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1912
(Publication 2156)
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REPORT
OF THE
SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1912.
To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:
GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit herewith a report show-
ing the operations of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches
during the year ending June 30, 1912, including the work placed by
Congress under the direction of the Board of Regents in the United
States National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the
International Exchanges, the National Zoological Park, the Astro-
_ physical Observatory, and the United States Bureau of the Inter-
national Catalogue of Scientific Literature.
The general report reviews the affairs of the Institution proper,
with brief paragraphs relating to the several branches, while the
appendix presents detailed reports by those in direct charge of the
work. Independently of the present report, the operations of the
National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology are fully
treated of in separate volumes.
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
THE ESTABLISHMENT.
The Smithsonian Institution was created an establishment by act
of Congress approved August 10, 1846. Its statutory members are
the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief
Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.
THE BOARD OF REGENTS.
The Board of Regents consists of the Vice President and the Chief
Justice of the United States as ex officio members, three Members of
the Senate, three Members of the House of Representatives, and six
citizens, “ two of whom shall be resident in the city of Washington,
and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of
them of the same State.”
1
2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
In regard to the personnel of the board I may here record that
Dr. James B. Angell, of Michigan, resigned on January 15, 1912,
after an honorable service as Regent for 25 years. The vacancy thus
caused was filled by Congress by the appointment of Hon. Charles W.
Fairbanks, of Indiana, who as Vice President of the United States
had formerly been a Regent from 1904 to 1909. Representatives
Scott Ferris and Irvin 8. Pepper were appointed Regents to succeed
Representatives Howard and Mann. The roll of Regents at the close
of the fiscal year was as follows: James S. Sherman, Vice President
of the United States, Chancellor; Edward D. White, Chief Justice
of the United States; Shelby M. Cullom, Member of the Senate;
Henry Cabot Lodge, Member of the Senate; Augustus O. Bacon,
Member of the Senate; John Dalzell, Member of the House of
Representatives; Scott Ferris, Member of the House of Representa-
tives; Irvin S. Pepper, Member of the House of Representatives;
Andrew D. White, citizen of New York; Alexander Graham Bell,
citizen of Washington, D. C.; George Gray, citizen of Delaware;
Charles F. Choate, jr., citizen of Massachusetts; John B. Hender-
son, jr., citizen of Washington, D. C.; and Charles W. Fairbanks,
citizen of Indiana.
The annual meeting of the board was held on December 14, 1911,
and the usual supplementary meeting on February 8, 1912. The
proceedings of these meetings and the annual report of the executive
committee are printed in the customary form and the details need
not therefore be repeated here.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
The affairs of the Institution and of its branches have been con-
ducted during the year with success and, I trust, to the satisfaction
of all interested. The work covers practically the entire field of
natural and physical science, as well as anthropological and archeo-
logical researches. The extent of that work is limited only by the
amount of the funds available. I referred in my last report to the
establishment of a trust fund by Mrs. EK. H. Harriman for carrying
on certain research work, and I desire here to mention the generosity
of several friends of the Institution who have provided means for
engaging in certain biological expeditions.
The equipping of the new National Museum building with cases
and the installation of the collections progressed satisfactorily. It
is anticipated that during the fiscal year 1913 the building will be
entirely occupied and all the exhibition halls opened to the public.
The great extent of this work may be best understood by the state-
ment that the exhibition halls embrace an area of about 220,000 square
feet, or 5 acres. The installation had been so thoroughly planned
by Assistant Secretary Rathbun and his associates that the work in
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3
all the departments has advanced in an orderly and systematic
fashion. !
Although the new Museum building is intended primarily for the
exhibition of natural-history specimens, the main floor of ‘the large
central hall has been temporarily given up to the exhibition of the
collections of paintings belonging to the National Gallery of Art.
It is to be noted in this connection that Mr. William T. Evans has
presented 137 paintings illustrating the work of 100 American artists.
This extremely valuable collection should in due time be housed in a
suitable art gallery, with other valuable collections of this character
belonging to the Government. The details of the development of the
Museum system and accessions made to the collections will be found
in the report of the assistant secretary in charge of the Museum.
As I have stated in previous reports, I believe it desirable to estab-
lish a number of research associateships similar to the Harriman
trust fund, whereby especially capable men in the several branches of
science may be afforded opportunities for research work without the
eare and burden of administrative duties, and with full assurance
that as long as their work is properly conducted it will be continued,
and that provision will be made for them when incapacitated for
active service. The field for scientific investigation is extensive, and
there are numbers of worthy projects that can not now be under-
taken because of lack of means—projects that could not properly be
carried on through Government appropriation, but which the Smith-
sonian Institution could readily undertake were the means available.
In this connection I would call attention to the organization of a
Research Corporation in which the Institution is particularly in-
terested.
Research Corporation.—Dr. Frederick G. Cottrell, of the United
States Bureau of Mines, having generously offered to present to the
Smithsonian Institution a valuable set of patents relating to the elec-
trical precipitation of dust, smoke, and chemical fumes, it seemed to
the Regents advisable, for various reasons incident to the business
management of the patents, that there be organized a stock corpora-
tion which could take title to the patents and in which the Institu-
tion should be indirectly represented by the secretary as an indi-
vidual, and not in his capacity as secretary. The recommendation
of the Regents being acceptable to Dr. Cottrell, the Research Cor-
poration of New York was accordingly organized and incorporated
by certificate executed February 16, 1912, filed in the office of the
secretary of state of New York February 26, 1912, and in the office
of the clerk of the county of New York February 27, 1912.
The objects of the Research Corporation are explained in the fol-
lowing circular:
4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
RESEARCH CORPORATION,
The Research Corporation has recently been organized under the laws of the
State of New York as a self-supporting means of furthering scientific and tech-
nical research. The corporation has two objects: First, to acquire inventions
and patents and to make them more available in the arts and industries, while
using them as a source of income; and, second, to apply all profits derived from
such use to the advancement of technical and scientific investigation and ex-
perimentation through the agency of the Smithsonian Institution and such
other scientific and educational institutions and societies as may be selected
by the directors. For these purposes the corporation has been capitalized at
$20,000, divided into 200 shares, but the charter provides that no dividends shall
be paid and that the entire net profits shall be devoted to research; all the stock
being held under a stockholders’ agreement, which recites that the corporation
has been organized for the purpose of aiding and encouraging technical and
scientific research, and not for personal or individual profit.
At the present time many discoveries are constantly being made, which un-
doubtedly possess a greater or less potential value, but which are literally being
allowed to go to waste for lack of thorough development. This is due, in some
cases, to the fact that the inventors are men in the service of the Government,
or in the universities or technical schools, who are retarded either by official
positions, lack of means, or reluctance to engage in commercial enterprises; and
in other cases to the fact that a discovery made incidentally in the laboratory
of a manufacturing corporation does not lend itself to the particuar purpose
of such corporation. True conservation demands that such by-products as
these shall be developed and utilized to the fullest extent of which they are
capable. The Research Corporation aims to supply this demand; and, through
the cooperation of the Smithsonian Institution and the universities, to carry
forward the work of investigation already begun by others upon lines which
promise important results and to perfect such inventions as may prove to
possess commercial value, thus bringing scientific institutions into closer rela-
tions with industrial activities and furthering the improvements of industrial
processes.
The establishment of the Research Corporation has been rendered immediately
possible by the acquisition, through the gift of Dr. F. G. Cottrell, of the United
States Bureau of Mines, and his associates, of a valuable set of patents relating
to the precipitation of dust, smoke, and chemical fumes by the use of electrical
currents. These devices have already been tested and are in operation in sev-
eral Western States, and are fully described in an article in ‘“‘ Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry”, for August, 1911. The ownership of these patents
and the exclusive control of them, except in six Western States, at once assures
a certain amount of business to the corporation, and it already has contracts
for preliminary installations in the Garfield Smelter of the American Smelter
& Refining Co., the New York Edison Co., and the Baltimore Copper Refinery.
Numerous inquiries hive been received from other important plants.
Besides the patents which have already been transferred to the corporation, 2
number of others in various fields of industry have been offered by officers of
the Government and scientific institutions, as well as by manufacturing cor-
porations holding patents not available for their own purposes. A similar offer
has ‘ilso come from Germany, through Mr. Erwin Moller, who has developed
certain inventions in the same field as the Cottrell patents, and undoubtedly
there are many others who will be glad to have their inventions utilized for the
benefit of scientific research.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5
The management of the corporation is in the hands of a board of directors
composed of business and professional men, many of whom have had experience
in large industrial and mining enterprises. Among them are Dr. Charles D.
Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution; Charles Kirchhoff, recently
president of the American Society of Mining Engineers; Arthur D. Little, presi-
dent of the American Chemical Society ; Hennen Jennings, of Washington; Gen.
T. Coleman du Pont, of Wilmington; James J. Storrow, Charles A. Stone, and
Prof. Elihu Thomson, of Boston; Frederick A. Goetze, dean of the faculty of
applied science of Columbia University; Elon Huntington Hooker, president of
the Development and Funding Co.; Thomas C. Meadows, vice president of the
International Agricultural Corporation, and Benjamin B. Lawrence and John
B. Pine, of New York. Lloyd N. Scott is the secretary and Linn Bradiey the
engineer of the corporation. , :
The Research Corporation invites correspondence with industrial concerns
who are interested in perfecting their operations.
All communications should be addressed to “ Research Corporation, No. 63
Wall Street, New York City.”
The Cottrell patents cover processes used in the precipitation of
solid particles from gases and smoke produced in smelters and cement
plants. Considerable injury has been suffered by orchards and crops
in the neighborhood of the great cement plants in California. The
Cottrell processes have met with success In removing the particles of
cement from the smoke and gases of such plants and particles of lead
and other metals from the smoke of smelters, as well as the abatement
of smoke nuisances in general. It is expected by Prof. Cottrell that
there will be great economic advantage in saving the solids in the
gases and smoke.
FINANCES.
The permanent fund of the Institution and the sources from which
it was derived are as follows:
Deposited in the Treasury of the United States.
COME SEO le SIMIENSON: ICI Gees eo wwe oe a OM ea $515, 169. 00
Residuary legacy of Smithson, 1867______-______ tee Ae eR TT DG DIOL GS
Deposit from savings of income, 1867___________________________ 108, 620. 37
Bequest of James Hamilton, 1875____ mV SP ae OS Bx $1, 000. 00
Accumulated interest on Hamilton fund, 1895__________ 1, 000. 00
——_— 2, 000. 00
Bequest of Simeon. Habel, 18802202250 ek 500. 00
Deposit from proceeds of sale of bonds, 1881_____________________ 51, 500. 00
Gimomnnomas G. Hodgkins. doles veel ee vee eee 200, 000. 00
Part of residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894___________ 8, 000. 00
Deposit from savings of income, 1908________ MERE GU SL Peed IDs MOOS OO
Residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins_ pplegndiis ded SIN on bts oy 7, 918. 69
Total amount of fund in the United States Treasury________ 944, 918. 69
Registered and guaranteed bonds of the West Shore R. R. Co. (par
value), part of legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins_________________ 42, 000. 00
“Total PetMANeNnt itn di ssl ke ae a ee ule bee 986, 918. 69
6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
In addition to the above there are four pieces of real estate
bequeathed to the Institution by the late R. S. Avery, some of which
yield a nominal rental, and all are free from taxation.
That part of the fund deposited in the Treasury of the United
States bears interest at 6 per cent per annum, under the provisions
of the act organizing the Institution and an act of Congress approved
March 12, 1894. The rate of interest on the West Shore Railroad
bonds is 4 per cent per annum.
The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to
$107,168.31, was derived as follows: Interest on the permanent foun-
dation, $58,375.12; contributions from various sources for specific
purposes, $21,150; and from other miscellaneous sources, $27,643.19 ;
all of which was deposited in the Treasury of the United States to the
credit of the current account of the Institution.
With the balance of $32,425.66 on July 1, 1911, the total resourées
for the fiscal year amounted to $139,593.97. The disbursements,
which are given in detail in the annual report of the executive com-
mittee, amounted to $106,533.88, leaving a balance of $33,060.09 on
deposit June 30, 1912, in the United States Treasury.
The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of
the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1912:
International Dxchanges 2. 0s ee ee ee eee $32, 000
AMETIGAM | HYG OLDS yes ee ey EE a Ee Me a 2 42, 000
Astrophysical Observatory= 22208) 2 ee ee ee 18, 000
National Museum:
Purnitures and! ciaiwres] ee ee ee ee ee 175, 000
Heating and lichtimge ae ee ee ae 50, 000
Preservation: of collections 2222222 = ee ee ee ee ee 300, 000
Books. 222 2 22. ee ee et er eee ee 2, 000
IPOStaee 20 ase CE rene ie Be Sw re 5 ee nr ee 500
Building repaits2. 2 sess Bote ae ee 15, 000
National’ Zoological Rank] 252. = eee eS eee 100, 000
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature__-_-/-._--2_ se 7, 500
Totals noe 2 Se ee Ne ee ee 742, 000
EXPLORATIONS AND RESEARCHES.
Scientific explorations and researches have been carried on during
the past year at the expense of the Institution as far as its limited
income and the generosity of its friends would permit. The Na-
tional Museum has participated in some of these enterprises by fur-
nishing equipment or supplies or by detailing members of its staff
to conduct investigations or to make collections that are subsequently
transferred to the Museum. Other researches made through the
Astrophysical Observatory and the Bureau of American Ethnology
are referred to elsewhere in this report. The resources of the Insti-
tution not being sufficient to enable it to plan extensive investiga-
ee eS ee ee
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. q
tions in the field or to maintain a corps of collectors, it is compelled
to concentrate its efforts on special work of limited scope, but of
such a character that the results shall, as far as possible, have an
immediate bearing on the progress of science. In recent years, as
in the whole of its past history, the Institution has had the aid of
public-spirited citizens and the cooperation of other institutions
and of the several branches of the United States Government. It
has, in turn, cooperated with other organizations in the explora-
tions which they have conducted, being itself benefited thereby and
benefiting those with which it has been associated.
In recent years opportunities have been afforded for participating
in a number of exploring and hunting expeditions organized by
private enterprise, whereby scientific collections of great importance
have been obtained. These collections, with those from other sources,
are preserved in the National Museum for exhibition to the public
or for promoting scientific studies.
The field of these activities of the Institution has been world-wide,
but attention has been recently concentrated on Africa and the
Panama Canal Zone rather more than on other regions.
STUDIES IN CAMBRIAN GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY.
During the field season of the fiscal year 1911-12, or the spring and
summer of 1912, I continued the collecting of Cambrian fossils from
the famous fossil locality above Burgess Pass, north of Field, British
Columbia, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, for the
first two weeks of July and three weeks in September.
On the way to the Canadian Northwest I stopped off for a few days
to examine the locality on Steep Rock Lake, 140 miles west of Port
Arthur, where the oldest pre-Cambrian fossiliferous rocks occur. I
had made a small collection, when, by the swamping of the canoe in
which we were working in the rapids of the Seine River, a short dis-
tance from the lake, Dr. J. W. Truman, my guide and fellow geolo-
gist, of the Canadian Survey, was drowned, and the work thus most
unfortunately brought to a close.
Outfitting at Fitzhugh, on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, I
went with a well-equipped party over the Yellowhead Pass on the
Continental Divide, leaving the line of the railway at Moose River,
17 miles west of the Pass. The Moose River was followed. up to its
head at Moose Pass, where we passed over into the drainage of the
Smoky River, making several camps en route. The final camp was
made at Robson Pass, between Berg and Adolphus Lakes. A recon-
naissance of the geological section from Moose Pass to the summit of
Mount Robson gave approximately 12,000 feet in thickness of the
Cambrian formations and 3,000 feet of Lower Ordovician strata.
Fossil beds were found at several localities in this section, and one
8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
of them on the east side of Mural Glacier promises to give the finest
specimens from the Lower Cambrian rocks of the western side of the
continent.
Many photographs were taken both by myself and Mr. R. C. W.
Lett, of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, who accompanied the
party for two weeks.
The scenery about Mount Robson is probably the finest in the
Canadian Rockies, as far as now known. The glaciers are on a grand
scale, and the geology presents many large problems for solution.
My object in visiting the Mount Robson region was to secure data
for comparison of the section of Cambrian rocks there with that on
the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 150 miles to the south.
RAINEY AFRICAN EXPEDITION.
The Smithsonian African expedition, under Col. Roosevelt, had
scarcely returned from the field when the Institution received invi-
tations to participate in two others, organized to explore the same
general region.
The first was Mr. Paul J. Rainey’s hunting trip to British East
Africa and southern Abyssinia, where Mr. Rainey especially planned
to hunt lions with a pack of American hounds. The natural-history
collections that might be secured were offered to the Smithsonian
Institution, provided an expert field naturalist be sent to accompany
him and prepare such of the game collected as was desired for ex-
hibition or scientific study. Mr. Edmund Heller, who had accom-
panied the Smithsonian African expedition in such a capacity, was
selected and departed with Mr. Rainey in February, 1911. The
collection made has been estimated to contain some 4,700 skins of
mammals, together with many birds, reptiles, and other animals,
making very-valuable additions to the present African collection in
the Museum. Nearly all of the material is from localities not
covered by earlier expeditions, and some of it comes from points
never before visited by naturalists. The collection includes the
famous series of lions taken by Mr. Rainey with his American
hounds, as described in his well-known lectures. There are also
many specimens of different kinds of antelopes, including the harte-
beests, wildebeestes, and waterbucks, as well as buffaloes, zebras,
cheetahs, monkeys, and rodents. A few hippopotamus and rhinoceros
skins and one elephant were also collected.
A large number of birds were secured, including some of the rarest
species. Many are game birds, among them guinea fowls and fran-
colins (which resemble our partridges), and plantain eaters, crows,
bustards, vultures, vulturine guinea fowl, owls, hawks, kites, secre-
tary birds, hornbills, pigeons, parrots, sun birds, flycatchers, etc., are
represented. There are also four ostrich eggs.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9
The party remained in the field nearly a year, having sailed from
New York for Mombasa on February 18, 1911, and dispersing about
February 15, 1912, at Nairobi.
The territory traversed was mostly to the north and east of that
‘covered by the Smithsonian expedition, and included the country
lying between the northern part of British East Africa and southern
Abyssinia.
3 FRICK AFRICAN EXPEDITION.
A further natural-history expedition to Africa was that of Mr.
Childs Frick, of New York, whose object was to secure a collection
of animals from the territory lying to the north of the regions visited
by Col. Roosevelt and Mr. Rainey, covering at the same time certain
parts of Abyssinia, northern British East Africa, and the country
lying about Lake Rudolf. As naturalist of this party, Dr. Edgar A.
Mearns, of the Smithsonian African expedition, was chosen. A por-
tion of the collection of birds is to be donated to the Smithsonian
Institution by Mr. Frick, and already several hundred specimens
have been received.
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE.
As mentioned in my last report, the Institution organized in 1910
a biological survey of the Panama Canal Zone, with the cooperation
of the Departments of State, Agriculture, Commerce and Labor, and
War. At first it was intended to confine the collections to the Canal
Zone proper, but as the faunal and floral areas extended to the north
and south of this region, it was decided to carry the work into the
Republic of Panama, a step which met with the hearty approval of
that Republic. The work accomplished has been very valuable to
science, including collections and observations of vertebrate animals,
land and fresh water mollusks, and plants, including flowering plants,
grasses, and ferns.
During the past year the botanists have continued their studies,
and collections have been made of fishes, reptiles, and amphibians,
birds, and mammals, and special studies and collections have been
made of the microscopic plant and animal life of the fresh waters of
the zone.
As can readily be imagined, the life areas on the zone will become
confused as soon as the canal is opened and the waters of the Pacific
and Atlantic watersheds are intermingled. It is particularly im-
portant on that account that the present geographical distribution
of animals and plants be recorded prior to that time, and this is
especially true as regards the life of the fresh waters and the sea-
coasts.
10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Pamphlets have been issued from time to time descriptive of some
of the new or specially interesting forms of animals and plants col-
lected by the survey, and as soon as the mass of material has been
worked up it is proposed to publish general accounts of all the vari-
ous collections, and also one or more volumes containing a summary
of the whole fauna and flora of the Canal Zone.
As an indication of the biological value of the survey of the zone
I may mention that of grasses alone about 150 species were collected.
being four to five times as many as were previously known from that
region. In the collections of birds and mammals there are likewise
many forms new to science.
SIBERIAN EXPEDITION.
Through the liberality of a friend, Mr. Theodore Lyman, of Cam-
bridge, Mass., the Institution has been enabled to participate in a
zoological expedition to the Altai Mountain region of the Siberia-
Mongolian border, Central Asia, an exceedingly interesting territory,
from which the National Museum at present has no collections. A
Museum naturalist was detailed to accompany him, the expenses of
the expedition being borne by Mr. Lyman, and the natural-history
collections obtained to be deposited in the National Museum. AI-
though this expedition had not completed its work at the close of the
fiscal year, yet I may here anticipate some of its results by stating
that the Museum will probably be enriched by a large number of
interesting specimens of birds and mammals.
The scene of the survey and exploration, the Altai Mountain re-
gion, is a particularly wild country and quite unsettled, although it
is well stocked with game. These mountains are inhabited by the
largest of the wild sheep, which, with the ibex, will form the prin-
cipal big game animals sought by the party, but a general collection
of smaller mammals and of birds will also be made.
BORNEO EXPEDITION.
For more than 10 years past Dr. W. L. Abbott, of Philadelphia, has
been exploring the Malay Archipelago and has given all his natural-
history and ethnological collections to the Smithsonian Institution
for the United States National Museum. These collections, so far as
the vertebrates are concerned, are the most important ever received
by the Museum from any one person. Through illness, Dr. Abbott
has been obliged to abandon his exploration, but his interest in the
Institution has not abated. He has engaged the services of a col-
lector and placed at the disposal of the Institution funds for
continuing the explorations he had begun in Borneo.
The field work will be carried on in eastern Dutch Borneo, the
natural history of which is practically unknown. Nothing relating
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 11
to it has been published, and there are no collections from this region
in the United States, although the National Museum has some from
the west and south coasts of Borneo. The Institution is fortunate in
having this opportunity to study a country practically unknown to
zoologists. It is hoped to secure a quantity of interesting material,
including the characteristic mammals of the country, such as orangs,
deer, wild pigs, squirrels and smaller rodents, and possibly specimens
of the rhinoceros and tapir.
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES.
Through the courtesy of the Canadian Government and of Dr.
A. O. Wheeler, president of the Alpine Club of Canada, the Smith-
sonian Institution was enabled, in the summer of 1911, to send a
small party of naturalists to accompany Dr. Wheeler on his topo-
graphical survey of the British Columbia and Alberta boundary
line and the Mount Robson region. The party started in June and
returned in October, 1911. The expedition was very successful in
obtaining a collection covering practically all the birds and mammals
inhabiting this previously unworked territory, together with many
insects and botanical specimens. The land surveyed included the
territory lying about this mountain in the heart of the Canadian
Rockies, comprising the most rugged and broken country imaginable.
Amid this wonderful scenery Mount Robson rises in titanic outline,
the highest peak in Canada, probably between 14,500 and 15,000 feet
high, and surrounding it for a distance of 50 miles in all directions
lies the field of the survey. In this wild and unclaimed country the
party of naturalists remained nearly four months, protected by
special permits from the Canadian Government. The collection
includes some 900 specimens of birds and mammals, the latter being
of all kinds from tiny shrews to caribou and bears. One enormous
grizzly bear was obtained by a fortunate shot. Much fine material
for exhibition groups was secured, including a series of caribou,
mountain goats, mountain sheep, beavers, and many varieties of
smaller animals.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN SIBERIA AND MONGOLIA,
Toward the close of the fiscal year arrangements were made in con-
nection with the authorities of the exposition to be held in San
Diego, California, in 1915, to carry on some interesting researches
bearing on the origin of the American Indians. It was planned that
Dr. Hrdlicka, of the National Museum, should trace, at least in a
preliminary way, the remnants of the stock of people from which in
all probability the American race branched off. This is a problem
which is becoming one of the most important subjects of research in
12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
American anthropology. He was to visit the upper Yenisei region
of Siberia, carrying on his studies and collections for the Museum
and the exposition. From upper Yenisei he will go to Irkutsk and
such other parts of Mongolia and Turkestan as he may have time to
visit. After leaving Siberia he would visit Kiachtata in Chinese
Turkestan, Mongolia, and then follow the road to Urga, whence he
will proceed along the old caravan route to China proper.
Among the natives of the Yenisei are found physical types that
seem in every essential respect to be identical with the American
Indian. This type extends from the Yenisei as far as Tibet and it
is the plan of Dr. Hrdli¢ka to make a rapid survey of the numerous
and little known peoples to be found in these regions, among whom
it may be possible to find extensions of the same most interesting
physical type which we know exists in the former place. It is his in-
tention to come into close contact with as many of the native tribes
as possible, securing photographs and casts of the individuals as
well as some material objects.
ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN EUROPE.
A small grant was made to enable Dr. Hrdlicka to make some spe-
cial studies on the antiquity of man in Europe, especially in view of
recent discoveries of remains of prehistoric man that seem to indicate
great antiquity. The results of his work have not yet been published.
RESEARCHES UNDER THE HODGKINS FUND.
A limited grant has been made from the Hodgkins fund to enable
Mr. Anders Knutson Angstrém to make certain observations on noc-
turnal radiation from the earth at Bassour, Algeria, in connection
with observations to determine the variability of the sun, which have
been in progress there under Mr. Abbot, of the Smithsonian Astro-
physical Observatory. The results of Mr. Angstrém’s researches are
awaited with interest.
As mentioned in my last report, the Institution has arranged for
the distribution to various parts of the world of standard silver disk
pyrheliometers designed by Mr. Abbot, of the Astrophysical Observa-
tory, with a view of securing accurate data and more exact knowledge
of solar radiation and the influence of the terrestrial atmosphere
upon it.
A portion of the income of the fund is devoted to the increase and
diffusion of knowledge in regard to the nature and properties of at-
mospheric air in connection with the welfare of man. There was pub-
lished a few years ago a number of papers on “ Expired air,” “ Or-
ganic matter in air,” “The air of towns,” and other phases of this
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13
general subject. There is now in preparation by Dr. Leonard Hill,
associated with Dr. Martin Flack and other investigators of the
London Hospital Medical College, a paper discussing the results of
_ experiments to determine the influence of the atmosphere upon our
health and comfort in confined and crowded places.
SMITHSONIAN TABLE AT NAPLES ZOOLOGICAL STATION.
For the past 19 years the Smithsonian Institution has maintained
a table for the use of American biologists at the Naples Zoological
Station. This table affords exceptional opportunities for the study
of marine life, and it is believed that through its use the cause of
biological science has been much advanced.
The appointment of Dr. Sergius Morgulis, a Parker Traveling
Fellow from Harvard, which was approved for the months of May,
June, and July, was continued until July 22, 1911.
Dr. Ch. Zeleny, of the University of Illinois, who was appointed
for one month, including part of June and July, continued his occu-
pancy until July 26,1911. At the close of the fiscal year no report
had been received from Dr. Zeleny in regard to the work accom-
plished.
Dr. Fernandus Payne, assistant professor of zoology at the In-
diana University, carried on researches at Naples during the months
of April, May, and June, 1912. His studies included: (a) Selective
fertilization, (>) Cleavage factors, and (¢) Some pressure experi-
ments. In a brief report on his work, Dr. Payne states that he has
(1) completed a paper on “The Chromosomes of Grylloptalpa
borealis,” (2) collected a large amount of material on Gryllotalpa
vulgaris, and expects to study the question of synapsis, ring forma-
tion, chondriosomes, and the sex chromosomes in this form.
When the same period is selected by more than one student the
earliest application is considered first, the approval of the later ones
becoming necessarily dependent on the ability of the station to pro-
vide for more than one Smithsonian appointee at the same time.
It should be added that the obliging courtesy shown in this connec-
tion to appointees of the Smithsonian Institution by the director of
the station often permits appointments to the seat which would other-
wise be impracticable.
The prompt and efficient aid of the advisory committee in examin-
ing and reporting on applications for the table is, as it has always
been, of great service to the Institution and is very gratefully appre-
ciated.
The Institution has renewed the lease of the table for another
period of three years.
.65103° —12——2
14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
PUBLICATIONS.
One of the chief agencies of the Institution in promoting “ the
diffusion of knowledge among men ” is the publication and distribu-
tion throughout the world of the series of “ Smithsonian Contribu-
tions to Knowledge,” the “ Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,”
and the Smithsonian Annual Report. These three series constitute
the publications of the Institution proper and, with the exception of
the annual report, are printed entirely at the expense of Smithsonian
funds. Other publications issued under the direction of the Insti-
tution, but at the expense of the Government, include the Proceedings,
Bulletin, and Annual Report of the United States National Museum;
the Bulletin and Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnol-
ogy; and the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory.
The “ Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge ” is a quarto series
begun in 1848, which now comprises 35 volumes of about 600 pages
each, including, up to the present time, 148 memoirs. The chief
characteristic of these memoirs is that they are discussions of exten-
sive original investigations, constituting important additions to
knowledge.
The “ Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections” is an octavo series
containing papers of varying length, from two or three pages to an
entire volume, being special reports on particular subjects of bio-
logical or physical research, classified tabular compilations, tables of
natural constants, bibliographies, and other miscellaneous informa-
tion of value to the scientific worker or student. This series was
begun in 1862 and now numbers 60 volumes of about 800 pages each,
with an aggregate of several thousand articles.
Limited editions of each memoir in the “ Contributions” and of
articles in the “ Collections” are distributed to specialists in the
subjects treated, but the principal distribution of these series during
the last 60 years has been to about 1,100 large libraries and institu-
tions of learning in the United States and throughout the world.
The Annual Report of the Board of Regents, known as the Smith-
sonian Report, is printed under congressional appropriation and in
much larger editions than the other series. It is in great measure a
popular work, containing, besides the official report on the business
operations of the Institution, a general appendix made up of 30 or
more original or selected articles bearing on particular advances in
human knowledge and discoveries and showing the progress of
science in all its branches. It is a publication much sought after.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.—The Langley Memoir
on Mechanical Flight, which had been in preparation for several
years, was completed and published in August, 1911. It is a work
of 330 pages of text and 101 plates of illustrations. It is the third
‘memoir in volume 27 of the “Contributions,” following Secretary
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15
Langley’s “Experiments in Aerodynamics,” and “The Internal
Work of the Wind,” published in 1891 and 1893, respectively. The
present memoir was in preparation at the time of Mr. Langley’s
death in 1906, and the part recording experiments from 1887 to 1896
was written by him. The chapters discussing experiments from 1897
to 1903 were written by Mr. Charles M. Manly, who became chief
assistant to Mr. Langley in 1898.
In the preface to the Memoir, Mr. Manly says:
The present volume on Mechanical Flight consists, as the title-page indicates,
of two parts. The first, dealing with the long and notable series of early ex-
periments with small models, was written almost entirely by Secretary Langley,
with the assistance of Mr. HE. C. Huffaker and Mr. G. L. Fowler, in 1897. Such
chapters as were not complete have been finished by the writer and are easily
noted, as they are written in the third person. It has been subjected only to
such revision as it would have received had Mr. Langley lived to supervise this
publication, and has therefore the highest value as an historical record. The
composition of the second part, dealing with the later experiments with the
original and also new models and the construction of the larger aerodroine, has
necessarily devolved upon me. This is in entire accordance with the plan
formed by Mr. Langley when I began to work with him in 1895, but it is to
me a matter of sincere regret that the manuscript in its final form has not had
the advantage of his criticism and suggestions. If the reader should feel that
any of the descriptions or statements in this part of the volume leave something
to be desired in fullness of detail, it is hoped that some allowance may be made
for the fact that it has been written in the scanty and scattered moments that
could be snatched from work in other lines which made heavy demands upon
the writer’s time and strength. It is believed, however, that sufficient data
are given to enable any competent engineer to understand thoroughly even the
most complicated phases of the work.
Persons who care only for the accomplished fact may be inclined to underrate
the interest and value of this record. But even they may be reminded that but
for such patient and unremitting devotion as is here enregistered the now
accomplished fact of mechanical flight would still remain the wild unrealized
dream which it was for so many centuries.
To such men as Mr. Langley an unsuccessful experiment is not a failure, but
a means of instruction, a necessary and often an invaluable stepping stone to
the desired end. The trials of the large aerodrome in the autumn of 1903, to
which the curiosity of the public and the sensationalism of the newspapers gave
a character of finality never desired by Mr. Langley, were to him merely mem-
bers of a long series of experiments, as much so as any trial of one of the small
aerodromes or even of one of the earliest rubber-driven models. Had his
health and strength been spared, he would have gone on with his experiments
undiscouraged by these accidents in launching and undeterred by criticism and
misunderstanding.
Moreover, it is to be borne in mind that Mr. Langley’s contribution to the
solution of the problem is not to be measured solely by what he himself accom-
plished, important as that is. He began his investigations at a time when not
only the general public but even the most progressive men of science thought of
mechanical flight only as a subject for ridicule, and both by his epoch-making
investigations in aerodynamics and by his devotion to the subject of flight
itself he helped to transform into a field of scientific inquiry what had before
been almost entirely in the possession of visionaries.
16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
The original plans for this publication provided for a third part, covering the
experimental data obtained in tests of curved surfaces and propellers. Owing
to the pressure of other matters on the writer, the preparation of this third
part is not yet complete and is reserved for later publication.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.—In this series there were
published during the past year 35 papers forming parts of three
volumes and covering a wide range of topics. I may mention the
Hamilton lecture by Dr. Simon Flexner on “ Infection and Recovery
from Infection,” three papers by your secretary on Cambrian Geology
and, Paleontology, several papers descriptive of new genera and spe-
cies of birds, mammals, and other animals and plants from Smith-
sonian expeditions in the Panama Canal Zone, Africa, and Canada,
as enumerated in the editor’s report on another page, and an inter-
esting paper on “ The Natives of the Kharga Oasis, Egypt,” by Dr.
Hrdli¢ka, who discusses the physical measurements and other obser-
vations made by him on these people dwelling in an oasis 130 miles
west of Luxor, the ancient Thebes. Dr. Hrdlicka says:
The type of the Kharga natives is radically distinct from that of the negro.
It is, according to all indications, fundamentally the same as that of the non-
negroid Valley Egyptians. It is in all probability a composite of closely related
northeastern African and southwestern Asiatic, or “ hamitic” and “ semitic”’
ethnic elements, and is to be classed with these as part of the southern extension
of the Mediterranean subdivision of the white race.
Judging from the mummies of the Oasis inhabitants from the second to fifth
centuries A. D., exhumed at El Baguat, the type of the present nonnegroid
Kharga natives is substantially the same as that of the population of the
Oasis during the first part of the Christian era. The nature of the population
of the Oasis in more ancient times can only be determined by skeletal material
from the ancient cemeteries.
Smithsonian report—The annual report for 1910, issued during
the past year, contained in the general appendix 34 interesting
papers of the usual high character, and of many of them it was neces-
sary to publish extra editions to meet the public demand. The re-
port for 1911 was all in type before the year closed, but unavoidable
delays prevented its publication.
Zoological nomenclature—In continuation of the series of Opin-
ions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature, there were published two pamphlets containing Opin-
ions 30 to 37 and 38 to 51. The Institution cooperates with this
commission by providing clerical assistance for its secretary in
Washington and in the publication of its Opinions. In connection
with the summary of each opinion there is printed a statement of
the case and the discussion thereon by members of the commission.
The rules to be followed in submitting cases for opinion’ as laid
down by the commission are as follows:
1 Cases should be forwarded to the secretary of the commission, Dr. Ch. Wardell Stiles,
U. S. Hygienic Laboratory, Washington, D. C.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ize
1. The commission does not undertake to act as a bibliographic or nomen-
clatural bureau, but rather as an adviser in connection with the more difficult
and disputed cases of nomenclature.
2. All cases submitted should be accompanied by (d@) a concise statement
of the point at issue, (0) the full arguments on both sides in case a disputed
point is involved, and (c) complete and exact bibliographic references to every
book or article bearing on the point at issue.
The more complete the data when the case is submitted the more promptly
ean it be acted upon.
8. Of necessity, cases submitted with incomplete bibliographic references
can not be studied and must be returned by the commission to the sender.
4. Cases upon which an opinion is desired may be sent to any member of
the commission, but—
.5. In order that the work of the commission may be confined as much as
possible to the more difficult and the disputed cases, it is urged that zoologists
study the code and settle for themselves as many cases as possible.
Museum publications—There were published during the year the
annual report of the assistant secretary in charge of the National
Museum for 1911, 50 miscellaneous papers of the Proceedings, 3
Bulletins, and 5 parts of Contributions from the National Herbarium.
Ethnological publications—The Bureau of American Ethnology
published the Twenty-seventh Annual Report, containing a paper on
“The Omaha Tribe,” and Bulletin 47 on the Biloxi and Ofo
languages. .
Reports of historical and patriotic societies—In accordance with
the national charters of the American Historical Association and
the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution,
annual reports of those organizations were submitted to the Institu-
tion and communicated to Congress.
Committee on printing and publication.—The advisory committee
on printing and publication under the Smithsonian Institution has
continued to examine manuscripts proposed for publication by the
branches of the Institution and has considered various questions
concerning public printing and binding. Twenty-one meetings of
the committee were held during the year and 156 manuscripts were
passed upon. The personnel of the committee is as follows: Dr.
Frederick W. True, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, chairman; Mr. C. G. Abbot, Director of the Astrophysical
Observatory; Mr. W. I. Adams, disbursing officer of the Smithsonian
Institution; Dr. Frank Baker, superintendent of the National
Zoological Park; Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Smithsonian
Institution; Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge of the Bureau
of American Ethnology; Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of
geology, United States National Museum; and Dr. Leonhard
Stejneger, head curator of biology, United States National Museum.
Allotments for printing.—The allotments to the Institution and its
branches, under the head of “ Public printing and binding,” during
the past fiscal year, aggregating $72,900, were, as far as practicable,
18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
expended prior to June 30. The allotments for the year ending
June 30, 1913, aggregating $74,900, are as follows:
For the Smithsonian Institution, for printing and binding annual re-
ports of the Board of Regents, with general appendixes____________ $10, 000
For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general appen-
dixes, and for printing labels and blanks, and for the bulletins and
proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not
exceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half turkey or material not more
expensive, scientific books and pamphlets presented to or acquired
by ‘the National Museum! libraty2.2-U-3l eee eee 34, 000
For the annual reports and bulletins of the Bureau of American Eth-
nology, and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau___ 21, 000
For miscellaneous printing and binding:
International” Hxchan yes ee eee eae ees ee eee 200
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_______-________--__ 100
National) Zoological ‘Park +22. 240 eee ee ee 200
For miscellaneous printing and binding for the Astrophysical Observa-
tory, $400, and for 1,500 copies of volume 8 of the Annals of the
Astrophysical Observatory, $2,0002- _- 22 ee 2, 400
For the annual report of the American Historical Association_________ 7, 000
Totals: Se ce a a 74, 900
Distribution of publications—There was under discussion before
committees of Congress at the close of the fiscal year, and later
enacted into law, certain proposed measures which particularly affect
the practice of the Institution and it branches in the distribution of
publications. As finally passed by Congress the law requires that
all Government publications must be mailed from the Government
Printing Office, mailing lists or labels being forwarded to the Super-
intendent of Documents for that purpose.
At the Regents’ meeting in February last, the secretary called the
attention of the board to the proposed legislation and stated that the
publications of the Institution are not an incidental result of its
work but something planned for and systematically executed. The
Institution keeps in touch with all the principal scientific and art
establishments of the world, and with experts in science and art
who are promoting work in a line with its own, or who are in posi-
tions to help in securing collections, information, or advice. The
actual labor of wrapping, labeling, and handling the Smithsonian
report had been furnished by the Institution and not by the Govern-
ment, and it was feared that the transfer of the actual work of
distribution of the publications of the Institution and its branches
to another establishment would distinctly tend to defeat the well-
considered plans under which it has been conducted heretofore.
The law as enacted requires the transfer to the Public Printer by
October 1 of all publications on hand, and that distribution shall
thereafter be made from his office. This measure does not, however,
apply to the two series of publications published at the private
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19
expense of the Institution. The question in the main seems to be one
affecting the promptness of distribution, which is of primary im-
portance in the case of scientific works, and it is hoped no serious
disadvantages may result by the adoption of the new law.
LIBRARY.
The library of the Smithsonian Institution is made up of several
constituent parts. The most important of these are the Smithsonian
deposit in the Library of Congress and the libraries of the National
Museum and Bureau of American Ethnology. There was added to
the Smithsonian deposit during the past year a total of 21,863 pub-
lications, the equivalent of 14,560 volumes, consisting very largely
of works on the various branches of science and art.
To the Museum lbrary there were added 1,791 books, 3,608 pam-
phlets, and 276 parts of volumes, making the present total in that
library about 42,000 volumes, 70,000 unbound papers, besides manu-
scripts, maps, charts, and other material. Arrangements are being
made to divide the Museum library into two principal parts by as-
sembling all books on zoology, paleontology, geology, ethnology, and
archeology in the new building.
LANGLEY MEMORIAL TABLET.
A design in plaster for the memorial tablet commemorative of the
aeronautical work of the late Secretary Langley was submitted at
the December meeting of the Regents by the sculptor, Mr. John
Flanagan, and accepted by the committee appointed by the board.
The tablet will be cast in bronze and erected in the vestibule of the
Smithsonian building. The tablet, which is in relief, measures 4
feet 6 inches high by 2 feet 5 inches wide. It represents Mr. Langley
seated on a terrace where he has a clear view of the heavens, and in
a meditative mood is observing the flight of birds, while in his mind
he sees his aerodrome soaring above them.
The lettering upon the tablet is as follows:
SAMUEL PIHRPONT LANGLEY
1834-1906
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
1887-1906
Discovered the relations of speed and angle of inclination to the lifting power
of surfaces moving in air
“T have brought to a close the portion of the work which seemed to be spe-
cially mine, the demonstration of the practicability of mechanical flight.
“The great universal highway overhead is now soon to be opened.”—LANGLEY,
—1901:.
20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
HAMILTON LECTURE.
The third Hamilton fund lecture of the Smithsonian Institution
was delivered by Dr. Simon Flexner, of the Rockefeller Institute
for Medical Research, in the auditorium of the United States
National Museum, February 8, 1912.
The title of the lecture was “ Infection and Recovery from Infec-
tion,” an investigation to which Dr. Flexner has given especial study
for several years.
In his treatment of this vital and interesting subject the speaker
covered a broad field of medical science, and at the same time ex-
pressed himself in such a manner as to be intelligible to laymen.
Dr. Flexner touched upon the following points:
The part played by bacteria, protozoa, and submicroscopic para-
sites in causing infection was described, and emphasis laid wpon the
occurrence on the surface of the body of many kinds of disease-
producing germs. The manner in which they are excluded by skin
and mucous membranes was discussed, as well as their ability to
enter the body by these channels when they were imperfect. In this
way a variety of diseases is produced, including diphtheria, menin-
gitis, and probably infantile paralysis. The germs that enter the
body encounter a second and even more efficient set of defenses
in the blood with its devouring white corpuscles. When disease
appears, in spite of and because of inadequacy in the defensive
mechanisms, then the body, under the influence of the parasitic germs,
sets about creating new defensive principles through the process of
immunization. It is immunization that vaccination produces, which
is a protection to smallpox; and it is through purposive immunization
of animals that the curative serums are prepared, that by injection
bringing about an artificial and premature cessation of such diseases
as diphtheria and epidemic meningitis. The part played by insects
in transmitting malaria, yellow fever, typhus fever, and relapsing
fever was sketched, and the varying susceptibilities to disease of
different races, species, and individuals dwelt on and in part ex-
plained, on the basis of known facts of immunity to and virulence
of the germ causes of disease.
The above is the third of the series of Hamilton lectures. In 1871
James Hamilton, a retired lawyer of Carlisle, Pennsylvania,
bequeathed $1,000 to the Smithsonian Institution, the interest of
which was to be appropriated biennially by the secretary for some
contribution, paper, or lecture on any scientific or useful subject
which he might select. As the sum was somewhat limited to ade-
quately carry out the donor’s wishes, the interest was allowed to
accumulate until the amount was doubled, and the Institution then
created a series of lectures, known as the Hamilton Fund Lectures.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Qk
The first, by Dr. Andrew D. White, on “The diplomatic service of
the United States, with some hints toward its reform,” was given
in 1905, and the second, by Dr. George E. Hale, on “ Some recent
contributions to our knowledge of the Sun,” was delivered in 1908.
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES AND CELEBRATIONS.
The Institution each year receives invitations to numerous scien-
tific congresses and celebrations in the United States and abroad, but
as funds are not available for the expenses of delegates few of these
invitations can be accepted. In some instances, however, it is pos-
sible to arrange for representation by collaborators of the Institution
who are visiting the localities on official or private business.
Congress of Americanists—Dr. Ale’ Hrdlicka was appointed
representative of the Institution and designated as delegate of the
United States to the Eighteenth International Congress of Ameri-
eanists held in London May 27 to June 1, 1912. In addition to Dr.
Hrdlicka, the State Department also designated Miss Alice Fletcher,
Dr. George Grant MacCurdy, Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, Dr. G. B. Gor-
don, Rev. Charles W. Currier, Prof. Marshall H. Saville, and Dr.
Charles Peabody as delegates on the part of the United States at
that congress.
The Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists has been
invited to meet in Washington in 1914, and Mr. W. H. Holmes, Mr.
F. W. Hodge, and Dr. AleS Hrdlicka have been appointed an auxili-
ary committee to represent the Smithsonian Institution in connection
with the preliminary arrangement of details respecting the proposed
meeting.
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia—The Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia held its centenary anniversary in
Philadelphia, March 19, 20, and 21, 1912. At this celebration the
Institution and its branches were represented by the secretary, Dr.
Charles D. Walcott; Dr. Richard Rathbun, assistant secretary in
charge of the United States National Museum; Dr. Frederick W.
True, assistant secretary in charge of Library and Exchanges; Mr.
Frederick W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge, Bureau of American
Ethnology; and Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology,
United States National Museum; and Dr. Theodore N. Gill, associate
in Zoology, United States National Museum. The secretary also
represented the American Philosophical Society on this occasion.
Archeological Congress——At the request of the Institution, the
State Department designated Prof. Arthur L. Frothingham and
Prof. George M. Whicher as delegates on the part of the United
States to the Third International Archeological Congress at Rome,
October 9 to 16, 1912.
22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Prehistoric Anthropology—Dr. Alés Hrdlicka, Dr. Charles Pea-
body, and Dr. George Grant MacCurdy were appointed representa-
tives of the Smithsonian Institution to the Fourteenth International
Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and Archeology at Geneva,
September 9 to 15, 1912.
Congress of Orientalists—Dr. Paul Haupt was appointed repre-
sentative of the Smithsonian Institution and designated as delegate
of the United States at the Fifteenh International Congress of
Orientalists, held at Athens, April 7 to 14, 1912. Additional dele-
gates on the part of the United States were Prof. C. Washburn Hop-
kins, Prof. A. V. W. Jackson, and Prof. Morris Jastrow, jr. (Un-
foreseen circumstances later prevented Prof. Jackson from attending.)
Congress on Hygiene and Demography.—The Fifteenth Inter-
national Congress on Hygiene and Demography was invited by the
Government, through the State Department, to meet in Washington,
September 23 to 28, 1912. I accepted the invitation of the depart-
ment to serve as a member of the committee on organization. Mr.
W. H. Holmes, head curator of anthropology in the National
Museum, has been appointed as representative of the Smithsonian
Institution on the interdepartmental committee to consider the
preparation of exhibits for the congress. At the close of the fiscal
vear, June 30, 1912, arrangements for the congress were well in hand.
Congress on Applied Chemistry.—In connection with the Eighth
International Congress of Applied Chemistry, to be opened in Wash-
ington September 4, 1912, and subsequent meetings closing in New
York City September 13, Prof. F. W. Clarke has been designated as -
representative of the Institution, and I have accepted an invitation
to attend personally.
Royal Society—Dr. Arnold Hague, of the United States Geo-
logical Survey, was appointed a representative of the Smithsonian
Institution at the commemoration of the two hundred and fiftieth
anniversary of the foundation of the Royal Society of London, July
16 to 18, 1912.
GEORGE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL BUILDING.
There is now pending in the House of Representatives a bill
passed by the Senate, April 15, 1912, granting to the George Wash-
ington Memorial Association permission to erect on the Government
reservation known as Armory Square, a memorial building to cost
not less than $2,000,000, “ where large conventions or in which large
public functions can be held, or where the permanent headquarters
and records of national organizations can be administered.” By the
provisions of the bill the control and administration of the building
would be vested in the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, and the association is to provide “a permanent endowment
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ys
fund of not less than $500,000, to be administered by the Board of
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, the income from which shall,
as far as necessary, be used for the maintenance of said building.”
There is need in Washington of such a structure as here proposed.
Tt would be a fitting memorial to George Washington—the gathering-
place and headquarters for patriotic, scientific, medical, and other
organizations interested in promoting the welfare of the American
people, the development of the country in science, literature, and art.
NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The past year was marked by a new feature in the administration
of the National Museum—its opening to the public on Sundays.
This measure had long been advocated without effect, and even now
the practice must be for a time limited to the new building. Public
appreciation was evidenced on the first day of Sunday opening,
October 8, 1911, by the presence of 15,467 visitors. The average
number of visitors on Sundays up to the close of the year was 1,666,
as compared with 693 on week days. —
There was added to the permanent collections of. the Museum a
total of 238,000 specimens and objects, an increase of 10,000 over the
year preceding. Of these accessions about 168,000 were biological,
63,000 geological and paleontological, and 7,000 anthropological.
A large number of valuable temporary additions in the form of loans
were made to the National Gallery of Art, to the collection of art
textiles, and to those of the division of history. Among the acces-
sions that I may specially mention are the first aeroplane (Wright)
acquired by the Government; important memorials of Gens. Ganse-
voort and Custer, Rear Admirals Foote and Schley, Commanders
Maury and Hosley, and other eminent soldiers and sailors, and
mementos of the Washington, Ball, Cropper, McLane, Bradford,
and Bailey-Myers-Mason families; some interesting Polish coins
dating from 1386 to 1835; and a very large and unique series of post-
age stamps and other objects relating to the operation of the United
States Postal Service. There were also received about 4,000 mam-
mals, besides birds, reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates from the Paul J.
Rainey expedition to British East Africa; a large collection of Cam-
brian fossils; and an unrivaled collection of some 75,000 specimens
of fossil echnioderms deposited by Mr. Frank Springer. From the
Bureau of Fisheries were received extensive and important collec-
tions of fishes from Japan and the Philippines and over 27,000 speci-
mens of marine invertebrates. Other additions of importance are
noted by the assistant secretary in his report on another page.
About three-fourths of the exhibition space in the new building
has already been made accessible to the public, and before the close
24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
of another year it is expected that the last of the halls will be
opened. The installations, however, are to a large extent provisional
and much work will still remain to be done to complete their per-
manent arrangement.
By the transfer of the natural history and anthropological exhibits
to the new building, space has become available in the older buildings
for the better exhibition of the large collections of the department of
arts and industries. The very interesting series of objects commemo-
rative of eminent Americans and of important events in the history
of the United States; the collections ilustrative of art textiles,
graphic arts, and ceramics, as well as firearms, electrical inventions,
and other technological material may now receive more attention
and be more adequately displayed than has heretofore been prac-
ticable.
The picture gallery in the new building, constituting the National
Gallery of Art, continues to grow in public interest and importance.
A special exhibition of part of the collection of American and
oriental art presented to the Nation by Mr. Charles L. Freer was held
from April 15 to June 15. The objects displayed included 38 paint-
ings by Whistler, Tryon, and others, 13 Japanese paintings, 36 Chi-
nese paintings, a number of Chinese bronzes, one dating back to
1766-1122 B. C., and examples of Chinese, Persian, and Mesopota-
mian pottery, ancient Egyptian glass, and Persian and Indo-Persian
illuminations. Mr. William T. Evans, of New York, has made 10
important additions to his collection of works of contemporary
American painters, now numbering 137 pieces by 98 artists.
A meeting in memory of Mr. Francis D. Millet, lost in the 77tanic
disaster, was held in the auditorium of the new building on the even-
ing of May 10, 1912, under the auspices of The American Federation
of Arts, when addresses were made by Senators Root and Lodge, and
others. On this occasion I called attention to the valuable services
rendered to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. Millet as chairman
of the advisory committee of the National Gallery of Art.
Meetings of a number of scientific organizations were held as usual
in the auditorium, including the usual annual April meeting of the
National Academy of Sciences, the annual meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Sciencé, the American Institute
of Architects, and the Red Cross conference.
On March 28 and 29 the Washington Academy of Sciences held a
conversazione and an exhibition of important recent apparatus,
methods, and results pertaining to the scientific investigations carried
on by the different Government bureaus and scientific institutions of
Washington.
Models and pictures of designs for the memorials to Abraham Lin-
coln and Commodore Perry were exhibited in several rooms of the
new building and attracted much public attention.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25
The publications issued included the annual report for 1911,
numerous papers of the Proceedings, and several Bulletins, which
will be enumerated in detail in the usual volume devoted to the oper-
ations of the National Museum.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
The operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the
last year are stated in detail on another page by the ethnologist-in-
charge of that branch of the Institution’s activities. The systematic
researches bearing on the history, languages, manners, and customs
of the American Indians cover a wide range, and the results of these
studies are published as soon as completed. Since the organization
of the bureau under the Smithsonian Institution in 1879, 27 annual
reports in 32 royal octavo volumes have been issued, and more than
50 bulletins, the collection comprising a most valuable ethnological
library. The demand for the “ Handbook of American Indians,”
which is printed in two volumes, has so far exceeded the authorized
edition that a measure has been introduced and is now pending in
Congress for reprinting it.
The recent field work of the bureau includes:
(1) A visit to El Morro, New Mexico, where impressions of some
Spanish inscriptions dating from the year 1606 and having an impor-
tant bearing on the early history of the Pueblo tribes, were made; (2)
excavations in the Jemez Valley in a ruined pueblo on a mesa 1,800
feet high, the ruins bearing evidence of occupancy at two different
periods, and containing some interesting pottery, traces of textiles,
and other objects; (3) field work to determine the western limit of
the ancient Pueblo culture in Arizona; and many other lines of inves-
tigation, discussed by Mr. Hodge in an appendix to this report.
The construction of the Panama Canal has aroused so greatly
public interest in the aboriginal remains of the West Indies that the
bureau has arranged for more extended studies in West Indian
archeology. Researches thus far made indicate that the Tainan
culture of Porto Rico and the Dominican Republic was represented in
the Lesser Antilles by an agricultural people, probably Arawak, who
were conquered and absorbed by the marauding Carib. Types of
pottery found in some of the Lesser Antilles indicate their occupancy
by people superior in culture to the Carib and to those sou there
at the time of the discovery by Columbus.
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
There has been an increase of more than 10 per cent in the number
of packages handled by the Exchange Service during the past year
as compared with the preceding 12 months, the total number being
315,492. These packages weighed over 284 tons.
26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
No change has been made in the amount ($32,200) granted by
Congress during the past four years for the support of this branch
of Government work carried on under the direction of the Institu-
tion, and the usual sum was collected from various Government and
State establishments for services in connection with the transporta-
tion of exchanges, the total available resources for meeting the ex-
penses of the system being $36,591.02.
The publications dispatched by the Exchange Service are classified
under four heads: First, the Congressional Record; second, “ Parlia-
mentary documents”; third, “ Departmental documents”; fourth,
“‘ Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications.”
The term “ Parliamentary documents” as here used refers to
publications set aside by law for exchange with foreign Governments,
and includes not only copies of documents printed by order of either
House of Congress, but copies of each publication issued by any
department, bureau, commission, or officer of the Government. The
object in sending these publications abroad is to procure for the use
of the Congress of the United States a complete series of the publica-
tions of other Governments, and the returns are deposited in the
Congressional Library.
The term “ Departmental documents” embraces all the publica-
tions delivered at the Institution by the various Government depart-
ments, bureaus, or commissions for distribution to their correspond-
ents abroad, from whom they desire to obtain similar publications
in exchange. The publications received in return are deposited in
the various departmental libraries.
The “ Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications” are
received chiefly from learned societies, universities, colleges, scientific
institutes, and museums in the United States and transmitted to simi-
lar institutions in all parts of the world.
At the request of the Secretary for the Interior of the Union of
South Africa the Institution discontinued the sending of full sets of
governmental documents to Cape Colony and the Transvaal and
partial sets to Natal and the Orange River Colony, substituting one
full set for the Government of the Union of South Africa. There
are therefore now sent through the Exchange Service to regular
foreign depositories only 54 full and 32 partial sets of official
documents.
No countries were added during the year to the list of those with
which the immediate exchange of official parliamentary journals is
carried on, the number of countries taking part in this exchange
being 29.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 27
NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
The accessions to the collections in the National Zoological Park
during the past year aggregated 510 animals, including 25 species
not already represented; 350 of these were obtained by purchase,
exchange, or as gifts, and 108 were born and hatched in the park.
The total collection on June 30 numbered 1,551 individual animals,
representing 381 species of mammals, birds, and reptiles, an increase —
of 137 over the preceding year. The more important additions were
2 elephant seals and 4 northern fur seals, 8 white pelicans, and a pair
each of Brazilian tapirs, Patagonian cavies, and Chilean eagles.
The number of visitors was 542,738, or a daily average of 1,487.
The largest number in any one month was 95,485, in April, 1912.
That the educational value of the park is appreciated is indicated
by the fact that it was visited by 4,140 pupils, representing 142
schools and classes from the District of Columbia and neighboring
States, and from Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, and Tennessee.
Although each year some improvements are made as regards the
accommodation of the collections and the comfort of visitors, yet
much remains to be done before the park can be brought to a condi-
tion that would properly be expected in a zoological park maintained
by this great nation. The most important improvement of the year
was the construction of a fireproof building for a central heating
plant, in which are installed two pairs of boilers for alternate use as
repairs or cleaning become necessary. A yard and bathing pool was
also constructed for the use of the hippopotamus and the tapirs;
three small inclosures were built for semiaquatic animals; and various
other additional structures were built, as enumerated by the super-
intendent in his report on another page.
I have for several years called attention to the urgent need of a
suitable aviary for the fine series of birds in the collection. <A suit-
able structure for this purpose is estimated to cost about $80,000.
Around this large aviary would be grouped the cages for the eagles,
vultures, condors, and owls, now scattered irregularly about the
grounds.
The superintendent in his report calls attention also to several other
desirable measures for the betterment of the park.
The Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture, in coop-
eration with the Zoological Park, is carrying on some experiments
in breeding mink with a view to ascertaining the possibilities of rear-
ing them in captivity for commercial purposes. The main object in
view is to secure data relative to the best methods of rearing mink
for their fur, especially as to details of housing, feeding, mating, and
caring for them.
28 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.
The principal research carried on by the Astrophysical Observa-
tory during the year has been on the variability of the sun. Progress
has been made in the dissemination of standards of pyrheliometry
and on the absorption of radiation by atmospheric water vapor.
The first of these investigations was in continuation of observations
taken during several years past to definitely determine the laws gov-
erning the apparent variability of the “ solar constant.” The solving
of this problem, it is expected, will be of much value in the probable
forecast of climatic conditions from year to year. In this research
it seemed important that simultaneous observations be made in widely
separated parts of the world. It was accordingly arranged to make
such observations at Mount Wilson, California, and at Bassour.
Algeria. The results of this work are discussed by Mr. Abbot in his
report on another page.
For several years the Institution has been sending to observatories,
widely separated throughout the world, standardized copies of the
standard silver-disk secondary pyrheliometer designed by the director
of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. During the past
year about 10 such instruments have been prepared and sent out,
mostly to foreign governmental meteorological services. It is hoped
to thus secure not only uniformity of radiation measures, but also a
more exact knowledge of solar radiation and the influence of the
terrestrial atmosphere upon it.
In carrying forward the research on the absorption of radiation
by atmospheric water vapor, there has been recently devised at the
observatory a method for determining spectroscopically the total
quantity of water vapor between the observer and the sun. Atmos-
pheric water vapor absorption work during the year was confined
to the upper infra-red spectrum bands. It is expected by the use of
a vacuum bolometer now in preparation to make considerable gain
in the sensitiveness of the apparatus and greatly promote the value
of the work at great wave lengths.
INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERA-
TURE.
The cooperative enterprise known as the International Catalogue
of Scientific Literature is represented in the United States through
the Smithsonian Institution, an appropriation being made each year
by Congress to maintain a regional bureau in this country under
the auspices of the Secretary of the Institution.
This bureau, in cooperation with thirty-one other regional bureaus,
through a central bureau in London, publishes yearly 17 volumes,
which form an index to current scientific literature. Each country
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 29
supports its own bureau, in the majority of cases by means of direct
governmental grants. The London central bureau, which bears all
of the expense of editing and publishing the data prepared by the
regional bureaus, depends for its support entirely on funds received
from the subscribers to the work. In the beginning of the enter-
prise the subscription price was fixed at $85 per year for a full
set of 17 volumes, and it has been necessary to maintain this price,
as there are a limited number of libraries and scientific bodies whose
subscription to the work practically assures the sum necessary for
publication. The lack of any surplus, however, renders it impossi-
ble to reduce the price of the work in order to meet the demands of.
a large number of scientific investigators, who are practically ex-
cluded as personal subscribers to this valuable source of information
owing to the present prices.
Had the central bureau a permanent and independent income, de-
rived from an endowment or otherwise, it would be possible to adopt
the course which would under similar circumstances be followed
by a commercial publishing house having a liberal working capital;
that is, to reduce the price of the publication and depend on the cer-
tainty of increased sales to pay the relatively small expenses of print-
ing a larger edition of the work. An endowment of $100,000 prop-
erly invested would, it is believed, make it possible to carry out this
plan, and, for the end to be accomplished, it would be difficult to
find a better use for this comparatively small sum. A more detailed
statement of the condition of this interesting example of what may
be accomplished through international cooperation will be found in
the report of the bureau in the appendix.
Respectfully submitted.
Cuarues D. Waucort, Secretary.
65103°—12——3
AppENDIXx 1.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Str: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera-
tions of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1912:
SUMMARY OF THE YEAR’S PROGRESS.
By the close of the year the natural history departments of the
Museum had been quite fully established in the new building, only a
small amount of exhibition material remaining to be transferred.
The laboratories had been occupied for some time, and the reserve
collections brought over from the older buildings had been mainly
arranged in the more ample and convenient quarters provided for
them. The work of classification had necessarily to be in large part
suspended during the period of moving, but the opportunity was
availed of to expedite the labeling and recording, and these collec-
tions are now, as a whole, in much better condition and far more
accessible for reference and study than at any previous time in the
history of the Museum. The task of moving was both arduous and
delicate, involving, as it did, the handling of several million speci-
mens of all sizes and all degrees of hardiness without injury and
without the loss or disarrangement of labels. That it was accom-
plished satisfactorily in such a remarkably short space of time is
especially gratifying, in view of the fact that the exigencies of the
current work were fully met and no cessation occurred in the receipt
of new material.
The installation of the exhibition collections, however, could not
be hastened in the same way. A much greater time is required for
the construction of the cases, which are more elaborate in character
than those intended for storage, and but few of the cases used in the
older buildings are adapted to the new building, though many have
been temporarily employed. It has also been necessary to reject a
large number of the older exhibition specimens as of inferior quality
for the purpose, and of those which are being utilized many require
to be thoroughly renovated if not entirely done over. The new ex-
hibitions, however, are intended to consist in great measure of fresh
materials, much of which has been recently acquired, and to represent
30
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 31
the best skill of the museum preparator and taxidermist. During
the year this branch of the work was pressed to the fullest extent pos-
sible, and excellent progress was made.
Of the total floor area of about 465,000 square feet furnished by the
new building, the amount of space dedicated to the public, including
the floors and galleries of the south pavilion and rotunda, is slightly
in excess of 220,000 square feet. The permanent exhibitions now
planned are limited to the first and second stories of the wings and
ranges, which they will completely occupy and which contain about
186,000 square feet. Of this space about three-fourths has been
opened to the public, although it should be explained that the installa-
tions are still to a large extent provisional and subject to revision, a
work that is steadily going on. The end of another year, however,
should see all of the exhibition halls opened and in good though not
finished condition.
The exhibitions to which the public had gained access by the close
of the year comprised, besides the picture gallery in the middle hall,
ethnology, historic archeology, systematic and applied geology,
mineralogy, paleontology, the birds and fishes, small sections of the
mammals and invertebrates, a synoptic series of biology, and certain
special zoological collections illustrating anatomy and development,
albinism, melanism, hybridism, the domestic animals, and the local
fauna. The principal branches that remained to be opened up were
the mammals, reptiles, marine invertebrates, and _ prehistoric
archeology.
The removal of the natural history collections from the older
buildings furnishes the opportunity for the more complete organiza-
tion of the department of the arts and industries as contemplated
in the original plan of the Board of Regents. Certain subjects
belonging to it have for a long time been illustrated to the extent
permitted by the crowded condition of the exhibition halls, among
them being land and water transportation, firearms, electrical inven- ,
tions, measuring devices, many kinds of machinery, the graphic arts,
and ceramics. There are several others, however, equally important
and interesting, of which the Museum has many and valuable illus-
trations. The material, obtained from various sources, but mainly
from the great international expositions, has, from lack of room,
been necessarily kept in storage, though before the crowding of the
older buildings began some parts of it were exhibited. The space
that has been released will afford accommodations for the installa-
tion of this material, so far as it has not deteriorated, and for such
additions as will be needed to round out the exhibits of the several
subjects in at least a modest way. With this accomplished, the
Museum will be confronted with the problem of the further develop-
32 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
ment of the department to make it comparable with those in the prin-
cipal European countries, and thus capable of exerting a direct and
beneficial influence on the higher industrial pursuits of the country.
It was not until after the middle of the year, however, that the
extension of the work in this direction could be taken up, and little
more was possible than to remove the material from storage, and
begin its unpacking and assorting. The installations will be made,
at least for the most part, in the old cases, which will have to be more
or less remodeled for the purpose, but it is not expected that the
public will be long delayed in gaining access to some parts of these
collections. The material relating to the graphic arts and to book-
making will be exhibited in the Smithsonian building, but the other
subjects will be mainly provided for in the older Museum building,
and comprise, besides those above mentioned, mineral technology,
textiles, woods, various animal and vegetable products, foods and
drugs, etc. The division of history will continue to occupy its pres-
ent position in the older Museum building, as will the collection of
art textiles, but additional space will be required for the former,
whose growth and popularity have been exceptionally gratifying.
Several unoccupied rooms in the new building were used by the
Government for the competitive plans for the Lincoln and Perry
memorials, authorized by Congress and submitted during the year.
Opened to the inspection of the public, the models and pictures of
the designs for the Lincoln monument in Washington were still on
exhibition at the close of the year.
The Sunday opening of the Museum, so long and earnestly advo-
cated by the authorities of the Institution, was one of the most note-
worthy accomplishments of the year. This innovation is, in fact, to
be regarded as marking the beginning of a new period in the history
of the Museum, in which its privileges may be enjoyed with equal
freedom by all classes. Started on October 8, 1911, and restricted to
_afternoon hours, it is for the present limited to the new building.
ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS.
The permanent additions to the collections numbered approxi-
mately 238,000 specimens and objects, of which about 168,000 were
biological, 63,000 geological and paleontological, and 7,000 anthropo-
logical. There were also many loans, some of great value.
The more important accessions in anthropology related to the
Indians of southern Alaska and Panama, and included an interesting
series of objects from the ruined pueblo of Kwasteyukwa, New
Mexico. To the exhibits in mechanical technology were added many
important articles, including the first aeroplane acquired and used
by the Government, a large number of firearms, both military and
sporting, and numerous examples of inventions. The division of
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 30
American history was especially favored with both gifts and loans,
among the distinguished persons and families represented by the
memorials received being Gen. Peter Gansevoort, of Revolutionary
time, and his son and grandson; Rear Admirals Winfield Scott
Schley and Andrew H. Foote, United States Navy; Commanders
Matthew Fontaine Maury and Harry H. Hosley, United States
Navy; Gen. George A. Custer, United States Army; the Marquis de
Lafayette; Prof. George Frederic Barker; Mr. and Mrs. Samuel
S. Cox; Julia Ward Howe; the Washington and Ball families; the
Cropper and McLane families; the Bradford family, of New Eng-
land; and the Bailey-Myers-Mason family. The collection of numis-
matics acquired two valuable series of several hundred pieces each,
one representing the Polish coinage from 1386 to 1835, the other
consisting of antique copper coins from Asia. Exceptionally im-
portant was the transfer to the National Museum of the museum
of the Post Office Department, so well known to visitors to Washing-
ton, comprising the large and unique series of United States postage
stamps, besides many objects relating to the operations of the postal
service.
The most conspicuous acquisition by the department of biology
consisted of the collection made by Mr. Paul J. Rainey on his expe-
dition to British East Africa, accompanied by Mr. Edmund Heller,
which was generously presented. It contains about 4,000 mammals,
besides many hundreds of birds, reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates,
and has already yielded a large number of new forms. Much mate-
rial was also received from several other natural history expeditions
beyond the United States conducted by the Institution and Museum
or under other auspices, the principal regions visited having been the
Aleutian Islands, British Columbia and Alberta, the Panama Canal
Zone, the Bahama Islands, Peru, Abyssinia and British East Africa,
the Altai Mountains on the borders of Siberia and Mongolia, Kash-
mir, and Borneo. Within the confines of the United States a number
of minor explorations were carried on by members of the staff.
The transfers made by the Bureau of Fisheries were extensive and
important, consisting mainly of collections that had been studied and
described and containing much type material. The fishes were from
Japan, the Philippine Islands, and various parts of the United
States, while the marine invertebrates, numbering over 27,000 speci-
mens of several groups, represented explorations by the steamer
Albatross in different parts of the Pacific Ocean. The increases in
the division of insects were chiefly from the Bureau of Entomology,
and in the herbarium from the Bureau of Plant Industry, though
many specimens were secured for the latter by exchange and as the
result of field work in New Mexico.
34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
The collections of geology and mineralogy received important
additions, including types and recently described materials and many
fine examples of building and ornamental stones. The permanent
acquisitions in paleontology, amounting to over 60,000 specimens,
were mainly of Cambrian fossils from British Columbia and Alberta,
and from China; Ordovician fossils from the western United States,
New York, and Canada; Ordovician and Mississippian fossils from
the Mississippi Valley; and Tertiary fossils from the Isthmus of
Panama. It is gratifying to note the deposit in the Museum by Mr.
Frank Springer of his unrivaled collection of fossil echinoderms,
numbering some 75,000 specimens, which he has been many years in
assembling and on which no expense has been spared. The material
has been installed and made accessible in one of the larger labora-
tory rooms, and it is the purpose of Mr. Springer to devote much of
his time to further research work in connection with it. |
NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.
A memorable event in the brief history of the Gallery was the
exhibition in one of the great halls of the new building of a selection
of objects from the collection of American and oriental art presented
to the Nation in 1906 by Mr. Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, Michigan,
but which is to remain in the possession of the donor during his life.
This special exhibition, which continued during two months, from
April 15 to June 15, and opened with an evening reception, was
made possible through the courtesy and generosity of Mr. Freer, by
whom the expenses of transportation were defrayed. .
The selection, which numbered 175 pieces out of the more than
4,000 composing the Freer collection, was representative of its charac-
teristic features, and in variety, richness, and rarity of material con-
stituted in itself a remarkable exhibit for any place or time. The
American art side of the collection was illustrated by 38 paintings,
of which 24 were by James McNeill Whistler and the others by
Thomas W. Dewing, Dwight W. Tryon, Abbott H. Thayer, and
Winslow Homer. Of oriental productions there were 13 Japanese
paintings of the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries; 36 Chinese
paintings, the earliest belonging to the Liang dynasty, and also 4°
albums of Chinese paintings; 17 Chinese bronzes, one dating back
to the Shang dynasty, many centuries before the Christian era; 4
Chinese sculptures of the Wei and T’ang dynasties; 52 examples of
old Chinese, Corean, Japanese, Persian, and Mesopotamian pottery ;
7 specimens of ancient Egyptian glass; and 4 Persian and Indo-
Persian illuminations.
Mr. William T. Evans, of New York, whose generous benefactions
have extended through more than five years, made 10 important addi-
tions to his collection of the works of contemporary American
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35
painters, which, at the end of the year, numbered 137 pieces by 98
artists. One of the older paintings was also exchanged for another
and better example of the work of the same artist. This collection,
which occupies the greater part of the space now allotted to the
Gallery, is a most notable presentation of American art. The
painters represented in the contributions of the year are William
B. P. Closson, Wyatt Eaton, Albert L. Groll, Arthur T. Hill, William
M. Hunt, William S$. Robinson, Abbott H. Thayer, Elihu Vedder,
Edgar M. Ward, Frederick J. Waugh, and Irving R. Wiles. Mr.
Evans also added 34 proofs of American wood engravings to his
previous donation of 81 examples.
The collection of historical paintings in oil was increased by two
noteworthy gifts to the Nation. One of these consisted of portraits
of Mathias Ringmann, Martin Waldseemuller, and Vautrin Lud, the
geographers who, in 1507, first applied the name “ America” to the
new continent, and was received from the municipality of St.
Dié-des-Vosges, France. The other comprised a portrait of John
Ericsson and a painting illustrating the “Combat between the
Monitor and the Merrinvac,” and was made by the Swedish American
Republican League of Illinois. The Gallery was also fortunate in
obtaining many loans, both of paintings and sculpture, and within
the restricted limits of its quarters has maintained an exhibition of
exceptional merit and attractiveness.
ART TEXTILES.
Interest in the collection of art textiles, under the patronage and
direction of Mrs. J. W. Pinchot, continued unabated, and of 68 addi-
tions received 15 were gifts. The laces have now become sufficiently
well represented to permit the arrangement of a synoptical series in
which all of the varieties are shown, and of a special exhibit consti-
tuting a résumé of the history of lace making.
PERIOD COSTUMHBS.
During the year a collection of costumes intended to illustrate the
changes in style of personal attire in America from the colonial
period to the present time, was undertaken. The material so far
gathered has consisted mainly of apparel actually worn at important
state and social functions, which gives it an historical interest, and
the collection should also very materially supplement that of art
textiles, offering useful suggestion in the field of design. The sub-
ject was taken up on the initiative of Mrs. Julian James, who is giv-
ing it her personal attention, and the contributions, ranging from
single objects to complete parts of costumes, comprised both loans
and gifts.
36 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Of duplicates separated from the collections in the course of the
work of classification about 8,000 specimens, chiefly minerals, ores,
fossils, and recent animals, were distributed to schools and colleges for
teaching purposes. About 16,000 duplicates were also used in making
exchanges, whereby material of similar value was obtained for
addition to the permanent collections. To specialists connected with
other scientific establishments some 11,500 specimens, mainly bio-
logical, were sent for study, principally in the interest of the Museum
and for the purpose of securing the identification of material which
could not be determined here.
The number of persons who visited the new building during the
vear was 281,887, the older Museum building, 172,182, and the Smith-
sonian building, 148,134, being equivalent to an average daily attend-
ance at each of the three buildings of 800, 550, and 457, respectively.
The total Sunday attendance at the new building, beginning October
8, amounted to 64,987, an average by Sundays of 1,666 persons, or
more than double the daily average for the same building.
The publications issued during the year comprised the annual
report for 1911, volumes 39, 40, and 41 of the Proceedings, and 3
Bulletins, besides 59 papers from the Proceedings, Bulletins, and Con-
tributions from the National Herbarium, printed separately. The
total number of copies of publications distributed was about 67,000.
The library received additions to the extent of 1,791 books, 3,608
pamphlets, and 276 parts of volumes, and at the end of the year was
estimated to contain a total of 42,002 books and 69,670 unbound
papers. With the completion of the arrangements in progress all of
the works on natural history will be transferred to the new building,
leaving the older quarters for those relating to the arts and industries
and history, and by this division the congested condition of the
library which has so long prevailed will be relieved.
The facilities offered by the new building were often availed of
during the year for congresses and meetings relating to science and
art. Among the more important bodies which met or were received
there were the American Association for the Advancement of Science
and affiliated societies, the National Academy of Sciences, the Ameri-
can Federation of Arts, the American Institute of Architects, and
the Red Cross Conference.
Respectfully submitted.
Ricuarp RaTHBunN,
Assistant Secretary in Charge U.S. National Museum.
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
Octoper 31, 1912.
APPENDIX 2.
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the oper-
ations of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1912, conducted in accordance with the act of Con-
gress approved March 4, 1911, making appropriations for sundry
civil expenses of the Government, which act contains the following
item:
American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the
American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the excavation and pres-
ervation of archzologic remains, under the direction of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, including salaries or compensation of all necessary employees and the
purchase of necessary books and periodicals, including payment in advance for
subscriptions, forty-two thousand dollars.
SYSTEMATIC RESHARCHHES.
The systematic researches of the bureau were conducted by the
regular staff, consisting of eight ethnologists, and with the aid of
specialists not directly connected with the bureau, but.the results of
whose studies were procured for publication. These operations may
be summarized as follows:
Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge, was occupied with admin-
istrative affairs during the greater part of the year, but from time to
time, as opportunity afforded, he was engaged in the preparation of
an annotated Bibliography of the Pueblo Indians, with the result
that almost 1,100 cards bearing titles, descriptions of contents, etc.,
of writings pertaining to the Pueblos were completed. Knowledge
of the Pueblo Indians commenced with the year 1539, and these
people have been the subject of so much attention by early Spanish
explorers and missionaries, as well as by ethnologists and others, in
recent years, that the literature has become voluminous and widely
scattered. The need of a guide to this array of material has been
greatly felt by students, and for this reason Mr. Hodge has prepared
notes on the subject for a number of years with the view of their final
elaboration in the form of a bibliography.
Late in August Mr. Hodge proceeded to New Mexico, and after a
brief visit to the archeological sites in the Rito de Los Frijoles,
northwest of Santa Fé, where excavations were conducted in con-
Junetion with the School of American Archeology in 1911, continued
BY
38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
to El Morro, or Inscription Rock, about 35 miles east of Zui, for the.
purpose of making facsimile reproductions, or squeezes, of the Span-
ish inscriptions there, which have such an important bearing on the
- early history of the Pueblo tribes. El Morro is a picturesque emi-
nence of sandstone rising from the sandy valley, and by reason of
the former existence of a spring at its base, which is now merely a
seep, it became an important camping place of the early Spaniards
on their journeys to and from the Rio Grande and the Zui and Hopi
pueblos. The inscriptions of these early explorers were carved near
the base of the rock, chiefly on the northern and southern sides of
the highest portion of the mesa, and in the main consist of the names
of the visitors with the dates of their visits, but in a number of cases
elaborated with a more or less full statement of the object of the
journey.
The earliest of the inscriptions is that of Juan de Ofiate, the colo-
nizer of New Mexico and founder of the city of Santa Fé, who in-
scribed his name and the object of his visit in 1606, on his return
from a perilous journey to the Gulf of California. Others who
visited the rock and left a record are, in order of date: Gov. Fran-
cisco Manuel de Silva Nieto, who escorted the first missionaries to
Zuni in 1629; Juan Gonzales, probably a member of the small mili-
tary escort accompanying the same party, and bearing the same date
(1629) ; Lujan, who visited Zuni in 1632 to avenge the murder of
Fray Francisco Letrado, one of the missionaries who accompanied
Silva Nieto; Juan de Archuleta, Diego Martin Barba, and Agustin
de Ynojos, 1636; Gov. Diego de Vargas, 1692, the conquerer of the
Pueblos after their rebellion in 1680 which led to their independ-
ence of Spanish authority during the succeeding 12 years; Juan
de Uribarri, 1701; Ramon Paez Hurtado, 1709; Ju. Garcia de la
Rivas, Feliz Martinez, and Fray Antonio Camargo, 1716; Joseph de
Payba Basconzelos, 1726; Juan Paez Hurtado and Joseph Truxillo,
1736; Martin de Elizacochea (bishop of Durango) and Juan Ignacio
de Arrasain, 1737; and others of the eighteenth century. These in-
scriptions were all carefully photographed by Mr. Jesse L. Nusbaum,
with whose aid Mr, Hodge made paper squeezes which were brought
to Washington and transferred to the National Museum, where Mr.
Nusbaum later made plaster casts of the paper negatives, insuring
the permanent preservation of the inscriptions in this manner. This
work was accomplished none too soon, since deterioration by weather-
ing is progressing in some parts of the cliff face bearing the inscrip-
tions, while vandalism is perhaps playing an even more serious part
in the destruction of these important historical records, notwithstand-
ing the fact that El Morro has been created a national monument by
Executive order.
:
{
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. TORO
Harly in September Mr. Hodge joined Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, direc-
tor of the School of American Archeology, and his assistants, in the
Jemez Valley, about 65 miles northwest of Albuquerque, for the pur-
pose of conducting excavations, under the joint auspices of the bureau
and the school, in an extensive ruined pueblo on a mesa 1,800 feet in
height, skirting the valley on the west. This village was occupied
within the historical period by the Jemez people, by whom it is
known as Kwasteyukwa. The ruins cover an area approximately
850 by 600 feet, and even on partial excavation exhibited distinct evi-
dence of occupancy at two different periods. The original pueblo was
considerably larger than the one later inhabited, although the latter
was built on the ruins of the older and of the same materials. The
walls were of tufa blocks, rudely shaped and set in adobe mortar;
the rooms were small, the masonry crude, and practically none of the
walls remain standing above ground. A large artificial reservoir in
a northwestern angle of the ruin furnished the water supply, and
various smaller depressions probably mark the sites of kivas. The
later inhabitants—those within the historical period, or about the
first half of the seventeenth century—buried their dead in and be-
neath the débris of the older part of the pueblo. The mortuary ac-
companiments were of the usual character, speaking in general
terms—pottery, traces of textiles, stone and bone implements and
other objects, and a few ornaments. The finding of glass beads with
the remains of a child, and an iron nail in another grave, bear testi-
mony of the comparatively recent occupancy of the village by the
Jemez Indians. It was the custom of the inhabitants to throw large
stones into the graves, resulting in the breaking of almost all the
pottery deposited with the dead. The fragments were carefully pre-
served, however, and will be repaired by the National Museum. A
noteworthy specimen of pottery bears in its decoration a feather
design almost identical with feather symbols found on ancient pot-
tery of the Hopi, and therefore tending to verify traditions of
the latter people that some of their ancestral clans came from the
Jemez.
Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, was engaged in field work
from July to October, having especially in view the determination
of the western limits of the ancient Pueblo culture in Arizona. Out-
fitting at Jerome, in that State, he proceeded to certain large ruins
on the upper Verde, on Oak Creek, and in Sycamore Canyon, where
some time was spent at each locality in photographing and in making
plans of these and adjacent remains, as well as in a study of the
formerly occupied caves near the mouth of Oak Creek. Crossing the
rough country separating the upper course of Oak Creek and the
great sandstone cliffs known as the Red Rocks, Dr. Fewkes revisited
and further studied the large cliff dwellings, known as Honanki and
40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Palatki, excavated by him in 1895. Several hitherto undescribed
ruins were added to the list of ancient remains in this general vicinity.
From the Red Rocks Dr. Fewkes returned to the Verde and fol-
lowed that stream upward to the Jordan ranch, where cliff houses of
an instructive character were photographed and studied. He also
investigated on the hills back of Cornville certain large stone struc-
tures of the type known to Spanish-speaking people as trincheras,
rude but massive fortifications that here begin to assume importance.
A number of ruins hitherto unrecorded belonging to the cave- or cliff-
dwelling type were observed in the walls of Sycamore Canyon, or
Dragoon Fork, and the outlines of stone houses were seen above the
river terrace near the junction of Sycamore Creek and Verde River.
A large aboriginal fort, with walls well preserved, was found on a
height overlooking the Verde, above the mouth of Granite Creek, and
others more nearly destroyed were seen at the Baker ranch and in
Hell Canyon, not far from Del Rio Station. Near the Baker ranch,
a mile or two down the Verde, are the remains of a cliff dwelling,
directly in the line of a projected railroad, which will probably be
destroyed when the road is constructed. Dr. Fewkes also visited the
ruins of several fragile-walled habitations, consisting of low mounds,
near Jerome Junction and Del Rio. Although many evidences of
such ancient dwellings are here seen, most of the foundation walls have
been carried away by settlers and used in their own house building.
A large fort, with well-preserved walls, occupies a low limestone
ridge east of Williamson Valley, above the trail from Del Rio west-
ward, and commanding a view of the valley west of Jerome. This
fort is typical of the trincheras that appear more and more frequently
as one proceeds westward from the upper Verde. Several incon-
spicuous ruins, hitherto undescribed, were found in Williamson Val-
ley, those situated on the hills belonging to the fortification type,
while those in the valleys consist merely of low mounds of stone and
other débris.
Proceeding westward from Chino Valley, many interesting ruins
were observed along the valley of Walnut Creek, referred to in Lieut.
A. W. Whipple’s report of 1853 as Pueblo Valley, once noted as the
site of old Camp Hualapai. This vale, from Aztec Pass to the point
where the creek is lost in the sands of Williamson Valley, was ex-
tensively tilled in prehistoric times, as is attested by the well-marked
remains of ancient irrigation ditches. Characteristic petroglyphs
were also found in Walnut Valley.
As elsewhere in this region, two types of ruins were observed in
Walnut Valley, namely, (1) extensive stone fortifications with mas-
sive walls crowning the hilltops on both sides of the valley and com-
manding a wide view, and (2), on the low terraces bordering the
stream, clusters of small mounds constituting the remains of farm-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Al
houses, upright posts supporting walls of wattling plastered with
mud like the jacales of the Mexicans and evidently identical in
their general character with the dwellings of certain Yuman tribes.
Among the best preserved of the forts, called “ pueblos ” by Whipple,
are those near Aztec Pass and at Drew’s ranch, Shook’s ranch, and
Peter Marx’s ranch, while others are found farther down Walnut
Creek. No trace of terraced pueblo dwellings were seen in this
region.
In order to shed further light on the relations of the two types of
ruins described, Dr. Fewkes made an examination of the ancient re-
mains along the Agua Fria and near Prescott. At both places the
ruins were found to be of the same dual character. In a’ few in-
stances, as at Frog Tanks, near the mouth of the Agua Fria, the
ruins suggest the great houses or compounds of the Salt and Gila
Valleys, but here also trincheras and fragile-walled houses are the
more common.
The observations made by Dr. Fewkes during this field season in-
dicate that the ruins in the region referred to are the remains of
buildings so different in architecture from that of true pueblos that
it is probable the culture of their occupants was also different. Dr.
Fewkes reached the conclusion that the ruins of the forts and small
dwellings referred to were constructed and used by a Yuman people
whose descendants, more or less mixed with Apache and other non-
related tribes, are represented to-day by the Hualapai, Yavapai, and
Havasupai Indians. Although the jacal domiciles of western Ari-
zona were probably structurally similar to certain ancient houses
in the Pueblo region of New Mexico, the river-terrace houses of
Walnut Valley were more like certain habitations of the lower Gila
River than they were the pueblos of the Rio Grande.
On returning to Washington Dr. Fewkes prepared a report on
his observations in this interesting archeological field, which, with
suitable illustrations, is now in press as one of the accompanying
papers of the twenty-eighth annual report.
Dr. Fewkes also gave considerable time to reading the proofs and
arranging the illustrations of his memoir on Casa Grande, which
likewise is to appear in the twenty-eighth annual report.
On the completion of the above work Dr. Fewkes commenced the
preparation of another paper, relating to “Designs on Prehistoric
Hopi Pottery,” a subject to which he devoted much attention in con-
nection with his studies of the Hopi Indians for 20 years. This
memoir, which was well advanced toward completion at the close of
the fiscal year, accompanied by numerous plates and text figures, is
designed as a key to the interpretation of the decoration of ancient
Hopi earthenware. The great multiplicity of life designs appearing
on the pottery of ancient Sikyatki are treated in the paper, in which
42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
modifications in decorative devices derived from feathers, birds, and
other animals, and conventional figures are likewise discussed. One
object of Dr. Fewkes’s treatise is to meet a growing desire of those
interested in primitive symbolism, and another is to define the pecul-
iarities of one ceramic area of the Pueblos as a basis for comparison
with others, thus facilitating the study of Pueblo culture origins and
prehistoric migration routes.
As the construction of the Panama Canal has tended to stimulate
an interest in aboriginal remains in the West Indies, and as many
archeological specimens differing from those of the Antilles previ-
ously known are now being brought to light, the time for a scientific
study of them, as well as of the aboriginal sites of the West Indies,
has arrived. Much of the interest recently manifested in early In-
dian life in the West Indies may be ascribed to Dr. Fewkes’s memoir
on “ The Aborigines of Porto Rico and Neighboring Islands,” which
appears in the twenty-fifth annual report. Since the publication of
this paper the new material has become so abundant that plans have
been made for Dr. Fewkes to resume his study of West Indian arche-
ology. The most noteworthy collection of aboriginal objects from
this area made in recent years is that of George G. Heye, Esq., of
New York, who courteously has placed his material at the disposal
of the bureau as an aid to these investigations. This collection has
been studied by Dr. Fewkes and the most important objects con-
tained therein are now being drawn for illustrative purposes.
Dr. Fewkes’s researches thus far indicate that the so-called Tainan
culture of Porto Rico and San Domingo was represented in the
Lesser Antilles by an agricultural people, probably Arawak, who
were conquered and absorbed by the marauding Carib. Study of the
collections above noted tend to show that several of the Lesser
Antilles were marked by characteristic types of pottery, indicating
their occupancy by a people superior in culture to the Carib and to
those found there at the time of the discovery by Columbus. New
light has been shed on the relations of these early Antillean people
and the Orinoco tribes, which, although generally called Carib, were
probably an antecedent people of higher culture.
Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, spent the first three months of the
fiscal year in continuing investigations among the East Cherokee of
western North Carolina, and in locating and investigating mixed-
blood remnant bands in the eastern part of that State. The Cherokee
work consisted chiefly of a continuation and extension of the study of
the aboriginal sacred formulas of the priests and doctors of the tribe,
with the accompanying ceremonies and prescriptions. Although the
former dances and tribal gatherings have fallen into disuse, the
family rites and medical ceremonies still hold sway among the full
bloods.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43
The so-called “Croatan Indians” of southeastern North Carolina
were found to be an important and prosperous community, number-
ing about 8,000, evidently of Indian stock with admixture of negro
and white blood, and closely resembling the Pamunkey Indian rem-
nant tribe in Virginia, but with no survival of Indian language or
custom and with almost no knowledge of their own history. After
years of effort they have secured definite State recognition as an
Indian people. There is no foundation in fact for the name “Croa-
tan Indians,” which they themselves now repudiate, and in all prob-
ability they represent the mixed-blood descendants of the aboriginal
tribes of the region which they now occupy. The existence was also
established, and the location ascertained, of several smaller bands of
similar mixed-blood stock, but without official recognition, in the
eastern section of the two Carolinas.
The remainder of the year was devoted by Mr. Mooney to the com-
pulation of material in connection with his pending study of Indian
population. By reason of the shifting, disintegration, and new com-
binations of tribes, no one section can be treated separately or finally
as apart from others. Considering the difficulties met in a study
of this kind, the work is making satisfactory progress.
Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, devoted most: of the year to field
researches among the Creek Indians in Oklahoma. These investi-
gations continued from the middle of September, 1911, to the middle
of May, 1912, during which period excursions were made into Texas
to visit the Alibamu Indians and for the purpose of endeavoring to
trace remnants of other Texas tribes, and to the Caddo Indians of
southwestern Oklahoma. No remains of Texas tribes, of ethnologic
value, other than the Alibamu, were located, but a considerable mass
of material was obtained from the latter. Dr. Swanton’s visit to the
Caddo was with the view of learning how many of the old Caddo
dialects were still spoken, and some valuable documentary material
was obtained in Natchitoches, Louisiana. No words of Haiish, sup-
posed to be quite distinct from the other Caddo dialects, could be
gathered, but evidence was obtained that it resembled Adai. In the
course of his Creek investigations Dr. Swanton visited and made
photographs of every busk ground of the Creeks and Seminole still
maintained, and information was gathered regarding the organiza-
tion of the “ big house ” in each, as well as in those that have been
abandoned. Dr. Swanton devoted July and August, 1911, mainly to
the study of the Hitchiti and Natchez languages, and the period sub-
sequent to his return to Washington in May, 1912, was occupied in
copying his field notes and in incidental work on the Timucua
language of ancient Florida, as preserved in Father Pareja’s writings.
with the view of determining whether Timucua bears any relation
to the languages of the Muskhogean stock.
44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
On his way from Oklahoma to Washington, Dr. Swanton stopped
at Bloomington, Indiana, for the purpose of representing the bureau
at the fifth annual meeting of the Mississippi Valley Historical
Association, before which he read a paper on “ De Soto’s line of
march, from the point of view of an ethnologist.”
Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, ethnologist, continued her fieid researches
of the Tewa tribes of New Mexico throughout the fiscal year, devoting
attention particularly to those of San Ildefonso and Santa Clara, and
incidentally to the Tewa of Nambe and San Juan. The pueblo of
Pojoaque is now practically extinct as an Indian settlement, only
about six Tewa remaining in that village. Special attention was
devoted to the religious, political, and social organizations of these
peoples, which, owing to their extreme conservatism, are difficult to
determine. The Tewa are divided not only into clans with patrilineal
descent, but each tribe consists of a Sun people and an Ice people,
each with its own kiva, or ceremonial chamber. At San Ildefonso the
kiva for the Sun people is known as Po‘tée, “Squash kiva,” and that
of the Ice people is Kun’iya*tée, “ Turquoise kiva.” The element ¢ée
signifies “round,” hence indicating that originally the Tewa kivas
were circular. <A third kiva of San Ildefonso is called Téepoa*’te,
meaning “ Round gathering or sitting place,” and symbolizes a lake.
Although from its trim condition this kiva appears to be modern, it
is in reality very old, and within the memory of the older men of
San Ildefonso it was used whenever the Sun and Ice people met to-
gether, because of its large size. Large councils are still held in the
Téepoa®’te, and it is used also as a dressing room for the dancers par-
ticipating in ceremonies. The kivas are also the meeting places of
the sacred fraternities. The Squash, Summer Bear, and Fire organi-
zations of San Ildefonso hold their ceremonies in the kiva of the
Sun people. The Fire fraternity was adopted in the ancient past
from a people in the north who lived in skin tipis, wore clothing of
dressed deerskin, and spoke a strange tongue. This fraternity finally
became extinct, and, wishing to reestablish it, the San Ildefonso
people sent four men to the Sun peopie of Zuni (whose Fire fra-
ternity, according to tradition, had a similar origin), who initiated
them into their order, thus enabling them to revive the fraternity at
San Ildefonso. The Galaxy and Turquoise fraternities meet in the
Turquoise kiva. The members of the former organization have a
fraternity chamber adjoining this kiva, and at the great Buffalo
festival its members frequent the chamber as well as the kiva.
Kach fraternity at San Ildefonso has a tablet altar, which is
erected on the western side of the kiva, while the participants in the
ceremonies sit facing eastward. These people have interesting animal
fetishes and many human images of stone representing their anthropic
gods. They appeal to their zooic deities to heal diseases inflicted by
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 45
sorcery, and all ceremonies connected with these supplications are
dramatic in character. Anthropic gods, principally ancestral, are
invoked for rain and the fructification of the earth. The present
priest of the Sun people is director of the Summer Bear fraternity,
and he is also the keeper of the calendar. He must observe the daily
rising and setting of the sun and must watch the rising and setting
of the moon. Elaborate solstice ceremonies are performed. Those
for the summer solstice are held in the kiva of the Sun people. The
Ice people jein the Sun people in the summer ceremonies, and the
Sun people join the Ice people in the ceremonies of winter. In each
Kiva the two rain priests sit side by side, the priest of the Ice people
always at the right of the priest of the Sun people, while officers
associated with each priest sit in line with him. The prayers of the
priest of the Sun people are for the purpose of bringing rain, and in
order that they may be answered he must live an exemplary life.
The same beliefs control the functions of the priest of the Ice people,
who, through the ceremonies which he directs, is expected to induce
cold rains and snow that the earth may not become hot and destroy
the vegetation. All male children are initiated, either voluntarily or
involuntarily, into the kiva of the Sun or of the Ice people. When
a husband and his wife belong to different sides, the kiva to which
the child shall belong is selected by mutual agreement, and a repre-
sentative of that kiva is chosen as his ceremonial father immediately
after the birth of the child. From birth to death the lives of the
Tewa are almost a continuous ceremony. The ceremonial father ties
native cotton yarn around the wrists and ankles of the new-born
child, that its life may be made complete. The initiation ceremonies
of the young men are very elaborate, and many miles are traveled on
foot to the summit of a high mountain where the final ceremonies are
performed. Although the Tewa. are professed Christians, they ad-
here tenaciously to their native religion and rituals; and while the
church performs marriage and burial services, the Indians still cling
to their native marriage feasts and mortuary ceremonies.
The cosmogony of the Tewa is elaborate and complicated and bears
closer resemblance to that of the Taos Indians than to that of the
Zuni. The original sun and moon are believed always to have ex-
isted, but the present sun and moon were born of woman after the
world and all the people were destroyed by a great flood. The myth
associated with the creation of these deities and with their exploits
is of great interest.
The masks of the anthropic gods are never seen outside of the
kivas of San Ildefonso. There is a great variety of these masks,
many of them similar to those of the Zuni. They are held in great
secrecy.
. 65103°—12——4.
46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Rattlesnakes, sacred to the fraternities, are captured when young
and are reared in rooms adjoining the kivas. A fluffy eagle feather
is attached to the head of the snake when caught, and the snake is
held captive with a string sufficiently long to allow it considerable
freedom until it becomes accustomed to its new surroundings, when
the string is removed. Small openings in the chamber allow the
snakes to pass in and out. In one ceremony, which takes place at
daylight, the snakes are handled outdoors, but on such occasions the
pueblo is so patrolled that spying by outsiders is impossible, although
Mexicans live almost in the heart of the village. The Santa Clara
people likewise make use of live snakes in certain ceremonies, and
they also have a large owl which they keep secreted as carefully as
are the snakes.
The government of the Tewa differs somewhat from that of the
Zuni. While the governor of the Zui has to do with civic matters
only, a Tewa governor has absolute power over all matters concern-
ing his tribe except those controlled exclusively by the rain priests
and the war priests. Mrs. Stevenson’s studies of the natal rites of
the Tewa indicate that they are more like those of the Sia than of the
Zuii, while the religious ceremonies connected therewith more closely
resemble those observed by the Taos people. The child is baptized
in accordance with aboriginal customs before the baptismal rite of the
church is performed. At the present time the infant is usually
carried in the arms instead of on the back of the mother, but the
small, flat cradle, with top, and headrest with turquoise setting, is
made as it was centuries ago.
The material culture of the Tewa is in many respects similar to
that of the Zufii. They were adept in the textile art in early days
when cotton, milkweed, yucca, and the hair of native animals were
employed in weaving, but this industry became lost after the intro-
duction of sheep by the Spaniards, for the Tewa, like the Taos peo-
ple, came to depend upon the Zuni and Hopi traders for woven gar-
ments, and also for textile paraphernalia for use in ceremonies. One
or two Tewa have revived the weaving industry to some extent—a
San Ildefonso man learned the process from Santo Domingo, and a
man of Santa Clara acquired it from the Navaho. The dainty baby
moccasins are now seldom seen, but the women still wear moccasins
with heavy leg wrappings during ceremonies, while at other times a
well-dressed sheepskin boot tied below the knee is worn, for deer-
skin has become rare. Native beads are now very seldom seen. Mrs.
Stevenson’s study of Tewa ceramics has convinced her that those who
decorate their pottery apply their designs, especially the conventional.
patterns, with little understanding of their symbolism, the signifi-
eance of which has become extinct. When questioned the potters
always have a ready answer; hence students are often deceived. With
Se
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. A]
the exception of the black ware of Santa Clara, the pottery of the
Tewa has greatly deteriorated.
Mrs. Stevenson has been enabled to record the names of the sacred
mountains of the Tewa people, as well as the myths associated with
them. In their general beliefs and customs the Tewa are found to
be intermediate between the Taos and the Zufii.
The beginning of the fiscal year found Dr. Truman Michelson,
ethnologist, engaged in an investigation among the Fox Indians near
Tama, Iowa, with whom he remained until the middle of August,
when he proceeded to Oklahoma, where he initiated researches among
the Sauk Indians of that State. Dr. Michelson was very successful
in recording the myths and tales of the Foxes, which covered about
2,300 pages of texts. He obtained likewise some notes on the cere-
monial and social organization of that tribe, but these are neither
full nor complete, as the Foxes are, without exception, the most con-
servative of the Algonquian tribes within the United States. While
among the Sauk Dr. Michelson, with the aid of a native interpreter,
translated some of the Fox myths and tales collected in Iowa, but
his chief work in Oklahoma consisted of gaining an insight into the
Sauk ceremonial and social organization. He also translated, with
the assistance of a Sauk, the Kickapoo texts collected by the late Dr.
William Jones, subsequently correcting the version with a Kickapoo
informant. The dialectic differences between Sauk, Fox, and Kicka-
poo are not great, and as few of the Mexican Kickapoo now speak
any but broken English, a Sauk was employed in making the first
draft of the translation.
Among the Shawnee of Oklahoma Dr. Michelson’s work was pri-
marily linguistic. The results confirmed his opinion, gathered from
the late Dr. Gatschet’s notes and texts, that the Shawnee language is
most intimately connected with Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo, on the one
hand, and with the Abnaki dialects on the other. He. also gathered
some Shawnee myths, partly in texts, partly on the phonograph, and
a beginning was made on the Shawnee social organization. It was
found that, apparently, the larger divisions are not phratries, nor
are their clans exogamous, as already noted by Dr. Gatschet, despite
the ordinary view. The question of exogamy or endogamy among
the Shawnee is fixed merely by blood relationship.
Among the Mexican Kickapoo Dr. Michelson gathered some addi-
tional texts, corrected the translations of Dr. Jones’s Kickapoo texts,
as above noted, made observations on Kickapoo clan organization,
and gathered also linguistic data which shed further light on the
relations of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo dialects.
Dr. Michelson returned to Washington about the middle of Decem-
ber and commenced the elaboration of his field notes. In January he
visited the Carlisle Industrial School, where he procured linguistic
48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
data on Ottawa, Turtle Mountain Chippewa, Potawatomi, Abnaki,
Menominee, Sauk, and Arapaho. The most important result obtained
is the fact that the so-called Turtle Mountain Chippewa is really
Cree—at least such is the language of the pupils at Carlisle. Whether
the entire band is Cree is another question. Dr. Michelson’s opinion
that Arapaho is the most divergent Algonquian dialect was con-
firmed, and it was made more nearly certain that Menominee dis-
tinctly belongs with Cree, not with Chippewa. Dr. Michelson re-
turned from Carlisle in the following month, when he was compelled
to submit to an operation for trachoma, which apparently had been
contracted during his field researches of the previous summer. On
resuming his duties it was found advisable to incorporate the lin-
guistic notes obtained in the summer and fall of 1911 and the winter
of 1911-12, so far as practicable, in his memoir on the Linguistic
Classification of the Algonquian Tribes, then in galley proof prepar-
atory to publication in the twenty-eighth annual report. The value
and completeness of this paper were thereby greatly enhanced.
While in the office Dr. Michelson was frequently called on to fur-
nish data for answering letters of inquiry, and he also found oppor-
tunity to furnish notes of addenda and corrigenda for a future edi-
tion of the Handbook of American Indians.
Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, was engaged throughout the year
in office work, continuing the editing and copying of the legends, tra-
ditions, and myths of the Seneca, collected by the late Jeremiah Cur-
tin in 1884-85. Of the original list of 120 items composing this manu-
script collection, 85 have been edited and typewritten, exclusive of
two items which were translated from inedited texts. While this
work is now practically complete, the apparent discrepancy in the
number of edited and typewritten items (about 35) is due to the fact
that the original list contained a number of texts of little ethnologi-
cal value, being merely narratives of local and personal adventures of
modern Indians with ghosts, and the like, and tales about modern
witcheraft. The two items completely translated were difficult of ren-
dering, as they were partly illegible and had been left inedited. Two
or three texts of similar character remained to be translated, and on
these Mr. Hewitt was engaged at the close of the fiscal year. The
Seneca material collected by Mr. Curtin and placed in condition for
publication by Mr. Hewitt now comprises 1,350 pages.
In addition Mr. Hewitt undertook the work of translating a num-
ber of inedited and uncorrected manuscripts bearing on Seneca tradi-
tions and legendary lore recorded by himself in 1896. Thirteen of
these items were translated, aggregating 410 pages.
As in the past, Mr. Hewitt devoted considerable time to collecting
and preparing data for replies to correspondents on linguistic, his-
torical, sociological, and technical subjects, and served also as custo-
dian of manuscripts.
Se ee eid
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 49
Mr. Francis La Flesche, ethnologist, was engaged during the year
in the further study of the tribal rites of the Osage Indians in Okla-
homa. These rites are regarded by the Osage as mysterious, and,
being held in great awe by the tribe, are very difficult to obtain, even
by their own members. Instances are pointed out where, in the belief
of the Osage, persons in officiating at ceremonies made mistakes in
the form or in the recitation of the rituals and in the singing of the
songs, and have therefore become insane, or blind, or have met with
violent death. The murder of Saucy Calf, a man of high standing
in his tribe, and the burning of his house last winter are attributed
by his people to the fact that he gave away certain rituals and songs
of the sacred tribal ceremonies. From Saucy Calf Mr. La Flesche
had obtained the entire first degree of the No*ho"zhitga rites, and
while the two were together the old seer frequently expressed the fear
that some harm might come to him for parting with these religious
secrets. By reason of the superstitious awe in which these sacred
rites are held, Mr. La Flesche’s studies in this particular have been
necessarily slow, since it was essential for him first to gain the full
confidence of those versed therein. Notwithstanding this difh-
culty, he has been fortunate enough to procure the full ritual of the
Hibernating of the Black Bear, which pertains to the origin of the
seven and six war honors of the tribe, and is recited by the men mem-
bers of the No*ho*zhitga of the Black Bear clan at the sacred-bundle
ceremony when the warrior chosen recounts his war honors and takes
up the seven and six willow saplings to count and the songs of this
part of the ceremony are being sung by the officiating priest. <A re-
lated ritual, which tells of the rearing of a child to the completion of its
life, is recited when a widow is being initiated into the No*ho*zhiga
to take the place of her husband; but Mr. La Flesche has not yet been
able to record this, owing to the dread inspired by the death of Saucy
Calf. However, after considerable difficulty he succeeded in obtain-
ing six rituals from Waxrizhi, whose father, who died about a year
before, is said to have been the last of the No*hozhi*ga men thor-
oughly versed in the ancient rites.
Another ritual obtained is the Dream Ritual, with literal and free
translations. This is a narration of a No*ho*zhi"ga’s fast dream of
the sacred packs, a number of which have been procured and trans-
ferred to the National Museum. .
Still another ritual, known as the Wi-gi-e Paho-gre, “ First of the
Rituals,” with literal and free translations, was recorded. This tells
of the coming of the Hoga of the Seven Fireplaces, or clans, to the
earth from the sky by permission of the Sun, Moon, and Morning
and Evening stars, and with the aid of the Winged Hotga, or
“Spotted Eagle”; of their finding the earth covered with water
when they descended; their having to rest on the tops of seven red-
oak trees, until, by his magic power, the Elk dispersed the waters
50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
and made dry land appear; their meeting with the crawfish, which
brought from out of the earth clays of different colors to be used
by the people of the Ho"ga clan for symbolic purposes in their
Notho*zhitga rites. The No*ho®zhitga are said to be exceedingly
careful not to recite this ritual to anyone unless given large fees.
- The ritual of the Birth of the Sacred Bird, also recorded and
translated by Mr. La Flesche, relates to the adoption of the hawk as
a war symbol and is in the form of a legend telling of the birth of
the bird, as of a human being, to the sister of four brothers who
attended the delivery of the child. The story begins with the birth,
gives the details of each stage of growth, and tells of the prediction
of the four brothers that their nephew was destined to become a great
warrior. The child becomes fretful and wails ceaselessly until the
skins of seven prey animals and a bow with a bit of scalp attached
are brought to it by its uncles. For this reason no one can be initi-
ated into the order of the No"ho"zhitga unless he furnishes the skins
of these seven animals. ;
The ritual of the Symbolic Painting was likewise recorded. This
relates to the symbolic painting of the man who acts as the initiator
in the initiation of a new member of the No*ho"zhiga order. The
paint is symbolic of the dawn and the rising sun.
Another ritual, that of the Approach to the House of Initiation,
is recited by the officiating priest while he, the initiator, and the
votary ceremonially approach the place of meeting of the Notho?-
zhi*ga for performing some of the ceremonies. It relates to the
Tsi’-wa-ko"-da-gi, or “ mysterious house,” of the Ho*ga clan.
The ritual of Feeding of the Fire relates to the ceremonial building
of the sacred fire at the place of gathering of the No"ho"zhi"ga to
perform one of the ceremonies. It is an appeal to the supernatural
for aid in obtaining deer for the sustenance of life and also for help
to overcome the tribes which menace the lives, the peace, and the
happiness of the people.
While these rituals are in themselves complete, each one forms a
part of the great No™ho"zhi"ga rite, which Mr. La Flesche is en-
deavoring to record in its entirety.
Aside from the rituals and songs, Mr. La Flesche has procured
stories of the wako"’dagi, or medicine men, and of the strange animals
from which they obtained supernatural powers; he has also recorded
love stories, stories of those who had died and returned to life, war
stories, and myths. Some of these have been transcribed in final
form. In all, the text of these stories aggregates about 250 pages. |
Mr. La Flesche, however, has given comparatively little attention to
legends and stories of this kind, having devoted his energies chiefly
to the secret rites that at one time meant so much to the Osage people,
and which are so rapidly disappearing.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 51
By agreement with Mr. Karl Moon, noted for his work in Indian
photography, the bureau is to receive a series of Osage photographs,
taken with the aid of Mr. La Flesche, who made the necessary ar-
rangements with the Indians to pose for them. Mr. La Flesche re-
ceived as a gift from Wano"shezhitga the sacred bundle of the Eagle
clan, to which he belongs. This fine specimen has been transferred
to the National Museum, where it is placed with the other Osage
bundles that he has been so fortunate as to obtain. .
Dr. Paul Radin, ethnologist, was among the Winnebago Indians of
Wisconsin at the opening of the fiscal year, having resumed his in-
vestigations of this people in the preceding month. These were con-
tinued to completion, and in October, 1911, Dr. Radin returned to
Washington and continued the preparation of a monograph on the
ethnology of the Winnebago tribe, which was brought to completion
and submitted in the latter part of March, 1912. Although the
medium of publication of this memoir has not yet been determined,
it is probable that it will appear as the accompanying paper of the
twenty-ninth annual report.
Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, continued the linguistic re-
searches outlined in previous reports, the immediate object of which
is the completion of part 2 of the Handbook of American Indian
Languages, which is to contain sketches of the native languages of
Oregon and Washington, with some additional material on the ex-
treme northwestern part of the continent. An account of the devel-
opment of the plan and object of this Handbook was set forth in my
Jast annual report.
The printing of the sketch of the Takelma grammar, by Dr. Ed-
ward Sapir, for this Handbook, has been completed, and the separates
thereof have been issued. The work of Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg un-
fortunately suffered delay owing to protracted illness. His revision
of the Coos grammar, however, has been almost completed, and it
is expected that the manuscript of the Siuslaw grammar will be in
the hands of Dr. Boas, as editor of the Handbook, by August of this
year. The necessary final revision of the subject matter of both
sketches was made by Dr. Frachtenberg at Siletz, Oregon.
Dr. Boas rewrote a grammar of the Chukchee language, with com-
parative notes on the Koryak and Kamchadal, by Mr. Waldemar
Bogoras, and added references to the published Russian and English
series of Chukchee texts, which had been published previously by
Mr. Bogoras. In the course of the year this manuscript was also type-
written and prepared for the printer. In the summer of 1912 Dr.
Boas met Mr. Bogoras in Berlin and discussed with him the revised
form of the grammar. At the close of the year the results of these
discussions were being incorporated in the grammar, and it is ex-
pected that the manuscript will be ready for the printer early in the
autumn.
52 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Dr. Boas has followed out the policy of printing texts illustrating
the grammatical sketches in a series which according to the original
plan were to have been published as bulletins of the bureau, but this
plan was abandoned for administrative reasons. During the present
vear the series of Tsimshian texts, illustrating the Tsimshian dialect,
was published as Volume III of the Publications of the American
Ethnological Society, and the series of Maidu texts as Volume IV
of the same series. These illustrate languages contained in part 1
of the Handbook, so that now texts for all the languages therein
treated are available to students.
The printing of the Coos texts, by Dr. Frachtenberg, which are to
appear as Volume I of the Columbia University Contributions to
Anthropology, has almost been completed, and the printed matter
has been utilized to illustrate the sketch of the language.
The research in Indian music by Miss Frances Densmore was
characterized by the completion of her studies among the Chippewa
and the beginning of investigations along similar lines among the
Sioux. Miss Densmore’s field work comprised one month with the .
Sioux on the Sisseton Reservation in South Dakota, about two
months on Standing Rock Reservation in North Dakota, and a few
days on the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota for the final
revision of some descriptions and translations in her Chippewa
manuscripts. The finished results submitted during the year com-
prised material on both Chippewa and Sioux music. Two papers on
Chippewa studies were presented, one entitled “ Further Analyses
of Chippewa Songs,” the other bearing the title ‘“‘ Deductions from the
Analysis of Chippewa Music.” In addition Miss Densmore finished
about 100 pages that included additional references to the bibliography
of the subject, a more complete explanation of minor points, some
linguistic analyses, and slight changes in the analysis of individual
songs to conform with present methods—all this was complete for
publication when submitted. Her paper on “ The Sun Dance of the
Teton Sioux,” including 33 songs, could be published in its present
form, but it is deemed desirable to add a structural analysis of the
songs similar to that accompanying the Chippewa material.
Additional illustrations for the Chippewa studies have been sub-
mitted during the year, also adequate illustrations for the paper on
the Sun dance of the Sioux. With few exceptions these illustrations
are photographs taken especially for the work, many being pictures
of old ceremonial articles used in the Sun dance. Considerable atten-
tion also has been given to the collecting of specimens having an
interest in connection with the work.
Mr. W. H. Holmes, head curator of the department of anthropology
of the United States National Museum, has continued, as oppor-
tunity afforded, the preparation of the Handbook of Archeology
ee a ee
LE SE ee ee ee eee ee
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. | 53
commenced by him while chief of the bureau. The main body of the
research work in connection with this Handbook has been completed,
but much remains in the way of literary investigation and in the
preparation of illustrations. While no time can yet be fixed for the
completion of the work, Mr. Holmes hopes to finish the manuscript
and the illustrations for the first volume before the summer of 1913.
Good progress has been made in transcribing the manuscript
French-Miami dictionary, by an unknown auther but attributed to
Pére Joseph Ignatius Le Boulanger, in the John Carter Brown
Library at Providence, Rhode Island. The copying has been made
possible through the courtesy of Mr. George Parker Winship, libra-
rian, who not only has placed this valuable manuscript at the dis-
posal of the bureau for this purpose, but has kindly permitted his
assistant, Miss Margaret Bingham Stillwell, to prepare the tran-
script, and personally has supervised the making of photostat copies
of part of the manuscript, especially that devoted to the text portion.
During the year Miss Stillwell finished and submitted the transcript
of 295 pages, representing pages 20 to 77 of the original.
Prof. Howard M. Ballou, of the College of Hawaii, has continued
the search for titles for the proposed List of Works Relating to
Hawaii, especially those of works published locally in the native
language, many of which are very rare. In this work Prof. Ballou
has had the generous assistance of the Rev. Mr. Westervelt. This
bibliography has now reached a stage where steps should soon be
taken toward finally arranging the material for publication.
There has long been need of a revision of the Catalogue of Pre-
historic Works East of the Rocky Mountains, prepared by the late
Dr. Cyrus Thomas and published as a bulletin of the bureau in 1891,
but which passed out of print several years ago. In the fall of 1911
steps were taken toward undertaking this revision, and the bureau
was fortunate at the outset in engaging the services of Mr. D. I.
Bushnell, jr., of University, Virginia, as compiler of the work. Cir-
cular letters were dispatched to county clerks east of the Mississippi,
who not only supplied direct information respecting aboriginal sites,
but furnished the names of hundreds of collectors and others having
personal knowledge of the subject, and to these special letters were
addressed. By this means so much information of a local character
was received in regard to the location of mounds, village and camp
sites, shell heaps, quarries and workshops, pictographs, etc., in addi-
tion to that recorded in the Catalogue of Dr. Thomas, that the revised
work gives promise of being a fairly complete Handbook of Aborig-
inal Remains East of the Mississippi. Besides finishing the collation
of this material and of other data already in possession of the bureau,
Mr. Bushnell has made good progress in extracting the information
contained in various publications devoted to American archeology,
54 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
notably those by Mr. Clarence B. Moore on the mounds of the South.
In this compilation the bureau has had the generous cooperation of
Mr. Arthur C. Parker, State archeologist of New York, and of Mr.
Warren K. Moorehead, curator of the department of archeology of
Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, while others have kindly
offered their aid. No date for the publication can yet be given.
PUBLICATIONS.
The editorial work of the bureau has been conducted under the
immediate charge of Mr. J. G. Gurley, editor. The proof reading
of the twenty-seventh annual report, the accompanying paper ot
which is a monograph entitled “'The Omaha Tribe,” by Alice C.
Fletcher and Francis La Flesche, was completed and the report
published. .
The manuscript of the twenty-eighth annual report was edited and
transmitted to the Public Printer. At the close of the year about
one-third of this report was in page form, and the remainder was in
process of paging. This report includes the following papers: Casa
Grande, Arizona, by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes; Antiquities of the Upper
Verde River and Walnut Creek Valley, Arizona, also by Dr. Fewkes,
and Preliminary Report on the Linguistic Classification of Algon-
quian Tribes, by Dr. Truman Michelson.
The series of bulletins was increased by the addition of Bulletin 47,
A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages, Accompanied by
Thirty-one Biloxi Texts and Numerous Biloxi Phrases, by James
Owen Dorsey and John R. Swanton.
Bulletin 49, List of Publications of the Bureau, was issued in a
third impression.
Bulletin 40, Handbook of American Indian Languages, Part 2, was
carried toward completion under the editorship of Dr. Franz Boas,
as elsewhere stated, with the result that two sections, comprising 418
pages, dealing with the Takelma and Coos languages, are in substan-
tially final form.
Toward the close of the year steps were taken to advance the work
on Bulletin 46, Byington’s Choctaw Dictionary, edited by Dr. John
R. Swanton.
Considerable time was given to the editing and proof reading of
Bulletin 52, Early Man in South America, by AleS Hrdliéka, in col-
laboration with W. H. Holmes, Bailey Willis, Fred. Eugene Wright,
and Clarence N. Fenner. At the close of June the work was nearly
through press.
The last bulletin to receive attention was No. 53—Chippewa
Music—II, by Frances Densmore. Substantial progress on the prep-
aration of the author’s material for the press had been made at the
close of the fiscal year.
ee
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 55
The demand for the publications of the bureau continues to increase,
and their distribution, numbering 15,003 copies during the year, neces-
sitated extended correspondence. The distribution of the bureau
publications has been under the immediate care of Miss Helen Munroe
and Mr. KE. L. Springer, of the Smithsonian Institution.
A concurrent resolution authorizing the reprinting of the Hand-
book of American Indians was introduced in the Senate and passed
on May 11, 1912, and subsequently was favorably reported by the
Committee on Printing of the House of Representatives, but it had
not been passed at the close of the fiscal year.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
The preparation of the illustrations for the publications of the
bureau and the photographing of the members of visiting delega-
tions of Indians were conducted under the charge of Mr. De Lancey
Gill, illustrator. In connection with this work 90 photographic
negatives of Indians and 128 of ethnologic subjects were prepared;
196 films exposed by members of the bureau in the field were devel-
oped; 1,322 prints were made for publication and for exchange or
distribution; and 110 pen and brush drawings were prepared. At
the request of Mr. Wilberforce Eames, of the New York Public
Library, a collection of 118 photographs of representative Indians,
covering 55 tribes, was furnished by the bureau as a part of a loan
exhibition opened at that library in May and was still on view at
the close of the fiscal year.
Mr. Gill had the usual assistance of Henry Walther until February
16, 1912, when his services in behalf of the bureau for many years
came to a close with his death. Mr. Walther has been succeeded by
Walter A. Stenhouse.
LIBRARY.
Under the supervision of Miss Ella Leary the work of the library
has made satisfactory progress. During the year 720 volumes (103
by purchase) and 300 pamphlets were received; in addition 620
periodical publications, of which 606 were acquired by exchange and
the remainder by subscription, were accessioned. The recataloging
of certain serial publications in the library has been continued, and
attention given to the preparation of a subject catalogue of the large
collection of pamphlets, many of which had been stored and there-
fore were inaccessible for three or four years. Successful effort has
been made to complete the sets of certain publications of scientific
societies and other learned institutions. For the use of the members
of the staff the librarian has prepared and posted copies of a monthly
bulletin of the library’s principal accessions; and in order that the
56 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Jarge number of scientific serials received might also be made readily
accessible, the current issues have been displayed on a table provided
for that purpose.
Notwithstanding the increasing value of the bureau’s library, it
was found necessary, from time to time, to make requisition on the
Library of Congress for the loan of books, the volumes thus received
for temporary use numbering about 250. The volumes bound during
the year numbered 492. At the close of the year the library con-
tained approximately 17,970 volumes, about 12,500 pamphlets, and
several thousand periodicals. Although maintained primarily as a
reference library for the bureau’s staff, it is constantly consulted by
students not connected with the Smithsonian Institution and by off-
clals of the executive departments and the Library of Congress.
COLLECTIONS.
The following collections were made by members of the staff of
the bureau during their field researches:
By Mr. F. W. Hodge: Twenty-two paper squeezes of early and
recent Spanish inscriptions on El Morro, or Inscription Rock, in
New Mexico. Objects of stone, bone, clay, etc., from the cemetery of
the ancient ruined pueblo of Kwasteyukwa on the mesa above the
Jemez Hot Springs, New Mexico. Ten barrels of pottery and human
skeletal remains from the same locality. These collections were made
under a joint expedition conducted by the bureau and the School of
American Archeology.
By Dr. John R. Swanton: Two ball sticks, one ball, one breech-
cloth and belt, one tiger tail, from the Creek Indians at Coweta, Okla-
homa.
By Mr. James Mooney: Four dance masks, two pairs of ball sticks,
two toy baskets, two wooden spoons, one ox muzzle, one stone ax. one
small celt, three arrowheads, from the Cherokee Indians of North
Carolina.
By Mr. Francis La Flesche: Two sacred packs of the Osage
Indians.
PROPERTY.
The most valuable part of the property of the bureau consists of
its library, manuscripts (chiefly linguistic), and photographic nega-
tives. The bureau possesses also cameras, photographic machines,
and other ordinary apparatus and equipment for field work; sta-
tionery and office supplies; necessary office furniture; typewriters,
etc., and the undistributed stock of its publications. The amount of
$342.27 was expended for office furniture during the year, while the
cost of necessary books and periodicals was $396.42.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57
As in the past, the manuscripts have been under the custodianship
of Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt. Those withdrawn by collaborators of the
bureau during the year numbered 234 items. The new manuscripts
acquired are those hitherto mentioned in this report as having been
prepared by members of the staff or by collaborators and designed
for eventual publication. Negotiations have been entered into with
the heirs of the late Sefior Andomaro Molina, of Merida, Yucatan,
for the return of Henderson’s Maya Dictionary, a manuscript of six
volumes lent to Sehor Molina a number of years ago for use in con-
nection with certain linguistic studies then contemplated in behalf
of the bureau.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
I desire to repeat the recommendations submitted in my last annual
report, respecting the extension of the researches of the bureau and
for other purposes, and urging the appropriation of the necessary
funds for conducting them. These include the following projects:
The exploration and preservation of antiquities in the arid region.
The extension of ethnologic researches in Alaska and among the
tribes of the Mississippi Valley.
The preparation of a completely revised edition of the Handbook
of American Indians.
Additional editorial assistance in preparing the publications of
the bureau for the press.
A small sum to meet the expense of supplying photographs of In-
dian subjects to schools and colleges, and for other educational pur-
poses, and for systematically making photographs in the field to
illustrate the daily life and the ceremonies of the Indians.
In addition it is recommended that the systematic excavation and
study of certain archeological sites in the South and West be con-
ducted in order that archeological research may go hand in hand with
the ethnological studies now being pursued in the same fields.
The reasons for extending the work of the bureau in the directions
indicated are set forth more fully in the estimates of appropriations
for the year 1914, in connection with which the sums regarded as
necessary to the work are given.
Respectfully submitted.
F. W. Hopes,
Ethnologist in Charge.
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcorr,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX 3.
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera-
tions of the International Exchange Service during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1912:
The congressional appropriation for the support of the service
during the year, including the allotment for printing and binding,
was $32,200 (the same amount as granted for the past four years),
and the repayments for services rendered were $4,391.02, making the
total available resources for carrying on the system of international
exchanges $36,591.02.
The total number of packages handled during the year was
315,492—an increase over the number for the preceding year of
29,794. The weight of these packages was 568,712 pounds—a gain
of 7,904 pounds. The increase in the volume of business, which has
been continuous since the establishment of the service, is shown in
the diagram on page 59.
The publications dispatched by the Exchange Service are classified
under four heads: First, the Congressional Record; second, “ Parlia-
mentary documents”; third, “ Departmental documents”; fourth,
“ Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications.”
The term “ Parliamentary documents,” as here used, refers to pub-
lications set aside by law for exchange with foreign Governments,
and includes not only copies of documents printed by order of either
House of Congress, but copies of each publication issued by any
department, bureau, commission, or officer of the Government. The
object in sending these publications abroad is to procure for the use
of the Congress of the United States a complete series of the publi-
cations of other Governments, and the returns are deposited in the
Congressional Library.
The term “ Departmental documents” embraces all the publica-
tions delivered at the Institution by the various Government depart-
ments, bureaus, or commissions, for distribution to their correspond-
ents abroad from whom they desire to obtain similar publications in
exchange. The publications received in return are deposited in the
various departmental libraries.
The “ Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications” are re-
ceived chiefly from learned societies, universities, colleges, scientific
58
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59
institutes, and museums in the United States, and transmitted to sim-
ilar institutions in all parts of the world.
ia en CT
S
i=)
~
x
is a aj |~
(—} S|
i)
n
SoS
GOEe
a
5
sae
sie /aig|aie
Ca
WL
ea |
ea
AL
Diagram showing increase of exchange transmissions, in tons of 2,000 pounds, from 1850:
to 1912, divided into periods of five years each.
For purposes of comparison, the number and weight of packages
of different classes are indicated in the following table:
Packages. Weight.
Sent. |Received.| Sent. |Received.
Pounds. | Pounds.
United States parliamentary documents sent abroad ..-.....-.- TSG, G220.| 5s se aes 128 2038 | em aelseeee
Publications received in return for parliamentary documents...|.......... DaQ bite ose 17,794
United States departmental documents sent abroad...-.-.-.--. (23 438))| 5 8ie5 eee LSO}990 seem enosse
Publications received in return for departmental documents....
Miscellaneous, scientific, and literary publications sent abroad..| 56,110 |.....-.... WS OO SR remem
Miscellaneous, scientific, and literary publications receivedfrom
abroad for distribution in the United States..................|.-.-..---- 3850451) |B aeaes oes 108, 969
LRU MARA iy Galak, seaeree RT etnies 265,270 | 50,222 | 422,836 | 145,876
Grand totaleseenes) es NEC aew NSS SS MIET 4508} 315, 492 568, 712
60 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
The disparity indicated by the foregoing statistics between tne
number of packages sent and those received in behalf of the Govern-
ment is accounted for, in part, by the fact that packages sent abroad
contain, as a rule, only one publication, while those received in re-
turn often comprise many volumes, in some instances, especially in
the case of publications received in return for parliamentary docu-
ments, the term “ package ” being applied to large boxes containing
100 or more separate publications, of which no lists are made in
Washington, as the boxes are forwarded to their destinations un-
opened. Furthermore, many returns for publications sent abroad
reach their destinations direct by mail and not through the Exchange
Service.
Proper allowance being made for these circumstances, it is, never-
theless, apparently true that the publications of the United States
Government sent to foreign countries greatly exceed in number those
received by the Library of Congress and the several executive de-
partments, bureaus, and independent offices. This in turn appears
to be due mainly to the fact that most foreign Governments publish
less extensively on scientific and other subjects than our own. The
fiscal relations between the Government and scientific and other in-
stitutions are more complex in many countries than is the case in the
United States, and the distinction between public documents and
other publications is not so clear, especially where the printing for
the Government is not centralized in one office or is not done by the
Government itself.
While several of the departments and bureaus of our own Govern-
ment have expressed themselves satisfied with the returns received
through the Exchange Service, it is proposed to make a further in-
vestigation of this subject for the purpose of ascertaining whether
some important publications and series of publications have not been
overlooked, and also what proportion the number of the publications
issued by certain European Governments in a given year bears to
the number received by the departments and bureaus of the United
States Government, and to the number sent to the former. It will
be obvious that a debit and credit account is out of the question in a
ease of this kind. While a scientific or literary institution issues
publications for the benefit of the whole world, a Government issues
reports and other documents mainly for purposes of record and for
the information of its own officers and its own citizens. The more
largely the people are directly concerned in the Government, and the
more extended its interests and activities, the greater will be the out-
put of reports and other publications. Such a Government will have
much more to offer than it can expect to receive in return from a
smaller country.
As regards the exchange of miscellaneous scientific and literary
publications, it will be noted that the weight in pounds of those
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61
received into the United States through the Exchange Service during
the fiscal year 1911 more than doubled the weight of those sent abroad,
while the weight of those received during the fiscal year 1912, cov-
ered by this report, almost equalled that of those sent abroad. There
is every reason, therefore, to believe that this important branch of
the work yields adequate returns.
By referring to the foregoing table it will be noted that 70 per
cent of the work of the office has been conducted in behalf of United
States governmental establishments.
Of the 2,395 boxes used in forwarding exchanges to foreign bu-
reaus and agencies for distribution (an increase of 15 boxes over
1911), 328 boxes contained full sets of United States official docu-
ments for authorized depositories and 2,067 were filled with depart-
mental and other publications for depositories of partial sets and
for miscellaneous correspondents. The number of boxes sent to each
foreign country and the dates of transmission are shown in the fol-
lowing table:
Consigmments of exchanges to foreign countries.
Country. anaes Date of transmission.
Arpentina.2.:........-- 36 | July 15, Aug. 16, Sept. 20, Oct. 18, Nov. 23, Dec. 27, 1911; Jan. 20, Feb.
20, Mar. 22, Apr. 22, May 23, June 22, 1912.
ON (Sn oer eo 83 | July 12, Aug. 3, Sept. 7, Oct. 6, Nov. 14, Dec. 6, 1911; Jan. 10, Feb. 7,
Mar. 6, Apr. 3, May 8, June 5, 1912.
Barbados. ...-.:.-.---- 2 | Mar. 27, June 27, 1912.
eB el git se'< 2-5-2 ~ <0 2 62 | July 8, 29, Aug. 12, 29, Sept. 23, Oct. 14, Nov: 4, 25, Dec. 16, 1911; Jan.
6, 27, Feb. 17, Mar. 16, 30, Apr. 27, May 18, June 8, 1912.
Bermuda........--...:- 1| Feb. 15, 1912.
WB OlIWa Serie cae coe 12 | Aug. 29, Sept. 28, Nov. 18, 1911; Jan. 30, Feb. 24, Mar. 22, May 23,
June 22, 1912.
Brazil. oo 6s5-2eseve2cs% 31 | July 15, Aug. 16, Sept. 20, Oct. 18, Nov. 25, Dec. 27, 1911; Jan. 20,
] Feb. 20, Mar. 22, Apr. 22, May 23, June 22, 1912.
British Colonies.-...... 12 | July 3, Aug. 12, 21, Sept. 2, Oct. 30, Nov. 4, 1911; Jan. 6, 20, 27, Apr.
. 27, June 8, 1912.
British Guiana.......-. 2 | Jan. 30, June 29, 1912.
British Honduras..-.... 1 | Jan. 30, 1912.
BUlgarIa.. 3.52522. -5 62 3 | July 28, Sept. 29, Nov. 7, 1911.
Wanada. ....<.2--es2-422 6 | Aug. 10, Nov. 10, 1911; Jan. 10, Apr. 1, 25, June 1, 1912.
Cape Colony.....-...-.- 12 | Aug. 5, Nov. 7, 1911; Jan. 25, Apr. 15, May 31, June 27, 1912.
RO Ta ee ee cc sisiciee wise 22 | July 15, Aug. 16, Sept. 20, Oct. 18, Nov. 23, Dec. 27, 1911; Jan. 20, Feb.
20, Mar. 22, Apr. 22, May 24, June 22, 1912.
MOHIME: 255522522226 2.22 23 | July 21, Aug. 26, Sept. 29, Nov. 4, Dec. 29, 1911; Jan. 31, Feb. 28, Mar.
27, Apr. 30, May 31, June 27, 1912.
Colombiazs...-22.2.2522 14 | Aug. 21, Sept. 28, Nov. 23, 1911; Jan. 20, Feb. 20, Apr. 22, May 23, 1912.
Costa Rica......-.....- 17 | July 27, Aug. 21, Sept. 28, Oct. 27, Nov. 23, 1911; Jan. 20, Feb. 24, Apr.
22, May 23, June 22, 1912.
Obi or Oe eee eas 6 | Aug. 10, Nov. 10, 1911; Jan. 10, Apr. 1, 25, June 1, 1912.
WMenmanrk so. .6s. oso. 31 | July 19, Aug. 24, Sept. 27, Oct. 19, Nov. 16, Dec. 19, 1911; Jan. 20, Feb.
20, Mar. 15, Apr. 15, May 20, June 20, 1912.
Meuvador....6.2---.-55- 7 | Aug. 29, Sept. 28, Nov. 13, 1911; Jan. 30, Feb. 24, Apr. 30, June 22,
1912.
65103°—12--—5
62
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Consignments of exchanges to foreign countries—Continued.
Number
Country. of boxes
Weypnt+s824335: bee rae 13
NTANGE. 5.2.0 ae ooo ee 207
Germany. <6 25-26 ste 410
Great Britain and Ire- 423
land.
Greece: 2:42... 2.-20 ae! 19
Guatemala. W292 é-cee = 8
joe Eee See eae 6
HIOWGUTaS: =o enone ee ee 7
sun parysse) eS. heeee 39
Unites ece. mesons e nee 38
Btalves car stter sth. 96
JAMBICR. . 56 =o Ueladeasec 8
Papantes 22% - ase 62
Koreases 2.\.c8es. ce aseee 4
MDOT See ccs ona seis See 5
Lourenco Marquez..... 2
i bis) 0) oy: yee ee ees 6
Mexico 52455 v=o Aes 38 6
Montenegro. ......-.-.- 3
Woatall4 sc. saa ae 2
Netherlands..........-. 60
Newfoundland......... 2
New South Wales...... 33
New Zealand........... 28
INICdTAGUS.....'./..s<5e005 5
INOFWAY: sou ssc). ee cbe 28
CONPATIO SS NX ota e ete cco 6
Panamass os 2.5 fee 3
Paleshiney..oc2224.see% 4
MPOMUYS oc cidoae sje dotcaee toe 18
PP OTUUOHNS cic os sos =o wocns 19
SITING yas digiae cis nbs Sicie a 6
Date of transmission.
July 22, Aug. 25, Sept. 26, Oct. 28, Nov. 25, 1911; Jan. 13, Feb. 3, Mar.
9, Apr. 6, May 4, June 8, 1912.
July 6, 26, Aug. 10, 24, Sept. 15, 28, Oct. 12, Nov. 1, 23, Dee. 8, 21, 1911;
Jan. 4, 25, Feb. 8, 29, Mar. 14, 28, Apr. 4, 25, May 9, June 6, 27, 1912.
July 6, 11, 18, 25, Aug. 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, Sept. 2, 12, 19, 26, Oct. 3, 10, 17,
31, Nov. 7, 14, 21, 28, Dee. 5, 12, 19, 1911; Jan. 3, 9, 16, 23, 30, Feb. 6,
13, 20, 27, Mar. 5, 12, 19, 26, Apr. 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, May 7, 15, 21, 28, June
4, 11, 18, 25, 1912.
July 3,8, 15, 22,29, Aug. 5,12, 19,26, Sept. 2, 11, 18, 23, 30, Oct. 7, 14, 23,
30, Nov. 4, 11, 18, 25, Dec. 2, 9,16, 27, 1911; Jan. 6, 13, 20, 27, Feb. 3, 10,
17, 24, Mar. 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, Apr. 6. 13, 20, 27, May 4, 11, 18, 25, June 1, 8,
15, 22, 29, 1912.
July 28, Aug. 29, Sept. 27, Nov. 7, Dec. 28, 1911; Jan. 25, Feb. 26, Mar.
27, Apr. 25, May 25, June 27, 1912.
July 27, Aug. 29, Sept. 28, Nov. 13, 1911; Jan. 30, Feb. 24, Apr. 30, June
22, 1912. :
Aug. 10, Nov. 10,1911; Jan. 10, Apr. 1,25, June 1, 1912.
July 27, Sept. 28, Nov. 13, 1911; Jan. 30, Feb. 24, Apr. 30, June 22, 1912.
July 12, Aug. 3, Sept. 7, Oct. 6, Nov. 14, Dec. 6, 1911; Jan. 10, Feb. 7,
Mar. 6, Apr. 3, May 8, June 5, 1912.
July 3, 29, Aug. 5, 12, Sept. 2, 18, 28, Oct. 14, 23, 30, Nov. 4, 18, 25, 1911;
Jan. 6, 20, 30, Feb. 17, 24, Mar. 9, 16, 23, 30, Apr. 18, 27, May 4, 18,
June 8, 15, 22,1912.
July 24, Aug. 5, Sept. 2, 25, Oct. 16, Nov. 11, 25, 1911; Jan. 13, Feb. 3,
Mar. 9, Apr. 6, May 4, 18, June 8, 29, 1912.
July 27, Aug. 31, Sept. 29, Nov. 29, 1911; Jan. 30, Feb. 26, Apr. 30, June
27, 1912.
July 21, Aug. 26, Sept. 27, Oct. 20, Nov. 20, Dec. 28, 1911; Jan. 23, Feb.
21, Mar. 20, Apr. 20, May 20, June 20,1912.
Sept. 29, 1911; Feb. 26, Mar. 27, June 27, 1912. °
July 27, Sept. 29, Nov. 13, 1911; Feb. 26, June 27, 1912.
Nov. 13, 1911; June 22, 1912.
Aug. 10, Nov. 10, 1911; Jan. 10, Apr. 1, 25, June 1, 1912.
Aug. 10, Nov. 10, 1911; Jan. 10, Apr. 1, 25, June 1, 1912.
Nov. 18, 1911; Feb. 24, June 22, 1912.
Sept. 2, 1911; Feb. 24, 1912. :
July 11, 29, Aug. 29, Sept. 19, Oct. 17, Nov. 14, 28, Dec. 12, 1911; Jan. 9.
30, Feb. 27, Mar. 12, 26, Apr. 9, 23, May 7, June 4, 25, 1912.
Jan. 16, Apr. 11, 1912.
July 20, Aug. 22, Sept. 21, Oct. 28, Nov. 25, Dec. 21, 1911; Jan. 24,
Feb. 15, Mar. 20, Apr. 20, May 20, June 20, 1912.
July 20, Aug. 22, Sept. 21, Oct. 28, Nov. 25, Dec. 21, 1911; Jan. 24, Feb.
15, Mar. 20, Apr. 20, May 20, June 20, 1912.
Aug. 29, Sept. 28, 1911; Jan. 30, Feb. 24, June 22, 1912.
July 19, Aug. 24, Sept. 27, Oct. 19, Nov. 16, Dec. 19, 1911; Jan. 20,
Feb. 20, Mar. 15, Apr. 15, May 20, June 20, 1912.
Aug. 10, Nov. 10, 1911; Jan. 10, Apr. 1, 25, June 1, 1912.
Nov. 13, 1911; Feb. 24, June 22, 1912.
Aug. 31, Nov. 29, 1911; June 27, 1912.
July 15, Aug. 16, Sept. 20, Oct. 18, Nov. 23, Dec. 27, 1911; Jan. 20, Feb.
20, Mar. 22, Apr. 22, May 23, June 22, 1912.
July 19, Aug. 24, Sept. 27, Oct. 19, Nov. 16, Dec. 19, 1911; Jan. 20, Feb,
20, Mar. 15, Apr. 16, May 20, June 20, 1912.
Aug. 10, Nov. 10, 1911; Jan. 10, Apr. 1, 25, June 1, 1912.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63
Consignments of exchanges to foreign countries—Continued.
Country. Aaiaper Date of transmission.
Queensland.........-.- 21 | July 20, Aug. 22, Sept. 21, Oct. 28, Nov. 25, Dec. 21, 1911; Jan. 28, Feb.
15, Mar. 20, Apr. 20, May 20, June 20, 1912.
IRQUIMANIA es sc0 ce 10 | July 28, Sept. 29, Nov. 7, 1911; Apr. 10, May 31, June 27, 1912.
IRMISSIARE Eee. oe hee 81 | July 13, Aug. 4, Sept. 7, Oct. 6, Nov. 11, Dec. 7, 1911; Jan. 11, Feb. 8,
Mar. 7, Apr. 4, May 9, 29, 1912.
Salvador.......2..-.--- 7 | Aug. 29, Sept. 28, Nov. 29, 1911; Jan. 30, Feb. 24, Apr. 30, June 22, 1912.
Santo Domingo...-...-- 1 | Sept. 29, 1911.
Semvlanen-aecemece sacee 12 | Aug. 29, Nov. 7, 1911; Jan. 24, May 7, June 27, 1912.
SiOI) e Saee See Pee EAS Ane 10 | July 28, Oct. 10, Nov. 4, Dec. 29, 1911; Jan. 31, Feb. 26, Mar. 28, Apr. 30,
May 31, June 29, 1912.
South Australia......-. 19 | July 20, Aug. 22, Sept. 21, Oct. 28, Nov. 25, Dec. 21, 1911; Jan. 24, Feb.
15, Mar. 20, Apr. 20, May 20, June 20, 1912.
SSB ee 82 oles aiseys 30 | July 22, Aug. 25, Sept. 26, Oct. 28, Nov. 25, 1911; Jan. 13, Feb. 3, Mar.
9, Apr. 6, May 4, June 8, 29, 1912.
Sweden ees seo. cece 54 | July 13, Aug. 4, Sept. 7, Oct. 6, Nov. 11, Dec. 7, 1911; Jan. 11, Feb. 8,
Mar. 7, Apr. 4, May 6, June 6, 1912.
Switzerland........-..- 53 | July 8, 29, Aug. 10, 29, Sept. 23, Oct. 14, Nov. 4, 25, Dec. 16, 1911;
Jan. 6, 27, Feb. 16, Mar. 16, 30, Apr. 27, May 18, June 8, 1912.
Sylar ae eka! eh 4 | Nov. 2, 1911; Feb. 5, 1912.
MASMANIA 2-55 < 3-5 10 | Oct. 30, Nov. 4, 1911; Jan. 6, Apr. 27, 1912.
iransvaale ye chan 19 | July 27, Aug. 29, Sept. 28, Nov. 7, 1911; Jan. 25, Feb. 24, Mar. 27, Apr.
26, May 22, June 22, 1912.
Mninidade es. So sues 4 | Aug. 31, 1911; Jan. 30, Mar. 27, June 27, 1912.
Mme yeas Wale he 15 | Aug. 30, Nov. 2, 1911; Jan. 31, Feb. 28, Mar. 28, Apr. 30, May 31, 1912.
Win ouayee ee seco) 19 | July 15, Aug. 21, Sept. 20, Oct. 27, Nov. 23, Dec. 27, 1911; Jan. 20, Feb.
20, Mar. 22, Apr. 22, May 23, June 22, 1912.
Venezuela.............. 14 | Aug. 21, Sept. 28, Nov. 23, 1911; Jan. 20, Feb. 20, Apr. 22, May 23, June
23, 1912.
WiC denen ean aaa 33 | July 20, Aug. 22, Sept. 21, Oct. 28, Nov. 25, Dec. 21, 1911; Jan. 24, Feb.
17, Mar. 20, Apr. 20, May 20, June 20, 1912.
Western Australia...... 20 | July 22, 29, Aug. 5, 26, Sept. 2, 23, Oct. 7, 23, 30, Dec. 16, 1911; Jan. 6,
27, Mar. 16, Apr. 27, May 18, 1912.
For some years the Institution has been sending ful! sets of gov-
ernmental documents to Cape Colony and the Transvaal and partial
sets to Natal and the Orange River Colony. In May, 1912, a com-
munication was received from the Secretary for the Interior of the
Union of South Africa stating that since these Governments have
now become Provinces of the Union, only one set of the publications
would in future be required. In accordance with this request, the
forwarding of official documents to the above-mentioned Provinces
was discontinued, and one full series, beginning with box 133, is
now transmitted to the Union of South Africa, addressed to the
Secretary for the Interior, care of the Government Printer, Pretoria.
Packages containing scientific and literary publications received
from individuals and establishments in the United States for trans-
mission through the Exchange Service to miscellaneous addresses
in the various Provinces of the Union of South Africa are now for-
64 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
warded to certain governmental establishments in those Provinces
tor distribution. The department of the interior of that country
has been asked to undertake the distribution and also to forward
to the United States such books as may be sent in return—the de-
partment acting in the same capacity for the Union of South Africa
as this Exchange Service does for the United States.
Through the wrecking of the steamship Papanui, the Institution
lost cases 117 and 158, containing exchanges for distribution in West-
ern Australia by the Public Library at Perth. A number of pack-
uges sent in care of the director general of stores, India Office, Lon-
don, were also lost at sea during the year, owing to the stranding
of the steamer by which they were being transmitted to India. It is
gratifying to state that the Institution has succeeded in procuring
from the senders copies of most of the lost publications, which have
been duly transmitted to their various destinations.
FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTAL
DOCUMENTS.
The number of sets of United States official publications regularly
forwarded to foreign countries in accordance with treaty stipulations
and under the authority of the congressional resolutions of March 2,
1867, and March 2, 1901, has been reduced from 89 to 86—one set
instead of four now being forwarded to the Union of South Africa,
to which reference is made above. This reduction in the number of
sets transmitted abroad will be only temporary, as negotiations are
now under way looking to the establishment of new exchanges.
The recipients of the 54 full and 32 partial sets are as follows:
DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS.
Argentina: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires.
Argentina: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
Australia: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne.
Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.
Baden: Universitits-Bibliothek, Freiburg.
Bavaria: Ko6nigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich.
Belgium: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels.
Brazil: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.
Canada: Parliamentary Library, Ottawa.
Chile: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago.
China: American-Chinese Publication Hxchange Department, Shanghai Bureau
of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.
Colombia: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.
Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San
José,
Cuba: Secretaria de Hstado (Asuntos Generales y Canje Internacional),
Habana.
Denmark: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 65
Hngland: British Museum, London.
England: London School of Heconomics and Political Science, London.
' France: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.
France: Préfecture de la Seine, Paris.
Germany: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin.
Greece: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.
Haiti: Secrétairerie d’Htat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.
Hungary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest.
India : Department of Education (Books), Government of India, Calcutta.
ireland: National Library of Ireland, Dublin.
‘Italy: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome.
Japan: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.
Manitoba: Provincial Library, Winnipeg.
Mexico: Instituto Bibliogréfico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico.
Netherlands: Library of the States General, The Hague.
New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Sydney.
New Zealand: General Assembly Library, Wellington.
Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania.
Ontario: Legislative Library, Toronto.
Peru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.
Portugal: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.
Prussia: Konigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.
Quebec: Legislative Library, Quebec.
Quensland: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane.
Russia: Imperial Public Library, St. Petersburg.
Saxony: Konigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden.
Servia: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade.
South Australia: Parliamentary Library, Adelaide.
Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedlogos, Madrid.
Sweden: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm.
Switzerland: Bibliotheque Fédérale, Berne.
Tasmania: Parliamentary Library, Hobart.
Turkey: Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople.
Union of South Africa: Department of the Interior, Pretoria, Transvaal.
Uruguay: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevideo.
Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.
Victoria: Public Library, Melbourne.
Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.
Wiirttemberg: Kénigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart.
DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS.
Alberta: Legislative Library, Edmonton.
Alsace-Lorraine: K. Ministerium fiir Hlsass-Lothringen, Strassburg.
Bolivia: Ministerio de Colonizacion y Agricultura, La Paz.
Bremen: Senatskommission ftir Reichs- und Auswiirtige Angelegenheiten.
British Columbia: Legislative Library, Victoria.
Bulgaria: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia.
Ceylon: Unted States Consul, Colombo.
Keuador: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito.
HKgypt: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo.
Guatemala: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala.
66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Hamburg: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswirtigen Angelegenheiten.
Hesse: Grossherzogliche Hof-Bibliothek, Darmstadt.
Honduras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa.
Jamaica: Colonial Secretary, Kingston.
Liberia : Department of State, Monrovia.
Lourvenco Marquez: Gevernment Library, Lourengo Marquez.
Malta: Lieutenant Governor, Valetta.
Montenegro: Ministére des Affaires Eitrangéres, Cetinje.
New Brunswick: Legislative Library, Fredericton.
Newfoundland: Colonial Secretary, St. John’s.
Nicaragua: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua.
Northwest Territories: Government Library, Regina.
Nova Scotia: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax.
Panama: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.
Paraguay: Oficina General de Inmigracion, Asuncion.
Prince Edward Island: Legislative Library, Charlottetown.
Roumania: Academia Romana, Bucarest.
Salvador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.
Siam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.
Straits Settlements: Colonial Secretary, Singapore.
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Under Secretary to Government, Alla-
habad.
Vienna: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt.
No countries were added during the year to the list of those with
which the immediate exchange of official parliamentary journals is
carried on. While the number of countries at present taking part
in this exchange with the United States is 29, the total number of
copies of the Congressional Record transmitted is 34—2 copies being
sent to some of the countries, 1 to the upper and 1 to the lower House
of Parliament.
The Records are received from the Government Printing Office on
the morning following the date of their issue. They are at once
placed in envelopes and forwarded to their destinations by mail.
A complete list of countries to which the Congressional Record is
now sent is given below:
Argentine Republic. Great Britain. Roumania.
Australia. Greece. Russia.
Austria. Guatemala. Servia.
Baden. Honduras. Spain.
Belgium. Hungary. Switzerland.
Brazil. Italy. Transvaal.
Canada. New South Wales. Union of South Africa.
Cuba. New Zealand. Uruguay.
Denmark. Portugal. Western Australia.
France. Prussia.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 67
LIST OF BUREAUS OR AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH EXCHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED.
The following is a list of bureaus or agencies through which the distribution
of exchanges is effected. Those in the larger and many in the smaller countries
forward to the Smithsonian Institution, in return, contributions for distribution
in the United States:
Algeria, via France.
Angola, via Portugal.
Argentina: Comision Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares, Reconquista 538,
Buenos Aires.
Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.
Azores, via Portugal.
Belgium: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Rue du Musée 5, Brus-'
sels.
Bolivia: Oficina Nacional de Hstadistica, La Paz
Brazil: Servigo de Permutagoes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de
Janeiro.
British Colonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.*
British Guiana: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown.
British Honduras: Colonial Secretary, Belize.
Bulgaria: Institutions Scientifiques de S. M. le Roi de Bulgarie, Sofia.
Canary Islands, via Spain.
Cape Colony: Government Stationery Department, Cape Town.
Chile: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago.
China: Zi-ka-wei Observatory, Shanghai.
Colombia: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional,
Bogota.
Costa Rica: Oficina de Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San
José.
Denmark: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen.
Dutch Guiana: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo.
HKeuador: Ministerio de Relaciones EXxteriores, Quito.
HKgypt: Director-General, Survey Department, Giza (Mudiria).
France: Service Franeais des Hechanges Internationaux, 110 Rue de Grenelle,
Paris.
Germany: Amerika-Institut, Berlin, N. W. 7.
Great Britain and Ireland: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Hssex Street,
Strand, London.
Greece: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.
Greenland, via Denmark.
Guadeloupe, via France.
Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Varones, Guatemala.
Guinea, via Portugal.
Haiti: Secrétaire d’Htat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.
Honduras: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa.
Hungary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, City Hall, Budapest.
Iceland, via Denmark.
India: India Store Department, India Office, London.
Italy: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Eman-
uele, Rome.
1 This method is employed for communicating with several of the British colonies with
which no medium is available for forwarding exchanges direct.
68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.
Japan: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.
Jaya, via Netherlands.
Korea: His Imperial Japanese Majesty's Residency-General, Seoul.
Liberia: Department of State, Monrovia.
Lourengo Marquez: Government Library, Lourenco Marquez,
Luxemburg, via Germany.
Madagascar, via France.
Madeira, via Portugal.
Montenegro: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje.
Mozambique, via Portugal.
Natal: High Commissioner for the Union of South Africa, London.
Netherlands: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de l’Uni-
versité, Leyden.
New Guinea, via Netherlands.
New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Public Library, Sydney.
New Zealand: Dominion Museum, Wellington.
Nicaragua: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua.
Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania.
Panama: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.
Paraguay: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion.
Persia: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City.
Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Depdésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones,
Ministerio de Fomento, Lima.
Portugal: Servico de Permutacédes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.
Queensland: Chief Secretary’s Office, Brisbane.
Russia: Commission Russe des Hchanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Im-
périale Publique, St. Petersburg.
Salvador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.
Servia : Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade.
Siam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.
South Australia: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide.
Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultatiyvo
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedlogos, Madrid.
Sumatra, via Netherlands.
Sweden: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm.
Switzerland: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale Cen-
trale, Bern.
Syria: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York.
Tasmania: Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart.
Transvaal: Government Library, Pretoria.
Trinidad: Victoria Institute, Port of Spain.
Tunis, via France.
Turkey : American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston.
Uruguay: Oficina de Canje Internacional, Montevideo.
Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.
Victoria: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne.
Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.
Windward and Leeward Islands: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridge-
town, Barbados.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
69
Table showing the number of institutions and individuals in foreign countries
to which packages were transmitted through the International EHachange
Service during the first six months of the fiscal year 1912.
Organi-
zations.
Africa:
JAI HES Ao Saeoseerreecces 13
Amo Olas iis 2). Ssckiscrsciascis 1
BA ONESPyss Gas a SEER OES ui
Canary Islands..-......--- 2
Cape Colony....-..-.----- 38
East Africa and Uganda
ETO teCLOLALES =r ee ee 4
WB OVD bee ertas-j-'= te insert 21
German Hast Africa. ....- 3
GoldtC@oast= j-.-42-------- 1
WU AROS ye iaslare vast sise ee ene 1
MUIPeRiA Asoc akaeassees 5
Lourengo Marquez.....-.. 2
Madagascar.....--.-.---- 3
Mad einai es ee le ena it
iW intibGes ee aeseosecece 7
MOTOCCOR Eee see oe sees sae atescees
INGO ES Beene a oe aes 7
Orange Free State.....-.- 3
PRVCUIMIOM ee orayaeis ner ce es 4
HRVTTOG ESTAR SEs e/a)! avai a8 2
DibapEWOlena ars sree leit ae cis 1
Sierra Weone))< .-1.--2--22- 3
MIMAMAS VAAN ja '2 cs aieyune cis te 22
PRT OMe perercie te taal Nien a wicllle «ernie ee
BUMS ever sisis staleisiscieaiere aioe 4
ZRTIVAl DE PARES A See Sapa Greta 1
America (North):
(Chie (0 bye Ree pee eee aes 131
Central America—
British Honduras...-. 6
CostatRicanea.-ceese 11
Guatemala.......-..- 10
Elondurase-. 45-22. 6
Nicaragua.......----- 4
IBANAM Aer escceiesais 1
Salivadotereeessss eee 11
Greenland cess sueseie is 1
NGS CO SB epee eee ee seeiers 48
Newfoundland.-.......--. 7
West Indies—
BASU TA UE ss eats =sa)aimicine ais 3
IBBnaMTAS Es yee elec=\eles=i=1- 4
BaTpadoSesese see see's 7
IB ORIMUI GAS ess 42-5 <= 2
(Obi) o a ae Beg ee eee 20
DOMINICA eeee see oo 5- 1
Grenada meee. eee. 1
ELT 2 ees 3 SE 2
AINA CHa eee == erse re = 10
St. Christopher......... 1
Individ-
uals.
Organi-
zations.
America ( North)—Contd.
West Indies—Contd.
Siig dole sae eutseccocees 1
Sica Whomaslaeee ea se 1
St»\Vincent-e.e-scses-" 1
San Domingo..........- 4
(Brinidad ee ase ser acs 8
America (South):
INTSTM MEG) Seecacanconeses 65
BOlMVIR SS ieee 9
Brazil sah aeses ce suasaciss 63
British Guiana.....-....- 6
Chiles 3G jest ea ee 38
Colombiae S5>- 54s 13
Dutch Guiana........-..- 2
TH CUAG OL eee eee eee 9
Brenchi Guiana essere sere paces
Para cays see as see ees 10
Peri rate sae oer ee ee 28
URU SUA ysl hewesiac 19
Vienezuelanene uae semen 13
Asia
Burma Sees a ew) eee 3
Ceylon sums ease 12
China east cee 24
Cypruse aes eee cease enes 3
French East Indies... -..- 1
Fon gk on ges seeeserisieee 7
da Wey ans aS Meee ae Pt ape 122
indo-Chinaeass sep eee eee 5
Japanese oseneee ene cscs 95
ERO RCA era ee eS cisely 2
IMACAO ERS ease tereseoenee 1
Malasia—
Bane ee eros eae 17
Philippine Islands. ... 3
Sara walkeesee sys 2
IR OLSIAR Ese Seen aie emis Garin aetsinine
Sa Tee ee eyes ects sre 3
Straits Settlements....... 14
Australasia:
New South Wales.-....--- 50
New Zealand .-....--.-.-- 45
Queensland =es-2 =. ese ee 30
South Australia--....-..-- 25
TASMANIA ss Seciieanee sas 19
Wi GhORIA eee Seema a ecaiee 65
Western Australia......-.. 23
Europe:
Austria-Hungary ..-..-..- 293
Beloiumm see gs oy we ee 153
Blea riage eee a= atarte 10
Individ-
uals.
wesc ee ecce
70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Table showing the number of institutions and individuals in foreign countries
to which packages were transmiited through the International Exchange
Service during the first six months of the fiscal year 1912—Continued.
Organi- | Individ- Organi- | Individ-
zations. uals. zations. uals.
Europe—Continued. Europe—Continued.
Denmark i222. -2e e+e 51 48 Russia: .04.35.0oseerne eee 217 256
BYancee\s. <i 42 se cece ees 682 702 Dervis sf oss teee ater 10 2
Germanye. 227.22 ee eee 957 1, 233 Gpaini 4 oss eee 75 62
Great Britain............- 1,012 1,794 Swedenees 2.2 hee cee eee 91 127
Grecceist.. 55. c eee eens 18 17 Switzerland - 2.25. 5--s-s- 48 154
Aedland feo 8ae Sec etee ee 7 5 Turkey: ;<)0:52.-)-eRseee 20 28
THalyiess=-032e ote ete s 350 312 || Polynesia:
Luxemburg? ..---2¢— cen Gricosee see =< HipislanGss os sstee~ cee e 1 i
Maltais-O-) pa accerhcch cue 6 ii New Hebrides: -:.--2.---. A teseieeedeee
Montenerro: 2-2-5 cencnces Ll. Seeee ss
Netherlands eos. eee aece cn 104 139 Total correspondents,
INGIWAY Seco tebe cece 62 61 July 1, 1911, to Jan. 1,
Portugaleecene: ccpecere aie 36 14 NOI eo Sons Bees see 5, 535 7,073
IROWMAMIA: = <2 cee sera 24 9
Respectfully submitted.
F. W. True,
Assistant Secretary in charge
of Library and Exchanges.
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
Ocroser 7, 1912.
Eee 4
rans
Sit ato ih
ch oe ety
es liay
‘soury souong ‘Uapiey [Bolso[0o07 [vd1orlunyy ay} Woy peateooyy
“MYVd TWOINO100Z IVNOILVN SHL NI YldV] NVOIMANY
“| 3LV1d ‘T16| ‘Hodey ueiluosY}IWS
APPENDIX 4.
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the -opera-
tions of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1912.
The general appropriation made by Congress for the improvement
and maintenance of the park during that year was $100,000. The
cost of maintenance was $86,132, being materially increased over
that of the previous year mainly because of the advance in prices
of forage and other food supplies, the expenditure for which
amounted to $21,175. A few small increases were made in the com-
pensation of employees, but nothing to correspond with the great
increase in the cost of living which has occurred during recent years.
ACCESSIONS.
Among these the most important were 2 elephant seals and 4 north-
ern fur seals from the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 8 white
pelicans from Lieut. Col. L. M. Brett, acting superintendent of the
Yellowstone National Park, and a pair of American tapirs, which,
with certain other animals, were received in exchange, as noted below.
The accessions included about 25 species not already represented in
the collection. Mammals and birds born and hatched numbered 108,
and included American tapir, yak, American bison, harnessed ante-
lope, Barasingha deer, llama, mona monkey, hairy armadillo, wild
turkey, and Florida cormorant.
EXCHANGES.
The most important accession from this source was a shipment re-
ceived in November, 1911, from the Municipal Zoological Garden at
Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic, which comprised 23 animals and
included a pair each of Brazilian tapirs, Patagonian cavies, and
Chilean eagles, with other interesting mammals and birds. A sambar
deer was received from the New York Zoological Park, and a con-
siderable number of specimens from dealers.
71
72
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTION JUNE 30, 1912.
MAMMALS.
Grivet monkey (Cercopithecus sabeus) — 1 | African palm civet (Viverra civetta) —-
Green monkey (Cercopithecus calli- Common genet (Genetta genetta)-_--~
tHiChUs) 1} Sudan Hon, (felis leo) = "22222
Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) —~ 3 | Kilimanjaro lion (Felis leo sabakien-
Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana) —- 2 818 ooo Ee ee eee
Sooty mangabey (Cercocebus fuligino- Tiger (Felis tigrts) =) eee
Baga) ) pce ke oe ee 2 | Cougar (Felis oregonensis hippolestes) —
Bonnet monkey (Macacus sinicus)—~—-- i) Jaguar! (Felis onca) eee
Macaque monkey (Macacus cynomol- Mexican jaguar (Felis onca goldmani) —
Gus) ooh eee Ae ele a ae ee 4 | Leopard (Felis pardus)_--_---------~
Pig-tailed monkey (Macacus nemestri- Black leopard (Felis pardus)—-~-----
PSD eee ay a ah ae en mee ee A ee 4 | Serval (felis serval)-_->_- 22s
Rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus) ~~--- 27 | Ocelot! (Felis: perdatis)\_ = 2-4 ees
Brown macaque (Macacus arctoides) —- 8 | Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) ~~----
Japanese monkey (Macacus fuscatus) — 3 Bay lynx (Lyne rufus) 22> See
Formosan rock-macaque (Macacus cy- Spotted lynx (Lynx rufus texensis) ~~~
GUODAES Vigs es a De 1 | MPlorida lynx (Lynx rufus floridanus) —
Chacma (Papio porcarius) ~---------- 1 | Steller’s sea lion (Humetopias stelleri) —
Mandrill (Papio maimon)——~-_--_---—- 4 | California sea lion (Zalophus californi-
White-throated capuchin monkey (Ce-
bus hypoleucus) == ee
Brown monkey (Cebus fatuellus)——--~
Marmoset (Hapale jacchus)—~_--~-----~-
Ruffed lemur (Lemur varius) ——~---~---
Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) —---~
Polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus) ——-
European brown bear (Ursus arctos) —~
Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorffi) ----
Yakutat bear (Ursus dalli) ___-__----
Alaskan brown bear (Ursus gyas)-—---
Hybrid bear (Ursus gyas-arctos) ——-~~
Kidder’s bear (Ursus kidderi) ~------~-
Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus) ——-
Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis)—~----~~
Black bear (Ursus americanus) —-~~~~~
Cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus) ——~
Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) —~~~~-~~-
Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolwulus) —
Cacomistle (Bassariscus astuta) ~-~---
Gray coatimundi (Nasua narica) —--~-
Raccoon (Procyon lotor)—~----------
American badger (Tazxidea americana) —
Common skunk (Mephitis mephitica) —
American marten (Mustela americana) —
Fisher (Mustela pennanti) __--------
Mink (Putorius vison) 2—-—-—------+_-_—
Common ferret (Putorius putorius) —-~
Black-footed ferret (Putorius nigri-
TOGA aoe a= ee a eee ely cae
North American otter (Lutra canaden-
BUS) sate ee See Ee
Eskimo dog (Canis familiaris) —~_---~~
Dingo, (Canis, dingo) i= = = =
Gray wolf (Canis occidentalis) ______-
Black wolf (Canis occidentalis) ___-~~
Coyote (Canis latrans)——------------
Woodhouse’s coyote (Canis frustror) —-
Crab-eating dog (Canis cancrivorus) ~~
Red fox (Vulpes pennsylvanicus) —~~-~~
Swift fox (Vulpes velo) ——---_-—-_-—_
Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) —--------~
Gray fox (Urocyon cinereo-argenteus) —
Striped hyena (Hyena striata) ------
BOH DH WAWHHHWORHNH WHEN WHEN H HH
bo
EPonwnhp FF ee KB bb Oo
Northern fur seal (Callotaria alascana@) —
Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) --~-----
Fox squirrel (Sciwrus niger) --_------~
Western fox squirrel (Sciurus ludo-
MCIINUS: 22 222 oT eee
Gray squirrel (Sciwrus carolinensis) —-
Black squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) —
Albino squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis ) —
Panama, squirrel ~~ _ - eae
Prairie dog (Cyomys ludovicianus) ——-
Woodehuck (Arctomys mona@)——---~
Albino woodchuck (Arctomys monaa@) —
Black woodchuck (Arctomys monaz) ——
Alpine marmot (Arctonys marmotta) —
American beaver (Castor canadensis ) —
Coypu (Myocastor coypus) ———_-_----—
Hutia-conga (Capromys pilorides) ——-~
Indian porcupine (Hystriz leucura) —--
Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mezi-
Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azare) —-~
Crested agouti (Dasyprocta cristata) —
Hairy-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta
prymnolophna),._.2. —. -2- = 2 ee
Paca (Caelogenys paca). _--=22ae8
Guinea pig (Cavia cuileri) ____------
Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis pata-
Qovied) 2 ase eee
Domestic rabbit (Lepus cuniculus) —--
Cape hyrax (Procavia capensis) —~---~--
Indian elephant (HLlephas mazimus) —-
Brazilian tapir (Tapirus americanus) —
Grevy’s zebra (Hquus grevyi) —-----—-
Zebra-donkey hybrid (HLquus grevyi-
adsinus) 2.2.2 SS eee
Grant’s zebra (Equus burchelli grantt) —
Collared peccary (Dicotyles angu-
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) —2--____ -=_2
Northern wart hog (Phacocherus afri-
CONUS): Soe ea
Hippopotamus
phibius) ------=-==--------_----——
FPRPNOURRFP REPRE HE RRP RO PNB
be
OonNnnhnh
bo
NNNWWReEAOIHF RH OOM
none
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
Animals in the collection June 30, 1912—Continued.
MAMMALS—Continued.
Guanaco (Lama huanachus) —~—--------
lama (Hane ClUMD) = eee
Alpaca (Lama pacos) 22-2 22ss2 25.
Vicugna (Lama vicugna) ~—~-—--------
Bactrian camel (Oamelus bactrianus) -
Muntjac (Oervulus muntjac) —~—~------
Sambar deer (Oervus aristotelis) ___-_—
Philippine deer (Cervus philippinus) —-
Hog deer (Cervus porcinus) ——_-------
Barasingha deer (Cervus duvaucelit) ——
Axis deer (Oervus axis) ——-—_-—----—_-
Japanese deer (Cervus sika)——-------
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) —~----------
American elk (Cervus canadensis) —~——-
Fallow deer (Cervus dama)—~—~-~~-----~
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) —~~------
Virginia deer (Odocoileus virginianus) —
Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) —~-~-
Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoi-
leus columbianus) ~-_~-----------~-
Cuban deer (Odocoileus sp.)_--------
Prong-horn antelope (Antilocapra
americana)
€oke’s hartebeest (Bubalis cokei) ~--~-~
Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus) —-~-~-~
Blessbok (Damaliscus albifrons)—~~----~
White-tailed gnu (Connoch@tes gnu) —-~
Defassa water buck (Cobus defassa) —-
European blackbird (Merula merula) —-
Brown thrasher (Tozvostoma rufum) ——
Japanese robin (Liothriz luteus) ——-_~
White-cheeked bulbul (Pycnonotus leu-
GER CTEIIS)) en ee
Black bulbul (Pycnonotus pygeus) —--—
Laughing thrush (Garrulaz leuco
LG TDQUS) ees es yO os aa re
Bishop finch (Tanagra episcopus) ——-~
Orange-checked waxbii! (Hstrelda mel-
poda)
Amaduvade finch (Hstrelda amandava) —
Cordon-bleu (Hstrelda phenicotis) ___~
Magpie finch (Spermestes fringilloides) —
Cut-throat finch (Amadina jasciata) _~
Zebra finch (Amadina castanotis)____
Black-headed finch (Munia atricapilia) —
Three-colored finch (Munia malacca) —~
White-headed finch (Munia maja) _—--~-~
Nutmeg finch (Munia punctularia) ——~
Java sparrow (Munia oryzivora) ———--
White Java sparrow (Munia cryzivora) —
Chestnut-breasted finch (Donacola
castaneothoraz )
Parson finch (Poéphila cincta) -------
Lady Gould’s finch (Poéphila gouldie) —
Bearded finch (Spermophila sp.) —----~
Napoleon weaver (Pyromelana afra)_—-—
Madagascar weaver (Foudia madagas-
CORUCTUSTS))) arse a eS
Red-billed weaver (Quelea quelea)—-—~
Whydah weaver (Vidua paradisea) ---
Painted bunting (Passerina ciris) —---
pa
BOHR DARDODOHOHNHwWHND mC
et
Bee ee
Indian antelope (Antilope cervicapra) —
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) —-—~
Congo harnessed antelope (Tragelaphus
gratus )
Hast African eland (Oreas canna pat-
COTSONIGNUS ) i eeu ea ee
Chamois (Rupicapra tragus)—---~-___~
Tahr (Hemitragus jemlaicus)———_-____
Common goat (Capra hircus)—-——~~_-~-
Angora goat (Capra hircus)——~-------
Barbary sheep (Ovis tragelaphus) ~~~
Barbados sheep (Ovis_ aries-tragela-
Anoa (Anoa depressicornis) ~------_-__
East African buffalo (Buffelus neu-
Yak (Poephagus grunniens) —--—--____
American bison (Bison americanus) ——
Hairy armadillo (Dasypus villosus) ——~
Wallaroo (Macropus robustus) —~---~-
Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus ruficollis
bennett)
Virginia opossum (Didelphys marsu-
pialis)
Common wombat (Phascolomys mitch-
elli)
BIRDS.
1
1
12
5
3
me bo
ft ft
=
eS ee
ARBDOONTEBRHOMR OED
ROHS
16
1
Red-crested cardinal (Paroaria cucul-
Siskin (Spinus spinus)——----------_-~
Huropean goldfinch (Carduelis elegans) —
Yellow hammer (Hmberiza citrinella) —
Common canary (Serinus canarius) —__
Linnet (Linota cannabina) ——_----__-__
Bullfinch (Pyrrhula europea) ——_-_---
Hooded oriole (Jcterus cucutlatus) —--~
Cowbird (Molothrus ater) _-~____-___~
Glossy starling (ZLamprotornis cau-
datus)
Huropean raven (Corvus coraz)—-____
American raven (Corvus coraxz sinua-
tus)
Common
chos)
Green jay (Xanthoura luxuosa) —_----~
White-throated jay (Garrulus leucotis) —
Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) ______~
American magpie (Pica pica hud-
SONiCG) SBE EE eo eS ee Se
Red-billed magpie (Uvrocissa occipi-
talis)
Piping crow (Gymnorhina tibicen) _-_~
Yellow tyrant (Pitangus derbianus) —~
Giant kingfisher (Dacelo gigas) -----~-
Yellow-breasted toucan (Ramphastos
Carimatus) |= 22a ee ea
Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua gal-
OPH) ee he esses
crow (Corvus btrachyrhyn-
73
bo 02
bo
ar
bo ol GW
=
et OO
ray
bo Go H Oo CO
a
=
f—) ho
ee
PND fF WNRD HB HR SBWORTMH WOH
Os
ee)
74
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Animals in the collection June 30, 1912—Continued.
BIRDS—Continued.
White cockatoo (Cacatua alba) —------
Leadbeater’s cockatoo (Cacatua lead-
beatert iz eS et Se eee
Bare-eyed cockatoo(Cacatua gymnopis ) —
Roseate cockatoo (Cacatua roseica-
Pilla) 2202) bee eee
Gang-gang cockatoo
galeatum), =o
Yellow and blue macaw (Ara ararau-
MCO)) 25> 44 aes ee eee,
Red and yellow and blue macaw (Ara
MUOIGCHO) tse ee eee.
Red and blue macaw (Ara chlorop-
(i MIA ee oe 1 ee
Great green macaw (Ara militaris) ——-
Kea (Nestor notabilis) __-__-_--_—~--—-
Mexican conure (Conurus holochlorus) —
Carolina paroquet (Conuropsis caro-
linensis )
Cuban parrot (Amazona leucocephala) —
Orange-winged amazon (Amazona ama-
ZONIGE) ee a ee BE Se ate ee
Porto Rican amazon (Amazona_ vit-
$0th) (le. Se ee eee ee
Yellow-shouldered amazon (Amazona
ochropterd) (2 s=22) =
Yellow-fronted amazon (Amazona och-
TOGCCUIUD)) moe See ee
Yellow-headed amazon (Amazona levail-
anti); Sots 2h ee eee eee
Blue-fronted amazon (Amazona_ e€s-
WOOD) eee ee ee eee
Lesser vasa parrot (Coracopsis nigra) —
Banded parrakeet (Paleornis fasciata) —
Rosella parrakeet (Platycercus exim-
ius)
Love bird (Agapornis pullaria) -—-----_-
Green parrakeet (Loriculus sp.)------
Shell parrakeet (Melopsittacus undu-
latus)
Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) —
Arctic horned owl (Bubo virginianus
subarcticus)
Sereech owl (Otws asio) —_~---~—------
Barred owl (Stria vari) 2-2 ==-=2 22
Sparrow hawk (falco sparverius)—-~--
Bald eagle (Haliwetus leucocephalus) —
Alaskan bald eagle (Haliwetus leuco-
cephalus ‘alascanus) 2-2 = es
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaétos) ~----
Short-tailed eagle (Terathopius ecau-
datus)
Harpy eagle (Thrasaétus harpyia) ~~~
Chilian eagle (Geranoaétus melanoleu-
(16 Nig ae eye a
Crowned hawk eagle (Spizaétus coro-
NCAR ao a eRe ee ee
Red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis) ~~~
Broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypte-
LAL MD) op Re ae oe ee LE
Weneznelan Nawke-—-swenoe ee see
Caracara (Polyborus cheriway)-—--~~--~
Lammergeyer (Gypaétis barbatus) ----
6
1
3
mbH
bo ow bo
oanwnnwndre
o
=
South American condor (Sarcorham-
phus gryphus) 22222022
California condor (Gymnogyps califor-
niawus) 22-2 222 oS eee
Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)—------~
Cinereous vulture (Vultur monachus) _—
Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnop-
terus), 222232 ee eee
Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) -——-~~
Black vulture (Catharista urubi)—---_-
King vulture (Gypagus papa)-—-------~
Ring dove (Columba palumbus)-—--~-~
Snow pigeon (Columba leuconota) —~___~
Red-billed pigeon (Columba flaviros-
tris)
Mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) ~~
Peaceful dove (Geopelia tranquilla) —__
Cape dove (Gna capensis) _--_-_-------
Blood-breasted pigeon (Phlogenas lu-
20NICE). oan ah ee eee
Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura vic-
Purplish guan (Penelope purpuras-
cens) --Le2a54 ee eee
Crested curassow (Cra# alector)—~--_-
Mexican curassow (Craz globicera)_—_~
Chapman’s curassow (Craxz chapmani) —
Daubenton’s curassow (Crax dauben-
t0M) ~-2 324 ss eee
Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo sil-
vestris) 2-0) eee
Peafowl (Pavo cristata) =__ =e
Jungle fowl (Gallus bankiva)—~-~---~~~-
Reeves’s pheasant (Phasianus recvesi) —
Golden pheasant (Thaumalea picta) —-
Silver pheasant (Huplocamus nycthem-
erus )
European quail (Coturnix communis) —
Hungarian partridge (Perdix perdix) ~~
Bobwhite (Colinus virginanus)—~--~~--~
Mountain quail (Oreortye picta)—-___
Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) ~~
California quail (Lophortys californica)
Massena quail (Cyrtonyx montezume) —
Purple gallinule (Porphyrio cerulea) —~
Black-backed gallinule (Porphyrio mel-
anotus) (~253eee2 eee Bet a inn Se
Martinique gallinule (Jonornis mar-
tinicus) — ~- 52222 See
American coot (Fulica americana) ———~
Flightless rail (Ocydromus australis) —
Common cariama (Cariama cristata) —~
Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) -—
Crowned crane (Balearica pavoninda) _—
Sandhill crane (Grus mexicana) ~~~
Australian crane (Grus australasiana) —
European crane (Grus cinerea) —-------
Sarus crane (Grus antigone) ~--_---_--
Indian white crane(Grus leucogeranus) —
Thick-knee (@@dicnemus grallarius) —--
Ruff (Machetes pugnar) —---—---——-==
Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax
nycticorar nevius) —----.-2.--—===
mm bh Ole to bo
BEPNNE S»F ££ FYODOR
=
16
60
_
ROrF rE NOW eH Rh
to
PHENPNNRFNNORKREH
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
Animals in the collection June 30, 1912—Continued.
BIRDS—Continued.
Little blue heron (Florida cerulea) —--
Reddish egret (Dichromanassa rufes-
CETUS) fa SN Oy ey ee
Snowy egret (Hgretta candidissima) —-
Great white heron (Herodias egretta) —
Great blue heron (Ardea herodias) ---~
Great black-crowned heron (Ardea
(COCO) a ee ee ee
Boat-bill (Cancroma cochlearia) ------
Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) ------
Black stork (Ciconia nigra) _---------~
- White stork (Ciconia ciconia) ___-_--_-
Marabou stork (Leptoptilus dubiws) —-
Wood ibis (Mycteria americana) —----
Sacred ibis (Ibis ethiopica) _-__------
White ibis (Guara alba) __-_---_-----
Roseate spoonbill (Ajaja ajaja)—---~-
Huropean flamingo (Phenicopterus
antiquorum) —___----------_------
Crested screamer (Chauna cristata) —-—
Trumpeter swan (Olor buccinator) —___
Whistling swan (Olor columbianus) —-
Mute swan (Uygnus gibbus) ---------
Black swan (Chenopis atrata) —~~-----
Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) ——--
White muscovy duck (Catrina mos-
(NCH) a ee SS a ee
Wandering tree-duck (Dendrocygna
CEGCUALO) he dE i I Se
Fulvous tree-duck (Dendrocygna bi-
(GDUDIPY) eT ea
Egyptian goose (Chenalopex egyptia-
BDI) | 25 SD ELA SS
Brant (Branta bernicla glaucogastra) —
Canada goose (Branta canadensis) ~~~
Hutchin’s goose (Branta canadensis
hutchinsir)
1
be we ® CO
BPHhoRPNWreee
eB bo bo tw FH oo Ol
bo
1
1
8
3
Lesser snow goose (Chen hyperboreus) —
Greater snow goose (Chen hyperboreus
nivalis)
American white-fronted goose (Anser
albifrons gambeli) _-_-_-_-----____-~
Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) —~~-~~
Red-headed duck (Marila americana) —
Wood duck (Aixz sponsa) —________--~~
Mandarin duck (Dendronessa galeri-
CULO) a ee ee eee
Pintail (Dafila acuta) ---------------~
Shoveler duck (Spatula clypeata) ——-—~
Black duck (Anas rubripes) ——__-------~
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ———-~~~
American white pelican (Pelecanus
erythrorhynchos)
Huropean white
OnOCrOTAWUS) 2222 Le ee ee
Roseate pelican (Pelecanus roseus) ~~~
Brown pelican (Pelecanus occiden-
Calis) as oe a eae
Black-backed gull (Larus marinus) ——~
Herring gull (Larus argentatus) ——-—~
American herring gull (Larus argenta-
tus smithsonianus) —~~—_-_—~--------~
Laughing gull (Larus atricilla)—-—--_-~
Florida cormorant (Phalacrocorax auri-
pelican (Pelecanus
tus floridanws)———=- ose eee :
Mexican cormorant (Phalacrocoraxr
vigua mexicanus) —__-__------~_--_~
Water turkey (Anhinga anhinga) —---~
Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdo-
MD TU IVES) Yeas es eta, 2 Nea ee
Common cassowary (Casuarius gale-
GUYS!) fee is Ria ea hs ee et eS
Common rhea (Rhea americana) —_—----~
Emu (Dromeus nove hollandie) —-—---~
REPTILES.
Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) ——
Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) —---~
Diamond-back terrapin (Malacoclemys
I CUUSEGIS)) a hoe SN oe
Three-toed box-tortoise (Cistudo triun-
TiLIS) Pee a A Se ee ee
Painted box-tortoise (Cistudo ornata) —
Gopher turtle (Xerobates polyphemus) —
Duncan Island tortoise (Testudo ephip-
(NUN) 2 ee eee
Albemarle Island tortoise (Testudo
TN COLAT) Se ES a
Alligator lizard (Sceloporus undulatus ) —
Horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) —
Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) —
Glass snake (Ophisaurus ventralis) —-~
Anaconda (Hunectes murinus)—----~-
Common boa (Boa constrictor) _------
Antillean boa (Boa diviniloqua) —_---_~
Cuban tree-boa (Epicrates angulifer) —~
Spreading adder (Heterodon platyrhi-
AVIS) | se UE be
18
4
1
SO
Wee be OR ee ie)
=
Black snake (Zamenis constrictor) —---
Coach-whip snake (Zamenis flagellum) —
Corn snake (Coluber guttatus) —~---_--
Common chicken snake (Colubar quad-
PUCUGLOUUS) ee ee es ee
Gopher snake (Compsosoma _ corais
COUDCTUE) aes ee tet) DE ee
Pine snake (Pityophis melanoleucus) ——
Bull snake (Pityophis sayi) --------__-
Texas chicken snake (Ophibolus calli-
IGGSGET) 2 ee Be ek ee
King snake (Ophibolus getulus) ——~--~~
Common garter snake (Hutenia siria-
Texas water snake (Hutenia proxima) —
Water moccasin (Ancistrodon pisci-
VOT US) |) SRS a ahs eee
Copperhead (Ancistrodon contortriz) —
Diamond rattlesnake (Crotalus ada-
DUOC CUS Vie AON ee SE eR ee
Banded rattlesnake (Crotalus horri-
75
=
Ore wr
a
we ho
=
=)
Pe ON
yb BEE
Eo
76 - ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
GIFTS.
The following persons presented animals to the park during the
year:
Miss Frances Gage Allison, New Bedford, Mass., a Diana monkey.
Mrs. J. B. Ames, Winchester, Va., an albino squirrel.
Mr. D. R. Anthony, jr., Washington, D. C., an alligator.
Mr. Oscar E. Baynard, Washington, D. C., a black vulture.
Mr. August Busck, Washington, D. C., a Panama squirrel.
Maj. H. W. Carpenter, U. S. M. C., ret., Berryville, Va., two Cuban parrots.
Mr. J. R. Eddy, Lamedeer, Mont., a western porcupine.
Dr. Chas. W. Ely, Frederick, Md., a barred owl.
Mr. W. H. Emery, jr., Washington, D. C., an alligator.
Mr. Victor J. Evans, Washington, D. C., two marmosettes.
Mr. Wallace Evans, Oak Park, Ill., a mink.
Mr. Gale, Washington, D. C., a horned lizard.
Mr. W. S. S. Groh, Ashburn, Va., a common raccoon.
Mr. John B. Henderson, jr., Washington, D. C., two common canaries.
Mr. Holmes, Washington, D. C., a common opossum.
Mrs. Kenrolde, Washington, D. C., a woodchuck.
Mr. W. P. Mattoon, Washington, D. C., a ‘‘ glass snake.”
Mr. F. A. Milligan, Washington, D. C., a common canary.
Mr. Russell H. Millward, New York City, a paca.
Mr. J. L. Narvell, Port Deposit, Md., two copperhead snakes.
Mr. O. Schneider, Washington, D. C., two alligators.
Messrs. D. A. Smith & L. E. Deaton, Walhalla, S. C., a bittern.
Mr. S. Stansberg, Baltimore, Md., an alligator.
Mr. F. B. Travis, Washington, D. C., a common rabbit.
Master Horace Wadsworth, Washington, D. C., a love bird.
Mrs. L. P. Wadsworth, Washington, D. C., two alligators.
Mr. George A. Wise, Washington, D. C., a woodchuck.
Mr. Thomas Zipp, Baltimore, Md., seven copperhead snakes.
United States Bureau of Fisheries, two elephant seals and four northern fur
seals.
The Janitor, Balfour Apt., Washington, D. C., a sparrow hawk.
Unknown donors, a barn ow! and two alligators.
‘
LOSSES OF ANIMALS.
The most important losses were a lion, wolverine, reindeer, and
two northern fur seals from enteritis; a pair of elephant seals
and a fur seal from pneumonia; four prong-horn antelopes from
malignant catarrh of nose and throat, and an Alaskan brown
bear and a springbok from tuberculosis. A female tiger was killed
because of abnormal development of its shoulder. Quail disease
was introduced through a shipment of birds from the West, but was
isolated so that very little loss was occasioned. Dead animals to the
number of 199 specimens were transferred to the National Museum.
Autopsies were made as formerly by the Pathological Division of
the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture.*
1 The causes of death were reported to be as follows: Enteritis, 24; gastritis, 4;
gastro-enteritis, 9; enteritis from round worms, 4; intestinal coccidiosis, 4; quail disease,
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. rr
STATEMENT OF THE COLLECTION.
ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR,
BEST SEUNG Oe io WE SRA AL ay In MA US LED ol De NAR MNT EA A nd Wel gS YG J 50
Received from Yellowstone National Park ____-_-__________________.________ 8
2 ER ECG SLND LAAT Oa Cesc ES NCS Nance A Be EEA SM DSS ES ea aR TD
SE CRUG ea EO IU ah UP ge eZee AU AUN UO 35
22 VTE GUUS SEY LE CEN NS MN ETT BD A AL SW Ra DI 234
Born and hatched in National Zoological Park_________-_______ WIE Rea rabies 108
TENG Te hE DSO MP Di UCR a UR USO 510
SUMMARY.
PNT SOM Met re iUnley, lhe OM. eye Eu ee 1, 414
PACECSSIONS CumeIMs be Lyeam Le yes Ss i ee 510
ROU FS ee SE Dene Pe we ence Se epg a ted De ES Meee UN LED 1, 924
Deduct loss (by exchange, death, and returning of animals)____________ 373
Orin acl eer eres OM Os ak aa Ae aes a Ne ca le ey yilk
Class. Species. ad
Vista Smee se soca teat Smee Es Se SIN Neu apdts Rae alana as SN NS es 150 591
TEMES. = 5255 GEER E AB OSS AEE Ee h PieneiEa Se Hartt lente ay ag Ue tess Pa RS men y Mine en op aU 199 876
IRGYCMUES. cod aH AH Sc SUB SURE ROME SOAS PORE TE Cen SECIS a eek Sime ae: anes amet gestern elm apn at 32 84
ARGS Cs dg SESE Ree SESS SERRE RIC tenors CI a ET eI earns se en 381 1,551
VISITORS.
The number of visitors to the park during the year is estimated
at 542,738, being a daily average of 1,487. The largest number in
any one month was 95,485, in April, 1912, an average per day of 3,183.
During the year there visited the park 142 schools and classes, a
total of 4,140 pupils, being a monthly average of 345. Besides those
from the District of Columbia and neighboring States there were
classes from Vermont. Massachusetts, New York, and Tennessee.
IMPROVEMENTS.
The amount remaining from the appropriation after providing for
maintenance, was used mainly for improvements of a permanent
character. The most important of these, and one urgently needed,
4; congestion of lungs, 19; pneumonia, 13; tuberculosis, 13; pulmonary edema, 2;
purulent inflammation of lungs, 1; aspergillosis, 2; abscess, 5; malignant catarrh of
nose and throat, 4; catarrh of nostrils, 1; congestion of liver, 5; necrosis of liver, 2;
cancer of the liver, 1; osteomalacia, 2; necrosis of tail, 1; pericarditis, 1; peritonitis, 1;
Septicemia, 1; pyemic absorption, 1; hypertrophy of spleen, 1; impaction of intestine, 1;
tympanitic colic, 1; rupture of egg in oviduct, 1; stomach worms, 1; subcutaneous para-
Sitis, 1; rabies, 1; congelation, 2; starvation (snakes), 6; no cause found, 6; accident
(fighting, killed by wild animals, etc.), 19.
65103°—12——6
ft
78 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
was a fireproof building for the central heating plant. From this
plant the animal houses and the workshop are heated, and as long
as the boilers were housed in a flimsy, woden shed, part of which was
used as a woodworking shop, there was serious risk of a disastrous
fire. The new building is 46 feet by 56 feet, with walls of stone and
concrete, and a roof of slate on concrete slabs, supported by steel
roof framing. Two additional boilers were purchased and installed
so that by using the boilers in alternation they may be cleaned and
repaired whenever necessary without interrupting the operation of
the plant. The storage vault for coal was enlarged, and a large con-
crete storage tank built for supplying warmed water to the tanks for
the hippopotamus, tapirs, and alligators. The cost of the house,
boilers, and other improvements connected with them, was $5,850.
The series of yards on the west side of the antelope house was en-
larged during the year. Light steel bars replaced the wire of the
former fence, and wherever sufficient space was available, a double
fence of the same character was used instead of solid partitions.
Adjoining the indoor quarters of the hippopotamus and the tapirs
a yard 34 feet by 60 feet was constructed, in which was provided a
good-sized bathing pool 6 feet deep.
Outdoor cages were installed along the east side of the small
mammal house, completing the cage equipment of that building.
A number of inclosures for cattle, deer, and other animals were
rebuilt during the year, and a substantial new shelter constructed for
the zebus, vicugnas, and alpacas.
Three small inclosures for semiaquatic animals were built near the
otter and beaver yards, and a permanent walk constructed from that
point to connect with the main walk to the west entrance.
The machines in the workshops of the park have heretofore been
operated by steam power. As electric power can now be had, ar-
rangement is being made to equip for its use as rapidly as is prac-
ticable. Two motors were purchased near the close of the year, also
a circular saw with combination bench. Considerable economy in
labor will be effected by these changes. Work was also begun on a
small house for the storage and preparation of food.
The cost of these improvements was as follows:
House for central heating plantee- 2 2 = 2 So ee ee $5, 850
Yards on west side of antelope house_1-2-_) 225). 3 eee 1, 500
Yard! for hippopotamus sand ‘tapirss 2423 eee eee 950
Completing outdoor cages at small mammal house___------------------ 525
Inclosures and shelters for cattle, deer, etel2 2A e ses See 800
Small-inclosures.and walkin beaver. valley. <= =U 2s 222. ee 450
Hquipment for, workshops) _-c_ #222. seeet 3-2 eee = eee 613
Besinnine construction of food houses=22 222s) se eee ee 565
TOTAL on or ee EE NEES a ee re ee ee 11, 253
WYVd IWOISO100Z IVNOILVN SHL NI dOHG ANIHOVI GNV 3SNOH Y3ATIOg ANOLS MAN
6 alVid ‘TLEL ‘Hodey ueluosyy|LUS.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 79
IMPORTANT NEEDS.
New bridge.—The log bridge that crosses the creek on the main
driveway in the lower part of the park has for some time shown signs
ef weakness. A careful examination, by the engineer of bridges of
the District of Columbia, showed that several of the logs were in an
advanced stage of decay and that the whole structure would soon be
unsafe. It was therefore recommended to Congress that an appro-
priation of $20,000 be made for a permanent structure. At the time
of writing it is known that such an appropriation was made. The
construction of the new bridge will therefore be part of the work
for the coming year.
Aviary.—In spite of all efforts the fine collections of birds in the
park is very far from adequately housed. The wooden building in
which the larger number are kept is too small, too low, insanitary
and really unworthy of a national institution. It was built in the
cheapest manner to meet an emergency and although considerable
sums have been spent on it for repairs it is far from satisfactory. It
is desired to build a suitable aviary in the western part of the park
and to group about this the cages for the eagles, vultures, condors
and owls now scattered somewhat irregularly about the grounds. It
is believed that a suitable structure can be built for about $80,000.
Hospital—tThe statistics given above show that the animals are
not exempt from diseases. Infective disorders are sometimes brought
in by animals that have been kept in insanitary conditions en ship-
board or in the collections of dealers. Even with the utmost care
pathological conditions are likely to arise due to changes of habit
due to captivity. Animals brought to the park from any place not
Inown to be sanitary and free from disease should be properly
quarantined. Sick animals should also be isolated, both on their
own account and to prevent the spread of disease. This has been
done imperfectly, in the only way possible, by keeping them in ex-
posed cages back of the stable and excluding the public. <A small
building to serve as quarantine and hospital is urgently needed.
Public comfort house—There is at present no satisfactory pro-
vision for the comfort of visitors who come to spend some time in
viewing the collection. The park is located at a long distance from
any available restaurant, there is no suitable place where women or
children can rest, or be quiet if fatigued, or taken suddenly ill. This
offers an unpleasant contrast to the arrangements usually seen in
other zoological gardens. It is desired to construct a permanent
building in a central locality to serve as a rest house and refectory.
New paddocks——The deer and other ruminant animals confined
near the western entrance to the park have worn the ground so much
by the constant attrition of their hoofs that their paddocks are almost
80 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
wholly bare of vegetation and the soil is washing away under the
influence of rains. These animals must soon be removed to a new
location.
Alterations of area—Very soon after the inception of the park
endeavors were made to have its boundaries changed to conform to
the plan of the city. It must be remembered that this plan was not
developed when the park was laid out. Consequently there are
regions where the boundary does not reach existing streets and
narrow strips of ground are left which, if occupied, make the rear of
houses abut upon the park, presenting an unsightly appearance.
This has gone on until on the eastern side private houses have been
built that seem to be about to slide down a steep cliff into the park.
The value of the adjoining property has materially enhanced.
The western side is greatly in need of improvement. The ideal
plan would be to extend the park to Connecticut Avenue, which is a
fine, broad street, and make the principal entrance there, with gate-
ways befitting a national institution. If this be found to involve
too great an expenditure, the area should at least be made to reach
to some contiguous road, either now existing or to be hereafter
established.
Retaining wall_—The extension of a street a short distance from
the southern boundary of the park has made necessary an extensive
fill of earth across the ravine where Ontario Road reaches the park
boundary. This fill is encroaching more and more upon the park,
and after every heavy rain tons of earth are precipitated down this
ravine and into the creek. There seems to be no remedy for this
but the construction of a suitable retaining wall or walls forming a
series of terraces.
Riprapping banks of Rock Creek—The heavy volume of water
that rushes down the creek at every storm erodes the banks, under-
mines large trees, and in some places threatens the roadways. It is
desirable to avoid this by riprapping with stones of sufficient size to
withstand the action of the water. Such work can be effectually
concealed by planting twigs and small plants in the interstices.
Footbridge below lower ford.—As the city is rapidly increasing to
the westward of the park, more and more people enter from Cathe-
dral Avenue. There is a well-made road from this entrance to the
ford through the creek, practicable during low water for carriages.
Foot passengers are, however, placed at a disadvantage, as in order
to reach the animal houses they are obliged to scramble along a pre-
cipitous pathway, used at present mainly by workmen, before they
can get to the properly improved roads. At a slight expense a foot-
bridge could be made below the lower ford which would enable vis-
itors to reach at once the main roads of the park.
Additions to the collection—Without attempting to exhibit those
animals that are valuable merely because of their variety, it would
hinoceros, the African elephant, the various mountain goats, includ-
ie the indigenous species and others. The high price of these ani-
ed their purchase may be made possible in the future.
~ Respectfully submitted. .
Py Frank Baker, Superintendent.
Dr. Cuartzs D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX 5.
REPORT ON THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.
Sir: I have the honor to present the following report on the oper-—
ations of the Smithscnian Astrophysical Observatory for the year
ending June 30, 1912:
EQUIPMENT.
The equipment of the observatory is as follows:
(a) At Washington there is an inclosure of about 16,000 square
feet, containing five small frame buildings used for observing and
computing purposes, three movable frame shelters covering several
out-of-door pieces of apparatus, and also one small brick building
containing a storage battery and electrical distribution apparatus.
(6) At Mount Wilson, California, upon a leased plat of ground
100 feet square in horizontal projection are located a one-story
cement observing structure, designed especially for solar-constant
measurements, and also a little frame cottage, 21 feet by 25 feet, for
observer’s quarters.
There were no important additions to the instrument equipment
of the observatory during the year.
In 1909 the Smithsonian Institution, at the expense of the Hodg-
kins fund, erected on the summit of Mount Whitney, California
(height 14,502 feet), a stone and steel house to shelter observers
who might apply to the Institution for the use of the house to pro-
mote investigations in any branch of science. While this structure
is not the actual property of the Astrophysical Observatory, it
affords an excellent opportunity for observations in connection with
those taken on Mount Wilson.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
1. ON THE VARIABILITY OF THE SUN.
Congress having provided funds, an expedition under the im-
mediate charge of the director proceeded in July to Bassour, Algeria,
to make there a long series of solar-constant observations simultane-
ously with similar observations made by Assistant Aldrich on Mount
Wilson. The Algerian expedition included Mr. and Mrs. Abbot and
Prof. F. P. Brackett, of Pomona College, California. The apparatus
carried was the same used by Mr. Abbot on Mount Whitney in 1909
82
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 83
and 1910. Station was reached on July 31, 1911, but owing to a most
unfortunate miscarriage of a box of apparatus, observations could
not be commenced until August 26, and several more days were re-
quired to get the whole outfit working satisfactorily. The weather
of August was excellent at both Mount Wilson and Bassour, but in
the subsequent months the good days at one station frequently coin-
cided with bad ones at the other. Hence, although 44 days of solar-
constant observations were secured at Bassour up to November 17,
when the camp was broken up, and a still greater number were
secured at Mount Wilson, only 29 of these coincided.
In spite of the loss of August and the unfavorable weather of sub-
sequent months, the results thus far reduced strongly confirm the
supposed variability of the sun. For example, the first half of
September yielded the following results:
Solar constant values.
Aug. 29.| Aug. 30.|Aug. 31.] Sept. 1.|Sept. 2.|Sept. 3.) Sept. 4.) Sept. 5.] Sept. 6.) Sept. 7.
Mount Wilson. ...-- We ales | alts) |) ae ee a oealscconnes 1.894 | 1.872) 1.866] 1.935 1. 904
BB ASSOUM ae saeas)= =< 1.976 |} 1.952} 1.945] 1.930] 1.933] 1.966} 1.905 |........]..-...-- 1.916
13 = iene cee eae eae 053 062 OBB) | Sadaséen|oeaonacs 072 033% lo steeins=\|cee este 012
Sept. 8. | Sept. 9. | Sept. 10.) Sept. 11.] Sept. 12.) Sept. 13.) Sept. 14.) Sept. 15.) Sept. 16.
Mount Wilson...... 1. 960 1.945 1.872 1.835 IEE lsoooseooe 1.885 1.867 1.890
BEVASSOUIee cece clecerese ee 2.015 TESCO ae oce ace 1.905 AM SOF Brora AV SS by VEE
Tha. Ge aisoe etna Hees aes .070 no U sesanans HOLOP | Roe Se eee JOM cossooes
From these results appear:
(A) The solar constant results obtained at Bassour are on the
average 2 per cent higher than those obtained for the same days on
Mount Wilson. Referring to former reports, the solar constant re-
sults obtained at Washington and at Mount Whitney were also con-
sistently higher than those obtained at Mount Wilson, and by about
the same amount as just given. Hence, we seem justified in consider-
ing that there is a condition tending to low results prevailing at
Mount Wilson. This may very probably be the increase of haziness
there at high sun, due to increased humidity. In view of the uniform
testimony of the three other stations, it seems proper to conclude that
Mount Wilson solar constant values are generally too small.
(B) High solar constant values at Bassour correspond with high
solar constant values at Mount Wilson, and vice versa. This relation
is shown in both the accompanying diagrams. Figure 1 is a plot of
the successive solar constant values at the two stations for the days
mentioned. Figure 2 shows the same values plotted in a manner to
84 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
better exhibit the comparison. The vertical scale (fig. 2) represents
Mount Wilson values and the horizontal scale Bassour values of the
solar constant for each day when satisfactory observations were se-
cured at both stations. If the values observed were without error,
it is obvious that for each day they would have been identical at the
two stations. Hence, if the solar radiation had values of 1.90, 1.95,
and 2 calories on three different days, they should have been repre-
sented by points at the lower left corner, the center, and the upper
right corner of our diagram, if observed at both stations without
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Fic. 1.—Successive solar constant values, Bassour and Mount Wilson.
error. In general all values of the solar constant would fall on the
line A B of the figure if the measurements were without error. But
we have found the Mount Wilson values consistently lower by 2 per
cent. If we admit a constant systematic error of this magnitude, -
but still deny all accidental error of measurement, then all observa-
tions should fall on the line C D of our diagram. They must all lie
at a single point of C D if the solar radiation is constant, but may
fall anywhere upon that line if the solar radiation is variable. In
practice it is of course never possible to avoid accidental errors of _
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 85
measurement. Hence, we must expect that all values shall cluster
about a point on C D if the sun is constant, but shall cluster about
C D as an axis if the sun is variable. The latter condition is evi-
dently the fact. Assuming the mean point of C D as a center, the
average deviation from it is proportional to 8. Assuming the line
C D as an axis, the average deviation from it is proportional to 3.
Thus the observations are represented 8/3 times better by assuming
that the sun’s radiation is variable than by assuming it constant.
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Fic. 2.—Simultaneous solar constant determinations. Bassour and Mount Wilson.
The average deviation of the values from the line C D is 0.021
calories. Hence we may conclude that simultaneous solar constant
measurements at Bassour and at Mount Wilson, while differing by a
constant factor of 2 per cent, exhibit accidental errors of only 1.2 per
cent due to variability of the sky, errors of observing, and the like.
Dividing by the square root of 2, we find that the average accidental
error of a single solar constant determination at one station is 0.9 per
cent. When one considers the multiplicity of the sources of error in
this complex investigation, and that the result just announced de-
pends on the uniformity of the sky during several hours, as well as
86 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
on the ordinary vicissitudes of all experimental work, the smallness
of this accidental error seems remarkable.
Expeditions of 1912—While the simultaneous observations made
in 1911 at Bassour and Mount Wilson seemed justly interpretable as
confirming the variability of the sun, yet it was felt that a result of
such uncommon interest ought to be put beyond the smallest war-
rantable doubt. Accordingly, in May, 1912, Mr. and Mrs. Abbot
again returned to Bassour, where they were joined on May 20 by Mr.
Anders Knutson Angstrém, as temporary assistant. Observations
were begun on June 2. Observations on Mount Wilson had already
been begun by Mr. Fowle in April. June yielded 17 days of meas-
urement at Bassour and 25 days on Mount Wilson. It is expected
that the two expeditions will continue observing until about Septem-
ber 10,1912. There can hardly be any question that this work, com-
bined with that of 1911, will thoroughly prove or disprove the exist-
ence of the suspected short-period variations of the sun.
2. ON THE DISSEMINATION OF STANDARDS OF PYRHELIOMETRY.
The Smithsonian Institution having undertaken to furnish silver
disk pyrheliometers at cost when useful solar researches seemed likely
to be promoted thereby, the assembling of the completed instruments,
their standardization, and their packing for shipment have been done
at the Astrophysical Observatory. During the past year about 10
such instruments have been prepared and sent out, mostly to foreign
governmental meteorological services. When returning from Al-
geria Mr. Abbot compared silver disk pyrheliometer A. P. O. No.
1X at Naples and Potsdam with similar instruments furnished by
the Institution. In neither case was there found any change of read-
ings of the instruments compared. It was hoped to make compari-
sons also at London and Paris, but the weather prevented.
38. ON THE ABSORPTION OF RADIATION BY ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR.
Mr. Fowle has continued the research on the absorption of radia-
tion by water vapor, and has devised and published? a method for
determining spectroscopically the total quantity of water vapor in-
cluded between the observer and the sun. The method is based on
spectrobolometric observations made with the long absorption tube
mentioned in the last two reports, and is applicable to all bolometric
observations of the sun’s infra-red spectrum. It seems probably to
be accurate to within 1 or 2 per cent. Heretofore there has been no
method of estimating atmospheric water vapor excepting from ob-
servations of the humidity prevailing at the surface of the earth
or near kites, balloons, and mountains. From such psychrometric
1Astrophysical Journal, vol. 35, 1912, p. 149.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 87
observations made at different levels general formule for the aver-
age humidity of the atmosphere have been derived. Mr. Fowle finds,
however, that these formule, while representing average conditions,
are often widely astray on individual days. He is preparing further
data from Washington, Mount Wilson, Mount Whitney, and Bassour
spectrobolometric work, to promote a more complete study of atmos-
pheric humidity.
This investigation has yielded a valuable application for solar
constant work, for Mr. Fowle has found a way to very greatly
shorten the work of correcting for water vapor absorption in reduc-
ing the bolographic observations. This will diminish by about one-
fifth the labor of reducing the solar constant work, and at the same
time will yield results of slightly greater accuracy than before.
Atmospheric water vapor absorption work has been confined to
the upper infra-red spectrum bands this year. A vacuum bolometer
is in preparation, by means of which a considerable gain in sensi-
tiveness of the apparatus is hoped for. This will greatly promote
the value of the work at very great wave lengths, and accordingly
this part of the work has been allowed to await the introduction of
the vacuum bolometer.
PERSONNEL,
Prof. F’. P. Brackett served as temporary bolometric assistant to
the Algerian expedition of 1911.
Mr. Anders Knutson Angstrém served as temporary bolometric
assistant to the Algerian expedition of 1912.
Miss F. E. Frisby was appointed temporary computer, February
12, 1912.
Minor Clerk M. Segal resigned March 1, 1912.
F. R. Carrington was appointed messenger boy on March 25, 1912.
SUMMARY.
The year has been notable for expeditions to Algeria and Cali-
fornia to test the supposed variability of the sun by making simul-
taneously at these two widely separated stations spectrobolometric
determinations of the solar constant of radiation. The measure-
ments in Algeria agree with earlier ones at Washington and Mount
Whitney and indicate that Mount Wilson values are systematically
a little low. Apart from this systematic error the average acci-
dental differences between Algerian and Mount Wilson determina-
tions were only 1.2 per cent, indicating an average accidental error of
a single solar constant determination at one station of only 0.9 per cent.
So far as yet reduced, high solar constant values obtained in Algeria
coincide with high values at Mount Wilson and vice versa. <A solar
88 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
variation of 4 per cent was indicated at both stations in the first -
half of September, 1911. Many values remain to be computed, but
it can now hardly be doubted that the outcome will prove conclu-
sively the irregular short-period variability of the sun.
Numerous copies of the silver disk pyrheliometer have been stand-
ardized and sent out, mainly to foreign governmental meteorological
services.
Valuable results have been secured in the research on the trans-
mission of radiation through atmospheric water vaper. An accurate
method of estimating the total water vapor contents of the atmos-
phere between the observer and the sun has been devised by Mr.
Fowle.
Respectfully submitted.
C. G. Axssgor,
Director, Astrophysical Observatory.
Dr. C. D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX 6.
REPORT ON THE LIBRARY.
Sir: I have the honor to present the following report on the work
of the Library of the Smithsonian Institution during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1912:
As no general account of the library has appeared in the publica-
tions of the Institution for the last 16 years, it seems desirable to
give a brief summary of its history in this place.
The formation of a library was included among the objects of the
Institution in the act of Congress approved August 6, 1846, by which
it was established. The character of this hbrary was specified in the
program of organization presented to the Board of Regents by Sec-
retary Henry on December 8, 1847, and approved by them, in the
following terms:
To carry out the plan before described, a library will be required, first, of a
complete collection of the transactions and proceedings of all the learned socie-
ties in the world; second, of the more important current periodical publications
and other works necessary in preparing the periodical reports.
With reference to the coliection of books other than those mentioned above,
catalogues of all the different libraries in the United States should be pro-
eured, in order that the valuable books first purchased may be such as are not
to be found in the United States.
Also catalogues of memoirs, and of books in foreign libraries, and other
materials should be collected for rendering the Institution a center of biblio-
graphical knowledge, whence the student may be directed to any work which he
may require.
Tn 1847 Prof. Charles C. Jewett was appointed librarian, and after
some little delay began collecting books in accordance with the plan
just cited. As a result of his activities the Smithsonian Library in
1852 comprised 32,000 volumes. <A portion of them was obtained by
purchase and others by the exchange of the publications of the
Institution for those of learned societies and similar organizations
in the United States and in Europe.
The expense of maintaining the library soon became a serious
drain on the limited resources of the Institution, and in 1864 the
Board of Regents, on the recommendation of Secretary Henry, re-
quested Congress to authorize its deposit in the Library of Congress.
An act to this effect was passed in 1866, and, in accordance with its
provisions, the Smithsonian library was transferred the same year to
the new fireproof rooms in the Capitol which had been prepared at
89
90 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
that time for the better accommodation of the Library of Congress.
The Smithsonian Library then contained about 40,000 volumes. Its
transfer from the Smithsonian building in nowise checked its growth.
It increased in extent with every succeeding year, and in 1895 the
record entries had reached 314,500, including books, pamphlets, peri-
odicals and parts of periodicals, and maps, exclusive of certain small
special collections not incorporated in the “ Smithsonian deposit.”
The Institution at that time currently received more than 3,045 sepa-
rate publications of learned societies, periodicals, and magazines, of
which 1,565 related to pure science, 704 to applied science, and 776
to art, literature, trade, and a variety of other subjects. The small
special collections mentioned above, known as the secretary’s library,
the office library, the library of the Astrophysical Observatory, the
library of the National Zoological Park, the employees’ library, the
Exchange Service collection, and the law reference library aggre-
gated about 10,000 publications in 1896.
In 1897 the Smithsonian library was transferred with the Library
of Congress to the new building provided for the latter and placed
in the east stack and in a large room adjoining the same. It was
subsequently transferred to another room, which was specially
equipped with metal bookcases.
It is not possible to ascertain the exact number of books, pamphlets,
and other publications contained in the Smithsonian library at the
present time without making an actual enumeration of them, an
operation which would be attended by many difficulties. It may be
said, however, that at the close of the fiscal year 1912 the accession
entries had reached a total for the contents of the library of 508,788,
including books, pamphlets, periodicals and parts of periodicals, and
maps and charts, exclusive of the small special collections already
mentioned. :
While the Institution has acquired by donation or otherwise many
rare and valuable books and collections of books relating to other
subjects than the sciences, the original program laid down by Secre-
tary Henry has been closely followed, and the Smithsonian library
deposited in the Library of Congress consists mainly of scientific
periodicals and the transactions and proceedings of learned societies.
With possibly one exception, it contains the most important collection
of these classes of publications to be found anywhere in the world.
The increase in the activities of the National Museum which fol-
lowed the great influx of collections from the United States Fish
Commission and from the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 and the
erection of a separate Museum building made it imperative that
large numbers of books on natural history, the arts, museum admin-
istration, and other subjects should be permanently available for the
scientific and administrative staff, for use in identifying and classi-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 91
_ fying collections and as a source of information regarding museum
methods. This resulted in the establishment of the National Museum
Library, which had as its nucleus the collection presented by Secre-
tary Baird. By small annual expenditures for the purchase of books,
and by the exchange of the Museum publications, by donations, and
otherwise, this library has accumulated about 42,000 volumes, 70,000
unbound papers, and a number of maps, charts, and manuscripts.
A similar need in the Bureau of American Ethnology has led to the
formation of a library relating to ethnology and archeology, and es-
pecially to the North American Indians, which comprises about
21,000 volumes.
While the Library of Congress has the custody of the “ Smithso-
nian deposit,” the title of the library remains in the Institution. It
continues to have free use of its books, and also enjoys the use of
the books belonging to the Library of Congress. Under the pro-
visions of the act of Congress through which the Smithsonian Library
was transferred to the Library of Congress, the Institution may with-
draw the books upon reimbursement to the Treasury for the ex-
penses incurred in binding and caring for them.
As foreseen by Secretary Henry, this arrangement has both its
advantages and its disadvantages. The Institution is relieved from
the expense of maintaining a large library, and its books are safe-
guarded and housed with other similar collections, whereby the wants
of students and investigators in many lines of intellectual work are
provided for in one place.
On the other hand, the Institution has little within its own walls
to show for its early expenditures for books, or for the great system
of exchanges which has been carried on for more than half a cen-
tury. Furthermore, with the growth of the National Museum and
other scientific branches, under the direction of the Institution, the
desirability of having a large body of books immediately at hand
becomes every year more apparent. This is especially true as regards
books on natural sciences, and on the industrial and fine arts, a large
number of which are constantly needed by the staff of the National
Museum, as well as by the other scientific bureaus of the Government
and by representatives of the great body of scientific students and
investigators throughout the country who are attracted to Washing-
ton by the collections of the Museum.
In order that this need might be met as far as possible without im-
pairing the arrangement with the Library of Congress, the Museum
has, as already mentioned, assembled a considerable library of its own.
but it has been found desirable also to keep certain series belonging
to the Smithsonian deposit at the Institution for longer periods than
would be required for ordinary reference. The library of the Bureau
of Ethnology is also housed in the Smithsonian Building, and, in
92 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
addition, the various small collections of books mentioned above,
except that of the Zoological Park, which is kept in the park offices.
To provide fireproof quarters for these and also for a portion of
the National Museum Library, it was proposed last year to erect:
metal bookstacks in the main hall of the Smithsonian Building where
they could all be brought together and economically administered.
It is to be hoped that Congress will soon provide the means for
carrying this plan into effect.
As regards the service of the library, the most unsatisfactory fea-
ture at present is the delay in obtaining books, which frequently
occurs, owing to the fact that, in accordance with the established
routine, books are received from the Library of Congress only twice
a day. It is not always possible for those who use the library to cite
the exact date or serial number of volumes wanted for reference, and
hence, through the fault of no one, wrong books are sometimes re-
ceived. This causes additional delay and dissatisfaction.
As is well known, the plan has recently been canvassed by the Gov-
ernment of connecting the several departments and bureaus by an
underground pneumatic carrier large enough to take books of at least
the usual sizes. A connection of this kind between the buildings of
the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Na-
tional Museum would be of great utility in the service of the library
and would remove the difficulties now existing as regards the delivery
of books.
The greatest defect in the Smithsonian Library, and one which
has existed for many years, if not from the beginning, is the lack
of completeness of numerous sets of scientific serials. While this
condition is not at all peculiar to this library, it is a source of much
vexation to those who use the books. Secretary Langley, when in
charge of the library, devised a plan by which many gaps were filled,
but others still remain. The Institution has never possessed funds
sufficient to enable it to remedy the defects by purchase. Odd vol-
umes of a series are not often obtainable, and to purchase the whole,
or the greater part of a series, in order to obtain a particular volume,
is an expensive procedure. Although a great deal of thought has
been expended in attempts to devise a plan to overcome this diffi-
culty, it has not led to any practical result so far as the Institution
is concerned. Recently, however, the Library of Congress, through
its greater resources, has succeeded in procuring many of the desired
volumes, and they have been placed in the gaps in the Smithsonian
series. This liberal action in the interest of scientific study seems
to constitute the only possible solution of the problem at present,
although it would naturally be a source of greater satisfaction to the
Institution.if all the volumes in the various series bore the Smith-
sonian stamp. |
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 93
ACCESSIONS.
During the fiscal year covered by this report, 29,147 packages of
publications were received by mail and 2,759 packages through the
International Exchange Service, making a total of 31,906 packages.
Some of these packages contained as many as 20 separate parts of
periodicals or other serial publications. About 4,787 acknowledg-
ments were made on the regular forms in addition to the letters
which were written in acknowledgment of publications received in
response to the requests of the Institution for exchange.
The accessions for the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Con-
gress recorded during the year numbered 3,540 volumes, 1,951 parts
of volumes, 15,826 pamphlets, and 366 charts, making a total of
21,683 publications. The accession numbers ran from 504,150 to
508,788, the parts of serial publications entered on the card catalogue
' numbered 19,012, and 1,225 slips were made for completed volumes,
and 171 cards for new periodicals. These various publications com-
prised in all 52,548 separate pieces, including parts of periodicals,
pamphlets, and volumes. They were sufficient to fill 364 boxes,
which together contained approximately the equivalent of 14,560
volumes. In addition, 2,058 parts of serial publicaticns secured by
the Institution in exchange, to complete sets, were also sent to the
Library of Congress.
The practice of sending foreign public documents presented to the
Institution to the Library of Congress without stamping or entering
was continued during the year, about 4,589 publications not included
in any of the foregoing statistics having been sent in that manner.
| The office library received as accessions 347 volumes, 42 parts of
volumes, and 31 pamphlets; the Astrophysical Observatory, 114 vol-
umes, 88 parts of volumes, and 86 pamphlets; and the National
Zoological Park 10 volumes and 9 pamphlets, making a total of 677
publications.
EXCHANGES.
Efforts to establish new exchanges and to secure missing parts to
complete sets of publications in the Smithsonian Library involved
the writing of 3,000 letters, and resulted in the addition of about 171
new periodicals and the receipt of about 2,058 missing parts to
complete volumes in the Smithsonian sets.
New exchanges for the annual reports of the American Historical
Association from the allotment set aside by agreement for that pur-
pose resulted in the acquisition of a number of publications of
historical societies throughout the world. These were added to the
Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress.
65103°—12——7
94 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
GENERAL WORK ON THE LIBRARY.
As an aid in determining the actual deficiencies in various sets in
the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress, a special search
was made through the Library of the National Museum for volumes
and parts of volumes belonging to the deposit, and it is expected that
before the Museum Library is moved into the new building prac-
tically all that have lodged there will have been found and sent to the
Library of Congress to be entered in the proper records. In addi-
tion, requests have been made upon institutions and societies to
‘secure lacking parts, with the result that many sets have been com-
pleted. Revised want lists of French and English publications,
prepared at the Library of Congress, were examined, and in many
cases the publications were supplied by the institutions and societies.
The author catalogue for the general series of publications received
was continued, and the results were all that could be desired. Cata-
logue cards made for the author-donor catalogue numbered 10,012.
Publications catalogued comprised 11,194 volumes, 171 new peri-
odicals, and 383 charts. Of the volumes, 1,712 were recatalogued.
During the year 3,731 parts of scientific periodicals and popular
magazines and 250 bound volumes were lent to readers, making a
total of 3,981.
CATALOGUE OF SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS.
An analytical card catalogue of the publications of the Institution
to include both author and subject entries has been begun. Some time
will yet be required to complete the task, as the cards under present
conditions can be prepared only during intervals in the regular work
at the cataloguing and accession desks. Much thought was given to
plans for the preparation of a catalogue of Smithsonian publications
to be printed in book form, which is greatly needed at the present
time, but on account of the limited funds available for printing it was
deemed by the secretary inadvisable to undertake the work this year.
READING AND REFERENCE ROOMS.
A rearrangement of the reading rooms, to make more space for
readers, is in progress. The accession books are to be placed in a case
erected on the west side of the room, the table in the middle of the
room is to be reduced in size, one cataloguer’s desk is to be transferred
to another room, and a table with bins for periodicals is to be placed
under the north windows.
The publications in the reference room and those in the reading
room are now in charge of one person.
ART ROOM.
The contents of this room were rearranged during the year and pub-
lications not directly relating to the fine arts placed in the sectional
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 95
libraries of the Museum. A number of books on art belonging to the
Marsh collection were placed at the main entrance to the Smithsonian
building in conjunction with the newly installed exhibition series
illustrating the various activities of the Institution.
EMPLOYERS’ LIBRARY.
The total number of loans from this collection made during the
year amounted to 1,800. Two hundred and twelve volumes of peri-
odicals were bound and made available for circulation. A number of
books, especially selected for the purpose, were sent to the National
Zoological Park, as in previous years. Only one book was pur-
chased and one received as a donation.
At the time at which this collection of books was established the
facilities for obtaining reading matter of general interest were quite
limited, but with the opening of the Washington Public Library they
were very greatly increased. In view of the large number of books
in all branches of literature which are now available for readers, it
does not appear necessary to expend money in extending this special
collection.
LIBRARIHS OF THE GOVERNMENT BRANCHES.
United States National Museum.—tIn previous reports reference
has been made to the congested condition of the library of the Na-
tional Museum. This was partly relieved in 1911 by separating out
duplicates, for which work temporary assistants were employed for
several months. The library still remained somewhat in confusion,
however, owing to the necessity of moving various sections from
time to time to make room for new accessions. These accessions
arrived more rapidly than they could be disposed of, and accumu-
lated in unassorted piles. The library also suffered greatly from
dust.
Owing to the necessity of exercising rigid economy in the adminis-
tration of the Museum library, the present force is scarcely able to do
more than keep pace with the current routine work, which consists
of registering accessions, entering current numbers of periodicals
and transactions of scientific societies in the card-catalogue, classify-
ing new accessions in accordance with the Dewey decimal system,
attending to the wants of the readers and those entitled to borrow
books, keeping the records of loans, and conducting the necessary
correspondence. The very important task of placing books returned
by borrowers, or new accessions, on the shelves is performed by the
messenger, the classifier, or others, as they have opportunity. The
preparation of books for binding, which requires special care, is
attended to by the assistant librarian of the Museum 1 In the Peale
of other business.
96 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
As the time for removing a portion of the lbrary to the new
Museum building was approaching, and there seemed no possibility
of diverting the regular force to the task of putting the book-
stacks in order, the assistant secretary in charge of the Museum, at
my suggestion, employed three temporary assistants who overhauled
the entire contents of the stacks, thoroughly dusted the shelves and
books, gave particular attention to arranging the volumes of the
serials in exact order, and to restoring any books that were out of
place to their proper locations. At the same time the floors were
cleaned and painted to keep down dust, a few new lights were added
where needed, and various minor repairs were made to windows,
ventilators, ete.
As a result of these activities, the Museum library at the close
of the year, though much crowded, presented a clean and orderly
appearance throughout, and everything was in train for the trans-
fer of a portion of the books to the new building without confusion
or serious interruption of the regular work.
As will be learned from the report of the assistant secretary in
charge of the National Museum, a readjustment. of exhibits, labora-
tories, offices, etc., follows from the completion of the new Museum
building, and it is the intention to rearrange the lhbrary to suit
these new conditions. It is proposed to assemble all books on
zoology, paleontology, geology, ethnology, and archeology in the
new building. Books on the arts and industries, technology, and
allied subjects will be assembled in the present library quarters in
the old building. Books on botany and those whose contents relate
to a number of different subjects will probably also remain for some
time in the present quarters, though, as already mentioned, it is
hoped that Congress will soon make provision for these and certain
Smithsonian books, together with the library of the Bureau of Eth-
nology, in the main hall of the Smithsonian building.
At the request of the assistant secretary of the Museum, the assist-
ant librarian of the Institution and myself prepared definite plans
for the installation of the portion of the library already mentioned
in the new Museum building. in well-adapted rooms on the ground
floor at the northeast corner. Contracts were made for the metal
stacks and other fittings, in accordance with these plans, and at
the close of the year they were nearly ready for delivery. Tt is
expected that when this equipment is finished the Museum will have
a compact, economical, commodious, well-lighted, and well-arranged
library, installed in accordance with the latest and most improved
methods.
Many important donations of books were received by this library
during the year, and the following officers and associates also pre-
sented publications: Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Dr. Theo. N. Gill,
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 97
Dr. Edgar A..Mearns, Dr. William H. Dall, Mr. R. Ridgway, Dr.
C. W. Richmond, Mr. J. C. Crawford, Dr. O. P. Hay, Dr. A. C.
Peale, Mr. W. R. Maxon, and Mr. F. D. Millet.
The Museum library, according to the best statistics available,
now contains about 42,000 volumes, 70,000 unbound papers, and 122
manuscripts, besides maps, charts, etc. The accessions during the
year consisted of 1,791 books, 3,608 pamphlets, and 276 parts of
volumes. During the same period 824 books, 960 complete volumes
of periodicals, and 3,622 pamphlets were catalogued.
Attention was given as in previous years to the preparation of
volumes for binding. In all 543 books were sent to the Government
bindery during the year. The binding is, however, still much in
arrears, and it is hoped that more money can be devoted to this
purpose in the future. Large numbers of pamphlets need card-
board covers to protect them from injury. Though the covers them-
selves are available, it is impossible with the present force to bring
them into use to the extent required.
During the year 24,815 books, periodicals, and pamphlets were
borrowed from the library, among them 5,515 obtained from the
Library of Congress and other libraries, and 4,560 were assigned
to the sectional libraries of the Museum. The majority of these sec-
tional libraries contain publications that are constantly needed by the
several curators and other officers in identifying and classifying
material, working up collections for publication, writing exhibition
labels, etc., and the books are kept together as long as required,
though any of them may be recalled temporarily to the general
library for the use of readers. Similar collections of books on
museum administration, museum methods, etc., are kept in the offices
oi the assistant secretary in charge of the Museum, the administra-
tive assistant, the editor, and the superintendent. In all, 31 such
sectional libraries are now in existence, one relating to textiles having
been added during the year.
The records of the Museum library consist of accession book and
an author catalogue, a periodical record, and a lending record in
eard form. The lending record includes books borrowed from the
Library of Congress and from other libraries for the use of the
Museum staff.
Correspondence relative to new exchanges and missing parts of
serial publications already in the Museum library was carried on as
in previous years. A number of new titles were added by this means.
Bureau of American Ethnology.—The report on this library will
be made by the ethnologist in charge and incorporated in his general
report on the operations of the bureau.
Astrophysical Observatory.—Owing to lack of room in the office
of the observatory, a part of the books belonging to this library have
98 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
been kept in the Smithsonian building. During the year this latter
portion was transferred from one of the tower rooms where it was
difficult of access to the southwest gallery in the main hall of the
building. Additions, comprising 114 volumes, 38 parts of volumes,
and 86 pamphlets, were received during the year.
National Zoological Park.—TYo this small reference library of
zoological publications relating to the work of the park 10 volumes
and 9 pamphlets were added during the year.
Summary of accessions—The following statement summarizes all
the accessions for the year, except the Bureau of American Eth-
nology, which is administered separately:
Smithsonian’ deposit in the Library of Congress_~2-_ 2 ee 21, 683°
Smithsonian office, Astrophysical Observatory, National Zoological Park,
and International Exchange Services -_ 92059 = ee eee 677
United States National .Museum 2-24.65 eee eee 5, 675
otal ys 22 SES EEE ee ee 28, 035
Very respectfully,
F. W. Tros,
Assistant Secretary, in charge
of Library and Exchanges.
Dr. Cuarues D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
Ocroser 9, 1912.
ford
(.
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE.
APPENDIX
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the oper-
ations of the United States Bureau of the International Catalogue
of Scientific Literature for the year ending June 30, 1912:
The International Catalogue of Scientific Literature is an organi-
zation consisting of 32 regional bureaus representing the principal
countries of the world. Control over the entire enterprise is vested
in an international convention which meets at regular stated inter-
vals. The regional bureaus supply to a central bureau in London
classified index citations to the scientific literature published within
their several regions.
The duties of the central bureau consist in editing and publishing
the citations thus forwarded. The published catalogue comprises
17 annual volumes, one for each of the following-named subjects:
Mathematics, mechanics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, meteorology,
mineralogy, geology, geography, paleontology, general biology, bot-
any, zoology, anatomy, anthropology, physiology, and bacteriology.
Each country cooperating supports its own regional bureau, this sup-
port in most cases being in the form of direct governmental grants.
The maintenance of the central bureau, which bears the cost of editing
and publishing the catalogue, is dependent on the funds received
from the sale of the published volumes.
The Royal Society of London has stood financial sponsor for the
enterprise since the beginning of the undertaking in 1901, and it has
been through the generous financial assistance of this body that the
publication of the work has been possible.
The organization has now been at work over 10 years, and the
published results have met the exacting requirements of a classified
index to the vast scientific activities of the day; but the price of the
work to subscribers, although below the cost of publication, is so
large that its usefulness is greatly limited. For this reason a perma-
nent endowment is urgently needed in order that the central bureau
may have a fixed income independent of the sum derived from the
sale of the published volumes. It is believed that if such an endow-
ment could be obtained the cost of the catalogue could be reduced
possibly to one-half its present subscription price, which is $85 per
year. This reduction in price would undoubtedly largely increase
: 99
100 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
the sales, and as a larger edition of the work would cost compar-
atively little more than the present limited edition any increase in
the demand would approximately be clear profit to the central
bureau.
This result is not only desirable from a financial standpoint but
also because it is believed that this international index to scientific
literature, whose scope is now limited to pure science, is but a begin-
ning to what will eventually be an international index to not only
the pure but also to the applied sciences. This will mean that the
organization will ultimately furnish classified citations to the origi-
nal literature of many of the professions, arts, and trades whose
practices and methods are now much interwoven with, and dependent
on the advance of pure science.
The appropriation made by Congress for the maintenance of the
regional bureau for the United States during the year was $7,500,
this being the same sum that was appropriated for the previous year.
Five persons are regularly employed in this bureau in collecting, in-
dexing, and classifying the scientific literature published in the
United States.
The practice of having the more technical scientific papers referred
for analysis and classification to specialists in the subjects treated
has been found very satisfactory and is now carried on to the ex-
clusion of the former practice of corresponding with the authors of
the papers, for it was found that to correspond and advise with
authors necessitated much clerical labor and often caused long delays
in obtaining the information sought.
During the year 27,201 cards were sent from this bureau to the
London central bureau as follows:
Literature of—
OOS aah ee Se A oe el oan BS ee ee 4
DOO 4 ee! oc) 9 2 Se be ae Ee ee 243
gS 0 a a a ee ERD re ee es a 386
LS (0 See etree he aM he Arg Le 562
TOOTS a Rk eee LER he ae eae 1, 480
UOOS) Seas oe oe ie ae ee ee eee 1, 949
DOO acs o's spa oe teks he oe ee ee ee 3, 372
NOVO po ee 8 ae othe es eh 5, 231
Be ee ee ie SS 15, 974
Mopelos obo. be ef ae Se 27, 201
Since the bureau was established in 1901, 262,335 cards have been
forwarded to the central bureau.
The following table shows the number of cards sent each year as
well as the number of cards representing the literature of each year
from 1901 to 1911, inclusive.
=e
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 101
Literature of..| 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1968 | 1909 | 1910 | 1911 foeene
Year ending
June 30—
1902)... BORD ete Uecllte 5 Cels Lae | Sse fore] Neral Saran Bee Remanen| Brno 6, 990
1903. |. =. LED || B28) AEE ae re A MA ie a a ret ees oe ee ee ee 14, 480
MON 02 (DELL | a) E87 IR ie ee ae Pea eg ee ee 21,213
#905 e 2. 1,619 | 2,780 |11,143 | 8,640 |.......]......- satel et ae aA gsc OE |S 24,182
1906.2 30) Bot a2 hliaisss 12,139 | QVOON Nes. 2 |e. | HDs eel MR eta 25, 601
HOOT ne. 2 384] 511 | 862 | 5,272 | 9,022 |12,578 |.......|......- a sel A as 28, 629
OOBLLL Lb. 408 | 523| 366] 956 | 5,629 | 7,217 [13,429 |... ee ARIA SE CORSE 28, 528
ABO 52: fesnM2soa iN STahl 309 | 1,656)1/4, 410) 8/509) 18; 78e |) Shoe 4 tee. 34, 409
DSTO. ra. 72| 173| 248] 465 | 1,163 | 1,502 | 3,160 | 6,305 {11,994 |.......|....... 25, 082
POUT 3] 26] 28] 218] 129] 374] 423 | 1,301 | 8,836 |14,682|....... 26, 020
IT ee 4| 243} 386] 562 | 1,480 | 1,949 | 3,372 | 5,231 |13,974 | 27, 201
Total. . -|19, 104 |22, 624 |25, 307 |28, 242 |26, 986 |26, 643 |27, 001 |28,339 24,202 |19, 913 |13, 974 | 262,335
During this time the London central bureau had received from all
of the 32 bureaus cooperating in the production of the International
Catalogue a total of 2,059,036 cards, and as 262,335 of these repre-
sented the cards received from the United States, it will be seen that
about 13 per cent of the work has been done by the regional bureau
for the United States. All of the first eight annual issues of the
catalogue, consisting of 17 volumes each, have been published, together
with 15 volumes of the ninth annual issue and 4 volumes of the tenth
annual issue, making a total of 155 volumes of the regular catalogue.
Following an established policy to consolidate the catalogue when-
ever possible with similar enterprises, an agreement has been made
with the International Seismological Association whereby the yearly
International Catalogue volume on geology will be enlarged and the
section “ Internal dynamics,” containing an index to seismology, be
published not only as a regular part of the International Catalogue,
but also separately for the use of the International Seismological
Association.
It is a matter of regret that this bureau is not yet able to afford the
expense of issuing cards, in advance of the regular published vol-
umes, for the immediate use of persons desiring prompt notice of
papers appearing on any of the subjects embraced within the scope of
the work. Plans having this object in view have been under con-
sideration for some time, but as yet the necessary funds are not
available for the purpose. It is not intended to issue cards in place
of annual volumes, but to distribute classified index cards as soon as
a paper is published, for the immediate information of those interested
in the advance of science.
Very respectfully, yours,
Lzonarp C. GUNNELL,
Assistant in Charge.
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcortt,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX 8.
REPORT ON THE PUBLICATIONS.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the pub-
lications of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1912:
The Institution has published one memoir of the “ Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge,” 35 papers of the “ Smithsonian Mis-
cellaneous Collections,” and one annual report. There were also
issued by the Bureau of Ethnology 1 annual report and 2 bulletins,
and by the United States National Museum 53 miscellaneous papers
of the Proceedings, 3 bulletins, and 5 parts of volumes pertaining to
the National Herbarium.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE.
QUARTO.
1948. Langley memoir on mechanical flight. Part I, 1887 to 1896, by Samuel
Pierpont Langley, edited by Charles M. Manly. Part II, 1897 to 1903, by
Charles M. Manly. Published August 18, 1911. Pages i to x, 320, with 101
plates. Vol. 27, No. 3.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS,
OCTAVO.
In the series of Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections there were
published (1) 17 papers, cover and preliminary pages for volume
56; (2) 4 papers of volume 57; and (3) 14 papers of volume 59, as
follows:
2014. Cambrian geology and paleontology. II. No. 5: Middle Cambrian An-
nelids. By Charles D. Walcott. Published September 4, 1911. Pages 109 to
144. Plates 18 to 23. Vol. 57, No. 5.
2015. Description of a new genus and species of hummingbird from Panama.
By E. W. Nelson. Published July 8, 1911. Pages 2. Vol. 56, No. 21.
2051. Cambrian geology and paleontology. II. No. 6: Middle Cambrian
Branchiopoda, Malacostraca, Trilobita, and Merostomata. By Charles D.
Walcott. Published March 13, 1912. Pages 145 to 228, with unpaged index.
Plates 24 to 34. Vol. 57, No. 6.
2053. Two new subspecies of birds from Panama. By E. W. Nelson. Pub-
lished September 7, 1911. One page. Vol. 56, No. 22.
2054. On Psomiocarpa, a neglected genus of ferns. By Dr. H. Christ, Basel.
Published November 21, 1911. Pages 4. Plate 1. Vol. 56, No. 28.
2055. A remarkable new fern from Panama. By William R. Maxon. Pub-
lished November 22,1911. Pages 5. Plates 3. Vol. 56, No. 24.
102
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 103
2056. Descriptions of seven new African grass-warblers of the genus Cisticola.
By Edgar A. Mearns. Published November 23, 1911. Pages 6. Vol. 56,
No. 25.
2058. A new kingfisher from Panama. By E. A. Goldman. Published Decem-
ber 1,1911. Pages 2. Vol. 56, No. 27.
2059. Description of a new species of sunbird, Helionympha raineyi, from
British Hast Africa By:Hdgar A. Mearns. Published November 28, 1911.
One page. Vol. 56, No. 28.
2062. Four new mammals from the Canadian Rockies. By N. Hollister.
Published December 5, 1911. Pages 4. Vol. 56, No. 26.
2064. Three new club mosses from Panama. By William R. Maxon. Pub-
lished January 6,1912. Pages 4. Plates 4. Vol. 56, No. 29.
2066. A new subspecies of Ptarmigan from the Aleutian Islands. By A. C.
Bent. Published January 6, 1912. Pages 2. Vol. 56, No. 30.
2067. Report on an investigation of the geological structure of the Alps. By
Bailey Willis. Published February 7, 1912. Pages 13. Vol. 56, No. 31.
2068. Notes on birds observed during a brief visit to the Aleutian Islands and
Bering Sea in 1911. By A. C. Bent. Published February 12, 1912. Pages.
28) OIL AG, INOays
2069. Three new plants from Alberta. By Paul C. Standley. Published Feb-
ruary 7, 1912. Pages 3. Vol. 56, No. 33.
2070. A new leather flower from Illinois. By Paul C. Standley. Published
February 77,1912. Pages 3. Plate 1. Vol. 56, No. 34.
2071. The natives of Kharga Oasis, Hgypt. By AleS Hrdli¢ka. Published April
15, 1912. Pages 118. Plates 38. Vol. 59, No. 1.
2072. New mammals from Canada, Alaska, and Kamchatka. By N. Hollister.
Published February 7, 1912. Pages 8. Plates 3. Vol. 56, No. 35.
2073. Descriptions of twelve new species and subspecies of mammals from
Panama. By. H. A. Goldman. Published February 19, 1912. Pages 11.
Vol. 56, No. 36.
2074. Descriptions of two new species of nun birds from Panama. By EH. W.
Nelson. Published February 16, 1912. Pages 2. Vol. 56, No. 37.
2075. Cambrian geology and paleontology. II. No. 7: Cambro-Ordovician
boundary in British Columbia, with description of fossils. By Charles D.
Walcott. Published March 8, 1912. Pages 229 to 237. Plate 35. Vol.
57, No. 7.
2076. Cambrian geology and paleontology. II. No. 8: The Sardinian Cambrian
genus Olenopsis in America. Published March 8, 1912. Pages 239 to 249.
Plate 36. Vol. 57, No. 8.
2077. New species of fossil shells from Panama and Costa Rica. Collected by
D. F. MacDonald. By William Healey Dall. Published March 2, 1912.
Pages 10. Vol. 59, No. 2.
2078. Description of a new subspecies of monkey from British Hast Africa.
By N. Hollister. Published March 2, 1912. Pages 2. Vol. 59, No. 3.
2079. Descriptions of new genera and species of microlepidoptera from Panama,
By August Busck. Published March 9, 1912. Pages 10. Plate 1. Vol.
59, No. 4.
2080. New genus and species of hymenoptera of the family Braconide from
Panama. By H. L. Viereck. Published March 9, 1912. Pages 2. Vol.
59, No. 5.
2081. The genera of fossil whalebone whales allied to Balewnoptera. By Fred-
erick W. True. Published April 3, 1912. Pages 8. Vol. 59, No. 6.
104 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
2082. Observations on the habits of the crustacean Emerita analoga. By Frank
Walter Weymouth and Charles Howard Richardson, jr. Published May 10,
1912. Pages 18. Plate 1. Vol.59, No. %%
2083. Hamilton lecture. Infection and recovery from infection. By Simon
Flexner, M D. Published May 29,1912. Pages 14. Plates 5. Vol. 59, No. 8.
2085. National Zoological Park. Notes on animals now, or recently,. living in
the National Zoological Park. By A. B. Baker. Published May 17, 1912.
Pages 3. Plate 1. Vol. 59, No. 9.
2086. National Zoological Park. Further notes on the breeding of the American
black bear in captivity. By A. B. Baker. Published May 17, 1912. Pages 4.
Vol. 59, No. 10.
2088. Sawflies from Panama, with descriptions of new genera and species. By
S. A. Rohwer. Published May 18, 1912. Pages 6. Vol. 59, No. 12.
2090. New decapod crustaceans from Panama. By Mary J. Rathbun. Published
May 20, 1912. Pages 3. Vol. 59, No. 18.
2091. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Cover and preliminary pages for
volume 56. Pages i to vii.
2092. Report on landshells collected in Peru in 1911 by the Yale expedition
under Prof. Hiram Bingham, with descriptions of a new subgenus, a new
species, and new varieties. By William Healey Dall. Published June 8,
1912. Pages 12. Vol. 59, No. 14.
2093. Names of the large wolves of northern and western North America. By
Gerrit S. Miller, jr. Published June 8, 1912. Pages 5. Vol. 59, No. 15.
The following papers of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec-
tions were in press at the close of the year:
1987. Bibliography of the geology and mineralogy of tin. By Frank L. and
Eva Hess. Pages i to v, 408. Vol. 58, No. 2.
2087. Expeditions organized or participated in by the Smithsonian Institution
in 1910 and 1911. Pages 51. Plate 1. Figs. 56. Vol. 59, No. 11.
2094. New rodents from British East Africa. By Eidmund Heller. Pages 20.
Vol. 59, No. 16.
2133. New diptera from Panama. By J. R. Malloch. Pages 8. Vol. 59, No. 17.
2134. New species of landshells from the Panama Canal Zone. By William H.
Dall. Pages 3. Plates 2. Vol. 59, No. 18.
SMITHSONIAN ANNUAL REPORTS.
The Annual Report of the Board of Regents for 1910 was published
in January, 1912.
2050. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution,
showing operations, expenditures, and conditions of the Institution for the
year ending June 30, 1910. Octavo. Pages i to vii, 688. Plates 129 and 1
map. Containing publications 2001, 2002, and 2016-2049.
Small editions of the following papers, forming the general ap-
pendix of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents for 1910, were
issued in pamphlet form:
2016. Melville Weston Fuller. 1833-1910, by Charles D. Walcott. Pages 113-123,
with 1 plate.
2017. Ornamentation of rugs and carpets, by Alan S. Cole. Pages 125-144, with
6 plates.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 105
2018. Recent progress in aviation, by Octave Chanute. Pages 145-167, with
19 plates.
2019. Progress in reclamation of arid lands in the western United States, by
F. H. Newell. Pages 169-198, with 12 plates.
2020. Electric power from the Mississippi River, by Chester M. Clark. Pages
199-210, with 8 plates.
2021. Safety provisions in the United States Steel Corporation, by David S.
Beyer. Pages 211-229, with 11 plates.
2022. The insolation of an ion, a precision measurement of its charge, and the
correction of Stokes’s Law, by R. A. Millikan. Pages 231-856.
2028. The telegraphy of photographs, wireless and by wire, by T. Thorne Baker.
Pages 357-274, with 2 plates.
2024. Modern ideas on the constitution of matter, by Jean Becquerel. Pages
275-290.
2025. Some modern developments in methods of testing explosives, by Charles HE.
Munroe. Pages 291-306, with 12 plates.
2026. Sir William Huggins, by W. W. Campbell. Pages 307-317, with 1 plate.
2027. The solar constant of radiation, by C. G. Abbot. Pages 319-328.
2028. Astronomical problems of the Southern Hemisphere, by Heber D. Curtis.
Pages 329-340.
2029. The progressive disclosure of the entire atmosphere of the sun, by Dr. H.
Deslandres. Pages 341-356, with 4 plates.
2030. Recent progress in astrophysics in the Uniled States, by J. Bosler. Pages
357-370, with 8 plates.
2031. The future habitability of the earth, by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin.
Pages 371-889.
2032. What is terra firma? <A review of current research in isostasy, by Bailey
Willis. Pages 391-406, with 3 plates.
2033. Transpiration and the ascent of sap, by Henry H. Dixon. Pages 407-425.
2034. The sacred ear-flower of the Aztecs, by William Edwin Safford. Pages
427-431, with 1 plate.
2035. Forest preservation, by Henry S. Graves. Pages 433-445, with 7 plates.
2036. Alexander Agassiz, 1835-1910, by Alfred Goldsborough Mayer. Pages
447-472, with 1 plate.
2037. Recent work on the determination of sex, by Leonard Doncaster. Pages
473-485.
2038. The significance of the pulse rate in vertebrate animals, by Florence
Buchanan. Pages 487-505.
2039. The natural history of the solitary wasps of the genus Synagris, by EH.
Roubaud. Pages 507-525, with 4 plates.
2040. A contribution to the ecology of the adult Hoatzin, by C. William Beebe.
Pages 527-543, with 7 plates.
2041. Migration of the Pacific plover to and from the Hawaiian Islands, by
Henry W. Henshaw. Pages 545-559.
2042. The plumages of the ostrich, by Prof. J. E. Duerden. Pages 561-571, with
8 plates.
2048. Manifested life of tissues outside of the organism, by Alexis Carrel and
Montrose T. Burrows. Pages 573-582.
2044. The origin of Druidism, by Julius Pokorny. Pages 583-597.
2045. Geographical and statistical view of the contemporary Slav peoples, by
_Lubor Niederle. Pages 599-612, with colored map. ;
2046. The cave dwellings of the Old and New Worlds, by J. Walter Fewkes.
Pages 613-634, with 11 plates.
106 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
2047. The origin of West African crossbows, by Henry Balfour. Pages 635-650,
with 1 plate.
2048. Sanitation on farms, by Allen W. Freeman. Pages 651-657.
2049. Epidemiology of tuberculosis, by Robert Koch. Pages 659-674.
The report of the executive committee and Proceedings of the
Board of Regents of the Institution, as well as the report of the
secretary, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911, both forming part
of the annual report of the Board of Regents to Congress, were pub-
lished in pamphlet form in December, 1911, as follows:
2061. Report of the executive committee and Proceedings of the Board of
Regents for the year ending June 30, 1911. Pages 19.
2065. Report of the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for the year enf-
ing June 30, 1911. Pages 91.
The general appendix to the Smithsonian Report for 1911 was in
type, but actual presswork could not be completed before the close
of the fiscal year. In the general appendix are the following papers:
The gyrostatic compass, by H. Marchand.
Radiotelegraphy, by G. Marconi.
Multiplex telephony and telegraphy by means of electric waves guided by wires,
by George O. Squier.
Recent experiments with invisible light, by R. W. Wood.
What electrochemistry is accomplishing, by Joseph W. Richards.
Ancient and modern views regarding the chemical elements, by William
Ramsay.
The fundamental properties of the elements, by Theodore William Richards.
The production and identification of artificial precious stones, by Noel Heaton.
The sterilization of drinking water by ultra-violet radiations, by Jules Cour-
mont.
The legal time in various countries, by M. Philippot.
Some recent interesting developments in astronomy, by J. S. Plaskett.
The age of the earth, by J. Joly.
International air map and aeronautical marks, by Ch. Lallemand.
Geologic work of ants in tropical America, by J. C. Branner.
On the value of the fossil floras of the arctic regions as evidence of geological
climates, by A. G. Nathorst.
Recent advances in our knowledge of the production of light by living organ-
isms, by F. Alex. McDermott.
Organic evolution; Darwinian and de Vriesian, by N. C. Macnamara.
Magnalia nature: or the greater problems of biology, by D’Arcy Wentworth
Thompson.
A history of certain great horned owls, by Charles R. Keyes.
The passenger pigeon, by Pehr Kalm (1759), and John James Audubon (1831).
Note on the iridescent colors of birds and insects, by A. Mallock.
On the positions assumed by birds in flight, by Bentley Beetham.
The garden of serpents, Butantan, Brazil, by S. Pozzi.
Some useful native plants from New Mexico, by Paul C. Standley.
The tree ferns of North America, by William R. Maxon.
The value of ancient Mexican manuscripts in the study of the general develop-
ment of writing, by Alfred M. Tozzer.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 107
The discoverers of the art of iron manufacture, by W. Belck.
The Kabyles of north Africa, by A. Lissauer.
Chinese architecture and its relation to Chinese culture, by Ernst Boerschmann.
The Lolos of Kientchang, western China, by A. F.. Legendre.
The physiology of sleep, by R. Legendre.
Profitable and fruitless lines of endeavor in public health work, by Edwin O.
Jordan.
Factory sanitation and efficiency, by C.-E. A. Winslow.
The physiological influence of ozone, by Leonard Hill and Martin Flack.
Traveling at high speeds on the surface of the earth and above it, by H. S.
Hele-Shaw.
Robert Koch, 1843-1910, by C. J. M.
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1817-1911, by Lieut. Col. D. Prain.
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS.
The following special publications were issued in octavo form, dur-
ing the year:
2013. Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
elature. Opinions 30-387. Published July, 1911. Pages 69-88.
2060. Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature. Opinions 38-51. Published February, 1912. Pages 89-117.
2052. Classified list of Smithsonian Publications available for distribution,
January, 1912. Published January, 1912. Pages vi, 29. ;
2084. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution issued between January 1,
and April 1, 1912. One page.
A, single folder, containing map showing Smithsonian and National Museum
buildings, and information pertaining thereto.
There were no special publications in press at the close of the year.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The publications of the National Museum are: (a) The annual
report to Congress; (b) the proceedings of the United States Na-
tional Museum, and (c) the Bulletin of the United States National
Museum, which includes the contributions from the United States
National Herbarium. The editorship of these publications is vested
in Dr. Marcus Benjamin.
The publications issued by the National Museum during the year
comprised the annual report for 1911; papers 1848, 1853, 1856 to
1879 of volume 41, Proceedings; papers 1880 to 1906 of volume 42,
Proceedings; three bulletins and five parts of Contributions from
the National Herbarium.
The bulletins were as follows:
No. 50, Part 5. Birds of North and Middle America, by Robert Ridgway.
No. 77. The early Paleozoic Bryozoa of the Baltic Provinces, by Ray S. Bassler.
No. 78. Catalogue of a selection of art objects from the Freer Collection ex-
hibited in the new building of the National Museum. . ae
108 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
Tn the series of Contributions from the National Herbarium (oc-
tavo) there appeared:
Vol. 13, Part 11. The Allioniaceze of Mexico and Central America, by Paul
Standley.
Vol. 13, Part 12. New or noteworthy plants from Columbia and Central America,
by Henry Pittier.
Vol. 14, Part 3. The Grama grasses: Bouteloua and related genera, by David
Griffiths.
Vol. 16, Part 1. Miscellaneous papers, by William R. Maxon, J. N. Rose, Paul
Standley, and R. 8S. Williams.
Vol. 16, Part 2. Studies of Tropical American Ferns, by William R. Maxon.
There were also published in completed form volumes 39, 40, and 41
of Proceedings, and a new edition of Bulletin 39, Part N.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
The publications of the bureau are discussed elsewhere in the Sec-
retary’s report. The editorial work is in the charge of Mr. J. G.
Gurley.
One annual report and two bulletins were issued during the year,
as follows:
Twenty-seventh Annual Report, comprising the administrative report for the
year ending June 30, 1906, and a paper entitled “ The Omaha Tribe,” by Alice
C. Fletcher and Francis La Flesche. Published 1911. Royal octavo. Pages
1 to 672, with 65 plates and 132 figures.
Bulletin 47. A dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages, with thirty-one
Biloxi texts and numerous Biloxi phrases, by James Owen Dorsey and John
R. Swanton. Published 1912. Octavo. Pages i to v, 340.
Bulletin 49. List of publications of the Bureau of American Hthnology. Pub-
lished 1911. Octavo. Pages 1 to 34.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVA-
TORY.
There were no new publications issued by the Astrophysical Ob-
servatory during the year.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION.
The annual reports of the American Historical Association are
transmitted by the association to the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution, and are communicated to Congress under the provisions
of the act of incorporation of the association.
Volume 2 of the annual report for 1908, sent to the printer April
26, 1910, was published during the past fiscal year. On account of the
size of the work it was issued in two parts, pages 1 to 807, and 808 to
1617, and comprised Parts II and III of Texas Diplomatic Corre-
spondence, edited by the late Prof. George P. Garrison.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 109
There was also published the annual report for 1909, with the fol-
lowing contents:
1. Report of the proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Ameri-
can Historical Association, by Waldo G. Leland, secretary.
2. Twenty-fifth anniversary celebration: Proceedings of the Carnegie Hall
meeting.
83. Report of the proceedings of the sixth annual meeting of the Pacific coast
branch, by Jacob N. Bowman, secretary of the branch.
4. Western Asia in the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria (705-689), by Albert
T. Olmstead.
. The teaching of medieval archeology, by Camille Hnlart.
. Paradoxes of Gladstone’s popularity, by Edward Porritt.
. Bismarck as historiographer, by Guy Stanton Ford.
. Some aspects of postal extension into the West, by Julian P. Bretz.
. Side lights on the Missouri compromise, by Frank Heywood Hodder.
. Two studies in the history of the Pacific Northwest, by Edmond S. Meany:
1. The towns of the Pacific Northwest were not founded on the fur
trade.
2. Morton Matthew McCarver, frontier city builder.
11. The place of the German element in American history, by Julius Goebel.
12. The Dutch element in American history, by H. T. Colenbrander.
18. The Dutch element in the United States, by Ruth Putnam.
14. Report of the conference on the contribution of the Romance nations to
the history of America, by William R. Shepherd.
15. Historical societies in Great Britain, by George W. Prothero.
16. The work of Dutch historical societies, by H. T. Colenbrander.
17. The historical societies of France, by Camille Enlart.
18. The work of historical societies in Spain, by Rafael Altamira.
19. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference of historical societies, by Waldo
G. Leland.
20. Tenth annual report of the public archives commission.
Appendix A. Proceedings of the first annual conference of archivists.
Appendix B. Report on the archives of the State of Illinois, by C. W.
Alvord and T. C. Pease.
Appendix C. Report on the archives of New Mexico, by J. H. Vaughan.
21. Writings on American history, 1909, by Grace G. Griffin.
So © aI DS OO
The manuscript of volume 1 of the annual report for 1910 was sent |
to the printer June 2, 1911.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
The manuscript of the Fourteenth Annual Report of the National
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, for the year
ending October 11, 1911, was communicated to Congress February
26, 1912.
THE SMITHSONIAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND PUB-
LICATION.
The editor has continued to serve as secretary of the Smithsonian
advisory committee on printing and publication. To this committee
65103°—12——8
110 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912.
have been referred the manuscripts proposed for publication by the
various branches of the Institution, as well as those offered for print-
ing in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. The committee
also considered forms of routine blanks and various matters per-
taining to printing and publication, including the qualities of paper
suitable for text and plates. Twenty-one meetings were held and
156 manuscripts were acted upon.
Respectfully submitted.
A. Howarp Criarxn, ditor.
Dr. Cuarues D. Waucorrt,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
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