—
22/11.
733
—
4/III.
608
—
4/III.
734
—
19/III.
612
"
19/III.
729
Temperature changed
during the measure-
ment
6/IV.
615
Time- variation in two
months, 009 per cent.
6/IV.
732
Time-variation in tu-o
months, practically
nothing
The above table shows clearly that annealing a wire after v^inding
has a very good effect on the constancy of the resistance.
Quite analogous results were obtained with other alloys containing
zinc, e.g., nickelin, which has been much used for standards in Germany.
The less the percentage of zinc, the less became the above-mentioned
variations of resistance.
As these zinc-containing alloys showed themselves so unreliable, we
extended our investigations to other alloys.
A few years ago the firm of Siemens & Halske in Berlin made use of
an alloy on account of its comparatively low tempei-ature-coeflficient (0-02
per cent, per 1° C), called patent-nickel. This was tested in the
Keichsanstalt in the same way as the other alloys. It contains about
25 per cent, of nickel and 75 per cent, of copper. The experiments
gave the following results : —
1. The variations of resistance by winding are considerably less for
this material than with alloys containing an appreciable amount of zinc.
2. Heating produces a decrease of resistance ; this decrease is some-
times greater than the increase by winding, because the hardening
produced by drawing the wire is also diminished. There is, however,
not the slightest evidence for a change of molecular structure.
Materials with such properties are evidently much more appropriate
for the construction of standard resistances. It was, indeed, found, by
comparison with mercury resistances, that coils of ' patent-nickel,' which
had been, as we call it, artificially aged by heating at about 140° C, have
I'emained constant for two years within a few thousandths per cent. In
the following table, for instance, ai'e stated the differences of two patent-
nickel standards of 1 ohm (No. 22 and No. 23), as observed at different
times : —
142
REPORT 1892.
Table IV.
Date
Difference of No. 23-No. 22
in Ohms
Date
Difference of No. 23-No. 22
in Ohms
1890
21/VI.
11/VII.
25/Xl.
1891
29/1.
2/7.
0-00012
11-5
11-5
10
8
1 1891
1 9/V.
30/VII.
1892
l/lll.
21/V.
19/VII.
000009
10
8-7
9-5
9-4
On the other hand, from comparisons of the sum of No. 22 and
No. 23 with four different mercury standards (I., II., III., and IV., each
of about 1 ohm), I proved that the absolute values of the two standards
had remained constant within the errors of observation, as the following
numbers show : —
Table
V.
—
Values of No. 23 at 20° C. deduced from Comparisons of No. 22
+ Xo. 23 with the Mercury Standards
Date
II. + III.
i. + lll.
III. + IV.
I. + lV.
I.+ II.
Nov. 1890
Feb. 1891
June 1892
July 1892
0-99989
85
89
0-99990
88
88
89
0-99986
0-99988
0-99986
89
The ' patent-nickel ' would therefore be a material well fitted for
resistance-coils. A large number of alloys were also examined, consisting
of nothing but nickel and copper. An alloy containing about equal
amounts of each metal was found to have an extremely small tempera-
ture-coefficient, the latter amounting to about 0-003 per cent, per
Centigrade degree as against 002 per cent, for patent-nickel. Unfortu-
nately, however, the thermo-electric effect of these alloys against copper
is very high. For the alloj^ just mentioned (consisting of 50 per cent.
Ca and 50 per cent. Ni, called ' constantan ') it amounts to nearly forty
microvolts per degree Centigrade, considerably surjjassing the fchermo-
electromotive force of most of the usual thermo -junctions, like iron —
German- silver, for instance. This high thermo-electric effect evidently
constitutes a considerable drawback, as the connecting pieces have to be
made of copper.
On the whole oar experience has led us to the conclusion that for
standards such alloys do best which, besides copper and nickel, also
contain manganese. A few years ago Mr. Weston, of Newark, U.S.,
discovered that alloys containing manganese possess a very small tem-
perature-coefficient, and that it is even possible to obtain metals with
negative temperature-coefficient in this way. I am not aware how far
this discovery has been practically taken advantage of in the United
States. After hearing of Weston's observation the further investigation
of manganese alloys was taken up at the Reichsanstalt, and we obtained
very interesting results.
ON STANDARDS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS.
143
The alloy, which is now being regularly manufactured and brought
out under the name of manganin, consists of 84 per cent, of copper,
12 per cent, of manganese, and about 4 per cent, of nickel. As the
observations made by nie for the last two years in the Reichsanstalt have
shown, this is a most appropriate material for standard resistances.
The general character of the resistance- variations of manganin with
temperature may be best understood from the diagram (fig. 1), in which
Fig. 1.
OhjfL.
700,030
tocmo
/00.0W
roo.ooo
3^990
f 1^
\
/
/
V H
'^
\!'
/
\
A
\
/
/
/
W ZO' 30- *0' M'
Tcmpe-T'cutLLre- «*»—
60'
70° e
temperatures are taken for abscissEe, and the resistances of a hundred-ohm
standard are plotted as ordinates. In this case up to 40° C. the tern-
perature-coefEcient is positive, the absolute value, however, being very
small, as the following table of the mean linear coefficients between the
temperatures stated in the first column shows : —
Table VI.
Range of Temperature
Mean Linear T.C.
Range of Temperature
Mean Linear T.C.
10° to 20°
20 „ 30
30 „ 35
35 „ 40
40 „ 45
+ 25 X 10-=
+ 14 „
+ 4 „
+ 3 „
+ 1 ,,
45° to 50°
50 „ 55
55 „ 60
60 „ 65
- 1 X 10-=
- 2
- 4 „
- 5 „
For most purposes the variability of resistance with temperature may
now, indeed, be quite neglected. As a matter of fact, very elaborate and
sensitive methods are required to demonstrate the existence of any
temperature-coefficient at all. On raising the temperature beyond 60° C.
the resistance attains a maximum, thence to diminish again. In this
latter part of the curve we therefore actually have a negative temperatui-e-
coefficient.
144
BEPORT 1892.
In order to show that at the same temperature the resistance always
returns to the same value — in other words, that there is no hysteresis in
the relation between those two quantities, some points of the curve were
determined with temperatures descending from 70° C, whereas others
were obtained with ascendir.g temperature. This process was repeated
several times. The spots marked / correspond to descending, the spots
marked ^ to ascending temperature, and the points belonging to the
same series of observations have the same sign. All points are extremely
close to the same continuous curve, and it is quite obvious that this
curious behaviour is a constant physical quality of the material. Of
course such a resistance-coil must have been artificially aged before the
beginning of the observations ; it was indeed heated during live hours at
a temperature of about 140° C. Otherwise, as I mentioned before, a
progressive process of decrease of resistance through annealing would
superpose upon the regular variation of resistance according to the curve.
It is true that this maximum resistance-point does not always occur at
exactly the same temperature for wii'es of different size ; it is well known
that the electrical constants of all resistance alloys change slightly with
the gauge of the wire. But it is also true that the maximum resistance-
FiG. 2.
point of manganin of a thicker size — say 1 ram. — occurs, as a rule, afc
about 30° C, and so at ordinary temperatures the temperature-coefficient
is even less than for this particular specimen of wire.
The material is very soft, and can be drawn to the finest gauges ; but
ON STANDARDS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS.
145
Fig. h.
it must not be annealed in free air, because the manganese then would
oxidise, and the qualities of the material would be altered. Thus it is
not possible to buy, for instance, a ^vire, say 1 mm. thick, and to draw it
dowa to the required gauge without taking proper precautions.
In concluding, I will very briefly refer to the construction of our
wire-standards — for instance, to a standard of one ohm (fig. 2).'
The double silk-covered wire is wound on a metal bobbin, h b, which
is previously covered with a thin piece of silk, coated with shellac var-
nish and heated, in order to secure good insulation. The bobbin can be
screwed to the ebonite disk d, but it is not fixed to it before the accurate
adjustment of the resistance. The resistance of the wire must be 1-2 per
cent, larger than one ohm to begin with ; then it is wound on the bobbin,
heavily coated with shellac varnish, and heated in an air-bath at a
temperature of 140° C. during about five houi-s. By this procedure we
obtain, as already stated, very constant
resistances ; further, the shellac is melted
at this temperature, and becom.es after
cooling a hard, highly insulating mass,
which at the same time protects the
wire against any chemical action.
To the ends of the wire are previously
soldered with silver two small copper
rings. The exact adjustment is made
by means of a fine wire-resistance,/, of
100-200 ohms put in multiple arc with
the thick wire. A comparatively great
length of this fine wire corresponds to
a' very small change of the whole resist-
ance, and so it may be easily adjusted to
a few thousandths per cent. Then the
small rings at the ends of the two wires
are screwed together and soldered to
the stout connecting pieces, pp. A wide
brass case, c c, serves to protect the wire.
In taking observations the resistance
is put in an oil-bath (fig. 3) ; the tem-
perature of the wire may then easily be
determined, and besides that, there can-
not exist any thermo-electric force be-
tween the two solderings. It is a matter
of fact that the thermo-electric force of
manganin against copper is very small
indeed; it amounts only to 1"5 micro-
volt for 1° C. ; the corresponding value
for other resistance materials is generally 20-30 microvolts. We see that
even in this respect the manganin is much preferable.
The construction of standards of O'l ohm, and, on the other hand, of
10, 100, 1,000 ohms and more, is essentially the same as described. Of
course there is no multiple arc to those of 10 ohms and more.
As to the constancy of manganin resistances 1 will quote a few
figures. Table VII. refers to a resistance which is used to determine
1892.
See Dr. K. Feussner, Zeitsctvrift fiir Instrumentcnhunde, 1890, p. 6.
146
REPORT 1892.
the electromotive force of the standard Clark cells with the silver-
voltameter. Thus very often (more than fifty times) a current of
about one half of an ampere was passed through it for one hour each
time. At 18° C. I found the following values : —
Tadle VII.
Date
Resistance in Ohma
Date
Resistaufc in Ohms j
6/1. 1890
15/IV. „
12/11. 1891
2-9998
99
98
22/VII. 1891
9/11. 1892
17/VII. „
2-9996
98
9<;
Again, in the following table are stated in microhms the differences
in the resistance of four manganin standards (No. 148 to No. 151) of
one ohm. The numbers marked * were observed by Drs. Kreichgauer
and Jager, using Kohlrausch's differential galvanometer method, the
others by myself, using a Wheatstone's bridge arrangement.
Table VIII.
—
December 1891»
February 1892
July 1892»
July 1892
Xo. US-No. 149
-No. 150
No. 151
No. 149-No. 150
-No. 151
No. 150-No. 151
-121xlO-"01jm3
-135
- 80
- 14
-1- 41
+ 56
-124xlO-'OImis
-135
- 79
- 15
+ 39
+ 53
-117x10-" Ohma
-129
- 86
- 12
+ 31
+ 43
-16
+ 48
]V] easurements were also made of these standards shortly after their
construction in July 1891, but not with quite the same accuracy as the
later ones. Anyhow, they show, in connection with numerous com-
paripons of the four coils with other standards, which were checked by
mercury resistances, that the manganin coils were constant for the space
of ore year within a few thousandths per cent.
The patterns referred to are intended to be standards oi resistance.
On the other hand, resistances of 0-01, O'OOl, and even 0001 ohm are
used for measuring large currents up to a few thousand amperes by
corof ensating the potential difierence which the current itself produces
in flowing through the resistance. These resistances consist of manganin
plates, which are soldered with silver to stout copper bars. The dimen-
sions of the plates are chosen in such a manner that the value of the
resistance is too small to begin with, and the definitive adjustment is
arrived at by boring small holes in the plates ; the latter are again
coatf d with varnish in order to protect thpm against any chemical action
of the oil, and so on. For uncovered wires, as they are used, for instance,
in 1 ridges, or in technical resistance?, the manganin is perhaps not so
appropriate as the alloys commonly used. For all other resistances,
b<'W< ver, we think it is the best alloy hitherto known, because it facili-
tati s the electrical measurements, and brings them to a higher degree of
accuiacy than was formerly attainable.
ON STANDARDS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. 147
APPENDIX V.
On the Clark CelU By Dr. BZahle.
In connection with the report of the Committee I beg to call your
attention to some researches I made, by order of the Physico-Technical
Institute at Berlin, on Clark cells. The time is too short for communi-
cating my measuring methods and results in full extent ; I can only give
you a short summary of the chief points.
I used in my researches Lord Rayleigh's H form, the positive
electrode being mercury once distilled, the negative an amalgam con-
taining ninety parts of mercury and ten parts of zinc. The last was poured
into the vessel as a hot liquid, and solidified on the bottom. The paste,
which covers the positive electrode, is made by grinding together
mercurous sulphate, mercury, and a mixture of crystals and concentrated
solution of zinc sulphate. No heat was used in preparing this paste.
The mercurous sulphate was bought, and contained, according to
chemical analysis, no foreign ingredients. The zinc sulphate was made
basic by boiling with rods of metallic zinc ; after cooling, the dissolved
oxide of zinc precipitates, and with it the oxides of the metals more
negative than zinc. For oxidising the ferrous sulphate, which is always
present in commercial zinc sulphate, a small current was semt between
two platinum electrodes through the boiling basic solution ; the ferrous
sulphate was changed by the generated oxygen into ferric oxide, and fell
out. The H cells set up with these materials showed a great agreement
in their B.M.F.'s. I never found a difference greater than x^wo^'t of a
volt between the E.M.F. of any two of them.
The next point I studied was the influence of the impurities in the
different materials composing the cell on the E.M.F., because on the one
hand it is well known that the smallest impurity of the mercury alters
very distinctly the E.M.F., and on the other hand the mercurous sulphate
I bought never contained impurities of a remarkable amount, and
different samples always had the same qualities ; I only investigated, as
the most important matter, the impurities of the zinc and its sulphate.
It was fon nd that the foreign ingredients of the zinc sulphate are of very
little importance, and that only the presence of free acid in the above-
described cleaning process, the result of boiling with metallic zinc, alters
the E.M.F. in a considerable degree. Among the impurities of the zinc
only those caused by metals more positive than zinc are of importance ;
the zinc may contain considerable quantities of the negative metals
without any alteration of the E.M.F. I conclude that the impurities of the
zinc are of greater importance. If we use it in the form of rods amalga-
mated on the surface, it seems to be a great advantage to dissolve the
zinc in mercury, using it then as a solid amalgam.
The following are the values I found by a great number of observa-
tions for the temperature coefficient of different forms of cells, measuring
between 1"° and 30° in rising and decreasing temperature. The figures
here giv r, are the mean values of some cells of the same form^ treated in
the same inanner : — •
' For a detailed account see ZeiUclirift fur Tnstrumentenkunde, Ajril 1892, and
Electrotechnischt ZeitschHft, Heft 30, 1892.
L 2
148
REPOBT 1892.
Table IX.
Form of the cell
Temperature-coetBcient
Mean differ-
ence between
calculated
and observed
values of
E.M.F.
Mean differ-
ence between
the E.M.F. of
the different
cells and that
of the mean
of several H
cells used as
standards
The unit being tooVooth of
a volt
H cell set up in Lord
Kayleigh's manner
0000812 + 0000013(^-15)
12
+ 3
H cell, the paste cover-
ing both electrodes
0000774 + 0000020 (t - 15)
12
+ 7
A new form for re-
search ' purposes,
the paste covering
both electrodes
0-000791 +0-000017 (it -15)
9
+ 9
The cell issued hi-
therto by the Ger-
man Reichsanstalt
0-000806 + 0-000006 (*- 15)
30
-29
The mean value of the temperature-coefficient, therefore, would be
0-000796 + 0-000014 (i-15).
Lord Rayleigh has given the following values for the two different
cells he investigated : —
+ 0-000827 + 0-000018 (t-lb)
+ 0-000740 + 0-000016 {t-16)
the mean being
+ 0-000783 + 0-000017 (t-U).
I suppose, for practical purposes, the values found by Lord Rayleigh
and by me are identical.
The most important matter is to obtain the absolute term of the
E.M.F. For the purpose I used a measuring arrangement similar to
Lord Rayleigh's. The current, which produces on the terminals of a
known resistance a pressure equal to that of the Clark cell, was obtained
by the silver voltameter. It was found that the same current deposits
the more silver the more oxide of silver is dissolved in the solution of the
nitrate. I made a solution of nitrate crystals, and boiled a part of it a
long time with oxide of silver ; the deposit obtained with this basic solution
was about ^ Q^p^ ths greater than that with the original solution. There-
fore, using a certain number for the equivalent of silver, there will be a
little uncertainty of some parts in 10,000 in measuring currents by the
deposit of silver. Now, as first shown by Professor Schuster, and also
proved by me by a good deal of experimenting, the deposit, when the
voltameter is in vacuo, is about four parts of 10,000 greater than in
ordinary air. But the absolute value of the E.M.F. is not touched by
ON STANDARDS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. 14&
this fact, because making the electrolysis in this manner one has
certainly to take a greater figure for the equivalent, and therefore the
ratio between the unit and the measured amount of current remains the
same. The following figures are given by taking one ohm=l-063 S.U.,
and by assuming that a current of one ampere strength deposits in an
hour 4-0259 grammes ; the last figure exceeds that given by the Board
of Trade only by six parts in 100,000. I found by some thirty experi-
ments the E.M.F. of the H cells, set up with clean materials in the
above- described manner, as 1-4332 volt at 15°, and am sure that, when
using the same arrangement of the silver voltameter, this value will be
right by five parts in 10,000 if the equivalent is certain to this extent.
If I express the value given by Lord Rayleigh for the cells of the original
Clark's form in this unit, it is 1-4346 volt at 15°. Lord Rayleigh finds
the E.M.F. of this H cell a few ten-thousandths of a volt greater than
that of the old form. Therefore it would, perhaps, be 1-4350 volt at 15°i
Recently Mr. Glazebrook has made a new determination, and finds the
E.M.F. of the original Clark cell, in the above fixed units, to be 1-4342 volt
at 15°. He has also compared H cells set up by me, and now brought
to England, and finds their E.M.F. smaller by Twoot^'s of a volt than
that of the original form. Therefore the E.M.F. of the H cell is 1-4338
volt at 15°. This last value and that found by me are in good agree-
ment. It is to be noted that the anodes and cathodes in my voltameters
are much smaller than those in the English ones.
It may be mentioned here that the mean E.M.F. of four H cells set
up in the same manner as before, but containing, in accord with Professor
Carhart's directions, a solution of sulphate of zinc, saturated at 0°, was
found to be 1-442 volt at 16°, using the same units as above.
It only remains to give some directions on the best form of Clark
cells._ I suppose it will be good to distinguish such cells which are to
remain as standards in the laboratories and are used by their maker, and
such as are to be used for practical purposes. These do not need to have
the same degree of accuracy, but they must be able to be carried about.
In the Board of Trade memorandum the original Clark cell is adopted as
the standard ; but I think Lord Rayleigh's H form gives more accu-
racy and is easier to set up. In the old form not all the parts of the
zinc rod are in saturated solution, and therefore the value of the E.M.F.
will be a little uncertain. Another disadvantage is that parts of the zinc
rod may fall down in the mercury, and will so produce a considerable
variation of the E.M.F. On the other hand, the electrodes of the H form
are always in concentrated solution, and there is no possibility of parts
of the negative electrode coming over to the positive one. I have set np
about sixty H cells, and have found no difficulty, when using carefully
cleaned materials, to keep the difference of the E.M.F. of the single cells
under a ten-thousandth of a volt.
To construct cells for practical purposes which will stand carriage,
the most simple way is to separate the two electrodes by a porous wall.
I can show here such a cell of a form constructed by Dr. Feussner, and
issued hitherto by the German Reichsanstalt. The positive electrode is
an amalgamated platinum plate with the surrounding paste in a porous
vessel of clay. The zinc rod forming the positive electrode is on the
upper part protected by a glass tube ; the lower part is blown rectan-
gularly and covered with crystals of sulphate of zinc. The whole glass
vessel is filled with a concentrated solution of this salt. The E.M.F. of
150 REPORT— 1892.
such cells is about -i- QQm ^tbs of a volt higher than that of the H cells.
The agreement of different cells of this form is very sufficient for practical
purposes ; the difference between the E.M.F. is always smaller than
T o 6 ^^ of a volt. The only disadvantage of this form is that its E.M.F.
does not follow quickly the alterations of temperature ; but I suppose one
could improve that by diminishing the size of the cell.
We endeavoured in the Reichsanstalt to make Lord Rayleigh's H form
transportable on account of its good qualities, and to do this without
introducing foreign substances as porous walls. The investigations in
this direction are not yet finished, but I am able to exhibit a cell which
was constructed for this purpose and seems to be good. The positive
electrode is formed by an amalgamated platinum plate fixed on a wire of
the same metal, which is melted in the bottom of one of the two tubes
forming the vessel. The negative electrode is formed by the 10 per-
centage zinc amalgam solidified on the bottom of the other tube, and
also connected with a platinum wire melted in the glass. The whole
vessel is filled with paste and closed by a glass .stopper perforated by a
thermometer, of which the bulb is within the vessel. Such a cell can be
turned without any danger, and is suitable for transport. The E.M.F.
is about 100 00 ^^ o^ ^ ^^^^ smaller than that of the H cells ; the dis-
agreement between the E.M.F. 's of different cells constructed in similar
manner does not exceed -j-y^f^y^ths of a volt. But before using such cells
for practical purposes, they must be observed for a longer time till one
is sure that their behaviour will not be altered by age.
These are the principal results obtained recently in the Reichsanstalt
on this matter. Some of them will be already known here ; but I
hope to have given new proof that the Clark cell is a very accurate
standard for E.M.F., and a good measuring instrument for practical
purposes.
APPENDIX VI.
On the Values of certain Standard Resistance Coils.
By R. T. Glazebrook, F.R.8.
In the report of the Committee for 1800 it was stated that during the
early part of the year small changes had taken place in the values of some
of the old B.A. standards, which had been subjected to a very low temper-
ature early in that year. These coils have been compared together at
intervals since that date, and the following tables will show that at the
temperatures given there is no indication of any further change. The
difference between the coils and the standard coil flat is given in bridge
wire divisions. The value of one bridge wire division is about "00005
ohm.
The first few lines in Tables X. and XI. give the values of the differ-
ences observed in 1890. These are followed by those of the more recent
observations which were taken at a temperature of about 16°.
These observations are sufiBcient to show that there has been no appre-
ciable change in the relative values of these coils.
The observations on the legal ohm standards given in Table XL
lead to the same conclusion.
ON STANDARDS FOR USK IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS.
151
Table X.-
-Showing the Differences between tlie Flatinum Silver B.A. Units
in 1890 and in 1892.
Date
Temperature
Flat-F
Flat-G
Flat-H
May 1890 ....
June 1890
August 1890 .
14-4
16
16-5
-3-5
-3-2
-8
21-5
22-2
22-6
18-3
17-8
18
July 23, 1892 .
July 24, 1892 .
July 27, 1892 .
16
16
16-2
-3-7
-3-5
-3-2
21-6
22
21-6
18-4
18-3
18-3
Table XI. — Giving Differences in Bridge Wire Divisions between the
Legal Ohm Standards and Flat.
Date
Temperature
^100 -Flat
^101 -Flat
August 1890 .
November 1890 .
January 1891 .
July 25, 1892 .
July 27, 1892 .
15-7
15
11-6
16-3
161
216-7
217-2
216-1
215-6
216
206-6
206-7
206-8
205-8
206-3
In November 1890 two new coils marked J and K were made of plati-
•num silver wire, supplied by Messrs. Elliott Bros. The wires of the coils
are wound in a loose spiral inside the case, being secured at intervals by
silk threads to an ebonite central stem. They are thus in contact with air
only, and there is no paraffin inside the case. It was hoped in this way to
secure freedom from the strains set up by changes of temperature in the
paraffin, which appeared from the results given in the ' Report ' for 1890
to have some connection with the changes of resistance there described.
The results are shown in fig. 4. From the six observations for
each coil there recorded it is clear that there has been no change during
ihe time for which the observations have lasted.
Fig. 4.— Showing the values of the B.A. Units Flat, J and K, from observations
between November 1890 and July 1892.
^,
^iooaa
^^
^
mm
^
<^
/-
^
^
^
IMW
^
rf^
">.
^
33B3S
.^^
^
y.
?"*—
'
33339
g
^
^
z^
;^^
y~
astifa
r>^
I"
.^
asKsf
1
1
JO » /Z f3 74 /6 K f7 /S 7S Za /O /J /2 /3 /# /5 /€ /7 fe J3 Z9
The vertical divisions are 0005 B.A.U.
The horizontal divisions are 1° C.
Flat = l B.A.U. at 14°-8. Temp. Coeff. -00027 (Fleming's observations, 1876).
•J = 1 B.A.U. at 14°-. Temp. Coeff. •000260.
K = l B.A.U. at 14°-15. Temp. Coeff. 000261.
152
KEPORT — 1892.
Two observations were made at a much lower temperature, and these
would seem to indicate a slightly less temperature-coefiBcient than is
shown by the observations between 10° C. and 20° C.
The values of the two new coils in B.A. units between temperatures of
10° and 20° are given by
J=l + -000260(^-14).
K=l + •000261(^-14-15).
"We may thus conclude that during the past two years there has been
no relative change in the values of the platinum silver unit standards of
the Association.
Four of these are the original standards made in 1865-67 ; two
others v^ere made by Messi-s. Elliott Bros, in 1885, and the last two by the
assistant at the Cavendish Laboratory from wire supplied by Messrs.
Elliott in 1889.
APPENDIX VII.
On the Standard Condensers of the Association, and on Certain Resistance
Coils. By R. T. Glazebrook, F.B S. ■
The report of the Committee for 1890 contains as an appendix a very
full account of the tests on the air condensers belonging to the Associa-
tion. It was there stated that while the insulation resistance of No. I.
was very high, that of No. II. was not completely satisfactory ; No. II.
was therefore taken to pieces and set up fresh. Its capacity and also that
of No. I. were determined afresh, using the commutator method described
in the previous paper.
The following values wei^e found : —
Table XII.
Date
Capacity in Microfarads
Mean of each Series
COXDEXSER No. I.
Dec. 23, 1890 .
•021059
»» J> • • •
•021052
•021050
»» >» ' • •
•021046
Dec. 29 „ .
■0210-14
Condenser No. 11.
Dec. 23, 1890 .
icular to the front face, to which face
the plane of the lens was parallel, and from which the lens was distant by
its focal length. In this way the necessary hole in the envelope need
hardly be wider than the image of the sun, though it was convenient to
allow some margin in order to provide for the contingency of the pointing
of the instrument not being very exact. The lens was provided with
two diaphragms for optional use, one having twice the area of the other.
The observations which have been taken at intervals during the past
year with a view to test the practical working of Stewart's second actino-
meter have been made by Professor McLeod ; the reduction of the obser-
vations has been mostly done by the Chairman, with whom also Professor
McLeod has been in frequent communication as to the lines of inquiry.
In consequence of other engagements, the observations have not yet been
subjected to so complete a reduction as the care with which they have
been made deserves ; but enough has been done to serve as a guide to the
inquiry, and to permit of some general conclusions as to the^behaviour of
the instrument.
As has been already stated, the instrument was intended for use as a
statical actinometer with permanent exposure. But it seemed desirable
in the first instance to study the march of the thermometers when the
instrument was first exposed to radiation from the sun, or the sun's rays
were cut off after it had been exposed for some time. This seemed to
hold out a better prospect of obtaining a thorough insight into the work-
ing of the instrument than if it had been at once used as a statical
actinometer ; besides which the latter use would have involved some
outlay in the way of providing some sort of equatorial mounting and
clock movement, and it did not seem desirable to go to the expense of
this unless preliminary testinj; showed that the instrument was likely to
be successful when used as a statical actinometer.
The temperature of the case was determined from the readino-s of the
thermometers a, b, c by taking first the mean of a and B, and "then the
160 REPORT— 1892.
mean of that and c. It was found, however, that A and B always read
almost exactly alike, and c was not usually more than one or two tenths
of a degree lower. In any future instrument it would douhtless be
sufl&cient to determine the temperature of the copper case by a single
thermometer sunk in one of the side faces, midway between the front and
back face.
In spite of the felt packing the temperature of the case was found to
change more rapidly when the instrament was exposed to the sun than
was to be desired, and Professor McLeod found it an improvement to
introduce a screen of tinned iron placed a little distance in front of the
front side of the cube, and of course provided with a hole for letting the
sun's rays through that were to fall upon the thermometer D. In most
of the observations the case thermometers were mei'ely sunk in their
holes, the sides of which the bulbs might or might not touch in one or
two places. It was feared that in spite of the slowness of the change of
temperature of the case, the lagging of the case thermometers might
possibly introduce a sensible eri'or. Accordingly the effect was tried of
introducing a packing of reduced silver between the bulb of the thermo-
meter and the wall of the cavity in which it was inserted. By packing
in this manner one of the thermometers A, B, and leaving the other
unpacked, it was possible to judge whether any sensible error was to be
apprehended from lagging. It was found that the packed thermometer
was a little more prompt, but the difference of temperatures read oS was
very small, little more than emerging from errors of observation.
In the first regular observation on the march of the thermometers
under insolation, the four thermometers were read before exposure, then
the instrument was exposed, and the thermometers read at intervals of a
minute for a quarter of an hour, by which time thermometer D had
become sensibly stationary, having risen 61°'3, while the case thermo-
meters rose about 2°, the excess of D over the temperature of the case
rising to 49°7. The sun was then screened off, and the reading of all
the thermometers at intervals of one minute continued for about half an
hour. During this time the case thermometers continued slowly to rise,
the total rise in the half-hour amounting to 1°"5 ; the central thermometer
fell, pretty rapidly towards the beginning, slowly near the end, till it
stood only 0°'4 or 0°'5 above the case thermometers. The sky was very
clear, and there were no clouds near the sun ; and as the insolation began
at XII., 26, the decrease of the sun's altitude during insolation was but
small.
It remains to be shown whether, and if so in what way, a measure of
the radiation can be obtained from the results.
Let be the tempei^ature of the insolated thermometer, T that of the
case as measured by the case th'ermometers, q the coefficient of cooling,
the rate of cooling being taken as following Newton's law, r the rate of
heating of D due to solar radiation. Then in the time dt the increment
dO of d's temperature is made up of the gain, rdt, due to radiation and
the loss, q(6 — t), due partly to convection, partly to the excess of the
radiation from D to the case over that from the case to D. We have
therefore ^^
|^ + 2(^-T)=r (n
If we suppose r and t constant, or subject only to slow secular changes,
so that they may be deemed constant in the integration, we have
ON THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR lUDIATION. 161
^=T + -+ce-«' (2)
q '
Hence if u denotes the excess of temperature of the central thermometer
over that of the case, we see from (2), or directly from (1), that u tends
to the limit
IT
u= ~=:\r, say ..... (3)
■when the time t which has elapsed since exposure, or whatever other
change it may have been in the disposition of the instrument, is large
enough to permit of our neglecting the last term in (2). The constant
X, the reciprocal of q, in (3) denotes a time, which may conveniently be
called the lagging time of the thermometer n.
Were the actinometer used as a statical instrument the simple ex-
pression (3) is all that we should be concerned with. The quantity r
varies as the radiation, but involves a coefficient depending on the par-
ticular instrument and for a given instrument on the area of the dia-
phragm used, and on the presence or absence of the quartz plate which
is furnished for covering the aperture. The constant q need not be
determined, as it is associated with a coefficient depending on the instru-
ment. By itself alone the actinometer gives only the ratio of variation
of the radiation. To obtain an absolute measure the actinometer would
have to be compared, once for all, with some actinometer which gives
absolute results. We believe that the main object which Stewart had in
view was to furnish an instrument which might supply a means of
detecting possible variations in the intrinsic intensity of radiation from
the sun, corresponding, suppose, to the sun-spot period ; and for this
object the same instrument would be employed throughout, so that we
should not be concerned with absolute measures.
In studying, however, the march of thermometer D when the instru-
ment is exposed, or else the sun's rays cut off", we must have recourse to
equation (2), and now we can no longer dispense with a knowledge of
the value of the constant q. The easiest way of determining it seemed
to be to make use in the first instance of the readings in the latter
portion of the observation, when thermometer D, after having been
heated by exposure, was cooling in consequence of the sun's rays having
been intercepted by a screen. In this case r=0, and we have simply
^^°°^(2) ^_^^_,, (4^
Hence, if we plot the observations, taking the time for abscissa and the
logarithm of the excess u for ordinate, we ought to get a series of points
lying in a straight line.
On laying down the observations on paper it was found that, after a
slight initial irregularity, the dots representing the observations lay
extremely closely in a straight line until the excess u, which began at
49°-7, was reduced to about 3°. They then began to fall a little too
high, and the height above the straight line representing the previous
observations kept increasing as we proceeded. We have not investigated
the cause of this variation, but it seems possible that it may have been
due to a slight lagging of the case thermometers. As these were still
rising, though D was falling, the lagging would make the temperature of
the case appear a little too low, and therefore the excess u a little too
great, and therefore the actual reduction of ti, would be somewhat less
1892. M
162 REPOET— 1892.
than the calculated. The difference between the real and apparent
temperature of the case would be too small sensibly to affect the result
until the absolute excess u became comparatively small. We are not,
however, concerned with such small excesses u in the actual use of the
instrument. The lagging time deduced came out 5'6 minutes.
The reciprocal of this was then introduced into equation (2), which
was then applied to the reduction of the first portion of the observation,
that portion, namely, which was concerned with the rise of D consequent
on exposure. As and T are observed and q deemed to be known, the
equation contains only two unknown quantities, namely, r, which depends
on the radiation, and the ai'bitrary constant c. These might be deter-
mined by any two not unfavourably selected observations of the series,
and then the observed and calculated values of u ought to agree for the
rest. This, however, was found to be by no means the case, and the
differences between theory and observation wei'e far too methodical to ba
attributable to errors of observation. Equation (2) was then tried as a
mere formula of interpolation, q being taken as a disposable constant as
well as r and c. Any three observations would of course theoretically
suffice for the determination of the three constants, and then the formula
would give the calculated final excess, to which r is theoretically propor-
tional, or the calculated value of u for any other observation of the series.
The numerical calculation is much facilitated by choosing for the
determination of the constants three observations equidistant in time.
If t„ be the time of the first of the three and Ai the chosen interval, we
have from (2)
1*0=- + ce '" ;
These equations give
1
Atto=— ce-'^'°(l — e-'^') ;
A2«o=ce-'"°(l-e-«^')"-
which determines q, and then
2-"*° ~A^«T'
which gives the calculated final excess.
A rough calculation showed that four minutes was a very suitable
interval A^ to choose, which also agreed with the result of actual trials.
When various trios were taken from different parts of the series not too
near the end, as there the differences became small, and consequently
errors of observation would be telling, the calculated final excesses came
out remarkably accordant. It thus appeared that equation (2) was no
mere formula of interpolation, but that it was very well satisfied, pro-
vided, at least, the higher part of the series were not included. The
limit to which the excess tended when it had become nearly stationary
was evidently a little, though only a little, lower than the calculated
limit. This is not to be wondered at, because in the calculation it was
assumed that the cooling followed Newton's lavv, which it is known is
not sufficiently accurate when the excess of temperature is as great as
40° or 50°, the cooling in such a case being more rapid than if Newton's
law had been followed exactly, the constant involved in it being determined
by observations taken with more moderate excesses of temperature.
ON THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION. 163
The values of q as determined by different trios did not come out so
closely accordant as the calculated final excesses, as might indeed have
been expected from the nature of the equations. Still they agreed in
showing that to satisfy the insolation observations the coefficient of cool-
ing q must be taken distinctly larger, in the ratio of about 5 to 4, than
when the thermometer cooled after exposure. When a beam of the rays
of the sun falls on the front face of the thermometer a portion of heat is
absorbed directly by the mercury under the place where the rays strike.
As mercury is opaque the portion thus warmed would in the first
instance form a thin stratum adjacent to the surface by which the rays
entered. Of course currents of convection would arise in the mercury,
and also the fluid metal would conduct the heat.. But if the heat thus
tends to get diffused, on the other hand there is a constant renewal of
the superficial heating. Now this specially heated stratum, however
thin, helps to raise the mean temperature of the surface, but contributes
comparatively little to the mean temperature of the mass ; in fact, if it
were infinitely thin it would contribute infinitely little. Now the rate of
cooling is determined by the average temperature of the surface taken
all round, whereas the indication of the thermometer is determined by
the average temperature of the whole mass of mercury. Hence the
mean temperature of the surface is greater than the mean temperature
of the mass ; and therefore, if the rate of cooling is supposed to be
determined by the temperature indicated by the thermometer, in other
words, to be what it would have been if there had been no such inequality
of temperature in different parts of the mass, we must to make up for it
take a larger coefficient of cooling.
Hitherto a single series only of observations has been mentioned.
In fact, a considerable number of series were taken, but as the general
mode of treatment and the general character of the results are prettj^
nearly the same throughout, it does not seem necessary to mention them
except when they were made for the special elucidation of particular
points.
In the first sei-ies the diaphragm used with the lens was the larger
one, of ^/2-inch diameter. It seemed desirable to compare the results
obtained with this and with the smaller diaphragm of 1-inch diameter.
Accordingly, on a day when the sky was clear, series were taken with
the two diaphragms in succession. On reducing the results it was fouad
that the effect of radiation through the larger diaphragm was as nearly
as possible double that through the smaller.
The object of the quartz plate was to prevent possible irregularities
arising from the action of wind, which, it was thought, might cause some
interchange between the air inside and outside the cube. It seemed
desirable to try the instrument with and without the quartz plate.
Comparative series were accordingly taken on a clear and not windy day
_with and without the quartz plate. The efl'ect was in round numbers
about 10 per cent, less with plate on than with plate off. When the
plate is used there is loss by reflection from the two surfaces, besides
which there may also conceivably be loss by absorption. The loss by
reflection can easily be calculated by Fresnel's formula for the intensity
of reflected light. If we disregard the double refraction, and take /x for
the refractive index answering to the mean of the heat rays incident, and
take account of the rays reflected an even number of times, as well as of
those which are not reflected at all, we have for the intensity of the
164 KEPOET— 1892.
transmitted light, that of the incident being 1-
2/x
On multiplying the calculated final excess got from the observations
without any plate by the above factor, it came, within the limits of errors
of observation, the same as the calculated final excess obtained from the
observations with the quartz plate on. It follows that there is no
seusible loss due to absorption in the quartz plate. It is to be re-
membered that the rays that fell upon the quartz had already passed
thi-ough the glass lens, and also that in the radiation from the sun it is a
CO inpai-atively small proportion of heat rays that are absorbed by glass
and similar substances.
It remains to be explained in what way we were led to the conclusion
tliat the employment of green instead of coloui-less glass for the bulb of
tlie insolation thermometer must have made but little difference in the
results obtained.
Imagine a thermometer to be suddenly exposed to solar radiation, as
in Stewart's second actiuometer, and consider what its behaviour ought
to be on the two extreme suppositions: (I) that the mercury in contact
with the glass reflects perfectly all the rays that fall upon it, but that the
shell is partially opaque ; (2) that the mercury reflects only partially, but
that the shell is perfectly diathei-manous.
On the first supposition the mercury would not be warmed at all by
the rays which fell upon it, but only by conduction from the shell, which
itself would be heated by absorption of a portion of the rays that fell
upon it, either as they came from the sun or as they were on their way
back after reflection at the surface of the mei-cury. The rise of tempera-
ture of the shell would ultimately vary as the time elapsed. But if the
shell were at a given temperature the total heat received by the mercury
from the shell would vary ultimately as the time during which it has been
passing in. But as the temperature of the shell is not constant, but its
rise varies ultimately as the time since exposure, the total heat received
by the mercury will vary ultimately as the integral of a quantity which
varies as the time, and will therefore vary ultimately as the square of
the time.
On the second supposition the mercury receives its heat directly from
the sun, and the total heat received varies ultimately as the time daring
which it has been receiving it.
Now in the actual observation the gain of heat was found to be
ultimately sensibly proportional to the time elapsed, not to the square
of the time, as may be inferred from the fact that the rate of increase
was decreasing from the first. We may conclude therefore that the gain
of heat was due almost entirely to the imperfection of the reflection from
the mercury, which entails direct absorption by the mercury of the
portion which failed to be reflected, and only in a comparatively in-
significant degree due to absorption of heat by the shell in the passage of
the heat through it. "We may therefore infer that the substitution of
green for colourless glass in the shell of the bulb would make but little
difference in the results obtained. This agrees with the experience of
Captain Abney, who was led by his experiments on the diathermancy
of various kinds of glass to suppose that a thermometer with a bulb of
green glass would rise decidedly higher in sunshine than one with a shell
ON THE INTENSITY OF SOLAll lUDIATION. 165
of colourless glass, but found on trial that the substitution of green for
colourless glass made only a slight difference.
That the rise should be due chiefly to absorption of radiant heat by the
mercury is not to be wondered at. We do not know -whether actual
experiments have been made on the reflecting power of mercury in
contact with glass, but we should probably not be far wrong in estimating
it at about 65 per cent., which is about the reflecting power of speculum
metal in air. This would leave as much as 35 per cent, of the incident
rays to be absorbed by the mercury.
In some of the experiments the change of temperature of the case was
barely slow enough to allow of regarding T as constant in the integration
of (1). But it is easy to pi-ove that if T vary slowly, though not
infinitely slowly, in order to correct for the finiteness of the rate of
change, we have merely to add the term —dijqdt to the right-haud
member of (2).
Report on Constants and Units. By C. E. GtUILLAume.
[A Communication ordered by the General Committee to be printed in extcnso
amongst the Reports.]
The report which I have the honour of presenting to the British Associa-
tion does not constitute a coherent whole, but has, on the contrary, the
character of detached notes, which notes can, however, be classified in
three groups. In the first I will give the value of several constants deter-
mined in modern times. The second embraces various propositions which
seem to me already in a sufiiciently advanced state for it to be possible
to come to a decision with regard to them. Lastly, in the third part I
have made brief allusion to various units which will doubtless come
under discussion in a few years, and about which it may be convenient
meantime to endeavour to form an opinion.
First Part.— Values of Certain Constants.
Up to quite recent modern times a certain number of geodetic data
■were derived from the ancient toise of Peru, or from the toise of Bessel.
Many physical constants are given in terms of a yard, foot, inch, or mil
(•001 inch) ; it is therefore important to know the value of these various
units in terms of the metre, which tends to become more and more,
thanks in part to the British Association, the international _ scientific
unit. I ought to say first that, since the Conference of Weights and
Measures held in Paris in 1889, the metre and kilogramme are no longer
defined by the standards of the Archives of France, but by the copies of
these standards which are deposited in the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures : these copies are the common property of the
nations who adhered to the convention of the metre.
Toises. — According to a determination of M. Benoit, Director of the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the true value of the
ancient toise of France is
l'»-94909a,
and that of the toise of Bessel is
l'»-949061.
166 REPOET — 1892.
Yard. — The accepted value of the metre, according to Kater, is
39-3708 inches ;
or, according to Clarke,
39-3704 inches.
These numbers were deduced from standards of the metric system
■whose value was insufficiently known. But, thanks to modern determi-
nations, we have beeu enabled to obtain an accurate reduction of these
ancient values, as well as those of Mr. Comstock ; M. Tittmann has thus
found
lm=39-3698 inches.
According to other measurements by Clarke we should have
lm=39-3699 inches.
If we adopt this last value, which seems at present the most probable
one, we have
1 yard =0914404 metre.
1 foot =0-304801 „
1 inch =0-025400 „
1 metre=l 093608 yard.
1 „ =3 280825 feet.
Electric Standards. — A great number of researches have been devoted
to the measurement of the variation of the specific resistance of mercury
with temperature ; the divergences of these results induced me to under-
take the redetermination, and to spare no pains to obtain an accurate result.
I would not trespass on your patience by describing the precautions
I have taken, the difficulties encountered in the work, and the reasons
which make me leel that this result is sufficiently free from systematic
errors. By sixty-four series of measurements made between 0° and 61°,
I have arrived at the following mean result : —
1. Apparent resistance of mercury in hard glass, in terms of the
hydrogen thermometer :
'•t=»-o(1+0-0008809T-(-0000000999T2).
2. True resistance of mercury (corrected for dilatation of the glass)
in terms of the same scale :
|Ot=Po(1 + 0-0008881T-^0-000001010T2).
Second Paet. — Propositions.
Introduction.
I wish first to demonstrate by some examples the three following
principles : —
1. There would be danger, from the point of view of precision, in sup-
pressing intermediary units which are theoretically unjustifiable, but
which can be represented by precise standards.
2. In certain cases it would be advantageous to reduce the constants
to the C.G.S. system more than has been done.
3. For ordinary physics and industrial application certain approximate
definitions are clearly sufficient, while metrologists can, for their own use,
apply the necessary corrections to their results.
ON UNITS. 167
1. In theory one unit of each kind is enough to express all quantities of
the same nature, but in practice it is usefnl to keep several units.
The unit of energy in all its forms is the erg, or one of its decimal
multiples, and if we knew with sufficient exactness an official value of the
mechanical equivalent of heat we could express in ergs all the constants
which calorimetry requires. This will, without doubt, be done in the
future, but for the present the final result would lose in precision if we did
not keep an intermediate unit, the calorie, of which everyone can easily
procure for himself an exact standard ; for the reduction to the erg would
introduce in certain cases a greater uncertainty than the crude result. In
theory we should have gained somewhat, but the result would have been
rendered more vague.
2. Let us take, on the contrary, the case of the mechanical equivalent
of heat in which several intermediate constants occur more or less, accord-
ing as it is expressed in normal or in local kilogrammetres or in joules.
The most exact mode of realising a given amount of loork is by absorbing
the effect produced by the earth on a heavy body. Then, knowing the
mass of a body, it will be necessary, in order to measure the work which
it does in falling, to know the value of ' ^ ' at the place of observation and
the pressure of the air which are well determined. The whole reduction
of the experiment will not introduce an error of 1 : 10,000 in the result,
an error which is in this case quite negligible.
Hence, if there is any practical interest in keeping the value of the
equivalent in gramme-force centimetre, the question of precision does
not come in at all, and unification cannot but gain by completing the
reduction to the C.G.S. system.
3. After having theoretically defined a unit it is useful to give a legal
value and a standard of it ; this legal value carries a special name, and by
an odd reversal of the problem, in the progress of measurements, the
theoretical unit becomes expressed in terms of the legal standard. If one
is afraid that this unnatural state of things might cause inconvenience it
is only necessary to consider the case of the metric system to convince
oneself that this is not so at all. Originally the kilogramme was defined in
terms of the decimetre, taking the density of water as equal to 1. To-
day the litre is deduced from the kilogramme, but the litre is no longer
rigorously equal to a cubic decimetre.
A certain number of physical constants determined by hydrostatic
weighings or by volumetric measures are expressed in terms of the (milli-
litre)* or (millilitre)', and not in terms of the centimetre or cm^.
The occasions in which it would be necessary to establish a difiereuce
between these quantities are so rare that I do not believe I am going be-
yond the truth in saying that the half of physicists have never expressed
this difficulty.
With these preliminaries I pass to the propositions.
Unit of Pressure.
So far the unit of pressure has escaped reform, but by a very happy
chance we could, by a change of little importance, adopt a unit of pres-
sure which would be in harmony with the C.G.S. system, and whose
value would be as convenient and exact a one as possible.
Let us admit provisionally that the absolute density of water at 4°
is equal to unity ; we shall have for the density of mercury at 0° the
168 EEPORT — 1892.
number 13"5956, wliich expresses its relative density (specific gravity).
The pressure being given by the equation
jp=hgd,
we must choose for rj some normal value. Now, there can be no hesitation
on this point Meteorologists, metrologists, and geodesists have adopted
the normal value at 45°, and at sea-level ; physicists have begun to adopt
this unity, and any exceptional cases can only be attributed to pre-
conceived ideas. The normal value of g is
cm
Hence fffrm . cm'
P
L8
980-65
sec"
= ;» X 980-65 X 13-5956 f-^"^ . ^""'l.
Lsec" cm^J
Let^=10«; then /i = 75-005 cm.
Starting from this result I propose to adopt as the imit of pressure
the pressure exerted by a column of mercury of 76 cm. at 0° under the
normal conditions of gravity, and to call this unit the barie. This
decision would in no wise prevent one from keeping as secoudary units
the pressures exercised by colnmns of mercury 1 mm., 1 cm., or 1 m. in
heiglat, which bear a simple ratio to the unit pressui'e.'
I do not think that any measurements have been made in which it
would be of use to take into account the compressibility for a pressure of
one barie ; but as this correction varies as the square of the height,
the limit beyond which it is no longer negligible is 2 or 3 metres of
mercury, a correction must be applied in certain experiments on this
account.
The Temperature Scale.
The thermometric system is an entirely arbitrary one, and is subject
to only one condition, namely, that of offering a simple relation with
precise experimental data. The adoption of a normal unit of pressure in
nowise renders it necessary to make use of this unit for the determina-
tion of the higher fixed point of the system of temperatures. The
adoption of a thermometric system (that is to say of a fundamental
interval and of its subdivision) by all physicists alike would evidently be
extremely useful, and it is doubtless to avoid breaking suddenly with
popular customs that the Centigrade system has not yet come into
universal use.
Altogether different is the question of a thermometric scale, that is
to say of a function of some natural phenomenon which represents
the temperature when it is made to satisfy two equations of condition.
Carnot's principle, as Lord Kelvin has shown, allows us to define a scale
of temperatures independently of the thermal properties of any given
body. The most accurate experiments may lead to the belief that,
■within the limits of temperature measured as yet, the hydrogen thermo-
meter furnishes us with a scale of temperatures which is practically
equivalent to the thermodynamic scale ; and it is for this reason that
this standard scale has been adopted by the Comite International des
Poids et Mesures. I would propose, therefore, that all physicists should
be recommended to reduce all exact measui'ements to the Centigrade scale
' For the unit of pressure to be completely defined it is necessary to state
whether account shall be taken of the compressibility of mercury and of its vapour
pressure, of which the value at 0° is as yet not very well determined.
ON UNITS. 169
of the hydrogen thermometer, to which the name of normal thermometric
scale should be given. ^
Third Part.
Certain proposals still awaiting their final form and considerations ou
certain points : —
The Calorie.
It has been pi-oposed on various occasions not to adopt an independent
unit of heat-energy. In the equation
, aMcd=i
we have —
M = unit of mass of water ;
c = specific heat of water ;
6 = the interval of temperature corresponding to one degree ;
j = either the C.Gr.S. unit or the practical unit of energy ;
a = the heat-equivalent of this energy.
The proposal in question is equivalent to putting a = 1, and, as we
cannot modify M, to fixing c and Q so as to satisfy the equation.
Messrs. Preece and Forbes proposed in 1889 to modify the temperature
system, while Prof. Ostwald prefers to attribute to water a specific heat
difiering from unity (equal to 4*2, when M = 1 gramme, 6 = 1° C, and
j = 1 joale). I am also of opinion that it would be best to agree to this
last alternative finally ; but I have pointed out previously why I think it
preferable for the moment to adhere to the status quo, and to consider this
reform one of those to be accomplished ia a more or less distant future.
For the present it is, above all things, necessary to define the calorie —
that is to say, the temperature at which the specific heat of water shall
be considered equal to unity — but I do not think this decision can be
taken before the question has again been submitted to a very accurate
experimental investigation. The temperature measurements would, of
course, be necessarily referred to the normal scale.
Radiation. .
No special unit has hitherto been employed for radiation in general,
and the only unit which has been used in a particular case is irrational ;
for in solar radiation all authors have taken for their unit the calorie yer
minute, a unit which conforms to no system at all. No radiation has
hitherto been measured to an approximation equal to that with which we
know the mechanical equivalent of the calorie, hence there would be no
inconvenience in using the watt as the unit of intensity of radiation.
This unit would yield very acceptable numbers for the majority of cases
of total radiation which we have to measure. We might even push our
analysis still further, and divide the spectrum of an incandescent body into
bands O'l /^ (/x=micron) in breadth ; the unit would then be the watt in each
of these bands. The spectram would thus be completely defined, and
moreover the sums of the partial intensities would be numerically equal to
the total intensity of the radiation.
' The differences between the indications of various kinds of mercury thermo-
meter and the hydrogen thermometer have been determined by very accurate
experiments. The comparisons carried out by M. P. Chappuis with mercury thermo-
meters of hard French glass are the most complete ones that have hitherto been
made. We also possess reduction tables for thermometers made of hard Jena glass,
of French lead glass, English lead glass, &c. It is much to be desired that only
samples of hard glass should be used in the construction of thermometers.
170
EEPORT — 1892.
On the Application of Interference Methods to Spectroscopic
Measurements. By Albert A. Michelson.
Plates I.-IV.
[Ordered by the General Committee to be printed in extenso among the Reports.]
The theoretical investigation of the relation between the distribution of
light in a source, as a function of the wave-length, and the resulting
' visibility curve ' has been given in a paper bearing the same title as the
present one in the ' Philosophical Magazine ' for April 1891.
The physical definition of ' visibility ' there adopted is
ii + V
in which I, is the intensity at the centre of a bright interference band,
and I2 the intensity at the centre of the adjoining dark band. In order
to interpret the actual curves obtained by observation of interference
fringes, it is first necessary to reduce the results of the eye-estimates of
visibility, which may be designated by V,,, to their absolute values as
above defined.
For this purpose two quartz lenses, one concave and the other convex,
and of equal curvatures, were mounted with their crystalline axes at
right angles to each other between two nicols. Under these conditions
a series of concentric interference rings appeared. If a be the angle
between the principal section of the polariser and the axis of the first
quartz, and to the angle between the axis and the analyser, the intensity
of the light transmitted will be
I = cos^ (co — a) — sin 2a sin 2ijiSm'^Tr 1- — ^ ,
where ty is the thickness through the first quartz, and t^ that through
the second. If the analyser and polariser are parallel, cu = a, and
•whence
and
I=l-sin2 2a8in2 7r'^-^^^
Ii=l, and l2= 1 — sin^ 2a,
Y__ I] — I2 __ 1 — cos^ 2a
ii + I2 ~ 1 + cos^Ta'
This curve, together with the mean of a number of eye-estimates,
given in fig. 2 on opposite page. From these the following table of cor-
rections may be obtained : —
V.
Cor.
■00
•00
•05
+ •03
•10
+ •04
•15
+ 03
•20
+ 02
•25
•00
•30
-03
•35
-•05
•40
-•07
•45
-•08
•50 •
-•10
v„
Cor.
■•)a
_
12
•60
—
14
•65
—
15
•70
—
16
•75
—
16
■80
_
14
•85
—
13
•90
_
11
■95
_
08
■00
00
ON SPECTBOSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS.
171
_a_
t-
-A-
p-,3 I
■^■•■.
0- 30'
te'
so'
loO' 70' Bo
Ti.^
■a. -
jViC-UfVC -
"Em\V CvLTve '
1 ♦ C*A* »b
5Si^e E.sX;™cJc,6a - V,
172 BEPORT— 1892.
The curves show a general tendency to estimate the visibility too
high when the interference bands are clear, and too low when they are
indistinct. This tendency may be modified by a number of circum-
stances ; thus it increases with the refrangibility of the light used ; it
is greater when the field contains a large number of bands than when
there are but few ; it is greater while the visibility carve is falling than
when it is rising ; it does not seem to be greatly affected by the intensity
of the light ; finally it varies on different occasions and with different ob-
servers. Notwithstanding these disturbing causes, the result, after
applying the correction, will rarely be in error by more than one-tenth of
its value, and ordinarily the approximation is nauch closer than this.'
The observations necessary to construct the visibility curves, from
which the distribution of light in any approximately homogeneous source
is to be deduced, may be made with any form of interference apparatus,
which allows a considerable alteration in the difference of path between
the two interfering streams of light.
The apparatus actually employed for this purpose was designed for
the comparison of wave-lengths, and while admirably adapted for the
observation of visibility curves it contains many parts not necessary for
• The formula for visibility deduced in the preceding paper is
in which
C = \<p(x) cos kxdx,
S = U) («) sin Jixdx,
P= [<)(«) <^a-,
ft = 2irD,
D = Difference in path,
and <p(x) represents the distribution of light in the source.
In this expression no account was taken of the effect of extraneous light, and it
was assumed that the two interfering pencils were of equal intensities. It can be
shown that the error due to both these causes tends to lower the visibility ; but in
either case the correct values may be obtained by multiplying by a constant factor.
In the first case let e be the intensity of the extraneous light, and V the result*
ing visibility ; then by definition —
^ -(I,+e) + (I. + e)~I, + I., + 2e ' ^"^ ^"^ I. + Ij" ' " (I, + 1.,) (1 + r) '
whence V = (1 + r) V.
In the second case, let p be the ratio of intensities of the interfering pencils ;
then it can readily be shown that the resulting intensity is
I = (l + p-)P + 2p (C cos a-S sin »),
and hence the visibility is
^ "l + p2 P '
whence
2p
l+p-
If the interfering pencils differ by 25 per cent, the factor —x — differs from unity
by about 4 per cent., so that, in most cases, this cause of error may be neglected.
ON SPECTKOSCOJfIC MEASUREMENTS. 173
this use. Fig. 1, page 171, presents tlie plan of an arrangement which,
while showing all the essential parts, is much Jess complicated. Starting
from V, a vacuum tube containing the substance whose radiations are to
be examined (and which is usually enclosed in a metal box in order that
it may be raised to any required temperature), the light is analysed by
one or more prisms, forming a spectrum from which any required
radiation may be separated from the re-st by passing through the slit S.^
The light from S is rendered nearly parallel by a collimating lens, and
then falls on a transparent film of silver on the surface of the plane
parallel plate Gr,.^
Here it divides, part being transmitted to the fixed plane mirror M,
and part reflected to the movable mirror M2. These mirrors return the
light to the silvered sui'face, where the first part is reflected and the
second transmitted, so that both pencils coincide on entering the observ-
ing telescope.^
A little consideration will show that this arrangement is, in all respects,
equivalent to a film or plate of air between two plane surfaces. The
interference phenomena are therefore the same as for such an air-plate.
The theory of these interference bands has been given in an article
entitled Interference Phenomena in a New Form of Refractometer, ' Philo-
sophical Magazine ' for April 1882. As is there shown, the projections of
the bands are, in general, conic sections, the position of maximum dis-
tinctness being given by the formula
P= -^ tan i cos2 6,
tan 9
in which t^ is the thickness of the equivalent air-plate, where it is cut by
the axis of the telescope, 4>, the inclination of the two surfaces, 6 and i,
the components of the angle of incidence parallel and perpendicular re-
spectively to the intei'section of the surfaces, and P, the distance of the
plane of maximum distinctness from the surfaces. If 6 be small, the
variations of P with 6 may be neglected, and we have then
P=-i5_tan i,
tan ^
or with sufl&cient accuracy,
P=^-?i.
<i>
' In the case of close groups of lines the image of the source is first thrown on a
slit, otherwise the lines at S would overlap.
- The light entering the telescope is a maximum when the thickness of the silver
film is such that the intensity of the transmitted light is equal to that of the reflected
light. The silvering has another important advantage in diminishing the relative
intensity of the hght reflected from the other surface. Indeed, for this purpose it
is advisable to make the tilm heavier ; even so thick that the reflected light is twice
as bright as the transmitted. This does not atTect the ultimate ratio of intensities
of the interfering pencils — for what is lost by transmission on entering the plate G,
is made up by reflection on leaving it, the effect being simply to diminish somewhat
the whole intensity. Another advantage of the thicker film is that it can be made
uniform with far less ditficulty than the thin film. It may be mentioned that with
this form of instrument the interference fringes in white light present a purity and
gorgeoui-ness of coloration that are surpassed only by the colours of the polariscope.
' The second plane parallel plate G„ is made of the same thickness as the first,
and is required to equalise the optical paths of the two pencils.
174 REPORT— 1892.
rrom this ifc will be seen tliat the focal plane varies very rapidly with i,
so that, unless 0=0, it is impossible to see all parts of the interference
bands in focus with equal distinctness. If, however, 0^0, that is, if
the two surfaces are strictly parallel, then P=co, and if the observing
telescope is focussed for parallel rays, all parts of the bands are equally
distinct. Under these circumstances the interference fringes are concen-
tric circles, whose angnlar diameter is given by
cos 5'=^--.
If for A we put It^—vX, and for cos S' its approximate value 1 — , we have
Wt-
In order to obtain an idea of the order of accuracy required in this
adjustment, suppose the angle •& to be so small that its influence on the
distinctness may be neglected. The intensity at the focus of the observ-
ing telescope will be
1= cos^ \K^dxdii, where Z; = — - .
If the aperture be a rectangle, whose height is 26 and width^2a,
I=2&['^"cos2 \K\dx.
But
A=2 (^0 + <^ ■^),
whence
The maximum value of I is
and the minimum value is
whence
T oi, ■" I o < sin 2kd)a~|
1=20 I a -H cos IkIq --- — ^_ .
L 2c<^ J
'I is
f), r , sin 2(>-<ia~l
in 2/v-^a"]
2h\a
sin 2K<^a
2K:(^a
In attempting to verify this formula, by actual observation, one is met
by the difficulty that all parts of the bands are not in focus at the same
time, the right and left bands being more distinct than the central one,
to which attention ought to be directed. Notwithstanding the rather
rough character of the observations, the results agree fairly well with
theory. If <^o is the ratio of the wave-length to the width of the rectan-
gular aperture, the above formula becomes
V = si n 27r(^ /^o
ON SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS.
175
(calc.)
V (obs.)
100
1^00
■94
•94
•75
•73
•50
•40
■24
•13
•00
•09
■15
•10
•22
•09
■19
•07
•15
•05
•00
•04
from which the second column in the following table was calculated.
<t>/<po
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
From this table it appears that if the visibility is to be estimated by
observations with a telescope of 12 mm. aperture (or with a circular
aperture about one-fourth greater) an error in the adjustment of
the surfaces of a second of arc would produce a diminution of 4 or 5
per cent, in the visibility. Accordingly, if the ways on which the mirror
carriage moves are not true to this degree, it is necessary to make the
adjustment for every observation.
This can be done with very great accuracy by moving the beam of
light from side to side and adjusting the mirror until there is no percep-
tible alteration in the size of the rings. Since the admissible error in
adjustment is inversely proportional to the aperture, the observations may
be facilitated by making this as small as possible if there be light to
spare. This is all the more necessary for the same reasons, if the sur-
faces be not true. However, the error due to this source may be easily
corrected (since all the observations are affected alike) by multiplying by
a constant factor.
In order that the visibility curve may extend as far as possible, it is
necessary that the vapour should be very rare. Accordingly, in all but a
few cases to be mentioned later, the substance to be investigated was in-
closed in a vacuum tube which was previously heated to drive off any
moisture or occluded gases.
The vapour was rendered luminous by the discharge from the second-
ary of a large induction coil, whose primary current was interrupted by a
rotary break attached to the armature of an electric motor, making
about twenty to thirty breaks per second. The steadiness of the light
thus obtained was far greater than with the ordinary Foucault inter-
rupter. Probably it would have been still more satisfactory to use an
alternating dynamo properly wound to give a strong current with com-
paratively few alternations.
The box surrounding the vacuum tube was heated just sufficiently to
give a steady bright light, and the temperature then kept as nearly uni-
form as possible. This temperature was usually taken to represent that
of the vapour within the tube. This is, of course, only a rough approxima-
tion to the truth ; and in some cases the estimate was much too low.
As it was not intended to include in the present work an elaborate
study of the effect of temperature, this matter was not of great conse-
quence. It may be suggested, however, that a very much closer approxi-
mation to the real temperature could be obtained by winding a platinum
wire about the capillary portion of the tube and deducing the tempera-
ture from the variation of its resistance. A preliminary experiment in
which a platinum wire passing through the tube and heated by a current
176 KEPORT — 1892.
until the platinum spiral outside the tube was raised to fixed temperatures
would give a means of deducing from the indications of the spiral the
true temperature within the tube.
These adjustments being eS'ected, the screw of the ' wave-comparer'
was turned to zero ; that is, till there was no difference of path between
the interfering pencils. At this point the visibility should be as great
as possible, and was accordingly marked 100. The screw (of 1 mm.
pitch) was then turned through one turn, thus giving a difference of
path of 2 mm., and the visibility again estimated, and so on. The curve
was then drawn, giving the estimated visibihty for each 2 mm. difference
of path, and this was corrected for the personal equation as before
described.
Hydrogen.^
The full curve in 'fig. Bh, Plate I., represents such a curve for the
red hvdrogen line at a pressure of about 1 mm. and a temperature of
about 50° C.
The dotted curve represents
V=2~^°'"' cos -7/30.2
It follows that the visibility curve is practically the same as that due
to a double source, whose components have the intensity ratio 7 : 10, and
in each of which the light is distributed according to the exponential law,
expressed by the first term.
The formula for a double soui'ce, where the components are similar, is
l + ,.2 + 2rcos27r5
V 2= P V-,
l + ,.2 + 2r
in which D, the period of the curve, is inversely proportional to the
distance between the components.
But D = ]SIAi = (lSr + l)A2, whence
Hence, in the present instance, we have for the distance between the
components of the red hydrogen line
gV X (6-56 X 10~ V =1'4 X 10" Vm.,
or 0'14 division of Rowland's scale.
Again, if 8 be the ' half- width ' of the spectral line (the value of x
when (f>(x)=^^), then
</)(.-«) =2 r, and V=e — r.'
' The hydrogen was prepared by dropping distilled water upon sodium amalgam,
and allowing the gas to pass through sulphuric acid into the vacuum tube, which
was repeatedly exhausted until the spectrum of hydrogen was nearly pure.
- As frequent use is to be made of the function
l+»-- + 2rcos2ir-'^
D
it will be abbreviated to the form cos r/D.
F\o fc Ka^
Plate I.
iv« i^a **o it»
tVQ LM> UO •
T4,j1 Ua,
ia<t 4to •
copic Mcasicrcmcnts.
M^ 2(p)ri Br^ JiMC f »?.
-4L
1
UiiiHr'Uui'j Mr. A. A. Mi. h. J-5,.;,5 i',i/;,'i- o/t Uie Aj,i,ln;.l:o<( u/ /Hi.r,;u rente ,l/d/i."(j (■■ Si.,;-lr,w>iuc ma4ur€>,iaiU.
ON SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS. 177
If A be the value of X for V=^, then 8= — -, or, with sufficient ac-
. -22
curacy, o=— ,
Substituting the value of 8 in the equation for V, we have V=2 ^•
The value of A in the hydrogen carve is 19. Accordingly, after reducing
to the same units as above, we have 8=0"049.
From these data fig. 3a was constructed, the full curve showing the
distribution of light in the source.
Fig. 4&, Plate I., gives, in the fall curve, the corrected values of
the visibility of the blue hydrogen line, at the same temperature and
pressure as before. The dotted curve represents a double exponential, as
before. The formula for this curve is
V=2~^°'^*' cos -7/28,
thus giving a=0'08 for the distance between the components, and
8=0'057 for the ' half-width ' of each. These values give for the distribu-
tion of light in the blue hydrogen line the fall curve in fig. 4a.
Oxygen.
Fig. 5, Plate I., represents the results obtained from oxygen prepared
by heating a tube containing mercuric oxide, drying the gas by sulphuric
acid, and exhausting and filling repeatedly, till the spectrum was nearly
pure. The lines are much less bright than those of hydi'ogen, and in
order to obtain satisfactory results,\the current had to be increased so
far that the tube was frequently broken. Notwitbetanding the somewhat
uncertain character of the observations, it wlir be seen from fig. 5a that
the curve for the orange-red line corresponds very well with that given
by the formula
V=2~^''^*"[-36 + -32 cos 27rX/2-69 + -16 cos 27rX/4-85
+ -16cos27rX/l-73]*.
The agreement between the coefficient 2 and the general curve
drawn through the maxima is also shown in fig. 6&.
The interpretation of these results is that the orange-red oxygen line
is a triple, whose components have intensities in the ratios 1:1:1/2,
and whose distances apart are 1"51 and 0*84 respectively, and whose
' half- width ' is 0-027. This is shown in fig. 5c.
Sodu
lum.
The results obtained from metallic sodium in the vacuum tube are so
varied, the character of the lines being so considerably altered by tem-
perature and pressure, that a complete study is at present impossible.
This is especially true of the yellow lines, and the difficulty is con-
siderably increased on account of the insufficiency of the dispersion used,
which does not permit the separate examination of the lines. Some
reference to the changes mentioned will be given at the close of this
T?92. N
178 REPORT — 1892.
paper. At present it will suffice to take a particular case, the pressure
being very low and the temperature about 250°.'
The full curve in fig. 6b, Plate I., gives the experimental result for
the visibility at the maxima for yellow sodium light, corrected for the
personal equation. The dotted curve corresponds to the formula
V=2~^'^^'' cos -7/50 cos -1/140.
The complete equation, assuming that the two lines are alike, is
Y=2~^''^^^' cos •8/Q-58 cos -7/50 cos •1/140.
The interpretation of these results is that each of the sodium lines is
a close double, as shown in fig. 6a.
The yellow-green sodium-line at A.= 5687 is a double whose com-
ponents are about the same distance apait as the yellow pair. It was
found to be far less variable than the yellow ; and the full visibility
curve, neglecting slight irregularities, gives the experimental results
corrected for personal equation. Fig. 7b, Plate I., shows that its com-
ponents are single, and correspond in distribution of light fairly well
with the exponential curve, fig. 7a.
The same may be said of the orange-red double at 6156 also, except
that this seems to have a companion of feeble intensity.
The doubles at 5150 and at 4982 were also examined, the curves
showing nearly the same results as the red.
Zinc.
The temperature at which the radiations from metallic ziuc could be
conveniently observed was in the neighbourhood of the melting-point of
the glass of which the vacuum tubes were made. But few observations
were recorded, though these were quite consistent. The results of the
observations, corrected for personal equation, are given in figs. 8 and 9,
Plate I. The former is the record obtained from the red line near
6360, and shows that this line is single, the distribution of light agreeing
very well with a simple exponential curve, the ' half-width ', being 0013.
The latter shows the results of observation on the blue line near 4811.
The dotted curve is the visibility curve due to a distribution represented
in fig. 9a.
Cadmium.
Metallic cadmium in the vacuum tube at a temperature of about 280°
gives a number of very bright lines, widely separated, and varying very
slightly with temperature or pressure. Fig. 106, Plate II., shows the
experimental visibility curve of the red line near 6439, corrected for the
personal equation, together with the simple exponential curve V=2
The remarkably close agreeruent leaves no doubt that the distribution of
light in the source follows very nearly the exponential law, giving the
curve in fig. 10a, in which the 'half-width ' of the source is 0'0065.
The result of a single set of observations on the green line at 5086 is
given in fig. lib, Plate II., the approximate agreement between the
full line and the dotted curve (which corresponds to the equation
' The curve given above was obtained a year ago ; and since then it has been
impossible to reproduce it exactly.
Plate 11.
I n II I lK ly ^ Y'f^ , -t SiiOiaamt^eaimmmmUamMaamSMmmM^^HBm
lOO IXO ItO 1^0 ttO 300 120 arO 2*0
Ti^ iB K^^
3(^ JXD
■«*() xro —
U0 ArO J*0 '«» J00 UO IM
ato veo •>•>•
Tl^ IT K^,
It' 109 txo f'ytf /to •»••
I
troscopic Measurements.
U..„.ii., M,. A.X »,«</,..■. r.,.r m ll. A,.,M" •/ '«'"/"<»" ■"'"■"'• " »/«"'»"'■» •"»"««"'«•
ON SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUEEMENTS. 179
V=2~'^°'^^^' COS -2/115) showing that the source is a close double, the
intensity of whose components is in the ratio 5:1, and whose distance
apart is' '022, the 'half-width ' of each component being 0-0048.
The curve for the blue radiation at 4800 is given in fig. 126, Plate
[I., and shows that the results may be approximately represented by
V=2~^°'^* cos -1/32, which corresponds to the distribution of intensity
given in fig. 12a.
Thallium.
The metal is not sufficiently volatile at the temperatures attainable,
but the chloride answers admirably, giving a brilliant green light, the
visibility cui-ve varying but little with temperature. This curve is
given in fig. 136, Plate II., together with the dotted curve representing
the equation
V=i cos -2/160 n/4V,2 + V22+4ViV2 cos 27rX/25-3,
in which
and
This is the visibility curve due to a double source, each of \\ hose
components is a close double, as shown in fig. 13a.
Mercury.
Mercury in a vacuum tube gives two yellow lines, 5790 and 5770, a
very brilliant green line at 5461, and a violet line at 4358.
The yellow lines are not very bright, and are., so close together that it
is somewhat difficult with the dispersion employed to prevent the light
from overlapping. Notwithstanding these difficulties, the close agree-
ment of a number of observations shows that the curve for the lower line,
given in fig. 146, Plate II., is a close approximation to the truth.
Neglecting the effect of a line of feeble intensity at a distance of about
■24 from the principal line, the distribution of light in the source is
represented in fig. 14a, which gives for the visibility curve
in which
and
V=i>/3V,2 + V22 + 6YjY^ cos 27rX/28,
^_2-X7200»^
¥2=2"^°'''°' COS -5/280.
Fig. 156, Plate II., represents the results of observations on the
upper yellow line, omitting some peculiarities due to the presence of one
or naore lines of feeble intensity. The curve agrees closely with the
formula
in which
and
V=Jn/3V,2+\V + 6ViV2 cos 27rX/70,
V,=2-^"'^^^
N 2
180 EEPOKT— 1892.
which, represents the visibility curve produced by two lines of intensities,
1 : 3 and separated by 0-019 division as shown in fig. 15a.
The green mercury line is one of the most complex yet examined.
The constituent lines are, nevertheless, so fine that the interference bands
are frequently visible when the difference of path is over four-tenths of
a metre. The full curve in fig. 1€6, Plate II., gives the results of
observations corrected for personal equation, while the dotted curve
represents the equation
V=2~''^^''^^V-69Vi2 + -03V2^+^8V,V2 cos 27rX/31-4,
in which
V,=-62 + -38 cos 27rX/360,
and
V2=77 + -23 cos 27rX/110.
This is the visibility curve corresponding to the distribution repre-
sented in fig. 16a. The components of the line, for simplicity, have been
assumed to be symmetrical, as figured ; but the observations are not
sufficiently accurate to determine whether, for instance, each component
is a double or a triple line. In this case, also, as in the preceding ones,
it is impossible, from the data given, to determine whether the smaller
component is to the right or left of the principal line. . A direct obser-
vation with the grating showed, however, that the smaller component is
towards the red end of the spectrum.
The full curve shows that there is at least one other line — probably
more than one — whose intensity is roughly one-twentieth of the principal
line, and whose distance from it is about three times that of the chief
components.
The violet mercury line is much more difficult to observe than the
others. The results obtained by observation, corrected for personal
equations, are given by the full curve fig. 176, Plate II. The formula
for the dotted curve is
in which
and
V=n/ •88V,2-i--12ViV2 cos 27rX/23,
V,=2"^''^*' [-62-1- -38 cos 27rX/200],
* 2 — - )
the resulting distribution of light shown in fig. 17a.
The results of the preceding work are collected for comparison in
fig. 18, Plate III., together with the D group in the solar spectrum.
From these, as well as from the curves, it will be seen that it is easy by
this method to separate lines whose distance apart is only a thousandth
of that between D, and Dj, and even to determine the distribution of
light in the separate components. The conditions most favourable to
high values of the visibility are low density and low temperature, and
these conditions were complied with as far as possible. Still, in many
cases, the range of visibility due to slight variations of the conditions
shows that the behaviour of each substance must be carefully studied
tinder all possible circumstances of temperature, pressure, strength of
Plate lU.
I I I I I - I
5893
I I —
Zn,
I I I I I
JVV
Cci^
5636
I9
UPv
scopic Measurevients.
j\'a,'„
- Bifcrt Brii. Aaoc «««
II
II
il
n I ill
I I II i
I
I 1 1
\ ill 1 1 II
lllMtrating Mr. A. A. MielmUon'a Paper on the Ayplicalwn of Inlcr/creiice Mellwth to Sfeclmcapio MeantrminU.
ON SPECTEOSCOriC MEASUREMENTS. 181
current, size and shape of the electrodes, diameter of the vacunna
tube, &c.
The effect of temperature and of pressure on the visibility may be
readily accounted for on the kinetic theory. In fact, there is but little
doubt that these are the chief, if not the sole, causes of the broadening of
the spectral lines, and the consequent diminution of visibility, the latter
cause acting by altering the period of the source by frequent collisions,
and the former by the alteration in the wave-length of the light due to
the motion of the source in the line of sight.
If, now, the density of the vapour is very low, the second cause may be
ignored, and it will be shown that in the case of hydrogen this is the case
when the pressure is one or two millimetres.
In most of the cases investigated the pressure was so low that the dis-
charge passed with difficulty. Supposing, then, the effect of collisions to
be insignificant, let it be proposed to find the effect due to the motion of
the molecule in the line of sight. If v be the mean velocity of the mole-
cule and V that of light, then the formula for the resulting visibility
curve as given by Lord Rayleigh^ is h^{l — a") /Q + a").
If the definition of visibility as given above be taken, however, this
becomes
If A be the difference of path at which the visibility is reduced to
half its value at X=0, then
A=-A/ ~ • ^'
or approximately,
A V
If we take for hydrogen 17=2000 metres per second, then , =22500.
Again, if we ignore the difference in the temperature (about which
there is considerable uncertainty), at which the other substances were
examined, the velocities v would vary inversely as the square root of the
atomic weight, and the number of waves in the difference of path at
which the visibility is 0'5 is therefore 22500 n/to.
Considering the difficulties and uncertainties of the problem, the
following table shows a very remarkable agreement between the values
actually found and the calculated results.^
' ' On the Limit to Interference when Light is Kadiated from Moving Molecules, '
PMl. Mag., April 1889.
- It should be stated that the value of A for the yellow sodium line, if taken
from the curve, would be much larger than that given. This was the mean of a
number of observatioDs taken within the past month. As has been stated before,
this particular curve has not been obtained since last year. A few other substances,
very difficult to examine, either because the lines are too feeble, or because the
spectrum is so unstable, have given results not quite so consistent as the above,
though all are of the same order of magnitude as that required by theory.
182
BEPOET — 1892.
Substance
At. Wt.
1
A
--!
N (calc.)
H, .
1
656
19-0
30,000
22,500
Hb.
1
486
8-5
18,000
22,500
.
16
616
34-0
55,000
80,000
Na,
23
616
660
107,000
108,000
Nay
23
589
80-0
133,000
108,000
Nagy
23
567
62-0
109,000
108,000
Nag'
23
515
44-0
85,000
108,000
Nag"
23
498
55
110,000
108,000
Zn,
65-5
636
660
104,000
182,000
Zub
65-5
481
47-0
98,000
182,000
Cdr
112-0
644
138-0
215,000
238,000
Cdg
1120
509
120-0
236,000
238,000
Cdb
112-0
480
640
134,000
238,000
Hgy'
2000
579
230-0
400,000
317,000
Hgy"
200-0
577
1540
270,000
317,000
Hgg
• 200-0
546
230-0
420,000
317,000
Hgb
200-0
436
100-0
230,000
317,000
Tl .
203-6
535
220-0
400,000
322,000
In order to sho-w conclusively that the effect of density may be
neglected in the foregoing observations, as -well as to ascertain the law
governing the broadening of spectral lines by pressure or density, a
sei'ies of observations was made on the red hj-drogen line at varying
pressures, with the results shown in fig. 19a., Plate IV.'
Prom these curves the following table was calculated : —
Pressure in mm.
90
71
47
23
13
9
3
5
S
•128
•116
•095
■071
•056
•053
-050
-048
In fig. 196 the curved line gives the relation between 8 and -, and
-^.
shows clearly that when p is less than 5 mm. the effect of collisions
has almost entirely ceased. If we take as variables 8 and j5, the results
agree very closely with the straight line S — 8o=^12^> ^^ which 8o="047
(the ' half-width ' of the line at zero pressure in the units adopted),
/i;=-00093, andp is the pressure in millimetres.^
The same results were found for the blae hydrogen line, though, as
might be expected, these were not so consistent.
It thus appears that in the case of hydrogen — and probably in all
other cases — the width of the spectral line diminishes towards a limit
as the pressure diminishes, which depends upon the substance and its
temperature ; and that the excess of width over this limit is simply
proportional to the pressure.
In general, it may be said that under considerable ranges of tem-
perature and pressure the character of the visibility curve remains the
' The numbers against the curves denote pressure in millimetres.
2 In the figure the numbers representing values of the abscissse for this line
should be multiplied by 100.
^"'' Report Brit. Assoc, f
Plate IV.
•0 «-
/r* »oo •
4> ••'y '
♦ - .*y
«r# *fc0
^> Kfttlt)
lectroscopic Measurements.
1
«.,..™.™j J/r, A. A.MioM,«.: r.,» «. II:, il,.,,UMio„ of ;.,..r/m„« VMol, I. S,«<r..«;,i. ll™»r«„,.,.
ON SPECTKOSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS. 183
same ; but it may be important to note that there are a number of excep-
tions to this rule, among which the green mercury line and the yellow
sodium line may be especially mentioned.
Thus, fig. 20a, Plate IV., represents the visibility curve usually
observed for the green mercury line, and fig. 20c represents that obtained
when the vacuum is so high that the discharge passes with difficulty,
while fig. 206 represents the intermediate stage. This last observation
was obtained by placing the mercury in an atmosphere of hydrogen whose
pressure could be measured by a McLeod gauge.
It might be objected that the presence of a foreign substance might
of itself aifect the distribution of light in the source, and therefore the
form of the curve. In order to test this point, a series of observations of
the red hydrogen line was taken, while the tube contained liquid mercury,
which was heated until the mercury spectrum was at least ten times as
bright as that of the hydi'ogen. The character of the visibility curve was
not perceptibly altered.
In the same series of experiments it was found that, provided the
pressure of the hydrogen remained constant, the effect of a change in
temperature from 75° to 140° had no appreciable effect on the result. In
this connection it may be mentioned that the character of the curve for
the green mercury line was not essentially altered when, in place of
metallic mercury, the nitrate, iodide, or the chloride was suljstituted, the
only important effect being a diminution in the visibility in the order
named.
In the case of yellow sodium light it has already been mentioned that
the character of the curve is more variable than that of any other line
thus far examined. This is illustrated by the curves in fig. 21a and
fig. 21b, Plate IV. It has not been possible thus far to devote the
attention which a systematic investigation demands. These changes are
very puzzling to trace, but undoubtedly much of the difficulty is due to
the fact that the dispersion employed was not sufficient to permit the
separate examination of the components. Still, there can be no doubt
that the width of the lines, their distances apart, and their relative inten-
sities vary rapidly with changes in temperature and pressure.
In addition to the preceding investigations of visibility curves for
light emanating from a rare gas or vapour in a vacuum tube the cui-ves
for sodium, thallium, and lithium, in the flame of a Bunsen burner, have
been observed, and the results are given in fig. 22, Plate IV. The thal-
lium and lithium lines are clearly double, the distance between the com-
ponents of the former agreeing very well with the results obtained with
the vacuum tube.
These substances were brought into the flame in the ordinary way,
and the results obtained were at least as good as when a finely divided
solution was used according to the method of Gouy. It appears from
these curves that the width of the line is about ten times as great as
when the vacuum tube is used. But if the temperature of the flame be
taken at 1500° C, and that in the vacuum tubes at 350° C, the lines
should be only twice as broad in the former case as in the latter. It
appears, then, that notwithstanding the small quantity of substance
present (barely enough to colour the flame) the real density must be com-
parable to that of the vapour of the substance boiling under atmospheric
pressure.
The principal object of the foregoing work is to illustrate the advan-
184 REPOET— 1892.
tages which may be expected from a study of the variations of clearness
of interference fringes Avith increase in difference of path. The funda-
mental principle by which the ' structure ' of a line or group of lines is
determined by this method is not essentially different from that of spec-
trum analysis by the grating, both depending, in fact, on interference
phenomena, but in consequence of the almost complete freedom from
errors arising from defects in optical or mechanical parts, the method
has extraordinary advantages for this special work. A glance at fig. 18,
Plate III., will give a fair idea of the 'resolving power ' of the method as
compared with that of the grating. In order that the comparison be
quite fair, however, it would be necessary to take for a comparison spec-
trum that of the substances here used, and under the same conditions.
With the best instrumental appliances now in use, it is difficult to ' re-
solve ' lines as close together as the components of either of the yellow
sodium lines. It is evident, however, that by Li'ght-tvave Analysis, if I
may venture so to call the foregoing method, a tenth of this distance is
obviously within the limit ; indeed, if the width of the lines themselves be
less than their distance apart, there can be no limit.
Supplement.
I. It has already been pointed out that in many cases it is difficult or
impossible to decide between two or more distributions of lines which
give very nearly the same visibility curve ; and when there are many
lines in the source, the combinations of intensities and arrangements of
these from which a type may be selected are enormously great. Indeed,
even when the number of lines is greater than three, excepting perhaps
the cases where the lines may be in pairs (as in the case of yellow sodium
light), the resulting visibility curve becomes so complex that it is very
difficult to analyse. Doubtless in many cases where the components are
not too close, the grating will give the information necessary for the in-
vestigator to select the proper combination.
It may readily be shown that the formula
for the visibility curve due to a distribution of light, y=<f>{x), is identical
with that of the intensity curve at the focus of a telescope provided with
apertures which produce this distribution in the light passing through.
Accordingly, if a telescope be provided with apertures adjustable in
width, or length, and distance apart, the diffraction image of a distant
illuminated slit will give, at once, a representation of the whole visibility
curve, and by adjustment of intensities and distances any particular
visibility curve may be more or less accurately copied, thus furnishing a
means of studying the relations between V and 9f)(a;), which, while
giving, perhaps only a rough approximation to the truth, may prove more
convenient than analytical or graphical methods.
II. One of the purposes which led to these investigations was the search
for a radiation of sufficient homogeneity to serve as an ultimate standard
of length. It will appear from the curves of cadmium that there are
three lines which may be used for this purpose. The red cadmium line
is almost ideally homogeneous, and will readily permit the estimation of
ON SPECTROSCOPIC MEASDEEMENTS. 185
a change of phase in the interference fringes of one-hundredth of a fringe
in a total distance of 200 millimetres, or over 300,000 waves.
Both the green and the blue lines are fairly well adapted for the pur-
pose, and will prove very valuable as checks. Each of these, however,
has a small companion, and it is necessary to know the effect of this in
altering the phase of the interference bands.
If (j) be the fraction of a wave by which the position of a minimum is
shifted on account of the presence of the companion, a the number of
' periods ' in the difference of path, and r the ratio of the intensities,
then
, ct , '>' sin 27ra ,
tan 27rd)=— ^ - ^
1 + r cos ZTTii
Thus, if r=l/4, is a maximum when a is about 1/3, and for this
we have, approximately,
0=--O4.
This is the largest correction to be applied, and is negative if the
brighter line has the greater wave-length. It is theoretically possible by
this means to determine, in case of an unequal double or a line unsym-
metrically broadened, whether the brighter side is toward the blue or the
red end of the spectrum.
III. It has been argued that, even if all practical difficulties in making
large gratings could be removed, nothing further could be gained in
resolution of groups of spectral lines on account of the real width of the
lines themselves, caused by the lack of homogeneity in the radiations
which produce them. The results of the preceding investigations show
that, while this is very far from being true with present gratings, such a
limit undoubtedly exists. The accordance between the measured widths
of eighteen lines shows further that this broadening of lines in a rare gas
can be fully accounted for by the application of Doppler's principle to the
motion of the vibrating atoms in the line of sight, and, indeed, furnishes
what may be considered one of the most direct proofs of the kinetic
theory of gases.
The form of the ultimate components of all the groups of lines thus
far examined is found to agree fairly well with an exponential curve,
<j^(a!)=e""°''°, which shows that the distribution of velocities cannot vary
widely from that demanded by Maxwell's theory.
If the limit abovementioned were due solely to the motion of the
molecule, and the radiating substance could be rendered luminous while
its temperature was very low, it might be possible to observe interference
phenomena with a difference of path of many metres. But it must be
considered that, since every vibrating molecule is communicating its
energy to the ether in the form of light waves, its vibrations must
diminish in amplitude ; consequently the train of waves is no longer homo-
geneous, even though the vibrations remain absolutely isochronous, and
the result is a broadening of the line and limitation of the difference of
path at which interference is visible.
' See PJdl. Mar/., April 1891, p. 345. (The value of r is the reciprocal of that
here used.)
186
REPORT — 1892.
Fourth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. C.
EoBERTS-AusTEN {Chairman), Sir F. Abel, Mr. E. Eiley, and
Mr. J. Spiller, Professor J. W. Langlet, Mr. Gr. J. Snelus,
Professor Tilden, and Mr. Thomas Turner {Secretary), appointed
to consider the best method of establishing an International
Standard for the Analysis of Iron and Steel. (Drawn up by
the Secretary.)
In the previous report of this committee it was mentioned that four
out of the five proposed international standards had been prepared and
distributed as previously arranged, and that the work of the British
analysts was practically completed. Dumng the past year a meeting of
the British analysts has been held, and the analytical results have been
discussed. It was found that the agreement among these numbers was
good, more particularly so in view of the relatively small quantity of
material which could be supplied to each analyst, and it was decided fco
publish an account of the work of the British chemists so far as the
investigation has proceeded. This intention was communicated to
Professor Langley, as representing the American Committee, and received
his cordial approval. The results now communicated have therefore to
do only with the work of the British analysts and with the standards
Nos. I, 2, 3, and 4.
It will be remembered that the analysts entrusted with the investiga-
tion in this country were as follows : —
Mr.
A. H. Allen
W. Jenkins
G. S. Packer
J. Pattmson
E. Riley
J. E. Stead
Sheffield,
Dowlais,
Glasgow,
Newcastle-on-Tyne,
London,
Middlesbrough,
and the Royal School of Mines, London,
Complete reports have been received from Messrs. Jenkins, Packer,
Pattinson, Riley, and Stead, while Mr. Allen, who was prevented by
other engagements from completely analysing the samples sent to him,
has forwarded a report on the determination of sulphur in iron and
steel .
Unfortunately, the analyst attached to the Royal School of Mines has
suffered from a long and serious illness, and his results have not been
completed. It has therefore been decided to dispense with his report,
and for the present the Royal School of Mines is represented by the
work of Mr. E. Riley, whose x'eputation as an analyst is so well known
and recognised.
The report received from Mr. W. Jenkins gave the following values
as the results of his analyses : —
C
Si
S
P
Mn !
Standard No. 1 .
2
)) i> 3 .
„ 4 . .
1-43
•82
•55
•165
•260
■200
•144
•008
•010
•008
•015
•040
■02
•02
■02
■08
■26
■14
■13
■13
1
ON THE ANALYSIS OF IRON AND STEEL.
187
These results aorree very fairly well with those of the other analysts,
■with the exception of the carbon in Standard 3, which is 0'09 per cent,
higher than any of the other analysts returned. Unfortunately, Mr.
Jenkins, after a prolonged period of ill-healtli, died in May last, and hence
no check determination has been performed in this case. The Committee
desire to record their regret at the loss of an analyst who was so
courteous, so skilful, and so much respected. No account has been
received of the methods used by Mr. Jenkins, except references in a letter
to the Secretary, which indicate that the silicon was determined by the
sulphuric acid method, and checked by the use of nitric and sulphuric
acids — the sulphur by an evolution process, and the manganese by an
acetate separation and precipitation by bromine. The phosphorus was
weighed as phospho-molybdate.
The results obtained by Mr. Packer were as follows : — •
C ' Si
S
P Mn
Standard No. 1 .
2
ji » 3 .
„ 4 . .
1^44
•85
•46
•146
•28
•194
•14
•008
traces
traces
traces
■036
■017
•012
•022
•08
■267
•144
■130
•130
The methods employed by Mr. Packer were as follows : —
Carbon. — 1. Ordinary colour test on O'l gram of steel.
2. Separation of carbonaceous matter by ammonio-chloride of copper
and subsequent oxidation of the carbon by means of sulphuric and
chromic acids ; collecting and weighing the COo in potash bulbs in the
usual manner.
Silicon. — Oxidation of the steel by nitric acid, evaporation to dryness,
and ignition ; redissolving in hydrochloric acid, filtering, and weighing
the insoluble silica. The purity of the silica was tested by evaporating
witb hydrofluoric acid ; any residue was weighed and suitable allowance
made.
Sulphur. — The steel was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and the
evolved gases passed into a solution of copper sulphate ; the precipitated
sulphide was filtered and weighed after ignition as oxide or sulphide (or
mixed oxide and sulphide) of copper.
Phosphorus. — The filtrate from the determination of silicon was
evaporated to a small bulk and transferred to a flask, ammonia ■was then
added till a slight permanent precipitate was produced. Ten cubic centi-
metres of an aqueous 8 per cent, solution of ammonium molybdate was
added and nitric acid to decidedly acid reaction. The solution was
digested till clear, filtered, the precipitate washed with dilute nitric acid,
and finally with water ; it was then washed on to a weighed watch glass,
dried, and weighed.
Manganese. — The steel was dissolved in nitric acid with the addition
of hydrochloric acid, and the iron precipitated by addition of acetate of
ammonia and boiling. The manganese was precipitated in the filtrate
by addition of bromine and ammonia and weighed after ignition as
Mn304.
The report of Mr. Pattinson supplied the numbers which follow : —
188
KEPOET 1892.
c
Si
S
P
Mn
standard No. 1 .
2
;; 3 : ;
1393
•802
•461
•142
•271
•182
•140
•009
trace
•007
trace
•040
•019
•012
•022
•075
•263
•145
•158
•130
The following is an outline of the methods adopted by Mi*. Pattinson : —
Carbon. — The sample was dissolved in a solution of double chloride of
copper and ammonium, filtered through asbestos, and the residue well
washed and burnt in oxygen. The double chloride used was proved to be
free from carbonaceous matter.
Silicon. — The sample was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, evaporated
to dryness, and the residue dissolved in hydrochloric acid and hot water.
After filtration and washing, the silica was ignited and weighed ; its
purity was tested by treatment with hydrofluoric acid and due allowance
made for any residue.
Sulphur. — 1. The sample was dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the
evolved gases passed into an ammoniacal solution of cadmium chloride.
The precipitated cadmium sulphide was dissolved in the beaker by the
addition of bromine water and acidification with hydrochloric acid, and
the sulphur precipitated as BaSO^.
2. The drillings were dissolved in nitric acid, and the solution evapo-
rated to dryness with addition of hydrochloric acid, redissolved in hydro-
chloric acid and water, filtered, and the sulphur precipitated as BaS04.
Manganese. — 1. Estimated gravimetrically by the ammonium acetate
and bromine process. The precipitate after ignition was weighed as
Mn304, and the impurities carried down with the precipitate were deter-
mined, and the necessary correction made.
2. Also estimated volumetrically by the process described by Mr.
Pattinson ('Trans. Ohem. Soc.,' 1879, p. 366).
Fliospliorus. — The sample was dissolved in nitric acid and evaporated
to dryness after the addition of hydrochloric acid. The residue was
redissolved in hydrochloric acid, filtered, and the filtrate treated with
metallic zinc, free from phosphorus, in order to eliminate arsenic and
reduce the iron to the ferrous condition. The solution was then boiled,
a few drops of ferric chloride added, and the phosphorus precipitated in
combination with iron by addition of ammonia and acetate of ammonia.
The precipitate was separated by filtration, dissolved in nitric acid, the
phosphorus precipitated by ammonium molybdate and weighed as
ammonium phospho-molybdate.
The analytical results obtained by Mr. E. Riley are as follows : —
c
Si
S
P
Mn
Standard No. 1 .
„ 2 .
4
1-387
•811
•456
•147
•250
•192
•153
•008
•004
•007
traces
•041
•017
•012
•016
•081
•278
•140
•144
•124
The following is a brief outline of the methods of analysis adopted by
Mr. Riley in these determinations : —
Carhon. — By solution of the sample in sodium copper chloride and
ON THE ANALYSIS OF IRON AND STEEL.
189
combustion of the carbonaceous residue in a stream of oxygen. Cupric
chloride was first prepared by roasting copper scale in a muffle, dissolving
in pure hydrochloric acid, and passing chlorine into the solution to
convert the whole into the cupric condition. To a concentrated solution
of the cupric chloride so prepared, 10 per cent, of sodium chloride
was added, and the solution so obtained, which is distinctly acid, is
employed for dissolving the steel. The separated carbon was collected
on an asbestos filter, and burned in a glass tube with pure recently
ignited oxide of copper.
Sulphur and FhospJiorus. — The steel was oxidised by pure nitric acid
(sp. gr. 1'40), redistilled in Mr. Riley's laboratory, evaporated to
di'yness, heated, dissolved in pure hydrochloric acid (also redistilled in
the laboratory), and the silica separated; the excess of hydrochloric acid
evaporated off until only just sufficient acid was left to keep the iron in
solution. The sulphur was precipitated by barium chloride, allowed to
stand twenty-four hours, and weighed as BaS04. The filtrate from the
determination of sulphur was reduced by addition of sulphide of sodium,
the precipitated barium sulphate was filtered off, and the phosphorus
precipitated as basic perphosphate of iron by boiling with ammonium
acetate. If there is not sufficient ferric oxide present, a little bromine is
added. The precipitate is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, citric acid is
added, then excess of ammonia and a small quantity of ' magnesia mix-
ture.' After standing twenty- four hours the precipitate is filtered off and
weighed as Mg,2P207.
Manganese. — The iron was separated as basic ferric acetate, the
manganese precipitated by bromine and weighed as Mn304.
Silicon. — The silica separated in the determination of sulphur and
phosphorus was washed, ignited, and weighed ; it was afterwards treated
with hydrofluoric acid and any residue weighed and deducted.
Mr. Stead reported as follows : — -
C
Si
S
P
Mn
Sample No. 1
» JI 3 .
„ 4 . .
1419
•796
•455
•154
•252
■186
•130
•009
•007
•007
•008
•040
•016
•012
•024
•075
•229
•137
•161
•137
Mr. Stead has supplied the following brief outline of the methods he
adopted, and which are almost identical with those employed by Mr.
Pattinson : —
Carbon. — The sample was dissolved in double chloride of copper and
potassium, the carbon separated by filtration through asbestos, and after
careful washing burned in a porcelain tube with copper oxide in air or
oxygen.
Silicon. — By solution in hydrochloric acid, evaporation to dryness,
and strongly heating ; redissolving in hydrochloric acid and water,
filtering and weighing as SiOa-
Sulphur. — This was determined both by oxidation with aqua regia
and also by the evolution method ; no further details were supplied.
Phosphorus was precipitated and weighed as phospho-molybdate of
ammonia.
Manganese was estimated by the acetate and bromine gravimetric
process, and also by Pattinson's volumetric ii-.3thod.
190
KEPOET 1892.
Mean of the Analytical Results. — If it be assumed that all the results
previously given are of equal value, and that the proportion of suljahur
returned as ' traces ' does not exceed '005 per cent., the following figures
give the composition of Standards 1, 2, 3, and 4 as deduced from the
analyses by the five chemists from whom reports have been received : —
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
Carbon ....
1-414
•816
•476
•151
Silicon ....
•263
•191
•141
•008
Sulphur, not more than .
•006
•007
•008
•039
Phosphorus
•018
•014
•021
•078
Manganese
•259
■141
•14.5
•130
It is, however, probable that, as a doubtful result is included among
the carbon determinations in Standard No. 3, this mean value is about
•02 per cent, too high, and should be about •456 per cent.
When it is remembered that each analyst employed the methods of
analysis which he individually preferred, it must be acknowledged that
the agreement in the results is closer than might have been anticipated,
as it is well known that certain methods for which one analyst has a
marked preference are distrusted by other experimenters. This appears
to show that methods which are unsatisfactory, or even incorrect, in the
hands of one analyst may, with slight modifications, give excellent results
with another operator. In such detei-minations we have to deal, not only
with the inherent accuracy or inaccuracy of the process itself, but also
with the manipulative and analytical skill of the operator, derived from
long experience in the use of the process he adopts.
The proportion of sulphur present in the Standards Nos. 1, 2, and 3 is
very small, being less than 001 per cent. It is noticed that in many
cases the amount of sulphur present in American pig irons and steels is
less than is usually found in British samples, and it would be interesting,
if possible, to determine the cause of this difi'erence.
All the samples were tested for chromium, but in no case was the
presence of this element detected.
Standard No. 5 has been prepared during the past winter by Mr.
J. E. Stead at Middlesbrough, and the Committee desire to acknowledge
the importance of the assistance which Mr. Stead has thus rendered.
The American and British Committees have already been supplied with
their portions of the standard thus prepared, and the remaining portions
of the standard will be distributed as soon as possible. It is hoped that
the analyses will be completed, so as to allow of a final report at the next
meeting of the Association.
The American Committee has nearly completed its work on Standards
1, 2, 3, and 4, and it is proposed to publish the results in a few months.
These results have not yet been revised for publication, but on the whole
it is believed that a close agreement will be noticed between the work of
the British and American Committees.
The German Committee has devoted much attention to the study of
methods of analysis in connection with the international standards, but
the results are not yet ready for publication . No report has been received
at present from the French and Swedish Committees.
ON ISOMERIC NAPHTHALENE DERIVATIVES. 191
Sixth Report of the Cotiimittee, consisting of Professor W, A.
TiLDEN and Professor H. E. Armstrong (Secretary), appointed
for the purpose of investigating Isomeric Naphthalene Deriva-
tives. {Drawn up by Professor Armstrong.)
It was stated in the last report that Mr. Rossiter and the writer had
devoted much time to the study of the dibromonaphthalenes, but that the
results were not sufficiently complete to render their publication desirable ;
an account of the work contemplated in this passage was communicated
to the Chemical Society late in the year (cf. ' C.S. Proceedins's,' 1891
p. 182).
In this communication data were given which suffice to characterise
and diffisrentiate^/ii;e of the isomeric dibromonaphthalenes, i.e., the 1 : 4,
1 : 4', 1 : 3, 1 : 2', and 1 : .3' modifications. The action of bromine on
a- and ^-dibromonaphthalene was also described, and the nature of the
complex product formed on c/i-brominating naphthalene, which has occu-
pied the attention of so many observers, was finally determined, it being
shown to consist of 1 : 4 dibromonaphthalene (m.p. 82-83°) mixed
with the 1 : 4' isomeride (m.p. 132°).
When naphthalene is dibrominated, 1 : 4 dibromonaphthalene is the
major product, so much so that this modification crystallises out in an
almost pni-e state from the solution of the crude product in alcohol. It
has been stated by Darmstaedter and Wichelhaus that when naphthalene-
a-sulphonic acid is bromiuated a product is obtained which on crystal-
lisation from alcohol first affords 1 : 4' dibromonaphthalene, the remainder
of the product melting at 68-70°, and resembling that obtained from
naphthalene. It therefore seemed probable that, whereas naphthalene
yields chiefly 1 : 4 dibromonaphthalene, the a-snlphonic acid yields chiefly
the 1 : 4' derivative, and that consequently the acid radicle exercises a
marked influence in determining the entrance of bromine into the un-
substituted nucleus (cf Report for 1886), an influence much greater
than that of bromine towards sulphuric acid, as bromonaphthalene yields
little but the 1 : 4 acid when sulphonated. Darmstaedter and Wichelhaus'
experiments have been repeated by the writer, and the accuracy of this
conclusion confirmed ; a very considerable amount of 1:4' bromosul-
phonic acid is formed on brominating naphthalene-sulphonic acid, 1 : 4
dibromonaphthalene being quite a minor product.
On comparing the dibromo-products obtained from naphthalene with
the dichloro-products, an nnusual divei^gence is apparent ; there can be
no doubt, however, that this is attributable to the extreme instability of
bromine addition compounds of naphthalene. The dichloronaphthalenes
are, in fact, products of the withdrawal of 2HC1 from the tetrachloride,
while the dibromonaphthalenes are products of the action of bromine on
bromonaphthalene, and hence it is that the 1 : 3 modification, which is
the chief product of chlorination, is absent from the product of bromination.
When the conditions are similar the difference in behaviour of naphtha-
lene towards chlorine and bromine is of the ordinary character, and such
as was to be expected ; thus when a-chloronaphthalene is chlorinated by
means of SOoCl., at such a temperature (100-180°) as to prevent the
persistence of an addition compound, it yields pure 1 : 4 dichloronaph-
thalene and no trace of the 1 : 3 isomeride, which is the principal pro-
192 REPORT— 1892.
duct of the hydrolysis of naphthalene tetrachloride. /3-Chloronaphthalene
in like manner yields a mixture of the 1 : 2 and 1 : 2' derivatives. The
results of a series of experiments on the formation of chlorinated naph-
thalenes at high temperatures by means of SO2CI2 and similar chlorinating
agents which the writer and Dr. Wynne are engaged in carrying out
will be given on a subsequent occasion ; they desire, however, here to
recognise the assistance which they have received from Mr. Jenks.
Finally, it may be mentioned that Mr. Rossiter and the writer, having
repeated Meldola's experiments on the bromonitronaphthylamines, have
been led to interpret this author's results in a manner somewhat different
from that originally adopted by him, but in accordance with the results
of more modern enquiries (cf. ' C.S. Proceedings,' 1891, p. 186; Meldola,
'C.S. Trans.,' 1892, p. 766).
A comprehensive survey of the very numerous recorded facts shows
that the ' laws of substitution ' in the naphthalene series are in the
main easy to decipher, and pervaded by a few veiy simple principles.
The writer and Dr. Wynne hope during the coming year to discuss these
in a comprehensive memoir, dealing with the investigation which they
have conjointly carried on now during over six years. It is perhaps not
undesirable to state that no single fact has yet been recorded serving to
support the view advocated by Claus, that the structure of naphthalene
is unsymmetrical. Whatever its exact inner structure may be, the two
nuclei of naphthalene must be represented alike.
Fourth Report of Committee, consisting of Professor H. M'Leod,
Mr. W. C. EoBERTS-AusTEN {Secretary), Professor A. W. Eeinold,
and Mr. H. Gr. Madan, appointed for continuing the Biblio-
graphy of Spectroscopy.
The collection of titles of spectroscopic papers has been continued
during the year, but as Mr. Madan is not now residing in Oxford, he has
not been able to verify all the references.
Mr. Nagel has undertaken some portion of the work, and he is pro-
posed as a member of the Committee in place of Professor Reinold, who
wishes to retire.
Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. W. J. Russell, Professor
W. N. Hartley, Professor W. Eamsay, Captain W. de W. Abney,
and Dr. A. Richardson, appointed for the investigation of the
Action of Light on the Hydracids of the Halogens in presence
of Oxygen.
A LARGE amount of work has been done during the past year, but the
Committee feel that the results obtained cannot at this stage be profitably
laid before the Section. They hope, however, to be able to present a
detailed report to the Association at the next meeting.
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 193
Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir H. E. Eoscoe, Dr.
Marshall Watts, Mr. J. N. Lockyer, Professors Dewar,
LivEiNG, Schuster, W. N. Hartley, and Wolcott Gibbs, aoid
Captain Abney, on Wave-length Tables of the Spectra of the
Elements and Compounds. {Drawn up by Dr. Marshall
Watts.)
Lithium.
Kayser and Range (' Ueber die Spectren der Elemente.' Berlin, 1890).
Wave-
length
(Rowland)
6708-2
6103-77
4972-11
4602-37
4273-44
4132-44
3985-94
3915-2
8838-3
8794-9
8718-9
8670-6
3232-77
2741-39
2562-60
2475-13
2425-65
2394-54
*(2373-9)
*(2359-4)
Limit of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
0-2
lOsr
0-03
lOsr
0-1
6bn
01
lOsr
0-2
4n
0-2
8nr
0-2
2n
0-2
6nr
3-0
In
5-0
4n
5-0
2n
50
In
0-03
8sr
0-03
6sr
0-03
4sr
0-1
4sr
0-1
2sr
0-2
Isr
Previou^s Measurements
(AngPtrbm)
6706-7 Thalen
6102-2 „
4971-2 „
4602-2 „
4273-3 „
4131-7 Liveing & Dewar
3984-5
3913-5
3838- ?
3799-0
8232-0
2741-0
2567-5
2475-0
2425-5
2394-5
2373-5
23590
Reduction to
Vacuum
A.-I-
1-96
1-80
1-47
1-37
1-28
1-24
1-20
1-18
1-15
1-14
1-12
1-11
0-99
0-85
0-80
0-78
0-77
0-76
0-75
0-75
4-4
4-8
5-9
6-5
70
7-2
7-6
7-7
7-8
7-9
8-1
8-2
9-5
11-4
12-3
12-7
13-1
13-2
13-4
18-5
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
14902-7
16378-5
20106-3
21721-4
23393-3
24191-6
25080-6
25533-8
26045-4
20343-3
26881-5
27235-3
30923-7
36466-4
39010 6
40389-2
41214-7
41748-5
42111-4
42370-2
Sodium.
Kayser and Kunge (' Ueber die Spectren der Elemente.' Berlin, 1890).
Wave-lenpth
(Rowland)
*(8200-3)
*(8188-3)
6161-15)
6154-62)
5896-16)
5890-19)
5688-26 >
5682-90 r
5675-92 ,
5670-401
1892.
Inten-
Limit
of
Error
sity
and
Cha-
racter
0-1
8n
8n
lOsr
lOsr
0-15
8n
8n
0-15
2n
2n
Previous
Measurements
(Angstrom)
8199 Abney
8187 „
6160-2 Thalen
6154-4
5895-13
5889-12
5687-3
5681-5
5674-4
5668-0
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Rowland's
Map
absent
absent
6161-50 ?
6154-49 ?
5896- D.
5890-19 ,
5688-42 ?
5682-58 ?
5675-90 ?
absent
Reduction to
Vacuum
A.+
1_
?
7
1-81
4-8
i 1-74
5-0
1-68
5-2
1-67
))
»>
l»
)»
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
12197 7
12215 7
(16225-9
1 16242-2
, 16955-2
116972-4
( 17574-9
1 17587-4
r 17613-1
1 17680-2
194
REPORT 1892.
Sodium — continued.
Inten-
sity
and
Cha-
racter
Reduction
Wave-length
(Rowland)
Limit
of
Error
Previous
Measurements
(Angstrom)
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Rowland's
Map
to Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
\ +
1
5153-72
01
6n
5155-0 Thalen
5153-60 ?
1-53
5-8
( 19397-7
119414-7
514919 r
6n
5152-7
5149-29 1
4983-53 1
4979-30 )
0-2
6n
4983-3
4983-71 ?
1-48
5-9
, 20060-2
1 20077-2
6n
4982-0
4979-41 ?
)»
f)
4980-5 L. & D.
4752-19,
4748-36
0-15
4n
4751-4 „
4752-30 ?
1-41
6-2
(21036-7
4n
4747-5 „
4748-36 ?
»
»»
1 21053-7
4669-4 1
4665-2 )
0-5
4n
4667-5 „
4669-47 ?
1-39
6-4
(21409-6
121428-9
4n
4663-7 „
4665-32 ?
„
4546-03 1
4542-75 f
0-2
2n
4543-6 „
4546-10 1
1-35
6-5
(21990-7
1 22004-6
2n
4540-7 „
absent
45000 )
4494-3 )
10
2n
4496-4 „
1
1-34
6-0
(22216-2
1 22244-4
2n
4494-5 „
1
)j
*»
(4423-7) ,
(4420-2) f
4423-0 „
1
1-32
6-7
(22598-8
122616-7
4419-5 „
1
(4393-7) ,
(4390-7) f
4393
1
1-31
6-8
(22753-1
122768-6
4390
■i
)»
>»
(4343-7) 1
(4325-7) f
4343
1
1-30
6-9
, 23014-9
123110-7
4325
1
1-29
*»
3303-07
3302-47/
0-03
8r
3301-2 Cornu
3303-07
1-01
9-3
( 30265-6
130271-1
8r
3308-8 „
3302-47
)>
„
2852-91
005
6r
2853-3 L. & D.
0-88
10-9
35041-0
2680-46
01
4r
2679-0 „
0-84
11-6
37295-4
2593-98
01
2r
2593-3 „
081
12-1
38538-7
2543-85
0-1
Ir
0-80
12-4
39298-1
251223
0-2
Ir
0-79
12-5
39792-8
Lines within brackets not measured by Kayser and Runge.
Potassium.
Kayser and Runge (' Ueber die .Spectren der Elemente.' Berlin, 1890).
Wave-length
(Rowland)
7699-3 1
7665-6 /
69388
6911-2
6832-23)
5812-54 f
5802-01 r
5782-67)
5359-88)
5S43-35 I
5310-08 r
6323-55 J
Limit
of
Error
5-0
0-5
0-5
0-05
0-15
Inten-
sity
and
Cha-
racter
lOnr
lOnr
4n
2n
6n
6n
4n
2n
4n
4n
I
Previous
Measurements
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Rowland's
Map
7696-5 Deslandres
7663-2
6946 L. de B.*
6913
5831
[5812
I58O2-I Thalen
5782-6 „
5353-6 „
5338-6
6334 5
5322-6
L. & D.f
Thalen
absent
Reduction
to Vacuum
A.+
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
2-2
3-7
2-2
3-7
2-03
4-2
2-02
4-3
1-72
61
1-71
5-1
1-71
5-1
1-70
51
1-59
5-5
1-58
5-6
1-58
5-6
1-67
5-6
12984-5
13041-5
14407-5
14465-1
17141-0
17199-1
17230-3
17288-0
18651-6
18709-2
18720-7
18778-9
ON -W^AVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 195
Potassium — contimied.
Inten-
Rediiction to
1
Wave-length
(Rowland)
Limit
of
Error
sity
and
Cha-
racter
Previous
Mea^urements
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Rowland's
Map
Vacuum
Osfillation
F'requency
in Vacuo
A +
1
A ~
5112-68)
2n
5112 L.
deB.
absent
1-51
5-8
19553-4
5099-64
0-20
2n
6098 L.
&D.
1
1-51
5-8
19603-4
5097-75
5084-49 J
In
5095 L.
deB.
1
1-51
5-8
19610-7
2n
5081
))
1
1-51
5-8
19661-9
4965-5 )
In
4963
»»
1-47
6-0
20133-0
4956-8
1-0
In
4956 L.
&D.
■ 1
1-47
6-0
20168-3
4952-2
In
4950
1-47
0-0
201870
4943-1 /
In
4942
,
1-47
6-0
20224-2
(4870-8))
4870
1-44
6-1
20526-1
(4863-8)
4863
1-44
61
20555-6
(4856-8) ''
4856
1-44
6-1
20585-3
(4850-8)/
4860
1-44
6-1
20610-8
(4808-8) s.
4808
1-43
6-2
20790-7
(4803-8)
4803
1-43
6-2
20812-4
(4790-8)
U
4796
■1-42
6-2
20842-8
(4788-8)
4788
1-42
6-2
20877-6
(4759-8)
4759
1-41
6-2
21004-8
4047-36 )
4044-29 1
0-03
6r
4045
>»
absent
1-21
7-4
24700-1
8r
4042
j»
)i
1-21
7-4
24718-8
3447-49 1
3446-49)
0-03
6r
3445-0
It
?
1-05
8-8
28997-8
8r
3443-6
f>
?
1-05
8-8
29006-2
3217-76)
3217-27)
0-03
4r.
6r;
3216-5
0-98
9-5
31068-0
fi
0-98
9-5
31072-7
3102-371
310215r
0-1
2r,
4r[
3101-0
0-95
9-9
32223-5
1*
0-95
9-9
32225-8
3034-94
0-1
4r
3033
»t
0-93
10-1
32939-5
2992-33
0-15
2r
2992-0
}»
0-92
10-3
33408-5
2963-36
0-2
Ir
2963 4
ji
0-91
10-4
33735-8
2942-8
1-0
Ir
2942-0
"
0-91
10-5
33970-8
L. de B. = Lecoq de Boisbaudran.
f L. & D. = Liveing and Dewar.
Rubidium.
Kayser and Runge (' Ueber die Spectren der Elemente,' Pt. III. 5. Berlin, 1890).
Wave-
lenfjth
(Rowland)
Limit
of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
Previous
Measurements
(Angstrom)
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Rowland's
Map
Reduction to
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
A +
1_
A
7950-
7811-
6298-7
6206-7
6159-8
6071-2
5724-41
5654-22
5648-18
5431-83
5-0
5-0
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-15
0-15
015
0-15
lObr
lObr
4n
4n
In
2n
6n
2n
4n
2n
7951-0 L. de B.
7800-0 „
6296-7 Thalen
6204-2 „
6160-2 „
6070-2 „
5724-0 L. de B.
1 5650-0
5429-0
absent
? 6298-65
absent
»»
"
? 5654-10
absent
2-3
2-3
1-85
1-83
1-81
1-79
1-69
1-67
1-67
1-61
3-6
3-8
4-(i
4-7
4-8
4-9
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-4
12575-0
12799-7
15871-7
1610(;-9
16229-5
16466-3
17464-8
17680-7
17699-6
18405-6
o 2
196
HEPORT — 1892.
Rubidium — continued.
Reduction to
Wave-
length
Limit
of
Intensity
and
Previous
Measurements
Fraunliofer
Lines in
Rowland's
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
(KowlaDd)
Error
Character
(Angstrom)
Map
\ +
1
in Vacuo
5362-94
0-2
2n
5359-0 L. de B.
1 5362-96
1-59
5-5
18641-0
15259-8)
5259-0 „
1-56
5-6
19006-5
(5194-8)
5194-0
1-54
5-7
19244-3
(5161-8)
5161-0
1-53
5-7
19367-4
(5085-8)
5085-0
1-51
5-8
19656-8
(5021-8)
5021-0
1-49
5-9
19907-3
4215-72
003
6r
42160
absent
1-26
7-1
23713-6
4201-98
0-03
8r
4202-0
f>
1-26
7-1
23791-2
3591-74
005
4r
1 3591-63
1-09
8-5
27833-2
3587-23
0-05
6r|
?
1-09
8-5
27868-2
3351-03
0-05
2r
1 3351-03
1-02
91
29832-2
3348-86
0-05
4r
? 3348-80
1-02
9-1
29851-8
Cjisium.
Blayser and Runge (' Ueber die Spectren der Elemente.' Berlin, 1890).
Reduction to
Wave-
Limit
of
Error
Intensity
Previous
Fraunhofcr
Lines in
Vacuum
Oscillation
length
(Rowland)
and
Character
Measurements
(Angstrom)
Rowland's
Map
A-1-
1
Frequency
in Vacuo
6973-9
50
6n
6975-0 L. de B.
absent
2-0
41
14335-1
6723-C,
5-0
8n
6723-0 „
1-97
4-3
14868-7
6213-4
0-5
2n
6219-0
»i
1-83
4-7
16089-5
6010-6
0-3
4n
6007-0
1-77
4-9
16632-4
5845-1
0-5
4n
5850-0
1 5845-2
1-72
5-0
17103-3
5664-0
0-5
6n
56620
? 5664-25
1-67
5-2
17650-2
5635-1
0-5
4n
6637-0
absent
1-66
5-2
17740-7
5579-3
0-5
In
5572-0
1-65
5-3
17918-1
(5501-9)
5501-0
1-63
5-4
181701
5465-8
0-1
2n
5464-0
1-62
5-4
18290-1
(5410-9)
5410-0
1-60
5-5
18475-7
(5345-9)
5345-0
1-58
6-6
18700-3
(5310-8)
5310-0 „
1-57
5-6
18824-0
(5257-8)
5257-0
1-56
5-6
19013-8
4593-34
005
6r
4592-2 Lockyer
1 4593-31
1-37
6-5
21764-2
4555-44
0-05
8r
4554-9
absent
1-35
6-5
21945-3
3888-83
0-1
4r
1-17
7-7
25707-0
3876-73
01
6r
1-16
7-7
25787-2
3617-08
0-3
2r
1-09
8-4
27638-2
3611-84
0-2
4r
1-09
8-4
27678-3
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 197
Magnesium.
Kayser and Runge (' Ueber die Spectren der Elemente,' Pt. IV. Berlin, 1891).
j
Reduction to
Wave-
Limit
Intensity |
Previous
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Rowland's
Map
Vacuum
Oscillation
length
of
and
Me^asurements
Frequency
in Vacuo
(Rowland)
Error
Character
(Angstrom)
A +
1_
A.
5711-56
0-15
2
5710-7 L. & D.
5711-32 ?
1-69
5-2
17503-1
5528-75
0-10
6
5527-4
5528-625?
1-63
5-3
18082-0
r 5183-84
< 5172-87
[5167-55
0-03
lOr
3t
5183-0
6183-798
1-54
5-7
19286-0
0-03
lOr
Sl-
5172-0
5172-867
1-53
5-7
19325-9
0-03
8r
at
5167-0
5167-580
1-53
5-7
19345-8
4730-42
0-25
In
4730-22 1
1-40
6-3
21133-5
4703-33
005
8n
4703-5
4703173
1-40
6-3
21255-2
4571-33
005
4
4570-5
4571-26
1-36
6-6
21869-0
4352-18
0-05
8n
4351-2
4352-10
1-30
6-9
22970-1
4167-81
010
In
4166-0
4167-40 ?
1-25
71
23986-3
4058-45
1-00
2n
4057-3
4058-10 ?
1-22
7-4
24632-5
8987-08
1-00
2n
?
1-20
7-6
25073-4
r 3838-44
{ 3832-46
L 3829-51
0-03
lOr
4*
3837-9 H. & A.
3838-43
1-15
7-8
26044-4
0-03
lOr
4*
3832-1
3832-43
1-15
7-8
26085-1
003
lOr
4»
3829-2
3829-53
1-15
7-8
26105-2
f 3336-83
003
lOn;
4t
3336-2
3336-83
1-02
9-2
29959-4
<^ 3332-28
0-03
8n
4t
3331-8
3332-27
1-01
9-2
30000-3
[3330-08
0-03
8n
it
3329-1
3330-06
101
9-2
30020-1
f 3097-06
0-03
lOr
5*
3096-2
3097-02
0-95
9-9
32278-8
< 309314
003
8r
5*
3091-9
3093-20
0-95
9-9
32319-7
L309118
003
8r
5*
3089-9
3091-20
0-95
9-9
32340-2
r2942-21
003
8n
5t
2942-0 L. & D.
0-91
10-5
33977-6
< 2938-67
0-03
6n
5t
2938-5
0-91
10-5
34018-5
[2936-99
0-03
4n
5t
2937-5
0-91
10-5
340380
2936-61
0-05
4
2935-8 H. & A.
0-91
10-5
34042-4
2928-74
0-06
4
2928-1 „
090
10-6
34133-8
2915-57
0-05
4
2913-8
0-90
10-6
34288-0
f 2852-22
003
lOnr 6*
2851-2
0-88
10-8
35049-6
< 2848-53
[2846-91
0-15
015
4n
4n
6*
6*
2847-9
0-88
0-88
10-8
35095-0
2845-9 „
10-9
35114-9
2802-80
003
lOr
2801-6
0-87
11-1
35667-5
279807
0-03
4
2796-9
0-87
11-1
36727-8
2795-63
0-03
lOr
2794-1 „
0-87
11-1
35769-0
2790-88
0-03
4
2789-6 „
0-87
111
35818-9
278308
0-03
8r
2781-8
0-86
11-2
35980-2
r2781-53
0-03
8r
6t
2780-7 L. & D.
0-86
11-2
36940-2
1 2779-94
003
lOr
2779-4
0-86
11-2
35960-8
1 2778-36
0-03
8r
6t
2778-2
086
11-2
35981-3
[277680
0-03
8r
6t
2776-9
0-86
11-2
36001-5
2768-57
0-15
4n
2767-5
0-86
11-2
36108-5
2765-47
0-15
4n
2764-5
0-86
11-2
36149-0
r2736-84
«^ 2733-80
[2732-35
0-15
2n
7*
2736-0
0-85
11-4
36527-1
0-15
2n
7*
2732-5
0-85
11-4
36567-7
0-15
2n
7*
2731-0
0-85
11-4
36587-1
f2698-44
0-15
2n
7t
2698-0
0-83
11-6
37046-9
<^ 2695-63
0-15
2n
7--
2695-0 „
'
0-83
11-6
37086-9
[2P93-97
0-15
2n
7t
2693-5
0-83
11-6
i 37108-3
198
EEPORT — 1892.
Magnesium — coniimied.
Wave-
length
(Kowland)
Limit
of
Error
Intensit}'
and
Character
Previous
Measurements
(Angstrom)
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Rowland's
Map
Reduction to
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
A +
1_
A
f 2672-90
< 2669-84
0-20
In 8*
2672-5 L. & D.
0-83
11-7
37400-8
0-20
In 8*
2670-0
0-83
11-7
37443-7
L 2668-26
0-20
In 8*
2668-5
0-83
11-7
37465-9
r 2649-30
2646-61
U645-22
0-50
In 8t
2649-0
0-83
11-8
37734-0
0-50
In 8t
2646-0 „
0-83
11-8
37772-4
0-50
In 8t
0-83
11-8
37792-2
2633-13
1-00
In
2633-0
0-82
11-9
37965-7
2630-52
1-00
In
2630-0 „
0-82
11-9
38003-4
(2605-4)
2605-0
0-82
12-0
38369-8
The lines marked * and f form a series of triplets, of •which the oscilla-
tion frequencies (in air) can be calcvdated (very near!}') from the formula
\
hn-
■cn-\ -where a = 39796-10 for the first line, 39836-79 for the second.
and 39857-00 for the tJdrd line of the triplets, J = 130398, c = 1432090 in the triplets
marked *; and in those marked f, a = 39836-74 for the first line, 39877-95 for the
second, 39897-91 for the third, &= 125471, c = 518781. The figure preceding the sign
* or f shows the value of n.
Note. — Lines at
4808-0, 38950, 3893-0, 3852-0, 3848-0
3073-6, 3050-6, 3046-7
are given by Liveing and Dewar.
Calcium (Arc Spectrum).
Kayser and Runge (' Ueber die Spectren der Elemente,' Pt. IV. Berlin, 1891).
Reduction to
Wave-
Limit
Intensity
Previous
Fraunhofer
Vacuum
Oscillation
length
of
and
Measurements
Frequency
(Rowland)
Error
Character
(Angstrom)
Map
\ +
1
in Vacuo
6499-85
0-10
4
6498-3 1. & Th.
6499-870
1-91
46
15380-5
6493-97
0-10
4
6492-4 „
6493-998
91
15394-4
6471-85
0-10
4
6471-889
90
15447-0
6462-75
0-10
6r
6462-0 „
6462-840§
90
15468-8
j 6449-99
0-10
1
6449-3 „
6450-028
90
15499-5
, 6439-36
0-10
lOr
6438-5 „
6439-301
89
4-5
15525-0
6169-87
0-10
6
6169-774
82
4-8
16203-0
6169-36
0-10
4
6168-0 Thalen
6169-2
82
16204-3
6166-75
0-10
4
6166-5 „
6166-6
81
16211-2
6163-98
010
4
6163-6 „
6163-95
81
16218-5
(6162-46
10
lOr 3t
6162-395d
81
16222-5
1 6161-t)0
0-10
2
6161-1 „
6161-45
I
81
16224-8
1 6122-46
0-05
lOr 3t
6121-2 „
6122-432
80
16328-5
( 6102-99
0-05
8r3t
6101-2 „
6102-940
80
4-8
16380-6
5867-94
0-10
6b'
5867-78?
73
5-0
17036-8
6857-77
0-10
lOn
5856-4 „
5857-675
73
5-0
17066-3
6603-06
0-05
8
5603-099t
65
5-3
17842-1
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 199
Calcium (Arc Spectrum) — continued.
Reduction to
Wave-
length
Limit
of
Intensity
and
Previous
Measurements
Fraunhofer
Lines in
liowlfind'si
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
(Rowland)
Error
Character
(Angs
trijm)
Map
\ +
1_
A
in Vacuo
5601-51
0-05
8
5600-3 Thalen
5601-45
17847-0
5598-68
005
8n
5597-3
J)
5598-7
17856-0
5594-64
0-05
lOn
5593-4
J)
5594-7
17869-9
5590-30
005
8
5588-9
f*
5588-9
17882-8
5588-96
005
10
55S7-5
»»
5588-976
17883-9
6682-16
0-05
8
5580-9
>»
5582-192
1-65
5-3
17908-9
551307
0-10
8
5513-194
1-63
5-4
18133-3
5349-66
0-05
10
5348-4
»
5349-6
1-58
5-6
18687-2
5270-45
0-05
10 .
5269-2
»»
5270-497§
1-56
5-6
18968-1
5265-79
0-05
8
5264-6
>»
5265-75
18984-9
5264-46
005
6
5263-2
If
5264-4
18989-7
5262-48
0-06
6
5261-4
M
5262-4
18996-8
6261-93
0-06
6
5261-0
If
5261-885
18998-8
526058
0-05
4
5260-6
1-56
5-6
19003-7
5189-05
0-05
6
6188-947d
1-54
5-7
19265-7
5041-93
0-05
8b'
5041-0
»
5041-9
1-50
6-9
19827-8
4878-34
0-10
10b'
4877-3
ff
4878-35§
1-45
6-1
20492-7
4847-22
0-20
4b'-
4846-5
$f
?
1-44
20624-3
4833-85
1-00
lb'
4832-6
If
4833-8 1
1-43
20681-3
4823-04
1-00
lb'
4822-3
ff
1
1-43
6-1
20727-7
4807-47
1-00
lb'
4806-7
ff
4807-4 ?
1-43
6-2
20794-8
4685-40
0-50
4b'
4684-3
f)
4685-4?
1-39
6-3
21336-6
4624-71
0-50
lb'
4622-4
ff
4624-7?
1-37
6-4
21616-6
4586-12
0-10
10
4585-3
J)
4586-1
1-36
6-6
21798-4
4581-66
0-10
8
4580-8
ff
4581-7§
1-36
6-5
21819-6
4578-82
0-10
8
4578-723
1-36
6-5
21833-2
4527-17
0-10
6
4526-3
ff
4527-1
1-35
6-6
22082-2
4512-73
100
In
4512-5?
1-34
22152-9
4509-89
1-00
In
4509-9 ?
22166-9
4508-04
1-00
In
4508-1 ?
1-34
6-6
22176-0
4456-81
0-03
4
4456-1
ff
4456-8
1-33
6-7
22430-9
4456-08
0-03
8r4*
4456-3
1)
4456-05
22434-5
4454-97
0-03
lOr
4454-3
ff
4455-0
1-33
22440-1
\ 4435-86
0-03
8r4*
4435-1
ff
4435-9
1-32
22536-8
4435-13
0-03
lOr
4434-4
ff
4435-1
22540-5
4425-61
03
lOr 4*
4424-9
4425-6
1-32
6-7
22589-0
4355-41
0-10
6b
4355-0
ff
4355-22 ?
1-30
6-9
22953-0
4318-80
0-03
8r
4318-828
1-29
23147-7
4307-91
0-03
8r
4308 023^
1-29
23206-2
4302-68
0-03
lOr
4302-1
ff
4302-7
1-28
23234-4
4299-14
003
6
4298-5
ff
4299-16
6-9
23253-6
4289-51
003
8r
4289-0
ff
4289-6
7-0
23305-7
4283-16
0-03
8r
4282-7
ff
4283-16
1-28
23340-2
4240-58
0-10
4
42400
It
4240-6
1-27
7-0
23574-7
4226 91
0-03
lOr
4226-4
fl
4226-9
1-26
7-0
23650-0
4098-82
0-10
4b'
4098-0
If
4098-8
1-23
7-3
24390-0
4095-25
0-10
2b'
4094-3
If
4095-1
1-23
7-3
24411-2
4092-83
0-10
2b'
4092-2
ff
4092-9
1-23
7-3
24426-1
(■3973-89
0-05
6b' 4t
3972-3 I
,. &D.
3973-95
1-19
7-6
25156-7
3968-63
0-03
lOr
3967-7
»>
3968-7
1-19
251900
■ 3957-23
0-05
6b' 4t
3956-0
JJ
3957-15
1-19
25262-6
U94909
0-05
4b' 4t
3947-9
))
3949 2
1-18
26314-7
3933-83
0-03
lOr
3933-0
I)
3934-
1-18
7-6
25412-9
3737-08
003
4
3736-4
,f
3737-2
113
8-1
26750-7
370618
0-03
4
3705-6
f.
3706-2
112
8-2
26973-8
200
REPORT 1892.
Calcium (Arc Spectrum) — continued.
Wave-
lengtli
(Rowland)
Limit
of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
Previous
Mgasurements
(Angstrom)
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Rowland's
Map
Reduction to
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequence
in Vacuo
A.+
1
X
3653-62
0-05
4
3653-6
1-10
8-3
27361-8
(3644-45
0-05
lOr
6*
3644-0 L. & D.
3644-5
27430-7
\ 3630-82
005
8r
5*
3631-0 „
3630-9
8-3
27533-7
3624-L5
0-05
8r
5*
3623-5 „
3624-2
1-10
8-4
27584-3
(3487-76
J 3474-98
(3468-68
0-05
6b^
5t
3486-5 „
3487-8
1-06
8-7
28663-0
005
4b'
5t
3474-5 „
3474-95
1-05
8-8
28768-3
0-05
4b'
5t
3468-0 „
3468-65
1-05
8-8
28820-6
(3361-92
0-10
8b'
6*
3359-5 „
3361-95
1-02
9-1
29735-8
■ 3350-22
0-10
8b>
6*
3347-5 „
3350-3
1-02
9-1
29839-7
(3344-49
0-10
6b--
6*
3342-0 „
3344-3 1
1-02
9-1
29890-8
(3286-26
0-10
4b'-
6t
3285-0 „
3286-1
1-00
9-3
30420-4
J 3274-88
0-10
2b^
6t
3273-0 „
3274-8
1-00
9-3
30526-2
3269-31
0-10
2bv
6t
3268-5 „
3269-3
100
9-4
30578-1
(3225-74
0-50
4b'-
7*
3224-5 „
3225-9
0-98
9-5
30991-1
. 3215-15
0-50
4b'-
7*
3213-0 „
3215-3
0-98
9-5
31093-2
3209-68
0-50
2b'-
7*
3208-0 „
3209-3 ?
0-98
9-5
31146-2
(3181-40
0-03
4
7t
3181-0 „
3181-4
0-97
9-6
31423-1
J 3179-45
0-03
6
3179-0 „
3179-4
9-6
31442-3
13170-23
0-50
2
n
3168-5 Cornu
31 70-3
9-7
31534-7
(3166-95
2-00
In
n
3166-9
31566-4
3158-98
0-03
In
3158-8 L. & D.
3159-0
0-96
31646-1
(3150-85
0-50
6
8*
3151-0 „
3150-9
31727-8
3140-91
0-50
2n
8*
3141-0 „
3140-95
9-7
31828-2
(3136-09
0-50
2n
8*
3136-0 „
3136-0
0-96
9-8
31887-2
(3117-74
1-00
In
St
3117-5 „
3117-85
0-95
32064-7
3107-96
1-00
In
St
3108-0 „
3107-9
9-8
32171-5
(3101-87
1-00
In
8t9*
3102-0?
9-9
32228-6
j 3006-95
005
4
9*
0-92
10-2
33246-1
12999-76
0-10
4
9*
33335-8
2997-42
05
4
33351-8
2995-06
005
4
0-93
10-2
33375-1
2398-66
0-05
8r
2398-0 „
0-76
13-1
37676-8
2275-60
0-10
8r
0-73
14-0
43930-4
2200-84
0-10
8r
0-70
14-3
45423-0
The lines marked * and f form a series of triplets, of -which the oscillation
frequencies (in ail") can be calculated, very nearly, from the formula
8 \
10 ^ = '^ - in--~c)i~\ where « = 33919-51 for fhe first line, 34022-12 for the second,
and 34073-82 for the third line of the triplet, J =123547, ^ = 961696, in the triplets
marked * ; and in those marked f a = 34041-17 for the first line, 34146-95 for the
second, and 3419909 for the third, J = 120398, c = 346097. The figure preceding the
sign * or f sho-ws the value of v.
§ Double; — calcium and iron.
d Double.
t Triple.
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 201
Zinc (Arc Spectrum).
Kayser and Eunge (' Ueberdie Spectrender Elemente,' Ft. IV. Berlin, 1891).
55 ^ ^
Eeduction to
CI b-- _
Wave-length
(Eowland)
Limit
of
lutensity
and
Previous
Measurements
Vacuum
illatioi
queue;
Vacuo
1_
Error
Character
(Angstrom)
Fra
lines
lane
A.+
a P „
-S rr .S
6182-20
0-10
8b'
1-53
5-7
19286-1
f4810-71§
0-03
lOr
3t
4809-8 Thalen
4810-68
1-43
6-2
20780-7
4722-26§
0-05
lOr
3t
4721-5
4722-30
1-40
6-3
211700
4680-38!?
0-05
lOr
3t
4679-6 „ y
1-39
6-'3
21359-5
4630-06§
0-10
8b>
4680-45 ?
1-38
6-4
21591-6
4298-64
0-10
2n
4680-28 ?
1-28
6-9
23256-8
4293-02
0-05
2
1-28
6-9
23286-7
4101-94
010
2
1-23
7-3
24371-4
4058-02
0-03
8
4058-10 ?
1-22
7-4
24635-2
4019-75
0-05
4
1-20
7-5
24869-7
3740-12
0-10
4
1-13
8-1
267290
3683-63
0-03
8b
3683-70
1-1]
8-2
27138-9
3671-71
0-05
6
3671-80 ?
1-11
8-2
27227-1
3572-90
0-03
2
1-08
8-5
279800
3515-26
0-20
In
3515-20 ?
1-07
8-7
28438-7
3346-04§
0-10
4
3346-12
1-02
9-1
29877-0
3345-62§
0-05
8r
3345-72 ?
1-02
9-1
29880-7
(3345-13§
0-03
lOr
4*
8342-0 L. & D.
3345-10 ?
1-02
9-1
29885-1
3303-03§
0-03
8r
4»
3303-00?
1-01
9-3
30265-9
■ 3302-67§
0-03
8r
3301-0 „
3302-72
1-01
9-3
30269-2
U282-42§
0-03
8r
4*
3281-0
1-00
9-3
30456-0
3075-99§
0-03
8r
0-94
9-9
32500-0
3072-19§
0-05
lOr
4+
3070-0
0-94
10-0
32540-1
3035-93§
0-05
lOb
4t
3035-0
0-93
10-1
32928-7
3018-50S
0-05
8b-
4t
3017-0 „
0-93
10-2
33118-6
2913-63'
0-05
4
0-90
10-6
34310-8
2873-39
0-03
6
0-89
10-8
34791-3
2863-43t
0-03
6
0-89
10-8
34912-3
2833-13
003
8r
0-88
10-9
35285 7
2823-27^
0-03
6
0-88
11-0
35408-9
2802-11
0-03
4r
0-87
11-1
35676-3
,2801-00§t
0-03
lOr
5*
2800-0 „
0-87
11-1
35690-4
2781-33
0-20
4b--
0-86
11-2
35942-8
. 2771-05
0-03
6r
0-86
11-2
36076-2
2770-94§
l2766-53§t
0-03
8r
5*
2770-0
0-86
11-2
36077-6
0-10
6r
5*
27560
0-86
11-3
36266-2
2751-49
0-20
2^
0-86
11-3
36332-6
273S-96J
0-20
2b
0-85
11-4
36525-5
/2712-60^||
2706-64$
0-05
Sb"
5t
2713-3
0-84
11-5
36853-5
0-05
6
0-84
11-5
36934-7
4 2697-54
0-10
2b
0-84
11-6
37059-2
2684-29§
005
8b'
5t
2684-0
0-84
11-6
37242-2
l2670-67§
0-05
6b'
5t
2670-5
0-83
11-7
37432-1
2663-25
0-05
8
0-83
11-7
37548-1
2623-87
1-00
In
0-82
11-9
38111-6
,2608-65§
0-05
8r
6*
2608-5
0-82
12-0
38322-0
2601-03
1-00
2n
0-82
121
38434-2
)2582-57§t
0-10
8r
6*
2582-0
0-81
121
387090
■
2577-34
005
4
0-81
12-2
38787-5
2575-15
0-15
2n
0-81
12-2
38820-5
^257000§
010
6r
6*
2569-7
0-81
12-2
38898-3
202
REPORT — 1892.
Zinc (Aec Spectrum) — continued.
Wave-length
Limit
of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
Previous
Measurements
(Angstrom)
Fraunhofer
Lines in Row-
land's Map
Reduction to
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
(Rowland)
A +
1
A.
,2567-99
0-10
6b- 6t
0-81
12-2
38928-8
2562-70
1-00
2n
0-80
12-3
39009-0
2558-03
0-05
4
0-80
12-3
39080-3
2542-53
0-10
6b' 6t
0-80
12-3
39318-6
12530-34
010
2b'' 6t
0-80
12-4
39508-0
2516-00§
0-20
6n 7*
25160 L. & D.
0-79
12-5
39723-1
2502-11
0-10
4
0-79
12-6
39950-9
\ 2493-67
0-15
4n 7t
0-79
12-6
40088-9
2491-67§
0-15
6n 7*
2491-5
0-79
12-6
40121-1
^2479-85gt
0-15
4b'' 7*
2480-0
0-78
12-7
40312-3
\ 2469-72
0-15
2b'' 7t
0-78
12-8
40477-6
/ 2463-47^
0-20
4n 8*
2464-5 „
0-78
12-8
40680-4
V
2457-721
0-25
Ib'Tt
0-78
12-8
40675-3
2449-76
0-25
1 8t
0-77
12-9
408O7-4
2439-94i5t
0-30
4n 8*
2440-0
0-77
12-9
40971-7
12430-745,
0-30
In 8*9*
2430-0 „
077
130
41126-7
2427-05
0-30
In 8t
0-77
13-1
41189-2
I 2415-54
0-30
In 8t
0-76
13-1
41385-5
2407-98
0-30
In 9*
0-76
13-2
41515-4
2393-88
0-05
8
0-76
13-3
41759-9
2246-90
0-15
6
0-72
14-2
44491-4
(2138-3) §
14-8
46751-3
The lines marked * and t form a series of triplets, of which the oscillation
frequencies (in air) can be calculated (very nearly) from the formula
IQ"^ = a ~hn--- en-*, ivhere a = 42945-82 for the >-s« line, 43331 71 for the seeond,
A
and 43521-48 for the third line of the triplet, & = 131641, <;= 1236125 in the triplets
marked * ; and in those marked t a = 42954-59 for the prst line, 43343-65 for the
second, a.nCi 4353332 for the third, ft = 126919, c= 632850. The figure preceding
the sign * or t shows the value of n.
§Ames. 4810-7, 4722-3, 4680-3, 46301,3346-2, 33457, 3345-1, 33031, 3302-8,
3282-35, 3076-1, 30721, 3035- 9, 3018-5, 2800-9 (double), 2770-9 (double), 2756-5, 2712-6,
2684-2, 2670-7, 26087, 2582-5, 2570-0, 2516-2, 2491-6, 2479-9, 2463-7, 2440-4, 2429-0,
2138-3. X See Iron. || See Cadmium.
Strontium (Arc Spectrum).
Kayser and Runge (* Ueber die Spectren der Elemente,' Pt. IV.
Berlin, 1891).
Wave-length
(Rowland)
6550-53
650417
6408-65
6386-74
6380-95§
5970-38
584801
5817-01
Limit
of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
Previous
Measurements
(Angstrom)
0-20
6
010
4
0-10
6
0-10
6
0-10
4
0-05
4b'
0-10
1
0-05
2
6550-3 Thalen
6501-8
6407-3
6387-3 „
6380-3
5970-7
5860-1
5816-0 Huggins
absent
6.504-35
6408-80
absent
6380-94
5970-27
absent
5817-05
Reduction to
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
A-h
1_
A.
1-92
4-5
16261-4
1-91
»»
15370-2
1-88
4-6
15599-3
)l
)T
15652-8
>»
4-6
15667-0
1-76
4-9
16744-4
1-72
5-0
17094-8
1-71
5-1
17185-9
ON WAYE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECT«A OF THE ELEMENTS. 203
Strontium (Arc Spectrum)— continu
ed.
\
IH
Reduction to
a t.. -
Wave-lenstli
(Kowlaud)
Limit
of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
Previous
Measurements
(Angstrom)
Fraunhoff
Lines
Vacuum
Oscillatio
Frequenc;
in Vacuo
1
A.+ i
1
A.
5767-2'J
0-10
2
5766-0 Huggins
5767-37
1-70
51
17334-1
5543-4y§
0-05
6b
5543-0
5543-30
1-64
5-3
18033-8
6540 28
0-05
6
5540-1 Thalen
absent
))
)J
180-14-3
553501
0-05
6
5533-0
5535-05
1-63
)1
18061-5
5522-02
0-05
8
5522-6
absent
jj
1?
18104-0
5504-48
005
10
5503-6
5504-55
• 1
5-4
18162-6
5480-37
0-05
8
5485-1
absent
1-62
»J
18221-6
5481-15§
0-03
10
5480-1
5481-05
)»
>»
18239-0
5451 08
0-03
8
5450-0 Huggins
5451-00
1-61
))
18339-6
5257 12
0-03
10
5256-1 Thalen
5267-15
1-56
5-6
19017-2
5238-76
0-03
10
5238-7
5238-73
1-55
J?
19082-9
5229-52
0-03
8
5228-7 „
absent
J)
5-7
19116-5
5225-35
0-03
8
5225-7 „
5225-15
))
))
19131-8
6222-43
003
8
5223-7 „
5222-55
1-64
>>
19142-5
6213-23
003
4
5217-0 Huggins
521320
»»
7)
19176-3
5156-37
005
10
5156-0
5156-28
1-53
5-8
19387-7
497185
0-05
4 4»
absent
147
5-9
;i0107-3
4968-11
0-03
8
4967-6 Thalen
4968-10
»»
6-0
20122-4
4962-45
0-03
lOr
4961-6
4962-55
))
Ji
20145-3
4892-20
0-03
8
4893-0 Huggins
absent
1-45
6-1
20434-6
4876-35
0-03
Br 4*
487G-1 Thalen
4876-57
J'
JJ
20501-0
4872-66
0-05
lOr
4872-1
absent
1-44
>)
20516-6
4869-41
0-10
4n
486968
)J
)»
20530-3
4868-92
0-03
6n
48650 Huggins
absent
))
u
20532-3
4855-27
0-05
6n
4853-0
»»
J)
)>
20590-1
4832-23
0-03
lOr 4»
4831-6 Thalen
4832-28
1-43
!»
20688-3
481201
0-03
lOr
4812-1 „
4812-22
>»
6-2
20775-1
4784-43
0-05
6
4783-6 „
4784-25
1-42
)»
20894-9
4755-59
0-10
2
4750-0 Huggins
4765-35
1-41
J>
21021-6
4742-07
0-03
6
4740-6 Thalen
absent
»»
6-3
21081-5
4729-93
0-10
2n
4729-82re
1-40
1»
21135-7
4722-421
0-03
8
4721-1
absent
11
H
21169-3
4678-39::
0-10
6n
4678-37
1-39
J)
213f-8-6
4607-52
0-03
lOr
4607-6 „
4607-51
1-37
6-4
21697-2
4531-54§
0-03
6
absent
1-35
6-6
22061-0
4480-96
010
2ii
4481-00
1-33
n
22310-0
4438-22
0-03
6n
4437-0 Lockyer
absent
1-32
6-7
22524-9
4412-82
0-03
4
)}
131
,,
22654-6
4361-87
0-03
6n
4365-0
)>
1-30
6-8
22919-1
4338-00
0-05
eb'
43360 „
4338-05
1-29
6-9
23045-2
4326-60
0-03
4
4325-0
4326-55
))
11
23105-9
4319-39
0-05
4b'
4319-0 Huggins
absent
»J
11
23144-5
4308-49
0-10
2b'
4308-37
It
11
23203-1
, 4305-60§
0-10
6
4305-3 Thalgn
4306-48
J)
11
23218-6
4215-66§
0-03
lOr
4215-3
4215-70
1-26
7-1
23714-1
' 4161-95
003
6
4161-0 „
4161-97
1-25
7-2
24020-0
4077-88
003
lOr
4078-5 „
4077-90
1-22
7-3
24515-2
^4032-51
0-05
4b' 5*
( 4031-7 Lockyer
14031-5
4032-60
1-21
7-4
24791-0
4030-45§
0-05
6b'
4029-4
4030-50
J,
)T
24803-7
■
3970-15
0-05
4b
3969-1 „
397021
1-19
7-6
26180-4
3969-42S
0-05
4 5*
3969-40Fe
»)
J>
25185-0
" 3940-91 §
0-05
4b' 5*
3939-5
3940-80
118
»»
25367-2
i 3705-88
0-20
6n 6*
37050 L. & D.
3705-80
1-12
8-2
26975-9
1 3653-90
0-10
2n
3663-0 „
3653-90Fe
110
11
27359-8
204
KEPOBT 1892.
Stkontium (Arc Spectrum) — continued.
M
Reduct
!■ n to 1
C X *
Wave-length
Limit
Intensity
Previous
=2
O m
Vacuum
•2 If
* S s
(Rowland)
of
and
Measurements
c .3
3 -1
5 a-t>
Error
0-10
Character
(Angstrom)
2^
A +
1
A
=^ 2 a
J 3653-32f
4n 6*
3653-48
1-10
8-2
27364-2
"
362915
0-10
4 6»
absent
»»
8-3
27546-3
3628-62
0-10
2
)>
J,
8-4
27550-3
r 3577-45
0-10
1
3577-40
1-08
8-5
27944-4
3547-92
0-30
6n 7*
3547-8 L & D.
3547-92
1-07
8-6
28176-9 1
3504-70
0-30
2n
3504-80
1-06
8-7
28524-4 1
3499-40
0-20
6n 7*
3498-0
?
»»
n
28567-6
i. 3477-33
010
2ii 7*
3477-30
)J
8-8
28748-9
3475-01
0-05
6
absent
T>
)J
28768-1
3464-58
0-03
8
3464-0
3464-60
1-05
>j
28854-7 j
/ 3457-70
0-20
In 8*
3458-0
3457-70
)J
1)
28912-2
3450-78
0-20
1
J)
)J
28919-9
-^3411-62
0-50
In 8*
1-04
8-9
29303-7
3400-39
0-00
In 9*
1-03
90
29399-4
V 3390-09
0-50
In 8*
J>
JJ
29488-7
3380-89
0-03
8
3379-5
?
Jf
29569-0
33GG-43
0-03
8
3365-5
absent
1-02
9-1
29696-0
3351-35
0-05
lOr
»»
»»
)»
29829-6
3330-15
0-03
8
3330-08Mg
1-01
9-2
30019-5
3322-32
0-03
8
3322-93
t»
„
30090-2 1
3307-64
0-05
lOr
3305-2
ii
»J
)»
30223-8 '
3301-81
0-05
8
3301-77
)j
30277-2
3200-4 §
0-20
2n
0-98
9-6
31236-5
3199-1
0-20
2n
))
)»
31249-2
3190- 1
0-20
2n
0-97
I)
31337-4
3189-4
0-20
2n
»T
)f
31344-2
3182-4
0-50
In
»>
»»
31412-2
3172-3
0-50
In
»)
)T
31513-3
2931-98
003
«
2931-0 „
0-90
10-5
34096-1
* These lines form a series of triplets for which, in the formula 10*- =a — hn-"
-c7i-\ a = 31030-64 for the first line, 81424-67 for the second, and 31610-58 for the
tJdrd, &= 122328, and (;= 837473.
§ See Iron. || See Zinc. J See Cadmium. ^ See Calcium.
Cadmium (Arc Spectrum).
Kayser and Runge (' Ueber die Spectren der Elemente,' Pt. IV.
Berlin, 1891).
t- fe CL,
Reduction
e t».
Wave-length
(Rowland)
Limit
of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
Previous
Measurements
(Rowland)
Fraunhnff
Lines in Re
land's Ma
to Vacuum
Oscillatio
Frequenc
in Vacuo
A.+
1_
5154-85
0-20
6b'
5154-2 Thalen
absent
1-53
5-8
19393-4
5086-06
0-05
lOr 3t
5086-1 Ames
1-51
19655-8
• 4800-09
0-05
lOr 3t
4800-0
4800-04
1-42
6-2
20826-7
U678-37
0-05
lOr 3t
4678-3 „
4678-33
1-39
6-3
21368-7
4662-69
0-10
8b'
4662-73
1-39
6-4
21440-4
4413-23
005
6
4413-1
absent
1-32
6-7
22652-4
4306-98
0-05
4b
4307-0
1-29
69
23211-2
3981-92
0-10
2b'
absent
1-19
7-6
25105-9
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 205
Cadmium (Arc Spectuvm')— continued.
Wave- length
Limit
of
Error
(Rowland)
3729-21
0-20
3619-74
0-03
3614-58
0-10
3613-04
005
3610-66
03
3595-64
0-10
- 3500-09
005
3467-76
0-03
3466 33
003
\ 3403- 74
0-03
3299-11
0-03
3261-17
003
(3252-63
3133-29
0-05
0-20
^ 3081-03
0-10
3005-53
0-20
2981-46
0-20
/2980-75
0-03
2961-64
0-15
2908-85
0-50
2903-24
0-50
• 2881-34
03
2880-88
003
2868-35
003
2862-36
^2837-01
0-10
0-03
2818-66
0-10
2775-09
003
2764-29
0-10
/2763-99
0-03
2756-69
0-50
2748-68
0-03
2733-97
0-05
' 2712-65
005
{2677-65
2670-81
0-20
0-50
2660-45
0-20
2657-10
0-20
2654-65
0-20
2639-63
0-10
2632-29
10
2629-15
0-10
2601-99
0-30
2592-14
0-10
2582-86
0-30
2580-33
0-10
257312
0-10
2553-61
0-20
2544-84
0-20
2525-57
50
2521-74
0-50
2507-93
0-50
(2491)
247415
0-50
2329-35
0-05
Intensity
and
Character
4b'
2b'
4
8r 4*
lOr
lb'
4b'
8r 4*
lOr
lOr 4*
4
lOr
8b' 4t
8b' 4t
6b' 4t
lb'
4r
8r 5*
5* )
5t
5*
5t
6*
Previous
Measurements
(Rowland)
3614-6 Ames
3613-1
3610-6
3499-2 H. & A.
3467-7 Ames
3466-15 „
3403-7
3261-1
3252-6
3133-2
3081-0
2980-8§
2881 -0§
2868-2
2837-0
27750
2763-9§
5t 2748-45 Bell
6t 2733-8 Ames
6*
2677-6§ „
n
2660-3
6*
2639-4
7+
6t
8*
26021
6t
^t
7*
2580-2
2572-95 Bell
7t9t
7*
2544-8 Ames
8*
2525-3
8*
2491-0
8t
2329-22 Bell
1
Reduction to
P tK «
oCSg
Vacuum
^ 2 rt
Frau
ines i
land
\ +
1_
O OJ ^
f« ^H C3
J
absent
1-12
8-1
26807-2
)j
1-10
8-3
27390-9
)»
1-09
8-4
27657-3
»»
»»
»*
27669-1
3610-67
}>
>»
27687-3
absent
)♦
)»
27803-1
)»
..
ij
28562-3
1-05
8-8
28828-3
3466-35
"
))
28840-2
3403-80
1-03
9-0
29370-4
3299-12
1-01
9-3
30301-9
1-00
9-4
30654-4
0-99
»»
30734-9
0-96
9-8
31905-5
0-94
9-9
32446-8
0-92
10-2
33261-8
»
10-3
33530-3
))
»?
33538-3
0-91
10-4
33754-7
0-90
10-6
34367-2
»»
10-7
34433-6
0-89
H
34695-4
»»
10-8
34700-8
99
)»
34852-4
)»
T»
34925-4
)>
10-9
35237-5
0-87
))
35466-9
0-86
11-2
36023-7
}f
91
36164-4
3»
i»
36168-4
11
11-3
36264-1
>»
))
36379-8
0-85
11-4
36565-4
)»
»>
36852-9
0-84
11-7
37334-5
0-83
J»
374301
>1
))
37575-9
)»
11-8
37623-2
»>
S?
37657-9
)»
»»
37872-3
0-82
>»
37977-9
»t
»»
38023-3
»»
12-0
38420-1
0-81
12-1
38566-1
)»
))
38704-7
)>
12-2
38742-5
Jt
»»
38851-1
0-80
12-3
39148-0
»)
12-4
39280-5
0-79
12-5
39582-5
»
>i
39642-7
it
12-6
39860-9
0-78
12-7
40405-2
0-74
13-7
42916-7
206
KBPOET — 1892.
Cadmium (Aec Sfectwjw.)— continued.
a^e< 1
Reduction to
=> >. o
Wave-length
(Kuwland)
Limit
of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
Previous
Measurements
(Rowland)
Fraunhof
Lines in K(
land's Mf
Vacuum
.2 1 §
A.-1-
1_
A.
o£-S
2321-23
0-20
2321-14 Bell
0-74
13-7
43066-0
2312-95
015
2312-83 „
18-8
43221-0
230672
003
2306-9 L. & D.
0-73
»»
43337-8
2288-10
0-05
2288-1 Ames
»»
13-9
43690-5
22(57-53
010
2268-9 H. & A.
0-72
14-1
44086-7
226513
0-10
•
2264-88 Bell
2264-42 „
1
1)
»>
44133-5
2262-36
0-10
»»
44187-5
2239-93
0-05
2241-7 H. & A.
0-71
14-2
446300
2194-67
0-20
2194-6 L. & D.
0-70
14-3
45550-6
217011
0-50
1*
J»
46066-3
2144-45
020
2143-75 Bell
0-69
14-4
46617-6
* These lines form a series of triplets for which in the formula 10^ ~ = a
A
_ b!i---cn-*, a = 40755-21 for the first line, 41914-60 for the second, and 42456-64
for the third, i= 128635 and (• = 1289619.
t These lines form a series of triplets for which a = 40797*12 for the /»'«^ line,
41968 80 for the gecond, and 42510-58 for the third, i = 126146, c = 555137.
§ Double.
Barium (Arc Spectrum).
Kayser and Runge (' Ueber die Spectren der Elemente,' Pt. IV.
Berlin, 1891).
Reduction to
Wave-
Limit
Intensity
Previous
Frauubofer
Vacuum
Oscillation
lennth
(Rowland)
of
Error
and
Character
Measurements
(Angstrom)
Rowland's
Map
\ +
1
A.""
Frequency
in Vacuo
6675-30
0-20
1
6677-0 Huggins
absent
1-96
4-4
14976-2
6595-55
0-10
1
65890
„
1-94
4-5
15157-2
6527-56
010
4
6526'0 Thal6n
6527-48
1-92
>»
15315-1
6498-93
010
4
absent
1-91
)f
15382-6
6497-07
0-10
6r
6495-3
6497-12
»J
>»
15387-0
6483-10
0-10
4
6483-0
6483-06
190
15420-2
6451-05
0-10
4
6449-3
absent
*f
>»
15496-8
6341-88
0-10
4
6343-3
„
1-86
4-6
15763-6
6141-93
003
lOr
6140-5
6141-96
1-81
4-8
16276-4
6111-01
0-03
6
6109-8
absent
1-80
f)
16359-1
6083-63
0-15
1
1-79
164.327
6063-33
0-03
6
6062-0
),
1-78
»»
16487-8
6019-69
003
6
6018-2
6019-60
1-77
4-9
16607-2
5997-31
0-03
4
5991-7
absent
J.
16669-2
5978-72
0-20
1
5978-76
1-76
)»
16721-1
5971-94
003
8
5971-2
absent
16740-1
596506
0-20
2
5971-2
5965-15
1»
)»
16759-4
5907-88
0-05
6
5904-7
absent
1-74
5-0
16921-5
5853-91
0-10
lOr
5852-7
5853-90
1-73
»»
17077-6
5826-50
0-03
8r
5827-1
absent
1-71
5-1
17157-9
5819-21
0-05
4n
17179-4
5805-86
0-05
6r
5803-6
5805-85
tt
»>
17218-9
5800-48
0-05
6r
absent
17234-8 i
5784-24
0-15
2n
5784-26
»
»
17283-3 !
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 207
Barium (Arc Spectrum) — continued.
Reduction to
Wave-
Limit
Intensity
Previous
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Vacuum
Oscillation
lenffth
of
and
• Measurements
Itowland's
Map
Frequency
(Rovsland)
Error
Character
(Angstrom)
\ +
1
A.
in Vacuo
5777-84
0-03
lOr
5779-6 Thalfc
absent
1-70
51
17302-4
5721-66
0-30
In
»f
1-69
5-2
17472-3
5713-62
015
4b'
»»
»»
»»
17496-8
J5709-82
0-15
4b'
5709-75
)♦
»»
17508-5
5680-34
0-05
6r
5680-48
1-68
»»
17599-4
5620-41
0-50
2n
5620-30
1-66
5-3
17787-0
5593-45
0-10
4n
absent
1-65
»»
17872-7
5535-69
0-05
lOr
5534-2
5535-74
1-64
JJ
18059-3
5519-37
0-05
8r
5518-4
absent
1-63
J)
18112-7
5473-94
010
4n
1-62
5-4
18263-0
5437-66
0-10
2n
5436-0
5474-10
1-61
»
18384-9
5424-82
0-05
- {
5425-0 „ \
5424-0 „ /
5424-86
1-60
)>
18428-4
$5393-47
0-10
lb'
1-59
5-5
18535-4
5381-25
0-50
lb'
5381-25
»»
)»
18577-5
537905
0-00
lb'
))
)»
18585-1
5365-46
0-50
lb'
»t
»J
18632-2
5309-20
0-30
2b'
1-57
5-6
18829-6
5305-99
0-20
2b'
6306-05
)l
t)
18841-0
6302-97
0-20
4b'
ii
»)
18852-2
5294-40
010
2
t)
J»
18882-3
5291-16
0-20
In
»J
>»
18893-8
5279-72
0-20
In
1-56
»»
18934-8
5277-84
0-15
4n
»»
)>
18941-5
5267-20
0-10
6n
it
»l
18979-8
5253-94
0-10
In
>»
»>
19027-7
5177-60
0-05
2n
1-53
5-7
19308-3
5175-74
005
4n
1»
»J
19315-2
5160-27
0-10
4n
>»
It
19373-1
5055 12
010
2n
1-50
5-9
19392-3
4947-50
0-10
2n
1-47
6-0
20206-2
4934-24
003
lOr
4933-3
4934-26
1-46
If
20260-5
490311
0-05
6b'
1-45
>>
20389-2
4900-13
0-05
8
4899-4
4900-07
>»
)»
20401-6
4877-99
0-15
2n
}>
6-1
20494-1
4726-63
0-05
8r
4727-0 Huggins
1-40
6-3
21150-4
4724-98
010
2
It
)»
21157-8
4700-64
0-05
6b'
4700-70
Jf
»t
21267-4
J4691-74
0-03
6r
4690-0
4691-75
1-39
»>
21307-7
4H73-69
0-05
6b'
)l
6-4
21390-0
4642-38
0-10
lb'
4642-40
1-38
1*
21534-3
4636-80
0-10
2b'
it
yy
21560-2
4628-45
0-05
4b'
»»
•»
21599-1
4620-19
0-05
4b'
1-37
>»
21637-7
4605-11
0-05
2b'
4605-20
)»
6-5
21708-5
4600-02
0-05
4b'
4599-1 Thalln
4600-02
)t
))
21732-5
4591-88
0-05
2b'
)t
))
21771-1
4589-82
0-05
2b'
1-36
if
21780-9
4579-84
0-03
8r
)l
f9
21828-3
457408
0-05
6r
1)
)t
21855-8
4554-21
0-03
lOr
4553-4
4554-22
1-35
»>
21951-2
$4525-19
0-05
6
4524-4
452515
yy
6-6
22091-9
4523-48
0-10
6r
4253-58
)»
"
22100-3
450611
0-10
6
1-34
>»
22185-5
4493-82
020
4b'
4493-0 Lockyer
4493-73
t»
» 1
22246-2
208
REPORT 1892.
Baeium (Aec Spectrum)— cofitinued.
Fraunhofer
Reduction to
Vacuum
1
Wave-
Limit
Intensity
and
Previous
1 I**-
Lines in
O.-ioillation
length
of
j Measurements
Rowlaufl's
P'requency
(Kowland)
Error
Character
(Angst
rom)
Map
A.+
1_
A.
in Vacuo
1
4489'50
0-60
4b'
4488-0 Lockyer
1-34
6-6
22267-6
4467-36
0-05
4
1-33
6-7
22377-9
4432-13
0-03
6r
4433-0
)>
4432-30
1-32
»'
22555-8
1 4413-90
0-05
2
4414-03
»»
)»
22648-7
4407-10
0-05
4b'
1-31
1»
22684-0
4402-75
0-05
8r
4401-5
91
"
6-8
22706-3
4359-80
0-05
2
4359-80
1-30
5)
22930-0
4350-49
0-10
Br
4351-0
91
»)
6-9
22979-0
4333-04
0-05
4ii
4332-0
J)
433306
1-29
»>
23071-6
4325-38
0-05
2
4325-0
1»
»»
1*
23112-5
432315
0-05
4b>-
4323-0
ly
4323-15
"
ii
23124-4
4291-32
0-05
4
4290-6
»>
4291-30
1-28
7-0
23295-8
4283-27
0-03
8r
4282-5
»)
>»
tt
23339-6
4264-45
0-05
4n
4264-0
9)
4264-45
1-27
)»
23442-r
4242-83
0-05
4b'
4241-5
il
4242-80
»»
»»
23562-2
^4239-91
005
2b'
4239-0
it
4239-90
)»
»*
23578-4
J4224-11
0-05
4
4224-0
ft
1-26
7-1
23666-5
4179-57
0-20
2b'
4179-55
1-25
»>
23918-8
4166-24
0-05
4
4165-5
9*
4166-20
»»
11
23995-4
+4132-60
0-05
2
4131-5
9)
4132-58
1-24
7-2
24190-6
4130-88
0-05
8r
4130-5
ff
4130-77
>»
»»
24200-7
4110-46
0-10
2
4110-42
1-23
7-3
24320-8
4087-90
0-50
In
4087-0
)f
4087-96
1-22
»»
24455-1
t4085-35
0-50
In
4084-0
9>
4085-46
»»
>»
24470-4
4079-56
0-50
In
4081-0
tj
4079-58
)»
J»
24505-1
13995-92
0-10
6
39950
f»
3995-93
1-20
7-5
25018-0
3993-60
0-03
lOr
3992-7
yt
absent
1»
yi
25032-6
3975-55
0-10
2
3975-50
1-19
7-6
25146-2
3938-09
0-05
6
3937-2
91
3938-15
1-18
)»
25385-4
$3935-87
0-05
8r
3934-7
99
3935-95
*}
»»
25399-7
J3917-42
0-05
4
3917-45
»»
7-7
25519-3
3910-04
0-05
8r
3908-5 L.
&D.
3910-06
>»
»*
25567-4
3906-20
0-05
2
absent
1-17
»9
25592-6
3900-54
0-05
4n
ft
»»
i»
25649-8
J3892-93
0-10
2n
ft
)»
i»
25679-8
3891-97
0-05
6n
3891-0
If
3891-95
»»
))
25686-2
3889-45
0-05
4
?
i*
If
25702-9
3861-87
0-15
2n
?
»1
9i
24886-5
3794-77
0-20
2n
3793-5
ft
3793-78
1-14
7-9
26344-2
3701-87
0-15
2n
3701-83
1-12
8-2
27005-2
3689-28
0-15
2n
3689-24
Ml
)»
27097-4
3664-76
0-10
2n
3664-79
»
8-3
27278-6
3662-62
005
6
3660-7
ft
absent
»»
1)
27293-6
3637-10
0-50
In •
3637-16
1-10
;»
27486-1 .
3611-17
0-10
6b' ;
3611-18
1-09
8-4
27683-4
3599-60
0-05
6
3598-7
ft
absent
»
ff
27772-5
3593-58
0-15
4b' \
3592-8
ft
?
>t
7)
27819-0
3588-33
0-10
2n '
3588-40
If
8-5
27859-7
3586-64
0-10
2
3586-68
»»
jy
27872-7
3579-97
0-10
4nr
3579-1
tf
3579-97
1-08
JT
27924-7
3577-79
0-05
4n
absent
ii
ty
27941-7
3576-20
0-16
1
»)
1J
11
27944-1
3566-90
0-05
2n
»»
IT
11
28027-0
3562-23
0-10
In
3562-25
1*
11
28063-8 .
3548-14
0-05
2n
3548-15
1-07
8-6 1
28175-2
ON "WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 209
Barium (Ahc Spectrum") — continued.
Reduction to
Wave-
Limit
of
Intensity
Previous
Fraunhofer
Lines in
Vacuum
Oscillation
length
and
Measurements
Rowland's
Frequency
(Rowland)
Error
Character
(Angstrom)
Map
A +
A
in "Vacuo
3544-94
0-10
6nr
3544-0
absent
107
8-6
28200-6
3525-23
0-10
6nr
3524-5
3525-22
28358-3
3501-29
0-05
lOr
3499-2
3501-20
1-06
8-7
28552-2
3420-48
0-10
4r
3419-3
absent
1-04
8-9
29226-8
337719
0-10
4rb''
3375-6
3377-29
103
9-0
29601-4
335700
0-10
6rb'
3354-8
absent
102
9-1
29779-4
3323-06
0-10
4b'
3320-9
3322-95
1-01
9-2
30383-6
3315-90
0-10
2n
absent
30148-5
$3298-25
0-10
4b'
3298-25
9-3
30009-8
3281-96
0-10
4b'
3279-8
3281-97
100
,)
30451-0
$3262-57
0-10
2b'
3261-0
9-4
30641-3
3223-11
0-20
In
0-98
9-5
31016-4
3204-09
0-20
In
31200-6
3184-45
0-30
In
0-97
9-6
31393-0
$3119-48
0-50
In
0-95
9-8
32046-8
3108-37
0-50
2n
32161-4
3071-71
0-03
6r
3070-3
0-94
10-0
32545-2
2785-22
015
8n
2785-1
0-87
n-2
35892-6
2771-51
0-10
6
2771-0
0-86
36070-2
2702-78
003
4r
2702-0
0-84
11-5
36987-4
2647-41
0-05
4
2647-0
0-83
11-8
37760-9
2641-52
0-05
4
37845-2
2634-91
0-05
8
2634-5
0-82
11-9
379401
2596-89
0-05
4r
2596-7
0-81
12-1
38495-5
2347-67
0-05
6
2347-0
0-75
13-6
42581-8
2335-33
0-05
8r
2335-0
0-74
42807-0
2304-32
0-05
8r
304-5
0-73
13-8
43383-0
2254-80
0-10
4
0-72
14-1
44535-7
2245-72
0-10
4
14-2
446150
2216-64
010
1
0-70
14-3
46099-0
J See Iron.
Mercury (Arc Spectrum).
Kayser and Runge (' Ueber die Spectren der Elemente,' Ft. IV. Berlin, 1891).
Reduction to
Wave-
length
(Rowland)
Limit of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
Previous Measurements
(Angstrom)
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
A-l-
1_
X
6819-05
0-50
In
5817 Huggins
1-72
5-1
17179-8
6804-28
0-30
2b'
6800
1-71
17223-6
5790-49
0-20
lOr
5789-6 Thalen
17264-6
5769-46
0-20
lOr
5768-1
1-70
17327-6
5460-97
0-05
lOr 3t
5460-6
1-61
5-4
18366-4
5365-25
1-00
In
5364-6
1-59
5-5
18633-0
4959-74
0-60
2b'
4958-6
1-47
6-0
20156-3
4916-41
0-10
6b'
4916-1
1-46
20334-0
4358-56
0-03
lOr 3t
::4358-l „
1-30
6-8
22936-6
4347-65
0-10
6b'
::4348-0 Hartley & Adeney
»»
6-9
22994-0
4339-47
0-10
4b'
4341-0
1-29
11
24037-4
1892,
210
REPORT — 1892.
Meecuey (Aec Specteum) — continued.
Reduction to
Wave-
length
Limit of
Error
Intensity
and
Previous Measurements
(Angstroml
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
(Rowland)
Charactei
A +
1
in Vacuo
4078-05
0-03
8r 3t
14077-5 Hartley & Adeney
1-22
7-3
24514-2
4046-78
0-03
6r
J4046-5
»
1-21
7-4
24703-6
§398408
0-05
4
3984-0
J)
1-20
7-6
25092-3
3908-4
2-00
In
3910-0 Vogel
1-17
7-7
25678-2
§3820-6
0-50
In
38200 Hartley & Adeney
116
7-9
26166-0
§3790-36
0-50
2n
37900
»j
114
11
26374-8
3770-71
0-50
2n
3770-0
)l
»>
8-0
26512-2
3751-83
0-05
4n
3751-0
»)
1-13
J»
26645-7
3680-74
0-20
4b''
3681-9
;>
111
8-2
27160-4
3663-25
0-05
6r 4*
{3662-9
»)
»J
8-3
27289-9
3654-94
005
6r
$3654-4
»»
1-10
l»
27351-9
3650-31
0-03
lOr
t
»»
11
27386-6
3561-53
010
4n
3560-1
J>
1-08
8-6
28069-2
3543-65
0-10
4n
3542-3
}>
1-07
»>
28210-9
3390-50
0-50
6n
3389-6
)9
103
90
29485-2
336703
0-50
In
3365-5
>»
)l
9-1
29690-7
3351-52
0-10
4b'
3351-2
If
1-02
)|
29828-1
3341-70
005
6b' 4t
3341-2
)t
»)
l»
29915-8
3305-23
0-20
lb'
1-01
9-2
30245-9
3264-33
0-20
1
1-00
9-4
30624-8
§3144-61
0-10
2b'
0-96
9-7
31790-7
313589
0-20
2n
»)
9-8
31879-1
3131-94
0-03
8r
1 3130-4
- }
)f
II
31919-3
3131-68
003
8r 4*
II
31921-9
§3125-78
005
lOr
3124-5
»»
»J
11
31982-2
3095-35
0-20
In
30940
yi
0-95
9-9
32296-6
3085-41
1-00
In
0-94
)»
32400-7
3050-58
0-50
In
0-93
10-0
32770-6
3038-69
0-15
4b'
»}
101
32898-8
3027-62
0-15
2b'
If
l»
33019-1
3025-71
0-20
2n 5*
51
II
33061-8
3021-64
0-05
4r
3021-0
9>
)l
II
33084-5
3011-17
0-25
In
0-92
10-2
33199-5
3007-02
0-15
2b'
II
n
33245-3
2967-37
0-10
lOr 4*
2966-4
9»
0-91
10-4
33689-5
§2925-51
0-10
8b' 5t
29252
»»
0-90
10-6
34171-5
2893-67
0-05
6b' 4t
2892-9
IJ
)>
10-7
34547-5
2865-14
0-25
In
0-89
10-8
34891-6
285707
010
4b'
)l
,,
34990-1
2847-85
0-10
4n
2846-8
)}
0-88
10-9
35103-3
2835-26
0-25
In
2832-1
)»
It
11
35259-2
2819-97
0-10
4n
2819-7
))
0-87
11-0
35450-4
§2803-69
0-20
4b' 6*
2804-5
}}
II
11-1
36656-2
2799-76
0-20
1
2798-5
11
»»
J,
36706-3
§2774-68
0-20
4n
2773-2
)»
0-86
11-2
36029-0
§2759-83
0-05
6 6t
2760-8
)»
11
11-3
36222-8
2752-91
003
8b' 4t
2751-5
1>
ll
II
36313-9
2699-74
0-40
2n 7*
2702-0
II
0-84
11-6
37029-0
2686-61
0-20
2n
II
11
372100
2675-20
0-20
2n 7t
II
11-7
37368-7
2672-77
0-20
In
0-83
II
37402-7
2660-26
0-20
In
)f
II
37578-6
2658-59
0-20
In
»
>f
If
37602-2
2655-29
003
6r
2657-6
}>
ti
11-8
37648-9
2653-89
005
6r 5*
{2652-2
>l
)>
>»
37668-7
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 211
Mercury (Aec Spectrum) — continued.
Reduction to
Wave-
length
(Rowland)
Limit of
Error
Intensity
and
Character
Previoijs Measurements
(Angstrom)
Vacuum
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
A +
1
A.
2652-20
005
8r
t
0-83
11-8
37682-7
2648-12
0-20
In
»»
»>
37750-8
2642-70
0-10
6b'
2644-6 Hartley & Adeney
>»
)»
37828-3.
2609-73
0-20
In
0-82
12-0
38306-1
2605-29
0-10
2n
2602-3
»)
J»
38371-4
§2576-31
010
8b- 5t
2575-3
0-81
12-2
38803-0
2564-14
0-10
1
0-80
)f
38987-2
2540-39
0-10
2r
)>
12-4
39351-6
2536-72
0-20
lOrb
2535-8
J>
)»
39408-6
2534-89
005
8r 5*
2533-8
J>
»»
39437-0
2524-80
0-10
2b'
2522-7
0-79
12-5
39594-6
2505-00
0-50
In
)»
12-6
39907-6
2482-14
0-20
4n 6*
2484-2
0-78
12-7
40274-1
2478-09
0-50
2n
2477-7
yy
9»
403410
2464-15
0-05
eb" 5t
2463-7
»
12-8
405691
2446-96
0-10
Sb' 6t
0-77
12-9
40854-1
2412-31
0-10
4b-
0-76
13-2
41440-8
2399-64
0-20
4n 7*
J»
it
41659-7
2378-40
0-15
6b' 6*
0-75
13-3
42031-8
2374-10
0-50
2n
»
13-4
42107-8
2345-41
0-05
4b' 6t
2342-2
)>
13-6
42622-9
2301-57
1-00
lb' 7*
0-73
13-9
43434-7
2262-23
0-15
4
2263-3 „
0-72
14-1
44190-1
2260-36
015
4
2261-4
»»
)>
44226-6
2252-87
0-15
2
2254-0
»»
14-2
44373-6
2224-73
0-20
4
2225-7
0-71
14-3
44935-0
The lines marked * form a series of triplets for which in the formula
10*7^^ =a-b}i---en-*, « = 40159-60 for the first Une, 44792-87 for the second, and
46560-78 for the third, &= 127484, c = 1252695. For the triplets marked f
a = 40217-98, or 44851-01, or 46618-44, & = 126361, c = 613268.
X Ames (Rowland's scale) {Phil. Mag., July 1890), 4451-09, 4358-50, 4347-71,
4077-98, 4046-67, 3663-41, 3663-03, 3654-96, 3650-28, 2653-80, 2652-15. § See Iron.
Bromine (Absobption).
Hasselberg, ' Kongl. Svenska Yetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar,' Bandet 24,
No. 3, 1891.
* Double. t Triple.
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Group 6162
6161-97
6160-64
6160-00
6159-69
6159-34
6159-03
-6142
4
5
3
3
4
2
16223-8
16227-3
162290
16229-8
16230-7
16231-5
6158-79
6158-09
6157-30\
6157-06/
6156-78 \
6156-55/
6156-25
6155-73
6155-45
4
7
5
5
4
4
7
16232-1
16234-0
16236-1
16236-7
16237-5
16238-1
16238-8
16240-2
16241
212
REPOET 1892.
Bbomine (Absoeption) — continued.
\
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequencj-
in Vacuo
6154-92
3
16242-4
i 6131-92
3
16303-3
6154-58
3
16243-3
6131-59
4
16304-2
615419
6
162-14-3
6131 19
3
16305-2
6153-36
3
16246-5
6130-78
3
16306-3
6153-00
6
16247-4
6130-41
4
16307-3
6152-64
4
16248-4
613008
3
16308-2
6152-39
3
16249-0
6129-C9
4
16309-2
6151-961
6151-68/
5
16250-2
0129-31
3
16310-2
16250-9
6128-97
3
16311-2
6151-271
6151-04 /
4
16252-0
6128-52
3
16312-4
16252-6
6128-22
4
16313-1
6150-57
6n
16253-8
6127-86
3
16314-1
6149-89
3
16255-6
1 6127-59
3
16314-8
6149-53
40
16256-6
i 6127-40
2
16316-3
6149-29
4
16257-2
6127-21
2
16315-8
6148-96
2
16258-1
6126-96
3
16316-5
6148-64
2
16259-0
6126-73
2
16317-1
6148-36
2
16259-7
6126-51
3
16317-7
6148-15
60
16260-2
612621
4
16318-5
6147-36
2
16262-3
6125-69
4
16319-9
6147-11
5
162630
6125-36
2
16320-8
6146-76
2
16263-9
6125-12
6
16321-4
6146-23
3
16265-3
6124-54
5
16323-0
6145-97
4n
16266-0
6124-01
6
16324-4
6144-91
4
16268-8
6123-50
5
16325-7
6144-25
16270-6
' 6123 02
5
16327-0
6143-81
4n lb
16271-7
6143-53
3n
16272-5
6143-19
tV
16273-4
Group 6122
-6103
6142-84
16274-3
6122-47
16328-5
6122-00
16329-7
Group 6142
-6122
6121-60
4
16330-8
612115
4
16332-0
6141-37
4
16278-2
6120-77
4
16333-0
6141-09
2
16278-9
6120-57
2
16333-5
6140-81
3
16279-7
6120-14
2
16334-7
6140-48
2
16279-6
6119-97
2
16335-1
614016
3
16281-4
6119-66
3
16336-0
6139-84
4
16282-3
6119-36
3
16336-8
6139-56
3
16283-0
6119-09
4
16337-5
6139-16
2
16284-1
6118-77
3
16338-3
6138-84
4
16284-9
6118-45
3
16339-2
6138-55
2
16285-7
6118 10*
3
16340-1
6138-24
2
16286-5
6117-61
7
16341-4
6137-64
2
16287-1
6117-23
4
16342-5
6136-42
2
16291-3
6116-47
«0}b
16344-5
613611
4
16292-2
6115-67
16346-6
6135-70*
3
16293-3
6115-26 1
6114-80/
n
16347-7
6135-21
4
16294-6
16349-0
6134-78
4
16295-7
6114-37
3
16350-1
6134-37
4
16296-8
611405
6n
16351-0
6133-98
4
16297-8
6113-44
5n
16352-7
6133-53
4
16299-0
6112-701
6112-47/
5]
16354-6
6133-13
3
16300-1
b
16365-2
6132-73
4
16301-2
6112-17
2 "
16356-0
6132-34
4
16302-2
6111-90
4/
16356-7
i
ON WAVK-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 213
Bkomine (Absoeption) — continued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
6111-36
4)
16358-2
6091-30
2
164121
6111-13
2'^
16358-8
6091-08
3
16412-6
6110-84
16359-6
6090-81
2
16413-4
6110-51
4
163G0-4
6090-58
5
164140
6109-76
21-b
4
16362-4
6090-15
2
16415-2
6109-45
16363-3
6089-83*
5
16416-0
6109-16
163631
6089-31
4
16417-4
6108-49
60
163i;5-9
6088-79
3
16418-8
6108-18
2
16366-7
6088-53
3
16419-5
6107-90
4
16367-4
6088-12
5
16420-6
6107-44
2
16368-7
6087-56
2
16422-1
6107-22
4s
16369-3
6087-26
3
16422-9
6106-95
3s
16370-0
6087-01
2
16423-6
6106-62*
3
16370-9
6086-79^
4
16424-2
6106-27
3
16371-8
6086-39/
16425-3
6105-95
4
16372-7
6086-20
4
16425-8
6005-61
3
16373-6
6085-92
2
16426-6
6005-34
3
16374-3
6085-57
6
16427-5
600506 1,
6004-37 J
4b
16375-1
6085-32
3
16428-2
(4 lines)
16376-9
6085-02
4s
16429-0
6004-02
3
16377-8
6084-78
4s
16429-6
6003-57
4
16378-0
6084-54
2
16430-3
6084-31
4s
16430-6
6084 07
4
16431-6
Group 6103
-6079
6083-75
4
16432-4
6103-24
3
16379-9
6083-20
8
16433-9
6102-76
2
16381-2
6082-50*
6
16435-8
6102-04
5
16383-2
6082-03
4
16437-1
6101-61
3
16384-3
0081-75
5
16437-8
6101-26
4
16385-3
G081-52
4
16438-5
6100-92
3
16386-2
608110
4
16439-6
6100-64
4
16386-9
6080-93
5
16440-0
6100-21
5n
16388-1 1
6080-36
7
16441-6
6099-77
4
16389-3 1
6079-78
6
16443-2
6099-47
3ii
16390-1
6079-11
5
164450
6099-12
4n
16391-0
6098-74
6098-33
5
4
16392-0
16393-1
Group 6079
-6066
6097-97 \
6097-21/
4b
16394-1
6078-54 1
5
16446-5
(3 or 4 lines)
16396-1
6078-32 J
164471
6096-48
4
16398-1
6077-85
6
16448-4
6095-95
3
16399-5
6077-49
2
16449-4
6095-74
3
16400-1
6077-23
6
16450-1
6095-50
3
16400-7
6076-83
3
16451-1
6095-04
3b
16402-0
6076-42
3
16452-3
6094-70 1
4
16402-9
6076-14
3
16453-0
6094-51 J
16403-4
6075-67
4
16454-3
6094-01
4
16404-7
6075-39
4
16454-9
6093-70
3
16405-6
6075-06*
4
16455-8
6098-46
2
16406-2
6074-73
4
16456-7
6093-22
4
16406-9
6074-39
4
16457-7
6092-76
2
16408-1
6074-12
4
16458-4
6092-50
2
16408-8
6073-86
3
16459-1
6092-25
3
16409-5
6073-44
5
16460-2
6092-01
8
164101
6073-08
4
16461-2
6091-78
3
16410-8
6072-72
4
16462-3
6091-52
3
16111.1
6072-35
4
16463-2
214
REPORT 1892.
Beomine (Absorption) — continvsd.
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacno
6071-96
3
16464-2
6050-41
5
16522-9
6071-65
3
16465-1
6049-97
4
16524-1
6071-31
5
16466-0
6049-73
4
16524-7
6070-95
2
16467-0
6049-42
4
16525-6
6070-68
3
16467-7
6049-13
3
16526-4
6070-47
5
16468-3
6048-76
5
16527-4
6070-14
3
16469-2
6048-43
4
16528-3
6069-61
6n
16470-6
6048-10
3
16529-2
6069-02
2
16472-2
6047-80
4
16530-0
6068-75
4
16473-0
6047-42
4
16531-1
6068-50
3
16473-6
6047-09
4
16532-0
6067-75
5
16475-7
6046-75
4
16532-9
6067-19
3
16477-2
6046-46
5
16533-7
6066-86
4
16478-1
6046-14
2
16534-7
6066-41
3
16479-3
6045-82
4
16535-4
6066-07
5s
16480-2
6045-55^
4
16636-2
6045-15 J'
16537-3
6044-91
3
16537-9
Group 6066
-6042
6044-58
4
16538-8
6065-29
5
16482-4
6044-31
3
16539-6
6064-96
3
16483-3
6044-00
4
16540-4
6064-50
6
16484-5
6043-66
3
16541-4
6063-62
5
16486-9
6043-38
3
165421
6062-85
4
16489-0
6043-05
4
16543-0
6062-39
3
16490-2
6042-69
2
16644-0
6062-13
4
16491-0
6061-88
6061-52*
4
4
16491-6
16492-6
Group 6042
-6003
6061-22
3
16493-4
6042-20 \
6041-79 \
4
16545-4
6060-70
4s
16494-8
16546-5
6060-32
3
16495-9
6041-54
3
16547-2
6059-97
3
16496-8
6041-28
4
16547-9
6059-64
2
16497-7
6040-96
2
16548-8
6059-36
3
16498-5
6040-56
4
16549-9
6059-05
3
16499-3
6040-16
4
16550-9
6058-72
4s
16500-2
! 6039-74
5
16552-1
6058-38
2
16501-2
6039-42
5
16553-0
6058-11
2
16501-9
6038-97
4
16554-2
6057-80
3
16502-7
6038-60
4
16555-2
6057-49
3
16503-6
6038-16
6
16556-4
6057-09
4
16504-7
6037-86
5
16557-3
6056-86
4
16505-3
6037-43
4
16558-4
6055-95
6
16507-8
6037-09
4
16559-4
6055-76
6
16508-3
6036-70
5
16560-4
6055-22
6
16509-8
1 6036-36
5
16561-4
6054-78
6
16511-0
6035-91
4
16562-6
6054-25
6
• 16512-4
6035-53
4
16563-6
6054-04
3
16513-0
6035-22
4
16564-5
6053-74
4
16513-8
6034-88
3
16605-4
6053-34 \
6052-70/
6
16514-9
6034-55
3
16566-3
16516-6
6034-29
4
16567-0
6052-47
5
16517-3
6033-94
3
16568-0
6052-12
4
16518-2
6033-71
3
16568-6
6051-82
4
16519-0
6033-52
3
16569-2
6051-37
5
16520-3
6033-26
3
16569-9
6051-01
4
16521-3
6033-01
2
16570-6
6050-74
4
16521-0
6032-75
2
16571-3
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 215
Bromine (Absohption) — continued.
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
6032-49
4
16572-0
6007-25
2
16641-6
603213
4
16573-0
6007-00 \
6006-81 J
4b
16642-3
(i031-88
4
16573-7
16642-9
6031-33
4
16575-2
6006-53 1
6006-34 1
5b
16643-6
6030-95
4ii
16576-2
16644-2
6030-25
8
16578-2
6006-07
4
16644-9
6029-87*
5
16579-2
6005-83
4
16645-6
6029-47
3
16580-3
6005-61
4
16646-2
6029-17\
6028-72/
5
16581-1
6005-32
4
16647-0
16682-4
6005-10
4
16647-6
6028-22
3
16583-7
6004-84
4
16648-3
6027-67
4
16585-3
6004-60
2
16649-0
6027-08
3
16586-9
6004-35
4
16649-7
6026-79
4
16587-7
6004-00
4
16650-7
6026-52
2
16588-4
6003-66
4
16651-6
6026-15
2
16589-4
6025-80
6025-19
5n
2
16590-4
16592-1
Group 6003
-5977
6024-90 1
6024-72/
5
16592-9
6003-28
4
16652-7
16593-4
6002-70
3
16654-3
6023-87
5
16595-7
6002-38
3
16655-2
6022-93
5
16598-3
6002-11
2
16655-9
6022-43
2
16599-7
6001-83*
3
16656-7
6022-00
6
16600-9
6001-47
3
16657-7
6021-58
3
16602-0
6000-97
3
16659-1
6021-02
6n
16603-6
6000-55*
2
16660-2
6020-15
6n
16606-0
6000-00
3
16661-8
6019-69
3
16607-3
5999-61
4
16662-8
6019-41 \
6018-92/
5
16608-0
5999-15*
2
16664-1
16609-4
5998-72
3
16665-3
6018-66
4
16610-1
5998-29
3
16666-5
6018-40
6
16610-8
5997-94*
4
16667-5
6017-73
6n
16612-7
5997-42
3
16668-9
6017-18 \
6016-56/
6b
16614-2
5997-05
3
16670-0
16615-9
5996-72*
4
16670-9
6015-97
4
16617-5
5996-30*
4
16672-0
6015-60
3
16618-5
5995-88
3
16673-2
6015-27
4
16619-4
5995-50
3
16874-3
6014-64
3b
16621-2
5995-11
5
16675-4
6014-45
3b
16621-7
5994-63
4
16676-7
601415
4b
16622-6
5994-24
4
16677-8
6018-46
6
16624-5
5993-86
4
16678-8
6013-00
5b
16625-7
5993-54
4
16679-7
6012-36
5b
16627-5
5993-10
4b
16680-9
6011-98
8
16628-5
5992-60
4n
16682-3
6011-73
5
16625-9
5992-12
4n
16683-7
6011-28 \
6011-02/
6
16630-5
5991-63
5n
16685-0
16631-2
5991-18
4
16686-3
6010-47
5b
16632-7
5990-88
3
16687-1
6010-10
2
16633-8
5990-57
4
16688-0
6009-80
4
16634-6
5990-23
3
16688-9
6009-50
2
16635-4
5989-92
3
16689-8
6009-23
4s
16636-2
5989-59
3
16690-7
6008-61
4
16637-9
5989-32
8
16691-5
6008-26
6
16638-8
5989-00
4
16692-4
6008-03
6
16639-5
5988-64
2
16693-4
6007-56
4
16640-8
5988-43
2
16693-0
216
REPORT — 1892.
Bromine (Absobption) — continued.
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequencj'
in Vacuo
5988-17
8
16694-7
5967-42
4
16752-8
5987-64
3
16696-2
5967-00
40
16753-9
5987-15
3
16697-5
5966-72
4
16754-7
5986-91
3
16698-2
5966-29
6b
16755-9
5986-67
3
16698-9
16756-7
5986-16
3
16700-3
6965-62 1
5965-41 r
4
16757-8
5985-95 1
5985-36 1
4
16700-9
16758-4
(4 lines)
16702-5
5964-97
6
16759-6
6984-79
4
16704-1
5964-35
6
16761-4
5984-50
3
16704-9
5962-95*
5
16765-2
5984-31
2
16705-5
5962-39
5
16766-9
5983-67
3
16707-2
5962-02
5
16767-9-
5988-37
4
16708-1
5961-44
6
16769-6
5982-98
2
16709-2
5961-06
6
16770-6
5982-65
6
16710-1
5960-54
6b
16772-1
5982-34
6
16711-0
5960-16
6
16773-2
5981-55
6
16713-2
5959-61
5
16774-7
5981-30
6
16713-9
5959-22
6
16775-8
5980-59
5
16715-9
5958-61
5
16777-5
5980-25
6
16716-8
5958-32
6
16778-4
5979-62 \
597918/
4b
16718-6
5957-82
5
16779-8
16719-8
5957-46
5
16780-8
5978-84
4
16720-7
5956-84
5
16782-6
5978-55 ]
16721-6
5956-38
3
16783-8
5978-33 I
4
16722-2
5956-03
4n
16784-8
5978-12 J
16722-7
5955-50
4
16786-3
5977-61
3
16724-2
5955-16
4
16787-3
5977-34
3
16724-9
5954-94
3
16787-9
6954-52
4
16789-1
5954-23
3
16789-9
Group 5977
-5949
5954-00
2
16790-5
6976-88
2
16726-2
5953-74
4
16791-3
5976-67
2
16726-8
5953-47
4
16792-0
5976-41
3
16727-5
5953-13*
4
16793-0
5976-17
3
16728-2
5952-24
3s
16795-5
5975-95
2
16728-8
5951-97
4s
16796-3
5975-44
4
16730-3
5951-61
2
16797-3
6975-18
4
16731-0
5951-24
4s
16798-3
5974-89
4
16731-8
5950-90
2
16799-3
5974-62
4
16732-6
5950-61
3
16800-1
5974-34
4
16733-3
5950-41
3
16800-7
6973-95
3
16734-4
5950-16
2
16801-4
59/3-67
4
16735-2
5949-96
2
16801-9
5973-15
3
16736-7
5949-82
2
16802-3
5972-81
4
16737-6
5949-61
4s
16802-9
5972-52
2
16738-4
1 5949-27
2
16803-9
5971-97
4
16740-0
5971-64
5971-22
3
4
16740-9
16742-1
Group 5949
-5935
5970-86
2
16743-1
' 5948-67
4
16805-6
5970-45
4s
16744-2
5948-18*
5b
16806-0
5970-09
2
16745-3
. 5947-53
4
16808-8
5969-68
4s
16746-4
5947-24
2
16809-5
6969-41
2
16747-2
1 5946-95
3
16810-4
5968-92
4s
16748-5
'< 5946-64
2
16811-3
5968-18
3s
16750-6
5946-40
3
16811-0
6967-66
4
16752-1
6946-09
3
16812-9
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 217
Bromine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
1
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
1
5945-82
5
16813-6
5924-98
4
16872-7
5945-07*
4
16815-8
5924-62
6
16873-7
5944-59
5
16817-1
5924-23
8
16874-8
5943-92
5
16819-0
5924-00
8
16875-5
5943-42
5
16820-4
5923-49
3
16876-9
59t3-00
4
16821-6
5923-20
4
16877-8
5942-78
6
16822-3
592301
2
16878-3
5942-28
5
16823-6
5922-80
4
16878-9
5941-98
4
16824-4
5922-51
3
16879-7
5941-67
5
16825-3
5922-11
5
16880-9
5941-14
5
16826-8
5921-76
2
16881-9
5940-78
2
16827-8
5921-44
4
10882-8
5940-54
4
16828-5
5921-17
5
16883-5
5940-02
4
16827-5
5920-86
2
16884-4
5939-60
3
16831-1
5920-64
4
16885-1
5939-26
5
16832-1
5920-03
4
16886-8
5938-90
5
16833-1
5919-69
3
16887-8
5938-49
3
16834-3
5919-40
4
16888-6
5938-22
4
16835-1
5919-09
3
16889-5
5937-91
4
16835-9
5918-79
4
16889-3
5937-52
4
16837-0
5918-54
4
16891 1
6937-22
4
16837-9
5918-33
2
16891-7
6936-87 1
5936-65)
4
16838-9
5918-07*
4
16892-4
16839-5
5917-73
3
16893-4
5936-20
4
16840-8
5917-52
4
16894-0
5935-87
4
16841-7 1
5917-29
3
16894-6
5935-58
3
16842-5 '
5917-08
3
16895-2
5935-23
4
16843-5
5916-85
3
16895-9
5916-60
5
16896-6
Group 5935
-5896 (D,)
1
5916-36
4,
16897-3
5934-60
2
16845-3
5916-13
3
16897-9
5934-26
4
16846-3
5915-92
4
16898-5
5933-92
4
16847-3
5915-57
3
-b
16899-5
5933-64
2
16848-1
5915-32'
4
16900-2
5933-36
5
16848-9
591506
2
16901-0
6933-04
5
16849-8
5914-86
4'
16901-6
5932-74
3
16850-6
5914-47
1
16902-7
5932-43
5
16851-5
5914-17
2
16903-5
5932-05
4
16852-6
5913-88*
3
16904-4
5931-83
4
16853-2
5913-47)
5913-21)
4
16905-5
6931-55
4
16854-0
16906-3
6931-10
4
16855-3
5912-96
3
16907-0
5930-78
3
16856-2 i
5912-53
3
16908-2
5930-53
4
16856-9 1
5912-31
2
16908-9
5930-22
4
16857-8 i
5912-00
3)
16909-7
6929-33
6
16860-3 1
5911-81
3
\h
16910-3
5928-88
3
16861-6
5911-01
16912-6
5928-60
4
16862-4
5910-74
2 1
16913-3
5928-03
4
16864-0
5910-48
3\
16914-1
5927-74
3
16864-8
5910-21
2
16914-9
5927-46
2
16865-6 j
5909-95
2
16915-6
5927-15
>
16866-5 \
5909-79
2
16916-1
5926-72
16867-7
5909-54
2
V
16916-8
5926-42
6
16868-6
5909-24
2
16917-6
5926-10
5
16869-5
5908-91
2
16918-6
6925-63
5
16870-8
5908-59
2
16919-5
5925-32
5 1
16871-7 I
5908-29
2/
16920-4
218
REPORT — 1892.
Bromine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-
length
Intensitj-and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5907-94
4-
16921-4
5888-37
2
16977-6
5907-68
4
16922-1
5888-10
4
16978-4
5907-38
2
-
16923-0 \
5887-81
2
16979-2
5907-09
2
16923-8 '
5887-53
3
16980-0
5906-75
4.
16924-8
5887-27
3
16980-8
5906-13*
8
16926-6
5887-00
5
16981-6
5905-73
2
16927-7 '
5886-59
3
16982-8
5905-50
4
16928-4
5886-12
4
16984-1
5905-22
2
16929-2
5885-81
3
16985-0
5004-94
5s
16930-0
5885-45
4
16986-0
5904-36
6
16931-6
588504
5
16987-2
5904-02
3
16932-6
5884-66
3
16988-3
5903-69
6
16933-6
5884-30
4
16989-4
5903-11
4n
16935-2
5883-90
4
16990-5
5902-73
4
16936-3
5883-54
4
16991-6
5902-44
4
16937-1
5883-13
4
16992-7
5902-13
4 16938-0
5882-78
3
16993-8
5901-82
50
16938-9
5882-36*
5
169950
5901-43
4
16940-0
5882-04
4
16995-9
5901-12
2
16940-9
5881-63
4
16997-1
5900-75
3
16942-0
5881-34
4
16997-9
5900-31
4
16943-3
5880-96
4
169990
5899-93
2
16944-3
5880-71 )
5880-33/
3t
16999-7
5899-66
4s
16945-1
17000-8
5899-31
4
16946-1
5880-08
3
17001-6
5898-45*
6
16948-6
5879-77*
3
17002-5
5898-06
5
16949-7
5879-44
5s
17003-4
5897-83
i
16950-4
5879-09
4
17004-4
6897-50
5
16951-3
5878-75
4
17005-4
5897-10
5
16952-5
5878-46
4
17006-3
5896-78
5
16953-4
5878-18
4
17007-1
5877-89
4
17007-9
Group 5896
(D,)-5862
5877-60
6877-12
4
4
17008-7
17010-1
5895-95
3
16955-8
5876-81
3
17011-0
5895-68
3
16956-6
5876-52
4
17011-9
5895-34
3
16957-5
5876-27
4
17012-6
5895-01
4
16958-5
5876-01
4
17013-3
5894-61
3
16959-6
5875-74
4
17014-1
5894-37
3
16960-3
5875-47
4
17014-9
5894-11
2
16961-1
5875-26
3
17015-5
5893-86
3
16961-8
5875-10
3
170160
5893-62
3
16962-5
5874-87
4
17016-7
5893-37
3
16963-2
5874-62
3
17017-4
5892-95
2
16964-4
1 5874-37
2
17018-1
5892-71
3
16965-1
5874-14
t\^
17018-8
5892-34
4
16966-2
5873-56
17020-4
5891-98
4
16967-2
5873 00
4
17022-1
5891-43*
4
16968-8
5872-71
3
17022-9
5891-04
3
16969-9
i 5872-52
3
17023-5
5890-81
2
16970-6
! 5872-31
3
17024-1
5890-57
3
16971-3
5872-09
3
17024-7
5889-64
4
16974-0
5871-90
2
17025-3
5889-15
4
16975-4
5871-65
4
17026-0
5889-00
3
16975-8
5871-19*
4
17027-3
5888-74
3
16976-6
5870-83
3
17028-4
5888-56
3
16977-1
5870-53
3
17029-2
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS, 219
Beomine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
OsciUation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5870-23
2
17030-1
5849-46
3
17090-6
5869-91
7s
17031-0
6849-17
4
17091-4
5869-46
4
17032-3
5848-83
5
17092-4
5868-93
3
17033-9
5848-55
4
17093-2
5868-58*
5
17034-9
5847-90
4
17095-1
5868-17
4
17036-1
5847-67
2
17095-8
5867-87
2
17037-0
; 6847-40 \
5847-18/
4
17096-6
5867-59
3
17037-8
170972
5867-37
?}"
17038-4
5846-93
2
17098-0
5866-75
17040-2
5846-59
5
170990
586600
4
17042-4
5846-34
6
17099-7
5865-72
4
17043-2
5846-06
2
17100-5
5865-41
2
17044-1
5845-82
4
17101-2
5865-08
3
17045-1
5845-52
5
17102-1
5864-83
4
17045-8
5845-23
?
17103-0
5864-57
3
17046-5
5844-78
6
17104-3
5864-27
3
17047-4
5844-50
2
171051
5863-95
3
17048-3
5844-22
5
17105-9
5863-66
3
17049-2
5843-93
4
17106-8
5863-31
4
17050-2
5843-44
6
17108-2
5863-03
1
17051-0
5843-10
5
17109-2
5842-82
3
17110-0
5842-58
3
17110-7
Group 5862
-5832
5842-39
2
17111-3
5842-12
3
17112-1
5862-38
4
17052-9
5841-81
4
171130
5862-11
4
17053-7
5841-60
2
17113-6
5861-59
3
17055-0
5841-34
2
17114-4
5861-30
3
17056-1
5841-08
4
17115-1
586105
3
17056-8
5840-86
3
17115-8
5860-76
3
17057-6 •
5840-66
3
17116-4
5860-52
3
17058-3
5840-46
4
17116-9
5860-23
3
17059-2
5840-06
3
17118-1
5859-57
2
170611
5839-73
3
17119-1
5859-37
2
17061-7
5839-44
3
17119-9
5859-11
31h
17062-4
8539-19
3
17120-7
5858-41
17064-5
5838-81
6
17121-8
5857-38*
3
17067-5
5838-61
3
17122-4
5856-97
4
17068-7
5838-16
7
17123-7
585G-60
3
170697
5837-59
7
17125-3
5856-35
4
17070-5
5837-16
3
17126-6
5855-51
4s
17072-9
5836-95
6
17127-2
5855-36
3s
17073-4
5836-41
7b
17128-8
5854-95*
6
17074-6
5835-92
4
17130-1
5854-52
3
17075-8
5835-66
2
17130-9
5854-00
4©
17077-3
5835-44
2
17130-6
6853-43
5
17079-0
5835-15
4
17132-4
5852-90
5
17080-5
5834-89
3
17133-2
5852-56
40
17081-5
5834-56
2
17134-1
5851-90
4
17083-5
5834-20*
4
17135-2
5851-59
3
17084-4
5833-80
5
17136-4
5851-32
4
17085-2
5833-49
4
17137-3
5851-03
2
17086-0
5833-25
2
17138-0
5850-75
5
17086-8
5833-00
3
17138-7
5850-41
3
17087-8
5832-75
2
17139-5
6850-07
4
17088-8
5832-43
6
17140-4
5849-74
5
17089-8
5832-18
3
17140-9
220
EEPOET — 1892.
Bromine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Group 5832
-5807
5812-18*
5811-79
6
3
17200-1
17201-3
5831-60
3
17142-9
5811-54
4
172020
5831-37"\
4
17143-5
5811-16
3
17203-2
583109/
17144-3
5810-92
3
17203-9
5830-89
4
17144-9
5810-62
5
17204-8
5830-53
3
17146-0
5810-37
4
17205-5
6830-22*
4
17147-9
5809-84
5
17207-1
5829-85
4s
17148-0
5809-57
6©
17207-9
5829-59
4s
17148-8
5809-23
2
17208-9
5828-60
6ii
17151-7
5808-87*
6
17209-9
5827-69
3
17154-3
5808-45
3
17211-2
5827-42
2
17155-1
5808-15
6
17212-1
5827-13
3
17156-0
5807-95
6
17212-7
5826-71
2
17157-2
5807-54
3
17213-9
5826-43
2
17158-1
5807-35
4
17214-5
5826-19
4
17158-8
5825-98
5825-74
2
3
17159-4
17160-1
Group 5807
-5791
5825-28
3
17161-5 1
5806-83
2
17216-0
5825-04
3
17162-2
5806-60
4
17216-7
5824-77
3
17163-0
5806-38
4
17217-3
5824-27
3
17164-4
5806-02*
3n
17218-4
5823-88
4
17165-6
5805-60
4
17219-6
582356
3
17166-5
5805-36
4
17220-4
5823-34
4
17167-2
5805-10
3
17221-1
5823-10
2
17167-9
5804-91
3
17221-7
5822-911
4b
17168-4
5804-60
3
172226
5822-42/
17169-9
5804-35
2
17223-4
582204
2
17171-0
5804-08
3
17224-2
5821-81
2
17171-7
5803-87
2
17224-8
5821-56
3
17173-4
5803-64
4
17225-5
5821-38
2
17173-0
5803-29
4
17226-5
5820-96
3
17174-2
5802-82
6
17228-9
6820-73
3
17175-9
5802-26
8
17229-6
5820-48
8
17175-6
5801-88
2
17230-7
5820-24
3
17176-3 1
5801-54
5
17231-7
5819-81
3
17177-6
5800-93
8
17233-5
5819-42
3
17178-7
5800-58
3
17234-6
5819-20
3
17179-4
5800-35
4
17235-2
5818-67
3
17181-0
5800-12
2
17235-9
5818-33
3
17182-0
5799-77
5
17237-0
5818-14
3
17182-5
5799-51
3
17237-7
5817-90\
5817-07/
5 lines
17183-2
5799-23
4
17238-6
17185-7
5798-75
4
17240-0
5816-26
4n
17188-1
5798-48
4
17240-8
5815-82*
3
17189-4
5798-15
7
17241-8
5815-52
2
17190-3
5797-77
2
17242-9
5815-14
4
17191-4
5797-30*
5b
17244-3
6814-76
3
17192-5
5796-81
7
17245-8
5814-34
4
17193-7
5796-43
4
17246-9
5814-12
2
17194-4
! 5796-19
3
17247-6
5813-77*
4
17195-4
5795-96
4
17248-3
5813-43
2
17196-4
5795-64
6
17249-2
5813-16
4
17197-2
5795-44
7
17249-8
5812-71
3
17198-6
5795-23
3
17250-5
5812-41
7n
17199-5
6794-94
4
17251-3
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 221
Bbomine (Absorption) — contiimed.
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5794-57
4
17252-4
5776-20
3
17307-3
5794-23
5
17253-4
5775-88
4
17308-8
5794-04
3
17254-0
5775-57
4
17309-2
5793-77
3
17254-8
5774-75
7
17311-7
5793-41
30
17255-9
5774-43
3
17312-6
5793-13
3
17256-7
5773-90
7
17314-2
5792-92
4
17257-3
5773-36
4 •
17315-8
5792-74
4
17257-9
5773-02
6s
17316-9
5792-44
4
17258-8
5772-72
4
17317-8
5792-09
3
17259-8
5772-11
5s
17319-6
5791-65
4
17261-1
5771-59
4
17321-1
5771-29
7
17322-0
5770-86
3
17323-3
Group 5791
-5763
1 6770-e6
4
17324-2
5770-19
4
17325-8
5791-04
3
17262-9
5769-89
4
17326-2
5790-81
4
17263-5
5769-65
3
17327-0
5790-46
4
17264-7
5769-40
2
17327-7
5790-19
3
17265-5
5769-06
4
17328-7
5789-77*
2
17266-7
5768-81
4
17329-5
5789-23
8
17268-3
5768-55
4
17330-8
5789-04
2
17269-9
5768-33
4
17330-9
5788-86
2
17269-5
; 5768-00
4
17331-9
5788-36
4
17270-9
5767-53
5
17333-8
5788-04
4
17271-9
5767-16
5
17334-4
5787-76
4
17272-7
5766-91
5
17335-2
5787-34
4
17274-0
i 5766-67
2
17335-9
5786-84
5
17275-5
i 5766-50
3
17336-4
6786-40
4bn
17276-8
6766-24
4
17337-2
5785-79
5
17278-6
5765-71
7
17338-8
6785-28*
4
17280-1
5765-03
6
17340-9
5784-82
3
17281-5
6764-42
8
17342-7
5784-65
8
17282-0
5764-13
3
17343-6
5784-18
?0
17283-6
5763-78
4
17349-6
5783-84
2
17284-4
5783-54
4
17285-8
5783-12
8
17286-6
Group 5763
-5742
6782-83
3
17287-5
5782-46
6s
17288-6
5763-00
4
17347-0
5782-01
6s
17290-9
5762-70
5
17347-9
5781-64
2
17291-0
5762-23
4
17349-3
5781-46
3
17291-6
6761-94
4
17350-2
5781-13
3s
17292-2
6761-70
4
17350-9
5780-97
3
17293-0
5761-28
4n
17352-1
5780-64
3
17294-0
5760-83
4
17353-5
5780-38
4
17294-8
5760-33
6
17355-0
.5780-19 \
5779-76/
3
17295-4
6759-88
3
17356-4
17296-7
5759-64
)
17357-1
5779-43
4s
17297-6
5759-21
5[b
17358-4
5779-10
4s
17298-6
5758-89
ej
17359-4
5778-74
4
17299-7
5758-56
4
17360-3
5778-47
8
17300-5
5758-21
4
17361-4
6778-21
4
17301-3
5757-71
5 b
17362-9
5777-73*
8
17302-7
5767-32
3J
17364-1
5777-39
6
17303-7
5757-03
5
17366-0
6776-98
3
173050
5756-65
5
17366-1
5776-50
5
17306-4
6756-33
5
173671
222
REPORT — 1892.
Bhomine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5756-01
3
17368-0
5738-11
7
17422-2
5755-80
Ih
17368-7
5737-89
2
17422-9
5755-56
17369-4
5737-60
2
17423-8
5755-36
d)
17370-0
5737-25
6
17424-8
5755-14
3
17370-7
5736-81
4
17426-2
5754-59
3b
17372-3
5736-49*
7
17427-2
5754-26
5
17373-3
5736-14
2
17428-2
5753-91
5
17374-4
5735-92
2
17429-9
5753-11'
3
17376-8
5735-70
4
17429-6
5752-84
3
17377-6
5735-45
4
17430-3
5752-58
4
17378-4
5735-18
3
17431-1
5752-35
3
17379-1
5734-97
4
17431-8
5751-83
4
17380-7
5734-71
4
17432-6
5751-49
3
17381-7
5734-26
4\
17433-9
5751-30
2
17382-3
5733-97
5^
17434-8
5751-00
2
17383-2
5733-57*
17436-0
5750-78
5
17383-8
5733-16*
3J
17437-3
5750-49
3
17384-7
5732-82
4
17438-3
5750-27
3
17385-4
5732-62
3
17438-9
5749-69
5
17387-1
5732-44
3
17439-5
5749-43
4
17387-9
5732-19
5
17440-2
5749-20
4
17388-6
5731-56
5
17442-0
5748-89
2
17389-6
5731-28
2
17442-9
5748-57
7
17390-5
5730-97
8
17443-9
5747-55
7
17393-6
6730-28
5
17446-0
5747-19
2
17394-7
5729-69
8b
17447-7
5746-95
2
17395-4
5729-16
5
17449-4
5746-70
3
17396-2
5728-87
3
17450-2
5746-46
4s
17396-1
5728-56
5
17451-2
5746-10*
3
17398-0
5728-17
4
17452-4
5745-76*
3
17399-0
5727-87
3
17453-3
2745-45
4s
17400-0
5727-63 1
5726-98)
8b
17454-0
5745-23
3
17400-6
17456-0
5744-85
4
17401-8
5726-71
5
17456-8
5744-46
8
17403-0
5726-45
2
17457-6
5744-11
>
17404-0
5726-14*
6
17458-6
5743-70
17405-3
5725-79
6
17459-6
5743-48
4s
17405-9
5725-54
6
17460-4
5743-24
2
17406-7
5725-07*
3
17461-8
5743-07
2
17407-2
5724-77
5
17461-7
5742-80
4s
17408-0
5724-43
5
17463-8
5742-54
6
17408-8
5724-13
4
17464-7
5723-81
5
17465-6
Group 5742
-5712
5723-52
5723-19*
4
3
17466-6
17467-6
5741-89
4
17410-7
5722-80*
2
17468-8
5741-63
5
17411-5
5722-50
8
17469-7
5741-32
3
17412-5
5722-28
4
17470-3
5741-08
3
17413-2
5722-09
5
17470-9
5740-74
5
17414-3
5721-61
3
17472-4
5740-45
2
17415-1
5721-33
3s
17473-2
5739-81
8
17417-1
5721-12
3s
17473-9
5739-41
3
17418-3
5720-86
2
17474-6
5739-14
2
174191
5720-47
4
17475-8
5738-91
6
17419-8
5720-22
2
17476-5
5738-58
4
17420-8
5719-97
3
17477-4
5738-32
3
17421-6
5719-33
2b
17479-4
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 223
Bromine (ABSonwiON)— continued.
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5718-84
4
1748(f8
5696-45
2
17549-6
5718-67
4
17481-3
5696-24
4
17550-2
6717-73
4
17484-3
5695-81
5
17551-6
5717-45
3
17485-1
5695-66
5
175520
5717-19
3
17485-9
5695-05
4b
17553-9
5717-02
4
17486-4
5694-73
2
17554-9
5710-75
2
17487-2
5694-48
4
17555-6
5716-59
4
17487-7
5694-25
2
17556-3
5716-39
2
17488-4
5693-89
6s
17557-5
5716-09
3
17489-3
5693-28
5
17569-4
5715-70
3
17490-5
5692-91
3
17560-5
5715-38
60
17491-4
5692-58
4
17561-5
5714-94
3
17492-8
5692-24
2
17562-6
5714-49
5
17493-2
1 5691-94
5
17563-5
5714-20
2
17495-1
; 5691-57
4
17564-6
5713-64
5
17496-8
5691-31
8
17565-4
5713-35
4
17497-7
5691-10
3
17566-1
5713-00
2
17498-7
5690-70*
50
17567-3
5712-73
2
17499-5
5690-38
2
17568-3
5712-44
60
17500-4
; 5690-05
5
17569-3
5712-18
7©
17501-2
! 5689-68
4
17570-5
1 5689-39
3
17671-4
Group 5712
-5688
1 568914
2
17572-1
i 5688-84
2
17573-0
5711-69
2
17502-7
5711-38
60
17503-6
5710-42
6n
17506-6
Group 5688
-5659
5709-37
6
17509-8
5688-11
4
17575-3
5708-95
2
17511-1
5687-88
2
17576-0
5708-60*
5
17512-2
' 5687-60
2
17576-9
5708-40
2
17512-8
' 5687-27
4
17577-9
5707-94
2
17514-2
5686-96
t\^
17578-9
5707-64
5
17516-1
5686-44
17580-5
5707-28
3
17616-3
6686-13
3
17581-4
5706-71*
4
17518-1
5686-76
4
17582-6
6705-79
5s0
17520-8
5686-45
2
17583-5
5705-35
3
17522-4
5685-14
2
17684-5
6704-97
4
17523-4
5684-82
40
17585-5
5704-40
2
17525-1
6684-52
40
17586-4
5704-12
4
17525-9
5683-98
2
17588-1
6703-94
4
17526-5
5683-68
3
17589-0
5703-33
5
17528-4
5683-99
4
17591-9
6702-86
2
17529-8
5682-38
4
17593-1
6702-53
7
17530-8
5681-93
2
17594-5
5701-83
6
17533-0
5681-64
2
17696-5
5701-05
6
17536-3
5681-26
4
17596-5
5700-79
2
17536-2
5680-90
2
175928
5790-49
4s
17537-1
5680-57
2
17593-9
5790-13
2
17538-3
5680-14
5
17605-2
5699-79
3
17539-3
5679-93
3
17605 8
5699-44
2
17540-3
6679-66
2
17601-5
5699-23
4
17541-0
567905
5
17603-4
5698-62
7
17543-0
5678-68
2
17604-5
5698-19
3
17644-2
5678-33
2
17605-6
5697-91
4
17645-1
5678-02
6
17606-(i
5697-29
6
17547-0
5677-71
2
17607-5
5696-73
5
17648-7
5677-26
3
17608-9
224
BEPOET — 1892.
Beomine (Absorption) — cmitinued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
5676-93
6
5676-31
4
5676-00
4
5675-39
4
564506
4
5674-81
3
5674-52
2
5674-06
3
5673-78
3
5673-45
3
5673-14
3
5672-73
4
5672-46
2
5672-20
3
5671-96
5
5671-65
2
5671-22*
5
5670-88
3
5670-42
5
5669-95
3
5669-57
4
5609-26
3
566905
3
5668-75
4
5668-49
3
5667-97
7
5667-20
7
5666-46
7
5666-06
2
5665-68
4
5665-38
4
5664-89
5
5664-63
3
5664-311
566406/
6
5663-52
6
5662-89
3
5662-59
4
5662-23
4
5661-85
3
5601-58
4
5661-31 )
b(3 1]
5660-79 \
5660-47
4
5660-22
3
5659-82
5
5659-37
Group 5659
-5616
5658-90
4
5658-62
4
5658-25
4
5657-86
4
5657-45
6
5656-93
6
5656-44
5
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
17609-9
1 5656-10
17611-9
5655-80
17612-8
5655-39
17614-7
5654-80
17615-8
5654-44
17616-5
565414
17617-4
5653-60
17618-9
5653-16
17619-7
5652-91
17620-8
5652-56
17621-8
5651-91
17622-0
5651-68
17623-9
5651-39
17624-0
5651-04
17625-4
5650-76
17626-4
505000
17627-7
5649-66
17628-8
564917
17630-2
5648-81
17631-7
5648-59
17632-8
5648-27
17633-8
5647-88
17634-4
5647-46
17635-4
5647-04
17636-2
5646-42
17638-8 ,
5646-15
17640-2
5645-54
17642-5
5645-28
17643-7
564500
17645-9
5644-77
17646-9
5644-30
17647-4
5643-58
17648-2
5643-20
17649-2
5642-84
17650-0
564257
17651-7
564217*
17653-7
5041-73
17654-6
5641-28
17655-7
5640-91
17656-9 ,
5640-38
17657-7 1
5640-05
17658-5 1
5639-45
17660-2
563905
17661-2
5638-26
176620
5637-98
17663-2
5637-58*
17664-6
563714
5630-78
5636-25
'
563595
17666-1
5635-68
17667-0 i
5635-17
17668-1 i
5634-81
17609-3
5634-43
17670-fi
5633-80
17672-2
5633-55
17673-7
6633-09
Intensity and
Character
2
4
4
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
2
2
4
5
3
5
3
2
5
2
4
6
3
6
3
3
4
2
2
50
3
4
3
3
4
30
30
3
3
4
4
3
o
2
5s
3
4s
2
6
2
7
4
4
3
Oscillation
Frequencj'
in Vacuo
17674-8
17675-8
176770
17678-9
176800
17680-9
17682-6
17683-9
17684-8
.176859
17687-9
17688-6
17689-6
17690-6
17691-5
17693-9
17695-0
17696-5
17697-6
17698-3
17699-3
17700-6
17701-9
17703-2
17705-1
17705-9
17707-9
17708-7
17709-6
17710-3
17711-7
17714-0
17715-2
17716-4
17717-2
17718-5
17719-9
17721-3
17722-4
17724-1
17725-1
17727-0
17728-3
17730-8
17731-6
17732-9
177.S3-3
17735-4
17737-1
17738-0
17738-9
17740-5
17741-6
17743-8
17744-8
17745-6
17746-6
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 225
Bromine (Ausoeption) — covtinued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
i
Intensify and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
563278
5s
17748-0
5614-00
3
17807-8
5632-36*
4
177493
5613-51
4
17809-9
5632-02
5s
17750-4
5613-21
3
17809-8
6631-72
3
17751-4
5612-82
3
17811-0
6631-37
4s
17752-5
5612-46
4
17812-2
6631-13
4
17753-2
5612-19
4
17813-0
5630-87
2
17754-0
5611-83
2
17814-1
5G30-63
5
17754-8
5611-48
3
17816-3
5630-30
2
17755-8
5611-21
3
17816-2
5630-00
4s
17756-8
5610-91
3
17817-1
5629-70
4s
17757-7
5610-74
3
17817-7
6629-39
4
17758-7
5610-46
3
17818-5
5628-96
2
17760-1
6610 22
3
17819-3
5628-69
4
17760-9
6609-94
3
17820-2
5628-41
2
17761-8
5609-69
3
17821-0
5628-li
4
17762-6
5609-33\
5608-86/
3
17822-1
5627-88
2
17763-5
17823-7
5627-49
5
17764-7
5608-54
2
17824-7
5626-96
5
17766-4
5608-22
4
17825-7
5626-43
4
17768-1
5fi07-9'5
4
17826-5
5626-13
2
17769-0
5607-63
3s
17827-5
56L'5-91 ;
5625-72 1
4
17769-7
5607-17
3s
17829-0
17770-3
5606-72
3s
17830-4
5625-40
4
17771-3
5606-28*
3s
17831-8
5625-12
2
17772-2
5605-98
2
17832-8
6624-60
51 +
4jT
17773-8
5605-70*
3s
17833-7
5624-29
17774-8
5606-21
4
17835-2
5624-00
4
17775-7
5604-79
5
17836-6
5623-60
8
17777-0
5604-39
3
17837-9
5623-40
3
17777-6
5604-11
5
17838-7
562319
3
17778-3
5603-27
6
17841-4
5622-90
3
17779-2
6602-84
3
17842-8
5622-48
4
17780-5
5602-44
6
17844-1
5622-16
3
17781-5
5601-90 •
3
17845-8
5621-90
4
17782-3
5601-60
50
17846-7
5621-49
3
17783-6
5601-29
4
17847-7
66 '.'1-24
2
17784-5
5600-89
5
178490
5621-03
4
17785-0
5600-56
4
17850-0
5620-83
3
17785-6
5603-26
2
17851-0
5620-59
2
17786-4
5600-04
5
17851-7
5620-35
2
17787-2
5599-60
2
178531
6620-00
5
17788-3
5599-33
4
17854-0
5619-65
5
17789-4
5598-70*
60
17856-0
6619-23
4
17790-7
559818
4]
17857-6
5618-70
4
17792-4
5597-90
b
17858-5
5618-29
2
17793-7
5597-42
17860-1
5617-61
6
17795-9
5597-14
4
17861-0
561706
3
17797-6
5596-94
5
17861-6
5616-68
4
17798-8
5696-57
6
17863-8
5616-2T
2
17800-1
5596-17
6
17864-1
5595-69
7
17865-6
Group 5616
-5587
5596-17
6
17867-3
5594-47
5
17869-5
5615-38
4
17803-0
5594-00
5
178710
5614-85
2
17804-6
5593-65
5
17872-1
5614-54
3
17805-6
5593-17
4
17873-7
5614-2U
3
17806-4
5592-68
8
17875-2
1892.
226
REPORT — 1892.
Bbomine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5592-24
4
17876-6
6572-73
6
17939-2
5591-90
4
17877-7
6672-21
4
17940-9
5591-56
4
17878-8
5571-95
3
17941-8
5591-10
6s
17880-3
6571-72
2
17942-5
6590-71
5
17881-6
6571-49
4
17943-2
5590-38
4©
17882-6
5571-16
3
17944-3
5590-16
4
17883-3
5570-90
4
17945-1
5589-84
4
17884-3
5570-67
2
17945-9
5589-49*
5
17886-4
5570-47^
5569-90 \
5569-66 J
17946-5
5589-05
4
17886-6
6b
17948-4
5588-63
3
17888-2
17949-5
5588-40
3
17888-9
6569-16*
5
17950-7
5588-16
3
17889-7
5568-83
3
17951-8
5587-83
3
17890-8
6668-41
5
17953-2
5587-54
3
17891-7
5568-11
5
17954-1
5587-31
4
17892-4
5567-57
40
17955-9
5567-36
4
17956-5
Group 5587
-5555
5567-08
5566-75 \
5566-33/
3
6
17957-4
17958-5
5586-74
2
17894-3
17959-9
5586-46
2
17895-1
5565-97
7
17961-1
5586-15
5
17896-1
5565-62
5
17962-5
5585-8]
5
17897-2
6565-26
3
17963-3
5585-48
2
17898-3
5565-00
3
17964-1
5585-09
4
17899-5
5664-70
5
17965-1
5584-67
3
17900-9
5564-33
4
17966-3
5584-41
2
17901-7
6563-90
60
17967-7
5584-00
4
17903-0
6563-49
4
17969-0
5583-64
3
17904-2
5663-00
70
17970-6
5583-31
3
17905-2
5562-44
5
17972-5
5582-94
5
17906-4
5562-20
2
17973-2
5582-62
3
17907-4
5561-97
3
17974-0
5581-90
\}
17909-8
5561-75
5
17974-7
5581-63
• 17910-6
5561-35
6
17975-9
5581-39
4
17911-4
6561-00
4
17977-1
5581-00
2
17912-6
5560-72
3
17978-0
5580-70
4
17913-6
5560-44
7
17978-9
5580-39
2
17914-6
5560-16
6
17979-8
5580-08
3
17915-6
5559-86
6
17980-8
5579-60*
\v
17917-1
6659-53*
5
17981-9
5579-25
17918-3
5559-20
2
17982-9
5578-65
4
17920-2
5568-82
4
.
17984-2
5578-30
2
17921-3
5558-53
3
17985-1
5578-07
2
17922-0
5558-05
4
17986-6
5577-79
3
17923-0
5557-42
8
17988-7
6577-47
3
17924-0
5556-93
8
17990-3
5577-18
2
17924-9
5556-39
8
17992-0
5576-93
3
17926-7
5556-03
6
17993-1
5576-74
2
17926-3
; 5656-86
6
17993-8
5575-99
4
17928-8
6555-55
3
17994-8
6575-49
4
17930-4
5576-19
2
1 7931-3
5574-89
3
17932-3
Group 5655
-6628
5574-57
4s
17933-3
5555-02
2
17996-4
6574-32
3
17934-1
5564-82
3
17997-1
5573-63
7
17936-3
6654-50
3
17998-1
6572-93
6
17938-6
6554-14
4
17999-3
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 227
Bromine (A-BSouptios)— continued.
Wave-length
Inteosity and
Charactei-
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5553-86
40
18000-2
5536-19
3
18057-7
5553-53*
4
18001-3
5535-88
4
18058-7
5553 09*
4
18002-7
5535-47*
4
18060-0
5552G5
4
18004-1
5535-04*
5
18061-4
5552-39
2
18005-0
5534-72
2
18062-4
5552-22
4
18005-5
5534-50
6
180G3-2
5551-94
3
1800G-4
5534-31
5
18063-8
5551-72
4
18007-1
5533-86
5
18065-3
5551-23
4
18008-7
5533-67
2
18065-9
5550-83
4
180100
5533-43*
3
18066-7
5550-47
4
18011 2
5533-06
40
18067-9
6550-25
4
18011-9
5632-76
4
18068-8
554987
5
180131
653246
2
18069-8
5549-62
2
18014-0
6532-24
4
18070-6
5549-47
2
18014-5
5532-00
2
18071-3
5549-32
3
18014-9
5531-68
4
18072-4
5548-95
5s
18016-1
5531-40
4
18073-3
5548-72
3
18016-9
5531-15
5
18074-1
5548-45
3
18017-8
5530-65
6
18075-7
5548-14*
4
18018-8
5630-87
2
18076-7
5547-81
2
18019-8
5530-08
5
18077-6
5547-54
4s
18020-7
552S-44
5
18079-7
5547-36
2
180213
5529-20
2
18080-5
554714*
4
180220
5529-02
2
18081-1
554664
4
18023-6
6546-33
5546-06
4
3
18024-G
18025-5
Group 5528
-5502
5545-81
4
18026-3
5528-39
3
18083-1
5545-46
4
18027-5
5528-10
2
18084-1
5545-11*
2
18028-6
5627-87
4
18084-8
5544-78*
5
18029-7
5527-61
4
18085-7
5544-45
2
18030-8
5527-34
2
18086-6
5543-97
5
18032-3
5526-82
3
18088-3
5543-71
2
18033-2
5526-55
V
18089-2
5543-44
5s
180340
5526-35
18089-8
5543-16
18034-9
6626-05
2
18090-8
5542-74
5
18035-3
5525-80
3©
18091-6
5542-34
3
18037-6
5525-53
2
18092-5
5542-08
G
18038-5
5525-30
3
18093-3
5541-71
2
18039-7
5525-04
3
18094-1
5541-52
2
18040-3 ;
5524-85
3
18094-8
5541-20
5
18041-3
5624-G2
3
18095-5
554099
5
180420
5524-32
3
18096-5
6540-72
3
18042-9
5524-10
3
18097-2
55t0-28
*«}b
18044-3
5523-84
3 ]
2 [^
4sj
18098-0
5539-94
18045-5
5523-63
18098-7
5539-58
4
1804G-6
5523-38
18099-5
5539-29
5s
18047-G :
5522-98
18100-9
5538-98
2
180J8-6
56-22-45
2
18102-6
5538-78
•iO
18049-2 '
5522-10
6
18103-7
5538-43
4
18050-4 f
5621-78
3
18104-8
5537-83
18052-3 ';
5521-15
4
18106-8
5537-50
4
18053-4 1
5520-73
4s
18107-1
5537-24
3
18054-2 'i
5520-53
2
18108-8
5536-92
4
18055-3 1
5520-32
4s
18109-5
553G-70
3
18056-0 1
552004
3
18110-4
5536-43
2
18056-9 jl
5519-80
3
18111-2
Q 2
228
REPORT 1892.
Bhomine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5519-40
3
18112-5
5499-50
4
18188-1
5518-95
4
18114-0
5499-21
3
18189-0
5518-63
3
18115-0
549905
2
18189-6
5518-23
3
18116-4
6498-85
3
18190-2
5518-03
3
18117-0
6498-60
6
18191-1
5517-58
2
18118-5
6498-23
3
18192-3
5517-33
2
18119-3
6497-60
2
18194-3
5517-03
5
18120-6
5497-32
4
18196-3
5516-67
4
18121-7
5497-00
2
18196-3
5516-22
5
18123-0
5496-75
2
18197-2
5515-89
5
18124-0
5496-41
6s
18198-3
5515-49
3
18125-4
5496-01
5
18199-6
5515-17
3
18136-4
6495-53
5
18201-2
6514-91 \
5514-70/
4©
r 18137-3
5495-25
2
18202-1
\ 18137-9
5494-95
5
182031
551414
3
18139-8
5494-69
2
18204-0
5513-73
3
18141-1
5494-47
2
18206-7
5513-48
2
181420
5494-12
5
18205-9
5513-13
5
18143-1
5493-78
5
18207-0
5512-82
5
18144-1
5493-65
5
18207-8
5512-43
4
18145-4
5493-28
4s
182087
5512-15
4
18146-3
5492-98
4
18209-7
5511-65
4*
18148-0
5491-98 >
7
18213-0
5511-29
5
18149-2
5491-36 J
182150
5511-03
4
18150-0
5490-97
5
18216-3
5510-69
2
18151-1
5490-6G
4
18207-4
5510-36
4
18152-3
5490-34
5
18208-4
6509-87
4
18153-8
5489-92
4
18209-8
6509-63
3
18154-7
5489-67
2
18210-6
5509-39
4
18155-4
6489-42
4
18211-5
5509-12
4
18156-3
5489-13
4
18212-4
5508-84
4
18157-2
5488-77
3s
18218-6
5508-67
3
18157-8
5488-42
5
18214-8
5508-45
3
18158-5
5487-88
2
18216-6
5508-21
3
18159-3
5487-53
4
18217-8
5507-91
5s
18160-3
5487-22
3
18218-8
5507-59
4*
18161-4
5486-87
4
18219-9
5506-88 \
5506-36 ;
7
18163-7
6486-65
2
18220-7
18165-4
5486-46
2
18221-3
5505-98
2
18166-7
5486-22
2
18222-1
5505-75
5
18167-4
5486-04
4
18222-7
5505-40
4
18168-6
5485-73
4
182237
5505-11
4*
18169-5
5485-45
3
18224-6
5504-72
6*
18170-8
5485-191
5484-93/
6
18225-5
5504-31
5*
18172-2
182364
5503-90
2
18173-5
5484-54
5
18227-7
6503-62
6
18174-4
5483-92
5
18229-7
5503-23
3
18175-7
5483-70
4
18230-6
5502-13
5s
18179-4
5483-35
3
18231-6
5483-01
3
18232-7
Gronp 5502
-5477
5482-70\
5482-63J
6
18233-8
18234-4
5501-46
4
18181'6
5482-17
6*
18235-6
5501-13
5
18182-7
5481-41
5
182381
5500-58
6
18184-5
5481-11
5
18239-1
5500-34
3
18185-3
6480-78
3
18240-2
5499-97
4
18186-5
5480-52
3
1824M
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTEA OF THE ELEMENTS. 229
Bromine (ABSOuvTiori)— continued.
Wave-length
Character and
Intensity
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5480-25
5
18242-0
5462-87
5
18300-0
5479-89
3
18243-2
5462-68
5
18301-0
5479-32
6
18245-0
5462 31
4
18301-9
5478-96
8
18246-3
6461-81
7
18303-5
5478-48
3
18247-9
5461-42
6
18304-8
6478-18
3
18248-9
546120
5
18305-6
5477-89
3
18249-8
5460-74
6
18307-2
5477-65
2
182506
6460-19
7
18309-0
547715
4
18252-3
6459-67
4*
18310-7
545919
5
18312-3
Group 5477
-5456
5458-79
5458-60
3
3
18313-7
18314-3
5476-42
4
18254-7
5458-29
2
18315-4
5476-10
4
18255-8
5467-97
5
18316-4
547591
4
18256-4
6467-53
3
18317-9
5475-69
2
18257-1
5457-15
7
18319-2
5475-23
5
18258-7
5456-89
7
18320-1
5474-91
4
18259-7
5466-54
3
18321-2
5474-62
4
18260-7
5466-27
2
18322-1
5474-24
40
182610
545603
4
18322-9
5473-90
4
18263 1
5473-67
4
18263-9
Group 5466
-5430
5473-48
4
18264-5
5455-62
6
18324-3
5473-26
3
18265-2
5455-28
2
18325-5
5472-98
5
18266-2
5455-08
5
18326-1
5472-69
4
182671
5454-84
5
18327-0
5472-33
3
18268-3
5454-64
3
18327-6
5472-04
5s
18269-3
5454-12
4
18329-4
5471-73
3
18270-3
5453-84
4
18330-3
5471-43
5
18271-3
5463-10
4*
18332-8
547099
3©
18272-8
5462-76
6s
18333-9
5470-76
3
18273-6
5452-50
3
18334-8
5470-39
5*
18274-8
5452-23
4
18335-7
5470-04
4
18276-0
5451-85
5
18337-0
5469-72
4
18277-1
5451-34
5
18338-7
5469-46
4
18278-0
5451-05
4
18339-7
5468-94
6
18279-7
5450-87
4
18340-3
5468-68
2
18280-5
5450-63
2
18341-1
6468-49
2
18281-2
5450-42
2
18341-8
5468-32
2
18281-7
5449-94
4
18343-4
5468-13
3
18282-4
5449-69 1
5449-13/
4
18344-3
5467-90
2
18283-1
18346-2
6467-65
2
18284-0
5448-83
2
18347-2
5467-24
6
18285-4
5448-57
3
18348-1
5466-84 ]
6466-71 l
18286-7
5448-15
3
18349-4
SQl '
182*7-1
5447-75
3
18350-8
5466-29 I
18288-4
5447-50
2
18351-6
5465-87'
5
18289-9
6447-31
5
1&352-3
5465-59
3
18290-9
5446-52
4
18354-9
6465-29
2
18291-9
5446-26
2
18355-8
5464-96
6
18293-0
5446-09
3
18356-4
6464-62
3
18294-1
5445-86
3
18357-2
6464-46
3
18294-7
6445-49
2
18358-4
5464-25
3s
18295-4
6144-89
^}b
18360-e
5464-05
2
18296-0
5444-65
18361-3
6463-84
2
18296-8
5444-43 "I
5
18362-0
546317
4
182990
5444-16/
1 18362 9
260
KEPORT-
-189*^.
1
Bromine (Absorption) — eontimied.
Wave-
Intensity and
Ofcillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
Intensity and
Oscillation
length
Character
length
Character
Frequency
in Vacuo
6443-75
3
18364-3
5426-66
3
18422-1
5443-48
5
18365-2
5426-38
4
18423-1
5443-16
2
18366-3
5423-03
3
18424-3
5442-86
6
18367-3
5425-85
3
18424-9
5442-52
3
18368-4
5425-55
5
18425-9
5442-21
4\
4
18369-5
5425-00
5
18427-8
544195
18370-4
5424-59
3
18429-2
5441-77
?
18371-0
5424-27
5
18430-3
5441-32
5^ b
18372-5
5423-90
2
18431-3
5440-87*
4
18374-0
5423-53*
5
18432-8
5440-65
4
18374-7
5423-06
4
18434-4
544024
4/
18376-1
5422-64
4
18435-8
5439-75
(>
18377-8
5422-22
5
18437-2
5439-53
2
18378-6
5421-88
5
18438-4
5439-31
2
18379-3
5421-53
2
18439-6
5439-05
5
18380-2
5421-25
4
18440-4
5438-74
3
18381-2
5420-98
3
18441-4
5438-46
5
18382-2
5420-61
6
18442-7
5438-15
2
18383-2
5420-16
2
18444-2
5437-90
4
18384-0
5419-87
4
18455-2
5437-53
4
18385-3
5419-62
2
18456-1
5437-32
4
1838G-0
5419-31
5s
18457-1
5436-98-)
5436-74 ].
5436-39 J
18387-2
5418-99
4s
18458-2
8
18388
5418-23
6*
18460-8
18389-2
5417-87
2
18462-0
5436-12
3©
18390-1
5417-50
6
18463-2
5435-90
*>
18390-8
5417-03
7
18464-8
5435-61
3
18391-8
5416-82
2
18465-5
5435-31
5
18392-8
5416-60
4
18465-3
6435-09
2
18393-6
5416-31
4
1S467-3
5434-55
20?
18395-4
5415-96
6
18468-4
5434-28
4
18396-3
5415-56
18469-8
5433-98
2
18396-4
5415-15
4
18471-2
5433-71
4
18398-3
5414-76
6
18472-5
5433-26
6
18399-8
5414-35
4
18473-9
6432-81
3
18401-3
5413-91
7
18474-4
5432-25
7
18403-2
5413-63
4
18475-4
5431-95
2
18404-2
5413-48
4
18476-9
5431-56
3
18405-5
5413-08
3
18478-3
5431-24
4
18406-6
5412-89
5
18178-9
5431-03
2
18407-3
5412-46
3
18480-4
5430-60
4
18409-8
5412-23
3
18481-2
5430-24
5
18410-0
5411-89
5
18482-3
5411-62
. 2
18483-2
Gi-oup 5430
-540G
5410-93
5410-64
18485-6
18486-6
5429-73
4
18411-7
6410-32
2
18487-7
5429-43
4
18412-7
5409-88
4
18489-2
5429-22
4
18413-4
5409-46
3
18490-6
5428-77
4
18415-0
5409-19
4
18491-6
6428-46
3
184160
6408-91
6
18492-5
5428-22
4
18416-8
5408-42
3
18493-2
5428-00
3
18417-6
5408-10
5
18494-3
5427-82
3
18418-2
5407-86
3
18496-1
5427-54
3
18419-1 !
5407-58
4
18497-1
5427-25
4
18420-1
5407-23
4
18498-2
5426-90
3
18421-3
5407-03
3
18498-9
i
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 23 1
Bromine (Absoeption)— co«<m?<e(^.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5406-80
2
18499-7
6386-591
3
18559-1
6406-58
2
18500-5
5386-10/
18560-8
5406-33
2
18501-3
5385-81
3
18561-8
5385-58 \
5385-22/
3
18562-6
18563-8
Group 5406
-5372
5384-93
4
18564-9
5384-55
5
18565-2
5405-52
4
185041
538414
5
18567-6
5405-18
4
18505-2
5383-46
3
18569-8
5404-76
3
18506-7
5383-24
2
18570-7
5403-89
4
18499-7
5382-98
3
18571-6
5403-16
4
18502-2
5382-78
3
18572-3
5402-38
5
18504
5382-52
3
18573-2
5402-08 \
5401-67/
3
18504-9
5382-25
4
18574-1
18507-3
538200
2
18574-9
5401-33
3
18508-5
5381-71
2
18576-0
5401-00
4
18509-6
5381-37*
5©
18577-2
5400-25
4
18512-2
5381-05
2
18578-2
5499-68
5
18514-1
5380-71*
4b
18579-4
5499-39
2
18515-1
5380-21
4
18581-1
5499-09
2
18516-1
5379-65
5
18583-1
5498-84
2
18617-0
5378-79
4
18586-1
5498-55
5
18518-0
5378-50
3
18687-1
5497-89
3
18520-3
5377-93
6
18589-0
5497-37
4©
185220
5377-56
4
18590-3
5496-90
5
18523-6
5377-33
3
18591-1
5396-54
3
18524-9
537702
4
18692-2
6396-33
3
18525-6
5376-74
3
18593-1
5395-95
3
18526-9
5376-26
2n
18594-8
5395-73
3
18627-7
5375-92
7
18596-0
5395-46
3
18628-6
5375-39
3
18598-8
5395-24
2
18529-4
5375-12
3
18598-7
5395-01
3
18530-1
5374-84
3
18599-7
5394-66
4b
18531-3
537449
2
18600-9
5394-18
4
18533-0
5374-25
3
18601-7
5393-91
2
18533-9
5373-74
3
18603-5
5393-66
4
18534-8
5373-57
3
18604-1
5393-23
2
18536-3
5373-01
4
18606-1
5392-74
4
18538-0
5372-65
2
18607-3
5392-52
2
18538-7
5372-30
6
18608-5
5392-29
2
18539-5
637211
6
18609-2
5392-05
3
18540-3
5391-77
5391-47
4©
2
18541-3
18542-3
Group 5372
-5354
5391-16
3
18543-4
6371-31
3
186119
5390-90
6
18544-3
6371-01
3
186130
5390-48
2
18545-7
5370-60*
3*
18614-4
5389-92*
6
18547-7
5369-93
?}
18616-7
5389-57
2
18548-9
5369-44
18618-4
5389-31
2
18549-8
5369-00
3
18619-9
5388-93
4
18661-1
5368-61*
4*
18621-3
5388-61
3
18552-2
5368-18
3
18622-8
5388-15
4
18563-7
5367-45
3
18625-3
5387-72
3
18555-3
53G7-21
18626-1
5387-49
3
1 85560
5366-47
3
18628-7
5387-22
3
18557-0
5366-16
2
18629-8
5386-92
2
18558-0
5365-64
6©
18631-6
232
REPORT 1892.
Bromine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-
[ntensity and
Oscillatioa
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
[ntensity and
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
length
Cliaracter
length
Character
5365-39
3
18632-5
5345-02
2
18703-4
5364-82
3
18634-4
5344-72
3
18704-4
5364-27
5
18636-4 '
5344-45
4
18705-4
5364-00
4
18637-3 '
5344-09
4
18706-6
5363-44
4
18639-2
5343-76
5sO
18707-8
5363-20
4
18640-1
5343-41
4
18708-0
5362-85
3
18641-3
5343-12
5
18709-1
5362-36
4
18643-0
5342-80
4
18711-2
5361-92*
4
18644-5
5342-38
6
18712-6
5361-62
2
18645-6
5341-82
6
18714-6
5361-37
4
18646-4
5340-92
6
18717-8
5361-07
4
18647-6
5340-56
3
18719-0
5360-69
3
18648-8
5340-01
4
18721-0
5360-33
3
18650-1
5339-65
4
18722-2
5360-00
4
18651-2
5339-24
4
18723-7
5359-73
3
18652-2
5338-85
3
18724-0
5359-46
3
18653-1
5338-60
2
18725-9
5359-22
3
18653-9
5338-31\
5338-07 /
7
18726-9
5358-95
3
18654-9
18727-8
5358-69
2
18655-7
5337-76
2
18728-8
5358-35
5
18656-9
5337-46
4s
18729-9
5357-92
4
18657-4
5336-83
2
18732-1
5357-64
2
18658-3
5336-53
4
18733-2
5357-38
4
18660-2
5336-23
2
18734-2
5357-06
3
18660-3
5335-91
2
18735-3
5356-49
7
18662-3
5335-60
4
18736-4
5355-62
5
18666-4
5334-91 \
5334-70/
4
18738-9
5355-24
3
18667-7
18739-6
535501
3
18668-5
5334-23 1
5333-94 \
K
18741-2
5354-71
3s
18669-5
o
18742-3
5353-80
7
18672-7
5333-49
3
18743-8
5333-11
6
18745-2
Group 5354
-5333
5353-25
2
18674-6
Group 5333
-5317
5353-00
4
18675-5
5352-62
3
18676-8
5332-80
3
18746-3
5352-21
3
18678-3
5332-56
2
18747-1
5351-64
2
18680-3
5332-28
3
18748-1
5351-44
4
18681-0
5332-07
3
18748-8
535119
3
18681-8
5331-79
3
18749-8
5350-86
3
18683-0
5331-55
3
18750-7
5350-65
2
18683-7
5331-30
4
18751-5
5350-37
4
18684-7
5331-02
2
18752-5
5350-15
5
18685-5
5330-74
5
18753-5
5349-74
5
18686-9
5330-44
5
18754-6
5349-06
4
18689-3
533006
5
18755-9
5348-35
2
18691-7
5329-60 \.
5329-30/1
8
18757-5
5348-06
6
18692-8
18758-6
5347-87
18693-4
5328-09*
5
18762-8
5347-48
4
18694-8
5327-81
2
18763-8
5346-93
3
18696-7
5327-34
5
18765-5
5346-66
4
18697-7
5327-00
5
18766-7
5346-42
3
18698-5
5326-67
4
18767-8
5346-07
3
18699-7
5326-40t
'}
18768-8
5345-80
4
18700-7
5326-10
18769-9
5345-41
5
18702-0
6325-86
4
18770-7
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 233
Bbomink (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Osoillation 1
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5325-61 \.
5325-24/'
3
18771-6
5308-18
2
18833-2
18772-9
5307-77
5
18834-7
5325-03
4
18773-6
5307-27
5
18836-5
5324-72
4
18774-7
5306-92
2
18837-7
53l'3-98
4
18776-3
5306-65
4
18888-7
5323-76\
5323-40J
5
18777-1
5306-30 )
5
18839-9
18779-4
5806-12 if
18840-6
5323-07
4
18780-5
5305-86
2
18841-5
5822-61
4
18782-2
5305-59
4
18842-4
5322-26
8
18783-4
5305 22
4
18843-8
5321-84
2
18784-9
5305-09
3
18844-2
5321-53*
3*
18785-0
5304-90
2
18844-9
5321-15
4
18786-3
5304-65
4
18845-1
5320-81
3
18788-5
5304 34
2
18846-9
5320-55
3
18789-4
5304-06
5
188479
5320-27
4
18790-4
5803-68
3
18849-2
5319-771
18792-2
5308-50
2
18849 9
5319-56 y
6
18792-9
5303-25
3
18850-8
5319-11 J
18794-5
630305
3
18851-5
5318-66
4
18796-1
5302-86
3
18852-1
5318-40
8
18797-0
530215
3
18854-7
6318-09*
3
18798-1
5301-83
4
18855-8
5317-70
5
18799-5
5301-57
2
18856-7
5317-40
2
18800-6
5301-08*
18858-5
5317-16
4
18801-4
5300-74
3
18859-7
5300-57
3
18869-3
5300-20
3s
18861-6
Group 5317
-5289
5299-81
3b
18868-0
6299-43
8
18864-8
5316-90
4
18802-3
6298-35
4©
18868-2
5316-47
2
18803-9
5298-06
3
18869-2
5316-09
4 b*?
188052
6297-48
1
18871-3
5315-85
2
18806-1
5296-48
4/
18874-9
5315-60
2
18807-0
6296-15 :
6295-73
5
18876-0
5315-30 \
5315-08/
4
18808-0
t
18877-5
18808-8
5295-29
3
18879-1
5314-83
2
18809-7
5295-04
3
18880-0
5314-551
5
18810-7
5294-77
3
18881-0
5314-30/
18811-6
5294-32
4
18882-6
5313-85
8
18813-1
6293-94
4
18883-9
5313-46
4
18814-5
6293-56
5
18885-3
5313-09
3s
18815-8
5293-27
3
18886-3
5312-67
3
18816-3
5292-94
3
18887-5
5312-42
2
18818-2
5292-72
3
18888-3
5312-19
2
18819-0
5292-42
2
18889-3
5311-91
4
18820-0
5292-06
5
18890-6
5311-66
2
18820-9
5291-78
2
18891-6
5311-17
4
18822-6
5291-49
4
18892-7
6310-91
4
18823-6
5291-30
4
18893-3
5310-69
2
18823-3
529102
3
18894-8
5310-43
4
18824-3
5290-78
3
18895-2
5310-17
=}^
18826-2 .
6290-47)
6
18896-3
5309-71
18827-8
5290-21 ■
18897-2
5309-34
3
18829-1
5289-93
*
18898-2
530911
3
18829-9
6289-53
4
18899-7
5308-86
3
18830-8
5289-19
2
18900-9
5308-46
4
18832-2
6288-85
5
18902-1
234
KEPOBT — 1892.
Bromine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Group 5289
-5262
5267-74
5267-36
4
4
18977-9
18978-2
fe288-63
3
18902-9
5266-64
4
18981-8
fe288-33
2
18904-0
5266-03*
30
18984-0
6288-07
2
18904-9
5265-73
2
18985-1
6287-76
4
18906-0
6265-48
3
189860
5287-51
2
18906-9
6265-20
3
18987-0
5287-30
3s
18907-6
5264-86
2
18988-2
6287-03
3s
18908-6
5264-29
4
189903
5286-74
3*?
18909-6
5263-98
2
18991-4
5286-36
5
18911-0
6263-55
4
189930
6285-91
3
18912-6
5263-21
3
18994-2
5285-49
40
18914-1
5263-02
3
189959
5285-11*
4
18915-5
5262-37
2
18997-2
5284-73
4
18916-8
5284-44
5283-75
30
3
18917-9
18920-4
Group 5262
-5213
5283-44
2
18921-5
6261-81
2
18999-3
6283-08
4
18922-7
5261-59
2
19000-1
'6282-83
3
18923-6
5261-37
3
19000-8
5282-53
2
18924-7
5261-17
4
19001-6
5281-97
2
18926-7
5260-96
l>
19001-3
:E281-77
2
18927-4
5260-40
19004-4
5281-50
2
18928-4
5260-10
3
19005-4
5281-07
4
18930-0
6259-87
3
19006-3
5280-74
3©
18931-1
5259-54
5
19007-5
5280-26
4
18932-9
5259-22
^JMin.
19008-6
5279-89
2
18934-2
5268-87*
19009-9
6279-44
4
18935-8
5268-54
2
19011-1
6279-12
3
189369
5258-32
3
19011-9
5278-67
4
18938-6
5258-10
4
19012-7
5278-31
2
18939-9
5257-83
4
190136
5277-96
3
18941-1
6257-43
4
19015-1
'5277-71
3
18942-0
5257-09
3
19016-3
5277-47
3
18942-9
5256-82
3
19017-3
5277-23
3
18943-7
5256-32
6
19019-1
527700
3
18944-6
5255-79
6
19021-0
5276-67
2
18945-7
6255-06
2
19023-7
5276-19
4
18947-5
5254-74
5
19024-8
6275-62
5©
18949-5
5254 30
4-
19026-4
5274-81
3
18952-4
5254-03
2
19027-4
5274-34
4
18954-1
5253-77
5©
19028-3
5274-02
4
18954-3
5253-33
5
19029-9
5273-73
50
18956-3
525301
2
19031-1
5273-04*
5
18958-8
6252-75
3
19032-0
5272-68 \.
6272-29/ T
5
18959-1
5252-50
4
19032-9
18961-5
5251-87
6
19035-2
5271-95
4
18962-7
5251-48
5
19036-6
5271-72
3
18963-5
5251-24
5
19037-5
5271-51
2
18964-3
5250-33
4
19040-8
6271-26
4
18966-2
5250-06
4
19041-8
5271-09
2
18965-8
5249-73
6
190430
5270-34*
2
18968-5
5249-41
4
19044-2
5269-43
4n
18971-8
5248-80
«}Min.
19046-4
5268-92
4
18973-6
5248-30*
19048-2
6268-59
4
18974-8
6247-61
6
19050-7
i6268-06
2
18976-7
6247-34
50
19051-7
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 235
Bbomine (Absorption)— c(m<is»«e<Z.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscilhition
Frequency
in Vacuo
5247-03
2
19052-8
5226-65
4
19127-0
5246-76
4
19053-8
5226-38
3
19128-0
5246-45
3
19054-9
5226-18
3
19128-7
6246-18
3
19055-9
5225-87
50
19129-9
5245-83*
4
19057-2
5225-451
6224-61/
PC
19131-4
5245-33
6
19059-0
o
19134-5
5245-01
4t
19060-1
5224-23
4
19135-9
5244-60
19061-6
6223-97
4
19136-8
6244-33
Ih
19062-6
5223-75
2
19137-6
5243-47
19065-7
5223-44
5
19138-8
5242-66
3
19068-7
5223-02
5
19140-3
5242-37
5
19069-7
5222-32
5
19142-9
5241-88
6
19061-5
5222-04
3
19143-9
5221-82
5
19144-7
Group 5243
-5215
5221-47
5221-05*
4
4
19146-0
19147-5
5241-72
6
19072-0
5220-69
5
19148-9
5241-48
3
19072-9
5220-34
3
19150-1
5241-34
3
19073-4
5220-07
3
19151-1
524112
2
19074-2
5219-60*
5
19152-9
5240-75
5
19075-5
5219-28
4
19154-0
5240-44
2
19076-7
5218-03
2
19158-6
5240-16
50
19077-7
5217-54
3
19160-4
6239-87
2
19078-7
5217-23
3
19161-6
5239-69
8
19079-4
5216-95
4
19162-6
5239-45
4
19080-3
6216-45
2
19164-4
5239-23
4
19081-1
521619
2
19165-4
5239-00
3
19981-9
6215-92
7
19166-4
5238-77
19082-7
5238-47
5238-211
19083-8
19084-8
Group 5215
-5202
5238-00/
19085-6
5214-85
3
19170-3
5237-66*
o
19086-8
5214-53
3
19171-5
5237-37
19087-8
5214-23
3
19172-6
5236-88
19089-6
5213-98
3
19173-5
5236-07
19092-6
5213-59
2
19174-9
6235-70
19093-9
5213-31
3
19176-0
5235-19
4
19095-8
5213-07
3
19176-8
5234-69
3
19097-6
5212-82
2
19177-8
5234-43
3
19098-6
5212-47
2
19179-1
5234-00
6
190991
521214
4
19180-3
5233-62
5
19101-5
5211-83
5
19181-4
5232-82
5
19104-6
5211-56
2
19182-4
6232-50
4
19105-6
5211-30
2
19183-4
5232-18*
5
19106-8
5211-00
3
19184-5
5231 91 "1
5231-39/
4 4 Lines
/ 19107-8
19109-7
5210-40
4
19186-7
5210-08
3
19187-9
5231-16
3
19110-5
6209-75
3
19189-1
5230-93
3
19111-4
5209-41
4
19190-3
5230-71
3
19112-2
5208-39
2
19194-1
5230-47
4
19113-0
5207-80
4
19196-3
5229-68
4
19116-9
5207-39
2
19197-8
5229-40
4
19117-0
5207-21
2
19198-4
5229-04
4
19118-3
6206-96
2
19199-4
5228-54
2
19120-1
5205-77
2
19203-8
5228-28
4
19121-0
5205-54
2
19204-6
5227-98
4
19122-1
6205-28
4s
19205-6
236
KEPORT — 1892.
Bromine (Absorption) — continued.
Wave-
length
Intensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequenc}'
in Vacuo
Wave-
length
[ntensity and
Character
Oscillation
Frequency
in Vacuo
5204-5-2
3s
19208-4
Group 5184 -
-5159
5203-96
3
19210-4
5183-60
6
19285-9
5203-73 I
5203-33 f
4b
19211-3
5183-25
2
19287-2
19212-8
6183-06
3
19287-9
5203-04
>
19213-8
5182-72
4n
19289-2
5202-33
19216-5
5182-27
4n
19290-9
5181-83
4n
19292-5
5181-62
3n
19293-3
Group 5202
-5184
5181-34
3
19294-3
5180-82
5
192963
620207
3
19217-4
5180-39
4
19297-9
5201-77
2
19218-5
5180-03
4
19299-2
5201-44
4
19219-7
5179-68
4\
19300-5
5201-00*
3
19221-4
5179-26
2 b
19302-1
5200-721
5200-44 1
4n
19222-4
5178-56
7
19304-7
19223-4
5178-28
3
19305-7
5200-18)
5199-86)'
4
19224-4
5178-00,
5177-56 f
5b
19306-8
19225-6
19308-4
5199-53
2
19226-8
5177-30
2^
19309-4
5199-29
2
19227-7
5177-05
4lb
19310-3
5199-00
4©
19228-8
5176-66
3)
19311-8
5198-21
5
19231-7
5176-39
5
19312-8
5197-90
5
19232-8
5176-07
5
19314-0
5197-49
4
19234-4
5175-68
5
19315-4
5197-17
2
19235-5
5175-41
2
19316-4
5196-91
4
19236-5
5174-91
7
19318-3
5196-69
5
19237-3
6174-46
4
19320-0
5196-41
4
19238-3
5173-82
5
19322-4
5196-04
4
19239-7
5173-52
5
19323-5
5195-52
4
19241-6
5172-72
5
19326-5
5194-94
3
19243-8
5172-43
3
19327-6
5194-63
3
19244-9
5171-64
3
19330-5
5194-24
5
19246-7
5171-08
3
19332-6
5193-96
2
19247-4
5170-78
4
19333-7
5193-61
4
19248-7
5170-60
4
19334-4
5193-28
5
19249-9
5170-36
3
19335-3
5193-00
5
19251-0
5170-11
3
19336-2
5192-34
3
19253-4
5169-85
4
19337-2
5191-80
50
19255-4
5169-60
3
19338-2
5191-52
2
19256-5
5168-26
6
19343-2
5191-28
3
19257-4
5167-41
6
19346-4
5190-92
3
19258-7
5167-04
4
19347-7
5190-50
4
19260-3
5166-87
2
19348-4
5190-14
3
19261-6
5166-31
4
19350-5
5189-59
6
19263-6
5165-93
4
19351-9
5188-76
4
19266-7
5165-39
4
19353-9
5188-22
5
19268-7
5165-05
4
19355-2
5187-88
5
19270-0
5164-31
5
19358-0
5187-55
3
19271-2
5163-86
4
19359-6
5187-23
5
19272-4
5163 35
6*
193616
5186-89
2
19273-7
5163-00
3
19362-9
5186-55
5
19274-9
5162-30
4
19365-5
5186-00
4'
19277-0
5161-93
5
19366-9
5185-46*
Hb
5
19279-0
5161-471
5161-23)
5
19368-6
5185-17,
5184-921"
19280-1
19369-5
19281-0
5160-54
6v.
19372-1
5184-57
6
19282-3
5159-97
4
19374-2
5184-29
6
19283-3
5159-70
2
19375-3
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTEA OF THE ELEMENTS. 237
Alumikidm Oxide (Arc Spectrum).
Hasselberg, 'Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar,' Bandet 24, 1892.
Reduction
d X
1 K eduction
« >,
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o o"
rs a"
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
.2 «
-3 c
A +
1_
\
A +
1_
\
Group 44
71-4648
4483-50^
4483-81 ].
5bs
1-33
1-34
6-6
22297-4
22295-9
4470-63
8)
1-33
6-7
22361-5
4483-95J
22295-2
4471-18
b
22358-8
4484-19
5
22294-0
4471-30
22358-2
4484-90
4 lb
4j
22290-4
4471-49
3
22357-2
4485-12
22289-3
4471-67
2
22356-3
4485-27
22288-6
4471-86
4
6-7
22355-4
4485-64
5)
22286-8
4472-11
4
6-6
22354-2
4485-81
l^-
22285-9
4472-33
4
22353-1
4485-97
22285-1
4472-59
3
22351-8
4486-41
4)
22282-9
4472-87*
5
22350-4
4486-59
4
22282-0
4473-16*
4
22349-0
4486-75
4
22281-2
4473-48*
4
22347-4
4487-11
4
22279-5
4473-78*
4
22345-9
4487-40
3
22278-0
4474-09
5n
22343-3
4487-56
5
22277-2
4474-51
6n
22342-2
4487-95
4
22275-3
4474-89
5
22340-3
4488-18
3
22274-1
4475-00
3
22339-8
4488-37
3
22273-2
4475-25
5
22338-5
4488-75
5n
22271-3
4475-36
2
22338-0
4489-02
3
22270-0
4475-69
5
22336-3
4489-18
3
22269-2
4475-80
2
22335-8
4489-30
2
22268-6
4476-58 \
4476-79/
5
22331-9
4489-61
5n
22267-0
22330-8
4489-86
4
22265-8
4477-00
5
22329-8
4490-04
3
22264-9
4477-23
2
22328-6
4490-26
2
22263-8
4477-59
5
22326-8
4490-46*
4
22262-8
4477-87
2
22325-4
4490-73
5
22261-5
4478-09
4
22324-3
4490-89
5
22260-7
4478-22
3
22323-7
4491-10
2
22259-7
4478-45
2
22322-5
4491-34*
4
22258-6
4478-64
6
22321-6
4491-63
4
22257-0
4478-79
2
22320-9
4491-76
4
22256-4
4479-17
5
223190
4492-05
3
22254-7
4479-38
3
22317-9
4492-21*
4
22254-2
4479-70'\
5b
22316-3
4492-49
4
22252-8
4479-91/
22315-3
4492-69
4
22261-8
4480-34
5
22313-1
4493-10
5
22249-7
4480-53
3
22312-2
4493-38
4
22248-4
4480-831
4481-02/
5b
22310-7
4493-58
3
22247-4
22309-7
449402
2
22245-2
4481-13
2
22309-2
4494-22
9
22244-2
4481-31
2
22308-3
4495-38
4
22238-5
4481-52 1
q
22307-3
4495-55
4
22237-6
4481-77/
t»
22306-0
4496-81
t}'
22236-3
4482-14
4n
22304-2
4495-98
22235-5
4482-63
3
22301-7
4496-30
5
22233-9
4482-821
4483-22 r
5b
22300-8
4496-56
4
22232-6
22298-8
4496-86
6n
22231-1
238
REPORT 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Arc Spectrum) — contintced.
Reduction
e X
Reduction
a >,
Wave-
length
Intensitj
and
Character
to Vacuuin
-2S
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuun
' -2S
1_
1_
\ +
\
\ +
\
6cS
4497-19
3
1-34
6-6
22229-5
4508-57
2
1-34
6-6
22173-4
4497-30
3
22229-0
4508-80
4
22172-2
4497-53
4
22227-8
4508-98
5
22171-4
4497-91*
5
22225-9
4509-10
5
22170-8
4498-29
^\
22224-1
4509-55
5
22168-6
4498-49
2
22223-1
4509-77
5
22167-5
4498-67
2
•
22222-2
4510-03
2
22166-2
4498-88
2
22221-1
4510-15
2
22165-5
4499-06*
4'
22220-3
4510-32
2
22164-8
4499-41 \
4499-53/
4
22218-5
4510-48
5
22164-0
22217-9
4510-61
5
22163-3
4499-71
3
22217-0
4510-83
2
22162-3
4499-93 \
4500-00 /
5
22216-0
4511-06
4
22161-1
222156
4511-25
6
22160-2
4500-16
2
22214-8
4511-38
6
22159-6
4500-43*
5
22213-5
4511-89
3
22157-1
4500-63
4
22212-5
4512-07
6
22156-2
4500-86
4
22211-4
4512-20
6
22155-5
4500-99
4
22210-7
4512-48
3
22154-2
4501-10
4
22210-2
4512-67
5
22153-2
4501-34
4
22209-0
4512-91
5
22152-0
4501-51
4
22208-2
4513-05
4
22151-4
4501-65
4
22207-5
4513-35
4
22149-9
4501-86
3
22206-4
4513-52
4
22149-1
4502-00
5
22205-7
4513-71
4
22148-1
4502-13
5
22205-1
4513-84
4
22147-5
4502-37
40
22203-9
4514-39
4
22144-8
4502-63
4
32203-1
4514-63*
5b
22143-6
4502-72
5
22202-2
4515-03
3
22141-6
4502-98
3
22200-9
4515-18
3
22140-9
450313
5
22200-2
4515-27
3
22140-5
4503-23
5
22199-6
4515-42
4
22139-7
4503-51
3
22198-3
4515-59
3
22138-9
4503-69
4
22197-2
4515-95
3
22137-1
4503-84
3
22196-7
4516-17
4
22136-1
4504-14 \
4504-43/
6b
22195-2
4516-37
4
22135-1
22193-8
4516-54
10
22134-2
4504-74
4
22192-2
4517-04
3
22131-8
4504-89
4
22191-5
4517-27
4
22130-7
■ 4505-02
4
22190-9
4517-39
3
22130-1
4505-36
5
22189-2
4517-64
3
22129-8
4505-54
3
22188-3
4517-82
3
22128-0
4505-68
5
22187-6
4517-98
4
22127-2
4506-01
4\
22186-0
4518-16
4s
22126-3
4506-17
4
22185-2
4518-27
2
22125-8
4506-31
3
K
22184-5
4518-44
2
22124-9
4506-67
4("
22182-7
4519-00
3
221222
4506-86
2
22181-8
4519-14
4
22121-5
4506-99
4''
22181-2
4519-28
3
22120-8
4507-35
4
22179-4
4519-67*
4
22118-9
4507-53
6
22178-5
4519-94
4
1-34
22117-6
4507-65
3n
22177-9
4520-10
5
1-35
22116-8
4508-08
3
22175-8
4520-36
4
22115-5
4508-26
3
22174-9
4520-47
4
22115-0
4508-37
5
1
22174-4 1
4520-71
3
22113-8
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 239
Aluminium Oxide (Aec Spectrum) — continued.
Reduction
d X
Reduction
a >..
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o o
a ^
S a*
A +
1_
A.
\ +
1_
4520-84
4
1-35
6-6
22113-2
4534-49
4b
1-35
6-6
22046-6
4521-08
6
22112-0
4535-13
5 \h
3s r
22043-5
4521-19
5
22111-5
4535-48
22041-8
4521-65
5
22109-2
4535-67*
3
22040-9
4521-90
5
22108-0
4535-92
4
22039-6
4522-08
6
22107-1
4536-05
2
22039-0
4522-40
4
22105-5
4536-16
2
22038-5
4522-53
5
22104-9
4536-52
3
22036-7
4522-86 \
7b
22103-3
4536-75*
6
22035-6
4523-45J
22100-4
4537-00
4
22034-4
4523-85
4]
22098-5
4537-69
10
22031-0
4523-98
'h
22097-8
4537-98
\
22029-6
.4524-20*
22096-7
4538-14
b
22028-9
4524-47
5J
22095-4
4538-33
22027-9
4524-66
2
22094-5
4538-55
s)
22026-8
4524-88
4 •
22093-4
4538-80
2
22025-5
4525-04
5
22092-5
4539-28
2
22023-3
4525-47
3
22091-5
4539 46*
6
22022-4
4525-58
4
22090-0
4539-73
2
6-6
22021-1
4525-95
4
22088-2
4540-36*
6
6-5
22018-2
4526-14
5
22087-3
4540-65*
6
22017-8
4526-33
4
22086-3
4540-92
3
22016-5
4526-62
4
22084-9
4541-08
2
22015-7
4526-75
4
22084-3
4541-33
6b
22013-5
4527-23
5
22082-0
4541-57
2
22012-3
4527 42
6©
22081-0
4541-72
2
22011-6
4527-87
5
22078-8
4541-86
2
22010-9
4528-01
4
22078-2
4542-03
4s
22010-1
4528-56
«}bn
22075-5
4542-24*
4
22009-1
4528-74
22074-6
4542-50*
4
22007-8
4529-01
2
22073-3
4542-84
3
22006-2
4529-19
4
22072-4
4543-04
2
22005-2
4529-30
4
22071-9
4543-23*
7
22004-3
4529-48
4
22071-0
4543-71
4
22001-9
4529-69
4
22070-0
4543-90
3
22001-0
4529-87
4
22069-1
4544-17\
4544-28/
6
21999-7
4530 00
4
22068-8
21999-2
4530-22
2
22067-4
4544-53
3
21998-0
453038
2
22066-6
4544-71
5
21997-1
4530-53
4
22065-9
4545-15
5
21995-0
4530-68
5
22065-1
4545-29
5
21994-3
4530-84
40
22064-4
4545-52
2
21993-2
4531-27
50
22062-3
4545-70
4
21992-3
4531-42
4
22061-5
4545-91
3
21991-3
4531-81
5
22059-6
4546-10\
4546-39/
5b (4
21990-4
4532-00
6s
22058-7
lines)
21989-0
4532-13
4
22058-1
4546-57
3
21988-1
4532-76
5
22055-0
4546-79
4
21987-0
4532-93
3
22054-2
4546-94
3
21986-3
4533-04
4
22053-6
4547-18
3
21985-1
4533-20
5^
22052-9
4547-33
6
21984-4
4533-36
22052-1
4547-53
5
21983-5
4533-54
22051-2
4547-91*
4b
21981-6
4533-68
4
22050-5
4548-15
3
21980-5
4534-24
Sb
22047-8
4548-27
2
21979-9
240
EEPORT — 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Aec SPECT:nvM)^continued.
Reduction
a X
Reduction ! c t>.
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
= 5*
•r; a
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
O i/
A-1-
1
A.+
1
A"
4548-40
4
1-35
6-5
21979-2
4560-38
4^
1-36
6-5
21931-5
4548-58
2
21978-4
4560-56
3
21930-6
4548-71
4
219775
4560-69
3
21930-0
4548-93
2
21976-7
4560-88
3
^b
21929-1
4549 18
4
21975-5
4561-02
2
21928-4
4549-3G
4
21974-6
4561-21
4
21927-5
4549 51
4
21973-9
4561-39
4
21926-6
4549-77*
5
21972-6
4561-48
3'
21926-2
4550-02
2
21971-4
4561-75
4
21924-9
4550-16
2
21970-7
4562-17
4
21922-9
4550-40
6\
21969-6
4562-30
5
21922-3
4550-65*
5J
21968-4
4562-47
5
21921-4
4550-90
2
21967-2
4562-70
4
21920-3
4551-10*
4
21966-2
4563-12
4
21918-3
4551-33
2
21965-1
4563-34
4
21917-3
4551-54
2
21964-1
4563-57
4
21906-2
4551-83
5
21962-7
4563-77
4
21905-2
455204
4
21961-7
4564-01
4
21904-0
4552-22
3
21960-8
4564-26
4
21902-8
4552-55
5bn
21959-2
4564-47
2
21901-8
4552-81
3
21958-0
4564-71
3]
21900-7
4552-91
2
21957-5
4565-48
3 lb
21897-0
4553-15"!
4b
21956-3
4565 69
4j
21896-0
4553-30/
21955-6
4565-98
3
21895-6
455348
3
21954-7
4566-17*
5
21893-7
4553-79
3
21953-2
4566-40
3
21892-6
4554-01*
6
21952-2
4566-99
4
21889-8
4554-29*
4
21950-8
4567-10
2
21889-2
4654-(i5
4
21959-1
4567-32
4
21888-2
4554-80
3s
21958-4
4567-55
4
21887-1
4554-98
4
1-35
21957-5
4567-74
2
21886-2
455514
2
1-36
21956-7
4567-95
4
21885-2
4555-24
3
21956-2
4568-15
3
21884-2
4555-44
4
21955-3
4568-35
3
218H3-2
4555-57
5
21954-6
4568-56
3
21882-2
4555-83
3
21953-4
4568-79
3
21881-1
455(i-14
4
21951-9
4569-01
5
21880-1
4556-4G
2
21950-4
4569-13
5
21879-5
4556-(56
3
21949-4
4569-40
5
21878-2
4556-78
3
21948-9
4569-66
4
21877-0
4557 06
4
21947-5
4569-76
5
21876-5
4557-20
4
21946-8
4570-02
4
21875-2
4557-37
2
219460
4570-24
5
21874-2
4557-52
3
21945-3
4570-44
6
21873-2
4557-84
8
21943-7
4570-67
4
21871-5
4558-27
3
21941-6
4571-11
5
21870-0
4558-55
2
21940-3
4571-30
4
21869-1
4558-71
4
21939-5
4571-51
3
218ri8-l
4558-85
4
21938-8
4571-65 \
4t
21867-4
455900
5
21937-7
4571-87 )
21866-4
4559-33
2
21936-5
4572-22*
4
21864-7
4559-:,2 \
4559-75/
3t
21935-6
4572-42
5
21863-7
21934-5
4572-60
3
21862-9
4559-93
4
21933-7
4572-73
2
21862-3
4560-14
2
1
21932-6
4572-95
4
21861-2
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTHA OF THE ELEMENTS 2-il
Aluminium Oxide (Anc Spectuvm)— continued.
Reduction
fl >.
Reduction
C -i
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o C
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o g-
o a-
A +
1_
A.
\ +
1_
A.
4573-13
4
1-36
6-5
21860-4
4585-47
4
1-36
6-5
21801-5
4573-31
4
21859-5
4585-76
3
2] 800-1
4573-48
3
21858-7
4585-96*
4
21799-2
4573-71
4
21857-6
4586-27
4
21797-7
4573-87
4
21856-8
458G-50
4
21796-6
4574-05
4
21855-0
4586-69
4
21795-7
4574-19
2
21855-3
4586-88
4
21794-8
4574-48
4b
21853-9
4587-12;
3
21793-7
4574-67
4b
218530
4587-22/
21792-2
4574-91
2n
21851-8
4587-48
4
21792-0
4575-18
3
21850-6
4587-69
3
21791-0
4575-37
2
21849-6
4587-84
4
21790-2
4575-57
3
21848-7
4588-08
3
21789-1
4575-76
2
21847-8
4588-26
4
217S8-2
4575-98
3
21846-7
4588-51
4
21787-1
4576-18
3
21845-8
4588-71
2
21786-1
4576-47
61
5 b
21844-4
4588-89
3
1-36
21785-3
4576-76
21843-0
;4589-17
2
1-37
21783-9
4577-00
21841-9
4589-55
3b'
21782-1
4577-22
2
21840-8
4589-73
2
21781-3
4577-37
3
21840-1
4589-87
3
21780-6
4577-56
3
21838-2
4590-14
3
21779-3
4577-71
3
21838-5
4590-30
3
21778-6
4577-88
3
21837-5
4590-50
3
21777-6
4578-11
4
21836-6
4590-80
4
21776-2
4578-40
2
21835-2
4590-95
4
21775-5
4578-58
4
21834-3
4591-21
3
21774-2
4578-93
3
21832-7
4591-35
2
21773-6
4579-18
5n
21831-5
4591-57
3
■b
21772-5
4579-46*
3
218301
4591-73
3
21771-8
4579-84
2
21828-3
4591-86
3i
21771-2
458007
3
21827-2
4592-07*
4
21770-2
4580-25
3
21826-4
4592-29
3b
21769-1
4580-43*
4
21825-5
4592-46
3
21768-3
4580-70
3
21824-2
4592-64
3
21767-5
4580-94
3
21823-1
4592-92
3
21766-1
4581-18
5
21821-9
459314
4
21765-1
4581-52
4
21820-3
4593-42 I
4593-50 /
4
21763-8
4581-68
3
21819-5
21763-4
4581-96
3
21818-2
4593-72
4
21762-3
4582-07
3
21817-5
4593-97
6
21761-2
4582-19
2
21817-1
4594-25
4
21759-8
4582-44
4
21815-9
4594-51
3
21758-6
4582-71
5
21814-7
4594-68
4
21757-8
4582-96
5
21813-5
4594-87
'h
21756-9
4583-46*
2
21811-1
4595-13
21755-7
4583-71
4
21809-9
4595-39
4j
21754-4
4583-93
4
21808-8
4595-63
2
21753-3
4584-18
3
21807-6
4595-86
2
21752-2
4584-36
3
21806-8
4596-05*
5
21751-3
4584-58
4
21805-5
4596-25 \
4596-35 /
4
21750-4
4584-77
3
21804-6
21749-9
4584-89
3
21803 3
4596-53*
2
21749-1
4585-02
2
21803-6
4596-82
4
21747-7
4585-23
4
21802-6
4596-93
4
1
21747-1
1892.
242
EEPORT — 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Aec Specteum) — continued.
Reduction
ca >-.
Reduction
9 >'
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o v
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
.2 "
A +
A
A +
1_
A
4597-16
2
1-37
6-5
21746-1
4611-94
2
1-37 6-t
21676'4
4597-40
3
21744-9
4612-12
3
21675-6
4597-60*
4bn
21744-0
4612-32
2
21674-7
4597-86*
3
21742-7
4612-48
2
21673-9
4598-55
4
21739-5
4612-63
3
21673-2
4598-82
2
21738-2
4612-85
4
21672-2
4598-99
3
21737-4
4613-16
3
21670-7
4599-281
5
21736-0
4613-46
4
21669-3
4599-41/
21735-4
4613-85*
3
21667-5
4599-79
4n
21733-6
461409
2
21666-3
4600-22
4
21731-6
4614-27
2
21665-5
4600-43
3
21730-6
: 4614-49
4
21664-5
4600-71
4
21729-3
4614-78
4
21663-1
4601-16
8n
21727-1
4615-00
3
21662-1
4601-36
2n
21726-2
4615-22
3
21661-0
4601-65
4n
21724-8
4615-43
2
21660-0
4601-94
4n
21723-5
4616-14
4n j
21656-7
4602-41
2
21721-2
4616-68
21654-2
4602-58
3
21720-4
4616-97
3
21653-8
4602-88*
4
21719-0
4617-20 \
3t
21651-7
4603-43*
4
21716-4
4617-45J
21650-6
4603-72*
4
21715-1
4617-66
3
21649-6
4604-02*
2
21713-6
461800
3
21648-0
4604-17
2
21712-9
4618-14
2
21647-3
4604-39*
2
21711-9
4618-39*
3
21646-2
4604-73
40
21710-3
4618-64
2
21645-0
4604-95
3
21709-3
4618-84
3
21644-1
4605-25
4
21707-8
4619-10
3
21642-8
4605-601
4
21705-2
4619-46 \
3©
21641-1
4605-69/
21706-8
4619-78J
21639-6
4605-93
4
21704-6
462001
2
21638-6
4606-28
2n
217030
4620-24
2
21637-5
4606-48
3
21702-0
4620-54
4
21636-1
4606-65
2
21701-2
4620-77
3
21635-0
4606-85
3
21700-3
4620-95-1
21634-2
460713*
4
21699-0
4621-14 I
3b
21633-3
4607-38
2
21698-8
4621-32J
21632-4
4607-51
2
21697-2
4621-52
2
21631-5
4607-68*
3
21696-4'
4621-73
2
21630-5
4608-01 \
46aS-12 /
5
21694-8
21694-3
4621-95
4622-20
5
2
21629-5
21628-3
4608-40*
5
21693-0
4622-39
4
21627-4
4608-62
2
6-5
216920
4622-53
2
21626-8
4608-91
4
6-4
21690-6
4622-84
5
21625-4
4609-73
4
21686-8
4623-20
4
21623-6
4609-88
2
21686-1
4623-45
4
21622-5
4609-96
2
21685-8
4623-85
3
21620-6
461014
4
21684-9
4624-17
3
21619-1
4610-27
3
21684-3
4624-40
3
21618-0
4610-51
2
21683-2
4624-58
3
21617-2
4610-74
5
216821
4624-76
3
21616-3
4610-94
2
21681-1
4624-96
4
21615-4
4611-09
4
21680-4
4625-30
4n
1-37
21613-8
4611-20
3
21679-9
4625-67\
4625-77/
4b
1-38
21612-1
4611-53
3b'
21678-4
21610-8
ON WAVE-LENGTn TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 243
Alb
MINIl
m
XIDE (AE
C Spectrui
i) — continued.
Reduction
a >>
Reduction
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Charactei
to Vacuum
o o
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Charactei
to Vacuum
O -J
S a
C3 I*
1_
1
3 S
A.+
A.
A +
A.
462G-14)
1-38
6-4
21609-9
4640-83 \
4641-07 J
3t
1-38
6-4
21541-5
4626-3(5 •
4b
21608-9
21540-3
4626-52
21608-1
4641-29
3
21539-3
4626-74
4
21607-1
4641-45
2
21538-6
4626-89
4
216064
4641-72
3n
21537-3
4627-07
2
21605-7
4641-96
2
21536-2
4627-28
2
21604-6
4642-15
2
21535-3
4627-42
2
21603-9
4642-36
3b'
21534-4
4627-73
4
21602-5
4642-82
2
21532-2
4628-00
3
21601-2
4643-01
2
21531-3
4628-20
3
21600-3
4643-21
2
21530-4
4628-51
4
21598-8
4643-39
2
21529-6
4628-83
3
21597-3
4644-39
2
21524-9
4629-18
2
21595-7
4644-65
5n
21523-7
4629-33
2
21595-0
4644-95
4
21522-4
4629-81
2
21592-8
4645-09
3
21521-7
4629-96
4
21592-1
4645-37
3
21520-4
4630-30
4©
21590-5
4645-61
2
21519-3
4630-62
2
21589-0
4645-94
2
21517-8
463107
3
21586-9
4646-09
2
21517-1
4631-34
2
21585-6
4646-43
4n
21515-5
4631-56
2
21584-6
4646-79
3
21513-8
4631-76
2
21583-7
4647-28
2
21511-6
4631-98
2
21582-6
4647-47
2
21510-7
4632-13
3
21581-9
4647-79
2
21509-2
4632-28
3
21581-2
4648-07
2
21507-9
4632-64
4
21579-6
4633-02
2
21577-8
4633-18
3
21577-0
Group 4648
-4842
4633-44
2
21575-8
4633-56
3
21575-3
4648-14
12
21507-6
4633-98
^b
21573-3
4648-99
3
21503-6
4634-43
2j^
215712
4649-11
4
215031
4634-61
2
21570-4
4649-31
4
21502-2
4634-77
3
21569-6
4649-47
4
21501-4
4634-94
2
21568-8
4649-69
4
21500-4
4635-10
2
21568-1
4649-89
4
21499-6
4635-21
2
21567-6
4650-12
4
21498-4
4635-41
3
21566-7
4650-39
4*-l
21497-2
4635-72
2
21565-2
4650-67
4*L
21495-9
4635-87
3
21564-5
4650-97
4* p
21494-5
4636-04
2
21563-7
4651-27
5*J
21493-1
4636-18
2
21563-1
4651-58-1
4651-67/
5
21491-7
4636-35
3
21562-3
21491-2
4636-48
2
21561-7
4651-94 \
4652-04 /
21490-0
4636-84
4
215fiO-0
5
21489-5
4637-29
3
21557-9
4652-30 i
4652-37/
21488-3
4637-56
3
21556-7
5
21488-0
4638-55*
2
21552-1
4652-68
4
21486-6
4638-91
^b
21550-4
4652-78
3
21486-1
4639-23*
3|^
21548-9
465306
4
21484-8
463954
4n
21548-5
4653-18
3
21484-3
4640-08
2
21544-9
4653-51
4
21482-7
4640-33
2
21543-8
4653-61
3
21482-3
4640-62*
3
21542-4
4653-94
4
21480-8
B 2
244
EEPORT 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Arc Spectrum) — continued.
*
Keduction
CI X
Wave-
Intenfity
to Vacuum
g 2
length
and
Character
1
\-l-
A.
Ofe
4654-04
4
1-38
6-4
21480-3
4654-40
5
21478-6
4654-52
4
21478-1
4654-86
5
21476-5
4655-02
4
21475-8
4655-34
6
21474-3
4655-50
4
21473-6
4655-86
5
21471-9
465602
4
21471-2
4656-42
6
21469-3
4656-57
4
21468-6
4656-91
6
21467-1
4657-10
4
21466-2
4657-51
6
21464-3
4657-70
4
21463-4
4658-07
6
21461-7
4658-27
4
21460-8
4658-68*
6
21458-9
4658-91
4
21458-8
4659-25 \
4/
21456-3
4659-35/
21455-8
4659-55
21454-9
4659-88 \
4659-98/
1
21453-4
21462-9
4660-18
4/
21452-0
4660-54
4>
21450-3
4660-67
21449-7
4660-81
4|
1-38
21449-1
4661-20
^1
4S
1-39
21447-3
4661-34
21446-7
4661-54
4j
21445-7
4661-91
5 1
21444-0
4602-08
4
21443-2
4662-22
4j
21442-6
4662-01
51
214408
4662-78
4
21440-0
4662-90
5j
21439-2
4663-33
51
21437-5
4603-51
n
21436-7
4663-66
5/
21436-0
4664-07
4j
21434-1
4661-30
21433-0
4064-45
21432-3
4664-81
51
21430-7
4665-05
4
21429-6
4665-24
4/
21428-7
4665-62
51
21427-0
4665-85
4
21425-9
4666-03
4j
21425-1
4666-38
5]
21423-5
4666-67
4
21422-1
4666-85
4/
21421-3
4067-22
4
4j
21419-6
4667-50
21418-3
4667-67
21417-6
Wave-
lenKth
4668-04
4668-30
4668-54
4668-86*
4669 22
4669-40
4609-72'!
4669-79/
4670-12
4670-29
4670-62)
4670-72/
4671-02
4671-21
4071-531
4071-61 J'
4071-97
4672-15
4672-48
4672-62
4672-97
4673-14
4673-43
4673-58
4673-80
4073-91
4674-09
4674-38
4674-53
4674-71
4674-90
4675-15*
4075-37
4675-51
4675-05
4075-91
4676-37
4676-52
4670-66
4076-81
4676-96
4077-10
4077-20
4677-38
4677-50
4677-01
4077-84
4677-95 "J
4678-03/
4678-24
4678-41
4678-55
4678-74
4678-91
4079-23
Reduction
b-.
Intensity
to Vacuum
c 5»
c Si
and
^ ^
Charactei-
\ +
1_
\
51
1-39
6-4
21415-9
4
21414-4
4J
21413-6
l^
21412-1
21410-4
4j
21409-5
5
21408-2
21407-8
4
21400-3
4 J
21405-5
5]
21404-0
r*
21403-6
4j
21402-2
4
21401-3
5
21399-9
21399-5
2
21397-8
12
21397-0
21395-5
21394-9
4
21393-3
4
21392-5
3s
21391-2
4
21390-5
2
21389-5
3
22389-0
4
21388-1
5
21380-8
4
21380-1
3
21385-3
4
6-4
21384-4
3
63
21383-4
3
21382-4
4
21?81-7
3
21381-1
\Y
21379-9
21377-8
2
21377-1
2
21370-5
2
21375-8
41
21375-1
4 \h
21374-5
4/
21374-0
4]
21373-2
5U
21372-6
3J
21372-1
2
21371-1
5
21370-6
21370-2
3
21309-3
5
21308-5
5
21367-8
2
213S57-0
2
213156-2
3
21364-7
\
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTEA OF THE ELEMENTS. 245
Aluminium Oxide (Aec SPECTB,vii)—continved.
Reduction
a >>
Reduction
C3 >•
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Characte
, to V acuuni
^§
S cy
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Characte
to Vacuum
-J"
■■ A +
1_
' A +
1_
4679-51
4s
1-39
6-3
21363-5
4691-18
3
1-39
63
21310-3
4679-89
2
21361-7
4691-40
3
21309-3
468004
2
213610
4691-71
8
21307-9
4680-21
2
21360-3
4691-84
3
21307-3
4680-38
3
21359-5
. 4692-06
3
21306-3
4680-56
4s
21358-7
4692-27
5^
21305-3
4680-71
3
21358-0
4692-45
5
b
21304-5
4680-68
3
21356-7
4692-58
4
21303-9
4681-13
3 U
4j
21356-1
4692-67
4
21303-5
4681-30
21355-3
4693-11
4
21301-5
4681-66*
21353-6
4693-33
t}-
21300-5
4681-90
2
21352-5
4693-55
21299-5
4682-31*
3
21350-7
4693-67
3
21299-0
4682-52*
3
21349-7
469398
4
21297-6
4682-73
5s
21348-7
4694-20
3
21296-6
4682-85
5s
21348-2
4694-29
3
21296-2
4683-08
3
21347-1
4694'40
3
21295-7
4683-37
4
21345-8
4694-781
4695-30/
21293-9
4683-52
4s
21345-2
12n
21291-6
4683-69
2"b
4j
21344-4
4695-59
2
21290-3
4683-86
21343-3
4695-80
21289-3
4684-00
21343-0
4696-01 "1
6b
1-39
21288-4
4684-17
3
21342-2
4696-30 f
1-40
21287-1
4684-37
4
21341-3
4696-43
2
21286-5
4684-66
4 J
213400
4696-56
2
21285-9
4684-85
21339-1
4696-73
5
21285-1
468501
21338-4
4696-97
I}'
21284-0
4685- il
21337-9
4697-37
21282-2
4685-32
3
21337-0
4697-52
3
21281-5
4685-51
3
21336-1
4697-65
6
21280-9
4685-69*
8
21335-3
4697-90
6
21279-8
4685-84
9
21334-6
4698-07
2
21279-0
4686 03
tl}-
21333-7
4698-20
2
21278-4
4686-18
21333-0
4698-34
3
21277-8
4686-72
3
21330-6
4698-57
2
21276-8
4686-91
2
21329-7
4698-70
6 ' b
7j
21276-2
4687-07
* 1
21329-0
4698-90
21275-3
4687-33
3 }h
21327-7
4699-00
21274-8
4687-48
4s J
21327-1
4699-30
2
21273-5
4687-66
2
21326-3
4699-45
2
21272-8
4687-83
4
21325-5
4699-69
3
21271-7
4688-23
5
21323-7
4699-87
5
21270-9
4688-56
5
21322-2
4700-01
2
21270-2
4688-69
4
21321-6
4700-17
4
21269-5
4688-97
4
21320-3
4700-35
4
21268-7
4689-19
3
21319-3
4700-44
2
21268-3
4689-321
4689-49/
4
21318-7
4700-68
3
21267-2
21318-0
4700-89
5
21268-3
4689-77
6
21316-7
470104
5
21265-6
4689-95
5
21315-9
4701-18
3
21265-0
4690111
4690-19 /
4
21315-2
4701-30
3
21264-4
21314-8
4701-56
4)
21263-2
4690-58
3
213130
4701-74
r-
21262-4
4690-80
4
21312-0
470191
21261-7
469100
5
213111
4702-01
4J
1
21261-2
246
REPORT 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Arc Spectrum) — continued.
Reduction
C >~t
Reduction
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Chaiacfer
to Vacuum
o o
■-3 c
ll
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
1
1_
1
A +
A.
Ota
A +
A
Ota
4702-1 7 \
2
1-40
6-3
21260-5
4713-55
4
1-40
6-3
21209-1
4702-27J
21260-0
4713-84
4
21207-8
4702-53
3
21258-8
471406
4
21206-9
4702-70
4b
21258-1
4714-19
5
21206-2
4702-97
6b
21256-9
4714-37 \
4714-44/
3
21205-4
4703-64
3
21253-8
21205-1
4703-80
4
21253-1
4714-69
2
21204-0
4704-02
4
21252-1
4714-88
6
21203-1
4704-14
4
21251-6
4715-07
4
21202-3
4704-39
5b
21250-4
4715-45
6
21200-6
4704-60
3
21249-5
4715-74
4
21199-3
4704-75
3
21248-8
4716-02
^1
21198-0
4704-91
3
21248-1
4716-40
4U]
21196-8
4705-07 \
4705-16/
4
21247-4
4716-68
5j
21195-1
21247-0
4716-87
4
21194-2
4705-35
2
21246-1
4717-04
3
21193-4
4705-51
3
21245-4
4717-31
3
21192-2
4705-62
3
21244-9
4717-49
5
21191-4
4705-89 1
7
21243-7
4718-00
G
21189-1
4706-01 r
21243-1
4718-11
6
21188-6
470617\
4706-26/
7
21242-4
4718-33
6
21187-6
212420
4718-47
6
21187-0
4706-57
3
21240-6
4718-80
3
21185-5
4706-77
4
21239-7
4719-00
2
21184-6
4706-88
3
21239-2
4719-12
2
21184-1
4707-10
2
21238-2
4719-29\
4719-41/
7
21183-3
4707-26 1
7tb
21237-5
21182-8
4707-53 J
21236-3
4719-68
4
21181-6
4707-88
3
21234-7
4719-89
3
21180-6
4708-10
3
21233-7
472005
3
21179-9
4708-25
3
21233-0
4720-21
2
21179-2
4708-38
3
21232-4
4720-32
4
21178-7
4708-51
4
21231-8
4720-61
3
21177-4
4708-77
6
21230-7
4720-76
4
21176-7
4708-94
6
21229-9
4721-02
3
21175-6
4709-23
4
21228-6
4721-17
201
21174-9
4709-45
6
21227-3
4721-27
4 U
21174-4
4709-62
6
21226-8
4721-38
2 J
21173-9
4709-99
2
21225-2
4721-59
4
21173-0
4710-21*
6b
21224-2
4721-89
4
21171-7
4710-44
^1
4j
21223-1
4722-08
SI
21170-8
4710-61
212221
4722-26
4 lb
211700
4710-80
21221-5
472236
4]
21169-5
4710-97
3
21220-7
4722-56*
3
21168-7
4711-08
2
21220-3
4722-80
2
21167-3
4711-47
3
21218-5
472301
5
21166-6
4711-69
5
21217-5
4723-26
5
21165-5
4711-81
8
21217-0
4723-47
4
21164-3
4711-98
8
21216-2
4723-59
2
21164-0
4712-27
3
21214-9
4723-78*
2
21163-2
4712-47
4
21214-0
4723-99
3
21162-2
4712-57
3
21213-6
4724-09
3
21161-8
4712-97 '
6
21211-7
4724-27
4
21161-0
4713-16 \
5
21210-9
4724-52
l}^
1
21159-9
4713-35J
21210-0
4724-63
1
21159-4
ON WAYE-LBNGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 247
Aluminium Oxide (Aec fiFECTnvM)—contimted.
Reduction
>-,
Reduction
a X
Wave-
length
Intensity
£uad
Character
to Vacuum
O O
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o o
'Z. a
1
1_
\ +
A
OPi^
A.+
A
4724-86
^1
1-40
6-3
21158-3
4736-80
2
1-41
6-3
21105-0
4725-13
4 U
21157-1
4736-94
5
21104-4
4725-30
4j
21156-4
4737-20
4
21103-2
4725-61
4
211550
4737-38
4
21102-4
4725-72
2
21154-5
4737-61
5
21101-4
4726-03
5
21153-1
4737-86
4
21100-3
4726-24*
6b
21152-2
4738-17
4
21098-9
4726-59
4
21150-6
4738-50
5
21097-4
4726-83
3
21149-5
4738-75
5
21096-3
4727-20
4
21148-9
473900
4
21095-2
4727-40
6
21147-0
4739-17
4
21094-4
4727-81
2
21145-1
4739-42
5
21093-3
4728-01
4
21144-2
4739-78
5
21091-7
4728-17
21143-5
4739-99
i>
21090-8
4728-41
21142-5
4740-35
21088-2
4728-67
3
21141-3
4740-67
4
21087-8
4728-81
5
21140-7
4740-75
4
21087-4
4728-97
4
21139-9
4740-93
t>
21086-6
4729-10
4
21139-4
4741-26
21085-1
4729-29
5
21138-5
4741-57
3
21083-8
4729-43
5n
21137-9
4741-73
3
21083-0
4729-81*
3
21136-2
4742-06
3
21081-6
473003*
3
21135-2
4742-22
3
21080-9
4730-22
3
211344
4742-37
4
21080-2
4730-41
5
21133-5
4742-56
6s
21079-4
4730-58
4
21132-8
4442-79
4
21078-3
4730-68
4
21132-3
4742-99
4
21077-4
4730-88
3
1-40
21131-4
4743-16
4
21076-7
4731-15
2
1-41
21130-2
4743-37
3
21075-8
4731-37
3
21129-2
4743-65
4
21074-5
4731-52
5
21128-6
4743-851
5
21073-5
4731-69
5
21127-8
4743-94/
21073-2
4731-82
5
21127-2
4744-14
5
21072-3
4732-08
3
21126-0
4744-45
4
21071-0
4732-37
2
21124-8
4744-70
4
21069-8
4732-62
4
21123-6
4744-95 \
4745-17/
6
21068-7
4732-81
4
21122-8
21068-0
4732-96
2
21122-1
4745-57
4
21066-0
473311
3
21121-5
4745-83
4
21064-8
4733-35
5
21120-4
4446-11
4
21063-6
4733-46
5
21119-9
4746-30
4
21062-7
4733-77
4
21118-5
4746-63
4
21061-7
4733-97
2
21117-6
4746-64
4
21061-2
4734-14
3
21116-9
4746-95
4
21059-9
4734-35
3
21115-9
4747-12
3
21059-1
4734-62
3
21114-7
4747-23
4
21058-6
4734-83
4\
21113-8
4747-47
4
21057-5
4734-96
t\-
21113-2
4747-64
4
21056-8
4735-13
21112-4
4747-85 \
4747-96/
5
21055-9
4735-35
5J
21111-5
21055-4
4735-71
2
21109-8 1
4748-18
3
6-3
21054-4
4735-941
7
21108-8
4748-33
4
6-2
21053-8
4736-08/
21108-2
4748-57
3
21052-8
4736-32
5
21107-1
4748-88
4
21051-4
4736-53
3
21106-2
4749-02
2
21050-8
248
REPOET — 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Aec Spectrum)— c(?n<i«we«?.
Reduction
C >»
Reduction
>,
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
O O
Wave-
length
Intensitj'
and
Character
to Vacuu m
^ a
A +
1
4749-19
G
1-41
6-2
21050-0 !
4761-02
3
1-41
6-2
20997-7
4749-51
2
21048-6
4761-28
3
20996-5
4749-74
4
21047-6
4761-52
4^}b
20999-5
4750-01
4
21046-4
4761-80
20994-3
4750-2G
3
21045-3
4762-07
5bn
20993-1
4750-42
2
210446
4762-34
3
20991-9
4750-56
5
21043-9
4762-51
5©
20991-1
4750-84
4
21042-7
4762-691
r
20990-3
4751-13
4
21041-4
4762-81 /■
i)
20989-8
4751-33
3
21040-5
4763-02*
5
20988-9
4751-81
4
21038-4
4763-60
4b'
20986-3
4752-09
3
21037-2
4763-85
3
20985-2
4752-27
7
21036-4
4764-02
4
20984-5
4752-53
7
21035-2
4764-25
3
20983-5
4752-75
2
21034-2
4764-46
4«>
20982-5
4753-00
2
21033-1
4764-64
20981-7
4753-23 1
5
21032-1
4764-78
2
20981-1
4753-36 ]
21031-5
4764-93
3
20980-5
4753-54
5
21030-7 1
4765-14
^1
20979-5
4753-75
2
21029-8
4765-40
3 lb
20978-4
4753-99
4
21028-8
4765-54
3j
20977-8
4754-10
2
21028-3
4765-78
3
20976-7
4754-52
51
2102G-4
4765-95
3
1-41
20976-0
4754-68
5 1
21025-7
476G-30
4
1-42
20974-4
4754-90
M
21024-7
4766-53
6©
20973-4
475509
sj
21023-9
4766-75
6
20972-4
4755-31
3
21022-9
4766-95
4n
20971-6
4755-48
2
21022-2
4767-29
2
20970-1
4755-58
2
21021-7
4767-40
2
20969-6
4755-73
3
21021-1
4767-54
2
209690
4755-85
2
2102i)-5
4767-73
3
20968-1
475G-00
3
2101 9-9
4767-99
2
20967-0
4756-12
3
21019-3
4768-18
2
20960-2
4756-30
4
21018-5
4768-33
4
20965-5
4756-52
4
21017-G
4768-59
4
20964-4
475G-82
4
21016-2
4768-71
2
20963-0
4756-97
3
21015-6
476903
3
20962-4
475711
3
21015-0
4769-16
2
20961-9
4757-30
3
21014-1
4769-35
2
20961-0
4757-47 \
4757-54/
4
21013-4
4769-48
3
20960-4
21013-1
4769-90
2
20958-6
4757-75
40
21012-1
4770-19
4
20957-3
4757-89
4
21011-5
4770-53
3
20955-8
4758-12
4
21010-5
4770-66 1
4770-93 1
3
20955-3
4758-33
5©
21009-6
20954-1
4758-56
5
21008-6
4771-14
4
20953-1
4758-95
5
21008-6
4771-39
2
20952-0
4759-05
5
21006-4
4771-56
4
20951-3
4759-37
5
21005-0
4771-67
4
20950-8
4759-50
5
21004-4
4771-85
4
20950-0 ■
4759-83
3
21002-9
4772-10
4
20949-9
4759-99
3
21002-2
4772-37
3
20947-7
4760-32
fi
21000-8
4772-76
2
20946-0
4760-57
5
20999-7
4773-08
l>
20944-6
4760-78
5
20998-8
4773-23
20944-0 L
ON ■WATE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 249
Aluminium Oxide (Arc Spectrum) — continued.
Reduction
c t^
Reduction
>,
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o C"
^ a
Of=H
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
2 ^
K +
1
A.
6-2
A +
1_
4773-39
J}»
1-42
20943-3
4788-36
4
1-42
6-2
20877-8
4773o7*
20942-5
4788-56
2
20876-9
4773-86
3
20941-2
4788-90
4
20875-4
4774-08
5
20940-2
4789-23
5
20874-0
4774-35
4
20939-1
4789-60
4
20872-4
4771-68
4
20937-6
4789-89
2
20871-1
4774-93*
5
20936-5
4790-16
3
20869-9
4775-18\
4775-27/
■i
20935-4
4790-45 \
4790-73 /
bt
20868-7
4
20935-0
20867-4
4775-60
4
20933-6
4790-94 \
479113 J
2b
20866-5
4776-03
5
20931-7
20865-7
4776-3]
5
20930-5
4791-27
2
20865-1
4776-55
3
20929-4
4791-49
2
20864-1
4776-84
3
20928-1
4791-61
3
20863-6
4Vrra5
2
20927-2
4791-93
2
20862-2
4777-26
2
20926-3
4792-24
4
20860-9
4777-51
5
20925-2
4792-66
4r
20859-5
4777-79
4
20924-0
4792-71
3
20858-8
4777-95
4
20923-3
4792-91
2
20857-9
4778-25
5
20922-0
4793-08
2
20857-2
4778-56
3
20920-6
4793-26
2
20856-4
4778-75
2
20919-8
4793-65
3
20854-7
4778-95
3
20918-9
4793-83
2
20863-9
4779-25
5
20917-6
4793-98
2
20853-3
4779-61
4
209160
4794-39
l>
20851-5
4779-73
4
20915-5
4794-77
20849-9
4779-95
4
20914-5
4795-01
3
20848-8
4780-04
3
20914-1
4795-48
2
20846-8
4780-24
4
20913-2
4795-63
2
20846-0
4780-61
3
20911-6
4795-78
2
20845-6
4780-85
4
20910-6
4796-03
4
20844-4
4781-68
4
20906-9
4796-33
r.
20843- ]
4781-96
5b
20905-7
4796-63
3
20842-2
4782-26
5b
20904-4
4796-68
2
20841-5
4782-76
2
20902-2
4796-88
2
20840-7
4783-25
3
20900-1
4797-17
2
20839-4
4783-76»
3
20897-9
4797-41
2
20838-4
4783-96
3
20897-0
4797-62
2
20837-5
4784-14
2
20896-2
4798-02
2
20836-7
4784-28
4
20895-6
4798-26
3
20834-7
4784-47
3
20895-8
4798-45
2
20833-9
4784-61
3
20894-1
4798-601
2t
20833-2
4784-88
3
20893-0
4798-83J
20832-2
4785-25
4
20891-6
4799-05
3
20831-2
4785-56
2
20890-0
4799-31
3
20828-4
4785-78
2
20889-0
4799-71
3
20830-1
4786-04
2
20887-9
4800-181
4800-27/
3
20826-3
4786-35
3
20886-5
20826-0
4786-63
3
20885-3
4800-56
3
20814-7
4786-74
2
20884-8
4800-74
2
20813-9
4786-92
3
20884-1
4800-90
3
20813-2
4787-07
3
20883-4
480100
2
20813-8
4787-44
3
20881-8
4801-24
3
20811-8
4787-94
3
20879-6
4801-44
3
20810-9
4788-OT
3
20879-0
4801-67
2
20809-9
250
REPORT 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Aec Specteum) — continued.
Reduction
C X
Reduction
c: t..
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
Ota
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o o
Ota
A.+
1
A.+
1
A."
4801-77
2
1-42
6-2
20809-5
4817-49
3
1-43
6-2
20751-5
4802-02
2
1-43
20808-4
4817-67
2
20750-7
4802-16
3
20807-8
4818-40*
3
20747-6
4802-50
3
20806-3
4818-59
2
20746-8
4802-72
3
20805-3
4818-78
3
20745-9
4803-16*
4
20803-4
4818-93
3
20745-3
4803-42*
3
20802-3
4819-10
2
20744-6
4803-G8*
3
20801-2
4819-33
3
20743-2
4804-09
3
20799-4
4819-50
3
20742-8
4804-47
4
20797-7
4819-72
2
20741-9
4804-68
2
20797-8
4820-48
3
6-2
20738-6
4804-88
2
20796-0
4820-79
2
6-1
20737-3
4805-15
2
20794-8
4820-96
3
20736-6
4805-36
3
20793-9
4821-24
2
20735-4
4805-71
4
20792-4
4821-46
2
20734-5
4805-89
2
20791-6
4821-59
2
20733-9
4806-U
2
20790-6
4821-87
2
20732-7
4806-26
2
20790-0
4822-09
2
20731-8
4806-48
3
20789-0
4822-42
3
20730-4
4806-66
4
20798-3
4822-26
4
20729-3
4806-99
2
20796-8
4823-13*
3
20727-2
4807-61
3
20794-2
4824-23
3
20722-6
4807-70
3
20793-8
4824-60
2
20721-0
4807-95
4
20792-7
4824-79
2
20720-2
4808-401
4
20790-7
4825-06
2
20719-0
4808-49 J
20790-3
4825-25
2
20718-2
4808-73
3
20789-3
4825-49
2
20717-2
4808-97
3
20788-3
4826-02
2
20714-9
4809-26
2
20787-0
4826-22
2
20714-0
4809-80*
5s
20784-7
4826-48
2
20712-9
4810-16*
5s
20783-1
4826-65
2
20712-2
4810-53
3
20781-5
4826-85
2
20711-3
4810-92
3
20779-8
4826-98
2
20710-8
4811-27
4
20778-3
4827-38
3
20709-1
4811-56
4
20777-1
4827-75
2
20707-5
4811-77
2
20776-2
4828-09
2
20706-0
4812-02
2
20775-1
4828-23
2
20705-4
4812-30
4
20773-9
4828-44
2
20704-5
4812-39
2
20773-5
4828-64
2
20703-7
4812-55
4
20772-8
4829-10
4n
20701-7
4812-85
3
20771-5
4830-40
2
20696-1
4812-99
2
20770-9
4830-60
2
20695-3
4813-47
3n
20768-8
4831-33
2
20692-1
4813-79
3
20767-4
4831-47
2
20691-5
4813-94
2
20766-8
4831-77
3
20690-2
4814-21
3
20765-6
4832-16
2
20688-6
4814-45
4
20764-6
4832-36
3
20687-7
4814-66
2
20763-7
4832-94
2
20685-2
4814-84
4
20762-9
4833-51
3
20682-8
4815-17
3
20761-5
4833-99
2
20680-7
4815-61*
3
20759-6
4834-43*
2
20678-9
4816-01
4
20757-9
4834-90
3
20676-8
4816-30
3n
20756-6
4835-75
3
20673-2
4816-74
4
20754-7
4835-94
3
20672-4
4817-15
4
20753-0
4836-22
2
1-43
20671-2
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTBA OF THE ELEMENTS. 251
Aluminium Oxide (Aec Sfectrvm)— continued.
Reduction ; -i ;..
Reduction
n i-.
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Va(
A-l-
:uum
1
-Be
.•3 o"
« a>
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
- i-
O w
4836-44
3
1-44
6-1
20670-3
4848-65
3
1-44
6-1
20618-2
4836-72
2
20669-1
4848-81
4
20617-5
4836-91
2
20668-2
4848-91
4
20617-1
4837-25
2n
20666-8
4849-14
3
20616-1
4837-64
2n
20665-1
4849-32
4
20615-4
4838-00
3n
20663-6
4849-41
4
20615-0
4838-45
3a
20661-7
4849-62
3
20614-1
4838-96
3
20659-5
4849-79
4
20613-3
4839-94
2
20655-3
4849-91
4
20612-8
4840-24
3bii
20654-0
4850-12
3
20611-9
4840-44
3©
20653-2
4850-33
4
20611-1
4840-76
2
20651-8
4850-49
4
20610-4
4841-04
20
20650-6
4850-66
3
20609-6
4841-44
2
20649-9
4850-88
4
20608-7
4841-80
2
20647-4
4851-00
4851-19
4851-43
4
3
4
20608-2
20607-4
20606-4
Group C
\ 4842-5,041
4851-57
4
20605-8
4842-44
12
20644-6
4851-79
4
20604-8
484285
20642-9
4852-01
4
20603-9
4842-98
20642-2
4852-17
4
20603-2
4843-13
20641-7
4852-34
4
20602-5
4843-31
20640-9
4852-58
4
20601-5
4843-49
20640-2
4852-76
4
20600-7
4843-73
5
20639-1
4852-93
4
20600-0
4843-92
5
20638-3
4853-22
4
20598-8
4844-17
5
20637-3
4853-39
4
20598-1
4844-37
4
20736-4
4853-56
5
20597-3
4844-45
4
20636-1
4853-83
4
20596-2
4844-65
4
20635-2
4854-01
4
20595-4
4844-72
4
20634-9
4854-17
5
20594-7
4844-94
4
206340
4854-49
4
20593 4
484504
4
20633-6
4854-68
4
20592-6
4845-26
4
20632-6
4854-86
5
20591-8
4845-34
4
20632-3
4855-14
4
20590-6
4845-57
4
20631-3
4855-30
4
20590-9
4845-64
4
20631-0
4855-50
5
20589-1
4845-89
4
20629-9
4855-90
5
20587-4
4846-00
4
20629-5
485605
4
20586-8
4846-26
4
20628-4
4856-22
5
20586-0
4846-37
4
20627-9
4856-55
5
20584-6
4846-65
4
20626-7
4856-73
4
20583-9
4846-77
4
20626-2
4856-89
5
20683-2
4846-94
2
20625-5
4857-28
5
20581-5
4847-07
4
20624-9
4857-45
4
20580-8
4847-17
4
20624-5
4857-57
5
20580-3
4847-34
2
20623-8
4857-97
5
1-44
6-1
20578-6
4847-48
4
20623-2
4858-18
4
20577-7
4847-57
4
20622-8
4858-30
5
20577-2
4847-80
3
20621-8
4858-76
5
20575-3
4847-92
4
20621-3
4858-94
4
20574-5
484801
4
20620-9
4859-04
5
20574-1
4848-22
3
20620-0
4859-52
5
20572-1
4848-35
4
20619-5
4859-70
6
20571-3
4848-44
4
20619-1
4859-82
6
20570-8
252
EEPORT — 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Aec Spectrum) — eontinned.
Reduction
C !>.
Reduction
c >>
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o S"
|§
-o to ■
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o ?
-^ a
ON
A +
1_
\ +
1-44
1
4860-29
5
1-44
6-1
20568-8
4872-93
3
6-1
20515-4
4860-50
5
20567-9
4873-11
3
1-45
20514-7
4860-59
5
20567-5
4873-35
6
20513-7
4861-12
5
20565-3
4873-50*
6
20513-0
4861-33
4
20564-4
4873-72
2
20512-1
4861-41
5
20564-1
4873-90
3
20511-3
4861-92
4
20561-9
4874-03
3
20510-8
4862-14
6
20561-0
4874-20
2
20510-1
4862-24
4
20560-5
4874-41
6s 1
4 U
4 J
20509-2
4862-77
6
205583
4874-54
20508-7
4862-97
4
20557-5
4874-63
20508-3
4863-09
6
20557-0
4874-93
3
20507-0
4863-64
4
20554-6
4875-11
3
20506-3
4863-82
5
20553-9
4875-27
2
20505-6
4863-94
4
20553-4
4875-46
6
20504-8
4864-50
4
20551-0
4875-58
4
20504-3
4864-70
5
20550- 1 '
4875-71
4
20503-7
4864-79
4
20549-8
4875-80
2
20503-3
4865-43
4
205471
487605
3
20502-3
4866-61
5
20546-3
4876-25
3
20501-5
4865-67
4
20546-0
4876-39
2
20501-5
4866-33
4
20543-3
4876-56
6
20500-1
4866-54
8
20542-4
4876-64
6
20499-8
4866-80
2
20541-3
4876-84
5
204990
4866-93
2
20540-7
4876-96
3
20498-5
4867-06
2
20540-2
4877-26
3
20497-2
4867-26
4
20539-3
4877-45
2
20496-4
4867-48
7
20538-4
4877-64
5
20495-6
4867-78 \
4868-03/
2t
20537-1
4877-75
C
20495-2
20536-1
4877-98
4
20494-2
4868-05
4
20536-0
4878-20
3
20493-3
4868-42
7
20534-4
4878-54
3
20491-8
4868-63
2
20533-6
4878-79
6
20490-6
4868-77
2
20533-0
4878-90
6
20490-1
4868-88
2
20532-5
4879-15
5
20489-3
4869-08
2
20531-7
4879-35\
4879-54/
3
20488-4
4869-26
4
20530-9
20487-6
4869-37
4
20530-4
4879-91
6
20486-1
4869-45
6
20530-1
4880-07
7
20485-4
4869-69
3
205291
4880-32
4
20484-4
4869-82
3
20528-5
4880-56
3
20483-3
4870-06
2
20527-5
4880-72 1
4880-90/
3b
20482-7
4870-25
5
20526-7
20481-9
4870-46
6
20525-8
4881-10
5
20481-1
4870-77
3
20524-5
4881-25
7
20480-5
4870-91
3
20523-9
4881-51
6
20479-4
4871-24
6
20522-6
4881-96
3n
20477-5
4871-48
6©
20521-5
4882-24
8
20476-3
4871-60
2
20521-0
4882-43
8
20475-5
4871-74
2
20520-4
4882-71
5
20474-3
4872-02
2
20519-3
4882-96
3bn
20473-3
4872-29
6©
20518-1
4883-45
6
20471-2
4872-46
6
20517-4
4883-60
5
20470-6
4872-61
2
20516-8
4883-70
5
20470-2
4872-77
2
20516-1
4883-98
4
20469-0
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS. 253
Aluj
dlNIU]
a Oxide (Arc
Spectrum
) — continued.
Reduction
° X
Reduction
c >,
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o o
1_
1_
A.+
1-45
A
ED 1_|
A +
\
4884-25
3
61
20467-9
4897-95
5
1-45
60
20410-7
4884-48
3
20466-9
4898-17
3
20409-8
4884-66
5s
20466-1
4898-52
3
20408-3
4884-84
4s
20465-4
4898-79
3
20407-2
4884-96
3
20464-9
4899-16
6
20405-7
4885-03
2
20464-6
4899-37
6
20404-8
4885-26
5©
20463-6
4899-94
3
20402-4
4885-87
6
20461-1
4900-24
5
20101-2
4886-08
6
20460-2
4900-34
2
20400-7
4886-22
5
20459-6
4900-59
5
20399-7
4886-51
4©
20458-4
4900-79
5
20398-9
4886-73
2
20457-5
4901-82
3
20396-7
4886-95
3
20456-6
4901-45
4
20396-1
4887-11
4
20455-9
4901-74
3
20394-9
4887-31
4
20455-0
4902-03
4
20393-7
4887-52
4
20454-2
4902-25
4
20392-8
4887-79
6
20453-1
4902-40
3
20392-2
4887-85
2
20452-8
4902-53
3
20391-6
4888-41
6
20450-4
4902-76
2
20390-7
4888-57
e^b
20449-8
4903-03
3
20389-5
4888-85
20448-6
4903 24
2
20388-7
4889-11
4^)b
20447-5
4903-54
6
20387-4
4889-32
20446-6
4903-72
6
20386-7
4889-47
5s} b
20446-0
4904-49
3
20383-5
4889-68
20445-1
4904-67
2
20382-7
4889-85
5
20444-4
4904-84
6
20382-0
4890-14
4
20443-2
4905-04
6
20381-2
4890-44
6
20442-0
4905-22
6
20380 4
4891-00
5
20439-6
4905-81
2
20378-0
4891-18
5
20438-9
4906-07
6
283769
4891-301
4
20438-4
4906-31
3
20375-9
4891-53/
20437-4
4906-52
6s
20375^0
4891-77
4
20436-4
4906-71
6s
20374-2
4892-32
6
20434-1
4906-95
3
1-45
20373-3
4892-50
4
20433-3
4907-15
4
1-46
20372-4
4892-87
3
20431-8
4907-55*
3
20370-8
4«93-14
4
20430-7
4907-89
2©
20369-4
4893-32
3
20429-9
4908-03
4s
20368-8
4893-64
5
20428-6
4908-21
6b^
20368-0
4893-83
4
20427-8
4908-67
Sn
20366 1
4894-10
3
20426-7
4909-18
3
20364-0
4894-29
4
20425-9
4909-34
3
20363-3
4894-56
3
61
20424-7
4909-55
6©
20362-5
4895-00
7
6-0
20423-0
4909-80
4
20361-4
4895-20
7
20422-2
4909-93
2
20360-9
4895-65
4
20420-3
4910-55
3
20358-3
4895-93
3
20419-1
4910-72
4©
20357-6
4896-08
3
20418-5
4911-11
5
203560
4896-24
2
20417-8
4911-36
4©
20355-0
4896-37
5
20417-3
4911-82
3
20353-0
4896-58
5
20416-4
4912-00
8
20352-3
4897-07
5
20414-4
4912-41
3
20350-6
4897-27
3
20413-5
4912-74
5
20349-2
4897-36
4
20413-2
4912-94
4
20348-4
4897-75
5
20411-6
4913-06
3
20347-9
254
REPORT — 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Aec Spectrum) — continued.
Reduction
13 >-,
Reduction
CJ X
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o o
• f-t en
o a?
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
-5 O)
1_
1 _
A +
A.
oeS
A +
A
o£
4913-24
3
1-46
6-0
20347-2
4930-18
2
1-46
6-0
20277-2
4913-45
3
20346-3
4930-44
2
20276-2
4913-76
3
20345-0
4931-03
2
20273-7
4914-09
3
20343-6
4931-27
2
20272-7
4914-35
6
20342-6
4931-41
4
20272-2
4914-55
5
20341-7
4931-63
4
20271-3
4914-79
2
20340-7
4932-02
3
20269-7
4915-08
2
20339-5
4932-37
2
20268-2
4915-93
4
20336-0
4932-56
3
20267-5
4916-14
4
20335-2
4932-79
3
20266-5
4916-44
2
20333-9
4933-18
4
20264-9
4916-65
2
20333-0
4933-44
4
20263-8
4916-94
3
20331-8
4933-89
2
20262-0
4917-15
3
20331-0
4;)34-07
2
20261-2
4917-39
2
20330-0
4935-02
4
20257-3
4917-58
4
20329-2
4935-28
4
20256-3
4917-81
5
20328-2
4935-42
2
20255-7
4918-28
3
20326-3
4935-57
2
20255-1
4918-47
3
20325-5
4935-80
4
20254-1
4918-83
2
20324-0
4936-23
2
20252-4
4919-25
5
20322-3
4936-48
2
20251-3
4919-47
5
20321-4
4936-85
4
20249-8
4919-62
3
20320-8
4937-10
5
20248-8
4919-83
3
20319-9
4937-34
3
20247-8
4920-23
2
20318-2
4937-72
3
20246-3
4920-58
2
20316-8
4938-71
5
20242-2
4920-92
5
20315-4
4938-97
5
20241-1
4921-15
6
20314-4
4939-26
2
20239-9
4921-62
3
20312-5
4939'62
2
20238-5
4921-98
2
20311-0
4940-31
3
20235-6
4922-37
3
20309-4
4940-58
4
20234-5
4922-61
6
20308-4
4940-85
4
20233-4
4922-86
4
20307-4
4941-18
3
20232-1
4923-41
2
20305-1
4941-61
3
20230-3
4923-74
3
20303-8
4941-93
3
1-46
20229-0
4923-98
3
20302-8
4942-17
3
1-47
20228-0
4924-33
4
20301-3
4942-48
4
20226-8
4924-57
4
20300-3
4942-76
4
20225-6
4924-71
3
20299-8
4943-18
2
20223-9
4924-84
3
20299-2
4943-53
3
20222-5
4925-15
3
20297-9
4943-79
2
20221-4
4925-39
3
20297-0
4944-43
4
20218-8
4925-67
2
20295-8
4944-69
4
20217-7
4926-07
4
20294-2
4945-16
3
20215-8
4926-31
4
20293-2
4945-47
3
20214-5
4926-47
2
20292-5
4946-33
4
20211-0
4926-59
2
20292-0
4946-64
4
20209-7
4926-83
3
20291-0
4946-83
2
20209-9
4927-46
2
20288-4
4947-08
4n
20207-9
4927-81
4
20287-0
4947-55
3
20206-0
4928-05
5
20286-0
4948-34
4
20202-8
4928-30
4
20285-0
4948-56
4
20201-9
4929-26
2
20282-0
4948-80
3
20200-9
4929-57
5
20280-7
4949-19
3
20199-3
4929-83
5
202797
4949-60
3
20197-7
ON "WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTBA OF THE ELEMENTS. 255
Aluminium Oxide (Arc Spectrum) — co7itinued.
Reduction
>,
Reduction
G >-j
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o a
II
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
O -J,
1
1
A +
1-47
A
60
OP^
A +
5-9
4950-32
5
20194-7
4978-03
4
1-48
20082-4
4950-56
5
20193-7
4978-38
4
20081-0
4951-24
3
20191-0
4980-09
2
20074-1
4951-63
2
20189-4
4980-30
3
20073-2
4951-94
3
20188-1
4980-47
2
20072-5
4952-29
4
20186-7
4980-66
3
20071-8
4952-59
4
20185-4
4982-17
2
20065-7
4953-71
3
20180-9
4982-53
3
20064-2
4953-94
2
20179-9
4982-89
3
20062-8
4954-33
4
20178-4
4984-16
2
20057-7
4954-64
4
20177-1
4984-54
2
20056-1
4955-42
i
20173-9
4984-86
3
20054-8
4955-77
2
20172-5
4985-19
3
20053-5
4956-39
4
20170-0
4986-22
2
20049-4
4956-67
4
20168-8
4986-55
2
20048-0
4957-24
2
20166-5
4987-18
3
20045-5
4958-47
4
20161-5
4987-55
3
20044-0
4958-77
4
20160-3
4988-30
2
20041-0
495903
2
20159-2
4988-67
2
20039-5
4959-37
2
20157-8
4989-62
3
20035-7
4959-72
2
20156-4
4989-90
3
20034-6
4960-55
4
20153-1
4990-35
2
20032-8
4960-86
4
20151-8
4990-75
2
20031-2
4961-23
2
20150-3
4991-90
3
20026-5
4961-55
2
20149-0
4992-27
3
20025-1
4961-86
2
20147-7
4992-50
2
20024-1
4962-82
2
20145-9
4992-85
2
20022-7
4962-69
6
20144-4
4994-15
3
20017-5
4963-00
5
20143-1
4994-62
3
20015-6
4963-38
2
20141-6
4996-68
3
20007-4
4964-11
2
20138-6
4997-07
3
20005-8
4964-57
2
20136-7
4999-12
2
19997-6
4964-81
3
20135-8
4999-45
2
19996-3
4965-13
30
20134-5
5001-17
2
19989-4
4966-48
2
20129-0
6001-57
3
19987-8
4966-80
3
20127-7
5001-94
3
19986-3
4966-97
3
20127-0
5003-34
2
19980-7
4967-27
3
20125-8
5003-77
2
19979-0
4968-32
2
20121-5
5004-06
3
19977-9
4968-73
2
20119-9
5004-41
3
19976-5
4969-17
3
20118-1
5005-56
2
19971-9
4969-49
3
20116-8
5006-00
2
19970-1
4970-30
2
6-0
20113-5
5006-54
3
19968-0
4970-62
2
5-9
20112-3
5006-91
3
19966-5
4971-20
2
20110-0
5007-87
2
19962-7
4971-38
3
20109-2
5008-27
2
19961-1
4971-71
3
20107-9
5009-06
3
19957-9
4972-^4
2
20105-8
5009-43
3
19956-4
4972-57
2
20104-4
5010-10
2
19953-8
4973-58
4
20100-3
5010-49
2
19952-2
4973-92
4
20098-9
5011-59
3
19947-8
4974-24
2
20097-7
5011-94
3
19946-4
4974-58
2
20096-3
5012-38
2
19944-7
4975-82
4
20091-3
5012-80
2
1-49
5-9
19943-0
4976-13
4
1-47
20090-0
5014-12
2
19937-8
256
REPOKT — 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Aec SF'ECT'RTjM)—oontmued.
Eeduction
n >^
Reduction
= >.
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
Si
g a:
Wave-
length
[ntensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
'■Z a
CJ (U
1_
1
A +
A.
5-9
OP^
A.-t-
A"
5-8
CfM
5014-50
2
1-48
19936-3
5085-38
2
1-51
19658-4
5014-67
2
19935-6
5085-56
2
19657-7
501512
O
19933-8
5085-83
2
19656-7
5016-73
2
19927-4
5086-01
2
19656-0
5017-00
2
19926-3
5086-31
2
19654-8
501708
2
199260
5086-47
2
19654-2
5017-45
2
19924-5
5086-78
2
19653-0
5019-29
2
19917-2
5086-97
2
19652-3
5019-41
2
19916-8
5087-29
2
19651-0
5019-67
2
19915-7
5087-46
2
19650-4
5019-79
2
19915-2
5087-81
2
19649-0
5021-941
5022-34 /
3
19906-7
5087-98
2
19648-4
19905-1
5088-33
2
196470
5024-54 ~l
O
19896-4
5088-53
2
19646-2
5024-96/
.3
19884-8
5088-88
2
19644-9
5027-21 \
o
19885-8
5089-08
2
19644-1
5027-62 /
19884-2
5089-27
2
19643-4
5029-86 \
5030-32/
2
19875-4
5089-45
2
19642-7
19873-5
5089-63
2
196420
5032-551
5033-05 /
O
19864-7
5089-81
2
19641-3
19862-7
509001
2
19640-5
5035-30 \
9
19863-9
5090-24
2
19639-6
5035-76 J
^
19862-1
5090-43
2
19638-9
5038-07 \
3
19843-0
5090-63
2
19638-1
5038-50/
19841-3
5090-84
2
19637-3
5040-88 1
5041-26/
3
19831-9
5091-01
2
19636-7
19830-4
5091-22
2
19635-9
5091-47
2
19634-9
Group A.
5079-52
10
5091-64
5091-89
2
3
196:U-2
19633-3
5079-52
8
1-50
5-8
19681-1
509209
3
19632-5
5079-95
2
19679-4
5092-25
3
19631-9
5080-11
2
1-50
19678-8
5092-52
3
19630-8
508020
2
1-51
19678-5
5092-76
3
19629-9
5080-44
2
19677-5
5092-92
3
19629-3
5080-65
2
19676-7
5093-20
3
19628-2
5080-84
2
19676-0
5093-43
3
19627-3
5081-05
2
19675-2
5093-58
3
19626-8
5082-11
19671-1
5093-90
3
19625-5
5082-23
19670-6
5094-12
3
19624-7
5082-41
19669-9
5094-23
3
19624-2
5082-54
19669-4
5094-59
3
19622-9
5082-71
2
19668-7
5094-82
3
196220
5082-87
2
19668-1
5094-94
3
19621-5
5083-06
2
19667-4
5095-29
2
19620-2
5083-21
2
19666-8
5095-54
4
19619-2
5083-40
2
196661
5095-66
3
19618-7
5083-75
2
19664-7
509602
2
19617-3
5083-91
2
196641
5096-30
4
19616-3
5084-14
2
196632
5096-41
2
19615-8
5084-30
2
19662-6
5096-79
2
196U-4
5084-54
2
19661-7
5097-05
40
1961 :;-4
5084-70
2
19661-0
5097-16
2©
196i:i0
5084-93
2
196601
5097-58
3
19611-3
5085-11
2
19659-4
5097-84
5
19610-3
ON WAVE-LENQTir TABLES OF THE SPECTEA OF THE ELEMENTS. 257
Aluminium Oxide (Arc Spectrum)— ro«W«j/«/.
Reduction
c >.
It eduction
a >^
VVavp-
leiigta
Intensity
aiul
Character
to Vacuum
Wave-
length
Intensity
anl
Character
to Vacuuui
1 ^
11
1
1
\ +
A.
Of^
A.+
A.
a^s
509S-35
2
1-51
6-8
19608-4
5111-27
2
1-51
58
19558-8
509802
5
19607-5
5111-52
4
19557-8
5099-15
2
19605 3
5111-69
2
19557-2
5099-38
5
19604-4
5112-051
5112-17 \
5112-28 J
19555-8
5100-00
2
19602-0
5
19555-4
5100-25
5
19601-1
19554-9
6100-79
2
19599-0
5112-59
4
19553-8
5101-07
5
19597-9
5112-81
2
19552-9
6101-67
2
19595-6
5113-21
5
19551-4
5101-92
4
19594-7
5113-37
5
19550-8
5102-32
12
195921
5113-79
3
19549-2
5102-84
6
19591-1
511400
2
19548-4
5103-06
2
19590-3
5114-25
2
19547-4
5103-23
2
19589-6
5114-42
5
19546-8
5103-41
3
19588-9
5114-65
2
1-51
19545-9
5103-61
4
19588-2
5115-02
4
1-62
19344-5
5103-77
4
19587-6
5115-29
3
19543-4
510i-03
2
19586-6 i
5115-50
2
19542-6
5104-24
19585-8 j
5115-68
3
19541-9
5104-36
195853
5115-91
2
195411
5104-49
19584-8
5116-34
5
19539-4
5104-64
3
19584-2
511G-60
5
19538-4
5104-91
2
19583-2
5116-98
5
195370
5105-05
2\
19582-6
5117-26
2
19535-9
5105-18
2
19J82-1
5117-50
2
195350
5105-35
3(
19581-5
5117-69
5
19535-3
5105-53
Sf
19580-8
5117-98
2
19533-2
5105-80
2
19579 8
5118-11
2
19532-7
5105-99
%'
195790
5118-38
4
19531-6
5106-18
2^
19578-3
5118-62
4
19530-7
5106-32
M
19577-8
5118-79
2
19530-1
5106-50
4(
195771
5119-15
4b'
19528-7
5106-68
19576-4
5119-42
2
19527-7
5106-88
19575-8
5119-77
4
19326-3
5107-08
2
19574 9
5119-90
5
10525-8
6107-25
4
19574-2
5120-15
3
19524-9
6107-44
4h
19573-5
5120-5n
i
19523-5
6107-68
2
19572-6
5120-64/
19623-0
6107-85
3^
19571-9
5120-90
4
19522-0
6108-10
^\
19570-9
5121-09
3
19521-3
5108-22
4'
19570-5
5121-28
4
19520-6
5108-32
2'-
19570-1
5121-41
4
195-20-1
5108-52
19569-3
5121-69
3
19519-0
6108-70
19568-6
5122-06
5
19517-6
5108-97
2,
19567-6
5122-21
5
19517-0
5109-17
A
19566-8
6122-50
3
19515-9
5109-32
2L
19566-3
5122-86
4
19514-5
6109-47
3,
19565-7
5122-98
4
19514-1
5109-64
2)
19565-0
5123-26
3
19513-0
5109-91
^)
195640
6123-471
9
19512-2
5110-15
19563-1
5123-57/
19511-8
5110-28
l\
19562-6
5123-79*
6
19511-0
5110-46
19561-9
5124-15
3
19309-6
5110-95
2
195600
6124-44
49
19508-5
5111-16
4
19559-3
5124-64
5s
19507-8
1892.
258
REPORT — 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Aec Spect'rvm)— continued.
Reduction
a >-,
Reduction
C3 X
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
to Vacuum
o o
d g
Wave-
leDgth
Intensity
and
to Vacuum
-2§
Character
A.+
1_
X
Character
A.+
1
\
512503
4s
1-52
5-8
19506-3
5137-78
2
1-52
5-8
19457-9
5125'28
3
19505-3
5138-00
2
19457-0
5125-47
3
19504-6
5138-32
3
19455-8
6125-68
3
19503-8
5138-67
4
19454-5
5125-89
3
19503-0
5138-85
4
19453-8
5126-20
3
19501-8
513906
3
19453-0
5126-30
3
19501-4
5139-40
3
19451-7
5126-47
2
19500-8
5139-74
4
19450-4
5126-60
2
19500-3
5139-92
3
19449-7
5126-77
2
19499-7
514019
3
19448-7
5126-92
3
19499-1
5140-46
4
19447-7
5127-14
4
19498-2
5140-83
5
19446-3
5127-62*
2
19496-4
5141-02
3
19445-6
5127-91 ■
3
19495-3
5141-18
2
19444-0
5128-17
3
19494-3
5141-60
5
19443-4
5128-34
3
19493-7
5141-84
2
19442-5
5128-54
2
19492-9
5142-12
2
19441-4
5128-71
2
19492-3
5142-33
2
19440-6
5128-83
2
19491-8
5142-53
2
19439-9
5128-95
2
19491-4
5142-74
2
19439-1
5129-15
3
19490-6
5143-08
6
19437-8
5129-46
3
19489-4
5143-27
8
19437-1
5129-71
3
19488-5
5143-48
3
19436-3
5129-95
3
19487-6
5143-89
4
19434-7
513017
3
19486-7
5144-20
4
19433-6
5130-43
3
19485-7
5144-38
4
19432-9
5130-69
4
19484-8
5144-62
2
19432-4
5130-89
4
19484-0
5144-77
4
19431-4
5131-12
2
19483-1
5145-04*
2
19430-4
5131-38
3
19482-1
5145-26*
2
19429-6
5131-61
3
19481-3
5145-48
>
19428-7
5131-82*
3
19480-5
5145-74
19427-7
5132-04
3
19479-6
5145-95*
4
19427-0
5132-40
3
19478-3
5146-25
6
19426-8
5132-57
2
19477-6
5146-48
3
19425-0
5132-71
2
19477-1
5146-73
4
19424-0
5132-90
3
19476-4
5146-92
2
19423-3
5133-42*
4
19474-4
5147-10
2
19422-6
5133-57
3
19473-8
5147-28
2
19421-9
5133-73
3
19473-2
5147-45
^>
19421-3
5133-99
4
19472-2
5147-71
19420-3
5134-27
2
19471-2
514793
6
19419-5
5134-53
4
19470-2
5148-07
2
194190
5134-67
4
19469-6
5148-43
3
19417-6
5134-91
3
19468-7
5148-82
5
1-52
19416-1
513513
4
19467-9
5148-97
4
1-53
19415-6
5135-49
4
19466-C
5149-14
4
19414-9
5135-74
4
19465-6
5149-26
4
19414-5
5136-06
3
19464-4
5149-70
3
19412-8
5136-28
2
19463-5
5150-12
3
19411-2
5136-55
2
19462-5
5150-60
3
19409-4
5136-75
3
19461-8
5150-77
2
10408-8
513707
3
19460-5
5151-34
2
19406-6
5137-39
3
19459-3
5151-56
4
19405-8
5137-60
6
19458-5
5151-68
2
19405-3
ON WAVE-LENGTH TABLES OF THE SPECTKA OF THE ELEMENTS. 259
Aluminium Oxide (Arc Spectrum) — continued.
Wave-
' length
5152-38*
5152-58
5152-85
5153-04
5153-60
5153-85
5153-99
5154-11
6154-30
5154-50
5154-80
5155-lf)
5155-42*
5155-98
5156-25
5156-45
5156-77
5157-02*
5157-25
5157-47
5157-71
5157-84
5157-99
5158-251
5158-53 J
5158-71
515906
6159-32
5159-53
5159-71
5159-90
5160-07*
5160-35
5160-60
5160-70
516100 "1
5161-18
5161-4lJ
5161-67
5161-80
5162-05
5162-77
5163-19
5163-36 "I
5163-56/
5163-66
6163-80
5163-94
6164-09
5164-33*
5164-60*
5164-88
5165-07
5165-35
5165-67
Intensity
antt
Character
3
5
3
4
4b'-
4
O
2
3
3
2
4
2
''I
4j
4
3
3
3
3
4b
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
5b
5
3
4b
5
5
6
5b
5b
2
2
2
2
3
4
4s
3
2
3b
Reduction
to Vacuum
A +
1-53
5-8
5-8
5-7
o o
-J3 C
Ofe
19402-7
19401-9
19400-9
19400-2
19498-1
19397-2
1939G-6
19396-2
19395-5
19394-7
19393-6
19392-2
19391-3
19388-1
19388-1
19387-4
19386-2
19385-2
19384-4
19383-5
1938--J-6
19382-2
19381-6
19380-6
19379-6
19378-9
19377-7
19376-7
19375-9
19375-2
19374-5
19373-9
19372-8
19371-9
19371-5
19370-4
19369-7
19368-8
19367-9
19367-5
19366-4
19363-7
19362-2
19361-5 I
19360-8 I
19360-4 >
19359-9
19359-4
19358-8
19357-9
19356-9
19355-8 I
19355-1
19354-1
19352-9
Reduction i =^ ^ t
Wave-
Intensity
anj
to Vacuum
O O
leiiirth
—1 3
o
Character
A.+
1-53
1
5165-97
4b
5-7
19351-7
5166-26
3
19350-7
5166-72
4
19348-9
5166-89
2
19348-3
5167-10*
2
19347-5
5168-32
4
19342-9
5168-79
4
19341-2
5169-19
5
19339-7
5169-49
2
19338-6
5169-78
4
19337-5
5170-221
4
19335-8
5170-37/
19335-3
5170-67
5n
193341
5170-93
2
19333-2
5171-30
2
19331-8
5171-57
4
19330-8
5172 09
2
19328-8
5172-28
2
19327-1
5173-05
2
19325-2
5173-26
2
19324-7
5173-41
2
19323-9
5173-57
2
19323-3
5173-71
2
19322-8
5174-03
4
19321-6
5174-32
3
19320-5
5174-63
3
19319-3
6174-79
2
19318-7
5175-13
3
19317-5
5175-27
4
19317-0
5175-53
4b
19316-0
5175-80
4
19316-0
6175-94
2
19314-5
5176-29
4
19313-2
5176-50
4b
19312-4
6176-62
2
19311-9
5176-80
2
19311-3
5177-23
5b
19309-6
5177-51
5b
19318-6
5177-78
5b
19317-6
5178-06
3
19316-6
5178-18
4
19316-1
5178-44*
4
19315-1
5179-04
5
19312-9
5179-17
2
19312-4
5179-40
5b
19311-6
5179-72
5
19310-4
5179-94
2
19309-5
5180-24
4bn
19308-4
5180-50
3
19297-6
5180-97
4
19295-7
5181-27
6
19294-6
5181-59
3
19293-4
5181-71
3
19292-9
5181-99
33
19291-9
5182-31
3
1
19290-7
8 1
260
REPORT — 1892.
Aluminium Oxide (Aec SPKCTUVJi)— continued.
r
Reduction
a >->
Rertnction
c >>
Wave-
length
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o o
11
S a*
g £:
Wave-
leagth
Intensity
and
Character
to Vacuum
o a
•r- a
A +
1
\~
6-7
A +
1
5182-51
3 lb
3J
1-53
19290-0
5196-32
3
1-54
5-7
19238-7
5182-92
19288-4
5196-74
3
192361
5183-36
1-53
19286-8
5197-14
2
19235-6
5184-14
3
1-54
19283-9
6197-30
3
19235-1
5184-31
3
19283-3
5197-67*
4 b
19233-7
5184-50
3
19282-6
5198-04
2
19232-3
5184-65
3
19282-0
5198-49
2
19230-7
5184-77
3
19281-6
5198-75
2
19229-7
5185-03
3
19280-6
5198-96*
2
19228-9
51 85 -30
2
19279-6
5199-37
2
19227-4
6185-54
3 U
19278-7
5199-77
3
19225-9
5185-88
19277-4
5200-14
3
19224-5
5186-17
j
19276-4
5200-31
3n
19223-9
5186-46
3
19275-3
5200-65
2
19223-0
5186-63
4
19274-6
5200-79
2
19222-1
5186-99-
4
19273-3
520101
2
19221-3
5187-38
5
19271-9
5201-15
2
19220-8
5187-76
3
19270-4
6201-43
3n
19219-8
6188-Of^
4
19269-2
5201-61*
n
19219-1
5188-42
19268-0
520.-82
2
19218-3
5189-07
3
19261-6
5202-12
2
19217-2
5189-28
3
19264-8
5202-34
2
19216-4
6189-47
3
192641
5202-80 'I
•J
19214-7
6189-81
3
19262-8
5202-91 J
19214-3
5190-01
2
19262-1
5203-20
2
19213-2
5190-22
3
19261-3
5203-40
3
19212-5
5190-43
3
19260-5
5303-61
3
19211-7
5190-73
5
192594
5203-79
2
19211-1
5191-101
4
19258-0
5203-92
2
19210-6
5191-21/
19257-6
520409
2
19210-0
5191-51
>}"
19256-5
5204-22
2
19209-5
5192-03
19254-6
5204-48
3
19208-5
6192-40
5
19253-2
5205-19
3
19205-9
5192-52
50
19252-8
5205-40
2
19205-1
5192-79
5b
19251-8
5205-61
2
19204-3
619S-0S
4
192507
5206-55
3
19200-9
6193-62
2
19248-7
6206-75
3
19200-1
5193-98*
2
19247-3
5206-97
3
19199-3
5194-16
3
19246-7
5207-62*
3
19196-9
5191-33
3
19246-1
5207-92
2
19195-8
5194-56
3
19245-2
520809
2
19194-2
5194-83
3
19244-2
5208-39
2
19194-1
5195-21
2n
19242-8
5208-83
3
19192-5
5195-40
2
19242-1
5209-46
4bu
19190-1
5195-62
2
19241-3
5209-98
3
19198-2
6196-06
3
19239-6
5210-28
3
19197-1
ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOLUTION. 261
Sixth Report of the Comiinittee, consisting of Professor W. A.
TiLDEN, Professor H. McLeod, Mr. S. U. Pickering, Professor
W. Eamsay and S. Young, and Dr. A. E. Leeds, and Dr. W. W.
J. NicoL {Secretary), appointed for the purpose of reporting
on the Bibliography of Solution.
The Committee report that considerable progress has been made during
the past year. One new journal has been completely searched, and the
others have been brought up to date. The work has so far advanced
that the question of publication will soon have to be considered. The
titles already collected now number over 1,200, including cross references,
and are drawn from the leading scientific journals at home and abroad.
It will perhaps be desirable to publish a first instalment, as the subject of
Solution is now attracting so much attention that such a bibliography
would be of great use. The Committee desire reappointment.
Sixth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. A.
TiLDEN, Professor W. Eamsay, and Dr. W. W. J. Nicol (Secre-
tary), appointed for the purpose of investigating the Nature of
Solution. (Draiun up by Dr. NicoL.)
I. The Atomic Volumes of Carbon and Hydrogen in Organic Substances
when in Dilute Solution.
In 1883 it was observed that the molecular volumes of the sodium
salts of formic, acetic, and butyric acid showed in dilute solution au
approximately constant difference, giving 14'3 as the volume of the
group CHj (Nicol, ' Phil. Mag.,' August, 1883, p. 131).
This point appeared wortliy of further examination, inasmuch as, if
dissolved substances are under comparable conditions when the solution
is sufficiently dilute, as seems most probable from a consideration of the
physical properties of such dilute solutions, then the apparent molecular
volumes in dilute solution could be compared in the same way as the
molecular volumes at the boiling-point, and thus the atomic volumes
of the various elements could be determined with greater ease and
certainty than at the boiling-point.
A series of preliminary experiments with the commoner compound
•ethers have been completed, the x'Psults of which will shortly be published,
and these are so encouraging that the Committee have decided to go fully
into the subject, and as the preparation, purification, and analysis of a
sufficiently large number of compounds for the purpose of this research
is necessarily long and tedious, the Committee will be glad to receive the
assistance of members of Section B. who have suitable compounds, the
composition of which is guaranteed by analysis. Such substances must
be soluble in water, alcohol, benzol, xylol, ether, or chloroform. The
secretary will gratefully acknowledge the receipt of specimens (three to
five grams) sent to him at Mason College, Birmingham.
262 REPORT— 1892.
II. Molecular Volume of Iodine in Sohition.
It is well known that the coloar of solutions of iodine varies with the
nature of the solvent from dark brown in the case of aqueous solution of
potassium iodide, through red in benzol to violet in the case of carbon
disulphide.
From the colour of the last-named solution it has generally been
assumed that in it the iodine molecule is diatomic, as in the state of gas.
Within the last few years several attempts have been made to ascertain
what is the composition of the iodine molecule in various solvents, the
method employed being that of Raoult, depending on the effect of the
dissolved iodine on the vapour pressure of the solvent.
The Committee have commenced the examination of this subject from
the standpoint of the apparent molecular volume of iodine in various
solvents, and considerable progress has been made with the work.
Aqueous potassium iodide, alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol, xylol, and
carbon disulphide having been examined, it is intended to considerably
extend this list of solvents, and the Committee hope that they will be in
a position to report fally on this subject to the next meeting of the
Association, as they intend also to fully examine the point by the method
of vapour pressures.
The Committee desire reappointment without grant.
Report (provisional) of a Committee, consisting 0/ Professor H. E.
Armstroxg, Professor W. R. Dunstan, Mr. C. H. Bothamlev,
and Mr. W. A. Shenstone {Secretary), appointed to investigate
the formation of Haloids from pure Tuaterials. {Drawn up hy
Mr. W. A. Shenstone.)
DuiUNG the past year two papers have been read before the Chemical
Society on subjects connected with the work undertaken by the Com-
mittee.'
The results of further experiments with mercury and chlorine tend to
confirm the opinion expressed in a previous report that the interaction
of these two elements is greatly influenced by the presence of one or
more other substances, and they show that water is almost certainly one
of these active substances.
Up to the present _2J?()-e chlorine has not been obtained. But W. A.
Shenstone and C. R. Beck have recently found that by igniting platinic
chloride in excess of hydrochloric acid platinous chloride may be obtained
in such a condition that the chlorine liberated from it by ignition in
vacuo is considerably more free from impurities than the prodnct of
igniting platinous chloride prepared in the ordinary way, and they think
it possible that by this method pure chlorine may perhaps ultimately be
obtained.
They have also found that liquefied chlorine, which usually contains a
' ■Platinons Chloride as a Sourne of Chlorine, Jonrn. Cliem. Soc, 1892, p. 445.
The Adhesion of Mercury to Glass in the Presence of Halogens, Jovr7i. Chcm. Soc, 1892,
p, 462.
ON THE FORMATION OF HALOIDS. 263
small proportion of hydrogen chloride, but is almost free from other
impurities, can be purified to some extent by fractional evaporation.
Messrs. Shenstone and Beck have been occupied with the purifi-
cation of phosphoi'ic oxide, and have succeeded in preparing several
samples of that substance in a crystalline state, and free from the lower
oxides, by a process of oxidation with subsequent fractional sublimation of
the oxidised product.
Some experiments have also been made with, hydrogen chloride and
oxygen, the results of which decidedly suggest that the interaction of
these bodies in the dry state is dependent npon either the relative masses
in which they are present or on the pressure at which they act. Mr.
Shenstone proposes to repeat and to extend what has been done in this
directioQ.
The Committee desire to be reappointed, and ask that a grant of 201.
may be made to them.
Report (provisional) of a Committee, consisting of Professor H.
McLeod, Professor W. Eamsay, Mr. W. A. Shenstone (Secretary),
and Mr. J. Tudor Cundall, appointed to investigate the Influence
of the Silent Discharge of Electricity on Oxygen and other
Gases.
The Committee are glad to be able to report that the work undertaken is
proceeding in a satisfactory manner. After a year of continuous work,
in which they have had the assistance of Mr. Martin Priest, the funda-
mental difficulties of the research have apparently been overcome, and
several interesting observations have been made.
As, however, only a small part of the work has yet been done, they
desire to defer presenting a detailed report till the next meeting of the
Association.
The Committee, therefore, ask to be reappointed.
Report {provisional) of the Committee, consisting of Professor
T. E. Thorpe, Professor J. J. Hummel (Secretary), Dr. W. H.
Perkin, Professor W. J. Russell, Captain W. de W. Abney,
and Professor W. Stroud, on the Action of Light upon Dyed
Colours. (Drawn up by Professor J. J. Hummel.)
As mentioned in the last report, it was decided to compare first the
fastness to light of the various red colouring matters. During the
past year wool and silk patterns have been dyed with the technical
prodncts, and are now being exposed to light. The results, however,
will not be ready till the next meeting of the Association, when both
dyed and exposed patterns will be exhibited.
The grant of lOZ. voted at the last Meeting has been more than
expended in the erection of an additional exposing case, and in the
purchase of a colorimeter, and also for books in which to mount the
dyed and faded patterns.
264 RKPORT— 1892.
The Committee desire to be reappointed, with the addition of
Professor Meldola as a member, and request that a further sum of 51.
be granted to cover a small sum still due to the Secretary.
.Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir J. Lowthian Bell, Pro-
fessor P. Phillips Bedson (Secretary), Mr. Ludwig Mono, Pro-
fessor Vivian B. Lewes, Professor E. Hull, Mr. J. W. Thomas,
and Mr. H. Bauerman, for inquiring into the Proximate Con-
stituents of the various kinds of Coal.
The bibliography of the subject which is in course of preparation is not
yet completed. Experimental work is still in progress. The Committee
ask to be reajDpointed, and hope to present a report next year.
Eighteenth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Hull
(Chairman), Eev. Dr. H. W. Crosskey, Sir D. Galton, Messrs.
J. GtLAISHEr, Percy Kexdall, Professor G. A. Lebour, E. B.
Marten, G. H. Morton, W. Pengelly, J. Plant, Professor J.
Prestwich, Messrs. I. Roberts, Thos. S. Stooke, G. J. Symons,
W. ToPLEY, Tylden-Wright, E. Wethered, W. Whitaker, and
De Range {Secretary), appointed for the purpose of investi-
gating the Circulation of Underground Waters in the Permeable
Formations of England and Wales, and the Quantity andy Cha-
racter of the Waters supplied to various Toivns and Districts
from these Formations. {Drawn up by C. E. De Range, Reporter.)
Since your reporter was appointed at the initiation of your Committee in
1872 he has received most valuable assistance from past and present
members of the Committee in preparing the annual report, both as
regards original observations made by them, original data collected from
others by them, and by general hints and suggestions received from
them. As regards the first two heads, many valuable communications
have beeia too important to absoib into the general report, and have been
given in separate appendices under the individual member's name. But
your reporter is compelled to point out that the arrangement by which a
member of the Committee took personal charge o 
TVNews
OpenLibrary