Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution ..

S66 REPORT OF THE

Secretary of the Smithsonian

Institution

FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30

1907

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(No. 1737)

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1907

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REPORT OF THE

Secretary of the Smithsonian

Institution |

FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30

1907

(No. 1737)

W ASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1907

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Explorations and researches:

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PNAS eae CO Tit OM reas sets ie ee Te ee ee ee

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Investigations under the Hodgkins fund:

Study of atmospheric air in relation to mankind_______________

Absolute smeasune! OF eso umm soe See

Properties of matter at low temperatures______________________

Sid yor che supperatmospheress os Sees ea Bu ee

Mechanics of the earth’s atmosphere___________________________

PRN EROS ANS RO uth hte Se =a Se Pees is Pa es we ee

Smithsonian table at Naples Zoological Station____________________

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Advisory committee on printing and publication________________

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International Catalogue of Scientific Literature__._______________-_____

VES Ea TG ba yicge e Met Ey Se Meare yee ee pn em eS A Set es

A TIS LeyermMemorialn MeCN eee weetn 2k eis! he ey ee SE

Appendix I. Report on the United States National Museum_______-____-

II. Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology_-___-_------

III. Report on the International Hxchanges_____--____------~--

IV. Report on the National Zoological Park ___________________

VY. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory____--------------

NalohCnorcOnmunhen WiDranyn =e. Se ee ee Se

VII. Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific Litera-

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REPORT

OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

Geen ts DE VWALCOET,
FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1907.

To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:

GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit a report showing the oper-
ations of the Institution during the year ending June 30, 1907,
including the work placed under its direction by Congress in the
United States National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology,
the International Exchanges, the National Zoological Park, the Astro-
physical Observatory, the Regional Bureau of the International
Catalogue of Scientific Literature, and the excavations on the Casa
Grande Reservation.

In the body of this report there is given a general account of the
affairs of the Institution, while the appendix presents a more detailed
statement by those in direct charge of the different branches of the
work. Independently of this the operations of the National Museum
and the Bureau of American Ethnology are fully treated in separate
volumes. The scientific work of the Astrophysical Observatory,
covering its researches. for the past five years, will be described in
Volume IT of the Annals of the Observatory.

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

THE ESTABLISHMENT.

By act of Congress approved August 10, 1846, the Smithsonian
Institution was created an Establishment. Its statutory members
are “the President, the Vice-President, the Chief Justice, and the
heads of the Executive Departments.”

As organized on June 30, 1907, the establishment consisted of the
following ex officio members:

TueoporE Roosryett, President of the United States.

Cuaries W. Farreanns, Vice-President of the United States.

1

2 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Menvittz W. Fuuuer, Chief Justice of the United States.
Exruvu Root, Secretary of State. .

Grorce B. Correiyou, Secretary of the Treasury.
Wituiam H. Tarr, Secretary of War.

Cuaries J. Bonaparte, Attorney-General.

GrorGE von L. Meyer, Postmaster-General.

Victor H. Mercatr, Secretary of the Navy.

James R. Garrrein, Secretary of the Interior.

James Wison, Secretary of Agriculture.

Oscar S. Straus, Secretary of Commerce and Labor.

THE BOARD OF REGENTS.

The Board of Regents consists of the Vice-President and the
Chief Justice of the United States as ex officio members, three mem-
bers of the Senate, three members of the House of Representatives,
and six citizens, “two of whom shall be residents of the city of
Washington, and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State,
but no two of them of the same State.”

The following appointments and reappointments of Regents were
made during the year: By appointment of the Speaker, December 3,
1906, Representative James R. Mann in place of Representative
R. R. Hitt, deceased; by joint resolution of Congress approved Janu-
ary 21, 1907, the Hon. George Gray to succeed himself; by appoint-
ment of the Vice-President on March 4, 1907, Senator S. M. Cullom
and Senator A. O. Bacon to succeed themselves. On January 23,
1907, the Hon. John Dalzell was elected a member of the executive
committee to fill the vacancy created by the death of Mr. Hitt.

It is with deep regret that I have to record the death of Repre-
sentative Robert R. Hitt on September 20, 1906. Mr. Hitt was a
member of the Board of Regents on the part of the House of Rep-
resentatives for more than thirteen years.

The membership of the Board at the end of the fiscal year was as
follows: The Hon. Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the United
States, Chancellor; the Hon. Charles W. Fairbanks, Vice-President
of the United States; Senator S. M. Cullom; Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge; Senator A. O. Bacon; Representative John Dalzell; Repre-
sentative James R. Mann; Representative W. M. Howard; Dr. James
B. Angell, of Michigan; Dr. Andrew D. White, of New York; the
Hon. J. B. Henderson, of Washington, D. C.; Dr. A. Graham Bell,
of Washington, D. C.; the Hon. Richard Olney, of Massachusetts;
and the Hon. George Gray, of Delaware.

At a meeting of the Board of Regents held March 12, 1903, the
following resolution was adopted:

Resolved, That in addition to the prescribed meeting held on the fourth
Wednesday in January, regular meetings of the Board shall be held on the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3

Tuesday after the first Monday in December and on the 6th day of March,
unless that date falls on Sunday, when the following Monday shall be
substituted.

In accordance with this resolution, the Board met on December 4,
1906; January 23, 1907, and March 6, 1907. The proceedings of the
Board at these meetings will be found in its annual report to
Congress.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS..

It is with a deep sense of responsibility that I have assumed the
office of Secretary, and I greatly appreciate the honor conferred by
the Regents in electing me to the position. Once before, as acting
assistant secretary, I had administrative charge for nearly two years
of a most important branch of the Institution’s work, the United
States National Museum. I have been associated with the scientific
work of the Museum for almost a quarter of a century, and for many
years have been in close personal contact with other important
branches of the Institution’s activities.

I fully recognize the obligation resting upon the man who holds
the position which has been successively occupied by Joseph Henry,
Spencer F. Baird, and Samuel P. Langley. By a wise and conserva-
tive policy, maintaining at once the independence of the Smithsonian
fund and yet freely cooperating with the Government in securing aid
in the development of its branches, the Institution has reached a posi-
tion of eminence far beyond what might have been expected from the
comparatively small endowment which it possesses. It has, moreover,
on numerous occasions conducted in its initial stages scientific work
that has proven to be of great practical value, and when the experi-
mental stage was passed and their economic utility had been demon-
strated, the organizations and results obtained were turned over to the
Government. Through one or another of its agencies the name
Smithsonian Institution has been brought to the attention of scien-
tific workers in this country and in other lands and to those edu-
cated people generally who, though without special training in
science, desire to keep abreast of the progress of the world. It has
abandoned projects which other institutions had undertaken, on the
theory that there was plenty of work for all to do, and it has aided
investigators throughout the United States and indeed in foreign
lands as heartily as it has supported the work of its own staff.

In other words, I feel that I have come to an establishment unselfish
in its aims and willing to help all men in furtherance of the objects
for which it was founded—an institution devoted fully to the progress
and spread of knowledge in every field without limitation to one
branch of science or to all science, but having within its purview
the elevation of mankind through the increase and spread of knowl-
edge. The heads of the Institution thus far have been specialists

4 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

trained in different branches of knowledge. Henry was a physicist,
Baird a naturalist, Langley an astronomer and physicist. While
they were carrying on the general affairs of the Institution each of
these men pursued particular investigations. No one of them, how-
ever, allowed his judgment to be biased by the limitations of his own
specialty. I hope to follow in the footsteps of these men. In addi-
tion to guiding the affairs of the Institution, I expect to carry on
research work in geology and paleontology, and to prepare some
memoirs on these subjects which have occupied a large part of my
life. Such research work produces a greater sympathy and under-
standing of the special work of others; as in the past, it will in no
wise tend to alter the universal character of the Institution or to
limit my interest in all departments of research.

My predecessors have so wisely and so economically administered
the affairs of the Institution that I have come to a well-equipped
establishment with its traditions and its policy founded upon right
principles, and they do not appear to be susceptible of material
improvement. I shall, however, through special agencies created
from time to time, carefully study the workings of the Institution
and of all of its branches with the purpose of satisfying myself as
to existing conditions and methods, and in order to retain a practicai
and high standard of administration.

Speaking for the Institution proper, it appears to me that it has
been developed to the full extent possible under its present endow-
ment. It can not have escaped the attention of observers that,
in the sixty years and more in which the Smithsonian Institution
has existed, few additions have come to its funds. While money has
been freely given for the enlargement of existing institutions of
learning and research and even more has been forthcoming for the
establishment of new ones, the fund of this Institution remains at
about $1,000,000, but a little over double what it was at its founda-
tion. The generous men and women who have supported science
and art in this country have possibly not considered the fact that
there is necessarily a waste in the founding of a new organization.
Moreover, a much greater amount of good can often be accomplished
by financially aiding an existing institution than by creating a new
one of the same type. That this Institution has popularity can not
be doubted, but it has seemed to suffer from one of its greatest advan-
tages, namely, its connection with the Government. Being a ward
of the nation, it is thought by the public to be a recipient of generous
Congressional appropriations. While this is in a measure true for
the branches in charge of the Institution, yet no provision 1s made by
Congress for carrying on the activities of the Institution proper. I
think this is a very sound condition, but feel that it should be made

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5

sufficiently clear to all who may be interested or become interested in
the Institution and its work.

There are numerous projects actually awaiting systematic develop-
ment that can not properly receive support from the Government and
which from their nature might be advantageously conducted under
the charge of the Institution; these include, among others, the scien-
tific exploration of large areas of Central and South America; the in-
vestigation of various problems connected with the deposition of ores;
_ mvestigations in regard to the production of petroleum by artificial
means; the study upon a large scale of anthropological and ethno-
logical problems having direct bearing on the future American peo-
ple; the systematic study of seismological (earthquake) phenomena.
Although it may be held that the practical demonstration of these
problems will be provided for elsewhere, it must be borne in mind
that few scientific activities are without some ultimate relation to
practical affairs and that researches bearing directly upon the activi-
ties of the people and natural productions must be carried on from
the scientific point of view.

In order to further develop, if possible, that part of the Institution’s
programme which has to do with the diffusion of knowledge, I have
tentatively initiated a plan which will greatly enlarge the scope of
the Institution’s work in this respect. The carefully selected general
appendix to the Smithsonian Annual Report is the principal means,
aside from the International Exchange Service, whereby the Institu-
tion diffuses knowledge. Some 10,000 copies of these Reports are
printed, a large majority of which are placed in public libraries, where
they are accessible to many readers, while but a small proportion can
be sent to individuals. I have accordingly initiated a plan of having
prepared, in popular language, abstracts of the publications of the In-
stitution and sometimes special articles on the investigations in prog-
ress by the Institution. These have been distributed to the daily
newspapers, which, in the main, have made use of them. In this way
the material in the Reports and other publications of the Institution,
_as well as the knowledge of current investigations, have been rendered
accessible to millions of readers.

Although I assumed the office of Secretary on the 31st of January,
1907, I continued, at the request of the President, the direction of
affairs of the Geological Survey, with which, however, my connection
as Director terminated on April 30.

In order that my time might be as free as possible for the affairs
of the Institution and for research work, I considered the question of
severing my relationship with the Carnegie Institution of Washing-
ton, of which I am a member of the board of trustees and of the

6 - REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

executive committee. After conferring, however, with my _ col-
leagues on that committee and with the members of the Board of
Regents, it was considered on all hands desirable and as productive of
harmonious and useful cooperation between two kindred institutions
that I should retain my membership of the board of trustees and of
the executive committee of the Carnegie Institution.

During the year the Smithsonian Institution cooperated with and
received the aid of most of the Government Departments, though I
may especially mention the Departments of State, Agriculture, In-
terior, and Commerce and Labor, and the valuable advice and assist-
ance received from the Department of Justice. Through its Ex-
change Service, its publications, its collections, and in many other
ways, the Institution continues in relation with most of the important
scientific establishments and universities in this country and other
lands, thus aiding the progress of science and preventing waste.
With the consent of the Regents I have tendered to the National
Academy of Sciences and the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science oflice accommodations in the Smithsonian building,
which have been accepted by the officials of both of these important
national organizations. The Institution continues its cooperation
with the American Historical Association in accordance with the
provisions of the act incorporating that society. In general I deem
it one of the important functions of the Institution that it should
freely place its administrative machinery and opportunities at the
service of all the great national learned societies in the hope that the
work of all of them will be aided and duplication of labor and waste
of energy avoided.

ADMINISTRATION.

_ In the administration of the Institution the Secretary has the
valued aid of experienced officers and a well-trained staff. The
Museum is in the immediate charge of Mr. Richard Rathbun, an
Assistant Secretary of the Institution, and the Exchange Service, the
Library, and the Regional Bureau for the International Catalogue of
Scientific Literature are under the supervision of Dr. Cyrus Adler,
an Assistant Secretary. Mr. W. H. Holmes is Chief of the Bureau
of American Ethnology, Dr. Frank Baker is Superintendent of
the National Zoological Park, and Mr. C. G. Abbot is Director of
the Astrophysical Observatory.

A system in vogue of conferences between the Secretary and these
officers on all subjects pertaining to the different branches has been
maintained. The Secretary, as executive officer of the Board of
Regents, deems the administration of the parent Institution his first

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 7

care, but fully recognizes the importance of the branches supported
by the Government, many of which are inherent in the organic act
of the Institution, and desires, in cooperation with the Board and
the Congress, to administer and develop these important charges of
the Institution.

The duties of the Secretary from the date of the death of Mr.
Langley up to the end of January, 1907, when I was appointed to
that office, were performed with ability and fidelity by Mr. Richard
Rathbun, an Assistant Secretary of the Institution, by designation
of the Chancellor under authority of the act of May 13, 1894, pro-
viding for the appointment of an Acting Secretary.

It is gratifying to report that the current business of the Institu-
tion was conducted in a prompt and efficient manner, and that no
arrearages in the work of the Government branches under its direc-
tion had to be noted in the quarterly statements made to the President
and the annual statement made to Congress in accordance with law.

In view, however, of the recent examination by a commission
appointed by the President into the business methods of all of the
Government Departments, not including the branches under the
charge of the Smithsonian Institution, I thought it wise to appoint
a committee for the purpose of examining into the business methods
of the Institution and its several branches, with a view to suggesting,
if found desirable, improvements in the business methods of the
Institution and its various branches, and in the transaction of busi-
ness between them and the Institution.

Mr. H. W. Dorsey, who had been for many years connected with
the Institution, was on March 29 appointed chief clerk.

Several amendments affecting the operation of the civil-service
law and rules in their bearing on the personnel of the branches of the
Government service under the direction of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion were promulgated by Executive order during the year. The
only change in the rules, however, which affects the branches of the
Institution specifically is that announced in the Executive order of
April 15, 1907. This provides that the paragraph in the legislative
act approved June 22, 1906 (prohibiting the transfer of any employee
in the classified service from one Executive Department to another
until the employee shall have served for a term of three years in the
Department from which transfer is desired), may be waived in pro-
posed transfers to or from the Smithsonian Institution and certain
independent bureaus or offices of the Government, when in the judg-
ment of the Civil Service Commission the interests of the service so
require.

8. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
FINANCES.

The permanent fund of the Institution and the sources from which
it was derived are as follows:

Deposited in the Treasury of the United States.

Bequest-of Smithson) 18462-25222 2s eee $515, 169. 00
Residuary. legacy, of Smithson; 1867222 S25 eee 26, 210. 63
Deposit LLOM: Savinss Of AN CONTC AS Gil ee 108, 620. 37

Bequest ofs James Hamilton; Sipe oe ee $1, 000. 00

Accumulated interest on Hamilton fund, 1895 __________ ~ 1, 000. 00
: 2, 000. 00
Bequest of Simeon Habel, 1880_______- eT RL OS 2 alt ee ee 500. 00
Deposit from proceeds of sale of bonds, 1881_____________________ 51, 500. 00
Gittzof “Thomas,G. Hodgkins) t89l2 see eee ee 200, 000. 00
Part of residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894___________ 8, 000. 00
Deposit, ELOMESayvINSSsOf AN COME lO (yee ee ee eee 25, 000. 00
Residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins____~___________________ 7, 918. 69
Total amount of fund in the United States Treasury____-_- 944, 918. 69

Held at the Smithsonian Institution.

Registered and guaranteed bonds of the West Shore Railroad Com-
pany (par value), part of legacy of Thomas G, Hodgkins_______ 42, 000. 00

Total: permanent tum Go ose ea ee Nee Ss ee a ee 986, 918. 69

The balance of the residuary legacy of the late Thomas G. Hodg-
kins, exclusive of accumulated interest, consisted of United States
registered 4 per cent bonds of the par value of $7,850 maturing
July 1, 1907. These bonds were sold by order of the Board of Re-
gents, and the gross proceeds aggregating $7,918.69 were deposited in
the Treasury of the United States to the credit of the permanent
fund.

That part of the fund deposited in the Treasury of the United
States bears interest at 6 per cent per annum, under the provisions of
the act organizing the Institution and an act of Congress approved
March 12, 1894. The rate of interest on the West Shore Railroad
bonds is 4 per cent per annum.

The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to
$64,444.41, was derived as follows: Interest on the permanent fund,
$57,900; proceeds from claims in htigation, $1,292.56; interest of
Hodgkins residuary fund, $235.50, and miscellaneous sources,
$5,016.35; all of which was deposited in the Treasury of the United
States to the credit of the current account of the Institution.

_ With the balance of $10,184.13, on July 1, 1906, the total resources
for the fiscal year amounted to $74,628.54.. The disbursements, which
are given in detail in the annual report of the executive committee,
amounted to $49,936.53, leaving a balance of $24,692.01. Of this

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. y

amount $100 was advanced for work yet incomplete and $24,592.01
was on deposit in the Treasury of the United States.

The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement
of the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1907:

BNI MELO lp CMAN SOS ewes ah Re SANS Ee eR oe ee $28, 800
3 UL BNET GEST ORO 0) KG fea eee th SNe eR gS es ya et ee Se SS 40, 000
PESHEOL IY ST ECle OSCE VALOL Vise = er ae ee ee ek 14, 000
United States National Museum:
SEPT USEING UTIs eras Ol eps Xe HU Oe ee a ne re as Se 20, 000
VES (CRE ARATE ANC G3 70 6 a I SS a ee gg 18, 000
reservations Of scOlLeehlONs sre ms fae ee ae re ee a 180, 000
BOOK Gye 2 sees eee a Se ee a ek eS SE 2, 000
YB GAS EUS 9 a a ae SE BS eS ee an 500
TESA, (OE WyyKOWEL LS) AN 0 ONS Rei Re Vee eee ea a 4, 580
Bein ka ines See) OPN aS se oie ee ee ee ee 15, 000
Mea UuGine ToD Nabonal Museum. 26 ee ee 500, 000
EHO ee AO Ol OMLCailep kyl Tle are tae pa EL yt Se eee ee ee a 95, 000
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature______________________ 5, 000
Protection and excavation, ruin of Casa Grande, Arizona______________ 3, 000
DEE so a SE Py ae a ee pe ered 925, 880

The estimates forwarded to Congress in behalf of the Government
branches of the Institution, and the appropriations based thereon
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, are shown in the following
table:

Estimates, | APpropria-
International exchanges........:.....------- SND L oe ge Ste onl ee wegen $32, 000 $32, 000
American Ethnology..............- PEs Sater ei Sears tne = tere geese ctmincateyeie 50, 000 40, 000
REO ySl Ca OPSCEVELOLY = sneesetenee sete cet sat n eae ceace ecb comers eeaese 14, 000 13, 000
National Museum: :
TIE EOVELT Ch LUT CS eaters We wie misters eee a= he Se See ae Be a Se lce oeiemces 20, 000 20, 000
IG IDS CPG AGE el aunts BES ao a aac ae oe hea IE See ea oa a re 18, 000 | 18, 000
ETESET YALL ONOMCOLMECC HONS: aceon hate Ns ciao ee tnls Sas mace eee wise 190, 000 | 190, 000
TENOR) os cre eceele Se eRe en a Se et i Re ees a 2, 000 2, 000
BUCS PEDAL see smear eee Secs ee ys io Cee ee < ead queers SS ee hoes 15, 000 15, 000
CAI OL KSA OPS areas eet moe Ne ne aioaee dalea-s Sate eek sedsesctaeeea ce 4,580 4, 580
LRU SUC Gee Sake Ae sn QdeH MARNE DOS SSeS a SOREN Ee CREE aE Oo CAS aH Her Se arse ae : 500 500
SUMGa yea OI Mt OPCW See cs ss Foe casein ase esate ase eos sees eek eie Sociales M28) | massacre se
Mew ENGIN tOL NAO AL ViUSCUMD..90 5 422,28 o eis csc es oclad mero d see cece 1, 250, 000 1, 250, 000
National Zoological Park:
Nanna ZOOlOpIen bar keg arse cr sae Nee OTe! cE Sam oe eS soe | 100, 000 95, COO
Re pare TORU WAYS And aWalkGee. socom 5. doe ac yoke ne Sota wee Se ee tees 15, 000 15, 000
FUCA CI MASLULeT tO DOUN GAR eS. e te ae saris omiee leritis aisle einieeie sen) BONG0G) Fee sees
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature..........--.....----2---2+----- | 5, 000 5, 000
Protection and excavation, ruin of Casa Grande, Arizona....-.-.......--.---- 3, 000 3, 000

SR Obst Wes eset eet tery aie ers ea ete nie See este ea ee cwine catia one napr alc wicietas os | 1, 790, 808 1, 703, 080

10 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
EXPLORATIONS AND RESEARCHES.
STUDY OF OLDHPR SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.

During the past twenty years I have been studying the older sedi-
mentary rocks of the North American Continent from Newfoundland
to Alabama on the eastern side and from southeastern California to
northern Montana on the western. In the interior, east of the Rocky
Mountains, studies were carried on in Texas, South Dakota, Minne-
sota, and Wisconsin.

Three important sections remained to be examined—one of the
Lower Cambrian in western Nevada, one in northern Montana, and
another of the lower Paleozoic Rocks of the main range of the Rocky
Mountains in the vicinity of the Canadian Pacific Railroad.

The latter was selected for examination during the field season of
1907, and although the work did not begin until after the close of the
fiscal year I will here briefly recount some of its results. Early in
July, a camp outfit was secured at Field, British Columbia, and work
begun on Mount Stephen. Subsequently sections were studied and
measured at Castle Mountain, west of Banff, Alberta; at Lake Louise,
south of Laggan, Alberta, and on Mount Bosworth on the Conti-
nental Divide near Hector, British Columbia.

Upwards of 20,000 feet of strata were carefully examined and
measured, and collections of fossils and rocks made from many locali-
ties. It was found that the Cambrian section included over 12,000
feet of sandstones, shales, and limestones, and that the three great-
divisions of the Cambrian—the Lower, Middle, and Upper—were
represented in the section of Bow River series and the Castle Moun-
tain group. Characteristic fossils were found in each division.

ALASKAN EXPEDITION.

In continuation of work already satisfactorily begun, the Secretary
authorized, in April of the present year, an expedition for the col-
lection of the remains of large extinct vertebrates, particularly mam-
mals, in Alaska. Although fragmentary materials have been se-
cured there from time to time by various exploring parties and
mining expeditions, the country is still, to a considerable extent, a
virgin field, and the recent great development of the mining industry
makes the present time particularly favorable for the work proposed,
especially on account of the facilities for transportation thus rendered
available. |

The expedition has been placed in charge of Mr. C. W. Gilmore, a
member of the staff of the National Museum, who will have the serv-
ices of a guide trained in the methods of the work to be accomplished
and thoroughly familiar with the regions to be explored.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 11

The research is an important one and it is hoped by means of it to
increase our knowledge of the extinct fauna of the country, and to
add valuable and interesting specimens to the collection of the
Museum.

FOSSIL FISHES OF BRAZIL.

A moderate grant was approved for the preparation of an illus-
trated article, to be prepared in collaboration by Dr. David Starr
Jordan and Dr. J. C. Branner, on a unique collection of fossil fishes
from the Barra do Jardin, a locality near Ceara, Brazil.

About 1834 a collection of these fossil fishes was received by Louis
Agassiz, and from it he described seven new species, some of which
have never been seen since his time. Some species from the same lo-
eality are now in the British Museum, and Stanford University has
recently received nodules containing specimens of all those heretofore
described and probably several additional ones not before noted.
Doctors Jordan and Branner are thus enabled to give information
supplementary to any heretofore recorded in regard to this interest-
ing species of fossil fishes. An article describing the research will be
submitted to the Institution for publication when completed.

ARIZONA METEORITES.

In April, 1907, Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology in
the National Museum, received a limited grant for the purpose of ex-
amining the remarkable craterform depression known as Coon Butte,
near Canyon Diablo, Arizona, with a view to determining whether it
was caused by explosive volcanic action, as assumed by some investi-
gators, or due to the impact of a mass of meteoric iron, as asserted by
others. In conducting the research a general survey was made of the
amount and distribution of meteoric irons and associated materials of
the locality.

Two preliminary papers, one describing a hitherto unrecognized
type of meteoric iron, and the other a peculiar form of metamorph-
ism in the siliceous sandstone of the Butte, have been submitted and
published in the Proceedings of the National Museum and the Smith-
sonian Miscellaneous Collections. The entire investigation will be
reported on in detail after the results are collated and arranged.

At the conclusion of the work at Coon Butte, Doctor Merrill visited
the fossil forest, near Adamana, Ariz., under the authorization of the
Department of the Interior, and made collections of the silicified
woods for the purpose of supplying the numerous applications re-
ceived from schools and colleges for such materials.

GEOLOGY OF THH ALPS.

The problem of the structure of the Alps, always a question of
intense interest, has been the subject of more than usual attention

12 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

and discussion, especially in Europe, during the last five years. The
topic being one of vast importance in general geology also, it was
decided to make it the subject of special study during the summer of
1907, and Mr. Bailey Willis, a geologist prepared for the work by
previous experience and training, was detailed for the purpose, under
a grant from the Institution.

It is hoped that this investigation, the results of which will be
issued in one of the Smithsonian publications, will aid in solving
questions of great importance in general geology.

SEISMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

The great earthquake at San Francisco brought prominently to the
attention of scientific men and establishments the importance of
seismological study, and when on August 16, 1906, the earthquake in
Chile took place, it seemed desirable that a competent investigator
should be sent to that country to make a study on the spot in order
that the disturbance in Chile might be compared with that in Cali-
fornia, and utilized for the furtherance of knowledge of this im-
portant subject. .

Through the courtesy of the Department of State cable communica-
tion was had with the American minister in Chile, and it was ascer-
_ tained that the Government of Chile had appointed a commission
consisting of competent astronomers and geologists and that there
was no need of sending an observer from the Institution. The
American minister in Chile and Mr. Heber D. Curtis, of the Lick
Observatory Station, at Santiago, kept the Institution mformed as
to the progress of the investigation. In general it seems to be de-
termined that there had been some elevation of the coast of Chile and
that on the other hand there had been found no traces of a rift such
as caused the earthquake at San Francisco. Brief abstracts from the
communications received have been published from time to time in
the Smithsonian Quarterly.

Meanwhile the importance of seismological investigation, both
national and international, has received attention, and plans have been
considered for establishing stations in this country, but the Institu-
tion is without funds to further the object, and attempts to secure
special means or endowment for the purpose have as yet not met
with satisfactory results.

In connection with this subject it should be said that the frequent
reports of observations of earthquakes at sea which reach the Hydro-
graphic Office of the Navy Department are, through the courtesy of
that Department, regularly transmitted to the Institution and are
made known to students interested in this subject with the hope that
all the data when correlated may prove of advantage in the study of
these great destructive phenomena. ;

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13
ABRODROMIC RESHARCHES.

Although the experimental work in aerodromics begun by Secre-
tary Langley is not now being carried on at the Institution, it can
not but be gratifying to note the fact that this subject, which was
placed upon a solid foundation by the research work of Mr. Langley,
is more and more engaging the attention of physicists and engineers,
military establishments, and students throughout the world, and that
the impetus given to it by my predecessor is everywhere recognized.
This Institution has by no means abandoned its interest in the sub-
ject, and the collection of books and pamphlets brought together
here is maintained as a separate collection and rendered accessible to
students. I have made a special grant to Mr. C. M. Manly, who was’
associated with Mr. Langley in this work, for the completion of a
memoir bringing the experiments up to 1905, and another for the
preparation of'a bibliography on the subject, which it is hoped may
be useful to students.

Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, a Regent of the Institution, and a
distinguished student of many natural problems, is engaged upon
aerodromic experiments which it is expected will prove useful and
important. He and others have used, it is hoped with profit, the
material in the collections gathered here. The prominence of the
Institution in this subject has made the National Museum the natural
place of deposit for the original types of different forms of flying
machines, and there is no doubt but that the most important types of
models of the early attempts to solve this great isle: will be found
in the collections here.

The engine of the large ‘aerodrome was displayed in New York at
the exhibition of the Aero Club in December, 1906.

INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE HODGKINS FUND

STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN RELATION TO MANKIND.

Investigations on subjects of general hygienic interest, such as
have been promoted since the beginning of the administration of the
Hodgkins fund, continue to receive encouragement. Publications
are issued in this connection, and communications addressed to the
Institution on subjects which the fund may properly aid, do not fail
to receive attention. The Hodgkins gold medal, which is bestowed
for important contributions to our knowledge of the nature and
properties of atmospheric air, or for practical applications of our
existing knowledge of them to the welfare of mankind, is a testi-
monial not only to the wishes of the founder of the fund, but also an
expression of the interest of the Institution in this regard.

16997—07——2

14 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Among other topics, the question of the effective ventilation of
buildings has been given attention, and initiative steps have been
taken to learn what investigators are making a serious study of this
important subject. The vitiation of the exterior atmosphere in
closely settled localities is also recognized as a question of great im-
portance to the dwellers in cities, and an effort is making through the
publications of the Hodgkins fund to disseminate the results of late
noteworthy investigations in this connection.

The application of atmospheric air to therapeutics has received

consideration, and while no research having for its object the direct
use of the atmosphere as a curative agent has, as yet, been aided, the
work furthered by the fund, excepting that which deals vinous ex-
clusively with the mechanics of the atmosphere, is closely related to
medicine and hygiene. Consequently the reports of investigations
‘and experiments prosecuted in widely separated localities, such as
London, South Africa, Paris, and the cities of our own country,
have been followed with interest, in common with all classes of
research which make broader the way for the practical utilization of
our knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air for
the welfare of mankind.

ABSOLUTE MEASURE OF SOUND.

The research of Dr. A. G. Webster, of Clark University, on the
absolute measure of sound, which was aided again during the present
year by a moderate grant from the Hodgkins fund, is reported as
-advancing satisfactorily toward completion. The instruments pre-
pared especially for use in this research are expected to prove of
service in solving many practical questions relating to sound, such,
for instance, as the testing of sound-proofing materials, or of audible
signals. In conducting the investigation many delicate points in the
theory of such instruments have been settled by actual experiment,
so that, in some particulars, the experimental knowledge is in advance
of the present mathematical theory.

The manuscript describing the methods and results of this research
avill be submitted to the Institution for publication when completed.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURES.

The investigation of the properties of matter at very low tempera-
tures, involving the use of liquid air, in aid of which a grant was
approved in 1906, from the Hodgkins fund of the Institution on
behalf of Prof. E. L. Nichols, of Cornell University, has been
steadily progressing. The research is now to enter on a careful study
of the index of the refraction of gases, and gaseous mixtures and va-
pors, over extreme ranges of pressure of temperature. The effect on the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15

physical properties of carbon of the remarkable absorption of gases
at low temperatures is to be investigated, and two methods of deter-
mining the specific heat of gases have been perfected. The investiga-
tion of the properties of matter at the temperature of liquid hydrogen
will also be continued and the results recorded.

STUDY OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE.

The meteorological cae of Mr. A. Lawrence Roteh with
registering balloons, conducted from St. Louis as the starting point,
have been again aided by a grant from the Hodgkins fund. Before
the close of similar experiments by Mr. Rotch from the same point
in 1906, the extreme height of nearly 10 miles was attained, and a
temperature of —76° F. was once recorded somewhat below 7 miles.

This final series of ascensions aided by the Institution is intended
to supply data for the season of the year in which observations of
the upper air have heretofore been the least frequent, and it is hoped
that the endeavor to ascertain the annual variation of temperature
at great heights in the free air above the American continent will
thus be materially furthered.

A summary of the results of the meteorological research conducted
by Mr. S. P. Fergusson, mentioned in the previous Report as having
been aided by a moderate grant from the Hodgkins fund of the
Institution, has been submitted.

Stations for these experiments were established on the summit of
Mount Washington, 1,916 meters above sea level, and at Twin
Mountain, 1,500 meters lower and 15 miles distant. Louvred shelters
were built for the proper exposure and protection of the instruments
at these stations, and the anemometer was erected on the old Tip Top
House, the highest point on the summit of Mount Washington.
Records were made at the stations, as nearly as possible continuous,
of pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind velocity, while the
meteorographs. recording the same elements were sustained by kites
in the free air for as long a time as possible during the research.
Observations of the formation of clouds on the mountain and in the
free air were also made.

While the apparatus used in this research was the same in principle
as that heretofore employed, it is hoped that certain devices which
were suggested by the conditions, and successfully adopted, will
prove advantageous: in later experiments. The time available for
this research was necessarily limited, but the kites on several different
occasions carried the meteorograph sufliciently high for comparison
with the records obtained on Mount Washington. On the 6th of
September the instrument was kept at approximately the same height
in the free air and on the summit of Mount Washington for eight
hours between noon and 10 o’clock p. m.

=

16 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

In view of the short time, practically about three weeks, during
which the climatic conditions rendered it possible to prosecute this
research, its results as reported by Mr. Fergusson may be considered
satisfactory.

MECHANICS OF THE HARTH’S ATMOSPHERE.

There was published by the Institution several years ago a volume,
entitled “ Mechanics of the Earth’s Atmosphere,” which consisted
of translations of articles by various eminent meteorologists. Ar-
rangements have been made with Prof. Cleveland Abbe, editor of the
first volume, for the preparation of a second volume on the same topic.

THE ORGANS OF FLIGHT.

An additional grant has been approved this year on behalf of Dr.
R. von Lendenfeld, of the University of Prague, for an investigation
of the organs of flight of the best representative flyers of the insect
orders—Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. A detailed ac-
count of this research will be submitted on its conclusion for publica-
tion by the Institution if desired.

Previous researches of Doctor von Lendenfeld ne been described
in articles prepared under his supervision by Drs. Leo Walter and
Bruno Miiller. Doctor Walter’s article, already published, was
referred to in the previous report. The paper by Doctor Miiller
on the air sacs of the pigeon is now in course of publication.

SMITHSONIAN TABLE AT -NAPLHS ZOOLOGICAL STATION.

In July, 1906, the renewal of the lease of the Smithsonian table
in the Naples Zoological Station for a term of three years from Janu-
ary 1, 1907, was decided on, and the director so informed. Doctor
Dorhn, with his usual ready courtesy, at once notified the Institution
of his willingness to arrange for a double occupancy by extending
the time of an appointee then conducting an important research at
Naples, although the seat had already been assigned for the period
in question to another investigator.

It is the intention of the Institution to interfere in no way with
the regular assignment of the table, and the desire of the Director
to maintain the international character of the station by encouraging
the action of the various countries in supporting individual tables
is fully appreciated. Nations widely separated, at least geographic-
ally, meet there on the common ground of interest in science, and
thus, as an appointee of the Smithsonian seat expressed in his report
to the Institution, an international peace congress, the importance of
which can not be overestimated, is always in session at the Naples
Zoological Station.

Several appointments to the Smithsonian table at Naples were
ratified for the period between June 30, 1906, and June 30, 1907, the

-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 17

entire occupation of the seat for the year being eleven months.
Since inquiries as to available dates are frequently received a year
or even two years in advance of the time desired, it may be well
to repeat that in the interest of all applicants it is not customary
to approve a request for the seat more than six months in advance of
the period desired.

By extension of his appointment, Dr. Stewart Paton, of Johns
Hopkins University, occupied the Smithsonian seat until the end
of June, 1906. His work at Naples dealt principally with the prob-
lems hitherto unsolved in connection with the nervous system and its
relations to the action of the heart. As before noted, the results of
this interesting research will be published on completion.

The occupation of the Smithsonian seat at Naples by Dr. Maynard
M. Metcalf, formerly of the Woman’s College in Baltimore, and now
of Oberlin College, began before the close of the final session of
Doctor Paton. Doctor Metcalf reports that on beginning his term
_at the station he continued his study of the parasites of frogs prose-
euted at Wiirzburg and designed for publication in connection with
work done there.

There being apparently some doubt as to whether or not the advan-
tages of the Smithsonian seat at Naples are available to hitherto
unknown investigators, it may be well to state again that the applica-
tion of any student, who is suitably recommended to the Institution
as prepared to undertake original work in embryological, histological,
or other fields, will not fail to receive prompt consideration.

The continued prompt and helpful action of the advisory commit-
tee in reporting on questions relating to appointments, etc., is appre-
ciated. Iam glad to say that the personnel of the committee remains
_the same as mentioned in the report of last year.

PUBLICATIONS.

It is mainly through its publications that that vital principle of
the Institution, “ the diffusion of knowledge among men,” is carried
out. The Institution proper maintains three regular series of pub-
lications, the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, the Smith-
sonian Miscellaneous Collections, and the Annual Reports, while
under its auspices are issued the Annual Reports, Proceedings, and
Bulletins of the National Museum, the Reports and Bulletins of the
Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Annals of the Astrophysical
Observatory, the whole presenting a fund of information covering
a wide range of human knowledge in both a specialized and general
form.

18 REPORT OF THE SEORETARY.

The Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, now in their thirty-
fifth volume, are restricted to the publication of positive additions
to human knowledge resting on original research, all unverified specu-
lation being rejected. The Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
are designed to contain reports on the present state of our knowl-
edge in particular branches of science, instructions for collecting
and digesting facts and materials for research, lists and synopses of
species of the organic and inorganic world, reports of explorations,
and aids to bibliographical investigations. 'This series is now in its
fiftieth volume, and in the quarterly issue provision has been made
for the early publication of short papers descriptive of new discov-
eries or containing information of current interest in all departments
of science.

In the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge several important
works are in press. One of these is a memoir on “Glaciers of the
Canadian Rockies and Selkirks,” by Dr. William H. Sherzer, of the
Michigan State Normal College, which is a final report on the Smith-
sonian expedition of 1904. <A preliminary report on this expedition
was published in the quarterly issue of the Smthsonian Miscel-
laneous Collections in 1905. There is also a work by Prof. E.-A.
Andrews, of Johns Hopkins University, on “The young of the cray-
fishes astacus and cambarus,” giving the results of long and careful
observation of the growth of these common animals.

Prof. Hubert Lyman Clark, of the Museum .of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridgé, Mass., who has been at work for some time
classifying and describing the specimens of Apodous Holothurians, or
sea cucumbers, in the National Museum—a collection numbering over
a thousand specimens from the shores of North and South America—
has submitted a report embracing the result of his study on the fami-
hes Synaptide and Molpadiide: Ea will appear some time during
the next year. Other memoirs for the series of Contributions are in
preparation.

The quarterly issue of the Sratheenian Miscellaneous Collections,
which was temporarily suspended in 1905, was resumed in September,
1906. Since then parts 3 and 4 of Volume ITI, and part 1 of Volume
IV, have been completed. Among the recent papers published in this
series is a “ Letter of Dr. Diego Alvarez Chanca,” dated 1494, re-
lating to the second voyage of Columbus to America, which was trans-
lated and annotated by Dr. Fernandez de Ybarra. This letter is
notable as being the first “written document of the natural history,
ethnography, and ethnology of America.”

In the regular series of Smithsonian Miscellaneous. Collections
there has been completed a second paper on the “Attainment of very
low temperatures ” dealing with the “self-intensive process of liquefy-
ing gases.” This paper is a report on researches carried on under a

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19

Hodgkins grant by Dr. Morris W. Travers, of the University College,
Bristol, England.

Two other papers are very nearly completed. One is a “ Report
on the Crustacea of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition of
1853-1856,” by the late Dr. William Stimpson. This manuscript
has been in hand since 1872, but for various reasons could not here-
tofore be published. The whole work was carefully gone over by
Miss Mary J. Rathbun, Assistant Curator of Marine Invertebrates
in the National Museum, who says in her preface:

The . . . report has been treated as an historical document, and is pub-
lished substantially as it was written by the author, the only additions being
the references to his preliminary descriptions, and the footnotes giving the
eurrent or accepted name where it differs from that used by Doctor Stimpson.
It is hoped that the value of the descriptions will more than compensate for
the antiquated nomenclature . . . there are very few students who have

not felt the need of more light on those rare genera and species known only
from brief Latin diagnoses.

Another publication is a “ Catalogue of Earthquakes on the Pacific
Coast from 1897 to 1906,” compiled by Mr. Alexander G. McAdie, as
a supplement to the list of earthquakes from 1769 to 1896, compiled
by Dr. E. S. Holden, and published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections in 1898.

A new edition of the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables to meet the
~continued demand for this work is in press. The plates have been
considerably revised by Prof. Cleveland Abbe to meet present re-
quirements.

The Annual Report of the Board of Regents to Congress, which is
printed at the Government Printing Office, has been the chief me-
dium through which the Institution has been enabled to disseminate
scientific information to the world at large. Besides the official
account of the operations of the Institution, this report has for over
half a century included a general appendix giving a record of the
progress in different branches of knowledge, compiled largely from
journals in foreign languages and the transactions of scientific and
learned societies throughout the world. The considerable number
of copies of this publication placed by Congress at the disposal of
the Institution has rendered possible a wide distribution to important
libraries and institutions of learning, but the allotment is wholly
insufficient to supply more than a small fraction of the individuai
requests, and the popular demand for the volume has so constantly
increased that the entire edition of each year’s report is exhausted
within a few months of its appearance.

The Institution proper distributed during the year a total of
’ 32,921 volumes and separates of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl-

20 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

edge, Miscellaneous Collections, Annual Reports, publications not
included in the regular series, and publications not Smithsonian.‘

The Proceedings of the United States National Museum, the first
volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended as a medium for the
publication of original papers based on the collections of the Museum,
setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and
geology, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of
limited groups. A volume is issued annually or oftener for distri-
bution to lbraries and scientific establishments, and in view of the
importance of the more prompt dissemination of new facts a limited
edition of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. The
dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in
the table of contents of the volume. The Museum Bulletin, publica-
tion of which was begun in 1875, comprises a series of more elaborate
papers issued separately, and, like the Proceedings, is based chiefly,
if not wholly, on the collections of the Museum. <A quarto form of
the Bulletin, known as the “ Special Bulletin,” has been adopted in a
few instances in which a larger size of page was deemed indispen-
sable. Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as “ Contributions
from the National Herbarium,” and containing papers relating to the
botanical collections of the Museum, have been published in the
Bulletin series.

The Annual Report of the Museum is printed as a separate volume
of the report of the Board of Regents to Congress.

The publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology, consisting
of annual reports and bulletins, relate to the operations of the Bureau
in its various branches of exploration and research. Part I of the
Handbook of American Indians (A to M) was issued in March and
the main portion of Part II is in type. The Twenty-fourth Annual
Report has been published and much progress made on the Twenty-
fifth Report. Several Bulletins have been issued.

The Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the
year 1905 was transmitted to Congress in May, 1906, under the re-
quirements of the act of incorporation of the association, but only one
of the two volumes had been completed at the close of the fiscal year.
The Smithsonian Institution is by law allowed a number of copies of
reports of this association, which are distributed in exchange for the
publications of various foreign and American historical societies.

There was also forwarded to Congress on February 25, 1907, the
ninth report of the National Society of the Daughters of the Ameri-
can Revolution, in accordance with the act of incorporation of that
organization. |

2 Contributions to Knowledge, 775; Miscellaneous Collections, 10,059; Reports,
18,490; publications not in regular series, 2,890; publications not Smithsonian,
709.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 21

In accordance with the act of Congress approved March 30, 1906,
providing that the cost of printing and binding for the Executive
Departments and Government bureaus shall be charged to specific
appropriations for the Departments and bureaus, and the further
provision in the sundry civil act of June 30, 1906, that no appropria-
tions except those specifically for printing and binding shall be used
for such purpose, special allotments have been made to the Institution
and its branches for the year ending June 30, 1908, as follows:

For the Smithsonian Institution for printing and binding annual reports

of the Board of Regents, with general appendixes__._________-___-_ $10, BOO
For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general appen-

dixes, and for printing labels and blanks, and for the bulletins and

proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not

exceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half turkey or material not more

expensive, scientific books and pamphlets presented to and acquired

pare National VEUSRaM el Drairy soe oo wi ee teres ee 33, 000
For the annual report and bulletins of the Bureau of American Eth-
DALY ee RE ae ge a Ne Paap eB Sets oD See ener MGs 21, 000
For miscellaneous printing and binding:
bmiteritahionalexchanres aio! tote Mle a ae ee 200
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_________________ 100
Nationale ACOLOol Cal eban ks: snot ees eos sees ea 200
Astrophysical Observatory (including the publishing of results of
researches, not exceeding 1,500 copies)______________________ 2, 000
Annual report of the American Historical Association____________ 7, 000
‘GUO 2 ca St ea Epa l aSL eU ap MG e NNe ONC Hey Ub aA A ON 73, 500

The allotments to the Institution and its branches under the head of
public printing and binding during the past fiscal year were as far as
practicable expended prior to June 30. It was, however, difficult to
determine the actual balances available at any particular date, for the
reason that the actual cost of publications in press could not be ascer- °
tained until their completion. The estimates not being accurate
enough to serve as a basis for calculation, the transmission of new
works was in some cases delayed so long that their completion was
impracticable before the appropriation had expired. In the case of
the allotment of $10,000 for the Smithsonian Reports it was thus pos-
sible to expend only $8,127.98; of $21,000 allotted to the Bureau of
American Ethnology, $19,831.76 was expended, and of the $39,000
allotted for the National Museum and the American Historical Asso-
ciation there was expended $38,980.47.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND PUBLICATION.

The advisory committee on printing and publication appointed by
the Acting Secretary on February 7, 1906, in order that the practice
of the Institution in the supervision of its publications might corre-
spond with that of the Executive Departments as prescribed in the

-22 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

President’s order of January 24, 1906, held twenty-six meetings dur-
ing the year and reported on one hundred and one manuscripts sub-
mitted for publication, besides numerous blank forms for use in the
bureaus of the Institution.

Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, of the National Museum, has been added
to the committee, which consists of the following members: Dr. Cyrus
Adler, Assistant Secretary, chairman; Dr. F. W. True, of the United
States National Museum; Mr. F. W. Hodge, of the Bureau of Ameri-
can Ethnology; Dr. Frank Baker, of the National Zoological Park;

C. G. Abbot, of the Astrophysical Observatory; Mr. W. L
Adams, of the International Exchanges; Mr. A. Howard Clark, of
the Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, of the
United States National Museum.

The printing committee has had under consideration the advan-
tage of a uniform system of abbreviation of works cited by natural-
ists in their publications. A preliminary list of abbreviations has
been prepared for the criticism of the scientific staff of the Institution
and its branches.

Dating of publications —Among the questions cose ee by the
printing committee was the dating of publications, particularly such
papers as contain descriptions of new genera or species in natural
history, and upon the recommendation of the committee the Institu-
tion has adopted the rule that “ whenever fifty copies of any paper
shall have been mailed or distributed by messenger, the paper shall
be regarded as having been published, it being understood that the
date of such mailing or distribution shall comecide with the date of
record in the Smithsonian document rooms and with the date printed
upon the publication.”

Durable book paper.—The introduction of a very large portion of

wood pulp and ground wood in book paper to the exclusion of cotton
or linen rags formerly used in its manufacture-has been found greatly
to decrease the durability of modern publications. The printing com-
mittee, after considering this problem, concluded that paper hereafter
used in Smithsonian publications should be composed of not less than
50 per cent of rag stock and be free from injurious chemicals. Defi-
nite specifications as to the composition of paper will later be formu-
lated, in cooperation with the Executive Departments.

THE LIBRARY.

The total accessions during the year to the Smithsonian library
aggregated in volumes and parts 34,382. The major part of these
was placed in the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress,
but these accessions include the hbraries of the Secretary’s office, the

National Museum, the Astrophysical Observatory, and the National

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 23

Zoological Park. There were also numerous additions to the library
of the Bureau of American Ethnology, which is separately adminis-
tered. It is estimated that the equivalent of 11,000 volumes were
transmitted to the Library of Congress besides public documents and
other gifts to that Library transmitted through the Internationa!
Exchange service, and such public documents as were presented to
the Institution and sent direct to the Library. Two hundred and fifty
new periodicals were added to the receipts and some 600 defective
series were partially or entirely filled up. The work of the Inter-
national Catalogue has brought a considerable number of authors’
separates to the Library. Efforts have been made to increase the
series of address books in the office of the International Exchanges
service. The estate of S. P. Langley turned over to the Institution
his scientific library, which has been divided up among the various
divisions. The Gen. Watts de Peyster brary of Napoleon and other
subjects was increased about 288 volumes. It is with regret that
I record the death of General de Peyster, who was a well-known
collector and had been for many years a generous donor to the
Institution. .

The quarters of the library both in the Institution and Museum
are entirely inadequate, and no relief seems possible until the com-
pletion of the new building for the National Museum, when it is
hoped that a large part of the main floor of the Smithsonian build-
ing can be devoted to library purposes, forming a central library for
the Institution and all its branches, though of course the sectional
library system will be continued as heretofore.

PRESERVATION OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES.

The Institution has for many years taken a deep interest in pre-
serving archeological objects on the public domain from vandals and
relic hunters and making them accessible under proper regulations
to scientific institutions and colleges. A law covering this subject
was approved on June 8, 1906. Under the terms of this act uniform
regulations for its administration were to be prepared by the Secre-
taries of the Interior, War, and Agriculture.. At the request of the
Departments, the Institution participated in several conferences of
representatives of the three Departments looking to the preparation
of such rules, which were promulgated on December 28, 1906. A
little later some dissatisfaction was expressed with these regulations
by archeologists, and at their request I invited the three Departments
to reconsider the regulations. Accordingly, further conferences were
held by representatives of the Departments, of the Institution, and of
the Archeological Institute of America, resulting in the understand-

“24 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

ing that the present regulations should have a reasonable trial before
any amendment be considered. ‘The regulations are as follows:

UNIFORM RULES AND REGULATIONS PRESCRIBED BY ‘THE SECRETARIES OF
THE INTERIOR, AGRICULTURE, AND WAR TO CARRY OUT THE PROVISIONS
OF THE “ ACT FOR THE PRESERVATION OF AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES,”
APPROVED JUNE 8, 1906 (34 start. L., 225.)

. Jurisdiction over ruins, pecheolieieal sites, historic and pre-
eee monuments and structures, objects of antiquity, historic
landmarks, and other objects of historic or scientific interest, shall be
exercised under the act by the neapectaue. Departments as follows:

By the Secretary of Agriculture over lands within the exterior
limits of forest reserves, by the Shae of War over lands within
the exterior limits of military reservations, by the Secretary of the
Interior over all other lands owned or controlled by the Government
of the United States, provided the Secretaries of War and Agri-
culture may by agreement cooperate arith the Secretary of the In-
terior in the supervision of such monuments and objects covered by
the act of June 8, 1906, as may be located on lands near or adjacent to
forest reserves and military reservations, respectively.

9. No permit for the removal of any ancient monument or struc-
ture which can be permanently preserved under the control of the
United States im situ, and remain an object of interest, shall be
granted.

3. Permits for the examination of ruins, the excavation of archeo-
logical sites, and the gathering of objects of antiquity will be granted,
. by the respective Secretaries ‘ha ving jurisdiction, to reputable muse-
ums, universities, colleges, or other recognized scientific or educa-
tional institutions, or to ) their duly authorized agents.

4. No exclusive permits shall be granted for a larger area than
the applicant can reasonably be expected to explore fully and system-
atically within the time limit named in the permit.

5. Each application for a permit should be filed with the Secretary
having jurisdiction, and must be accompanied by a definite outline of
the proposed work, indicating the name of the institution making
the request, the date proposed for beginning the field work, the
length of time proposed to be devoted to it, and the person who will
have immediate char ge of ite work. The application must also con-
tain an exact statement of the character of the work, whether ex-
amination, excavation, or gathering, and the public museum in which
the collections made under the permit, are to be permanently pre-
served. The application must be accompanied by a sketch plan or
description of the particular site or area to be examined, excavated,
or searched, so definite that it can be located on the map with reason-
able accuracy.

6. No permit will be granted for a period of more than three years,
but if the work has been diligently prosecuted under the permit, the
Hse may be extended for proper cause upon application.

Failure to begin work under a permit within six months after it
iS Star or failure to diligently prosecute such work after it has
been begun, shall make the permit void without any order or pro-
ceeding ‘by the Secretary having jurisdiction.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25

8. Applications for permits shall be referred to the Smithsonian
Institution for recommendation.

9. Every permit shall be in writing and copies shall be trans-
mitted to the Smithsonian Institution and the field officer in charge
of the land involved. The permittee will be furnished with a copy
of these rules and regulations.

10. At the close of each season’s field work the permittee shall re-
port in duplicate to the Smithsonian Institution, in such form as its
Secretary may prescribe, and shall prepare in duplicate a catalogue of
the collections and of the photographs made during the season,
indicating therein such material, if any, as may be available for
exchange.

11. Institutions and persons receiving permits for excavation shall,
after the completion of the work, restore the lands upon which they
have worked to their customary condition, to the satisfaction of the
field officer in charge.

12. All permits shall be terminable at the discretion of the Secre-
tary having jurisdiction.

13. The field officer in char ge of land owned or controlled by the
Government of the United States shall, from time to time, inquire
and report as to the existence, on or near such lands, of ruins and
archeological sites, historic or prehistoric ruins or monuments,
objects of antiquity, historic landmarks, historic and_ prehistoric
structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest.

14. The field officer in charge may at all times examine the permit
of any person or institution claiming privileges granted in accord-
ance with the act and these rules and regulations, and may fully
examine all work done under such permit.

15. All persons duly authorized by the Secretaries of Agriculture,
War, and Interior may apprehend or cause to be arrested, as provided
in the act of February 6, 1905 (33 Stat. L., 700), any person or per-
sons who appropriate, excavate, injure, or destroy any historic or pre-
historic ruin or monument, or any object of antiquity on lands under
the supervision of the Secretaries of Agriculture, War, and Interior,
respectively.

16. Any object of antiquity taken, or collection made, on lands
owned or controlled by the United States, without a permit, as pre-
scribed by the act and these rules and regulations, or there taken or
made, contrary to the terms of the permit, or contrary to the act and
these rules and regulations, may be seized wherever found and at
any time, by the proper field officer or by any person duly authorized
by the Secretary having jurisdiction, and disposed of as the Secre-
tary shall determine, by deposit in the proper national depository or
otherwise.

17. Every collection made under the authority of the act and of
these rules and regulations shall be preserved in the public museum
designated in the permit and shall be accessible to the public. No
such collection shall be removed from such public museum without
the written authority of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
and then only to another public museum, where it shall be accessible
to the public; and when any public museum, which is a depository of
any collection made under the provisions of the act and these rules
and regulations, shall cease to exist, every such collection in such

-26 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

public museum shall thereupon revert to the national collections and
be placed in the proper national depository.

Wasutneton,-D. C., December 28, 1906.
The foregoing rules and regulations are hereby approved in triphi-
cate and, under authority conferred by law on the Secretaries of the
Interior, Agriculture, and War, are hereby made and established, to
take effect immediately.
E. A. Hircucocx,
Secretary of the Interior.
JaMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
Wn. H. Tart,
Secretary of War.

The Institution has promptly acted upon all requests for advice,
either through the Bureau of Ethnology when archeological sites
were concerned or through the National Museum when paleonto-
logical collections were desired.

The national domain possesses priceless treasures for the archeolo-
gist and for the public generally, and this regulation of excavation is
in the interest not only of science but of the whole people.

CASA GRANDE RUIN IN ARIZONA.

As was stated in the previous report, Congress appropriated $3,000,
to be expended under the supervision of the Secretary, for the pro-
tection of the Casa Grande ruin, in Pinal County, near Florence,
Ariz., and for excavation on the reservation. This work was placed
in the immediate charge of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Bureau of
American Ethnology, an experienced archeologist, and the results
reached have been beyond expectations entertained. All the mounds
on the reservation have been opened and about three-fifths of the com-
pound excavated. In the course of the work there was found a wall
which not only surrounds Casa Grande but also 43 large rooms. The
newly discovered walls have been repaired and protected, and when
completed there will be restored for posterity a representative pre-
historic settlement of the desert of southern Arizona.

A preliminary report of the first year’s work has been prepared,
and since the close of the fiscal year has appeared in the Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections. Congress granted a second appropriation —
to complete the work, which will, as in the previous year, be carried
on under the direction of Doctor Fewkes. The very interesting
collections which have incidentally been found have eee deposited
in the National Museum.

The appropriation for the protection and excavation at Casa
Grande was made two years ago at the recommendation of the
Department of the Interior, but the work was placed under the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 27
direction of the Institution at the imitiative of the Committee on
Appropriations, without any suggestion from the Institution itself.
The plans for the work were submitted to the authorities of the
Interior Department and approved by it, and a synoptic report of
the year’s operations was transmitted to the Secretary of the Interior,

CORRESPONDENCE.

The correspondence of the Institution shows that there is even in
the more remote parts of this country and abroad, a widespread
knowledge that one of the primary purposes of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution is the diffusion of knowledge, although the public at large
does not always possess a very definite idea of the exact scope of
the Institution’s functions. Hence there are received annually hun-

dreds of letters asking for information covering practically every
field of science, from a simple inquiry concerning the identity of
some natural-history specimen to a request for an explanation of
some problem in astronomy or physics, which may require quite
exhaustive study on the part of a member of the staff. All legiti-
mate requests for scientific information are cheerfully responded to
as far as practicable, and by this means much useful knowledge is
disseminated, although the preparation of these communications con-
sumes a considerable part of the time of both the scientific and cleri-
cal staff. It may be well to state in this connection, however, that
the Institution does not undertake to maintain a “ question bureau,”
such as is frequently conducted by newspapers and magazines, nor
does it furnish information of a commercial nature, which could as
readily be obtained from a professional advisor upon the payment
of a fee.

In addition to this general correspondence, there is carried on by
the several branches of the Institution—the National Museum, the
Bureau of American Ethnology, the National Zoological Park, the
International Exchanges, and the Astrophysical Observatory—a con-
siderable correspondence relating to the respective activities of each.
All matters affecting questions of policy, and all appointments, how-
ever, receive the personal consideration of the Secretary.

The practice of press-copying outgoing letters in books has been
abandoned during the year, and the use of carbon copies substituted
in its stead. Other changes have also been instituted in the method of
filing, by which the papers on any given subject are made more
readily accessible for reference.

EXPOSITIONS, CONGRESSES, AND CELEBRATIONS.

Jamestown Exposition Out of an appropriation of $200,000 for
the Government display at the Jamestown Exposition, $16,000 was
allowed for the preparation of exhibits by the Smithsonian Institu-

28 ; REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Annex B—

tion and the National Museum, and a separate building

about 60 by 100 feet, was provided for the installation and care of

the exhibit. Mr. W. de ©. Ravenel, administrative assistant of the
United States National Museum, represented the Smithsonian Insti-
tution and the National Museum on the Government board, and was
assisted in the preparation of the exhibits by an advisory committee
consisting of Dr. Cyrus Adler, Assistant Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution; Mr. W. H. Holmes, chief of the Bureau of
American Ethnology; and Mr. A. Howard Clark, Curator of His-
tory, United States National Museum. The exhibit is entirely his-
torical in character and mainly has to do with the development of
the United States along various lines, such as in land transporta-
tion, firearms, photography, medicine, and other branches.

Bordeaux Haposition—The United States exhibit at the Interna-
tional Maritime Exposition, opened at Bordeaux, France, May 1, 1907,
was collected and installed by the Smithsonian Institution at the re-

quest of the Department of State. Mr. Ravenel, administrative assist-
ant of the United States National Museum, was designated by the

Secretary to prepare and install this exhibit.

Congress of Americanists—The fifteenth annual Congress of
Americanists was held in Quebec September 10-15, 1906. Mr. W. H.
Holmes, chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, was unable
to accept the designation of delegate which was tendered to him,
but his place was filled by Dr. Walter Hough, of the Division of
Anthropology in the National Museum, who represented the Smith-
sonian Institution, the National Museum, and the Bureau of Ameri-
can Ethnology. .

International Geological Congress—The Tenth International Geo-
logical Congress was held in the City of Mexico September 6-14,
1906. Prof. S. F. Emmons, of the United States Geological Survey,
acted as representative for the Smithsonian Institution.

Linneus celebrations—The two hundredth anniversary of the
birthday of Linné was celebrated at New York May 4, 1907, by the
New York Academy of Sciences. Dr. Theodore Gill represented the
Smithsonian Institution on that occasion. Professor Farlow, of Har-
vard University, represented the Institution at the Linnzeus celebra-
tion of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences at Upsala on May 25.

Dedication of engineering building—Mr. George C. Maynard, of
the National Museum, represented the Smithsonian Institution at the
dedication of the new building for the engineering department of the
University of Pennsylvania, September 26, 1906.

Memorial to Louis Agassiz —At the unveiling of the memorial
to Louis Agassiz, in the Hall of Fame at Columbia University, New
York, on May 30, 1907, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 29

presented a brief tribute to that great man of science which was
afterwards published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.

Aberdeen anniversary, etc.—Prof. F. W. Clarke represented the
Institution on the occasion of the four hundredth anniversary of the
Aberdeen University, October 20, 1906. At the request of the Depart-
ment of State, the Institution recommended as delegates of the Gov-
ernment to the International Zoological Congress, to be held in Bos-
ton in August, 1907, Mr. Richard Rathbun, Dr. Theodore Gill, Dr.
W. H. Dall, Dr. F. W. True, Mr. Leonhard Stejneger, and Dr. Har-
rison G. Dyar. The Secretary attended the inauguration of the Car-
negie Institute at Pittsburg, April 11-13, 1907. Mr. Arnold Hague
was appointed to represent the Institution at the centenary of the
Geological Society of London, to take place September 19, 1907, and
Prof. Simon Newcomb has accepted the designation to represent the
Institution at the Fourth International Congress of Mathematicians,
to be held at Rome April 6-11, 1908.

Prize essay on fisheries—In response to an invitation from the
International Fishery Congress, the fourth session of which is to be
held in Washington in September, 1908, an allotment of $200 has
been made from the Smithsonian fund as a prize for the best article
on the international regulation of the fisheries of the high seas, their
history, objects and results. It is announced that any person, asso-
ciation, or company may compete for the various prizes to be awarded
in connection with this congress by complying with the published
conditions which govern the competition, as issued from the office of
the general secretary of the congress, Dr. H. M. Smith, of the United
States Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. ’

MISCELLANEOUS.

Improvement and maintenance of Smithsonian grounds.—TVhe sun-
dry civil act approved March 4, 1907, contained an appropriation of
$3,000 for the improvement, care, and maintenance of the Smith-
sonian grounds, and also an appropriation of $5,000 for resurfacing
the asphalt roadways in the grounds.

California Academy of Sciences——As stated in the previous report,
the good offices of the Institution were tendered and accepted by the
California Academy of Sciences for the purpose of aiding it in re-
placing its library and collection destroyed by the earthquake and
fire of April, 1906. In the report of the Bureau of International Ex-
changes it is noted that upward of 7,000 valuable publications were
secured abroad and forwarded to the academy, and not all of the cor-
respondents of the academy have yet responded to the circular. The
Institution also forwarded without cost to the academy very consid-
erable collections of books from individuals and institutions in the

16997—07——3

30 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

United States, as well as collections of specimens. The academy has
expressed its grateful appreciation of the generous attitude of foreign
and American societies and of the aid offered by the International
Exchange Service of the Smithsonian Institution in rehabilitating
its library and collections.

NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The overcrowding of the present Museum building has necessarily
continued, so that in many places it presents almost the aspect of a
storehouse. Nevertheless, the collections can be viewed by visitors,
although not to the advantage which a freer installation would render
possible. Meanwhile the roof of the present building is being re-
paired and various exhibition halls have been isolated with a view to
obtaining greater fire protection. Exclusive of the subject of the fine
arts, the additions to the Museum during the year consisted of about
a quarter of a million of specimens representing all the subjects em-
braced in the Museum collections. Several expeditions for collecting
and observation were made by members of the staff. Many of the
collections were reclassified and numerous papers published. Of
duplicate specimens separated from the collections about 16,000 were
distributed in 208 sets to educational establishments in different parts
of the United States. The principal labor of representing the Insti-
tution and the Museum at the Jamestown Exposition, and the Gov-
ernment, the Institution, and the Museum at the Bordeaux Exposition,
fell upon the staff of the Museum. Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, the ad-
ministrative assistant of the Museum, acted as representative of the
Institution for both these expositions with great ability and success.

NEW BUILDING FOR THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Although the new building for the National Museum has not pro-
gressed so rapidly as had been expected, due almost exclusively to
delays in the delivery of the granite, these conditions have now been
overcome, and it is confidently expected that the building will be
under roof by the spring of 1908 and be ready for occupancy by the
beginning of 1909, consuming a period of time not excessive in view
of the great, size of the building -and of the solid and monumental
character of its construction.

As the new building approaches completion certain questions con-
nected with the future administration of the Museum necessarily
press for consideration. It has been reasonably well determined that
the new building will be devoted to the scientific and historical col-
lections, and the present Museum building will be employed for the
development of the department of arts and industries; that the upper
exhibition hall of the Smithsonian building will be utilized to the

‘

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5 |

fine-art collection and the lower hall to a brary, but carrying with
it certain exposition series, such as are appropriate to a library. The
appropriation for the construction of the new building did not pro-
vide for its equipment, and to commence this work I have included
in the estimates to Congress a request for $200,000 to begin the con-
struction of cases and furnishings for the new building.

The purpose of the Museum is, and must continue to be, the cus-
tody of the national collections, by which is meant the preservation,
classification and exhibition, and work incident thereto. The main
purpose of the Museum must never be lost sight of. It is but natural
and proper that in the course of classification and arrangement
skilled scientific men engaged in this work should make discoveries
of importance to science and that the Museum should publish them.
In this way the Museum, in all the departments which its collections
represent, is a great research institution as well, but this research
work is a by-product rather than the fundamental purpose of the
Museum. Happily enough, the relationship of the Museum to the
Institution is of such a nature that there is no waste of energy, and
researches which may be initiated through the study of collections,
which for some reason or other can not be pursued without field work
and further studies, can be carried on either by the parent Institu-
tion or by some other branch of it. From this point of view the fact
that the Institution, Museum, and Bureau of Ethnology are in one
organization has produced most useful results, and it is not improb-
able that in the future other combinations which may be of great
advantage to the scientific work of the Government and the advance-
ment of science generally, can be effected without in any way inter-
fering with the fundamental purpose of the Museum.

NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.

The brief history of the inception of the National Gallery of Art,
of the tender and acceptance of the Freer collection and of the
decree of the supreme court of the District of Columbia, resulting in
the securing of the Harriet Lane Johnston collection, is given in the
report for the previous year. As described more in detail in the
report on the National Museum, these collections have been tempo-
rarily installed in the lecture hall of the Museum, and, in spite of
the fact that the place was not designed for a collection of art, have
been viewed by a large number of visitors. Twenty-one paintings
of merit from the Lucius Tuckerman collection have been received
on deposit, and gifts have been received, among others, from the Hon.
J. B. Henderson, the chairman of the executive committee of the
Board of Regents, and from Miss Eleanor Blodgett, of New York..

A most considerable gift, especially gratifying in view of the fact
that it furnishes an index of real recognition of the importance of

32 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

the National Gallery on the part of a distinguished collector, was
the donation by Mr. William T. Evans, of Montclair, N. J., of 52
paintings in oil by American artists of established reputation. No
space was available for the installation of this really exceptional
collection in the buildings of the Institution or Museum, and, through
the courtesy of the trustees of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the paint-
ings have been temporarily hung in that gallery. -

With a view to providing space for the National Gallery for a
period of years and until a proper building is secured, I have
included in the estimates for the coming fiscal year an item for
adapting the large second story of the main part of the Smithsonian
building, a hall 200 feet long and about 50 feet wide, for this purpose.
It will require some changes to make it suitable for the hanging of
pictures, and improvements must be made in the approaches, which
are now inconvenient for the public. I trust that Congress may see
its way to grant this appropriation at its forthcoming session.

The tender of the deposit of 13 paintings by Edward Moran, illus-
trating American history, made by Mr. Theodore Sutro, of New
York, was accepted, and in September, 1907, this interesting histor-
ical collection was hung on screens especially built for the purpose.

The responsibility assumed by the Institution for the nation in
bringing together a worthy gallery of art has created widespread
interest and comment in magazines and journals on the part of artists
and art critics and with hardly an exception has been cordially re-
ceived. The Institution recognizes the deep responsibility entailed
by this new movement and fully appreciates that the art world and the
public havea right to expect that the future gallery shall be worthy
of the nation. Mr. Rathbun has taken deep interest in the promotion
of the gallery and has given a great amount of personal attention to
it, and Mr. W. H. Holmes, a member of the staff, and himself a pro-
fessional artist, has given valuable advice in the matter of selection
and installation. It will of course be a considerable time before the
Institution can command the services of a staff experienced in the fine
arts. But there seems to be no reason why the principles which have
for years guided the Institution in administering upon scientific mat-
ters should not be applied with equal success to the fine arts. The
Secretaries have never relied exclusively upon their own judgment,
nor even upon the judgment of the very able staff, to pass upon
scientific memoirs or to administer funds for scientific purposes, but
they have been aided by committees composed of the most distin-
guished ‘specialists throughout the country. Hardly a single scien-
tific man through the course of more than half a century has ever
declined to act upon such a committee, and it would seem feasible to
carry out the suggestion informally made to the Board of Regents by
Mr. Rathbun nearly a year ago, that the acceptance of paintings and

ee eS
A ee ee

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 33

indeed the general policy of the National Gallery of Art should have
the advice of a committee composed of the most distinguished artists.
sculptors, and students of art in the country, which body might, for
purposes of administration, be divided into subcommittees to deal
with the various aspects of the National Gallery. Steps have already
been taken to organize such a committee, and conferences have been
held looking to that end, and I hope before very long to bring a defi-
nite plan for its constitution to the attention of the Regents.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

The Bureau of American Ethnology has been engaged in investi-
gations among the Indian tribes of the country for upward of a quar-
ter of a century. The object of these investigations has been two-
fold—to preserve a record of the native races of this country, and to
place at the disposal of the General Government information which
would enable it successfully to deal with the tribes. For this latter
work the first requisite is a working knowledge of the tribes, and
the Bureau has collected data relating to some 60 families of lin-
guistic stocks, and upward of 300 tribes. It has located and classi-
fied these, and has made progress in the study of their history, rela-
tionships to one another and to the whites, their needs as wards of
the Government, and their capacities for and adaptability to civiliza-
tion. For this purpose it was deemed necessary to give attention to
the culture of the tribes, especially their languages, social organiza-
tion and government, systems of belief, religious customs, and arts
and industries, as well as to their physical and mental characteristics.

It has not been possible to study all of the tribes in detail, but only
to investigate a sufficient number as types to stand for all. The re-
sults of the work heretofore accomplished are embodied in published
reports, and in many manuscripts preserved in the archives of the
Bureau. It has been deemed advisable to take stock, as it were, and
to issue a summary of our present knowledge of the tribes. This has
taken the form of a handbook of American Indians, the first volume
of which has appeared and received much favorable comment. No
effort will be spared to push this work to a conclusion, and as much
force and time as are necessary for this purpose will be employed
during the year. In order to keep this summary within the compass
of an easily consulted handbook, many important subjects have been
treated merely in outline.

The next special subject to which a publication will be devoted
will be the languages and their dialects, for which a handbook in at
least two volumes is in progress, the first being now ready for publi-
cation. It is the work of our-first American philologist, assisted by

34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

a score of the ablest students of this branch in the United States.
The arts and industries will also be treated in a separate handbook
now under way, and other branches are likewise in preparation for
publication. These include treaties and land sessions, sign language
and pictography, religions, social systems and government, physical
and mental characteristics, archeology, and other subjects.

This work of studying and recording the Indian tribes is not only
of national importance, but urgent. It can never be repeated. It
will constitute the only systematic record of the red race that can
ever be made. The native race, one of the four races of men, is dis-
appearing, and the processes of obliteration are irresistible and swift.
A language or culture of any race, once destroyed, can never be re-
covered. The work is worthy of a great nation, and is one that can be
carried on systematically only by the Government. The Government
has two great obligations which the Bureau is rapidly fulfilling:
(1) To know the Indian for practical purposes of government and in
the interests of humanity; (2) to preserve to the world an adequate
record of the race which is so rapidly disappearing.

With the object of assisting the departments of the Government,
having custody of the public domain in the preservation of antiqui-
ties, the work of compiling a descriptive catalogue of antiquities has
been continued, and several bulletins relating to this work have been
published.

Uniform rules and regulations have been adopted by the three de-
partments in control of the public domain in carrying out the recently
enacted law for the preservation of antiquities. Under this law three
important archeological sites were declared national monuments, as
follows: Chaco Canyon in New Mexico, including several important
ruined pueblos; EK] Moro, New Mexico, commonly known as Inscerip-
tion Rock, and Montezuma Castle, in Arizona, an important cliff ruin.

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.

The work of the International Exchange Service continues to
increase from year to year, until the number of packages annually
passing through the hands of the service now amounts to nearly
200,000, and the weight to over 200 tons. During the past year
nearly 2,000 packing boxes were required in transmitting exchanges
to other countries. These figures serve to convey some idea of the
magnitude of the operations of the service and make apparent the
need of increased appropriations from time to time in order to keep
the work up to the high standard of efficiency which has been
attained. A larger appropriation was therefore requested for carry-
ing on the service during the coming year, and it is gratifying to state
that Congress granted $32,200, an increase of $3,400 over the sum

>>

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35

allowed for the year now closed. This additional amount will per-
mit further improvements in the service and renewed exertions to
procure larger returns of government publications from abroad for
the Library of Congress and the several Departments and Bureaus
of the Government.

The Smithsonian Institution, through its system of exchanges, is
in correspondence with 58,107 establishments and individuals, 46,514
of which are exterior to the borders of the United States. As will be
seen from a perusal of the table in the full report on the exchanges
in the appendix, these correspondents are scattered throughout the
world, and it may be said that there is no place, however remote,
which does not profit by the service.

Under the Congressional resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March
2, 1901, setting apart a certain number of documents for exchange
with foreign governments, there are now sent regularly to deposi-
tories abroad 53 full sets of United States official publications and 30
partial sets, the governments of Ecuador, Panama, and Alberta,
Canada, having been added to the depositories of partial sets during
the past year.

In order to prevent loss of publications intended for Government
establishments, special attention has been given to foreign consign-
ments of books arriving at the various United States custom-houses
incorrectly or insufficiently addressed. During the past year these
efforts have resulted in the clearing of a number of consignments
which might otherwise have gone astray.

The work of increasing the office collection of directories and other
books of addresses has continued during the year, and has resulted in
the accumulation of a very creditable assemblage of such publications.

I am gratified to state that through the efforts of Dr. Eypaldo
Bassier, a member of the Greek Parliament, an arrangement has been
effected whereby all exchanges for Greece may now be forwarded to
the National Library at Athens for distribution, instead of limiting
the consignments, as formerly, to publications intended for Govern-
ment institutions or individuals connected with them. This arrange-
ment will enable the Institution to make more frequent transmissions.

Recently a communication was received from Dr. F. Bonola Bey,
secretary-general of the Khedivial Geographical Society in Cairo,
stating that on account of absence from Egypt it would be necessary
for him to discontinue the distribution of exchanges for the Institu-
tion; adding, however, that the director-general of the survey de-
partment at Cairo would take charge of the work. A letter from the
director-general has since been received placing the services of the
department at the disposal of the Institution. Consignments will
therefore be sent to the survey department in the future.

Transmissions to Bulgaria, which were temporarily suspended on
account of the death of Dr. Paul Leverkiihn, who attended to the

36 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

distribution of exchanges for that country, have been resumed. The
Prince of Bulgaria, in response to a request of the Institution, has
designated the Scientific Institutions and Library of Sofia to act as
the exchange intermediary between Bulgaria and the United States.

As Hawaii, the Philippine Islands, and Porto Rico are under the
jurisdiction of the United States, the Institution feels that exchanges
with them can no longer be termed “ international,” and has therefore
discontinued the acceptance of packages from domestic sources for
these territories.

The International Exchange Service, in its efforts to aid the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences in the rehabilitation of its library and
collections, destroyed by the earthquake and fire of April, 1906, sent
circulars to all the foreign correspondents of the academy soliciting
contributions. Iam gratified to state that a most liberal reponse has
been made, the number of exchanges received aggregating 6,370
packages and publications, which were forwarded to San Francisco.
It may be noted in this connection that this is the first time since its
organization that the Exchange Service has sent out a circular of this
character in behalf of any establishment.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

By act of Congress approved April 30, 1890, the National Zoolog-
ical Park was established ‘“ for the advancement of science and the
instruction and recreation of the people,” and in pursuance of this
authorization the collection of living animals has increased from year
to year, it being the purpose to exhibit living species of the various
types of animal life for the instruction and entertainment of the
public.

In carrying out the first of the objects stated in the act of organ-
ization, namely, the advancement of science, the original design con-
templated the establishment of methods of scientific research, but lack
of means, and the more important necessities of the park, have pre-
vented this from being realized. Plans for a laboratory are in hand.
The varied zoological collection now assembled affords material of
great value for studying the habits of animals, and for physiological
and pathological research, subjects of practical importance and
utility.

Much care and attention has also been devoted to preserving the
natural beauty of the surroundings and to the enhancing of the
attractiveness of the park to visitors.

With a single exception, no especial appropriation has been made
for the erection of buildings for the animals in the park since its
inception. They were originally housed in wooden sheds which have
been gradually replaced by fireproof structures, as the appropriations

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 37

permitted. This plan will be continued. It has not been carried for-
ward as rapidly as the necessities demand, owing to the fact that
the appropriation granted, for a number of years, has been but little
more than sufficient for the maintenance of the park.

Attention has before been called to the desirability of securing for
the park the narrow tracts of land lying between its boundaries and
the recently established highways on the southeast and west. The
highways were located by the Engineer Commissioner of the District
as close to the park as the topography would permit, in order to
reduce these tracts to a minimum. It is estimated that the land in
question can be acquired by condemnation for $40,000, and an item
for this purpose is submitted in the estimates.

The collection of animals at the close of the fiscal year numbered
1,193. The small mammal house, which has been under construction
for several years, was opened to the public on November 15. To it
were transferred the collection of monkeys, as there had always been
a difficulty in keeping these animals in the proper condition of health
in their previous quarters. Work upon two additional bear yards
has been contracted for and considerable repairs made to some of
the older cages. The Adams Mill road was overhauled and resur-
faced during the autumn of 1906, and the planting of trees was car-
ried on at suitable times as far as the available fund permitted.
Five of the more important buildings were heated from the central
heating plant, installed during the previous year. The specialists
of the Department of Agriculture were offered opportunities for
pathological studies when animals died, and such dead animals as
might be useful to the national collections were sent to the National
Museum.

ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

The work of the Astrophysical Observatory, carried on under the
supervision of Mr. C. G. Abbot, who was appointed director March
1, 1907, has consisted of observations at the Mount Wilson Observa-
tory and at Washington, and the preparing of Volume IT of the
Annals of the Observatory. About seventy days’on Mount. Wilson
were devoted to observations of the “solar constant ” of radiation,
on which the staff of the observatory had been at work for some
years. The results were generally excellent. A new continuous
recording pyrheliometer is in course of construction for this work,
of different dimensions and construction from the one at present in
use. Much attention was paid to the observation of the intensity
of light reflected from clouds, with a view to the determination of the
albedo or total reflection of the earth. The quality and amount of
the light of the sky was also measured on several days.

“38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. |

Measurements for the determination of the “solar constant ” were
also made at Washington whenever atmospheric conditions per-
mitted. These are of great value as supplementary data to the Mount
Wilson observations.

Volume II of the Annals is in press, and includes an account of the
work of the observatory from 1900 to 1907. Speaking broadly, the
energy of the observatory has been devoted to an investigation of
the intensity of the rays of the sun and the dependence of the earth’s
temperature upon the radiation.

The investigations have resulted in apparently definitely fixing the
approximate average value of the “solar constant ” at 2.1 calories
per square centimeter per minute, and in showing decisively that
there is a marked fluctuation about this mean value, sufficient in
magnitude to influence very perceptibly the climate, at least of in-
land regions, upon the earth.

The observatory buildings, although temporary, have been kept in
good repair by a small expenditure. Plans have been made and
contracts have been awarded for the installation of electrical light-
ing and power to replace the present inadequate facilities, and some
additions have been made to the research equipment and library.

INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC
LITERATURE.

The International Catalogue of Scientfic Literature is a classified
author’s and subject catalogue of all original scientific papers pub-
lished throughout the world. The organization consists of bureaus,
established in each of the civilized countries, whose duty it is to
furnish references to the scientific publications issued within their
several regions, these references being assembled, edited, and pub-
lished in seventeen annual volumes by a central bureau in London.

The cost of printing and publishing is met by the subscribers to
the Catalogue; and American universities, libraries, and scientific
societies alone have shown their appreciation of the work by making
advance subscriptions amounting to over $30,000. The cost of col-
lecting and indexing the material for the Catalogue is in each case
borne by the countries taking part in the work, and is for the most
part derived from direct governmental grants.

The Regional Bureau for the United States was organized in 1901
by the Smithsonian Institution, and was maintained by funds of the
Institution until it was placed on a firm footing by an appropriation
made by Congress of $5,000, which became available for use July 1,
1906. A further grant of $5,000 became available July 1, 1907.

Each regional bureau collects, indexes, and classifies the current sci-
entific literature published within the country it represents, and fur-
nishes the material to the central bureau in London for publication.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. B09
The citations are secured by regularly going through all of the
journals listed for examination, by a daily search through the publi-
cations which are received by the Smithsonian Institution, and by
examination of all available sources. Lists of all papers indexed are
also from time to time submitted for revision directly to the authors
whose names appear on the records. The authors are requested to
send separates of their work for the use of the Catalogue, a practice
which results incidentally in considerable accesisons to the library.
It has been hoped that the material collected by the Bureau could
be printed separately as a current classified index of American Scien-
tific Literature, which would make it available for American men of
science probably a year before the International Catalogue was pub-
lished, but since the printing would have to be done at the expense of
the fund of the Institution, it was decided after thorough considera-
tion that the outlay could not at present be justified.

NECROLOGY.

During the year the Institution has suffered the loss of a Regent
and of three able members of its staff. The Hon. R. R. Hitt, dis-
tinguished for his services in the diplomatic corps and as a Member
of Congress, where he ably served for many years as chairman of the
Committee on Foreign Affairs, a man of cultivation and broadly
interested in science and art, passed away on September 20, 1906.
He was appointed a Regent on August 11, 1893, and served continu-
ously until his death and acted since 1901 as a member of the execu-
tive committee. In the Proceedings of the Board of Regents, printed
in another place, there will be found an appropriate tribute to his
memory by his colleagues.

One of the oldest members of the administrative staff of the Institu-
tion, William Jones Rhees, died March 18,1907. Mr. Rhees was born
March 13, 1830. In 1852 he became chief clerk of the Institution, and
in that capacity, and later as keeper of the archives, served it with a
brief interruption until the time of his death. His knowledge of the
affairs of the Institution was wide, and with him there passed away
the principal human repository of its history, for he had been con-
nected with it almost since its inception and had served during the
greater part of the administrations of Secretaries Henry, Baird, and
Langley. He was a methodical man, and in addition to his adminis-
trative labors issued publications valuable to the librarians of the
country and others of importance on the history of the Institution
and its founder. He was a public-spirited citizen, and his deep de-
votion to the Institution is evidenced by a bequest from his modest
estate.

Albert S. Gatschet, a distinguished linguist and for many years.
connected with the Bureau of American Ethnology, died on March

- 40 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

16, 1907. An appreciative account of his career will be given in the
annual report on the Bureau of American Ethnology. .

Paul Edmond Beckwith, Assistant Curator of History in the Na-
tional Museum, died on June 27, 1907. A sketch of his career is given
in the report on the Museum.

LANGLEY MEMORIAL MEBTING.

On December 3, 1906, a meeting in memory of the late Secretary
Samuel P. Langley, was, in accordance with a resolution of the Board.
of Regents, held in the lecture hall of the National Museum. The
Chancellor of the Institution, the Hon. Melville W. Fuller, Chief
Justice of the United States, presided, and after preliminary re-
marks introduced the speakers: The Hon. Andrew D. White, who
presented the memoir on behalf of the Board of Regents; Prof. E. C.
Pickering, director of Harvard College Observatory, who described
Mr. Langley’s contributions to astronomy and astrophysics; and Oc-
tave Chanute, esq., of Chicago, who spoke on Mr. Langley’s contribu-
tions to aerodynamics.

The addresses delivered on that occasion, together with a bibliog-
raphy of the published works of Mr. Langley, have been issued by the
Institution in the series of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
and also in a special edition. :

Respectfully submitted.
Cuas. D. Watcort, Secretary.

ah

ApPrENDIXx I.

REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sr: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of
the United States National Museum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907:

The most noteworthy feature of the year was the decided advance made in
the subject of the fine arts, so marked indeed as to call for immediate action
in providing at least a temporary home for the national gallery, whose nucleus
already gathered has received much favorable comment. While the erection
of the new building for the Museum has been retarded by delays in the delivery
of granite, the work has proceeded steadily and otherwise satisfactorily. The
collections were increased by about a quarter of a million specimens, including
a large amount of material of exceptional importance. The classification and
arrangement of the additions were carried forward as rapidly as possible under
the present limitations as to means and space, and the collections as a whole
have been maintained in good condition.

NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.

The Congressional act of 1846, founding the Smithsonian Institution, provided
that all objects of art belonging to the United States should be delivered into
the custody of that establishment whenever suitable arrangements could be made
from time to time for their reception. The formation of a national gallery of
art thus intrusted to the Institution received early and favorable consideration
by the Board of Regents and was embodied in the plan of organization. It was
the sentiment of the Board that the gallery should include both paintings and
sculpture as well as engravings and architectural designs, that studios for young
artists should be provided, and, as it was expected that the collections would
accumulate slowly, that the gallery should be partly used during the winter
for loan exhibitions.

In the Smithsonian building, which was immediately put in course of erection,
two rooms were especially designed for the collections of art, the west hall and
connecting range on the main floor. These quarters were so used for a time
in conjunction with the library and reading room, but the accommodations thus
afforded proved so inadequate that it became necessary to also devote to the
same purpose a part of the large upper hall now occupied by the collection of
prehistoric archeology.

Examples of art were among the very first acquisitions by the Institution,
and from time to time thereafter additions of one kind and another were
received, but any sum that might have been spared for this purpose from the
Smithsonian income would have been wholly insufficient to make any pronounced
or systematic advance in this direction. In the National Museum, however,
certain branches of art have been fostered for over a quarter of a century and
are now fairly well represented.

The first collection purchased by the Institution was the valuable series of
prints assembled by the Hon. George P. Marsh, containing examples of the
work of nearly every etcher and engraver of celebrity from the early masters
to the middle of the last century. It was recognized as the choicest collection
of its kind then in this country. Later accessions included, besides engravings,

41

AQ REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

a number of paintings, reproductions of celebrated pieces of sculpture, busts of
distinguished individuals, and many important books on art.

The early exhibition in the upper Smithsonian hall consisted mainly of the
unique collections of Indian portraits and scenes by J. M. Stanley, C. B. King,
and others, but in the fire of 1865 this section of the gallery with its contents
was entirely destroyed. The objects on the lower floor escaped injury and were
subsequently deposited for safe-keeping in the Library of Congress and the
Corcoran Gallery of Art, where they remained until about ten years ago. Since
that time one of the rooms in the eastern part of the Smithsonian building has
been utilized for the prints, books, and various other works of art, but the
larger part of the collection has been provided for in the National Museum.

Such, briefly, was the history of the art exhibits up to January, 1906, when the
acceptance by the Board of Regents of the large and notable collection of Mr.
Charles L. Freer marked the beginning of a new epoch in the affairs of the
gallery of art. In the following July a further advance was made through the
acquisition of the valuable collection of the late Harriet Lane Johnston, based
upon a decision of the supreme court of the District of Columbia, essentially
reaffirming the intent of the fundamental act, already referred to, that the
custodianship of the national gallery of art was vested in the Smithsonian
Institution. This collection is especially noteworthy in that it contains paint-
ings by several celebrated masters, besides other pieces of merit and of his-
torical importance. It was delivered to the Institution in the early part of
August, 1906, and was at once installed in the reception room in the Smith-
sonian building, the only place then available.

The necessity of securing more extensive quarters without delay led to the
selection and temporary fitting up cf the lecture hall in the Museum building
for the purposes of the gallery and especially for the paintings. On the com-
pletion of these changes in the latter part of November, 1906, the Harriet Lane
Johnston collection and other paintings were transferred there, and these, with
several loans and donations, fully occupied the existing wall space. Among the
loans should be mentioned 21 paintings from the Lucius Tuckerman collection,
and among the gifts, one by the Hon. J. B. Henderson, of Washington, and
one by Miss Hleanor Blodgett, of New York.

During the latter part of the winter the gallery received a most substantial
and gratifying recognition from Mr. William T. Evans, of Montclair, N. J.,
the well-known connoisseur and patron of art, whose contribution, made with-
out solicitation, consisted of 52 paintings in oil by American artists of estab-
lished reputation. Unfortunately no place could be found in the Museum build-
ing for this valuable collection, and it was necessary to provide elsewhere
for its temporary keeping. This has been accomplished through the courtesy
of the trustees of the Corcoran Gallety of Art, where the pictures are now hung,
filling the greater part of the large atrium.

Leaving out of consideration the Freer collection, which is to remain at the
home of its generous donor during his lifetime, the national gallery now has
in its possession valuable paintings and other art objects for whose exhibition
under suitable conditions it is important to arrange without delay. For this
purpose there is no better place in the existing buildings than the second story
of the main part of the Smithsonian building, a hall 200 feet long by 50 feet
wide. It will require some changes to adapt it to the hanging and lighting
of pictures, and some improvement in its approaches which are now incon-
venient for the public, involving an expenditure greater than is possible from
the current appropriation, but it is hoped that Congress may provide for this
work at its forthcoming session.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43

BUILDINGS.

At the beginning of the last fiscal year, work on the new building for the
Museum had progressed to the extent of completing the basement walls and
piers and the steel framework and brick arches resting upon them, except at
the south and north pavilions. The court walls of the main story had also been
started. From that time onward the construction of the building would have
advanced more rapidly but for delays in the delivery of the granite. Instead,
therefore, of being ready for the roofs at the end of the fiscal year, as had been
expected, the outer walls have been carried only to the height of the lintels at
the top of the second story on the eastern section of the building, and not so high
on the western section. The two entrance pavilions have only reached the top
of the basement floor, but the steel work and arches of the second floor are in
place and the basement lecture hall has been inclosed and partly vaulted and
tiled. With the receipt of the final shipment of the white Bethel granite all
troubles in the matter of construction should be ended, as there have been no
delays in the fulfillment of all other contracts for supplies, and the stone for the
upper story has been on hand for several months.

The retardation in the erection of this building has rendered difficult the
administration of the Museum, since the overcrowding of the present buildings
and outside rented quarters by the immense and invaluable collections has
introduced several elements of danger which can only be obviated by the
occupancy of the new structure.

The rebuilding of the roofs of the present Museum building, without serious
derangement of the collections, was successfully continued. Contracts have been
made for the replacement of four additional roofs during the new year, leaving
only the roof of the central rotunda to be provided for thereafter.

Progress was also made in the isolation of the several exhibition halls with
the view of obtaining greater fire protection, this work consisting in the filling
in of the large arched openings between the halls with fireproof materials, a
plan which should be continued each year to the extent possible with the funds
available.

ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTION.

The number of accessions received during the year, not including the subject
of the fine arts, was 1,398, comprising a total of about 250,000 specimens, of
which nearly 4,000 were anthropological, 145,000 biological, and over 100,000
geological and paleontological.

The principal additions in ethnology came from the Congo region of Africa
and the Philippine Islands. Among the more notable smaller ones were baskets
and lace of Malacca workmanship, rare Chilcootin baskets, and examples of
rich old embroideries. The most important accessions in prehistoric archeology
comprised several hundred implements, vessels, examples of fabrics and basket
work, and skeletal remains, obtained during excavations at Casa Grande, Ari-
zona, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, and a large number
of earthenware and stone objects of various kinds and uses from Panama, Costa
Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and the State of Tennessee. Of Huropean
origin were stone implements and fragments of Romano-British urns from near
Norfolk, England, and flint implements from La Quina, France. Examples of
Greco-Hgyptian papyri and other interesting objects were secured for the di-
vision of historic archeology. The additions in physical anthropology consisted
chiefly of a large series illustrating the principal.types of normal variations in
the human skeleton, a number of skulls of the extinct Huron Indians, and many
specimens of the brains of various animals prepared for comparative purposes.

44 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

The division of technology was especially enriched in the subject of firearms,

mainly through the courtesy of the War Department. This division now pos-

sesses the finest historical collection in existence of the rifles, muskets, carbines,
pistols, etc., of the colonial period and the military service of the National Goy-
ernment. The collection is supplemented by extensive data gathered as a basis
for a comprehensive study of the subject. Other noteworthy contributions to
the division included a series of models from the Department of the Interior,
representing important historical inventions, the earliest dating from before the

Christian Era; a number of pieces of apparatus devised by Mr. Emile Berliner,”

illustrating important early steps in the development of the telephone; and the
Santos Dumont airship No. 9. The division of ceramics received many fine
specimens of pottery from Japan and the United States; the division of graphice
arts, examples of binding by the St. Hubert Guild of Art Craftsmen and of color
photography; the section of musical instruments, one of the earliest church
organs brought to this country; and the section of medicine, a series of en-
larged photographs of the more eminent of American physicians and surgeons.

The historical collections were increased by a number of important gifts and
loans, the most noteworthy consisting of some of the early physical apparatus
devised by the late Secretary Langley, and the many medals and diplomas
nwarded him for his distinguished services in the advancement of science, all
of which have been installed in an appropriate case in the hall of history. The
principal additions to the division of historic religions consisted of two loans,
comprising a collection of lamps, amulets, and embroideries used in Jewish
religious life, and a large series of Chinese and Japanese rosaries. ;

The transfers from the Bureau of Fisheries constituted in the aggregate the
principal accesion to the department of biology. They comprised a large collec-
tion of marine fishes and invertebrates, with some land animals, from the
Albatross cruise of 1906 in the North Pacific Ocean and Okhotsk Sea; extensive
collections of Japanese fishes and Hawaiian corals and hydroids, including
many rare and recently described species; over 3,000 specimens of fishes from
the fresh waters of West Virginia, and other valuable material. Maj. H.. A.
Mearns, surgeon, U. S. Army, who has been stationed in the Philippine Islands,
forwarded an extensive series of mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes and mollusks,
obtained mainly on certain of the smaller and less known islands, and contain-
ing some new genera and many new species.

Noteworthy contributions of mammals were received from Venezuela, Cuba,
and the Kan-su Province of China; of birds and birds’ eggs from Costa Rica
and elsewhere; of reptiles and batrachians from Europe, Patagonia, Cuba, and
Virginia; and of fishes from Australia and the Philippines, the latter through
the Philippine Commission to the St. Louis Exposition. The total number of
specimens of fishes acquired was about 25,000. The division of mollusks
obtained some 600 species from the Philippines and Eastern Asia, many being
cotypes of species described by Mollendorf; a large collection of fresh-water
forms from the vicinity of Wilmington, N. C., including a good series of the
rare Planorbis magnificus; and many interesting land shells from Central
America. The additions in entomology comprised about 44,000 specimens,
including 20,000 of Hemiptera from Dr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore; 8,000 of
Lepidoptera from Mr. William Schaus, and over 6,000, representing various
groups, from the Department of Agriculture. Besides the transfers from the
Bureau of Fisheries, the division of marine invertebrates received extensive
series of corals from Hawaii and French Somaliland, and 238 microscopic slides
of deep-sea sponges from Doctor Von Lendenfeld. The helminthological collec-
tion was increased by over 500 specimens from the Bureau of Animal Industry
and the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.

a

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 45

The division of plants received about 47,000 specimens, mainly from the fol-
lowing sources: The West Indies, and especially Cuba, over 6,000 specimens ;
Central America, about 1,400 specimens ; Mexico, ‘2,200 specimens; the Philippine
Islands, 5,571 specimens; District of Columbia, about 5,000 specimens; from
different localities, through the Department of Agriculture, over 4,000 speci-
mens; the private herbarium of Mrs. J. N. Milligan, of Jacksonville, Ill., com-
prising about 2,200 specimens; and the collection of the late Prof. T. A.
Williams, numbering about 4,400 specimens.

One of the most noteworthy accessions in geology consisted of a large amount
of material obtained by the head curator during an investigation of Coon Butte,
Arizona. The Geological Survey transmitted a large number of rocks and ores
from Wyoming, Colorado, Washington, Arizona, and Maine, and material of
the same character as well as minerals were obtained from other sources. The
collection of meteorites was increased by seven specimens.

The additions in paleontology were exceptionally large and valuable, the
more important comprising about 45,000 specimens from the Pre-Cambrian,
Cambrian, and Ordovician horizons in the United States, transferred by the
Geological Survey; the Pate collection of about 50,000 specimens from the
Paleozoic rocks of the Mississippi Valley, and several hundred specimens from
the Devonian of Missouri, both presented by the Hon. Frank Springer; the
Nettleroth collection, containing practically all of the many types figured in
that author’s Kentucky Fossil Shells; and an especially fine representation of
the Silurian and Devonian faunas of Indiana and Kentucky.

EXPLORATIONS,

While no extensive field work was carried on directly by the Museum, sey-
eral expeditions, both for collecting and observation, were made by members of
the staff, as follows: Doctor True in Maryland, Doctor Stejneger in Virginia,
Doctor Bartsch in North Carolina, Mr. Bean in Florida, Mr. Hahn in Indiana,

Doctor Dyar and Mr. Caudell in California, Doctor Rose in Mexico, Mr. Maxon
_ in Cuba, and Doctor Merrill in Arizona. Mr. Charles W. Gilmore, of the depart-
ment of geology, was sent by the Smithsonian Institutien to Alaska to search
for the remains of large fossil mammals, while Doctor Bassler and Doctor
Peale were detailed to field work in conjunction with the Geological Survey.
The explorations by which the Museum was mainly benefited were, as hereto-
fore, those of the Geological Survey, the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau
of Fisheries, and the Bureau of American Ethnology. Mention should also be
made of the personal field work in the Philippines of Doctor Mearns, of the
Army, and in Malaysia of Dr. W. L. Abbott; and also of the excavations by
Doctor Fewkes at Casa Grande, Arizona, under a special act of Congress.

CARE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE COLLECTIONS,

The reorganization of the osteological collection in physical anthropology,
which comprises parts of about 8,000 skeletons, was completed during the year.
Doctor Hrdli¢ka, the assistant curator in charge of this division, has carried
on investigations relating to the crania and skeletons of Indians and the
orang, and to the brain in the higher vertebrates, including man. An exten-
sion of storage space has permitted the classified arrangement of a uch greater
number of objects of ethnology than heretofore. Professor Mason and Doctor
Hough were mainly occupied in working up the ethnological collections from
Malaysia, and the latter also continued the preparation of his report on the
Museum-Gates expedition of 1905 in Arizona, and on the Pueblo collections in
the Museum. Doctor Casanowicz has begun a descriptive account of the exhi-

16997—07—4

46 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

bition of Jewish religious rites and ceremonials, which is probably the finest in
the country. ' ‘

Some changes and improvements are to be noted in the storage and classifi-
cation of several groups of mammals and birds. The systematic arrangement of
the reserve series of fishes has been‘continued, and fair progress has been made
in the installation of the new system of steel racks and hard-wood drawers
for insects. The labeling and registering of marine invertebrates has kept
pace as nearly as possible with the receipt of material, and much has been done
toward completing the card catalogue of identified specimens. In April, 1907,
two assistants were detailed to the Yale University Museum to engage in
separating the large collection of marine invertebrates from the earlier Fish
Commission explorations, which haye remained in the charge of Prof. A. H.
Verrill. The first set of duplicates will become the property of Professor
Verrill, the reserve series and other duplicates coming to the National Museum.

The researches by members of the zoological staff and others were extensive
and varied, the principal subjects being briefly as follows: Fossil cetaceans, by
Doctor True; the birds of North and Middle America, by Mr. Ridgway; and
those of Malaysia and the China Sea, by Myr. Oberholser; the reptiles of Japan,
the Philippines, West Indies, and Costa Rica, by Doctor Stejneger ; fishes from
Argentina, the Philippines, and the west coast of North America, by Professor
Evermann; from the Philippines, by Mr. Bean and Mr. Seale; and from the
Pacific region generally by Doctor Jordan and Doctor Gilbert; a monograph
of the mosquitoes by Doctor Dyar; the Pyramidellidz of Oregon, by Doctor
Dall and Doctor Bartsch; crabs of North America, the North Pacific Ocean, and
the Gulf of Siam, by Miss Rathbun; isopods of the North Pacific Ocean, by
Doctor Richardson; the entire Museum collection of stalked barnacles, by
Doctor Pilsbry; the crinoids from the North Pacific Ocean and elsewhere, by
Doctor Clark.

The systematic rearrangement of the herbarium, which has been in progress
for several years, was nearly completed, and experiments were carried on look-
ing to the construction of fireproof herbarium cases for the new building.
Doctor Rose continued studies on Mexican plants and the cacti, Mr. Maxon on
American ferns, and Mr. Painter on water lilies.

The principal routine work in the department of geology comprised the
-systematizing of the petrographic material recently received, the separation of
sduplicates from the reserve series, the renovation of the exhibition series of
minerals and gems, the arrangement of the Pate and Ulrich collections of fossil
invertebrates, and the working out of specimens, and the designation of types
and illustrated specimens of fossil vertebrates. Doctor Merrill, in collaboration
with Mr. Tassin, made studies upon meteorites and associated phenomena, and
many specimens of minerals were identified. The investigations by Doctor
Bassler related mainly to the bryozoa and ostracoda of several geological
horizons, and those of Mr. Gidley and Mr. Gilmore to both mammalian and
reptilian forms.

EXHIBITION COLLECTIONS.

The crowded condition of the public halls has rendered it impossible for ~

several years past to make any material additions to the exhibition collections,
and practically nothing more can be done in this direction until the new build-
ing has been completed. During the past year, however, an interesting series
of specimens has been made accessible to the intelligent visitor in the laboratory
of physical anthropology. A group of Roumanian peasants has been installed
an the west hall, and a number of recently acquired antiquities have been pro-
-vided for in the hall of archeology. The entire collection of firearms has been
‘brought together in the east hall, in which also one of the original Lilienthal

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 47

flying machines has been suspended from the roof. The additions in zoology
have consisted mainly of mammals and insects, and in geology of fossil verte-
brates, rocks, and minerals. As explained elsewhere, the lecture hall is now
temporarily occupied by the National Gallery of Art.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Of duplicate specimens separated from the collections in the course of
recent investigations, about 16,000 were distributed in 208 sets to educational
establishments in different parts of the United States and about 25,000 were
used in making exchanges with other establishments and with individuals.
Over 6,000 specimens were lent to specialists for Study.

The publications issued during the year were the annual reports for 1905 and
1906; volumes 31 and 32 of the Proceedings; the second volume of Bulletin
53, completing the catalogue of type and figured specimens in the department
of geology; Part I of Bulletin 56, on the mammals of the Mexican boundary
of the United States; Bulletin 57, on the families and genera of bats; a supple-
ment to Bulletin 51, being a list of the publications of the Museum from 1901
to 1906; Volume XI of the Contributions from the National Herbarium, consisting
of a single paper entitled “The Flora of the State of Washington,” and three
parts of Volume X of the same series, relating mainly to the botany of
Mexico, Central America, and the Philippine Islands. The following bulletins
were in print at the close of the year, but were not issued until early in July:
Part IV of Bulletin 50, the Birds of North and Middle America; Bulletin 58,
Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory, and Bulletin 59, “ Recent Madre-
pora of the Hawaiian Islands and Laysan.” A number of short papers based
on collections in the Museum were also printed in the quarterly issue of the
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections and elsewhere.

The additions to the library of the Museum comprised 2,581 books and 3,567
pamphlets and periodicals. The total number of pieces recorded in the library
at the close of the year was 30,307 volumes, 47,642 unbound papers, and 108
manuscripts.

At the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Hxposition, which opened on April 26, 1907,
the subject assigned to the Museum, namely, the aboriginal, colonial, and
national history of America, has been as fully illustrated as the means and
space permitted. The collection comprises prehistoric Indian implements;
representations of the native arts of Alaska, Porto Rico, Hawaii, Samoa, and
the Philippine Islands; pictures, relics, and models illustrating the different
historic periods of the country, land and water transportation, the invention
of the telegraph and telephone, and the firearms used by the United States
Army. The central feature is a life-sized group, depicting Capt. John Smith
and his men in a small sailboat trading for corn and skins with the Powhatan
Indians at the mouth of the James River.

The Museum has also taken part in the International Maritime Exposition at
Bordeaux which opened on May 1, although the exhibit of the United States was
not finally installed until about the 1st of July. The objects supplied by the
Museum consist of a number of models illustrating the water craft used by the

aborigines of the Western Hemisphere and illustrations and models of the
earlier steamboats, including those of John Fitch and Robert Fulton.

Respectfully submitted.
RICHARD RATHBUN,
Assistant Secretary, in Charge of U. S. National Museum.

Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

APPENDIX II.
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of
the Bureau of American Hthnology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907:

SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES.

The operations of the Bureau of American Hthnology, conducted in accord-
ance with the act of Congress making provision for continuing researches
relating to the American Indians under direction of the Smithsonian Institution,
have been carried forward in conformity with the plan of operations approved
by the Secretary July 19, 1906. :

Systematic ethnological researches have been prosecuted by the scientific staff
of the Bureau, assisted by a number of collaborators who have been invited to
conduct investigations for which they were especially qualified. The Bureau’s
scientific staff is restricted to a small number of investigators whose field of
labor is necessarily limited, and it has always been the policy of the Bureau
to widen its scope by enlisting the aid of specialists in various important
branches. While thus seeking to cover in the fullest possible manner the whole
field of American ethnology, it has scught with particular care to pursue only
such branches of research as are not adequately provided for by other agencies,
public or private. The result sought by the Bureau is the completion of a sys-
tematic and well-rounded record of the tribes before the ever-accelerating march
of change has robbed them of their aboriginal characteristics and culture.

During the year researches have been carried on in New Mexico, Arizona,
Oklahoma, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, New York, and Ontario. The field
work has, however, not been so extensive as during most previous years, for the
reason that a number of the ethnologists had to be retained in the office to
assist in the completion of the Handbook of American Indians and in the proof
reading of reports passing through the press.

The Chief of the Bureau remained on duty in the office during nearly the
entire year. Administrative duties occupied much of his time, but during the
winter and spring months he was called upon to assist in the preparation of the
exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution at the Jamestown Exposition, and in
April in installing this exhibit. The completion of numerous articles for the
Handbook of American Indians, the revision of various manuscripts submitted
for publication, and the proof reading of reports and bulletins claimed his
attention. Aside from these occupations his duties as honorary curator of the
department of prehistoric archeology in the National Museum and as curator of
the National Gallery of Art absorbed a portion of his time. The chief was also
called upon to assist in formulating the uniform rules and regulations required
by the Departments of the Interior, Agriculture, and War in carrying out the

48

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 49

provisions of the law for the preservation of antiquities, to pass upon various
applications for permits to explore among the antiquities of the public domain,
and to furnish data needful in the selection of the archeological sites to be set
aside as national monuments. In addition he was able to give some attention
to carrying forward the systematic study of aboriginal technology and art, on
which he has been engaged for several years, as occasion offered.

At the beginning of the year Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, ethnologist, was in the
Indian village of Taos, New Mexico, continuing her studies of the arts, habits,
customs, and language of this tribe begun during the previous year. Although
the field was new and the traditional conservatism of the tribe made investiga-
tion in certain directions difficult or impossible, much progress was made, and,
when the work is completed, results of exceptional value will doubtless have
been obtained.

In November Mrs. Stevenson visited Santa Clara pueblo for the purpose of
making studies of the people and their culture for comparative purposes, and
observations were made of the social customs and religious observances of the
people. Afterwards, several days were spent in Santa Fé, examining the old
Spanish records preserved in the archives of the Historical Society of New
Mexico, with the view of learning something of the early relations of the local
tribes with the Spanish invaders and with their Spanish-speaking neighbors of
later times. Late in November Mrs. Stevenson visited the pueblo of Zuni, the
site of her former extended researches, and spent some weeks in completing
her studies on certain phases of the native ritual and worship, on religious sym-
bolism as.embodied in pictography and ceramic and textile decoration, and in
the revision of her list of plants employed for food, medicine, and dyes. Numer-
ous photographs and sketches of ceremonials and ceremonial objects were made.
A number of changes were noted in the dramas and other ceremonies since her
last visit, and Zuni, heretofore presenting at night the quiet somberness of an
aboriginal village, has now, when the dusk falls, the appearance of an eastern
town, with many lighted windows. Mrs. Stevenson notes that changes are
creeping steadily into all the pueblos, Taos perhaps excepted, and is led to
express the earnest hope that the work of investigating the town-building tribes
of the Southwest be carried forward with all possible energy.

On April 1 Mrs. Stevenson returned to the office, where, during the remainder
of the year, she has been engaged in the preparation of reports on her field
researches.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas, ethnologist, has been employed the greater portion of the
year in assisting Mr. Hodge on the Handbook of American Indians, not only in
the preparation of separate articles, but also in assisting the editor on certain
lines of proof reading relating to omissions, uniformity in names, etc. Such
time as could be spared from these duties was devoted to the preparation of a
Catalogue of Books and Papers relating to the Hawaiian Islands. For this pur-
pose the Congressional and other libraries in Washington were consulted and a
short trip to Worcester and Boston, Massachusetts, was made for the purpose
of examining the libraries of those cities, which are the chief depositories in the
United States of the early publications of the missionaries in Hawaii. The
number of titles so far obtained is about 2,000. Doctor Thomas assisted
also with the official correspondence on subjects with which he is particularly
familiar, his attainments as a student of ancient Mexican writings having
proved of special value in the examination of certain manuscripts in the
Cakchikel language submitted by the Librarian of the American Philosophical
Society of Philadelphia.

‘

50 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

During the latter part of the previous fiscal year, in pursuance of his lin-
guistic studies, Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, was engaged in preparing an
English-Natchez and Natchez-Wnglish analytical dictionary, embodying all the
published and unpublished material available—that is, about two thousand words
and phrases; he also copied on cards all the words and phrases collected by the
late Doctor Gatschet from the Attacapa, Chitimacha, and Tunica Indians. At
the beginning of the fiscal year Doctor Swanton was engaged in compiling a
dictionary of the Tunica language similar to that made for the Natchez. In the
field of general ethnology he excerpted and, when necessary, translated, all the
available material bearing on the tribes of the lower Mississippi Valley, and
arranged for publication that portion dealing with the Natchez.

On April 3 he left Washington to make investigations among the tribal rem-
nants of Louisiana and Oklahoma, and visited the members of the Houma,
Chitimacha, Attacapa, Alibamu, Biloxi, Tunica, and Natchez tribes, and was
able definitely to establish the relationship of the Houma to the Choctaw and to
identify the Ouspie—a small people referred to by the early French writers—
with the Offagoula. From the Tunica and Chitimacha he collected several
stories which will be of importance in the endeayor to restore the mythology
of the tribes of this area, now almost a blank. In the Cherokee Nation (Okla-
homa), contrary to expectation, Doctor Swanton found several persons who
still speak the Natchez language. ‘This discovery will necessarily delay the
publication of the Natchez material already referred to, but if prompt measures
are taken, will insure the preservation of that language in its completeness.
At Hufaula (Creek Nation) he made a slight investigation into the social organi-
zation of the Creeks—enough to determine that much work still remains to be
done in that tribe entirely apart from language. Doctor Swanton returned to
the office June 7, and during the remainder of the year was engaged in arrang-
ing and collating the material collected by him.

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, was employed in the office during the
first month of the year reading proofs of his articles on The Aborigines of
Porto Rico and Neighboring Islands and on Antiquities of Hastern Mexico, for
the Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Bureau. Part of August and all of
September were devoted to the preparation of a bulletin on the Antiquities of
the Little Colorado. He spent seven months in Arizona, leaving Washington on
October 15 and returning the middle of May. During four months he super-
intended the work of excavation, repair, and preservation of the Casa Grande
Ruin, in Pinal County, Arizona, and in Mareh and April visited a number of
little-known and undescribed ruins along Canyon Diablo and Grapevine Can-
yon, gathering material for his bulletin on The Antiquities of the Little Colo-
rado Valley. During May and June he was employed in the office, devoting
his time to the preparation of an account of the excavations at Casa Grande.
The explorations at Casa Grande were conducted under a special appropriation
disbursed directly by the Smithsonian Institution, and Doctor Fewkes’s pre-
liminary report has been submitted to the Secretary. It is anticipated that a
final report on the work when completed will be published by the Bureau of
American Ethnology.

Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt was occupied during the earlier months of the year in
preparing and correcting matter for the Handbook of American Indians, devot-
ing special attention to the articles on the Irequoian family, Iroquois, Mohawk,
Montour, Mythology, Nanabozho, Neutrals, Oneida, Onondaga, and Ottawa, and
to the lists of towns formerly belonging to the Iroquois tribes.

From the 20th of January to the 23d of March, 1907, he was engaged in
field work among the Iroquois tribes in New York and in Ontario, Canada.
The entire period was devoted to collecting texts in the Onondaga and Mohawk

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5]

dialects, embodying the basic principles and the civil and political structure
and organization of the League of the Iroquois and data relating thereto. ‘he
Onondaga texts aggregate about 26,955 words and the Mobawk texts about
1,480 words, making a total of 27,485 words. The following captions will
indicate sufficiently the subject-matter of these texts: The Constitution of the
League, the Powers of the T‘hadoda‘ho’, Amendments, Powers and Rights of
the Chiefs, Powers and Rights of the Women, Powers of the Women Chiefs,
Procedure on Failure in Succession, Powers and Restrictions of “ Pine Tree”
Chiefs, Procedure in Case of Murder, Address of Condolence for Death in a
Chief’s Family, Forest-edge Chanted Address of Welcome, The Chant for the
Dead, Interpretation of the Fundamental Terms, Peace, Power, and Justice.

Mr. Hewitt also continued his duties as custodian of the collection of lin-
guistic manuscripts of the Bureau, the completion of the catalogue of which was
entrusted to Mr. J. B. Clayton, head clerk. He has also been called upon to
furnish data for the correspondence of the office, more particularly that part
relating to the Iroquoian tribes.

Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist, has been engaged during the entire year on the
Handbook of American Indians, the editorial work of which has proved ex-
tremely arduous and difficult. This work is in two parts: Part I, A—M, was
issued from the press in March last, and the main body of Part II was in type
at the close of the fiscal year, though progress in proof reading was exceedingly
slow on account of the great diversity of the topics treated and the difficulty of
bringing up to date numbers of articles relating often to obscure tribes and
subjects. :

During the entire fiscal year Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, remained in the
office, occupied chiefly on the Handbook of American Indians and in the clas-
Sification of the large body of material previously obtained relating to the
tribes of the Great Plains. His extended article on Indian Missions, written for
the Handbook, has been made the subject of a special reprint, a small edition
of which was issued by the Bureau. Mr. Mooney has also given valuable
assistance in the correspondence of the Bureau, more especially that portion
relating to the languages of the Algonquian stock.

SPECIAL RESEARCHES,

For a number of years Dr. Franz Boas, assisted by a large corps of linguists,
has been engaged in the preparation of a work on the American languages, to be
published as a bulletin of the Bureau, entitled ‘‘ Handbook of American Lan-
guages,” and it is expected that the manuscript of the first part of this work will
be submitted for publication at an early date. Sections relating to the languages
of the Eskimo and the Iroquois alone remain incomplete. During the summer
of 1906 Mr. Edward Sapir was engaged in collecting data for the handbook om
the language of the Takelma tribe, located on the Siletz Agency, Oregon, and
toward the close of the year Mr. Leo J. Frachtenberg began similar studies
among the Tutelo remnant on the Tuscarora Reservation, Ontario, Canada.

Reports of the discovery of fossil remains of men of extremely primitive
type in the vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska, led to the assignment of Dr. Ales
Hrdli¢ka, curator of physical anthropology in the National Museum, to the duty
of visiting the University of Nebraska, at Lincoln, where the remains are pre-
served, and also the site of their exhumation. The examinations were made
with the greatest care, and the results are embodied in Bulletin 83 of the
Bureau, which was in press at the close of the fiscal year. The conclusion
reached by Doctor Hrdli¢ka with respect to the age and character of these
remains is that they are not geologically ancient, belonging rather to the mound-

52 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

building period in the Mississippi Valley, and that, although a number of the
erania are of low type, this was a characteristic frequently appearing among
comparatively recent mound-building tribes.

At the beginning of the fiscal year the Bureau was fortunate Beieciei, to enter
into arrangements with Prof. Herbert H. Bolton, of the University of Texas,
for recording the history of the Texan tribes. During the early historical
period the I'rench controlled and came into intimate relations with the northern ~
Caddo, hence the early history of this group is to be found chiefly in French
records; but with this exception it is mainly in Spanish records, scattered and
almost wholly unprinted. These facts make the task in every sense a pioneer
one.

The Spanish manuscript sources available to Professor Bolton and upon
which, aside from the printed French sources, he has thus far mainly drawn,
consist of (1) the Béxar archives, a rich collection of perhaps 300,000 pages
of original manuscripts that accumulated at San Antonio during the Spanish
occupancy, and now in the University of Texas; (2) the Nacogdoches archives,
a similar but much smaller collection that accumulated at Nacogdoches and
which are now in the State Historical Library; (8) the Lamar papers, a small
collection of Spanish manuscripts, now in private hands; (4) mission records
preserved at the residence of the Bishop of San Antonio; (5). copies of doecu-
ments from the Archivo ‘General of Mexico, belonging to the University of
Texas and to Professor Bolton; and (6) the various Mexican archives. From
these have been extracted a great many notes, but much material yet remains
to be examined. ‘

During the year Professor Bolton’s efforts have taken three principal direc-
tions: (1) He has systematically and fully indexed, on about 10,000 cards, a
large amount of the early material, including tribal, institutional, linguistic,
historical, and other data on the whole Texas field. (2) From this material as
a basis he has written many brief articles on tribes and missions for the Hand-
book of American Indians, aggregating about 20,000 words. (3) While in
the analysis of the materials and the making of the index cards he has covered
the whole field, in the final work of construction he has begun the Caddoan
iribes of eastern Texas, with the design of treating them separately. In this
work Professor Bolton has made commendable progress. He has already
written a detailed description, consisting of about 40,000 words, of the location,
social and political organization, economic life, religion, and ceremonial of the
Hasinai, commonly designated ‘ Texas,” as known and described by the earliest
European chronicles, accompanied with a map.

The task of writing a history of the Texas tribes is a great one, and can be
performed only by long and painstaking effort, but its successful accomplish-
ment promises an important addition to our knowledge of the native Americans.

PRESERVATION OF ANTIQUITIES.

With the object of assisting the departments of the Government having cus-
tody of the public domain in the initiation of measures for the preservation of
the antiquities of the country, the compilation of a descriptive catalogue of
antiquities has been continued, and the preparation of bulletins having the same
end in view has also received every possible attention. Bulletin 32, Antiquities
of the Jemez Plateau, by Edgar L. Hewett, was published and distributed dur-
ing the year, and Bulletin 35, Antiquities of the Upper Gila and Salt River
Valleys in Arizona and New Mexico, by Dr. Walter Hough, was in page form at
the close of the year, while bulletins by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, on the Antiqui-
ties of the Little Colorado Valley, and Hdgar L. Hewett, on the Antiquities of the
. Mesa Verde, Colorado, were in course of preparation. z

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. | DO

The sum of $3,000, appropriated by Congress for the excavation, repair, and
preservation of Casa Grande Ruin, in Arizona, was disbursed by the Smith-
sonian Institution, Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Bureau of American Ethnology,
having charge of the work. A brief preliminary report on the first year’s opera-
tions will appear in the Quarterly Issue of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections. A second appropriation of $3,000 is provided for continuing the work
during the coming year.

During the year uniform rules and regulations intended to serve in carrying
out the recently enacted law for the preservation of national antiquities were
formulated and adopted by the three departments having control of the public
domain. Under these, on recommendation of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution, permits were issued for conducting explorations on Indian reserya-
tions and national forests in Idaho and Wyoming, by the American Museum of
Natural History, New York, and among the ancient ruins on the public lands
in Nayaho and Apache counties, Arizona, by the University of California. Ar-
rangements were also made with the Interior Department for carrying on
explorations at Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, by the Smithsonian Institution.
Under the same law during the year three important archeological sites were
declared national monuments by the President of the United States. They are
as follows: Chaco Canyon, in New Mexico, including several important ruined
pueblos; El More, New Mexico, commonly known as Inscription Rock; and
Montezuma Castle, in Arizona, an important cliff ruin.

CATALOGUE OF LINGUISTIC MANUSCRIPTS.

The archives of the Bureau contain 1,626 manuscripts, mainly linguistic, of
which only a partial catalogue had previously been made. In January Mr.
J. B. Clayton, head clerk, began the preparation of a card catalogue, which was
completed at the close of the year. The manuscripts were jacketed in manila
envelopes of uniform size, except where bulk prevented, and were numbered
from 1 to 1626. ;

The catalogue comprises about 14,000 cards which give, as completely as
available data permit, the names of stock, language, dialect, collector, and local-
ity, as well as the date of the manuscript. It was not possible in every instance
to supply all the information called for under these heads, but the card has
been made as complete in each case as the information permitted. The cards
have been arranged in one alphabetical series, the names of the languages not
only under these languages in their proper alphabetical place, but also alpha-
betically under their stocks. Under the name of each collector his manuscripts
are indexed under stocks, languages, and dialects. The data in regard to
“place” are very defective, and quite a number of the manuscripts are from
anonymous sources. ;

EDITORIAL WORK.

Mr. Joseph G. Gurley, who was appointed to the position of editor for a
probationary period during the previous year, was permanently appointed on
August 16, 1906.

The editorial work of the year may be summarized briefly as follows: The
proof reading of the Twenty-fourth Annual Report was completed and the
work advanced to publication. At the close of the year the Twenty-fifth
Annual was practically finished, with the exception of the presswork, while
the Twenty-sixth Report was in page form, so that the work was practically
ready for printing. Bulletin 32 was completed and published early in the year,
and Bulletin 36 also has been issued. Tulletins 33, 34, and 35 are in type, and

54 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. a

the proof reading on Bulletins 38 and 35 has progressed so far that they can
be put on the press at an early day.

For about three months the Bureau has had the efficient services of Mr.
Stanley Searles, who was courteously detailed for the purpose from the proof
reading force of the Government Printing Office. The editor has assisted to
some extent in the proof-reading of the Handbook of American Indians, Bulletin
30, which is in charge of Mr. F. W. Hodge.

PUBLICATIONS.

During the year the Twenty-sixth Annual Report and Bulletins 33, 34, 35,
end 36 were forwarded to the Public Printer. Bulletins 31 and 382 were pub-
lished in July. Part I of the Handbook of American Indians (Bulletin 30)
appeared in March and the Twenty-fourth Annual Report in May. One thou-
sand copies of the List of Publications of the Bureau (Bulletin 36) and 500
copies of a special article on Indian missions were issued in June. Fifteen
hundred copies of the Twenty-fourth Annual Report and the same number of
Bulletin 30, Part I, and Bulletin 52 were sent to regular recipients. About
1,500 copies of Bulletin 80, Part I, and 200 copies of the I'wenty-fourth Annual,
as well as numerous bulletins and separates, were distributed in response to
special requests, presented for the most part by Members of Congress.

The distribution of publications was continued as in former years. The great
increase in the number of libraries in the country and the multiplication of de-
mands from the public generally have resulted in the almost immediate exhaus-
tion of the quota of volumes (3,500) allotted to the Bureau. Few copies of any
of the reports remain six months after the date of issue.

LIBRARY.

The library remains in charge of Miss Hlla Leary, who was able to bring the
accessioning and cataloguing of books, pamphlets, and periodicals up to date.
In all, there have been received and recorded during the year 760 volumes, 1,200
pamphlets, and the current issues of upward of 500 periodicals, while about 500
volumes have been bound at the Government Printing Office. The library now
contains 13,657 volumes, 9,800 pamphlets, and several thousand copies of peri-
odicals which relate to anthropology. The purchase of books and periodicals
has been restricted to such as relate to anthropology and, more especially, to
such as have a direct bearing on the American aborigines.

COLLECTIONS.

The collections of the year comprise large series of objects obtained by Dr.
J. Walter Fewkes, in his excavations at Casa Grande Ruins, Arizona, conducted
under the immediate auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, and by Mrs. M. C.
Stevenson in Zuni and Taos pueblos, New Mexico.

Some of the minor collections are a cache of stone knife blades from the
vicinity of Tenleytown, District of Columbia, obtained through the kindness of
Mr. C. C. Glover; a series of relics (fragments of pottery) from the temple of
Diana at Caldecote, presented by Mr. Robert C. Nightingale; relics from the
shell heaps of Popes Creek, Maryland, presented by Mr. S. H. Morris, of Faulk-
ner, Maryland; and a number of stone implements and unfinished soapstone
utensils from the ancient quarries on Connecticut avenue extended, Washington,
District of Columbia, collected by Mr. W. H. Gill.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 55

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The division of illustrations was, as heretofore, in charge of Mr. De Lancey
Gill, who was assisted by Mr. Henry Walther. One hundred and fifty-nine illus-
trations were prepared for Bulletins 30, 33, 34, and 35, and a large number
of proofs of illustrations for the various volumes were read and revised. The
photographic work included the making of 277 negatives required in the illus-
tration work and 160 portraits of Indians of visiting delegations. Negatives
developed for ethnologists returning from the field numbered 96. During the
year a total of 11,078 photographic prints was made.

Albert Samuel Gatschet, a distinguished philologist and ethnologist, for
many years connected with the Bureau, died at his home in Washington, Dis-
trict of Columbia, March 16, 1907. A suitable notice of his career will be found
in the Annual Report of the Bureau.

Respectfully submitted.

W. H. Hommes, Chief.

Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Appgenpix III.
REHPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGHS.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of
the International Exchanges during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907:

The Exchange Service, whose existence is almost coeval with that of the
Institution, was originally designed for the purpose of exchanging Smithsonian
publications for those of learned societies and universities. Through the action
of Congress and a treaty negotiated with various foreign countries, to which
many nations have since adhered, it has become an important international
agency for the exchange of governmental, scientific, and literary publications,
and is intended to benefit institutions in this country and abroad, serving as one
of the most important means for carrying out a fundamental purpose of the
institution, “the diffusion of knowledge among men.”

The service conducts its operations on behalf cf all branches of this Goy-
ernment, and reciprocally receives the cooperation of most of the Departments
and Bureaus at Washington. I desire, however, especially to mention the
valued cooperation of the Department of State, which unfailingly, when
requested, takes action, through our representatives abroad, on behalf of the
service; and of the Treasury Department, which, by its instructions to collectors
of customs, greatly facilitates the exchange work.

Its operations have been zealously carried on during the year by the experi-
enced staff that has been gathered together. Details of the regular work are
given below, to a considerable extent in tabular form, but before proceeding
to them certain exceptional matters are briefly discussed.

The amount appropriated by Congress for the expenses of the service during
the fiscal year 1907 was $28,800, and the sum collected on account of repay-
ments during the same period was $4,568.25, making the total available re-
sources for carrying on the system of International Hxchanges $33,368.25.

-The estimate submitted to Congress for conducting the service during the
year 1908 was $32,200, an increase of $3,400 over the current appropriation.
It is gratifying to state that this amount has been allowed.

The improvements and changes in the electric wires which furnish light for
the Exchange Service, referred to in the last report, have been completed. The
wires were placed in metal pipes, and the liability of fire from this source is
now reduced to a minimum. The appearance of the office rooms has been much
improved by the painting of the walls. woodwork, and floors, and the hanging
of new shades.

When it is considered that nearly 2,000 boxes have been shipped during the
year to every quarter of the globe, the statement that the service has not
suffered the loss of any of its consignments is noteworthy.

A close supervision has been kept over entries of foreign consignments of
books at the Georgetown custom-house and over the auction sales of all the
principal ports of the United States, in order to prevent, if possible, the going
astray of exchanges from abroad which are not properly addressed, and which,

therefore, fail to reach the Smithsonian Institution. During the past year

56

a)

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57

these efforts have resulted in the clearing of a number of consignments for the
Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress which might otherwise
have miscarried. Whenever, during the visits to the custom-house, any ex-
change consignment addressed to a scientific establishment has been found
unclaimed, steps have been taken to notify the proper persons regarding the

-Inatter. In such cases tlie sender has been informed of the channels through
which exchanges should be forwarded to insure their prompt and safe
delivery.

Complaints of delays in the transmission of exchanges are becoming fewer
each year. Every endeavor has been made to improve the service so that the
cause of complaint may be entirely eliminated, and each complaint is care-
fully traced in order that the cause of delay may be ascertained. It should be
stated, however, that, with the exception of the countries in which the Institu-
tion has paid agents, the responsibility of the Institution for outgoing shipments
necessarily ceases after they have been shipped, as the distribution in foreign
countries is conducted by the government bureaus of the respective countries,
over which:the Smithsonian Institution, of course, has no control. In special
eases, and usually upon the request of government establishments where the
publications are of such a nature that their value largely depends upon the
promptest possible delivery, and to addresses in countries to which shipments
are very infrequent, packages are now sent by mail.

It has been the established rule to make shipments in boxes of standard size,
bearing a weight of about 200 pounds each, and not to make a transmission
to any country until a sufficient number of publications to fill at least one such
box had accumulated. This has caused no delay in shipments to any of the
larger countries, but has rendered them less frequent to those places with
which the exchange is not yery considerable. It is proposed during the coming
year to employ smaller cases for such countries, thus making more frequent
shipments possible.

Regarding the charge made by the consuls of certain South and Central
American countries for certifying bills of lading, it is a pleasure to state that
in nearly every instance the consuls have consented to waive such fees in the
future.

Within recent years Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands came
under the jurisdiction of the United States. Prior to this they had been sub-
ject to foreign jurisdiction and thus came within the purview of the exchange
service, but under the existing circumstances it appeared that this construc-

tion must be abandoned, and the Institution has discontinued the acceptance of
packages from domestic sources for these territories, since exchanges with them
no longer come within the designation ‘international.’

Special attention continues to be given to increasing the office collection of
directories and other books of addresses. :

In the last report reference was made to the steps that were being taken
through the Department of State to have the Government of the Argentine
_Republic designate one office to assume charge of the distribution of exchanges
in that country, in order that the practice of sending to five different establish-

ments might be discontinued. In response to the communication of the Depart-
ment of State, the Argentine minister of foreign affairs stated that a section
of exchanges was already established under the direction of the National
Library of Buenos Aires, and requested that future consignments be sent in
care of that library. Transmissions to Argentina have accordingly been made
in this manner since January, 1907.

_ As was reported last year, all transmissions to Bulgaria were temporarily
‘suspended owing to the death of Dr. Paul Leverkiihn, who attended to the

58 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

distribution of exchanges in that country. It is gratifying to state that ship-
ments have now been resumed, the Prince of Bulgaria haying been good enough,
in response to the request of the Institution, to designate the scientific institu-
tions and library at Sofia to act as the exchange intermediary between Bulgaria
and the United States. ;

The final arrangement of details concerning the shipment of Government
documents to China has not been perfected, and therefore the first consignment
of official publications to that country has not yet been made.

During the latter part of the present fiscal year a communication was re-
ceived from Dr. F. Bonola Bey, secretary-general of the Khedivial Geographical
Society in Cairo, announcing that as he was about to leave Egypt for some time
he felt it would be necessary for him to give up the work which he had
been conducting for the Smithsonian Institution fer a number of years, and
that, at his request, the director-general of the survey department at Cairo
had offered to take charge of the distribution of exchanges. <A letter was also
reeeived from the director-general placing the services of his department at the
disposal of the Institution. Consignments will, therefore, be sent to the survey
department in the future. The grateful acknowledgments of the ‘Institution
are due to Dr. Bonola Bey for the valuable services which he has rendered
during the past seventeen years in the distribution of exchanges to correspond-
ents in Egypt.

Under the arrangement which has existed for a number of years with the
national library at Athens, the Smithsonian Institution has been permitted to
forward to that library packages intended for distribution only to Government
institutions and officials connected therewith, it being necessary to forward all
other exchanges for Greece in care of the American School of Classical Studies
at Athens. On account of this division of consignments it was often necessary
to hold packages here for a considerable length of time before.a sufficient num-
ber accumulated to constitute a shipment. The national library, however,
through the good offices of Dr. Eypaldo Bassier, member of the Greek Parlia-
ment, has finally been prevailed upon to distribute exchanges for all addresses
in Greece, which greatly increases the efficiency of the service between that
country and the United States. In this connection it should be stated that the
services which the American School of Classical Studies rendered the Institu-
tion in the distribution of exchanges for miscellaneous addresses in Greece .
have been eminently satisfactory, and the thanks of the Institution are due the’
officers of that school for their promptness in forwarding packages to their
destinations.

Dr. Julius Pikler, who was temporarily appointed agent for Hungary on
July 1, 1906, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. Joseph von K6r6sy,
was, on February 7, 1907, permanently appointed.

No response has -yet been received from the Korea branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society at Seoul regarding the request of the Institution that the
society act as the exchange medium through which packages to and from Korea
may be forwarded. The Institution is, therefore, still without means of for--
warding packages to Korea, transmissions to which country were suspended
uring the late Russo-Japanese war.

INTERCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER
COUNTRIES. .

The total number of packages handled by the International Exchange Service
during the past year was 189,830, an increase over the number for the preceding
year of 17,947. The weight of these packages was 469,536 pounds, a decrease

4

a

REPORT OF THE SHCRETARY.

59

from 1906 of 2,023 pounds. The statement which follows shows in detail the
number of packages exchanged between the United States and other countries:

Statement of packages received ‘for transmission through the International
Exchange Service during the year ending June 30, 1907.

Packages. | Packages
Country. : Country. =
For, From. | | For. From

2 EE = | = Seeenieieeieintaeeet a
PAN SSUMIAIR fs ie palo> 5) role alejnne >= lary lah oe haa ENEMA Aya ates Sse os lon © Bl Beet ieees
PAM LET I Berge Pts ip wins sw 0.5.c02ie/sinie / 122 64 | Great Britain and Ireland...| 20, 123 7, 982
LUC) Ee ee | Delite chro WMNCCCO Nery oe Slee anise « ies See | D202 te ercaee -te
MHIOTIA co RUSE Secs keel AO ne ie Wi Gireomimnidie. S25 een be Gees: «i DFS Sis as
PATA ie hci op eclets allan tials PAsjal | ee Guadeloupectisssjasennecs os ok Ds ata ee:
JACEE ATT Ae ee eee rae ag 3, 062 676 || Guatemala................... | DIS tee enas
Austria-Hungary ........-.-- 6, 682 8, 756 | LIEN At eae Sane een ee (Vi || sae eee ee
ADE ae eee ae Dit ecole eae || Hawaiian Islands............ 52 3
HEPA EUTEAY rete ars. Senn ae ec 6- OR) |oaseeeusee WPELOM CUP Stet eas sia) eyaee- 248) | rears eee
SATA OSE. <. bic c= o's eles oie LOA ss Some | Hono come hates swat erseeeuces TAG eee
LECT ete ee See SP dE ek cane a UGClAN Ceres oe omceaence sees Diy Pamecene oe
ereguirmte #55.) s:.s256 oseecceee 3, 840 262M LIC aon ee ence esses ae ee 2, 5£0 783
BERET ast ini. 42st eee Boul ee Mitaliyesere asm see en 6, 601 2, 454
Bismarck Archipelago....... DS re Sols JAIN UC Bae ce erie ieemioe seine AST ea. Sere
Sey UR os -irs ouiniaie ae LS St | sere JAA eet eee wise els erars cee 3, 435 656
PBAPERIDA Nee SSS 5 cnc ic sce CS ee ea ACR Zee aa sn.. ter Ronis Seen oetee | 252 517
LORD sae eee (aol he ca KiOn fOr cate sieleatne + whee es it 1
Ril: oe | 2, 043 Ty Geb lasOr ales yard enn on ak A OM leet ps Se
British America ............. 6, 110 BOOM | SSE OS ee cee ere 2 atone ut hoe Gleam teas
BVItisheBUrMs,.- 2.2: 55.2222 | Silos seks ill oYS a aes ee eee ee eee CBE} eee
British East Africa .......... | MSS eee ae ceee Lourenco Marquez .......... (opal |S hae eae
British Central Africa ....... | Lidl See ae Peer DUG 5 Serer nae aor: wires 98 1
British Guiana; ....250. 22.325 |. BBN Serie lense MAGA Ops actos He tis snr cits orem e Dee teks
British Honduras. ........... Sich cee i Madara Sanne ac ceisans <i. PAT a ie. dae ee
British West Africa... .o....- Dale seis aletas | IMCLONE rs een sae tact « I Seat ee ae
LTH rr 178 1 I WIGVIC) A Bei ROBEet Ee aoe ee 1.067 |aere ae
@anary islands’... -:....c2ss: dy bs Beat ee l IMarbinitgiiecs2<sneexcce= aos: IES) | ee oe ane
|) WHWORRTAIS) Sage Stseoseceseec OBrleacsca eee
JY heb: Yo e Retr ene ee Re eee 1,677 512
Mom pasomecctencotecenset. 1 ee Sear An
ipMOnitenepror. sacs essa e506 Gi eae seer
MGlOCCO tae cece es ceee ss DP |oaeae sees
[15 ENON at eer a oon aes 221 | 2
i), Netherlands. o2>2----. 2-2: - 2, 889 1, 458
HeNGVistincceeccnunicociancee cess Site se oe
|| Newfoundland .............. 1bSt ee sees
| New South Wales............ 2,410 698
Hee WaAe@alamds. cc ccs ae 33 --| 1,552 3
INU CRTAPTIAie sn eee ee oe sana. DEIN iene
Norfolk Islands.............. 1B 4 oaseqaoee
He Nor wavisee ase aaccton note. 1, 922 449
; Orange River Colony........ TUT ne se
PSNI le ercte wisicie ereiole iets s7e1aie = = BOA. cn eee ce
PALA SUA Vie saints wccecitsss nee | LiSuieecemeeems
AGPSIB ees eons Sess oncee woes | Bly |Ss : teeaes
Reno ee ee cco ane cine wei 1, 480 5
Philippine Islands........... 232 | 1
ORIOURVCOsn cs ac neste nicl ae Di ikdcun Stee
AOTUN PH lemiseinesl< st cine em ee } 1,481 104
Qireensland wes. hot wae ea T S82 cles. sccacee

60 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Statement of packages received for transmission through the International Exchange
Service during the year ending June 30, 1907—Continued. iii

Packages. Packages.
Country. Country. ates
lator, From. ; For. From,
IReunIOn Ass sa oe eee BD WY enero Spans. cke ches she ceseeeeeence 2,196 284
IRNOMESIa ceric eas eee eee EES emyaeps cree Straits Settlements .......... 202. || 42 See
ROWMANIA eee eee eae eel cee | Bee ya} 134 || cSudams. 2oco--2es2ene eee nee 6) | eee
PRUSSIA Se eee a eseo eee | 4, 842 2109491] is WINE Leb aeee ae eee ee ee eee Bile Sacer
Siebelendy want tac om ola | OOHIYT AoA meas Sweden...... 57 eee eae 2,679 1,018
SiR MK tts zien Ase Ate tee Dr te Se cee ae Swatzenlamdes- 2. 450s sseenee 3,477 1,072
Shite DADNOTU Ta <li Wee ee aes iat aS (Jul iestne sien) Gar ALEK antNaiteh pmam aa oaks tas 2 1, 129 5
SteeMantin <2 Stee SANE el eS SS ocep tare Transvaal cee ss eee V, U76s|sake sce eee
St. Pierre and Miquelon..... Fail Ae 2 ee Trimid aaa. oes. eee 94° See eee
Si-homassecay.: << -ceeeeeen in| eee TUM Ss eee oan ae ee eee 36 4
Sts Vancentees sas. eens | Salar ee a |; Murkey 3/272 96ea-c----epeee ce 12704 eee
SEN OYOT: keke AS Iie SECO Beer | D1 ease se | Purksiislamdseei eee 17 Nees
Samisalvadora.+.s.stcesces L735 eae eee lttinited States..2-+ see eee 43,555 | 146,719
SANtO DOMINGOS a-ee eee e OD al eerste | Wire wa yan, secon ay se meio 1, 355 90-
Sara walks foc Wuole Renae | 3) easogubsooe WieneZ el ajee rene eee UHV Nee oe oan
Servic secon eon ean hehe cee 97 Du MV CLO Tiaee sae eee sae 2, 824. 138
Seychelles Islands...... mada 1D eae seen || Western Australia........... 1, 284 50
SCT Sept er ae ey ee ere pa ee | SLOSS ene aracrte ® | Tamia Danonces note se ee Ll ee Se tiene
ee ea ect | redla en tcell Martel. ake Se ene 189,830 | 189, 830
POCIeh yes anGsiee-me see eeeeee | LGN |e = ese '| :
South Australia ............. | 1,418 168 |
|

During the year there were sent abroad 1,833 boxes, 265 of which contained
full sets of United States Government documents for authorized depositories,
and 1,568 consisted of departmental and other publications for miscellaneous
correspondents. The decrease in the number of boxes sent abroad as compared
with the previous year is due, in part, to the fact that a great many more pack-
ages were forwarded directly by mail than formerly, and, in part, to the reduc-
tion in size of Government publications. The number of boxes of miscellaneous
exchanges sent to each country is given below:

APOC EMMA Aes ce Paes Se ERS 20. | (Greece 2220228 3 eee
AQISERI Aya sank ooo Sa wy ee 64.) Guatemala 22 oo en ae
SC) SU Gee ae at eS 52.| Haiti 2. 22) i ee ee
Oliva Peas 2h Ae Pee abe eae 2. Honduras 2-22 28 eee
153 VA Meena eae ear mea a ene ETN elie We AQ: | Hungary. 22-282 er
SIGS COLON CC seers ee en 14°) Tada 22.2228) oe Se eae eee
Brit ShwG ulanas es yee ene 2.) tally See Se ee
British Honduras. se I) Jamaica 22. ee eee
CapexColony 228675 se. wo eek 18) Japany io. ee
(CLIN ne eR ep ore eee BAR Nea Oe 4 | Liberia: {2s = 22 eee
CMe cote nS sees ae eee ee 11 | Lourenco Marquez ____---______
Colompbias ks es es ae re ee ae 8) Natal! 22 oS ae eee
Costa sRicaes 0a en alee eee 4) New South Wales___-.-_______
Denman kses 4: he ote Se ee 182): Netherlands £22225)".
YG VSG) st coy a Meee le ome aeRO ee 10) (eNews Zealand eae Preee yy le
TAY Sey yo They = ke ae pe oh eat (| Nicaragiian 2 es ee
France and colonies____-______ \ 49153?) (NOL Way 22 Se ee eee
Gering tiv, ps5 ae: oct aie 3 eee 2178 | Panamarn oe 222 Lee eee
Great Britain and Ireland_____ 308°) Paragiay 922 eee

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

ree al pent = Se a EL ats 9 | Switzerland SEE! 12 Ns eS ai 4G
oo TTRURS 1 Oe aS eis ee AID MRS Yai eee coe | I a oe 3 1
DRTECH SL ATI Gio RL et ese es 2 es Fd Nesp MUS HV ES pee ee a 4
| UTSISTR) -agS eee A ay Ceiaeall bares aYS ire di Ape ee 2 Eye cee ae 4
Se Ol = eek nC Raa NS SSP UNTSTINLGT Cn aeeecuarig cs Sauer. | sot ke TS 1
SUtOmOoOmineoe 85. eee eee ea BA Ute Cyrus een Abert ae Ns 4
Bema e Sel oe teh (5 -' s SU as eee ae ey 5
South eAuUstralias 205 2 see TOM Ven ezATelay ts ne Bee te 3
SSPE Pipe eek eee en Ge TP DOI PN BEC MUNTL et sete eee eb es Sp a ets 18
SS GTSC (ETT, te Re eS 52.) “Western: Australia_.< — eo 14

EXCHANGE OF GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS.

The number of packages sent abroad through the International HWxchange
Service by United States Government institutions during the year was 100,114,
an increase over those forwarded during the preceding twelve months of
33,086; the number received in exchange was 11,641, a decrease of 15,127.
The increase in the number sent is due partly to the addition of three new
depositories of partial sets of official documents and partly to the greater
number of publications received from Government establishments for dis-
tribution abroad. The decrease does not signify an actual reduction in the
number of publications from foreigh countries, and is accounted for by the
fact that all packages for the Library of Congress have, at the request of
the Librarian, been delivered intact, so that, in the case of the receipts for
the Library, one package sometimes represents a whole box of publications.

The exchange on account of the various branches of the Government
shown in detail in the following table:

is

Statement of United States Government exchanges during the yeur ending
June 80, 1907.

Packages. | | Packages.
Name of bureau. Received | See \| Name of bureau. Received ses
20 bas! ~—| a?
American Historical Associ- | || Bureau of Public Health and | |
CENT Oye pag be Se ae ete cs | 11 19 | Marine-Hospital Service =| 25 | i by
Astrophysical Observatory .. 1 Al bese ae eae || Bureau of Statistics, Depart- | |
Auditor for the State and ment of Commerce and)
other Departments ........|....-...-- 361 abous=ss cease ee eee | 126 | 6, 186
Bureau of American Eth- Bureau of Steam Engineer- |
POP Va sere oa eae ae 275 2,107 AN BSS se osackicae sects tacts! Dee oo ees
Bureau of the American Re- r Civil Service Commission .. .| Seen acco
SUAS Oe res actee eS cinch swe 39 3 || Coast and Geodetic Survey...) 169 454
Bureau of the Census...-..... 71 2,183 || Commissioner of Internal |
Bureau of Education........ 168 43 Leven uagpye ne Re SS See See cnoe 17
Bureau of Fisheries ......... 103 768 || Commissioners of the Dis- |
Bureau of Immigration .....|..........) 1 trict of Columbia.......... 9 | 43
Bureau of Insular Affairs....).........-. 3 || Comptroller of the Curreney. 9 140
Bureau of Labor...........-.. 74 4,043 || Department of Agriculture. . 510 | 262
Bureau of Manufactures ....| 38 | 6,925 ||; Department of Commerce |
Bureau of the Mint.......... 8 | 404 BNGAEADOR= se Ses Sees cane 5) I
' Bureau of Navigation, Navy it Department of the Interior. -| 28 208
Department... ..-ss-5-+-5° 4 Jesse esse Department of Justice....... id [Ec eeias ease
Bureau of Navigation, De- Department of State ........ 11 1
partment of Commerce Engineer School of Applica- 4 /
CUA U 070) eee ae (ee QOS OMe se te sta Sone x as a Solem soe

a.

16997—07—_5

62 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Statement of United States Government exchanges during the year ending June 80,
1907—Continued.

Packages. Packages.
Name of bureau. Received eee Name of bureau. Received aetne
Entomological Commission -| Oalceen ce aoe Office of the Chief of Engi-
General Land Office......... Site Meenas | ““EGRSic toes ane ae cee eee 35 5
Geological Survey........-..- 723 3,261 || Office of the Chief of Staff... .| 3 PAC
House of Representatives ...|..-...---- . 1 || Office of Indian Affairs.....-.- 6 cece RAP
Hydrographic Office ........ 55 | 204 || Ordnance Office, War De-
Hygienic Laboratory........ 1 | aa an ese Syke URNA RON eee nee oe Blah Seti 2
Interstate Commerce Com- | Pavenit| OMCer aeons eee 347 1, 926
AMMSSION gore ser scenes estes 26 444 || Senate Library -.--..:.-..---- 84) Seat ate
Library of Congress ......-.. 4,009 57,727 || Smithsonian Institution...... 3, 548 7,466
-Life-Saving Service ......-.. 1 68 || Steamboat Inspection Sery-
Light-House Board.......... 2 N44 | ICO se Sako jenooe sated oson eee 1
National Academy of Sci- | Superintendent of Docu-
GNCES seid nntaeccieaoenice 126 57 MENte F556 eee eee 4
National, Bureau of Stand- || Surgeon-General’s Office -.-.-. 190 327
CU RG Cpe e Sc Seren Corn crs 36i)| ssere.e c= sisrale | Treasury Department ........ 7 4
National Herbarium ........ O:\| omen sees | War Department <7 o--- eee 52 110
National Museum...:....... 403 634 || Weather Bureau.............- 120 1, 489
Nautical Almanae Office .... 57 166 Gi Conde apes eee ~~ 400, 114
Naval Observatory .......... 165 757 ||
Navy Department........... 5 4 ||

As will be seen from the foregoing statement, the number of documents sent
abroad by the Departments and Bureaus of this Government is, in most instances,
much greater than the quantity of similar works received in exchange. While
this may partly be due to the fact that few governments publish so extensively
as the United States, yet it seems unlikely that the fullest possible exchange
has been attained, and it is proposed during the coming year to use a part of the
increase in the exchange appropriation in the employment of an additional
clerk to assist in carrying on the work of completing and increasing the num-
ber of foreign government publications received by American governmental
establishments.

FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS.

In accordance with treaty stipulations and under the authority of the Con-
gressional resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901, setting apart a
certain number of documents for exchange with foreign countries, there are
now sent regularly to depositories abroad 53 full sets of United States official
publications and 30 partial sets. During the past year the Librarian of Con-
gress, in accordance with the discretion vested in him by the act of 1901, directed
that the legislative library at Edmonton, Alberta, the national library at Quito,
Ecuador, and the Panama department of foreign affairs at Panama be added
to the list of depositories of partial sets. The recipients of full and partial
sets are as follows:

DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS.

Argentina: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires.
Argentina: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
Australia: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne.

SOE ae

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63

Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.

Baden: Universitits-Bibliothek, Freiburg.

Bavaria: K6nigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich.

Belgium: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels.

Brazil: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.

Canada: Parliamentary Library, Ottawa.

Cape Colony: Government Stationery Department, Cape Town.

Chile: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago.

Colombia: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje de Publicaciones, San José.

Cuba: Department of State, Habana.

Denmark: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen.

England: British Museum, London.

England: London School of Economics and Political Science, London.

France: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.

France: Préfecture de la Seine, Paris.

Germany: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin.

Greece: National Library, Athens.

Haiti: Secrétairerie d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port-au-Prince.

Hungary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest.

India: Home Department, Government of India, Calcutta.

Treland: National Library of Ireland, Dublin.

Italy: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome.

Japan: Department of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo.

Manitoba: Provincial Library, Winnipeg.

Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico.

Netherlands: Library of the States General, The Hague.

New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Sydney.

New Zealand: General Assembly Library, Wellington.

Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania.

Ontario: Legislative Library, Toronto.

Peru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

Portugal: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.

Prussia: K6nigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.

Quebec: Legislative Library, Quebec.

Queensland: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane.

Russia: Imperial Public Library, St. Petersburg.

Saxony: Konigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden.

South Australia: Parliamentary Library, Adelaide.

Spain: Depdsito de Libros, Cambio Internacional y Biblioteca General del
Ministerio de Instrucci6n PGblica y Bellas Artes, Madrid.

Sweden: Kongliga Biblioteket, Stockholm.

Switzerland: Bibliothéque Fédérale, Berne.

Tasmania: Parliamentary Library, Hobart.

Transvaal: Government Library, Pretoria.

Turkey : Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople.

Uruguay: Oficina de Depésito, Reparto y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones,
Montevideo.

Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Car4cas.

Victoria: Public Library, Melbourne.

Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.

Wiirttemberg: K6nigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart.

64 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS.

Alberta: Legislative Library, Edmonton. : \

Austria-Hungary: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt, Vienna.

Bolivia: United States Minister, La Paz.

British Columbia: Legislative Library, Victoria.

Bulgaria: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia.

Ceylon: United States Consul, Colombo.

Eeuador: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito.

Egypt: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo.

Germany: Grossherzogliche Hof-Bibliothek, Darmstadt.

Germany: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswiirtigen Angelegenheiten,
Hamburg. ;

Germany: Kommission fiir Reichs- und Auswirtige Angelegenheiten, Bremen.

Guatemala: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala.

Honduras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa.

Jamaica: Colonial Secretary, Kingston.

Lourenco Marquez: Government Library, Lourenco Marquez.

Malta: Lieutenant-Governor, Valetta.

Newfoundland: Colonial Secretary, St. Johns.

New Brunswick: Legislative Library, St. John.

Natal: Colonial Governor, Pietermaritzburg.

Nicaragua: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua.

Nova Scotia: Legislative Library, Halifax.

Northwest Territories: Government Library, Regina.

Orange River Colony: Government Library, Bloemfontein.

Panama: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.

Prince Edward Island: Legislative Library, Charlottetown.

Paraguay: Oficina General de Informaciones y Canjes y Commisaria General
de Inmigracion, Asuncion.

Roumania: Academia Romana, Bukharest.

Salvador: Ministerio de Relaciones Hxteriores, San Salvador.

Straits Settlements: Colonial Secretary, Singapore.

Siam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.

CORRESPONDENTS.

The record of exchange correspondents at the close of the year contained
58,107 addresses, being an increase of 1,793 over the preceding year. The fol-
lowing table gives the number of correspondents in each country, and also
serves to illustrate the scope of the service, whose utility is becoming every
year better and more widely appreciated.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

65

Number of correspondents of the International Exchange Service in each coun-
try on June 30, 1907.

Country.

AFRICA.

British Central Africa....
British East Africa.......
Canary Islands........---
Cape Colony. -2...25-=.2
Cape Verde Islands

French Kongo
Gambia

Louren¢go Marquez....-.-.
Wide asGarns <3. c2.2s -.
1 Le ae
MP AUIGUS i so rain de ==

Orange River Colony ....
Reunion

Senegal
Sierra Leone

Sudan

AMERICA (NORTH).

Canada
Central America:
British Honduras....
Costa Rica o 52-2 ssc sae
Guatemala...........
Honduras. 223. .cs-

St. Pierre-Miquelon......
United States of America.

Correspondents.
ees ete Total. aie
als.
West Indies;
27 55 82 | Ameuilla ee tes. oe
i! 2 3 || AMIE Aiarals otal ete nial aie ==
7 15 92:||) > Baliamas..). 2222.4. /
Suebeg bs 1 1 | Barbados:.:-5-2=-.-.-
i 3 4 IBETMiid ans see. aes - = :a|
if 4 5 || IBOMAIRCH <4 ster cielo be >
2 8 10 || CUR tee ee ocoeleseck ss
69 127 196 || Gur GkOsss nee osee na
Fe IAS 5 5 || DOmMIMICR 4.22 =< a
52 109 161 || Green Turtle Cay ....
Saas 2 2 || Gmemad dies serene ser =
sctagus3 1 1 Guadeloupe....-...-.-
tee iseee 5 Raines soccer oe
i 4 5 VQMAlCH es pees i. =
LYawee se 5 5 Martinique .......-.--
3 6 9 || Montserrat. <2 5-2-2..-.
3 12 15 IN GNIS eects fee cen
1 6 7 PGT tOURICOr = see ==
6 11 17 St. Bartholomew.....
3 4 i St. Christopher.....-..
11 13 24 Sin Croixere seer cesses
eearotake 15 15 St. Eustatius ........-.
shane eles 1 il Stauelaise ese eee
24 35 59 Ste Mantind2se:2---. .
3 6 9 Siz Rhomasioee.----
4 2 9 Stesvaincent—-sscce =.
11 17 28 || San Domingo .......-
3 2 5 MODAEOR sence. sacs =
uf 5 6 || Mrmidadss- cece ee =
2 6 8 Turks Islands.....-...
1 aces oe 1 Virgin Islands ......-
= 4 6 | AMERICA (SOUTH).
38 69 107 |
9 12 21 SAT SCMPING (esse oeecers sel ae
2 5 7 IBOliva aes s ae el Sein =
| Brazil......--------------
British Guiana. .2.--.\-'. =
405 ota ee tog OUI C ase emas eas obese os os
Golonmbide- sores. cssctee ss
6 18 24 || Dutch Guiana............
29 56 ‘39d | WB XO FET (0) Onn eee cooeceeroe
44 76 120 || Falkland Islands ........
15 46 61 || French Guiana ..........
20 56 (| RAR ONG eens eOneeomenoes
22 16 ON] Pe EAL ULE crate cists) ac ast cine sie
Cal SAneeaes SP Rertrea. ae asec o os eee ae
181 275 A560) | PUMUSMA Yi ee ons oe vee
18 40 68 || Venezuela ...............
2 2 4]
3,843 | 7,750 | 11,593

Correspondents.
sabe: Wate: | otal,
|
mete cate yA.
ey 1] 1
9 8 | 17
4 17 | 21
12 28| 40
6 29 35
JAS ET 1 | 1
84 150| 284
3 fi | 10
2 8 | 10
ce bas rm 1
3 6 9
2 7 9
38 23 61
20 51 | 71
a ae ee 3 3
SERENE 3 | 3
Rete.) 1 1
11 36 47
Ree NEE 2 2
2 9 11
1 4 5
Pere ce 1 1
3 6 9
be ae 2 2
2 5 7
1 2 3
5 16 21
ft oe 2 2
17 17 34
3 6 9
5 aes 1 | 1
171 297 | 468
24 22 46
165 240) 405
20 17 37
104 144 248
40 66 106
6 4 | 10
27 35 | 62
Bee 8 | 8
Til 2 | 3
5 25 | 30
22 16| 38
57 tS? | eel 70
57 48 | 105
43 69; 112

66

REPORT OF THE

SECRETARY.

Number of correspondents of the International Exchange Service in each country on
June 80, 1907—Continued.

Correspondents.
eee ee Bae Total.
F als.
ASIA

PATA DIR eda -cmces encmaac loos sais 7 7
Baluchistanscep-esa cess sceeeices 1 1
IBUTM Ges o cece = ececeae 14 8 22
Ceyloncteco eee os asee 33 30 63
CHING Pescctanccscee ss wcne 63 164 227
CV PEUSi co woes ieee = Sate 4 8
Hrenchuingia se-cecess sce 1 1 2
Hones kone. 2 cece e ese 14 41 55
ING a Pee soe eh ee eee 329 385 714
Indo-China ji ej--e2 62 oe 10 14 24
PRADA Hoesen cee sean cee 224 574 798
ACOTCR ce oemc- sh o-ccmeccne 5 15 20
IMB CHO Rs: meatier eee tose 1 1 2

Malaysia:
BOMeCOes ne be oct scloles cee ate ul 1
British New Guinea..|......-- 2 2
British North Borneo. 1 2 3
Celebes -2.\see2- 220 seeoasciene 3 3
JAVaees cst tee ee eee 24 43 67
NewsGuinea i. --66|cseeeeee 4 4
Philippine Islands... Dig GS tetas 27
Sara wake sieesoece 28 nS ee reece 1
Sumatrarons-cesee eee 1 13 14
Persia Het eee estes eee 11 15
Portuguese India ........ te goceaee 1
SIAM Hore ae cldcoece aeons | 29 38
Straits Settlements....... 22 | 31 53

AUSTRALASIA. |

New South Wales........ 95 | 225 320
New Zealand ..2:.:...... 101 185 286
Queensland. 2.222. -ce-4.- 59 77 136
South Australia.......... 46 94 140
TASMANIA H =se-hegecsee eee 28 37 65
WVICtOTIAN gt cane asec cose 137 309 446
Western Australia........ 38 | 55 93

Correspondents.
Country. i i-
Te vidu- Total.
EUROPE. ‘
Austria-Hungary ........ 846 | 1,575} 2,421
Bel SiMe a steerer ete 429 630 | 1,059
Bulgarians eee een 17 25 42
Denmark sweets eee 127 292 419
Prancet: 2.3 coseeenee 1,968 | 3,886} 5,804
Germany aeesn- see eee 2,774 | 5,818} 8,592
Gibraltanrss=. eases eames at 7 8
Great Britain: 2320. ---snee 2,454 | 7,520] 9,974
GreeCeet- a pearance 45 71 116
heelandiys-eeece esses 26 14 40
Mitaliyns sees ae ese eesee 957 | 1,462 | 2,419
Luxemburg: = J. ac. --2 =e 14 10 24
Militaire cermencieseemcemame 13 16 29
Montenegro.........----- 3 1 4
Netherlands ............. | 248 489 737
IWIOAV Ea soceabosauaqoaced 151 255 406
Woy qulsplits Aa aesoedousoo 118 118 236
HVOUMMAMTA Ae oe reinsert 47 91 138
FRUISSI Ayers aa eee neces 637 | 1,283 | 1,920
SeLvilatersccsetinas ccm neces 22 18 40
Spain eeeses-c-peeecesasts 230 359 589
SWeG OM <2cec senses neta er 209 520 729
Switzerland’. .-2222---5-- 418 873 | 1,291
MUN eviews meretnarscrie seas 56 119 175
POLYNESIA.

ijt Tslands) 2242 Sees enee PA Ne Bb rie 2

German New Guinea....-. oS ee ie
(CUVEE OC Ae RS SOMA e MASE Sm Sloce b 1 1
JELAy ai = 3 SE te class Se 30 82 112
Marshaliislands...-2-22u)|>-s--ee 5 5
New: Caledonia... 32 ....5.-|Poeeeeee 2 2
New Hebrides..........-. a ae nr 1
SAMOS". = ais srerarelets Sem ies 1 5 6
Seychelles Islands .......|-....-.- 1 1
Tahiti. .scc'ecise~ sams seca see 9 9
Tonga. Sei. sos cece see| ae eee 3 3
International ............ 43); eet 43
Total. hae 19, 031 | 39,076 | 58, 107

—=—

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 67

Following is a list of bureaus or agencies through which the distribution of
exchanges is effected. Those in the larger countries and in many of the smaller
ones forward to the Smithsonian Institution reciprocal contributions for dis-
tribution in the United States:

LIST OF BUREAUS OR AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH EXCHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED.

Algeria: Via France.

Angola: Via Portugal.

Argentina: Seccion de Deposito, Reparto y Canje de Publicaciones, Biblioteca
Nacional, Buenos Aires.

Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.

Azores: Via Portugal.

Barbados: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridgetown.

Belgium: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Brussels.

Bermuda: Sent by mail.

Bolivia: Oficina Nacional de Inmigracio6n, Estadistica y Propaganda Geogrdfica.

Brazil: Servico de Permulacds Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de
Janeiro.

British colonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.¢

British Guiana: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetowu.

British Honduras: Colonial Secretary, Belize.

Bulgaria: Institutions et Bibliothéque scientifiques de S. A. R. le Prince de Bul-
garie, Sofia.

Canada: Sent by mail.

Canary Islands: Via Spain.

Cape Colony: Government Stationery Department, Cape Town.

Chile: Universidad de Chile, Santiago.

China: Zi-ka-wei Observatory, Shanghai.

Colombia: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional,
Bogota.

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje de Publicaciones, San José.

Cuba: Sent by mail. —

Denmark: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen.

Dutch Guiana: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo.

Ecuador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito.

Egypt: Director-General, Survey Department, Cairo.

France: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Paris.

Friendly Islands: Sent by mail.

Germany: Karl W. Hiersemann, Koénigsstrasse 3, Leipzig.

Great Britain and Ireland: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex street,
Strand, London.

Greece: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.

Greenland: Via Denmark.

Guadeloupe: Via France.

Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Guatemala, Guatemala.

Guinea: Via- Portugal.

Haiti: Secrétairerie d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.

Honduras: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa.
«This method is employed for communicating with a large number of the

British colonies with which no route is available for forwarding exchanges

direct.

68 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Hungary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, City Hall, Budapest.

feeland: Via Denmark.

India: India Store Department, London. \

Italy: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Ema-
nuele, Rome. :

Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.

Japan: Department of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo.

Java: Via Netherlands. —

Korea: Shipments temporarily suspended.

Liberia: Care of American Colonization Society, Washington, D. C.

Lourenco Marquez: Government Library, Lourenco Marquez.

Luxemburg: Via Germany.

Madagascar: Via France.

Madeira: Via Portugal.

Mexico: Sent by mail.

Mozambique: Via Portugal.

Natal: Agent-General for Natal, London.

Netherlands: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de l’Uni-
versité, Leyden.

Newfoundland: Sent by mail.

New Guinea: Via Netherlands.

New Hebrides: Sent by mail.

New South Wales: Board for International Hxchanges, Sydney.

New Zealand: Colonial Museum, Wellington.

Nicaragua: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua.

Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania.

Paraguay :. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion.

Persia: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City.

Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Depdsito y Canje Internacional 1g Publicaciones,
Ministerio de Fomento, Lima.

Portugal: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.

Queensland: Board of Exchanges of International Publications, Brisbane.

Roumania: Via Germany. ;

Russia: Commission Russe des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Impé-
riale Publique, St. Petersburg.

St. Christopher: Sent by mail.

Salvador: Museo Nacional, San Salvador.

Santo Domingo: Sent by mail.

Servia: Via Germany.

Siam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.

South Australia: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide.

Spain: Deposito de Libros, Cambio Internacional y Biblioteca General del Min-
isterio de Instruccién Piblica y Bellas Artes, Madrid.

Sumatra: Via Netherlands.

Sweden: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm.

Switzerland: Service des Hehanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale Cen-
trale, Berne.

Syria: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York.

Tasmania: Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart.

Transvaal: Government Library, Pretoria.

Trinidad: Victoria Institute, Port of Spain.

Tunis: Via France.

‘Turkey: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston.

Uruguay: Oficina de Depdésito, Reparto y Canje Internacional, Montevideo.

§

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 64

Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.

Victoria: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne.

Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.
Zanzibar: Sent by mail.

The earthquake in San Francisco in April, 1906, and the great fire which
followed destroyed the buildings of the California Academy of Sciences.
together with their entire contents. The Smithsonian Institution has in various
ways been aiding the Academy in the rehabilitation of its library and collec-
tions. As a part of this general effort the International Exchange Service sent
a circular to the foreign correspondents of the Academy soliciting contributions,
and to this a most liberal response has been received, aggregating in all 6,370
packages of publications, which have been received from abroad and forwarded
from Washington to San Francisco. All the correspondents of the Academy

have not yet responded to the circular from the Institution, and it is anticipated

that still further contributions will be received. It may be added that this is

the first time since its organization that the Hxchange Service has sent out a

eircular of this character in behalf of any establishment. The foregoing re-
marks refer only to the foreign part of the work, which the Smithsonian Insti-

tution has undertaken in behalf of the California Academy of Sciences, the

domestic part being attended to by the institution proper.

Mr. F. V. Berry, who has been connected with the service nearly a quarter
of a century, and has been acting chief clerk of the International HWxchanges
since the transfer of Mr. W. I. Adams to the position of disbursing agent of
the Smithsonian Institution in 1905, was in recognition of his faithful and
capable services appointed to the post of chief clerk, to take effect July 1, 1907.
Mr. Adams, whose experience in the office and knowledge of conditions abroad
are most helpful, will continue to give his advice and caoperation.

In conclusion, mention should be made of the valuable services which are
rendered the Institution by those correspondents abroad who give their per-
sonal attention and doubtless often expend private means in furthering the
interests of the international exchange service. The thanks of the Smith-

.sonian Institution are also due Mr. Charles A. King, deputy collector of customs

pS ere

at the port of New York, for his constant assistance in clearing exchange con-
signments from abroad.
Respectfully submitted.
GYRUS ADLER,
Assistant Secretary, in Charge of Library and Exchanges.
Dr, CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Apprenpix IV.

REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

Sim: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of the ~
National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907:

The amount appropriated by Congress for the park during the year amounted
to $95,000, and at the beginning of the year there was prepared the following
scheme of operations:

Regular maintenance ‘expenses=— 2-22 2) 2 ea eee $78, 630
Collecting, purchase, and transportation of animals___________________ 4, 600
Work on small mammal yhouses2222 2-2 ee eee 3, 000
Work::on heating -plant- 25-5 _ 22 Ao ee ee 1, 000
Repairs): to: animal inclosures_2222-2===2-22=-22.2 ee Eee 1, 500
Repairs. to cAqQuaviwm ee ee he Se ee ee 300
Repairs to ‘Shop: buildings ok ee hes ae ee ee . 270
Planting. shade trees and ‘shrubss=s_—— ===> 2 eee 500
Provisionally assigned to laboratory and hospita]____._________________ 5, 200

Total" eT ee ee eet eee ee 95, 000

The expenditures for the year practically followed this scheme, excepting in
the case of the amount reserved for a laboratory and hospital building. Condi-
tions that arose made it necessary to apply this sum as follows:

Bear’ yards 22222 oe ee CU ee I Ds $2, 400
Repairing Adams Mill ‘roads. 2255-2 eee eee 1, 100
Survey. Of park S25 2s) 8 ea ae oe a ee 645
Purchase of animals) 2222422 i eee ee ee 500
New ‘roof on: Jlama. house... 22-323 se 280
Painting: flying cages st ase ee 2 ee 150
Repairing office. —=2-2_ 2-0 2 ee ee eee ee ee 125

otal Lo 2 a ee 5, 200

HOUSE FOR SMALL MAMMALS.

The small mammal house which has been under construction for several years
was finally opened to the public on November 15. It is found to be much the
most satisfactory of the buildings erected at the park, being easily warmed,
quite sanitary, and free from drafts. The method of lighting is unusual,
there being skylights formed of glass tile in the roof which admit light directly
over the cages, the central. corridor in which the public are admitted being
lighted indirectly. Screens of ribbed glass protect the animals from the cold air
which descends from the roof. The cages are readily ventilated by tilting these
screens. A plan of this building was published in the report of 1904.

The outside cages required for this house were not wholly completed at the
end of the year, owing to the difficulty of obtaining some of the necessary
material. Work upon them was, however, well advanced.

70

—

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. rt

As there has always been great difficulty in keeping the monkeys at the park
in a proper condition of health, it was decided to transfer all specimens of
quadrumana to this building and to add such others as would serve to represent
the order. Funds were lacking for purchasing any of the larger or anthropoid
apes, but there is a fair collection of specimens of both New World and Old
World monkeys, which attracts great attention, and is appreciated by the public.

The grounds about the building have been graded, improved, and planted, and
contracts let for a concrete walk along two sides.

ADDITIONAL BEAR YARDS.

Contracts were made for the floors and steel work of two additional yards
in the series already begun. These yards will each have a width of 40 feet at
the front and a depth of 32 to 40 feet. They will be similar in all respects to
those already built, now occupied by polar bears and Alaskan brown bears.

A concrete walk, with a width of 12 feet, will be constructed at the same time
that the pavement is put in for the yards.

IMPORTANT REPAIR WORK.

The flying cage was repainted throughout, a new roof was put on the llama
house, the aquarium roof was repaired, new supports put in for the tanks, and
other necessary repairs made; the temporary building used for blacksmith and
earpenter shop and in which also the boilers of the central heating plant are
located was repaired and the walls ceiled on the inside, so that the building
might be kept at a reasonably warm temperature during the winter.

Several of the old outdoor cages, which had become unsafe through decay,
were replaced by new ones. A considerable part of the wire fencing around
the American bison paddock had to be renewed and a large amount of other
fence repairs had to be made. The deer shed, which was so badly weakened by
decay that it was no longer safe, was removed. The site of this shed in the hill-
side near the creek was so damp that it was found to be unhealthy for the
animals.

ADAMS MILL ROAD,

Heavy, torrential rains almost completely denuded of surface layer the steep
portion of this road, about 1,700 feet in length, and the larger stone became so
loosened that the road was hardly safe for use. As this is one of the principal
driveways of the District, much used for pleasure driving, it was considered
imperative that it should be put in a safe condition at once. It was thoroughly
overhauled and resurfaced during the autumn of 1906.

A new walk was built to connect the log bridge, by way of a picturesque
ravine, with the more important animal buildings. A rock work was built
with bowlders at the head of the ravine and the waste water from the aquarium
tanks and hydraulic pump carried there to form a cascade.

PLANTING.

Planting was carried on at suitable times throughout the year, as far as
available funds permitted. The whole park should be carefully gone over and
the forest be properly thinned so that the trees can have an opportunity to
develop. At present much of it is too thickly wooded.

72 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY,

CENTRAL HEATING PLANT,

The central heating plant which had been installed during the previous year |
was operated throughout the winter of 1906-7 and five of the more important ~
buildings were heated from it. Steam is used for the present, as there was not
a sufficient amount available for the plant to put in a hot-water system with
forced circulation. Al] mains, however, are of suitable size for hot water and
it is expected that it will ultimately be converted into a hot-water system. It
has worked very satisfactorily and there has been practically no loss of heat
from the outdoor conduits. The buildings formerly heated by individual boilers,
and now supplied from the central heating plant, are free from dirt and dust,
and the new arrangement is in every way a great improvement. Thanks are
due to the Supervising Architect for advice and assistance and for detailing
an expert heating engineer to plan and supervise this work.

SURVEY OF THE PARK.

The detailed topographic survey of the park, which was carried on in 1904-5
and 1905-6, was finally completed during this year, about 1074 acres being care-
fully plotted. This survey extends to the line of the new highways on the
southeastern and western sides of the park. The resulting map is on a scale
of 50 feet to the inch and shows contours at elevations of 2 feet, also all promi-
nent objects and the underground drains and water pipes.

ACCESSIONS AND LOSSES.

Gifts —The following animals were received by gift:

From H. H. Plumacher, United States consul, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1 capy-
bara, 1 crab-eating dog, 1 king vulture, 1 macaw.

From C. H. Jones, Campeche, Mexico, 2 ocelots, 6 Mexican curassows, 1 Chap-
man’s curassow, 8 chachalacas.

From O. J. Field, chief clerk, Department of Justice, 1 cinnamon bear.

From Victor J. Evans, Washington, District of Columbia, 2 mangabey monkeys.

From Mrs. Geo. R. Shanton, Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama, 2 Panama curassows.

Hachanges.—The more important animals secured in this manner during the
year were: One leucoryx, from the New York Zoological Park; 2 American
marten; 1 victoria crowned pigeon.

Purchases.—Among the purchases were the following: Two American bison,
2 South American jaguars, 1 Mexican jaguar, 1 tigress, 1 black Bak 1 pair
of ocellated turkeys, 1 pair of California sea lions.

Births.—Among the births were: Two American bison, 6 American elk, 3
mule ie a 1 Barasingha deer, 2 red deer, 1 Cuban deer, 3 Barbary sheep, 1
ilama, 8 pecearies, and 11 wild turkeys, besides a number, of species of heron,
ibis, cormorant, ete., nested in the flying cage. :

Important deaths.—The more important deaths were as follows:

Young lion presented to the President by the King of Abyssinia, from chronic
arthritis.

Black bear, from an extreme case of infestation with Ascaris transfugre; the
duodenum was perforated in several places.

Bactrian camel, female, from peritonitis and Sanaa pneumonia.

Llama, male, from pneumonia.

Moose, from catarrhal enteritis and fatty degeneration of liver.

Great gray kangaroo, from pulmonary tuberculosis.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 73

_ Fifteen blue foxes, most of them from nephritis and fatty degeneration of
liver, although the pathologists have not been able to ascertain the cause of this
condition.

California condor, from gastro-enteritis.

The deaths also included 1 mule deer, 2 beavers, 1 Columbian black-tailed
deer, 1 tahr, 1 markhor, 1 young tapir, a number of monkeys (mostly those
recently received from dealers), and 1 ocellated turkey, just received.

Gastro-enteritis was still the most frequent cause of death, and pneumonia
second, except with the newly received monkeys, several of which died from
tuberculosis. :

Statement of animal collection. F

Accessions during the year:

Presented _--__--- a a aw BES Eres 5, ele gp pede a Se ge 64
LD DEERE GDS yg A EN ee Se ee 15
PCH ASE geal Clim COLLCC TEU soe ons ae ay ee ee dt ee ee Eh ke 179
TE ECU VGUL) TVG CER CCh 1 CO Ye aS Ti a ae a ee ee 6
Beene Mind tional AgaOsicHl Park =. oa Te * ee 78
Captured-in National: Zoological) Park. ==. = -e2 so es eek 1

SEDI REE DS as see e e 343

There was considerable loss of birds during the year, especially among the
smaller species. Several hundred birds which had been procured for the exhibit
of the park at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition were brought to Washington
at its close, and they added materially to the interest and attractiveness of the
eollection here. The only place available for them during winter, however,
has been the temporary bird house, where the cage accommodations have been
altogether inadequate. The loss has not been greater than must be expected
under such conditions, but has reduced the number of birds in the collection by
about 100, as it did not seem advisable to replace these birds until permanent
and suitable accommodations could be provided. The number of mammals in
the collection is slightly greater than at the close of the previous year, while
the number of reptiles remains practically unchanged.

— id

74 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Animals presented during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907.

Name. Donor. | Number,
Sooty mangabey .......-.--- Victor J. Evans, Washington, District of Columbia..........- 2
Common macaque .......-.-. Capt. J. L. Brooks, United States Army...........-.-.-..-.--- if
White-throated capuchin ...| Lieut. R. Y. Rhea, United States Marine Corps............--- pl
‘“‘Weeper”’ capuchin ........ Mr. Lutz, Washington, District of Columbia.................. 1
Ococlotyiees scat score ee eee Charles H. Jones, Campeche, Mexico.......... 5 wba Se tie eo eee 2
Crab-eating dog ............. Hon. ue H. Plumacher, American consul, Maracaibo, Vene- i
zuela. .
Rediioxss-ss-2se-- ~sacbonneae H.S. Knight, Takoma Park, District of Columbia..........-. al
1) Os ee tee este H. D. Hughes, Washington, District of Columbia............. il
Black bear) (522k. cs ececes ae Robert Allen, Washington, District of Columbia ............- 1
Cinnamon bear aaenen esos e O. J. Field, Washington, District of Columbia................ 1
Bactrian camel...........-.3 Barnum & Bailey Shows, Bridgeport, Connecticut ........-.. 1
Thirteen-lined spermophile.| Donor unknown .........-..-.--..2----2-0-----eeeeeeee--eeee= 1
Prainiedogsst a2 sone seen Dr. L. Wilson, Washington, District of Columbia.........-.--- 5
Woodchuck?:. 225. 2 ssce sence W. E. Calladay, Stoughton, Wisconsin..................--.--- 2
Canvibarae. seo. see tene cceee Hon. ie H. Plumacher, American consul, Maracaibo, Vene- 1
zuela.
Wieix-bill tin eh es se ie sacs Miss Foster, Washington, District of Columbia............... Z
JAVAISPANTIOWS cose. ee ceeces Dr. M. F. Thompson, Washington, District of Columbia. ..-... 1
DOGS eee eee es F. W. Jackson, Washington, District of Columbia ............ it
Canaryeas Urgent eieces sestic Capt. W. W. Somerville, Washington, District of Columbia .- 1
DOV Ss. vot be Sse wcmeta ees Mrs. Price, Washington, District of Columbia.............-.. 1
Red and blue macaw......-- Hon. 1) H. Plumacher, American consul, Maracaibo, Vene- 1
zuela.,
‘Amazon parrot.......--- -....; Henry Seymour, Washington, District of Columbia........-. 1
TONY eee tecsicee mcise Soe eee Mrs. Guy Norman, Washington, District of Columbia........ 2
Barrediowlsssceeee tee eee DW. Adamis:-Herndom *Virginia.-2 2.245. scee see eee eee eee 1
DOs Soe sede cab caestaoel. Dr. C. B. Robinson, Washington, District of Columbia.....-- ui
BarnnOwl iss. eas atees doses Sexton, Church of the Ascension, Washington, District of 1
Columbia.
Sparrow hawk. -...--2-ecees Donor UBknOWN' =... ieee en oie cceecece ease Pee eee eee 1
DOr elas te ease ethene Wm. Lawrence Tanner, Washington, District of Columbia. . 2
Swainson’s hawk............ Master Howard Maurin, jr., Washington, District of Co- | - 2
lumbia.
Munkey valtines. cee acess Jesse Hand, jr., Belleplain, New Jerscy.......-...----------- 1
Kainowiwilturescecoscsssacenes Hon. es H. Plumacher, American consul, Maracaibo, Vene- 1
mela.
Rineidove sass accce cotees acces Dr. J. R. Spangler, York, Pennsylvania...................... 3
Chaechalacas ncn scecseneceee Charles H. Jones, Campeche, Mexico .............--.>2..---- 3
MexicanicurassOw..--02-eesleeeee GO 2 ooo cee Saco sels teen Oecne ashi eat e eee eee eae 6
Chapman’s curassow ........|-.-.- GO ose ae nadie wide ao eidiole bares career ee 1
Panama curassow ......--.-.- Mrs. G. R. Shanton, Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama....-.....--- 2
Ocellated turkey ............ Charles H. Jones, Campeche, Mexico..........-...-+-----«cn- 1
American bittern........... | Miss Brewster, Washington, District of Columbia ............ 1
ANP atON.2 ee ewe shee emeee Miss Stephenson, Washington, District of Columbia........-- 1g
Diamond rattlesnake (with | Dr. E. H. Sellards, Gainesville, Florida..........-.........-.-- 1
13 young).
Copperhead... -+s< cc acnestce D. B. Wheeler, Washington, District of Columbia..........-. 1
Hm pPeror HOA we -<.ese~ sees W. B. Honey, Culebra, Canal Zone, Panama............-.---- ab
Hog-nosed snake.........-..- Honor unknoOwM sess esd shoe oS Lek eee eee eee eee 1

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 75

SUMMARY.

mereriesgor Hand: Suly; 1 190Gk anes oe ee ee 1B pe

BEPCeSNONSY GULING LNG; Vien tne ys) Ae eres eae peepee wes OE Pee 343
“T8X05 66 [= ae Na ARS yet ae A i Rc one Oe eS a 2 1, 615

Deduct loss (by exchange, death, and returning of animals) -___________ 422
Chie aT eT Cr SO 1 OU ee ee es eee ees Le ee 1, 193

Respectfully submitted.
FRANK BAKER,
Superintendent.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

APpPprENDIXx Y.
RHPORT ON THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

Sim: I have the honor to present the following report on the operations of
the Astrophysical Observatory during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907:

During the past year the cost of the necessary repairs and repainting of the
Observatory inclosure and buildings has been $300. Plans have been prepared
and contracts awarded, incurring a total liability of $2,000, for the installation
of electric lighting, power, and laboratory service currents, to replace the pres-
ent inadequate facilities. 'These improvements are not as yet completed.

Apparatus for research has been procured at a cost of $600.

The usual scientific pericdicals have been continued, and books of reference
purchased at a total cost to the Observatory of $600.

No losses of property have occurred.

Personnel.—C. G. Abbot was promoted to be acting director July 1, 1906, and
Director March 1, 1907.

F. KE. Fowle was promoted to be aid March 1, 1907.

J. C. Dwyer was promoted to be messenger March 1, 1907.

L. R. Ingersoll served as temporary bolometric assistant from July 1 to Sep-
tember 10, 1906.

Miss C. V. Barber served as temporary computer January 2 to June 25, 1907.

P. Ik. Tavenner, fireman, was transferred to the Department of Agriculture
June 15, 1907. .
WoRK OF TITE OBSERVATORY.

The work of the Observatory has consisted as follows:
1. Observations at Mount Wilson and Washington.
2. Preparation of Volume II of the Observatory Annals.

OBSERVATIONS AT MOUNT WILSON.

The staff of the Mount Wilson expedition, mentioned in last year’s report,
continued observations for determining the “solar constant” cf radiation until
October 22, 1906, when the apparatus was packed and in part returned to Wash-
ington. During the stay of the expedition in 1906 about seventy days were
devoted to “solar constant” observations, and with generally excellent results.

Much attention was paid to the observation of the intensity of light reflected
from clouds, with a view to the determination of the albedo, or total reflection
of the earth. The quality and amount of light of the sky was also measured
on several days. Very successful trials were made with the continuously record-
ing standard pyrheliometer mentioned in former reports, and the other instru-
ments used on Mount Wilson were compared carefully with each other and with —
it. From these comparisons, made on different days and with widely differing
conditions, it appears that the scale of values heretofore employed in the reduc- —
tion of Mount Wilson observations is probably 1.5 per cent too high. But it
has been decided not to make a correction for this until the completion and trial
of a new continuously recording pyrheliometer, now partly done, of different
dimensions and improved construction.

76

, ve

~I

~]

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
OBSERVATIONS AT WASHINGTON.

Measurements for the determination of the “solar constant” of radiation
were made whenever the atmospheric conditions permitted. These occasions
are too infrequent to permit us to make at Washington a full record of the condi-
tion of the sun, but in connection with and supplementary to the Mount Wilson
work, the Washington results are of very great value.

Measurements have been made frequently of the distribution of brightness
over the solar disk, and the results of these measurements indicate, though
perhaps not conclusively, that when the contrast in brightness between the
eenter and edge of the solar disk is greater than usual, the intensity of solar
radiation available to warm the earth is less than usual, and vice versa. This
relation was suspected in former years.

PREPARATION OF VOLUME IT OF THE OBSERVATORY ANNALS.

The reduction and preparation for publication of the results of the thousands
of bolographie records made in the research on solar radiation has involved
measurements and computations requiring the recording of upward of 2,000,000
separate figures. The reductions have been chiefly in the care of Mr. Fowle,
and he has been ably seconded by Miss Graves. Very useful and painstaking
assistance has been rendered by Mr. Dwyer and by the temporary computers
employed. The text and illustrations have been prepared under the care of the
writer, in consultation with Mr. Fowle. The whole work was nearly completed
at the conclusion of the fiscal year, and at this writing (September 15) is now
ready for the press. As the story of the year’s work is chiefly the story of this
yolume, it will not be out of place to give here a summary of its principal
contents. ;

SUMMARY OF THE FORTHCOMING VOLUME OF ANNALS.

The present volume is an account of the work of the Astrophysical Observa-
tory from 1900 to 1907, with details of the investigations made, the apparatus
and methods used, and the results obtained.

Speaking broadly, the investigation relates to the intensity of the rays of the
sun, and the dependence of the earth’s temperature thereon. The subject is here
treated in three parts: First, the amount of the solar radiation as it would be
found if measured outside the earth’s atmosphere, at mean solar distance, or, as
it is often termed, “The solar constant of radiation.” Second, the dependence
of the earth’s temperature on the amount of solar radiation. Third, the differ-
ence in brightness between the center and edge of the sun’s disk and its relation
to the quantity of solar radiation received by the earth.

The work is not limited to a determination of constants of nature, for the
possibility was early recognized that the radiation of the sun might be far
from uniform, so that the ‘solar constant of radiation” might prove to be
a mean value about which the intensity of the solar beam would be found to
fluctuate very perceptibly from time to time. A principal aim of the work has
therefore been to prove whether such fluctuations of the quantity of solar
rays do exist, and, if so, what may be the magnitude of the changes, their.
effects on climate, and their causes. For these purposes the measurement of
the intensity of solar radiation and of the distribution of brightness over the
disk of the sun haye been made as often as possible for several years, and a
study of the variation of temperature for the last thirty years at about fifty
stations scattered as widely as possible over the inland areas of the world has
also been made.

16997—07

6

78 ‘REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

A part of the measurements have been made in Washington, and therefore
practically at sea level, and a part at Mount Wilson, in California, at about
1,800 meters, or nearly 6,000 feet elevation. The radiation of the sun has been
studied, not only in the total, but also as dispersed into its spectrum, and not
only in the part visible to the eye, but also in those portions whose waye lengths
are too long or too short to affect the eye. For all these different rays the
earth’s atmosphere produces different degrees of absorption, or of diffuse reflec-
tion, and in the course of the work the transparency of the earth’s atmosphere for
many different rays has been extensively investigated. The reflecting powers
of the clouds and the air have been measured, and also the quality of the
sky light as regards the relative intensity of its rays of different colors.

We use as our unit of measurement that intensity of radiation which, when
fully absorbed for one minute over a square centimeter of area, placed at right
angles to the ray, would produce heat enough to raise the temperature of a gram
of water 1° centigrade. This unit is termed 1 calorie per square centimeter per
minute.

The mean result of 180 measurements conducted on Mount Wilson in the
sumimer and autumn months of 1905 and 1906 fixes the intensity of solar radia-
tion outside the atmosphere at mean solar distance as 2.023 calories per square
centimeter per minute.

The mean result of 41 measurements at Washington from 1902 to 1907 is
2.061 calories. .

It is probable that the mean result of such measurements, if conducted for a
long term of years, would be higher, and the probable mean value of the solar
constant may be estimated in round numbers at 2.1 calories per square centi-
meter per minute.

Expressed in another way, the solar radiation is capable of melting an ice-
shell, 85 meters (114 feet) thick, annually over the whole surface of the earth.

The results of Langley, while seemingly in contradiction of these, in reality
support them. For, as he states on page 211 of the Report of the Mount
Whitney expedition, his value (8 calories) for the ‘solar constant” depends
upon an allowance which be made for an apparent “systematic error in high
and low sun observations at one station,” of such a nature as becomes manifest
“by calculating at the lower station, from our high and low sun observations
there, the heat which should be found at a certain height in the atmosphere,
then actually ascending to this height, and finding the observed heat there con-.
spicuously and systematically greater than the calculated one.” As shown in
Chapter VII, Part I, of the present volume, this seeming discrepancy arose from
a misapprehension of the requirements of the calculations. In fact, there is
no such systematic error, no correction for it should have been applied by
Langley, and the best mean value of his experimental determination of the
“solar constant” at Mount Whitney and Lone Pine is 2.14 calories per square
centimeter per minute.

Substantial agreement as to the magnitude of the “solar constant” is there-
fore reached by observations at sea level, at 1,800 meters, and at 3,500 meters
elevation. :

The solar radiation is far from being constant in its intensity. The values
determined on Mount Wilson range from 1.93 calories to 2.14 calories, and
those in Washington from 1.89 calories to 2.22 calories. A change of the in-
tensity of solar radiation of 33 per cent, due to the decrease in solar distance,
occurs from August to October, and this is readily discernible in the work done

2Ag above stated, it is possible that the numerical results to be given in Vol.
II of the Annals may be 1.5 per cent higher than they should be in these units.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 79

on Mount Wilson, both in 1905 and 1906, so that there can be little question that
the large changes noted there:are really solar changes and not of atmospheric
or accidental origin.

The reality of the supposed solar origin of the changes of radiation observed
is attested by many other evidences stated in Chapter VI, Part I, and Chapter
DEY, Part-LiL.

The temperature of the earth is shown to be in good agreement with the as-
sumed value of the “‘ solar constant,” 2.1 calories. Indeed, it is shown that un-
less the albedo, or reflection, of the earth exceeds 37 per cent (a yalue here
determined for it and based on observations at Washington and Mount Wilson),
then the mean value of the solar constant can not exceed 2.33 calories, else the
earth must be a better radiator than the “absolutely black body” or perfect
radiator.

It is shown that the surface of the earth can radiate only very slightly to
space, on account of the interference of clouds and water vapor to terresiria!
radiation; and that the substance which maintains the earth at nearly con-
stant temperature, by emitting to space radiation equal to that received by the
sun, is principally the water vapor layer at 4,000 to 5,000 meters in elevation,
whose mean temperature is 10° or more below 0° C.

There is introduced the conception of an “ hypothetical earth,” similar in di-
mensions and motions to the real earth, but hollow and like a soap bubble in
thickness of wall; perfectly absorbing for solar radiation, and a perfect radiator
for long waves; perfectly conducting for heat along parallels of latitude, but
perfectly non-conducting along meridians of longitude. The temperature of this

“hypothetical earth” is calculated for all times of the year, and for all lati-

aa

tudes, by the aid of the known yalue of the “solar constant’ and the laws of
radiation of perfect radiators.

A comparison is made between the annual march of temperature of the
“hypothetical earth” and the observed annual march of temperature for 64
stations on the real earth. It is thereby shown that a given fractional change
of solar radiation running its cycle in a year produces one-fourth the given
fractional change in the absolute temperature of the “ hypothetical earth,”
one-fourteenth of the given fractional change in the temperature of most inland
stations, one twenty-fifth for coast stations; and one-fiftieth for small islands
in great oceans. For a fiuctuation of 5 per cent in solar radiation having a
period of about a year there would be produced a change of only about 1° C.
in the mean temperature of inland stations and only about 0.3° C. for island
stations. The effects of more rapid changes of solar radiation would be less

_ readily discernible in their effects on mean temperatures, but may nevertheless

be of meteorological importance as promoters of atmospheric circulation.

From a comparison extending over thirty years of the temperatures of 47
well-distributed inland stations it appears probable that changes of solar
radiation do produce, not infrequently, well-marked and recognizable changes
of temperature over the continental areas of the world. Such changes of tem-
perature would be predictable if accurate measurements of the solar radiation
were systematically continued at a few favorable stations.

Numerous measurements of the comparative brightness of the center and
edge of the solar disk indicate that the observed changes in solar radiation are
attended by a variation of the transparency of the solar envelope, and perhaps
are caused by it.

Many results of observation not here enumerated, such as the mean trans-
parency of the upper and lower strata of air, the reflecting power of the clouds,

the probable temperature of the sun, and the quality of the radiation of sun-

,

4.

spots, will be found set forth both in words and by charts; and also a full

}

80 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

description of the apparatus and methods employed for. the various kinds of |

research, and the sources and magnitude of the errors attending their use.

The work thus summarized seems definitely to fix the approximate average
value of the intensity of solar radiation at about 2.1 calories per square
centimeter per minute, and to show decisively that there is a marked fluctuation
about this mean value, sufficient in magnitude to influence very perceptibly the
climate, at least of inland stations, upon the earth. This being so, there is
good reason for making the series of measurements of solar radiation as com-
plete and continuous as possible for some years to come, in order to determine
more thoroughly the causes and limits of the solar changes, and their precise
effects upon climate. The former part of the study will involve further solar
measurements, and the latter part a more complete study of meteorological
records in connection with the solar measurements. Thus far no other observa-
tory has been so well equipped as this one for the special kinds of measurement
involved, and it will naturally be our task for some time to come to continue
the work along the lines stated.

Respectfully submitted. ‘

C. G. ABBOT,
Director of the Astrophysical Observatory.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, :
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

La sail

Apprnpix VI.

REPORT ON THE LIBRARY.

Sir: I haye the honor to present the following report on the operations of
the library of the Smithsonian Institution for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1907 :

In the accession book of the Smithsonian deposit, Library of Congress, there
have been recorded 1,741 volumes, 16,567 parts of volumes, 6,565 pamphlets, and
613 charts, making a total of 25,486 publications. The accession numbers run
from 475,179 to 482,316. As in the past these publications have been sent to
the Library of Congress, with the exception of a few needed for the scientific
work of the Institution, which have been held. In transmitting the publications
to the Library of Congress 275 boxes were used which, it is estimated, contained
the equivalent of 11,000 volumes, a number which does not include the public
documents presented to the Smithsonian Institution and sent direct to the
Library of Congress as soon as received, without stamping or recording; or the
public documents and other gifts to the Library of PanEresS received through
the International Exchange Service.

The libraries of the Office, Astrophysical Observatory, and National Zoological
Park have received 480 yolumes and pamphlets, 1,849 parts of volumes, and 70
charts, making a total of 2,349, and a grand total, including the publications
for the Smithsonian deposit and the Watts de Peyster Collection, of 28,123.

The parts of serial publications that were entered on the card catalogue
numbered 26,499. Three hundred slips for completed volumes were made and
491 cards for new periodicals and annuals were added to the permanent record
from the periodical recording desk.

Inaugural dissertations and academic publications were received from uni-
vyersities at the following places: -

Baltimore .(Johns Hopkins). Lund.

Berlin. Madison (Wisconsin).
Bern. Marburg.

3onn. New York (Columbia).
Breslau. Paris.

Eriangen. Philadelphia (University of
Freiburg. Pennsylvania).
Giessen. Rostock.

Greifswald. Strassburg.
Heidelberg. Toulouse,

Helsingfors. | Tiibingen.

Kiel. Upsala.

Konigsberg. Utrecht.

Leipzig. Wiirtzburg.

Louvain.

The following technical high schools have also sent publications of the same

character :
Berlin. Darmstadt. Karlsruhe.
Braunschweig. Munich.

In carrying out the plan to effect new exchanges and to secure missing parts
to complete sets, 1,785 letters were written, resulting in 250 new periodicals

—-

81

82 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

being added to the receipts, while about 600 defective series were partly or
entirely completed. In addition to the letters referred to, 85 postal —_ were
sent and about 60 missing parts received in response.

The plan adopted by the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature ‘of
sending to authors lists of their scientific writings that haye been indexed in
the Catalogue, and requesting any that have not been cited, has been continued,
with the result that nearly 500 authors’ separates have been received, which
will ultimately come to the library.

In the reading room there were withdrawn 40 bound volumes of periodicals
and 3,485 parts of scientific periodicals and popular magazines, making a total
of 3,525. The use of these publications, and those in the sectional libraries of
the Institution, by persons from various bureaus of the Government has con-
tinued, but in the main the consultation has been by members of the staff.

The mail receipts numbered 34,500 packages, the publications contained
therein being stamped and distributed for entry from the mail desk. About
5,000 acknowledgments were made on the regular form in addition to those
for publications received in response to the requests of the Institution for
exchange.

As the books formerly in the Secretary’s library will no longer be kept
separate from the general library, one change may be noted in the number of
sectional libraries maintained in the Institution, there now being the office
library and the employees’ library, together with those of the Astrophysical
Observatory, aerodromics, international exchanges, and law reference.

The employees’ library.—The books added to the library numbered 40, 27 of
which were presented by Mr, C. L. Pollard, and 80 volumes of magazines were
bound. The number of books borrowed was 2,620, and the sending of a selected
number of the books from this library to the National Zoological Park and the
Bureau of American Hthnology each month has been continued.

The estate of S. P. Langley.—The estate of S. P. Langley turned over to the
Institution his scientific library. These books have been stamped, entered, and
nlseed in the divisions to w seh they ne

atts de Peyster continued, up
to the time of his eas May 4, 1907, to present books relating to Napoleon
Buonaparte and his time, together with yolumes on other subjects for the Watts
de Peyster collection in the Institution. There were received from this source
during the year 288 volumes.

The art room.—The work of cataloguing the Marsh collection is progressing,
and during the year 115 prints have been identified and cards made for them
giving full information as to the engraver, the subject, the manner of execution,
and the size of the print and plate.

Another important addition to the library was the receipt of three important
series of publications from the Light-House Board; Annales des Ponts et
Chaussées, 1831-1883, 152 yolumes; Annales de Chimie, 1789-1815, 97 volumes,
and Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1816-1872, 139 volumes, which are a
permanent transfer to the Institution.

In addition to the regular work in the library a partial bibliography of
aeronautical literature, which included the papers by Langley, Chanute, Lilien-
thal, Herring, and Hargrave, and a bibliography of the writings of Dr. 8S. P.
Langley were prepared for publication by the assistamt librarian, Mr. Paul
Brockett.

THE MUSEUM LIBRARY.

The Museum library has been fortunate in continuing to receive from Prof,
‘O. T. Mason, Dr. W. L. Ralph, and Dr. C. A. White many scientific publications —
of importance in completing the sets and series in the Museum. Dr. C. W. Rich-—

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 53

mond has continued to contribute to the library, and a number of rare scientific
works not to be found elsewhere in the city have been received from him.

The library of the Museum has also benefited by the plan adopted by the
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature of sending to authors lists of
their scientific writings that have been entered in the catalogue and requesting
any that have not been cited, as the larger number of the responses received
are in the form of separates from periodicals, journals, etc., which are no
longer desired for the Smithsonian deposit.

In the Museum library there are now 30,307 volumes, 47,642 unbound papers,
and 108 manuscripts. The additions during the year consisted of 2,581 books,
3,567 pamphlets, and 111 parts of volumes. There were catalogued 1,301 books,
of which 87 belonged to the Smithsonian. library, and 3,567 pamphlets, of whicle
54 belonged to the Smithsonian library, and 13,215 parts of periodicals, of
which 658 belonged to the Smithsonian library.

In connection with the entering of separates and periodicals, 721 memoranda
were made reporting volumes and parts missing in the sets, together with 2
few titles of publications that were not represented in the library. The result
of this work was the completing or partial filling up of 550 sets of publications.

Attention has been given to the preparation of volumes for binding, with the
result that 1,020 books were sent to the Government bindery.

The number of books, periodicals, and pamphlets borrowed from the general
library amounted to 34,859, including 9,397, which were assigned to the sec-
tional libraries. This does not include, however, the large number of books
consulted in the library but not withdrawn.

The sectional libraries established in the Museum have remained the same,
the complete list now standing as follows:

Administration. History. Photography.
Administrative assistant. Insects. Physical anthropology.
Anthrepology. Mammals. Prehistoric ‘archeology.
Biology. Marine invertebrates. Reptiles.

Birds. Materia medica. Stratigraphic paleontol-
Botany. Mesozoic fossils. ogy.

Comparative anatomy. Mineralogy. Superintendent.

Editor. Mollusks. Taxidermy.

Ethnology. Oriental archeology. Technology.

Fishes. Paleobotany.

Geology. Parasites.

In the following table are summarized all the accessions during the year for
the Smithsonian deposit, for the libraries of the office, Astrophysical Obsery-
atory, United States National Museum, and National Zoological Park. That of
the Bureau of American Ethnology is not included, as it is separately ad-
ministered :

Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress____-___-__-_---------_ 25, 486
Office, Astrophysica! Observatory, International Exchanges._-----_-___~ 2, 349:
NVaniseceslevysrerrcollecuiona en ee ete ae eo ee a Eee ee 288.
iWnrted -Statess National Museum, libramy 2 = 2-2 2s ee 6, 259

FG y 2a reac ah 8 SA Se st ot RS RRS LR aS SN ep ae 54, 882

Respectfully submitted.
Cyrus ADLER,
: Assistant Seeretary, in Charge of Library and Bawehanges,
Dr. CHar“Les I). WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,

Apprnpix VII.

REPORT ON THH INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LIT-
ERATURE: REGIONAL BUREAU FOR THE UNITED STATES.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of the
regional bureau for the United States of the International Catalogue of Scien-
tific Literature for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907:

This work is carried on under the authority of Congress, in accordance with
the following item in the sundry civil appropriation bill:

INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE: For the cooperation of
ihe United States in the work of the International Catalogue of Scientifie Liter-
ature, including the preparation of a classified index catalogue of American
scientific publications for incorporation in the International Catalogue, the ex-
pense of clerk hire, the purchase of necessary books and periodicals, and other
necessary incidental expenses, five thousand dollars, the same to be expended
under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

The International Catalogue of Scientific Literature is a classified subject
index of current scientific literature published in London in 17 annua! volumes,
the result of the combined cooperative work of regional bureaus established in
all of the civilized countries of the world. All of the principal goyernments
of the world are lending their aid to this important international undertaking.
Hach country collects, indexes, and classifies the current scientific literature pub-
lished within its borders and furnishes to the central bureau in London the
material thus prepared for publication in the annual-volumes. The cost of
preparation is borne by the countries taking part in the enterprise. The cost
of printing and publishing is paid by the subscribers to the Catalogue. The
enterprise was begun in 1901, and for the first five years of its existence the
work in the United States was done through the Smithsonian Institution at
the expense of its fund. For the present fiscal year Congress appropriated the
sum of $5,000 to continue the work thus begun, and it -was carried on as hereto-
fore. The persons in charge of the work up to that date had been employees
of the parent Institution, and being entirely familiar with the work, and having
shown intelligence and devotion in carrying it out, they were, upon request, ©
included in the classified civil service by an Executive order dated July 14, 1906.

One volume a year is devoted to each of the following-named subjects: Math-
ematics, mechanics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, meteorology (including ter-
restrial magnetism), mineralogy (including petrology and crystallography),
geology, geography (mathematical and physical), paleontology, general biology,
botany, zoology, human anatomy, physical anthropology, physiology (including
experimental psycology, pharmacology, and experimental pathology), and
bacteriology. 4

The citations are secured by regularly going through all of the journals
listed to be examined, by a daily search through the large number of publica-
tions received by the Smithsonian Institution, and by the examination of all
available lists. Nevertheless, so diverse are the places of publication in the
United States that even this careful scrutiny was not considered sufficient, and
there was compiled from the authors records in this office a list of papers,

84

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. &5

by authors, which list was submitted to them for verification, criticisms, and
additions. At the same time each author was requested to supply his separates
to the Institution especially for the purposes of the Catalogue.
This method of keeping in direct communication with the authors of scientific
_ papers is very desirable for many reasons, as it not only renders it possible to
publish a complete Catalogue, but also aids materially in the proper and satis-
factory classification of the work done, which from the point of view of the
users of the Catalogue is of as great importance as it is to have the Catalogue
complete.
During the year there were 28,629 references to American scientific literature
completed for the central bureau, as follows:

Literature of—

SUPT iS a ag 2 Rca N,N 384
SEU he ae A I Ea a RAI tO te) 5 Ne a ne 511
SBR hes peers ek re cg ee Pre a el ds A ee age ee 862
TSE a ge ANS eh pA ary SSP SO ee 5) ale
BESS es Oa pale Ta Rg Ie cs te cae ee a ee a 9, 022
ESE ca RS a ak a el 12, 578

TEAS ak ee BR I ee ane A Oe ea a pt 28, 629

Thirteen volumes of the Catalogue were received and delivered to the sub-
scribers in this country, as follows:

Fourth annual issue: Chemistry, meteorology, general biology, botany, zoology,
human anatomy, physical anthropology, and physiology, completing the issue.

Fifth annual issue: Mathematics, astronomy, geology, geography, and paleon-
tology. ¢

The practice has gradually been gaining ground in some of the regional
bureaus of including references to technical and industrial matters, which
while of great general interest do not come strictly within the definition of the’
scope of the work, which was to refer only to original published contributions
to the physical and natural sciences. This matter has had careful consideration
here, and it was deemed not only necessary but wise to adhere strictly to the plan
agreed upon, since it was felt that a rigid following of the plan was essential
where so many different nations were concerned, and for the further reason
that an index can readily become too cumbersome for easy reference. Ulti-
mately it may be possible to embrace in this Catalogue all records of progres-
sive human interest, but it would seem at present the wisest policy to limit the
work strictly to the original purpose.

The regional bureau in the United States was so organized in the beginning
that it could at any time be expanded to embrace any subject found advisable
to include in the work, but the bureau is at the present time worked to the
limit of its capacity with the funds now at its disposal.

Several of the regional bureaus, including those of Germany, France, and
Poland, are printing in periodical form the matter indexed by them. It was for
a time hoped that this could be done in this country, and for several months,
beginning with January 1, 1907, all scientific matter was currently collected,
indexed, classified, and prepared as printer’s proof ready for publication by the
Institution, either monthly or quarterly, as a much-needed current classified
index to American scientific literature. This method of publication would
promptly furnish references to all of the scientific literature of the country
practically as soon as published and probably a year in advance of the perma-
nent assembled yolumes published by the central bureau. The two methods of

SO. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

publication would in no way conflict; the first would be a check list of current
national work, while the second is a permanent classified international record.

The actual cost of printing a sufficient number of such a periodical would,
however, have to be met by the private fund of the Institution. After thorough
consideration it was decided that the outlay would not be justified. It is sin-
eerely to be hoped that the publication of this material in the form mentioned,
or its equivalent, can be soon begun.

Congress in the sundry civil bill approved March 4, 1907, appropriated $5,000
to carry on the work for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, it being the same
amount as that appropriated for the past year.

I desire to acknowledge the zeal and fidelity of the staff who are under the
immediate direction of Mr. Leonard C. Gunnell.

Very respectfully, yours, Cyrus ADLER,
Assistant Secretary, in Charge of Library and Exchanges.

Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Apprenpix VIII.
REPORT ON THE PUBLICATIONS.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the publications of
the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during the year ending June 30,
1907:

I. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.

In the series of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge three memoirs
were in press at the close of the fiscal year and several manuscripts were in
preparation. ,

1692. Glaciers of the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks. Report of the Smith-
sonian Expedition of 1904. By William Hittell Sherzer, Ph. D. Quarto. Pages
xii, 135, with 42 plates. Part of Volume XXXY. In press.

The advertisement of this publication describes it as follows:

Dr. William H. Sherzer, professor of natural science at Michigan State Nor-
mal Coliege, has brought together in the present memoir the results of an ex-
pedition undertaken by the Smithsonian Institution among the glaciers of the
Canadian Rockies and Selkirks in the year 1904. The general objects of the
research were to render available a description of some of the most accessible
glaciers upon the American continent, to investigate to what extent the known
glacial features of other portions of the world are reproduced in these American
representatives, and to ascertain what additional light a study of similar
features might shed upon glacier formation and upon some of the unsettled
problems of Pleistocene geology.

A systematie survey was made of the Victoria and Wenkchemna glaciers in
Alberta, and of the Yoho and Illecillewaet glaciers in British Columbia, located
about 200 miles north of the boundary of the United States. The largest of
these is the Yoho glacier, extending more than 3 miles below the névyé field
and 1 mile in width for two-thirds of its length. Doctor Sherzer investigated
various surface features of each of these glaciers, the nature and cause of ice
flow, the temperature of the ice at various depths and its relation to air tem-
perature, the amount of surface melting, and the possible transference of ma-
terial from the surface to the lower portion; their forward movement ard the
recession and advance of their extremities, and the general structure of
glacial ice.

In summarizing the most important results Doctor Sherzer discusses the
indicated physiographic changes in the region during the Mesozoic and Pleisto-
cene periods; the question of precipitation of snow and rain, and the effect of
climatic cycles on glacial movements, the structure of the ice as to stratifica-
tion, shearing, blue bands, ice dykes, glacial granules, and the possible methods
of their development. In discussing the theories of glacial motion the author
expresses his conviction that the nature of the ice movement can be satisfac-
torily explained only upon the theory that under certain circumstances and
within certain limits ice is capable of behaving as a plastic body—that is,
capable of yielding continuously to stress without rupture—but the plasticity
of ice, a crystalline substance, must be thought of as essentially different from
that manifested by such amorphous substances as wax or asphaltum.

Doctor Sherzer also discusses the cause of the richness and yariety of color-
ing of glaciers and glacial lakes.

1718. The Young of the Crayfishes Astacus and Cambarus. By Ih. A. Andrews.
Quarto. Pages 79, with 10 plates. Part of Vol. XXXY. In press.

Si

$8 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

In this memoir there is described and illustrated the young of two kinds of
crayfishes, one from Oregon and one from Maryland, representing the two most
diverse forms in North America. The first, second, and third larval stages are-
determined, and there is described the hitherto unknown nature of successive
mechanical attachments of the offspring to the parent.

1723. The Apodous Holothurians. A Monograph of the Synaptidze and Molop-
adiide. Including a report on the representatives of these families in the
collections of the United States National Museum. By Hubert Lyman Clark.
Quarto. Pages 218+, with 18 plates. Part of Vol. XXXY. In press.

This memoir gives a summary of present knowledge of the two families of
sea cucumbers, which lack tube feet.

The most important feature of the work is the recognition of the changes
taking place in the maturing and senescence of individual holothurians, par-
ticularly in the family Molopadiids. As a result of this, radical changes in
nomenclature haye been-necessary, but every effort has been made to have the
system adopted accord with the most widely accepted codes, and thus be as
stable as possible. Special attention has been given to geographical distribution,
but the work in this line is chiefly of value as a summary of our present very
inadequate knowledge. Artificial keys to genera and species have been freely
used with the intention of making the work as useful as possible to all subse-
quent investigators, and the numerous figures, most of which are copied from
other writers, are given with the same end in view.

11. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.

In the series of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections there were published
24 papers in the Quarterly Issue, Vol. III, Parts 3 and 4, and Vol. IV, Part 1, as
follows:

1656. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Quarterly Issue. Vol. III,
Part 8 (containing Nos. 1657-1664). Octavo. Pages 241-379, with plates
LIX—LXIII.

1657. The Species of Mosquitoes in the Genus Megarhinus. By Harrisen G.
Dyar and Frederick Knab. Published September 27, 1906. Octayo. Pages 241-
258. :

1658. A Contribution to the Knowledge of some South American Hymenop-
tera, chiefly from Paraguay. By C. Schrottky. Published February 4, 1907.
Octayo. Pages 259-274.

1659. Description of a New Squirrel of the Sciurus prevostii Group: from Pulo
Temaju, West Coast of Borneo. By Mareus Ward Lyon, jr. Published Febru-
ary 4, 1907. Octavo. Pages 275-276.

1660. The Squirrels of the Sciurus vittatus Group in Sumatra. By Marcus
Ward Lyon, jr. Published February 4, 1907. Octavo. Pages 277-283.

1661. A study of the Butterfly Wing-Venation, with special regard to the
radial vein of the front wing. By Thomas J. Headlee. Published February 4,
1907.. Octayo. Pages 284-296, with plates LIx—Lx1II.

1662. Some Noteworthy Extra-European Cyprinids. By Theodore Gill. Pub- —
lished February 4, 1907. Octavo. Pages 297-340.

1663. A review of the American Volutide. By William Healey Dall. Pub-
lished February 4, 1907. Pages 341-3738.

1664. Notes to Quarterly Issue. Vol. III. Part 3. Octavo. Pages 374-379.
1695. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Quarterly Issue. Vol. III,
Part 4 (containing Nos. 1696-1701). Octavo. Pages 381-567, plates LXWV-LXX,

and table of contents and index to Volume III of the Quarterly Issue.

1696. The breeding habits of the Florida alligator. By Albert M. Resees
Published May 4, 1907. Octayo. Pages 381-387, with plates LxIv—-Lxy.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 39

1697. Life histories of Toadfishes (Batrachoidids), compared with those of
Weavers (Trachinids) and Stargazers (Uranoscopids). By Theodore Gill.
Published May 4, 1907. Octavo. Pages 388-427. j

1698. The letter of Dr. Diego Alvarez Chanca, dated 1494, relating to the
second yoyage of Columbus to America (being the first written document on
the natural history, ethnography, and ethnology of America). Translated, with
notes, by A. M. Fernandez de Ybarra. Published May 4, 1907. Octayo. Pages
428-457, with plate LxvI.

1699. The origin of the so-called Atlantic animals and plants of western
Norway. By Leonhard Stejneger. Published May 4, 1907. Octayo. Pages
458-513, with plates LxviI-Lxx. ,

1700. Manners and customs of the Tagbanuas and other tribes of the Island
of Palawan, Philippines. By Manuel Hugo Venturello. Published May 4,
1907. Octayo. Pages 514-558.

1701. Notes to Quarterly Issue, Vol. III, Part 4. Octavo. Pages 559-562.

1702. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. (Quarterly Issue. Vol. III),
Vol. XLVIII. Octavo. Pages vii, 1-567, with plates I-Lxx.

1703. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. (Quarterly Issue), Vol. IY,
Part 1 (containing Nos. 1704-1716). Octavo. Pages 1-131, with plates I-xIv.

1704. Notes on some Upper Cretaceous Volutidz, with descriptions of a new
species and a revision of the groups to which they belong. By W. H. Dall.
Published March 17, 1907. Octavo. Pages 1-23.

1705. Notes on some squirrels of the Sciurus hippurus group, with descrip-
tions of two new species. By Marcus W. Lyon, jr. Published April 8, 1907.
Octayo. Pages 24-29.

1706. A new Calamarine snake from the Philippine Islands. By Leonhard
Stejneger. Published April 8, 1907. Octavo. Pages 30-31.

1707. Additional notes on Mexican plants of the genus Ribes. By J. N.
Rose. Published May 1, 1907. Octavo. Page 32.

1708. Morkillia, a new name for the genus Chitonia; with description of a
new species. By J. N. Rose and Joseph H. Painter. Published May 1, 1907.
Octavo. Pages 33-34. :

1709. The “ Webster” ruin in Southern Rhodesia, Africa. By Edward M.
Andrews. Published May 1, 1907. Octavo. Pages 35-47, with plates I-m1.

1710. The Bororo Indians of Matto Grosso, Brazil. By W. A. Cook. Pub-
lished May 1, 1907. Octavo. Pages 48-62, with plates Iv, v.

1711. Cactus Maxonii, a new cactus from Guatemala. By J. N. Rose. Pub-
lished June 15, 1907. Octavo. Pages 63-64, with plate v1.

1712. On the clasping organs attaching the hind to the fore wings in Hyme-
noptera. By Leo Walter. Published June 24, 1907. Octavo. Pages 65-87,
with plates vir-x. -

1713. Notes on Mammals collected at Mount Rainier, Washington. By M. W.
Lyon, jr. Published June 27, 1907. Octavo. Pages 89-92.

1714. The Archaic monetary terms of the United States. By C. A. White.
Published June 27, 1907. Octayo. Pages 93-104.

1715. Description of a collection of Kootanie plants from the Great Falls coal!
field of Montana. By F. H. Knowlton. Published June 27, 1907. Octayo.
Pages 105-128, with plates xI—xty.

1716. Notes to Quarterly Issue, Vol. IV, Part 1. Octavo. Pages 129-131.

Among the papers in press for the Quarterly Issue at the close of the fiscal
year may be mentioned; The Air-Sacs of the Pigeon, by Bruno Miiller; and
Pxcayations at Casa Grande, Arizona, in 1906 and 1907, by J. Walter Fewkes.

20: * REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

There was also published in the regular series of the Smithsonian Miscel-
laneous Collections the following report of researches under a grant io the
Hodgkins fund:

1654. Researches on the Attainment of Very Low Temperatures. Part II.—
Further notes on the Self Intensive Process for Liquefying Gases. By Morris
W. Travers (with A. G. C. Gwyer and F. L. Usher). Part of Vol. XLIX,
Octavo. Pages 1-14.

There was in press at the close of the year additional copies of the Smith-
sonian Meteorological Tables in the form of a third edition of that work.

The following work was issued in continuation of the Catalogue prepared by
Prof. Edward S. Holden, issued by the Smithsonian Institution in 1898, No. 1087.

1721. Catalogue of Harthquakes on the Pacific Coast, 1897 to 1906. By Alex-
ander G. McAdie. Part of Volume XLIX. Octavo. Pages 64.

There was in press at the close of the year a work on erabs of the North

Pacific under the following title:

1717. Report on the Crustacea (Brachyura and Anomura), collected by the
North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 18538-1856. By William Stimpson. Octavo.
Pages 240, with 26 plates. Part of Volume XLIX.

The work, written by Doctor Stimpson, who died in 1892, is edited by Miss
Mary J. Rathbun. In the introductory note the editor thus describes the char-
acter of the report and the causes for delay in its publication:

The North Pacific Exploring Expedition was sent out by the Navy Department
under an appropriation from Congress in 1852, for “ building or purchase of suit-

able vessels, and for prosecuting a survey and reconnoissance, for naval and -

commercial purposes, of such parts of Behring Straits, of the North Pacific
Ocean, and the China seas, as are frequented by American whale ships, and by
trading vessels in their routes between the United States and China.” The ex-
pedition set sail in June, 1853, and returned in 1856. Capt. C. Ringgold, U. S.
Nayy, was placed in command, but, being recalled to the United States in 1854,
he was superseded by Capt. John Rodgers, U. 8S. Navy. William Stimpson acted
as zoologist. After leaving Norfolk the five vessels in service touched at Ma-
deira, and then proceeded to Hongkong via the Cape of Good Hope. On this
passage the sloop Vincennes and the brig Porpoise took the more southerly route
to Van Diemens Land, thence through the Coral Seas, and by the Caroline, La-
drone, and Bashee islands, while the steamer John Hancock and the other two
vessels of the fleet traversed the straits of Sunda and Gaspar, the Carimata and
Billeton passages, and the Sooloo Sea. Subsequently the expedition advanced
northward, continuing work along the coasts of Japan and Kamchatka, in
Bering Strait, on the coast of California, and at Tahiti, returning around the
Cape of Good Hope.

Of the vast collections obtained, it was estimated that the Crustacea numbered
980 species.

A few years after his return to the United States, “Dr. William Stimpson be-
eame director of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and moved to that place
nearly all of the invertebrate material obtained by the expedition and belonging
to the United States Government. Several preliminary papers had been pre-
pared and published by him in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, when the collections with notes and drawings were
destroyed by the memorable fire in 1871. In a statement of losses sustained,
Doctor Stimpson enumerated the manuscript and drawings of the final report
on the Crustacea Brachyura and Anomura. After his death in 1872, however,
this report was discovered at the Navy Department and was sent to the Smith-
sonian Institution, where it has remainded to the present time unpublished.

In the meantime there are few students of the higher Crustacea who haye
not felt the need of more light on those rare genera and species known only from
brief Latin diagnoses.

The following report has been treated as an historical document, and is pub-
lished substantially as it was written by the author, the only additions being the
references to his preliminary descriptions and the footnotes giving the current
or accepted name where it differs from that used by Doctor Stimpson. It is
hoped that the value of the descriptions will more than compensate for the an-
tiquated nomenclature.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9]

There was also in press at the close of the year in the series of Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections the following publication :

1720. Samuel Pierpont Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
1887-1906. Memorial meeting December 3, 1906. Addresses by Doctor White,
Professor Pickering, and Mr. Chanute. Octayo. Pages 49. Part of Volume
XLIX.

Ill. Smithsonian Annual Reports.

The Annual Report for 1905 was distributed early in the fiscal year:

1667. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.
Showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution for the
year ending June 30, 1906. Octavo. Pages i-liy, 1-576, with 48 plates.

The following papers included in the Annnual Report of the Board of Regents
for 1905 were issued separately in pamphlet form:

1668. Journal of Proceedings of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Ynstitution at Meetings of December 6, 1904, and January 25, and March 6,
1905. Report of Executive Committee. Acts and resolution of Congress.
Octayo. Pages xi-liy.

1669. New Measurements of the Distance of the Sun. By A. R. Hinks.
Octavo. Pages 101-118. :

1670. Photographing Lightning with a Moving Camera. By Alex. Larsen.
Octayo. Pages 119-127, with plates L-trv.

1671. The Tantalum Lamp. By W- von Bolton and O. Feuerlein. Octavo.
Pages 129-140.

1672. Some Refinements of Mechanical Science. By Ambrose Swasey.
Octavo. Pages 141-150.

1678. Progress in Radiography. By lL. Gastine. Octavo. Pages 151-161,
with plates vim. 5

1674. History of Photography. By Robert Hunt. Octavo. Pages 163-192,
with plates I-Iv.

1675. The Genesis of the Diamond. By Gardner I’. Williams. Octayo. Pages
193-209.

1676. A description of the Big Diamond recently found in the Premier Mine,
Transvaal. By F. H. Hatch and G. §. Corstorphine. Octavo. Pages 211-213,
with plates I, 11.

1677. Gold in Science and Industry. By G. T. Beilby. Octavo. Pages
215-234.

1678. Submarine Navigation. By Sir William H. White. Octavo. Pages
235-245.

1679. Liberia. By Sir Harry Johnston. Octavo. Pages 247-264, with plates
I-VIl.

1680. Geographical Results of the Tibet Mission. By Sir Frank Younghus-
band. Octavo. Pages 265-277, with plates I-Iy.

1681. The Development of Rhodesia and its Railway System in Relation to
Oceanic Highways. Octavo. Pages 279+292, with plate r.

1682. The Ethics of Japan. By Baron Kencho Suyematsu. Octayo. Pages
2938-307.

1683. Plague in India. By Charles Creighton. Octavo. Pages 309-8388.

1684. The Fight against Yellow Fever. By A. Dastre. Octavo. Pages
389-350.

1685. Luminosity in Plants. By Hans Molisch. Octavo. Pages 351-362.

1686. Notes on the Victoria Lyre Bird (Menura Victorie). By A. BE. Kitson.
Octayo. Pages 363-374, with plates I-vI.

92 - REPORT OF THE SECRETARY,

1687. The Infiuence of Physical Conditions in the Genesis of Species. By Joel.

A. Allen. Octayo. Pages 375-402. ;

1688. Parental Care Among Fresh-Water Fishes. By Theodore Gill. Octavo.
Pages 403-531, with plate 1.

1689. On the Relations between the United States of America and Germany,
especially in the field of Science. By Wilhelm Waldeyer. Octavo. Pages
533-547.

1690. Walter Reed. A Memoir. By Walter D.. McCaw. Octayo. Pages
549-556, with plate 1.

1691. Rudolph Albert von Kolliker, M. D. By William Stirling. Octayo.
Pages 557-562, with plate 1.

The Acting Secretary’s Report for 1906, forming a part of the Annual Report
of the Board of Regents to Congress, was printed as usual in pamphlet form
in November, 1906, for the use of the Board, and in January a larger edition
was issued for public distribution, as follows:

1693. Report of the Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for the
year ending June 30, 1906. Octavo. Pages 91.

There was also issued for the use of the eae ISS a small edition of the Pro-
ceedings of the Board.

1748. Proceedings of Board of Regents for the year ending June 30, 1906.
Report of Executive Committee. Acts and Resolutions of Congress. Octayo.
Pages xI-L1.

The full report for 1906 was in type, although not ready for distribution at

the close of the fiscal year.

1742. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution,
showing the Operations and Expenditures and Condition of the Institution for
the year ending June 30, 1906. Octavo. Pages i-li, 1-546, with 43 plates.
The contents of the General Appendix are as follows:

1744. The Smithsonian Institution. Octavyo. Pages 97-102.

1745. Modern Theories of Hlectricity and Matter. By Madame Curie. Octayo.
Pages 103-115.

1746. Radioactivity. By Franz Himstedt. Octavo. Pages 117-1380.

1747. Recent Advances in Wireless Telegraphy. By G. Marconi. Octavo.
Pages 131-145. :

1748. Revisions of the Theory of Electrolysis. By H. §. Carhart. Octavo.
Pages 147-160.

1749. Recent Progress in relly Le Research. By OC. G. Abbot. -Octavo.
Pages 161-171, with plates I, m1.

1750. Astronomy on Mont Blane. By H. Radau. Octavo. Pages 173-186.

1751. The Problem of the Metalliferous Veins. By James Furman Kemp.
Octavo. Pages 187-206.

1752. Iron Ore Reserves. By Charles Kenneth Leith. Octavo. Pages 207-
214.

17538. The Geology of the Diamond and Carbonado Washings of Bahia, Brazil.
By Orville A. Derby. Octavo. Pages 215-221, with plates 1, 1.

1754. The Hruption of Vesuvius in April, 1906. By A. Lacroix. Octavo.
Pages 223-248, with plates I—xIv.

1755. To the North Magnetic Pole and through the Northwest Passage. By
Roald Amundsen. Octavo. Pages 249-273, with plates I—v1.

1756. Iceland: Its History and Inhabitants. By Herr Jon Stefansson. Oc-
tavo. Pages 275-294.

1757. The Recently Discovered Tertiary Vertebrata of evel: By C. W.
Andrews. Octavo. Pages 295-307.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 93

1758. Polyembryony and the Determination of Sex. By E. Bugnion. Octavo.
Pages 309-320.

1759. A Contribution to the Morphology of the Mammoth, Hlephas primi-
genius Blumenbach; with an explanation of my attempt at a restoration. By
BE. Pfizenmayer. Octavo. Pages 321-331, with plate 1.

1760. Heredity. By L. Cuénot. Octavo. Pages 335-344.

1761. The Bisons of the Caucasus. By A. Yermoloff. Octayo. Pages 345-—
353, with plates I, II.

1762. The Founding of Colonies by Atta sexdens. By Jakob Huber. Octavo.
Pages 355-372, with plates I-v.

1763. Quaternary Human Remains in Central Europe. By Hugues Obermaier.
Octavo. Pages 373-397.

1764. The Origin of the Slavs. By Professor Zaborowski. Octayvo. Pages
399-422.

1765. Scalping in America. By Georg Friederici. Octavo. Pages 423-438.

1766. Zoology and Medicine. By Raphael Blanchard. Octavo. Pages 439—-
452.

1767. The Role of Chemistry in Painting. By Eugene Lemaire. Octayo.
Pages 453-458, with plate 1.

1768. Oils, Varnishes, and Mediums Used in the Painting of Pictures. By
A. P. Laurie. Octavo. Pages 459-468, with plate 1.

1769. National Reclamation of Arid Lands. By C. J. Blanchard. Octavo.
Pages 469-492, with plates I-vi.

1770. International Science. By Arthur Schuster. Octavo. Pages 493-514.

1771. Samuel Pierpont Langley. By Cyrus Adler. Octavo. Pages 515-5383.

IV. Special Publications.

There was issued during the year a special publication in the form of the
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, but it was not included in that series
since only a limited number of copies of the accompanying plate were available.
The work is entitled:

1694. Remarks on the Type of the Fossil Cetacean Agorophius pygmaeus
(Miller). By Frederick W. True. City of Washington: Published by the
Smithsonian Institution, 1907. Quarto. Pages 8, with 1 plate. “

The author in the first paragraph of the work says:

Somewhat more than fifty years ago the Smithsonian Institution, then
recently founded, undertook the publication of a number of memoirs by Prof.
Louis Agassiz, and prepared some lithographic plates to accompany them.
Before the work had proceeded very far, Professor Agassiz made other arrange-
ments for the publication of .his writings and the plates were never issued. One
of these unpublished plates represents the type specimen of a very remarkable
species of fossil cetacean, now known as Agorophius pygmaeus (Miiller), and
on account of circumstances which are detailed below it has been thought
desirable to issue it, with a brief explanation as to its importance.

As a special publication, No. 1722, there was printed an octavo pamphlet of
38 pages entitled ‘“ Classified List of Smithsonian Publications available for
Distribution April, 1907.”

For general distribution to correspondents there was published, without bear-
ing a serial number, a duodecimo pamphlet of six pages entitled ‘The Smith-
sonian Institution, at Washington, for the Increase and Diffusion of Knowledge
among Men.” This pamphlet gives a brief description of the functions of the
Institution and its branches for the general information of the public.

16997—07——7

94 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

V. Publications of United States National Museum.

The publications of the National Museum are: (a) The Annual Report, form-
ing a separate volume of the Report to Congress by the Board of Regents of the
Smithsonian Institution; (0b) the Proceedings of the United States National
Museum; (c) the Bulletin of the United States National Museum.

The publications issued during the year are enumerated in the Report on the
National Museum. These included the Annual Reports for 1905 and 1906;
volumes 31 and 32 of the Proceedings; vyoiume 2 of Bulletin 55; Part 1 of Bul-
letin 56; Bulletin 57; a supplement to Bulletin 51; Volume XI of Contributions

to the National Herbarium and three parts of Volume X of the same series. ”

Three other bulletins were in press at the close of the year.
VI. Publications of the Bureau of American Hthnology.

The twenty-sixth annual report of the Bureau of American Hthnology and
Bulletins 33, 34, 35, and 36 were sent to the printer during the year. Bulletins
81 and 32 were published in July. Part 1 of Bulletin 30, Handbook of American
Indians, appeared in March, and the twenty-fourth annual report in May. A
list of publications of the Bureau and a special article on Indian missions were
issued in June. These publications are elsewhere described in detail in the
‘report on the Bureau.

VII. Report of the American Historical Association.

The annual report of the American Historical Association for the year 1905 -

was sent to the printer in May, 1906, and Volume I was completed in November
of that year. Volume II, however, comprising a complete bibliography of the
publications of American historical societies for more than a century, had not
been issued at the close of the fiscal year.

The manuscript of the report for 1906 was Peed in May, 1907, but was
not forwarded to the printer until after the close of the fiscal year.

VIII. Report of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

The ninth report of the National Society of the Daughters of the American
Revolution was received from the society in February, 1907, and submitted to
Congress in accordance with law.

IX. Smithsonian Committee on Printing.

The editor has served as secretary of the Smithsonian advisory committee
on printing and publication. To this committee have been referred the manu-
scripts proposed for publication by the various branches of the Institution,
also those offered for printing in the Quarterly Issue of the Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections. The committee has also passed upon blank forms
for current use in the Institution and its branches. The committee considered
and reported to the Secretary on various questions relating in general to print-
ing and publication. Twenty-six meetings were held during the year and 101
manuscripts were reported upon.

X. Press Abstracis of Publications.

Beginning in March, 1907, an editorial assistant was assigned to the prepara-_

tion of abstracts of such publications of the Institution and its branches as
could be put in popular language for the use of newspapers throughout the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 95

country. There has also been sent out a number of brief accounts of current
investigations and longer descriptions of general work in the National Museum,
the International Exchanges, the Astrophysical Observatory, the Zoological
Park, and other branches of the Institution’s work.
Respectfully submitted.
A. HowarD CLARK,

Editor.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

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