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0 WAK.JO

EAST KENT

A General Meeting for Screntifie
beheld in the Lecture Room of the Museum, on Suesday,
the 28th Inst. , at Seven o’clock p.m.

The following communications are promised : ==

1.—On the Arranvement of the Solid Constituents of the Ashes of
Plants—by the Rey. J. B. Reape.

2.—Some fie tar on the Tick (Melophagus Communis)-—by Major
Ox.
3.—On the, so-called, Circulation in the Valisneria Spiralis, Auacharis,
and other Aquatic Plants—by Mr. 8. Harvey.

These papers will be dcllustrated by several
Mveroscopes, under which various preparations will
be exhilited after the papers are read.

_ Notice 1s Hereby Given that a motion will be brought
Jorward for changing the days of meeting from Fuesday
to Thursday.

3) JOHN 8S. LINFORD,

Hon. Sec.

Canterbury, Feb. 74, 1865.
P.S.==-=Members having Mrcroscopes will oblige by

bringing them to the room a little before the Meeting.
Lamps will be provided.

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NATURAL HISTORY. + SOCIETY,

-TTO9"!N A 4 iv GE (3

INAUGURATED
FE BRUARY ‘T3eu, 1858.
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AsMQEFICERS FOR 1858.

PRESIDENT:
SIR BROOK W. BRIDGES, Barr., M.P.

VICE-PRESIDENTS;

MATTHEW Bigs = T' Aton iT MUNN.
w. OXENDEN Mae ot CAPT. COX, ac.
Y. HUNTER,

¥¢ fib eso OP RRE SSE A)

‘REV. F. F. SCOTT.

GTATAHUOTAKT

828i aro eT AUST AT

E. F. 8. READER, Esa., SanpwicH.
eae i
HON. GEN. SECRETARY :
G. DOWRER ES] Skdgrijouts (louse, SiouRMourn.
OU Tobwtdee.0 1 1
DR. prrrock,ailkates|
MR. T. HILLIER, Ramseate.

MR. peaiee RIGDEN, CANTERBURY.
MR. A. B. ANDRE?
DIO >

MR. F. MAST

MR. J. LINFORD, my
MR. J. REID, Cas

Ise Or THANET: . 02.2545:

Mice Mr. J. T. HILLIER,

DEPMINGHOURNE went ies ese oe Dr. J. GRAYLING,
CANTERBURY. oa. 6... Mr. J. REID, (PRO. TEM.)
DoveER

DEAL AND SANDWICH ............
FOLKESTONE AND HyYTHE
Ree ORD

tol at botkorolai oi yodt ybude oft Yo domed «wlroitteg adt to ovat

yattoioa off} ‘lo nonomotg olf bos .coitsariclot Isuteat to 92 dl ori}

leqionrrg. oft of Dlod 20naijoorn L294 Tw tw ec]
eye walGy PROSPECTU its” 0) Avie dansit EE. mi enwoTl

dmlloy ai enci@rioxo Lenoiios0 Yd ink \rodto ‘loss of boosipoddeion
zoroior to at iajdo Sieoteovat bre eno misaqe

oo fhecommittee, in imviting|;the co-operation: 4nd sypporty of¢ all
who teside in this division,of the county, and whe, are, interested. in
or have a taste for N ‘atural History in any of i branches, beg to

Isiits & soc euro YTD 0

draw ae attention to the objects for which the Boctety has been

Bey Bi ea ft denotdt moadt studinterd bas eno rrisoge toslloo. oT 3

ecaipenone ipool
The ete | of eve ANGIE D5 or part of a county neces-

sarily Beal Bade imp orts Rie retatibntto th ab hes Aldtge® And the
belencd in Beneks : it t OE Went, Ht ee padlog Cdl Characters: its
ni ponana ots .odlyr xed diull bewoded Wales Whe a) 8RZh
peg galas: Wet et wiahas atthe bald aN eal ialeseE ode,
aay RMT Rh Sue Becit* deepsea! apy aeeetoD (Ha
encourage a more general and preHeakHotTedse Ut these! 'ReattiFes
“of the distiietisw pritiany sbjelt ofthe Society 07At theisame: time,
it proposes t6Acuhivate lind appbyva mbresektdndedtand! enlarged
‘aequaintanéelivitly theo general principldsiof the sciences, nwithotit
‘which the study|(6f Weal detailévis»inddnipléte! mid» eompariitibely
jansheis factory? ?)97 old oF eaoijastiui tisdt awood steor bluoda

The love for the study of Natural History is common to all grades
lof Societys! allditsipursuit thas! ever! hadcan! iiaflizened } for jgodd ditipon
its followers, the ®éciety! thereford idims itovassociaté all classés) insits
roll of members. With this view a high subscription has been
avoided, and it is hoped that the larger number who may thus be
induced to subscribe will maintain the finances of the Society in a
satisfactory and effective condition.

The objects and advantages of the Society, with the mode in
which they are to be carried out, may be further briefly stated
thus —

1, To associate and assemble ladies and gentlemen, . whether

- naturalists, or merely imbued with a taste for the pursuit, irrespec-

tive of the particular branch of the study they are interested in, for
the purpose of mutual information, and the promotion of the science.
This will be Munaiart b Perio ical meetings held in the principal
Towns in ‘ota, by loca Jrnbet gs A oof batehabst eed int convenient
neighbourhood to each other, and by occasional excursions to collect
specimens and investigate objects of interest.

“82! Pe held out inducérients fo! the libomihg classes ody" free
peenacegii and révwards'to stay the is ic aay of Ofeation!! ¥

iL sot atest
8. "To, circulate Journals upon aa ‘History. Ot SER 6 Se

visisec.. od: iw ‘tok etostdo off od candids Tiodd Si

4. To collect specimens and distribute them through the differen ar

local museums.
ont ysaso 8 to draq 40 Yhrcos yi9ve to y1odleiH Isms. of T

15s, d20, collect and, diffuse by, publication, Sorrect data. Gh CnSEE
interesting fact relating to Natural History that may occur in, Fast
Kent,, .By these. means if it is is hoped. that those w hed oe gag aged 1 in
the agricultural; pursuits. fo r which. this Spans 38 is _justly brated,
pyill more accunately ascertain, and, be enabled to,remove gome of the
eauses;that injure, and destroy prod Hee [#19n98 otoat 8 sgets09K9
oo Manyrsimilar Societies are flourishing in obinn AeA and, it yis
leonfidently:tristed jthatthe sucegss, of ;the) Eas, Kez p NaauRran
‘History Socrery will not-bejless than that, of anylof them.,; ‘To, this
end | itvis expedient) that: those: iwho,desirve.to ‘support. the, Somety
should make known their intentions to the Secretaries,;wathout

Melay. |; ,, i) OCritos aL violet fereteVl LO wb it tok svol oT
vo Dhe first of thessciéntifie meetings for; this..year. will, be ; held at
sepa dn Thursday, the 8thiof April, at et sow ollot edi

aod { mottqgitoeduea ford ¢ wai eit ATTY stodarom to [fo4
0 and! veer onw toda roots! ‘odd ted ee at ti bos .bobiove
mt ytoiv0@ ot to 2c0ment odt nistniear Utw siliedpe ot Hooubert
frontibsos avitootts Bas Violosietina

af sborm odd itz wietsod oft to eoertasyba. bas atsaftdo oAT
botete ovieinvd codtent od vem Joo horriso sd) ot ore youd alot
—— agit

fio rarmreiinye “ha: eothel oldrcoraw bas ateisoras; oT f

aqeotr jimarg sf) (dk sient sive bosdatt yloreus to aterlaaidnse

¥¥Sino4 BidT to ‘ersdinatt ‘opin FEAR 46 { fod

Din Yt od dome: Porterb sit niddiw shiest

cg 819 np tog dd eat it a8 f

NATUR tAL “HISTORY SOUIEIY,:

IRE a9) ORE or. He SOCIETY.

dMsabig 1 en strive ge 119 £5 YN

odd (yteiise sed jaar Ah vd [léta-en terevoen 7 :
M viggpnorl 20 8 ot AMS TEAS KENT Niko ed Hei dy Beri? sant be
the Collestion and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical Know ledge
respecting white’ History, il ‘all its “Branches, oti in rélation to
the'partichlar’ District) andthe! er b ert apenas A'S

‘ehirsbiestT-99rV in sbiesht 10 J2l205 1 uw lA apa ath Jo
orotd brs irda

emda) xia nedt eeel ter

oe cas iLEs AND pore a .

JISUp ra
ni ysbinisc.Jawi edt so bla gill OS Liss nites. Isuant.y oh? .8
gilt ‘goals to. geoqiitg M {BERSHIP,: Js, 199y ils! a ling A
ony, “aie Sobiety Hall ebnisist'of' “OFdinitr§ Hotioraryy ‘and Corres.
ponding imbinber , and lét Axsveiatess!) gitioubaos bas esiiimmo9

09 Hrs duane Raat iit ' thé’ Society; ay’ an ordifiary
Hheniber, “must! bé”proposed’' in’ writing’ by two members,\and! the
‘election svall be By’ ballot taken at “ny Meatitigoot “the ‘Connniese,
Dee aGendral Meeting eive Black Ball i five to 'exclude.' 9)!

The Annual Subscription, to ‘be. spuds “by « ordinary capes
‘ahah herPen Shillinvs 2 the? Mabseriptiow hal) Hecome Pdue oti! the
dst need iangPIR cath “pel and shill be! paid inwdvaticé! for the
current year? LOAM P NieiBek Heal eatin! it6® fy lis subseription for
three aidiths after 2itisidwe, shall be applied tov by the Sécrétary,
land! ifthe subscription vemains ‘unpaid: for threesmonths: aftersuch
application, he shall cease to be a member.cof) the: Soeietyy;) but
withontopreindice, to, the right, of the, Sosiety.te speh,, subseription
and, arrears, 5.7 {soot qadcno YO5 + iio IGG 03 herew ts sd lisde
od 4ls ‘Phe: Committeechavés powerito:| ‘admit, withoutiballot, onvthe
nomination of two members,oahy Tadywho shallobe desirous xof

becoming an ordinary member, and her subscription shall be Five
Shillingse 1- UOILa CUA eo VITHAN O14 ITU [D4

syo)-, Any, persons, distinguished, for. their xesearches in, ) Natural
History, for, theix, libexality to the (Society... ur fon; their, connection

with similar societies may, on the recommendation of the Committee,
be elected honorary or corresponding members of this Society,
provided they do not reside within the district: such honorary and
corresponding members shall not be pia teyany of the expenses
of the Society, and shali have no vote in its affairs.

6. dn} oxdbt }fo) encourdge| the} tu 2 hg ve Basloyy pioong
— sesdivl “class fee] ev ee -) TESi ‘ai ‘district,

the Committee shall have power to-adcimit individuals of that class as
associa'esypapnidny theyr shal Deter eany mata SAmeri poration
or observation on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present
them to the Local Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the
ittee. Such assogi I joy ivi 3
Committee, , Such, assogiatgs, shay enjoy the prisilege, of hhongsary
members. , a cea oi a5
subsiwora J l bre [eortostd to forenRhid bas aetssiletY si}

“g te - MANAGEMENT, AND) BUSINESS, MEETINGS, s9q29't

a at US

7. The affairs of the Seciéty) shall be [conducted bya pies ny
of Management, which shall consist Of President, Vice-Presidents,
Treasurer, and Honorary-Secretary,-and-not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the An: var eting. :. Three Members of
such Connie han pat ag i the NMlbckihed shall be at
least quarterly. ie ee

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held on the first Saturday in
April in each year, at Canthe Peet purpose of electing the
officers forcthe,carrent year,iTeceiving,,the Annual, Reportyof ;the
Committee, and conducting the generalyafiains of the Societys crac
yioMsp Special. General Meetings may.be summoned by, the Committee,
on by; the, Secretary, on) the; requisition, (in, wsiting),-of apy, .ix
Membexs.of the Society, the specific purposes, of, the Meeting being

stated in .the\ notice, which) shall, .be sent not, less than.one week

i Meeting. a :
elore tne time, oF syeh Me 3d Moigmeedsd IsoanA otT 28

of) 10, All, questions disgussed: atthe Meetings,shall|he decided by, a
majority.of votes; and, if uponiany, question the, votes.shall beeq ual,
the Chairman, of.the,M eting shall have, the.second.or casting wote.,
culbsoin the ‘event lofilany vacaney. ecdurting 1ini sthe!) Officers; or
‘Committee, between the Annual Meetings, thecsame shalli be: filled
tap by: thie@ommbittee.reduisc: s od of oanon {fede od ,coiissilqgs
HYD! Tn Srder'to facili te the objéets oF the Scdicty, the C otfimittee
shall be empowered to appoint any Member Local Secretary “fo

t6wmor district/dhe imayi residevinss Such, LozalSecretary:Shalb be
iex+officio!a Mewibér of! the, Committee,2tod oom ow! lo golieaimor
svi od Mlgde noitet : { Sas sodaemn yisaibte a8 enimtogsd

ris2due isa ss
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS »ii{i(-
ey. Toipromote the ‘interest and dsefulited of thé? Sotiety, four
‘oF iG SubscHibin Menibers’6f the Society; ih! conpiaction’ witha

' ?

Local Secre(ary, may make arrangements for organizing and holding
Local Meetings, under the sanction of the Central Committee ; notice
to be given of such Meetings atthe General Meeting.

14. Ordinary periodical meetings of the Society for the purpose of
reading papers, exhibiting specimens, etc., or the discussion of
subjects connected therewith, shall be held in the principal towns of
the district, in rota, at such times as the Committee shall appoint; ten
days notice of such meeting shall be sent to every member. Each
member shall have the power of introducing a visitor to the meetings,
on entering the name in a book to be kept for that purpose.
Every donation of Ten Shillings, in addition to the subscription,
shall entitle a member to introduce two additional visitors. Any of
these ordinary periodical meetings as the committee shall appoint, may
be so arranged as to comprehend an excursion or excursions for the
purpose of practically investigating the objects of interest in the
district, every person to bear his own expenses at these excursions.

15. A minute of the proceedings of all meetings shall be entered

| by the secretary in a book kept for that purpose.

PURI CAM PRS.
16,;Khe,committee shall, haye power, with, the sanction of the
author, to publish any paper or communication’ read’ before the
meeting, but the author shall have liberty to reserve his right of
property therein. Aa ai

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.

17. Until the Society has a depository for that purpose, the
objects of Natural History presented to the Society shall be
distributed as the committee may direct, among the public Museums

of the district.

CIRCULATION OF BOOKS AND FORMATION OF A
. LIBRARY.

18. At least one Periodical connected with Natural History shall
be circulated amongst such members of the Society as desire to
receive it, and after circulation shall be deposited, together with

_ any books presented to the Society, or purchased from the surplus
_ funds, in some place that shall be determined by the Committee

under arrangements that shall make them ayailable for reference

‘to the members of the Society.

2 eh PRC

piri! blod bras anininmar ine alngciogastrs 9ABEE access rome m

ovo. ; osdtinneso” fsrtneD od) Io cottons o1d obam,yegaiionM Jeopgl
‘gnijoolt Isx9r190 odi.ts egaiisoll, dawse to, seve

Yo seocpure ons TH elise? orl) Io egeitoaen Insiboineq yrsetib1O AE
Yo mbdizensaib 6dt 10 oto emomniooge guittdidtxs: ergeg, 8

to amvot Isgisaing ot at bled od [de himetads botooaa A rece
not :iaioggs fade sotticatoD ocd ec aomi done 38 Bot pk daiateth aa e
dostl . asdeeet ytevo o} Jooe od Ilede gottsenr tome to,esiton, 2~sb y
zgaitsont 9d} ot roliziv 6 gcivobount lo t9Wog: odheved linda red esom

.szoqiag tart rob tqor ‘od ot dood 8 at seen, od} gabon 1 | 4
wonginsadye oft of noidibbs at egaillide aa? ‘Yo noiteaob yoy ‘i,
Jo yA #todiziv Isaoitibbs ows oouboriat of rsdasort 8 oltites fs:
youn Jaiogge {ade sedsiertcr09 old a8 pect sede?
ot 10} enolatvox9 10 moie1s9xo 16 basdoxqmos: of 28 bogastis oa od
oft mi teoroiai lo etosjdo odt Qaisgiteovat. yllsoivassg, Yo 9%
amoieiuoxs seed is esatoqze awo.2id ised 0} oetsq YIBvS..

horsias ed Merz egaitooar [ls to agatbesse1g 9dt Yo oturiet UA ye, - “4
-seogisg decd. woh sqook dood 8 ai ae

~ ahi =) en oe uni et

caste? : ee

ol} to aeltonee 5i3 Round edith rk ori cena ig.
ot Feisd beet oan i so 19q8q Yts hee oft

fa Pe ee

jo idgix aid oviseed o} eee. al roti sara iw waiieom
-: aig ic a :
' f, 7 wets ‘f
enawroade 1O “OITOAIIOD So aN
oil} ,seoqig tsi 10h yrotizoqeb s eed yoido2 “eift fin aS |
od [{eila yoi008® od} od betasessq yrotetH © [suns Yo etsejdo
esisoans aida ous Se dooutb wut saatisa 0% onkt eb betudineib — i weg
zh i ‘ ay ioitieib 9 mee. 50
Pare peepee Rada ry

A 10 HOUT ANSON “aah ea008 co) YOITATUOMID. es
eae | ARAL i are ae ea
lfgde otal ein ‘iw peisaanee phoned one or iA at .

Yeh stiesh as yiais08 onl} Yo arodmorc foue Jegaome Dsteli oti,
tiw rorltogot Seites job od oo tots a 5

seeder onli Saleh barimmoiah | od ade ‘i ite
gongs ‘tot atbawe

OE ——

Tee

‘

Greenwicn Naturat History Crus.—On Saturday, August 21st, 1858, a
Field-day Meeting of this club took place at Bexley, Kent, under the guidance
and upon the invitation of Mr. Flaxman Spurrell. The chief object of the
meeting was to examine the extensive excavations between Crayford and Erith,
from which a large number of Mammalian remains have been obtained, many of
them being in the possession of Mr. Spurrell, of Bexley, and Mr. Grantham, of
Crayford. Besides the members of: the club, invitations were sent to some of the
leading naturalists and geologists. The unfavourable state of the weather
prevented a large attendance of members, and although the meeting was
not numerous, still it was very pleasant and instructive. The members
and friends were kindly received and hospitably entertained by Mr. Spurrell,
for, after viewing the extensive series of Mammalian bones and chalk fossils, col-
lected and preserved with taste and care, they sat down to an elegant and sub-
stantial collation. Among the members present were J. F. South, Esq., Dr.
Purvis, Ur. Bossey, Messrs. W. P. Lethbridge, H. I’. Stainton, W. Groves, the
Rev. J. H. Knox, &c. Much interest was excited by Mr. Spurrell’s collection,
which contains some fine specimens of Echinodermata from the chalk, and a large
series of fossil-remains of the elephant, horse, ox, deer, rhinoceros, cave-lion, &c.,
obtained from the brick-earth deposits of Crayford and Erith.

The members also visited Mr. Grantham, at Crayford, who has for many years
past taken considerable interest in the same ossiferous deposits, and has formed
a yaluable and interesting collection. Amongst these choice specimens was a fine
example of the lower jaw‘ and teeth of the Hlephas. primigenius, which Mr.
Grantham has since most liberally presented to the Hanterian Museum, at the
Royal College of Surgeons.

Mr. Grautham's collection had been previously visited by Dr. Falconer, who
identified remains of the following species—Zlephas antiquus, Rhinoceros leptorhinus.
Equus (a large species), Cervus (Strongyloceras?), Bos, and Felis spelwa, also Hlephas
primigenius and Rhinoceros tichorhinus ; the two latter are considered by some to
belong to a newer period than that of the other animals.

The party subsequently visited the brick-earth pits where these remains have
been found.

The brick-earth or old river deposits of this locality repose on an abraded or
excavated surface of the lower tertiary sands and chalk. They consist of loam,
sands, and gravels, The bones above enumerated occur with a number of
Testacea. Most of the species of the latter are still existing in the adjoining
river; two only being found elsewhere, Unio littoralis of the south of Europe, and
a Cyrena, said to be identical with a species now living in the Nile.

The interesting feature here to be noticed, namely, the occurrence of existing
molluscs with remains of extinct mammals, has been already brought forward in
Sir C. Lyell’s works, as evidence of the comparative tenacity of existence shown
by molluscan species.

Among the rarer bones are those of the great Cave Lion (Felis, Spelewa), which
must have carried devastation amongst the herds of Herbivora, some of them of
gigantic proportions, that pastured in the woods and wilds of this country, then
probably not dissevered from Europe.

The association of the two species of Elephant, and the two of Rhinoceros
is here to be remarked, inasmuch as the Z#. antiquus and the R. leptorhinus are
regarded as of an older date than the other species of the same genera here associated
together. It is earnestly recommended, therefore, that as far as possible, in
collecting the hones and teeth from these deposits, attention should be given as to
the actual place of the specimens in the several layers of loam, &c., so that those
occurring in the upper part should not be indiscriminately mixed with those taken
from a lower position. By this means a determination may be arrived at whether
there be one, two, or more distinctly marked stages in the history of the life and
death of these great creatures.—J. Morris.

6 MAR.95

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REPORT

THE EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

WITH A LIST OF

BOOKS BELONGING TO THE LIBRARY,

&e., &e.

Tne

SESSION, 1864.

Canterbury:

PRINTED BY H. CHIVERS, PALACE STREET,

Be te Ta, Dee an ee eee ees

& TUS FeAS BHT)

P yralvoe WOT Ad wth
ie 7 ’ | Neth lt
es og ed F par pu

P sage 5 : 3 ‘4s

ee ;
Pome TSAO aH? OF DAIOKOMEE ‘come

EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

PWOLLOOC CUCL OOOO COUSCOUS

REPORT.

The Committee in presenting their 7th Annual Report,
have again to congratulate the Members on the improved
position of the Society, as although their cash balance is not
so large as last year, there has been a great increase in the
number of members, and several valuable additions to the
Library. The Treasurer has a net balance in hand of
£6 18s. 4d, after paying all accounts to the end of the past
year.

We have since the last annual meeting received an ac-
cession of forty-six new members, and during the same time
we have lost by death and resignation 8, leaving a net gain to
the Society of thirty-eight, among whom your Committee are
proud to recognize several earnest workers in the different
branches of Natural History.

The first meeting of the Society was held on the 23rd of
February in Saint George’s Hall, where a Lecture was deliv-
ered by H. W. Bares, Esq., on the River Amazons and the
Natural History of the Central District of South America.
The Lecture was illustrated with a large map of the course

of the river and its principal tributaries ; aud Mr. Bates gave a
graphic description of the luxurious forest growth that clothes
the valley on each side, with a sketch of the chief animals and
insects. On this occasion your Committee issued a number of
free admission tickets, and the large room was well filled, more
than three hundred being present ; and the lecture was listened
to with marked attention and pleasure throughout. The ex-
periment of issuing a general invitation did not however produce

results to induce your Committee to repeat it.

The first excursion of the year took place on the 31st of
May, to Chilham and thence to Shottenden Wood. In spite
of a threatening morning about 45 members and friends as-
sembled at the Beeches at Shottenden at luncheon, and a
goodly collection of Flowers and Ferns were exhibited. The
President then gave a short Lecture on the formation and
changes in Insects, which was interrupted by a heavy fall of
rain, compelling the party to hasten their return home.

On the 28th of June the President invited the members
to an extra general meeting at Fordwich House, where fifty-
six members and about thirty visitors availed themselves of
his kind invitation and assembled in a marquee on the lawn.

The Presideut opened the proceedings by a short lecture

on the rose—its cultivation, history, and uses, which was.

illustrated by some beautiful specimens of the finer or rarer
varieties both cut and growing in the garden. Budding and
grafting were performed by Mr. Kennett, for the instruction
of the members; and the President concluded a very inter-
esting address by briefly sketching the history of the rose
farms of the east and the manufacture of otto of roses.

Mr. Dowker then explained, with the help of some clearly
drawn diagrams, the principles and construction of the micros-
cope, both simple and compound ; after which, the company

adjourned to the dining-room, where were several first class
instruments belonging to different members, and under which
many objects of deep interest were exhibited ; especially an
undescribed species of Ophiura by Mr. H. Lee, Volvox Glo-
bator (alive) by Mr. G. Dowker, and the dental plates of a
Starfish by the Rev. J. B. Reade.

The next meeting of the Society was the autumn excur-
sion to the neighbourhood of Folkestone on the 30th of August,
on which occasion a Committee was formed at Folkestone to
receive and welcome the Society. About 50 members assem-
bled at Copt Point at 2 p.m. on that day, and after exploring
the Flora of the immediate neighbourhood, descended to the
beach, where W. Whitfaker, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., gave a short
lecture on the secondary strata, which are well shown at that
spot. By the help of a large diagram he pointed out in the
surrounding cliffs almost the entire cretaceous group, from
upper chalk through lower chalk, upper greensand (not visible
in consequence of the fall of the cliff) and gault to lower
greensand. Several fossils from the gault were collected, and
many actinize and marine Polyzoa from the rocks on the shore,
and the party returned over the cliff to the Pavilion Hotel,
where they dined together—the President taking the chair,
and supported by two of the Vice-Presidents, Capt. Crookes
and Dr. Boycott. After dinner 13 new members were pro-
posed. and elected at the next committee meeting.

The President having received an invitation for the Society,
from a Committee of gentlemen at Dover, to attend a Micros-
copic Meeting in the Maison Dieu at that place, and your
Committee having accepted the same on behalf of the members,
a meeting was accordingly held there on the 3rd of November,
which was very numerously attended, both by the members of
the Society and by the citizens of Dover. The members as-
sembled in the Museum at Dover, where they were addressed
by Dr. Astley the Curator, after which they adjourned to the

Maison Dieu, where the President delivered an address on the
objects and uses of the Society, which he has since published
and circulated among the members. Thirty-two microscopes
of various sizes and descriptions were exhibited on a long and
wide table in the centre of the Hall, among which were some
first class Binoculars by T. Ross, some cheaper Binoculars by
C. Baker, single tube instruments by both those makers and
by Smith and Beck, Pillisher, Highley, Powell and Leland,
&c. The objects of interest shewn by these were too nu-
merous to particularize; consisting of rive and mounted
Zoophytes, Diatomaceze, Xanthidize, Insects and parts of In-
sects, Sections, Alove, &c., &c. The meeting was admirably
organized by the Dover Committee, and was a decided success ;
and with the Folkestone meeting has contributed greatly to
increase the number of members of the Society.

The last meeting of the year was held in St. George’s
Hall, when a Lecture was delivered by B. F. Lowne, Esq.,
on the Natural History of Palestine and the Bible. Mr.
Lowne had travelled in Palestine with the expedition orga-
nized by the Rev. Mr. Tristram as Surgeon and Naturalist,
and gave a graphic description of the Geological Features of
the Jordan Valley, the Lebanon Range and the Dead Sea;
showing the effect of the formation of the Country on its
natural products, and the relation of its Flora and Fauna to
those of Europe on the west, and Africa and Asia on the
south and east.

On this occasion, your Committee thinking the citizens of
Canterbury might be interested in the subject of the lecture,
resolved to admit non-members on a small payment, but the
invitation was not responded to, and the lecture (which gave
great satisfaction to those who heard it) was listened to by an
audience more select than numerous.

The Monthly Evening Meetings, which were commenced

in 1863, have been continued regularly through the past’ year,
and with one or two exceptions have been well attended, and
many objects of interest exhibited and discussed, (especially
some very interesting specimens of Marine Polyzoa and An-
nelilida, by Mr. Saunders); and your Committee believing
much benefit has accrued from these meetings, and much
information been gained and disseminated at them, recommend
their continuance in the present year.

The Prize offered by the President at the last Annual
Meeting has not been awarded, as there was but one com-
petitor ; and our want of room has assisted in preventing the
institution of the courses of elementary lectures hoped for in
our last report.

Amnexed is the Treasurer’s statement of account for the
past year, and a list of the books in the Library, those added
during the year being marked with an asterisk.

Your Committee have to regret the loss of the services of
Dr. Boycott one of your Vice-Presidents.

It having been suggested to the Committee that an ex-
hibition of Roses would be very popular in Canterbury, your
Committee, having carefully considered the matter, and ascer-
tained that they are likely to be well supported by the nobility
and gentry of the county, beg to recommend that an exhibition
of the native and cultivated varieties of the Rose be held at
Canterbury, under the auspices of the Society, about Thursday
June the 22nd; and in order to induce exhibitors to send
specimens, prizes be offered for competition, under such reg-
ulations as a Committee specially appointed shall determine
on, and a subscription be started to defray the cost thereof.

In concluding their report the Committee can but con-
4 gratulate the members on the success that has attended the

meetings during the year, and the improved position of the
Society generally; and again urging on members the utility
and necessity of each member noting carefully the observations
that fall in his way of the Natural History of his own im-
mediate neighbourhood, or of any part of the county where he
may be sojourning, as it is by a number of separate observa-
tions, apparently trivial in themselves, that many of the great
truths of the science have been established. With our in-
creased number of members, spread over a space comprehend-
ing Dover, Deal, Sandwich, Ramsgate, Margate, Herne Bay,
Whitstable, Faversham, Sittingbourne, Tenterden, Ashford,
Hythe, and Folkestone, we should be in a position to make
out a complete Fauna and Flora for East Kent, particularly
of the neighbourhood of the coast line—a task the Committee
hope for the cordial co-operation of the members in attempting.

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LIST OF BOOKS -AND PERIODICALS.
BELONGING TO THE East Kuyt Seeis History Soctety.

1. British Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, 1 vol., (Reeve)
2. Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol., (Wilson)
8. Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, I vol., (Harvey)
4, Flora of Surrey, 1 vol., (J. A. Brewer)
5. Manual of Geology, 1 vol., (Professor Phillips)
§. Flora of East Kent
*7. Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.
*8, Ramsays Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 yol.
*9, Dallas’ Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.
*10. Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.
*11, A Catalogue of rare Phoeenogamous Plants collected in South Kent
in 1829.
#12. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol 3, 1863. (Half bound Calf)
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1852. (In Cloth)
54 1853 to 1855. (Half bound Calf)
a 1856 to 1857, (In Cloth)
1858 to 1861, and for 1863.- (Half bound Calf)
N. B. —The Zoologist for 1862 i is incomplete at present.
The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vols. 7 and 8, old
Series. Vols. 1, 1861, and 3, 1863, new ditto. Half bound Calf)
Magazine of Natural History, vols. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, and 12, 3rd
Series. (Half bound Calf)
The Geologist, vols. 2,3, 4,and 6. (Half bound Calf)
The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859. (Half bound Calf)
Hand Book of British Fiora, parts l, to 24.
British Moths, Nocturni.
Geometre.
Proceedings of the Geologist’s Association, 1863-4,

N.B.—As it is most important to increase the number of Books
in the Library for the use of Members, a special subscription for the
purchase of Books, or donation of works on Natural History will be
thankfully received by the Committee.

ONTO Crip OO

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ:

- Natural History Review

. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
- Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

. The Zoologist

. The Geological Magazine

- Hand Book of British Flora

- Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society

“F Science.

LIST OF BOOKS, &c.

LENT TO THE EAst Kent NATURAL History Soctety’s LiBRARY-

The Ray Society’s Publications from 1845 to 1854, 12 vols.
By James Reid, Esq.

2. Balfour’s Class Book of Botany, 1855 and 1859, 2 vols.

or D>

By James Reid, Esq.

Geology of South East of England, 1833, 1 vol.
By James Reid, Esq.

. Clark's British Marine Testaceous Mollusca, 1855, 1 vol.

By G. Dowker, Esq.

. Martin’s Geological Memoir of Part of Western Sussex, 1828, lyol.

By James Reid, Esq.

. Mantell’s Geology of Surrey, 1840, 1 vol. By James Reid, Esq.
. Buckland’s Reliquie Diluviane, 1823, 1 vol. By James Reid, Esq-
. Work on Butterflies, 1 vol. By Rev. F. Rouch,

9.
10. Letters of Rusticus on the Natural History of Godalming.

Hints on the formation of Local Museums. By James Reid, Esq.

By Miss Kenrick.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND

Presivent :

MEMBERS.

SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BETSHANGER.

Wice-PBresivents :

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

SIR BROOK BRIDGES, BART., M.P., GoopNEsTONE PARK.
MAJOR C, J. COX, Forpwicu Hovse.

MATTHEW BELL, Esa., BournE Park.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esa., St. ALBANS.

REV. J. P. SCOTT, SInERTSWOULD.

CAPT. CROOKES, Dover.
REV. J. MITCHINSON, K1ine’s ScnHoo..
REY. J. B. READE, BisHopsBOURNE.

Treasurer :

G. RIGDEN, Ese., BuRGATE STREET.

Secretary:

MR, JOHN S. LINFORD, Bureate StREET.

J. BRENT, Jun., Esa.

G. FURLEY, Esa.

COLONEL HORSLEY.

MR. S. HARVEY.
CAPTAIN KEMP.
MR, W. MOUNT.

Committee:

H. B. MAKESON, Esa.
F. H. SANKEY, Esa.
REV. F. ROUCH.

MR. S. SAUNDERS,
Dr. TASSELL.

Pocal Secretaries :

G. BOTTLE, Esea., Dover.
Dr, FITZGERALD, FoLkKEsTONE.

MEMBERS.

Dean of Canterbury

Alford, Very Rev. Dr.
Westgate, Canterbury.

Andrews, A. B. Esq.

Alcock, Rev. J. P.
Austin. Rey.
Abram, Mr, W.

Bridges, Sir B. W., Bt., .MP.

Bell, M. Esq.
Bottle, Mr. A.
Bateman, Mr. J.
Bland, W., Esq.
Brent, J. jun., Esq.
Briggs, Rev. J. B.
Briggs, A. Esq.
Brooke, John Esq.
Bowles, Robt. Esq.
Barrow, Mrs.
Browne. Miss L.
Crookes, Capt.
Cotton, H., Esq.
Cox, Major

Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Chivers, Mr.
Chaffey, Mrs.
Dowker, G., Esq.
Dowker, Mrs.
Drew, C. T., Esq.
Doridant, C., Esq.
Davidson, — Esq.
Ellis, W., Esq.
Eastes, S., Esq.
Ellis, Rev. J. H.
Farren, Col., C. B.
Furley, R., Esq.

Furley, Geerge, Esq.

Forrest, Mrs.
Fitzgerald, Dr. W.

Grayling, J., Esq,. M.D.

Ashford.

St. George’s.

St. Dunstan’s

Goodnestone Park.

Bourne Park,

Dover.

St. George’s Street, Canterbury.
Hartlip, Sittingbourne.
Dane John.

Folkestone.

Tenterden.

Folkestone.

Ditto.

Walmer.

4, Victoria Terrace, Canterbury.
Dover.

Dent de Lion, Margate.
Fordwich House.

Ditto

Palace Street.

Doddington near Faversham.
Stourmouth House,

Ditto.

Chartham,

Folkestone.

Littlebourne,

Folkestone.

Ditto.

Elham.

Colchester.

Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Folkestone.

Sittingbourne.

Green, Mrs. J.
Greaves, Mr. Cyril
Gillett, Mr.
Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hallowes, Mrs. P. B.
Hoare, W. P., Esq.
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Hatfield, Mrs.
Hatfield, Miss
Harvey, Mr. S.
Horsley, Col.

Hart, R. Esq.
Imthurn, Miss
James, Sir W., Bart.
Jenner, Rev. H. L.
Kersey, Dr.

Kersey, Mrs.
Kenrick, Miss
Kemp, Capt.
Kingsford, Miss
Lake, Robt., Esq.
Leith, R. M., Esq.,
Lee, R., Esq.

Levy, Adolphus, Esq.
Linford, Mr. J. 8.
Linford, Mrs.
Makeson, H. B., Esq.
Mitchinson, Rev. Dr.
Mount, Mr. W.
Neame, Mrs. A.
Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. ©
Pittock, G. M., Esq., M.D.,
Parker, R. D., Esq.
Pool, Mr.

Powell, Rev. W.
Powell, Mrs.

Reid, Jas., Esq.
Rigden, G. Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.
Reade, Rev. J. B.
Reade, Geo., Esq.
Scott, Rev. L. F.
Sankey, Robt., Esq.
Sankey, F. H., Esq.

Canterbury.

Ditto.

St. Albans.

Stour Street, Canterbury.
Faversham.

Word near Sandwich.
Ditto.

Ditto.

High Street, Canterbury.
St. Stephen’s Lodge.
Folkestone.

Wincheap.

Betshanger.

Preston Vicarage.
Littlebourne.

Ditto.

Stone House, Canterbury.
Cavalry Barracks,
Seaton,

Milton Chapel.
Folkestone.

The Waldrens, Croydon.
Folkestone.

Canterbury.

Ditto.

High Street, Hythe.
King’s School.
Canterbury.

King’s Bridge, Canterbury.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.

Ditto.

Margate.

Barham.

High Street, Canterbury.
Folkestone.

Canterbury.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street.
Precincts, Canterbury.
Bishopsbourne.

Ditto.

Sibertswould.

Castle Street, Canterbury,
Wingham.

Sankey, Mrs.
Saunders, Mr. Sibert,
Slater, F., Esq.
Scudamore, Dr.

Smith, Capt. Carleton
Stock, Henry, Esq.
Sankey, Herbt. T., Esq.
Tainch, E. C., Esq.
Tucker, Mr, E.
Thurston, Thos., Esq.
Tassell, Dr.

Tylden, Rev. M.
Taylor, Mrs. A.
Thornton, W. H., Esq.
Tyson, W.T., Esq.
West, Rev. J. F.
Walker, Mrs.

Ward, Miss
Whittaker, W., Esq.
Wilson, J. L., Esq.
Worsfold, Christopher, Esq.

Wingham.

Whitstable.

Chislett.

Harbledown.

Dover.

Folkestone.

Burgate Street, Canterbury.
4, Spencer Square, Ramsgate.
The Grove, Margate.
Ashford.

St. Margaret’s Street, Canterbury.
Stamford Rectory, Hythe.
North Street, Herne Bay.
Hawley Square, Margate
Folkestone.

Birchington, Thanet.

St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
High Street, Canterbury.

St. Margaret's, Canterbury.
Bridge Street.

Dover.

The following were elected at the Annual Meeting :—

Green, Mrs. A,
Hambrook, Mr. J. B.
Kingsford, — Esq.
Lewis, F., Esq.
Lindsay, J. B., Esq.
Mummery, Mr. W. P.
Pryer, E. J., Esq.
Spice, C., Esq.
Weston, L., Esq.
Wightwick, W., Esq.

9, Clarence Lawn, Dover.
Strond Street, ditto.
Lundy House, ditto.
Castle Street, ditto.
Maison Dieu Road, ditto.
Strond Street, ditto.

ditto. ditto.

ditto. ditto.
Waterloo Crescent, ditto.
Folkestone.

CHIVERS, PRINTER, PALACE STREET, CANTERBURY.

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§ 24.4

FOURTEENTH REPORT
18 7/

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BAST BENT

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ADOPTED AT THE

ANNUAL MEETING,

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE “ KENTISH GAZEITE” OFFICE, HIGH-STREET.

Sem or

Mioote Scuoots,
CANTERBURY.

Anat

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OF THE

RATURRE SORE kK
SOCIETY, |

ADOPTED AT THE

ANNUAL MEETING,

HELD ON FEBRUARY 27th, 1872,

& iist of Books belonging ta the Lihyary,

SRSSTON, ASTI,

CANTERBURY:

PRINTED AT THE “KENTISH GAZETTH” OFFICE, HIGH-STREET.

CONTENTS.

Page.
Abstract of the President’s Address ......sccsesssseeeseenecnsenes Tesear 3
Report of the Committee .........scccccssssesccssseeeestsnssseeseanseneeoas 4
Report of the Libraria..........scccccsssseceessessecseeneeseseeeanngercacees 7
PENANG SPAbCINEDL | Sei crrccdiacscicesteseccccvecccusseenesteeetanouvenvane 8
Proceedings of the Evening Scientific Meetings ...........:sesseeees 9
List of Books belonging to the Library....... avteavent awe eaaoavies 17
List of Officers and Members ........00000 sidtedeaevieddeuissss3 tale ane
Rules and Regulations ....cssecssssceensees suvcatdetelseiadeaeven es ean
Address on Provincial Museums ......:ec000 Sia ia Nea demetesgne eeme

Fly-leaf at the end with Tabular View of Meetings wussee 39

“ast Hien ‘atu jistory Hociety,

ABSTRACT OF THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

The PRESIDENT, previous to vacating the chair, delivered an
Address on the value of Natural History Societies educationally
considered. He observed that science had now definitely asserted
its claim to be recognized as an integral branch of a liberal
education; this was not an unmixed good, for quite independently
of the natural clinging to time-honoured and well-tried systems of
mental training, there was a real danger of losing in depth what
was gained in comprehensiveness, and, considering the wide field of
the natural sciences, this wasa real danger. Still, in the face of
the wonderful progress of discovery in the domains of nature and
in its application to man’s life and comfort, and of the manifest
current of thought which was setting in that channel, it would be
simply impossible, whatever might be done with the present, that
the rising generation of whatever class should not receive sufficient
elementary instruction in the principles of science to enable them
to pursue in one or other of its branches as they grew up. Much
caution, however, would have to be used in the method of science-
teaching. It might take two forms: one, the more attractive one,
of trying to impart some knowledge of all the leading sciences; the
other, the sounder one, of selecting a very limited number, and
those the severer ones, and endeavouring to teach the principles of
these thoroughly, leaving their after development to individual self-
culture. Now if all this were granted, it followed that all who
professed to interest themselves in education, whether of the higher
or lower classes, must, from the nature of the case, interest them-
selves in whatever tended to advance or teach science; and hence he
took occasion to express surprise and regret that so many of the
upper, the professional, and the middle class in Canterbury should
hold aloof from a Society which, whatever its past shortcomings,
was struggling into a groove of good and useful work. He con-
cluded by raising the question whether the Society might not do
something in Canterbury to solve the question how is science-
teaching to be brought within the reach of the young persons of
the upper and middle class in Canterbury.

4
Report of the Committee.

During the year 1871 the financial state and the number of
members have been satisfactorily maintained. At the end of the
year 1870 a balance of lls. 4d. remained in the hands of the
Treasurer, and the members numbered 75; at the close of the year
1871 that balance was £7 19s. 6d., and the number of members 81.
Four new members have already joined the Society and paid their
subscriptions for the year 1872; and it is hoped that all those
persons in the district who undertake to conduct or patronise the
present movement for education will sooner or later recognise
the usefulness of the Society.in this respeet. Of past years
there is the large sum of about £19 still due to the Treasurer for
subscriptions.

In the last Report the Committee congratulated the Society on
the increased value of the Library, and have now the pleasure to
announce that this value has been enhanced during the year just
passed. Hence such a collection of books on Natural Science is
placed at the service of the members as to offer an important and
even essential aid in a district where no other public Library of the
same kind exists; and, though the Library consists mainly of such
standard books of reference as may be deemed permanently valuable
as property or capital, periodical publications in sufficient number
to afford the members an ample knowledge of the progress of the
different branches of natural science have been and still are
provided. Hence the use of the Library and apartment would be
a more liberal return for the annual subscription than could be
elsewhere obtained; and, as a provision for the advancement of
education, should command the support of the intelligent com-
munity of the city and neighbourhood. And of such support the
Society will appear still further deserving, when we consider the
several advantages of its regular and frequent meetings and
excursions, by means of which the members enjoy the most
favourable opportunities of providing for or sharing their wants
and acquisitions, in a manner too that cannot fail to promote the
knowledge of natural science in the district.

Thus the Library, though a paramount object, is not the only
means employed by the Society for the promotion of a practical and
theoretical knowledge of Natural History. Distant excursions,
when judiciously conducted, could not fail to be useful in this respect;
but these have proved so difficult to accomplish, and so little en-
couraging, that only one was undertaken in 1871, and a single one
in 1870. Accordingly your Committee turned attention to the
excursions, already mentioned, nearer home, and instituted fort-
nightly meetings for the transaction of the scientific business of
the Society, including the examination of the results of those
excursions in the neighbourhood. And thus this frequent and easy
intercommunion of the members and their friends has proved, as
was predicted in the last Report, eminently successful, and the
Society has accordingly presented such an increased activity and
usefulness as must be gratifying to the members. But much
remains to be done by the Society. It has yet to awaken an
interest in and a zeal for the subject; and this can only be done by
promoting a knowledge of it, especially in a district where the taste

————

,
:
i]
J
4
;
4

has to be created, and has so long been suppressed by the deplorable
state of the City Museum, concerning which your Committee had to
express regret in their last Report. To superficial observers, the
natural history of a small district might appear very limited; but
it is really so very extensive as to require the co-operation of many
good naturalists for its successful cultivation, and even then would
be neither exhausted nor completed. And, as already intimated,
the City Museum has of late years contributed little, while it might
have done much, towards this desirable end. But this has at least
been promoted by the frequent Lectures, Discourses, Demon-
strations, and Exhibitions at the Evening Meetings of your Society.
Besides, during the past year it has done something more in con-
tributions to the general stock of natural science, as may be
seen by the short abstract, in pages 9 to 16 of the present Report,
of such portions of the Society’s Proceedings as appeared in
a “Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science” for January,
872.

Still that abstract, being necessarily confined chiefly to micro-
scopical work, takes so little notice of larger labours that it remains
to mention them. At the meetings were given Lectures and other
forms of contribution admirably suited to cultivate a taste for
Natural History. For these services the cordial thanks of the
Society are especially due to Dr. Mitchinson, Colonel Horsley,
Colonel Cox, Major Munn, Mr. Sibert Saunders, Mr. Dowker, Mr.
Gulliver, and Mr. George Gulliver. The same thanks were well
earned too by Colonel Horsley, Colonel Cox, Mr. Sidney Harvey,
Mr. Sibert Saunders, Mr. Bell, Mr. Fullagar, and Mr. Down, for the
valuable illustrations afforded by their microscopes; and to Mr.
Fullagar for the frequent exhibitions of living specimens of the
lower animals kept in his aquarium, concerning many of which he
often communicated interesting drawings and practical observations
to the Society. The exhibition by Colonel Cox of his collection of
Beach Pebbles, in connection with his excellent Lecture thereon,
proved very interesting and instructive at one or two of the evening
meetings ; nor was Mr. Dowker’s Lecture in the field, at the Dover
excursion, less valuable, happily using as he did on the occasion
nature’s own diagrams, as they still stand, in illustration of the
geology of that district. Indeed, your Committee have no hesitation
im expressing the conviction that the gratuitous services of the
members of the Society have been far more useful than any that it
could have obtained from paid lecturers.

As to the publication of such Proceedings, they have been
regularly reported, so much to the credit of our local press, in the
Kentish Gazette, as to meet with the warm commendation of many
members of the Society, and to find a place in several of the London
journals. But such matters, though highly valuable to the members
present at the Meetings, to many necessarily absent, and to a large
number of other persons interested in local news, were not intended
for separate publication by the Society ; and, indeed, from the great
extent of the papers, such publication would be out of the question,
and they are accordingly preserved for reference in the Minutes of
the Meetings. There is, however, one address, that on the Objects

and Management of Museums, which has an application so general

and particular, and which has been so frequently applied for, that

your Committee have decided on inserting it in the Report, as the
most convenient way of answering such applications; and this
the more willingly, as it seems creditable for the Society to
take a lead in the reform of Museums which, though supported
by the local rates, have not yet been made fairly subservient,
as they ought and were intended to be, to the interests of
education.

In the course of their labours to promote the activity and
usefulness of the Society, your Committee have found some of the
Rules which, strictly interpreted, obstruct or interfere with the
business. The proposed alterations are chiefly of a mere formal
character, and are recommended, after much consideration, to be
adopted, as they will much facilitate the business, especially in
giving precision to the times of the meetings, whether Scientific,
General, or of Committees. Thus it is hoped to solve the questions,
hitherto so perpetually recurring, on these matters plainly for every
member who may look at the standing Rules, and to obviate the
necessity of the issues of such special notices of information as
the members may reasonably require to possess already in those
Rules, concerning all the ordinary meetings and other business
of the Society. And, for the further convenience of the members,
it is proposed to notice distinctly on a fly-leaf of the Report
all the fixed meetings, so that it may be torn out and stuck up as a
remembrancer. .

Finally, your Committee, recognising the expediency of co-
operation with other and kindred Societies, have agreed to mutual
visiting privileges as to meetings and excursions, and to the inter-
change of Annual Reports, with the Croydon Microscopical Club,
and the Eastbourne Natural History Society; and will be happy to
consider the question of extending the arrangement, whenever
desired, to other Societies.

Sub-Committee on the Flora of East Kent.

The work of this Committee has been unfortunately suspended
during the past year owing to the causes mentioned in the last
Report. The analysis and registry of the returns made by members
during 1870 have proved too much for the time at the disposal of
the Secretary of this Committee. Indeed, the Secretary found it
necessary to resign office last July, promising to complete the
register as soon as he could. The plan adopted is one that may
easily be resumed, it only requires some one with a little spare time
and a knowledge of Botany, to volunteer to carry it out. A balance
of 4s. 8d. remains to the Committee from the grant made in 1870.

i
Report of the Librarian for the year 1871.

The funds at the disposal of the Librarian during the year1871, con-
sisted of £1 15s. 8d., being the balance remaining from 1870, and £10
from the general funds of the Society, making a total of £11 15s. 8d.
Of this sum £3 11s. 5d. was spent in the purchase of new works, as
mentioned below, £6 0s. 10d. for periodicals, and 17s. 11d. for
binding eight volumes of the previous year’s periodicals, leaving a
balance in hand of £1 5s, 6d.

The new works above referred to are—

1. Westwood’s Modern Classification of Insects, 2 Vols., 8vo.

2. Rymer Jones’ Outlines of Organization of Animal Kingdom, 1 Vol.

3. Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &e., 2 Vols.

The periodicals taken in by the Society are the same as in 1870.

In return for the one guinea annual subscription to the Ray
Society the following work has been received, viz.—

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, folio, by

G. J. Allmann, M.D.
_The undermentioned pamphlets were presented to the Society,
viz.—

‘Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica, by Axel Boeck.

Phanerogamer og Bregner, by A. Blytt (from the Royal University of
Norway).

oa Annual Report of the Folkestone Natural History Society for
1871.

ee of the Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopical Club for
1871.

ee Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for

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East Kent Naturat History Sooctegry.

President, the Rev. John Mitchinson, D.C.L., &c., Oxon. ;
Honorary Secretary, George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

As its name imports, this Society is by no means confined to
microscopical work. But the name of the Honorary Secretary
will afford sufficient guarantee that both animal and vegetable his-
tology are well prosecuted ; and of these departments we propose
to give reports. Indeed, the Society presents a remarkable sphere
of usefulness intheapplication of themicroscope to natural science,
as at the scientific meetings, which are held fortnightly at Can-
terbury, it is the usual course to make the dissections of animals
and plants, and the microscopic demonstrations thereof, in the
presence of the members.

December 7th, 1870.—Living specimens of Trichodina and
Vorticellina were exhibited by Mr. Fullagar ; when the longitu-
dinal central muscle of Vorticella was well shown by Mr. Sidney
Harvey. Mr. Gulliver gave practical demonstrations of the micro-
scopic structure of the so-called scales of Anguis fragilis, proving
that the dermal scales of this reptile are true bone and not horny
epidermis; an important fact, as another evidence of the
lacertian affinities of this creature, since in true Ophidians the
scales are horny epidermis, and not bone.

January 11th, 1871.—The branchiz and the circulation of the
blood were examined in some Entomostraca, and an explanation
of the difference between gills and lungs was given, both in
vertebrates and invertebrates, and of the special function in
relation to respiration of the red blood-corpuscles of vertebrates.

January 25th.—Colonel Horsley gave some demonstrations of
plant-crystals—Raphides, Spheraphides, and Crystal Prisms ;
whereupon Mr. Gulliver showed the very great importance of such
erystals, especially rhaphides, in taxonomy. Thus, for example,
in the British Flora, the shortest and sharpest diagnosis of the
order Onagracew would be Calycifloral Exogens abounding in
raphides; of Galiacew, Corollifloral Exogens abounding in ra-
phides; of Orchidaceew, Gynandrous Endogens abounding in
raphides; of Hydrocharidaceew, Hydral Endogens destitute of
raphides. And similar exemplifications might be multiplied ex-
tensively, as may be seen in Mr. QGulliver’s various memoirs in
the ‘ Popular Science Review,’ Oct., 1865; ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’
1861-65 ; ‘ Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci.,’ 1864, 1865, 1866, and 1869
and ‘Seeman’s Journ. Bot.,’ 1864, 1866, 1867, and 1869. The
raphidian character was represented as so eminently natural, so
easy to realise, and often so much more universal and funda-
mental than other single diagnostics, as to make it surprising
that systematists, still exclusively using the old diffuse and often
difficult characters, should not yet have taken advantage of it.

10 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

February 8th.—Mr. Harvey displayed some Rotifers; and
Mr. Fullagar some young of Paludina vivipara, bred in his aqua-
rium. Miss Croasdill sent some specimens of Velella collected at
Tenby, and a discourse was given on the structure and economy
of the class of Acalephes.

February 22nd.—Mr. Fullagar exhibited the Crystal Prisms of
Quillaia bark, showing their large size, and how, in their shafts
and tips being prismatic or angular, they differ from Raphides.
These last have rounded shafts, and occur loosely together in
bundles, and may thus be easily known from crystal prisms ;
which prisms proved to be excellent for experiments with polarised
light, while true raphides are not so. It was observed that the
order Iridaceze abounds in crystal prisms; and that the well-
known Jris Germanica, so common in our cottage gardens, is
a good plant, always at hand, in which to examine them.

March 8th.—Col. Horsley and Mr. Bell displayed some Di-
atoms; and Mr. Down some of the Canterbury mosses, with
dissections of the sporangium and peristome of Hypnum confertum.
Mr. Fullagar showed several specimens of freshwater Polyps,
some of which were bred in his aquarium, as he believed, from
eggs deposited there by the parents during the preceding autumn.

March 22nd.—Col. Horsley gave demonstrations, from prepa-
rations made extemporaneously, of the characters of the Crystal
Prisms of Guaiacum, and of the Spheraphides of the prickly pear
(Opuntia) ; whereupon the Hon. Sec. observed that these prisms
are good tests of the genuineness of the officinal barks of Quillaia
and Guaiacum, and that though the crystal prisms are abundant in
many British Endogens, and in various exotic Exogens, including
trees and shrubs, these crystals had not yet been found in our
native Dicotyledons. And, indeed, while in foreign exogenous
trees and shrubs true Raphides are not uncommon, they have
not at present been demonstrated in any British trees.

April 13th.—Mr. Bell, Mr. Fullagar, and Mr. Down, displayed
some lively specimens of Volvox and Closteriwm, and some very
fine ones] of Spherosira. The circulation of the sap, and the
multiplication by binary subdivision, were well shown in Closterium
lunula.

April 27th.—The Rev. C. W. Bewsher exhibited a fine specimen,
bigger than a bucket, of ‘ Neptune’s Cup,’ like that originally
described by Hardwick, in the ‘Trans: Lin. Soc.,’ as a Sponge
allied to Cliona. The present example came from the Mauritius.
The character of its siliceous spicules was shown under various
microscopic powers. Hydra viridis and H. fusca, now very
abundant about Canterbury, were shown by Mr. Fullagar and
Mr. Bell, when the process of multiplication by budding was well
seen.

May 11th.—Mr. Gulliver exhibited specimens of Planer’s
Lamprey, now very abundant in the Stour River, at Canterbury,
and gave demonstrations of several points of the anatomy, not
yet recognised in the systematic books, concerning the Petromy-

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 1]

zonini :—1st. The red Corpuscles of the Blood, though circular,
agree in structure with the same corpuscles of all other Pyre-
nemata. 2nd. Though usually described as “ Dermopteri without
Fin-rays,” these rays, composed of cartilage-cells, were plainly
shown in the fins of these fishes. 3rd. The Lens-fibres are
smooth, being destitute of the indentations and interlocking of the
edges, so characteristic of most fishes. 4th. The male has at this
season a distinct Penis, and the females a similar but broader and
shorter process. The organ in both sexes hasa single central and
longitudinal canal, through which the generative and urinary
products pass; and it is probable that there is a true copulation.
5th. Platyelminthes in the brain in every one of the Lampreys that
were examined, and these Entozoa so abundant as to fill the space
between the skull and brain, and often pressing into the cerebral
substance, but not found in or about the nerves elsewhere. These
new worms may be called, provisionally, Newronaia Lampetre,

- as being allied to, though very different from, V. Monroii, de-

scribed by Goodsir, in the nerves of the cod-fish family. Many
of these facts are detailed and figured in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soe,.’
December 6th, 1870.

May 25th—No microscopic business, the meeting being
occupied with Mr. Fullagar’s description of the metamorphoses
of Libellula, and by Mr. James Reid’s observations on the
labellum in Orchis fusca and the allied species.

June 8th.—Mr. Fullagar and Mr..Harvey showed the vibratile
cilia on the surface of the gills of a larval Triton. Mr. Gulliver
exhibited what he described as the Intestinal Respiration in a
worm of the Naid family. This creature, common in the pools
about Canterbury, is colorless, about a quarter of an inch in
length, very thin, with flat segments, mostly having long and
slender lateral hairs, and the body so pellucid as to admit of
admirable views of the phenomenon. ‘The vivid action of the
vibratile cilia within the intestine, and the rapid and incessant
current of the water over the cilia, afforded a most remarkable
spectacle, and left little doubt that this is a true respiration,
heretofore so obscure, in the abranchiate worms. Mr. Gulliver
added that the action may be seen in Senuris variegata.

June 22nd.—The manner of feeding, and the structure of the
nettle-cells and threads of the Hydra polyps were exhibited by
Mr. Fullagar and Mr. Harvey; and Mr. Bell displayed the
structure of the Spiracles and Trachex of insects. Extempora-
neous preparations were made and examined, of the peculiar leaf-
cells of Sphagnum; and in like manner the Osseous Granules
were shown in an insectivorous mammal, and in the boiled bones
of the codfish.

July 5th—The members of the Society were hospitably en-
tertained by Colonel Horsley, at his residence, St. Stephen’s
Lodge. The anatomy of a fresh female specimen of Gordius was
explained. Mr. Fullagar presented beautiful examples of the
Stigmata, and their perforated plates, of Ixodes ricinus. Mr.

12 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Gulliver gave a lecture “On British Reptiles and Batrachians,
with a comparison of the red corpuscles of their blood with those of
certain exotic species.’ Though the characters afforded by the
blood-disks have not yet found their place in systematic zoology,
they are so important that they must soon be regularly recognised.
He showed specimens of these corpuscles from all our indigenous
Reptiles and Batrachians, and from the foreign Siren, Proteus,
Amphiwma, Menopoma, Menobranchus, Oryptobranchus, Siredon,
and Lepidosiren. The blood-disks of the Proteus were long re-
garded as the largest known, but a late discovery had shown that
they are still larger in Amphiuma. And, so far as regards the
blood-disks of Lepidosiren, they must be placed, as the lecturer
had long since discovered, among the several Batrachian charac-
ters of this singular creature ; no true fish has such large red blood-
corpuscles. The comparative examinations were all made in the
presence of the meeting, and it was pleasing to see how easily
Col. Horsley and his guests were led to realise the main points,
and to perceive the relation of the size of the blood-disks with
the respiratory function, especially when the comparative small-
ness of the blood-disks of mammals was shown.

July 20th.—Several examinations were made regarding the
ordinal characters afforded by Raphides in English exogenous
plants, and all found to be quite true, after protracted inquiry
among numerous specimens of Onagracex, Balsaminacee, and
Galiacee, and of numerous plants of allied but exraphidian
orders. It was easy to distinguish by the raphidian diagnosis,
even in the minutest portion, all species of these three orders
from species of any other order of the same alliance as that to
which the raphidian plant belonged.

August 3rd.—Mr. George Gulliver, of Pembroke College,
Oxford, gave demonstrations of the Spheraphides of the order
Caryophyllacez, especially in fresh specimens of Dianthus armeria,
which is not uncommon about Canterbury. The raphidian
character of all the British species of Zemna was shown in
contrast with the exraphidian Wolffa, all in fresh specimens
from the neighbourhood of Canterbury.

* August 17th.—The examination of plant-crystals was continued
with the same results, A Paper “On the Comparative Anatomy
of the British Scaly Reptiles,’ was read by Mr. G. Gulliver, late
scholar at the King’s School.

August 31st.—The beautiful Lepides ofthe epidermis of Callitri-
che were examined. They are not unlike in outline to the flat rose-
ornament of medixval architecture, and are very characteristic,
though not yet recognised by systematists. The curious trumpet-
shaped Micropyles in the egg of Locusta viridissima were dis-

layed.

4 September 14th.—1. How easily to see the Markings of Pleuro-
sigma; by Colonel Horsley.—It is well known that these mark-
ings are so difficult of resolution that much accessory apparatus
and very nice management of the light are considered necessary

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 13

for the purpose. Thus costly accessories, such as achromatic
condensors, Webster’s condensor, Reade’s prism and hemispherical
condensor, and other contrivances for providing suitable illumina-
tion are used, much to the profit of opticians. But, Col. Horsley’s
experiments raise the question whether these expensive appli-
ances may not be altogether discarded ; and though this cannot yet
be affirmed, he exhibited in a very simple manner the markings of
the valves of Pleurosigma. This was done by taking the light in
a plane with the object, and dispensing with the glass reflector
and the condensor, so that the only reflected light was derived
from the inside of the short plated tube under the stage of the
microscope; and the luminous rays thus faintly and obliquely
transmitted proved quite efficient in rendering the markings
plainly visible under objectives of one fourth of an inch focus.

2. On Points in the Intimate Structure of British Euphorbiacee ;
by Mr. Gulliver.—Referring to his memoir on the Latex
of plants, published in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for
March, 1862, the author announced that he had some new
points to display to the meeting. Selecting first a fresh specimen
of Mercurialis annua, he showed that this plant abounds in
Spheraphides, and to such an extent that it affords an excellent
indigenous exemplar of them. And the interest of this fact is
increased, because it presents a good diagnostic between the genus
Mereurialis and all the other British Euphorbiacee ; and this
character, though so easily seen, is quite ignored in the systematic
and other works on botany. Nor is it less noteworthy that the
very curious starch-sticks of Huphorbia afford an equally distinct
and sharp character of this genus among the British Euphorbiacee ;
these rods of starch not having yet been found in any British
plant of other orders, if, indeed, in any other order native or
exotic. The author observed that such characters in this point
of view, including those afforded by raphides, hairs and cells of
the epidermis of Phanerogams were of great importance, and that
it seemed remarkable that only Dr. Lankester and Professor
Balfour had yet at all recognised this valuable addition to
taxonomic botany.

September 28th.—Senuris variegata.—Specimens of this worm,
each about an inch in length, and collected at Canterbury, were
exhibited at the meeting. Whereupon the Honorary Secretary and
Vice-President (Mr. Gulliver) gave descriptions as follows :—The
present animal is a member of the Bristle-footed Worms (Anne-
lida setigera, s. Chetopoda). These being devoid of gills or other
special organs for breathing, and commonly androgynous, are
known to zoologists as Abranchiate and monoecious Annelida.
As shown at a former meeting, the respiratory function
in this family is probably carried on by means of the vibratile
cilia with which these creatures are so plentifully supplied
within the intestinal canal and elsewhere. They have a
distinct ventral nervous chain with ganglia; and a well-marked
yascular system, of which the great vessel on the back is the

14 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

centre. The blood is red, like that of several other members of
the same order, as the common earthworm, &c. Senwris tubifex and
S. vagans are abundant about Canterbury ; but though Senuris
variegata is by no means a rare species, no previous record of its
having been found here is known. It is the most beautiful worm
of its tribe, being very curiously variegated in colour, which
appears the more remarkable from the transparency of the
creature admitting a view of the great blood vessel. This was
accordingly displayed under the microscopes before the meeting,
when the contractions of the vessel and the moving blood pre-
sented a curious spectacle, and an excellent example of the
vascular system of the Bristle-footed Worms. Indeed, from the ease
afforded by the transparency of this species for views of the blood-
vessels, the viscera, and the vibratile cilia, this creature is highly
prized by those zoologists who desire to be eye-witnesses of these
phenomena; and no one can behold such curiously complex
structures without a feeling of admiration that these animals,
seemingly so abject in the zoological scale, have really a mar-
vellous and high organization, including a respiratory apparatus.
Spongiade.—The Honorary Secretary while explaining living
examples of Spongilla fluviatilis, took the opportunity of making
some remarks on the very interesting class of Sponges, which has
long been bandied about between the botanists and zoologists,
(and has not escaped the moralists), but has at length, by common
consent, been peremptorily settled in the animal kingdom. A
sponge consists of a skeleton or frame-work invested by the soft
living or organic parts. There are regular canals for the circula-
tion or rather passage of the water, with mouths or pores to
receive the incoming currents, and openings (‘oscula’) or vents
for the outgoing currents, regularly carried on by means of
vibratile cilia. All this might seem merely curious; but in
truth it is highly important, as relating to central or fundamental
phenomena in physiology. The main facts were discovered by
Dr. Grant, the eminent Professor of Zoology at University Col-
lege, now an honoured veteran, still happily spared to that science
which he has adorned throughout Europe, and since admirably
reflected to Asia and America. And it is remarkable that
Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of the blood of the higher
animals had remained a great fact, for centuries before Grant
demonstrated the analogous process in such abject creatures as
the Sponges. Of these the soft living part is composed of a
jelly-like and ameeboid substance (sarcode), receiving air and
food through the pores, and very prone after death to prove its
animal nature by putrefaction ; of which last fact any zoologist
who may engage in experiments on the Sponges of our seas and
fresh waters is likely to have unpleasant experience. Though
the mature Sponge is as fixed as an oyster, at an earlier period of
its existence, like the youngest oysters, that sponge had been a
tiny and free-roving animal, careering about at its own will by
means of its vibratile cilia; and having thus sported through its

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, 15

infancy, became finally settled down to pass the remainder of its
life in some fixed sade, there to fulfil its destiny by perpetuating
its species. And this is effected, as is many other low animals—
the polypes, for example—in two modes ; by the production of
buds (gemmez) which assume the cilia and freedom already men-
tioned, or by the agency of ovaries. Hence we have an animal
belonging to a class far beneath that which includes the oyster ;
in short, the Sponges form a class, allied or belonging to the
Protozoa, and known as Porifera, so named from the inhalent and
exhalent orifices before described. The skeleton of sponges is
always composed of flexible fibres or lamine, or of rigid spicules ;
and these are either of horny matter, of carbonate of lime, or of
flint. So we have the orders Keratosa, Calearea, and Silicea.
The horn-like material is soft and elastic when damp, as we are
familiar with it in the sponge of commerce ; and being of a peculiar
nature, is named Keratode, which is chiefly fibroin, a quater-
nary compound nearly allied to silk, and not found in the Vegetable
Kingdom. Thus, besidesthe zoological characters before mentioned,
we have a proof from chemical investigation of the animality of the
Sponge. Fibroin of Sponge contains or is associated with a
notable quantity of iodine, sulphur, and phosphorus. The
Bpeneee most commonly known, as well as the living specimens
of Spongilla shown to the meeting, have no particular shape ;
and indeed from this fact they were formerly included by De
Blainville in a class which he called Amorphozoa. But further
researches soon proved the insufficiency of this characteristic ;
as indeed had been exemplified not long since before the East
Kent Natural History Society. One of those examples was a
large and grotesque form like a big bucket or tub incrusted with
a knobbed layer of stone, standing on a thick pedestal, with a
gnarled branching base resembling the root of an old tree, and all
crusted similarly by the hard mass composed chiefly of micro-
scopic spicules ; and thus presenting a shape so remarkable as to
become popularly known by the name of Neptune’s Cup. It is
allied to the genus Cliona, came from the Mauritius, and was
submitted to the society, on the 27th of April, by the Rey. C.
W. Bewsher. Another, of surpassing beauty of detail and
regularity of shape, with its spicules so exquisitely arranged as to
present a delicacy of filigree or fretwork on the surface that no
art could emulate, and thé whole fashioned like the horn of
Amalthea, is known as Venus’s Flower Vase (Ewuplectella) ; and
for an opportunity of examining this elegant form, the society had
been indebted to Mr. Sibert Saunders. Venus’s Flower Vase
came at first from the Manilla seas. On the other hand, the
little sponge brought before the meeting on Thursday last is
common in Britain, quite shapeless, and not at all remarkable for
external beauty ; though its skeleton is very beautiful, being
composed of colorless spicules of flint, as transparent as the
finest rock crystal. Thus this species belongs to the Silicea, as do
all the few Spongille of our fresh waters. The spicules, displayed

16 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

at the meeting, make admirable microscopic objects, easily pre-
pared, and everlasting. All known sponges are marine, except
the genus of which the living species then produced is a member.
It occurs near St. Martin’s Hill, in the vicinity of the Reed
Pond, and in several other places down the Stour river, and may
be found on posts, sticks, and weeds, in pools and streams, and
commonly appears between wind and water.

October 12th.—Mr. Sibert Saunders exhibited lively specimens
of Ooryne pusilla, Sertularia filicula, Aleyonidium parasiticum, and
Valkeria cuscuta. Col. Horsley and Mr, Harvey continued their
illustrations of the new method of microscopic illumination, and
with satisfactory results. Mr. Gulliver gave an Address “ On the
Objects and Management of Provincial Museums,’ which is
reported in the ‘ Kentish Gazette,’ Oct. 17, ‘Land and Water,’
Oct. 28, ‘ Nature,’ &e.

October 26th.—The evening was chiefly occupied by Col. Cox’s
interesting lecture “ On Beach Pebbles,” including their micro-
scopic structure.

November 9th.—The evening was fully occupied by the most
instructive lecture of the Reverend President, Dr. Mitchinson,
“On Hypersthene and Amygdaloid,” illustrated by numerous
specimens collected by him in Skye, and by drawings in water-
colours by R. G. Gordon, Esq., Assistant-Master of the King’s
School.

November 28rd.—Col. Horsley continued his experiments on
the effects of different methods of microscopic illumination, es-
pecially as regards the appearance of the lines or markings on the
valves of Plewrosigma angulatum, P. quadratum, and P. hippocam-
pus, using a quarter-inch object-glass and transmitted light. The
results were so remarkable as to throw doubts on the taxonomic
value of the current descriptions of the direction of those mark-
ings. Thus, in the former two species, the markings appeared

either transverse or oblique, according to the direction of the

light, so that they could be made to present a transverse course
in one light, and a diagonal course in another light, effects that
were produced to admiration as often as desired. But in
P. hippocampus no such effect could be seen; for in this species
the lines always appeared transverse and longitudinal, however
the light might be managed.

iM
LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS
BreLona@ine To Tor Hast Kent Naturatu Hisrory Socrery.

British Land and Fresh Water Molluscs, 1 vol. (Reeve)

Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)

Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol. (Harvey)

Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer)

Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)

Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.

Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.

Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.

Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.

A Catalogue of Rare Phenogamous Plants collected in South Kent in
1829

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring to
Sheets 4 and 7

British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865 (Douglas and Scott)

Handy Book of British Flora, 2 vols. (Bentley)

Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 3 vols.

Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol.

Monograph of British Spongiade, by Dr. Bowerbank, 2 vols.

Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vel.

Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.

Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs. Gatie from Professor Harvey’s
Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol.

Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.

Forbes’s British Star Fishes, 1 vol.

Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.

Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.

Smith’s English Flora, 4 vols.

Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol.

Nitzsch’s Pterylography.

Hooker’s Jungermannia, 1 vol.

Smith’s Diatomacezx, 2 vols.

Works of W. Hewson, F.R.S., 1 vol., edited by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle and Sternum
in the Vertebrata, 1 vol.

Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10th edition, 2 vols.

Masters’s Vegetable Teratology, 1 vol.

Bevan on the Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn, F.R.H.S., 1 vol.

Gosse’s Marine Zoology, 2 vols.

Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature, 1 vol.

Westwood’s Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., 8vo.

Rymer Jones’ Outlines of Organization of Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &e., 2 vols.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, by G. J.
Allmann, M.D.

PAMPHLETS.

British Moths, Nocturni.
ee Geometre.
Memoirs pour servir 4 la connaissance des Crinoides vivants, par Michael
aj

: ars.

Etudes sur les Affinites Chimiques par MM. Guldberg et Waage.

Notes on Lemnacee and the Raphidian Character of Plants, by G.
Gulliver, F.R.S.

18
Sketches to a scale of the Auditory Organs of Moluscs, by G. Gulliver,
FE.R.S

On the Muscular Sheath of the @sophagus of the “ Aye Aye” (Chiromys
Madagascariensis), by G. Gulliver, F'.R.S.

On the Fibres of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini, by G.
Gulliver, F.R.8.

The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom Markings. The Micros-
cope Prism and the Structure of the Podura Scales, by the Rey. J. B.
Reade, F.R.S.

Le Glacier de Boinon, per Mons. S. A. Saxe.

On a Fern-stem (Osmundites Dowkeri) from the Eocine of Herne Bay,
by Mr. Carruthers.

On the Chalk of Thanet and East Kent, by G. Dowker, F.G.S.

On me Csophogus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata, by G. Gulliver,

R.S

On the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus, and
Orycteropus, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica, by Axel Boeck.

Phanerogamer og Bregner, by A. Blytt (from the Royal University of
Norway).

Third Annual Report of the Folkestone Natural History Society for 1871.

First Report of the Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopical Club for
1871.

Third nas Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for
1871.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol. 3 1863, and vol. 4 1864.
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1861, and from 1863 to 1869.
N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete.
The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vol. 7. 1859,
and vol. 8, 1860, new series, vol. 1, 1861, to vol. 8, 1868, vol 2
excepted.

Magazine of Natural History, third series, vol. 3, 1859, to vol. 8, 1861,

and vol. 11, 1863, to vol. 23, 1869.

The Geologist, vol. 2, 1852, vols. 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864.
The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859.
The Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.
Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 20, 1864, to vol. 25, 1869.
The Natural History Repertory, 1865.
The Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, Ist vol., 1869.

The Librarian regrets to state that in consequence of several Periodi-
cals not having been returned to the Library, nor any entry of them
made in the book kept for the purpose in the Society’s reading room, he
has been unable to have the volumes to which they belong bound.

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ. :

. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

. Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society.
. The Zoologist.

The Geological Magazine.

. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.

. Science Gossip.

. The publications of the Ray Society.

. Seemann’s Journal of Botany.

WOIAML wwe

19
{ist af Officers and Wembers,

0:0: ——_—_.

President :

THE REVEREND J. MITCHINSON, D.C.L.

Vice-Presidents:

THE RIGHT HON. LORD FITZWALTER, GoopnesTonE Park.
SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BersHancer.

COLONEL C. J. COX, Forpwicu House.

MATTHEW BELL, Esq., Bourne Park.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esa., St. ALBAN’s.

THE REV. F. SCOTT, Sreertswou.p.

CAPTAIN CROOKES, Dover.

GEORGE DOWKER, Esq., F.G.S., Srourmoutn Hovst.
COLONEL HORSLEY, Sv. SrepHen’s Lopez, CANTERBURY.
G. GULLIVER, Esq., F.R.S., Crovis Terrace, CANTERBURY.
H. A. BUTLER-JOHNSTONE, Esga., M.P.

H. LEE, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

H. B. MACKESON, Esa.

THE HON. G. W. MILLES, M.P.

Treasurer and Librarian:

COLONEL HORSLEY.

Honorary Secretary :
GEORGE GULLIVER, Esq., F.B.S.

Honorary Assistant Secretary:
MR. FULLAGAR, 48, Hich Srreer, CanreRBury.

Committee:

Dr. ASTLEY. Tue Rev. F. ROUCH.
Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. G. RIGDEN, Esa.
Mr. E. HORSNAILL. J. REID, Esa.
Dr. KERSEY. F. SLATER, Esa.
MAJOR MUNN, F.R.H.S. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esq.
T. G. PECKHAM, Esa. Mr. FULLAGAR.

Local Secretary :

Dover—A. BOTTLE, Esa.

Memhexrs,

Astley, Dr.

Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Barnard, Mrs. Philip
Bartlett, E., Esq.
Bateman, J., Esq.
Bateman, J., Esq., M.D.
Bell, M., Esq.

Bell, R. J., Esq.

Berry, Captain
Bewsher, Rev. C.
Bland, W., Esq.

Bliss, Rev. W.

Bottle, A., Esq.
Brinckman, Captain, M.P.

Browne, Miss L.

Browne, Miss
Buchanan, Rev. J. R

Claris, P. B., Esq.
Cooke, Rev. T. H.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Court, P., Esq.
Cox, Colonel C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Crookes, J. F., Esq.
Crump, Mr. T.

Dean, Mrs.
Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, Major-General C. B.
Fitzwalter, Right Hon. Lord
Forrest, Mrs.

Fullagar, Mr. James

Furley, R., Esq.

Furley, George, Esq.

Furley, W. D., Esq.

Grayling, Dr.
Gulliver, G., Esq., F.B.S.

Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hanvey, John, Esq.

Dover.

42, Marine Parade, Dover.

3, St. George’s Fields, Canterbury.

London.

St. George’s, Canterbury.

Hospital, Canterbury.

Bourne Park, Canterbury.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.

Barton Fields, Canterbury.

Old Dover Road, Canterbury.

Hartlip, Sittingbourne.

Betshanger, near Deal.

Dover.

56, Park Street, Grosvenor Square,
London.

4, Victoria Place, St. Dunstan’s,
Canterbury.

Herne.

Dover.

Nourthbourne, Deal.

Stour Street, Canterbury.

Dover.

Fordwich House, near Canterbury.
Ditto.

5, Waterloo Crescent, Dover.
Butter Market, Canterbury.

Wincheap.
Stourmouth House, Sandwich.

Goodnestone Park, Wingham.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
High Street, Canterbury.
Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.

1, St. George’s Place, Canterbury.

Sittingbourne.
Clovis Terrace, Canterbury.

St. Alban’s Court, Wingham.
Waterworks, Dover.

Harvey, Mr. Sidney
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Hilton, Captain
Horsley, Colonel
Horsnaill, Edward, Esq.

James, Sir W., Bart.
Johnstone, H. A. Butler, Esq., M.P.

Kersey, Dr.
Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Knocker, Edward, Esq.

Lee, H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

MacGachen, Rev. N. Howard
Makeson, H. B., Esq.
Malden, Rev. Bingham
Matthias, Mrs.

Milles, the Hon. G. W., M.P.
Mitchinson, Rev. Dr.
Munn, Major, F.R.H.S.

Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E.
Neame, Miss

Parker, R. D., Esq.
Payn, W. H., Esq.
Peckham, T. G., Esq.
Plumptre, C. J., Esq.
Plummer, E., Esq.
Pool, Mr. Henry
Powell, Mrs.
Poynter, A., Esq.
Puckle, Rev. J.

Reid, Jas., Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.

Sankey, Herbert, Esq.
Saunders, Sibert, Esq.
Scott, Rev. F.
Skinner, Mrs.

Slater, F., Esq.
Slater, G., Esq.

High Street, Canterbury.
Hartsdown, Margate.

Nackington House, near Canterbury.
St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury.
Dover.

Betshanger, Sandwich.
8, Seamore Place, Mayfair.

Littlebourne.
Ditto.
Castle Hill, Dover.

The Waldrons, Croydon.

St. George’s, Canterbury.

High Street, Hythe.

Sheldwich, Faversham.

Carlton Place, St. Dunstan’s, Canter-

ury.
Lees Court, Faversham.
The King’s School, Canterbury.
Churchill House, Dover.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.
Ditto. ,
St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.

Barham.

St. Martin’s Hill, Dover.

Hall Place, Harbledown.
Fredville, Nonington.

The Firs, Canterbury.

49, High-street, Canterbury.

4, Dane John Grove, Canterbury.
3, Marine Place, Dover.

St. Mary’s, Dover.

Bridge Street, Canterbury
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Precincts, Canterbury.

Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Whitstable.

Sibertswould, Dover.

Shrubbery, Canterbury.

Chislet.

Church House, High Street, Canter-

bury

Smith, J. G., Esq.
Solomon, A. Esq.
Spice, C., Esq.
Stilwell, James, Esq.

Taylor, Mrs., A.
Thomson, R. E., Esq.
Thompson, Lewis, Esq.

Wacher, C., Esq.
Ward, Miss
Winch, A., Esq.
Wray, Miss
Wyatt, Mr. A. G.

Effingham Lawn,’ Dover,
Little Kenfield, Canterbury.
Strond Street, Dover.
Victoria Park, Dover.

North Street, Herne Bay.
Kenfield House, Petham.
5, Eldon Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Chislet.

High Street, Canterbury.

Norman Street, Dover.

9, St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
Mercery Lane, Canterbury.

Honorary and Corresponding Members,

Bartlett, A. D., Esq.
Bates, H. W., Esq.
Bewsher, Chas., Esq.
Boycott, J., Esq., M.D.
Britton, J., Esq.

Kemp, Dr. William

Linford, Mr. J. S.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell T., F.R.S.

Sandilands, — Esq.
Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq.

Trimen, H., Esq.

Whitaker, W., Esq.

Zoological Gardens, London.
London.

St. Louis, Mauritius.
London.

Royal Herbarian, Kew.

Wellington, New Zealand.
London.
Ealing.

Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia.
Reigate.

Botanical Department, British
Museum,

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London.

Assaviates,

Baker, Mr.
Coppen, Mr. E.

Down, Mr.

Cattle Market, Sandwich.
Sibertswould.

St. Dunstan’s Street, Canterbury.

Else, Mr. R. Burgate Lane, Canterbury.
Gordon, Mr. W. C. Museum, Dover.
Gutteridge, Mr. Faversham.
Kennett, Mr. W. Fordwich.
- Parren, Mr. W. Canterbury.
Prebble, Mr. J. G. msgate.
Young, Mr. Sittingbourne.

BAST RENT NATURAL PISTORE SOCIREY,

——————
TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.
0

The objects of the East Kenr Natvrat History Socrery shall
be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical
Knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both in
relation to the particular District and the General Science.

Rules and Regulatians.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Corresponding
Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by show of hands or by ballot, taken at any meeting of the
Committee, or at a General Meeting—one negative in five votes to
exclude.

3. The Annual Subscriptions to be paid by Ordinary Members shall be
Ten Shillings; the Subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of January
in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year. Any
Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it is
due, shall be applied to by the Treasurer or Secretary, and if the Sub-
scription remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall
cease to be a Member of the Society.

4, The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
an Ordinary Member, and her Subscription shall be Five Shillings. This
rule shall apply also to such sons, brothers, and nephews of Ordinary

Members, as may be regularly resident in the same house with those
Members.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies, may on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district; such Honorary and Corresponding Mem-
bers shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs, nor be entitled to take books out of the
Library, nor to the Reports and Notices.

6. In order to encourage the study of Natural History among indi-
viduals of the class of Mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the
Committee shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Asso-
ciates, provided they shall first communicate some information or
observation on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present them
to the Local Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee.
Such Associates shall enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held at four
e’clock p.m. on the first Saturday of every month, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary. At any regular Meeting
including a sufficient number of Committee-Members, they may then and
there declare themselves and act as a Committee in the ordinary business
of the Society.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held, at four o’clock p.m., on the last
Tuesday in January, in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of
electing the Officers for the current year, receiving the Annual Statement
of Accounts, and Report of the Committee, and conducting the general
affairs of the Society. In case of necessity, the Committee may alter the
hour, posting due notice thereof in the Society’s room.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of
the Society, the specific purposes of the Meeting being stated in the
notice, which shall be sent to each Member not less than one week before
the time of such Meeting.

10. All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by a
majority of votes; and if upon any question the votes shall be equal, the
Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or casting vote.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or Committee,
between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the Com-
mittee. The two Members who have been longest thereon, and have
attended the fewest meetings thereof, during the preceding year, shall go
out by rotation at the Annual Meeting.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any member a Local Secretary for the town
or district he may reside in. Such Local Secretary shall be ez-officio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. The Meetings for Scientific Business shall be at seven o’clock p.m.,
on the first Thursday of every month at Canterbury ; also extra meetings
at such place and time as the Committee shall have posted due notice of
in the Society’s apartment. Each Member to have the right of introduc-
ing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14, There shall be ordinary Excursions on the Afternoon of the day of
each Evening Scientific Meeting, and at other times if the Committee so
appoint, time and place to be duly notified in the Society’s room by the
Committee; and Special Excursions at such times and places as may be
approved by the Committee, who shall consider written suggestions of
Members on the subject.

15. Minutes of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by the
Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of Special Excursions to
every Member, stating the time and place thereof, &c.

LOCAL OR DISTRICT MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society,
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or
Excursions in their district ; and to give notice of the same to the General
and all the Local Secretaries ; stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTIONS OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society, as soon as it may possess sufficient means, shall en-

i ee

|
:
.
|

deavour to make a Collection of Objects of Natural History, both with a
view of forming a Museum and distribution of Duplicate Specimens, ac-
cording to the Regulations to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

19." Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History are to
be{purchased by the funds of the Society, and the number and particular
books of this class to be purchased shall be determined by the Committee.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some convenient
place, so that Members may be able to refer to them, or take them out,
under7such regulations as the Committee from time to time may think
proper to make.

21. Members are also invited to lend Books for the use of the Library,
reserving to themselves the full right of ownership; such Books to be
under the care of the Committee, and not allowed to be taken out of the
Library.

22. In order to allow the Librarian to examine the Books, they must
all be returned to the Library and none taken therefrom during the first
week in every June,

ON THE OBJECTS AND MANAGEMENT OF PROVINCIAL
MUSEUMS.

BY THE HONORARY SECRETARY.

Although every intelligent person knows more or less what these
institutions are, and what they ought to be, there is probably no
subject, connected with the modern means of education in natural
science, concerning which so much misconception or ignorance is
manifested and tolerated as in the Management and Objects of our
Provincial Museums. The majority of them throughout England
present such examples of helpless misdirection and incapacity as
could not be paralleled elsewhere in Europe. Some noteworthy ex-
ceptions there are, as at Ipswich, Ludlow, and elsewhere; and in
some parts of our own county, an intelligent spirit has of late been
shewn. The.municipal authorities at Folkestone have not only
consigned their Museum to the care of the Natural History Society
of that place, but have given besides some pecuniary aid, while the
apartments are now gratuitously available for the scientific meetings.
At our great Universities, too, such judicious and honest activity
has prevailed as is beyond all praise and puts them out of the pale of
strictures applicable to other quarters. And no wonder, seeing that
at Oxford and Cambridge competent and eminent men are at work,
and not at all disposed to admit of the incubus of meddling and
tncompetent persons. But generally the managers or guardians of
ohose Local Museums that are supported by public rates are precisely
if this unfit class, and seem to have no more notion of their charge
than as mere curiosity shops; and even display less intelligence than
is shewn in such shops, where the cupidity or shrewdness of the
dealer induces him at least to take due care of, and give a local
habitation and a name to, his wares. But in the Provincial Museums
even this care and tittle of information is withheld, and the visitors
are left to do the best they can amid the surrounding bewilder-
ment. This is commonly made up of a most puzzling jumble of
heterogeneous miscellanies, arranged or rather scattered with an
equally sovereign contempt for the convenience or instruction of the
public, and indeed all in such admired disorder as may most plainly
show how Chaos is comeagain and Confusion can make his masterpiece,
and how every specimen added to the heap only tends to increase or
perpetuate the miserable derangement. It looks as if the presiding
local genius had set his wits to work in order to prove how much
time and money might be most effectually expended with the least
profit to a knowledge of the natural history, or any history, of the

neighbourhood; and indeed for exemplifications of the solution of
this knotty point we have too commonly only to appeal to the
Museum of the place. Instead of methodical illustrations of the
natural history and antiquities of the district, we are likely to find
afew good things overlaid by such a rabble-rout, such a multifarious
and disorderly medley of outlandish and queer odds and ends, as are
rather fitted for a laughing stock than a sober exposition of science.
Thus we are met at once in the hall and saloons by such in-
congruous lots as effigies of double women, elephants’ teeth, nose-
rings, brain-stones, tomahawks, stuffed alligators, moccasins, New
Zealanders’ heads, Chinese slippers, cockatoos, canoes, Babylonish
bricks, boas, javelins, lions and tigers, calumets, matchlocks, palm-
branches, shields, monkey-stones, sugar-canes, Roman cement, Oliver
Cromwell’s watches, fabricated elephants, Egyptian mummies, and
numberless other eccentric things of this motley and confounded
order. The garniture of Romeo’s apothecary’s shop, or the country-
man’s -museum on the barn-door, would be more instructive or
intelligible and less ridiculous or perplexing.

It might be painful or appear invidious to inquire minutely by
what means or under whose misconduct so many provincial museums
have sunk into their present disgraceful confusion and uselessness ;
especially as it is little creditable to the intelligence of that com-
munity under the tolerance or approval of which this reproachful
state of things exists. If the fault be attributable to the apathy or
something worse among the majority of the ratepayers, it is one
that the friends of popular government should hasten to correct.
However this may be, it is enough for us to know that this notorious
evil has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished; it will
otherwise remain a foul blot on and a costly nuisance to the places
under such miserable infliction. Hence every naturalist and
antiquarian, every friend to the progress of education, every
intelligent and honest member of the community, should be
ready to lend his hand cordially to the good work of reform in
this direction ; and more especially so, as in truth the difficulty is
by no means insuperable, but may be easily removed, while this
consummation is devoutly to be wished, and would involve no
addition to the customary and regular expense. The remedies are
sufficiently obvious, and to point out how they should be used, after
having described the disorder and the necessity for them, is the
object of the present observations. To this end we have in the first
place to consider what is desirable and practicable. To instruct
ourselves and the rising generation, by means of local museums,
in the elements of natural history generally, and in the local
examples of it particularly, is obviously both practicable and
desirable. For the first purpose, when indigenous specimens are
wanting we must get exotic ones; and these should be limited to
such only as are absolutely necessary for the elucidation of funda-
mental or comprehensive facts; for which purpose anatomical
preparations, whether botanical or zoological, are chiefly, but not
exclusively, to be esteemed. On the other hand, all and every
species belonging to the district should be preserved and displayed
so far as they admit of it; partly for the knowledge they convey
of the science, but principally for the information they afford of
the natural history of the locality. Antiquarian objects should be
treated in a similar spirit. Thus would be collected at one view, or

at least under one roof, much of that important knowledge which is
within the means and scope of any country Museum, so that every
visitor to it might easily find therein both pleasure and profit on
natural science in general and on the natural features of the
locality in particular. The Museum would then also be in a
condition to fulfil one of its leading offizes, as a centre for the
meetings, lectures, and conversations on the natural history and
antiquities of the district, and in this mode be available for con-
tributions in furtherance of the special objects of local societies,
and likely thus to add to the general stock of knowledge. And
happily this is now being regularly ventilated and popularized in
many useful periodical publications. When will the Times, looking
beyond the dense and sterile mists of the Hducation Boards, discover
the fair and fertile field of instruction in the Provincial Museums,
now lying waste for want of culture?

As to such young persons as may show a taste for natural
science, it is plainly our duty to give them fair opportunities of
learning how and what to observe; and for this purpose judiciously
conducted Provincial Museums would be eminently fitted. But
attempts to cram or force the tender mind will not be successful.
And for this reason we might question the sanguine expectations
of the good effects of teaching in provincial or branch schools such
curious specialties as animal physiology, light, heat, acoustics,
magnetism, and electricity. Yet these were the very subjects,
according to a report in the Folkestone Express, October 14th, 1871,
so strongly recommended by the itinerant lecturer or inspector of
the Kensington Science and Art Department, after he had warmly
eulogized the generosity of the Government in furtherance of such
views. But itis remarkable that there is nothing in the report of
his lecture as to how that knowledge of anatomy is to be acquired,
which is the very foundation of physiology; nor of the use in this
and so many other respects that might be derived from Provincial
Museums. Indeed, he seemed to ignore them altogether! And
thus, at least, he has taught us what we have to expect from official
and expensive Inspectors of Science and Art.

A reference to the “ Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne,”
originally published in 1788, by the Rey. Gilbert White, will show
how much even a single individual might achieve for a rural village,
and indeed for all time and every place. We cannot expect to make
many Gilbert Whites; but with the local Museum properly managed,
all its contents plainly marked, and the whole systematically
described in the catalogue, we should at least diffuse a taste for and
knowledge of natural science. In a collection made thus readily
available, and ever before us, the masters and tutors of schools, and
other teachers, would be induced by the facilities afforded to bring
and help their pupils to the enjoyment of that banquet of free and
easy instruction. To many competent persons again it would be a
pure labour of love to explain or give lectures on the various
departments thereof, and to enrich them by suitable donations.
Thus these Museums would be rescued from their degraded position
of worthless shows, to fulfil some of their best purposes; and surely
this is no more than we ought to expect and have a right to
demand, not only for ourselves, but in behalf of the intellectual
culture of the rising generation. It seems amazing that, amid all
the Babel of late about public schools, this Museum question has

——————Ee

or.“

never been properly recognized; but has been fatally swamped or
smothered, it is to be hoped not finally, by sectarian rivalship, tonic
sol-fa-ism, woman’s claims, girls’ rights to be taught drawing and
how the laws of health and physiology are to supersede the needle
and cookery, and much more of such a tangled web of gibberish as
only a return to that balance of the faculties Known as common sense
can sweep clean away.

But how are you to get the desirable specimens, and what are you
to do with them when they are at your disposal? Most of those
wildernesses miscalled Museums already possess a large quantity of
objects only awaiting and inviting intelligent attention. This will
consist in a careful preparation, display, and description of them.
After having been. separately grouped under their respective king-
doms—the mineral, vegetable, and animal—they must be arranged,
according to the method of their natural relations, in their respective
classes, orders, families, genera, and species; then accurately
numbered, ticketed, and catalogued. Thus the otherwise chaotic
mass of particular facts will fall into an orderly method, and be
always ready to convey an accurate knowledge to visitors. Still
further illustrations will be requisite, especially as regards funda-
mental and comprehensive phenomena, by preparations to display
the essential characters, at least, of the classes and orders, and of
the anatomy and physiology of the members thereof; and a few
careful dissections will commonly be sufficient for this purpose
in each order. And now will arise the question, who is to do all
this work? Certainly neither by nor under the direction of persons
a incapable of it can we expect any effectual labour of the

ind. But with proper encouragement students of and even adepts
in the different departments will, from a pure love of the subjects,
not only be found to perform all this, but probably more, and with-
out the least expectation of any pecuniary reward. Such persons will
surely add important preparations and other objects to the collection,
whenever it becomes manifest that their contributions will be duly
appreciated and cared for; indeed, with regard to at least one
Museum very zealous and skilful naturalists have only been pre-
vented from giving such desirable aid by a knowledge that their work
would simply be “missing,” contemned, smothered, or destroyed,amid
the carelessness and the maze of misplaced rubbish, there under-

ing a like fate, and most significantly and effectually warning
them, and others like them, what they might expect were they to
attempt such services. Fortunately minerals and antiquities are
commonly less perishable.

Having discussed what is desirable and practicable, we come to
that which is neither one nor the other. And having somewhat
irreverently adverted to the rubbish of so many provincial Museums,
a further explanation may be necessary, and the more so as this
very accumulation of jumbled and useless materials is the sad
béte noire of these collections, and so vigilantly intrusive as to

_ force admission and predominance against all reasons of fitness or

utility. Any disorderly materials when hurtful by being out of
place fall into the character of rubbish, just as any plant is a weed
when encroaching injuriously on the legitimate crop. In their
proper place they may be very valuable; such they might be in the

_ great general collection of the British Museum, or in a botanical
_ garden. But nobody in his senses can suppose that it is either

desirable or practicable for a provincial society to attempt an
imitation of that vast and boundless metropolitan institution. This
would be simply out of the question, and calculated only to provoke
a smile, except peradventure among the guardians of the local
Museums. Indeed, with all the excellent arrangement, the army of
properly paid experts, and immense space and appliances, the
British Museum has become so ¢rowded and unwieldly, especially
for reference and use concerning British products, that some steps
for an extrication of them from the surrounding masses of exotic
things has become necessary. Accordingly the worthy veteran, Dr.
J. E. Gray, at the head of the zoological department, has had to
rescue the British animals from their former inconvenient obscurity;
and for this considerate foresight, and action thereon, that
eminent naturalist is entitled to the cordial thanks of all students
of British Zoology. But the guardians of the provincial Museums
will reasonably ask, granting that we have so much rubbish, what
are we to do with it? Sell it if you can, or give it away; but by
all means get rid of it, and that swiftly; to which end a bonfire
might be the best thing. And having thus learned by experience
the noxiousness of such rubbish, most resolutely and remorselessly
refuse any quarter to it in future. At present this sort of lumber
only occupies space and involves expense that might and ought to
be employed for more useful and legitimate purposes; and how and
why has already been mentioned. At the execution of the sentence
many a wailing throe will out, some natural tears be shed, for the
oerfraught heart will speak. The very civil and complacent local
genius, especially when he is paid out of the public rates, will meekly
plead for his idols, telling you how he loves them, and how some
other equally wise and more potent individuals hold the same faith;
and above all that the visitors to his temple have ever regarded all
those very things with an admiration and delight amounting to
veneration. He will refuse to be comforted by your sincere
assurance that every one of his words is no doubt very true, though
Punch and Judy, and Madame Tussaud, may be almost as delightful
if not quite as good in their way; but that your way is to show how
the provincial Museum may be made not to suppress or degrade but
to develope and elevate the taste of the multitude; and that after all
a good Museum will sooner or later become more popular than a bad
one.

But the higher functionaries of the committees or managements will
be less meek and docile than their subordinate official, less open to
reason, most impracticable, and most active or rude in justifying their
culpable neglect, precisely in proportion to their ignorance of their
duties. However, supposing all these obstructions fairly removed,
there will still arise further but petty difficulties in carrying out the
needful details as to the treatment of the various objects which
may be considered worthy of care in the provincial Museum, and,
indeed, in any Museum. Among these the most constant and
vexatious are the tendency of valuable donations to be “ missing ;”
to leave specimens without mark or number and out of the
catalogue; to neglect due acknowledgments to the donors of
objects; to see a lion in the way, unless somebody or his friend can
be induced to frighten this bugbear; and above all for paid
attendants to delegate little duties unreasonably, and to have heart
and head anywhere rather than in the Museum, These, from a

somewhat extensive experience, while your Honorary Secretary was
in charge of the Museum of the Army Medical Department, and
subsequently Chairman of the Museum Committee at the College
of Surgeons, were the small details which he found usually requir-
ing most vigilant attention. But they are easily overcome by
judicious care, and sometimes never give any trouble. A plain
Code of Rules for the Museum is quite essential. Everything
received at the Museum should be entered by the keeper or porter,
first in a Waste-book, and then submitted im due course to the
proper authorities, by whom will be noted the destination of the
specimen, as may be decided on; such as “thanks, but unfitted for

e Museum;” or “thanks, and to be varnished, labelled, and
catalogued,” &c. And finally by turning to that simple Waste-hook
any one might see what had become of every addition to the
Museum, whether acquired by purchase, donation, or otherwise,
while that most curious article of all too well known as “missing,”
would be held in particular check. And the catalogue, being
duly kept, would of course be the ever-ready record of precisely
all that information which is to render our provincial Museum
most valuable. And no excuse should be permitted for neglect or
evasion of such essential points as all these assuredly are; nor
should the keeper or porter be for a moment allowed to shirk
or delegate the making of the preliminary registries, the lists of
such books or other miscellanies as may belong to the collection,
and the due care of every thing therein, including the correctness of
the labels.

And now, having said so much of the Museums scattered through-
out the country, we might be expected to look nearer home, and to
answer a very pertinent question that may be put to us. “If you
are so wise, why don’t your Society put some of this wisdom in
practice?” Simply because we have at present neither the apart-
ments, servants, nor money which would be required for the
purposes of a Museum. The Society is poor in everything but
honest zeal, and has been heretofore struggling, in a small apart-
ment and at large expense, to maintain its existence and usefulness
to the best of its means, with little patronage by the public and
still less by the great, and in the face of many difficulties, some
of which have already been intimated. Yet we have succeeded
and have a good prospect of still better speed. Something
further we might be expected to say concerning the Canterbury
Museum in particular. But this is better avoided. Former repre-
sentations by respected members of the Hast Kent Natural History
Society, Colonel Cox and Mr. Dowker, by its Honorary Secretary,
by the Editors of the Kentish Gazette, and by other persons con-
nected with the neighbourhood, have all been disregarded. Nor
has the remonstrance in a late Report by your Committee, though
unanimously adopted at the General Annual Meeting of your
Society, met with any better fate. And, indeed, nothing on the
subject has received the least attention by the guardians of our
City Museum but the last appeal from London by Mr. Frank
Buckland. Whatever may be the fate of his kind interest in the
subject, we should be thankful for his good intentions; and indulge
the hope that the day may come when the City Museum and
the East Kent Natural History Society will be found working
_ harmoniously and usefully together. And it only now remains to

add that the present observations are intended generally for those
several Museums in different parts of the country that appear to
have abandoned their duties, especially when these are owing to the
ratepayers, and by no means for any special application to the
Canterbury Museum. As already mentioned, this Institution has
not profited by the former complaints or expostulations. Perhaps
that untoward result may have been owing mainly to the supineness
of the public, or a want of taste here for natural science; and if
this be the fact, it isa surprising and deplorable one in the city
where William Harvey was educated and George Newport was
born. But, recognising the great truth, so well taught by John
Ruskin, that all highest Art must be founded on Nature, we may
still hope much from a city that has produced Sidney Cooper and
Henry Weekes.

East Kent Natural History Society.

Map LIN GS, 1872-3.

SCIENTIFIC on THURSDAYS at 7 o’clock p.m.

March 7, 1872. September 5, 1872.
Apri 4, ,, October eae
Mey 2. s, November 7, ,,
Ue i December 5, ,,
July Cae January 2, 1873.
August 1, ,, February 6, ,;,

COMMITTEE on SATURDAYS, at 4 o’clock p.m.

February 24, 1872. August 31, 1872.

March 30, ,, September 28, _,,
April Bice 55 October 26, ,,
May Boy as November 30, ,,
June DOS oy December 28, ,,
July 27, < January 25, 1878.

ANNUAL MEETING,
TUESDAY, JANUARY 28, 1873, at 4 o’clock p.m.

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ADOPTED AT THE

CANTERBURY :

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WIVTEENTA REPORT

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ADOPTED AT THE

ANNUAL MEETING,

HELD ON JANUARY 28th, 1878.

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE “KENTISH GAZETTE’ OFFICE, HIGH-STREET.

CONTENTS.

‘PAGE
The Presidents AdGrpes —.. ofiy.cnss desvepe scenes usuvevniacda nee 3
Report/ot the Committee, .e.. vivaesstey st ctewsaesteeediades accnconsmecees 5
Meport obs the Miramar: vary cccescasssoaesseescissccteou tasttaesavemenenane 6
MinstnGial ss babeM Citta. yah 12Picagansascts coed cod dapweh ssa tasecnean enee come 8
Hast of Booksjand: Periodicals) .:...:..s.cecssstssencocsestneseastecassiee 9
List of Officers and Members ............cccececeeeee a Ganaces teva 12
Reports of the Scientific Meetings.......c..cisccscssvenecseecedsoaversea 17
Rules and Regulations w..ccccscsssscssesseceecnes oaddhisaetercdendeeane 37

Table of the Scientific and Committee Meetings, on the fly-leaf
at the end of this Report.

CC I

Jp Het Natu [jst ciety,

20:

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

The Rey. Dr. Mircutnson said :—The subject of my address
to you to-day will be the utility and the dangers of Provincial
Natural History Societies. People are disposed sometimes to take
their utility for granted, on the ground that a subject so interesting
as Natural History—so manifold in its bearing on common life—
must needs be of great utility to all, especially to the rising
generation. Now I am not disposed to set a high direct educational
value on such associations. Ido not myself believe they can ever
resolve themselves into miniature local science universities, imparting
scientific teaching in its different branches to young and studious
persons. In the first place there is not the teaching power. There
are not enough really able men in any such local centre, each of
them sufficiently master of his subject to venture to impart his
stock of knowledge to others. Nor does it follow that, granting the
possession of the necessary erudition, and of the necessary command
of time, that such men of science have the rare gift of teaching
others—of seeing difficulties, and gradually building up the pile of
knowledge. Moreover, in the acquisition of scientific knowledge,
above all other kinds, mere imparting of facts is valueless to the

_ student. He must work for himself, observe, register, read, question,

and eventually blunder his own way to any knowledge worth the
name. But a Natural History Society is useful first to these very
men of science themselves. There is always a sprinkling of such,—
men with a hobby,—often busy men, but still men who have
retained in middle and later life all their boyish enthusiasm in the
pursuit of their scientific hobby: and to such men to find fellow-
workers, sympathetic minds,—not necessarily working in their
groove, but running alongside them in parallel grooves,—is an
encouragement and astimulus. Secondly, it is useful to the young
folk of the neighbourhood, in that it opens out to them a new circle
of ideas, creates new tastes, encourages pursuits healthful to mind
and body, suggests an antidote to the exclusive domination over the
mind either of boyish athletics or feminine frivolity. It brings
them, too, within the range of minds more trained to scientific
observation than their own. They learn how to set about and how
best pursue the path through nature’s works they have selected.

_ They learn what errors to avoid, what methods and habits of mind
to cultivate. They learn the mere manipulation of the microscope,

the dissecting knife, the pocket-lens. They get the invaluable
advantage which every novice requires—direction and encourage-
ment. Thirdly, such societies are directly useful to the future of
science. Old-fashioned people like myself who were trained in the
rigid inductive school of Bacon, and who look askance at “The
Scientific use of the Imagination” which our new lights so con-
fidently inculcate, believe in the enormous value of fact-accumulation,
of patient, carefully sifted, and carefully registered observations,
in every branch of natural science. And it is this that such local
clubs can best achieve. If it be true that science is built up on
piles of monographs, then it is no less true that the practical
monographs, 7.e., the result of carefully digested observations made
by accurate workers in local districts are the stuff of which the
really valuable generalizations of our scientific posterity will be
composed. Nor, must I omit from the uses of Natural History
Societies like ours, the advantage to all alike, to the man
of science and to the babe that is to grow into the
man, of standard works on every branch of science
elucidating and correcting personal observations, and of those
scientific periodicals which keep us all abreast of the progress of
scientific discovery throughout our own country and throughout the
world. And now for a word or two as to the dangers of Local
Natural History Societies. Their chief danger is that they are
prone to encourage superficiality, especially in young students.
The study of classics, whether modern or ancient, and of the exacter
sciences, does not lie open to this insidious peril. Those who would-
show knowledge in these must needs possess it or the imposture is
very speedily unmasked. Not so with the natural sciences. In
these a very little knowledge goes a very long way. An intelligent
lad or girl soon picks up enough of fact, and enough of scientific
phraseology, effectually to impose upon themselves,—for the
imposture is quite unconscious, and so far innocent,—and enough to
throw dust in the eyes of others. Care ought to be taken in mixed
scientific meetings that every paper read should be thorough and
searching, and those who read or speak should not think it beneath
the dignity of the occasion to condescend to the unlearned, to enter
gladly into detailed explanation and to encourage free questioning.
There is another way, however, in which societies for the promotion
of natural science may serve to retard, not promote it in any
neighbourhood; and that is when the morbid mania for wholesale
collecting is widely spread, and threatens a rare flora or fauna with
extinction. Perhaps collecting is inseparable from the thorough
study of botany and zoology ; no surer sign, however, exists of the
spurious pursuit of either or both of these sciences than when rare
plants are torn up, and rare animals made still rarer by that selfish
acquisitiveness which passes with so many for love of science. No
doubt.every botanist should secure the entire plant of all typical
species, common as they are, thanks to Nature’s lavish prodigality.
But is it not a blot on the fair fame of science that the chalk woods
of Kent are now searched in vain for Orchis Hircina, and the
basaltic crags of Upper Teesdale for Woodsia Ilvensis, all because —
greedy collectors have obliterated every trace of them with their
wanton selfish trowel. Turn to Zoology. If by chance any rare
butterfly appears on some sheltered hedge-bank, or rare bird along

some lonely seashore or inland mere ; what happens ? Is the visit
earefully recorded, and the shy stranger encouraged to re-visit its
chosen haunt ? No. The butterfly is secured by the first salesman
to be purchased by soidisant savants, and the bird shot, and badly
stuffed, or given to the cat. Itis the paramount duty of a Natural
History Society to frown down such miserable selfishness, such
destructive rapacity. It is its business to husband every rarity that
careful research brings to light within its district with jealous care
as the heritage of posterity. It is its business carefully to note the
occasional appearance, and sometimes thorough naturalization of
exotics, whether plants or animals, and above all things to remember
that it is but the trustee of these good gifts of the God of Nature,
not their prodigal and ungrateful spendthrift.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE.

The Society has probably never been in a more prosperous state
than at present. At the end of the year 1871 the balance to the
credit of the Society was £7 19s. 6d., and this was increased at the
corresponding period of 1872 to £12 12s. 3d. And during the past
year there has been an increase of 19 in the members, making the
total 109 on the 31st of December last.

The report of the Librarian will show that the important depart-
ment of the Library has been much enriched at little expense during
the year, and is now sucha very useful collection for reading and
reference as would in itself prove an ample remuneration for the
small annual sum paid by the members. Your committee moreover
recommend that a sum of £5 be added to the library fund during
the year 1873.

As to special excursions, the committee have not had before them
any proposal from members according to the suggestion in Rule 14;
but ordinary excursions, in compliance with the same Rule, have
been frequent and profitable. And indeed it is a peculiar and useful
practice of the Society to examine and explain such objects as may
be collected during these excursions, as well as any other materials.
that may be extemporaneously brought before the scientific meeting.
This course has been found valuable to all concerned, especially as
it is not encumbered with any sort of preliminary formality, save
such slight regulation as may be then and there decided on for the
economy of time. Thus there is a free and easy intercommunication
of knowledge very pleasant and profitable to the members and their
friends. :

Of course the Library, always ready at hand for assistance, is be-
_eoming more and more valuable in this and other respects. And to
increase appliances for observation and instruction, the committee,
acting on the hint of Mr. Sibert Saunders, recommend that a micro-
scope, at a cost not exceeding ten guineas, should be purchased for

the use, under such restrictions as may appear necessary to
the Committee, of the members of the Society. They will
thus enjoy opportunities of acquiring a knowledge of micro-
scopic manipulation, which has now become absolutely indispen-
sable in scientific education and research; and those already

in possession of this knowledge will have a good instrument ready
at hand for the examination of the numberless objects which require
the aid of the microscope.

The reports of the scientific proceedings in the Kentish Gazette
are well known for their accuracy and completeness, and are kept by
_ the Hon. Assistant Secretary in a book for reference. Of these
copies have frequently appeared in various journals, and abstracts
so regularly and judiciously, in the Quarterly Journal of Micro-
scopical Science, that your committee have secured copies thereof
for the Annual Report of the Hast Kent Natural History Society.
And it is believed that these short abstracts will afford at one view
a more succinct and regular account of the scientific proceedings
than has yet appeared in any Annual Report of the Society ; and show
that it has, besides providing a regular course of rational amuse-
ment, done some good and original work towards the advancement
of science. In short, it may be reasonably hoped that the scientific
proceedings of the Society have already tended, and may still further
tend, to the promotion of one of its most cherished objects, that of
creating or developing a taste for natural history in the district.
And this, so far as regards the young, not to displace the valuable
mental training of the venerable mathematics and classics of the
schools, but to run side by side in generous emulation, whenever the
scholar may prove by his inclination and capacity to be worthy of
encouragement in the race.

In conclusion, your Committee have to remark that the warmest
thanks of the Society are due to its President, to its Treasurer and
Librarian, and to its Honorary Secretaries. The labours of Colonel
Horsley in keeping the accounts, and in providing on the most
advantageous terms the additions to the Library, have been marked
by an intelligent zeal rare even in paid officers. And the living
treasures of Mr. Fullagar’s aquarium have always been ready for
the amusement and instructidn of the members at the scientific
meetings. The contributions of other members are regularly,
though briefly, noticed in the abstracts already mentioned. To
Colonel Horsley, Mr. Sidney Harvey, Mr. Fullagar, and Mr. R. J.
Bell, the scientific meetings have, as formerly, been much indebted
for valuable assistance in the microscopic department.

REPORT OF THE saiser Carmi FOR THE YEAR

The funds at the disposal of the Librarian during the year 1872
consisted of £1 5s. 6d., being the balance remaining from the
library fund of 1871, and £10 from the general fund of the Society,
making a total of £11 5s. 6d. Of this sum £4 15s 1d. was spent in
the purchase of new books, as mentioned below, £5 8s. 3d. for
periodicals, including extra numbers of Journal of Science, and
Geological Magazine to complete the volumes of 1869 and 1870, and
£1 8s. 7d. for binding 13 volumes of previous years’ periodicals ;
thus showing a total expenditure of £11 11s. 1ld., being an excess

of 6s. 5d. over receipts, which will be made good from next
grant. The new works above referred to are—

- Pulteney’s Progress of Botany in England.

» Pulteney’s Account of the Life and Writings of Linnzus.
- Berkeley’s Cryptogamic Botany.

. Pritchard’s History of Infusoria.

- Baird’s Entomostraca, Ray Society 18.

. Siebold on Parthenogenesis.

- Barclay on Life and Organization.

. Carpenter’s Comparative Physiology.

. Micrographic Dictionary, 9 parts of the new edition.

The periodicals taken in by the Society are the same as 1871, with
the addition of The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.

In return for the one guinea annual subscription to the Ray
Society the following book has been received :—

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, folio, by
G. J. Allman, M.D., Part IT.

__ The undermentioned pamphlets were presented to the Society

during the year 1872, viz:—

West Kent Natural History Society’s Report for 1871.

Ten Papers by the late George Newport, F.R.S., extracted from the
Transactions of the Royal and Linnean Societies; presented by
My. R. J. Bell, St. Margaret’s Street, Canterbury.

Memoirs on the Blood of Lamna cornubica, &c., by the author, G.
Gulliver, F.R.S.

The Bee Keeper’s Magazine, one number, by Major Munn.

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LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

BELonaine TO THE East Kent Natura History Socrery:

British Land and Fresh Water Molluses, 1 vol. (Reeve)
Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)
— of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol. (Harvey)
Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer)
Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)
Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.
Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol. ;
Ramsay's Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.
Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.
Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.
A Catalogue of Rare Phesnogamous Plants collected in South Kent in 1829
ohare! the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring to Sheets
an
British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865 (Douglas and Scott)
Handy Book of British Flora, 2 vols. (Bentley)
Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 3 yols.
Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol.
Monograph of British Spongiade, by Dr. Bowerbank, 2 vols.
Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.
Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.
Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs, Gatie from Professor Harvey’s
Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol.
Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.
Forbes’s British Star Fishes, 1 vol.
Ovwen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.
Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.
Smith’s English Flora, 4 vols.
Ralf’s Desmidix, 1 vol.
Nitzsch’s Pterylography
Hooker’s Jungermanniz, 1 vol.
Smith’s Diatomacex, 2 vols.
Works of W. Hewson, F.R.S., 1 vol., edited by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.
Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle and Sternum in the
Vertebrata, 1 vol.
Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10th edition, 2 vols,
rs’s Vegetable Teratology, 1 vol.
Bevan on the Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn, F.R.H.S., 1 vol.
Gosse’s Marine Zoology, 2 vols.
Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature, 1 vol.
Westwood’s Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., 8vo.
Rymer Jones’ Outlines of Organization of Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.
_ Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &c., 2 vols.
A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, by G. J. Allman,
’ M.D., parts 1 and 2. 3
Pulteney’s Progress of Botany in England.
Pulteney’s Account of the Life and Writings of Linnens.
_Berkeley’s Cryptogamic Botany.
Pritchard’s History of Infusoria.
Baird’s Entomostraca, Ray Society.
Siebold on Parthenogenesis.
Barclay on Life and Organization.
Carpenter's Comparative Physiology.
graphic Dictionary, 9 parts of the new edition.

‘

PAMPHLETS.

British Moths, Nocturni.
~ Geometra.
Memoirs pour seryir a la connaissance des Crinoides vivants, par Michael Sars.
Etudes sur les Affinites Chimiques par MM. Guldberg et Waage. :
Ni wr on Lemnacez and the Raphidian Character of Plants, by G. Gulliver,
RS.

Sketches to a scale of the Auditory Organs of Moluscs, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.
On the Muscular Sheath of the Csophagus of the “Aye Aye’’ (Chiromys.
Madagascariensis), by G. Gulliver, ¥.R.S. :

On oe Eibres of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini, by G. Gulliver,

The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom Markings. The Microscope
a8 and the Structure of the Podura Scales, by the Rev. J. B. Reade,

Le Glacier de Boinon, per Mons. S. A. Saxe.

On a Fern-stem (Osmundites Dowkeri) from the Eocine of Herne Bay, by Mr.
Carruthers.

On the Chalk of Thanet and Hast Kent, by G. Dowker, F.G.S.

On the Gsophogus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus, and Orycteropus,
by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica, by Axel Boeck.

Phanerogamer og Bregner, by A. Blytt (from the Royal University of Norway).

Third Annual Report of the Folkestone Natural History Society for 1871.

First Report of the Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopical Club for 1871.

Third Annual Report of the Easthourne Natural History Society for 1871.

West Kent Natural History Society’s Report for 1871. d

Ten Papers by the late George Newport, F.R.S., extracted from the Transactions of
the Royal and Linnzan Societies; presented by Mr. R. J. Bell, St. Margaret’s
Street, Canterbury. :

Memoirs on the Blood of Lamna cornubica, &c., by the author, G. Gulliver,
E.RB.S

The Bee Keeper’s Magazine (one number only), by Major Munn.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol. 3, 1863, and vol. 4, 1864.
The Zoologist, from 1848 to 1861, and from 1863 to 1869.
N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vol. 7, 1859, and vol.
8, 1860, new series, vol. 1, 1861, to vol. 8, 1868, vol. 2 excepted.

Magazine of Natural History, third series, vol. 3, 1859, to vol. 8, 1861, and vol.
11, 1863, to vol. 23, 1869.

The Geologist, vol. 2, 1852, vols. 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864.

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859.

The Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of the. Geological Society, vol. 20, 1864, to vol. 25, 1869.

The Natural History Repertory, 1865.

The Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1st vol., 1869.

The Librarian regrets to state that in consequence of several Periodicals not
having been returned to the Library, nor any entry of them made in the book
kept for the purpose in the Society’s Reading Room, he has been unable to have
the volumes to which they belong bound.

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ.:

1. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
2. Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society.
8. The Zoologist.
4. os eli amr car = = sp idee tiBecety.
ournal of the Geological Soci
6. Science Goan
7. The pabhoeiis of the Ray Society.
8. Seemann’s Journal of Botany.
The gee e Journal of Mecca Science,

ist of Officers and Members.

0:0:0

President :

THE REVEREND J. MITCHINSON, D.C.L.

Vice-Presidents:

THE RIGHT HON. LORD FITZWALTER, GooDNESTONE PARE.
SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BrTSHANGER.

COLONEL C. J. COX, ’Forpwicn House.

MATTHEW BELL, Eso., BouRNE PARK.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esq., St. ALBAN’s.

THE REV. F. SCOTT, SIBERTSWOULD.

CAPTAIN CROOKES, Dover.

GEORGE DOWKER, Ese., F.G.S., StourmoutH Hovssz.
COLONEL HORSLEY, St. SrePHEN’s LopGr, CANTERBURY.
G. GULLIVER, Esa., FRS., CLovIs TERRACE, CANTERBURY.
He A: BUTLER-JOHNSTONE, Esq., M.P.

H. LEE, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

H. B. MACKESON, Esq.

THE HON. G. W. MILLES, M.P.

Treasurer and Librarian:

COLONEL HORSLEY.

Honorary Secretary:
GEORGE GULLIVER, Esq., F.R.S.

Honorary Assistant Secretary:

MR. FULLAGAR, 48, Hich Srrest, CANTERBURY.

Committee :
Dr. ASTLEY. Tue Rev. F. ROUCH.
Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. G. RIGDEN, Esa.
Mr. E. HORSNAILL. F. SLATER, Esa.
Dr. KERSEY. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esq.
MAJOR MUNN, F.R.H.S. Mr. FULLAGAR.

T. G. PECKHAM, Ese.

Local Secretary :
Dover—A. BOTTLE, Esq.

Andrews, A. B., Esq.
Astley, Dr.

Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Barnard, Mrs. Philip
Bartlett, E., Esq.
Bateman, J., Esq.
Bateman, J., Esq., M.D.
Bell, M., Esq.

Bell, R. J., Esq.

Berry, Captain
Bewsher, Rev. C.

Bewsher, Alfred, Esq.
Bewsher, Miss

Bewsher, Miss M.

Bland, W., Esq.

Bliss, Rev. W.

Bottle, A., Esq.
Brinckman, Captain, M.P.

Browne, Miss L.

Browne, Miss
Buchanan, Rev. J. R.

Claris, P. B., Esq.
Clements, Mrs. W.
Cooke, Rev. 8S. H.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Court, P., Esq.
Cox, Colonel C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Crookes, J. F., Esq.
Crump, Mr: T.

Dean, Mrs.
Dealtry, Ven. Archdeacon

Berets Right Rev. Bishop Suffragan

°
Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, Major-General C. B.

Fairbrass, Mrs.

Fitzwalter, Right Hon. Lord

Forrest, Mrs.

Members.

Westgate, Canterbury.
Dover.

42, Marine Parade, Dover.

3, St. George’s Fields, Canterbury.

London.

St. George’s, Canterbury.

Canterbury.

Bourne Park, Canterbury.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.

Barton Fields, Canterbury.

Vernon Place, Old Dover Road,
Canterbury.

Ditto.

Hartlip, Sittingbourne. ,

Betshanger, near Deal.

Dover.

56, Park Street, Grosvenor Square,
London.

4, Victoria Place,
Canterbury.

St. Dunstan’s,
Herne.

Dover.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.
Northbourne, Deal.

Stour Street, Canterbury.

Dover.

Fordwich House, near Canterbury-
Ditto.

5, Waterloo Crescent, Dover.
Butter Market, Canterbury.

Wincheap.

Precincts.
Stourmouth House, Sandwich.

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.
Goodnestone Park, Wingham.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.

Fullagar, Mr. James
Furley, R., Esq.
Furley, George, Esq.
Furley, W. D., Esq.

Gardner, W., Esq.
Grayling, Dr.

Gulliver, G., Esq., F.R.S.
Gulliver, G., jun., Esq.

Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hanvey, John, Esq.
Harvey, Mr. Sidney
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Hilton, Captain
Hilton, A. M., Esq.
Horsley, Colonel
Horsnaill, Edward, Esq.

James, Sir W.,

Johnstone, H. re Butler, Esq., M.P.

Kersey, Dr.
Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Knocker, Edward, Esq.

Lee, H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

Mac Gachen, Rev. N. Howard
Makeson, H. B., Esq
Malden, Rev, Bingham
Matthias, Mrs.

Milles, the Hon. G. W., M.P.
Mitchinson, Rev. Dr.
Moffatt, Mrs.

Morton, General

Munn, Major, F.R.H.S.

Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E.
Neame, Miss

Parker, R. D., Esq.

High Street, Canterbury.
Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Ditto.

Patrixbourne.
Sittingbourne.

Clovis Terrace, Canterbury.
Ditto.

St. Alban’s Court, Wingham.
Waterworks, Dover.

High Street, Canterbury.
Hartsdown, Margate.

Nackington House, near Canterbury.
Ditto.

St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury.
Dover.

Betshanger, Sandwich.
8, Seamore Place, Mayfair.

Littlebourne.
Ditto.
Castle Hill, Dover.

The Waldrons, Croydon.

St. George’s, Canterbury.

High Street, Hythe.

Sheldwich, Faversham.

Carlton Place, St. Dunstan’s, Canter-

bury.
Lees Court, Faversham.
The King’s School, Canterbury.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Barton Fields, Canterbury.
Churchill House, Dover.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.

Selling.
Ditto.

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.

Barham.

Payne-Smith, Very Rev., Dean of

Canterbury.
Payne-Smith, Miss
Payne-Smith, Miss J.

Precincts.
Ditto.

Ditto.

ute |

Payn, W. H., Esq.
Peckham, T. G., Esq.
Plumptre, C. J., Esq.
Plummer, E. Esq.
Pool, Mr. Henry
Powell, Mrs.
Poynter, A., Esq.
Puckle, Rev. J.

Reid, James, Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.

Sankey, Herbert, Esq.
Saunders, Sibert, Esq.
Scott, Rev. F.
Skinner, Mrs.

Slater, F., Esq.
Slater, G., Esq.

Smith, J. G., Esq.
Solomon, A., Esq.
Stilwell, James, Esq.

Taylor, Mrs. A.
Thomson, R. E., Esq.

- Thompson, Lewis, Esq.

Trimnell, Miss

Wacker, C., Esq.
Wacher, A. G., Esq.
Ward, Miss

Winch, A., Esq.
Wray, Miss

Wyatt, Mr. A. G.

St. Martin’s Hill, Dover.

Hall Place, Harbledown.
Fredville, Nonington.

The Firs, Canterbury. ¢
49, High Street, Canterbury.

4, Dane John Grove, Canterbury-
8, Marine Place, Dover.

St. Mary’s, Dover.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Precincts, Canterbury.

Burgate Street, Canterbury.

Whitstable.

Sibertswould, Dover.

Shrubbery, Canterbury.

Chislet.

Church House, High Street, Canter-
bury.

Effingham Lawn, Dover.

Little Kenfield, Canterbury.

Victoria Park, Dover.

North Street, Herne Bay.

Kenfield House, Petham.

5, Eldon Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne..
Parade, Canterbury.

Chislet.

Kent and Canterbury Hospital.
High Street, Canterbury.
Norman Street, Dover.

9, St. George’s Place, Canterbury-
Mercery Lane, Canterbury.

Hanoyayy and Sayyespanding Members.

_ Bartlett, A. D., Esq.

Bates, H. W., Esq.
Bewsher, Chas., Esq.
Boycott, J., Esq., M.D.

Britton, J., Esq.

Kemp, Dr. William

Zoological Gardens, London.
London.

St. Louis, Mauritius.
London.

Royal Herbarian, Kew.

Wellington, New Zealand.

London.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell T., F.R.S.

Sandilands, — Esq.
Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq.

Trimen, H., Esq.

Whitaker, W., Esq.

Ealing.

Cannings Down, Queensland, Anus-
tralia.
Reigate.

Botanical Department, British Mu-
seum.

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London.

Assuciates,

Baker, Mr.
Coppen, Mr. E.
Down, Mr.
Else, Mr. R.

Gordon, Mr. W. C.
Gutteridge, Mr.

Hayward, E. B.
Kennett, Mr. W.

Parren, Mr. W.
Prebble, Mr. J. G.

Young, Mr.

Cattle Market, Sandwich.
Sibertswould.

St. Dunstan’s Street, Canterbury.
Barats Lane, Canterbury.

Museum, Dover.
Faversham.

6, Burgate Lane, Canterbury.
Fordwich.

Canterbury.
Ramsgate.

Sittingbourne.

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 17

East Kent Natvurat History Socrery.

President, the Rev. John Mitchinson, D.C.L., &c., Oxon. ;
Honorary Secretary, George Gulliver, F.R.S., &e.

Confining, as before, these reports chiefly to observations in-
volving microscopic work, details will be omitted of extensive
business in other departments. But the whole proceedings of
the Society are so extensively and accurately reported, at Can-
terbury, in the ‘Kentish Gazette,’ as to afford an excellent
example of local journalism, or indeed of any journalism ; and
extracts therefrom appear in many of the scientific and other
periodical publications which pay but little or no attention to
the microscope.

December 7th, 1871—The meeting prevented by the snow
storm.

21s¢t.—Colonel Horsley displayed the markings of Plewrosigma
quadratum, under a deep object-glass with the aid of Reade’s
prism and Webster’s condensor, in order to show that the effect
is the same as that produced by the simpler method of illumina-
tion which he had shown at former meetings. Mr. Down exhi-
bited some deep telescopic eye-piezes successfully adapted to the
microscope. Mr. Fullagar presented a preparation, mounted in
Canada Balsam, of the egg-shell of Locusta viridissima, showing
the trumpet-shaped microphyles admirably, Mr. Gulliver gave
an account of the big shark (Lamna cornubica) which he had seen
landed at Hastings, Nov. 10, 1871 ; and after some observations on
the anatomy of the Selachii, and on the wanton waste of good food
and oil in the myriads of smaller sharks or dog-fish contemp-
tuously left to rot on our coasts, proceeded to a comparative
view, illustrated by dried specimens, of the red Corpuscles of the
Blood of Fishes. In the different orders of osseous fishes these
corpuscles do not vary much in size and form, though some are
of a much longer oval figure than others ; and sometimes they are
oat-shaped, crescentic, or even triangular or polygonal, all shapes
that may be well seen in the Gadide, and that mght occur
from alterations in the regularly oval or sub-oval discs, among
which are often seen some of circular figure. In the Carti-
laginous Fishes, as is well-known, the blood-discs are much
larger ; but they seldom present such changes of form, though
oo those of Myxine, long since described by Johannes

iller, might have been misshapen. In the Lampreys, though
the red corpuscles are circular, they conform both in size and
structure to the red corpuscles of other Pyrenemata ; just as
the red corpuscles of Camelide, though oval in shape, agree com-
pletely in size and structure with the red corpuscles of other
Apyrenemata. As to the blood-discs of the sharks, they are of

3 :

18 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

about the same size in the great Porbeagle as in the small and
common dog-fish, as noticed in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Mic. Science’
for January, 1872. Hewson, upwards of a century since, dis-
covered the large size of the blood-dises of Plagiostomi. .
January 18th, 1872.—Mr. Bell exhibited a live Chameleon
vulgaris, from which some blood was then obtained and its red
corpuscles examined. Their mean long diameter was found to be
z3'97 and their short diameter 5,4; of an inch, measurements
which correspond nearly with those of the blood-dises of other
scaly reptiles.. Mr. Gulliver dissected a fresh Smelt (Osmerus
eperlanus), in order to illustrate a lecture which he gave on the
structure of this and the other members of the Salmonide. Of
the Maxillary Teeth, characteristic of the family, he showed how
they were often not represented, even by our best artists, in
many of the otherwise excellent paintings and engravings of these
fish, a defect which was painful to the eye of the ichthyologist ;
and that art should, in this as in other cases, take a lesson from
nature. The so-called Adipose Fin, commonly described as
“without any rays whatever,” was shown, under an object-glass
of half-an-inch focal length, to be quite devoid of any fat, and
provided with a multitude of very thin rays, some of which occa-
sionally project beyond the free margin of the fin. But these rays,
being homogeneous, transparent, and structureless, like the fibres
of the crystalline lens, and unprovided with muscle for their move-
ments, are not quite identical with the true rays of the locomotive
fins. The Fibres of the Crystalline Lens were shown to afford a
good example of the sinuous and interlocking edges ; and these
being compared with those of other fishes, were proved to afford
excellent taxonomic characters between different members of the
class. Thus, e.g. the lens-fibres of the Lampreys are smooth at
the edges ; of the common Eel but little indented; of the Conger
more so; and, of the majority of the class, so very much and
deeply notched, as to produce the well-known interlocking or
dove-tailing of the margins of the fibres, as is well seen in
the salmon-family. Nor is the difference of the diameter of
the fibres less remarkable in different orders of the class. The
facts were illustrated by preparations, and extemporaneous dissec-
tions, under the deep glasses of Colonel Horsley’s, Mr. Sydney
Harvey’s, and Mr. Bell’s microscopes, thus showing how easily
the objects may be displayed, even by the most inexperienced
micrographers, and what really beautiful preparations may be
made of these fibres from the lenses of different fishes, ever
ready at the shops as well as in the great field of nature. In
fact, this kind of microscopic inquiry is at once so useful and
delightful, both in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, that it
seems amazing that one or other of our great Microscopical
Societies has not yet given precise directions concerning the
various branches thereof, for the guidance of those numberless
microscopists who are now wasting their energies in advertisements
and anxious searches for “good stuff for the microscope.” But

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 19

the worthy veteran Dr. Lankester had taken a right step in
this direction, by pointing out what profitable objects the cell-
structure of plants might thus afford. And now we have seen
how even such a single part as the eye-lens of animals might be
easily made into numberless microscopic objects, very beauti-
ful individually and not less useful collectively in the service of
systematic zoology.

30¢h.—The General Annual Meeting was held ; and the Report,
containing the Address of the President, the report of the
Committee, the Proceedings of the Society, and other matters,
has since been issued to the members. There was afterwards a
recess of several weeks.

March 7th—Colonel Horsley gave some explanatory sketches
of his views concerning his method of resolving the markings
of Pleurosigma. Mr. Fullagar produced very small and lively
Polyps, bredin his aquarium, as he believed, from autumnal or
winter eggs of Hydra vulgaris ; he showed also neat prepara-
tions of the lingual teeth of Planorbis ; whereupon the Hon.
Secretary detailed some of his own experiments showing, as he
believed must be already known, that these teeth in snails and
slugs are composed of pure silex, and so no wonder that these
creatures should be able to comminute or bore through
very refractory substances. Mr. George Gulliver, late of the
King’s School, exhibited living. specimens of Argas reflexus, and
read a paper thereon, of which the following is a summary:

On a Canterbury Arachnid new to the British Fauna.

Although a great fane in the midst of a populous city might
seem an unpromising field for an exploratory excursion of a
Natural History Society, we shall soon see that our venerable
cathedral harbours a zoological species not yet discovered else-
where in Britain. This animal is the Argas reflerus of Latreille,
Rhynchoprioncolumbe of Hermann, and Ixodes marginatus of Fabri-
cius. It is about a third of an inch long and a fifth broad,
but many are smaller, and some not more than a fifteenth of an
inch in length. They are all opaque, of a dark,.dull, and uniform
brown color, and with a well-defined entire and paler margin.
The coriaceous integument of the under and upper parts of the
larger specimens is regularly dotted, and these dots under the
microscope recall the shagreen of certain Selachii, and appear to
be composed of carbonate of lime; at least they dissolve quickly
and completely, with evolution of gas, when treated with an acid.
Each foot has at its tip two very sharp sickle-shaped claws, by which
the creature holds on to its host; and there is also a tubercle at a
little distance from the base of the claws. Though like a tick, no
such proboscis as that which distinguishes the true ticks was seen,
nor could any eyes be discovered. When punctured, much fluid of
avery dark red colour exuded, and this colour was found to be

20 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

owing to numerous oblong corpuscles, very variable in size, but
those of average magnitude were each about ;4,5 of an inch long
and ,1, broad. They were individually of an intensely deep red
colour, and all readily soluble in weak acetic acid, though they
retained their form distinctly for many days in water, being not at
all soluble therein. On dissection the seat of these curious red
bodies seemed to be within the alimentary eewca. There were also
many minute molecules in the fluid. This remarkable Arach-
nid has long been known in the dark recesses of our time-
honoured fane, and regarded there as an “Insect peculiar to
Canterbury Cathedral.’”? The verger, who gave some of them to
Mr. Fullagar, so described them ; and of these my father kept —
a few quite without food, in a tin box, for upwards of five months,
during the whole of which time they continued lively, and ever
ready, when touched, to sham death, after the manner of verit-
able spiders. As we could not identify the Cathedral arachnid
with any specific description, and were told by some of the most
eminent British entomologists that our specimens were nothing
but starved sheep-ticks, I took one of them up to Oxford at the
beginning of last term, when the illustrious entomologist, Prof.
Westwood, declared, and was the first to determine, it to be the
Argas reflexus, a parasite infesting pigeons, and known on the
Continent, but heretofore not recognised in Britain. So our
arachnids had probably dropped from these birds, and are cer-
tainly to be found rather plentifully crawling about the inside of
the base of the cathedral.

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 21

East Kent Naturat History Soocrrry.

President, the Rev. John Mitchinson, D.C.L., &c., Oxon. ;
Honorary Secretary, George Gulliver, F.R.S., &c.

April Ath, 1872.—Land and freshwater shells in the neigh-
bourhood of Dover.—Dr. C. A. Gordon, C.B., Deputy Inspector-
General of Army Hospitals, having taken advantage of his station
at Dover to examine these shells, of which he had exhibited speci-
mens to the meeting, communicated a formal list of them, as
follows :—Succinea putris, S. elegans, Zonites alliaria, Z. niti-
dulus, Helix aspersa, H. arbustorum, H. nemoralis, H. cantiana,
H. carthusiana, H. virgata, H. rufescens, H. hispida, H. rotun-
data, Bulimus obscurus, Planorbis complanatus, P. spirorbis
Lymnea stagnalis, L. palustris, L. glutinosa, Ancylus fluviatilis,
Bythinia tentaculata, Cyclas cornea, Cyclostoma elegans. Dr.
Gordon considered the term ‘“ Models of Creation,” as applied
by the late Dr. Mantell to fossil shells, peculiarly appropriate,
and gave some interesting and instructive observations on the
poetical, popular, and historical associations connected with shells.

Coast Musewms.—On the mention of an intended museum of
natural science at Eastbourne, Mr. Gulliver gave an account of

‘his views concerning what should be the true object of such col-

lections, and of the absurd errors too commonly exemplified and
committed therein ; and especially as to the easy means by which
museums on the sea coast might be made subservient to the best
kind of instruction on marine botany and zoology; and how the
numberless microscopes, now employed to little profit, might be
at once and for ever, even by unskilful persons, used for the
advantage of science and their own intellectual culture. And
this question has since been well ventilated in ‘ Land and Water,’
May 11, 1872.

Economy of the freshwater Polyp.—Mr. Fullagar, who has for
years kept in his aquarium many specimens of Hydra vulgaris
and H. viridis, communicated a paper on the habits and economy
of these creatures, illustrated by numerous drawings (since en-
api in ‘Science Gossip,’ June, 1872). He had, by number-
ess experiments, proved the accuracy of Trembley’s observations
on the rapid multiplication of hydras when artificially divided ;
and he had further observed on the hydras in December whitish
tubercles, these containing myriads of animated particles too
minute for satisfactory examination by a low objective, though
under one of a tenth of an inch focus they presented all the
characters of spermatozoa. During their appearance the hydra
ceased to take food, and the seminal matter was often squirted
forcibly from the tubercle ; the parent hydra would then vanish,
probably from death and decomposition; and in the following
Spring some minute hydras would appear in the water, grow
freely, and multiply by buds. fle gave good descriptions of

4 ;

22 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

their manner of feeding, and of how easily they may be collected
and kept to afford very interesting subjects for microscopical
inquiry.

April 18th, 1872.—Archegonia and Antheridia.—Of these, Mr.
Down gave some demonstrations in Polytrichum and other mosses,
showing how easily and instructively the sexual fructification of
these plants may be examined even by low microscopic powers,
as the examinations were all made extemporaneously, with the
assistance of the several microscopes at the meeting, on fresh
specimens collected during the afternoon by Col. Horsley and
other members.

May 2nd, 1872.—Objects simulating hwman workmanship found
in the Suffolk Crag.—These were chiefly sharks’ teeth, men-
tioned as belonging to the genera Ofodus and Carcharadon, and
having formed part of a series of such objects in the possession of
Edward Charlesworth, Esq., F.G.S. Between the fang and crown
of each tooth was a hole, like in form and position to that made
insuch teeth at the present day by the South Sea Islanders, in
order to the fabrication of necklaces. ,The objects were all de-
scribed as from the Suffolk Crag, and, as they were sent to the
meeting by the Rev. W. Bird, without sufficient description or
time to prepare any connected account of them, Dr. Mitchinson
gave an extemporaneous address on the points at issue. These
were the means by which the perforations were made, and their
significance however or whenever made; if by man, contem-
poraneously with the formation of the Suffolk Crag, it would carry
his antiquity back most wonderfully. But, admitting the holes
to have been the result of human agency, it would then have to
be determined when and how the teeth had got into that Crag;
and, on the other hand, considering the siliceous teeth of certain
mollusks, and the well-known perforations made through very
refractory substances by other invertebrates, the precise signifi-
cance of these perforated sharks’ teeth would require more exact
inquiry than could be afforded by the meeting.

A. Plague of Ticks.—Colonel Cox brought this important ques-
tion in an initiatory manner before the meeting, as he intended
to revert to the subject soon. He and Mr. Dowker described
these ticks as arachnids, occurring on sheep and lambs in dense
patches as big as a saucer, more scantily on young pheasants, and
occasionally on ferrets, but seldom on dogs. The effects on the
flocks and on the pheasants were so extensive and dreadful as to
strike aghast the bucolic and sporting minds. There were two
very different sorts of this tick—one bloated, ofa leaden colour,
with red legs and occipital plate, and about as big as a small
horsebean; the other altogether red, not at all bloated, and
scarcely a tenth of the size of the big specimens. Both sizes are
found on the sheep and lambs, but the biggest most numerously.
The little flat red ticks occur besides very plentifully in pastures,
as well as on or under the bark of trees and bushes. Dr. Kersey
confirmed these statements from his own observations; and Mr.

eS ee
¢

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 23

Gulliver displayed, by dissections under the microscope, the testes
and spermatozoa, and the ovaries and ova, so as to show that all
the large bloated ticks were pregnant females, while the males
were found exclusively among the small red specimens. Theravages
of this tick were described as most destructive at Bifrons, Broom
Park, and elsewhere about Canterbury, as well as in other parts
of Kent.

Orchis fusca, Neottia Nidus avis, §c.—Mr. James Reid exhi-
bited fine blooming specimens of these plants, gathered on the
29th of April, and remarked that this was probably an earlier
notice of the full bloom of the former orchis than had yet been
recorded. He also produced truly wild examples of Polygonatum
officinale and Convallaria majalis, both collected in the neigh-
bourhood of Canterbury.

. Water-beetle and Nest—A female of Hydrophilus piceus and
her nest, or rather silk-like cocoon of eggs, were shown in one of
Mr. Fullagar’s vases; and the manner in which this insect forms
the cocoon, for the protection of the eggs, was explained by him
with the aid of illustrative drawings.

Raphides of Dictyogens.—Mr. Gulliver gave extemporaneous
demonstrations of these in fresh plants of Paris and Tamus, and
remarked that in the British flora all the plants of this section
are sharply defined by the raphidian character from the imme-
diately preceding and succeeding orders of the so-called natural
system ; but further observations are required on exotic Dictyo-
gens. He had found raphides abounding in Lapageria, Testudi-
naria, Sarza and Dioscorea, but replaced in Roxburgia by crystal
prisms (‘ Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci.,’ January, 1866, and July,
1869). Different tubers are sold at Covent Garden as “yams ;”
these are beautifully distinguishable by the raphides in one kind,
which is a Dioscorea, from another kind which has no raphides,
and is amember of the order Convolyulacee. Now, the Yams bave
been shown to possess, in some important points of structure, a
resemblance to the Birthworts ; but if we compare the abundance
of raphides in Dioscorea and Zamus with the total absence of
these crystals in Aristolochia, we shall immediately see a remark-
able difference not yet noticed in the books of systematic botany.

May 11th, 1872.—Well-boring at Sturry.— Colonel Cox read a
paper showing that at a depth of from 15 to 19 feet they came
to the blue clay, which continued down to 40 feet; and at from
46 to 50 feet a water spring was struck.

_ Lhe Plague of Ticks—Colonel Cox, referring to the proceed-
ings on this subject on May 2, read an elaborate paper concern-
ing the Ticks, now so fearfully injurious to the flocks of sheep
and the young pheasants of the neighbourhood. By the Rev.
H. G. W. Aubrey and the Editors of ‘Land and Water,’ the
Tick was pronounced to be Ixodes Dugesii. The Colonel detailed
many interesting facts from his own observations, and these were
confirmed by the parallel inquiries of Dr. Kersey, Mr. Dowker,
and Mr. Gardner; the latter gentleman’s flock having suffered

24 BAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

severely from the pest, while he had endured much anxiety and
expense in remedial means.

June 6th, 1872.—Scropularia vernalis, Aceras anthropophora, Le-
pidium Draba, Statice reticulata, and Saxifraga longifolia.—Mr.
James Reid brought fresh plants of the Yellow Figwort, collected
in the vicinity of Canterbury, and supposed to be new to the
Kentish flora. The Rev. President, Dr. Mitchinson, while cast-
ing no doubt on the wildness of the present specimen, remarked
that much caution should be used concerning such cases ; for, after
haying himself found this very species abounding near Peter-
borough, he had learned that a botanist had been in the habit of
sowing scarce plants in that neighbourhood. Mr. Reid noticed
the unusual abundance of the Green Man-orchis near Canter-
bury during the present season. The Whitlow Pepperwort was
described by Mr. Gulliver as very plentiful in fructification on
the West Cliff, at Ramsgate; whereupon Dr, Mitchinson
observed, that it would be interesting to note whether it would
maintain its existence there, as many strayed or introduced plants,
though flourishing for awhile, sooner or later perished, as he had
seen remarkably exemplified in the common Virginia Stock and
other plants. Specimens of the Matted Thrift, collected by
George Gulliver, jun., between Dover and Folkestone, were laid
on-the table. Dr. Mitchinson, having transplanted a young
Savifraga longifolia from its mountain home in Switzerland to a
pot in his own garden at Canterbury, found it flourish and bloom
admirably, like so many other members of this genus.

Plant Crystals.—Mr. Gulliver, referring to his communication
to the Society, September 14th, 1871, gave extemporaneous
demonstrations of the spheraphides of the two British species of
Mercurialis and of Viburnum Lantana, remarking that these are
good native plants in which to examine the spheraphides, and
that they may be found abundantly in our indigenous Urticacee,
Chenopodiacez, and many other orders; while the willows, pop-
lars, and many other trees or shrubs, afford plentiful crops of

‘minute crystals of another kind, which are too often incorrectly

called raphides. A slide was shown of Pandanus, from Professor
Thiselton Dyer, in which was well seen chains of cells, each cell
containing a prismatic crystal, as discovered by Professor Dyer,
the chains surrounding the fibro-vascular bundles. Pandanaceze
is an order long since characterised by raphides ; but the crystals
now shown in Professor’s Dyer’s preparation are of a different
form, as described and figured by him in the last vol. of the
‘Quart. Journ. Micro. Science.’

Notes on Ixodes Dugesit.

Experiments of Dr. Kersey.—This gentleman detailed a series’
of experiments as to the effect of different reagents in the
destruction of these pests, and had not yet arrived at any very
satisfactory result. The usual nostrums called ‘ sheep-dips”’
were all more or less ineffectual. The mercurial liniment of the

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 25

Pharmacopea and Brandish’s solution of potass seemed to be
most destructive to the parasites ; but their tenacity of life is so
great and their absorbent powers so little, that they are not easily
destroyed by specifics. Mr. Gardner, whose practical experience
had unfortunately been so great, concurred with Dr. Kearsey.

Anatomical and Physiological Observations.—These were under-
taken, at the request of the meeting, by Mr. Gulliver ; and some
of the results are noted below, from the examination of numerous
specimens supplied by Colonel Cox, Mr. Gardner, Mr. Dowker,
and Mr. Bell. All the specimens were eight-legged Acarina,
belonging to the family Ixodea, and, as asserted, to the species
Ixodes Dugesii. No eyes could be detected.

Sewves.—All the large, lead-coloured specimens were pregnant
females. Many of the small ones were also females, but these
were commonly of a lead colour, and not red, except in the legs and
plate at the back of the head. In many ova the large germinal
vesicle and its single spot or nucleus was plainly seen. As to
the males, they occur abundantly, and sexually mature, among
the little red specimens so numerous on pastures and trees or
shrubs. The spermatozoa are pale, quite homogeneous, nearly
transparent, arcuate, sharp at one end, and blunt or truncate—
not clavate—at the other; length 1-185th of an inch, thickness
1-6400th. They disappear when treated with acetic acid, and
cannot be made to dry well; in both these respects, as well as in
others, differing from the spermatozoa of insects and mammals.
The testis is a bunch of vesicles much like the ovary.

ggs.—Some of the large females, after a few days’ confinement
in a tin box, deposited there many ova, feebly sticking together in
clumps often as large as the parent ticks. These eggs were
smooth, of a glistening chocolate colour, oval in shape, and each
about 1-40th of an inch long and 1-60th broad. Their shell
was composed of chitine ; its contents chiefly of corpuscles, some
globular, more of the same form as the shell, and presenting an
average length of 1-500th and a breadth of 1-727th of an inch;
each distinct in outline, and all generally larger and more regular
in size than common yolk granules. The number of ova was so
great as to show the prodigious fecundity of these ticks, as, indeed,
is too well known to the flockmasters of this neighbourhood.

Urinary Apparatus.—This is greatly developed, consisting of
two transparent tubes, easily recognisable by their opaque white
contents, having all the properties of guanine, and never showing
any trace of uric acid. In the more common sheep-tick, which
belongs to the hexapod insect-order Diptera, and is the Melophila
ovina of Nitzsch, and which was examined at the same time for
comparison, uric acid was always found. Thus these two
creatures, both living on the selfsame sheep, have their urinary
matter so essentially different. And in the excrement of every
insect and spider examined the same difference was found,
corresponding to the observations made on scorpions and
true spiders many years since by that eminent physiologist

26 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

John Davy. And this important physiological character, now
extended to the Acarina, though not yet recognised in the books of
the zoological taxonomy, should fine a place there. The same holds
good of Argas (described as British in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Micro.
Sci.,’ April, 1872), in which species the urinary granules are
opaque, white, smooth, shining, concentrically striated, more or
less globular or oval, with an average diameter of =,5,th of an
inch, and often two partly fused together. They present a truly
beautiful microscopic spectacle, especially when examined in
clusters within the urinary tubes. In Jwodes the urinary granules

are not so large and remarkable as in Argas. The urinary tubes
in both commence by a blind and sub-clavate extremity at the
fore part of the body, and proceed tortuously backwards to open
into the last portion of the intestine, where is a bilobed sac,—a
sort of urinary bladder, most distinct in Argas.

Feet and Progression against Gravity.—The smaller specimens
of these ticks may be often seen crawling, like flies and some
other insects, up and under the sides of polished surfaces. This
is done by means of the caruncles, one of which is situated
between each of the pair of hooked and terminal claws, on their
concave side. When the creature has the claws free, each
caruncle presents a crescentic shape, but the moment it is applied
to the glass or other smooth surface the caruncles become adapted
to it, and assume the form of round flattened disks. All this
may be well seen with the half-inch objective, when the Ixodes is
walking on the glass object-slide, by an examination of the
action on both sides, z.e. either from the ventral or dorsal
aspect of the animal. As no mark of viscid matter is then
perceptible, it is probable that atmospheric pressure produces the
effect. Argas is devoid of such pedal structure.

Queen-bee Jelly—The eminent apiarian Major Munn, having
sent specimens of queen-bee cells, with their contained larvee and
jelly (or “bee bread’’), from four to eight days old, Mr. Gulliver
undertook to examine it. The colour of the jelly was whitish, its
consistence pulpy, its taste somewhat sharp and sweetish. It
reddened litmus ; was miscible with water, and assumed an opaque
white colour with alcohol, sublimate, nitric acid, and heat. Acetic
acid produced no effect, but caustic potass very quickly and com-
pletely dissolved it, and the solution was instantly precipitated on
the addition of acetic acid. There was no trace of gelatine in the
jelly ; it soon dried into an amber-like solid, but became white and
pulpy, as it was originally, when soaked in water. Morpholo-
gically, the jelly was partly composed of a very fine molecular base,
like that of mammalian chyle, the molecules much alike in size and
form, and measuring each about 1-30,000th ofan inch in diameter ;
but the molecules, being completely insoluble in alcohol or ether,
differ from those of chyle.

It is not alittle remarkable that this queen-bee jelly, though
undoubtedly of very high importance in the economy of this most
useful insect, is not even mentioned, much less described, in the

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 27

great books of animal, organic, or physiological chemistry.
When noticed in other works, it is but perfunctorily, and in
a manner to indicate a collection from pollen or other parts
of plants ; and it was seen by Mr. Gulliver to contain a few
pollen-grains, some almost perfect, others disintegrated, but alto-
gether insufficient to form the essential coniposition.

But, now, this is plainly proved to be one of the albuminoid
group, affording an abundance of Mulder’s protein, highly nitro-
genized, and with a molecular base, the whole evidently a true
animal secretion and by no means a mere collection. And thus

_ the queen-bee jelly is exactly such a nutrient matter as may be

rationally supposed most conducive to the growth and development
of the larva, just as milk is to young mammals, and the ingluvial
secretion of certain birds to their nestlings.

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 29

East Kent Naturat History Socrery.

President, the Rev. John Mitchinson, D.C.L., &c., Oxon. ;
Honorary Secretary, George Gulliver, F.R.S., &e.

July 4th, 1872.— Food of Naidina.—Colonel Horsley exhibited
some small and lively species of naid worms, from a freshwater pool
in the neighbourhood. They were seen under the microscope feeding
greedily on Volvow globator, and numbers of this minute plant then
appeared inside and distinctly through the transparent bodies of the
animals. -

New Fossil Fish—Mr. James Reid laid on the table and gave a
short and very interesting account of a fossil fish which he had
obtained two or three years ago from the Gault, near Folkstone.
Dr. Giinther, having examined the specimen, stated that it is quite

new, and belongs to the Clupeoidei, and he has named it Thrissopater

Salmoneus ; a very valuable addition to our fossil fauna.

Ammocetes branchialis.—Mr. George Gulliver (of Pembroke
College, Oxford) showed under the microscope sections of this
larval fish, made by hardening in chromic acid and staining with
carmine. Though the eyes do not appear externally, perfect eyes
and their chambers and crystalline lens were seen in the sections ;
the auditory sac and its coarsely ciliated epithelium were shown,
as were also the ovaries, well developed in this immature fish, with
numerous ova presenting the germinal vesicle and spot; and the
infolding of the inner coats of the gut, like an intestine within an
intestine, was well displayed. All these points are easily seen
under the microscope by this method of preparation.

Eggs of Argas reflexus and Ixodes Dugesit.—Some females of
these Acarina having been confined in boxes kept in Mr. Gulliver’s
library, and at Mr. Fullagar’s, during May and June, continued lively
without food up to the beginning of July, about which time they
were found to have laidmany eggs. Of Argas these were spherical,
generally about 1th of an inch in diameter, of a dull grayish
colour, and slightly rough on the surface ; a few of them were of a
suboval shape. Thus, these eggs differ from those of Ixodes Dugesii
in size and shape, for of this last species the eggs are regularly

_ oval, about 25th ofan inch long and ;!;th broad, very smooth and of
a shining chocolate colour; in both species the egg-shells are com-
posed of chitine.

_ July 18th, 1872.—Excursion.—This took place in the neighbour-
hood, and the party was hospitably entertained by the Vice-Pre-
sident of the Society, Colonel Horsley, at his residence, St. Stephen’s
_ Lodge, near Canterbury.

Raphides of Onagracee.—The botanical specimens brought in
from the excursion, with several other contributions by Mrs. Dean,
were the following:—Epilobium parviflorum, Torilis anthriscus,
Lathyrus pratensis, Scrophularia aquatica, Ranunculus scleratus,
° ium maritimum, Hyoscyamus niger, Salsola kali, Trifolium

30 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

fragiferum, Lactuca saligna, Artemesia maritima, Cynoglossum offi-
cinale, Carex vulpina, and Poa pratensis. This miscellaneous and
random collection affording a good opportunity for trials of the
value of the raphidian character, these were carefully made. .The
result was that in no plant were any raphides found except in the
Epilobium, in which they were, as they regularly are in the order
to which it belongs, very plain and abundant. And thus in our
flora the diagnosis was maintained, as formerly shown, of Ona-
graceex—Calycifloral exogens abounding in raphides. Yet this
short diagnosis, so easily demonstrable and eminently natural, has
not yet found its place in our books of systematic botany.

Auditory Capsule of Mollusca.—In the little bivalve Oyclas
cornea, 80 common in our ditches, the auditory vesicle and its
vibrating otolith are so very beautiful and easily found that it must
become a favorite microscopic object. Mr. Fullagar, after two
or three trials, by tearing asunder with needles portions near the
base of the creature’s foot, succeeded perfectly in showing the
vesicle and its oscillating otolith, much to the admiration of the
meeting. Figures of the auditory vesicles of several molluscs are
given in the ‘ Journal of Anatomy,’ vol. iv.

August 1st, 1872.—Skeleton of Lumna cornubica.—The Hon.
Sec. gave a detailed account of the preparation and completion of
this remarkable skeleton at the College of Surgeons, of which full
reports have appeared in the ‘Kentish Gazette, August 6th,
‘Land and Water,’ August 17th, 1872, and several other periodicals.
The skeleton is seven feet nine inches in length, and, owing to the
judicious preparation, has lost only four inches in drying. There
are no ribs. The vertebrae number 152, of which sixty belong to
the tail, and these last turn upwards along the superior border of
the caudal fin, while in some other Selachians, as Seylliwm, the
caudal vertebre end in a straight line with the trunk. The
claspers are bony, each composed of three pieces, the terminal piece
being.a curious spine, as if for intromission.

Progression of Arachnids in opposition to gravity.—Referring to
observations at the meeting of July 6th, the walking of Ixodes
on the under and polished side of glass was shown to be due
to the effect of atmospheric pressure on the elastic pedal caruncles
of the creature, and that this is also the case with the great
Tiger Spider of Ceylon had been clearly proved by Dr. Davy, in
his ‘ Physiological Researches,’ p. 336, 8vo, Lond., 1863.

August 15th, 1872.—Ichneumonide.—Mr. Fullagar exhibited
living specimens from his vivarium of these hymenopterous insects,
hatched out of the chrysalis of the Red Admiral butterfly, and
read a paper on their habits and economy.

Palate of the Cyprinoids.—This soft structure, so well known in
the Carps, has commonly been regarded as a gland analogous to the
pancreas. Mr. George Gulliver, having made preparations of this
so-called palate, by hardening it in chromic acid and then staining
fine sections with carmine, exhibited them under the microscope
at the meeting. The tissue of the part presented a large propor-

—

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, 31

tion of transversely striped muscular fibres; and the mucous surface
was beset by large papille, so as to present rather the character
of a tactile organ than of a gland.

Neuronaia Lampetre.—Keferring to the notices in the ‘ Proceed-
ings of the Zoological Society,’ Dec. 6th, 1870, and ‘Quart. Journ.
Mie. Science,’ Jan., 1872, concerning this entozoon, preserved speci-
mens were shown under the microscope to be entirely devoid of the
spines near the mouth and on the surface of the body which charac-
terise the allied Neuronaia Monroti of Goodsir. When magnified,
Neuronaia Lampetre somewhat resembles Yarrell’s figures, of the
natural size, of Tristoma coccineum, which occurs on the skin and
branchiz of the sun-fish.

Eggs and newly hatched Broods of Ixodes Dugesii and Argas
reflecus.—Referring to the description of these eggs at the meet-
ing on the 4th July, Mr. George Gulliver now exhibited the newly
hatched young of both these species. Swarms of the young broods
were found on the 1st of August free from the eggs (the hatching
continued up to the last day of observation, on the 15th) and running
actively about, trying to escape from their prisons. These young
of the two species were miniatures of their parents ; only, as
already known of some other immature Acarina, they had six legs,
and these so crowded that no room appears, before a moult, for the
wanting fourth pair, except posteriorly. Besides, in Argas the
body of the young was fringed, especially at its hind part, with
hyaline hairs; and these little creatures are so transparent that the
urinary sacs near the anus were seen to be filled with the granules
of guanine described at the meeting on June 6th, 1872, and reported
in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Mic. Science’ of the following month. Thus, the
dart-like mandibles, with recurved teeth and the articulated palps,
were much produced in the young of both species, especially of
Argas. Ixodes is so very prolific that one female confined in a
pill-box laid no less than 143 eggs, all of which, except six, were
hatched. Having thus discovered the time and manner of breed-
ing, and how easily these creatures may be bred for observation in
confinement, we may already perceive some practical applications.
Thus, the usual attempts of flockmasters to relieve their suffering
sheep by picking off the parasites and throwing them on the
ground is simply sowing the vermin broadcast, for all these bloated
Izodes are pregnant females, ready to lay their eggs to be hatched
spontaneously. ‘The ravages of this arachnid on sheep and pheasants

have been dreadful this season in the neighbourhood of Canterbury.

September 5th, 1872.—Ezxeursion to Whitstable.—Colonel
Horsley, Mr. Sibert Saunders, and Mr. Fullagar, collected several
Campanularide, Tubularidew, Annelida, and Ascidiz, and exhibited
them in different marine aquariums, giving at the same time very
instructive demonstrations of the various living animals under the

_ microscope. Mr. Sheppard and Mr. Fullagar exhibited and illus-
trated the habits and economy of Pagurus in living specimens.

Mrs. Dean collected and named numerous phenogamous plants,
among which was Hippophaé rhamnoides; and Mrs. Fairbrass

32 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

arranged a bouquet of wild flowers so as to prove how effectively
they may be used for graceful decoration.

September 19th, 1872.—Blood-disks of Gadide.—The meeting
was chiefly occupied in the examination of plants lately collected
near Canterbury by Mrs. Dean; in microscopic demonstrations of
the wings of Ephemerine and diurnal Lepidoptera by Colonel
Horsley and Mr. Fullagar ; and in the determination of some species
of fishes collected a few days since at Hastings by Mr. George
Gulliver. Of the fishes, it was shown that the red blood-corpuscles
of the little Moftella are as large as those of other and big members
of the Gadide; and thus that the relation of size between the
species and its blood-disks, long since proved by the Hon. Sec. in
mammals and birds, is not maintained in fishes, nor is it in reptiles ;
and the facts are of much physiological significance.

East Kent Natvrat History Socierry.

President.—The Reverend Joun Mircutinson, D.C.L., &c., Oxon.;
Honorary Secretary.— Groren Guiuiver, F.R.S., &e.

October 3rd, 1872.

Garnet Sand.—Colonel Horsley exhibited specimens of this
sand, which he had collected at Cape Comorin, the extreme
southern point of the continent of India. The characteristic colour
of the garnet was very fine, and so brilliant under the microscope
as to appear like an effect of polarized light.

Raphides of Tamus and Epilobium.—He also displayed these
plant-crystals, which had been the subject of observation at the
meetings of May 2nd and July 18th, when they were shown
to be so characteristic of indigenous Dictyogens and Onagracee
that these orders or groups are most easily distinguished from
their next allies of other orders.

Parasites and Nettle-cells of Polyps.—These were shown in
Hydra vulgaris by Mr. Fullagar. The parasites were seen, under
. the microscope, to move rapidly within narrow limits by means of
the vibratile cilia with which their bodies are covered like Para-
mecium. Slides of dried nettle-cells and threads of the polyps
proved how well they may be thus prepared as interesting objects
for the microscope.

The Hop-dog.—Mr. Frank Wacher brought to the meeting
living specimens of this larva, when the hairs thereof were micro-
scopically examined. They proved to be very delicate and trans-
lucent, many somewhat plumose, others composed of parallel cells,
projecting in teeth directed towards the pointed and free end
of the hair; thus the hairs of this caterpillar are not club-shaped
at the tips, as they are generally described to be in the “ woolly
bears.” It was noted as singular, in the present activity of
research concerning the Lepidoptera and other insects, that we
have not yet any sufficiently exact and extended observations on
the comparative characters of the hairs of caterpillars, since, in-
dependently of their intrinsic beauty as microscopic objects, they
_ would probably afford useful diagnostics in classification. The

_“hop-dog” is the caterpillar of a nocturnal moth, Dasychira
_ pudibunda, belonging to the family Arctiide.
_ Bvils and Benefits of Insects.—A discussion ensued on the
evils and benefits of insects. Among the numerous hairy cater-
6

34 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

pillars which feed on the leaves and other parts of plants is the
hop-dog ; and the devastation of such insects is too well known.
For example, in the year 1782 such were the ravages of Por-
thesia auriflora that prayers were ordered to be read in our
churches to arrest its devastations, as related by Mr. Curtis in
his ‘ Short History of the Brown-tail Moth,’ published during that
disastrous year; and our agricultural annals abound in similar
accounts. But while we lament the manifold injuries inflicted
by insects, we should not be unmindful of their benefits. . Thus
to insects we owe honey, wax, and silk, some valuable medicines,
abundant food for birds and many other animals, and even for
man—“ his meat was locusts and wild honey ;” the conversion of
vegetable matter into nitrogenous compounds for manure; and,
above all, the fertilisation of countless plants. In short, though
the damages done by insects may be part of the primeval curse,
in our present state these creatures are so essential to our welfare
that, were they all completely swept from the face of the earth,
there would be more lamentation for their absence than has ever
been caused by their presence ; and, indeed, without the beneficent
agency of insects it is probable that numberless plants and animals,
including the human race, would fade from the face of our planet.

Stenopterix hirundinis.—This parasite, though commonly de-
scribed as infesting the swift, occurs frequently at Canterbury on
the swallow. The Rev. C. W. Bewsher submitted to the meeting
specimens from the swallow. They belong to the Pupipare, a
family of dipterous insects, which, however insignificant singly,
are very formidable when occurring in numbers. Thus, the Hip-
pobosca equina, though scarcely larger than a small house-fly, has
prevented the assembly or operations of armies; even lately in-
tended reviews and bivouacs of cavalry in one of our forests were
said to have been defeated by the mere demonstrations of these
insects.

On examination under the microscope the compound eyes of
Stenopterix hirundinis were found to be large, with the hexagonal
facets of proportionable size—a structure of which the function
in a creature passing its life buried among the roots of the bird’s
feathers is not very obvious. The pigment behind the corneal
facets was red. The transverse striz of the muscular fibres of the
legs were large and distinct, and sometimes presented an approach
to a spiral form, recalling the more evident appearance thereof
in a mounted specimen which is in the possession of the eminent
zoologist, Dr. Bowerbank, and which was prepared from an am-
putated human limb. The magnitude of these transverse mark-
ings is noteworthy, because it has been regarded by Leydig and
others as related to the activity of the muscles. But the legs of
Stenopterix are not remarkable for activity ; and the Hon. Secre-
tary had long since proved of its host, the swift, that the trans-
verse striz of the wonderfully active pectoral muscles are much
finer or smaller than the corresponding striz of the comparatively
idle crural muscles of the same bird. Indeed, the different cha-

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 35

racters of these muscular strie is a subject deserving of further
research throughout the different subdivisions of the Arthropoda
and of the vertebrate subkingdom ; and this would be an addition
to the objects for a rational employment of the microscope.

November 7th, 1872.

Habits and Economy of the Fresh-water Polyps.—Mr. Fullagar,
_ who has devoted much attention to these creatures in his aqua-
rium, read a paper on the subject, illustrated by the living speci-
mens and numerous instructive drawings. As it is understood
that these will be engraved, and published with the whole text, in
‘Science Gossip,’ the present abstract will be very brief. The
spermatozoa of Hydra vulgaris were discharged in the autumn, as
noticed by previous observers; but Hydra viridis discharged its
spermatozoa in the summer, in one instance as early as the first
day of June; and in this species the sperm-cells and germ-cells
were in the same individual. The development of the bud of
germ-cells took three days from its first appearance, on the lower
part of the body, until its separation therefrom and sinking to
the bottom of the vase of water. In about fifteen days there-
after the germs or ova were hatched in the form of minute micro-
Scopic creatures, slowly growing, until the tentacles appeared,
one or two at first, and gradually increasing in number and size,
four only very short ones appearing at an early period of the
development. The author repeated his observations, made at
the meeting of Oct. 3rd, on the nettle-cells and parasites of the
Hydra, and further illustrated them by drawings.

November 21st, 1872.

English Anchovies.—Mr. Gulliver gave an account of the dis-
tinctive characters of Engraulis encrasichlus, illustrated by spe-
cimens which he had lately procured during a visit to the coast of
South Devonshire, and with the hope that some of the members
of the society might be induced to look for this fish on the
Kentish and Sussex coasts. At Dawlish, Teignmouth, Torquay,
and the neighbouring fisheries, he had seen it so plentifully as to
raise the question, why should we not catch and cure our own
anchovies? To the well-known characters by which the anchovy
is distinguished from the sprat, he added that in the former the
_ maxillary teeth are much larger than in the latter. And while
_ explaining that these teeth, though characteristic of our Salmonacei
and Clupeide, are neither described nor depicted in some of our
great works of ichthyology, he added that this remarkable feature is
commonly ignored by our best artists ; as more fully explained in
the lecture on the Smelt, at the meeting of the society on January
18th, 1872. The teeth of the anchovy are pretty objects under
_the microscope, and by them this fish may be easily distinguished,
even in bits of the maxillary, from the sprat.

36 EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

December 5th, 1872.

Blood-disks of Salmonide.—The Hon. Sec. having been af-
forded, by the courtesy of Mr. Frank Buckland, an opportunity
of examining some of the living specimens in the museum of
economic pisciculture, at South Kensington, exhibited slides of
the red blood-corpuscles of Salmo fontinalis and Salmo ferox, and
compared them with the corresponding corpuscles of other
species of the same family of fishes and with several more
osseous fishes of distinct orders. The results, in conformity
with those described and depicted in Mr, Gulliver’s memoir,
read at the ZoologicalksSociety, November 19th, 1872, showed
the pre-eminent largeness among osseous fishes, so far as is yet
known, of the blood-disks of the Salmonide ; while those of Salmo
fontinalis, having a mean length of =4,;th and breadth of 5,,th
of an inch, are the largest at present measured of this family.
Hence it may be concluded that it is characterised among the
osseous orders by the,large size of its blood-disks; but in the
Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) this character is not maintained.

Spheraphides of Caryophyllacee.—Mrs. Dean presented speci-
mens of Silene maritima, of which the intimate structure was
examined at the meeting, when the tissue of the leaves and stalks
was found to be studded with spheraphides, very variable in
size, but having a mean diameter of about ;;/,,rd of an inch.
This is an admirable British example of these bodies, and really
a beautiful microscopic object. These sphzraphides, which are
common in Caryophyllacez, were well shown in the Deptford Pink
(Dianthus armeria), at the meeting of the society on August 3rd,
1871, reported in the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical
Science,’ January, 1872.

—"

BAST KENT NATCRAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

| eee

wa
—

oeTT

;

TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.

The objects of the East Kent Naturat History Society shall
be the Collection and_ Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical
Knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both in
relation to the particular District and the General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary; Honorary, and Corresponding
feed. and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
__ Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by show of hands or by ballot, taken at any meeting of the
Committee, or at a General Meeting—one negative in five votes to
_ exclude.

3. The Annual Subscriptions to be paid by Ordinary Members shall be
‘Ten Shillings ; the Subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of January
in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year. Any
Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it is
due, shall be applied to by the Treasurer or Secretary, and if the Sub-
scription remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall
cease to be a Member of the Society.

_ 4, The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
an Ordinary Member, and her Subscription shall be Five Shillings. This
ule shall apply also to such sons, brothers, and nephews of Ordinary

Members, as may be regularly resident in the same house with those
Members.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies, may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district; such Honorary and Corresponding Mem-
bers_shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs, nor be entitled to take books out of the
Library, nor to the Reports and Notices.

6. In order to encourage the study of Natural History among individuals
of the class of Mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates,
provided they shall first communicate some information or observation
on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local
Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates
shall enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be eonducted by a Committee of
Managemeut, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall forma quorum. The Meetings shall be held at four
o’clock p.m. on the first Saturday of every month, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary. At any regular Meeting
including a sufficient number of Committee-Members, they may then and
there declare themselves and act as a Committee in the ordinary business
of the Society.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held, at four o’clock p,m., on the last
Tuesday in January, in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of
electing the Officers for the current year, receiving the Annual Statement
of Accounts, and Report of the Committee, and conducting the general
affairs of the Society. In case of necessity, the Committee may alter the
hour, posting due notice thereof in the Society’s room,

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of
the Society, the specific purposes of the Meeiing being stated in the
notice, which shall be sent to each Member not less than one week
before the time of such Meeting.

* 10. All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by a
| majority of votes; and if upon any question the votes shall be equal, the
_ Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or casting vote.
]

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or Committee,
between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the Com-
_ mittee. The two Members who have been longest thereon, and have
; _ attended the fewest meetings thereof, during the preceding year, shall
; go out by rotation at the Annual Meeting.
5

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. The Meetings for Scientific Business shall be at seven o’clock p.m.,
on the first Thursday of every month at Canterbury; also extra Meetings
at such place and time as the Committee shall have posted due notice of
in the Society’s apartment. Each Member to have the right of intro-
ducing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14. There shall be ordinary Excursions on the Afternoon of the day of
each Evening Scientific Meeting, and at other times if the Committee so
appoint, time and place to be duly notified in the Society’s room by the
Committee ; and Special Excursions at such times and places as may be
approved by the Committee, who shall consider written suggestions of
Members on the subject.

15. Minutes of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose. —

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of Special Excursions to
every Member, stating the time and place thereof, &c.

LOCAL OR DISTRICT MEETINGS.

_ 17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or
Excursions in their district ; and to give notice of the same to the General
and all the Local Secretaries ; stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society, as soon as it miay possess sufficient means, shall

endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of Natural History, both with
a view of forming a Museum and distribution of Duplicate Specimens
according to the Regulations to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

19. Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History are to
be purchased by the funds of the Society, and the number and particular
books of this class to be purchased shall be determined by the Com-
mittee.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some convenient
place, so that Members may be able to refer to them, or take them out,
under such regulations as the Committee from time to time may think
proper to make.

22. In order to allow the Librarian to examine the Books, they must
all be returned to the Library and none taken therefrom during the first
week in every June.

East Kent Natural History Society.

MEETINGS, 1873-74.

SCIENTIFIC, on THURSDAYS, at 7 o’clock p.m.

March 6, 1873. October 2, 1873.
April er November 6, _,,
_ May 1 ; December 4, ,,
_ June Bas, January 1, 1874
July bee MEE February 5, ,,
August 7, ,, March 5, y
_ September 4, ,, April a =
' COMMITTEE, on SATURDAYS, at 40’clock p.m.
February 1, 1873. September 6, 1873.
March 1, ,, October 4, ,,
April Dit ey. November Il, ,,
May oe. W's December 6, ,,
June ne 5 January 3, 1874.
July Bean 3 February 7, ,,
August 2, , March ts 9

ANNUAL MEETING,
TUESDAY, JANUARY 27, 1874, at 4 o’clock p.m.

Kemetid
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SIXTEENTH REPORT

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ADOPTED AT THE

ANNUAL MEETING,

HELD ON JANUARY 27th, 1874.

CANTERBURY :

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___ PBINTED AT THE “KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH-STEEET.

SIXTEENTH REPORT

EAST KENT
NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY,

| ADOPTED AT THE

ANNUAL MEETING,

oe ie ee

HELD ON JANUARY 27th, 1874.

CANTERBURY

PRINTED AT THE “KENTISH GAZETTE ” OFFICE, HIGH-STREET,

CONTENTS.

PAGE.
_ Report of the Committee... ....ccssscecccssesecceneeres Wiese 8
Report ‘of the Talbrarian’ si..cc2ssccsaseecoassiweatsseeieberen nace ee 5
Runancial (Statements. pe.c.sseeccssses -oseccncsossaccucoas svssvacecacesacdeneremes 7
Nt OF BOOKS sand“ PCTIGUIGAIS'. «. c.c.sccsrans2eaeesosesecacreascesesbereeeeeen 8
List of Officers and Members ........ Seaeseaanaes sousedeaseudnessuemereemas soe etl
Rules and Regulations ...............4 seseveehecdsurted soeneesesessenseseeeees 16
Reports of the Scientific “Meetings Neawaee ceveess aeatersesrerea presstean cee el)

Table of the Scientific and Committee Meetings, on the fly-leaf
at the end of this Report.

HAST KENT WATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

20:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR THE YEAR
1873.

Your Committee is happy to report that the Society is prosper-
ing, and maintains its interest and usefulness. It numbered 99
members at the close of the year 1872, and 97 at the end of the year
1873; showing a loss of two members by death, three by removal,
and a gain of three new members. At the former period the
balance in the hands of the Treasurer was £12 12s. 3d., and at the
latter period £4 10s. 3d.

The Society having, at the last annual meeting, voted an extra
sum of £5 for the purchase of additional books, the Library has been
increased accordingly, and it is hoped in a manner conducive to the
best interests ef the members. As usual, the new books have been
carefully selected, with a view to their utility as works of reference,
and to their cost. On those points the Committee has acted to the
best of its judgment, with the assistance of the Honorary Librarian
and the Honorary Secretary, and it is hoped with satisfaction to the
Society generally ; at all events the Committee is and has always
been ready to consider any suggestion from any member as to the
addition of books to the library; for this department is surely most
important, seeing that there is no other collection of books on
natural science available in or near the City of Canterbury, and that
such works are quite essential to the cultivation of this branch of
knowledge. The books and pamphlets added to the library during
the year just expired are specified in the Librarian’s Report.

The microscope, purchased in accordance with a resolution at
the last annual meeting, has proved a source of pleasure and profit,
both at the scientific meetings, and at otber times in the library,
where this instrument stands ready for the use of the members,
subject to such care as the Committee may deem necessary.
some of the members, such as Colonel Horsley, Mr. Sidney Harvey,
and Mr. Fullagar, have very often brought their instruments, and
thus rendered valuable assistance to the business of the scientific
meetings; other members, as Colonel Cox, Mr. Sibert Saunders, and
Mr. Bell, have given occasional aid in the same manner; and
for all these acceptable services the thanks of the Society are due.
Yonr Committee cannot avoid deploring, in common with the

whole Society, the loss by death of the lute Major Augustus Munn,

who was so long a most valuable and active member of the Society,
the scientific proceedings of which were so often enriched by his
interesting and important observations on the structure and economy
of the honey-bee.

The reports of the scientific meetings having regularly appeared

in the Kentish Gazette, and with a fulness and accuracy which reflects
much credit on the conduct of that newspaper, will have kept the
members of the Society well informed of the proceedings at those
meetings. Abstracts of the same reports have been published from
time to time in the Quarterly Jowrnal of Microscopical Science, and
these it is proposed to reprint with the rest of the annual report for
circulation among the members. But this will cause a little delay,
as the manuscript of the reports for the last quarter is still in the
hands of the editors of that journal, and will not be printed before
the 1st of April, immediately after which the report for the whole
year will be made up and issued to the members. Even this little
irregularity would have been avoided, but for the absence of the
Honorary Secretary, who is detained by indisposition at Hastings,
and is scarcely at present able to undertake the compilation again.

The results of the scientific business, being thus published, may
be left without comment, save that some of them have been deemed

worthy of further publication and have accordingly appeared in
several of the scientific journals of the metropolis. The excursions
have been very useful in providing materials for the scientific
meetings; and for assistance at those pleasant trips the thanks of
the Society are due to Mrs. Dean, Colonel Horsley, Mr. Sibert
Saunders, and last, but not least, to the excellent Hon. Assistant
Secretary, Mr. Fullagar.

But this is by no means the only use of such excursions. They
help to introduce the young to, and confirm the old in, the practice
of out-door natural history ; and when the taste has been thus
directed and cultivated it is sure to lead to a further knowledge of the
subject. Nor can it be prosecuted judiciously without its due
reward, of enabling the mind to see the Creator in the creation, and
to realize an ample fund of innocent amusement and instruction,
quite independently of the hoarse disputes of less valuable though too
often more engrossing matters. And, indeed, your Committee is
impressed with the feeling that the provision of the means of
rational enjoyment accordingly is not the least service afforded by
the Society ; and hopes that this consideration, involving as it does
the intellectual culture of the rising generation, will insure the
countenance and support of many persons who, having little taste
for natural science, may yet feel much interest in the cause of an
important branch of education. And, in support of the truthfulness
of this view, it is noteworthy that it has been at length fully recog-
nised, and substantially entertained, in our great universities, and
in some of our public and other schools.

The promotion of the Rev. Dr. Mitchinson to the See of
Barbados has left vacant the presidential chair, which he filled with
so much advantage to the Society. Hence it becomes the duty of the
members to elect a successor to him. And the Committee, having
obtained the consent of the Very Reverend the Dean of Canterbury,
proposes him for president during the next year. Having thus lost
Dr. Mitchinson, your Committee considers that the warmest thanks
of the Society are due to him for the very able and kind manner in
which he undertook and discharged the duties of president ; and
surely the most cordial wishes of all the members will be for the
health and prosperity of the Prelate in his new sphere. And your
Committee hopes to be favoured from time to time with communica-

&
*

on.
a

tions on subjects of interest to naturalists from the Bishop of Bar-
bados, as a corresponding member of the Society.

The evening meetings for scientific business were always held on the
first Wednesday of every month, until Dr. Mitchinson suggested that
Thursday would be a more convenient day tohim. But this reason
no longer remaining, the Committee proposes that these meetings
should be again held on Wednesdays. In that case it will only be
required to make the needful alterations in the card of the meetings.

As already noticed, the scientific proceedings of the Society are
now regularly published, sometimes affording additions to one or
other branch of natural science, sometimes to a more particular
knowledge of the natural productions of the East Kent district ; and
always, it is hoped, with the effect of exciting a further spirit of
rational inquiry concerning subjects of great importance, which will
surely in future form part and parcel of a liberal education. But
while affirming this point, which is still a vexed question in some
highly respectable quarters, your Committee would not be under-
stood to maintain that the often theoretical and speculative, and
constantly changing and progressive, science of natural history,
ean ever advantageously supplant, in the service of education, those
exact sciences and fixed languages which have so long and success-
fully maintained their ground in our schools. Thus far your Com-
mittee, on the part of the Society, would avoid the too common error
of overrating the value of natural science ; since its inherent interest
and importance, and its great usefulness in training the mind to
observation and reflection on the works which nature has so bounti-
fully provided for our amusement and instruction, are indisputable
facts sufficiently obvious to prove and proclaim the true merits of
such studies.

In conclusion, your Committee suggests that the warmest thanks
of the Society should be given to all its officers for the very careful
and efficient manner in which they have discharged their respective
duties.

The Committee’s report having been adopted and ordered to be
printed, the meeting unanimously and cordially elected the Very
Rey. the Dean of Canterbury to the office of President for the
ensuing year, and the Right Rey. the Bishop of Barbados to be a
corresponding member of the Society. In like manner the thanks
of the Society were voted to all its officers, and they were re-elected
to their respective posts. A sum of £15 was voted for additions to
the library during the ensuing year, and of £5 for further micro-
scopic apparatus.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR THE YEAR 1873.

The amount at the disposal of the Librarian during the year
1873, granted from the general fund of the Society, was £15, less
6s. 5d. spent in excess in 1872, and repaid to the Treasurer—leaving
£14 13s. 7d.

Of this sum £9 15s. 5d. was spent in the purchase of new books,
&ec., a list of which is given below, and £4 15s. 5d. for periodicals,
leaving a balance of 2s. 9d. in hand.

The New Works consist of the following, viz. :—

Loudon Encyclopeedia of Plants, with 2 supplements.
Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Entomology, 4 vols.
Allman’s Freshwater Polyzoa,
Burmeister’s Trilobites,
Treasury of Botany, 2 vols., by Lindley and Moore.
Darwin’s Cirripedia, Ray Society, vols. I. & IT.

_ Williamson’s Recent Foraminifera, Ray Society, 1 vol.
Leighton’s Lichen Flora, British, 1 vol.
Henfrey’s Elementary Botany, 2nd Edition, by Dr. Masters, F.R.S.

10. Clarke’s Common Sea Weeds.

11. Reports on Zoology for 1843 and 1844, Ray Society.

12. Bates’ Phasmidx, (Pamphlet.)

18. Lubbock’s Chleone, (Ditto.)

14. Micrographie Dictionary, parts X, XI, XII, new Edition.

In return for the one guinea subscription annually to the Ray
Society the undermentioned work has been received and added to the
Library, viz. :—

Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart.

The following Book and Pamphlets, &c., were presented to the
Society during the year 1873, viz. :—

1. Portlock’s Geological Report on Londonderry, and part of Tyrone and
Fermanagh, by W. Whitaker, Esq., Geological Museum, Jermyn Street.
Proceedings of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for portions of
1872 and 1873. .

A Paper on the Hsophagus of Red Hornbill, from G. Gulliver, Hsq., F.R.S.

Seven Pamphlets on various subjects, from the Secretary, C, Holst, of the
Royal University of Christiana.

Book on Preparing and Mounting Microscopie Objects, by Mr. Fullagar.

Pamphlet on the Size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of the Salamander,
&e., by the author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

Report of the West Kent Natural History Society for 1872.

List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Palxontology of the
Hampshire Basin, from the author, W. Whitaker, Esq.

Paper on the Apiary, from the late Major Munn.

Pamphlet on the Crystals in the Testa of the Elm, and the Character of the
Epidermis of the Tway-Blade, by the author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

Pamphlet on the Measurement of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of
Batrachians, by the author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

A Paper from Eastbourne Natural History Society, on a New Fungus, by C.
T. Muller, Esq.

Bound in one vol.

$0.00 STD OTe G0 BO

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So MN So Bo bw

ae
Pr a

FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR 1873.

RECEIPTS. : EXPENSES. $

& 3s. d. ’ £ 8.
Balance in hand, 31st December, 1872 .................:...... 12 12 -3 | Hire of Room for One Year.
Subscriptions received in 1873, including Dover Branch Fire and Light at Meetings .......... :
to this date for 1873, and arvears.,..............sssesese00e08e 86 5 6 | Table for Microscope with Drawer. ee eed'tinase cont Dy
Contribution to Libvary.........cceecceceteeceeesecessesesseenene LD O

Purchase of Microscope, including double Nose Piece,
and: Conveyance, ....xasive.'ess sa: dvvives sis sos sdvecn scents svecse cancer 10) 1a
Subscription to Ray Society ........:ce:ccsececetereesessseerene L 1
** Kentish Gazette” for Printing Reports, &c.
Hon. Assistant Secretary, Petty Cash .........
James H, Adlard for 200 Copies of Transactions.
Postage, &c. by Treastarers......ccsceceesevees see conevscoreseseeees

SAoooeonm SCOReO:

Balance in hand 81st December, 1878.........s0000
£4817 9 £48 17

Examined and found correct, Mea FER Ge ape W. H. HORSLEY, nag ere,
. on. Treasurer.

_
on
CIiaOn

LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

BeLonGciIne To THE Hast Kent Naturat History Socrery.

British Land and Fresh Water Molluscs, 1 vol. (Reeve)

Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)

Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol. (Harvey)

Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer)

Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)

Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.

Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.

Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.

Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.

A Catalogue of Rare Phenogamous Plants collected in South Kent in 1829

ee ee the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring to Sheets 4
an

British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865 (Douglas and Scott)

Hand Book of British Flora, 2 vols. (Bentley)

Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 3 vols.

Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol.

Monograph of British Spongiadz, by Dr. Bowerbank, 2 vols.

Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.

Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.

Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs. Gatie from Professor Harvey’s
Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol.

Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.

Forbes’s British Star Fishes, 1 vol.

Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.

Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.

Smith’s English Flora, 4 vols.

Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol.

Nitzsch’s Pterylography.

Hooker’s Jungermanniz, 1 vol.

Smith’s Diatomacesx, 2 vols.

Works of W. Hewson, F.R.S., 1 vol., edited by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle and Strenum in the

Vertebrata, 1 vol.
Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10th edition, 2 vols.
asters’s Vegetable Teratology, 1 vol.

Bevan on the Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn, F.R.H.S., 1 vol.

Gosse’s Marine Zoology, 2 vols.

Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature, 1 vol.

Westwood’s Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., 8vo.

Rymer Jones’ Outlines of Organization of Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &c., 2 vols.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, by G. J. Allman,
M.D., parts 1 and 2.

Pulteney’s Progress of Botany in England.

Pulteney’s'Account of the Life and Writings of Linnzus.

Berkeley’s Cryptogamic Botany.

Pritchard’s History of Infusoria.

Baird’s Entomostraca, Ray Society.

Siebold on Parthenogenesis.

Barclay on Life and Organization.

Carpenter’s Comparative Physiology.

Micrographic Dictionary, 12 parts of the new edition.

Loudon Encyclopedia of Plants, with 2 supplements.

Ruby ae Spas aieogeues to Entomology, 4 vols.

man’s Freshwater Polyzoa :
Burmeister’s Trilobites } Bound in 1 vol.

Treasury of Botany, 2 vols., by Lindley and Moore.

Darwin’s Cirripedia, Ray Society, vols. 1 and 2.

Williamson’s: Recent Foraminifera, vol. 1.

Leighton’s Lichen Flora, British, vol. 1.

Henfrey’s Elementary Botany, 2nd edition, by Dr. Masters, F.R.S.
Clarke’s Common Sea Weeds.

Reports on Zoology, for 1843 and 1844, Ray Society.

Bates’ Phasmidz (pamphlet)

Lubbock’s Chlcone (ditto)

On Preparing and Mounting Microscopie Objects, by Mr. Fullagar,

PAMPHLETS.

British Moths, Nocturni.
¥ Geometra.
Memoirs pour servir a la connaissance des Crinoides vivants, par Michael Sars.

Etudes sur les Affinites Chimiques par MM. Guldberg et Waage.

tod “itera and the Raphidian Character of Plants, by G. Gulliver,

Sketches to a Scale of the Auditory Organs of Molluses, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Muscular Sheath of the @sophagus of the ‘‘Aye, Aye,’ (Chiromys
Madagascariensis), by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On es eilag of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini, by G. Gulliver,

The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom Markings. The Microscope
Sot and the Structure of the Podura Scales, by the Rey. J. B. Reade,

Le Glacier de Boinon, per Mons. 8S. A. Saxe.

On a Fern-stem (Osmundites Dowkeri) from the Hocine of Herne Bay, by Mr.
Carruthers.

On the Chalk of Thanet and East Kent, by G. Dowker, F'.G.S.

On the @sophogus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus, and Orycteropus,
by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica, by Axel Boeck.

Phanerogamer og Bregner, by A. Blytt (from the Royal University of Norway).

Third Annual Report of the Folkestone Natural History Society for 1871.

First Report of the Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopical Club for 1871.

Third Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for 1871.

West Kent Natural History Society’s Report for 1871.

Ten Papers by the late George Newport, F'.R.S., extracted from the Transactions of
the Royaland Linnzan Societies ; presented by Mr. R. J. Bell, St. Margaret’s
Street, Canterbury.

oo on the Blood of Lamna cornubica, &c., by the author, G. Gulliver,
F

The Bee ‘Keeper’s Magazine (one number only) by Major Munn.
Portlock’s Geological Report on Londonderry, and part of Tyrone and Ferma-
nagh, by W. Whitaker, Esq., Geological Museum, Jermyn-street.

Proceedings of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for portions of 1872 and

1873 ,
A Paper on the @sophagus, of the Red Hornbill, from G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

Seven Pamphlets on various subjects, from the Secretary C. Holst of the Royal
University of Christiana.

On the Size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of the Salamander, &c., by the
author, Gulliver, Esq., I'.R.S.

Report of the West Kent Natural History Society for 1872.

List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Palwontology of the Hampshire
Basin, by the author, W. Whitaker, Esq.

Paper on the Apiary, from the late Major Munn. d

On the Crystals in the Testa of the Elm and the Character of the Epidermis of
the Tway-Blade, by the author, G, Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S,

On the Measurement of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Batrachians, by
the author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

A Paper from Eastbourne Natural History Society, on a New Fungus, by C. T.
Muller, Esq.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol. 3, 1863, and vol. 4, 1864,
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1861, and from 1863 to 1869.
N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vol. 7, 1859, and vol.
8, 1860, new series, vol. 1, 1861, to vol. 8, 1868, vol. 2 excepted.

Magazine of Natural History, third series, vol. 3, 1859, to vol. 8, 1861, and vol.
11, 1863, to vol. 23, 1869.

The Geologist, vol. 2, 1852, vols. 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864.

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859.

The Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 20, 1864, to vol. 25, 1869.

The Natural History Repertory, 1865.

The Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1st vol., 1869.

The Librarian regrets to state that in consequemce of seyeral Periodicals not
having been returned to the Library, nor any entry of them made in the book
kept for the purpose in the Society’s Reading Room, he has been unable to have
the volumes to which they belong bound.

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS
ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY VIZ. :

The Annuals and Magazine of Natural History.
Monthly Microscopical Journal.

The Zoologist.

The Geological Magazine.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.
Science Gossip.

The Publications of the Ray Society.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.

DON D OUp CoP

LISE OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS,

:0::0:

President :

THE VERY REVEREND THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY

Vice-Presidents :

THE RIGHT HON. LORD FITZWALTER, GoopNESTONE PARK.

SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BeTsHANGER.

COLONEL C. J. COX, Forpwicn Hovssn.

MATTHEW BELL. Esq., BouRNE Park.

WM. Sete HAMMOND, Esq., St. ALBAN’s.

THE REV. F. SCOTT, SIBERTSWOLD.
'AIN CROOKES, Dover.

GEORGE DOWKER, Esa., ¥.G.S., Srourmoutsa Hovssz.

een HORSLEY, St. STEPHEN’S Lop@n, CANTERBURY.
pene Esq., FRS., Ciovis TERRACE, CANTERBURY.

A. BUTLER-J' OHNSTONE, Esq., M.P.

LEE, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

H. B. MACKESON, Esq.

THE HON. G. W. MILLES, M.P.

Treasurer and Librarian:
COLONEL HORSLEY, R.E.
Honorary Secretary:

GEORGE GULLIVER, Esq., F.R.S.
Honorary Assistant Secretary :
MR. FULLAGAR, 48, High StrEET, CANTERBURY.
Committee :

Dr. ASTLEY. co Rev. F. ROUCH.

Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. G. RIGDEN, Esq.

Mr. E. = aera F. SLA’ TER, Esq.

Dr. KERSEY. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esq:
T. Gd. PECKHAM, Esq. Mr. FULLAGAR.

Local Secretary :

Dover—A. BOTTLE, Esq.

Andrews, A. B., Esq.
Astley, Dr.

Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Bartlett, E., Esq.
Bateman, J., Esq.
Bell, M., Esq.

Bell, R. J., Esq.
Berry, Major
Bewsher, Rev. C.

Bewsher, Rev. Alfred
Bewsher, Miss
Bewsher, Miss M.
Bland, W., Esq.
Bliss, Rev. J. W.
Bottle, A., Esq.

Brinckman, Captain, M.P.

Browne, Miss L.

Browne, Miss P.

Claris, P. B., Esq.
Clements, Mrs. W.
Cooke, Rev. S. H.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Court, P., Esq.
Cox, Colonel C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Crookes, J. F., Esq.
Crump, Mr. T.

Dean, Mrs.

Dover, Right Rev. Bishop Suffragan
f

°
Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, Major-General C. B.

Fairbrass, Mrs.

Fitzwalter, Right Hon. Lord

Forrest, Mrs.

Members.

Westgate, Canterbury.
Dover.

42, Marine Parade, Dover.

London.’

St. George’s, Canterbury.

Bourne Park, Canterbury.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury. .

Barton Fields, Canterbury.

Vernon Place, Old Dover Road,
Canterbury.

Ditto.

Hartlip, Sittingbourne.

Betshanger, near Deal.

Dover.

56, Park Street, Grosvenor Square,
London.

4, Victoria Place,
Canterbury.

Ditto.

St. Dunstan’s,

Dover.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.
Northbourne, Deal.

Stour Street, Canterbury.

Dover.

Fordwich House, near Canterbury.
Ditto.

5, Waterloo Crescent, Dover.
Butter Market, Canterbury.

Wincheap.

Precincts.
Stourmouth House, Sandwich.

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.
Goodnestone Park, Wingham.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.

Fullagar, Mr. James
Furley, R., Esq.
Furley, George, Esq.
Furley, W. D., Esq.

Gardner, W., Esq.

Grayling, Dr.

Gulliver, G., Esq., F.R.S.
Gulliver, G., jun., Esq., B.A.

Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hanvey, John, Esq.
Harvey, Mr. Sidney
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Hilton, Captain

Hilton, A. M., Esq.
Horsley, Colonel
‘Horsnaill, Edward, Esq.

James, Sir W.,.Bart.
Johnstone, H. A. Butler, Esq., M.P.

Kersey, Dr.
Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
_ Knocker, Edward, Esq.

Lee, H., Esq., F.LS., F.G.8.

facGachen, Rev. N. Howard
Makeson, H. B., Esq.
Malden, Rev. Bingham
‘Matthias, Mrs.

Milles, the Hon. G. W., M.P.
Moffat, Mrs.

Morton, General

Neame, Miss C.

High Street, Canterbury.
Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Ditto.

Patrixbourne.
Sittingbourne.

Clovis Terrace, Canterbury.
Ditto.

St. Alban’s Court, Wingham.
Waterworks,' Dover.

High Street, Canterbury.
Hartsdown, Margate.

Nackington House, near Canterbury.
Ditto.
St.\Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury.
Dover.

Betshanger, Sandwich.”
8, Seamore Place, Mayfair.

Littlebourne.
Ditto.
Castle Hill, Dover.

The Waldrons, Croydon.

St. George’s, Canterbury.

High Street, Hythe.

Sheldwich, Faversham.

Carlton Place, St. Dunstan’s, Canter-
bury.

Lees Court, Faversham.

Burgate Street, Canterbury.

Barton Fields, Canterbury.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.

Ditto.

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.

Precincts.

Ditto.

Ditto. ;
Hall Place, Harbledown.
Fredville, Nonington.
The Firs, Canterbury.

Pool, Mr. Henry
Poynter, A., Esq.
Puckle, Rev. J.
Pittock, Miss

Reid, James, Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.

Sankey, Herbert, Esq.
Saunders, Sibert, Esq.
Scott, Rev. F.

Slater, F., Esq.
Slater, G., Esq.

Smith, J. G., Esq.
Stilwell, James, Hsq.

Taylor, Mrs. A. M.
Thomson, R. E., Esq.
Thompson, Lewis, Esq.
Trimnell, Miss

Vlieland, Rev. J. N.

Wacher, C., Esq.
Wacker, F., Esq.
Ward, Miss

Winch, A., Esq.
Wray, Miss

Wyatt, Mr. A. G.
Wright, J. W. Z., Esq.

49, High Street, Canterbury.
3, Marine Place, Dover.

St. Mary’s, Dover.

Castle Street, Canterbury.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Precincts, Canterbury.

Burgate Street, Canterbury.

Whitstable.

Sibertswould, Dover.

Chislet.

Church House, High Street, Canter-
bury.

Wingham Lawn, Dover.

Victoria Park, Dover.

North Street, Herne Bay.

Kenfield House, Petham.

5, Eldon Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Parade, Canterbury.

Stalisfield, near Faversham.

Chislet.

Canterbury.

High Street, Canterbury.
Norman Street, Dover.

9, St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
Mercery Lane, Canterbury.
Barton Fields, Canterbury.

Honorary and Bayyespanding Menrhers.

Bartlett, A. D., Esq.
Bates, H. W., Esq.
Bewsher, Charles, Esq.
Boycott, J., Esq., M.D.
Britton, J., Esq.

Kemp, Dr. William

Linford, Mr. J. S.

Masters, Dr. Mazwell T., F.R.S.

Mitchinson, Right Rev. Dr.

Zoological Gardens, London.
London.

St. Louis, Mauritius.
London.

Royal Herbarian, Kew.

Wellington, New Zealand.
London.

Ealing
Bialion: of Barbados.

Sandilands, — Esq.

Trimen, H., Esq.

_ Whitaker, W., Esq.

Baker, Mr.
-Coppen, Mr. E.
Down, Mr.
"Else, Mr. R.

Gordon, Mr. W. C.
Gutteridge, Mr.

Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq.

Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia.

Worthing.

Botanical Department, British Mu-
seum.

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London,

Assuciates,

Cattle Market, Sandwich.
Sibertswould.

St. Dunstan’s Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Lane, Canterbury.

Museum, Dover.
Faversham.

6, Burgate Lane, Canterbury.
Fordwich.

Canterbury.
Ramsgate.

Sittingbourne.

EAST KENT NATCRAL TISTORY SOCEEEY.

:0:

TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.

20:

The objects of the Hast Kent Natura History Society shall
be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical
knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both in
relation to the particular District and the General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Corresponding
Members, and of Associates.

exclude.

3. The Annual Subscriptions to be paid by Ordinary members shall be
Ten Shillings ; the Subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of January
in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year. Any
Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it is
due, shall be applied to by the Treasurer or Secretary, and if the Sub-
scription remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall —
cease to be a Member of the Society.

4, The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
domination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
an Ordinary Member, and her Subscription shall be Five Shillings. This
rule shall apply also to such sons, brothers, and nephews of Ordinary

Members, as may be regularly resident in the same house with those
Members.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies, may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district ; such Honorary and Corresponding Mem-
bers shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs, nor be entitled to take books out of the
Library, nor to the Reports and Notices.

MANAGEMENT, AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum, The Meetings shall be held at four
o'clock p.m. on the first Saturday of every month, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary. At any regular Meeting
including a sufficient number of Committee-Members, they may then and
there declare themselves and act as a Committee in the ordinary business
of the Society.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. The Meetings for Scientific Business shall be at seven o’clock p.m.,
in the first Wednesday of every month at Canterbury ; also extra Meetings
at such place and time as the Committee shall have posted due notice of
on the Society’s apartment. Each Member to have the right of intro-
ducing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14. There shall be ordinary Excursions on the Afternoon of the day of
each Evening Scientific Meeting, and at other times if the Committee so
appoint, time and place to be duly notified in the Society’s room by the
Committee; and Special Excursions at such times and places as may be
approved by the Commitee, who shall consider written suggestions of
Members on the subject.

15. Minutes of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of Special Excursions to
every Member, stating the time and place thereof, &e.

LOCAL OR DISTRICT MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or
Excursions in their district ; and to give notice of the same to the General
and all the Local Secretaries ; stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society, as soon as it may possess sufficient means, shall

endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of Natural History, both with
a view of forming a Museum and distribution of Duplicate Specimens
according to the Regulations to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some convenient
place, so that Members shall be able to refer to them, or take them out
under such regulations as the Committee from time to time may think
proper to make.

21. Members are also invited to lend Books for the use of the Library,
reserving to themselves the full right of ownership; such books to be
under the care of the Committee, and not allowed to be taken out of the
Library.

22. In order to allow the Librarian to examine the Books, they must
all be returned to the Library and none taken therefrom during the first
week in every June.

REPORTS OF SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS.
January 2nd, 1878.

Mildness of the Weather at the close of the year 1872.—Colonel
Cox read a paper recording the extraordinary weather, and its
effects on organic and inorganic nature. In his garden, near
Canterbury, on New Year’s day was heard the song of the black-
bird, song thrush, mistle thrush, robin, and starling. Of insects,
the large and small tortoiseshell butterflies were sporting about,
gnats playing in clouds in the garden, and many within doors ;
bees were flying about, lured from their hives by the warmth, in
search of scanty food. He gathered at the same time in his garden
a bouquet of roses, consisting of several varieties.

Beach Pebbles at Dover.—Though this place has a bad repute
for good pebbles, Colonel Cox, after much experience there, found
many fine specimens, among which were excellent Choanites, various
Spongiade, and landscape stones ; and of these and many others he
displayed beautiful examples. Thus the microscopist at Dover
should be in no want of splendid materials of this kind.

Stings of the Queen-Bee and Worker-Bee.—A paper by Major
Munn was read, illustrated by drawings and specimens, on the
honey-bee. The leading points he intended to prove are that,
though the queen-bee has a sting and ejects venom therewith, she
neither can nor does inflict a wound by penetration of the sting,
but merely smears the poison on the stigmata of a rival queen during
combats. Hence he insists on the importance of the facts to the
apiarian and experimental physiologist, as the queen may be handled,
even by the most delicate fingers, without the least fear of hurt by
stinging. From specimens examined, at Major Munn’s request, by
Mr. G. Gulliver, of Pembroke College, Oxford, the queen’s sting
was found to be curved, larger, and slightly blunter, than that of
the worker, and this last quite straight and very sharp ; the queen’s
sting has three blunt barbs, and is about 1-360th of an inch in
diameter ; the worker’s sting has from eight to ten sharp barbs,
and is about 1-500th of an inch in diameter.

Pollen of Petasites fragrans.—This plant, which was imported
from Italy in 1806, is becoming quite naturalised in many English
and Irish places, and is abundant on a weedy waste on the north
side of Canterbury Cathedral. The pollen is now extremely abund-
ant, and its grains were shown to be beautiful objects for the
microscope ; their shape oval, each 1-500th of an inch long and
1-760th broad, and muricated, like the pollen of other Composite,
on the surface, but becoming more or less spherical, with three
scars apparent, when soaked in water or dilute sulphuric acid.

January 16th, 1878.
Manufacture of Agates at Oberstein.—Colonel Cox exhibited a

magnificent colicction of agates through all their phases, from their
natural state up to their final polishing by the art of the lapidary.
He had collected them at or near Oberstein, a primitive town in
the Grand Duchy of Oldenburgh, and read an interesting and
elaborate paper descriptive of the methods by which the stones are
procured and prepared, until they appear in the well-known
ornaments.

Combats of the Queens of the Honey-Bee.—A paper by Major
Munn was read. Referring to his observations at the last meeting
on the. stings of the worker-bee and queen-bee, he now gave the
result of his experimental observations on the deadly fights between
the queens. When two of them were put together into a bottle
they fought at once, and the conquered one soon gave the death-cry,
a sort of pip, pip, and the conqueror, having let the conquered go,
proceeded to settle her own wings and to clean her antenne. In
upwards of a dozen such combats the poison was fatally introduced
into the spiracles under the wings, by a sort of smearing process,
and produced death in about twenty minutes, though when the
poison was only applied by the victor to the abdominal spiracles
of ‘he vanquished the latter languished for some hours. Sometimes
a single queen, like a game cock, would be victorious in two fights,
one immediately after the other.

Hermaphroditism and excellence as Bee-provendor of Petasites
Jragrans —Mr. Gulliver produced numerous specimens now in full
flower in order to demonstrate the true sexual character of this
species, and that it is, contrary to the current descriptions of this
genus in the floras, truly hermaphrodite, and not ‘‘ dicecious or
subdicecious.”’ Such is the early flowering of this plant, its multi-
tudinous flowers, fragrance, and perennial luxuriant growth, as to be
well worth the attention of bee masters. The pollen is so fully
exposed on the exserted stamens and styles as to invite insects ;
and bees tempted out by a genial day in December, January, or
February, might find a rich table when other food was scarce or
absent. Hence P. fragrans would be pre-eminently valuable as
the earliest provender for bees.

February 6th, 1872.

Polycystina from the Mediterranean.—Colonel Horsley showed
some beautiful specimens, all more or less perforated, and some
prolonged into spires. They were mostly fossil, and some of them

- from the rocks of Bermuda, the tripoli of Richmond, Virginia, and

the Marls of Sicily. :
Hydra vulgaris. —Mr. Fullagar showed a number of specimens of

this species from his aquarium, some with two or three buds, a few

of the young with tentacles expanded and about to leave the parent
stem, and others just commencing to bud ; also several very minute

‘hydras which had lately made their appearance in the water, and

which he concluded were produced from ova deposited last autumn.

March 6th, 1878.

Crystal Prisms.—These are prismatic plant-crystals, quite dif-
ferent from though often confounded with raphides. Mr. Fullagar
exhibited specimens of the prisms in the bulb-scale of the onion, in
order to show how a very beautiful misroscopic object is always at
hand, and Colonel Horsley showed further that its beauty was much
increased by polarised light. The crystals occur singly, very vari-
able im size, lying across the tissue-cells, and in pretty crosses,
soldered together at intersecting parts. According to Mr. Gulliver
(‘ Annals of Nat. Hist.,’ April, 1864) these prisms occur regularly
in the bulb-scales of Allium ascalonicum, A. Cepa, A. Porrum, and
A. sativum, but not in A. schenoprasum, A. angulosum, A Moly,
A. magicum, and A. ursinum. Crystal prisms, not in crosses, may
be well examined at any time in such officinal things as guaiacum
bark, quillaja, and the sweet-scented orris, and sometimes in
company with raphides, in various fresh Iridace, guch as Jris ger-
manica, a very common plant in cottage gardens. Measurements
and other details are given in the ‘ Popular Science Review,’ vol.
4, p. 578. ;

Paramecium feeding on Desmids.—To show how freely Para-
mecium feeds at this season, Mr. Fullagar brought specimens from
his aquarium, which were seen greedily injesting three species of
Closterium.

April 3rd, 1873.

Raphides, Spheraphides, and Crystal Prisms.—Slides, draw-
ings, and extemporaneous preparations of these beautiful plant-
crystals were exhibited and explained by Mr. Gulliver, who read
a paper thereon, and remarked that, considering their interest
both as microscopic objects and botanical characters, it is sur-
prising that they have not received more attention. They are
ignored in our Floras, and but crudely described in our treatises on
the microscope. Hence, these crystals require more explicit treat-
ment, so that experts may realise their value as taxonomic charae-
ters, and ladies and novices find an additional source of microscopic
amusement and instruction for idle time, thus not idly spent. Our
present knowledge of the value of raphides as natural characters in
systematic botany is chiefly confined to the memoirs by the author,
published piecemeal in various journals, and summarised in the
‘Popular Science Review’ up to October, 1865, since extended in
the ‘Annals of Natural History’ of that year, and in several num-
bers of ‘ Seemann’s Journal of Botany,’ and the ‘ Quarterly Journal
of Microscopical Science.’ But independent inquirers have not yet
subjected those observations to such practical criticism as would
prove either their erroneousness or truthfulness. We hear only,
and but seldom, of exceptions, whether correct or incorrect, as if
these were not well known to be common to some of the best
diagnostic characters in natural science.

The chief source of error has been in the confusion of terms, for

ee ee

all sorts of microscopic crystals in plants are too commonly included
under the term ‘‘raphides.” But this error is quite fatal to any
due estimate of their taxonomic value. Crystals of one form or
other are common, and often abundant, in plants that never pro-
duce any raphides at all. Hence we have had and still have end-
less ambiguity and confusion, which it is to be hoped that the
author’s drawings and detailed descriptions, reproduced in the
‘Science Gossip,’ May 1, 1873, will correct in future. But, be-
sides the vagueness of the current knowledge of the subject, a
prevailing cause of the difficulty in the acceptance by systematists of
the characters afforded by raphides, is the difficulty and extensive-
ness of the inquiry as to the value of such diagnoses. The question
first to be determined concerns the constancy of raphides or other
erystals in several single species of our native plants, at all periods
of their growth and in every soil or situation ; and then come the
wider researches as to the constant absence of the crystals from
other species, and the still more laborious task of carrying the
whole investigation throughout the Flora of the world. On this
last point the author’s observations haye been fragmentary only,
but they have been continued for many years on British plants,
with occasional elucidations by parallel examinations of exotic
species. Difficulties will often occur. Thus, after searching for
years for a plant of the Order Onagracee devoid of raphides, it
was, seemingly, found in Montinia, but only to afford one of those
exceptions that best prove the rule, as this genus, though placed in
the Order Onagracez by Lindley, has since been removed from it to
the Saxifragracee. The angular minute crystals, about 1-400th of
an inch long and 1-20000th thick, occurring for the most part
scattered here and there singly in the old leaves of Gentiana acaulis,
and some other plants, are not true raphides.

April 17th, 1873.

Apparatus for Drawing Microscopic Objects.—Colonel Horsley
exhibited for this purpose a very simple contrivance, which is
easily used and need not cost a shilling. It consists of a deal box,
four and a half inches square and nine inches in length, with a cir-
cular aperture at one end large enough to admit the draw-tube of
the microscope with the eyepiece attached, and at the other end a
square of ground glass of the same size as the box, the wood
having been removed for the purpose. To obtain the desired
image of the object the microscope is placed horizontally, with its
eyepiece end into the hole made for it into the box, when the ob-
ject is focussed and illuminated on the ground glass, and then very
easily drawn by hand. The whole apparatus is more fully de-
scribed in ‘Science Gossip,’ 1868,”p. 236.

Queen of the Honey-Bee.—Major Munn exhibited drawings in
illustration of the structure and functions of the oral apparatus of
the queen as compared with the corresponding parts of the drone

and worker. He also continued his observations on the power of
the queen to sting the hand, and decided the question, as before, in
the negative.

Starch-sticks in the Latex of Spurges.—Colonel Horsley gave
extemporaneous demonstrations of these in the milky juice of
Euphorbia amygdaloides. These rods of starch are, in our Flora,
sharply diagnostic of the genus Euphorbia, as described at a former
meeting of the Society, reported in the ‘ Quart. Journ. of Mic.
Science,’ for January, 1872.

Red Flint —Capt. 8S. Gordon McDakin submitted some observa-
tions on red flint found in chalk, near Canterbury, several feet
below the surface, and suggested that in them microscopic ex-
aminations might detect fragments of sponges or other bodies
which may be supposed to afford the iron that gives colour to the
mass.

May 1st, 1873.

The meeting was fully eccupied in the examinations of specimens
provided by Colonel Horsley, Mr. Sibert Saunders, and Mr. Fulla-
gar, of fiuviatile and marine zoology, and fresh botanical specimens
collected by Mrs. Dean.

May 15th, 1878.

Extirpation of Rare Plants.—-Mrs. Dean brought several rare
plants, and made the usual complaint that they are becoming
gradually so scarce as to threaten their total extinction. Where-
upon some strong observations were made on the rapacious cupidity
of mere collectors, and the vain and absurd notion that a know-
ledge of botany consists in collecting specimens and calling them
by their scientific names—an error fostered by the too common
practice of societies in offering premiums for the largest collections,
instead of being guided by the proper tests of the candidates’
knowledge, which would nowise cause the destruction of our rare
plants.

Senecio squalidus —This ragwort, though reported in our Floras
as peculiar to Oxford and Bideford, is abundant at Canterbury.
The pollen-grains were examined by the Hon. Sec., and found to
be oval and muricated, 1-800th of an inch long and 1-1148rd broad,
and showing three scars when treated with sulphuric acid.

Crystal Prisms in the Ovary of Composite.—Of these Mr.
Gulliver showed specimens in the ovary-coat of Cyanarex, and
described their taxonomic import. They are figured, with other
plant-crystals, in ‘ Science Gossip,’ May, 1873.

Shape of the Nucleus of the Blood-discs of Pyrenemutous Ver-
tebrates.—He also exhibited preparations from which it appeared
that, stating the breadth of the nucleus at 1, its length is from 2
to 24. This is the regular form in most birds, but there are ex-
ceptions, as in the common fowl, which has the nucleus much
shorter, often merely suboval, and hence, perhaps, the German

error, by Rollett, in ‘ Stricker’s Human and Comparative His-
tology,’ that the nucleus of the pyrenemata is ‘ sometimes more or
less circular, as in the birds, or elliptical, as in the frog.”

June 5th, 1878.

Lophius piscatorius.—Mr. Sibert Saunders exhibited and de-
scribed a specimen of this fish, about nine inches long, a female,
with the ovaries quite immature. It was taken at Whitstable,
where it is much less common than on some other parts of our
coast. The blood-discs were examined by Mr. Gulliver, and found
to be regularly oval, with the long diameter 1-1895th, the shorter
diameter 1-2666th, and the thickness 1-8000th of an inch, these
being average sizes, and larger than is common in osseous fishes,
though rather smaller than in the Salmonide, of which these
corpuscles are figured in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’? Nov. 19th, 1872.

Economy of Freshwater Polyps —On this subject Mr. Fullagar
continued his observations, and illustrated them by living speci-
mens and drawings. He described the eggs of Hydra viridis as
dark brown in colour, somewhat tuberculated on the surface,
globular in shape, and about 1-66th of an inch in diameter. These
were hatched in April, and while emerging from the ovum the
young hydra had two short tentacles, to which a third was added
about the seventh day, when the animal was free and able to
adhere by its sucker to the glass. Though H. vulgaris regularly
deposits its ova in the autumn, he has seen this species, in his
aquarium, produce eggs during March, which were hatched early
in May. He is preparing for publication descriptions and draw-
ings of his observations.

_ Crystals on the Seed-coat of the Elm, and Character of the Epi-
dermis of the Tway-blade.—Preparations and drawings of these
were communicated by Mr. Gulliver. The substance of his obser-
vations thereon is given in his paper at page 290 of the number
for July, 1873, of the ‘ Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.’

June 18th, 1878.

Hairs of Deutzia and Crystals of Platino-cyanide of Magnesium.
—Colonel Horsley showed the effects of polarised light on these
hairs and crystals, and how well these objects are adapted for this
purpose, when viewed either by transmitted light or on a dark
ground.

Muscular Coat of the Poison-bag of the Wasp.—This was shown
y Mr. Gulliver, jun., to be formed, in the queens of Vespa vul-
ris, of transversely-striped fibres, a structure which appears to
be constant in this insect, since these striped fibres were plainly
en in every one of those queens which he had examined during
ae present year, although not at all in the same part of two
ueens of the honey-bee, which he had examined in like manner a
tle earlier in the same season ; but he considers that the point

requires further inquiry, as he finds that the same difference exists
between the poison-bags of the workers of these two insects.

Crystals in the Seed-coats of Plants.—Referring to the crystals in
the testa of the elm, depicted by his father in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Micros. Science,’ vol. xiii., New Ser., Mr. Geo. Gulliver exhibited
similar crystals in the same part of the gooseberry and sycamore
(Ribes grossularia and Acer pseudo-platanus) ; in the gooseberry
thickly studded throughout the seed-skin, and in the sycamore and
maple occurring in irregular patches that may not always be
readily found. His father had discovered similar crystals constantly
in the testa or pericarp in certain species of many orders, as
Papaveracere, Tiliacew, Aceracee, Geraniacee, Grossulariacer,
Composite, Primulacee, and Dioscoreacee, whereas in the same
parts of numerous other orders such crystals are not present.

July 10th, 1873.

An excursion to the sea-side at Whitstable, when live specimens
were examined of Menbranipora, Plumularia, Laomedea, Alcyoni-
dium, Clavelina, Beroe, Cydippe, Acquoria, Eolis, Noctiluca, and
clusters of infant Balani—all under Colonel Horsley’s, Mr. Sibert
Saunders’s, Mr. Fullagar’s, and Mr. R. J. Bell’s microscopes.

Development of Oyster-spat.—Mr. Sibert Saunders described this,
illustrating it by live specimens under the microscope, from the
egg to the mature animal, and adding numerous interesting details
concerning its spawning and the habits and economy of the young.
When the embryo is first extruded, and almost invisible to the
naked eye, it has a complete bivalve shell, of which both valves are
convex, and not, as in the adult, one convex and the other flat.
The young oyster, as soon as parted from its parent, swims freely
about, by means of the cilia with which it is furnished even before —
it is hatched ; and, after having become attached and fixed, it in-
creases in the course of two months to the size of a silver fourpence.
While swimming about, according to its habit, freely and viva-
ciously, the minute young oyster was shown to be a most curious
and interesting microscopic object.

August 7th, 1873.

Mrs. Dean contributed several specimens of some flowering plants,
which she had lately collected in the district.

Teeth of Gasteropod Molluscs.—-Colonel Horsley exhibited many
specimens of these in proof of their taxonomic value, and of their
excellence as objects for experiments with polarized light. ;

Iron Ore at Whitstable.-—Captain McDakin presented samples of
ironstone taken from and near the railway-tunnel at Whitstable,
where the bed of ironstone is from two to four feet in thickness,
and is similar in appearance to, and of somewhat higher specific
gravity than, the famous iron ore of the Northampton sands. d

September 4th, 1873.

Queen-bees.—Major Munn brought no less than two dozen
* queen-bees, and showed their fights when two were put together
in a bottle, and the structure and use made by them of their stings.
That these are quite powerless to penetrate and so sting even the
softest human hand was proved by ladies and others handling these
insects with perfect impunity, though they resented this by pro-
truding their stings and ejecting the poison, but could not pierce
the skin of the offending person. The queens in their combats
with each other inflict quickly fatal injury by injecting the sting-
poison into the respiratory apparatus. The comparative structure
shows why the worker-bee so easily stings its enemies, which the
‘queen cannot do. As is shown by Mr. George Guiliver’s dissec-
tions, the sting of the former is quite straight, thin, extremely
sharp-pointed, and furnished with from eight to ten barbs ; while
the queen’s sting is curved, bluntish at the point, and possessed of
only from two to four barbs. All these facts were shown by ex-
temporaneous dissections under the microscope. At the same time
were explained the tricks of the famous bee-master, Thomas Wild-
man, who flourished in the latter part of the last century, and was
so much the wonder for his surprising command over bees that he
was wont to to exhibit, surrounded by them, to the king and
nobility, by whom he was offered a hundred guineas for his secret,
which he refused to part with, and which Major Munn declared
was simply using only queen-bees.

Pebbles and Flints.—Colonel Cox showed many specimens of

beautiful coanites, landscape, and other pebbles, from Dover and
‘Hastings, proving that the coast there is richer than is commonly
‘supposed in those pebbles, and that their structure, with the in-
‘eluded organic remains, especially of sponges, is most interesting
for microscopic examination.
_ Mrs, Cole brought a large fiint, which had been fractured at
‘some remote time, and the fragments since reunited by a deposit
of siliceous earth—a fact considered interesting as regards the still
rexed question of the formation of flint-nodules,

October 2nd, 1878.

_ Crystals in Leguminous Plants.—The Hon. Sec. exhibited draw-
ngs and preparations, and gave practical demonstrations in the
esh plants, of the crystals of oxalate of lime which he had dis-
| Covered in the leaves, pods, liber, and other parts of Leguminosae,
Bince illustrated by a plate in the December number, 1873, of the
Monthly Microscopical Journal.’ These crystals, mostly belong-
ing to one or the other of the prismatic systems, he calls short pris-
| matic crystals, thus distinguising them from raphides. spheeraphides,
tong crystal prisms, or other forms of plant-crystals. The short
Prismatic crystals resemble those in the testa of the elm, described
nd figured in last July number of the ‘Quarterly Journal of

Microscopical Science,’ and are about 1-3000th of an inch in
diameter, and occur very abundantly. in chains of cells along the
fibro-vascular bundles of the leaves, calyx, and pods, and also scat-
tered throughout many membranous parts. In one inch of one vein
of a single leaflet of clover he counted no less than 17,500 of the
short prismatic crystals ; and his lecture was concluded by obser-
‘vations on the significance of these crystals in the economy of
animals and plants.

Dentate Scales of Pleuronectidae.—Mr. Hayward showed some
prepared slides of the notched scales (ctenoid) of the sole, being a
good example, contrary to the rule, of this form of scale in soft-
finned fish.

November 5th, 1878.

The late Major William Augustus Munn.—Referring to the
recent death of this eminent apiarien, and the loss which his
widow and family and entomological science had sustained thereby,
a motion expressive of the sympathy and regret of the Society, of
which he had long been a most valuable member, was unanimously
carried.
| Statoblasts of Plumatella.—Colonel Horsley remarked the abund-
ance of Plumatella repens about Canterbury, and how easily this
beautiful species may be kept in the aquarium. This had enabled
him to confirm Dr. Allman’s observations, that the statoblasts are
not ova, but a peculiar form of bud produced in the funiculus.
_ The Colonel exhibited the statoblasts under the microscope, and
suggested, for future research, the question as to how far they may
admit of comparison with the winter ova of Rotifera, and the
ephippia of Daphne.

Hydras and their Prey.—-Mr, Fullagar showed many live speci-
mens of Hydra viridis and Cyclops quadricornis. When the
Cyclops was put to the Hydra, the former was instantly taken by the
latter; sometimes ingested immediately, and often only seized or
touched by the polyp’s tentacles, and allowed to float away. But
in either case the death of the prey was sure, as proved in many
trials. Hence he concludes in the affirmative as to the vexed
question of the power of the fresh-water polyp to destroy its prey
by mere, stinging.

December 4th, 1873.

Eggs of Fresh-water Polyps.—Mr, Fullagar exhibited and made
some observations thereon. The ovum of Hydra vulgaris is of an
orange color, and about 1-50th of an inch in diameter; the ovum ~
of Hydra viridis is of a light brown colour, and about 1-66th of an —
inch in diameter; these ova of both species are spherical.
An egg of Hydra viridis, detached from the parent towards the
end of May, was hatched in his aquarium about thirty days
thereafter b

Utricular Hairs of Chenopods,—The Hon. Sec. showed, by draw-

ings and preparations, that the so-called mealiness of these plants
is produced by simple hairs of two or three cells, the terminal cell
being dilated into a globular vesicle, numbers of which so reflect
the light as to produce the mealy appearance. By transmitted
light they appear colourless and transparent. The dilated terminal
cell is about 1-266th of an inch in diameter.

Calcareous granules on Bryonia dioica.—These, commonly de-
scribed by botanists as ‘‘ asperities” or ‘‘ callous points,” he proved,
by extemporanecous preparations and experiments, should be rather
called Caleareous granules ; for this is their true nature, as they
are composed of carbonate of lime. Each callous point is about
1-114th of an inch in diameter, and the smooth, shiny, constituent
granules composing that point have an average size of 1-666th of
aninch. This profusion of calcareous matter on the surface of the
leaf of bryonia is remarkable, as this plant is generally devoid in-
ternally of any raphides, and contains an unusually small number
of other saline crystals.

Spheraphides and Epidermis of the leaf of the Tea Plant.—The
public mind being now much interested about the adulterations of
tea, the Hon. Sec. gave some demonstrations, and exhibited pre-
parations, of the leaf of a fresh plant of Thea viridis. The epider-
mis on both sides of the leaf was shown to be composed alike of
cells with sinuous margins (colpenchyma), with the addition on the
epidermis of the under surface of oval stomata, and shortish, smooth,
taper, slightly curved hairs. Throughout the parenchyma of the
leaf were spheraphides, thickly studded, and with a mean
diameter of about 1-1000th of an inch; and here and there were
short strings of similar spheraphides, only about half as large, on
the fibro-vascular bundles. The composition of the spheraphides
appears to be chiefly oxalate of lime. They are not easy to find, in
consequence of the density and opacity of the surrounding parts ;
and this is probably the reason why these beautiful crystals have
hitherto escaped discovery.

Value of Potass in Histological Phytotomy.—At the same time he
remarked that the value of potass in separating the fibres, mem-
branes, or cells, and clearing parts of plants for microscopical inves-
tigation, seems to have been insufficiently appreciated. He showed,
for example, that by treatment with cold solution‘of this alkali,
and still better by boiling in it portions of the tea leaf, the
epidermis could easily be detached from both sides, leaving quite
distinct the intervening layer of parenchyma and nerves, and thus
beautifully exposing the sphewraphides. He had found the potass
equally useful in disclosing the short prismatic crystals in legu-
Minous and many different orders of plants, and in examination of
the tea of commerce ; so that the heretofore refuse of the teapot
may be made a very interesting subject for microscopical inquiry.

East Kent Natural History Society.

MEETINGS, 1874-75.

SCIENTIFIC, on WEDNESDAYS, at 7 o'clock p.m.

March 4, 1874. October 7, 1874.
April Tens: November 4, _ ,,
May (7S December 2, ,,
June Bs January 6, 1875.
July Poe Gs February 3, ,,
August Bye &,5 ; March 8 allen
September 2, ,, April Vis peded
COMMITTEE, on SATURDAYS, at 4 o’clock p.m.
February 7, 1874. September 5, 1874.
March hoary October 3, ,,
April 4) 3s November 7, ,,
May eas December 5, 5,
June 6;-- 3 January 2, 1875
July 4, » February 6,
August a0, ss March 6, »

ANNUAL MEETING,
TUESDAY, JANUARY 26, 1875, at 4 o’clock p.m.

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: | 1875.

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_ PRINTED AT THE “ KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH STREET.
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Srhenteenth Report

OF THE

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ANNUAL MEETING,

HELD AT CANTERBURY, ON JANUARY 26th,
1876.

CANTERBURY :

_ PRINTED AT THE “ KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH STREET,

CONTENTS.

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Table of the Scientific and Committee Meetings on the fly-leaf
at the end of this Report.

Gast Kent Natural History Society.

20:0:

a REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR THE YEAR
i 1874.

In compliance with the eighth rule of the Society’s regulations,
your Committee has now to give its Annual Report and Statement
of Accounts for the past year; and in so doing is happy to say that
the Society continues prosperous, losing nothing of its interest and
usefulness.

The number of members at the end of the year 1873 was 97;
during that year three died and six retired, while six new members
joined, thus making the present total number 94. But though
there thus appears a loss of three, this is more apparent than real,
for there are now more paying members than ever, and the pecuniary
balance to the credit of the Society, though a larger amount than
before has been expended on the Library, is much greater than it
was at the end of the preceding year. On the last day of that
year, 1873, the balance in favour of the Society was £4 10s. 3d.,
and at the corresponding period of 1874, £16 ls. 2d. Of the £15
voted for the Library during the year just passed, a sum of £6 3s. 3d.
has been spent in the purchase of new books, and £8 16s. 1d. in
‘periodicals and binding 20 volumes, leaving 3s. 5d. in the hands of
be Librarian. Additional apparatus for the Society’s microscope
has been procured from Messrs. Beck and Co., at a cost of £5 10s.
‘The details of all this expenditure will be found in the Report of
the Librarian.

Your Committee congratulates the Society on the steady increase
of its capital in the Library, especially as it is the only collection of
such books in this district, and they are eminently important for the
use of the members. The microscope and its apparatus are also an
addition to the stock of the Society, which has proved highly useful
at the evening meeting and other times; and the Committee has
wgain the pleasing duty of thanking Colonel Horsley, Mr. Sidney
Harvey, and Mr. Fullagar, for the use of their instruments at those

eetings.
4 Minutes of the proceedings have been kept, according to Rule
©, and may be seen by the members in the book under the care of
. Fullagar; the Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings being
reserved from the Kentish Gazette, in which they are’ regularly
eported with a care and accuracy very creditable to the local press.
Jnly brief abstracts of these reports will be appended to the
resent Annual Report, as the originals are always ready for refer-
nce in the before-mentioned book, and the most novel and impor-

tant points have been published from time to time in the different
scientific periodicals.

The HKyening Meetings have been held quite regularly, and
fairly attended ; always including several ladies, who have taken an
intelligent interest in the scientific business. And this your Com-
mittee regards as a gratifying fact, because it affords evidence of a
disposition in the sex to enjoy amusement and instruction at once
inexpensive and useful; and the value to them of some knowledge
of natural science is now universally admitted, and has long been
recognised in high quarters. Thus, for example, the illustrious
British Admiral, Lord Collingwood, in the midst of the arduous
duties of his eminent station, in 1806, the year after the memorable
battle of Trafalgar, was not unmindful of the pleasures and advan-
tages which his children ought to derive from natural history.
‘I would have my girls,’ he writes to his wife, ‘ gain such know-
ledge of the works of the Creation, that they may have a fixed idea
of the nature of the Being who could be the author of such a
world.’

But the benefit of natural history is by no means confined to
teleology or natural theology. The importance of natural science has
at last become well known to the educated public generally, and re-
cognised in our great universities specially. Besides the eminent
physical utility of such pursuits, they arescarcely less valuable morally.
They multiply and refine enjoyments, and beguile idle time, then not
idly spent. They may alleviate affliction and will cherish content-
ment; displace sordid cares and sensual degradations, by pure
enjoyments at once social and independant; endear many a rural
walk with delightful associations of flood and field, of each bushy
dell and bosky bourn; and by such means lead us to a grateful
appreciation of the blessings which are so lavishly provided for our
pleasure and profit, and in short to see the Creator in the creation.
At all events, the interest and value of natural science can no
longer be contemned; for it has now become part and parcel of the
course of liberal studies, and is advancing with such rapid and
significant strides that it must be entertained accordingly; and it
may be hoped to allure the understanding to its own improvement.

These are but a few of the reasons which your Committee might
urge for the consideration of the many persons whose position
renders them more or less responsible for the education of the
rising generation, to contribute by all legitimate means towards the
cultivation of natural history ; and even if such reasons should seem
ineffectual, it is surely, on the lower ground of mere polity, the
interest of society that the popular mind should be engaged as much
as possible in humanizing and instructive pursuits. Indeed, the
evidence has now become irresistible that this is a serious social
question, the significance of which is so rapidly appearing more and
more plainly, that to persist in ignoring it would be a violation of a
manifest duty.

Excursions have been frequent during the last year, when a few

members joined in agreeable rambles about the neighbourhood, and

brought the results, whether botanical or zoological, for examination
and discussion at the scientific meetings. Occasionally there were
larger gatherings, such as that in which numerous members were

hospitably entertained by Mr. Dowker, at Stourmouth, and another
under the auspices of Colonel Horsley and Mr. Sibert Saunders, at
Whitstable.

Your Committee, in conclusion, must state that the most cordial
thanks of the Society are due to each and all of its officers, for the
very careful and efficient manner in which they have discharged
their several duties.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR THE YEAR 1874.

The sum at the disposal of the Librarian during the year 1874,
yoted from the general fund of the Society was £15, plus the
balance, 2s. 9d., remaining from the previous year, making £15 2s. 9d.

- Of this amount £6 3s. 3d. was spent in the purchase of new
books, a list of which is given below, and £6 11s. 7d. for periodicals.
For binding two years’ periodicals, consisting of 20 vols., the cost
was £2 4s. 6d., and there is a balance in hand of 3s. 5d.

The New Works consist of the following, viz. :—

Huxley's Hydrozoa (Oceanic), Ray Society.

Staveley’s, British Insects.

Westwood’s Butterflies of Great Britain.

Berkeley’s British Mosses.

Larmark’s Shells, by Hanley.

Turton’s, Dr. W., Manual of Land and Fresh Water Shells.

Jacob’s Catalogue of Plants of Faversham,

Wood’s Common Shells of the Sea Shore.

Cassell’s Book of Birds.

Gosse’s History of British Sea Anemones.

11. World of the Sea, translated from the French by the Rey. H. Martyn Hart.
12. Micrographic Dictionary, Parts 13 to 17.

In return for the one guinea subscription annually to the Ray
Society, the undermentioned works have been received during 1874,
_and added to the Library, viz. :—

Monograph of British Spongiade, Vol. ITT.

A Monograph of the British Annelids, Part I.

The Nemerteans, by W. C. McIntosh, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &c., 1873. Part
I. continued of the above, 1874.

4 The following Pamphlets were presented to the Society during
the year 1874, viz. :—

By Eastbourne Natural History Society, A Paper on the Orchidaces found
near Eastbourne, by Miss Hall and Miss A. Woodhouse; A Paper on
Adoxa Moschatellina, by Miss A. Woodhouse.

A Pamphlet on Reminiscences of Animals, Birds, Fishes, and Meteorology, by

__ Thomas Kingsford, Esq.

_ Sixth Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society.

_ Report of West Kent Microscopical and Photographic Society.

Pamphlet on The Development of Hydra Vulgaris, by James Fullagar, from
the author.

Ninth Report of the Quekett Microscopical Club, for the year ending June,

1874, by T. Curteis, Esq.

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7
LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

BELONGING TO THE East Kent Naturau History Socrery.

British Land and Fresh Water Molluses, 1 vol. (Reeve)
Bryologia Brittannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)
Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol. (Harvey)
Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer)
Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)
Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.
Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.
Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.
Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.
Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.
A Catalogue of Rare Phenogamous Plants collected in South Kent in 1829
pecire a the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring to Sheets 4
an
British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865 (Douglas and Scott)
Hand Book of British Flora, 2 vols. (Bentham)
Misvellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 3 vols.
Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol.
Monograph of British Spongiadzw, by Dr. Bowerbank, 2 vols.
Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.
Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.
Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs. Gatie from Professor Harvey’s
Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol.
Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.
Forbes’s British Star Fishes, 1 vol.
Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.
Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.
Smith’s English Flora, 4 vols.
Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol.
Nitzsch’s Pterylography.
Hooker’s Jungermanniz, 1 vol.
Smith’s Diatomaceex, 2 vols.
_ Works of W. Hewson, F.R.S., 1 vol., edited by G. Gulliver, F.R.S-
Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle and Strenum in the
Vertebrata, 1 vol.
Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10th edition, 2 vols.
‘Master’s Vegetable Teratology, 1 vol.
Beyan on the Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn, F.R.H.S., 1 vol.
-Gosse’s Marine Zoology, 2 vols.
Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature, 1 vol.
Westwood’s Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., 8yo.
_ Rymer Jones’ Outlines of Organization of Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.
-Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &c., 2 vols.
_ A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, by G. J. Allman,
4 M.D., parts 1 and 2.
_ Pulteney’s Progress of Botany in England,
Pulteney’s Account of the Life and Writings of Linnaeus.
Berkeley's Cryptogamic Botany. .
-Pritchard’s History of Infusoria.
Baird’s Entomostraca, Ray Society.
Siebold tn Parthenogenesis.
Barclay on Life and Organization.
Carpenter’s Comparative Physiology.
Micrographic Dictionary, 17 parts of the new edition.
oudon Encyclopzdia of Plants, with 2 supplements.
Kirby se Bocuse Exinoductam to Entomology, 4 vols.
Allman’s Freshwater Polyzoa :
Burmeister’s Trilobites } Bound in 1 yol.

Treasury of Botany, 2 vols., by Lindley and Moore.

Darwin’s Cirripedia, Ray Society, vols. 1 and 2.

Williamson’s Recent Foraminifera, vol. 1.

Leighton’s Lichen Flora, British, vol. 1.

Henfrey’s Elementary Botany, 2nd edition, by Dr. Masters, F.R.S.

Clarke’s Common Sea Weeds.

Reports on Zoology, for 1843 and 1844, Ray Society.

Bates’ Phasmidz (pamphlet)

Lubbock’s Chleeone (ditto)

On Preparing and Mounting Microscopic Objects, by Mr. Fullagar.

Oceanic Hydrozoa, by Huxley, crown folio, 1859.

British Annelids, by W. C. McIntosh, M.D., crown folio, part 1, 1873.

Ditto, by ditto, The Nemerteans, part 1 continued, 1874,

Larmark’s Shells, by Hanley, Svo.

Manual of Land and Fresh Water Shells, by Turton, Dr. W.

Book of Birds, Cassell’s, 1 vol., 4to.

World of the Sea, translated from the French by Rev. H. Martyn Hart,
Royal 8vo., 1869.

British Sea Anemones, by Gosse, Royal 8vo.

Butterflies of Great Britain, by J. O. Westwood, crown 4to., 1855.

British Spongiadx, by Bowerbank, vol. 3, royal 8vo., 1874.

British Mosses, by Berkeley, royal 8vo., 1863.

British Insects, by Staveley, demy 8vo., 1871.

Faversham Plants, Jacob’s, royal 12mo., 1777.

Common Shells of Sea Shore, by Wood, f. cap. 8vo., 1865.

PAMPHLETS.

British Moths, Nocturni.
o Geometree.
Memoirs pour servir a la connaissance des Crinoides vivants, par Michael Sars.
Efudes sur les Affinites Chimiques par MM. Guldberg et Waage.
Motes oe eminose and the Raphidian Character of Plants, by G. Gulliver,

Sketches to a Scale of the Auditory Organs of Molluses, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Muscular Sheath of the @sophagus of the ‘‘Aye, Aye,” (Chiromys
Madagascariensis), by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On => ra of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini, by G. Gulliver,

The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom Markings. The Microscope
eae and the Structure of the Podura Scales, by the Rev. J. B. Reade,

Le Glacier de Boinon, per Mons. 8. A. Saxe.

On a Fern-stem (Osmundites Dowkeri) from the Hocine of Herne Bay, by Mr.
Carruthers.

On the Chalk of Thanet and Hast Kent, by G. Dowker, F.G.S.

On the Gsophogus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Red Corpuseles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus, and Orycteropus, by
G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica, by Axel Boeck.

Phanerogamer og Bregner, by A. Blytt (from the Royal University of Norway).

Third Annual Report of the Folkestone Natural History Society for 1871.

First Report of the Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopical Club for 1871.

Third Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for 1871.

West Kent Natural History Society’s Report for 1871.

Ten Papers by the late George Newport, F.R.S., extracted from the Transactions
of the Royal and Linnean Societies; presented by Mr. R. J. Bell, St
Margaret’s Street, Canterbury. ;

igs os the Blood of Lamna cornubica, &c., by the author, G. Gulliver,

The Bee Keeper’s Magazine (one number only), by Major Munn.

Portlock’s Geological Report on Londonderry, and part of Tyrone and Fermanagh,
by W. Whitaker, Esq., Geological Museum, Jermyn-street,

Beeedings of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for portions of 1872 and
: 1873.
i A Paper on the @sophagus, of the Rea Hornbill, from G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
Seven Pamphlets on various subjects, from the Secretary C. Holst of the Royal
University of Christiana.
On the Size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of the Salamander, &c., by the
P author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
Report of the West Kent Natural History Society for 1872.
List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology of the Hampshire
2 Basin, by the author, W. Whitaker, Esq.
j Paper on the Apiary, from the late Major Munn.
_ On the Crystals in the Testa of the Elm and the Character of the Epidermis of
the Tway-Blade, by the author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
_ Onthe Measurement of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Batrachiaus, by
the author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
A Paper from Eastbourne Natural History Society, on a New Fungus, by C. T.
; Maller, Esq. :
A Paper from Ditto on the Orchidacez found near Eastbourne, by Miss Hall and
; Miss A. Woodhouse.
_ A Paper on Adoxa Moschatellina, by Miss A. Woodhouse.
A Pamphlet on Reminiscences of Animals, Birds, Fishes, and Meteorology, by
Thomas Kingsford, Esq., Canterbury.
Sixth Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society.
Report of the West Kent Microscopical and Photographic Society.
pee piles: Ss the Development of the Hydra Vulgaris, by James Fullagar,
anterbury.
Ninth Report of the Quekett Microscopical Club for the year ending June, 1874.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol. 3, 1863, and vol. 4, 1864.
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1861, and from 1863 to 1869.
} N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete.
The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vol. 7, 1859, and vol.
8, 1860, new series, vol. 1, 1861, to vol. 8, 1868, vol. 2 excepted.
Magazine of Natural History, third series, vol. 3, 1859, to vol. 8, 1861, and vol.
d 11, 1863, to vol. 23, 1869.
The Geologist, vol. 2, 1852, vols. 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864.
The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859.
The Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.
Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.
- Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 20, 1864, to vol. 25, 1869.
The Natural History Repertory. 1865.
The Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, Ist vol., 1869.

The Librarian regrets to state that in consequence of several Periodicals not
haying been returned to the Library, nor any entry of them made in the book
kept for the purpose in the Society’s Reading Room, he has been unable to have
the volumes to which they belong bound.

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS
ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ. :

1. The Annuals and Magazine of Natural History.
2. Monthly Microscopical Journal.

The Zoologist.

The Geological Magazine.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.
Science Gossip.

The Publications of the Ray Society.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS,

President :
THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

Vice-Presidents :

THE RIGHT HON. LORD FITZWALTER, GoopNESTONE PARK.
THE RIGHT HON. LORD SONDES, Less Court, FAVERSHAM.
SIR WALTER bao BART., BrTsHANGER.

COLONEL C. J. COX, Forpwicu Howse.

MATTHEW BELL, Esq., Bourne Park.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esq., St. ALBAN’S.

THE RREV. F. T. SCOTT, SIBERTSWOLD.

GEORGE DOWKER, Esq. F.G.S., SrourmoutH Howser.
COLONEL HORSLEY, Sr. STEPHEN’S Lopes, CANTERBURY.

G. GULLIVER, Esq., FR. S., Clovis TERRACE, CANTERBURY.

H. A. MUNRO-BUTLER- JOHNSTONE, Esq., M.P.

H. LEE, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

H. B. MACKESON, Ese.

Treasurer and Librarian:

COLONEL HORSLEY, R.E.

Honorary Secretary :
GEORGE GULLIVER, Esq., FR.S.

Honorary Assistant Secretary :

MR. FULLAGAR, 48, Hien STREET, CANTERBURY.

Committee :
Dr. ASTLEY. Tue Rev. F. ROUCH.
Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. G. RIGDEN, Esa.
Mr E. HORSNAIL. F. SLATER, Esa.
Dr. KERSEY SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esq.
T. G. PECKHAM, Esq. Mr. FULLAGAR.

Local Secretary :
Dover—A. BOTTLE, Esa.

Astley, Dr.

Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Bartlett, E., Esq.
Bateman, J., Esq.
Bell, M., Esq.

Bell, R. J., Esq.
Bell, Miss

Berry, Major
Bewsher, Rev. C.

Bewsher, Rev. Alfred
Bewsher, Miss
Bewsher, Miss M.
Bliss, Rev. J. W.
_ Bottle, A., Esq.
Browne, Miss L.

_ Clements, Mrs. W.
_ Cooke, Rev. S. H.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Court, P., Esq.
Cox, Colonel C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Crump, Mr. T.
Dean, H., Esq.
Dean

‘Dover, Right Rev. Bishop of
_Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, Major-General C. B.
Fitzwalter, Right Hon. Lord

ey, George, Esq.
ley, W. D., Esq.

Wemhets.

Dover.

42, Marine Parade, Dover.

London.

St. George’s, Canterbury.

Bourne Park, Canterbury.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.

Ditto.

Barton Fields, Canterbury.

Vernon Place, Old Dover Road,
Canterbury.

Ditto.

Betshanger, near Deal.

Dover.

4, Victoria Place, St. Dunstan’s,
Canterbury.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.
Northbourne, Deal.

Stour Street, Canterbury.

Dover.

Fordwich House, near Canterbury.
Ditto.

Butter Market, Canterbury.

Wincheap.

Ditto.

Precincts.

Stourmouth House, Sandwich.

Goodnestone Park, Wingham.
Orchard Place, Canterbury.
High Street, Canterbury.
Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Ditto.

Gardner, A. W.

Gardner, W., Esq.
Grayling, Dr.

Gulliver, G., Esq., F.R.S.
Gulliver, G., jun., Esq., B.A.

Hall, Major

Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Hanvey, John, Esq.
Harvey, Mr. Sidney
Hatfield, G. T., Esq.
Hilton, Captain

Hilton, A. M., Esq.
Horsley, Colonel, R. E.
Horsnaill, Edward, Esq.

James, Sir W., Bart.
Johnstone, H. A. Butler, Esq., M.P.

Kersey, Dr.
Kingsford, Montague, Esq.

Lee, H., Esq., F.LS., F.G.S.

MacGachen, Rev. N. Howard
Mackeson, H. B., Esq.
Majendie, L. A., Esq., M.P.
Malden, Rev. Bingham
Matthias, Mrs.

Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E.
Neame, Miss

Payne-Smith, Very Rev. Dean of
Canterbury. Precincts
Payne-Smith, Miss Ditto.
Payne-Smith, Miss J. Ditto.
Peckham, T. G., Esq. Hall Place, Harbledown.

Plumptre, C. J., Esq.
Pool, Mr. J. Henry
Poynter, A., Esq.
Puckle, Rev. J.
Pittock, Miss

Reid, James, Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rey. F.

. St. Alban’s Court, Wingham.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.
Patrixbourne.
Sittingbourne.

Clovis Terrace, Canterbury.
Ditto.

9 Monastery Street, Canterbury.

Waterworks, Dover.

High Street, Canterbury.
Hartsdown, Margate.

Nackington House, near Canterbury.
Ditto.

St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury.
Dover.

Betshanger, Sandwich.
8 Seamore Place, Mayfair.

Littlebourne. -
Ditto.

The Waldrons, Croydon.

St. George’s Place, Canterbury.

High Street, Hythe.

9, Grosvenor Square, London.

Sheldwich, Faversham.

Carlton Place, St. Dunstan’s Canter-
bury.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Selling.

Ditto.

St. Dunstan’s Canterbury.

Fredville, Wingham.

49, High Street Canterbury.
3, Marine Place, Dover.

St. Mary’s, Dover.

Castle Street, Canterbury.

Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Precincts, Canterbury.

Sankey, Herbert T., Esq.
Saunders, Sibert, Esq.
Scott, Rev. F. T.

Slater, F. T., Esq.

Slater, G., Esq.

Smith, J. G., Esq.
Sondes, Rt. Hon. Lord
Stilwell, James, Esq.

Taylor, Mrs. A. M. W.
Terry, Mrs.

Thomson, R. E., Esq.
Thomson, S. J., Esq.
Thompson, Lewis, Esq.
Trimnell, Miss

Vlieland, Rev. J. N.

Wacher, C., Esq.
Wacher, F., Esq.
Ward, Miss
Wareham, Mrs,
Wetherall, A. Esq.
Winch, A., Esq.

_ Wray, Miss

Wyatt, Mr. A. G.
Wright, J. W. Z., Esq.

Bartlett, A. D., Esq.
Bates, H. W., Esq.
_ Bewsher, Charles, Esq.
Boycott, J., Esq., M.D.
Britton, J., Esq.

Kemp, Dr. William

Linford, Mr. J. 8.

Mitchinson, Right Rev. Dr.

‘Sandilands, — Esq.
Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq,

‘Masters, Dr. Maxwell, T., F.R.S.

Burgate Street, Canterbury.

Whitstable.

Sibertswould, Dover.

Chislet.

Church House, High Street, Canter
bury.

Effingham Lawn, Dover.

Lees Court, Faversham.

Victoria Park, Dover.

North Street, Herne Bay.

Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Kentfield House, Petham.

Hospital, Canterbury.

5, Eldon Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Parade, Canterbury,

Stalisfield, near Faversham.

Chislet.

Canterbury.

High Street, Canterbury.

Dane John, Canterbury.

Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Norman Street, Dover.

9, St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
Mercery Lane, Canterbury.
Barton Fields, Canterbury.

Hanoyary and Bayyespanding Menhors.

Zoological Gardens, London.
London.

St. Louis, Mauritius.
London.

Royal Herbarian, Kew.

Wellington, New Zealand.
London.

Ealing.
Bishop of Barbados

Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia.

Worthing.

Trimen, H., Esq.

Whitaker, W., Esq.

Baker, Mr.
Coppen, Mr. E.
Down, Mr.
Else, Mr. R.

Gordon, Mr. W. C.
Gutteridge, Mr.

Hayward, Mr. E. B.

Kennett, Mr. W.

Parren, Mr. W.
Prebble, Mr. J. G.

Young, Mr.

14
Botanical Department, British Mu-

seum.

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London.

Associates.
Cattle Market, Sandwich.
Sibertswould.
St. Dunstan’s Street, Canterbury.
Burgate lane. Canterbury.

Museum, Dover.
Faversham.

6, Burgate Lane, Canterbury.
Fordwich.

Canterbury.
Ramsgate.

Sittingbourne.

EAST RENE NATERAL HISTORY SOIREE,

20:

TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.

:0:

The objects of the East Kent Naturat History Socrety shall
be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical
_ knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both in
relation to the particular District and the General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Corresponding
_ Members, and of Associates,

_ 3. The Annual Subscriptions to be paid by Ordinary members shall be
Ten Shillings; the Subscriptions shall become due on the 1st of January
in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year. Any
Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it is
due, shall be applied to by the Treasurer or Secretary, and if the Sub-
scription remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall
cease to be a Member of the Society.

4, The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming

n Ordinary Member, and her Subscription shall be Five Shillings. This
ule shall apply also to such sons, brothers, and nephews of Ordinary

Members, as may be regularly resident in the same house with those
Members.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies, may, on the recommendation of the Committee be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district ; such Honorary and Corresponding Mem-
bers shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs, nor be entitled to take books out of the
Library, nor to the Reports and Notices.

6. In order to cultivate the study of Natural History among individuals
of the class of Mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates,
provided they shall first communicate some information or observation
on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local
Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates
shall enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall: form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held at four
o’clock p.m. on the first Saturday in every month, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary. At any regular Meeting
including a sufficient number of Committee-Members, they may then and
there declare themselves and act as a Committee in the ordinary business
of the Society.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of —
the Society, the specific purposes of the Meeting being stated in the ©
notice, which shall be sent to each Member not less than one week
before the time of such Meeting.

10, All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by a
majority of votes; and if upon any question the votes shall be equal, the
Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or casting vote.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any member a Local Secretary for the town
or district he may reside in. Such Local Seoretary shall. be ex-eficio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. The Meetings for Scientific Business shall be at seven o’clock p.m.,
on the first Wednesday of every month at Canterbury ; also extra Meetings
at such place and time as the Committee shall have posted due notice of
in the Society’s apartment. Hach Member to have the right of intro-
ducing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14. There shall be ordinary Excursions on the Afternoon of the day of
each Evening Scientific Meeting, and at other times if the Committee so
appoint, time and place to be duly notified in the Society’s room by the
Committee ; and Special Excusions at such times and-places as may be
approved by the Committee, who shall consider written suggestions of
Members on the subject.

15. Minutes of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a Book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of Special Excursions to
every Member, stating the time and place, thereof, &c,

LOCAL OR DISTRICT MEETINGS.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society as soon as it may possess sufficient means, shall

endeavour to make a €ollection of Objects of Natural History, both with
a view of forming a Museum and distribution of Duplicate Specimens
according to the Regulations to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

20. All the Books and Periodicals shall be kept in some convenient
place, so that Members shall be able to refer to them or take them out
under such regulations as the Committee from time to time may think
proper to make.

22. In order to allow the Librarian to examine the Books, they must
all be returned to the Library and none taken therefrom during the first
week in every June.

BRIEF ABSTRACTS OF THE REPORTS OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS.

.
.
3
:

January 1, 1874.

Colonel Horsley displayed under his microscope the stinging
threads with their barbed heads of Hydra vulgaris; and the stato-
blasts of the fresh-water polyzoon Plumatella repens. Mr, Hay-
ward produced a mounted specimen of the sting of the hornet, on
which were counted eleven barbs. Mr. Fullagar showed and
described several live Protozoa of the genus Amoeba,

February 5, 1874.

The evening was passed in the examination, under Colonel
Horsley’s microscope, of several specimens of Stephanoceros and
Floscularia, all alive, from Mr. Fullagar’s aquarium.

March 4, 1874,

Colonel Cox laid on the table, and made explanatory observations
concerning a variety of polished Agates; including a singularly
large and beautiful one, of an ochreous color from an oxide of iron ;
a fine example of sponge in silica; and choanite imbedded in silicate
of lime, so as to show the connexion of the choanites with the chalk
formation.

Mrs. Dean brought several specimens of the flowering plants
growing wild in the district, and Mr. George Down some mosses
and lichens in fruit. Colonel Horsley showed and described live
specimens of Stephanoceros and Floscularia.

Fresh-water Polyps.—Mr. Fullagar, referring to his papers with
engraved illustrations in ‘‘ Science Gossip,” described the develop-
ment from the eggs of Hydra vulgaris and Hydra viridis, and the
difference in the size and superficies of those eggs in the two species,
largest and spinous in H. vulgaris, smaller and smoother in H.
viridis. In one case the hatching of the egg took place in 55
days; of this species in every case the tentacles of the newly-
hatched animals were fewer than in the adult.

April 1, 1874.

Mrs. Dean exhibited a collection of Phanerogamia, including
“beautiful plants of Adoxa moschatellina, all in bloom and wild in

the district. Mr. Dowker, F.G.S., sent some fine specimens of
Nitella, from Stourmouth.

Breeding of Hydra viridis.—This species, Mr. Fullagar observes,
produces eggs in the spring. He brought from his aquarium the
animals, which appeared to be monoecious, having germ-cells and
sperm-cells in the same individual.

Polycystina.— Pleurosigma.—Colonel Horsley showed mounted
slides of Polycystina from the North Sea mud, Cuxhaven ; also his
method of viewing the markings on the valves of Pleurosigma.
For this purpose he employs an objective of one-eighth inch focus,
with the light reflected from the inside of a small plated tube
placed under the stage of the microscope. With this arrangement
the markings in P. angulatum appear either transverse or diagonal
according to the direction of the light; in P. hippocampus either
transyerse or longitudinal, or crossing each other at right angles.
These effects can be easily produced by moving the lamp gently
from right to left, or vice versé, in front of and somewhat close to
he stage of the instrument.

May 6, 1874.

Reminiscences of Natural History near Canterbury—Mr. Reid.
M.R.C.S., read a paper, by Mr. Kingsford, of observations by the
author, near Barton House. They extend over a period of more ~
than half a century, carrying us back to the time when the otter
frequented the Stour, and the Fordwich trout was well known.
The paper, abounding with interesting facts, including remarks on
meteorology, has been published in a separate pamphlet, which can
be seen in the Society’s library.

June 3, 1874.

Mrs. Dean produced a fresh collection of flowering plants, in-—
cluding five orchids, all now in bloom and indigenous to the
neighbourhood ; Mrs. Terry some polished pebbles, agates, and
petrified wood; Major Hall specimens of infusorial earth, fibres
of the fossil wood of a conifer, and other interesting objects. Mr. —
Fullagar read a paper on the habits of Lissotriton, referring to his
observations in ‘‘ Science Gossip’? for May; also crystals composed
of sugar, obtained from the white flower of the azalea, which
proved very beautiful objects for examination with polarized light.
Colonel Horsley gave a practical demonstration of his easy and very
simple method of micrometric measurements, as described by him
at the meeting of the Society, April 17, 1875, and with reference
to the description of the apparatus in ‘‘ Science Gossip,” 1868,
p. 236. Mr. Dowker, F.G.8., sent an invitation to the members to

assemble at a Conversazioné at his residence, Stourmouth House, on
the 25th of June.

June 25, 1874.

Upwards of fifty members and their friends accepted Mr.
Dowker’s hospitality, and after lunch the visitors were conducted
over the host’s geological museum. Rare Biritsh orchids were
shown by the Rey. 8. H. Cook and the Rev. F. T. Scott ; a beautiful
collection of pebbles and agates by Colonel Cox; Puccinea
malvacearum and Hydras by Mr. Fullagar; a new Kentish Sea
Anenome, marine Algz and their fructification by Mr. Hillier; a
collection of photographs by Mr. Dowker; vases and baskets of wild
flowers of the neighbourhood, proving how gracefully they may be
arranged for the adornment of the table, by the Misses Dowker ;
curious maps of the County of Kent, and a fine specimen of Sulphate
of Barytes, by Mr. Gardner.

July 1, 1874.

Colonel Horsley and Mr, Fullagar displayed, under the micro-
scope, several living specimens of Polyzoa and Rotifera, including
Melicerta and Plumatella. Mrs. Terry sent a fine Cactus in full
bloom, the flower being of a pure white color, the pollen-grains
globular, smooth, white, and large.
__ Raphides as Diagnostic Characters.—Mrs. Dean brought a miscel-
laneous and rather large collection of wild Phanerogamia, which were
_ carefully examined for raphides, when those acicular plant-crystals
were found only in Galiacew and Onagraces ; and always abund-
_antly in all the species of these orders, which were thus, even in
the smallest fragments of leayes or stems, easily distinguished from
_ other allied orders, in conformity with the observations frequently
ee by Mr. Gulliver, at former meetings of the Society and else-
where.

Birth of the Hair-Worm.—This creature, the Gordius aquaticus
of Zoology, has been repeatedly found emerging from the abdomen
of beetles in the neighbourhood of the Cathedral. These haying been
“submitted by Mr. Pugh, to the Society, the Honorary Secretary
determined the insect to be the churchyard Beetle (Blaps mortisaga)
and the worms dioecions. They were quite lively, some partly
escaped from their host, others nearly or quite coiled up within its
abdomen, but all soon died when put into water ; each worm was
‘sexually mature, and the male may be known by his bifid tail.
See October 7.

_ A Plea. for the Starling.—These birds, being now destroyed
Wholesale by gardeners, were submitted to anatomical examination

by the Hon. Sec. (Mr. Gulliver. F.R.S.), when he found the

stomach of the starlings crammed with insects, chiefly small coleop- —
tera, mixed with fragments of cherries. Thus, even at this season, —
the starling must be more beneficial than injurious; and, as is well ©
known, at all other seasons so useful, as to deserve, in the interest —
of husbandry, the most careful protection. He mentioned that he
had known a tame hawk, kept in cherry trees while the fruit is
ripe, quite effectual in keeping off small birds.

July 28, 1874.

Excursion to Whitstable.—This took place about noon, and was
composed of numerous ladies and gentlemen, members of the
Society and their friends. After an exploration of the coast, and
that tongue of shingle which is called the Street, tho party assem-
bled in the Music Hall, where the microscopes of Colonel Horsley,
Major Hall, Mr. Dowker, Mr. Sibert Saunders, and Mr. Fullagar
were set to work, the objects for examination being living speci-
mens of the marine fauna, all invertebrates, collected a few
hours previously. Living Oyster-spat was shown and described by
Mr. Saunders, also the alternations of generations in the Meduse;
Colonel Horsley described the tubular Annelids, especially Sabellz
and Serpule, giving a detailed account of their structure and
economy, and of their common and diagnostic characters, illustrated
by extemporaneous preparations under the microscope. Mr.
Dowker, F.G.S., gave copious notes of his observations on the
Kentish Anemones. all Astreeacea, and of the following species :—
Actiniloba dianthus and its varieties, Sagartia miniata, Sagartia
troglodytes, Sagartia viduata—a rare species which he had kept in
a marine aquarium for fifteen years—Actinia mesembryanthemum,
Telea crassicornis, and an Ancmone new to the coast, if not a
nondescript, sent by Mr. Hillier, of Ramsgate, approaching nearly
to Sargatia rosea of Gosse. .

August 5, 1874.

Colonel Horsley showed under his microscope live specimens of
the oyster spat, obtained from Mr. Saunders, at Whitstable, (both
the valves of these tiny oysters being convex and symmetrical,)
actively swimming about by means of vibratile cilia; Mr. Fullagar
the fresh-water Polyzoon, Lophopus crystallinus, which he had
found abundantly near Chartham; Mr. Hayward various insect
larve, among which was Acherontia atropos, with a description ol
the noise which this species makes in all stages of its life.

September 2, 1874.

Mrs. Dean senta collection of flowering plants recently gathered’

all in bloom, and including Glaucium maritimum, Crithmum mari-
timum, Peucedanum officinale, Lactuca saligna, Coryza squarrosa,
Artemesia maritima, Neottia spiralis. Mrs, Wareham presented,
as the result of an excursion to Perry Wood, several specimens of
Hypnum, Bryum, Polytrichum, Gymnostomum, Encalypta, Tortula,
Parmelia, Cetraria, Cladonia, Seyphophorus, and other cryptogamous
plants; all of which were so beautifully arranged in a dish, as to
show how admirably these humble plants may be made subservient
to the decoration of the table, and with the advantage of being
always available in the winter, when they are in perfection and
More gaudy flowering plants are not procurable. Colonel Cox
brought and dissected before the meeting a globular wasps’ nest,
‘and gave instructive observations thereon, especially as regards the
habits and economy of Wasps and Bees, and their relations to the
great plan of nature.
Lampreys.—Colonel Cox sent a fine example of Petromyzon
marinus, taken in the Stour near Sturry Mill, May 12. This
specimen was a male, thirty-two inches long, weighing about three
pounds. The Hon. Secretary gave a lecture on the Lampreys,
bserving that all the British species inhabit the Stour, and referred
for anatomical details to the memoir on these fishes which he had
given, with engraved illustrations, in the “Proceedings of the
Zoological Society,” Dec. 6, 1870. There is a flat worm living
inside the skull; which parasite, being new to science, and allied
to Neuronaia Monroii of the Codfish family, he has named Neuronaia
Lampetre, as noticed in the Reports of former meetings, recorded,
in the ‘‘ Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,” Jan., 1872.

Extra Meeting, September 16, 1874.

_ Mrs. Dean sent a number of flowering plants, including Erigeron
cris, which is rare in the district. Mr. Fullagar brought the eggs
nd recently hatched young of Hydra viridis; the first appearance _
if the generative cells was on March 26 ; they continued to increase
ip to May 13, and the first young hydras were hatched on the
xt following 25th of August, just five months after the eggs
ared.

_ Rotatorians at Chartham.—As a contribution towards the fauna
f East Kent, Colonel Horsley exhibited a number of Wheel
nimalcules collected in fresh water near Chartham, and gave a set
systematic observations on these creatures; the structure and
sonomy of Tubicolaria, Melicerta, Floscularia, and Stephanosceros,
sing described and shown in live specimens under his microscope.

Clavelinade at Whitstable—With the same object Mr. Sibert
anders brought several Social Ascidians from the sea at Whit-
ble. He described their structure generally, and the circulation
motion of the blood in Botryllus and Distoma particularly,

showing the remarkable alternation in the flow of the nutritive fluid
in these animals.

October 7, 1874.

Botanical speeimens were sent by Mrs. Dean and Mr. Lord.

Hatching of Lophopus.—Specimens of this fresh-water polyzoon,
with the statoblasts producing the young, were shown by Mr. Fulla-
gar, who collected them near Chartham, and described them with
their manner of generation; also from the same locality Tubicolaria
najus, Vorticella and Rotifer.

Gordius aquaticus.—As noticed at this meeting on the Ist of July,
this curious worm, which is of a dark colour, about eight inches
long, and not much thicker than a bristle, is common about Canter-
bury in damp places, and is found in water-spouts and tanks. Mr.
Norman sent live specimens of the creature which occurred, after
heavy rains, in his yard. The fact should be interesting to medical
practitioners, since this worm has been often asserted, and some-
times as erroneously admitted, to have been voided from the human

bladder.
November 4, 1874.

Colonel Horsley exhibited a live and active loricated Polygastri-
can, allied to Vaginicola, but probably a new species. Mr. Sibert
Saunders sent from Whitstable, Crenilabrus Tinca, or Ancient
Wrasse, one of the spiny-rayed fishes which, contrary to the rule,
has smooth-edged or placoid scales. Mr. Fullagar contributed more
specimens of and observations on Lophopus crystallinus.

Gall Insects and their Ravages.—Mr. James Reid, M.R.C.S.,
brought and described specimens of Cynips quercus-petiolata, which
he had hatched out from the smooth oak-galls now so common on
the spray of the young oaks in Kentish coppices, though compara-
tively rare about a quarter of a century since. He suggested that
the depredations of this insect might be easily and cheaply checked,
and the galls utilised for their tannin, by employing children to
gather them.

Spheeraphides in Urticucee and Leonurus.—The Honorary
Secretary brought specimens of Urtica, Humulus, and Parietaria,
and showed that all these plants contain two kinds of sph:eraphides,
those in the leaf-blade large and nearly smooth, and composed of
carbonate of lime; in the pith and fibro-vascular bundles smaller
and rougher, and composed of oxalate of lime. In the pith of the
hop they are very abundant and beautiful, and may be mounted
either dry or wet so as to make very pretty microscopic objects.
The leaf-blade of Leonurus is a remarkable instance of a labiate
plant having numerous large spheraphides ; these consist of Oxalate

of lime, and the pith is devoid of such crystals. These observa-
tions are published more fully in the Monthly Microscopical Journal,

Dec. 1874.
December 2, 1874.

Measurements of Blood Corpuscles of Man, and of the Strie of
Pleurosigma.—Colonel Horsley showed and described the working
of a micrometer eye-piece, which had been made for him by Messrs.
Baker. Each of the divisions, with an object-glass of one-eighth of an
inch focal length, being equal to 1-4000th of an English inch, and to
1-1200th of an inch with an objective of half an inch focus. To
show how readily very minute objects can be measured with this
instrument, red blood-corpuscles from the finger of one of the
members were found to have an average diameter of 1-3200th of an
inch; the strie of Pleurosigma formosum 1-24,000th, and of
of Pleurosigma angulatum 1-40,000th; and these measurements
were as easily read off as those of larger objects by a foot-rule.
The measurement of the red-corpuscles of human blood agrees with
that given in Mr. Gulliver’s well-known Tables, appended to the
Sydenham Society’s edition of the Works of William Hewson,

F.R.S.

Gust Sent Natural History Society.

MEETINGS, 1875-76.

SCIENTIFIC, on WEDNESDAYS, ab 7 o'clock p.m.

March 3, 1875. October 6, 1875.
April Aa November 3, ,,
May he ss December 1, ,,
June Deane January 5, 1876.
July Caess February 2, ,,
August Ae March 5 | am
September 1, ,, April SR PA

COMMITTEE, on SATURDAYS, at 4 o'clock p.m.
February 6, 1875. September 4, 1875.

March Gi Gs October 2, ,,
April osee November 6, ,,
May ies December 4, ,,
June Sauer : January 1, 1876.
July Ose ss February 5, ,,
August ones March 4 5,

ANNUAL MEETING,
TUESDAY, JANUARY 25, 1876, at 4 o’clock p.m.

édevihen
14 MAR 12387

@ 2h. A
¥

RIGURENI REPORY

i | $95

HAST KEIN T

Natural History Society, —

Held at Canterbury, on January 25th, 1876.

CANTERBURY :

_—s PRINTED AT THE “KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH STREET.
“@

HAST KENT

Natural History Society,

Held at Canterbury, on J anuary 25th, 1876.

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE “ KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH STREET.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Report of the Committee ..rvecererererrrertererenernee es 3
Report of the Librarian... Pera raaaetnnsieded Signvaatshentss sures
Financial Statement .......ce1eer b iccaccathnardavicenaia nena me tSees 6
List of Books and Periodicals ..cscccsccccssersseeseerers iyi caneeg 7

List of Officers and Members..csccrccrennecssevqcuauccerecseceserecnes 11
| Rules and Regulations

secre neenecneee POUTOR A 16

Reports of the Scientific Meetings PPPTTPR TET 20

Table of the Scientific and Committee Meetings on the fly-leaf
at the end of this Report.

Gast dient Hatwal History Society.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR THE YEAR
18765.

The past year has, your committee regret to state, been marked by
the loss to the Society of two of its vice-presidents, viz., Lord Fitz-
walter and the Rev. F. T. Scott, vicar of Sibertswold, the former by
death and the latter by resignation of membership, consequent upon
inability to attend the meetings of the Society.

While deeply regretting the loss of the above mentioned valued
friends of the Society and that of seven other members from various
causes during the year under review, your committee are thankful to
be able to report that there has been an accession of seven new mem-
bersin the same period, thus making the total number 92 instead of
94 as it stood at the end of 1874.

The balance in favour of the Society on the 31st December, 1875,
was £15 7s. 8d., against £16 1s, 2d. at the corresponding period of
1874. This does not, however, correctly represent the financial con-
dition of the Society, for on the first mentioned date, arrears of sub-
Beriptions to the amount of nearly £20 were still due, a portion of
which has since been paid into the Bank and doubtless more will
follow. The total expenditure in 1875 amounted £38 Is. 6d. In
this is included £15 grant to the library and £5 for additional ap-
paratus to the Society’s microscope. The report of the librarian
shows in what manner the former sum has been appropriated. For
the latter sum two very effective objectives, a half inch anda quarter
inch, were purchased from Messrs. Baker and Co., after being tested
and approved by three members of the committee. The instrument
is now complete for all practical purposes, and is kept in theSociety’s
room at No 12, St. Peter’s-street, Canterbury, for the use of the
members.

Minutes of the proceedings as reported in the Kentish Gazelte from
‘month to month have been kept according to Rule 15, and may be
seen by the members in the book under the care of the Hon. As.
sistant Secretary, and which will be found usually on the table in the

Society’s room. Brief abstracts of these proceedings will be ap-.
pended.to the present annual report. Z

The monthly evening scientific meetings have been held very
regularly, and the subjects brought forward at them have been of a
most interesting character. The attendance also has been very fair.
There have been no excursions in any great strength as in former
years, but from time to time a few members joined in agreeable
rambles to the coast at Whitstable, and to Chartham and other
places in the neighbourhood, bringing back with them a fair amount
of spoil, in the shape of botanical and zoological specimens, for
examination and discussion at the evening meetings.

Along with this report each member will receive a copy of Mr.
Fullagar’s paper with illustrations on the Actinophrys. This paper
was read at a meeting of the Quekett Microscopical Club in London,
and so highly was it thought of, that it has been printed at the
expense of that Society for msertion in their annual report, and your
committee, believing that it would be the wish of their members to
be furnished with a copy for their own use, have requested that 150
copies may be supplied for the use of this Society, fifty of which, it
is proposed, to make over to Mr. Fullagar as a free gift for his
private use. The cost of the 150 copies, it is estimated, will amount
to about £1 lds.

The cordial thanks of the Society are due to each and all of its
Officers for the efficient manner in which they have discharged their
several duties.

Your committee cannot close this report without an expression of
their deep regret that the state of health of the Hon. Secretary, G.
Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., is such as to prevent his being present at the
annual meeting. They sincerely trust that, by the blessing of
Almighty God, he may soon be restored to health and able to
continue his valuable services to the Society.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1875

At the close of 1874 a small balance of 3s. 5d. remained after pay-
ing for the books and periodicals, and binding of 20 volumes.
1875 a grant of £15 was made from the general fund for the use of
the library, making £15 3s. 5d. in all. Of this sum £7 Is. was laid
out in the purchase of new books, a list of which is given below, and
£5 lis. for periodicals. A further sum of £1 9s. 7d. was expended
in binding 12 vols. of the previous year’s periodicals, and 3s. in
postage, &c., thus bringing up the total for the year to £14 4s, 7d.,
leaving a balance of 18s. 10d. in hand.

The new Books consist of the following, viz. :—

. Carpenter’s Foraminifera, (Ray Society).
. Newman’s Moths and Butterflies.
Evelyn’s Silva.

Swan’s Nervous System.

. Berkeley’s Fungology.

. Monro’s Structure of Fishes.

. Curtis on Farm Insects.

ST OD OU 09 DO et

In return for the annual subscription of one guinea to the Ray

Society no work has been received during 1875, owing, probably, to
delay in publication.

The following pamphlets, &e., were presented to the Society during
1875, viz. :-—

52 Nos. of “Nature,” by G. Rigden, Esq.
7 Pamphlets, by Dr. Wallich, on various subjects.

1 ditto by G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., Review of the Works of Goodsir and
other Physiologists.

1 ditto by ditto, On the Blood Corpuscles of Batrachians.
1 ditto by ditto, On Speraphides in Urticacess ani Leonurus.
mi by ditto, On Blood Corpuscles of the Hippopotamus, eared Seal and
-

1 ditto by ditto, Sketches of the Spermatozoa of Petromyzon,

Fourth and Fifth Annual Reports of Wellington College Natural Science
Society for 1872-3 and 1873.4,

1 i by J. W. Z. Wright, Esq., Floral Guide of East Kent, 1839, M, H.
‘owell.

10 Pamphlets from the University of Christiana,
Report of Eastbourne Natural History Society for 1874-5,

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LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS.

BELONGING To THE Hast Kenr Natura History Socrery.

British Land and Fresh Water Molluses, 1 vol. (Reeve)
Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)
Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, (1 vol. (Harvey)
Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer) 5
Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)
Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.
Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol. :
Ramsay's Physical Goography of Great Britain, 1 vol.
Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.
Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.
A Catalogue of Rare Phenogamous Plants collected in South Kent in 1829
omoiss oF the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring to Sheets 4
an
British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol., 1865 (Douglas and Scott)
Hand Book of British Flora, 2 vols. (Bentham)
Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 3 vols.
Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol.
Monograph of British Spongiadz, by Dr. Bowerbank, 2 vols.
Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.
Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.
Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs. Gatie from Professor Harvey’s
Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol.
Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.
Forbes’s British Star Fishes, 1 vol.
Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.
Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.
Smith’s English Flora, 4 vols.
Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol.
Nitzch’s Pterylography.
Hooker’s Jungermanniz, 1 vol.
Smith’s Diatomacez, 2 vols.
Works of W. Hewson, F.RB.S., 1 vol., edited by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.
Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle and Strenum in the
Vertebrata, 1 vol.
Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10th edition, 2 vols.
Master’s Vegetable Teratology, 1 vol.
Bevan on the Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn, F.R.H.S., 1 vol.
Gosse’s Marine Zoology, 2 vols.
Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature, 1 vol.
Westwood’s Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., Svo.
Rymer Jones’ Outlines of Organization of Animal Kingdom, 1 yol.
Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &c., 2 vols.
_ A&A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, by G. J, Allman,,
i M.D., parts in 1 and 2. ;
_ Pulteney’s Progress of Botany in England.
Puiteney’s Account of the Life and Writings of Linneeus.
Berkeley’s.Cryptogamic Botany.
Pritchard’s History of Infusoria.
__ Baird’s Entomostraca, Ray Society.
_ Siebold on Parthenogenesis,
_ Barclay on Life and Organization.
Carpenter’s Comparative Physiology.
Micrographic Dictionary, 17 parts of the new edition.
Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Plants, with 2 supplements.

hy ae Said Taeeemede to Entomology, 4 vols.

Allman’s Freshwater Polyzoa .

Burmeister’s Trilobites Bound in 1 vol.

Treasury of Botany, 2 vols., by Lindley and Moore.

Darwin’s Cirripedia, Ray Society, vols. 1 and 2.

Williamson’s Recent Foraminifera, vol. 1.

Leighton’s Lichen Flora, British, vol. 1.

Henfrey’s Elementary Botany, 2nd edition, by Dr. Masters, F.R.S.

Clarke’s Common Sea Weeds.

Reports on Zoology, for 1843 and 1844, Ray Society. ie

Bates’ Phasmids (pamphlet)

Lubbock’s Chleone (ditto)

On Preparing and Mounting Microscopic Objects, by Mr. Fullagar.

Oceanic Hydrozoa; by Huxley, crown folio, 1859.

British Annelids, by W. C. McIntosh, M.D., crown folio, part 1, 1873.

Ditto, by ditto, The Nemerteans, part 1 continued, 1874.

Larmarck’s Shells, by Hanley, 8vo.

Manual of Land and Fresh Water Shells, by Turton, Dr. W.

Book of Birds, Cassell’s, 1 vol., 4to.

Word of ie Sea, translated from the French by Rev. H. Martyn Hart, Royal
v0., Hh;

British Sea Anemones, by Gosse, Royal 8yo.

Butterflies of Great Britain, by J. O. Westwood, erown 4to., 1855.

British Spongiade, by Bowerbank, vol. 3, royal 8yo., 1874. ;

British Mosses, by Berkeley, royal 8vo., 1863.

British Insects, by Staveley, demy 8vo., 1871.

Faversham Plants, Jacob’s, royal 12mo., 1777.

Common Shells of Sea Shore, by Wood, f. cap. 8vo., 1865.

Carpenters’s Foraminifera, (Ray Society).

Newman’s Moths and Butterflies.

Evelyn’s Silva. 4

Swan’s Nervous System.

Berkley’s Fungology.

Monro’s Structure of Fishes.

Curtis on Farm Insects.

PAMPHLRETS.

British Moths, Nocturni.
5 Geometree. ;
Memoirs pour servir a la cohnaissance des Crinoides vivants, par Michael Sars.
Htudes sur les Affinites Chimiques par MM. Guldberg et Waage.
Notes on Lemnacez and the Raphidian Character of Plants, by G. Gulllver,
E.RS. :
Sketches to a Scale of the Auditory Organs of Molluses, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.
On the Musenlar Sheath of the Csophagus of the ‘‘ Aye, Aye,’ (Chiromys
Madagascariensis), by G. Gulliver, F.R.S. :
On ats Fibres of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini, by G. Gulliver,
RS. ‘
The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom Markings. The Microseope
Fie and the Structure of the Podura Scales, by the Rey. J. B. Reade,
RS.
Le Glacier de Boinon, per Mons. S. A. Saxe.
On a Fern-stem (Osmundites Dowkeri) from the Hocine of Herne Bay, by Mr.
Carruthers,
On the Chalk of Thanet and East Kent, by G. Dowker, F.G.S.
On the @sophagus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.
On the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus, and Orycteropus, by
G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica, by Axel Boeck.

Phanerogamer og Bregner, by A. Blytt (from the Royal University of Norway).

Third Annual Report of the Folkestone Natural History Society for 1871.

First Report of the Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopical Club for 1871.

Third Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for 1871.

West Kent Natural History Society’s Report for 1871. t

Ten Papers by the late George Newport, F.R.S., extracted from the Transactions
of the Royal and Linnean Societies; presented by Mr. R. J. Bell, St.
Margaret’s Street, Canterbury. 24d

oe a the Blood of Lamna cornubica, &c., by the author, G. Gulliver,

The Bee Keeper’s Magazine (one number only), by Major Munn.
Portlock’s Geological Report on Londonderry, and part of Tyrone and Ferma-
nagh, by W. Whitaker, Esq., Geological Museum, Jermyn-street.
eee of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for portions of 1872 and
A Paper on the Esophagus, of the Red Hornbill, from G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
Seven Pamphlets on various subjects, from the Secretary, C. Holst, of the Royal
University of Christiana.
On the Size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of the Salamander, &c., by the
author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
Report of the West Kent Natural History Society for 1872. ‘
List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology of the Hampshire
Basin, by the author, W. Whitaker, Esq. ;
Paper on the Apiary, from the late Major Munn.
On the Crystals in the Testa of the Elm and the Character of the Epidermis of
the Tway-Blade, by the author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
On the Measurement of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Batrachians, by the
author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
A ener’ oe Eastbourne Natural History Society, on a New Fungus, by C. T.
er, Esq.
A Paper from Ditto on the Orchidaces found near Eastbourne, by Miss Hall and
Miss A. Woodhouse.
A Paper on Adoxa Moschatellina, by Miss A. Woodhouse.
A Pamphlet on Reminiscences of Animals, Birds, Fishes, and Meteorology, by
~ ‘Thomas Kingsford, Hsq., Canterbury.
‘Sixth Annual Report of the-Hastbourne Natural History Society.
Report of the West Kent Microscopical and Photographic Society.
pe opie a the Development of the Hydra Vulgaris, by James Fullagar,
anterbury.
Ninth Report of the Quekett Microscopical Club for the year ending June, 1874.
52 Nos. of Natwre, by G. Rigden, Esq.
7 Pamphlets, by Dr. Wallich, on various spbjects.
1 ditto by G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., Review of the Works of Goodsir and other
Physiologists.
1 ditto by ditto, On Blood Corpuscles of Batrachians.
1 ditto by ditto, On Spxraphidesin Urticacez and Leonurus.
aS “alba by ditto, On Blood Corpuscles of the Hippopotamus, eared Seal and
alrus.
1ditto by ditto, Sketches of the Spermatozoa of Petromyzon.
Fourth and Fifth Annual Reports of Wellington College Natural Science So-
ciety for 1872-3 and 1873-4.
‘ Ne eck by J. W. Z. Wright, Esq., Floral Guide of East Kent, 1889, M. H.
~ Coweli.
_ 10 Pamphlets from the University of Christiana.
1 Report of Eastbourne Natural History Society for 1874-5.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol. 3, 1863, and vol. 4, 1864.
_ The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1861, and from 1863 to 1869.
3 N.B.—The Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete,

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vol. 7, 1859, and vol,

8, 1860, new series, vol. 1, 1861, to vol. 8, 1868, vol. 2 excepted.

Magazine of Natural History, third series, vol. 3, 1859, to vol. 8, 1861, and vol.

11, 1863, to vol. 23, 186y.

The Geologist, vol. 2, 1852, vols. 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864.

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859. =

The Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 20, 1864, to vol. 25, 1869.
The Natural History Repertory, 1865.

The Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1st vol. 1869. __

THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS.

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ. :

The Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Monthly Microscopical Journal.

The Zoologist.

The Geological Magazine.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.
Science Gossip.

The Publications of the Ray Society.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.

ON Oy 0 1S

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS,

President :
GEORGE DOWKER, Esgq., F.G.S.

Vice-Presidents:

THE RIGHT HON. LORD SONDES, Lees Court FAversHAM.
SIR WALTER cae BART,, BETSHANGER.

COLONEL C. J. COX, Forpwicu House.

MATTHEW BELL, Esq., BoURNE PARK.

WM. OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esq., St. ALBAN’S.

COLONEL HORSLEY, Sr. STEPHEN'S Lop@r, CANTERBURY:
G. GULLIVER, Esq., FRS., C1Lovis TERRACE, CANTERBURY-
H. A. MUNRO. *BUTLER-JOHNSTONE, Esq., M.P. (

15h LEE, Esq., F.LS., Lh Ss.

THE ‘VERY BEV. THE ‘DEAN OF CANTERBURY.

Treasurer and Librarian :
“ COLONEL HORSLEY, B.E.

Honorary Secretary :
GEORGE GULLIVER, Esq., F.RB.S.

Honorary Assistant Secrotary :
MR. FULLAGAR, 48, HicH STREET, CANTERBURY.

Committee :
R. J. BELL, Esq. G. RIGDEN, Esq.
Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. = SLATER, Esa
Dr. KERSEY. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esq.
T. G. PECKHAM, Esq. Mr. FULLAGA
Tuz Rev. F. ROUCH. A WETHERELT, Esq.

‘Rav. N. H, McGACHEN.

Local Secretary :
Dover—A. BOTTLE, Esa.

MEMBERS.

Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Bartlett, E., Esq.
Bateman, J., Esq.
Bell, M., Esq.

Bell, R. J., Esq.
Bell, Miss

Berry, Major
Bewsher, Rev. C.

Bewsher, Rev. Alfred
Bewsher, Miss
Bewsher, Miss M.
Bottle, A., Esq.
Browne, Miss L.

Browning, Dr.

Clements, Mrs. W.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Court, P., Esq.
Cox, Colonel C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Crump, Mr. T.

Dean, H., Esq.

Dean, Mrs.

Dover, Right Rev. Bishop of
Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, Major-General C. B.
Forrest, Mrs.

Fullagar, Mr. James
Furley, R., Esq.

Furley, George, Esq.
Gardner, Mr. A. W.
Gardner, W., Esq.

Gulliver, G., Esq., F.R.S.
Gulliver, G., jun., Esq., B.A.

42, Marine Parade, Dover.

London.

St. George’s, Canterbury.

Bourne Park, Canterbury.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.

Ditto.

Barton Fields, Canterbury.

Vernon Place, Old Dover Road,
Canterbury.

Ditto.

Dover.

4, Victoria Place, St. Dunstan’s,
Canterbury.

Littlebourne.

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.

Stour Street, Canterbury

Dover.

Fordwich House, near Canterbury.
Ditto.

Butter Market, Canterbury.

Wincheap.

Ditto.

Precincts.

Stourmouth House, Sandwich.

Orchard Place, Canterbury.
High Street, Canterbury.
Ashford.

Barton Villas, Canterbury.
St. Margaret’s, Canterbury.
Patrixbourne.

Clovis Terrace, Canterbury.
Ditto.

Hammond, W.0., Esq. St. Alban’s Court, Wingham.
Harvey, Mr. Sidney High Street, Canterbury.
Hatfield, Captain C. J. Hartsdown, Margate.
Hilton, Captain Nackington House, near Canterbury.
Hilton, A. M., Esq. Ditto.
Horsley, Colonel, R.E. St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury.
Holden, Mr. Longport, Canterbury.
James, Sir W. Bart. Betshanger, Sandwich.
Johnstone, H. A. Munro Butler, Esq.,

M.P. 8, Seamore Place, Mayfair.
Kersey, Dr.
Kingsford, Montague, Esq. Littlebourne.
Lee, H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S. The Waldrons, Croydon.
MacGachen, Rev. N. Howard St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
Mackeson, H. B., Esq. High Street, Hythe.
Majendie, L. A., Esq., M.P. 9, Grosvenor Square, London.
Matthias, Mrs. Carlton Place, St. Duustan’s, Canter-

bury.

McDakin, Captain 124, Wincheap, Canterbury.
Neame, Miss C. Orchard Place, Canterbury.
Neame, E., Esq. Selling.
Neame, Mrs. E. Ditto.
Neame, Miss St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury.

Payne-Smith, Very Rev. Dean of

Canterbury. Precincts.
Payne-Swmith, Miss Ditto.
Payne-Smith, Miss J. Ditto.
Peckham, T. G., Esq. Hall Place, Harbledown.
Plumptre, C. J., Esq. Fredville, Wingham.
Poynter, A., Esq. 3, Marine Place, Dover.
Puckle, Rev. J. St. Mary’s, Dover.
Pittock, Miss Castle Street, Canterbury.
Reid, James, Esq. Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Rigden, G., Esq. Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Rouch, Rev., F. Precincts, Canterbury.
Sankey, Herbert T., Esq. Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Saunders, Sibert, Esq. Whitstable.
Slater, F. T., Esq. Chislet. ,
Slater, G., Esq. 3 geese House, High Street, Canter-
ury.
Smith, J. G., Esq. Effingham Lawn, Dover.
Sondes, Rt. Hon. Lord Lees Court, Faversham.

Stilwell, James, Esq. Victoria Park, Dover.

‘Taylor, Mrs. A. M. W. North Street, Herne Bay.

Terry, Mrs. Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Thomson, R. E., Esq. Kenfield House, Petham.
Thomson, 8. J., Esa. Hospital, Canterbury.

Thompson, Lewis, Esq. 5, Eldon Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Thompson, S. J., Esq. Hospital, Canterbury.

Viieland, Rev. J. N. Stalisfield, near Faversham.
Wacher, C., Esq. Chislet.

Wacher, F., Esq. Canterbury.

Ward, Miss High Street, Canterbury.
Wareham, Mrs. Dane John, Canterbury. :
Wetherelt, A., Esq. 67, Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Wray, Miss 9, St. George’s Place, Canterbury.
Wyatt, Mr. A. G. Mercery Lane, Canterbury.
Wright, J. W. Z., Esq. Barton Fields, Canterbury.
Wright, Dr. 3, St. George’s Fields.

HONORARY & CORRESPONDING MEMBERS,

Bartlett, A. D., Esq. Zoological Gardens, London.

Bates, H. W., Esq. London.

Bewsher, Charles, Esq. St. Louis, Mauritius.

Boycott, J., Esq., M.D. London.

Britton, J., Esq. Royal Herbarian, Kew.

Kemp, Dr. William Wellington, New Zealand.

Linford, Mr. J. S. Charlton, Woolwich.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell, T., F.R.S. Ealing.

Mitchinson, Right Rev. Dr. Bishop of Barbados.

Sandilands, — Esq. Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus»
tralia.

Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq. Worthing.

Trimen, H. Esq. Botanical Department, British Mu-
seum.

Whitaker, W. Esq. , Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,

London,

«15
ASSOCIATES.

Baker, Mr. Cattle Market, Sandwich.
Coppen, Mr. E. Sibertswould.
Down, Mr. St. Dunstan’s Street, Canterbury.
Else, Mr. R. Burgate Lane, Canterbury.
Gordon, Mr. Ww. C. Museum, Dover.
Gutteridge, Mr. Faversham.
Hayward, Mr. E. B. 6, Burgate Lane, Canterbury.
Kennett, Mr. W. Fordwich.
Parren, Mr. W. Canterbury.

a Prebble, Mr. J. G. Ramsgate.

Young, Mr. Sittingbourne.

East Kent Natural History Society.

20?
TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.
20:

The objects of the Hast Kent Naturat History Society shall
be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical
knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both in
relation to the particular District and the General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Corresponding
Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by show of hands or by Ballot, taken at any meeting of the
Committee, or at a General Meeting—one negative in five votes to *
exclude.

Members, as may be regularly resident in the same house with those
Members.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies, may, on the recommendation of the Committee be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district ; such Honorary and Corresponding Mem-
bers shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs, nor be entitled to take books out of the
Library, nor to the Reports and Notices.

6. In order to cultivate the study of Natural History among individuals
of the class of Mechanics, &ec., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates,
provided they shall first communicate some information or observation
on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local
Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates
shall enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, and not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held at four
o'clock p.m. on the Ist Saturday in every month, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary. At any regular Meeting
including a sufficient number of Committee-Members, they may then and
there declare themselves and act as a Committee in the ordinary business
of the Society.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held at four o’clock p.m., on the last
Tuesday in January, in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of
electing the officers for the current year, receiving the Annual Statement
of Accounts, and Report of the Committee, and conducting the general
affairs of the Society. In case of necessity, the Committee may alter the
hour, posting dus notice thereof in the Society’s room.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. The Meetings for Scientific Business shall be at seven o’clock p.m.,

on the first Weduesday of every month at Canterbury; also extra Meet-

‘ings at such place and time as the Committee shall have posted due

notice of in the Society’s apartment. Each Member to have the right of
introducing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14. There shall be ordinary Excursions on the Afternoon of the day of
each Evening Scientific Meeting, and at other times if the Committee so
appoint, time and place to be duly notified in the Society’s room by the
Committee ; and Special Hxcursions at such times and places as may be
approved by the Committee, who shall consider written suggestions of
Members on the subject.

15. Minutes of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of Special Excursions to
every Member, stating the time and place, thereof, &c.
LOCAL OR DISTRICT MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or
Excursions in their district; and to give notice of the same to the General
and all the Local Secretaries ; stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society as soon as it may possess sufficient means, shall

endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of Natural History, both with
a view of forming a Museum and distribution of Duplicate Specimens:
according to the Regulations to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

_ Ws. Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History are to
be purchased by the funds of the Society, and the number and particular
books of this class to be purchased shall be determined by the Com-
mittee.

21. Members are also invited to lend Books for the use of the Library,
reserving to themselves the full right of ownership ; such Books to be
under the care of the Committee, and not allowed to be taken out of the
Library.

22. In order to allow the Librarian to examine the Books, they must
all be returned to the Library and none taken therefrom srs the first
week in every June.

BRIEF ABSTRACTS OF THE REPORTS OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS IN 1875.

January 6.

Mrs. Dean exhibited fresh specimens in fruit of Mosses, Liver-
worts, and Lichens, from the neighbourhood of Canterbury. Mr.
Fullagar brought living specimens of Polyzoa and Rotifera, among
which was the Melicerta Ringens, which was seen in the exercise
of its digestive function, the gizzard, or muscular bulb of the
gullet in full activity, and the tube or case in which the creature
lives under construction.

The Hon. Secretary, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., gave a dis-
course on walking sticks in general, and on those called ‘‘ Bois
Maigre” and “ Bois dur” in particular, describing them for the first
time in relation to their parent plants, viz, the former Securingea
Nitida, a member of the Box tribe; and the latter a species of
Cauthium, a member of the natural order of Cinchonacee.

February 3rd.

Colonel Horsley exhibited Spheraphides in the pith of the
Hop bine, with polarized light.

Major Hall contributed mounted slides of the palate of the
Whelk, with its wonderful teeth ; also of the hairs of insect larve
and other objects.

Colonel Horsley read a paper on the Genus Vaginicola, des-
eribing in particular the species found by him in water brought
from Chartham, and referred to in the proceedings of the scientific
meeting held on the 2nd Noy., 1874. The life history of this
minute creature, as observed by Mr. Fullagar, was fully described.
The natural term of its life was ascertained to be about three
months. Whether the species described in this paper belong to
Vagnieola decumbens would seem to be an open question.

March 8rd.

Colonel Horsley exhibited living specimens of Lophopus, Tubu-
laria Najas, and the tree Vorticella, with micrometrical observa-
tions on the last mentioned, showing that its mean diameter is atout
1-600th of an inch.

Mr. R. J. Bell described certain parasites called Gregarine,

found abundantly in the earth-worm, explaining their structure
and development.

Mr. Fullagar read a paper on Actinophrys sol, a full account
of which, as read subsequently at the Quekett Club, in London,
accompanies this report.

April 7.

Colonel Cox exhibited 15 different specimens of sponges in
silica, found on the beach at Dover, Hastings, &c., some of which
were beautifully polished by himself.

Colonel Horsley brought to the meeting a fresh male flower of
Aucuba Japonica, rich in pollen, the grains of which were oval and
measured 1-570th by 1-800th of an inch.

Major Hall exhibited under the microscope several specimens
of fossil woods,

May 5.

Mr. Kyngdon, Secretary of the Margate Microscopical Club,
exhibited slides of various Zoological objects; and Mr. Fullagar
some broods of Plumatella Repens, issuing from the statoblasts.
Mrs. Wareham brought stalactites and stalagmites from caverns,

June 9.

Mrs. Dean exhibited a collection of plants of the district, all
im bloom; among them may be mentioned Ornithogalum umbella-
tum, Listera Nidus Avis, Aceras anthropophora, Silybum marianum.

Mr. Hayward exhibited the circulation of blood in the gills of
tadpoles of the small smooth newt. Mr. Fullagar read his second
paper on Actinophrys sol.

J. Reid, Esq., M.R.C.S., exhibited specimens of Orchis Mili-
taris, and Tephrosanthos, obtained from Whitechurch, Oxfordshire,
in order to show their distinctive features from any variety of
Fusca found in East Kent, and said that so far as the observations
of the Society had gone, Fusca alone was found in-East Kent. He
also exhibited specimens of Carex pendula, Vicia tetrasperma,
Ornithopus purpusillus.

The specimen of Orchis Militaris was examined at the meeting
and found to contain abundance of Raphides, like other members of
the order.

July 7.

Mrs. Dean brought one of her many botanical contributions,
containing the following plants, viz., Hypericum Hirstumu,

Orobanche Major, Ophrys apifera, Cinanthe fistulosa, Butomus:
umbellatus, Narthecium ossifragum ; the last is common in bogs,
but rare in the Canterbury district.

Captain J. G. McDakin exhibited a fine specimen of a free
wasp’s nest, about as big as a small orange, and of a texture
resembling that of grey filtering paper.

With reference to the remarks on the pollen of the Aucuba
Japonica, made at the April scientific meeting, Colonel Horsley
brought that of its ally, the Cornel, Cornus Sanguinea, and showed
that the latter exceeded the former in size, the dimensions being as
follows :—

Aucuba Japonica ...... 1-720— 1-900
Cornus Sanguinea ....1-455—1-600

Mr. Ben Bryan sent specimens of Gordius Aquaticus, belong-
ing to the Nematoid group of parasitic worms,

Examples of the bronchial worm of the sheep were exhibited
and explained to the meeting by Professor Gulliver. The worm is
known to Zoologists as Strongylus filaria. It belongs to the
nematoid group of entozoa and is allied to Sclerostoma syngamus,
which infests the air passages of pheasants and other birds, and
causes the well-known disease called the “ gapes.”

August 4.

Observations on the fertilization of Scabiosa Columbaria were
furnished by Mrs. J. W. Horsley, of Dover, and read to the
meeting. Some valuable remarks on the subject were added by the
Hon. ‘ecretary.

Mrs. Dean contributed her usual interesting assortment of
flowering plants in season, including Chlora Perfoliata, Pimpinella
Saxifraga, &c. After some remarks on the above, the Hon.
Secretary drew attention to the fact that the specimen of Verbena
Officinalis had a peculiar interest as being the only British repre-
sentative of the order Verbenacez, which affords the highly valu-
able teak timber.

Colonel Horsley exhibited some beautiful living specimens,
obtained from Whitstable, of Sertularia pinnata and pumila,
Campanularia verticillata, and several specimens of marine Hydras.
Also the young Bougainvillia fructicosa, just detached and swim-
ming freely away, as figured on plate [X. of Allman’s great work
on the Hydroids.

Captain McDakin showed specimens of fossil Echini obtained
from the South Coast and Canterbury gravels, and from the upper
chalk at Stuppington.

: ¢ | 23
September 1.

Mrs. Dean brought specimens of flowering plants, chiefly
Exogens, now blooming in the neighbourhood. Among these may
be mentioned Carduus nutuns and Gentiana campestris.

Zoology of the Whitstable ‘* Street.”—This so-called ‘ street?’

is a tongue of shingle extending at low water for more than half a

mile into the sea at right angles from the shore, and is highly

favourable to researches in Marine Zoology and Botany. It deserves
and will sooner or later acquire a more extended reputation than it
has yet enjoyed. The Society often receives treasures from this
quarter, ,
Mr. Ben. Bryan sent a specimen of the common long-eared bat,
_or Plecotus auritus, found alive near St. Thomas’s Hill, and infested
by numerous parasites of the acarine family of the species known
as Pteroptus vespertilionis. The Hon. Secretary favoured the
meeting with remarks thereon relating to its zoological affinities
and structure. The hairs and cartilage of the external ear of this
creature form very interesting microscopical objects.

Mr. W. Gardner sent from Bekesbourne a large potato beset by
six or seven smaller tubers the size of marbles, which had burst
from beneath the skin of the parent, so as to form an example of
that phenomenon called ‘‘ prolification.”

October 6.

Mr. F. B. Kyngdon, Hon. Secretary of the Margate Micros-
copical Club attended and exhibited an admirable series of prepa-
rations illustrating the anatomy of spiders. He also gave a
microscopic view of a mite which infests the gull, and which
appeared allied to, if not identical with, the genus Dermanyssus.

Colonel Cox reported that he had lately shot two specimens of
the Scolopax Major, or Great Snipe, at or near Sturry Marsh.
This bird is a rare species in Britain.

Mr. Sibert Saunders brought from Whitstable a live specimen
of a nereid worm, about a foot in length, showing well the action
of the dorsal branchie with which it is beset, and the beautiful

iridescent line along its body.

Captain McDakin exhibited a diagram of stratified sand,
curiously contorted, exposed by road cutting at Herne Hill, near
Faversham, and stated the cause of this stratification to be the
oxidation of iron in the stone.

Carnivorous Plants.—Major Hall sent from Exeter a specimen of
the Physianthus Albens, one of the Asclepiads, with white flowers,
which had dilated tubes, wherein were common flics, humming
bees, and moths, all imprisoned and killed. The Hon. Secretary
remarked on the great interest lately excited by researches on

carnivorous plants, and stated it would be interesting if the actual
digestion of these insects could be clearly proved.

J. Reid, Esq., M.R.C.S., exhibited an unusually large speci-
men, 16 inches in diameter, of the not common fungus Polyporus
Betulinus, and also two specimens of Helvella crispa, a species of
edible fungus.

Mr. W. Gardner sent from Bekesbourne a specimen of a large
ichnumon fly, allied to, if not identical with, Pimpla persuasoria,
which often haunts the flowers of umbelliferous plants. The Hon.
Secretary made some interesting remarks on the value of these and
other enemies to hurtful insect life to farmers and gardeners.

Mr. Fullagar continued his observations on Actinophrys
eichhornii, illustrated by a series of splendid diagrams, all drawn
by himself and admirably fitted for the purpose. It is hoped that
a full account of this Radiolarian will shortly be given im a
separate form.

November 8.

Captain McDakin exhibited a fine specimen of the Agaricus
laccatus, very much admired for its beautiful colour, found in the
woods near Harbledown.

Mr. Fullagar showed the earth cocoon formed underground by
the larva of the Rose beetle, Cetonia aurata, together with a fine
specimen of the beetle which had issued from the cocoon. This is
a well-known Coleopterous insect. In the larval state it frequents
rotten timber, and feeds upon the bits of wood composing Ants’
nests, whence its name ‘‘ King of the Ants.”

December 1.

Mr. Reid, M.R.C.S., exhibited billets of the wood of the pear
tree in which were excavations made by the caterpillars of the
large nocturnal moth known as the Goat moth, or Cossus
ligniperda. The larva undoubtediy feeds on the substance of the
wood, proof of which was found in its stomach on dissection by
the Hon. Secretary. The wood was obtained from Mr. Thomas.
Kingsford, of Barton, near Canterbury, whose letter on the subject
was read at the meeting.

Mr. R. E. Thomson presented a beautiful fawn-coloured
Wasps’ nest taken from the roof of his coach house at Kenfield,
near Petham, which was greatly admired.

ee. ——— SO ee

Ss -- -
-

Gast Bont Natural History Society.

MEETINGS, 1876-7.

SCIENTIFIC, on WEDNESDAYS, at 7 o’clock p.m.
March 1, 1876. October 4, 1876.

’ April Ba November 1, ,,
May Sears December 6, ,,
June (eee January 3, 1877.
July Oro February 7, ,,
August Daterss March Eee 5

September 6, ,, April AS

COMMITTEE, on SATURDAYS, at 4 o’clock p.m.
February 5, 1876. September 2, 1876.
March cae October Tan bes
April 1 emer November 4, ,,
May Gy : December 2, ,,
June Series January 6, 1877.

; July 1 geal February 3, ,,
August Ons March Speses

ANNUAL MEETING,
TUESDAY, JANUARY 30, 1877, at 4 o’clock p.m.

neath antl

Hineteent) Reyori

OF THE

BAST BEwT

Natural History Society,

ANNUAL MEETING,

4 ye

“Held at Canterbury on January 30th, 1877.

Hineteenth aenort

OF THE

ao.) 2 eNT

- Natural history Society,

ADOPTED AT THE

ANNTAL MENTING,

‘Held at Canterbury on January 30th, 1877.

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE “‘ KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH-STREET.

CONTENTS.
PAGE.
he Presents Address... ices .ic--cs0o+euetscosenrcensus\eenneaemn 3
Report of the Committee ......... Sos igscccsosansue heen ies eee senna 5
Moetin ga GF sthe® SOcieby ya. <.ac..ss eis coop ysieense suer hunter eng eave 6
Officers of the Society. 1.25: a0.00.Boscercdecdecsssaeusts cane cieegnae 6
Provincial MMBCUMNE er. wceereccecesntc a esenstee news nctea arta taae 6
Scholastic Value of Natural History .............ccccceeeseeeeees 10
Extirpation of Rare Animals and Plants ...............ssesecuee 10
PVEOOLG OL CNS EAOTATIAN ~ jay. 0 .csmnersesensarvancodinenendemseseeguieee 11
Financial Statement .............. ain ofisentece(dna enolea ste naneataceenes 12
List of Books and Periodicals .......ssccsscseceeeenes Ane qomencctc 13
List of Officers and Members .........cccssccsscsesessceccanseeecees 17
Rules and Regulations ............... pas ¥eaitiy qoceaetr ters cesaayteeranaee “92
Reports of the Scienze Meenlage <a. ..i0jineceevestsneadveseeee 26

Table of Scientific Meeting on the fly-leaf at the end of this
Report.

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

0
THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

Another anniversary of the East Kent Natural History Society
calls for a retrospect as well as prospective view of our situation.
We may look forward perhaps with greater hope for its useful action
since its latter time has been spent in increased usefulness and
’ active work among its members. The past has been chequered with
; phases of activity and relapse ; the progress of time has not enabled

us to realize all the sanguine anticipations we had formed of its use-
fulness, but though our progress has been slow it must be confessed
4 that much good work has been accomplished. The first work which
' the Society was called on to perform was to bring prominently
A _ forward the many objects of Natural History with which we are
surrounded, to enlist in its ranks all those who could aid in our
researches, and encourage those who wished to learn something of
the beauties and wonders of the animal and vegetable world. It is
to be regretted that some of our earlier and active members have
been removed from us; some by death and others from absence
____ from our county, and some age or infirmity has deprived us of their
services. Among the latter, none are more missed from our meet-
ings than our valued and honorary Secretary. We trust that his
health may be restored and that his useful aid and assistance may
yet be secured to us. Of the second the Bishop of Barbadoes holds
a conspicuous place in our memories. One of our best Apiarians
and Microscopists death has claimed from us.

Looking to the futnre we may hope that the seed that has been
sown is beginning to bear fruit; many new societies have sprung
_ into existence in the county; the distance of our various active
members from the scene of our meeting has caused them to restrict
their labours to their more immediate neighbourhood; and though
I could have wished they had still been of our number, I think it a
good sign that these societies are prospering. I regret that our title
now to an East Kent Society, has been jeopardized by our forgetful-
ness of the claims our distant members have to our consideration,
and hope for the future we may find some means of bringing together
our distant colonies with the Parent Society.

Another matter of regret to me is the little interest which appears
_ shown in our labours by those in the City of Canterbury, who we

should expect to find at least giving their support to such a
good work as the Society is accomplishing. Good work, I say
advisedly, our work has at least had the merit of being educational,
and that in a branch of learning that has been much neglected. I
should have expected that those, whose position as the guardians of
education, would have shown a more lively interest in our proceed-
ings. They may perhaps have considered that some of our workers
are not fitted by education or station for teachers, but I would have
them remember that of all studies that of Natural History can least
be learned by books. The practical illustrations which have been
given in Natural History in connection with this Society have been
eminently calculated to instruct and encourage workers in Natural
History. Many of the papers and illustrations on Natural History
subjects read and given before this Society have been appreciated
by societies in London, and have found their way into many of the
scientific papers that are published.

Perhaps some of those who hold aloof from our meetings may
excuse themselves on the plea that they care but little for such
studies. I would have them remember that the example of their
presence would be followed by others, and that in this way they
would greatly benefit us. Our Society has suffered much from the
ridicule which some have thought fit to bestow, though I am giad
to say we have outlived such discouragement. I fear there is some-
thing in the atmosphere of Cathedral towns not quite congenial to
such societies. Archeology flourishes, but other subjects fare badly.
These remarks are not intended to give offence to any one. I hope
that the public will give me credit for these remarks, being dictated
purely through my zeal for my favourite study. Glad indeed shall
I be to find that any one has read them in a friendly spirit. Enough
has, however, been said on the subject. I have a more congenial
task before me in asking you to systematise the work before us.
A want of funds has prevented our expending so much in printing
and sending notices to members of all meetings, as we could wish.
It would be most desirable that our proceedings should appear in
some periodical which might be taken ty all members. I must here
express our thanks to the proprietors ef the ‘*‘ Kentish Gazette’’ that
they haye so uniformly assisted us in bringing this Society before
its more distant members. One of the great advantages we should
derive from a hearty co-operation of other societies of a kindred
nature in East Kent would be the enabling us to publish such pro-
ceedings of all our papers of interest. And I can only wish for our
excellent treasurer and librarian that his labours may be increased
fourfold. The Library of Works of Reference in Natural History is
now an invaluable boon to the members of the Society, our
annual additions of expensive works haying brought it up to the
best collection in the county.

Lastly, I would suggest that our monthly meetings might be

made more profitable if we arranged that interesting observations
and communications by members should be advertised by means of
post-cards to all our members ; this would entail additional expense,
but I believe would conduce more than anything to keep up the
interest of the Society in those living out of Canterbury, and it
need not interfere with our usual monthly notice cards or the general
conversational plan of proceedings.

A long contemplated work of tabulating the Flora and Fauna of
East Kent still remains to be accomplished.

The usefulness of the Society, in an educational point of view,
may be enhanced by some lectures of a popular character, provided
the Committee see their way plainly to carry out such lectures
profitably. Botanical and particularly geological excursions should
be arranged, and these might well be organised in connection with
other kindred societies in East Kent.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR 1876.

Your Committee have the pleasure to report the continued
prosperity of the Society as far as members are concerned. It
has now ninety-five members, being an increase of three since the
preceding year. But as respects funds, they regret to have to
report a decrease in the receipts of £6 7s. 5d., which, together
with an increase in the expenditure of £8 16s. 9d., occasions a
deficit of 3s. 9d. in the financial statement for 1876, as presented
by the hon. treasurer. It should be borne in mind, however, that
there were arrears of subscription due on the 31st Dec., 1876, to the
to the amount of £21 5s. Od., a portion of which has been paid into
the Bank. The total expenditure in 1876 amounted to £46 18s. 3d.,
inclusive of £15 to the library. The report of the hon. librarian
shews in what manner this latter sum has been employed. As
respects the increase in the general expenditure before mentioned,
your Committee remark that it is owing to several causes, viz., 1st,
charge for printing, the excess in which alone amounts to £4 4s.
7d. ; then, 2nd, expenses connected with the soirée held in St.
George’s Hall, in the month of May, 1876, £4 2s. 5d.; and $rd,
the cost of 150 copies of Mr. Fullagar’s papers on the Actinophrys
Sol and Tubicularia Najas, £3 5s. A copy of the former paper was
forwarded to each member with the Report of 1875, and one of the
latter will accompany this report. There is also an addition of
£1 5s. for rent owing to the change of locality. With the present
number of subscribers, and supposing the subscriptions for the year
all paid in, the receipts for the year would only amount to £36 15s.,
so that the expenditure of 1876 exceeds this sum by rather more
than £10. This shows necessity for economy during the present

_ year.

Meetings of the Society—The monthly scientific meetings have
been held as usual, in accordance with Rule 13. They were always
pleasant and profitable, affording regular intercommunication of
naturalists and their friends in the district, with the occasional and
agreeable addition of visitors from a distance. Minutes of the pro-
ceedings have been regularly reported in the ‘‘ Kentish Gazette,”
and of these copies are preserved in a book which is kept by Mr.
Fullagar, ready for the inspection of any member. The subjects,
in brief abstracts, are appended to the present annual report, as to
reprint them fully would involye much expense, and would, more-
over, require artistic illustrations, while the novel points of interest
have already been published in the scientific journals of the metro-
polis. But though lectures and papers are not reprinted, your
Committee are quite alive to their high value in popularizing a
knowledge of natural science, and of the thanks which are therefore
due to theirauthors. For this reason your Committee would invite
more members to aid the Society by such useful services, reports of
which would appear in one or other local newspaper, and so give a
beneficial ventilation of the subjects. A very numerously attended
natural history and microscopical party was held at St. George’s Hall,
Canterbury, in the month of May, which was much enjoyed by the
members and their friends. On the 3rd August an excursion was made
to Folkestone and its vicinity, under the guidance of the President,
who explained the geological features of the district. The short
excursions of the members, according to Rule 14, have been very
frequent; and as they afford agreeable and profitable walks, it is to
be hoped that they will become still more attended and approved
when they are better known.

Officers of the Society—The President has acted with remark-
able zeal and ability. ‘lhe Treasurer and Librarian has performed
his duties with exemplary care and efficiency. The Honorary
Secretary, though prevented by illness from attending the meetings,
has been ever ready with his advice and assistance, of which the
present report, mainly drawn up by him, is not the only example.
The Honorary Assistant Secretary has given most essential aid in
the general business of the Society, besides his valuable contribu-
tions to the scientific proceedings. The Auditor has been expert
and useful in his department. And when it is considered that all
these officers have gratuitously, and so well and truly, given their
services, the Society must be regarded as most fortunate in this
respect, while its most hearty thanks are accordingly due to each and
all of them.

Provincial Museums.—Your Committee, bearing in mind Rule 18,
enjoining that ‘‘The Society, as soon as it may possess sufficient
means, shall make a collection of the objects of Natural History,
both with a view to forming a Museum and the distribution of

of —
epee te ee Pe

Duplicate Specimens,” regret to report that such means have not
yet been acquired; though it is hoped that the steady prosperity
of the Society will enable it at some future time to carry out the
intentions expressed in the Rule. Meanwhile, as so much misap-
prehension concerning the objects, and misapplication of the funds,
prevail in connection with local museums, your Honorary Secretary
gave an address on the subject, which was published in the Annual
Report of the Society for the year 1871, also in ‘‘ Nature” and
several other scientific journals about that time; and in ‘‘ Land and
Water,” May 11, 1872, he extended his observations to Natural His-
tory Museums on the seacoast. But attention is still needed to the
whole of this topic,* which is one of much importance in rational
instruction, though at present too generally regarded with an in-
difference lamentably at variance with the interest entertained of
late in school boards and other organizations for teaching. Hence,
while the necessity lasts, your Committee may continue to draw
attention to it from time to time, hoping thus to promote a good
cause, and believing that this course is calculated to show how use-
fully local museums might be conducted to extend and advance the
desirable object, which we have all so much at heart, of intellectual
culture

A little consideration would prove that the municipal rates now
squandered in support of those miscellaneous and motley gatherings
and incoherent medleys, vaguely called Museums, would suffice for
the formation and maintenance of Museums worthily so named, and
admirably adapted by judicious selection and arrangement to forward
the education of our youth, and the direction of all classes of the
people in the study of natural science. But, so far from promoting
this worthy end, the managers of many provincial museums seem to
understand nothing more than the establishment of unmeaning
curiosity shops, better fitted to amaze the eyes and puzzle the brains
of the groundlings than to convey rational amusement and instruc-
tion to the people. Thus the study of the sciences of natural
history is rather retarded than advanced, and the prevailing igno-
rance is maintained and confirmed; while Professor Boyd Dawkins,
in his last address to the Literary and Philosophical Society of
Manchester, as noticed in ‘ Nature,’ December 7, 1876, still
laments that a country museum in Britain is frequently ‘‘a large
sort of advertising bazaar, or a receptacle for miscellaneous curiosi-
ties unfitted for a private house.”

On the contrary, local Museums should be adapted to the best
mental culture. They ought to have a few good preparations,
whether exotic or native, to exhibit plainly the general principles

* So still think the scientific journals of the metropolis, as shown by their
approval of this Report soon after its appearance in the ‘‘ Kentish Gazette,’’ Feb.
6, 1877. And in the same newspaper, Feb. 20, a leading article informs us that
Mr, Mundella has already promoted a bill on the subject in the House of Commons.

of nature, and systematic sets of many specimens to display par-
ticularly the natural history of the district ; while the needless and
grievous expense of room and money, caused by the acquisition
and preservation of a gallimaufry of unsuitable objects, should be
most strictly avoided. These are the very points which are so
regularly neglected that it becomes necessary to direct especial
attention to them, and to keep the question alive until its import-
ance comes to be generally recognised. And that this consumma-
tion, so devoutly to be wished, will not be much longer delayed,
the recent progress of education, or at least instruction, affords
good evidence. As our great universities and public schools have
already admitted the importance of biological studies, we may
confidently expect that their leading truths, and a conviction that
- Museums ought to be adapted and devoted to their proper use, will
finally prevail. And this spread of knowledge will soon convince
the rate-paying public that their rates should be expended with at
least some régard to the instruction of the rising generation; and
not, as is too commonly the case, in the cost of a jumble of
foreign things, and native curiosities, fitted rather to gratify idle
admiration than to satisfy rational curiosity; repelling too those
gifts of desirable specimens, as well as the valuable services of
scientific adepts, which would surely, under the proper management
of a Museum, be available in its district.

Instead of such deplorable mistakes—to use the mildest term—
your Committee submit that, to a museum judiciously constituted
and conducted, naturalists would, from time to time and moved by
a mere love of the subjects, freely make most useful contributions,
seeing that they would be properly appreciated and likely to be use-
ful. In a collection of this rational kind teachers could derive and
impart to their pupils such a taste and knowledge as would prove
permanently profitable to them and to society, and thus be led to
realize and herald to the popular mind many of the noble results of
the sciences of natural history. In such a museum, too, the farmer
and gardener would find many useful records, including illustrative
specimens of the insects and their economy which are either benefi-
cial or hurtful to plants and animals, and which we cannot hope to
encourage or-check but through an accurate knowledge of their
nature.

But it is not by mere or immediate utility that these studies and
local museums are to be judged. By their monitory aid every rural
walk would present a profusion of objects for pleasure and profit ;
and lessons would be learned of the countless plants and animals,
their affinities and contrasts, structure and uses, and position
in the great system of nature. Then, too, tutors and their pupils
would come to look with an intelligent interest to the species which
are more or less characteristic of the district or country in which
they are found, and thus get a glimpse of the interesting subject of

the topography or geography of plants. And all this is exactly that
sort of knowledge the acquisition of which should and might be
assisted by alocal museum, and from which school teachers and
their disciples could always obtain information. Some of our coun-
try museums are already thus valuable; but these are exceptional,
and though worthy of all praise and imitation, are too few to affect
the general question, and indisputable fact, of the lamentable
shortcomings of our provincial museums.

On the continent they are better arranged, judging from the
evidence of Professor Boyd Dawkins, and the report of the eminent
zoologist, A. de Quatrafages, in his ‘‘ Rambles of a Naturalist”
(8vo London, 1857, vol. 2, p. 253), accompanied by the now veteran

‘Professor Milne Edwards: ‘‘In 1858, I reached Rochelle before

night, and on the following morning I hastened to pay my respects
to the elder M. d’Orbigny, one of the veterans of marine zoology.
Like most men who have worked hard themselves, M. d’Orbigny
gives a hearty welcome to all those who follow in his own steps.
On the strength of my title as a naturalist I was received as an old
friend. I soon made the acquaintance of several men devoted to
the study of the natural sciences, and in their company I visited the
museum, in which they had made a most interesting collection of
the different productions belonging to the three kingdoms of nature
which are to be obtained in the department of the Lower Charente.
Having examined this local fauna in the museum, I at once under-
stood the nature of the district that I was about to investigate.”
Your Committee have pleasure in directing attention to this state-
ment by Mons de Quatrafages, because it plainly shows what sort
of questions should arise in the minds of intelligent visitors after their
examination of a provincial museum, and what, as a matter of course,
we have a right to expect of any such institution, supported by
compulsory rates; and how, moreover, it should act as an agreeable
link in the kin of all true naturalists, as it did at the brave little
town of Rochelle. In our own country similar and not less intelli-
gent views are entertained by more naturalists than the examples
of so many defective local museums would seem to indicate, and have
been expressed of late by our respected vice-president, Mr. H. Lee, of
Croydon, by Mr. Alexander Murray, of Hastings, by the editor of
“Nature,” of the “Atheneum,” and others. The distinguished Scotch
philosopher, Sir Dayid Brewster, held a still higher opinion of local
museums. He thought that, if properly conducted, they would in the
long run promote concord among nations. When presiding atthe Peace
Congress, held in London, 1851, he said—‘‘ Were our youth better’
instructed than they are in the popular departments of phyiscal
and natural science, subjects with which no deeds of heroism or
personal adventure are associated; and were every school to have a
Museum, containing objects of natural history, the amusements of

’ _ the school would assume a different character, and the scholars

would go into active life better fitted for those peaceful professions
to which ere long they must be confined’ Had he lived to see the
happy increase of aquariums, he might have added that their popu-
larity would be shared by museums, whenever a knowledge of the
subject had become sufficiently extended and practised.

Scholastic Value of Natural History —But in advocating the
interest and instruction of the biological sciences, and asserting
their especial excellence in awaking and training the minds of
young persons to observation and reflection on the works of the
Creator, thereby delightfully and beneficially exercising the
reasoning faculties, your Committee would wish to avoid the too
common error of injuring a good cause by attempting to prove
too much. For the present, knowledge of organic or living
nature is, and long will be, in a very fluctuating and progressive
state; and however this may increase its interest, it so diminishes
its value in mental training as to give place in this respect to the
exact sciences and fixed languages. With these the contrast is
remarkable of such vexed questions as those concerning the
earliest zoological fossil, Hozoon, and the latest and most extended
animal, Bathybius, said on the highest authority to be ‘‘ready for
development in any direction,” but now consigned to the limbo
of error, and likely to be followed thither by several wild bio-
logical speculations. Nor are the continual and vexatious
changes in natural history systems and nomenclature less ob-
jectionable in scholastic work. But the mistakes and perplexities
in the sciences of natural history are no argument against their
importance, and of their value in education—as opposed to mere
instruction—though fairly to be considered when it is urgently
proposed to displace or altogether supersede by these sciences.
the time-honoured subjects of school tuition.

Extirpation of Rare Animals and Plants—This objection, often
fairly urged against natural history societies, is not applicable to
the East Kent Society. Itsmembers generally, in co-operation
with your Committee, have always endeavoured to preserve our
local fauna and flora, and accordingly have never offered prizes
for the ‘‘ best collection” of either plants or animals ; and though
this practice has been encouraged by several other societies, your
Committee have steadily discountenanced it. And your Com-
mittee believe that, if the questionable course be pursued of
trying to induce young persons to study natural history by
pecuniary rewards, this could be best effected by means that
would spare rare species. Thus, instead of favouring their des-
truction by premiums, like the rewards of our forefathers for
wolves’ heads, the diligence and attainments of young’ persons
might be better excited and tried by inducing them to study the
nature and economy of common or even noxious animals and
plants. For examples, the specific characters of the Roses,

Brambles, Willows, and Sedges of the district would be excellent
exercises ; so would the intimate structure of many other genera
or orders of plants, including their glands, hairs, tissue-cells,
pollen, and the distribution and significance of raphides and
other plant-crystals. And as to animals, the structure and
metamorphoses and general economy of such common insects as
the cockchafer and cranefly would be equally eligible. These
all belong to an extensive class of subjects which might be so
contracted or expanded as to afford a variety to suit every occa-
sion, and are never likely to be exhausted.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1876.

The amount at the disposal of the Librarian for the purchase
of books, periodicals and binding in the year under review, was
£15 18s. 10d., consisting of a balance of 18s. 10d. from the
previous year, and a grant of £15 from the general fund of
the Society. Of this sum £8 2s. 0d. were laid out in the pur-
chase of new books, a list of which is given below, and £4 13s.
8d. for periodicals. A further sum of £1 4s. 7d. was expended
in binding 9 vols. of the previous year’s periodicals, and 2s. 6d.
in the carriage of books and postage, leaving a balance of
£1 16s. 1d. in hand.

The new books purchased consist of the following, viz. :—

Essays, by Wells, with Memoir of his Life, 8vo., 1 vol., 1818.

British Confervz, by Dillwyn, 1 vol., 4to., 1809.

Natural History of the Polype, by Baker, 1 vol., 8vo., 1743.

Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniz, by Denny, 1 vol., 8vo., 1842.

British Naked Eyed Meduse. by Prof. E. Forbes, 1 vol., 4to , Ray Society, 1848.

The Depths of the Sea, by Wyville Thomson, 1 vol., 8vo., 1873

Evenings at the Microscope, by Gosse, 1 vol., 8vo., 1859.

Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, by Gilbert White, edited by E. T.
pee additional notes by James E. Harting, F.L.S., &c., 1 vol., royal

vo., F

English Entomologist. by T. Martyn, 1 vol., 4to., 1792.

British Butterflies and their Transformations, by Westwood and Humphreys, 1
vol., 4to., 1841.

Insectiverous Plants, by Darwin, 1 vol., 8vo., 1875.

In return for the annual subscription of one guinea to the Ray
Society, the Society has received the following new work, viz. :

Monograph of the British Aphides, by G. B. Buckton, vol. 1, 8vo., 1876.

The following pamphlets, &c., were presented to the Society
during 1876, viz. :—

Reminiscenses of Animals, Birds, Fishes, and Meteorology, by Thos. Kingsford,
Barton House, Canterbury.

Nos. of ‘“‘ Nature,’’ by G. Rigden, Esq.

Fight Pamphlets, by Dr. Wallich. on various subjects.

The Eighth Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society.

Report and Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.

A Pamphlet on the Comparison of the Metamorphosis of the Cranefly and
the Blowfly, by the Author, Mr. A. Hammond, of Sheerness.

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LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

BELONGING To THE EAST Kent NAtTurRAL History Socrery.

British Land and Fresh Water Molluscs, 1 vol. (Reeve)

Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)

Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol. (Harvey)

Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer)

Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)

Flora of Bast Kent, 1 vol.

Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.

Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.

Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.

A Catalogue of Rare Phenogamous Plants collected in South Kent in 1829

gene ae the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring to Sheets 4
an

British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol. 1865 (Douglas and Scott)

Hand Book of British Flora, 2 vols. (Bentham)

Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 3 vols.

Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol.

Monograph of British Spongiadx, by Dr. Bowerbank 2 vols.

Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.

Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.

Atlas of British Sea Weeds, drawn by Mrs. Gatty from Professor Harvey’s
Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol. ;

Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.

Forbes’ British Star Fishes, 1 vol.

Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.

Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.

Smith’s English Flora, 4 vols.

Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol.

Nitzch’s Pterylography

Hooker’s Jungermanniz, 1 vol.

Smith’s Diatomacezx, 2 vols.

Works of W. Hewson, F.R.S., 1 vol., edited by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle and Strenum in the
Vertebrata, 1 vol.

Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10th edition, 2 vols.

Master’s Vegetable Teratology, 1 vol.

Bevan on the Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn, F.R.H.S., 1 vol.

Gosse’s Marine Zoology, 2 vols.

Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature, 1 vol.

Westwood’s Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., Svo.

Rymer Jones’ Outlines of Organization of Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.

Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &c., 2 vols.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, by G. J. Allman,
M.D., parts—1 and 2 5

Pulteney’s Progress of Botany in England

Pulteney’s Account of the Life and Writings of Linnzus

Berkeley's Cryptogamic Botany

Pritehard’s History of Infusoria

Baird’s Entomostraca, Ray Society

Siebold on Parthenogenesis

Barclay on Life and Organization

Carpenter’s Comparatve Physiology

Micrographic Dictionary, with plates, 2 vols., (New Edition)

Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Plants, with 2 supplements

14 ;

Kirby anil Bpemee's iateeineion to Entomology, 4 vols.

Allman’s Freshwater Polyzoa °

Burmeister’s Trilobites \ Bound in 1 vol. ; }

Treasurer of Botany, 2 vols., by Lindey and Moore

Darwin’s Cirripedia, Ray Society, vols. 1 and2 .

Williamson’s Recent Foraminifera, vol. 1

Leighton’s Lichen Flora, British, vol. 1

Henfrey’s Elementary Botany, 2nd edition, by Dr. Masters, F.R.S.

Clarke’s Common Sea Weeds

Reports on Zoology, for 1843 and 1844, Ray Society

Bates’ Phasmide (pamphlet)

Lubbock’s Chleone (ditto)

On Preparing and Mounting Microscopie Objects |

Oceanic Hydrozoa, by Huxley, crown folio, 1859

British Annelids, by W. C. McIntosh, M.D., crown folio, part 1, 1873

Ditto, by ditto, The Nemerteans, part 1 continued, 1874

Larmarck’s Shells, by Hanley, 8vo.

Manual of Land and Fresh Water Shells, by Turton, Dr. W.

Book of Birds, Cassell’s, 1 vol., 4to.

World of the Sea, translated from the French by Rev. H. Martyn Hart, Royal
8yvo., 1869

British Sea Anemones, by Gosse, royal 8vo.

Butterflies of Great Britian, by J. O. Westwood, crown 4to., 1855

British Spongiade, Bowerbank, vol. 3, royal 8vo., 1874

British Mosses, by Berkeley, royal 8vo., 1863

British Insects, by Staveley, demy 8vo., 1871

Faversham Plants, Jacob’s, royal 12mo., 1777

Common Shells of Sea Shore, by Wood, foolscap. 8vo., 1865

Carpenter’s Foramenifera, (Ray Society)

Newman’s Moths and Butterflies

Evelyn’s Silva

Swan’s Nervous System

Berkley’s Fungology

Monro’s Structure of Fishes

Curtis on Farm Insects

Essays, by Wells, with Memoir of his Life, 8vo., 1 vol., 1818

British Confervz, by Dillwyn, 1 vol., 4to., 1809

Natural History of the Polype, by Baker, 1 vol., 8vo., 1743

Monographia Anoplurorum Britanuiz, by Denny, 1 vol., 8vo., 1842

British Naked Eyed Meduse, by Prof. E. Forbes, 1 vol., 4to., Ray Society, 1848

The Depths of the Sea, by Wyville Thompson, 1 vol., 8vo., 1873

Evenings at the Microscope, by Gosse, 1 vol., 8vo., 1859

Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, by Gilbert White, edited by E. T.
Bennett, with additional notes by James E. Harting, F.L.S., &c., lfvol.,

» royal 8vo., 1875.

English Entomologist, by T. Martyn, 1 vol., 4to., 1792

British Butterflies and their Transformations, by Westwood and Humphreys, 1
vol., 4to., 1841.

Insectiverous Plants, by Darwin, 1 vol., 8vo., 1875

Monee) of the British Aphides, by G. B. Buckton, vol. 1, Svo., 1876, Ray

ociety.

PAMPHLETS.
British Moths, Nocturni
a Geometr
Memoirs pour servir a la connaissance des Crinoides vivants, par Michael Sars 4

Etudes sur les Affinites Chimiques par MM. Guldberg et Waage

eye om ae and the Raphidian Character of Plants, by G. Gulliver,

Sketches to a Scale of the Auditory Organs of Molluses, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Muscular Sheath of the (sophagus of the “Aye, Aye,’’ (Chiromys
Madagascariensis), by G, Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Fibres of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.
The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom Markings. The Microscope
Prism and the Structure of the Podura Scales, by the Rev. J. B. Reade, F.R.S.
Le Glacier de Boinon, per Mons. 8S. A. Saxe.
On a Fern-stem (Osmundites Dowkeri) from the Eocine of Herne Bay, by Mr.
Carruthers
On the Chalk of Thanet and East Kent, by G. Dowker, F.G.S.
On the @sophagus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.
On the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus, and Orycteropus, by
G. Gulliver, F.R.S,
Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica, by Axel Boeck.
Phanerogamer og Bregner, by A. Blytt, (from the Royal University of Norway).
Third Annual Report of the Folkestone Natural History Socieiy for 1871
First Report of the Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopial Club for 1871
Third Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for 1871
West Kent Natural History Society’s Report for 1871
Ten Papers by the late George Newport, F.R.S., extracted from the Transactions
of the Royal and Linnwan Societies; presented by Mr. R. J. Rell, St.
Margaret's Street, Canterbury, bound in one volume
Memoirs on a Blood of Lamna cornubica, &c., by the author, G. Gulliver,,
Esq., F.R.S.
The Bee Keeper’s Magazine (one number only), by Major Munn
Portlock’s Geological Report on Londonderry, and part of Tyrone and Ferma-
nagh, by W. Whitaker, Esq., Geological Museum, Jermyn street
Eo ennEs of the Hastbourne Natural History Society for portions of 1872 and
1873.
A Paper on the Esophagus, of the Red Hornbill, from G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
Seven Pamphlets on various subjects, from the Secretary, C. Holst, of the Royal
University of Christiana
On the Size of the Red Cerpuscles of the Blood of the Salamander, &c., by the
author, G. Gulliver, Hsq., F.R.S.
Report of the West Kent Natural History Society for 1872.
List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Palwontology of the Hampshire
Basin, by the author, W. Whitaker, Esq.
Paper on the Apiary, from the late Major Munn.
On the Crystals in the Testa of the Elm and the Character of the Epidermis of
the Tway-Blade, by the author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
On the Measurement of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Batrachians, by the
author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.
A Paper from Eastbourne Natural History Society, on a New Fungus, by C. T.
Miller, Esq.
A Paper from Ditto on the Orchidacese found near Eastbourne, by Miss Hall and
Miss A. Woodhouse.
A Paper on Adoxa Moschatellina, by Miss A. Woodhouse.
A Pamphlet on Reminiscences of Animals, Birds, Fishes, and Meteorology, by
Thomas Kingsford, Hsq., of Canterbury.
Sixth Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society.
Report of the West Kent Microscopical and Photographie Society.
eet on the Development of the Hydra Vulgaris, by James Fullagar,
anterbury.
Ninth Report of the Quekett Microscopical Club for the year ending June, 1874,
52 Nos. of “ Nature,’ by G. Rigden, Esq.
7 Pamphlets, by Dr. Wallich, on various subjects. e
1 ditto by G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., Review of the Works of Goodsir and other
Physiologists.
1 ditto by ditto, On Blood Corpuscles of Batrachians.
1 ditto by ditto, On Spxraphides in Urticaceew and Leonurus.
1 ditto by ditto, On Blood Corpuscles of the Hippopotamus, Eared Seal and

Ss. 4
pone, by cage Ser he te a glenn of Petromyzon.
_Fo and Fi nn ports of Wellington College Natural Sci
ciety for 1872-3 and 1873-4, es

Floral Guide of East Kent, 1839, M. H. Cowell, by J. W. Z. Wright, Esq.,
10 Pamphlets from the University of Christiana.
1 Report of Eastbourne Natural History Society for 1874-5.

Reminiscenses of Animals, Birds, Fishes, and Meteorology, by Thos. Kingsford,
Barton House, Canterbury.

The Eighth Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society.

Hight Pamphlets by Dr. Wallich, on various subjects.

Report and Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.

A Pamphlet on the Comparison of the Metamorphosis of the Cranefly and the
Blowfly, by the author, Mr. A. Hammond, of Sheerness.

PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol 3, 1863, and vol 4, 1864.
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1861, and from 1863 to vol. 11, 2nd series, 1876.

: N.B.—Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vol. 7, 1859, and vol.
8, 1860, new series, vol. 1, 1861, to vol, 16, 1876, vol. 2, excepted

Magazine of Natural History, third series, vol. 3, 1859, to vol. 8, 1861, and vol.
11, 1863, to vol. 18, 1876

The Geologist, vol. 2, 1852, vols. 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859

The Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 3, new series, 1876

Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 20, 1864, to vol. 32,°1876

The Natural History Repertory, 1865.

The Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, vol. 1, 1869, to vol. 14,

1876
“Nature,” vols. 12 and 14
THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ.:

The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
Monthly Microscopical Journal

The Zoologist

The Geological Magazine

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
Science Gossip

The Publications of the Ray Society

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.

The Librarian requests that Members taking Books or Periodicals from the
Library will be careful to enter the same in the book kept on the table for the
purpose, with the dates, ‘‘ when borrowed” and ‘‘ when returned.”

GO NED Ste COS Es

LIST OF OFLICERS NHRD MEMBERS,

President :
RIGHT REV. BISHOP OF DOVER.

Vice-Presidents:

THE RIGHT HON. LORD SONDES, Lzezs Court FAVERSHAM.
SIR WALTER JAMES BART., BersHANGER.

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.
MATTHEW BELL, Esa., BouRNE Park.

COLONEL C. J. COX, Forpwicu Hovsz,

G. DOWKER, Esq., F.G.S.

G. GULLIVER, Esq., F.R.S., Chrovis TERRACE, CANTERBURY.
COLONEL HORSLEY, St. SrzpHen’s Lopar, CANTERBURY.
WILLIAM OXENDEN HAMMOND, Eso., St. ALBAN’s.

H. A. MUNRO-BUTLER-JOHNSTONE, Esq., M.P.

H. LEE, Esq., F.L.S.. F.G.S,

H. B. MACKESON, Esa.

Treasurer and Librarian :
COLONEL HORSLEY, R.E.

Honorary Secretary :
GEORGE GULLIVER Esq., F.R.S.

Honorary Assistant Secretary :
MR. FULLAGAR, 48, Hicu Srrert, CANTERBURY.

Committee:
R. J. BELL, ksq. G. RIGDEN, Esa.
Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. F SLATER, Esa.
T. G. PECKHAM, Esa. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esq.
Rev. F. ROUCH. Mr. FULLAGAR.
mv. N. H. McGACHEN. A. WETHERELT, Esq.

Rey.
W. H. HAMMOND, Esq. Carr. McDAKIN,

MEMBERS.

Austin, G. L., Esq.

Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Bartlett, E., Esq.,
Bateman, J., Esq.
Bell, M., Esq.

Bell, R. J., Esq.
Bell, Miss

Bewsher, Rev. C.

Bewsher, Rev. Alfred
Bewsher, Miss
Bewsher, Miss M.
Blore, Rev. Dr.
Bottle, A., Esq.
Briggs, Mr.

Browne, Miss L.

Browning, Dr.

Clements, Mrs. W.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Court, P., Esq.
Cox, Colonel C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Cole, Mrs.

Crump, Mr. T.

Dean, Mrs.
Dover, Right Rev. Bishop of
Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, Major-General C.B,
Forrest,

Fullagar, Mr. James

- Furley, R., Esq.

Furley, George, Esq.

Gardner, W., Esq.
Gulliver, G., ‘Esq,, E.RB.S.,
Gulliver, G. jun., Esq., B. A,

—

Cathedral Yard

42, Marine Parade, Dover

London

St. George’s, Canterbury

Bourne Park, Canterbury.

St. PAE eree es Canterbury

Ditto

Vernon Bigeay Old Dover Road,
Canterbury

Ditto

King’s School, Canterbury

Dover

. 6, High Street, Canterbury, Tiditor

« Kent County News”

4, Victoria Place, St. Dunsiana,
Canterbury

Littlebourne

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury

Stour Street, Canterbury

Dover

Fordwich House, near Canterbury
Ditto

Castle Street, Canterbury

Butter Market, Canterbury

23, Wincheap, Canterbury
Precincts, Canterbury
Stourmouth House, Wingham

Barbadoes

Orchard Place, Canterbury
High Street, Canterbury
Ashford

Barton Villas, Canterbury

Patrixbourne
3, Clovis Terrace, Canterbury
Ditto

Hammond, W. H., Esq.
Hammond, W. O.
Harvey, Mr. Sidney
Hatfeild, Captain C. J.
Hillier, J. J., Esq.
Hilton, Captain

Hilton, A. M., Esq.
Horsley, Colonel, R.E.
Holden, Mr.

James, Sir W., Bart.

Milton Chapel, Canterbury

St. Alban’s Court, Wingham
High Street, Canterbury
Hartsdown, Margate

4, Chapel Place, Ramsgate

Sole Street, Faversham

Ditto

St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury
Longport, Canterbury

Betshanger, Sandwich

Johnstone, H. A. Munro-Butler,

_ Esq., M.P.
Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Lee, H. Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S,

MacGachen, Rev. N. Howard
Mackeson, H. B., Esq.
Majendie, L. A., Esq., M.P.
McDakin, Captain

Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E.
Neame, Miss

8, Seamore Place, Mayfair
Littlebourne
The Waldrons, Croydon

St. George’s Place, Canterbury
High Street, Hythe

9, Grosvenor Square, London
124, Wincheap, Canterbury

Orchard Place, Canterbury
Harefield, Selling

Ditto

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury

Payne-Smith, Very Rev. Dean of

Canterbury
Payne-Smith, Miss
Payne-Smith, Miss J.
Peckham, T. G. Esq.
Philpott, W., Esq.
Pittock, Miss
Plumptre, C. J. Esq.
Poynter, A. Esq.
Powell, Mrs. Thomas

Reid, James, Esq.

_ Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev., F.

‘ . Esq.
Sondes, Rt. Hon. Lord

Precincts

Ditto

Hall Place, Harbledown

Stone House, St. Martin’s Hill
Castle Street, Canterbury
Fredville, Wingham

8, Marine Place, Dover

49, London Road

Bridge Street, Canterbury
Burgate Street, Canterbury
Precincts, Canterbury

Burgate Street, Canterbury
Whitstable

Chislet

Effingham Lawn, Dover
Lees Court, Faversham

Stilwell, James, Esq. Victoria Park, Dover

Taylor, Mrs. A. M. W. North Street, Herne Bay
Terry, Mrs. 66, Burgate Street, Canterbury
Thomson, R. E., Esq. Kenfield House, Petham
Wacker, F., Esq. King’s Bridge, Canterbury
Ward, Miss High Street, Canterbury
Wareham, Mrs. Dane John, Canterbury
Welby, Miss St. Peter’s Street

Wetherelt, A., Esq. 66, Burgate Street, Canterbury
Wray, Miss 9, St. George’s Place, Canterbury
Wright, J. W. Z., Esq. Barton Fields, Canterbury
Wright, Dr. J. Hornsby 3, St. George’s Fields

Wyatt, Mr. A. G. Mercery Lane, Canterbury

HONORARY & CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Bartlett, A. D., Esq. Zoological Gardens, London
Bates, H. W., Esq. London
Bewsher, Charles, Esq. St. Louis, Mauritius
Boycott, J., Hsq., M.D. London
Britton, J., Esq. Royal Herbarian, Kew.
Kemp, Dr. William Wellington, New Zealand
Linford, Mr. J. 8. Charlton, Woolwich
Masters, Dr. Maxwell, T-, F.8.8. Ealing
Mitchinson, Right Rev. Dr. Bishop of Barbados
Sandilands, —, Esq. Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia
Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq. Worthing
Trimen, H., Esq. Botanical Department, British Mu-
seum :
‘Whitaker, W., Esq. Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,

London

Baker, Mr.
Coppen, Mr. E.

Dean, Mr. H.
Down, Mr.

Else, Mr. R.

Freeman, Mr. H. E.

Gordon, Mr. W. C.
Gutteridge, Mr.

Hayward, Mr. E. B.

Kingsford, Mr.
Kennctt, Mr. W.
Kyngdon, Mr.

_ Mason, T. G., Esq.

. Parren, Mr. W.
Prebble, Mr. J. G.

Young, Mr.

ASSOCIATES.

Cattle Market, Sandwich
Sibertswould

St. Peter’s Street, Canterbury,
St. Dunstan’s Street, Canterbury

Burgate Lane, Canterbury

48, Woodstock Road, Finsbury Park |
London

Museum, Dover
Faversham

6, Burgate Lane, Canterbury

Barton Mills
Fordwich
Margate Bank

Esplanade, Deal

Canterbury
Ramsgate

Sittingbourne on

East Kent Natural History Society.
20:

TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.
20:

The objects of the East Kent Naturat History Society shall
be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical
knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both in
relation to the particular District and the General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Corresponding
Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by show of hands or by Ballot, taken at any meeting of the
Committee, or at a general meeting—one negative in five votes to
exclude.

3. The Annual Subscriptions to be paid by Ordinary Members shall be
Ten Shillings ; the Subscriptions shall become due on the 1st of January
in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year. Any
Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it is
due, shall be applied to by the Treasurer or Secretary, and if the Sub-
scription remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall
cease to be a member of the Society.

4. The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
an Ordinary Member, and her Subscription shall be Five Shillings. This
rule shall apply also to such sons, brothers, and nephews of Ordinary

Members, as may be regularly residents in the same house with those
Members.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History

for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar

' Societies, may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected

Honorary or Corresponding Members of this. Society, provided they do

not reside within the district ; such Honorary and Corresponding Mem-

bers shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and

shall have no vote in its affairs, nor be entitled to take books out of the
Library, nor to the Reports and Notices.

6. In order to cultivate the study of Natural History among individuals
of the class of Mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates, -
provided they shall first communicate some information or observation
on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local
Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates
shall enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, with not less than six Members,

__ who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum. The meetings*shall be held at four
o’clock p,m. on the Ist Saturday in every month, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary. At any regular meeting
including a sufficient number of Committee-Members, they may then and
there declare themselves and act as a Committee in the ordinary business
of the Society

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held at four o’clock p.m., on the last
Tuesday in January, in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of
electing the officers for the current year, receiving the Annual Statement
of Accounts, and report of the Committee, and conducting the general
affairs of the Society. In case of necessity, the Committee may alter the
hour, posting due notice thereof in the Society’s room.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of
the Society, the specific purp ses of the Meeting being stated in the
notice, which shall be sent to each Member not less than one week
before the time of such Meeting.

10. All questions discussed at the Meetings shall be decided by a
majority of votes ; and if upon any question the votes shall be equal, the
Chairman of the Meeting shall have the second or casting vote.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or Committee,
between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the Com-
mittee. The two Members who have been longest thereon, and have
attended the fewest mectines thereof, during the preceding year, shall
go out by rotation at the Annual Mecting. :

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any member a Local Secretary for the town
or district he may residein. Such Local Secretary shall be e#-ofjcio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. The Meetings for Scientific Business shall be at seven o’clock p.m.,
on the first Thursday of every month at Canterbury; also extra Mcet-
ings at such place and time as the Committee shall have posted due
notice of in the Society’s apartment. Each Member to have the right of
introducing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14, There shall be ordinary Excursions on the Afternoon of the day of
each Evening Scientific Mecting, and at other times, if the Committee so
appoint, time and place to be duly notified in the Society’s room by the
Committee ; and Special Excursions at such times and places as may be
approved by the Committee, who shall consider written suggestions of
Members on the subject.

15. Minutes of the Proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of Special Excursions to
every Member, stating the time and place, thereof, &c,

LOCAL OR DISTRICT MEETINGS.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society as soon as it may possess sufficient means, shall

endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of Natural History, both with
a view of forming a Museum and distribution of Duplicate Specimens
according to the Regulations to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

19. Only Books and Periodicals connected with Natural History are to
be purchased by the funds of the Socicty, and the number and particular
books of this class to be purchased shall be determined by the Com-
mittee.

22. In order to allow the Librarian to cxamine the Books, they must
all be returned to the Library and none taken therefrom during the first
week in every June.

BRIEF ABSTRACTS OF THE REPORTS OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS IN 1876.

January 5th.

Mr. F. B. Kyngdon of Margate attended and exhibited a
number of beautiful slides, mounted by F. W. Sharpus, Esq.,
among them a perfect specimen of Ophiocoma neglecta or the
common Brittle Ray, (a species of Starfish); also Ambulacral
disk of Echinus Sphera, and Gizzard of Cockroach.

Mr. Fullagar continued his observations on the Actrinophrys
Sol and exhibited some specimens of Amoeba villosa under the
Microscope.

February 2nd.

W. Gardner, Esq., of Bekesbourne, brought to the meeting
some samples of Wheat, infected by a disease termed Earcockle
or purples, caused by a minute worm, Vibrio tritici, belonging
to the class Infusoria.

Col. Horsley exhibited under the microscope a dog tick show-
ing the peculiar form of the Spiracles, and a living tick taken
from a tortoise, sent to the meeting by Mr. Bateman of St.
George’s.

March 1st.

Mr. A. Wetherelt exhibited a number of beautifully mounted
slides, among which was a fine preparation of the trachez of the
water-beetle, Dytiscus marginalis. Mr. Fullagar sent a paper
on the developement of Tubicolaria Najas, which has been
printed in extenso with diagrams and will be furnished to the
members with this Report. Mr. 8. Harvey laid before the
meeting an extensive collection of British Mosses presented to
the Society by J. B. Sheppard, Esq., by whom they were collec-
¢ed and arranged, and for which the most cordial thanks of the
Society were voted.

27
April 5th.

The following objects of interest were exhibited to the
meeting, viz., a young Salmon, immediately after being
hatched, by G. L. Austin, Esq. Living specimens of Palmella,
a cryptogam, nearly allied to, if not identical with the red snow
of the Polar regions. Also the living ova of Goniodoris Nodosa,
from Ramsgate, showing the palate and mantle, and illustrating
the character of the Nudibranchiate Molusca. Also a living
specimen of the long-eared bat and other objects, by the
President, G. Dowker, Esq., F.G.8. Hydra viridis, by Colonel
Horsley. A variety of interesting slides, by F. B. Kyngdom,
Esq. Larva of the Corethroea Plumicornis, or phantom larva,
by Mr. Jas. Fullagar.

May 3rd.

Specimens of Spherosira Volvox were exhibted by the
President. Mr. Hayward brought a piece of amber containing
a dipterous insect in a very perfect state. A cruciform rock
crystal was exhibited by Captain McDakin. Mr. Fullager
contributed specimens of Hydra viridis which had begun to
produce ova. Also some smooth Newts, eight days old, showing
the circulation of the blood.

June 7th.

Rev. N. H. McGachen exhibited a beautiful collection of
ferns, collected in Assam, India, by Dr. Dickerson, Staff
Surgeon, Cavalry Depot. Mrs. Dean brought to the meeting a
large collection of British plants in season, from the neighbour-
hood. Some observations by the Secretary, G. Gulliver, Esq.,
F.R.S., on Raphides and other plant-crystals and the decay of the
trees in Hyde Park, were read to the meeting, in his absence from
indisposition. Mr. Sibert Saunders, of Whitstable, displayed under
the microscope the ovum of a salt-water fish, species unknown,
showing the circulation of the blood around the embryo. Mr.
Fullagar exhibited the larva of a gnat in the three forms which
it passes through in its metamorphoses. Mr. Hayward produced
some good slides of sections of Bird’s Eye Maple, of his own
mounting. Colonel Horsley shewed a section of sugar cane,
fresh from Barbadoes, under the microscope, with the saccharine
matter crystalised in the cells.

On June 22nd, a most interesting lecture, illustrated by
_ diagrams, was given by W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., &e.,
_ &c., on Seeds, and the way in which they are carried and dis-

persed by the action of air and water, in the King’s School,
Cathedral Precincts, by the kind permission of Rev. Dr. Blore.

July 5th.

The President displayed specimens of the Lizard Orchis (O
Hircina) also the gizzard of the Cockroach and the circulation
in a species of Chara. Colonel Horsley brought fine specimens
in flower of Anacharis and Vallis neria, the spiral stalk of the
latter measuring 30 inches in length, grown in his aquarium.
A fine collection of wild flowers in season, including the rare
sea heath or Frankenia levis, was exhibited by Mrs. Dean.
Mr. Hammond of Milton Chapel contributed some Mineralogical
specimens, among which were polished pebbles shewing internal
structure.

Examples of fossil wood from the lower green sand, selenite
from gault clay and ammonites falcatus, also from gault by
Captain McDakin.

August ond.

Col. Horsley in reference to some remarks from the President
about the shifting habitats of Polyzoa that it had come to his
knowledge that Plumatella repens had taken up its abode in
the rain water butt at Mr. Dean’s, St. Peter’s Street, Canter-
bury, specimens of which he exhibited at the meeting. Also the
starry scales from the under side of the leaf of an ‘‘ Alceagnus.”
Mr. Fullagar exhibited several specimens of the wonderful little
boats of eggs of the common gnat (Culex Pipiens). He also
shewed under the microscope the crystals from the common
Cuckoo plant, Aram maculatum; according to Professor Gulli-
ver’s researches this order is remarkable for its richness in
raphides. W. Gardner, Esq., sent some specimens of the
red spider which infests the hop plants. Also of the larva of
the lady bird, that friend to the hop growers and enemy to the
destructive aphis. Mrs. W. Clements brought specimens of the
Deptford Pink in bloom.

September 6th..

Mr. A. Hammond, Sheerness, displayed some foraminifera,
from the London clay of the Isle of Sheppy, obtained from the
depth of 150 to 200 feet, where they occur in thin layers of not
more than half-an-inch thick. Captain McDakin exhibited
specimens of the well known coloured sands, from Alum Bay,
in the Isle of Wight. Colonel Horsley drew attention to the

peculiarity of the flowers of the Common Lythrum which con-
sisted in the fact that in many instances the six long stamens
were surmounted with purple anthers containing green pollen
while the six shorter ones have yellow anthers, with bright
yellow pollen. Moreover, the size of the pollen differed, the
green measuring 1-600th of an inch long by 1-1200th broad,
while the yellow is 1-800th long by 1-1600th broad. The
attention of local botanists was requested to the further investi-
gation of this subject. Mr. Fullagar exhibited living specimens
of the Canterbury Argus reflexus, which have been frequently
reverted to in former reports. Mr. Bell brought for inspection a
: specimen of fossil fruit, from the London clay, near Whitstable.

October 4th.

, Mr. W. H. Hammond exhibited a goodly collection of slides,
‘ which he had mounted, principally fresh water diatoms from
: Chartham. Mr. Kingsford, of Wingham, sent a large specimen
3 of the tree or paper wasp, constructed on a branch of holly. A
paper was read from Major Hall, of Exeter, a corresponding
member of the Society, on ‘‘ Physianthus albens,” the flower of
which entraps and kills large insects.

November 1st.

W. Gardner, Esq., sent to the meeting large specimens of the
fruit 6f Pyrus Japonica. Mr. W. H. Hammond exhibited
a variety of polished pebbles from Devonshire. Mrs. Collins
from St. Martin’s Hill, contributed a number of the parasites of
the large humble bee. A further description by Major Hall of
the insect trapping plant, Physianthus albens, an Asclepiad, was
read at the meeting, and a vote of thanks was accorded him for
both his interesting papers on this subject. An historical in-
troduction was given by the Hon. Sec., and some, important re-
marks on the above papers were made by James Reid, Esq.,
which will be found in the Society’s Record.

A special meeting was held on the 23rd November at the
Society’s rooms when the President, G. Dowker, Esq., F.G.S.,
* a lecture on flint stones with an account of banded flints.

he lecture was illustated by diagrams and by a large number
of specimens from the President’s private collection. The solu-
bility of Silica was stated to be of the highest interest to the
Geologist, and one method in which the gelatinous silica was seen
forming drop by drop was most successfully demonstrated during

the lecture by Mr. Sidney Harvey, who afterwards explained the
_ apparatus and process used.

80
December 6th.

Captain McDakin exhibited a collection of New Zealand
ferns lent for the occasion by Mrs. Tassell of St. Dunstan’s, which
were very much admired, alike for their beauty and manner of
mounting. Mr. Wetherelt showed under the Microscope a
variety of spores in their cases of our own ferns. Mr. Fullagar
exhibited a small portion of living fresh water sponge, Spongilla
fluviatilis, under the microscope and with the assistance of a
well executed diagram explained the manner of the circulation
of the water through the cavities thereof.

Further observations on this interesting subject were promised
at a future meeting. :

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

MEETINGS 1877-78,

A a ee

SCIENTIFIC on THURSDAYS, at 7 o’clock. .
March _—1, 1877

April 5,
May 3, 5
June Th ss
July, : 5, 5
August 2, 55
September 6, ,,
October 4, ,,
November 7, ,,
December 6, ,,
January 3, 1878
February 7, ,,
March Tees;
April 4, 5,

_N.B.—The Committee meet on the Saturday next following
the date of the Scientific Meeting in each month.

ANNUAL MEETING,
TUESDAY, JANUARY 29, 1878, at 4 o’clock p.m.

$ 24. A
OGiwenticth Report

OF THE

EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SORIETY,

”
nt

ADOPTED AT THE

Held at Canterbury on January 29th, 1878.

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Giuenkicth Report

OF THE

BAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY SOGIETY,

ADOPTED AT THE

Annual Meeting,

Held at Canterbury on January 29th, 1878.

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE “ KENTISH GAZETTE”? OFFICE, HIGH-STREET.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.
Report of the Committee, .....sccsseesecesccsceeeees 3
Report of the Librarians. s,0a:« 1s 0's nuivive'v-vie wists Gaigisle 4
Financial Statement .......0.eeeceececees Teer. 6
List of Books and Periodicals.......,..cceesceeesene en
List of Officers and Members ...ssseeesececcceees ne
Rules and Regulations ........ a isinis sid aw athe tae 16
Reports of the Scientific Meetings ........... seveeee 20

Table of Scientific Meeting on the fly-leaf at the end of this
Report.

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

—— 08 C88 ——

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR 1877.

Your Committee regret to have to state that the serious and
long protracted illness of the President as well as of the Honorary
Secretary and Honorary Assistant Secretary has delayed the
compilation of the Report for the past year. But the delay has
enabled your Committee to draw up a more detailed account of
the scientific proceedings than usual, as may be seen in the
following pages—thus the members will have a more perfect
retrospect of the scientific meetings than has been hitherto given.
A complete record of them is kept by the Honorary Assistant
Secretary (Mr. Fullagar) in a book, which is open to all the
members. Notwithstanding some impediments the Society
maintains its ground. There are at the present time 93 members,
six of whom were added to the list during the year 1877. The
total expenditure during that year was £40 16s. 7d., inclusive of
£11 12s. 7d. paid to the Librarian, all of which is given in detail
in the financial statement. The arrears of subscriptions at the

resent time amount to £15 5s. The receipts from subscriptions
' in the year 1877 were £29 is. 6d., to which must be added £14
5s., arrears of previous years, collected by the Honorary Treasurer
in that year, making a total of £43 10s. 6d., and leaving a
balance in favour of the Society on the lst January, 1878, of
£2 13s. 11d. It is earnestly requested that those members who
are still in arrears with their subscriptions willremit them to the
Treasurer at their earliest convenience, as the funds are at
present very low.

Your Committee hope that the steps taken in the Society may
be of some use in preventing the extirpation of rare plants and
animals, and in promoting the better management of provincial
museums. Both these points are receiving increased attention ;
and the latter will have more should Mr. Mundella’s motion
on the subject, of which notice has been given, be entertained
in the next Session of the House of Commons.

The scientific transactions of the Society are in the present
Report so extended that they may be left to tell their own tale,

without comment of the Committee. The usual excursions in
the neighbourhood of Canterbury and to the coast at Whitstable
took place, though with but few members present, and the
collections both of fauna and flora then and there made were
exhibited at the monthly scientific meetings.

Mr. Dowker having invited the members of the Society to
his place at Stourmouth, in August, they were cordially enter-
tained by his hospitality, and interested and instructed by a
variety of objects, including several specimens of pond life.
Thus a very pleasant and profitable day was spent by a large
number of members—and that is but one among many instances
in which this gentleman has shown a personal interest in the
welfare of the Society, both in its social and scientific bearings.
In short, the transactions of the Society will show how often it
has to thank him for his zeal and interest in the good cause.

Your Committee feel that the cordial thanks of the Society
are due to its officers ; to the Right Rev. the Bishop of Dover,
President; to G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., Hon. Secretary, who
though laid aside by illness, and at times suffering acute pain,
nevertheless is always ready to render his valuable assistance to
any member of the Society requiring help in the study of
Natural History; also to the Hon. Assistant Secretary; to the
Hon. Treasurer and Librarian; and to Mr. Rigden for his
kindness in auditing the accounts.

The thanks of the Society are also due to James Reid, Esq.,
Captain McDakin, Mr. W. H. Hammond, Mr. Sidney Harvey,
and Mr. Sibert Saunders, for the effectual help rendered by them
in the scientific business of the Society.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1877.

The amount at the disposal of the Librarian for the purchase of
books, &c., in the year under review was £13 8s. 8d., consisting
of a balance of £1 16s. 1d. from the previous year, and a grant of
£11 12s. 7d. from the general fund of the Society. Of this sum
£5 6s. were laid out in the purchase of new books, a list of which
is given below, and £6 ds. 1d. for periodicals, A further sum of
£1 12s. 1d. was expended in binding 18 vols. of the previous
year’s periodicals, and 2s. in the carriage of books and postage,
leaving a balance of 3s. 6d. in hand.

The Society’s funds being at a very low ebb, the Librarian
refrained from calling upon the Hon. Treasurer for the usual grant
of £15, and this accounts for the comparatively small sum spent
on new books in 1877. Those purchased consist of the following,
viz. :—

Knapp’s Journal of a Naturalist.
Leach’s Zoological Miscellany.

——

Smith’s East Kent Flora

Wallace, G., Distribution of Mammals, 2 vols., 8vo.

Wallace, G., Malay Archipelago, 2 vols., 8vo.

Swainson’s Birds, 2 vols, 12mo.

Wyville Thompson’s, Second Voyage of the “Challenger,” 2 vols., 8v0.,
1876.

The Society has not received any work from the Ray Society in
return for the annual subscription of one guinea. In reply to his
inquiry, the Secretary, Rev. Thomas Wiltshire, informs the
Librarian that he “rather thinks that before the next annual
meeting I shall be able to issue the 1876 and 1877 vols.” The
last issue was that for 1875, mentioned in last report.

The following pamphlets, &c., were presented to the Society
during 1877, viz. :—

On the Skeleton of an Extinct Gigantic Sloth, Mylodon Robustus, by

Owen. Also 24 Microscopic Slides, presented by Dr. Mason, Deal.
Sixth Report and Abstract Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopical Club.
Report of the Council of the Zoological Society of London, 1877.
an Report of the Wellington College Natural Science Society,
The Insect Hunter’s Companion, presented by Miss L. Brown.

Pamphlet on the Structure of the Red Blood Corpuscles, &., by W. H.
Hammond, Esq.

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LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS.

Beuoneinea To roe East Kent Naturat History Sociery.

British Land and Fresh Water Molluses, 1 vol. (Reeve)
Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol. (Wilson)
Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol. (Harvey)
Flora of Surrey, 1 vol. (J. A. Brewer)
Manual of Geology, 1 vol. (Professor Phillips)
Flora of East Kent, 1 vol.
Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol.
Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol.
Dallas’s Animal Kingdom. 1 vol.
Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols.
A Catalogue of Rare Phssnogamous Plants collected in South Kent in 1829.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos. referring to sheets 4
and 7
British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol. 1865 (Douglas and Scott.)
Hand Book of Britisb Flora, 2 vols. (Bentham)
Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, 3 vols.
Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol.
Monograph of British Spongiads, by Dr. Bowerbank, 2 vols.
Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 1 vol.
Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol.
Atlas of British Sea Weeds drawn by Mrs. Gatty from Professor Harvey’s
Phycologia Britannica, 1 vol.
Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols.
Forbes’ British Star Fishes, 1 vol.
Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.
Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols.
Smith’s English Flora, 4 vols.
Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol.
Nitzch’s Pterylography
Hooker’s Jungermannia, 1 vol.
Smith’s Diatomaces, 2 vols.
Works of W. Hewson, F.R.S., 1 vol., edited by G. Gulliver, F.RB.S.
Parker’s Structure and Development of the Shoulder Girdle and Strenum in the
Vertebrata, 1 vol.
Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 10th edition, 2 vols.
Masters’ Vegetable Teratology, 1 vol.
Bevan on the Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn, F.R.H.S., 1 vol.
Gosse’s Marine Zoology 2 vols.
Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature, 1 vol.
Westwood’s Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., 8vo.
Rymer Jones’ Outlines of Organization of Animal Kingdom, 1 vol.
Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &c., 2 vols.
A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, by G. J. Allman,
M.D., parts 1 and 2
Pulteney’s Progress of Botany in England
Pulteney’s Account of the Life and Writings of Linnsus
Berkeley’s Cryptogamic Botany
Pritchard’s History of Infusoria
Baird’s Entomostraca Ray Society
Siebold on Parthenogenesis
Barclay on Life and Organization
_Capenter’s Comparative Physiology
_Miecrograhpic Dictionary, with plate, 2 vols. (New Bdition)
Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Plants, with 2 supplements
Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Entomology, 4 vols.

_ Allman’s Freshwater Polyzoa .
_ Burmeister’s Trilobites Bound in 1 vol.

Treasurer of Botany, 2 vols,, by Lindey and Moore

Darwin’s Cirripedia Ray Society, vols. 1 and 2

Williamson’s Recent Foraminifera, vol. 1

Leighton’s Lichen Flora British, vol. 1

Henfrey’s Elementary Botany, 2nd edition, by Dr. Masters, F'.R.S.

Clarke’s Common Sea Weeds :

Reports on Zoology, for 1843 and 1844, Ray Society

Bates’ Phasmidz (pamphlet)

Lubbock’s Chleone (ditto)

On Preparing and Mounting Microscopie Objects

Oceanic Hydrozoa, by Huxley, crown folio, 1859

British Annelidsby, W. C. McIntosh, M.D. crown folio, part 1, 1873

Ditto by ditto, The Nemerteans, part 1 continued, 1874

Larmark’s Shells by Hanley, 8vo.

Manual of Land and Fresh Water Shells, by Turton, Dr. W.

Book of Birds, Cassell’s, 1 vol., 4to.

World of be Sea, translated from the French by Rev. H. Martyn Hart, royal
vo., 1869

British Sea Anemones, by Gosse, royal 8vo.

Butterflies of Great Britian, by J. O. Westwood, crown 4to., 1855.

British Spongiadz, Bowerbank, vol. 3, royal 870., 1874

British Mosses, by Berkeley, royal 8vo., 1863

British Insects, by Staveley, demy 8vo., 1871

Faversham Plants, Jacob’s, royal 12mo., 1777

Common Shells of Sea Shore, by Wood, foolscap 8vo., 1865.

Carpenter’s Foramenifera, (Ray Society)

Newman’s Moths and Butterflies

Evelyn’s Silva

Swan’s Nervous System

Berkeley’s Fungology

Monro’s Structure of Fishes

Curtis on Farm Insects

Essays, by Wells, with Memoir of his Life, 8vo., 1 vol., 1818

British Confervee, by Dillwyn, 1 vol., 4to., 1809

Natural History of the Polype, by Baker, 1 vol., 8vo., 1743

Monographia Anoplurorum Britanuix, by Denny, 1 vol., 8vo., 1842 _

British Naked Eyed Meduse, by Prof. E. Forbes, 1 vol., 4to., Ray Society, 1848

The Depths of the Sea, by Wyville Thompson, 1 vol., 8vo., 1873

Evenings at the Microscope, by Gosse, 1 vol.. 8vo., 1859.

Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, by Gilbert White, edited by E. T.
Bennett, with additional notes, by James E. Harting, F.L.S., &c., 1 vol.
oyal 8vo., 1875

English Entomologist, by T. Martyn, 1 vol., 4to., 1792

British Butterflies and their Transformations, by Westwood and Humphreys, 1
yol., 4to., 1841

Tnsectiverous Plants, by Darwin, 1 vol., 8vo., 1875

Moncetach of the British Aphides, by G. B. Buckton, vol. 1, 8vo:, 1876, Ray
ociety. y

Knapp’s Journal of a Naturalist

Leach’s Zoological Miscellany

Smith’s East Kent Flora

Wallace, G., Distribution of Mammals, 2 vols., 8vo.

Wallace, G., Malay Archipelago, 2 vols., 8vo.

Swainson’s Birds, 2 vols., 12mo.

Wyville Thompson’s Second Voyage of the Challenger, 2 vols., Svo., 1876

PAMPHLETS.

British Moths, Nocturni

a Geometree
Memoirs ponr servir a la connaissance des Criniodes vivants, par Michael Sars
Etudes sur les Affinites Chimiques, par MM. Guldberg et Waage

— ee

age ae and the Raphidian Character of Plants, by G. Gulliver,

Sketches to a Scale of the Auditory Organs of Molluses, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Muscular Sheath of the Csophagus of the “ Aye, Aye,’ (Chiromys
Madagascariensis), by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Fibres of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

The Diatom Prism and the true form of Diatom Markings. The Microscope
Prism and the Structure of the Podura Scales, by the Rev. J. B. Reade, F.R.S.

Le Glacier de Boinon per Mons. S. A. Saxe.

On a Fern-stem (Osmundites Dowkeri) from the Eocine of Herne Bay, by Mr.
Carruthers

On the Chalk of Thanet and{Hast Kent, by G. Dowker, F.G.S.

On the Gsophagus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata, by G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

On the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus, and Orycteropus, by

~ G. Gulliver, F.R.S.

Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica, by Axel Boeck

Phanerogamer og Bregner, by A. Blytt (from the Royal University of Norway)

Third Annual Report of the Folkestone Natural History Society for 1871

First Report of the Proceedings of the Folkestone Microscopical Club for 1871

Third Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for 1871

West Kent Natural History Society’s Report for 1871

Ten Papers by the late George Newport, F.R.S., extracted from the Transactions
of the Royal and Linnean Societies; presented by Mr. R. J. Bell, St.
Margaret’s Street, Canterbury, bound in one volume

haa ae 7 the Blood of Lamna Cornubica, &c., by the author, G. Gulliver,

sq., F.R.S.

The Bee Keeper’s Magazine (one number only), by Major Munn

Portlock’s Geological Report on Londonderry and part of Tyrone, and Ferma-
nagh, by W. Whitaker, Esq., Geological Museum, Jermyn-street.

hg tae of the Eastbourne Natural History Society for portions of 1872 and

A paper on the @sophagus of the Red Hornbill, from G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

Seven Pamphlets on various subjects, from the Secretary, C. Holst, of the Royal
University of Christiana

On the Size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of the Salamander, &., by the
author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

Report of the West Kent Natural History Society for 1872

List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology of the Hampshire
Basin, by the author, W. Whitaker, Esq.

Paper on the Apiary, from the late Major Munn

On the Crystals in the Testa of the Elm and the Character of the Epidermis of
the Tway-Blade, by the author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

On the Measurement of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Batrachians, by the
author, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

A Paper from the Eastbourne Natural History Society, on a New Fungus, by C.
T. Miller, Esq.

A Paper from ditto on the Orchidacese found near Eastbourne, by Miss Hall and
Miss A. Woodhouse

A Paper on Adoxa Moschatellina, by Miss A. Woodhouse

A Pamphlet on Reminiscences of Animals, Birds, Fishes, and Meteorology, by
Thomas Kingsford, Hsq., of Canterbury ;

Sixth Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society

Report of the West Kent Microscopical and Photographic Society

Pamphlet on the Development of the Hydra Vulgaris, by James Fullagar,
Canterbury

Ninth Report of the Quekett Microscopical Club for the year ending June, 1874

52 Nos. of ‘‘ Nature,” by G. Rigden, Esq.

Seven Pamphlets, by Dr. Wallich, on various subjects

One ditto by G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., Review of the Works of Goodsir and
other Physiologists

One ditto by ditto on Blood Corpuscles of Batrachians

One ditto by ditto on Spwraphides in Urticaces: and Leonurus

One. aie by ditto On Blood Corpuscles of the Hippopotamus, Eared Seal and

One ditto by ditto, Sketches of the Spermatozoa of Petromyzon.

Fourth and Fifth Annual Reports of Wellington College Natural Science Society
for 1872-3 and 1873-4.

Floral Guide of East Kent, 1839, M. H. Cowell, by J. W. Z. Wright, Esq.

Ten Pamphlets from the University of Christiana.

One Report of Eastbourne Natural History Society for 1874-5.

Reminiscences of Animals, Birds, Fishes, and Meteorology, by Thos Kingsford,
Barton House, Canterbury.

The Eighth Annual Report of the Eastbourne Natural History Society.

Kight Pamphlets by Dr. Wallich, on various subjects.

Report and Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.

A Pamphlet on the Comparison of the Metamorphosis of the Cranefly and the
Blowfly, bythe author, Mr. A. Hammond, of Sheerness.

On the Skeleton of an extinct Gigantic Sloth, Mylodon Robustus, by Owen

Sixth Report and Abstract of Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopical Club

Report of the Council of the Zoological Society of London, 1877

Sixth Annual Report of the Wellington College Natural History Society, 1875

The Insect Hunter’s Companion, presented by Miss L. Brown

Pamphlet on the Structure of the Red blood Corpuscles, &c., by W. H. Hammond,

Esq.
PERIODICALS.

Natural History Review, vol. 3, 1863, and vol. 4, 1864.
The Zoologist, from 1843 to 1861, and from 1863 to vol. 11, 2nd series, 1876,
N.B.—Zoologist for 1862 is incomplete.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, old series, vol. 7, 1859, and vol.
8, 1860, new series, vol. 1, 1861, to vol. 16, 1876, vol. 2 excepted.

Magazine of Natural History, third series, vol. 3, 1859, to vol. 8, 1861, and vol.
11, 1863, to vol. 18, 1876.

The Geologist, vol. 2, 1852, vols. 3, 4, 6, and 7, 1864.

The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859.

The Geological Magazine, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 3, new series, 1876

Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 1, 1864, to vol. 6, 1869

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 20, 1864, to vol. 32, 1876

The Natural History Repertory, 1865

The Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, vol. 1, 1869, to vol. 14,

1876
* Nature,” vols. 12 and 14
THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS

ARE TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY, VIZ.:

The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
The Zoologist

The Geological Magazine

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
Science. Gossip

The Publications of the Ray Society

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.

OTS Ot coo

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

President :

COLONEL HORSLEY, RB.E.

Vice-Presidents :

THE RIGHT HON. LORD SONDES, Lexzs Court, FaversHaM.
SIR WALTER JAMES BART., BersHAncEr.

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.
MATTHEW BELL, Esa., Bourne Parx.

COLONEL C. J. COX, Forpwicu Hovssz.

G. DOWKER, Esq., F.G.S.

G. GULLIVER, Esgq., F.R.S., 27, Otp Dover Roan, CANTERBURY.
COLONEL HORSLEY, Sr. Srergen’s Lopagr, CANTERBURY.
WILLIAM OXENDEN HAMMOND, Ese., Sr. ALBAN’s.

H. A. MUNKO-BUTLER-JOHNSTONE, Esa.

H. LEE, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

H. B. MACKESON, Esq.

Treasurer and Librarian:

COLONEL HORSLEY, R.E.

Honorary Secretary:

GEORGE GULLIVER, Esq., F.R.S.

Honorary Assistant Secretary :

MR. FULLAGAR, 48, Hicu Srreer, Canrerpury.

R. J. BELL, Esa.

Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY.

T. G. PECKHAM, Esa.
Rev. F. ROUCH.

Rev. N. H. McGACHEN.
W. H. HAMMOND, Esq.

Committee:

G. RIGDEN, Esq.

F. SLATER, Esa.

SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esa.
Mr. FULLAGAR.

A. WETHERELT, Esq.
Cart. McDAKIN.

MEMBERS.

Austin, G. L., Esq.

Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Bartlett, E., Esq.
Bateman, H. E., Esq.
Bell, M., Esq.

Bell, R. J., Esq.
Bell, Miss

Bell, Mr. L.
Bewsher, Rev. C.

Bewsher, Rev. Alfred
Bewsher, Miss
Bewsher, Miss M.
Blore, Rev. Dr.
Bottle, A., Esq.
Briggs, Mr.

Browne, Miss L.
Browning, Dr.

Clements, Mrs. W.
Cole, Mrs.

Court, P., Esq.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Cox, Colonel C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Cross, Mr. F.
Crump, Mr, T.

Dean, Mrs.
Dover, Right Rev. Bishop of
Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, Major-General C.B.
Forrest, Mrs.

Fullagar, Mr. James
Furley, B., Esq.

Furley, George, Esq.

Gardner, W., Esq.
Gulliver, G., Esq., F.B.S.

Cathedral Yard

42, Marine Parade, Dover

London

St. George’s, Canterbury

Bourne Park, Canterbury

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury

Ditto

Vernon Place, Old Dover Road,
Canterbury

Ditto

King’s School, Canterbury

Dover

Folkestone

49, London Road, Canterbury.

Littlebourne

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury

4, Wincheap, Canterbury

Dover

Stour Street, Canterbury
Fordwich House, near Canterbury
Ditto

Watling Street, Canterbury
Butter Market, Canterbury

23, Wincheap, Canterbury
Precincts, Canterbury
Stourmouth House, Wingham

Barbadoes

Orchard Place, Canterbury
High Street, Canterbury
Ashford

Barton Villas, Canterbury

Patrixbourne
27, Old Dover Road

Hammond, W. H., Esq.
Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Harvey, Mr. Sidney
Hatfield, Captain C. J.
Hillier, J. J., Esq.
Hilton, Captain

Hilton, A. M., Esq.
Horsley, Colonel, R.E.
Holden, Mr.

Horsley, Mr. A.

James, Sir W., Bart.

Milton Chapel, Canterbury

St. Alban’s Court, Wingham
High Street, Canterbury
Hartsdown, Margate

4, Chapel Place, Ramsgate

Sole Street, Faversham

Ditto

St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury -
Longport, Canterbury

10, Watling Street, Canterbury

Betshanger, Sandwich

Johnstone, H. A. Munro-Butler,

Esq.

Kingsford, Montague, Esq.

Kingsford, Miss

Lee, H. Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

MacGachen, Rev. N. Howard

Mackeson, H. B., Esq.

Majendie, L. A., Esq., M.P.

McDakin, Captain

Neame, Miss C.
Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E.
Neame, Miss

8, Seamore Place, Mayfair

Littlebourne
Barton House, Canterbury

The Waldrons, Croydon

St. George’s Place, Canterbury
High Street, Hythe

9, Grosvenor Square, London
124, Wincheap, Canterbury

Orchard Place, Canterbury
Harefield, Selling

Ditto

St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury

Payne-Smith, Very Rev. Dean of

Canterbury
Payne-Smith, Miss
Payne-Smith, Miss J.
Peckham, T. G., Esq.
Philpott, W., Esq.
Pittock, Miss
Plumptre, C. J., Esq.
Poynter, A., Esq.
Powell, Mrs. Thomas

Reid, James, Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.

Sankey, Herbert T., Esq.
Saunders, Sibert, Esq.
Slater, F. T., Esq.
Smith, J. G., Esq.
Sondes, Right Hon. Lord

Precincts

Ditto

Hall Place, Harbledown
Stone House, St. Martin’s Hill
St. Sepulchre’s, Canterbury
Fredville, Wingham

3, Marine Place, Dover

49, London Road, Canterbury

Bridge Street, Canterbury
Burgate Street, Canterbury
Precincts, Canterbury

Burgate Street, Canterbury
Whitstable

Chislet

Effingham Lawn, Dever
Lees Court, Faversham.

Stilwell, James, Esq.

Taylor, Mrs. A. M. W.
Terry, Mrs.
Thomson, R. E., Esq.

Wacher, F., Esq.

Ward, Miss

Wareham, Mrs.
Wetherelt, A., Esq.
Wray, Miss

Wright, J. W. Z., Esq.
Wright, Dr. J. Hornsby

Victoria Park, Dover

North Street, Herne Bay
66, Burgate, Canterbury
Kenfield House, Petham

King’s Bridge, Canterb

High Staats Cantatburg

Dane John, Canterbury

66, Burgate Street, Canterbury
9, St. George’s Place, Canterbury
Barton Fields, Canterbury

3, St. George’s Fields

HONORARY & CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Bartlett, A. D., Esq.
Bates, H. W., Esq.
Bewsher, Charles, Esq.
Boycott, J., Esq., M.D.
Britton, J., Esq.

Kemp, Dr. William
Linford, Mr. J. S.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell, T., F.R.S.
Mitchinson, Right Rev. Dr.

Sandilands, —, Esq.
Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq., F.R.S.

Trimen, H., Esq.

Whitaker, W., Esq.

Zoological Gardens, London
London

St. Louis, Mauritius
London

Royal Herbarian, Kew

Wellington, New Zealand
Charlton, Woolwich

Ealing
Bishop of Barbados

Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia
Worthing

Botanical Department, British Mu-
seum

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London :

Baker, Mr.
Coppen, Mr. E.

Dean, Mr. H.
Down, Mr.

Else, Mr. BR.

Freeman, Mr. H. E.

Gordon, Mr. W. C.
Gutteridge, Mr.

Hayward, Mr. E. B.

Kingsford, Mr.
Kennett, Mr. W.
Kyngdon, Mr.

Mason, T. G., Esq.

Parren, Mr. W.
Prebble, Mr. J. G.

Young, Mr.

ASSOCIATES.

Cattle Market, Sandwich
Sibertswould

St. Peter’s Street, Canterbury,
St. Dunstan’s Street, Canterbury

Burgate Lane, Canterbury

48, Woodstock Road, Finsbury Park
London

Museum, Dover
Faversham

6, Burgate Lane, Canterbury

Barton Mills
Fordwich
Margate Bank

Esplanade, Deal

Canterbury
Ramsgate

Sittingbourne

East Kent Natural History Society.

BOD

TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.
sO?

The objects of the East Kent Naruran History Socrery shall be
the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical knowledge
respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both in relation to the
particular District and the General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Corresponding
Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member, must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by show of hands or by Ballot, taken at any meeting of the
Committee, or at a general Meeting—one negative in five votes to
exclude.

3. The Annual Subscriptions to be paid by Ordinary Members shall be
Ten Shillings ; the Subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of January
in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year. Any
Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it is
due, shall be applied to by the Treasurer or Secretary, and if the Sub-
scription remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall
cease to be a member of the Society.

Members, as may be regularly residents in the same house with those
Members.

5. Any persons distinguished forjtheir researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies, may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of this Society, provided they do
not reside within the district; such Honorary and Corresponding Mem-
bers shall not be subjected to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs, nor be entitled to take books out of the
Library, nor to the Reports and Notices.

6. In order to cultivate the study of Natural History among individuals
of the class of Mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates,
provided they shall first communicate some information or observation
on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local
Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Suck Associates
shall enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee: of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, with not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum. The meetings shall be held at four
o’clock p.m. on the 1st Saturday in every month, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary. At any regular meeting
including a sufficient number of Committee-Members, they may then and
there declare themselves and act as a Committee in the ordinary business
of the Society.

8. An Annual Meeting shall be held at four o’clock p.m., on the last
Tuesday in January, in each year, at Canterbury, for the purpose of
electing the officers for the current year, receiving the Annual Statement
of Accounts, and report of the Committee, and conducting the general
affairs of the Society. In case of necessity, the Committee may alter the
hour, posting due notice thereof in the Society’s room.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of
the Society, the specific purposes of the Meeting being stated in the
_ notice, which shall be sent to each Member not less than one week
before the time of such Meeting.

11. In the event of any vacancy occuring in the Officers or Committee,
between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the Com-
mittee. The two Members who have been longest thereon, and have
attended the fewest meetings thereof, during the preceding year, shall
go out by rotation at the Annual’ Meeting.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any Member a Local Secretary for the town
or district he may reside in. Such Local Secretary shall be ea-sficio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

18. The Meetings of Scientific Business shall be at seven o'clock p.m.,
on the first Wednesday of every. month at Canterbury ; also extra Meet-
ings at such place and time as the Committee shall have posted due
notice of in the Society’s apartment. Each Member to have the right of
introducing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14. There shall be ordinary Excursions on the Afternoon of the day of
each evening Scientific Meeting, and at other times, if the Committee so
appoint, time and place to be duly notified in the Society’s room by the
Committee ; and Special Excursions at such times and places as may be
approved by the Committee, who shall consider written suggestions of
Members on the subject.

15. Minutes of the proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a hook kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of Special Excursions to
every Member, stating the time and place thereof, &c.

LOCAL OR DISTRICT MEETINGS.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society as soon as it may possess sufficient means, shall

endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of Natural History, both with
a view of forming a Museum and distribution of Duplicate Specimens
according to the Regulations to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

22. In order to allow the Librarian to examine the Books they must
all be returned to the Library and none taken therefrom during the first
week in every June.

Brief Abstracts of the Reports of the Scientific
; Meetings in 1877,

November 23, 1876.

A special meeting was held on Thursday, Nov. 23. The
President, G. Dowker, Esq., F.G.8., gave a lecture on Flint
Stones, with an account of Banded Flints. The lecture was
illustrated by diagrams, and also by a large number of speci-
mens from the President’s private collection. Colonel Horsley
occupied the chair, and there was a large attendance of members
and visitors.

Mr. Dowker commenced by alluding to the common preval-
ence of flints, especially in this part of England. The roads
were made of them, the fields strewn with them, and the shore
covered by them. ‘lheir various forms, and the impressions
often on them, would furnish thoughts and speculations to” the
most casual observer, none perhaps more frequent than that
relating to their origin and nature. Though many theories on
their casual origin had been started and abandoned, the subject
still was an unsettled one. Locally, all were derived from the
chalk where flint would be found in scattered nodules, or with
the nodules arranged in horizontally extended layers placed one
above the other at regular distances, or sometimes in compact
continuous layers, tabulor flint, and lastly as thin veins or layers
passing obliquely or perpendicularly across the plane of the
bedding of the chalk.

He then reviewed the various theories of the origin of flint.

That of the earliest geologists who assumed the deposit of chalk
and flint by chemical affinity from calcareous and silicious solu-
tions.in hot springs pouring into the colder water of the ocean.
Then in 1840 Mr. Bowerbank started a new theory. Finding,
from careful and extensive examination of nodular and tabular
flints in thin sections under the microscope, appearances of
structures resembling that of recent sponges, he became con-
vinced that all flints were in fact silicified sponges. These
observations have been so often qnoted and the theory so warmly
advocated by many observers, the reputation of their author as
a microscopical observer, and his knowledge of sponge, were so
great, that Mr. Dowker gave more than a passing notice to his
' memoirs. Traces of the substantial forms of bodies resembling
sponges, with spicule, xanthidiz, foraminifera, and other
detained fragments were found in all flints, nodular, tabule, or
infiltrated, as in Echini and fossils. Even where no traces of
sponge structure could be determined, the mode in which the
spiculz and other extraneous matter are dispersed equally in all
parts and not precipitated in a lump, indicates that the organic
tissue which enclosed them retained its form sufficiently to allow
of their fossilization in their original places. Further, by a
cruder examination of the surfaces of the nodular flints resem-
_ blances to sponge were found. In the perpendicular and oblique
veins of flints, when occasional fissures filled with chalk occurred
between the lamina, it was conceived that the sponge had grown
from the two sides of the crevice but had not coalesced. ‘In the
cherts of the greensand the sponge fibre was of a coarser texture
than that of a chalk flint. The animal matter of the sponge was
the active agent in determining the deposit of flint, and operated
equally through the whole of the body, the analagous action
being found in the attractive influence of animal and vegetable
substances in forming certain pyritous fossils in London, Kim-
meridge, and Oxford clays. Moss-agates and Jasper when
examined gave similar evidence of organic origin

Mr. G. W. Hawkins Johnson in a paper read before the
Geological Association, 1874, advocates the organic nature of
flint ; without committing himself to defining the character of
the organisms, he believed them to have abounded in proto-plasm
permeated by innumerable branching and inosculating canals.
This animal tissue having an affinity for Silica parted with its
carbon which was replaced by Silicon, the process commencing
immediately after the death of the organism. By a particular
process fully described by Mr. Dowker, flints and other bodies
_ in which Mr. Johnson found his basic organism, as the Septaria
of Clays, Coprolites of the green sand, and Pyritic nodules of
the chalk, were so disintegrated as to leave in relief the arbores-

cence of these organic tracings. Several beautiful diagrams
illustrated this part of the paper.

That many flints are sponges or organic structures, permeated
with silex, is very evident, but to endeavour to account for the
formation of flint entirely on a theory of organic origin cannot
be received as satisfactory. Any theory to be complete must
explain all the facts in connection with the presence and appear-

ance of flint. No hypothesis of the organic origin of flint —

sufficiently explains the oblique tabular layers of flint which
pass through beds of chalk that must have taken ages to attain
their great thickness, for sponge, &¢., could not grow in one
succession for these countless ages; the re-cementing with
silicious matter, fractured and displaced surfaces of crushed
flints ; the banded structure of some flints resembling onyx; or
the chalcedonic structure filling cavities.

Mr. Dowker then explained in much detail these several con-
ditions of flint alluded to, quoting from the papers of Woodward,
Wetherell, Tomlin Smith, and his own, and illustrating them
from the abundant excellent specimens on the table. Our limits
will not permit us to do full justice to these remarks. In none
of these varied states did organic structure appear to be more
than accidentally present. The banded jflints presented alternate
dark and white bands, generally arranged at right angles to a
given axis, when exposed to weather these bands resist unequally,
the softer wearing away and giving a ribbed appearance to the
stone, the ridge forming more or less complete circles. These
coloured bands, for they do not appear to be always white, are
due to infiltration. Flints are known to be porous and to freely
absorb fluids from without, thus they are specially liable to be-
come stained with the colour of iron or chalk dissolved in such
fluids. The white, the yellow, and the green coats extending to
some depth are due to this. and, from all parts not being equally

orous, the tracings of organic structure are often distinctly
defined by the absorption of these coloured fluids from without
and their arrest around the structure. This banded appearance
is not confined to nodular flints but was also found in the verti-
cal tabular layers of flint. At the junction of the Tertiary Beds
with the chalk in Kent, remarkable recemented flints are often
met with. They present many fractures that have been reunited
with silicious matter, the surfaces often haying shifted and
joined in a new position. In some cases between the surfaces
intervenes a layer of white coated flint. Various casts of fossils
found in the chalk occur, as Ananchites, Spatangus, Cidaris,
Galerites, Lima, and Ventricultes, presenting the features of the
original surface of the fossil, and most wonderfully preserving
all the delicate markings. This flinty substance not only filled

_ ae aK

the original cavity, but appears to have flowed out and hardened
as molten lead from the opening of a bullet mould. Flints are
found with cavities partially filled with quartz crystals, chalce-
dony of mammilated structure or both combined, when the
transition from opaque flint to chaleedony and~-clear crystal can
betraced. Not only was the presence of sponges inadequate to
account for these conditions of flint, but it must be borne in
mind that a great portion of|the chalk is entirely destitute of
flint, though the remains of sponges and organic bodies were
abundantly found in it.

What then is flint? It is nothing more than altered chalk, or
chalk in which the carbonate of lime is replaced by Silica. It
will be necessary to go to the Chemist, not only to show this
is probable, but that it has been demonstrated. This process of
silicification is not that instantaneous process it is imagined by
some, but for the most part a slow process, one, moreover, which
is going on at present. The chemical history of Silica was then
given in more detail than can be conveniently reproduced here.
Flint consists of nearly pure Silica, a combination of Silicon and
Oxygen in proportion of one to two. Silica exists in three dis-
tinct states, as amorphrus, graphitic, and crystalline. Silica is
nearly isomorphic with carbon and its crystals are octahedral
On the same system as the Diamond. Quartz, Chalcedony,
Hornestone, and Flint, are all closely allied as varieties of Silica,

“and possess the same specific gravity, 2°6, are insoluble in boiling
alkaline solution, and polarize light. Amorphous flint, however,
having a special gravity not exceeding 2°3, does not polorize

light, and is soluble in hot alkaline solutions. The solubility of

_ Silica is of the highest interest to the Geologist. _ Silica dissolves

to a certain extent in water containing alkaline carbonates, and
in such solution fifteen times more amorphous than crystalline
silica is taken up. It dissolves in pure water in one part to
769°230 according to Bischoff, and is largely present in the hot

springs of Geyser and other volcanic waters. A yet more im-

portant form of Silica is the albuminoid colloid, or hydrated form

_ which it takes on separation from solution under certain terms.
One of these methods, in which the gelatinous silica was seen
forming drop by drop, was most successfully demonstrated to

‘the audience by Mr. Sidney Harvey. Its formation by dialysis,

in which the various reagents acted gradually through a porous

-membrane, had a distinct relation to the present consideration,
where analogous circumstances were to be found in alternations

_ of porous and non-porous beds, through which mineral solutions

might percolate or be arrested, separating and depositing their
constituents. This liquid form of silica possesses Some remark-

_ able properties. It may contain as much as 14 per cent. of silica,

‘

be perfectly limpid and not viscous. It gelatinizes under the
action of heat, unless much diluted it is not easily preserved; it
becomes opalescent, and the jelly separates, which cannot be
again dissolved in water. Coagulation is quickly effected by a
solution containing a small quantity of any alkaline carbonate.
This soluble form of silica unites with various organic matters.
There is reason to believe that this solution may play an import-
ant part in the phenomena of nature; there is no difficulty in
explaining how such a solution can be obtained. Bischoff, in
his ‘“‘ Chemical Geology,” states, ‘‘ It is very deserving of notice
that carbonate of lime may be displaced by almost all silicious
substances, and consequently it is possible that entire layers of
limestone may be displaced by silica, and this may serve to
account for some remarkable instances of the occurence of quartz
layers in the sea.” ‘It may be inferred that when water
exercises a decomposing and solvent action on minerals, silicates
with excess of acid, and others with excess of lime are formed,
the more soluble product being removed and the less soluble left.
Hence it is intelligible that the alteration of the composition of
minerals exposed to such influences should be very gradual, and
in the first stage scarcely recognizable by either mineralogical or
chemical means.’ It has been shown that water containing
carbonic acid, with alkaline carbonates and silicates may deposit
silicious substances with very minute admixture of bases. Such
is the case with flint and opal, which contain small quantities of
alumina, lime, soda, and oxide of iron.

Bearing in mind then this capability of carbonate of lime, by
certain means, being displaced by silica or flint, a true explana-
tion of the nature and peculiarities of flints may be arrived at.
It is by no’ means intended to invalidate the observations of
Bowerbank and Johnson, who have found organic substances
converted into flint. But too much reliance should not be placed
on these supposed organic structures, for a section of chalk itself
after certain preparation will exhibit under the microscope struc- -
ture almost identical with that possessed by flint; a large num-
ber of sponge spicules are always present in chalk, and these will
also become apparent. Because the most delicate structures of
organisms have been preserved in these flints, it has been
assumed that the silicification was instantaneous, or at any rate
immediately after the death of the animal, but animal bodies
may have been entombed in the soft mud at the bottom of the
ocean, have been preserved for a lengthened period until so far
mineralized by the surrounding elements that a further meta-
morphism may have completed their preservation. Casts too in
the soft mud of the chalk-sea may have preserved so true a like-
ness of the individual that when silicified they would give the

true form of the enveloped fossil. In geological formations there
is an alternation of porous and non-porous beds, organic remains
are more abundant in the latter, owing to the animal structure
having been dissolved out of the percolating water in the former.
Many sandy beds are thus destitute of fossils. Tabular flint is
often found associated with a non-porous bed, the dissolved silica
gravitating from above being arrested and consolidating.

The tabular banded flints found at the top of the chalk at the
junction with the Thanet beds, are produced by the chalk having
been stratified with alternate thin beds of porous chalk, and more
argillaceous layers. The flinty structure is sometimes absent, a
very granular chalk still remaining, then from the under surface
of the flint above may be seen small stalactital points invading
the chalky space thus undergoing silification. An opaque white
band repesents the chalky layer, making these flints often resem-
ble onyx-stone.

The nodular banded flints have a close alliance with the banded
structure of agates, the opaque portions in both are most porous.
In the process of silicification, the silica appears to be alternate-
ly more and less crystalline when deposited, or the bands may be
formed by replacement of endogenous depositions within the

geode. The banded structure in flint is generally associated
_ with some cavity which is filled with chalcedony. A geode
having in its centre beautiful crystals of amethyst was exhibited
to demonstrate the banded structure formed from within.

The condition of the recemented flints alluded to in connection
with the junction bed of the chalk and the Thanet Sand pointed
to a more rapid formation of flint, the result of a greater propor-
tion of silica in solution probably derived from the sandy beds
above, and perhaps separated by a process of natural dialysis
yielding gelatinous or “colloidal” form. The peculiar moulded
form these flints take appears to confirm this.

So remarkably is flint associated with limestone, that when
carbonate of lime is very abundant in Tertiary sandy beds, the
fossil shells which constitute the limestone are converted into
flint or or become silicified.

It may then finally be concluded that flint stones are a’
chemical product formed in the laboratory of Nature, that they
often and indeed generally are associated with some organic
substance, which in the first instance formed the nucleus round
which the Silica gathered, but that organic substance need not be
present.

The cordial thanks of those present were accorded to the
President for his very interesting lecture and wishes were ex-
_ pressed that the subject might be taken up at some future timo.
Mr. Sidney Harvey explained the apparatus and process used

for the formation of the Silica in a gelatinous state and exhibited
a quantity of the ‘Flint Jelly” which had formed during the

evening. -
January 3rd.

Mr. Fullagar exhibited the fresh water sponge (Spongia
fluviatilis), illustrated by diagrams, showing (since the last
meeting December 6th) the production by growth of the

ellucid, semi-transparent, gelatinoid substance termed sarcode,
which had extended 4o some distance on the glass cell in which
it was placed ; in the new sarcode the pores through which the
current of water enters the sponge were observable, forming the
incurrent, bearing with it the nutriment on which the sponge
feeds. In the newly formed sarcode was to be seen a quantity
of new spicules; they were pointed at each end. and their
middle or centre was bulged out from which the growth extended
to both terminal points; the mature spicules are a little bent or
curved and pointed at both ends, but not bulged out in the
middle. Some good specimens of the mature spicules had been
cleaned and mounted by Mr. Hammond. They are composed of
the pure silex as transparent as glass. The peculiar spicules of
the ovaria were beautifully shown under Colonel Horsley’s
microscope. In a specimen that Mr. Fullagar had successfully
mounted in damar, by first drying the ovaria and then in a drop
of damar with a thin glass cover gently pressed down, the

ranular contents of the ovaria were pressed out, and the
beautiful stellated form of the spicule was seen standing out in
form of so many miniature palm trees ; the real form of them is
stellated, at the two ends, connected together by a shaft, similar
to two wheels on an axle. This form of spicule in the ovaria
performs the double office of tension and defence.

In thanking Mr. Fullagar for his interesting observations and
excellent drawings of the Fresh-water Sponge, Mr. Dowker
observed that Mr. Fullagar had very aptly chosen the sponge
for his observations, after having studied the Amoeba and
Actinophrys, as they possessed many properties in common.
The sponge at one time had been considered a vegetable, but,

though low in the scale of the animal world, it was endowed |

with many of the organs of the higher animals. The observa-
tions of Dr. Bowerbank and Mr. Grant had thrown a flood of
light on these interesting animals. Mr. Fullagar has been
happy also in getting the sponge to live and grow in confine-
ment. The incurrent canals are doubtless clothed with vibratile
cilia; for though these are very diffleult of detection, owing to
their extreme minuteness and trausparency, they have been

.
ee Te

supposed to have been detected by observers, and from analogy,
we might expect such to be the case. The infusoria always
possessed them, and they were even supposed to be present in
the diatom and desmid. The sponge was invested with a sarcode,
resembling that composing the entire bed of the Ameba, and
this sarcode had the property of fulfilling all the functions of
digestion, assimilation, reproduction, and perhaps of sensation.
The entire sponge may be likened to one great stomach, the
_ sarcode in many particulars resembling the numerous membranes
of the higher animals. The particles of organic matter brought
in contact with it by the currents, induced in the incurrent canals
of the sponge, were assimilated and partially digested before
passing out at the cloacal cavities. The growth of the sarcode
had been noticed by Mr. Fullagar, and the Ameeba-like projec-
tion described. It had, moreover, been discovered by him that
the spicules were produced from the sarcode, and were at first
bulged in the centre. These spicules were composed of fine
silica, though invested by the animal matter: The sponge then
only derived nutriment by means of the sarcode, but separated
the silica from the water, and built up with it its characteristic
spicules; these differed in the ovaria, which had also been
carefully noticed by Mr. Fullagar. The sarcode in the sponge
builds up its own peculiar skeleton in like manner to which the
Foraminifera build up their wonderful shells. It is wonderful
to observe how nature uses the same means, and these apparently
similar and simple, and produces man, the highest of the animals, ~
and the sponge the lowest. As we approach the higher animals
so do we find a greater complexity and separation of various
functions. Thus the brain in man, from whence proceeds the
nervous powers, is in the lower spread over the entire animal, or,
more correctly, collected in reservoirs in its different parts. And
the sarcode of the sponge contains the vital functions of many
_ separate organs in the higher animals.

March 1st, 1877.

_ Raphides as botanical characters.—Mr. Hammond, of Milton
Chapel, exhibited a scries of slides prepared from the Butcher’s
Broom (Ruscus aculeatus), and well adapted for microscopic
examination. [Before the researches of the Hon. Secretary (Mr.
Gulliver, F.R.S.), all microscopic saline crystals in plants were
called Raphides, so as to confuse very different objects and to
destroy their value as characters in systematic botany; and this
_ error is continued in the last edition of the ‘‘ Micrographie Diction-
ary ” and other works in which*we might expect more regard to
correctness. Even in our systematic works of botany, to which the

oe.

facts would be of great value, no use whatever is made of the —

characters presented by raphides. For example, in the British |
flora, the sharpest and shortest diagnosis of the order Onagracez
would be Calycifloral Exovens abounding in raphides; and so in .
like manner of the order Galiaceze and Balsaminacew. But as
already intimated, these valuable characters are always ignored,
and would not avail if we still persist in the error of confounding .
very different crystals under one name. To conform to the truth
in nature, microscopic plant-crystals may be distinguished thus: .
I. Kaphides, occurring loosely in bundles, commonly within a cell,
each crystal with a rounded shaft vanishing both ends to points
and so like a needle as to derive their name from the Greek word
for that useful implement. 2. Long Crystal Prisms, which are
also needle-like forms, but with faces and angles to the shafts and
tips, and occurring either singly, or two or three so consolidated
together that they never admit of motion on each other. 3. Short
Prismatic Crystais, cuboid, lozenge-shaped, square, and other forms
more or less prismatic, immovable, and contained in cells firmly
impacted in the tissues, mostly in chains along the vascular bundles
of the plant. 4. Spheeraphides, more or less globular or lenticular
forms, commonly dispersed throughout the leaves and some other
parts of plants. Spheeraphides are ofter granular, smoothish, or
stellate on their surface. Any two or more of the foregoing varieties
of crystals may occur together in the same plant.

Mr. Hammond’s beautiful preparations were confined to the
Butcher’s Broom, in which the raphides are not so large and distinct
as in some other orders. But excellent specimens of all the crystals
may be found at any season, Raphides in any common Onagrad,
such as the Fuschias and Willowherbs, in the Orchids, Star of
Bethlehem, official Squill, &c.; Long Crystal Prisms, in the leaves
of the Iris, and in the so-called Sweet Orris, in the wood or bark of
Quillaja and Guaiacum ; Short Prismatic Crystals in the leaves and
other parts of many order of plants, well seen in most Legumens,
such as the Dutch Clover, &c.; Spheraphides in the Nettles,
Pelletory of the Wall, Spindle Trees, Rhubarb, &c. One or other
form of such crystals often affords an excellent test, as Mr. Harvey
would prove, of the genuineness of a drug. In “Science Gossip,”
May Ist, 1878, engravings were given of all the crystals, except
the short prismatic forms, which are shown in a plate of the
‘‘ Monthly Microscopical Journal,” December, 1873.

The Society were very thankiul to Mr. Hammond for his instrue-
tive slides, and expressed a wish that he would make more contri-
butions of the same kind, as they may illustrate a branch of photo-
tony hitherto too much neglected. It was mentioned that Mr.
Hammond’s skill might be profitably extended to slides of the
raphides in the leaves of Hydrangia, the spheeraphides in the leaves
of Euonymus and the Wall Pelletory, and the short prismatic

erystals in the leaflets of Trifolium; that such preparations might
afford many agreeable and profitable half hours with the micros:
cope, and that boiling the part of the plant in a solution of caustic
potass exposes the crystals and their cells very plainly.

In connection with the paper read by Mr. Hammand, Colonel
Horsley teased out from a leaf of the Butcher’s Broom (Ruscus
aculeatus) lying on the table the Raphides contained in the plant,
i found them to be by measurement 1-533th of an inch in

ength.

Captain McDakin illustrated by two diagrams the structure of

the sea cliffs at Folkestone, representing the lower chalk resting on
the gault clay which being impervious to the water that passes
through the upper chalk, and the fissures of the chalk marl, presents
a yielding slippery surface over which the immense masses of the
superincumbent cliffs slide seaward from time to time, producing
landslips and fractures of the lofty escarpment, which have so lately
led to the total suspension of traffic on the South-Eastern Railway
between Folkestone and Dover. The water intercepted by the bed
of clay is so charged with lime although perfectly bright and clear,
that the shingle of the beach is concreted in some places into solid
masses by the deposition of part of its lime, a curious reparation that
nature here makes for the subterranean denudation that the springs are
silently but constantly carrying on. ‘The under cliff gradually
forcing its way over the gault to the sea beach has been thrown into
such a variety of fantastic forms that the miniature lake and moun-
tain scenery it presents has suggested for this beautiful shore the
name of “Little Swizerland.”
Relative to subterranean denudation, a subsidence probably
arising from this cause has recently presented itself in the neigh-
bourhood of Wingham on a farm occupied by Mr. Laslett, where
an opening has taken place near the brow of a gently sloping hill,
having a diameter of fifteen yards from east to west, and twelve
from north to south, and a depth of about forty-three feet. It is
said that three arched cavities were visible near the bottom when
first observed, but now are hidden by the accumulated surface water
which has partly filled the hole, the tunnels may be the result of
subterranean streams or springs which find their way out in the
valley leading to Wingham, the soft loamy deposit here covering
the chalk readily yielding to their action partly chemical and partly
mechanical. I cannot find on enquiry that there was a chalk pit
here of the kind locally known as a draw well, by which chalk is
sometimes drawn to the surface for agricultural purposes. On the
return of the dry season when the water shall have subsided, it
will prove an interesting object to geologists, if not to the landed
proprietor and tenant.

30
April 5th, 1877.

Structure of the red Blood-corpusele of Fishes—Mr. Hammond, of
Milton Chapel, referring to his exhibition at the last scientific
meeting, now presented drawings in illustration of the structure of
the red corpuscles as shown while they were flowing within the
minute blood-vessels of the yelk-bag of young trout, which had
been hatched about a week from its eggs, in which the part was so
transparent, and the fish so lively, that the circulation of the blood
could be easily seen under an objective of half of an inch focal
length. And when the red corpuscles were moving slowly, each of
them were seen to contain a distinct nucleus, projecting on both
sides of the corpuscle when it was seen on edge, and appearing
equally plain when the corpuscle presented its broad surface to the
eye of the observer. The facts were so plainly seen as to admit of
no doubt of the existence of a nucleus in the living red blood-
corpuscle of fishes, and thus far to settle a much disputed and
obscure point; for it has been asserted on high authority that the
nucleus is not found till after the escape of the corpuscle from the
living animal, and is indeed purely a post-mortem phenomenon like
the coagulation of the blood. This is the view of an eminent British
physiologist, Professor Savory, F.R.S , whose memoir on the subject
appeared in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society, March 18th,
1869, and has been generally accepted as conclusive in favour of the
opinion that the nucleus does not exist in the living red blood-
corpuscle. Only Professor Gulliver, F.R.S., was so far from being
convinced that, he, in his ‘‘ Observations on the sizes and shapes of
the red corpuscles of the blood of Vertebrates,” published in the
“ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” June 15th, 1875, states
emphatically that he has ‘‘ plainly seen in certain fishes the projec-
tions on the corpuscles, indicative of a nucleus, while they were
flowing within the living blood-vessels”’ (p. 478). -Thus, however
truly Professor Savory’s observations may have been made on frogs
and newts, his conclusion that ‘‘ the red corpuscle of all verbetrates
is, in its natural state, structureless, and that, when living, no dis-
tinction of, parts can be recognized, so that the existence of a
nucleus in the red corpuscles of Ovipara is due to changes after
death or removal from the vessels” (pp. 340-350), is directly
opposed by Mr. Hammond’s observations. The question is import-
ant; for although the physiological import may be obscure, its
taxonomic significance is so signal as to form the foundation of Mr.
Gulliver’s division of the vertebrate sub-kingdom into the two great
sections of Pyrenaemata and Apyrenaemata, as explained and illus-
trated by a plate, in his paper above cited.

31
May 3rd, 1877.

Insect-trapping Plants—Referring to Major Hall’s interesting
papers, and the historical introduction thereto, on Physianthus
_albens, a plant which catches and kills large insects, and belongs to
the Asclepiad order, the Hon. Secretary now sent a note to the
effect that several other Asclepiads had been long known to destroy
insects in the same manner. An American botanist, Dr. Barton of
Philadelphia, gave a paper in the thirty-ninth volume of the Philo-
sophical Magazine, wherein he mentions, among other plants, two
species of Asclepias which by the irritability of their stamens, cap-

. ture and kill insects ; and accordingly those very plants were called
Muscicapae Asclepiadeae, to which interesting group Major Hall’s
specimen must henceforth be consigned. Nothing is known of the
use of this destructive action. It can hardly be for ¢ any advantage
in the nutrition of the plant; but perhaps may be subservient to its

» fecundation, by conveying the pollen to the stigma. The question
is one that ‘might well engage the attention of persons who have
Asclepiads in cultivation, and who are inclined to make a good use
of their eyes. Of such observations Mr. Darwin has given an
adm irable example, in which he has shown, by micro-chemistry,
that the leaves of such plants as Dionsea and Drosera entrap and
kill insects, and by a process of true digestion convert this animal
prey to the nutriment of the plant.

Nuclei in Blood-disk of Fishes.—The Hon. Sec. sent a few
remarks on Mr. Hammond’s interesting paper. Should the accuracy
of his observations be confirmed and proved true of perfect and
healthy fish, the validity of Professor Savory’s observations on the
red blood-corpuscles of frogs and newts would not necessarily be
destroyed, though-this excellent physiologist’s conclusion that in all
Ovipara the nucleus is due to the death or escape of the corpuscles
from the body would be no longer tenable. It is conceivable that
there may be an essential difference in this respect between fishes
and batrachians ; and, should this prove to be the case, it would be a
new and curious diagnostic between these two classes of Verte-
brates. And then the question would only be similar to that which
Was so much agitated upwards of a quarter of a century since,
concerning the structing of these corpuscles throughout the eee
3 brate sub-kingdom. About that time one party “of physiologists,
following Hewson, ‘declared that the nucleus is quite plain and
- distinct, while another party, with Dr. Young, Dr. Hodgskin, and
Mr. Lister, maintained that there is no nucleus. But the sube
' sequent researches of the Hon. Sec. had demonstrated that the dis-
_ putants on both sides of the question were, as in the fable of the
- Chameleon, both right and wrong; for the regular blood-disks of
Mammals have no nuclei, while the blood-disks of lower Vertebrates

are regularly nucleated ; and hence Mr, Gulliver’s two great sections
of Vertebrates into Pyrenaemata and Apyremaemata. A wish was
expressed that Mr. Hammond would continue his observations,
extending them to mature fish, as well as to tadpoles and adult
Batrachians.

The Blyborough Tick.—Concerning this parasite, which is
described and figured in two plates and some woodcuts, in the Feb-
ruary part of the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Qucekett Microscopical Club,”
and in ‘‘ Science Gossip” for May, by Mr. C. F. George, M.R.C.S.,
Colonel Horsley communicated a note from Mr. Gulliver. Of the
specimens sent by Mr. George to Mr. Fullagar, two had been ex-
amined at Oxford, and there pronounced to be identical with the
Argas pipistrelle, a species described by Professor Westwood in the
‘‘ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London,” for the
year 1872. And this determination agrees with the intimation in
the last Report of the East Kent Society, that the Blyborough Tick
might prove to be the parasite of the pipistrelle bat, and is certainly a
close ally of the Argas which the Society has already shewn is pecu-
liar in Britain, so far as is yet known, to Canterbury Cathedral, and
of which ercature a description had been given by Mr. Gulliver,
junior, at former meetings, and engravings by Mr. Fullager in
‘Science Gossip.” If the Oxford determination prove correct, the
Blyborough Tick can no longer be regarded as peculiar or new,
although Mr. George is the discoverer of it in the village church of
Blyborough, near Kirton-in- Lindsay, Lincolnshire.

June Tth, 1877.

Mr. Reid, following the descriptions given by Owen and Rymer
Jones, gave a lengthened demonstration of the Test and Jaw of the
Echinus*from diagrame and specimens preserved in the Canterbury
Museum. He directed especial attention to the ossicles combined to
form the apparatus, seizing, dividing, and titurating the food of the
animal, commonly called the Jaws, and designated by naturalists,
from the resemblance to a lantern,mentioned by Aristotle, ‘ Avis-
totle’s Lantern.” The structure wasmade up of forty small bones
arranged in fives and tens ; specimens of each ot these were exhibited
in the preparations exhibited. The rough rigid service of one side
of the plates against which the food was said to be rubbed, appearing
much like the line of a file was pointed out, and also the remakable
form of a tooth edged and pointed, pointed like a chisel at one end
and extended at the other in a long fibrous curved elastic strap. Mr.
Reid thought,there was more to be learnt yet about the mechanism
by which this instrument was moved, and recommended the subject
for further investigation by the members. He suggested that some
relation might be found to exist between the lever-bones and these

strap-like appendages, though the authorities on the matter made
no allusion to such a connection.

The Dragon-Fly.—My. Fullagar read the following paper on
the Dragon Fly :—To witness the metamorphosis of the Dragon
Fly has already been a source of delight to me whenever I was
able to procure some of their pupas. During the last summer I
was unable to get them, but this spring I have been able to get
a considerable number, and have had nearly thirty fully deve-
loped out of my small aquarium. When the time has arrived
for the change to take place (after being an inhabitant of the
water for two years, and is about to become a denizen of the air)
the creature climbs up the stalk of a water-plant or weed, and if
no plant is found in the middle of the pond suited for the pur-
pose it will come to the edge of the pond where rushes are grow-
ing, and climb up some distance from the water, taking care that
nothing is in the way to obstruct the operation about to take
place, or to injure the delicate and tender wings, which are quite
soft when first drawn from their cases, for if an injury should
be inflicted on them in that state, they would be rendered useless,
and the creature would perish. When arrived at a place which
is considered suitable for the metamorphosis to take place, the
creature cautiously climbs up, and firmly clasps the reed with
its legs, and gives two or three smart jerks of the body, that
the hooks on its feet may perforate the stem, thus making a
sure hold that will not give way during the operation. When
firmly fixed the creature rests for a few minutes, remaining quite
still and quiet, then a slight crack is seen slowly to open on the
back of the thorax, which enlarges and soon the head of the
Dragon Fly is seen to protrude ; the two fore legs are next seen
to be drawn out of the pupa case, when the middle and third
pair of legs follow: thus the fly continues gradually to draw
its body out of the pupa case, and to hang head downwards.
In this position it rests for about 10 or 15 minutes, during which
time the legs (which when first drawn out are quite soft) be-
come hardened and strong. It is now ready for the next move,
which is to turn itself upwards, and lay hold of the head of its
now partly empty cases, to which the fly now clings with its
clawed feet, and the remaining part of the body is drawn out,
and hangs down in the same position that the head had pre-
viously occupicd, then commences the unfolding of the wings, and
the elongating of the body. The unfolding of the wings is truly
beautiful. and really marvellous. How a fabric so delicate and
intricate can grow to such perfection, folded up in a case so small,
is indeed enough to excite our wonder and astonishment, and
well calculated to fill us with delight when engaged in these ob-
servations, seeing that the wing cases measure only 2 of an inch

in length, in which the wings are so wonderfully folded up. When
the wings are fully expanded they measure nearly 14 inch in
Tength, and half an inch wide at their base, or broadest part.
It having been suggested to me that the development of the wings
from the folded condition was accomplished by air being forced
in through the nervures of the wings, which are hollow tubes,
I had recourse to an experiment with a view of proving this, but
from what I was enabled to observe, 1 am of opinion that instead
of air it is a liquid of a gummy nature, and of a greenish colour,
that is forced by the efforts of the creatures through the hollow
tubes of the wings; and when they are fully expanded this
liquid dries, becomes transparent, and at the same time stiffens
and strengthens the wings. While in the jupa state they are
voracious feeders, and nothing comes amiss to them, tadpoles of
frogs and toads, shrims, young newts, small fish, &., and they
are armed with a curiously contrived apparatus to catch their
prey. This instrument is called a mask in consequence
of its being placed over and covers the face and mouth of the
creature, and on the approach of any animal it may be inclined
to make a meal of, is thrown out quickly.

With the formidable clasper at the extremity, the creature is
secured and conveyed to the mouth and thus held until consumed.
The pupa of the dragon fly are generally seen crawling at the
bottom of the pond or over the weeds, but they can swim with
rapidity, in which action the legs take no part, they are laid
close against the side. The motive power in swimming is
obtained by a process of pumping, by which they are enabled to
fill the hinder parts of the body with water, and when they wish
to move with swiftness this water is, by a sort of piston, forced out
with a sudden jerk, which has the effect of propelling the animal
forward; thus its process is marked when swimming by a succes-
sion of rapid jerks. If it is lying near the surface of the water
ie suddenly alarmed it will throw a jet of water for some

istance.

July Sth.

Captain McDakin exhibited some Fossil wood from Folke-
stone, and made some observations thereon, of which an abstract
is given below. Mr. Dean introduced a variety of fresh water
objects, among which were some very beautiful specimens of
plumatella repens, which he had obtained from a pond in the
neighbourhood, where a large quantity of them had been ob-
tained during the last fortnight. Mr. Fullagar showed some
specimens of the Melicerta ringens, together with another
rotifer (Limnias ceratophylli), which he had lately discovered

in one of his aquariums. This rotifer lives in a transparent and
narrow tube, through which the formation of the ova and the
development therefrom of the young are plainly seen. This
species displays only two ciliated lobes or wheels, whereas the
Najas and Melicerta display four; nevertheless it is a pleasing
object. The similarity of the Limnias, ceratophylli, Melicerta
ringens, and the Tubicolaria Najas, was made plain by diagrams
of the three, which were beautifully executed on a large scale by
the author, so as to make the whole subject plain to the meeting,
and to afford an excellent example by this kind of illustration. _
Captain MacDakin tlien drew attention to some fossil wood
from Eastwear Bay, near Folkestone. Although he had on a
former occasion shown similar specimens, it was now the
peculiar mineralisation of this wood that he begged to submit to
the notice of the Society. It occurs in the junction bed between
the lower greensand and gault clay, and is always more or less
waterworn, being sometimes bored through by teredoes and
other boring shells, it having probably been washed out to
sea by some old river flowing from an unknown land, and hav-
ing become waterlogged sank to the bottom of a sea that is now
the upper bed of the lower greensand, where it is exposed to
view as the cliff near Copt Point gives way from time to time
before the battering action of the waves. It presents a flattened
appearance in common with most fossil remains owing to the
compression of the overlying rocks. Wonderful as is the train
of thought which all this suggests, perhaps still more curious
are the changes which have taken place in these specimens,
which are now rather the form of wood than the thing itself,
only about 6 per cent. of carbon remaining, instead of 50, the
quantity contained in most woods, the rest, with the exception
of 8 per cent. of moisture, being mineral matter, and that
mineral consisting of 40 per cent. of phosphate of lime. Woods
contain a minute quantity of phosphate of lime, but here we
find an amount equal to that which we might expect in animal -
remains, bones of animals and fish containing over 50 per cent.
of phosphates. The original carbonaceous matter, amounting to
perhaps 50 per cent., having dwindled down to 6 per cent.
‘The source of the phosphates is probably the highly
fossiliferous overlying gault clay, containing numerous
Spherical bodies sometimes called turtles’ eggs, the best ex-
Se enation of these strange fossils being that they are not turtles’
eggs at all, but the shrivelled-up bodies of the Belemnites, the
extinct representatives of the cuttle fishes, who left their tails
ehind them in countless numbers, the egg-like part containing
0 per cent. of phosphate of lime. By that process (of which
@ find several instances, as the substitution of iron pryrites,

sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime and silica, for organic
matter in fossils), the skeleton of the former wood has been left
with a body strangely transformed into a mineral, that might be
suspected in animal but least in vegetable remains.

August Ind, 1877.

Structure of the Red Blood-corpuscles—Mr. Hammond read a
paper, illustrated by several drawings, on the interesting and
vexed questien concerning the existence of a nucleus in the living
red blood-corpuscle of viviparous vertebrates. In his paper, read
at a late meeting of the Society and published, with engravings
in the “Monthly Microscopical Journal” of last June, he an-
swered the question in the affirmative as regards fish, demon-
strating plainly the presence of the nucleus in the living red
corpuscleé as it flows in the minute veins of the yelk-bag of the
young trout; and he now extends his observations, with the
same result, to several mature fish of different species. Further,
he submits to examination the corpuscles while they are alive,
and flowing within the blood-vessels of frog-tadpoles and ina bird.
The latter was the young duck, just hatched, in which Mr. Ham-
mond found the edge ot the foot-web sufficiently thin and trans-
parent to allow of the circulation being well seen under a deep
magnifying power. The result was still the same as in the fish,
the nucleus being plainly seen in most of the red corpuscles
while they were flowing in their containing veins or capillaries.
In the frog, owing to the larger size and substance of the cor-
puscles, the nucleus was not so easily seen; but after careful
adjustments of the focus the nucleus was demonstrable. Hence,
in three classes of the oviparous vertebrates, he concludes that
he has demonstrated the presence of a nucleus in the living red
blood-corpuscle ; and he supposes that one reason why Professor
Savory and others could not see it, was because the corpuscles
swell or become circular during stagnations; and contracting
again and becoming transparent, when they escape from their
vessels or to the object-plate, allow the nucleus to be seen, as all
observers agree that it is then plainly visible. The point em-
braced by Mr. Hammond’s researches is important, because, in-
dependently of the mere physiological question, it has a wide
taxonomic significance, showing the validity of Professor Gulli-
ver’s two great divisions of vertebrates into Pyrenaemata and
Apyrenaemata. Mr. Hammond’s drawings well exhibited the
softness of the corpuscles and how they either tail-out or other-
wise alter in shape when passing a narrow channel; and in one
of his sketches from the tadpole there was an admirable view
of the nucleus in the fore-part of the corpuscle, and the’ envelope

extended into a tail behind; thus proving the compound struc-
ture of the living corpuscle, which many observers, by asserting
that it is absolutely homogeneous, have hitherto denied.
Plnmatella repens —Mr. Fullagar read the following paper on
this fresh-water polyzoon, which he illustrated by drawings and
living specimens :—Among the most beautiful and interesting
forms of invertebrate animals are those strange phytoidal pro-
ductions which, long confounded with the polypes, were at last,
by nearly simultaneous investigations of several naturalists.
separated as a distinct group, and described by Thompson under
the name of Polyzoa, and shortly after indicated by Ehrenberg
under that of Bryozoa. They are chiefly inhabitants of the sea,
where they may be witnessed under numerous plant-like guises;
now spreading like a lichen over submerged stones or old shells,
or the broad fronds of Laminaria and other sea-weeds ; now
forming soft, irregular, fungus-like masses, or hard, calcareous,
branchy growths, like diminutive trees; and now again present-
_ing the appearance of the most delicate and exquisitely formed
sea-weed, or moss, offering, even to the unassisted eye, in the
endless repetition of the same element of form, objects of sur-
passing symmetry and beauty. The Polyzoa, however, are not
by any means exclusively confined to the ocean ; and though by
far the greater number are marine, yet in the still and running
waters of the land, in the broad river and the rushing stream, in
the pure, cold mountain lake and stagnant waters of the moory
fen, species are to be found which in interest yield not one jot to
their brethren of the sea, and offer to the naturalist an inex-
haustible source of gratification, in the beauty of their forms
and the wonders of their organization. The specimen shown
under the microscope is one of the fresh-water polyzoas, the
“Plumatella repens.” They are very beautiful objects, and
were obtained from a pond in the neighbourhood of Canterbury,
where they were growing in great profusion. I have been en-
abled to keep some of them alive in a small cell for more than a
month, and during that time have had ample opportunities of
studying a little more of their economy by the aid of the micros-
cope, of which, by the assistance of the diagram I have drawn,
I will endeavour to explain. In order to keep them alive I had

_ to feed them twice a day with monads, a large quantity of which

I fortunately had in one of my aquariums, they were so numer-

ous that the water appeared of a brown colour, and so thick and

clouded by them that the gold fish contained in the glass was at

times scarcely visible. The monads individually are perfectly
invisible to the unassisted eye. On these monads the plumatella
ig fed greedily, and as they were reduced by the action of the

_ stomach in the process of digestion, the stomach became filled

with a rich ruby-coloured matter, thereby adding to the beauty
of the Polyzoa by the contrast of colours, and beautifully dis-
playing the action of digestion. By referring to the diagram,
you will see that the mouth is surrounded by a number of tenta-
cula, arising from a sort of stage or disc, termed the Lophophore.
These tentacles are covered with vibratile cilia, which when in
motion have the appearance of passing upon the one side of each
tentacle, and down the opposite, the rapid motion of which
causes a current of water to set in, in the direction of the mouth,
bearing with it the food requisite for the support of the animal.
The whole course of the alimentary matter thus obtained, from
the moment of its prehension to its final ejection, may be easily
witnessed in many of the fresh-water polyzoa. Ifa polypide of
Plumatella repens be watched while in an exerted state, different
kinds of Infusoria and other minute organic bodies may be ob-
served to be whirled along in the vortices caused by the action
of the tentacular cilia, and conveyed to the mouth, where many
of them are at once seized and swallowed, and others rejected.
The food having once entered the oesophagus experiences in this
tube no delay, but is rapidly conveyed downwards by a kind of
peristaltic action, and delivered to the stomach. In the stomach
the food is destined to experience considerable delay; it is here
rapidly moved up and down by a strong peristaltic action, which
first takes place from above downwards, and then inverting
itself, propels the contents in an opposite direction Every now
and then the fundus of the stomach seems to perform some func-
tion distinct from the rest of the organ, in that it seizes a portion
of the alimentary mass, and retains it for a moment by an hour-
glass restriction separate from the remainder, and then power-
fully contracting on it, forces it back among the other contents
. of the stomach. All this time the food is becoming imbued with
the peculiar secretion of the gastric walls, and soon assumes a
_ rich brown colour. After having thus undergone for some time

the action of the stomach, the alimentary matter is delivered by
degrees into the intestine, where it accumulates in the wide
pyloric extremity of this tube. After continuing here for a
while in a state of rest, and probably yielding to the absorbent
tissues its remaining nutritious elements, portions, in the form of
oval shaped pellets, become separated at intervals from the mass,
and are slowly propelled along the tube towards the vent, where
having arrived, they are suddenly ejected into the surrounding
water and rapidly whirled away by the tentacular currents. In
all the fresh polyzoa, bodies of a very peculiar nature occur at
seasons lying loose in the perigastric space; to these are given
the name of statoblasts. From the earliest period that the fresh-
water polyzoa became an object of study, the statoblasts attrac-

ted the attontion of observers ; their form is not exactly the same
in the different species, they vary accordingly, from an orbicular
to an elongated oval figure, and enclosed in a horny shell, which
consists of two concave discs, united by their margins, where
they are further strengthened by a ring which runs round the
the entire margin, and is a different structure from the disc.
The ring is composed of cells, they are generally larger than the
cells of the disc, and of a different colour; they are filled with
air, giving the ring a light spongy texture, and act as a float,
by which the statoblast when free is kept near the surface of the
surrounding water. When the statoblasts are placed under
favourable circumstances for their development, they open by
separation from one another of the two discs or facies, and there
then escapes from them a young polyzoon already in an advanced
stage of development, and in all essential points resembling the
adult individual in whose cell the statoblasts were produced. At
the period of its escape it possesses all the essential organization
of the adult, the retractor muscles are well developed, and the
polypide is capable of regular exertion and retraction. The
statoblasts have always been viewed and described as the eggs
of the polyzoon in whose cell they occur. This has been a very
natural mistake, and Professor Allam says he fell into that mis-
take himself, but he is now convinced that they are a peculiar
form of bud, and must not on any account be confounded with
genuine ova. They are produced in the funiculus from which
they are evidently developed as buds, and may generally be seen
in various stages of growth, arranged upon this chord, like beads
on a necklace, being younger as they approach the distal ex-
tremities of the funiculus.

The statoblasts that had already been liberated through the
death of some of the plumatella were shown under the micros-
cope.

Mr. Jas. Reid produced some fresh preparations of the common
Echinus or Sea-hedge-hog and various impressions of fossils
from the iron-stone nodules in the Lenham sand-pipes, which he
had recently collected. At the June meeting he had left a cer-
tain point for the consideration of the members relating to the
_ probability of some attachment of muscles to the dental process
in the Echinus jaw. From the construction of this process and
certain marks on the lever bones, an inference had been drawn,
that by muscular attachments this process might have an inde-
pendent movement given to it by which it would have the force
and action of a chisel. Within the last ten days, through the
kindness of Mr. Hillier, of Ramsgate, he had an opportunity of
solying the matter himself. He had determined, and afterwards
demonstrated to some the members, that though distinct bands

of muscles passed from one lever-bone to the other at the points
previously indicated on the dry bones, there were muscular con-
nections with the curved elastic ends of the dental process; a
mere cellular and vascular sheath for its nutrition connected
with the general web between the two bones was all that existed.
The power given to the dental processes was therefore derived
from the co-ordination of the various muscles, some 40 or more
in number, that were connected with the various bones surround-
ing the teeth.

In bringing before the notice of the members the various im-
pressions of shells, &c., found in the Lenham sand-pipes, Mr.
Reid briefly detailed the various iron-stone bands found in the
strata of East Kent. He produced specimens from the junction
bed of the London and Woolwich series, also of the Paddles-
worth grit and compact iron-stone, showing in some specimens
a tendency to a vesicular and cellular formation, instancing
specially a large block in the Lobby of the Canterbury Museum,
which demonstrated these changes on a large scale. He pointed
out that a somewhat minute vesicular appearance was manifested
in some of the Iron-sand-stones at Lenham, but this apparently
had an organic rather than a mechanical cause, inasmuch as
several zoophitic remains were found in the Lenham structures.
A specimen of a Lepralia from this source was afterwards
exhibited under the microscope. ‘The several opinions as to the
sources of these fossils were briefly mentioned. Mr. Reid
showed that some of the impressions were derived from the
remains in chalk, particularly from fragments of the large
TInoceramus, in some of which small portions of shelly matter
still remained, flints with ventriculites and rolled pebbles
resembling those of the pebble-bed at the top of the Woolwich
series, some of them whitened by contact with chalk, were found
incorporated in the iron-stone blocks. It would seem that the _
fossils were derived from several beds, rather than one. The
matter was worthy of closer and more extended observation by
the members of the Society. The facilities for doing this were
pointed out.

Colonel Horsley exhibited a fossil shell from Mount Lebanon,
also a piece of slag from ancient Tyre having the appearance of
melted glass, supposed to be taken from the centre of the furnace
used for the manufacture of that article.

September 6th, 1877.

Colonel Horsley exhibited a number of living specimens of
marine zoology, collected at Whitstable by himself, in company
with Mr. Fullagar and Mr. Saunders, and called on Mr. Saunders
to give a short description of them.

Among the objects which first attracted the eye were some
beautiful examples of the family of Botryllians ; animals belong-
ing to the class Tunicate Molluscs ; but instead of being, like the
larger Ascidians, solitary, the Botrylli form a composite mass
adhering to sea-weed, which is often seen covered with gelatin-
ous matter, on which is traced a pattern in lighter colour, like
some exquisite enamel. Each of the star like devices is a group
of these minute ascidians, and there may be any number of
groups on a single piece of fucus or laminaria. The colours of
the different species vary considerably, and the three genera
exhibited, viz., Botryllus, Distoma, Botrylloides, comprised speci-
mens whose colours were green, violet, and orange in different
shades.

The specimens of the larger Ascidians were interesting, as
showing the character of the leathery “tunic,” and the primary
and secondary orifices (present in all members of the class), but
the circulation of the blood, and the action of the cilia, which
cover the interior of the respiratory sac, can only be well ob-
served in the transparent species, and Mr. Saunders reminded
the meeting that a fine specimen of Clavelina, in which these
phenomena were well observed was exhibited at the last meeting
held at Whitstable.

The structure of these tunicate animals is in many respects
similar to that of the Polyzoa, of which a number of specimens
were to be found among the marine objects now exhibited. But
the Ascidians lack the beautiful crown of ciliated tentacles which
is a distinguishing feature in the polyzoa, and which makes
these minute creatures such attractive objects to the microscopist.
Among the species brought this evening, Mr. Saunders showed
under the microscope Bicellaria ciliata, bearing the remarkable
avicularia, or ‘‘Bird’s-head’’ appendages. These were seen
moving up and down, and snapping the beak with great vigour.
The use of these curious organs is unknown, but it is now gene-
rally supposed that they are serviceable in catching and holding
minute worms, or other animals, and that the infusoria produced
or attracted by the decomposing animal serve as food for the
polyzoan. Some of the marine hydroid zoophytes were also
shewn, including Sertularia pumila, Campanularia volubilis, &e.

Mr. Dowker exhibited a very rare umbelliferous plant and one
quite new to him in East Kent. As far as he could ascertain
(the plant not being in fruit), it was a Daucus, of which there
are but two recorded in Britain, viz., Daucus Carota, the
common wild Carrot, and Daucus Maritimus—but Babington
describes a plant as distinct from either of these as
_D. gingidium, to which description this plant appears best to
answer. It is characterised by the general involucre being

linear pinnatifid with broadly membranous winged stalks, |
resembling that of Daucus Carota. The leaves are rather fleshy, ;
digitate, clasping the stem which is furrowed and smooth (not
hispid) umbel convex ; plant, about three or four feet in height.
Mr. Dowker had sent a specimen of the plant for identification
to Mr. F. Hambury, who is about to publish a flora of the coun- ;
ty, but has not received his reply. .

Mr. Fullagar brought for inspection a beautiful fresh water
polyzoa which he had received from Croydon, found in that 1
neighbourhood, the species of which the sender was not able to |
make out with certainty.—At first sight it was thought to be
Alcyonella fungosa, but on further examination, and by refer-
ring to Professor Allman’s monograph of the fresh water polyzoa,
it proved to be Plumatella coralloides, it was very transparent,
and that singular motion of various shaped bodies rotating with-
in the perigastric space, was plainly seen; also the formation of
statoblasts in various stages of growth, and some buds in forma-
tion, which is one way by which the animals are multiplied as
well as by statoblasts.

October 4th, 1877.

Prolification of Scabious.—Mr. Sidney Harvey made some re-
marks upon the phenomenon of prolification as exhibited in two
plants of Scabiosa Succisa, or Devil’s bit, found by him in the
neighbourhood of Canterbury. These plants, which were grow-
ing close together, and were nearly four feet in height, resem-
bled Umbellifers as regards their inflorescence, the florets in
many instances having developed into stalks 1} to 2 inches in
length, and bearing an ordinary capitulum in full flower at the
summit of each. Hardly a flower-head in either plant had
escaped this development to any extent, and the appearance was
very remarkable.

Mr. Fullagar on Sponge Fluviatilis—Some young living fresh-
water sponge, in various stages of growth, was exhibited by Mr.
Fullagar, and illustrated by drawings ; specimens of the common
spicular mounted for the microscope, and also the curiously-
formed sheltered spicula of the ovaria, which he had very suc-
cessfully mounted in dammar, on which he made the remarks
reported below :—

British Fresh-water Sponge-——In December last year, and
January of this year, I exhibited some living fresh-water sponge
from the river at Littlebourne, a small piece of which I had
placed in a cell for observation, and the growth of new sponge
was observed spreading on the glass, there were also a number
of the ovaries in it; ultimately the sponge died and the ovaries

were left living in the decayed sponge. I kept the ovaries, in-
tending when I had time to mount some of them for the micros-
cope. In August last my attention was called to the glass cell
containing the ovaries, when I observed around some of them, what
looked very like the new sponge that I had seen in January last,
and on placing it under the microscope it proved to be young sponge,
which, without doubt, had proceeded from out of the ovaries through
the foramen, which was now seen to be open, and the interior quite
empty. ‘The escape of the contents of the ovaria I should have liked to
have witnessed, as this would be very interesting indeed; but this
had already taken place, and the new sponge was growing round
the empty ovaries. The first IT saw appeared as a thin gelatinous,
semi transparent matter adhering to the glass, in which at first no:
spicula were visible, nor were the pores discernable. This was on
September Ist; by September 7th the sponge had grown, and
spicules were numerous, projecting over the edge of the first-formed
sponge, and the inflated tube, or ex-current canal during that time
had been produced, through which a swift current of water was
seen to pour, carrying out with it the effete particles from the in-
terior of the sponge; the incurrent was also visible through the
pores. When small particles of floating matter slowly approached
the edge of the sponge and had got within the influence of the in-
current, its motion was then visibly increased, and it then darted
quickly into the open pores of the sponge. This current drawn in
through the pores, and discharged through the ex-current canal is
caused by cilia with which the sponge cells are lined. This cilia I
believe has never been seen in operation im situ, it is impossible to
see it * situ, as it requires a high power of the microscope to detect
it, and that cannot be applied to the pores of the living sponge, as
the mass of the sponge is too thick. With a view of detecting if
_ possible the cilia in the living sponge, Mr. G. Gulliver, jun.,
brought his microscope, with a high power objective, and ‘took
out one of the small growing sponges from the glass cell in which
I kept them, but the cilia could not be seen until he tore the sponge
to pieces with necdles, thereby breaking open the sponge cells,
when the cilia was plainly shown, lashing, whiplike, and becoming
slower in its motion as the death of the Sponge approached, when
the cilia became rigid and motionless, These openings which are
denominated pores, are lined with Sponge particles, each of which
is provided with a vibratile cilium ; and as these cilia work in one
direction towards the ex-current canal, they sweep the water out
in that direction, and its place is taken by fresh water, which flows
in through the small apertures. The currents of water carry along
such matters as are suspended in them, and these are appropriated
_ by the sponge particles lining the passages. By the next meeting
it may be possible to give some further illustration of this interesting
subject.

44
November 1st, 1877.

Mr. Hayward showed a variety of objects under the microscope,
which he had mounted, among them was the Virginian creeper,
which, by a process he had rendered transparent, so that the cells
of the plant, containing bundles of raphides 7m situ were beautifully
displayed.

Mr. Wetherelt exhibited a slide containing embyro oysters, on the
economy of which he had made some interesting remarks; he also
exhibited some sections of coal.

Mr. W. Horsley, of Watling-street, submitted to the inspection
of the members a specimen of “the locusts, which he had received
through his son from the Persian Gulf.

Mrs. Terry, of Burgate-street, exhibited a beautiful collection of
minerals from Greensides, Cumberland, and some of the characteris-
tic fossils of the lower Greensands.

Mr. Fullagar produced from his aquarium some hydra fusca,

making a few remarks on their manner of development. from ova,
and some living fresh water sponge, which he had had under obser-
vation for over two months,

December 5th, 1877.

Captain McDakin showed some fossils from the Bognor beds,
belonging to the Lower Tertiaries of the Hampshire basin. One of
the shells, a Pectunculis brevirostris, exhibited on being broken
open four young oysters, who, long ages ago, after a short period of
youthful activity, settled down for life on the gaping shells of this
dead bivalve, and from some unknown reason met with a premature
death, at a period geologically late but so long ago that geologists,
who are accustomed to contemplate as vast periods of time as
astronomers are the great distance of the stars, may well fail to
understand how great is time, and how important an element it is
in the condition of things we see around us. ‘Though but few for-
mations occur above the London clay in this country, those few
represent a vast period of time. Geographically the Tertiaries
occupy two basins, one to the north, known as the London basin,
and the other to the south as the Hampshire basin, the former may
be roughly traced from the coast near Ipswich, to Hertford, Reading,
and beyond Newbury, then turning to the south and following a ~
line running castward passing through Guildford, Croydon, Chat- '
ham, Sittingbourne, Faversham, to the Reculvers, and re-appearing
from under the alluvium between the Isle of Thanct, and main-land,
at Pegwell Bay, extending as near Canterbury as the Harbledown
hills; the cliffs at Whitstable and Herne Bay affording fine sections
of the London clay. The Hampshire Tertiaries filla trough con-

tained between the South Downs, and the chalk of Isle of Wight,
extending westward beyond Dorchester, and eastward as far as
Worthing, Bognor giving the name to some calcareous sandstones of
which the fossils exhibited are characteristic. These bivalve shells
are most persistent forms of life; we may trace them up from the
Lower Silurian rocks through the first life of the Paleozoic division
of the earth’s history, the Mesozoic reptilian age, and find them the
contemporaries of the mammals of the Cainozoic or Tertiary, until
we, in the human period, see them represented by the mussels, and
oysters ‘‘after his kind,” in the shops of the fishmongers or on the
barrows of the costermongers, and so may look upon the molluse
represented by the oyster as the true native of the world, and regard
him with increased respect, and have cause to swallow him with a
greater relish, These fossil creatures, but low in the scale of
creation, lived and died and exhibited the uncertainty of life by
dying before they arrived at maturity, thus forming not only an
interesting geological specimen, but a moral record of the uncer-
tainty of life.

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

MEETINGS 1878-79.

SCIENTIFIC on WEDNESDAYS, at 7 o'clock.

March 6, 1878
April ee
May 1, ,,
June a
July 8, 5,
August topes
September 4, ,,
October Der
November 6, ,,

E December 4, ,,
January 1,. 1879
February 5, ,,
March a. 3
Apmil OR os

__N.B.—The Committee meet on the Saturday next following
the date of the Scientific Meeting in each month.

’

ANNUAL MEETING,
TUESDAY, JANUARY 28, 1879, at 4 o’clock p.m.

BQ04 5 ee

TWENTY-FIRST REPORT

(1878)
Or. THE

ee WAST KENT & a

NATURAL HISTORY SOOTY,

mh 5) ADOPTED AT THE .

eee be ee eS

= Aantal Meeting,

ait

Py
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2. i ig’ hiedn (<3
Ee AON NR

a:
¥

Wee ot,
¥ ¢ ¥D
oh eran net
‘hah th

id at Canterbury, on J anuary 28th, 1879. —

ane
aN

.
CANTERBURY, : SS ae
-AT THE “KENTISH GAZETTE’ OFFICE, HIGH ETRERIY 99

—

TWENTY-FIRST REPORT
(1878)

OF THE

HAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY. SORIERY,

ADOPTED AT THE

Anmal steeting,

q Held at Canterbury, on J anuary 28th, 1879.

CANTERBURY :

%
_* PRINTED AT THE “ KENTISH GAZETTE” OFFICE, HIGH STREET.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Report of the Commitioe ....,.cecessesearecees fhe: 3
Report of the Librarian ............, scans oie ae 5
Financial Statement ....... nih 2 Tale, Sisal nts rts) git ex ea 6
List of Books and Periodicals,....... ender: Sas ide
List of Officers and Members...... ree yt 11
Rules and Regulations .........00ccceeee08 od apres espa 16
Reports of the Scientific Meetings ...........seeseeees 20

Table of Scientific Meetings on the fly-leaf at the end of this
Report.

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR 1878.

Consequent upon the protracted illness and confinement to the
house of the President, Hon. Secretary, and Hon. Assistant
Secretary, the scientific work of the past year was confined to the
ordinary monthly meetings of the members, at which papers on
various interesting subjects were read and objects exhibited
under the microscopes. As the more important of these papers
will be printed t” extenso with this Report, it is unnecessary
to notice further than enumerate them, and the pages in which
they are to be found in the Report, as follows :—

1—Paper by Mr. W. H. Hammond, “ On Spheraphides ;”
also, a register of the Rainfall at Milton Chapel for 1877,
and the greatest Heat registered in the shade, for the same
year (pp. 20.)

2—Paper by Professor Gulliver, ‘‘ On the Minute Anatomy of
Plants,” illustrated by drawings of Raphides and other
microscopic plant crystals (pp. 21).

3—Paper by Mr. W. H. Hammond, ‘“ On the method of pre-
paring vegetable tissues, with the view of examining the
crystals in different plants more perfectly under the micros-
cope” (pp. 24).

4—Remarks ‘On a specimen of the large saw-fly (Ten-
thredo),” by Mr. Fullagar (pp. 27).

5—Observations by Captain McDakin “On some foliated
erystals of Heavy Spar or Sulphate of Barytes, from the
interior of a septaria found in the London clay of the Isle
of Sheppy” (pp. 28). :

Also, in continuation of the same subject, remarks by the

same member ‘‘On a Septaria from the Weald clay of the

Isle of Wight” (pp. 29).

6—Paper ‘On Lythrum Salicaria, or Purple Loose Strife,
explanatory of the three forms of the same flower found
“ined on the side of a dike in the neighbourhood of

anterbury, with extracts from Darwin’s book, entitled

‘Forms of Flowers,’ by Colonel Horsley, R.E. (pp. 29),

7—A paper “On Utricularia Minor, and its carnivorous
habits, with specimens of the same as grown in his
Aquarium,” by Col. Horsley, R.E. (pp. 31).

8—Remarks by Captain McDakin ‘‘ On Chalk, its origin and
properties” (pp. 33).

9—An address by the same officer ‘“‘On Gravel Beds,’
drawing the attention of the members particularly to the
accumulation of flints originally derived from the chalk,
and now constituting the tertiary pebbles and subangular
gravels (pp. 35).

10—Remarks by Col. Cox ‘‘On the Eggs of a Lung-breathing
Snail, the Bulimus haemastoma”’ (pp. 37).

11—‘‘Some phenomena connected with the freezing of
water,” ‘witnessed by the author in the old fort walls
enclosing the Dane John, at Canterbury, by Captain

_ MeDakin (pp. 33).

12—Mr. Sibert Saunders’ “‘ Description of a Sun Star (solaster
papposa),”’ found at Whitstable (pp. 40).

18—‘‘Remarks on a species of Rotifer Limnea Annulata,”’
found at Eastbourne, by Mr. Jas. Fullagar (pp. 40).

There are at the present time 86 members, five of whom have
joined the Society during 1878.

The total expenditure during 1878 amounted to £30 0s. 4d.,
inclusive of £5 15s. 0d. paid to the Librarian.

The receipts from subscriptions for the year 1878 were £27
16s., to which must be added £5 5s., arrears of previous years
collected in 1878, making a total of £33 1s., or including the
balance remaining in January, 1878, of £35 14s. 11d. There
are still arrears amounting to £17 5s. unpaid, some going back
as far as 1874. It would be well if those Members who are in
arrears would either pay up their subscriptions or signify their
wish to retire from the Society.

The funds being at a low ebb the Librarian refrained from
calling upon the Treasurer for the whole of the £12 voted for
the use of the Library in 1878.

On the whole, the Society is fulfilling its functions under
many disadvantages, among which are the expenses of rent and
of rather frequent and compulsory removals. But it keeps alive
a spirit of inquiry in various branches of natural history ; and
maintains and increases its library, which is of paramount
importance, and indeed is probably more complete than any
other collection of similar books in such a society in this county.

Your Committee cannot close this report without returning
especial thanks to our excellent President, Hon. Treasurer, and
Hon. Librarian. Indeed, though he has been confined by
illness, he has still continued to perform the duties of these three

important offices, which, but for his valuable services, would
have been in abeyance. The thanks of the Society are also due
to all its other officers, to the members of the committee, to the
authors of the papers already mentioned, and to the donors of
the books or pamphlets which are specified in the Librarian’s
report. Your Committee venture to express the hope that
Colonel Horsley will continue to accept the office of President of
the Society.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT FOR 1878.

The funds of the Society not admitting of the usual grant to
the Library, the expenditure in connection therewith has been
confined to the purchase of the periodicals and two new
books, viz. :—

Darwin’s Different Forms of Flowers, 1 vol., 8vo., 1876.
Epoch of the Mammoth, by James C. Southall, A.M., LL.D., 1 vol., 8vo.,
1878.

The expenditure, amounting in all to £5 18s, 6d., was made
up of the following sums, viz., for periodicals, £4 1s. 6d.; for
new books, 17s. 9d.; for binding 9 vols. of previous year’s
periodicals, 19s. 3d.

The volume from the Ray Society, due for 1876, was received
in 1878, viz., “G. §S. Brady on the British Copepoda,” vol. 1.
Those for 1877 and 1878 are still due.

The following pamphlets, &c., were presented to the Society
during 1878, viz:—

ai Report and Abstract of Proceedings of the Croydon Microscopical
ub.

Papers of the Eastbourne Natural History Society,

Several Numbers of Nature, presented by Mr. Rigden, M.R.C.S.

Paper by Mr. W. H. Hammond on the Structure of the Red Blood Corpuscle,
presented by the author.

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LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS.
Bgsiongine ro THe Easr Kenr Narurau History Society.
VERTEBRATA.

Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol., 8vo.

Cassell’s Book of Birds, 1 vol., 4to.

Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols., 8vo., 1862-66

Flower’s, H. W., Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol., folio, 1866. Ray Society.

Munro’s Structure of Fishes, 1 vol., folio, 1785

Nitsch’s Pterylography, 1 vol., 4to., 1867. Ray Society

Parker’s Structure, &c., of the Shouder Girdle and Strenum in the Vertebrata,
1 vol., 4to., 1868. Ray Society.

Swainson’s Birds, 2 vols., 12mo.

PAMPHLETS.

Gulliver, G., F.R.S., on the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus,

and Orycteropus

Ditto, Memoirs on the Blood of Lamna Cornubica

Ditto, On Blood Corpuscles of the Hippopotamus, EHared Seal and Walrus.

Ditto, On the Muscular Sheath of the Cisophagus of the ‘‘Aye, Aye,’
(Chiromys Madagascariensis)

Ditto, On the Fibres of the Crystalline Lens of the Petro myzonini.

Ditto, On the Aisophagus of the Red Hornbill.

Ditto, On the Hsophagus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata

Ditto, On the Size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of the Salamander,

&e.
Ditto, On the Measurement of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of
Batrachians
Ditto, | Sketches of the Spermatozoa of Petromyzon.
Hammond, W.H., On the Structure of the Red Blood Corpuscles, &c.

INVERTEBRATA.

Allman’s, G. S., M.D., Freshwater Polyzoa, 1 vol., 4to., 1856, bound with
Burmeister’s Trilobites
Ditto, Monograph Gymnoblastic, or Tubularian Hydroids, parts, 1 & 2, folio,
1871-72, Ray Society
Baird’s Entomostraca, 1 vol., 8vo., 1850, Ray Society
Baker’s Natural History of the Polype, 1 vol., 8vo., 1743
Bevan on the Honey Bee, edited by Major Munn, 1 vol., 8vo., 1870
Bowerbank’s, Dr., Monograph of British Spongiadx, 3 vols., rl. 8vo., 1864-66-74,
Ray Society
eee ce S., Monograph of the Copepoda of British Isles, 1 vol., 1878, Ray
ociety
ppceton G. B., Monograph of the British Aphides, vol. 1, 8yo., 1876, Ray
ociety.
Carpenter’s Foramenifera, Ray Society, 1 vol., folio, 1862
Curtis on Farm Insects, crown 8vo., 1 vol., 1860
Darwin’s Cirripedia, Ray Society, 2 vols., 8vo., 1851-54
Denny’s Monographia Anoplurorum Britanuiz, 1 vol., 8vo., 1842
shale ang Scott’s British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol., 8vo., 1865, Ray
ociety
Forbe’s, Professor E., British Naked Eyed Medusa, 1 vol., 4to., 1848, Ray Society
Ditto British Star Fishes, 1 vol., Svo., 1841
Gosse’s British Sea Anemones, &c., 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1860
Greene’s The Insect Hunter’s Companion, 12 mo., 1863
Hanley’s Larmarck’s Shells, 1 vol., 8yo. :

Huxley’s Oceanic Hydrozoa, 1859, 1 vol., crown folio, Ray Society
Jobnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols., 8vo., 1847
Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols., 8vo., 1802
Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Entomology, 4 vols., 8vo., 1828-29
Lubbock’s, Sir John, Collembola and Thysanura, 1 vol., 8vo., 1873. Ray Society
Martyn’s, T.. English Entomologist, 1 vol., 4to., 1792
McIntosh’s, W. C., M.D., British Annelids, part 1, 1873, crown folio, Ray Society
Ditto ditto, part 1 continued, 1874, Ray Society
Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol., crown 8vo., 1864
Newman’s Butterflies and Moths, 1 vol., crown 8vo., 1874
Pritchard’s History of Infusoria, 1 vol., rl, 8vo., 1861
Reeve’s British Land and Fresh Water Molluscs, 1 vol., 8vo., 1863
Smith’s Diatomacee, 2 vols., rl. 8vo,, 1853
Staveley’s British Insects, 1871, demy 8vo.
Turton’s, Dr. W., Land and Fresh Water Shells, 1 vol., 8vo.
Westwood’s Butterflies of Great Britian, crown 1 vol., 4to., 1855
Ditto Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., Svo., 1839-40
Westwood and Humphrey’s British Butterflies, &c., 1 vol., 4to., 1841
Williamson’s Recent Foraminifera, 1 vol., 4to., 1858. Ray Society
Wood’s Common Shells of the Sea Shore, 1 vol., 12mo., 1865

PAMPHLETS.

Bates’ Phasmide
Broeck, A.. Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica
Fullagar, J., On the Development of Hydra :
Gulliver’s, G., F.R.S., Sketches to Scale of the Auditory Organs of Molluses
aoe s, A., Comparison of the Metamorphosis of the Cranefly and the
owfly
Lubbock’s, Sir J., Chleeone
Munn’s, Major, Bee Keeper’s Magazine, one part
Ditto The Apiary
Sars, Michael, Memoirs des Criniocles Vivants
British Moths, Nocturni

. Geometree

BOTANY.

Bentham’s Hand Book of the British Flora, 2 vols., 8yo., 1865
Berkeley’s Cryptogamic Botany, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1857
Ditto British Mosses, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1863
Ditto Fungology, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1860
Brewer’s, J. A., Flora of Surrey, i yol., 8vo., 1863
Brown’s, R., Miscellaneous Botanical Works, 2 vols., 8vo., Ray Society, 1866,
and 1 vol. Atlas of Plates, 1868
Clarke’s Common Sea Weeds, 1 vol., 12mo.
Cowell’s, M. H., Floral Guide to East Kent, 1 vol., Svo., 1839 (2 copies)
Darwin’s, Chas., F.R.S., Forms of Flowers, 1 vol., 8vo., 1877
Ditto Insectiverous Plants, 1 vol., 8vo., 1875
Dillwyn’s British Conferve, 1 yol., 4to., 1809
Evelyn’s Silva, 2 vols., 4to., 1786
Gatty’s, Mrs., Atlas of British Sea Weeds, from Professor Harvey’s Phycologia
Britannica, 1 vol., 4to., 1863
Harvey's, Professor, Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol., 12mo., 1857
Henfrey’s Elementary Botany, 2nd edition, by Dr. Masters, 1 vol., 8vo., 1870
Hooker's Jungermanniz, 1 vol., 4to., 1816
Jacob’s, Faversham Plants, 1 yol., royal 1zmo., 1777
Leighton’s British Lichen Flora, 1 vol., Svo., 1872
Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany, 2 vols., 8vo.
Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Plants, with 2 supplements, 2 vols., rl. 8vo., 1841-55
Masters’ Vegetable Teratology, 8vo., Ray Society
Pulteney’s Progress of Botany in England, 2 vols., 8vo., 1790
Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol., crown 4vo., 1848

Smith’s, G. E., East Kent Flora, 1 vol., 8vo., 1829
Ditto, Sir J. E., English Flora, 4 vols., 8vo,
Wilson’s Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol.

PAMPHLETS.

Blytt, A., Phanerogamer of Bregner
Gulliver, G., F.R.S., Crystals in the Testa of the Elm and the Character of the
Epidermis of the Tway-Blade
Ditto, Notes on Lemnaces and the Raphidian Character of Plants
Ditto, Sphzraphides in Urticacese and Leonurus
Hall and Woodhouse, Misses, Orchidaceze found near Eastbourne
Miller, C. T., On a New Fungus
Woodhouse, Miss, Adoxa Moschatellina

PERIODICALS.
The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859.
GEOLOGY.

Burmeister’s Trilobites, 1 vol., 4to., 1846, bound with Allman’s Freshwater
Polyzoa, 1856

Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 10th edition, 1 vol., 8vo., 1822

Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 2 vols., rl. 8vo., 1867-68

Phillip’s, Professor, Manual of Geology, 1 vol., 8vo., 1855

Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol., 8vo., 1864

Southall’s, J. C., L.L.D., Epoch of the Mammoth, 1 vol., 8vo., 1878

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos.

PAMPHLETS.

Carruthers, On Osmundites Dowkeri from the Eocine of Herne Bay
Dowker, G., On the Chalk of Thanet and East Kent
Owen, On the Skeleton of an extinct Sloth, Mylodon Robustus, 1 vol., 4to., 1842
Portlock’s Geological Report on Londonderry, &c., 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1843
Whitaker’s, W., List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology
of the Hampshire Basin
Ditto, Introductory Lectures School of Mines, 1851-53

PERIODICALS.

The Geological Magazine
The Geologist from 1852
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society from 1864, vols. 20

MISCELLANEOUS.

Barclay on Life and Organization, 1 vol., 8vo., 1822
Busk’s Reports on Zoology, Ray Society, 1 vol., 8vo., 1843, 1844,
Carpenter's Comparative Physiology, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1851
Dallas’s Animal Kingdom. 1 vol., 8vo.
Dayis On Preparing and Mounting Microscopic Objects, 1 vol., 12mo.
Gosse’s Evenings at the Microscope, 1 vol., 8vo., 1859

Ditto Marine Zoology, 2 vols., 12mo., 1855-56
Hart’s, Rev. H. M., World of the Sea, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1869
Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature, 1 vol., 8vo.
Hewson’s W., F.R.S., Works, edited by G. Gulliver, F.R.S. 1 vol., 8vo., 1846
Jones’, Rymer, Outlines of Animal Kingdom, 1 vol., 8vo., 1861
Kna p’s Journal of a Naturalist, 1 vol., 8vo., 1830
oat s Zoological Miscellany, 1 vol., 8vo., 1814
Newport’s, G., Miscellaneous Works, 1 vol., 4to.
Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 3 vols.. rl. 8vo., 1866
Pulteney’s Life and Writings of Linnzus, 1 vol., 4to., 1805
Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &c., 2 vols., 8vo., 1852-54
Rusticus’s Natural History of Godalming, 1 vol,, 8vo., 1849
Siebold on Parthenogenesis, 1 vol., 8vo., 1857
Swan’s Nervous System, 1 yol., 4to., 1864

Thompson’s Wyville, Depths of the Sea, 1 vol., 8vo., 1873

Ditto Second Voyage of the Challenger, 2 vols., 8vo., 1876
Wallace’s, G., Malay Archipelago, 2 vols., 8vo.
Wallaee’s, G., Distribution of Animals, 2 vols., rl. 8vo., 1876
Wells’ Essays by and a Memoir of his Life, 1 vol., 8vo., 1818
White’s Gilbert, Natural History of Selborne, 1 vol., 8vo., 1875
Micrograhpic Dictionary, 1 vol., with vol. of plates

PAMPHLETS.

Newport, G., F.R.S., Ten Papers by, 1 vol., 4to.
Reade, Rey. J. B., F.R.S., The Diatom Prism, &e.
Saxe, 8. A., Le Glacier de Boinon
Wallich, Dr., Seven papers by

Ditto, Hight papers by
Ten papers from the Royal University of Christiania.
Seven papers ditto ditto ditto

PERIODICALS.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History

Land and Water, 9 vols., 1866-70

Magazine of Natural History, from 1859, except vol. for 1862
Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society

Natural History Review, vol. 38, 1863, and vol. 4, 1864.
Natural History Repertory, 1865

Nature, 6 vols., 1875 to 1877, 4to

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, from 1859, except vol. for 1862
Quarterly Journal of Science to 1869

Science Gossip, 1870 to 1876, 4to., 7 vols.

Zoologist from 1843 (vol. for 1862 incomplete)

REPORTS.

Cardiff Naturalists’ Society Report and Transactions
Croydon Microscopical Club, 6 Reports
Eastbourne Natural History Society, 1871-72, 1874-5, 1875-6
Folkestone Natural History Society, 1871

Ditto Microscopical Club, 1871
Quekett Microscopical Club, June, 1874
Wellington College Natural Science 1872-3, 1873-4, 1874-5
West Kent Natural History Society 1871-2

Ditto | West Kent Microscopical and Photographic Society
Zoological Society’s Report of Council, 1877

PERIODICALS TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History
Geological Magazine

Publications of the Ray Society

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
Science Gossip

The Zoologist

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

President :
COLONEL HORSLEY, R.E.
Vice-Presidents :

THE RIGHT HON. LORD SONDES, Lens Court, FaversHam.
SIR WALTER JAMES BART., BersHanenr.

THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CANTERBURY.
MATTHEW BELL, Esq., Bourne Park.

COLONEL C. J. COX, Forpwicu Hovusy.

G. DOWKER, Esaq., F.G.S., SrourmourTH.

G. GULLIVER, Esq., F.R.S., 27, OLD Dover Roap, CANTERBURY.
WILLIAM OXENDEN HAMMOND, HEsq., Sr. AnBAN’s.

H. A. MUNRO-BUTLER-JOHNSTONE, Esa.

H. LEE, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

H. B. MACKESON, Esa.

CAPTAIN McDAKIN.

Treasurer and Librarian :
COLONEL HORSLEY, R.E.
Honorary Secretary :
GEORGE GULLIVER, Esq., F.R.S.
Honorary Assistant Secretary :

MR. FULLAGAR, 48, Hicu Srruzr, CANTERBURY.

Committee :
R. J. BELL, Esq. Rev. N. H. McGACHEN
Mr. FULLAGAR. G. RIGDEN, Ese.
H. A. GOGARTY, Esq., M.D. Rev. F. ROUCH.
W.H. HAMMOND, Esa. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esa.
Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. F. SLATER, Esa.

Cart, McDAKIN, A. WETHERELT, Esq.

Austin, G. L., Esq.
Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Bartlett, E., Esq.
Bateman, H. E. Esq.
Bell, M., Esq.

Bell, R. J., Esq.
Bell, Miss

Bell, Mr. L.
Bewsher, Rey. C.

Bewsher, Rev. Alfred
Bewsher, Miss
Bewsher, Miss M.
Blore, Rev. Dr.
Bottle, A., Esq.
Briggs, Mr.

Browne, Miss L.
Browning, Dr.

Clements, Mrs. W.
Cole, Mrs.

Court, P., Esq.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Cox, Colonel C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Cross, Mr. F.
Crump, Mr. T.

Dean, Mrs.

Dover, Right Rev. Bishop of

Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, Major-General, C.B.

Forrest, Mrs.
Fullagar, Mr. James
Furley, R., Esq.
Furley, George, Esq.

Gardner, W., Esq.

Gulliver, G., Esq., F.R.S.

MEMBERS.

Cathedral Yard

42, Marine Parade, Dover
London

St. George’s, Canterbury
Bourne Park, Canterbury
St. Margaret’s, Canterbury
Ditto

Ditto

Vernon Place, Old Dover Road,

Canterbury
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
King’s School, Canterbury
Dover
Folkestone
49, London Road, Canterbury
Littlebourne

St. Margaret’s Street, Canterbury
4, Wincheap Street, Canterbury
Dover

Stour Street, Canterbury
Fordwich House, near Canterbury
Ditto

Watling Street, Canterbury
Butter Market, Canterbury

23, Wincheap Street, Canterbury
Precincts, Canterbury
Stourmouth House, Wingham

Barbadoes

Orchard Place, Canterbury
High Street, Canterbury
Ashford

Barton Villas, Canterbury

Patrixbourne
27, Old Dover Road

5
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i
;
4}
2]

Hammond, W. H., Esq.
Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Harvey, Mr. Sidney
Hatfeild, Captain C. J.
Hillier, J. J., Esq.
Hilton, Captain
Hilton, A. M., Esq.
Horsley, Colonel, R.E.
Holden, Mr.

Horsley, Mr. A.

James, Sir W., Bart.

Johnstone, H. A. Munro-Butler,

Esq.

Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Kingsford, Miss

Lee, H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

MacGachen, Rev. N. H. Howard
Mackeson, H. B., Esq.
Majendie, L. A., Esq., M.P.
MecDakin, Captain

Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E.
Neame, Miss

Canterbury
Payne-Smith, Miss
Payne-Smith, Miss J.
Peckham, T. G., Esq.
Philpott, W., Esq.
Pittock, Miss
Plumptre, C. J., Esq.
Poynter, A., Esq.
Powell, Mrs. Thomas

Reid, James, Esq.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.

Sankey, Herbert T., Esq.
Saunders, Sibert, Esq.
Slater, F. T., Esq.
Smith, J. G., Esq.
Sondes, Right Hon. Lord

Payne-Smith, Very Rev. Dean of

Milton Chapel, Canterbury

St. Alban’s Court, Wingham
High Street, Canterbury
Hartsdown, Margate

4, Chapel Place, Ramsgate

Sole Street, Faversham

Ditto

St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury
Longport, Canterbury

10, Watling Street, Canterbury

Betshanger, Sandwich

8, Seamore Place, Mayfair

Littlebourne
Barton House, Canterbury

The Waldrons, Croydon

St. George’s Place, Canterbury
High Street, Hythe

9, Grosvenor Square, London
124, Wincheap, Canterbury

Harefield, Selling
Ditto
St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury

Precincts

Ditto

Hall Place, Harbledown
Stone House, St. Martin’s Hill
St. Sepulchre’s, Canterbury
Fredville, Wingham

8, Marine Place, Dover

49, London Road, Canterbury

Bridge Street, Canterbury
Burgate Street, Canterbury
Precincts, Canterbury

Burgate Street, Canterbury
Whitstable

Chislet

Effingham Lawn, Dover
Lees Court, Faversham

Stilwell, James, Esq.

Taylor, Mrs. A. M. W.
Terry, Miss
Thomson, R. E., Esq.

Wacher, F., Esq.
Ward, Miss

Wareham, Mrs.
Wetherelt, A., Esq.
Wray, Miss

Wright, J. W. Z., Esq.
Wright, Dr. J. Horusby

Victoria Park, Dover

North Street, Herne Bay
66, Burgate Street, Canterbury
Kenfield House, Petham

King’s Bridge, Canterbury

High Street, Canterbury

Dane John, Canterbury

66, Burgate Street, Canterbury
9, St. George’s Place, Canterbury
Barton Fields, Canterbury

3, St. George’s Fields

HONORARY & CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Bartlett, A. D., Esq.
Bates, H. W., Esq.
Bewsher, Charles, Esq.
Boycott, J., Esq., M.D.
Britton, J., Esq.

Kemp, Dr. William
Linford, Mr. J. S.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell, T., F.R.S.
Mitchinson, Right Rev. Dr.

Sandilands, —, Esq.
Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq,, F.R.S.
Saunders, G. S., Esq.

Trimen, H., Esq.

Whitaker, W., Esq.

Zoological Gardens, London
London

St. Louis, Mauritius
London

Royal Herbarian, Kew

Wellineton, New Zealand
Charlton, Woolwich

Ealing
Bishop of Barbadoes

Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia

Worthing

Ditto

Botanical Department, British Mu-
seum

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street
London

ASSOCIATES.

Baker, Mr. Cattle Market, Sandwich
Coppen, Mr. E. Sibertswould
Dean, Mr. H. St. Peter’s Street, Canterbury
Down, Mr. St. Dunstan’s Street, Canterbury
Else, Mr. R. Burgate Lane, Canterbury
Freeman, Mr. H. E. 48, Woodstock Road, Finsbury Park,
London

: Gordon, Mr. W. C. Museum, Dover

| Gutteridge, Mr. Faversham

Hayward, Mr. E. B. 6, Burgate Lane, Canterbury
Kingsford, Mr. Barton Mills
Kennett, Mr. W. Fordwich
Mason, T. G., Esq. Esplanade, Deal
Parren, Mr. W. Canterbury
Prebble, Mr. J. G. Ramsgate
Pugh, Mr. Canterbury

- Young, Mr. Sittingbourne

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,
oe

TITER & OBIECES OF FRE SOCLREY,
=) —

The objects of the East Kent Naturat History Socrery shall be
the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical Knowledge
respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both in relation to the
particular District and the General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Corresponding
Members, and of Associates.

2. Every candidate for admission into the Society as an Ordinary
Member must be proposed in writing by two Members, and the election
shall be by show of hands or by Ballot, taken at any Meeting of the
Committee, or at a general Meeting—one negative in five votes to
exclude.

8. The Annual Subscription to be paid by Ordinary Members shall be
Ten Shillings ; the Subscription shall become due on the Ist of January
in each year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year. Any
Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it is
due, shall be applied to by the Treasurer or Secretary, and if the Sub-
scription remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall
cease to be a member of the Society.

Members, as may be regularly resident in the same house with those
Members.

5. Any persons distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies, may, on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of the Society, provided they do
not reside within the district; such Honorary and Corresponding Mem-
bers shall not be subject to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs, nor be entitled to take books out of the
Library, or to the Reports and Notices.

6. In order to cultivate the study of Natural History among individuals
of the class of Mechanics, &e., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates,
provided they shall first communicate some information or observation
on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local
Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates
shall enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, with not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held at four
o’clock p.m. on the Ist Saturday in every month, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary. At any regular meeting
including a sufficient number of Committee-Members, they may then and
there declare themselves and act as a Committee in the ordinary business
of the Society.

9. Special General Meetings may be summoned by the Committee, or
by the Secretary, on the requisition (in writing) of any six Members of
the Society, the specific purpose of the Meeting being stated in the
notice, which shall be sent to each Member not less than one week
before the time of such Meeting.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or Committee
between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the Com_
mittee. The two Members who have been longest thereon, and have
attended the fewest Meetings thereof, during the preceding year, shall
go out by rotation at the Annual Meeting.

12. In order to facilitate the objects of the Society, the Committee
shall be empowered to appoint any Member a Local Secretary for the town
or district he may reside in. Such local Secretary shall be ez-officio a
Member of the Committee.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. The Meetings of Scientific Business shall be at Seven o’clock p.m.,
on the first Wednesday of every month, at Canterbury; also extra Meet-
ings at such place and time as the Committee shall have posted due
notice of in the Society’s apartment. Each Member to have the right of
introducing a Visitor at these Meetings.

14. There shall be ordinary Excursions on the Afternoon of the day of
each evening Scientific Meeting, and at other times, if the Committee so

appoint, time and place to be duly notified in the Society’s room by the
Committee ; and Special Excursions at such times and places as may be

approved by the Committee, who shall consider written suggestions of
Members on the subject.

15. Minutes of the proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of Special Excursions to
every Member, stating the time and place thereof, &c.

LOCAL OR DISTRICT MEETINGS.

17. To promote still further the objects and interests of the Society
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or
Excursions in their district ; and to give notice of the same to the General
and all the Local Secretaries; stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.
18. The Society as soon as it may possess sufficient means, shall

)
t
|
{
)

a ee ee

endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of Natural History, both with
a view of forming a Museum and distribution of Duplicate Specimens
according to the Regulations to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

22. In order to allow the Librarian to examine the Books they must
all be returned to the Library and none taken thereform during the first
week in every June.

HAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

January 2nd, 1878,

Among the various subjects of natural history exhibited were
some rather large and beautiful Amcebas, taken from Reed
Pond by Mr. Dean. The Ameeba is an interesting subject to
the microscopist, as the entire life history of this curious animal
has not yet been fully made out. The Amcebas are minute
gelatinous beings found in our fresh water, which have long ~
been a puzzle to, and a fruitful theme of discussion among,
naturalists. These creatures appear under a good glass like
minute patches of transparent jelly, having, under ordinary
circumstances, a diameter of from 1-800th to 1-600th of an inch,
but remarkable for perpetually changing their form—at one
time shrinking into the appearance of a little globe, then
expanding into a flattened radiating disc, and again shooting out
portions of their substance in various directions, so as to assume
all sorts of shapes with the greatest facility, deserving well the
names of Proteus and Ameeba bestowed upon them by zoolo--
gists. Their manner of multiplication is marvellous. One
Amoeba has been scen to divide itself into seventeen independent
creatures. Ameebiform beings are not necessarily of an animal
nature ; for some have latterly been proved to occur in the cycle
of development of some of the simplest plants.

Mr. Hammond exhibited a few slides of leaves of plants
prepared and mounted by a fresh process for the microscope. In
a leaf of the common garden balsam the structure could be well
made out, viz., the cells of the epidermis showing stomata, or
breathing pores, by which the plant inhales the carbonic acid
from the air, which afterwards is split up in the cells containing
chlorophyll, the carbon being made use of to help form various
substances, as cellulose, starch, sugar, etc. ; and the oxygen
being again given up to the air. Also the bundles of vessels,
and cells containing different crystals, long and short raphides
in bundles, spheraphides, dotted here and there all through the
leaf, and the peculiar bodies called cystoliths by the French
botanists, these hang by a stalk from the cell wall, the cell

containing them being very large. Cystoliths have one peculi-
arity, they are quite indifferent to polarised light, all other plant
crystals give brilliant results with this illumination.

Rainfall at Milton Chapel for \ The greatest heat registered in
1877.

the shade.

January ...... 5°825 inches. | June 4th ......., 86° Fah.
February .... 1°534 ey a aLGE i «es 35 oe S6°" |.
an BLL vi vas Aug. 19th and 20th 80° |,
MEEEU sig so 5 ae 2597 |, The greatest cold.

PTE ad sv a; 2°56 he February 28th.... 25° Fah.
a L262. ,, March Sth ...... et ae
ys 5 « sic 2818) ;, March 10th ....., ZFS
1 as 2340), October 17th .... 26° ss

September .... 1°395 is December 10th ,, 26°
October ...... AOI 05). :.
November .... 6:13 3
December .,.. 2°848 PP

February 6th, 1878.

Plant-Crystals—Upwards of forty drawings of raphides and
other microscopic plant-crystals, systematically arranged, with
observations thereon, were submitted to the Society by Professor
Gulliver, F.R.S. These drawings are intended to form two
plates in the forthcoming new edition of Professor Lionel
Beale’s valuable book, entitled “How to work with the Micro-
scope.” The Raphides were shown detached and naked, next in
the ovule of a plant, then in special cells and in intercullular
spaces devoid ot any such cell ; and lastly escaping from both
ends of their cell, so as to present the forms called “« biforines”’
by French botanists ; and in a separate drawing were shown
the rounded needle-like shape of the shafts and the pointed ends
of the raphides.—The Spheraphides were depicted cither
smoothish, granular, or stellate on the surface ; Sometimes sus-
pended by a stalk in a cell, soas to form the “ cystoliths” or
“‘ crystal glands” of some phytotomists ; sometimes occupying
either the centre or corner of every cell in a tissue of cells,
arranged together like tesselated or mosaic work.—No less than
fourteen figures were drawn of Long Crystal Prisms, which differ
from true raphides in being really prismatic and not cylindrical,
and in occurring impacted, singly or only two or more soldered
together, in the plant-tissue.—The Short Prismatic Crystals were
shown in the testa or seed-skin of several plants ; in the leaves,
calyces, and pods of Legumens ; in the leaf-stalks of the orange

and lemon, and of the poplar and allied trees ; in the ovary of
Oompositae, &c.

The significance of these crystals, which had been discussed at
former meetings of the Society, does not seem to have been
recognised in our books of botany and philosophical agricul-
ture. Some of the drawings now presented are quite new,
and altogether they suggest interesting and important
views in physiological botany. The crystals are composed
in great part of salts of lime, and must, when restored to the
soil in the decayed leaves and other parts, serve as valuable
manure, and when eaten in the fresh or dried plants by animals
form an essential constituent of their frame. The quantity of
the crystals is immense in the Legumens, which are so valuable
as fodder ; in the seeds or fruits so much fed on by birds; and
even in the duckweeds, which form much of the food of the
young aquatic birds and of many groups of invertebrates. And
no doubt, when this minutely divided crystalline matter in the
plants is taken by animals as aliment, it is in the most favour-
able state for assimilation with the bones or other tissues; so too
when restored to the earth in vegetable humus it forms a very
valuable manure, always highly esteemed in the state of leaf-
mould by the gardener. The same reasoning will apply to
medicine. Thus, for example, Sarsaparilla has long been
known for its efficacy, especially in such kinds of cachexy as are
connected with diseased bones; and the best samples of this
plant afford abundance of raphides, which, according to the
analyses of Dr. Davy, consist mainly of phosphate of lime. A
considerable quantity of starch also occurs in Sarsaparilla; and
so no wonder that some of our most eminent surgeons, like the
late Sir Benjamin Brodie, found it most useful in large doses.
But the reason why never so plainly appeared as since the
researches on these crystals, nor indeed of several of their impor-
tant functions in the economy of nature. It is remarkable, too,
how valuable characters in systematic botany are proved to be
afforded by raphides, as described at former meetings of the
Society. And the true Sarsaparilla may be thus easily distin-
guished from the false. This latter, often called American
Sarsaparilla, contains numerous sphaeraphides—as do the allies
of its order, Araliaceae—but no raphides at all.

No adequate descriptions and figures have yet been published of
the physiological significance and marvellous distribution and forms
of plant-crystals. They are often surprisingly beautiful, and may
well afford inexhaustible subjects at all seasons for the employment
of the microscope. Were we to describe atree as invested through-
out by a most delicate network of microscopic crystals the descrip-
tion might scem to be rather wild imagination than sober reality. It
is nevertheless the strict truth, as these researches haye plainly

te a ea ee

demonstrated. Take, for instance, the Aralia spinosa, which is
common on our lawns or in other ornamental plantations, and
examine it from the base of its trunk to the extreme branches and
tips of its leaves ; and beneath the outer bark or epidermis will be
found this network. Thus may a tree be enveloped by an
amazingly fine and beautiful web of crystalline cells, as admirably
regular as mosaic or tesselated work. In such cases the studs of
crystal are usually stellate spheraphides; but the arrangement of
the short prismatic crystals throughout the plant may be scarcely
less wonderful. These short prismatic forms are often spread out
into a similar tissue, and are oftener observed in chains of cells
along the vascular bundles of the leaves, so as to form a fine internal
erytalline skeleton in the plant; as may be well scen in numerous
species, of which the common white clover and many other
Legumens are good examples. In fact, the whole subject of these
plant-crystals might form a profitable addition to old Krasmus
Darwin’s great work, entitled ‘‘ Phytologia, or the Philosophy of
Agriculture and Gardening,”’ published in 1799, or matter for in-
vestigation by the Agricultural College at present flourishing in the
West of England. From some experiments made by Mr. Ham-
mond, of Milton Chapel, it appears too that several of the crystals
polarize light beautifully ; and a wish was expressed that he would
continue and extend his observations on this novel and interesting
point, and communicate them to the scientific meetings of the
Society. Indced, microscopic crystals belong to the vast province
of the cell-biography of plants, hitherto so much neglected that
even its great taxonomic value is still ignored in the books of
botany. But it is sufficiently plain in the book of nature, and must
be diligently studied there, both systematically and physiologically,
before we can hope for a discovery of the most complete diagnostic
characters and laws of the vegetable kingdom.

The drawings were admirably illustrated by Mr. Hammond, ina
series of slides of the real objects, skilfully prepared for microscopic
examination. All the forms of the crystals were thus shown, much
to the pleasure and profit of the meeting. Le gave abundant proofs
of the fact, which has been doubted by some botanists, of the occur-
rence together of two or more forms of the crystals in the same leaf
of one plant, in accordance with Mr. Gulliver’s observations. In
particular, in the leaf of the mulberry, as discovered in this species
by Mr. Hammond, the short prismatic crystals were shown lying in
chains along the vascular bundles, while spheeraphides were seen
at the same time, and in one microscope field, dotted about the

blade of the leaf.

24
May \st, 1878.

The following very interesting and valuable paper was read
by W. H. Hammond, Esq., of Milton Chapel :—

A method of examining the crystals iz situ in the leaves and
other parts of plants: Ever since I first began to use the micros-
cope, Plant Crystals have been objects of interest to me, not
only on account of their great beauty as ‘‘ objects,” especially
with the polariscope, but also because they open a new and
comparatively unexplored region of phytotomy ; im fact, except
in Professor Gulliver’s writings, they are hardly mentioned, or
very summarily dealt with, by other botanical writers. At first
I used to be content with a sight of them, after boiling and
washing parts of plants, but I scon became dissatisfied with
this method, and began tolook about forsome means of examining
the erystalsjust as they grewinthe different plants. Fortunately I

- happened to look at a back number (January, 1875) of ‘‘ Science
Gossip,’ and came across a paper by the late Dr. Beatty, ‘On
decolouring and staining vegetable tissues for microscopical ex-
amination ;” other papers by Dr. Beatty came out afterwards,
and I obtained many hints from them on the subject. I am
often asked how my preparations are made, so I will describe
my process of preparing and mounting for the benefit of other
workers with the microscope, who are interested in these in-
teresting, but much neglected, marvels. The first thing to be
done is to get the bleaching solution, and this may be very easily
prepared as follows: Equal weights of chlorinated lime and
common washing soda, both in fine powder, are put into a half-
gallon bottle of cold water, and well shaken together, then left
to stand till the fluid is quite clear; this is poured off gently
into another bottle, and a strong solution of washing soda added,
as long as a white powder is thrown down. The mixture is
again left to stand till clear, and then poured off; this is the
bleaching fluid. ‘The original substances in the first bottle may
be again treated with cold water. Leaves and other tissues are
put in this liquid till bleached and semi-transparent; large or
thick leaves are best cut up into small pieces. I find the small
round night-light glasses, which may be bought for less than a
penny each, are very convenient for bleaching the tissues in and
also for dyeing and subsequent soakings, covering them over
with pieces of glass. It is not always convenient to preparo.
mount leaves directly they ere gathered, so I always carry an
interleaved (with blotting paper) pocket book with me, with an
elastic band round it. ‘Leaves are put into this when gathered,
and by carrying it in the breast pocket of the coat, they are soon
dried by the warmth of the body. In the summer time several
books full of leaves are collected ready for the long winter even-

’

ings ; dried leaves will bleach sooner than fresh gathered ones.
Having bleached some leaves (the time it takes to do this vary-
ing very much), they must be well washed in warm water, im
basins or pie dishes, changing this often, for about two days;
they should then be well brushed with soft camel hair brushes,
and I often find it of use to put them into acetic acid and water
for about a minute, before the final washing, but acids must be
very cautiously uscd or the crystals may be dissolved. The
leaves are then ready to go into either of the following dyes.
The carmine dye is prepared partly according to Dr. Beales’
formula, viz. :—Carmine, 20 grains; strong liquor ammonia, +
dram; pure water, 4 ounces. The carmine is heated in a test
tube with the ammonia till dissolved, and then added to the
water in a bottle, well shaken and left to settle or be filtered.
The dye should smell strongly ammoniacal. Sections are soon
dyed in the above, but leaves often take several days or a week.
Sections of the India rubber plant leaf or of the common fig,
dyed in carmine, will show the stalked crystals, called cystoliths,
very nicely ; pieces of the leaves of fig, hop, nettle, wall pelli-
tory, wych elm, dyed, will show the cystoliths when viewed from
above or below. I generally mount two leaves or pieces on the
same slide, one with the superior and the other with the inferior
surface uppermost. The logwood dye is prepared according to
the prescription in ‘‘ Rutherford’s Histology” :—A. Make a
saturated solution of calcium chloride in 70 per cent. alcohol,
and then add alum to saturation. B. A saturated solution of
alum in 70 per cent. alcohol. C. Add A to B in the proportion
of one to eight. D. A barely alkaline saturated solution of log-
wood in water. Add D to C till a deep violet coloured dye is
obtained. Imake D by boiling logwood chips with water and a
little potash, then filter. The leaves and tissues may be im-
mersed in this from the last wash water, and will be dyed in
about the same time asthe ones incarmine. Leaves when dyed,
either with carmine or logwood, must be taken out and well
washed and brushed in about two wash waters, then dip those
dyed in carmine into acetic acid and water for about a minute;
those dyed in logwood in alum and water, then wash again. The
remaining operations will be described further on. I also use a
blue dye made by pouring six or eight drops of Judson’s analyne
blue into an ounce of methylated spirit, shaking and filtering.
Leaves and sections to be dyed in this must be soaked in methy-
lated spirit for about a day, after being taken out of the last
wash water. After dyeing they must be washed and brushed in
methylated spirit. Leaves generally require to be kept in this
dye for several days. Leaves and sections, after undergoing
these operations, may either be mounted in Deane’s gelatine
medium or in dammar or balsam dissolved in benzole. I like to

have specimens of the same kind of leaves dyed in all three
colours and mounted both ways, or only the blue dyed one in
balsam or dammar. Leaves or sections which are to be mounted
in Deane’s medium should, after the final washing, be put into
the following solution for about two days, as directed by Mr.
Deane :—Rectified spirit 14} ounces; pure water, 1} ounces; °
pure glycerine 5 drams. Take the tissues out of the above
fluid, drain off as much as possible, and mount in the medium.
I prefer this way of mounting for most leaves, for this reason,
it does not make the leaves so very transparent as dammar or
balsam does, and generally every cell wall is distinctly seen, the
crystals, the hairs, and every other part of the leaf. Leaves to
be mounted in dammar or balsam should be thoroughly dried
from the last, washing, after dyeing; this is best done by put-
ting them in one of the interleaved books before mentioned
for a day or two, and when thoroughly dry take them out and
put them into a small wide-mouthed bottle, and pour over
them benzine enough to cover them (benzine collas is much the
best), and leave them to soak till perfectly transparent, then
take them out, drain, but not dry, and mount quickly in the
balsam or dammar dissolved in benzine. Leaves mounted in
this way are beautiful objects for the polariscope if they con-
tain crystals or have any hairs upon them, but they are nearly
always so transparent that the cell walls are quite obliterated.
Good leaves to experiment upon are chickweed, mercury, and
wild strawberry, for spheraphides. For long crystal prisms, the
outer skin of the gladiolus bulb, sweet orris root, and leaves
of the blue flag, also the outer skin of garlic and onion. For
short prismatic crystals, clover, sanfoin, beech, and trefoil. For
true raphides, squill bulb, leaf of hyacinth, blue bell, lemna
trisulea, balsams, willow herb, fuchsia, evening primrose, and
arum. Cystoliths——Leaves containing these should not be
mounted in dammar or balsam, as they do not polarise, and are
generally rendered invisible by this way of mounting. No one
need be afraid of not getting specimens, for I believe the greater
part of our plants contain crystals of one kind or other, and they
may be well and easily studied in situ by mounting in Deane’s
medium, after properly preparing and dyeing, but they may be
often very well seen by simply bleaching, washing, and examin-
ing in water. And I may add that the crystals afford an abun-
dance of beautiful materials for the microscope, and that the
more they are studied the more they will be admired. Their
taxonomic and physiological significance too is an important
subject for further research, concerning which Professor Gulliver
has given the results of extensive observations. He recommends
boiling the plant tissues in a solution of caustic potass; this is
an easy way of exposing the crystals and their cells, though

by no means so effectual in the preparation of beautiful and
instructive slides as the methods which I have attempted to des-
eribe.

Captain McDakin exhibited some foliated crystals of heavy
spar or sulphate of Baryta, from the interior of a septaria,
found in the London clay of the Isle of Sheppy. This mineral,
although not unknown in the formation, is not mentioned either
by Lyell or Philips, or by Farady in his analysis. The nodular
bodies called septarize are so well known on the coast of Kent
from Whitstable to beyond Herne Bay, and especially on the
coast of Sheppey, that they need little comment. Off the coast
near Harwich they have been dredged up. for some time for the
purpose of making Roman cement. Their most striking cha-
racteristics are the septa, or divisions of carbonate of lime,
which give them a rough cellular structure, becoming very appa-
rent when they are sawn into slabs and polished, for the tops of
ornamental tables. They seem to be seggregations of carbonate
of lime from the surrounding beds, very frequently around some
organic remains, such as a shell, coral, teredo, bored wood, &c.,
bearing some analogy to the flints in the chalk and hornstone in
other rocks, for as the flints or silica have separated out from
the surrounding chalk into nodules containing sponges, echini,
&e., in like manner have the septariee been formed by carbonate
of lime separating out from the surrounding silica and alumina
constituting the principal part of clay. No mention is made by
Farady in his analysis of London clay and septariea of baryta
or its sulphate, which is one of the most insoluble of minerals,
being in most text books of chemistry called insoluble, but some
mineral waters contain as much as one part in seven hundred
thousand. Such a mineral stream flowing into the sea would be
so diluted that the molecules of sulphate of baryta would become
so far apart that we can but wonder at the strange property of
matter which chemists call affinity that caused them to seek out
each other from among a multitude of particles of a different
nature, reminding one of that higher power of selection which
in the animal kingdom takes the form of instinct. From a
rough analysis of these crystals I find them to be pure sulphate
of baryta, the silica, alumina, and oxide of iron, arising from
particles of clay entangled among the crystals

August 7th, 1878.

Mr. Fullagar exhibited a specimen of the large saw fly (Ten-
thredo), on which a few remarks were made, explaining some-
thing of the wonderful instrument from which it derives its
popular name of saw fly. The insect was caught by Mr. Bate-
man, St. George’s-street, in his studio. It can hardly be called

a British species, being probably imported in the larva state in
foreign timber, and, so far as is known, not multiplying here.
We find in the instrument from which the saw fly derives its
name, one of the most beautiful of all the contrivances that
have been observed for the placing of the eggs of insects, an
instrument from which (if the chronology of arts and sciences
would allow us to believe that optics had ever been in advance
of mechanics) we might suppose that man had _ borrowed
not the idea only, but the perfect pattern of the saw fly. This
instrument is a very curious object, and in order to describe it,
it will be proper to compare it with the tenon saw used by
cabinet makers, which, being made of a very thin plate of steel,
is fitted with a back to prevent its bending. The back is a piece
of iron, in which a narrow and deep groove is cut to receive
the plate, which is fixed. The saw of the Tenthredo is also
furnished with a back, but the groove is in the plate, and
receives a prominent ridge on the back, which is not fixed, but
permits the saw to slide forward or backward as it is thrown
out or retracted. The saw of artificers is single, but that of the
Tenthredo is double and consists of two distinct saws with their
backs. The insect, in using them, first throws out one, and,
while it is returning, pushes forward the other; and this alter-
nate motion is continued till the incision is. effected, when the
two saws, receding from each other, conduct the egg between
them into its place. In theartificial saw the teeth are alternately
bent towards the sides, or out of the right line, in order that
the fissure or skerf may be made sufficiently wide for the blade
to move easily. To answer this purpose in some measure, in
that of the Tenthredo the teeth are a little twisted, so as to stand
obliquely with respect to the right line, and their point of
course projects a little beyond the place of the blade without
being laterally bent, and all those in each blade thus project
a little outward. But the skerf is more effectually made and a
free range procured for the saws, by small teeth placed on the
outer side of each, so that while their vertical effect is that of a
saw, their lateral effect is that of a rasp. In the artificial saw
the teeth all point outwards (towards the end) and are simple,
but in the saw of the Tenthredo they point inwards or towards
the handle, and their outer edge is beset with smaller teeth
which point outwards (towards the end).

Captain McDakin drew the attention of the Society to a
Septaria from the Weald Clay of the Isle of Wight,
containing fifty-two per cent. of sulphate of barytes. In
comparing this with a septaria from the London Olay,
also containing baryies and exhibited on a previous occa-
sion, attention was directed to the difference of the two forma-
tions, the London Clay being a marine deposit while the Weald

ss eee Cee

Clay is a freshwater one. The former, belonging to the tertiary
period, occurring in a great depression +o the north of the North
Downs, and in another to the south of the South Downs,
abounding in marine remains as well as fossil wood swept from
the land, tells of a more purely marine origin than the older
Weald Clay, of the secondary period, the fossils from which are
of a freshwater type, Paludine and Cyclas being characteristic
shells, containing beds of marble apparently deposited in old
lake hottoms in what was once the surface of the clay, and known
as the Bethersden and Petworth marbles,—fine examples being
afforded by some of the old altar slabs of the churches in the
neighbourhood, subsequently converted into tomb stones or steps.
The local formation of the Weald occupies a central position be-
tween the North and South Downs, and, passing under the
tertiary and cretacious rocks of the South Downs, re-appears in
the Isle of Wight, from whence the mineral exhibited was ob-
tained. We are indebted to the labours of Dr. Mantell and his
wife for much of our knowledge of this formation. Their names
will be for ever associated with that gigantic lizard, the Iguano-
don, which being more than thirty feet in length and twenty in
circumference, is more charming as a fossil than it could ever
have been as a living specimen. ‘To the west the Wealden sinks
under the lower greensand and chalk of Hampshire. To the
east, on the opposite side of the Channel, it shows itself near
Boulogne. In these days, when gunnery has attained a develop-
ment that even a few years ago would have been thought impossi-
ble, it is not uninteresting to remember that the first cast-iron gun
made in this country was cast at Buxted, on the borders of Kent,
in Henry the Eighth’s reign, from iron obtained in the Weald, and
melted by the charcoal furnished by the forests, that have given the
name of Woodland, Wold, or Weald to the district, and to this
remarkable geological formation.

September 4th, 1878.

The following very interesting paper was contributed by Colonel
Horsley :—

ine two or three years since I exhibited to the Society a speci-
men of ‘‘ Lythrum salicaria,” which I had found growing by the
side of the dyke on the road leading from St. Stephen’s to Broad
Oak and Herne. [I at that time compared it with the coloured plate
and description of the same flower, given at p- 67, of Dr. Lindley’s
Ladies’ Botany, vol. II., and found it differed in one or two impor-
tant points, viz., in the anthers and pollen of the six longer stamens,
which, in the plate, are both coloured yellow, while in my speci-
men the anthers were purple and the pollen emerald green. The
six shorter stamens were, in both instances the same, 7.¢., both had

yellow anthers and bright yellow pollen. I also noticed a differ-
ence in the size of the yellow and green pollen respectively, the
former measuring 1-800th inch in length and 1-1,600th in breadth,
and the latter 1.600th inch in length and 1-1,200th in breadth.

1 asked for information as to whether it was the yellow or the
green pollen or both of them which served to fertilize the flowers,
but could learn nothing certain about it, until I happened very
lately to come across Darwin’s work, entitled ‘‘ Forms of Flowers,”
and there, at page 137, I found a full description of the plant with
explanatory figures.

I find he speaks of three forms, which he calls respectively, the
long-styled, the mid-styled, and the short-styled forms. Diagrams
of the three forms are given at page 139,

On comparing these with some specimens which I brought home
from the same dyke on the 2nd instant, I find we have these three
forms growing in close proximity to each other—and answering
exactly to the description given by Darwin—as follows :—

Long-styled form.—This form cn be at once recognised by the
length of the pistil, which is (including the ovarium), fully one-
third longer than that of the mid-styled, and more than twice as
long as that of the short-styled form. It is so disproportionately
long, that it projects in the bud through the folded petals. The
globular stigma is considerably larger than that of the other two
forms with the papilla on its surface generally longer. The six
longer stamens project about two-thirds the length of the pistil,
and correspond in length with the former. The six shorter stamens
lie concealed within the Calyx; their ends are turned up, and they
are graduated in length so as to form a double row. The anthers
of these stamens are smaller than those of the longer ones. The
pollen is of the same yellow colour in both sets.

Mid-styled form.—The stigma is scated between the anthers of
the longer and shorter stamens. The six longer stamens corres-
pond in length with the pistil of the long-styled form—their fila-
ments are coloured bright pink ; but from containing bright green
pollen, and from their early dehiscence, they appear emerald green.
Hence in general appearance these stamens are remarkably dis-
similar from the longer stamens of the long-styled form. The six
shorter stamens are enclosed within the calyx and resemble in all
respects the shorter stamens of the long-styled form ; both these
sets correspond in length with the short pistil of the short-styled
form. ‘The green-pollen grains of the longer stamens arc to the
yellow pollen-grains of the shorter ones as 100 to 63.

Short styled form.—The pistil here is very short, not one-third of
the length of that of the lorg-styled form. Itis enclosed within the
calyx, which, differently from that in the other two forms, does not
enclose any anthers. The six longer stamens, with their pink
filaments and green pollen, resemble the corresponding stamens of

ee ee

the mid-styled form. But, according to H. Muller, their pollen-
grains are a little larger. ‘lhe six shorter stamens, with their un-
coloured filaments and ycilow pollen, resemble in the size of their
pollen-grains and in ail other respects, the corresponding stamens of
the long-styled form. ‘the difference in diameter between the
grains trom the two sets of anthers in the short styled form is as
100 to 73.

We thus see that this plant exists under three female forms,
which differ in the length and curvature of the style, in the size
and state of the stigma, and in the number and size of the seed.

On the power of mutual fertilisation between the three forms,
Mr. Darwin states as follows:—‘ Nothing shows more clearly the
extraordinary complexity of the reproductive sys:em of this plant
than the necessity of making cighteen distinct unions in order to
ascertain the relative fertilising power of the three forms. Thus
the long-styled form has to be fertilised with pollen from its own
two kinds of anthers, trom the two in the mid-style, and from the
two in the short-styled form. The same process has to be repeated
with the mid-style and short-style forms. It might have been
thought sufficient to have tried on each stigma the green pollen,
for instance, from either the mid or short-styled longer stamens,
and not from both; but the result (of Mr. Darwin’s experiments)
proves that this would have been insufficient, and that it was
necessary to try all six kinds of pollen on each stigma.”

Those who wish for further information in connexion with this
interesting plant should refer to the book itself, which I have pur-
chased for the Society’s library. Suffice it to say that a specimen
of each form is now on the table for the inspection of the members,
The two kinds of pollen form a very pretty subject under the
microscope.

Miss Marsh, of Tunbridge Wells, brought to the notice of the
Society some specimens of Lythrum salicaria, obtained from the
river side near the Milton Railway Bridge, which in two instances
showed the peculiarities mentioned in Colonel Horsley’s paper.
Mrs. Terry laid upon the table some beautiful minerals, which ex-
cited great admiration. Mrs. Pilcher, of St. |unstan’s, contributed
several fine specimens of the Enchanter’s Nightshade. - Mr. Henry
Dean sent a bottle of water containing Volyox and Actinophrys, for
microscopical observation.

October 2nd, 1878.

Colonel Horsley read the following very interesting paper “On
the carnivorous habits of the Utricularia minor” : —

Charles Darwin, D.C.L., F.R.S., in his work on Insectiverous
Plants, 1875, gives most interesting information on the subject of
“ Utricularia.” He mentions several species of this plant, among

them Utricularia neglecta, Vulgaris, minor, Clandestina, &c., and
gives the results of experiments as well as diagrams of the bladders
which offer the chief point of interest. Having been furnished
some time back by Mr. Dean, of St. Peter’s-street, Canterbury,
with a specimen of what I believe to be ‘‘ Utricularia minor,” I
placed it in a small aquarium with river water, in which duck weed
and other aquatic plants were growing, and it has increased con-
siderably since then. Mr, Darwin’s remarks on this species are as
follows :—Jhis rare species was sent me in a living state from
Cheshire. The leaves and bladders are much smaller than those of
‘“‘ Utricularia neglecta.’? The leaves bear fewer and shorter bris-
tles, and the bladders are more globular. ‘The antenne instead of
projecting in front of the bladders are curled under the valve, and
are armed with twelve or fourteen extremely long multicellular
bristles, generally arranged in pairs. These, with seven or eight
long bristles on both sides of the peristome, form a sor@of net
over the valve, which would tend to prevent all animals, excepting
very small ones, entering the bladder. The valve and collar of the
bladder have the same essential structure as in Utricularia neglecta
and vulgaris ; but the glands are not quite so numerous; the oblong
ones are rather more elongated, whilst the two-armed ones are
rather less elonguted. ‘The four bristles which project obliquely
from the lower edge of the valve are short Their shortness, com-
pared with those on the valves of the two species mentioned above,
is intelligible if my view is correct that they serve to prevent too
large animals forcing an entrance through the valve, thus injuring
it; for the valve is already protected to a certain extent by the
incurved antenne, together with the lateral bristles. ‘he bifid
processes are like those in the above mentioned species, but the
quadrifids differ in the four arms being directed to the same side ;
the two longer ones being central, and the two shorter ones on the
outside.” Mr. Darwin further remarks, ‘‘ that the prey found in
the bladders consists exclusively of fresh water crustaceans. In
one bladder the quadrifids in contact with a decaying mass con-
tained numerous spheres of granular matter, which slowly changed
their forms and positions.”

The specimen of the above plant which I bring to the notice of
the members this evening was, as I have before said, given me by
Mr. Dean. He procured it, I believe, in the vicinity of Grove
Ferry, but it is also met with near Sandwich. It will be observed
that the bladders contain small crustaceans in various stages of
decay. ‘To satisfy myself on this point I opened out one or two of
them on a glass slide and examined their contents under the
microscope, when, sure enough, the skeletons of these animals
plainly appeared. These slides I have brought with me this even-
ing, and any members may satisfy themselves as to the nature of
the contents.

Sse em

Ed Se

a) ems tt

Animals enter the bladder by bending inwards the posterior free
edge of the valve, which from being highly elastic shuts again
instantly. As the edge is extremely thin, and fits closely against
the edge of the collar, both projecting into the bladder, it would
evidently be very difficult for any animal to get out when once
imprisoned, and, apparently, they never do escape. Darwin re-
marks, ‘* To show how closely the edge fits, I may mention that
my son found a Daphnia, which had inserted one of its antenne
into the slit, and it was thus held fast during a whole day.” For
further information concerning this interesting plant 1 beg to refer
the member’s to Darwin’s work, which is in the-Society’s library,

In one of the bladders of the specimen before the meeting there
are no less than six animals of the genus cypris, having a body
enclosed entirely in a covering of two valves, resembling a bivalve
shell, belonging to the order ‘ Ostra-coda,” from the Greek word
signifying a shell. The same bladder also contains a globule of
air. The measurements of the bladder are as follows:—Long
diameter, 2-25 inch; short diameter, 2-30 inch. The measure-
ments of each separate animal contained therein are :—Long
diameter, 1-50 inch; short diameter, 1-75 inch.

Captain McDakin, in communicating some of his experiments on
the absorbing power of chalk, dwelt on our present knowledge of
its origin and properties, commencing with its position as the con-
eluding formation of the great secondary division when the saurian
type of creation gave place, in the next great division, the tertiary,
to the more perfectly developed mammal. The chalk being a marine
formation the fossilsare almost exclusively ofthat nature, with thefew
exceptions of drift wood and bones of the gigantic lizards of the land,
and not only this, but the whole mass consists of the remains of
Foraminifere, minute creatures, whose calcareous shells, too small
tobe easily discerned by the unaided eye, contribute in some instances
ninety-eight per cent. of the whole, and in the underlying green-
sand internal casts in silica of these creatures occur. This is very
remarkable, as pointed out by Dr. Carpenter, who has shown that
the same process of nature is now going on, forming a white mud
at the bottom of the Atlantic, so familiar to readers of his works,
as the Globigerina ooze. Below the depth of twelve thousand feet
_ the calcarious particles are re-dissolved and the silicious casts of
their interiors take theirplace, constitutinga similar formationin this
-Tespect to the green sand of the cretacious period. The importance
of these creatures in the earth’s economy may be concluded from
the estimation that has been made, that all the animal and vege-
_ table life besides is small compared to the immense quantity of life
represented by the Foraminiferee. It furnishes one of those curious
analogies that exist in nature, in its similarity to electricity of
quantity and intensity ; life in these creatures representing quantity,
while in the higher animals it may take the form of intensity. Nor

is it less remarkable that whilst the giants of the earth, the
huge reptiles of the Mesozoic ages and the no less gigantic
mammals of the Cainozoic, have left but their tusks and bones
as memorials that they ever lived, and man who has reared the
pyramids, constructed railways, dug canals, and built cities, has
but dotted and scratched the surface of the earth, these minute
creatures have paved the ocean’s floor, constructed continents,
and upheaval having raised their work above the waters,
it stands in many places a thousand feet above the sea. The
chemical nature and analysis of chalk haying been shown with
the aid of diagrams, some of the pure chalk from Shoreham
Downs containing ninety-eight per cent. of carbonate of lime,
the industrial uses to which it has been put were entered into,
the manufacture of cements and some of the properties of com-
mon mortar. In connection with the latter it is recorded, as an
interesting fact, that mortar analysed by Dr. Malcomson from
the interior of the Pyramids, and now perhaps three thousand
years old, still contain caustic lime. Captain McDakin stated
that from some of his own experiments he found the upper chalk
when dry capable of absorbing twenty-three per cent. of water,
the lower chalk from Folkestone twenty-one per cent., and the
Chalk Marl eleven per cent. ; whilst some of the hard grey chalk
from the Abbot’s Cliff only absorbed eight per cent., showing
how, after heavy and continuous rain, falls of chalk from the
sea cliffs and railway cuttings are most likely to happen, some-
times bringing about such destructive results as those which
took place between Dover and Folkestone not quite two years
ago. The architect and builder have also made use of this rock
as a building material, examples of which occur in Louth Abbey,
Lincolnshire, and St. Pancras priory at Lewes in Sussex; the
latter being eight hundred years old, speaks well for its dura-
bility. The underground works of Dover Castle also afford an
instance of the manner in which it may be excavated on an
extensive scale without the use of masonry to hold it up, these
galleries in some places being in three tiers.

In concluding, Captain McDakin remarked how so simple, so
common a thing as a piece of chalk, when looked into, opened
out to the thoughtful inquirer a whole volume of instruction,
presenting to the mind the great laws of nature, chemical
affinity and vitality acting together to produce results of which
they, being non-intelligent, can have no knowledge, created be-
ings working together at their appointed tasks to bring about that
which is so far above their immediate requirements, so far above
the conditions of their existence that the most unobservant can-
not fail to perceive the directing hand of Deity.

35
November 4th, 1878.

Captain McDakin, in addressing the Society on the subject of
the gravel beds of the neighbourhood—after briefly explaining
the supposed origin and analysis of flint—referred to Mr. G.
Dowker’s paper on flints (published with the proceedings of the
Society) and stated that it would be going over ground already
beaten to occupy their attention longer on this portion of the
subject. But he proposed directing it to those accumulations of
flints originally derived from the chalk, and now constituting
the tertiary pebbles and subangular gravels, the pebbles being
the effect of the marine denudation that removed the greater
portion of the cretaceous rocks from the Weald, leaving but
rolled fragments of the hardest portion of the chalk flints and
greensand cherts, a slowly advancing sea leaving those rounded
pebbles so remarkably of the same size, form, and colour, now
forming the most conspicuous feature of Shottenden Hill, and
constituting what are known as the Old Haven pebble beds.
The land then sinking into the quieter depths of a deeper sea,
the London clay and Bagshot sand were deposited, when
re-elevation taking place, the land was covered with the vegeta-
tion and animal life of a warm climate, as evidenced by the
organic remains of the preglacial period which died out or
gradually changed to species adapted to a colder climate, and
finally ceased to exist, being driven southward by the advancing
cold, until the mountains of Great Britain supported glaciers,
and the lower lands were submerged under a sea covered with
floating ice. The whole northern portion of the island was
in this manner spread over with fragments of rocks and
clays, transported by the ice in many instances from long
distances. But south of a line passing westward through the
valley of the Thames, all this evidence of glacial action ceases
until we reach the south coast, when we find imbedded in the
sands and shingle large blocks of granite from a few pounds to
three tons in weight, as at Bognor, and Hayling island,
evidently carried by floating ice from perhaps the Channel
Islands or far to the west from Devon or Cornwall. This part
of the country must then have been elevated above the glacial
sea, and have been covered with an ice cap, the result of the ac-
cumulated snows of centuries, which, flowing downwards a few
feet or inches in a day, pushed before it the loose pebbles left by
the former marine denudation and the angular flints arising
from the erosion of the chalk, so sweeping bare of gravels the
wealden district of Sussex and Kent, leaving in the bottom of
old valleys and on the land-locked shore of inlets, confused
masses of sand, gravel, and pebbles. A warmer climate again
succeeding (or as Mr. Dawson has put it, the spring time of the
Tertiary period) the glaciers melted away, retreating year after

year to the higher levels, leaving patches of gravels as they re-
ceded, assorted and re-assorted by rivers and floods, when heavy
rains, probably exceeding even those of the tropics at the pre-
sent time, cut river channels to lower levels, leaving what were
once the bottoms of gravel strewn valleys, the tops of gravel
capped hills, in some places, as at Maidstone, three hundred
feet above the present river level. On the return of a warm
climate the animals seem to have again immigrated into this
country, the herbivorous being followed by the carnivorous, for
we find in some of the ‘bone caves,” as at Kirkdale, the re-
mains of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, ox, deer,
sheep, goat, &c., with the bear, lion, panther, wolf and bones
‘frequently gnawed by hyenas.

Latterly the makers of flint implements appeared upon this
stage of the world’s history, and with knives and scrapers of
flint resorted to the river sides to prepare the skins of wild
animals which they had killed in the chase. All this time the
rivers still ran on cutting their channels deeper, widening val-
leys, and letting fall to lower levels the old glaciated gravels of
the hill tops, until we have what some have distinguished as
high and low level gravels, the latter being frequently mixed
with or covering flint implements as they fell from higher to
lower positions on the river sides; and as the carnivorous fol-
lowed the more harmless herbivorous animals in their immigra-
tion, so evil followed man, for many of these rude-shaped
flints were doubtlessly the weapons with which the ancient
Britons broke each other’s heads, as they were also their only
means of obtaining fire. Such a mode was witnessed by Captain
M’ Dakin when travelling in the Himalaya mountains. Some of
his followers who possessed tobacco, but neither pipe or the
civilised means of producing a light, excavated a small trench
in the ground about three feet long and an inch deep; in this
they laid the smooth twig of a tree, then filling it in with mud
or clay they carefully withdrew the twig, after having formed a
small crater at one end to act as a pipe bowl, in which the to-
bacco of the company was placed, the all necessary fire being
produced by striking together two quartz pebbles, in such a
manner that the sparks fell on the cotton like pith of a weed, —
much resembling the Mountain Cudweed, pulled up by the way-
side; this being placed in the centre of a ball of dry grass it
was waved in the wind till it became a ball of fire. The light
thus obtained having been applied to the pipe, the company took
turn about by forming a mouth piece of their hands and so
inhaled the essence of the weed. In a similar manner the
makers of the flint flakes doubtlessly obtained fire, and let us
trust that they were thankful for the light that they possessed,
although they were without the consolations that tobacco seems
to afford their superiors in civilization of the nineteenth century.

December 4th, 1878.

Colonel Cox, in addressing the meeting, said—I wish to point
out the two eggs of a lung-breathing snail, the Bulimus hoe-
mastoma. You will see they are quite as large as those of a
sparrow ; the shell is hard and calcareous. The animal only
lays one occasionally. Oa looking into Knight’s Penny Ency-
clopedia I find the following remarks, which I have extracted,
believing that you will feel as much interested as I have been.
“The reproduction of this species is by means of eggs, which
are white, and have a firm shell like those of birds. Some of
these egos are of considerable size. Three eggs were laid by
one of these species—Bulimus ovalis (a specimen of which is on
the table) from Rio, in a hot house in the garden of the Royal
Horticultural Society at Chiswick. It was brought over in
October, 1828, by Mr. William M’Cullock, then gardener to the
Right Hon. Robert Gordon, and presented by him to the Society.
At first it appeared rather sickly, but after it had been kept in
the hot house for some time it recovered and began to move
about. Mr. Booth, who was on the spot, says it cannot now be
correctly ascertained when it produced its first egg, but it was
very shortly after its arrival, I should think about the begin-
ning of November. This egg was sent, by the desire of Mr.
Sabine, to the Geological Society. About the same time in the
year 1829, it produced a second egg, and three weeks after a
third. The latter was unfortunately broken by the animal itself,
but the former are still in preservation. It fed upon lettuces and
the. under leaves of cabbages; the former seemed to be its
favourite food. Sometimes it would devour two large lettuces
and then remain for days afterwards *without touching food or
removing from its place, except when cold water was sprinkled
upon it. During the day it was usually in a dormant state in
the shade, but towards evening, when the house was moist and
warm, it would spread itself out and move from one part to an-
other. It seemed to like moisture, and I have no doubt that it
might have been preserved for years, if it had not been acci-
dentally killed. On Saturday last it was at the end of the house
_ where the fire comes in, and ventured too far upon the hot bricks
after they had been watered. In the morning it was found fixed
to them and quite dead.””—‘‘ Geological Journal,” vol. v., p. 102.
LT have placed before you several varieties of this very interesting
] group of land shells. Thus, the Bulimus hoemastoma is a

ge shell, but the ovalis and especially the zebra is very fine.
On examining the second and broken egg the young bullen is
clearly seen inside clearly formed and ready to be hatched.
These shells have been kept in the conservatories of the Queen’s
House, Barbadoes, for years, and their eggs have been collected.

I have asked our kind friend, the Bishop of Barbadoes, to en-
deavour to collect some and send them over alive, when, should
they come safely to hand, I hope on some future occasion to sub-
mit them:to the Society.

Captain M’Dakin, in speaking of some phenomena connected
with freezing, deseribed a peculiar action witnessed by him a few
years ago on the Dane John wall, and referred to the subject of
their last meeting, connected with glacial action arising from
the accumulated snows of many centuries of winters to which
the gravel drifts, boulders, and glaciated rocks bear witness the
effect ‘of the property that ice possesses of comporting itself
under pressure in a somewhat similar manner to a plastic mate-
rial. Nor is this entirely confined to ice, for the metals when
brought under the coining press are made to assume the forms
of the dies, the solid particles sliding over each other. In a
similar manner are formed metal articles in domestic use, such
as meat covers spoons, and bowls. In the bullet-making ma-
chines at the Royal Arsenal the lead is forced from a press
through an aperture in a steel plate, about half-an-inch in size,
from whence it issues in a long bar many yards in length, which
is caught and coiled round adrum. From this coil the bullets
are pressed cold. So, also, is made the leaden piping, technically
called ‘‘ compo piping” used for gas, also the leaden pipe lined
with tin for conveying water. The metal in a solid form being
driven out through a steel die in which is placed a mandril of
the size of the bore required. In conformity to the same action
of matter ice may, by considerable pressure, be made to issue
from asmall orifice in along bar. Water, in cooling down from,
say, sixty to thirty-two, contracts in volume till it reaches a little
below forty degrees, when the reverse takes place, so that on
becoming solid it occupies a greater space than the original liquid,
and with a force sufficient to rend rocks, stones, iron pipes, and
even gun barrels, but in a very thick and strong steel cylinder,
water may be exposed to a temperature below freezing without
becoming solid. The experiment was performed in this manner.
A strong steel cylinder, with a tightly fitting screw plug, and
containing a loose piece of metal was prepared ; this being filled
with water, was placed in a freezing mixture, but the steel being
sufficiently strong to resist the expansion of the water it never
became solid, as was made evident by the sound of the loose
piece of metal striking the ends of the cylinder as it was turned
over. The expansion, however, is far more than any ordinary
vessel can withstand, and must be very great, being sufficient in
a strong vessel with a narrow opening, to cause a thread or bar
of ice to flow out, producing in this manner the curious effect
witnessed on the Dane John wall, where the porous bricks form-
ing the coping, were, one frosty morning after rain, seen to be
bristling with spines of ice, in some cases beautifully striated and

‘
|
4

curved, some of them carrying on their summits small particles
or caps of brick.

Another phenomenon occasionally witnessed is ‘‘ ground ice,”
formed on pebbles at the bottom of clear ponds or streams, and
also on metal gratings, or the mouths of pipes drawing a supply
of water through them ; in this case the ice sometimes forms a
prolongation of the pipe in a direction contrary to the stream.
This is puzzling, as we have seen that water on falling below
thirty-nine decimal two degrees, ceases to become heavier, and
the ice is consequently formed on the surface, but (as suggested
by Captain M’Dakin, in an article in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the
Geological Society for 1878,’’) we have more than one cause
operating to bring about these results. As water may be raised
above the boiling point in the smooth-surfaced vessel before
ebullition takes place, so may water be made to sink to eight or
ten degrees below the freezing point before consolidation ensues.
Again in the case of certain supersaturated solutions of salts,
crystallization does not set in till a solid substance presents
itself, and particularly if it be acrystal of the salt in solution
when it suddenly commences, and is propagated throughout the
whole bulk of liquid. This was demonstrated by solutions of
two different salts, the one superimposed on the other, which, by
introducing fragments of a similar kind, crystallized at once, the
latent heat of the liquid, set free on consolidation taking place,
becoming very apparant. It is on account of the heat so set
free that a rise of temperature is so generally expected after a
fall of snow.

On a clear frosty night the grass, bushes, and boughs of trees
radiate their heat, becoming colder than the surrounding air, so
that the particles of moisture in the atmosphere are frozen on
coming in contact with them, and the feathers of frost are always

‘formed to windward, and sometimes two inches in length. In
these we have, then, cases analagous to the formation of ground
ice. The stones by radiating their hcat become colder than the
surrounding water, and being solid substances, the crystallization
of the water takes place on coming in contact with them, and, like
the hoar frost, in a direction contrary to the current.

The cause of the form of the beautiful frost leaves on the window
panes is not easy to describe ; but in nature, go as far as we may,
there always remains something to wonder at and admire. We can

-remember our child-like delight when on some. bright winter’s
morning we saw the frost-forms on the glass, and perhaps thought
that fairies in the night had traced them there upon the panes ; and
it is a high instinct of the soul that attributes all that is lovely and
beautiful in nature to a spiritual cause, and higher still to the
Divine Hand that has given reason and free will to man, instinct to
the animals, life and a feeble power to seek the light to the vege-
table kingdom, and to the mineral kingdom that molecular force

which sometimes makes itself apparent in chemical affinity, or in
producing those admirable crystalline forms, which are only less
lovely than the higher developments of beauty in vegetable life,

Mr. Sibert Saunders sent a Sun-star (Solaster papposa) with
thirteen rays, and having another animal of six rays, growing
as an excrescence from the upper surface of its body ; the
two animals being thus placed back to back. The dimensions
of the Solaster from tip to tip of its rays is five inches, while
that of the abnormal animal is three inches from tip to tip.
The six rays are uniform in shape and size, and each is furnished
with its proper rows of suckers and spines, and is in all respects
like those of the parent animal, but, instead of the large central
space occupied by the mouth in the perfect animal, the rows of
spines converge together, leaving only a small orifice. This curious
freak of nature excited much interest. The company expressed
regret that Mr. Sibert Saunders was not present to describe it in his
usually lucid and pleasant manner, and were exceedingly sorry that
Mr. G. Gulliver, F.R.S., was, through continued illness, prevented
from entering into the anatomical peculiarities of the creature.

Mr. Fullagar exhibited some large diagrams of four Rotifers,
namely, Melicerta Kingens, Tubicolaria Najas, Limnias Ceratophylli,
and Lymnias Annulata. All the Rotifers are very beautiful micro-
scopical objects. ‘The three first-mentioned are to be found in
ponds in the neighbourhood of Canterbury at certain times of the
year ; the last named has not been found here, and is new to the
Fast Kent Natural History Society. Mr. Fullagar is indebted to
Mr. Muller, of Eastbourne, for the specimens that he has had the
pleasure of examining. That gentleman kindly sent him a small
bottle of water containing the weed Utricularia, from a pond at
Eastbourne, on which the Limnia Annulata was living, and the
first small piece of the weed taken from the bottle had two very
fine specimens of the limnea on it, which soon put forth the beauti-
ful ciliated lobes forming two wheels, revolving in the most perfect
manner. The case or sheath is gracefully formed, small at its
attachment to the point of support, and gradually increasing in size
to the opening at the top, and though encircled with rings through
the whole length, it is sufficiently transparent to enable observers to
obtain a satisfactory view of its contents. The long slender body of the
Rotifer is seen attached by its tapering foot to the base of the sheath ;
between it and the sheath wall were three eggs which had passed
out of the body and were lying between the body and the sheath wall.
The lowest of the three had so far advanced towards maturity that the
jaws of the young creature could be distinctly seen in operation, and
the cilia formed at the head and two bright red eyes were distinctly
visible. In about six hours the lower young limuea was seen to
pass up by the other two eggs, ahd make its exit out at the top of
the sheath, and commence a life of independence, by first swimming
rapidly about for some time, and then settling down, The cilia

then at the head appears to form one ring or wheel, which, in
course of time, is divided into two, and ‘the sheath or case is
gradually formed of beautiful transparent rings (hence its name
Annulatia). How these uniformly and evenly arranged rings are
formed I belicve has not been made out. The beautiful sheath or
case of the Melecerta Ringens, which is built up by the creature
pellet by pellet, we are all well acquainted with, having seen the
machine by which they are formed, and witnessed the wonderful
little architect repeatedly make and lay the pellets on the will of
its growing case. The formation of cach pellet occupics about two
minutes and a half. But the formation of the ringed cases of
Limnas Annulata baffles us. All the above mentioned Rotifers are
very similar in the manner of their reproduction. The egg is
formed in the upper portion of the body, and is then passed out
through the ovaduct into the sheath, and is there perfected, when
it passes up and escapes at the top of the case.

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

MEETINGS 1879-80.

SCIENTIFIC on WEDNESDAYS, at 7 o’clock.

March 1879
April

May

June

July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April

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N.B.—The Committee meet on the Saturday next following
the date of the Scientific Meeting in each month.

ANNUAL MEETING,
TUESDAY, JANUARY 27, 1880, at 4 o’clock p.m.

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TWENTY-SECOND REPORT

(1879)

OF THE

EAST KENT

NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY,

ADOPTED AT THE

ANNUAL MEETING,

Held at Canterbury, on January 27th, 1880.

CANTERBURY :

PRINTED AT THE “KENTISH GAZETTE”? OFFICE, HIGH STREET.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.
Report of Committee ....ccsaseeesseoes sls 5 e'ere ae wie ES
Report of the Librarian ..........000: ee weesee Cer 5
Financial Statement .......cccccccsecccesaccsecucces 6
List of Books and Periodicals,.......++. ASRS ie aeatetanaream
List of Officers and Members ,........:c0ses0ne08 cen wer oe
Rules and Regulations vic c\es. sie cee cele dostecmsunte 17
Reports of Scientific Meetings.........csecsecceceeees 21 |

Table of Scientific Meetings on the fly leaf at the end of this
Report

’

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR 1879.

The weather during the past year was not favourable to
excursions in the country or to the coast in search of botanical
or zoological specimens, and in consequence no general excur-
sions were undertaken, with the exception of one to Whitstable
in November, at the invitation of Mr. Sibert Saunders, in con-
nection with the Whitstable Institute, which was well attended
and proved a great success. Several objects of interest obtained
on the ‘Street’? at low water, and by dredging off the coast,
were exhibited and explained by the members present. But
though out-door excursions were rare, in-door work was by no
means wanting, as the various interesting and instructive
papers, which will be printed cn extenso with this Report, will
testify. And here your Committee would wish especially to
record their thanks to Captain McDakin for his valuable papers
on the Geology of East Kent, read at the successive monthly
meetings of the Society in Canterbury; also to Mr. Sibert
Saunders, to the Hon. Secretary, G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., to
Mr. Fullagar, and to G. 8. Saunders, Esq., for their respective
communications on subjects connected with Natural History. It
is papers of the kind here referred to, illustrated as they usually
are by specimens under powerful microscopes, that tend to keep
up the interest of the Members and draw others to the Society.
_ During the past year five new members have been elected, and

one only has resigned, thus making 90 members in all on the
books at the present time.

As regards funds, the Committee are thankful to be able to
state that the subscriptions of 1879, have, with few excep-
tions, been paid up. They amount to £30 16s., to which
must be added £5 ds. 6d., arrears of previous years received in
1879 and up to 10th January, 1880, making a total for the year
of £36 ls. 6d., without taking into account the balance remain-
ing to the credit of the Society on the Ist January, 1879, viz.,
£5 14s. 74. The actual expenditure slightly exceeded the above
amount, thereby reducing the balance in hand at the close of the
year to £5 8s. 2d. The grant to the Library, included in the
expenditure as above shewn, amounted to £10 19s. 1d., the par-
ticulars of which will be found in the Report of the Hon.
Librarian. There is still a sum of £16 5s. due to the Society,
supposing all arrears to be paid up, but this the Committee
scarcely expect will be the case. They do not reckon upon more
than £5 5s. Hence it is very evident that there is great need
for economy.

The Committee have the pleasure to report that at the meet-
ing of the Society in May last, a letter was read from the Secre-
tary of the Royal Microscopical Society, dated 15th April, 1879,
notifying that the President of the Hast Kent Natural History
Society, for the time being, had been elected an ex-officio
Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, and was entitled to
the privileges of an ex-officio fellow, one of which is to receive
a copy of the Society’s Journal of proceedings gratis. As a
further mark of attention the President of the above Society,
Dr. Lionel Beale, has generously presented to the Society’s
Library a copy of his very valuable work entitled, ‘‘ How to Work
with the Microscope,” for which the best thanks of the Commit-
tee were returned to him.

In conclusion, your Committee feel that the cordial thanks of
the Society are due to its Officers;to the President; to G.
Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., Hon. Secretary, who though unable from
illness to attend the meetings in person, nevertheless renders
valuable assistance in many ways; also to the Hon. Assistant
Secretary, Mr. J. Fullagar, and to the Hon. Treasurer and
Librarian, not forgetting G. Rigden, Esq., for his kindness in
auditing the accounts.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1880.

The grant to the Librarian from the general funds of the Society
during the year under review has amounted in all to £10 19s. 6d.
Of this sum £2 18s. 5d. were expended in the purchase of new
books, a list of which is given below, and £5 14s. 11d. for periodi-
cals, inclusive of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
for 1877 and 1878. A further sum of £2 4s. 9d. was paid for
binding 15 vols. of previous year’s periodicals, and in the purchase
of missing Nos. to complete the several volumes before binding,
and 1s. 5d. for carriage and postage. The low state of the Society’s
funds did not permit of a larger sum being spent in the purchase of
new books. ‘Those purchased were as follows, viz. :—

1. Mayer’s Geography of Plants, Ray Society, 1 vol., 8vo., 1846.
2. Reports and Papers on Botany Ray Society, 1 vol., 8vo., 1846.
3. Two Pamphlets by R. Brown, F.R.S.

@. Pollen of Plants, 8vo., 1828.

b. Organs of Orchidace, &c., 8vo., 1831.
4, Anatomy of the Blow Fly, by Lowne, B.T,, M.R.CS., 1 vol., Royal 8vo.,
187

76.
5. Lyell’s Elements of Geology, 1 vol., Royal 8yo., 1865.
6. Notes by a Naturalist, 1 yol., Royal 8vo., 1879.
7. Lubbock, Sir John’s Lectures, 1 vol., Royal 8yo., 1879.

The following work has been received from the Ray Society
in return for the annual subscription of one guinea, viz. :—
Monograph of the British Aphides, by G. B. Buckton, vol. 2, Svo., 1879.

The Society acknowledges with thanks the under mentioned
books and pamphlets, &c., received during 1879, viz :—‘ How to
Work with the Microscope,” 1 vol., Royal 8yo., 1880, presented
by the author, Dr. Lionel Beale, President Royal Microscopical
Society. ‘‘ Nature,” 1879, by G. Rigden, Esq., M.R.C.S. The
journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1879.

Pamphlets in French, by Mr. Sibert Saunders, viz. :—

Report of the Anniversary Meeting of the Linnean Society of Bordeaux, for
1876. Account of the Artificial Cultivation of Oysters at Arcachon in 1876.
Pamphlets from the University of Christiania,

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LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS.
Betoneina To THE Hast Kent Narurau Hisrory Sociery.

VERTEBRATA.

Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 1 vol., vo.

- Cassell’s Book of Birds, 1 vol., 4to.

Couch’s Fishes, 4 vols, 8vo., 1862-66.

Flower’s, H. W., Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea, 1 vol., folio, 1866. Ray Society.

Munro’s Structure of Fishes, 1 vol., folio, 1785

Nitsch’s Pterylography, 1 vol., 4to., 1867. Ray Society

Parker’s Structure, &c., of the Shoulder Girdle and Strenum in the Vertebrata,
1 vol, 4to., 1868. Ray Society

Swainson’s Birds, 2 vols., 12mo.

PAMPHLETS.

Gulliver, G., F.R.S., on the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus

and Orycteropus

Ditto, Memoirs on the Blood of Lamna Cornubica

Ditto, | On Blood Corpuscles of the Hippopotamus, Eared Teal and Walrus.

Ditto, On the Muscular Sheath of the Cisophagus of the “ Aye, Aye,’
(Chiromys Madagascariensis)

Ditto, On the Fibres of the Crystalline Lens of the Petromyzonini.

Ditto, On the Aisophagus of the Red Hornbill.

Ditto, On the @sophagus of Sauropsida and other Vertebrata

Ditto, On the Size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of the Salamander,

Ditto, | On the Measurement of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of
Batrachians
Ditto, Sketches of the Spermatozoa of Petromyzon
Hammond, W.H., On the Structure of the Red Blood Corpuscles, &e.

INVERTEBRATA.

Allman’s, G. S., M.D., Freshwater Polyzoa, 1 vol., 4to., 1856, bound with
Burmeister’s Trilobites

; Society
‘Buckton’s, G. B., Monograph of the British Aphides, vols. 1 & 2, Syo., 1876,
q 1879, Ray Society
_Carpenter’s Foraminifera, Ray Society, 1 vol., folio, 1862
Curtis on Farm Insects, crown 8yvo., 1 yvol., 1860
Yarwin’s Cirripedia, Ray Society, 2 vols., 8vo., 1851-54
Denny’s Monographia Anoplurorum Britannie, 1 vol., 8vo., 1842
ied es Scott’s British Hemiptera, Heteroptera, 1 vol., 8vo., 1865, Ray
; ociety

Forbes’, Professor E, British Naked Eyed Medusa, 1 vol., 4to., 1848, Ray Society
Ditto British Star Fishes, 1 vol., 8vo., 1841

Gosse’s British Sea Anemones, &c., 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1860

Greene’s The Insect Hunter’s Companion, 12 mo., 1863

Hanley’s Larmarck’s Shells, 1 vol., 8vo.

Huxley’s Oceanic Hydrozoa, 1859, 1 vol., crown folio, Ray Society

Johnstone’s British Zoophytes, 2 vols., 8vo., 1847

Kirby’s British Bees, 2 vols., 8vo., 1802

Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Entomology, 4 vols., 8vo., 1828-29

Lowne’s, B. T., M.R.C.S., Anatomy of Blow Fly, 1 vol., 8vo., 187 :

Lubbock’s, Sir John, Collembola and Thysanura, 1 vol., 8vo., 1873. Ray Society

Martyn’s, T.. English Entomologist, 1 vol., 4to., 1792

McIntosh’s, W. C., M.D., British Annelids, part 1, 1873, crown folio, Ray Society

Ditto ditto, part 1 continued, 1874 Ray Society

Morris’s British Butterflies, 1 vol., crown 8yo., 1864

Newman’s Butterflies and Moths, 1 vol., crown 8vo., 1874

Pritchard’s History of Infusoria, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1861

Reeve’s British Land and Fresh Water Molluscs, 1 vol., 8vo., 1863

Smith’s Diatomacez, 2 vols., rl. 8vo,, 1853

Staveley’s British Insects, 1871, demy 8vo.

Turton’s, Dr. W., Land and Fresh Water Shells, 1 vol., 8vo.

Westwood’s Butterflies of Great Britian, crown 1 vol., 4to., 1855
Ditto Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., 8vo., 1839-40

Westwood and Humphrey’s British Butterflies, &c., 1 vol., 4to., 1841

Williamson’s Recent Foraminifera, 1 vol,. 4t0., 1858 Ray Society

Wood’s Common Shells of the Sea Shore, 1 vol., 12mo., 1865

PAMPHLETS.

Bates’ Phasmide
Broeck, A., Crustacea Amphipoda Borealia et Arctica
Fullagar, J. G., On the Development of Hydra
Gulliver’s, G., F.R.S., Sketches to Scale of the Auditory Organs of Molluses
gee pera A., Comparison of the Metamorphosis of the Cranefly and the
owfly
Lubbocks’, Sir J., Chleone
Munn’s, Major, Bee Keeper’s Magazine, one part
Ditto The Apiary
Qysters, Cultivation of, at Arcachon, 1876
Sars, Michael, Memoirs de: Criniodes Vivants
British Moths, Nocturni
a Geometree

pt hash —_
ene de Ee aks keen

BOTANY.

Bentham’s Hand Book of the Britisb Flora, 2 vols., Svo , 1865
Berkeley’s Cryptogamic Botany, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1857
Ditto British Mosses, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1863
Ditto Fungology, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1860 ‘
Brewer's, J. A., Flora of Surrey, i vol., 8vo., 1863
Brown’s, R., Miscellaneous Botanical Works, 2 vols., 8vo., Ray Society, 1863,
and 1 vol. Atlas of Plates, 1868
Clarke’s Common Sea Weeds, 1 yol., 12mo.
Cowell’s, M. H., Floral Guide to East Kent, 1 vol., Svo,, 1839 (2 copies)
Darwins, Chas, F.R.S., Forms of Flowers, 1 vol., Svo., 1877
Ditto Insectiverous Plants, 1 vol., 8vo., 1875
Dillwyn’s British Confervee, 1 vol., dto., 1809
Evelyn’s Silva, 2 vols., 4to., 1786
Gatty’s, Mre., Atlas of British Sea Weeds, from Professor Harvey’s Phycologia
Britannica, 1 vol., 4to., 1863
Harvey’s, Professor, Synopsis of British Sea Weeds, 1 vol., 12mo., 1857

iH
;

Henfrey’s Elementary Botany, 2nd edition, by Dr. Masters, 1 vol., 8vo., 1870
Hooker’s Jungermannizx, | vol., 4to., 1816
Jacob’s, Faversham Plants, 1 vol., royal 1zmo., 1777
Leighton’s British Lichen Flora, 1 vol., Svo., 1872
Lindley’s and Moore’s Treasury of Botany, 2 vols., 8vo.
Loudon’s Encyclopxiia of Plants, with 2 supplements, 2 vols., rl, 8vo., 1841-55
Masters’ Vegetable Teratology, 8vo., Ray Society
Mayer’s Geography of Plants, Ray Society, 1 vol., 8vo., 1846
: Pulteney’s Progress of Botany in England, 2 yols., 8vo., 1790
| Ralf’s Desmidiz, 1 vol., crown 4vo., 1848
Reports and Papers on Botany, Ray Society, 1 vol., 8vo., 1846
Smith’s, G. E., East Kent Flora, 1 vol., 8vo., 1829
. Ditto, Sir J. E., English Flora, 4 vols., 8vo.
Wilsou’s Bryologia Britannica, 1 vol.

PAMPHLETS.

Blytt, A., Phanerogamer of Bregner
Brown, R., F.R.S., Organs of Orchidacex, 1831
Ditto, Pollen of Plants, 1828
Gulliver, G., F.R.S., Crystals in the Testa of the Elm and the Character of the
Epidermis of the Tway-Blade
Ditto, Notes on Lemnacew and the Raphidian Character of Plants
Ditto, Sphzraphides in Urticaces and Leonurus
Hall and Woodhouse, Misses, Orchidaceze found near Eastbourne
Miller, C. T., On a New Fungus
Woodhouse, Miss, Adoxa Moschatellina

PERIODICALS.
The Phytologist, vol. 3, 1859

GEOLOGY.

Burmeister’s Trilobites, 1 vol., 4to., 1846, bound with Allman’s Freshwater
Polyzoa, 1856

Conybeare and Phillips’ Geology, 10th edition, 1 vol., 8vo., 1822

Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 2 vols., rl. 8vo., 1867-68

Ditto, Elements of Geology, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1865

Phillip’s, Professor, Manual of Geology, 1 vol., 8vo., 1855

Ramsay’s Physical Geography of Great Britain, 1 vol., 8vo., 1864

Southall’s, J. C., L.L.D., Epoch of the Mammoth, 1 vol., 8vo., 1878

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2 Nos.

PAMPHLETS.

Carruthers, On Osmundites Dowkeri from the Eocine of Herne Bay
Dowker, G., On the Chalk of Thanet and East Kent
Owen, On the Skeleton of an extinct Sloth, Mylodon Robustus, 1 vol., 4to., 1842
Portlock’s Geological Report on Londonderry, &c, 1 vol., rl. Svo., 1848
Whitaker's, W., List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Palontology
of the Hampshire Basin
Ditto, Introductory Lectures School of Mines, 1851-53

PERIODICALS.
The Geological Magazine

The Geologist from 1852
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society from 1864, vols, 20

10
MISCELLANEOUS.

Barclay on Life aud Organization, 1 vol., 8vo., 1822
Beale, Lionel 8., F.R.S., How to Work with the Microscope, 1 vol., rl. Svo., 1880
Busk’s Reports on Zoology, Ray Society, 1 vol., 8vo., 1843, 1844,
Carpenter’s Comparative Physiology, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1851
Dallas’s Animal Kingdom, 1 vol., 8vo.
Davis On Preparing and Mounting Microscopic Objects, 1 vol., 12mo.
Gosse’s Evenings at the Microscope, 1 vol., 8vo., 1859

Ditto Marine Zoology, 2 vols., 12mo., 1855-56
Hart’s, Rev. H. M., World of the Sea, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1869
Haughton’s Three Kingdoms of Nature, 1 vol., 8vo.
Hewson’s, W,, F.R.S., Works, edited by G. Gulliver, F.R.S., 1 vol., 8vo., 1846
Jones’, Rymer, Outlines of Animal Kingdom, 1 vol. 8vo., 1861
Knapp’s Journal of a Naturalist, 1 vol., 8vo., 1830
Leach’s Zoological Miscellany, 1 vol., 8vo., 1814
Lubbock’s, Sir John, Bart., F.R.S., Scientific Lectures, 1 vol., rl. 8vo., 1879
Moseley’s, H. N., F.R.S., Notes by a Naturalist, on H.M.S. Challenger, 1 vol.,

rl. 8vo., 1879
Newport’s, G. Miscellaneous Works, 1 vol., 4to.
Owen’s Comparative Anatomy, 8 vols. rl. Svo., 1866
Pulteney’s Life and Writings of Linnzus, 1 vol., 4to., 1805
Quekett’s Lectures on Histology, &c., 2 vols., 8vo., 1852-54
Rusticus’s Natural History of Godalming, 1 vol., 8vo., 1849
Siebold on Parthenogenesis, 1 vol., 8vo., 1857
Swan’s Nervous System, 1 yol., 4to., 1864
Thompson’s Wyville, Depths of the Sea, 1 vol., 8vo., 1873
Ditto Second Voyage of the Challenger, 2 vols., 8vo., 1876

Wallace’s, G., Malay Archipelago, 2 vols., 8vo.
Wallace’s, G., Distribution of Animals, 2 vols., rl. 8vo., 1876
Wells’ Essays by and a Memoir of his Life, 1 vol., 8vo., 1818
White’s Gilbert, Natural History of Selborne, 1 vol., Svo, 1875
Micrographic Dictionary, 1 vol., with vol. of plates

PAMPHLETS.

Guldberg et Waage’s Etudes sur les Affinités Chimiques
Gulliver, G., F.R.S., Review of Works by Goodsir and others
Kingsford, T., Reminiscences of Animals, Birds, Fishes, and Meteorology, 1 yol.,
8yo. }
Newport, G., F.R.S., Ten Papers by, 1 vol., 4to
Reade, Rey. J. B., F.R.S., The Diatom Prism, &¢
Saxe, S. A., Le Glacier de Boinon
Wallich, Dr,, Seven papers by
Ditto, Hight papers by
Ten papers from the Royal University of Christiania
Seven papers ditto ditto ditto

PERIODICALS.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History

Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1879

Land and Water, 9 vols., 1866-70

Magazine of Natural History, from 1859, except vol. for 1862

Monthly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society

Natural History Review, vol. 3, 1863, and vol. 4, 1864

Natural History Repertory, 1865

Nature, 6 vols., 1875 to 1879, 4to

Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, from 1859, except vol. for 1862
Quarterly J ournal of Science to 1869

——S——_
SS ee ee ee
—— :

eS ee
— =?

Science Gossip, 1870 to 1876, 4to., 7 vols.
Zoologist from 1843 (vol. for 1862 incomplete)

REPORTS.

Cardiff Naturalists’ Society Report and Transactions
Croydon Microscopical Club, 6 Reports
Eastbourne Natural History Society, 1871-72, 1874-5, 1875-6
Folkestone Natural History Society, 1871
Ditto Microscopical Club, 1871
Linnean Society of Bordeaux, 1876
Quekett Microscopical Club, J une, 1874
Wellington College Natural Science 1872.3, 1873-4, 1874-5
West Kent Natural History Society 1871-2
Ditto West Kent Microscopical and Ph

otographic Society
Zoological Society’s Report of Council, 1877

PERIODICALS TAKEN IN BY THE SOCIETY.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History
Geological Magazine

Publications of the Ray Society

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
Science Gossip

The Zoologist

The Librarian requests that Members taking Books
Library will be careful to enter the sume in the book
purpose, with the dates, “ when borrowed” and “

or Periodicals from the
kept on the tablo for the
when returned.”

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

President :

COLONEL COX.

Vice-Presidents :

THE RIGHT HON. LORD SONDES, Less Court, FAVERSHAM.
SIR WALTER JAMES, BART., BETSHANGER.

THE VERY THE REV. DEAN OF CANTERBURY.
MATTHEW BEL, Esq., BournE PARK.

COLONEL W.H. "HORSLEY, R.E., CANTERBURY.

G. DOWKER, Esaq., F.G.S., SrouRMOUTH.

G GULLIVER, Esq., F.R. g., 27, OLD DovER Rosap CANTERBURY.
WILLIAM OXENDEN HAMMOND, Esq., St. ALBAN’s.

H. A MUNRO-BUTLER-J OHNSTONE, Esq.

H. LEH, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

H. B. MACKESON, Esa.

CAPTAIN McDAKIN.

Treasurer and Librariau

COLONEL HORSLEY, R.E.

Honorary Secretary :

GEORGE GULLIVER, Esq., F.B.S.

Honorary Assistant Secrotary :

MR. FULLAGAR, 48, Hiau SrreetT, CANTERBURY.

Committee.
R. J. BELL, Esq. Rav. N. H. McGACHEN.
Mr. FULLAGAR. G. RIGDEN, Esa.
H. A. GOGARTY, Esq., M.D. Rev. F. ROUCH.
W. H. HAMMOND, Esq. SIBERT SAUNDERS, Esq.
Mr. SIDNEY HARVEY. F. SLATER, Esq.

Cart. McDAKIN, A. WETHERELT, Esq.

MEMBERS.

Austin, G. L., Esq.

Bampton, Rev. J. B.
Bartlett, E., Esq.
Bateman, H. E., Esq.
Baynes, Donald, Esq., M.D.
Bell, M., Esq.

Bell, R. J., Esq.

Bell, Miss

Bell, Mr. L.

Bewsher, Rey. C.

Bewsher, Rev. Alfred
Bewsher, Miss
Bewsher, Miss M.
Blore, Rev. Dr.
Bottle, A.. Esq.
Briggs, Mr.

Browne, Miss L.
Browning, Dr.

Claris, Mr. W.
Clements, Mrs. W.
Cole, Mrs.

Court, P., Esq.
Cowell, Mrs. E.
Cox, Colonel C. J.
Cox, Mrs. C. J.
Cross, Mr. F.
Crump, Mr. T.

Dean, Mrs.
Dover, Right Rev. Bishop of
Dowker, G., Esq.

Farren, General, C.B.
Forrest, Mrs.

Frend, G. Esq.
Fullagar, Mr. James
Furley, R., Esq.
Furley, George, Esq.

Gardner, W., Esq.
_ Groombridge, W., Esq.
Gulliver, G., Esq., F.R.S.

Cathedral Yard

42, Marine Parade, Dover

London

St. George’s, Canterbury

Lower Bridge Street, Canterbury

Bourne Park, Canterbury

St. Margaret’s, Canterbury

Ditto

Vernon Place, Old Dover Road,
Canterbury

Ditto

Ditto ;

King’s School, Canterbury

Dover

Folkestone

49, London Road, Canterbury

Littlebourne

Orchard Place, St. Dunstan’s

St. Margaret’s Street, Canterbury
4, Wincheap Street, Canterbury
Dover

Stour Street, Canterbury
Fordwich House, near Canterbury
Ditto

Watling Street, Canterbury
Butter Market, Canterbury

23, Wincheap Street, Canterbury
Precincts, Canterbury
Stourmouth House, Wingham

Barbadoes

Orchard Place, Canterbury
Parade, Canterbury

High Street, Canterbury
Ashford

Barton Villas, Canterbury

Patrixbourne
6, St. George’s Fields, Canterbury
27, Old Dover Road

Hammond, W. H., Esq.
Hammond, W. O., Esq.
Harvey, Mr. Sidney
Hatfield, Captain C. J.
Hillier, J. J., Esq.
Hilton, Captain
Hilton, A. M., Esq.
Horsley, Colonel, R.E.
Holden, Mr.

Horsley, Mr. A.

Ingram, Miss E.

James, Sir W., Bart.
Johnstone, H. A. Munro-Butler,

Esq.

Kingsford, Montague, Esq.
Kingsford, Miss

Lee, H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.

MacGachen, Rev. N, Howard
Mackeson, H. B., Esq.

May, Mr. Oliver, Jun.
McDakin, Captain

McDakin, Mrs.

Moore, Mrs. A.

Mount, Mr. W.

Neame, E., Esq.
Neame, Mrs. E.
Neame, Miss

Payne-Smith, Very Rev. Dean of
Canterbury

Payne-Smith, Miss

Payne-Smith, Miss J.

Peckham, T. G., Esq.

Philpott, W., Esq.

Pittock, Miss

Plumptre, C. J., Esq.

Poynter, A., Esq.

Powell, Mrs. Thomas

Reid, James, Esq.
Reid, A. S., Esq., B.A.
Rigden, G., Esq.
Rouch, Rev. F.

Sankey, Herbert T., Esq.
Saunders, Sibert, Esq.
Slater, F. T., Esq.

Smith, J. G., Esq.

Milton Chapel, Canterbury
St. Alban’s Court, Wingham
High Street, Canterbury
Hartsdown, Margate

4, Chapel Place, Ramsgate
Sole Street, Faversham
Ditto

St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury
Longport, Canterbury

10, Watling Street, Canterbury

St. Mildred’s Schools, Canterbury
Betshanger, Sandwich
8, Seamore Place, Mayfair

Littlebourne
Barton House, Canterbury

The Waldrons, Croydon

St. George’s Place, Canterbury
High Street, Hythe

Gas Works, Canterbury

124, Wincheap, Canterbury
124, Wincheap, Canterbury
27, Palace Street, Canterbury
Palace Street, Canterbury

Harefield, Selling
Ditto
St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury

Precincts

Ditto

Hall Place, Harbledown

Stone House, St. Martin’s Hill
St. Sepulchre’s, Canterbury
Fredville, Wingham

8, Marine Place, Dover

49, London Road, Canterbury

Bridge Street, Canterbury
Ditto

Burgate Street, Canterbury
Precincts, Canterbury

Burgate Street, Canterbury
Whitstable

Chislet

Effington Lawn, Dover

Sondes, Right Hon. Lord
Stilwell, James, Esq.

Taylor, Mrs. A. W. M,
Terry, Miss,
Thomson, R. E. Esq.

Wacher, F., Esq.
Ward, Miss

Wareham, Mrs.
Wetherelt, A., Esq.
Wray, Miss

Wright, J. W. Z., Esq.
Wright, Dr. J. Hornsby

Lees Court, Faversham
Victoria Park, Dover

North Street, Herne Bay
66, Burgate Street, Canterbury
Kenfield House, Petham

King’s Bridge, Canterbury

High Street, Canterbury

Dane John, Canterbury

66, Burgate Street, Canterbury
9, St. George’s Place, Canterbury
Barton Fields, Canterbury

38, St. George’s Fields

HONORARY & CORRESPONDING MEMBERS,

Rartlett, A. D., Esq.
Bates, H. W., Esq.
Bewsher, Charles, Esq.
Boycott, J., Esq., M.D.
Britton, J., Esq.

Kemp, Dr. William

Linford, Mr. J. S.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell, T., F.R.S.

Mitchinson, Right Rev. Dr.

Sandilands, —, Esq.
Saunders, G. S., Esq.

Trimen, H., Esq.

Whitaker, W., Esq.

Zoological Gardens, London
London

St. Louis, Mauritius
London

Royal Herbarian, Kew

Wellington, New Zealand
Charlton, Woolwich

Ealing
Bishop of Barbadoes

Cannings Down, Queensland, Aus-
tralia
Worthing

Botanical Department, British Mu-
seum

Geological Museum, Jermyn Street,
London

ASSOCIATES.

Baker, Mr. Cattle Market, Sandwich

Coppen, Mr. E. Sibertswould

Dean, Mr. H. St. Peter’s Street, Canterbury

Down, Mr. St. Dunstan’s Street, Canterbury

Else, Mr. R. Burgate Lane, Canterbury

Freeman, Mr. H. E. 48, Woodstock Road, Finsbury Park,
London

Gordon, Mr. W. C. Museum, Dover

Gutteridge, Mr. Faversham

Hayward, Mr. E. B. 6, Burgate Lane, Canterbury

Kingsford, Mr. Barton Mills

Kennett, Mr. W. Fordwich

Mason, 'T. G., Esq. Esplanade, Deal

Parren, Mr. W. Canterbury

Prebble, Mr. J. G. Ramsgate

Pugh, Mr. Canterbury

Young, Mr. Sittingbourne

;

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

TITLE & OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.
_———— =< OO

The objects of the East Krenr Narvran History Socrery
shall be the Collection and Diffusion of Practical and Theoretical
Knowledge respecting Natural History, in all its Branches, both
in relation to the particular District and the General Science.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

MEMBERSHIP.

1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Honorary, and Correspond-
ing Members, and of Associates.

Committee, or at a general Meeting—one negative in five votes to
exclude.

3. The annual Subscription to be paid by Ordinary Members shall be
Ten Shillings ; the Subscription shall become due on the Ist of January
in each. year, and shall be paid in advance for the current year. Any
Member neglecting to pay his Subscription for three months after it is
due, shall be applied to by the Treasurer or Secretary, and if the Sub-
scription remain unpaid for three months after such application, he shall
cease to be a member of the Society.

4. The Committee shall have power to admit, without ballot, on the
nomination of two Members, any Lady who shall be desirous of becoming
aft Ordinary Member, and her Subscription shall be Five Shillings. This
rule shall apply also to such sons, brothers, and nephews of Ordinary

Members, as may be regularly resident in the same house with those
Members.

5. Any person distinguished for their researches in Natural History,
for their liberality to the Society, or for their connection with similar
Societies, may on the recommendation of the Committee, be elected
Honorary or Corresponding Members of the Society, provided they do
not reside within the district ; such Honorary and Corresponding Mem.
bers shall not be subject to any of the expenses of the Society, and
shall have no vote in its affairs, nor be entitled to take books out of the
Library, or to the Reports and Notices.

6. In order to cultivate the study of Natural History, among individuals
of the class of Mechanics, &c., residing in the district, the Committee
shall have power to admit individuals of that class as Associates,
provided they shall first communicate some information or observation
on Natural History, exhibit such specimens or present them to the Local
Museums, as shall by their merits satisfy the Committee. Such Associates
shall enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS MEETINGS.

7. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Committee of
Management, which shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, a
Treasurer, and an Honorary Secretary, with not less than six Members,
who shall all be chosen at the Annual Meeting. Three Members of such
Committee shall form a quorum. The Meetings shall be held at four
o'clock p.m. on the 1st Saturday in every month, and at such other
times as the Secretary may deem necessary. At any regular meeting
including a sufficient number of Committee-Members, they may then and
there declare themselves and act as a Committee in the ordinary business
of the Society.

11. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Officers or Committee
between the Annual Meetings, the same shall be filled up by the Com-
mittee. The two Members who have been longest thereon, and have
attended the fewest meetings thereof, during the preceding year, shall
go out by rotation at the Annual Meeting.

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND EXCURSIONS.

13. The Meetings of Scientific Business shall be at Seven o'clock p.m.
on the first Wednesday of every month, at Canterbury ; also extra Meet-
ings at such place and time as the Committee shall have posted due
notice of in the Society’s apartment. Each Member to have the right
of introducing a Visitor at these Meetings. hy

14, There shall be ordinary Excursions on the Afternoon of the day of
each evening Scientific Meeting, and at other times, if the Committee so
appoint, time and place to be duly notified in the Society’s room by the
Committee ; and Special Excursions at such times and places as may be
approved by the Committee, who shall consider written suggestions of
Members on the subject.

15. Minutes of the proceedings of all Meetings shall be entered by
the Secretary in a book kept for that purpose.

16. The Secretary to give seven days’ notice of Special Excursions to
every Member, stating the time and place thereof, &c.

LOCAL OR DISTRICT MEETINGS.
17. To promote still further the objects and interets of the Society
Local Secretaries and Members are invited to organize Meetings or
Excursions in their district, and to give notice of the same to the General

and all the Local Secretaries, stating the time and place of Meeting, and
what particular subjects are to be brought forward.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS.

18. The Society, as soon as it may possess sufficient means, shall

endeavour to make a Collection of Objects of Natural History, both with a
view of forming a Museum and distribution of Duplicate Specimens
according to the Regulations to be adopted by the Committee.

LIBRARY.

22. In order to allow the Librarian to examine the Books they must
all be returned to the Library and none taken therefrom during the first
week in every June.

ABSTRACT OF MONTHLY SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS.

FEBRUARY.

Letter from Mr. G. 8. Saunders on the relation between Plants
and Insects.

Colonel Horsley read the following letter :—
St. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury,
23rd January, 1879.

Dear Sir,—Some of the members of the East Kent Natural
History Society, who heard Sir John Lubbock’s very interesting
lecture, in this city, on the relation between plants and insects,
in which he mentioned that Bumble Bees are the only insects
which assist in the fertilization of the Antirrhinum, on account
of the peculiar formation of the flowers, may be interested in the
following notes, made last autumn, on this insect, by myself.
One morning in September last I noticed a large female Bumble
Bee collecting nectar from the flowers of an Antirrhinum, grow-
ing at one end of a long border containing several Antirrhi-
nums, and a dozen or more different kinds of plants in full
bloom. Having visited all the flowers on that plant, she flew to
the next Antirrhinum and so on all down the border, paying no
attention to the other flowers, and not missing a single plant of
Antirrhinum, as if she knew she had a better chance of obtain-
ing nectar from them than from the other plants. When she
settled on a flower she alighted on the lower lip, to which she
clung tightly, her weight causing it to fall sufficiently for her to
thrust her head in far enough to enable her to reach the nectar
with her proboscis. Occasionally she flew about a flower without
attempting to open it, from which I think we may conclude she
had some means of knowing that these flowers were not worth
visiting. Once or twice having withdrawn from a flower she
buzzed about and re-entered it. I gathered some of the flowers
to ascertain what force was required to open them, and found
that on an average a weight of 20 grains would cause the flower
to open a quarter of aninch. They, however, varied consider-
ably, some opening with 3 grains, and others requiring 34
grains; the older flowers opened easiest. I experimented on

nine blossoms by using a S shaped hook of fine wire hooked
into the extreme edge of the under lip, on which I hung small
pieces of bent wire, until the lip fell a quarter of an inch. I
then weighed the hook and wires. Smaller insects do, at times,
obtain the nectar by making a hole through the base of the
blossom. I may mention, in connection with some of Sir John
Lubbock’s remarks on the colouration of insects being generally
a safeguard to them, that at Clifton, near Bristol, I noticed a
humming bird moth flying about a bed of flowers, at the back
of which was a high limestone wall. Presently the insect left
the flowers and began hovering about the face of the wall, as if
searching for something. At last it settled, but was on the wing
again immediately. Hovering about as before it again settled,
and had I not noticed where it rested I should have been unable
to detect it, so exactly did it resemble in colour the shades and
markings of the stone, and I tried in vain to make a friend see
the insect. It remained in this position for upwards of an hour ;
in its first position it was easily seen. I cannot doubt that the
moth when flying about the wall was searching for a suitable
resting place, and that it was aware that it was safer in the
position it eventually chose than in the first one. I noticed in
Colonel Horsley’s garden, in Canterbury, much the same strata-
gem used by a moth, which settled on a withered leaf of the
common bindweed, and was practically invisible.
I remain, yours truly,
GrorcEe S. SAUNDERs.

On the Intermitting Streams of the District, by Ur. W. HH.
Hammond.

Nailbourne is the name given to several intermittent streams
which have their origin in the chalk hills of Kent. There are
two in this district, one rising at Elham and running through
Barham and Bridge, and one at Petham. It is the last with
which I am more particularly concerned. The name Nailbourne
is variously spelt, Nail, Nale, and Nayle, but I think the most
correct way is Nail, from the fact that these streams were
formerly supposed to have great healing powers; hence the
name an “ail” bourne, or they were called ‘‘ ail” bournes, be-
cause when they ran a bad year for farmers was always expected,
and to this day the same bad times are looked out for whenever
the Nailbourne shows signs of breaking out. The Petham
Nailbourne is chiefly fed from a number of springs which rise _
in a pond close to the village, but on some occasions, after a very
rainy time, the springs break out at Duck Pit Farm, about a
mile further up the village towards Eimsted, and on very rare
occasions at Dean Farm, two or three miles further up the same

valley. It follows the course of the Petham Valley, and used
to empty into a stream at Shalmesford Street, which ran into
the river Stour, but of late years it has been turned into a small
pond at Perry Farm, where the earth is sufficiently porous to let
“it drain away. The Nailbourne does not run at regular intervals
nor for any regular time, but it generally begins about January,
after a wet autumn and winter, and runs till about the middle
or.end of summer. In 1860 it ran all the summer, which was
very wet, and on through the winter and spring, but until re-
cently it was not known to have run for more than two years in
succession. The hill from which the Nailbourne takes its rise
lies to the south and south east of the village, and is a spur of
the great chalk range which runs through Kent. The pond at
Petham is about 180 feet and the top of the hill about 450 feet
above the sea level. The old theory of the origin of the Nail-
bourne was that in this hill there existed a great cavity ; that
after heavy rains this cavity became filled with water, which ran
out by a subterranean passage; when the stream had once
started this passage was supposed to act the part of a syphon till
the cavity was empty. I do not place any faith in the old theory,
but I think that after heavy rains the water soaks down through
the soil and porous upper chalk till it meets with a much closer
and harder layer of chalk, through which water can pass but
very slowly. ‘The chalk above this then gets supersaturated and
the water meeting with cracks and fissures, which act the part
of drains, follows them till they come to the surface of the hill
sides. It takes a long time for all the water to soak down
through the hills to this water-logged layer of chalk, and the
stream keeps running till all the water has drained down. In
the report about the Canterbury Water Works, the engineer
states that it probably takes a century for the rain which falls on
the hills about Canterbury to reach the water-bearing stratum
which supplies the well, but I cannot believe that it takes quite
solong. After heavy rains and before the Nailbourne breaks
out, the water in all the wells in the Petham Valley rises con-
siderably, and people who live in the village can tell by the
length of rope they have to let out to reach the water when
the springs will rise in the pond. The rainfall before the Nail-
bourne last ran was—in October 2.370 inches, November 6.130
inches, December 2.848, January 1.485 inches—total 12.833
inches ; and for the past season—October 3.510 inches, Novem-
ber 5.990 inches, December 2.685 inches, January 3.060 inches
—total 15.155. Rather more than for the preceding season, so
it seems likely the Nailbourne will run about as strong as it did
last time, if the spring rainfall should be about the same. The
above rainfall was taken at Milton Chapel, probably the rainfall
at Petham is rather higher, for in 1877 the rainfall at Milton,

about 50 feet above the sea level, was 32.96 inches, while at
Acrise, 484 feet above the sea, it was 47.31 inches. Again, in
1878, at Milton, the rainfall was 29.845, and at Acrise 40.68
inches. The rainfall at Milton Chapel and at Canterbury was
almost exactly alike for both 1877 and 1878.

I will now mention a few points concerning the analyses of a
few samples of water in this chalk district to show how closely
they resemble one another, and also how the amounts of the
different substances held in solution may vary when the waters
become defiled from any cause.

1. Canterbury Water Works water straight from the well :—
Total solids, 23,92 grains per gallon, containing 15,96 grains of
chalk, 1,34 grains of nitric acid, and 1,47 chlorine ; free ammonia,
01 parts per million, or one part in 100 millions; albuminoid
ammonia, .016 parts per million or about 13 in 100 millions ; ni-
trites, absent.

2. Naylebourne water taken at a strong spring :—Total solids,
22 grains per gallon, containing 14,42 grains chalk, 1.25 grains
‘nitric acid, and 1,24 grains chlorine; free ammonia, .01 parts
per million ; albuminoid ammonia, .03 per million; nitrites, ab-
sent.

3. From a well in the meadow, about a mile from Petham,
and away from houses :—Total solids, 21.35 grains per gallon ;
chlorine, 1.24 ; free ammonia, .04 parts per million ; albuminoid
ammonia, .07 parts per million ; nitrites, absent.

All those waters are very pure ; it will be noticed how closely
they resemble one another.

4. From a well close to a farm house at Petham :—Total solids,
29.4 grains per gallon ; chlorine, 1.74 grains : free ammonia,
.04 parts per million; albuminoid ammonia, .08 parts per
million ; traces of nitrites.

The presence of the farm yard, it will be noticed, has raised all
the items, but still it may be classed as a wholesome water.

5. Froma well in the middle of the village :—'otal solids,
22.4 ; chlorine, 1 57 ; free ammonia, .05; albuminoid ammonia, .17.

Here the albuminoid ammonia is much too high; the free am-
monia and chlorine are also rather high.

6. Another well at Petham with a pump :—Total solids, 24.5 ;
chlorine, 1.383 ; free ammonia, .03 ; albuminoid ammonia, .04.

Also a very good water.

While the Nailbourne is running, from the above analyses it
seems that Petham is abundantly supplied with pure water. I
expect that the large quantity of water in the soil thoroughly
cleanses all the wells. It would be interesting to know the com-
position of some of the village well waters soon after the heavy
rains set in after a long drought.

Now a few words as to what may be learned froma water

analysis. If we take Canterbury Water Works water or the
Nailbourne water as samples of our best waters, we must not
eall all waters which do not come up to this standard unwhole-
some, for there aremany wells about which do not give quite so
good an analysis, but are perfectly wholesome, As a general
rule, all waters in this district containing much more free am-
monia, albuminoidammonia, andchlorine than ourstandards may
safely bejudged to be contaminated with sewage and if the albumi-
noidfigure is very high it shows that the pollution is still going on.
A normal quantity of chlorine, with a very high albuminoid am-
monia figure, shows that the contamination is vegetable. ‘he
albuminoid ammonia is the ammonia which organic matter gives off
when treated with suitable agents in the analysis ; the quantity
multiplied by 10 gives the amount of organic matter. High chlo-
rine, free ammonia and nitric acid figures, together with nitrites,
show that the water either has formerly been contaminated with
sewage or that there is some source of pollution not far off, but at
present the earth is capable of oxidising or rendering harmless the
organic matter. It is dangerous to drink this water, for no one can
tell how soon the earth may become overcharged with the filth and
lose the power of rendering it harmless. This water may possibly
be the means of communicating disease from a distance Waters,
which at one time give a good analysis, may be quite unfit for drink-
ing at another. In connection with the subject of Nailbournes, I
have brought two specimens of stone, which were kindly given me
by Mr. Sheppard, who also gave me their history. First, a piece of
Travertine used by Archbishop Lanfrane in 1080 to fill up the
vaults of the groining of the nave of Canterbury Cathedral, being
stronger than chalk to resist compression and much lighter. That
nave fell down in 1400. In Herefordshire all the river valleys
abound in Tavertine, and nearly all the early churches are built of
it. In Kent, itis found at Postling, and inthe valley between
Ewell and Alkham, and as a general rule at the fountain-head
of springs in limestone districts. The specimen originally came
from Alkham. Stalagmite was used at the building of the
choir of Canterbury Cathedral about 1100 to 1130. It was
used by Prior Ernulph and Prior Conrad who succeeded one
another. The space round the Communion Table in the
Cathedral is paved with it, and some of the outer columns are
made of it. When Prior Ernulph was made Bishop of
Rochester about 1115, he esteemed this stone so highly that he
took two small columns with him, which are still to be seen in
the remains of the cloisters in the Dean’s garden. He also gave
two columns to the Abbot of Saint Augustine’s ; they are broken
up, but are still to be found built into the garden walls.

26
On some Optical Phenomenon, by Captain McDakin.

One of the most beautiful effects of Nature is that presented
at sunset, when not only mountain peaks and cliffs glow in the
ruddy light, but the most flat and at other times uninteresting
country, puts on the appearance of an immeasurable expanse co-
vered with a luminous and gloriously tinted haze. In foggy smoky
grimed London, looking westward from the Marble Arch, sun-
sets may sometimes be seen of unsurpassed beauty. It seems as
if out of the very imperfection of things, smoke and damp and
fogs, beauty grew as flowers do out of the unsightly soil. As
the rainbow is the token of the covenant of promise, so the sun-
set has been looked upon as a memorial of the time when God
walked with Adam in the cool of the evening. Doubtlessly these
things have their moral as well as their physical significance. It
would be as unscientific to ignore the one as the other. The
question is often asked, what is the cause of the predominance
of the red rays at sunset? It is sometimes stated that it is due
to the red rays being stronger than the rest, so that they pene-
trate the clouds when the others, so to speak, are filtered out
or absorbed. If this were the case we ought to have the same
effects, to a less extent, at mid-day. Or it is ascribed to the
polarisation of light, which being a very good sounding term,
generally proves sufficient for, if it does not satisfy, the ques-
tioner. But is it not rather mainly due to the atmosphere
rapidly decreasing in density having the same optical effect as a
triangle glass prism, which to reverse the case would brin
about similar results of refraction if it were possible to make a
rectangular one gradually decreasing in density upwards ? The
white light being in this manner analysed into its seven pri-
mary colours, absorption at the same time taking place depend-
ing upon varying conditions of the atmosphere, red, golden, or
silver sunsets are produced. The minglings of the red rays with,
and their diffusion through the clear blue sky at sunrise, very
rarely in this climate produces the beautiful red purple sky,
which I witnessed one June morning, about sixteen
years ago, at Hythe. A curious and _ striking optical
phenomenon may be seen in Canterbury Cathedral of an after-.
noon when the gas is lighted in the choir. If a position be
taken close to the west end ofthe south aisle of the choir, and
the wood carving of the organ screen be looked at through the
glass, filling up the spaces above the stalls, it will appear as if
painted a chrome yellow, in some places almost equal to a dead
cold surface, with a purple blue fillet in the architrave and silver
ornaments, the effect being very conspicuous, bearing a resem-
blance to Majolica ware, in brilliancy and contrast. The colour-
ing is so distinct that it is almost impossible to believe that it

has not been decorated with colour, until on entering the choir
the well-known dark wooden carving is seen. This effect is
most probably due to reflected rays of light suffering interference
on passing through thin films, caused by age upon the glass,
and only waves of light of a certain length reaching the eye the
effect of colour is produced. It must not be be confounded
with the reflection of the stained glass windows or the beautiful
tints they throw on the columns when the sun shines through
them. It is so curious that it is remarkable it has not attracted
more attention.*—Some diagrams were then shown illustrative
of the refraction of light in passing through a medium,
gradually decreasing in density, and triangular prisms. Also
the interference of waves of light producing colour, on being
reflected from, or in transmission and reflection through thin
transparent films.

MARCH.

On the Ascidian, by Colonel Horsley.

Colonel Horsley, R.E., exhibited a dwarf specimen of an
Ascidian, which has existed in his salt water aquarium for up-
wards of eighteen months and seems quite reconciled to its con-
finement. It belongs to the class of Tunicata, which includes the
lowest of the Acephalous Mollusca, which are destitute of the
power of forming a shell, but which have the outside of the man-
tle condensed into a tough, leathery, or cartilaginous tunic, from
which their name is derived. Many of them live separately, and
have the power of freely moving through the water. Others
associate together into a compound mass ; of which, however, the
individuals are not connected by any internal union. But others
form really compound structures, each individual being able to
live by itself alone ; but being connected by a stem and vessels

. With the rest. The general structure of the individuals is the
same, however, in the single and in the composite animals of
this class. ‘The cavity of the mantle possesses two orifices ; by one
of which a current of water is continually entering, whilst by the
other it is as continually flowing out. These orifices lead into a
large chamber, the lining of which, folded in various ways,
constitutes the gills; and at the bottom of this chamber lie the
stomach, and the intestinal canal, which terminates near the
aperture for the exit of the water. All these parts are covered
with cilia, by the action of which a continual stream is made
to flow over the gills, and to enter the stomach; and
the minute particles, which the water brings with it, and

* Note.—This phenomenon is no longer observab’e, as the Cathedral is now
lighted by rows of gas jets instead of standards.

which are adapted to serve as food, are retained and digested
in the stomach. Even these animals, fixed to one spot
during all but the early part of their lives, and presenting but
very slight indications of sensibility, possess a regular heart and
system of vessels; and these vessels form part of the stem, by
which the compound species are connected. — Dr. Carpenter,
speaking of the nervous system of these animals, remarks :—
‘The simplest form of the nervous system in this class
is seen in the solitary Tunicata, and Ascidia. Between the
orifice by which the water enters and that by which it
passes out again, is a single ganglion, which sends fila-
ments to both of them, and other branches which spread over
the surface of the mantle. When any substance is drawn
in by the current, the entrance of which would be injurious,
it excites a general contraction of the mantle, and this causes a
jet of water to issue from both orifices, which carries the offend-
ing body to a distance, and in the same manner, if the exterior
of the body be touched, the mantle suddenly and violently con-
tracts. These are the only actions which, so far as is known, the
nervous system of these animals is destined to perform. They
do not exhibit the least traces of eyes or other organs of special
sense; and the only parts that appear peculiarly sensitive are the
small tentacula which guard the orifice by which the water
enters. It would seem as if the irritation caused by the con-
tact of any hard substance with these, or with the general surface
of the animal, caused an instinctive contraction of the mantle,
having for its object to get rid of the source of the irritation.
Such a movement could only be performed by the aid of a
nervous system, which has the power of receiving impressions
and of immediately exciting even the most distant parts of the
body to act in accordance with them. In the Sensitive plant and
Venus’ fly-trap an irritation applied to one part is the occasion
of a movement in another; but this takes place slowly, and ina
manner very different from the energetic and immediate con-
traction of the mantle of the Tunicata. The larva of the com-
pound Sessile Ascidians is like the tadpole of a frog, which
swims about for a time; it then fixes itself by the head to some
object, the tail falls off, and in a few days it becomes a solitary
Ascidian, with its two orifices and currents of water. This soli-
tary animal gives origin by budding to a connected group, which
in its turn lays fertilized eggs, so that there is an alternation of
generations. These Tunicata live on diatoms and morsels of sea
weed, and, like all fixed Ascidians, they show no external sign
of vitality except that of opening and shutting the two orifices.

On the Stalactie Stones used in the Pavement of Prior Conrad’s
Choir in Canterbury Cathedral, by Ur. A. Wetherelt.

At our last meeting Mr. Hammond produced some petrifactions
from our own Cathedral, which I consider as remarkable as they
are beautiful, being evidences of the ever working and never
ending processes of nature, of which every stone, or the simple
blade of grass, in their structure and building up, are wise and
practical sermons.

I place before you some specimens of Stalactites, well polished.
When they first came into my possession they were stated to be
petrified wood, but upon careful examination that proved to be
incorrect, and without doubt they are sections of Stalactites,
which I need hardly state are the slow drippings of water, filter-
ing through the various depositions of earthy matter, until they
form the most beautiful and graceful pendants in caverns. The
other specimens to which I more especially allude are Stalagmites,
or more properly, Stalactical Stalagmites, the markings of which
are particularly interesting, as showing the different periods of
wet and dry seasons. They are so distinct and well defined as
almost to form a reading. No question, at some vast distance
of time, these specimens formed part of the flooring or bottom of
acavern, and are distinguished by being called Stalagmites.
One specimen I wish particularly to call your attention to, which
has been carefully prepared for the purposes of this evening.
Not only does it show the beautiful markings of, and in, its depths,
but it also shows very clearly the markings of the surface, prov-
ing the drippings of water, and layer upon layer, as well as the
different shadings, as would appear by the dripping of water
upon calcareous earth or sand. In the present day petrifactions
of this kind go on very rapidly. My specimens are doubly interest-
ing to me as relics of the pavement of the glorious choir of Conrad,
so famed in our Cathedral before its destruction by fire in the year
1174. ‘There are several fine slabs near the present Communion
Table, where, I trust, they will ever remain ; they are from three to
four feet long by two wide, showing all the markings I have
before mentioned. These are very rarely seen by the public, as they
are, very properly, only shown to those who take a special interest
therein, and by favour are permitted within the Communion rails.
I must here mention that after the destructive fire the altar was
earried much farther back than its original position, and some few
years ago, upon some repairs to the lower steps in the original pave-
ment beneath, between the stones lead was found from the dis-

astrous fire of 1174. Should any of our members desire to see and
examine for themselves, I would suggest that they ask for Mr. Pugh,
one of the most observant, indeed intelligent, men in his position of
life, I have ever met with either at home or abroad. I must here
mention how well the monks and men of old understood the dura-
bility of materials, both in wood and stone. Well might they
select Stalagmite for their pavement, they knew full well that it
would outwear all other kinds of stone. There is a legend that it
was brought by some great man of piety, as an atonement, from
one of the caverns in Italy, near Naples, and I am almost inclined
to believe it, inasmuch as we know in early times such things were
often done by way of penance, and are still done, by the Romish
Church, in many places abroad, and even now in England. Be
this as it may, I have sought specimens of the same kind from
all parts of the world, and at very great expense, and can find
none. Alabaster from Stalactite is sometimes pure white, but this
kind is not so durable as that which is light yellow in colour or
veined. The iron, which is the colouring matter, communicates
to the stone a degree of hardness, and on this account the coloured
alabaster was more prized by the ancients, and mostly selected by
sculptors, in preference to the pure white. The substance was
very much used by the ancients, and called by them alabaster, and
alabastrite ; the alabaster used by the moderns is more frequently
gypsum, or sulphate of lime. Stalactites form so rapidly, in some
caverns and mines, as to close up the entrance, and fill up the
excavations with the depositions of calcareous earths, found on the
floors of the caverns, by the waters which drop from the roofs. So
much for the relics of our dear old Cathedral. In all its materials,
its very structure, condition, and grandeur, there is something to
dwell upon by every reflecting mind.

We do not trace this Stalagmite paving in the time of Ernulf,
previous to Conrad ; the paving of Ernulf being of a very different
character. I am somewhat surprised that no jeweller in this town
has had sufficient enterprise to work up this material into articles of
ornament, which could be easily done, and would be much coveted
by the pilgrims of various nations, as well as visitors.

I find by a small book published in the year 1782, by the Rev.
John Duncombe, M.A., mention is made of certain alterations, at
the time the wooden stalls and screens were set up, when the old
monkish stalls were cleared away (and which said wooden screens in
their turn were also cleared away about forty years ago, and sold for
one hundred pounds, being the work of Grinling Gibbons, and stowed
away in the crypt to decay), two steps were taken up and placed
three or four more feet toward the east, when melted lead was dis-
covered in the joints of the pavement, most probably occasioned by
the fire, when the roof of Conrad’s glorious choir was destroyed.
Eastward, towards the altar rail, was paved with large slabs of

- 31

stone, which so much resembles that of wood, as to be by some mis.
taken for a petrifaction. They receive a most exquisite polish, the
edges are very curious and the tops beautifully clouded. Dr.
Peacock called them the flowered jasper, and others Egyptian, the
Sicilian, and the Antique Alabaster. The large specimen I place
before you, all will admit is worth some consideration.

MAY.

On the Development of the Doris Tuberculata, by Mr. Sibert Saunders.

Mr. Saunders exhibited some microscopic marine zoophytes and
polyzoa, sertula pumila, Bower baukia, Alcyonidium, gelatinosum,
and Bugula avicularis, and gave the following description of the
development of Doris tuberculata, the eggs of which species he also
exhibited.—The eggs of the Nudibranchiate mollusks, of which
Doris tuberculata is one of the largest and commonest species, are
(like those of Lymnceus stagnalis and other fresh water snails) de-
posited in a mass enveloped in a jelly-like substance ; but, instead
of the 50 or 60 eggs deposited at one time by Lymnceus, the naked-
gilled mollusk will lay many thousands, and, in the course of the
spawning season, will produce several hundred thousands of eggs.
The substance in which these eggs are deposited also differs from that
of the fresh water snails, being much more delicate both in colour
and texture, and its perfect transparency makes it a suitable and
interesting subject for the microscopist. In the example now under
examination, the gelatinons envelope is in the form of a long ribbon
of tolerably uniform width, attached by one edge to a piece of sea
weed, and frilled or coiled spirally. When first deposited the jelly-
like substance of this ribbon is filled with minute spherical bodies,
each of which is in due time divided and sub divided, until a mass
of yolk segments is formed within each ovum. It now becomes very
interesting to watch the motion of the eggs, which are seen to re-
volve several times in one direction, and then several times in the
opposite direction. This motion is caused by cilia which are now
being developed on the anterior or cephalic portion of the embryonic
mass. This portion grows rapidly, and in a short time the foot or
muscular disk of the animal is formed. A shellis also formed in
the posterior portion, into which, as soon as it is large enough, the
embryo contracts itself. It is remarkable that the shell is thus
formed during the embryonic stage of all the gasteropods, although
in the case of the nudibranchs it is cast off after they leave the egg,
and in some other families it continues to exist only asa thin cal-
careous plate imbedded in the substance of their muscular covering.
The head of the embryo Doris becomes furnished with two mem-
branous lobes, richly ciliated, and when the time arrives for its ex-
trusion the egg case is ruptured and the young mollusk swims away

in its transparent and beautiful shell. The cilia just referred to
are large and powerful, and the young Doris is enabled to move
rapidly through the water. In time, however, the ciliary appara-
tus gradually disappears, and the animal has to content itself with
slower modes of progression, either crawling among seaweeds and
occasionally displaying to some delighted naturalist, as he gazes
into the clear water of a shore pool, the exquisitely beautiful
rosette which forms the breathing apparatus it carries on its back,
coming to the surface and reversing its position, it will convert its
large concave “ foot’ into a boat, and so swim away back down-
wards.

JUNE.

Mr. J. Fullagar described and exhibited a new Rotifer found upon
the water plant, Riccia Fluitans.

I have had for a long time some of the Riccia Fluitans (a erypto-
gram) in one of my vases, some of which are decayed, and the
chlorophyl, or colouring matter, had left the vegetable tissues quite
clear and transparent. On placing some of the decayed weed under
the microscope on January 21 of this year, I observed in it some
round bodies of an amber colour, which soon became oval in shape,
the contents of which were seen to move and turn half round and
back again, a motion often seen in the interior of many rotifers,
and in the ovum of many small animals, and I thought that proba-
bly these same round and oval bodies were eggs, which they ulti-
mately proved to be. In course of time the round body of the egg,
became oval and more egg-shaped, and in about three hours, from
the small end of the egg, a sort of tube or shaft gradually pro-
truded, and displayed a row of rather long vibratile cilia rotating
on the top; the tube was quite as long as the oval shaped body,
telescopic in its form, and could be withdrawn into the body. The
jaws were placed at the bottom of the tube, and were plainly
seen in action. When alarmed the creature would quickly with-
draw the wheel of cilia and the tube also; then it would protrude
first a sort of horn, and sometimes two, as a sort of feeler, previous to
again displaying the wheel of cilia. These rotifers appear to be
lodged in the cellular tissues of the plant, and at times they
protrude their tube through the cells of the plant. The rotifers are
yery sinall; I made them out to be only 7-1000 of an inch in length.
I tried to isolate one of them and to get it clear of the decayed
yegetable matter in which the creature was imbedded ; but this was
a troublesome thing to effect, and I lost several in the attempt.
The telescopic nature of the tube is very plainly seen either in the
act of protrusion or retraction. At,times the tubes will withdraw,
and remain in a state of rest for five or six hours, and be then again
put forth with the ciliated lobes, and continue to rotate for the same

length of time, and sometimes I have known them to continue in
motion for over 12 hours. The last of them that I had under
observation were four on one piece of the Riccia, and they kept
alive and in motion, without any material change, until May the
Ist, when they all withdrew the long tube and remained on the
weed, in which quiet state they continued for fifteen days, when
they again put forth a long and transparent tube, but no cilia or
wheel was in motion, yet the two horns were very prominent at
the top, nor were the jaws seen as before, neither were the tubes
withdrawn in a telescopic form as at the first, but folded them.
selves down worm-like. ‘Thus they continued for three days, and
finally escaped into the water, when I lost sight of them entirely.
They left the oval case, out of which they came, remaining on
the weed.

AUGUST.

On the Sun-dew (Drosera Rotundifolia), by Colonel Horsley.

This specimen of ‘ Drosera Rotundifolia,”’ or round-leaved sun-
dew, was discovered by Mr. H. Dean, of St. Pcter’s-street, at
- Hothfield Heath, near Ashford. In this plant the most remarkable
part is the leaves, and the least remarkable the fructification, The
former are neacly round and grow upon long hairy stalks; they
are at first folded up in such a manner that they look something
like green hoods, but they afterwards spread out into small con-
cave disks, covered over with long, shining, red hairs, that secrete
‘from their point a clear fluid, which gives the leaves the appear-
ance of being covered with dew drops. This glittering dew-like
secretion is most abundant when the sun is at its highest, and hence
it has acquired its popular name ot sun-dew. The apparatus by
means of which the moisture is secreted, forms one of the most
beautiful objects for the microscope. Let us take a single hair and
place it under a magnifying glass, taking care to throw upon it from
above a strong reflected light, and using the precaution of cutting off
all the rays that come from below. You will now sce that what
seemed a little hair with a drop of water at its point, is really a long
curved horn, transparent and glittering like glass, delicately studded
from top to bottom with sparkling points; beautifully stained with
bright green passing into pink, and mellowing into a pale yellow,
as if emeralds, rubies, and topazes had been melted, and just run
together without mixing ; and finally tipped with a large polished
oval carbuncele, or ruby of the deepest dye.
I should mention that the above description of the leaf of the
Drosera is taken from Dr. Lindley’s Ladies’ Botany.
The hairs of our British Droseras possess the power of closing
upon insects and holding them fast. ‘‘ When an insect settles
upon them it is retained by the viscosity of the glands, and in a

little while the hairs exhibit a considerable degree of irritability
by curving inwards, and thus holding it secure.” (Henslow.)
And Dr. Royle describes the phenomenon as occurring so
obviously in an Indian species of sun-dew, that he had called it
‘the fly catching”’ in consequence,

Near the base of the leaf stalk is a long coarse fringe which
is supposed to represent stipules. The flowers of the sun-dew,
when expanded, are elevated upon a slender scape, along one
side of the upper end of which they are arranged; but when
young they are coiled up in a gyrate (or circinate) manner.

The Calyx consists of five sepals, a little glandular externally,
and nearly as long as the petals. The petals are fine, snow white,
flat, blunt, and spreading. There are five stamens, growing from
below the ovary, opposite the sepals.

The ovary is a superior, oblong case, of one cell, and bears
three clusters of ovules on its sides; it is surmounted by three
forked stigmas. The fruit is a capsule, half divided into three
valves, and enclosing a multitude of minute seeds. Each seed
is invested in a loose membranous tunic tapering to each end,
and contains a kernel filled with a large quantity of albumen, in
the base of which is a minute two lobed embryo.

On Polyzoa, illustrated with diagrams and living specimens,
by Mr. J. Fullagar.

The groups of polyzoas are among the most beautiful and
interesting forms of invertebrate animals. They are chiefly
inhabitants of the sea, where they may be witnessed under
numerous plant-like forms, offering, even to the unassisted eye,
an endless repetition of the same element of form, objects of
surpassing symmetry and beauty. The polyzoa, however, are
not by any means exclusively confined to the ocean, and though
by farthe greater number are marine, yet in the still and run-
ning waters of the land, in the rivers, ponds, and dykes, species
are to be found which in interest yield not one jot to their
brethren of the sea, and offer to the naturalist an inexhaustible
source of gratification in the beauty of their form, and the
wonders of their organization. The ponds and dykes this summer
have not been very prolific in the production of the polyzoas, at
least in this neighbourhood ; nevertheless Mr. Dean sent to the
last meeting some good specimens of the Plumatella repens, and
since that we have found them in large quantities in the reed
pond, from which the specimens now exhibited were obtained.
In order to keep them alive in the cells for exhibition, it is
necessary to feed them, and they will readily feed on monads,
which are to be obtained at times from a rain water butt, or fish
tank, where the water will appear of a green colour, which is

ee Eee rt eS”

owing to the innumerable quantity of monads, though in-
dividually they are perfectly invisible to the naked eye. On
these monads the plumatella feed voraciously, and as they are
reduced by the action of the stomach in the process of digestion,
the stomach becomes filled with a bright greon-coloured matter.
By referring to my diagram you will sce that the mouth of the
plumatella is surrounded by a number of tentacula, arising from
a sort of stage or disk, termed the lophophore. These tentacles
are covered with vibratile cilia, which, when in motion, have the
appearance of passing up on one side of each tentacle and down
the opposite, the rapid motion of which causes a current of water
to set in, in the direction of the mouth, bearing with it the
food requisite for the support of the animal. The whole course
of the alimentary matter thus obtained, from the moment of its
prehension to its final ejection, may be easily witnessed in many
of the fresh-water polyzoa. If a polypide of plumatella repens
be watched, while in an exerted state, different kinds of infusoria
and other minute organic bodies may be observed to be whirled
along in the vortices caused by the action of the tentacular cilia,
and conveyed to the mouth, where many of them are at once
seized and swallowed and others rejected. The food having once
entered the cesophagus experiences in this tube no delay, but is
rapidly conveyed downwards by a kind of peristaltic action, and
delivered to the stomach. In the stomach the food is destined
to experience considerable delays; it is here rapidly moved up
and down by a strong peristaltic action, which first takes place
from above downwards, and then inverting itself, propels the
contents in an opposite direction. Every now and then the
fundus of the stomach seems to perform some function distinct
from that of the rest of the organ, in that it seizes a portion of
the alimentary mass and retains it for a moment, by an hour-
glass restriction, separate from the remainder, and then power-
fully contracting on it, forces it back among the other contents
of the stomach. All this time the food is becoming imbued with
the peculiar secretion of the gastric walls, and soon assumes a
rich green colour. After having undergone for some time the
action of the stomach, the alimentary matter is delivered by
degress into the intestine, where it accumulates in the wide
pyloric extremity of this tube. After continuing here for a
while in a state of rest, and probably yielding to the absorbent
tissues its remaining nutritious elements, portions, in the form
of oval-shaped pellets, become separatel at intervals from the
mass, and are slowly propelled along the tube towards the vent,
where, haying arrived, they are suddenly ejected into the sur-
rounding water and rapidly whirled away by the tentacular
currents. In all the fresh-water polyzoa, bodies of a very
peculiar nature occur at seasons lying loose in the perigastric

space; to these are given the name of statoblasts. . From the
earliest period that the fresh-water polyzoa became an object of
study, the statoblasts attracted the attention of observers.
Their form is not exactly the same in the different species, they
vary accordingly from an orbicular to an elongated oval figure,
and are enclosed in a horny shell, which consists of two concave
discs, united by their margins, where they are further strength-
ened by a ring which runs round the entire margin, and is a
different structure from the disc. The ring is composed of cells,
which are generally larger than the cells of the disc, and of a
different colour ; they are filled with air, giving the ring a light
spongy texture, and act as a float, by which the statoblasts when
free are kept near the surface of the surrounding water. When
the statoblasts are placed under favourable circumstances for
their development, they open by the separation from one another
of the two discs, or faces, and there then escapes from them a young
polyzoon, already in an advanced stage of development, and in
all essential points resembling the adult individual in whose cell
the statoblasts were produced. At the period of its escape it
possesses all the essential organization of the adult; the
retractor muscles are well developed and the polypied is capable
of regular exertion and retraction. Another way by which the
polyzoa is multiplied is by gemma, or budding, during the summer
months. The first appearance of the bud is seen near the
orifice of the cell, in the form of a minute spherical tubercle,
which gradually increases in size, and is thus pushed out through
the ectocyst, or external investment. At the same time the ali-
mentary canal begins to form, the three regions of which,
namely, the esophagus, stomach, and intestines are easily dis-
tinguishable, and the full development is soon completed.

NOVEMBER.

On the Sea Mouse (Aphrodita Aculeata) by Mr. S. Saunders.

Aphrodita aculeata, commonly known as the sea-mouse, a
creature whose habitat is deep water with a muddy bottom. On
being brought up in the dredge the animal presents a strange
combination of dirt and beauty. The body is clothed with a
quantity of silky hair; that which fringes the sides being long,
delicate, and of metallic lustre, reflecting the most beautiful
prismatic colours, but the hair with which the back is covered
retains on its surface a quantity of mud and slime. This hair
is matted together, forming a substance like felt, which is quite
detached from the body of the animal, and can be lifted by
means of fifteen pairs of delicate plates, which shield the
breathing organs ranged in a double row upon the back. A

space is thus formed between the gills and the hairy covering
above described. Tho water, strained through the tangled
hair, leaves the mud on the surface, and flows clear and pure
over the delicate skin, which takes up the oxygen for tho re-
spiration of the animal. Although the appearance of aphrodita
has suggested the common name of sea-mouse, it is really a
marine worm, and the under surface of the boly, which is
smooth, shews the annulate structure clearly enough. Hach
segment is developed at the margin into a fleshy and muscular
lobe, which serves both as an oar and a foot, propelling the
creature through the water, or enabling it to crawl about its
muddy home. These oars are furnished with bundles of stiff
sharp bristles, which assist locomotion, and can be protruded
from or withdrawn into their muscular sheath at the will of the
animal. The body is also margined with several rows of
bristles, stiff, shining, and of a purple colour, which appear to
be weapons of attack and defence. Both the richly-coloured
hair, and the stiff bristles are interesting and beautiful objects
for the microscope.

On Honeydew and Aphides, by Mr. G. S. Saunders.

I wish to call the attention of the meeting this evening to a
family of insects called Aphides, as I have some good specimens
of one of the most interesting species, Hrisoma mali, commonly
ealled the American Blight, and as the whole family is interest-
ing, not only to the entomologist and microscopist, but also to
the agriculturist and gardener.

The Aphide belongs to the natural order Homoptera, which
also comprises the Cicadoe, the Lantern flies, Frog Hoppers, and
Scale insects. This family contains a very large number of
species, and except in the Tropics, where it is almost unknown,
is very generally distributed throughout the world.

There are very few plants which are free from their attacks ;
those, however, which belong to the natural orders, Fumariaceee,
Gentianaceee and Iridacez are said to be entirely free from them,
and Labiates and Cryptogamic plants nearly so.

The Aphides when in the perfect state are sometimes winged
and sometimes wingless; they do not undergo their meta-
morphoses in the usual manner, of the perfect insect laying eggs,
from which grubs, or caterpillars are hatched, which in due
time become chrysalides, from which the perfect insects are
produced, for sometimes the females lay eggs, and sometimes
the young larve are born alive. These larvee, whether hatched
from eggs or produced alive, very much resemble their parents,
but their legs and antenne are much shorter in proportion.
After various changes of skin they assume the pupa state, in

which condition they are but little changed; those, however,
which are to become winged insects have the rudiments of
wings.

Many persons think when they see a certain haziness in the
atmosphere, which they call blight, that it is caused by immense
multitudes of these insects, urging, in proof of their theory,
the very sudden appearance at times of myriads of Aphides. No
doubt plants which were a few days before, as far as could be
seen, quite free from them, may be found covered with these
insects, but on examination nearly all the Aphides will be
found to be wingless, and quite incapable of flight. The real
causes of plants being so suddenly covered by these insects are
that a great number of eggs hatch about the same time, and
that reproduction is effected in a wonderfully rapid manner.

During the summer nearly all the Aphides are viviparous,
wingless females ; very few males are to be found. About six
days, and sometimes in less time, after they are hatched from
the eggs, these females, having paired, give birth to young, who
in about the same time become the parents of another genera-
tion. A viviparous female of the common Rose Aphis, Siphon-
ophora rose, which I was watching under a microscope, gave
birth to two young ones within half an hour. This is, however,
I believe, an unusually rapid rate. Mr. Buckton, in his work
on Aphides, says he has known eight to be born from one
female in six hours, and has calculated that the living progeny
of a Rose Aphis, supposing each Aphis lived 20 days and pro-
duced 20 young, at the end of 100 days would be 8,200,000, and
at the end of 200 days 10,240,000,000,000 a number we cannot
in any way realize. Professor Huxley has stated that if all the
members of the tenth generation alone survived, and assuming
that an Aphis weighs 1-100th of a grain, they, the tenth genera-
tion, would weigh more than 500 millions of stout men, or more
than the population of China. When we consider these figures
we can understand why our plants are sometimes so rapidly
covered with these insects, and why our hops and other crops at
times suffer so severely from their attacks; and we should be
indeed thankful that owing to their natural enemies, which are
very numerous, we are not more troubled with these pests.
Another very curious fact about Aphides is that a female having
paired, not only is she rendered fertile, but also her progeny for
many succeeding generations.

The Aphides, whether in the perfect or immature states, live on
the juices of plants, which they obtain with the assistance of a
proboscis, or rostrum, which is composed of three joints, When
not in use it lies on the breast or underside of the insect, between
its legs. In some species it is larger than the insect, and what
at first sight appears to be a tail, on closer examination turns

out to be the point of the proboscis. Projecting beyond the
insect’s body this instrument is not usually inserted into the
plapt, but serves as a sheath for those long hair-like organs
which can be protruded from it. With these the insect pierces
the leaves or stems, using them with a saw-like motion ; these
organs, however, are neither toothed nor barbed, but a plenti-
ful supply of sap flows from the incision which is sucked through
the proboscis with a pumping action.

The Aphides have nearly all soft oval bodies composed of
several joints; they are sometimes much wrinkled, when the
joints are very distinct ; but in some species, when food is
abundant, they become so distended that the joints are scarcely
visible. Many species are furnished with two curious organs
near the end of their bodies, called cernicles, which are longish
tubular appendages, from which there occasionally issues a
drop of sweet, sticky fluid. These drops falling on to the leaves
or anything below the plants on which the insects are feeding,
form the sticky substance commonly known as ‘honey-dew.”
Ants are particularly fond of this fluid, and will watch an
Aphis, sometimes gently tapping its sides with its antennee until
a drop appears, which is immediately swallowed. The stories
of ants carrying Aphides into their nests and using them as cows
is probably the result of careless observations, for the Aphis
would be unable to supply the honey-dew unless it could
obtain an abundant supply of sap. Ants sometimes build their
nests partly among the stems of plants, which stems may be
covered with Aphides, from which the ants can obtain’the sweet
fluid they are so fond of. Certain species live underground,
feeding on the roots of various plants. Some of these have, no
doubt, been found in ants’ nests, unharmed by the ants, who have
probably made their nest at the root of some plant infested with
these Aphides, these, however, have no cernicles, but probably
something of a sweet nature may exude from them.

The American Blight is one of the most mischievous species ;
when once it attacks an orchard it is a most difficult pest to get
rid of, for it exudes from between the joints of the body a
white cottony, sticky substance, which is very light and easily
blown about, and often carries with it eggs and young Aphides,
which form new colonies on neighbouring trees, so that it is a
serious matter when this insect makes its appearance in an
orchard. ‘This cottony covering is, I imagine, a great protection
to the insects, for many of their enemies would not be able to
reach them on that account. I have been unable to find one of
these Aphides in the winged state, but on the slides under the
microscope you will see them in various stages. You may notice
that the proboscis in the young ones is much larger in propor-
tion than in those which are more mature, in fact so long that

it projects beyond the body. It can easily be understood how
much a tree may be injured when thousands of these little
insects are all pumping out its sap as fast as they can. The best
way of getting rid of this pest is to place a cloth of some kind on
the ground round the stem, so as to catch any of the insects
which may fall off, and then to scrape the tree thoroughly
and scrub it well with a stiff brush dipped in strong salt and
water, turpentine, ammoniacal liquor, parraffin oil, or petro-
leum, taking care to collect and burn all the scrapings.

The injuries caused in our gardens and elsewhere by the Rose
Aphis, the Hop Aphis, and many others are only too well known
to every one. Fortunately the Aphides have a very great
number of natural enemies, which, in a great measure, keep
them in check; among these are some minute four-winged flies
belonging to the family Ichneumonidze, which pierce the bodies
of the Aphides with their ovipositors and deposit within them
their eggs; from these minute grubs are soon hatched, which
make short work of the Aphis. Aphides may often be noticed
which have become hard, globose, and of a dull colour. These
have been attacked and destroyed by the Ichneumonide grubs.

The grubs of a family of two-winged flies (the Syrphidos) kill
great numbers of them. ‘These flies are very common in gardens
and may often be seen hovering in the sunshine under trees, at
times appearing almost motionless and then suddenly darting
away ; they are generally of a dark colour, banded with yellow.
They have the instinct to lay their eggs singly on some plant
infested with Aphides. The grubs are about half an inch long,
and when full grown are widest at the tail and gradually
taper towards the head, which terminates in a point. ‘The grub
is blind and has no legs; its mouth is furnished with a kind
of double hook, with which it holds its prey ; raising the front
part of its body it strikes right and lett with its head until
it touches an Aphis, which it at once seizes, and raising its
head in the air sucks it completely dry in about two minutes
and begins searching for another. Another very common foe is
the larvee or grub of the Ladybird, which is particularly useful
in destroying them in hop gardens. Another desperate enemy
of the Aphides is the grub of the common lace-winged fly
(Chrysopa perla), which are very active six-legged insects, and
are furnished with a pair of very long jaws, which they make
good use of. They are very voracious and kill great numbers of
Aphides. These three insects which I have just alluded to should
always be encouraged as much as possible, as the benefit we
derive from themis inestimable. Unfortunately these grubs are
often destroyed by persons who, ignorant of their habits, imagine
they must in some way be detrimental to the plants they are on.

DECEMBER.
On Raphides in Hydrangea Hortensis, by G. Gulliver, Esq., PRS.

Happily the microscope has now come into such common use
that any addition to the manifold objects for it will have more
or less intercst ; and all the more so if they should be always at
hand and ready for our amusement and instruction. Among
these is the familiar garden shrub Hydrangea hortensis. It is
throughout pervaded by raphides, of which beautiful crystals,
about a score in a bundle, are contained in an oyal cell, such
cells being scattered abundantly among the tissues of the plant,
and easily seen under a low object-glass, and still better under a
deep one.

Mr. Edgeworth originally mentioned to me the presence of
true raphides in the leaves of Hydrangea. They may be readily
exposed by smashing up a bit of the leaf in a drop of water on
the object-plate. By boiling a fragment of the plant in a
solution of caustic potass brings the raphides and their cells
most distinctly into view; and they may be further prepared
very well according to the processes recommended by our excel-
lent member, Mr. Hammond, which he described in ‘ Science
Gossip,” June, 1878, and exhibited specimens of the results
thereof at former meetings of the Society.

But though interesting material for the microscope is thus
afforded by Hydrangea, the raphides in this genus are note-
worthy in a taxonomic point of view. In former communica-
tions to the Society, and elsewhere, now summarised and illustra-
ted by two plates in the last edition of Professor Lionel
Beale’s ‘‘ Howto Work with the Microscope,” I have shown
how valuable raphides are as natural characters in systematic
botany. And now they are further proposed as significant in
relation to the position of Hydrangea. Though many of the
best systematists have long persisted in placing it with the
Saxifrages, some other eminent botanists, of whom Lindley was
one, have doubted whether it belongs to this section, and, in-
deed, have seen nothing for Hydrangea but a distinct order.
Hence Lindley’s order Hydrangeaceae, chiefly distinguished by
its opposite leaves. And now another and not less natural
diagnosis is proved ; for, according to my researches, the Saxi-
frages are destitute of raphides, while they abound in the
Hydrangeas. Any person with a microscope may at once see
these facts very plainly, and see, too, in them an additional
argument for Lindley’s conclusion.

Hydrangea hortensis, the deciduous shrub so common in our
gardens, is a native of China, and was first introduced to Britain
in 1740. The order contains but few species of much economic

value ; only one, Hydrangea Thunbergii, has leaves, which are
dried in Japan, and make such an excellent kind of tea, thatitis
known in that country as the Ama-toja, or Tea of Heaven.

This valuable paper was illustrated by some skilfully pre-
pared objects by W. H. Hammond, Esq., of Milton Chapel, and
also by Colonel Horsley insome freshly dissected leaves of the
Hydrangea.

Captain McDakin contributed throughout the year a series of
papers, on the Geology of East Kent, which were read before
the several meetings of the Society, but which it has been
thought desirable to print as a whole.

AN OUTLINE & INDEX TO THE GEOLOGY OF
EAST KENT, |

By Captain McDakin.

I propose in this paper to describe the facts I have observed,
and the information I have collected from various sources, bear-
ing on the geology of the district. Such an epitomised account
may not only be of value to those who are entering upon this
science, but the geologist experienced in another part of the
country may find such local information a guide not to be
despised, and more particularly as I intend to give the volume
and page of the standard works and Geological Magazines in our
own library containing information on the subject. Before
entering into the geology I will describe the physical geography
of the neighbourhood, taking Canterbury as a centre, which
occupies a position marking the junction of two great geological
periods, the Secondary and Tertiary, the former containing the
fossil remains of reptilian life, the latter those of the true mam-
mal. On the south east of the city the chalk of the North Downs
runs in a line, only broken by minor valleys of denudation, to
Dover, where it terminates in cliffs from two to four hundred
feet in height. The general dip of the strata of the North Downs
being to the north east, the Lower Chalk constitutes the princi-
pal part of the southern escarpment, running westward in a lofty
* range of hills through Kent, with their precipitous fronts to the
south, and sloping gently with many undulations to the north.
The rivers Stour, Medway, and Darent, have cut their way in
the direction of the dip through the North Downs, the general
direction of the course of the two former being north east, whilst
that of the latter is north, or nearly at right angles to the strike
of that portion of the escarpment. Two remarkably intermitting
streams occur in the Canterbury district known as Nailbournes.
one running through the village of Bridge, and the other through
Petham. There are also two streamlets crossing the London
road beyond Boughton, about five miles from Canterbury, that.
to the west being a Nailbourne. Ireland’s History of Kent, vol.
IL., page 552. For full information of these curious streams see
a paper by Mr. W. H. Hammond, published with the proceedings

of the Society for 1879. On the side of the valley opposite the
Chartham Lunatic Asylum, there is a hill conspicuously marked
by a clump of Scotch pines, not far from which is the parish school-
house, which may be reached by way of a very pleasant footpath
through Bigberry Wood. It is near here in the western corner of
Bigberry Wood that some deep holes are situated, with subter-
ranean streams that may be heard running at the bottom. I visited
two of them and measured their depths by means of a stone tied to
the end of a ball of string. They are from twenty-five to twenty-
nine feet deep, and are very difficult to find on account of the thick
underwood. A hole very similar to these suddenly opened at
Wingham in February, 1877, to which I drew attention at the
time. See report for 29th January, 1878, page 29. The holes in
Bigberry Wood pass through the Thanet-sands for about twenty-
five feet to the chalk. The Nicker Pits below Westbere are in
peat and alluvium covering the Thanet-sands, so that some people
have supposed that they are caused by the former springs issuing at
a lower level. Both are probably only part of the much more ex-
tensive drainage of the uplands, and may so be related. The
opening at Wingham is in loam covering the chalk. The Nicker
Pits, which are not more than two hundred yards from the South
Estern Railway, are irregularly shaped openings usually filled with
water on a level with the spongy surface of the marsh, which
undulates as it is walked across, and owing to its very loose and
boggy nature renders it very difficult to reach the edge of these
curious openings, the situation of which may be made out from the
railway by some stunted willows and osiers planted round their
margins. For further particulars respecting these peculiar wells,
see an article, by Mr. John Brent, in the Geologist, 1860, vol. IIT.,
page 276, who ascribes their names to the ‘Scandinavian god
Nikarr or Knickarr, in Christian times converted into old Nick, and
so Nicker pits or the devil’s pits.” As this is rather a description
of the physical geography than the geology of this part of the
country, it will not be out of place here to mention that swallow-
holes and blow-wells, as they are called in other counties, are
accounted for by the chemical action of water containing carbonic
acid in solution, which, flowing over a bed of loam or clay over-
lying limestone rock, is by such an intervening stratum prevented
from acting on it, until by some accident it finds its way to the
chalk. It then, first by chemical action and afterwards by
mechanical, enlarges one of the natural fissures of the rock until a
swallow-hole is formed. The mechanical action of water will
sometimes drill a circular hole through rock of the greatest hard-
ness, as may be seen under many water falls. It is very seldom
indced that water runs through a hole without a whirling motion;
take, for instance, the familiar example of water making its exit
from a sink. When this occurs on a larger scale in nature, stones

and pebbles caught in the whirlpool constitute a drilling machine of
great potency. Swallow-holes may in this manner be formed.
The formation of a blow-well may be accounted for by supposing
that a bed of clay or other impervious stratum exists under the
chalk or limestone rock, only in certain places permitting the
water to act chemically on the limestone above it, and thus having
been formed into a cylindrical column of water, it pierces its way
like a fountain jet through the beds above it, mechanically and
chemically removing from them their natural cement of carbonate
of lime or alumina until they in many instances assume the form
of quicksands. ‘The spring ina stream under the London, Chat-
ham, and Dover Railway viaduct, known by the name of the
Silver Hole, has probably gained its name from producing in this
manner the fine white silver-sand at its bottom. But neither of
these modes by which water acts is necessary to produce such
pits as those in Bigberry Wood or at Wingham; a subterranean
stream is quite sufficient for the purpose. The beds of loam being
of a homogenous nature the falling in of material from above takes
place equally on all sides, so that the hole is more or less cylindrical ;
in some cases remarkably so. There are two instances where such
holes have been produced artificially in the field below the Canter-
bury Union, and just above the chalk pit, where two tunnels driven
from the face of the chalk have fallen in, producing in one case a
circular pit, the other being of irregular form, but neither conform-
ing to the elongated shape of the tunnel underneath. When an
underground stream occurs it plays the part of a carrier of the
loose material that falls from above, brought down by the trickling
of water very often through a hole caused by the root of a tree,
roots sometimes running down many feet to reach a moist stratum,
and decaying on the death of the tree. A natural duct is thus
formed for the surface water, which spreading out by capillary
action, as it sinks lower causes a dome-shaped cavity in some in-
stances to be formed ; this suddenly giving way would account for
such openings as that which occurred at Wingham in a few hours.
So that such underground streams play the necessary part of re-
moving the particles, as they fall in, and without the presence of
which openings of the kind could not exist. Besides such natural
pits, there are a number of circular ones in the district known as
draw-wells sunk for obtaining chalk for agricultural purposes,
These being sometimes situated in woods and overgrown by
brambles and underwood, form dangcrous traps for unwary
naturalists. People have in many instances fallen down them, and
I am indebted to our Assistant-Secretary, Mr. Fullagar, for the
following narrative respecting a young girl who fell down one near
Lenham within his recollection, and after remaining in it for a
fortnight, having but the rainwater that trickled down its sides to
quench her thirst, she was rescued by an old man and a boy, going

to their work. It appeared that the boy had long wished to look
down one of these places, but had been warned by his father not to
go near them; he, however, teased until permission being granted
he ran to the hole, and looking down called to his father that there
was someone at the bottom, who scems at first not to have believed
it. The poor girl on being recovered from her lost situation, stated
that she could hear the carts rumbling in the neighbourhood, and
even the voices of people after her own had grown too weak to
make herself heard; she also heard the bells ringing on the ocea-
sion cf the rejoicing on the acquittal of Queen Caroline, as well as
the people shouting. As she was a servant girl, and left her place
without her friends’ knowledge, and the people with whom she had
lived supposed she had returned to her home, no enquiries were
made about her. Her death has been recently recorded in the
local papers, so that she must have survived the accident for many
ears.
4 Travelling north and north-west from Canterbury we encounter
the sands and clays of the Tertiary period, filling up depressions
partly of subsidence and partly of denudation, but rising in hills of
considerable elevation as at Dunkirk and the Blean. Detached
portions of the tertiary occur westward, as at Shottenden, and from
Boughton under-Blean to Faversham, Chatham, and Upnor, until
on reaching a line running north-east through Bromley and Erith
we again encounter them, when they constitute a continuous
formation beyond the borders of Kent, extending to about twenty
miles west of Reading. The unbroken tertiary beds in the neigh-
bourhood of Canterbury may be considered to be bounded on the
south by the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway from Selling
station to Bekesbourne, then in a line running north-east through
Littlebourne and Wingham, tending south-east by Staple, north of
Eastry, to about half-a-mile cast of Worth. On the east by a line
drawn across the low country, separating the Isle of Thanet from
the mainland and passing through Sandwich and Richborough
Castle to Red Cliffs’ point in Pegwell Bay. The Tertiaries being
concealed beneath the alluvium of the marshes only show them-
selves on the southern boundary of the Isle of Thanet, about three
miles along the South Fastern Railway near the Minster station,
with a few isolated beils, as at St. Peter’s brickyard, on the Lon-
don, Chatham, and Dover Railway ; Newton, near the St. Law-
rence station on the South Eastern Railway, and at Spratling
Street, half a mile north-west from the St. Lawrence station. The
main body may therefore ke considered to be bounded in this di-
rection by Richborough, Stourmouth, Grove Ferry, and Reculver
church. The northern boundary is formed by the sea coast to Whit-
stable, and the western by a line running southward from the latter
place through Graveney, Hernhill, Boughton, and Selling. The
Isle of Sheppey is composed of a mass of London clay, in some places

450 feet in thickness, the cliffs on the north coast affording excellent
sections of this tertiary deposit. The Bagshot Sands are repre-
sented to a limited extent in Sheppey, being geologically interesting
as showing the upward extent of the London clay. The London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway, from Bekesbourne, near Canterbury,
to the Crystal Palace, on the western borders of Kent, may be taken
roughly as the southern limits of the tertiary deposits of North Kent.
In the immediate neighbourhood of Canterbury they are still prin-
cipally covered by the forest of Blean, partly owing to the cold and
unproductive nature of the London clay. The scenery they give
rise to, though still undulating in some respects like the chalk, has
not the peculiar swelling outlines of the latter, nor when covered
with grass, its erisp short herbage. ‘The alluvium of the river
valley, with the gravels, brick-earths, clays, and peat, belongs to
the subsequent or quarternary period, and by filling up the valleys
causes them to retain the level appearance of the water that once
occupied them. The gravel beds lying on the hill tops near
Harbledown, Bigberry Wood, and the Old Park, above the Barracks,
and several places in Blean, appear to have formed caps, which have
resisted denudation taking place to the same extent as it has on the
undefended surfaces, and thus occupy elevated positions. (See
annual report for 1878.) On the north coast the yielding nature of
these tertiary deposits has occasioned considerable loss of land.
Herne Bay has long ceased to exhibit the characteristic geographi-
cal features that its name would indicate. During the historical
period a great deal of land has been swept away in the neighbour-
hood of the Reculver Church, for in Henry the VII.’s reign
it is stated to have been nearly one mile from the shore. In
1780 the walls of the Roman camp, eighty yards nearer the sea
than the church, fell down, although they had long projected over
the edge of the cliff there about twenty-five feet above the sea, held
together by the Roman cement. (See Topographica Britannica.)
In 1804 the churchyard, with some buildings, were washed away ;
until this time the church seems to have been used as a place of
worship. The Isle of Sheppy, about six miles long by four broad,
with cliffs on the north coast of from sixty to eighty fect in height,
lost fifty acres in the twenty years between 1810 and 1830. Minster
church, now near the coast, is said to have been in the middle of the
island in 1780. The loss of land on the north coast of the Isle of
Thanet is about two feet in a year and on the east coast three feet.
(For some very interesting facts regarding the waste of the coast,
see Lyell’s Principles, vol. 1, page 522 to 530.) Roman ships sailed
between the Isle of Thanet and the mainland. Bede describes
this channel as being about three furlongs wide, in the be-
ginning of the 8th century, and it appears to have silted up about
the time of the Conquest. The Goodwin Sands are traditionally said
to have been once an island called Lome, suddenly overwhelmed by

the sea in William II.’s reign. In thcir present condition they are
about ten miles in length by four in breadth and are separated from
the coast by a channel var ying from three to four miles in width.

The Trinity Board in the year 1817 found by boring fifteen feet of
sand, resting on blue clay, chalk was subsequently reached, but it
does not say at what depth. In a paper read before the Society of
Civil Engineers, in 1851, by Mr J. B. Redman, it is stated that
Dover Harbour was once an estuary, the sea flowing up the valley
to the westward, and at the beginning of the first century there was
no shingle under the cliffs. As late as Henry VIII.’s reign, the
sea washed the base of the cliffs, where now part of Snargate-strect
stands, and an anchor was dug up at Buckland. From the well-
known south-east headland of Shakspear’s cliff there was an immense
landslip in 1772, and another in 1810, by which Dover was shaken
as by an earthquake. Passing westward along the magnificent line
of cliffs between Dover and Folkestone the destruction ot the coast
is apparent on a grand scale. These lofty chalk cliffs, four hundred
feet in height, have their foundation on the slippery Gault Clay,

whose unctious properties the naturalist will need but little persua-
sion to believe in, if he should be caught in a thunder shower, as
the writer of this paper has been when climbing over its uneven
surface. Portions of the cliff becoming detached from time to time,
principally owing to the action of the rain, they cither fall down or
slip forward over the clay, sometimes moving bodily forward like a
ship launched upon the greased ways. In the Phil Trans. for 1716,

a great subsidence of the cliff is recorded to have taken place at Kast
Wear Bay, near Folkestone. Jouses that had not before been
visible from the sea were exposed to view. In this manner the
picturesque undercliff has been formed, being geologically similar
to that of the Isic of Wight. Movements from time to time taking
place, the yielding and ~ partially plastic clay is forced up into a
variety of contorted forms by the pressure of the immense mass of the
cliff forming hills and valleys, like a mountainous country in
miniature, small lakes adding to the resemblance to such an extent
that this place is called Little Switzerland. In very dry weather
the movements are nearly or quite suspended, but when saturated
with water are more considerable. Footpaths that exist at one
time are at another interrupted by yawning fissures or stopped by
the up-throw of abrupt walls of chalk or hardened gault. ‘The
accident arising from these causes which befel the South Eastern
Railway in the early part of 1877 is fresh in our memories, when
the eastern end of the Folkestone tunnel, under Martello Tower
number one, was so far displaced that it fell in, and about half
a mile nearer Dover a fall of the cliff filled up the railway cut-
ting with between two and three hundred thousand tons of
chalk. Soon after this accident took place I went over the scene
of the disaster with an intelligent coastguardsman who told me

.
.

that he saw it happen, and exclaimed to his companion, ‘‘ Why,
the cliff is coming down!” when like a big gun going off—I
use his own expression—it fell like a straight bar, the upper
portion filling the cutting, overwhelming two of the watchmen
on duty at that part of the line. A wire fencing ran along the top
of the cutting, which is about twenty-five feet deep. ‘Yhe coast-
guardsman told me that he saw the watchman on the upper edge
turn round, take hold of the wire, and look up, when he was swept
away, and he and his fellow watchman, who was at the bottom of
the cutting, were instantly buried under the chalk that filled the
cutting to the top, some passing over into the sea. As it is not
easy to estimate the height of these cliffs, which are about four
hundred feet, it is difficult to believe it possible that at this place a
fall of rock could reach the cutting, as the railway was separated
by a small valley from the base of the cliff which the débri’s had
filled up. It is also peculiar that. it fell over like a rigid bar, for
when the column in the Place Vendome, Paris, was pulled over, it
broke up in the air when it had assumed a certain angle, and the
fragments fell near its own base The South Eastern Railway,
after a great: expenditure of labour, succecded in repairing the
damage and securing their linc. At Folkestone au ancient church
and St. Mildred’s nunnery were destroyed by encroachments of the
sea in the seventh century. For the naturalist I know of no place
presenting greater advantages for a fieid day, or more beautiful than
East Wear Bay, or, as it is sometimes called, Little Switzerland, and
an additional advantage is afforded by its being within a quarter of
an hour’s walk from the Folkestone Junction railway station, by a
field road and path in the direction of No. 2 Martello ‘Tower.

The sea, as if possessed by some sense of justice, restores to
the land in one place that which it has robbed it of in another.
Headlands are swept away but bars are formed across the mouth
of rivers and bays, which then are liable to silt up, as at Dover,
Romney Marsh, and Pevensey Pay, in Sussex. Hythe, the
name signifying a haven, is stated to have been a place of great
maritime importance, and that the sea even there at one time
made great encroachments, although it is now some distance
from the coast. The accumulation of silt and shingle forming
Romney Marsh, ten miles in width by five in breadth, com-
mences here. Mr. Redman states that this great accumulation
is composed for a distance of about two miles of undulating
ridges marking the periodical accessions made to the coast, like
the rings of growth in timber. (See Lyell’s Principles, vol. I,
page 528.) The annual gain of this part of the coast has
amounted to as much as eight yards in a year. As the cause of
this accumulation of shingle and silt has been attributed by
some to the set of the tides which have their mean place of
meeting in a line drawn between Dungeness and Boulogne, and

by others to the river Rother forming a succession of the bars,
it is highly probable that both influences are at work bringing
about this result. Rivers loaded with the spoil of the land they
drain, if flowing into a lake or tideless sea, form a gradually
increasing delta, the suspended matter, being uniformly
deposited, depending upon the rate at which the river flows.
The waters of some of the great rivers of the world discoloured
by sediment are traceable far out at sea. Colonel Sabine states
that the waters of the Amazon may in this manner be perceived
three hundred miles from land, entire deposition only taking
place when the flow of the water ceases. In tidal rivers this
takes place on the levels becoming equal and the momentum of
the two streams of water balancing each other, when the mud
is deposited in a surprisingly short space of time and a bar com-
mences to form. Advantage is taken of this fact to produce
the warp lands, as they are called, on the fens of the Trent
valley in North Lincolnshire, where the muddy water of the
river Trent is admitted by sluices over the adjacent lands, de-
position of the rich alluvial matter taking place a few minutes
after the gates are closed so as to allow the water to come to a
state of rest. This being one of the great but quiet operations
of Nature it is apt to be overlooked, and it is very probable
that it has played an important part in forming this addition to
the county of Kent. Rivers from their sources to the sea pass
through the varying conditions of waterfalls, cataracts, and
rapids, to the more sluggish reaches of their Jower course.
Waterfalls cut their way back until they only exist as cataracts
or are reduced to rapids. Ravines with steep sides are cut
through the harder rocks, whilst the softer strata yielding more
readily to the effects of frost and rain form open valleys. The
upper and more rapidly flowing portion of a river deepens the
bottom of its channel, but the opposite effect is produced in the
lower reaches where the slowly flowing water deposits sediment
on its bottom and on either side in overflowing, until the bed of
the river becomes raised to such an extent that it is frequently
at a higher level than the surrounding country; for example,
when sailing on parts of the Mississippi the adjacent land
appears much lower than the surface of the water. The vast
alluvial plain and delta of that river is computed to contain
380,000 square miles. (Lyell’s Flements, page 22.) On a
smaller scale similar results have in like manner been brought
about in the valley of the Stour. In the city of Canterbury,
ancient remains at a depth of eight feet show that a great
accumulation of soil has taken place. Our assistant-secretary,
Mr. James Fullager, has in his possession some charred corn,
taken up from a depth of eleven feet, in the High-street. When
the Arundel tower of the Cathedral was rebuilt about 1825, it

is stated on good authority, that in the excavations made for the
purpose of laying the foundations, the skeleton of a man and
ox were found imbedded in peat, fifteen feet below the surface

they were in an upright position and were probably lost in the
morass that once bordered the river. Other relics too numerous
to mention could be cited. Though Canterbury has been sub-
ject in past times to inundation this depth of earth is principally
due to the accumulation of road-making material and rubbish.
As it is improbable that the early inhabitants would erect
buildings of any importance on land liable to be frequently
flooded, we may conclude that the mean level of the river is
higher now than it was once, although lower than it was beforethe
water-way at the Westgate bridge was widened a few years ago.
The travelling of the shingle from the westward is also a well-
known fact, as it will be found to be heaped up on the west side
of the wooden groins on the south coast; this being the effect
of the prevailing south-west gales and set of the surface drift it
will serve to indicate the cause of the great extent of shingle
beach. The ordinary force of the wind is quite insufficient to
move a leaden bullet, but when fired perpendicularly from a gun
a slight breeze is sufficient to deflect it so that it will fall to lee-
ward of the point of fire. If in place of the propelling force
of the powder we put that of the wave and for the wind sub-
stitute the flow of the tide, we may account for the translation
of the pebbles along a shore for any distance. When a pebble
on the beach is raised by the action of a wave it falls down again
in the same place or is swept up and down the sloping shore in
a straight line, but when there is a flow of the tide in a
direction parallel to the shore the pebble in rising and falling
will be carried, it may be only the fraction of an inch, in the
same direction until it arrives at a meeting place of the tides or
the stream at a river’s mouth, when in the latter cases a bar will
be formed, or in the former a pebble ridge at an angle to the
shore. The meeting place of the two tidal waves, (the one
flowing from the Atlantic round the northern shore of Great
Britain, and the other round the southern) varying from hour
to hour between Beachy Head and the North Foreland, may be
considered as mainly instrumental in producing the wide
expanse of silt and shingle forming Dungeness, although as be-
fore mentioned the river Rother, and other streams have doubt-
lessly played their part in bringing together the washing of the
land forming the silt, as the pebbles are evidently the effect of
wave action. For the Channel tides see Proceedings of
Geological Society for 1877, vol. xxxiii., page 31. Rye, near the
south-western border of Romney Marsh, now two miles from the
coast, was once destroyed by the sea. Winchelsea, in Edward
I. reign was likewise destroyed, the river Rother being forced

into a new channel. Near this place a ship, supposed to be
Dutch, was dug out of the marsh land. The wood of which it
was built proved to be oak, and was blackened in the same
manner as the bog wood which is dug up from time to time in
the peat of Romney Marsh with large quantities of hazel nuts.
See Lyell’s Principles, vol. I., page 529. In the adjacent
county, the haven of Pevensey Bay has long been choked up
with shingle. In other places around the coast of Britain many
examples could be given showing that where the level of the
land remains stationary the effect of the sea is to reduce the
headlands, to fill up bays, and form bars at the mouths of rivers.
The accumulation of small shingle and shells, covering the
peculiar tongue of London Clay running out in the sea at
Whitstable, has most probably been formed in this manner. It
is known as the Street-stones, ancient remains being marked
there in the ordnance map. Submerged forests do not occur on
the shores of Kent to the extent that they do on other coasts,
such wood is, however, thrown up from time to time on the
coast near Whitstable. Mr. John Brent, in the Geologist, vol.
iv., 1861, page 391, states that this wood is as black as ebony,
the pieces being sometimes large enough to be used for gate
posts. The fossil wood of the London Clay cast up on the same
beach is sufficiently distinguished from the former by the organic
matter having been almost eptirely replaced by pyrites. I have
recently been informed by Mr. George Dowker that he has
known pieces of peat, bored by the Pholas, thrown up after a
storm on the coast near Sandwich. These evidences of the
changes of level that the land must have undergone, together
with the effects of marine, and river action, caution us not to
attribute to one cause alone the present condition of the coast
line. It must not be overlooked that the changes of level caused
by subterranean movements have been the initial cause of the
flow of rivers but that the features of the landskip as we at
present see them have been carved out principally by running
water. The comparative great effect that a small runnel of
water will produce may be seen on the coast near Reculver,
where several chines or ravines are now in the process of forma-
tion by most insignificant streams, some of them being only the
water draining from the open furrows left in ploughing. In
this manner being able to bear witness to the effects of running
water at the present time, it is not difficult to understand how a
stream of the volume and velocity of the Stour, has in
thousands of years cut its channel to lower levels, and excavated
its valley. This action at first would be rapid the surfaces being
unprotected by vegetation, but would decrease until the slopes
assumed the angle of rest, of the materials of which they are
composed when the degradation of the land surfaces would be

very much slower, but must be always going on so long as the
rain falls and the river flows.

Having considered the salient features of the county to the
northward of Canterbury and the coast-line from the Isle of
Sheppey to Dungeness, in their relation to the geological
structure of the district, we may by following a line drawn in a
southerly direction to Hastings, continue an instructive field
sketch of the surface geology. About ten miles from Canter-
bury in this direction we reach the southern escarpment of the
chalk, which forms a bold line of inland cliffs rising in places,
as at Folkestone-hill, to a height of 547 feet, surrounding the
Weald of Kent and Sussex, to make use of a military simile,
like the outer line of a fortified position with an inner line of
rampart formed by the Lower Greensand. The two valleys of
the Gault and Weald clays, forming the ditches between each
escarpment and the Hastings sands, which latter may be
supposed to represent the citadel. The whole Wealden area be-
ing in this manner surrounded on the north, west, and south,
the sea has cut through all the formations without respect to
their lithological character on the eastern side, thus completing
the imaginary line of defence.

Carrying out the analogy of a fortified place the five rivers on
the north, the Stour, Medway, Darent, Mole, and Wey, and the
four corresponding ones on the south, the Cuckmere, Ouse,
Adur, and Arun, form as it were, by the valleys they have ex-
cavated, so many sallyports. Returning to the chalk escarpment
between Folkestone and Ashford, we may look across the two
valleys indicated, to the central high ground of the Hastings
sands. The chalk escarpment bears such a strong resemblance
to an old sea cliff against which the waves at one time beat, with
all the coast-line features of bay and headland, that such a con-
clusion with regard to their formation seems inevitable, but we
should not be justified in concluding from mere appearances such
to be the case. Sea cliffs are cut by the ceaseless action of the
waves independently of the strike or dip of the rocks, fre-
quently at right angles to the strike as at Dover, Folkestone,
and Beachy Head, no bays of any considerable depth being
formed even where the coast consists of the softer strata com-
posing the valleys of the Gault and Weald clays. The sea
generally leaves evidence of its action in shingle, sands, and the
countless remains of the living things of the sea. Combes,
those peculiar semi-circular hollows in the chalk escarpment,
do not occur in the chalk cliffs, now washed by the sea.
From the nature of the chips left by a carpenter we may judge
of the tools that he has been using, the sawdust, shavings, or
chisel chips, are evidence of the tools that produced them, but
when the broom has swept all such traces away we have only the

finished work to tell us of the instruments that formed it. If
the sea produced these inland cliffs as we now see them, all
evidence of shingle beaches and other remains have ceased to
exist. If it was once a tidal estuary, of a shape so peculiar
that there is no parallel, subangular gravel instead of shingle
may have been formed, but even then we should expect to
find beds of seasand and marine remains; throughout the
Weald, however, nothing of this kind has been found. The
nature and dip of the rocks, in short, the geology of the district,
must be taken into consideration before we can rightly estimate
the causes that have brought about this remarkable configura-
tion of the country. After leaving the chalk escarpment in
travelling southward we encounter in succession the valleys of
the Gault and Weald clays, separated by the inner escarpment
of the Lower Greensand, or as it is sometimes locally called the
‘rock range,” the woods which cover its drier soil forming a
pleasant contrast with the naked valley of the Gault and the
bleak chalk downs, but bearing a similarity to the latter in
sloping gradually to the north with a precipitous front presented
to the south. The valley of the Weald clay extends like an
undulating plain between the Lower Greensand range and the
central Hastings sands, which are frequently argillaceous,
although their name would signify that they are arenaceous.
They have been distorted and faulted to a much more consider-
able extent than the more recent formations. Then turning
back again to the north we may take the rocks in ascending order
from the Purbeck Beds (the lowest member of the Wealden), the
Ashburnham beds, the Ashdown sands, Wadhurst clays, and
Tunbridge sands, to the Weald clay. The names of these beds
almost sufficiently explain their lithological character. The
Purbeck beds are classed by some authors with the Oolite (see
Lyell’s Elements, page 375). Their chief development occurs
in the Isle of Purbeck, hence their name; the quarries of this
rock have furnished the well-known marbles for many of the
English cathedrals. Fine sections of the lowest beds of the
Hastings sands occur in the white ‘‘Sand-rock” of the Hastings
cliff. Although these beds are beyond the boundaries of the
county of Kent they are linked to it by belonging to the Wealden
formation. At Tunbridge Wells the scenery is in marked con-
trast to that of the Weald clay valley, and must strike the
traveller on the 8S. E. Railway which runs along that valley from
Ashford to Tunbridge, where it passes by a short tunnel through
a northern promontory of the Hastings sands. Some of the
hardened beds have weathered into very curious forms at Tun-
bridge Wells, as the 'Toad-rock and High-rocks. Small pebbles
of rock crystal found in them, after being cut and polished, are
sold for Tunbridge Wells diamonds. The most important ~

mineral however is the ironstone, which occurs in two beds of
about one foot to two feet in thickness, in isolated patches be-
tween Tunbridge Wells and Hastings. It was mined by sink-
ing shafts to about twenty feet in depth, and then driving
tunnels radiating horizontally into the beds; when the length of
these became inconvenient they were filled in and fresh ones
opened. In this part of the country the old mill ponds used in
connection with the requisite machinery for producing iron may
still be seen; much of the old ironwork in the neighbourhood
was obtained in tho district. To use a term not logically correct
some of the old tombstones in the churchyards are made of
iron. Roman remains found under slag heaps attest the tra-
dition that iron was smelted here from the earliest times, even it
is said before the Roman period. But the first direct historical
notice is that of a charter being granted to the people of Lewes
in Henry IIT.’s reign, to enable the inhabitants to levy toll on
all carts laden with iron passing through the gates of the town.
In Edward ITI.’s reign three thousand horse shoes were ordered
for the expedition against the Scots, terminating on the field of
Bannockburn. In Henry VIIL.’s reign the first cast iron gun
ever made in this country is claimed as having been constructed
at Buxted on the borders of Kent, which perhaps excited as
much interest at the time as the manufacture of a modern
“Woolwich Infant” does now. It is somewhat remarkable
that the biggest iron guns that the world has ever seen are still
made in the same county. Historically later the heavy iron
balustrades that once surrounded St. Paul’s Cathedral were
made at Lamberhurst, and cost eleven thousand pounds, but
when the Earl of Dudley began to manufacture iron with coal,
at Dudley, in Staffordshire, this industry of the south gradually
declined until the last iron furnace was blown out at Ashburnham
in 1828. This iron was of asuperior quality, as it was produced
from charcoal, furnished from the extensive forests that once
clothed the Weald, and from which is said to have been derived
the name of the Weald, Wold, or Woodland. In ascending
order the highest formation of the Wealden is next encountered,
namely, the Weald Clay, forming the wide valley between the
Hastings sands and the Lower Greensand range. It is litho-
logically most remarkable for containing beds of the marble
known as Petworth and Bethersden marbles. Like the ironstone
it also occurs in patches, thinning outwards from the centre to
the edges, and is supposed to have been deposited in lakes that
once occupied hollows in the surface of clay. It is generally
coarser in its character than the Purbeck marble. Several door-
steps of cottages in Canterbury are made of this marble, as
well as some of the old altar slabs of the churches, which at the
Reformation were taken down and made into tombstones and

subserved even lowlier offices. Bethersden church and the walls
surrounding it show vast quantities of the casts of the fresh-
water shell Paludina, and the roads are mended with the same
stone picked off the adjacent fields, the fossil casts sometimes
being those of another fresh-water mollusc, the Unio Valdensis.
The mineral Heavy-spar, or sulphate of barytes, occurs in this
clay, some crystals of which I obtained from a septaria which I
found at Sandown Bay, in the Isle of Wight. I have also some
larger crystals of the same mineral from this formation. (See
Annual Report for 1878, page 28 ) In the succeeding geological
formation the fresh-water fossils of this period give place to
those that tell us that a deep sea rolled over the Weald, and the
land fossils which it occasionally contains are but the waifs and
strays swept out by the rivers to the sea.

The casts of the fossil shells showing so conspicuously in
weathered specimens of the Bethersden marble, or sections of them
cut through at varying angles in polished slabs, belonging to
families of freshwater mollusks, and the remains of a minute
erustacean, the Cypris Valdensis, modern representatives of which
abound in ponds at the present time, and have this year formed
objects for microscopical investigation under the instruments of the
East Kent Natural History Society, show that the Weald clay is a
fresh-water formation. It is stated in Lyell’s Elements, page 346,
that these minute fossils occur in such abundance in some of the
beds that they give them the appearance of micaceous clay. So
through all the Wealden, from the Ashburnham beds (in ascend-
ing order) to the Weald clay, the fossil remains tell of a fresh-
water or estuarine origin. In the calcareous sandstone near
Cuckfield, in Tilgate Forest, the first remains were tound of the
huge herbivorous reptile called the _Iguanodon, so named from the
resemblance of the teeth to those of the modern Iguana (pronounced
I-gwaw-na), or in India commonly called the Gwana. The
modern reptile clips off the herbs on which it feeds without masti-
cation, whereas its gigantic fossil forefathers ground down their
teeth to stumps in chewing their forage. It has been computed
that some of these creatures must have been not less than fifty
feet long. The largest thigh bone found measured four feet
eight inches in length, and 25 inches round the narrowest part.
That they were at one time very plentiful may be concluded from
Dr. Mantell having personally inspected no less than the remains
of seventy-one distinct individuals. These animals, so far as size
was concerned, must have been the monarchs of their time, and
with their gigantic proportions and thick skins it is unlikely they
could have fallen a prey to other creatures, and must have lived
out their span of life without either eating or being eaten by the
other giants of their day ; nevertheless, in the extremes of youth
or old age, this huge lizard may have fallen a prey to some large

EEE

carnivorous reptile, such as the Megalosaurus, whose immense size
and formidable teeth could never have rendered him a desirable
neighbour. Dr. Buckland, in speaking of the teeth of the Megalo-
saurus, likens them to a combination of the contrivances that human
ingenuity has adopted in the construction of the knife, the sabre,
and the saw. Many others of the same order existed, as the
Hyleosaurus, Plesiosaurus, and though of much smaller size, but if
possible, of still stranger appearance, must have been the flying
reptile, the Pterodaetyle. The remains of fresh-water fishes are
also found, allied to the Lepidosteus, or Gar-pike of the American
rivers, covered with bony enamelled scales, which have given from
their shining appearance, the name of ganiod to the order to which
they belong. ‘The frequently occurring shells, Melanopsis, Melania,
Paludina, Cyrena, Cyclas, Unio, &c., also tell of fresh-water or
estuarine conditions. In Ecclesbourne glen, near Hastings, slabs of
red sandstone may be seen with the ripple marks of the waves that
once flowed over them when they were yielding sands, and Lyell
mentions that at Stammerham, near Horsham, specimens of sand-
stone occur on the underside of which are the reticulated casts of
the sun cracks that once existed in the clay beds they covered when
the latter were exposed to the sun and air, and cracked open as we
now see the footpaths over clay lands in the dry summer weather.
In the Hastings Sands, near Tunbridge Wells, remains of fossil
plants occur in the upright position in which they grew, the
fine fronds of Sphenopteris being preserved by the sand which
drifted around them. At Cuckfield, beds of conglomerate, con-
taining watcr-worn pebbles, with the rolled bones of reptiles,
tell of the proximity of land and of the shallow estuary into
which such remains were carricd by powerful streams. For
much information respecting the Weald we are indebted to Dr.
Mantell, Sir Charles Lyell, Phillips, and to various writers on the
same subject whose papers are scattered through the journals in our
own library, and for many leading facts I am personally indebted
to Mr. J. B. Sheppard, of Canterbury. I have been led beyond
the boundaries of the county of Kent in tracing the characteristics
of the Weald, because we have to avail ourselves of such sections
as present themselves, in wells, railway cuttings, and sea cliffs,
but which are typical of the same formation within the county.
The Wealden shows by the evidence of its fossil remains, that the
whole of this large tract of country must have been the delta of
some great river; and when we consider the extent of those of
such rivers as the Ganges or the Nile, that of this formation
within the area comprised between the North and South Downs,
of about forty miles from North to South, and eighty from West to
East, is comparatively limited. The succeeding formation which
we encounter in travelling Northwards, known as the Lower Green-
sand, though of marine orgin, in this district contains much drift

wood, bones of reptiles, pebbles of quartz, jasper and slate, with
mica and grains of ‘chlorite,’ which from the prevailing colour
of the latter has given to this series of beds the name of Greensand,
but as it varies considerably in its lithological character and is
apt to be confused by the similarity of its name, with the upper
Greensand, continental geologists have called it the
Necomian, from the ancient name of Neufchatel (Neco-
mum) in Switzerland, where it is very fully developed. The
harder nature of its rocks has caused it to resist denudation, to a
greater extent than the clays to the North and South of it, so that
it now forms the second line of escarpment running round the
Weald, and even over-topping the North Downs at Leith Hill near
Dorking, where it attains the height of nearly 900 feet. Locally it
is subdivided in ascending order, into the Atherfield clay, Hythe-
beds, Sandgate-beds, and Folkestone-beds. Subsidence in the old
delta seems to have taken place until the fresh-water mollusks died
out, and gave place to those which were exclusively marine. The
fossils of the Atherfield clay belonging to the latter type. The
Hythe-beds contain the famous Kentish Rag so largely used in the
neighbourhood of Maidstone for a building and road making
material. Margret Plues, in her excellent little book on geology,
states, the lime it makes is of such superior quality, that when the
centre arch of Aylesford bridge was removed, it had to be destroyed
by gunpowder. Rochester Castle and many of the London churches
are built of this stone. These harder strata are succeeded by the
softer clayey Sandgate-beds, and these are replaced again by green-
sands, hard silicious limestone, and chert bands, so conspicuous in
the East Cliff of Folkestone. The fossil proper to the lower green-
sand are marine, but as before mentioned the river which formed the
old Wealden delta still continued to carry into the sea the drift
wood, and bones of reptiles, that we now find fossilised in the
lower greensand, which must therefore have been deposited not very
remotely from the land which that river drained. Thus the most
perfect remains of the great Wealden reptile, the Iguanodon, were
found in a quarry of Kentish Rag, near Maidstone, by Mr.
Bensted. The fossil wood occurring in such large quantities at Copt
Point, near Folkestone, is sometimes found to have been perforated
by boring molluscs. The woody fibre in some examples I have ex-
amined has been almost entirely replaced by mineral matter, only
six per cent. of carbon remaining (instead of fifty, the quantity
contained in most woods), with eight per cent. of moisture and forty
of phosphate of lime. Wood contains a minute quantity of phos-
phate of lime, but here we find an amount equal to that which we
might expect in animal remains, bones of animals and fish contain-
ing over fifty per cent of phosphates. The source of the phosphates
in the lower greensand, is probabiy the highly fossiliferous over-
lying Gault Clay, which contains numerous spherical bodies

sometimes called turtles’ eggs, one explanation of these strange
bodies being that they are not turtles’ eggs at all, but the
shrivelled up bodies of the Belemnites, the extinct representatives
of the cuttle fishes, who left their tails behind them in countless
numbers, the egg like part containing forty per cent. of phosphate
of lime. By that process (of which we find several instances, as
substitution of iron pyrites, sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime, and
silica, for organic matter in fossils), the skeleton of the former wood
has been left with a body strangely transformed into a mineral, that
might be suspected in animal, but least in vegetable remains. Some
very interesting information respecting these beds is contained in the
Geological Magazine, N.S., vol. I., 1874, page 474, and a very able
and pleasantly written series of articles, by Mackie, in the Geologist
for 1860. The lowest of the Folkestone series is composed of coarse
grains of ‘ quartz, glauconite, jasper, lydian stone,” and phosphatic
nodules. Beds of greensand then succeed, and in the highest por-
tion near Copt Point, very hard silicious limestone and finally dark
pyritons greensand with phosphatic nodules. Some of the ammo-
nites (ammonites interuptus) in this zone are encrusted with beau-
tiful crystals of selenite. Through the long ages that these accu-
mulations of strata represent, the same physical conditions of this
part of the world seem to have prevailed, for the great river still
continued flowing as evidenced by the fossil wood so abundant in the
upper part of this formation, and perhaps the old land that supported
such vegetation was at least entirely submerged, and ceased to
exist as a land surface, for the succeeding cretaceous rocks are
through a thousand feet in thickness uncontaminated by anything
that is not purely marine

Having left the Hastings Sands to the south, crossed the valley
of the Weald Clay, and surmounted the Lower Greensand range, we
find ourselves in the, so far as scenic effects are concerned, un-
interesting valley of the Gault Clay. At Eastwear Bay, within a
mile from the Folkestone junction railway station, the upper por-
tion of the Lower Greensand, known as the Folkestone beds, is
exposed to view, capped at Copt Point by the Lower and Upper
Gault, where the constant attacks of the sea are continually laying
bare fresh surfaces to atmospheric action. To the south of Martello
tower number three, which forms an excellent landmark, we have
the several beds in their natural order, nearer to the chalk escarp-
ment the landslips going on from time to time have rendered all so
confused, that it is impossible to study the beds in their proper
succession, but it is, nevertheless, a rich hunting ground for the
fossil collector. The best weapon for attacking the tough blocks of
clay, that weather out from the great masses of the beds, I have
found to be the ordinary bricklayer’s hammer, which may be pur-
chased for three and sixpence, weighing with its handle less than
three pounds. A case for holding such a hammer may be formed by

cutting a rather stiff piece of leather into an oval shape, making a
hole in it for the handle of the hammer to pass through, the larger
side is then folded over the iron portion, and fastened with a stud or
button. Two holes cut in the back, or leather loops sewn on, will
enable the fossil hunter to suspend it over the shoulder or trom the
waist by a strap. A smaller hammer with a large knife or flat
trowel carried in a similar manner are also well adapted for the work,
and may be worn underneath the coat. Mackie, who wrote a very
charming account of this part of the coast, published in ‘Ihe
Geologist for 1860, recommends a fishing basket for the specimens
obtained A bag is certainly ill-adapted for the very fragile fossils
of the Gault Clay. I have made use of a wooden box carried in a
brown bag, which not only protects the delicate specimens, but the
geologist too, by serving as a seat when nothing more inviting pre-
sents itself than damp stones or blocks of clay. A glass bottle and
other commissariat arrangements I leave to individual taste. Good
fossils can seldom be obtained from the dry hard clay, they must be
sought for in those parts where the clay is still moist. The lower
and darker beds exhibit the forms of Ammonites, Inocerami, Rostel-
lari, &c., in striking contrast, their colour frequently assuming the
appearance of copper when freshly deposited by a galvanic current.
The surrounding clay has to be very carefully removed with a knife,
the specimens then folded in paper, the better and rarer ones even
packed in cotton wool, and allowed to dry slowly, lest the clay in
drying should crack and fall to pieces. Some of the fossils are,
however, not so fragile ; their organic matter having been replaced by
pyrites, they are exceedingly hard and durable, large quantities of the
latter kind may be found on the beach, principally in the beds of the
small streams of spring water that run across the sandy shore of the
landslip. Most of these are the casts of the interior of ammonites,
with the mother-of-pearl lining of the shells still adhering to them,
and consequently appearing on the outsides of the casts, causing
them to shine in the clear running water of the springs, with the
most beautifully iridescent lustre, like opals in a setting of gold
coloured bronze. I have observed few people pick them up with-
out some expression of admiratiom and delight. Their form is not
less beautiful than the brilliancy of their colouring. The contained
animal asit grew added fresh chambers to its shell, forsaking the
older ones near the centre of the volute, but afterwards holding
communication with them by means of a tube called a siphuncle, so
by that controlling the quantity of air contained within them, it
was enabled to rise to the surface or sink to the bottom like the
nautilus of the present day. These chambers with their partitions
were formed like the groined roof of a cathedral, exhibiting a com-
bination of symmetry with strength, that points to the great archi-
tectural triumphs of mankind, being the effect of the human mind
working on matter, to bring about similar results to the Divine

mind of the Great Creator, of which it is theimage. If man were
to withhold his tribute of praise, to speak figuratively, ‘* These
very stones would ery out to his shame.’”? The ammonites were an
extensive genus, including the straight and stick like Baculites ;
twisted hook like Hamites ; Scaphites, from the fancied resem-
blance to an ancient boat with recurved prow and stern ; and tower-
like Turrilites. We are indebted to Mr. Price fot a most ably scien-
tific paper on this formation, published in the proceedings of
the G. 8. vol. 30—1874—p. 840., who divides the Gault at Copt
Point into eleven zones. Number one the lowest, or junction
bed with the Lower Greensand, commences with a band of iron
pyrites, then comes a dark greensand seam with two lines of
phosphatic nodules. The fossils of this zone are broken and
rolled, and many of them glitter with spicules of selenite.
Number two zone, which may really be considered the bottom
bed of the Gault, is remarkable for its dark colour, and by con-
trast the metallic brilliiancy of its fossils. Mr. Price says that
this is the only bed in which selenite occurs in large pieces.
Number three zone, which commences about fifteen feet from
the Folkestone beds, is sometimes called the ‘light or Crab
bed” from being a buff colour and containing the remains of
crustaceans. Mr. Hudlestone gives an analysis of the clay iron-
stone nodules which occur in it, as thirty per cent. of metallic
iron. The next or fourth zone contains few fossils, but some
nodules rich in phosphate of lime amounting in some specimens
to fifty-five per cent. of tricalcic phosphate. The fifth zone is
called the ‘‘coral bed.” It is of a dark colour only, about
eighteen inches thick, and is distinguished by some peculiar
light coloured markings. Passing over the sixth and seventh
zones, which are not remarkable so far as their mineral character
is concerned, we arrive at the upper zone of the Lower Gault or
number eight, at about thirty feet from the base of the forma-
tion, known as the ‘‘ nodule bed,” which is not more than ten
inches in thickness. Number nine is taken as the base bed of
the Upper Gault at about forty-five feet, the clay here changes
to a very light colour, and is well distinguished by the shells
and casts of the Inoceramus sulcatus which are generally found
in a flattened out condition from the pressure of the superin-
-eumbent beds. Mr. Price designates this as the zone of the
Ammonites varicosus which, together with the Inoceramus
sulcatus, will enable the geologist to take his bearings, as the
sailors say, and determine his position when working at this
very frequently breezy headland. The last mentioned fossil
is so peculiar that when once seen its form is not likely
to be forgotten. In the tenth zone the gault becomes of a
very light colour, partaking more of the nature of a
marl than of a _ clay, as it contains over twenty-six

per cent. of carbonate of lime with about two per cent. of iron.
The eleventh and last at seventy-two feet from the Lower Green-
sand is very similar to number ten, containing a large proportion
of lime with very little phosphoric acid. The valuable and well
arranged museum at Folkestone, where the objects of local
intesest form a separate collection, should not be neglected and
indeed should be visited before going to Copt Point that the eye
may become familiarised with the fossils indicative of the several
beds. Griffiths, the well-known fossil collector, has a cottage on
the right hand side of the road leading to the Warren, where the
geologist may not only obtain some very fine specimens, but also
make himself acquainted with the fossil forms that constitute the
guide marks of his investigations. The spherical nodules scattered
through the various beds of the gault, called turtles’ eggs, may
possibly have been so, but their origin has not yet been deter-
mined. Mackie, whom I have previously quoted, supposed them
to be the remains of belemnites. Mr. Seeley has remarked that
these nodules have the appearance of being rolled, and that their
spherical exterior has not been caused by the surface conforming
to the figure of the organisms which they enclose. Mr. Charles-
worth, at the same meeting of the Geological Society, cited in
conformation of these views, the globular masses at the base of
the shark’s teeth, found in the (rag, which do not in the least
conform, the shape of the fossil they enclose. Phillips, page 356,
mentions that in some places the Gault furnishes an excellent
brick-earth from which light coloured bricks may be made. As
night gives place to day, or one season to another, the conditions
under which life became individualised changed, and so the
creatures of this geological period gave place to others or adapted
themselves to the altered conditions that mark the next forma-
tion, which as it is composed of the casts, shells, and remains of
what once were living things, may not unaptly be called the great
white cemetery of the chalk.

At Folkestone the Gault Clay under Martello Tower No. 2, is
capped with the Upper Greensand, which is about fifteen feet thick in
this place. It shows again at two or three places along the beach in
East Wear Bay, where it has been brought down to the level of the sea
by the movements going on in the underlying clay beds, caused by
the action of the water and the pressure of the higher part of the
cliffs. Its proper geological position is at the base of the chalk, it
is however represented here but to a small extent, thinning out to
the westward to three or four fect at Czesar’s Camp, after which
there is no re-appearance of it until we reach Aylesford, where it is
only eighteen inches thick. When iron was so largely smelted in
the Weald this formation supplied the firestone that was used for
lining the furnaces. Large quantities of hearth stones are now
obtained at Godstone from underground workings, which are said

——

to extend three miles. It derives its name from the green grains of
Glauconite, which is chemically a hydrated protosilicate of iron and
potash. These sands have not been produced by mechanical action
alone, for under the microscope many of the grains haye been shown
to be casts of foraminiferee in glauconite, so instead of being a
mechanical deposit in a shallow sea, as so many sands and sandstones
are, it may be a very deep sea formation. It is mentioned by Dr.
Carpenter that in deep sea soundings chalk is found to be deposited
to a depth of twelve thousand feet, but below this depth the calcare-
ous shells of the foraminiferee are re-dissolved, and silicious casts of
their interiors are found, the original matter having been replaced
by silica. This is very remarkable, as we percieve at the present
time the same operations of nature at work in the deep sea that went
on ages ago, when the Upper Greensand was forming at the bottom
of the cretaceous ocean. (See proceedings of G. 8., for 1877,
page 434.) Dr. Dawson states that this glauconite is similar to
the mineral that is found filling some of the fossils in the Silurian
beds, and also to the serpentine in the minute chambers of the
Kozoon in the Laurentian rocks. According to the same autho-
rity such materials are only found in the deeper parts of the
ocean, where the water is comparatively warm, as in the Gulf
Stream, so that from the earliest to the present time the impress
of the same creative hand is evident in nature. Some of the
blocks of this greensand, which eastward of Martello Tower No.
2, strew the beach, do not appear green on the surface, but on
drawing the point of a hammer across them a distinct green streak
is observable. Many of these masses are full of cubical pyrites,
which glitter on the dark green back ground of the damp mineral,
like gold. ‘Travelling in a northerly direction along the coast,
blocks of chalk are next encountered that have rolled down from
the grand cliffs, which form a wall, without a break, four hun-
dred feet in height and five miles in length, stretching from Folkes-
tone to Shakespeare’s cliff. Here the botanist will find as delightful
a hunting ground as the geologist. My love of the beautiful must be
my apology for mentioning that except over the peaks of snowy
mountains I have never seen the sky look so wonderfully and beauti
fully blue as it does at times when seen over the edges of these
white cliffs. Inthe month of February I have ieft ice on the roadsides

_and the keen winter's air; at the top of the cliffs, and on descending

to the sea level have found asummer’s climate. Ona hot summer’s
morning, when there is scarce a breath of air, the sun’s rays falling
on these cliffs cause an induced current of cool refreshing air from
the sea. Chalk has the great advantage when dry of not being
slippery, as it never polishes with the frequent treading of feet like
mountain limestone and some other rocks; but there is a reverse to
this picture, for when a south-west gale sets in, accompanied as any-
thing generally is from that quarter by moisture, the steep paths up

the cliffs are something like greased planks under the feet of the
unfortunate geologist, who may think of making his retreat by this
line of route to Dover. ‘The chalk may be considered to form the
larger portion of Kent, for the tertiary beds, as before stated in the
section of the physical geography of the county, only occupy hol-
lows or depressions on the surface of the chalk. Ina paper published
with the Annual Report for 1878, page 33, [ drew attention to the
organic origin of chalk, for there is reason to suppose that the whole
of the chalk comprising the North and South Downs, and extending”
from the south of Dorchester to Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, and
of more than seven hundred feet in average thickness has passed
through the bodies of living creatures. Some chalk contains
nincty-eight per cent. of carbonate of lime, the remainder being
alumina and silica, with small quantities of oxide of iron. In the
lower chalk, which is about four hundred feet in thickness,
there are no, or few, flints, but in the upper chalk, about three
hundred feet in thickness, the bands of nodular flint oceur, so
familiar to everyone acquainted with this district, forming the
long lines of black nodules which, by their contrast with the
white rock that they are imbedded in, constitute a very striking
feature in some of the sea cliffs, notably so at the Needles on the
coast of the Isle of Wight, where these lines are almost vertical,
the chalk having been turned on end long after its deposition in
the depths of the cretaceous sea. In the Dover cliffs the dip to
the north-east is so small that they appear horizontal. Many
conjectures have been made as to the origin of flint. One
scarcely deserving notice was that they were of meteoric origin,
and so fell from the sky in a state of igneous fusion, and settled
down into the sea when the chalk was forming at the bottom.
This, so soon as the nature of flint was enquired into,
became untenable, as they were found to contain delicately
organised structures and fossils, that evidently had not been
exposed to the extreme temperature required to vitrify
silica. Dr. Bowerbank, whose researches in sponges ren-
dered their structure so familiar to him, came to the
unhesitating conclusion that the flint nodules were once sponges
growing at the bottom of the sea, and that the gelatinous matter
known as sarcode, which covered their network skeletons, became
replaced by silica, so that we may regard these bodies as petrified
sponges. ‘The resemblance of them to an ordinary bath sponge is
sometimes quite striking, the large holes frequently passing through
them, and the mass occasionally holding in its embrace a shell, are
precisely that which is observable in either case. Thin sections of
flint also show the spongy structure, and added to this, the peculiar
spicules of sponges are frequently found in flint. That such strue-
ture is discernable in the chalk does not militate against this theory,
it only shows that there were many sponges that did not become

solicified. With a theory so complete and beautiful, it, however,
still remains to be explained how this sponge-like structure can be
accounted for in the interior of a fossil, as in the case of a shark’s
tooth, brought to the notice of the Geological Society by Mr.
Charlesworth. For further information on this interesting subject,
I beg to direct your attention to Mr. G. Dowker’s lecture, delivered
before our Society, and published with our annual report for 1877,
page 20, which embraces in an able and succinct manner most that is
at present known of the subject. Colonel Cox, of Fordwich, by
polishing sections of pebbies obtained principally from the Lower
Chalk has made a splendid collection of fossil sponges, ventriculites,
choanites, &c., the structure of which by this means becomes beauti-
fully apparent. Nodules of pyrites occur, especially in the grey
chalk, which also seem to be organised remains transformed into
the bisulphide of iron, their shining golden appearance frequently
causing them to be used in the houses of the neighbourhood as
chimney ornaments, from whence they may find their way into the
fire, and surprise the uninitiated by burning with the blue flame and
odour of sulphur, red oxide of iron remaining behind. Some of
the best known fossils of the chalk are the echini, notably the
Anachytes ovatus, Galerites albogalerus, and Micraster coranguinum,
the two former popularly known as fairies’ loaves, the latter as
serpents’ hearts. One of the most beautiful of the bivalve shells,
the Lima spinosa, is also frequent, but very rarely is it found with
the elegant spines attached, to which it owes its name. All these
shells oceur sometimes with the interior filled with chalk, at other
times with flint. The spines of the Lima occasionally may be
found running through a flint, and in this manner preserved in one
of the most imperishable of substances. In the chalk pit near the
clump of fir trees just beyond the Chartham Lunatic Asylum may
be found fragments of the shell of a Pinna, which also oceursin the
Ramsgate cliffs, under which it may be picked up as the waves
wash it out of the chalk. Itis locally called ‘‘ beef and bacon,”
from one side being of a brownish tinge and the other white.
This shell forms a good microscopical object. It is mentioned in
Gosse’s Evening with the Microscope, page 50, and Dr. Carpenter
on the Microscope, page 590. In cutting the railway tunnel
through Lydden hill, a block of coal was found which weighed
about tour hundred weight. ‘‘It was embedded in the chalk
where the latter was free from faults. It was highly bituminous
and burnt readily, resembling some of the oolitic coals, but was
unlike the true coal of the coal measures.” Mr. Goodwin Austin
believes it to have been a block of lignite carried into the
eretaceous sea by floating ice, in the same manner as it may be sup-
posed was the granite boulder, found in the chalk near Croydon.
In a paper by Mr. G. Dowker, published in the Geological Magazine
for 1870, page 466, the author has done us the good service to give

the beds local names, thus, in ascending order, the grey chalk and
chalk without flints, sometimes called the lower chalk, he names
the Folkestone chalk. The chalk with but few flints and large
ammonites, the Dover chalk. A grey bed of chalk with organic
remains, the St. Margaret’s chalk. The chalk containing numerous
bands of flints, constituting the Ramsgate cliffs, the Ramsgate
chalk. The higher bed containing, like the lower chalk, but few or
no flints, Mr. Dowker calls the Margate chalk. The natural
joints of this rock are very conspicuous in the Margate cliffs, run-
ning like those I have noticed in the oolite in a south-easterly and
south-westerly. direction, and which the waves have enlarged into
the caverns that lend a certain picturesqueness to this part of the
coast, that lacks the height and rich-colouring of the nobler cliffs of
Folkestone.

As in a cathedral, the Norman and Early English styles pre-
ceded the Perpendicular, so the primary and secondary were suc-
ceeded by the tertiary forms of life. The chalk closes the reptilian
or secondary age. New forms of animal life make their appear-
ance in the period that follows, which, for the sake of convenience,
has been divided into the lower, middle, and upper tertiary, some-
times spoken of as the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. The low-
est member of the Eocene, locally known as the Thanet sands, in
some places penetrates into the chalk where the latter has by
chemical action been dissolved away through water percolating
from above, and so forming the sand pipes and irregular hollows,
showing so conspicuously in section at the sides of railway cut-
tings through the chalk. At the base of these Thanet sands is a
stratum of tabular and green-coated flints, the green colour of the
latter being due to protosilicate of iron, which also communicates
the same tinge to several of the beds, thus forming tertiary green-
sands. Mr. Whitaker, the great authority on the lower tertiaries,
in a paper published with the proceedings of the Geological Society
for 1886, suggests that this bed may even have been formed after
the upper ones were deposited by the dissolving away of the chalk,
as the contained flints are not water-worn. It is seldom five feet
thick. In agreement with an opinion expressed by Mr. Dowker in
his lecture on flints, quoted in my last paper, the former authority
mentioned a green-coated flint having been found partly enclosed in
a brown tabular flint, showing that the latter must have been
formed subsequently. A succession of loamy beds then occur,
followed by sands containing green grains. As these green sands
weather on exposed surfaces to a reddish brown, they are apt to
escape observation. When the oxidised surface is removed, the
original colour becomes apparent. The upper beds at Reculver are
fine grained sands hardened into sandstone, often stained with
merkings of oxide of iron. Mr. Dowker, in a paper published in
The Geologist for 1861, page 110 and 213, gives a section of the

AM!

tertiary beds cut through by the London, Chatham, and Dover
Railway at the New Road, Canterbury, and also describes a boring
made by him at Stourmouth extending to a depth of 163 feet in-
eluding 20 feet of the underlying chalk. The fossils of the Thanet
sands, Mr. Whitaker states, are those indicative of a temperate
climate. They are principally bivalve shells such as the Cyprina,
Cytherea, Pholadomya, &. At Pegwell Bay the lower portion of
these sands are exposed to view, and at Reculvers the upper. At
both p!aces beds of sandstone occur. It has been remarked by the
same geologist that where the chalk has a thick covering of these
beds the sand-pipes are not so frequent as where it is but slight.
Several sand pits have been opened in this and the next formation
known as the Woolwich beds from which it is sometimes difficult to
distinguish it. The Thanet sands are however generally finer
grained and more evenly bedded than the Woolwich. Pits occur
at St. Stephen’s, Fordwich, and Boughton. The Woolwich beds
though sandy in this district, in others to the west, consist of
mottled clays, which caused it to be called the Plastic clay forma-
tion by the older geologists. The fossils are partly fresh-water and
partly marine; the latter predominating towards the east, shows
that the direction of the river that deposited the fresh-water shells
must have been from west to east or in the same direction as the
Thames. (See Lycll’s Elements, page 294.) It is supposed by
Prestwich that this river drained the Wealden area like the Med-
way, and so might have flowed in the direction indicated by the
fossils, through the lower and seaward portion of its channel.
Beds ot lignite and shingle also occur, but the most striking
accumulation of the latter is on the succeeding Old Haven beds.
These are rounded flint pebbles remarkably of the same size and
colour, their longer diameter being about an inch, and are evidently
the result of the waves of a stormy sea, which must have rolled
and re-rolled the large flints of the chalk until they were reduced
by these spherical pebbles and must have separated out, the large
from the small, on anevenly sloping beach, in a manner similar to
that in which shot is sorted in its manufacture by being allowed to
run down an inclined plane. The pebbles in some districts are re-
placed by ironstone notably between Selling and Boughton which
is also fossiliferous. There are masses of this ironstone at the Can-
terbury entrance to the Whitstable railway tunnel, and a curious
ferruginous conglomerate mentioned in a previous paper. An
attempt was made some years ago to work this ironstone, some
small mines having been at that time opened near
the “Sugarloaf” hill on the road leading from
Selling to Boughton, the object being to provide
ships with a remunerative return freight instead of
going back in ballast. The yield of iron was however not
great, only amounting in some specimens I analysed to 28 per

cent. This, together with difficulties respecting right of way
and cost of transport to Faversham or Whitstable, caused it to
be abandoned. At Shottenden Hill the pebbles with fine sand
attain a thickness of thirty feet. The commencement of the Old
Haven beds in many places may be distinctly made out by a
peculiar purple coloured band. This may be very distinctly seen
in the road cutting near the Vicarage, Hernhill. A walk of
about ten miles from Shottenden (readily reached from the
Selling station), under the hill side covered by the woods of the
Old Blean Forest, past Boughton and Hernhill to Whitstable,
will prove a pleasantly instructive walk to the geologist, and a
delightful one to the lover of the picturesque. Perhaps there
is no season of the year when it can be seen to a greater advan-
tage than in October, when the autumnal tints have given
colouring to the richly wooded hills, which the geologist on as-
cending will find to command lovely glimpses of the distant sea.
The conical hill known as the Sugar Loaf and two or three
similar ones will be found to be capped by the.Old Haven beds.
These by resisting denudation have preserved the softer ones
below them, while the uncovered beds form valleys of excava-
tion. From such points of view the loftier range of hills on
which stands Dunkirk church and the Forest of the Blean, will
naturally lead the thoughts of the geologist to the London Clay
of which their mass is formed, together with the Isle of Sheppey,
where it has a thickness of four hundred and fifty feet. This is
a much more homogeneous deposit than the Thanet sands, or
Woolwich beds. Probably deposited in a deeper sea the strati-
fication would be less disturbed by currents and the action of the
wayes, the latter having seldom much effect at a greater depth
than forty feet. The proximity of some great river is still ap-
parent, draining a continent whose climate must have been
tropical, judging from the fossils allied to palm nuts, custard
apples, gourds, acacia fruits, &&. Dr. Hooker mentions palm
nuts floating in such quantities on some of the branches of the
Ganges, as to greatly obstruct the paddlewheels of steamers.
When we remember the great luxuriance of the vegetation within
the tropic, we have an additional reason for concluding the
abundant vegetable remains of the London Clay to be due to an
elevated temperature. The animal remains consisting of several
species of crocodiles, turtles and thick skinned animals allied
to the tapir, and also a sea snake, thirteen feet long, lead us
to the same conclusion. Lyell remarks that as the turtles and
crocodiles must have resorted to the land to lay their eggs, these
animal remains could not have been deposited at a great distance
from the shore. The molluscs, Voluta, Conus, Cyprea, &c., also
bear testimony to the high temperature that then prevailed.
Large quautities of wood, belonging to a tree said to be allied

to the olive, are now picked up under the cliffs between Whit
stable and Old Haven Gap, in which the vegetable matter has
been transformed into pyrits. Itis commercially used for making
protosulphate of iron and oil of vitriol. On the coast of
Sheppey I have picked up large pieces of fossil wood bored
through by the Teredina personata, the Eocene representative
of the present Teredo or ship-worm. The wood has been
changed into a silicate of lime and alumina. The bore holes
made by the molluse are lined with a calcareous cement,
a means which the creature adopted for making his habi-
tation comfortable, similar to that which we have made
use of in the plaster that covers the walls and ceilings of
our rooms. Not that man is merely a copyist, but because
the one Creator has given reason to man and the power
of adaptation to lower beings, so that a similar requirement is
attained by like means, in the same manner that the touch of a
great artist is observable through many and various works and
his style transmitted to his pupils though their productions may
be inferior. The nodular masses of silicate of lime and alumina
so abundant in this formation, remind one of the flints in the
chalk. From the peculiar reticulated planes of cale spar that
pass through them, they have received the name of Septariec.
In one of these nodules I obtained from the Isle of Sheppey, I
found some very curious foliated crystals of sulphate of baytes,
and in another from the Bognor beds which I was so fortunate
as to break open, was disclosed the shell of a Pectunculus
brevirostrum containing four small oysters. (See anuual report
for 1877, page 44.) The large mollusc must have arrived at
maturity and died; the gaping shells were then taken possession
of by four lively young oysters, who there settled down for life
and that but a brief one, for they were like the young princes in
the Tower, smothered in their bed, and for countless ages have
been enclosed in a beautiful little coffin. The London Clay of
the Isle of Sheppey is covered in some places by the Bagshot
sands, thus enabling’ the geologist to determine the thickness of
the clay, without which it would be impossible to make out how
much had been removed by denudation. It is estimated at four
hundred and fifty feet. Leaving out the Old Haven beds which
vary from a few inches to thirty feet, and taking the Wool-
wich beds at fifty feet, and the Thanet Sands at a hundred,
we have a thickness amounting to six hundred feet of tertiary
beds. The age of the great reptiles which wwe glanced at in the
Wealden draws to a close in the cretaceous period and the reptile
is no longer the leading feature of the animal creation when we
pass from the secondary to the tertiary rocks. A few and scat-
tered remains in the London Clay of the Isle of Sheppey of three
specimens of Pachydermata (mentioned in Lyell’s Elements,

page 290) are the earliest representatives in this district of the
new order of things. In the Lower Oolite some very small mar-
supial animals seem to have been called into existence, which
like the coming events that cast their shadows before them, form
the advance guard of the gigantic animals that culminated in the
Middle Tertiary period. It is difficult to understand how the
first small and feeble creatures could have defended themselves
against the huge and numerous reptiles that were their contem-
poraries, had it not been specially so designed by the Creator.
There is in it this moral significance that warm-blooded creatures
possessing affections for their young, akin to those which in the
human race take a higher form of love, were specially protected,
thus constituting a hopeful type in nature of the future and final
triumph of gentle natures. Whilst we contemplate these things
we perceive in the process of geological fulfilment, the promise,
‘‘ Blessed are the mcek, for they shall inherit the earth.” Any
‘paper, whatever its merits, on the Tertiaries of Kent, would fail
in illustration without a reference to the well-arranged and
admirable collection of local fossils, in the private museum of G.
Dowker, Esq., F.G.S., of Stourmouth.

After the Bagshot Sands which partly cover the London Clay
of the Isle of Sheppey, there is no other geological record in the
district, except the gravels and brick-earths capping some of the
hills and lining the lower portions of the valleys, and some
obscure beds occurring in patches along the ridge of the chalk
escarpment and occupying an elevation of from four to six hun-
dred teet above the sea. Asilicious ironstone belonging to these
beds, containing about 24 per cent. of iron, is found along the
North Downs, notably above Folkestone, at Paddlesworth,
Postling, Hastingleigh, at Wye Downs, and Penny Pot. In
a sand-pipe, near Lenham, a few fossils have been found, but
their imperfect condition has not enabled geologists to determine
to which tertiary period they belong. Mr. Whitaker regards
them as overlapping Woolwich or Old Haven beds. (Proceed-
ings of Geological Society, 1866, page 401.) Prestwich thinks
they may belong to the Crag. Lyell on the other hand believes
them to be Miocene. (Lyell’s Elements, 233.) Mr. James Reid
drew attention to this formation and exhibited some fossils
obtained from Denham, in March, 1877. The fossils were
similar to those of the Red Crag. Mention was also made by
the same gentleman of remains of ancient iron-works and slag
heaps, the slag containing a larger per centage than the ore
itself. It is to be regretted that no record has been kept of these
interesting remarks. With the exception of these ironstone
beds a great gap occurs between the Lower Eocene and Pleisto-
cene, to use a simile, as if several volumes had been removed
from an extensive work such as an enclyclopedia, the earlier

volumes, as it were, are in the library, but several towards the
end of the series have been removed; in other places they are
continuous, but here those geological volumes are absent that
could tell us of the strange things that went on where we now
reside, through a period that cannot be estimated by years.
From the Miocene period to the present a greater lapse of time
has occurred than that which is represented by the whole of the
secondary and part of the tertiary strata, from the Trias to the
Miocene. (Professor Haughton, British Association, 1878.) A
time sufficient to allow of animal species changing from the
thick-skinned hog-like type to those more nearly allied to the
denizens of our own tropical jungles, and from their remains,
found in otner countries, exceeding in size and number, and more
remarkable still the variety of their species, the mammalia of
the present day. This indeed seems the day of the four-footed
things. The vegetable kingdom also rivalled in luxuriance
the animal, for the now frozen regions of the arctic lands were
then clothed with plants and evergreen shrubs, telling that a
warm climate probably prevailed throughout the world, for
astronomers do not admit the possibility of the earth’s axis
having changed. The Nummultic limestone which had been
accumulating through the middle Eocene period reached before
its close more than a thousand feet in thickness. When we
consider that this like the chalk was the work of forminifers,
it too, is additional evidence of how vast the period, which
is represented in Kent by a blank, must have been. Lyell
states that six hundred species of shell have been found in the
limestone of the Paris basin. Dr. Dawson says the ichthyo-
saurus and gigantic lizard fish of the secondary period were
replaced by the true whale, ‘ thus marking the advent even in
the sea of the age of mammals as distinguished from the age of
reptiles.” We know not how long great physical changes may
have been at work or what time mountain ranges, such as the
Alps, the Pyrenees, Carpathians, and Himalayas, may have
taken to rise from the bottom of the sea, it may have been
through ages of gradual and imperceptible elevation, having its
counterpart in the gradual sinking of the floor of the southern
ocean, registered by the growth of coral forming the Atols, and
Barrier reefs; or to draw an analogy from our own states of
activity and rest, the earth too may have had its periods of short
and intense action, and long ones of comparative repose.

The Nummulitic limestone, the work of small, but countless
creatures of the sea, was by an elevation of part of the ocean’s
bottom, towards the close of the Eocene period, carried up to a
height of 10,000 feet in the Swiss Alps, and in Thibet 16,000
feet. This same limestone was largely used in building the
Pyramids ; it occurs at Bagdad, at the mouths of the Indus,

Cutch, and in the passes leading to Cabul. (Lyell’s Elements,
page 305.) This great thickness and extent of rock, the eleva-
tion of the greatest mountain ranges from the ocean’s depths,
the change and development of whole species of animals and
plants, both of sea and land, are only some of the events that
happened between the deposition of the London Clay of the
Sheppey and Whitstable cliffs, and the gravels and brick-earths
that furnish the road making and building materials of the dis-
trict. It is necessary to impress upon the mind this immense
period of time, in order that we may the better understand how
the denudation of the Weald was brought about.

The great disturbance of the strata at the close of the cre-
taceous period, that resulted in the upheaval of such vast
mountain ranges, is supposed to have been brought about by
contractions going on in the earth’s crust. As the skin of an
apple shrivels up, or wrinkles gather on our own faces, as we
with our mother earth grow older, so a wrinkle passed across
this portion of the world, in a north-westerly direction, in a line
from Hastings to near Farnborough, constitutes the anticlinal
axis of the Weald. This seems to have been a gradual upheaval,
for the sea planed the strata off as they were brought near its
surface and consequently within range of the action of its waves,
rolling the flints off the chalk, and the chert of the Lower Green-
sand until nothing of them was left but their very hard hearts,
the Eocene pebbles of the Woolwich and Old Haven beds. This
upheaval and depression was probably repeated several times,
for a depression seems again to have followed, when the London
Clay was deposited in deep and quiet water. We must still bear
in mind the length of time occupied by these changes. The
debris of the cretaceous and Wealden rocks, as attested by the
flint pebbles, contributed materials for filling the depression in
the chalk to the north and south, known as the London and
Hampshire basins. The Wealden district having in this manner
been denuded of thirteen hundred feet of cretaceous and
Wealden rocks was reduced to an elevated plain, having
its watershed to the north-east and south-west of the
anticlinal ridge. The water running down these slopes
like the roof of a house cut out the river channels at
right angles to the strike of the rocks, and consequently in the
same direction as their dip, which is to the north-east on the one
side of the anticlinal and to the south-west on the other. We
have five rivers to the north, the Stour, Medway, Darent, Mole,
Wey, and four corresponding ones on the south, the Arun,
Adur, Ouse, Cuckmere, and probably once a fifth corresponding
to the Stour, the seaward portion of which through encroach-
ments of the sea has ceased to exist. The relative and opposite
positions of these rivers is most remarkable, they do not flow out

of the eastern ends of the valleys of the Gault and Weald clays,
but at right angles to what is now the highest ground, they
charge at the highest parts of the escarpment of the North and
South Downs and have breached them through from their sum-
mits to their base. It is a natural deduction from these premises
that when the rivers began to flow, the whole of the Weald of
Sussex and Kent was an elevated plain. It seems to me that in
addition to the north-westerly direction of the great valleys, a
set of flexures took place at right angles, with fissured crests,
that gave the rivers their initial course, for if this was not the
ease I do not know how we can account for the opposite position
of the rivers on each side of the anticlinal, and their gorges oc-
curring not in the lowest but sometimes in the highest crests of
the hills. Ina former paper on the physical geography of the
district I pointed out how unsatisfactory the marine theory of denu-
dation was as applied to the Weald, as there is no direct or indirect
evidence of the presence or action of the sea. On the other
hand we see patches of gravel, and ironstone beds capping the
tops of hills in this neighbourhood, and occupying the
most elevated positions, where they have protected the softer
beds below them from being washed away by the rain; and
where they do not occur we find deep valleys of excavation.
When standing under the lofty escarpments of the chalk or green-
sand, we do not realise how insignificant is the vertical height of
the hills when compared with the horizontal scale, but if we view
a correct model of the country, this becomes very apparent and we
may perceive that the frosts, the rain, and running water have been
nature’s chief tool in sculpturing the scenery of the Weald. We
have seen that this northern portion of the world during the middle
Tertiary period enjoyed a warm climate, and the glaciated surfaces,
boulder clay, and drift of the rest of Britain tell us a geological
summer time of long ages was succeeded by a winter of perhaps
equal duration. It is taken as evidence that this part of England,
to the south of the Thames and Severn, was not during this ice
period beneath the sea, because none of these glacial deposits are
found within it. The snows of countless winters falling upon its
exposed surfaces must have congealed into an ice cap, the ice of
which obeying similar laws to those which govern the movements
of running water, would flow to the north and south of the
anticlinal axis, carrying before it all the loose flints, pebbles, and
debris of the rock, spreading the flints of the chalk in sheets over
the London clay, the Woolwich beds, and Thanet-sands. When as
Dr. Dawson calls it ‘‘ the spring time of the world” returned, the
meeting of the snows would cause most of the sand and lighter
particles to be washed away, leaving the sheets and irregular
patches of gravel that once perhaps filled hollows in the surface or
the bays of old coast lines. Some writers have called this the

pluvial period, when rains heavier than even those which now fall
in the Bay of Bengal poured torrents over the land arranging and
re-arranging the gravel beds, which as the streams cut their way to
lower levels, formed protecting caps to the underlying and softer
beds, and in thismanner may be accounted for the presence of the
beds of gravel at elevations of four hundred feet, as in the wood
above the Selling tunnel; three hundred near The Gate public-
house, on the Boughton road; two hundred and twenty seven feet
at Rough Common; two hundred and twenty at the Whitstable
railway tunnel; two hundred in the Park above Hales Place; one
hundred and fifty at Broad Oak; one hundred and thirty five at
Westbere ; and ninety feet at the Halfway House on the Ramsgate
road.

On the south east side of the valley there are also elevated
gravel beds as at the Old Park, one hundred and fifty feet; Scot-
land Hills, one hundred feet. Also irregular patches of gravel, as
in Bigberry wood near the Chartham Hatch schools, two hundred
and fifty five feet; in the same wood above Tunford, two hundred
and forty nine feet; Theread wood, half a mile east of Hernhill,
three hundred feet ; Clapham hill, Whitstable road, two hundred
and twenty feet; hornden wood, three hundred feet; and Broom-
field, one hundred and seventéen feet. But as the rivers of the
district cut their way to lower channels, beds of the same gravel
were left in patches and terraces at much lower but varying heights,
im some instances at two hundred feet below the higher beds The
lower level gravels conforming to-the course of the river, are at
Kennington and Willesborough, two hundred feet ; Godmersham,
one hundred feet; Chilham, one hundred and seventy five feet;
Chartham, about seventy feet; and Wincheap, fifty fect above the
sea level. ‘These gravels are the same mixture of Eocene pekbles
and subangular flints from the chalk as those of the higher eleva-
tions, being in fact the same washed down to lower levels by the
river undermining its banks. Owing to some change in the relative
heights of sea and land, tidal water at one time flowed higher up
these valleys, perhaps to the height of sixty feet at Canterbury,
allowing the brick earths to be deposited. The action of tidal rivers
dealing with brick earths and gravels may be witnessed at the pre-
sent time in the river Avon at Clifton, where at high water the
stream becomes very sluggish, permitting fine alluvial matter
to be deposited, whilst at low water the rapid stream tears
along stones many pounds in weight. I have seen the tops
of isolated piles covered with mud six or eight inches thick.
The accumulated mud was last year threatening the framing
of one of the landing stages with destruction. The brickearths
of the Thames valley contain many fresh water and land shells.
(Proceedings of Geological Society, 1869, page 99.) Among the
gravels are casts in flint, generally much water worn, of chalk

RE —

fossils, but sometimes the fine markings of the shells of echini are
beautifully preserved. More interesting still, below and mingling
with these lower gravels and in a silt below them are elephants’
tusks and teeth. Specimens of the latter, many pounds in weight,
and the former truly gigantic in their original state, but now only a
few feet in length, may be seen in the Canterbury Museum, and in
the still finer collection at Maidstone, In these river valleys have
also been found remains of the rhinoceros, lion, deer, bison, and
other inhabitants of the preglacial, postglacial, and perhaps inter-
glacial periods. (P.G.S., 1869, page 197.) Still more interesting
than even these is the first evidence of the presence of man, in the
rude flint implements that answered the purpose of weapons,
knives, and scrapers, with which our Biitish forefathers flayed and
scraped the skins by the river side of the animals that with flint
weapons they had slain. Numbers of the flint flakes are found in
the gravel pits near St. Mildred’s Rectory, which an experienced eye
will detect at once, from those broken by the accidental blows of
picks or natural causcs, such as the frost. ‘The bump of percussion
is as indicative of a sudden blow as the chipped edges are of design.
(See annual report for 1879, page 35.) ‘That the aspect of the
hills and valleys 1s not due to any sudden convulsion of nature, but
principally to those operations that we see going on so silently, but
constantly around us, is well expressed in a quotation from Tenny-
son with which Ramsay commences his excellent little book called
“The Physical Geography of Great Britain.”

«There rolls the deep where grew the tree,

O earth, what changes hast thou seen ?

There where the long street roars, hath been

The stillness of the central sea.

The hills are shadows, and they flow

From form to form, and nothing stands ;

They melt like mist, the solid lands

Like clouds they shape themselves and go.”
In drawing these papers to a close, no one is more sensible of their
shortcomings than myself. I feel that like a lady’s letter the most
important partis the postcript, that is the index I[ have prepared to
Geological Magazines and works in our own library, and which I
trust may not be a fruitless labour in the cause of Geological
science.

IND E=

To Captain McDakin’s ‘‘ Sketch of the Geology of East Kent,”
and works in the Library of the Hast Kent Natural History
Society affording information on the subject.

The Geologist.
ee ee, page section ef G. Dowker,

Esq... Raia ee hale veer VOL, 4...1861...page 109

Proceedings of the Geological Society.

Brick earths, gravels, &C..........ccc0e sseese VOL, 25...1869...page 212

Posh leona MM MAG oe sce cae catec, ncsienenswennrarissenecses ae a pige 193

ARLE ALY ZEANBIS.<eavt ca cadserhccsacaeteeaces seeeres rence page 83

IOV Diawhellinwentersccineancosts westepvtseensucts evelvavcuuccress vol. 23...1867:, -page 91

Geological Magazine.

Brick earths, Thames Valley.............000008 vol. 4...1867.. -page 79

"Bhoeainice of the Geological Society.

Canterbury, Sheppy, Hoo, Upnor...... ...seccceeeeceeeeeee VOL, 23.,.1877...page 406

and Snodland, section through.............cccce ccs cae eee eee ‘5 ns page 412

The Geologist.

Canterbury, fossils in sand pit .. vol. 4...1861...page 390
Beaksbourne railway cutting, ‘section n by G. Dowker,

WOSQOM aass sad csttn devs sidan cas cotiet vol, 4...1861...page 109

: Proceedings of the Geological Society.

Cretaceous Foraminifera ... : vol. 28...1872...page 104

. vol, 23...1877...page 436
. vol. 30...1874...page 43

Chalk of Folkestone, destr uction of the cliffs”
a é vse vol. 26...1870 ..page 64

Chalk, structures in
Chalk corals .......

Chalk and chalk marl ‘anaylsis .. veo VOL, 23...1867...page 3889
Chalk of Thanet, section a _— Whitaker, ts Hog. « . vol, 21...1865...page 395
Chalk for buildings ... ARE veuseee VOL, 23...1867...page 236
<Gcelésical Magazine, N.S.

Chalk section of Thanet, ammonites, &e. .................. Vol. 1...1874...page 18

Geological Magazine.

Chall foraminifera s.<ccts.ssceoievadeeseasesevs «avevenonosksstesacka: VOL. Oreo OmiLa eaerO me
= -s Bee eel sxiaas ac gaunisce tapes sing panicececainces ater page 563
Chalk of Kent, by G. Dowker, Esq. ............cc:eseeee ees vol. 7...1870...page 466
Chalk Terraces of Downs, by Scrope.............000000. VOl. 3...1866...page 298
Chalk of Thanet. by Whitaker ..........:ccccc000 cesses VOL, 2.,.1865...page 214

Chalk Fossils, Cambridge phosphates.............0.000. VOl. 1,,,1864...page 112

A cmevandcvansecsaates Cee SS ay page 114
. ” ” page 296
. vol. 4,.,1867...page 483
eae » —- page 488

” ” ”

Chalk Escarpments, by Whitaker ....

” ” ”

The Geologist.

Chalk analysis .. sap eayvadthsxa nus esaneeasnihvay) WOM: aah eS De aie

Chalk soluble in pure water .. Soa Vhcgn'e anstinny pairacodveanploW Ohiaas there Ota tes ee mma

Are HE Pe ETRINT ORE a -, page 181

Chalk, highest beds, by Mackie Renan tabesdsetestaciossuntomn VOlc Oran LD Oro One aie

Chalk of the Dover cliffs ..... vee VOL. 6,,,1863...page 281
Chalk, plates of oa sponges, " rostellaria a, pterocera,

Whites cevones sraegieatrumpiduaanjexKaivasanivesoo OOks i Stack OO co RRar enn

Geological Magazine

Channel Tunnel ..... scubsevavteceyevese VOL, “Ole kota DARGL abe
Channel, British, formation, by Mackie ......... . vol. 3...1860.. tees 201

Pr elias of the Geological Society.

Chalk, fish exuriz, fossil Annelide from Lewis ......... vol. 35...1879...page 145
Denudation of the Weald and Sou bi and eleva-
tions, by Topley and Foster . ‘ sessseeeeee VOL, 21,,,1865...page 443

The Geologist.
Denudatioa of the Weald, a ache of tidal action, by

Mackie ..... wie VOl, 3..,1860...page 203
Dover cliffs, by Mackie .. .... Vol. 6.,,1863...page 281
Dowker, G., on the Tertiary Deposits of of ‘Kent, Beaks.

bourne Railway Cutting, &c... . vol. 4...1861...page 109

Geological Magazine.
Dowker, G., Esq., on Chalk of Kent, Isle of Thanet,

Margate, &e.. .... VOl. 7.,.1870...page 466
Denudation of the Weald, by Greenwood, “short notice vol. 5 ..1868...page 37
Geological Magazine, N.S

Denudation of the Weald ....ccscccccoscssserescsssessegereners WO 2,.,1875...page 282
Annual Report for

Dowker, G., Esq., Origin of Flint............0.:sc000+ 1877, No. 20...page 20
‘Proceedings of the Geological Society.
Escarpments, sub-ariel denudation versus marine...... vol. 23...1867...page 265

Geological Magazine, N.S.
Folkestone Beds and Gault, short notice ..........00000 Vol. 1...1874...page 475

Geological Magazine.

Folkestone Phosphate Beds ........... we VOl. 2.,,1865...page 527
Folkestone Cliffs, pepe by: — ~ "Whitaker, Baa. =

before E.K.N.H Sieesasaee ' . vol. 1...1864,..page 212
The Geologist.

Folkestone, Geology of, by Mackie... joxssaasvaseacses VOly -O,.;1860;,.page. At

“ Fy a ae seat ana caaree es ieiwaas + rs page 81

” ” oe epiensvediieus sacouadileannhs os 55 page 121

9 9 Ae PRESS CSIRAN coe skbeo Bs a page 201

as or re rep irernorbe croerore rite A page 281

” ne as eeciedta hats steed ad a is page 321

“ op = jeer aee cena aeorer = a page 353

” = AS LP AS cn cec wreateuh case + a page 393
Geological Magazine.

Flints, Ruskin’s beautiful ge aes shay vol. 5...1868...page 12

Flints, green coated ........ OS Se Sa ye VOls 46 A oObE PERS anu

or} 9 a Pea ec ea tein cnewckcaseeciss srs sxsase - Be page 223

a “5 x! Raa ccc rracn ean eu cn tns Sora Sanat nanan oe 43 page 239

Flints, facts and fancies ........cccsessscessesserssenenere oe VOL 9. 1872. -page 39

Geological Magazine, N.S.
RI ais scaicalicecedw ce Ued'nn sadps oe¥ons vedahy sie! MOMs ahey LOU, bo DOTS)” ee
The Geologist.

Flint Implements at Herne siead Ne a I hea NOlom Mee Oo Lecce tees
»> Reculvers .......... is cae catbtan eh oavapungr ene 7 », page 269

Annual Report for
Flints, Origin of, see Mr. G. Dowker’s lecture ......... 1877, No. 20...page 20

Proceedings of the Geological Society.
Gault, section of ie Point, Folkestone vol. 30...1874...page 344
Gault corals .. *0 ABE . Vol, 21,,,1865...page 443

The Geologist.

Gault fish . jesse VOL, -. 6,,,1868...pagedss

Gault and Lower Greensand, ‘plates “OF FOSSIIS «ss ssesee-s- vol. 3...1860...page 321
Geological Magazine.

Gault at Folkestone, by Ranceé..,.......000. . vol. 5...1868.. page 163
Pejoeanie of the Geological Society.

Gravels of the Medway . veccree VOL, 21...1865.. .page 443

Gravels, flint implements, ‘and elephant remaius......... vol. 28...1872...page 449

Gravels of the Weald .. JeSiaaesauvsatesvouaarev urs settaedes VOL 2 opt Owilin ane MnO ies
' Geological Magazine.

Gravels of the Medway .....:ssssees sees VOl. 2...1865...page 363
Annual Report for

Greensand, Lower, fossil wood, phosphate of lime, &c. 1877.,.page 35
Proceedings of the Geological Society.

Hastings sands, variegated rocks..... ..ccuereeeeeer eee VOL 24,.,1868...page 390

a) devaaeuntne cat 7 rs page 392

5, Hast Cliff, Ashdown sands... ah cases page 379

Isle of Sheppy, section Across .......sccccceeseeeeeeee ser sae ees vol. 23...1867.. page 412

Geological Magazine, N.S.
Isle of Thanet, section, tables and ammonites ......... vol. 1...1874...page 16

The Geologist.
Tron Beds capping the North Downs at Se pba

Paddlesworth, Wye, Lenham, &c.. sasseeeeee VOL. 8,...1860...page 339
London Clay, fossils, Peckham, Woolwich, x daiiiek cache vol. 2.,.1859...page 296
Proceedings of the Geological Society.

London, Quarternary deposits... icdvveiseneenins ounee VOL, 20,6, L869 pepe) aon
A 3 fossil bird .. veaeee VOL, 29...1873...page 511

or foraminifera, foreign ‘beds...
a Mammalian remains (Dawkins) caged é
Mie divrsrya SCR VES crysctaaseoehsnlevineee.ssniabiedaunteeies sataleseiiy=

. vol. 29...1872...page 118
. vol. 23...1867...page 91
vol. 21...1865...page 443

Annual Report for
1879

Nailbournes, intermitting springs, by W. Hammond

Geological Magazine.
Phosphate Beds at Folkestone... vol. 2..,1865...page 527
Springs of the Thames valley, Royal Commission on... vol. 6.,.1869...page 414
Springs, pee Nailbournes, ae Ww. Hammond,

IBIS ss ean akes Annual Report for 1879
Tertiaries— Be ceeetings of the Geological Society.
Tertiaries of Hast Kent, Whitaker’s sections .. Seal. 22....1866...page 404

<i London Clay, fossil birds..........0.. cc: VOL. 29,..1873...page 511

AA Foraminiferz, foreign beds..............000 Vol. 28.,.1872...page 118

PS Brick earths, gravels, &e. ..... seseseeee VOL, 25..,1869.. page 212

‘ Post glacial mammals, by Dawkins... Ags as es page 193

* Quarternary gravels ..... bothers Mngees rs i page 83

a Section across Blean and Sheppy siseeeeee VOL. 23,,.1867...page 412

. Pebble beds near Caterham ............s0..... Vol. 25...1869...page 57

ay Miavavakeaiterenses vol. 27...1871...page 20

A Flint implements in gravels and animal

rema D cctcacteacermamnes NOL, 28:. 1872... PaQouaaoes
rte Gearals of the Weald... Fe csavgia restedeviseies WOle Ate ckOt lassie enone

Geological Magazine.
6 OL ROntiae iris cinieiuriecdartatam mene VOly O.lS66) sparencee

: Geological Magazine.
Tertiary gravels of the Medway .........cseceseeeee VOl. 2,,..1865...page 363

: The Geologist.
Tertiary fossils, London clay, of Peckham and

UMAR YRC NG Ug ey OME tyiastendtsssevraavecdsrseseosassaseoeresee VOl, 2,..1850,., page 206

Geological Magazine, N.S.

Thanet, Isle of, Section of, Ammonites, &c................ Vol. 1...1874...page 16
Geological Magazine.

Thames valley (erratum) ..........:0.ccssscsesserssseeseseeeese VOl, 5...1868...page 147

- a ay Rbterdisiive os evccetvessibedacarigines ae P pees 98

eee 29 pag
Tidal action, diagram of Channel ‘tides, ‘by Mackie...... vol. 3...1860.. .page 203
Reicaisin os of the Geological Society.

Weald, Gault and Greensand . asset sesseeeee VOL, 31,..1875...page 269
Weald, Phickening OF Strate........0.cccscsscessscsceceseeee os vol. 30...1874...page 190
Weald ....... ese arpa icsticebeares cast han, VOls 20 aelOlar; -DBZO uaa
Weald and Neocomia .. vol. 27 ..1871...page 221
» Topley and Foster on the denudation and
Medway gravels ......cccccccssscsssseoerrscvsseeee VOL, 21...1865...page 443
Geological Magazine.
Wealden beds, Lower Greensand, &c... sessesseeeeee, VOL. 10...1873...page 438
Wealden formation discussion ..............ccs0cscseeeeeeeeee VOL. 9...1872...page 282
% eis omrcspe Rute Oe et LOAOs, DEO ose
A Denudation, Greenwood versus Mackintosh,
or marine and fluvaitil ..................... Vol. 5...1868...page 37
PMMREHOLE OUCH Side ses..feasceversscsnsvacuverceseus decreses “WOls © 2-.18001..PORO SOD
The Geologist.
Wealden fossils ...... cS sateneva les eotaterraareis MOls” Ain -AGGl.. pagela6o
Wealden denudation, Mackie ..... ..... Vol, 3...1860...page 203

Whitstable, fossil wood and submer ged forest, ‘Mr.Brent vol. 4...1861...page 391
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.

Geological Features of Hernhill and Herne Bay, by Centurion ; English
Mechanic, 1878, April 12, page 108

List of Geological Works on the Hampshire Basin, a pamphlet

Lyell’s Principles, 2 vols.

Lyell’s Elements of Geolo gy.

Mantell’s Geology of the South East of England, recommended

Physical Geography of Great Britain, by Ramsay

Phillips’ Geology

nee of the Geology of the Weald, by Centurion ; English Mechanic, 1876, April

page

Fossil sponges, by Colonel Cox, Annual Report for 1880

Changes of the Coasts of Kent and River Valleys since the Roman Period, by
G. Dowker, Esq., F.G.S., Annual Report for 1880

EAST KENT NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

MEETINGS 1880-81.

SCIENTIFIC on WEDNESDAYS, at 7 o'clock.

March 3, 1880
April 7,
May 5, oy
June De eye
July Hee ot
August See ee
September techy
October Gh
November 6: ee
December ies oe
January 5, 1881
February Dinas
March Dae

N.B.—The Committee meet on the Saturday next following
the date of the Scientific Meeting in each month.

ANNUAL MEETING,
TUESDAY, JANUARY 25, 1881, at 4 o’cloch p.m.

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